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FLORA OF BERMUDA

FRONTISPIECE

f«^u<t.Eafcr

BERMUDIANA

FLOEA OF BEEMUDA

(ILLUSTRATED)

BY

NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Ph.D.,Sc.D., LL.D.

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN;
PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

"Oh! could you view the scenery dear,
That now beneath my window lies,
You'd think, that Nature lavish'd here
Her purest wave, her softest skies."

T. Moore

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

1918

Copyright, 1918
By Nathaniel Lord Britton

Published February 28, 191 J

PRESS OF

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY

LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

PAGES

Introduction v-xi

Flora of Bermuda 1-540

Bibliography 541-546

Botanical Collections 546-549

Glossary 550-561

Index 562-585

SYMBOLS USED

** is used after figures to indicate feet.
' is used after figures to indicate inches.

" is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch.
' over syllables indicates the accent, and the short English sound of the
vowel.

"^ over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close
English sound of the vowel.

In the Metric System.

The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches.
The decimetre = 3.94 inches.
The centimetres I of an inch, or 4f lines.
The millimetre = 23 of an inch, or i a line.
21 millimeters = 1 line.

■very nearly.

66138

INTRODUCTION

The islands forming Bermuda, or the Bermudas, are an isolated g-roup
in the Atlantic Ocean, in north latitude 32° 14" to 32° 23" (Castle Island
is 32° 20"), and in west longitude 64° 38" to 64° 52" (Castle Island is
almost exactly 64° 40"). The nearest land is Cape Hatteras on the coast
of North Carolina, distant about 568 nautical miles; the distance to Halifax
is about 736 nautical miles, to Sandy Hook 666 nautical miles, to Charleston
about 700 nautical miles, and to Abaco, the nearest West Indian island of
the Bahama archipelago, about 700 miles to the southwest, to St. Thomas
about 800 miles to the southeast.

The land area of Bermuda is a little over nineteen square land miles, or
approximately one-fourth the size of Staten Island, New York, or about
one-seventh the size of the Isle of Wight. There is a main island con-
taining perhaps three-quarters of the entire area, five islands each half a
square mile in area or more, some sixty little islands or cays, and many
more rocks or ledges projecting above the water. The islands are all close
together. The Bermuda banks or shoals, stretching northward and west-
ward from the islands, are of much greater area than the present land.

The general outline of the archipelago is irregularly oblong, more accu-
rately fishhook-shaped, its longer axis lying northeast and southwest, with
a length of about fifteen land miles and a width near the middle (across
Pembroke and Paget) of about three land miles, but across the tip of the
fishhook from Ireland Island to the south shores of Warwick the distance
is about five land miles; the average width is somewhat less than one and
a half land miles.

The rocks of Bermuda are wholly aeolian limestone, of recent geologic
age, and the soil has been entirely derived from the weathering and disin-
tegration of this limestone. The topography is hilly, with local broad val-
leys occupied by fresh water or brackish marshes, salt water bays and
lagoons. The highest points above the sea are about 250 feet elevation.

Like many other portions of the earth, Bermuda has been subject
to alternate uplifts and depressions; the last vertical movement has appar-
ently been one of depression ; the land area was therefore probably greater
formerly than it is now; -possibly the area now occupied by the banks to
the north and west of the islands was land during some previous geologic
period. These islands and banks are the top of an isolated mountain
system or plateau, separated from all others by the abysses of the ocean,
and there is no evidence which justifies any assumption that it was ever
connected with other regions by land.

VI INTRODUCTION

The limestone cap is formed of the debris of various lime secreting
animals and plants, segregated during periods of submersion, comminuted
and eroded by wind and wave action during periods of emergence. In
the course of a deep well boring, made a few years ago in the parish of
Southampton, at a point about 200 feet above sea level, this limestone cap
was penetrated and found to rest upon rocks of volcanic origin. '"'' Of the
1400 feet penetrated by the boring, the first 360 feet are in the limestones
of the usual character known in Bermuda. Below them for 200 feet, soft
yellowish to brown, often clay-like rocks are met, whose nature indicates
that they are more or less decomposed volcanic tuffs. Below them blackish
to gray compact volcanic rocks are found, of andesitic and basaltic appear-
ance. The study of the section made from a chip indicates that this is a
lava, and, though considerably altered, an augite-andesite. This rock con-
tinues without essential change in character for the further 800 feet pene-
trated."* It was a great disappointment to the promoters of this inter-
esting boring that no supply of water was obtained.

The limestone contains locally numerous caves and caverns, formed by
the slow leaching of the more soluble portions by the infiltration of rain
water. Some of these caves are of large extent and of great interest and
beauty. The surface erosion of the limestone has been very irregular,
forming many picturesque cliffs. The most rugged region is the neck of
land separating Castle Harbor from Harrington Sound, and here the larger
caves occur. Many of the native plants are now restricted to this region,
presumably because it has been less modified by man than other parts of
Bermuda, and also because the numerous pockets of soil in dense shade pro-
vide a suitable home for many of the rarer species. Governor Lefroy
thought this (Walsingham tract) geologically older than the rest of the
land area, " the last surviving contemporary of former Bermudas that have
disappeared, whose surface rocks form the reefs that fill Castle Harbor
and both the sounds."t

The soil is calcareous throughout its extent, sandy over parts of the
island, especially along the south coasts. The numerous swales among the
hills contain a rich,, red, slightly clayey soil, resulting from the leaching of
the hillsides and the deposit in the swales of the less soluble portions of
the rock; the soil of fresh-water marshes is black or brown, covered by
humus, and is either sandy or slightly clayey. There are, locally, salt
marshes and mangrove swamps, and, especially along the coasts, some
stretches of white sand-beaches.

Climatic conditions are favorable to the growth of subtropical and
warm temperate vegetation. Frost is nearly but not quite impossible;

* L. V. Pirsson and T. Wavland Vaughan, Amer. Jour. Sci. 36: 70, 71.
1913.

t Bull. r. S. Nat. Mus. 25: 40.

INTRODUCTION vii

there are a few authenticated records; hail has also been experienced at
long intervals.

The native plants of Bermuda have originated from seeds or other
parts brought from the American mainland or the West Indies by the nat-
ural agencies of wind, ocean currents and birds. About 80 per cent, of
the native land plants inhabit the West Indies or southern Florida or both.
About 8.7 per cent, of the total native flora is endemic, there being 61
species in Bermuda or its waters not known to grow naturally anyrx-here
else in the world. These plants are of the greatest interest to naturalists,
as they presumably developed in Bermuda from related plants formerly
existing but now mostly extinct here ; some of them may yet be found else-
where as botanical exploration proceeds. These true Bermudians are as
follows :

Eleoeharis bermudiana Britton (p. 52)

Carex bermudiana Hemsley (p. 55)

Sabal Blackburnianum Glazebrook (p. 56)

Sisyrinchium Bermudiana Linnaeus (p. 84)

Peperomia septentrionalis S. Brown (p. 94)

Phaseolus lignosus Britton (p. 183)

Elaeodendron Laneanum A. H. Moore (p. 223)

Ascyrum macrosepalum S. Brown (p. 245)

Chiococca bermudiana S. Brown (p. 362)

Erigeron Darrellianus Hemsley (p. 393)

Juniperus bermudiana Linnaeus (p. 410)

Adiantum bellum T. Moore (p. 420)

Diplazium Laffanianum (Baker) Christensen (p. 423)

Dryopteris bermudiana (Baker) Gilbert (p. 426)

Dryopteris speluncae (Linnaeus) Underwood (p. 426)

Campylopus bermudianus R. S. Williams (p. 433)

Trichostomum bermudianum Mitten (p. 438)

Thelidium Farlowi Riddle (p. 471)

Thelidium bermudanum (Tuckerman) Riddle (p. 472)

Anthracothecium tetraspermum Riddle (p. 472)

Opegrapha ophites Tuckerman (p. 473)

Gyalecta Farlowi Tuckerman (p. 475)

Bilimbia Brittoniana Riddle (p. 475)

Psorotichia bermudana Riddle (p. 476)

Collema bermudanum Tuckerman (p. 476)

Collema thamnodes Tuckerman (p. 476)

Lecanora bermudensis Nylander (p. 477)

Ascophanus bermudensis Seaver (p. 485)

Calonectria granulosa Seaver (p. 485)

Calonectria Umbelliferarum Seaver (p. 485)

viii INTRODUCTION

Neetria Lantanae Seaver (p. 485)

Hirneola coffeicolor Berkeley (p. 488)

Marasmius bermudensis Berkeley (p. 488)

Marasmius praedeeurrens MuitIII (p. 488)

Marasmius Sabali Berkeley (p. 488)

Pleurotopsis niduliformis Murrill (p. 488)

Tyromyees graminicola Murrill (p. 488)

Agarieus alphitopborus Berkeley (p. 488)

Agaricus belietus Berkeley (p. 488)

Boodlea struveoides M. A. Howe (p. 496)

Cladophora Howei Collins (p. 497)

Cliaetomorpha minima Collins & Hervey (p. 498)

Triehogloea Herveyi Setebell (p. 511)

Nitophyllum Wilkinsoniae Collins & Hervey (p. 517)

Chondria curvilineata Collins & HerA^ey (p. 519)

Chondria polyrhiza Collins & Hervey (p. 520)

Lophosiphonia Saecorhiza Collins & Hervey (p. 521)

Dasya Collinsiana M. A. Howe (p. 524)

Dasya spinuligera Collins & Hervey (p. 525)

Ptilothamnion bipinnatum (Collins & Hervey) M. A. Howe
(p. 525)

Spermatbamnion maeromeres Collins & Hervey (p. 526)

Callitbamnion Herveyi M. A, Howe (p. 528)

Seirospora purpurea M. A. Howe (p. 529)

Ceramium leptozonum M. A. Howe (p. 531)

Halymenia bermudensis Collins & Howe (p. 533)

Halymenia pseudofloresia Collins & Howe (p. 533)

Halymenia eebinopbysa Collins & Howe (p. 533)

Dudresnaya crassa M. A. Howe (p. 534)

Dudresnaya bermudensis Setcliell (p. 535)

Nemastoma gelatinosum M. A. Howe (p. 536)

Melobesia bermudensis Foslie (p. 538)
Tbe number of native species known, tbose tbat have reached Bermuda
independently of human activities, at least here so regarded, and have per-
petuated themselves, including the foregoing list of endemics, is as follows :

Species

Flowering plants 146

Ferns and fern allies 19

Mosses and hepatics ■. . . . 51

Lichens 80

Algae 238

Fungi at least 175

Total 709

INTRODUCTION ix

As regards the fungi, still incompletely known, it is impossible to
determine, in the cases of many species, whether they are natives or intro-
duced, but a large proportion of those known appear to be indigenous.
Some, which are parasitic on cultivated plants, have probably been in-
troduced.

Some native species have almost certainly been exterminated, certain
of the older records indicating that this is the case. On the other hand,
a few species appear to have reached Bermuda recently through natural
agencies.

The number of introduced and completely or partially naturalized
species, those which have reached Bermuda through human activities, at
least here so regarded, and have perpetuated themselves, is about 303. In
some cases, it is now impossible to determine whether some plants have
reached Bermuda naturally or otherwise, and in these cases the refer-
ence to one or the other group has been made by considerations of occur-
rence, taken together with Lefroy's opinions of forty-five years ago. Some
of the naturalized species are so abundant and appear so much like native
plants in their habitats that if it were not for definite records proving
their introduction by man they would be taken for native plants.

The number of species of cultivated plants which either grow now in
Bermuda or are recorded as having grown here, described or mentioned in
the following pages, is 864. Additions to these are made from time to
time, principally by flower-lovers, and doubtless many have been grown
of which no record has been kept; some probably exist which it has not
been my privilege to observe, and, doubtless, many grown in previous years
have disappeared.

In this book will be found descriptions and illustrations of all the
kinds of native and more or less completely naturalized, introduced plants
of the phyla Spermatophyta (seed-bearing plants), Pteridophyta (ferns
and fern allies), and Bryophyta (mosses and hepatics) known to inhabit
Bermuda, being 519 species in all. Accounts, not illustrated, are given of
the lichens, fungi and algae.

A bibliography, a glossary, and an account of botanical collections
made in Bermuda are appended.

Botanical Classification accomplishes the grouping of plants inlo cate-
gories based on degrees of similarity. All individual plants which resemble
each other closely constitute a species; thus, all the Bermuda palmetto trees
form the species Sahal Blackhurnianwm ; many species are composed of
groups of individuals resembling each other still more closely and often
differing very little from each other, and these are termed races; thus, all
cabbage plants form the species Brassica oleracea, but there are many kinds
(races) of cabbage. Coherent series of species constitute genera, thus the
genus Sabal is composed of about a dozen different kinds of palmettoes.

X • • INTRODUCTION

Genera are gronped into Families, the Palm Family, for example, com-
prising the palmettoes and all other true palms. Families are grouped
into Orders, the Order Palmales consisting of the Palm Family and the
Panama-hat Plant Family. Orders are grouped into Classes, and Classes
into Phj^la.

Botanical Nomenclature provides names for the various categories of
plants. Latin is the language accepted for international use, but most
common or conspicuous plants are locally known by names in the language
of the countr}^ often a translation of the botanical name.

Species names are binomial; thus the Bermuda Palmetto is Sahal
Blackburnianum ; if races or varieties are named a trinomial is used, thus
the Variegated India Rubber Fig is Ficus elastica variegata', in this work
no attempt is made to describe races or varieties. Genus names are uni-
nomial, Sdbal applying to all true palmettoes. Family names are formed
by adding the letters aceae to the root of the name of a genus, thus Brassi-
caceae, the Mustard Familj^, from Brassica, the genus of the mustards.
Ordinal names are formed by adding the letters ales to the root of a
generic name. Names of classes are various in formation. Names of
phyla take the termination pliyta.

Priority of publication in time or place, commencing with the ^' Spe-
cies Plantarum " of Linnaeus published in 1753, is the general principle
maintained in the application of Latin botanical names. In the case of
species names, the first one published for a plant is used, even if it was
regarded by the original author as belonging to a genus other than the one
in which it is now included ; thus, the Sea Grape, named by Linnaeus Poly-
gonum Uvifera, when placed in the genus Coccolohis, became Coccolohis
Uvifera; Buckwheat, termed by Linnaeus Polygonum Fagopyrum, Avhen
included in the genus Fagopyrum, becomes Fagopyrum Fagopyrum. It
is also maintained that a name published for a species or a genus is not
subsequently applicable to any other species or genus.

Names of authors (often abbreviated) following genus or species
names are those of the botanists who first described the plants concerned;
if the plant was first included in a different category from that now ac-
cepted, the name of the first author is enclosed in parentheses; thus, the
Sea Grape, originally named Polygonum Uvifera by Linnaeus, was sub-
sequently transferred to the genus Coccolohis by Jacquin; this is indicated
by writing the name Coccolohis Uvifera (L.) Jacq. In the citations of
certain genus names, brackets are used to indicate that the name was taken
up by Linnaeus from authors preceding him; thus Cassia [Tourn.] L.
indicates that Linnaeus adopted the name from his predecessor Tournefort.

The synonyms cited in this book are mainly names used by previous
authors on the Bermuda flora, in case these are different from the names

INTRODUCTION xi

here accepted. Specific names used by previous authors in other genera
are also cited in many cases.

Botanical Terminology provides concise expression for the description
of plants and of their parts. A glossary of terms will be found on pages
551-561.

I gratefully acknowledge aid and cooperation during the investigation
which has made this volume possible, from Mr. Stewardson Brown, Curator
of Botany in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, who did
much of the field work and who has read the proofs; from Dr. John K.
Small, Head Curator of the Museums, New York Botanical Garden, who
has aided in the determination of specimens, read the proofs, and whose
" Flora of the Southeastern United States " has been much used for
generic and specific descriptions; from Mrs. N. L. Britton, who assisted in
much of the field work and has contributed the chapter on Mosses; from
Professor Alexander W. Evans, of Yale University, who has contributed
the chapter on the Hepaticae; from Professor Lincoln W. Riddle, of Wel-
lesley College, for his contribution of the chapter on Lichens; from Dr.
Fred J. Seaver, Curator, New York Botanical Garden, for the chapter on
Fungi ; from Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, New York Botanical Garden,
for the chapter on Algae ; from Dr. John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer, New
York Botanical Garden; from Miss Delia W. Marble and Mrs. Nellie F.
Flynn, for collections of specimens; from Dr. B. L. Robinson, of Harvard
University, for collections made by Mr. F. S. Collins; from members of
the staff of the Royal Gardens at Kew; from Mr. E. J. Wortley, Director
of Agriculture of Bemiuda, for information, specimens and help of all
kinds during the field work and subsequently; also from his predecessor,
Mr. T. J. Harris; from Mr. R. R. Swainson, in charge of the public garden
at St. George's, and from the Honorable S. S. Spurling and Colonel W. R.
Winter, for aid, information and advice.

The many beautiful private Bermuda gardens were hospitably thrown
open to us, and our appreciation of these favors is cordially tendered to
His Excellency General Sir George M. Bullock, Governor of Bermuda, for
facilities for study at Mt. Langton; to Rev. Edward J. Lough, of Paget
Rectory; to Mrs. W. T. James, of Bellevue; to Dr. Theodore Outerbridge,
of Sunny Lands ; to Mr. J. Scott Pearman, of Mount Hope ; to Dr. T. H.
Outerbridge, of Somerville ; to the Misses Wood, of Wood Haven ; to Mrs.
F. Hodgson Burnett, of Clifton Heights; to Miss Emily Trimingham, of
Montrose; to Major T. M. Dill, of Pembroke Hall; to the Misses Frith, of
Rose Cottage; to the Messrs. Hollis, of Radnor; to Mr. F. G. Gosling, of
Castle Point; to Mr. F. B. Spurling, of Echo Heights; to Mr. Cecil H.
Neave, of the Chapman Estate, St. George's; to the managers of estates at
Orange Valley, Rosebank, Caledonia Park, and Spanish Point, and to
many others who have helped the investigation.

FLORA OF BERMUDA

All plants may be grouped in four main categories, known as
Phyla or Subkingdoms, as follows:

Phylum 1. Spermatophyta, those which bear seeds, a seed
being different from all other vegetable structures by containing an
embryonic plantlet. All spermatophytes bear flowers of one kind or
another, and this phylum is also called Anthophyta, or flowering
plants and, to distinguish it from the three other phyla collectively,
Phanerogamia. Phyla 2, 3 and 4 taken together are called Crypto-
gamia ; all these are seedless.

Phylum 2. Pteridophyta, comprises ferns and fern allies; all
are flowerless and have two separate and distinct alternating genera-
tions, the one represented by the fully developed plant having root,
stem and leaves, with vascular tissue and bearing spores, a spore
being a single vegetable cell capable of growing into a new plant;
the other, called the prothallium stage, is small, inconspicuous,
grows from the spores, has no vascular tissue, is not differentiated
into root, stem and leaves, and bears the sexual organs; from the
female organ of the prothallium (archegonium) the fully developed
spore-bearing plant again arises ; the male organ, borne either on the
same prothallium or on a different one, is called an antheridium.

Phylum 3. Bryophyta, consists of mosses and their allies; all
are small flowerless plants with alternating sexual and non-sexual
(spore-bearing) generations, but the spore-bearing generation never
becomes separated and independent; the sexual generation is com-
monly the more conspicuous and is, in most cases, differentiated into
stem and leaves, while the spore-bearing generation is never thus
differentiated; their spores are borne in conceptacles termed cap-
sules, and from the spores the plant again develops. Bryophytes
consist almost wholly of cellular or non-vascular tissue.

Phylum 4. Thallophyta, includes the algae, fungi and lichens ;
all are flowerless and their methods of reproducing and propagation
are varied. They contain no vascular tissue (except a few large
2 1

2 SPERMATOPHYTA.

algae) and the plant body is not differentiated into stem and leaves.
Many of them are of microscopic size.

Phylum 1. SPERMATOPHYTA.

Seed-bearing Plants.
Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or
more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle),
and a terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferen-
tiated before germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne
in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified
leaf (filament). The macrosporanges (ovules) are borne on the face
of a flat or inrolled much modified leaf (carpel) and contain one
macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops the minute female prothal-
lium, an archegone of which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen-
tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen-
grain.

There are two classes whicli differ from each other as follows:

Ovules and seeds contained In a closed cavity (ovary) ; stigmas 1 or more.

Class 1. Angiospekmae.
Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale ; stigmas none. Class 2. Gymnospermae.

Class I. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary)
formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified
rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined together,
in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-grains (microspores) on
alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germinate, send-
ing out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissues and reaching an
ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle), and its tip coming
in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo-sac, fertilization is effected.
In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at
the micropyle.

Cotyledon mostly one ; stem endogenous. Sub-class 1. Monocotyledones.

Cotyledons mostly two; stem (with rare excep-
tions) exogenous. Sub-class 2. Dicotyledokes.

Sub-class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Embryo with a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the
germinating plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass
of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are
irregularly imbedded; no distinction into wood, pith and bark.
Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire, com-
monly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinction
of blade and petiole. Flowers often 3-merous or 6-merous.

TYPHACEAE.

chaffy scales or want-
Order 1. Pandanai,es.

t Carpels 1 or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Vallisneriaceae and
others of the Naiadales, which are aquatic herbs, in Hydrocharitales and in some
palms) ; parts of the usually imperfect flowers mostly unequal in number.

Inflorescence various, not a true spadix.
Leaves neither compound nor flabellate.

Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales.

Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or
ing ; flowers monoecious, spicate or capl
tate.
Endosperm none, or very little.
Perianth rudimentary, or none.
Perianth present.
Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales, ar
ranged in spikes or spikelets.
Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, or fla
bellate
Trees or shrubs ; perianth of 2 series of 3 parts
Herbs ; perianth none, or rudimentary.
Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe
or plants minute, floating free, the flowers few or
solitary on the margin or back of the thallus.
tt Carpels united into a compound ovary
flowers mostly in 3's or 6's.
Seeds with endosperm.

Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla Irregular In
Commelina).
Endosperm mealy ; ovary mostly superior.
Endosperm fleshy or horny.
Flowers very irregular ; ovary Inferior.
Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute
ovary inferior ; flowers very irregular.

Order
Order

2. Naiadales.

3. Hydrocharitales.

Order

L-

4. POALES.

!. Order
Order

5. Arecales.

6. Cyclanthales.

r

Order
parts of

7. Arales.

the usually complete

Q

Order
Order
Order

8. Xyridales.

9. Liliales.

10. SCITAMINALES.

Order

11. Orciiidales.

Order I. PANDANALES.

The native Bermuda species is an aquatic or marsh plant, with narrow
elongated leaves and very small, imperfect and incomplete flowers in spikes.
The order takes its name from the Old World tropical genus Pandanus, the
so-called Screw-pine, species of which are commonly cultivated in gardens.

Monoecious marsh or aquatic herbs, the perianth of bristles ; leaves unarmed.

Fam. 1. Typhaceae.
Dioecious trees or shrubs ; perianth none ; leaves usually

spinulose-margined. Fam. 2. Pandanaceab.

Family 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil.

Cat-tail Family.

Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and
glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensifonn, striate, sheath-
ing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes,
which are subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided
at intervals by smaller bracts, which are caducous, the staminate spikes
uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens 2-7, the filaments connate.
Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled. Ovultes anatropous. Styles as many as the
cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly
hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate
tips. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious. Only the following genus :

1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L.

Characters of the family, [Name ancient.] About 10 species, widely dis-
tributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Tyyha latifolia L.

TYPHACEAE.

1. Typha angustifdlia L. Nar-
row-leaved Cat-tail. Shag. {Fig.
1.) Stems slender, 4°-10° high. Leaves
2"-6" wide; spikes light brown, the
staminate and pistillate portions usu-
ally distant, the two together some-
times 2° long, the pistillate, when ma-
ture, 4"-8" in diameter, and provided
with bractlets ; stigmas linear or linear-
oblong; pollen-grains simple; fruit not
furrowed, not bursting in water ; outer
coat of the seed not separable. [T.
doming ensis (Pers.) Kunth.]

Common in marshes, often forming
large patches. Native. Widely distrib-
uted in tropical and temperate regions
of both the New World and the Old.
Its very light seeds are freely distributed
by the wind, and the plant may readily
have reached Bermuda by winds, either
from the West Indies, or from the Ameri-
can mainland. Its leaves are used for
bedding domestic animals. Flowers in
spring, the furry spikes maturing in
autumn and the minute fruits then blown about bv the wind.

Family 2. PANDANACEAE Endl.

ScREw-pixE Family.

Trees or shrubs, usually with erect trunks, repeatedly branching and
emitting aerial roots at least below, the spirally arranged narrow leaves
clustered at the ends of the branches and usually spinulose-margined, the
small, sessile, dioecious flowers in large, dense, terminal or axillary clusters.
Perianth none. Staminate flowers wdth many stamens, the anthers oblong,
erect, and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with a single, 1-celled
ovary, containing a single anatropous ovule in Pandanus, the stigma sessile.
Fruit a syncarp, the seeds very small. There are nearly 100 species,
natives of the Old World tropics, grouped in 2 genera.

Pandanus utilis Bory, Screw-pine, Madagascan, probably the largest
of the genus, is commonly planted for ornament and interest and some very
fine specimens may be seen. It may reach a height of 50°-60°, but Bermuda
examples have reached only about half that height. It has pale green rigid
leaves 3° long or less, their margins very spiny; its globose pendulous beads
of fruit are 6'-8' thick. [P. odoratissimus of H. B. Small and of Jones.]

Pandanus Veitchii Lem., Veitch's Screw-pine, Polynesian, also planted
for ornament, is smaller, branches rather freely from near the ground, and
has thinner shiny leaves, dark green with marginal white bands, also spiny.

Pandanus muricatus Thouars, Madagascan, recorded by Jones, is not now
known to be represented in Bermuda.

Order 2. NAIADALES.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, the leaves various. Flowers perfect, monoe-
cious or dioecious. Perianth present, or wanting Parts of the flower
mostly unequal in number. Carpels 1 or more, distinct and separate or
united; endosperm none, or very little.

ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

Carpels distinct and separate.
Carpels united, or only 1.

Flowers borne on a 1-sided spike.

Flowers axillary.

Fam. 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

Fam. 2. Zosteraceae.
Fam. 3. Cymodoceaceae.

Family 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort.

PoNDWEED Family.

Perennial plants, the foliage mostly submerged. Leaves very narrow
or filiform. Flowers monoecious or perfect, small, and inconspicuous.
Perianth none. Stamens 1-4, with extrorse anthers. Carpels 1-seeded.
Fruit drupe-like. Endosperm none. Four genera and sixty or more
species, mostly inhabiting fresh water, but the only Bermuda representa-
tive lives in brackish pools

1. RUPPIA L.

Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate
1-nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths.
Flow^ers on a capillary peduncle, naked, consisting of 2 sessile anthers, each
wath 2 large separate sacs attached by their backs, having between them sev-
eral pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole cluster
at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf. Stigmas sessile, peltate.
Fruit small obliquely-pointed drupelets, several in each cluster and stipitate.
[Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Eupp, a German botanist.] In the
development of the plants the staminate flowers drop off and the peduncle
elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in 2 clusters at the end, but after
fertilization it coils up and the fruit is drawn below the surface of the water.
Three or four species, widely
distributed in salt and brack-
ish water, the following typ-
ical.

1. Ruppia maritima L.
Maritime Euppia. (Fig. 2.)
Stems usually whitish, often
3° long, the internodes ir-
regular, naked. Leaves 1-
3^' long, f" or less wdcle;
sheaths with a short free tip ;
peduncles in fruit sometimes
1° long; stipes 4-6 in a
cluster, Y-l¥ long; fruits
with a dark hard shell, ovoid,
about 1" long, often oblique
or gibbous at the base, point-
ed with the long style, but
varying much in shape.
[B. maritima longipes Hag-
strom.]

Brackish pools. Native.
Nearly cosmopolitan in brack-
ish water. It probably reached
Bermuda by ocean currents. It
is commonly known as Ditch-
grass.

ZOSTERACEAE.

Family 2. ZOSTERACEAE Dumort.

Eel-grass Family.

Perennial marine herbs, with long rootstocks and branching stems.
Leaves alternate linear, sheathing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne
on a 1-sided spadix enclosed in a spathe. Staminate flowers of a sessile
1-celled anther. Pistillate flowers of 2 united carpels, a distinct style and
2 filiform stigTtias. Two genera and seven or eight species, inhabiting
the ocean.

1. ZOSTERA L.

Marine plants with slender rootstocks and compressed stems. Leaves 2-
ranked, the sheaths with infiexed margins. Spadix linear. Flowers monoecious,
arranged alternately in 2 rows on the spadix. Staminate flower atached to the
spadix near its apex, the anther opening irregularly on the ventral side ; poflen
thread-like. Pistillate flower fixed on its back near the middle ; ovary 1 ; style
elongated; mature carpels fiask-shaped, membranous, rupturing irregularly,
beaked by the persistent style; seeds ribbed; embryo ellipsoid. [Greek, refer-
ring to the ribbon-like leaves.] About 6 species of marine distribution, the fol-
lowing typical.

1. Zostera marina L. Eel-
grass. Grass-wrack. (Fig. 3.)
Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the
apex, l°-6° long, about 3" wide,
with 3-7 principal nerves. Spa-
dix l'-4' long; flowers crowded,
usually from 10-20 of each kind
on the spadix; ovary somewhat
vermiform; at anthesis the stig-
mas are thrust through the open-
ing of the spathe and drop off
before the anthers of the same
spadix open; the anthers at an-
thesis work themselves out of the
spathe and discharge the glutin-
ous stringy pollen into the water ;
seeds cylindric, strongly about 20-
ribbed, about 1*" long, truncate
at both ends, the ribs showing
very clearly on the pericarp.

In the ocean, washed ashore.
Native. Of very wide marine dis-
tribution from GreenLand to Florida, from Alaska to California and on the coasts
of the Old World.

Family 3. CYMODOCEACEAE Kerner.

Manatee-grass Family.

Submerged marine perennial herbs with long rootstocks. Leaves
narrow, sheathing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary or eymose.
Staminate flowers of two long-pedicelled anthers, the anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers of 1 or 2 carpels, the 1 or 2
stigmas filiform. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. Two known genera, the fol-
lowing, and Halodiile.

CYMODOCEACEAE.

1. CYMODOCEA Konig.
Leaves terete in our species, acute. Flowers dioecious. Pistillate flowers
of 2 carpels; stigmas 2, Seed pendulous. [Named for Cymodoce, one of the
Nereids.] Type species: Cymodocea aequorea Konig.

1. Cymodocea manatorum Aschers. Mana-
tee-grass. (Fig. 4.) Eootstock branched,
rooting at the nodes. Leaves li'-13' long,
terete or nearly so, about 1" thick, their bases
enclosed by membranous stipular sheaths i'-2'
long.

The sketch of the inflorescence In the illustra-
tion is from a drawing liindly sent me by Prof. C.
H. Ostenfeld, of Copenhagen. Abundant in shal-
low bays and coves, in water from 2° to 6° in
depth, Castle Harbor. Shallow salt water, from
Florida and the Bahamas to Jamaica, Martinique
and Curagao. Transported to Bermuda by ocean
currents. Flowers in spring or summer. The
leaves break from the plant and are washed up in
large quantities on the shores. Native.

Order 3. HYDROCHARITALES.

Floating or more or less emersed herbs, perennial by rootstocks or
stolons. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes. Perianth
of 2 dissimilar series of parts or the corolla wanting. Stamens 3-12.
Carpels 3-15, united. Ovary inferior, with several parietal placentae or
several-celled. Endosperm none.

Family 1. HYDRO CHARIT ACE AE Aschers.
Frog's-bit Family.

Aquatic or mud-inhabiting herbs, the leaves clustered. Perianth regu-
lar, superior. Filaments distinct or partially united. Ovaiy usually 6-9--
celled. Styles as many as the cavities of the ovary. Ovules numerous.
Fruit usually indehiscent.

1. THALASSIA Banks.
Marine herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves several at a joint, sheath-
ing at the base, linear, elongated. Scape arising from the cluster of leaves.
Flowers dioecious, solitary in narrow spathes of two bracts, the?e united into
a tube at the base. Staminate flowers long-pedicelled perianth of 3 petaloid
sepals; stamens 6; filaments very short: anthers opening laterally. Pistillate
flower nearly sessile in the spathe, caducous: ovary 6-9-celled, beaked. Fruit

8

HYDEOCHARITACEAE.

stalked, rugose or nearly echinate, opening by many valves. Seeds numerous.
[Greek, referring to its growth in the ocean.] Two known species, the follow-
ing typical.

1. Thalassia testudinum Konig & Sims.

Turtle Grass. (Fig. 5.) Submersed, glabrous,
Rootstocks creeping, elongated; stems short,
arising from the nodes of the rootstock; leaves
2-5, sheathing the stem; blades linear, strap-
like, 6'-l° long, obtuse, withering-persistent;
scapes solitary, central; fruit globose or oval,
echinate-pubescent, pointed.

Common in shallow salt water. Native.
Coasts of Florida and the West Indies. Doubtless
transported to Bermuda by floating.

The leaves are similar to .those of Zostera,
for which the plant is often mistaken ; Zostera
apparently inhabits deeper water ; we did not ob-
serve it rooted, but it doubtless occurs in place on
the Bermuda banks, for quantities were seen on
the north shores after a storm.

Order 4. POALES.

Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous,
with leafy or leafless, usually simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually nar-
row and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect,
small, incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in
spikes or spikelets.

Fruit a caryopsis (grain) ; culm mostly hollow.
Fruit an achene ; culm solid.

Fam.
Fam.

1. POACEAE.

2. Cyperaceae.

Family 1. POACEAE R. Br.

Grass Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees.
Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed.
Leaves sheathing, the sheaths usually open to the base on the side oppo-
site the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or haiiy, rarely
wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflo-
rescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed
of two to many, 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the
two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these
sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes
the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed
by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale
and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-
keeled; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa.
Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended
by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3.

POACEAE.

9

Anthers 2-ceI ed, versatile. Ovaiy 1-eelled, 1-ovuled. Styles 1-3, eom-
monly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hair^ or plumose. Fruit a Led-like TaTn
(earyopsis) Endosperm starchy. About 3500 species widely distributed
throughout the world, growing in water and on ill kinds of soil T ose
yielding food-grams are called cereals. The species are more numerous in
tropical countries while the number of individuals is murgrea" tern
perate regions, often forming extended areas of turf

B.

Inflorescence of clustered racemes ^^"^^^^'''ng tne otliers. (Andropogoneae.)
Inflorescence paniculate, decompound o iJ^^^'<^Poyon.

ceae":)^ ^ ^'^^^^^'' ^^^"^ ^^^ °^^^'^' ^^ wanting. (Pam-
^* ^*^l^ll^^i^ ^""^ sunken in the rachis of a spike.

intoluSe ''''^ subtended by bristles or by an
t Outer scales of the spikelets awnless.
bpikeJets obtuse, in spike-like racemes
Spikelets acute, in spike-like racemes, or
panicled. '

Second scale not saccate
- Second scale saccate at base, large, manv-
nerved. ' "^'^"J'

Spikelets long-silky; fruiting scale lan-
ceolate.
Spikelets short-pubescent or glabrous •
4.4. ^ X fruiting scale elliptic.

TT Outer scales of the spikelets awned
Third scale with the longest awn.
** o •, I "5^ ^^.^^^ w*t^ <^^e shortest awn.

i^voP r" °*^^^ ^^ "^ °^ ^""^^ bristles or by an
Spikelets subtended by persistent bristles.

''Suous';i?h'^'t'" ^ '"^^^^' ^^^^^ ^^^^'--•

2. Spikelets sunken in the thick rachis of a flat spike
Spikelets articu ated above the empty scales or between the
flowering scales, 1-many-flowered ueiweeu me

^" ^'i^-ll^^ panicled or racemed, or if spicate, not In depres-
sions of the rachis of the spike.
1. Spikelets not in 2-rowed secund spikes
* Spikelets 1-flowered.

t Empty scales 4. (Phalarideae.)
tt Empty scales 2. (Agrostideae.)

Empty scales of the spikelet persistent, the
flowering scales deciduous.
Empty scales awned.
Empty scales awnless,
** c ..Spikelets wholly deciduous at maturity
** Spikelets 2-many-flowered.

Flowering scales shorter than the empty ones the

awn dorsal, usually bent. (Avexeae )
Flowering scales mostly longer than the empty
ones, the awn, if present, straight, terminal
(Festuceae.)
Flowering scales long-hairy ; very tall grass 1 7

Flowering scales not long-hairy flow grasses
Flowering scales 1-3-nerved.

Panicle-branches distichous. 18

Panicle-branches spirally arranged. if)'

Flowering scales 5-many-nerved.

Flowering scales cordate. 20 Briza

Flowering scales not cordate.

Stigmas borne at or near the apex
of the ovary.
Flowering scales keeled on the
^ back. 21. Poa.

Flowering scales rounded on the
back, at least below.
Inflorescence a short-branched

panicle. 22. Sclcropoa.

Inflorescence a simple or

branched spike. 23. Desmazeria.

2. Holcus.

3. Paspalum.

4. Panicum.

5. Valota.

6. Syntherisma.

7. Echinochloa.

8. Oplismenus.

9. Chaetochloa.

10. Cenchrus.

11. Stenotaphrum.

12. Phalaris.

Phleum.

Sporobolus.

Polypogon.

16. Avena.

Arundo.

Kochlcria.
Era(jrostis.

10

POACEAE.

Stigmas borne below the apex of the
ovary.
2. Spikelets in 2-rowed secund spikes. (Chlorideae.)
Spikelets wholly deciduous.

At least the empty scales of the spikelets persistent.
Spikelets with only one perfect flower.
No scales above the flowering one.
One or two empty scales above the flowering
one.
Spikelets with 2 or 3 perfect flowers.

Spikes whorled, or close together ; spikelets im-
bricated.
Spikes distant ; spikelets alternate.
Spikelets in 2-rowed spikes, in depressions of the rachis.

(HORDEAE.)

Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the rachis.
Spikelets 2-6 at each node of the rachis.

Spikelets 1-flowered.

Spikelets 2-several-flowered.

24. Bromus.

25. Spartina.

26. Capriola.

27. Eustachys.

28. Eleusine.

29. Leptochloa.

30. Lolium.

31. Hordeum.

32. Elymus.

1. ANDROPOGON L.

Perennial grasses witli usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and
axillary racemes. Spikelets in pairs at eacli node of the jointed hairy rachis,
one sessile and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or
reduced to a single scale. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2
coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more
or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3.
Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 150 species,
widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Andro-
pogon hirtum L.

1. Andropogon virginicus L.
Virginia Beard-grass. (Fig. 6.)
Culms tufted, l5°-3° tall, many times
longer than the basal leaves ; sheaths,
at least the lower ones, more or less
tuberculate-hirsute on the margins;
leaves 16' long or less, more or less
hirsute on the upper surface near
the base; spathes l'-2' long, broad;
racemes generally in pairs about 1'
long; sessile spikelets li"-2" long,
the awn 5"-8" long; pedicellate
spikelet wanting or rarely present as
a minute scale.

Paget Marsh, abundant in 1905
and 1913. Native. Eastern United
States. Flowers in late summer and
autumn. The light, hairy inflorescence
may readily have been transported by
hurricane winds.

Andropogon Schoenanthus L., Lemon Grass, a grass with fragrant leaves,
is cultivated, and is reported as at times spontaneous after cultivation; it is
native of Old World tropics.

2. HOLCUS L.

Tall grasses, with usually broad flat leaf -blades and large terminal panicles,
their primary branches verticillate. Spikelets of 4 scales, in pairs, or in 3's

POACEAE.

11

at the end of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the rest pedicellate and
staminate, dorsally compressed, pubescent or glabrous. Sessile spikelets with
the outer 2 scales indurated, the third and fourth hyaline, the latter awned or
awnless. Pedicellate spikelets with the outer 2 scales firm-membranous, or
rarely reduced to 1 or 2 scales and sterile. Lodicules ciliate. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, taken from Pliny.] About 10
species of wide distribution. Type species: Holcus Sorghum L.

1. Holcus halepSnsis L. John-
son Grass. (Fig. '<'•) Smooth and
glabrous. Culms up to 6° tall, from
rootstock ; leaf-blades 2°
less, -I '-11' wide; panicle
long, oblong to oval, its
ascending, the longer ones
up to 6' long; sessile spikelet about
2" long, ovate, the outer scales
densely appressed-pubescent with silky

a long
long or
often 2°
branches

hairs and indurated at maturity, the
first scale 3 -toothed at the apex, the
readily deciduous awn of the fourth
scale about V long, geniculate, spiral
below, the column much exserted;
pedicellate spikelet about 3" long,
lanceolate, the 2 outer scales sparingly
pubescent. [Sorghum halepense Pers.]

Spontaneous after cultivation, and
occasional in waste grounds. Native of
soutiiern Europe and Asia. Introduced
by cultivation into the United States
and West Indies. Flowers In summer.

Holcus Sorghum L,, Guinea Corn, is occasionally grown for fodder,
and has been observed in waste grounds. It is a tall grass, sometimes 12° high,
with leaves l'-2' wide and large, often dense panicles, its grain a valuable food.
[Sorghum saccharatum Moench; S. vulgare Pers,]

3. PASPALUM L.
Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and 1-flowered
spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on 1-sided spike-like racemes, which
are single, in pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer
surface, convex on the inner. Scales 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner
one indurated and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3, Styles
separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek
name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide dis-
tribution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Type
species: Panicum dissectum L.

Racemes several or solitary.
Spikelets glabrous.
Spikelets pubescent.

Spikelets about 1" long, finely pubescent.
Leaves, ^"-3" wide, giaorous.
Leaves 3"-6" wide, ciliate.
Spikelets nearly 2" long, long-hairy.

1. P. ciliatifolium.

P. cacspitosium.
P. Chapmaui.
P. dilatatum.

12

POACEAE.

Racemes a pair at the top of the culm.

Spikelets flat on both sides, long-ciliate. 5. P. conjugatum.

Spikelets plano-convex, not ciliate.

Spikelets ovate, the convex side appressed-pubescent. 6. P. distichum

Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, glabrous. 7. P, vaginatum.

1. Paspalum ciliatifdlium

Michx. CiLIATE-LEAVED PASPALUM.

(Fig. 8.) Culms tufted, erect, 1°-
21° tall, smooth and glabrous;
leaf-sheaths ciliate on the over-
lapping margin, otherwise gla-
brous; blades 2'-10' long, 3"-8"
wide, smooth and glabrous on both
surfaces, the margins conspicu-
ously ciliate with long hairs;
racemes single, or sometimes in
2 's, 2'-4i' long; spikelets in pairs,
about 1" long, glabrous, oval to
broadly obovate, the 2 outer scales
3-nerved or the second one rarely
2-nerved by the suppression of the
midnerve, both glabrous. [^Pasya-
lum setaceum of Reade and Lef roy.]

Common on dry hillsides. Na-
tive. Southeastern United States.
The seeds were probably transported
to Bermuda by birds. Flowers in
summer and autumn.

The Bermuda plant is referred by Hitchcock and Chase to Paspalum pro-
pinquum Nash, not here regarded as a distinct species.

2. Paspalum caespitosum Fluegge.
Slender Paspalum. (Fig. 9.) Tufted;
culms slender, l''-2° high. Leaves glabrous,
narrowly linear, flat, 2'-8' long, W-W
wide, erect or nearly so, with glabrous
sheaths; racemes 2-6, erect, i'-2' long, the
rachis very narrow; spikelets in pairs, a
little less than 1" long and nearly i" wide,
elliptic, the first scale wanting, the second
and third sparingly papillose-pubescent with
appressed hairs, 3-nerved, the fruiting scale
yellowish-white.

Rocky cliffs and on Hall's Island, Harring-
ton Sound, and on hillsides, west side of Castle
Harbor, 1912. Native. Florida and West Indies.
This may be the grass recorded by Reade, Le-
froy and Hemsley as Paspalum filiforme Sw.,
no Bermuda specimen of which could be found
in the Kew Herbarium. Flowers in summer
and autumn.

POACEAE.

13

3. Paspalum Chapmani Nash. Chap-
man's Paspalum. (Fig. 10.) Tufted;
culms glabrous, slender, li°-3° tall.
Leaves 8' long or less, 21" -1" wide, ciliate,
the sheaths of the lower ones pubescent,
those of the upper glabrous, or pubescent
on the margins; racemes 3'— 5' long, usually
two on the main stem and one on the
branches; spikelets in pairs, oval, about V
long, on short pubescent stalks; first scale
wanting; second and third scales densely
pubescent with gland-tipped hairs; fruit-
ing scale yellowish-white.

Hillsides between Harrington Sound and
Castle Harbor. Native. West Indies and
soutlieastern United States. Both this and
the preceding species are apparently indigenous
grasses ; they are locally abundant in the
areas indicated. Flowers in summer and
autumn.

4. Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Broad-scaled
Paspalum. (Fig. 11.) Perennial by rootstocks,
2°-5° long, the culms and leaves glabrous. Leaves
flat, 4-12' long, 6" wide or less; spike-like racemes
3-8, li'-3' long; spikelets crowded, in 2 rows, but
appearing as if in 4 rows, about li" long, and 1"
wide, ovate-orbicular, acute, the first scale want-
ing, the second scale ciliate with long soft hairs,
the third scale ciliolate, the fruiting scale orbicular.

Marsh, Shelly Bay, 1913; in the lawn, Agricul-
ural Station, Paget, June, 1914. Introduced, Native
of continental America. Flowers in summer and
autumn. I suppose, from its manner of occurrence
that this is an introduced grass, and it may have
been introduced recently. It has not previously been
recorded from Bermuda and can scarcely have been
mistaken for another species.

None of the Paspalum species occurring in Bermuda are of any considerable
value as forage grasses.

14

POACEAE.

5. Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
Two-spiked Paspalum. (Fig. 12.)
Smooth, and glabrous. Culms compressed,
3° high or less, finally decumbent at the
base and rooting at the lower nodes;
leaves 2-5' long, 2"-6" wide: racemes
in pairs, slender, often curved, spread-
ing or ascending, li'-6' long, the rachis
straight, or flexuous toward the apes:
spikelets crowded, much compressed dor-
sally, singly disposed, about ^" long,
apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved,
the nerves marginal, the first scale ciliate
on the margins with very long lax hairs,
the third scale smooth, white.

Lawns, fields and cultivated soil. Nat-
uralized. Native of the southern United
States, West Indies and tropical continental
America. Flowers in summer and autumn.
1 regard this grass as a naturalized rather
than a native species, on account of its
manner of occurrence in Bermuda. It may
be said, however, that in Porto Rico, and
elsewhere in the West Indies, where there
can be no doubt that it is indigenous.
It occurs in cultivated places as well as In
wild situations.

6. Paspalum distichum L. Joint-
grass. (Fig. 13.) Culms 2°-4° tall,
from a long stout rootstock; leaf -sheaths
compressed, keeled, usually crowded and
overlapping, especially at the base and
on the innovations, glabrous, or more or
less hairy on the margins; blades com-
monly less than 4' long, li"-3" wide,
generally glabrous; racemes terminal, in
pairs, ascending, f'-2' long; spikelets
singly disposed, ovate, l"-li" long, acute,
the 2 outer scales firm, 5-nerved, rarely
7-nerved, the first scale glabrous, the
second appressed-pubescent, the third
apiculate, pubescent at the apex.

Frequent in marshes and waste grounds.
Native. Southern United States, West In-
dies and tropical continental America. Its
seeds probably transported by birds. Flow-
ers In summer and autumn.

POACEAE.

15

7. Paspalum vaginatum Sw.

Sheathed Paspalum. (Fig. 14.) Culms
8'-2° tall, from a long stout rootstock;
leaf-sheaths compressed, keeled, usually
crowded and overlapping, at least at the
base and on the innovations, glabrous;
blades folded, or involute when dry, 6'
long or less, l"-2" wide, glabrous, or
sparingly hairy; racemes terminal, usu-
ally a pair, rarely more or but a single
one, erect or ascending, 2'-3' long: spike-
lets singly disposed, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, l5"-2" long, the 2 outer scales gla-
brous, thin, the first scale 4-nerved, the
lateral nerves approximate at the margin,
the midnerve suppressed, the second scale
5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near
together, the third scale glabrous at the
apex or with 2 or 3 hairs.

Frequent in brackish marshes. Native.
Southern United States and West Indies.
Its seeds probably transported by birds.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

Paspalum filiforme Sw., a West Indian grass recorded as Bermudian by
Jones, Eeade and by Lefroy, as wire-grass, and admitted by Hemsley, has not
been found by recent collectors. (See P. caespitosum.)

4. PAOTCUM L.

Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles
or 1-sided spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flowered the
lower one staminate only. Scales 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the
third with a staminate flower, varying in the same species; the inner or fourth
scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect
flower. Awns none. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and palet. [Old Latin name for
some grass, probably the cultivated Sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken
from Pliny.] About 500 species, in temperate and tropical regions. Type
species: Panicum miliaceum L.

Spikelets In pairs in one-sided spike-like racemes.
Glabrous.

Pubescent, at least at the nodes.
Spikelets panicled.

Fourth scale of the spikelet smooth.
Annual grasses.

Leaf-sheaths pubescent.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous.
Tall perennial grass.
Fourth scale transversely rugose ; tall grass.

1. P. germinatum.

2. P. barbinode.

3. P. capiUarc.

4. P. dichoiomiflorum.

5. P. virgatum.

6. P. ma-rimum.

16

POACEAE.

1. Panicum geminatum Forsk. Water
Grass. (Fig. 15.) Aquatic. Culms 2°-4°
long, usually clothed with sheaths below; leaves
glabrous, 10' long or less, 3"-5" wide; racemes
10-20, one-sided, the rachis broadly winged,
appressed, f'-li' long; spikelets about li"
long, ovate, acute, glabrous, singly disposed in
2 rows, the first scale broader than long and
clasping the spikelet at its base, truncate at
the apex, the fourth scale transversely wrinkled.
[P. paspaloides Pers.]

Bermuda, collected only by Moseley. Native.
In shallow water, southern United States ; tropical
regions of the New World and the Old, Flowers
from spring to autumn. Seeds presumably trans-
ported by birds.

2. Panicum barbinode Trin. Para
Grass. (Fig. 16.) Sterile calms 3°-6° long,
rooting at the nodes, the fertile ones erect,
2°-3° tall or more, the nodes densely barbed;
leaf-sheaths often overlapping, papillose-
hirsute; blades 4'-12' long, glabrous or
pubescent, 3"-8" wide; panicle 6'-8' long,
its branches spreading or ascending; spike-
lets about IV' long, glabrous.

Abundant In marshes. Naturalized from
tropical America. Naturalized also in the
southern United States. A very valuable fod-
der-grass, often erroneously called Panicum
molle, as by Jones.

3. Panicum capillare L. Witch
Grass. Quaking Grass. (Fig. 17.)
Culms l°-2° tall, simple, or branched
near the base, stout; leaf -sheaths usu-
ally purplish, papillose-hirsute; blades
3"-8" wide, pubescent; primary pan-
icle 8'-l° long, the larger branches
6'-9' long, the lateral panicles smaller ;
spikelets very numerous, about V
long, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous.

Waste grounds and cultivated soil.
Naturalized. Eastern temperate North
America. Its light panicles are widely
transported by winds. Flowers in sum-
mer and autumn. Regarded as native
by Lefroy, but its habitat makes this
improbable. [P. hrevifolium of Rein.]

POACEAE.

17

4. Panicium dichotomiflorum

Michx. Cane Grass. (Fig. 18.)
Culms at first erect, l°-2° tall, simple,
later decumbent and longer, branched
at all the upper nodes. Leaf-sheaths
loose, glabrous, somewhat flattened;
blades 6-2° long, long-acuminate;
panicle pyramidal; spikelets I'^-li"
long, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. [P. .
proliferum of Eeade and of Mills- I
paugh.] 'I

Roadsides and wet soil. Natural-
ized. Eastern United States. Flowers
in summer and autumn. Branches of
its panicles are transported by winds.

5. Panicum virgatum L. Switch
Grass. (Fig. 19.) Culms erect from a
stout rootstock, 3°-6° tall; leaf -blades
elongated, 1° long or more, 3"-6" wide,
flat, glabrous or pubescent: panicle i°-
1^° long, its branches widely spreading
or sometimes nearly erect ; spikelets
ovate, acuminate, about 2" long, glabrous.

Coastal rocks and borders of marshes.
Native. Eastern North America and Cuba.
Seeds transported by birds or by the wind.
Flowers in summer or autumn. The Ber-
muda plant is referred by Hitchcock to P.
virgatum cuhetise Griseb.

6. Panicum maximum Jaeq. Guinea Grass.
(Fig. 20.) Culm 2°-6° tall or more, leafy; leaf-
sheaths overlapping, glabrous, or tuberculate-
pubescent; blades elongated, V-IV wide, glabrous;
panicle l°-2° long, its branches erect or nearly
so, very long; spikelets glabrous, li"-2" long, the
fourth scale transversely rugose.

Waste grounds and cultivated soil. Naturalized.
Native of tropical America. Naturalized also in the
southern United States. A valuable fodder grass.

Panicum palmifolium Poir., Palm-leaved
Panicum, a tall grass with strongly, plicately
nerved leaves often 1° long and 1' wide, more or
less pubescent with long hairs, the spikelets in a
narrow panicle, is sometimes planted for ornament.
It is native of Tropical America and naturalized
in Jamaica.

3

18

POACEAE.

5. VALOTA Adans.
Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaves and large terminal pubescent
panicles. Spikelets lanceolate, acute or acuminate; scales 4, the 3 outer ones
membranous, empty, the first minute or rudimentary, the second silky-pilose
and ciliate, the fourth one shorter, glabrous, shining, chartaceous. [Perhaps
in honor of P. Vallot.] Several species of warm temperate and tropical
America, the following typical. The genus has formerly been included in
Panicum by authors, but present knowledge of grasses justifies its separation,
returning to the view of Adanson.

1. Valota insularis (L.) Chase. Silky
Grass. (Fig. 21.) Culms erect, slender,
3°-5° high, clustered. Leaves 1° long or
less, 5"-10" wide, acuminate, glabrous, or
their sheaths pubescent; panicle narrow,
often 1° long, little, if any more than 1'
thick; spikelets 2"-3" long, acuminate;
second and third scale 3-nerved, long-hairy;
fruiting scale chestnut-brown. [Ahdropo-
gon insulare L. ; Trichachne insularis Nees.J

Wooded bluff. Abbot's Cliff, Harrington
Sound. 1912. Native. Florida and West In-
dies. Perhaps of recent introduction. Flowers
nearly throughout the year. This conspicu-
ous grass has not hitherto been recorded
from Bermuda, although seen in large quanti-
ties at the locality noted.

Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash of the
southeastern United States and Cuba, an
aquatic perennial grass up to 6° high with
spikelets in a narrow panicle, was described
by iSprengel in 1825 as from Bermuda
under the name Panicum aquaticum Bosc,
but nothing further has been known about
it here since that time.

6. SYNTHERISMA Walt.
Annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an inflorescence of spike-like
racemes which are disposed in whorls, or scattered and approximate, at the
summit. Spikelets narrow, acute, in 2 's or 3 's on one side of the flat and
winged or triangular rachis, one of the spikelets generally longer-pedicelled
than the others. Scales 3 or 4, the 3 outer membranous, the first small or want-
ing, the fourth chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclos-
ing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop-making, referring to its abundance.]
About 25 species, of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Synther-
isma praecox Wald. [Digitaria Scop., not Heist.]

First scale minute ; fruiting scale greenish or yellowish.

Rachis nearly i" wide ; spikelets Ih" long.

Rachis i" wide; spikelets about 1" long.
First scale wanting ; fruiting scale deep brown.

1. 8. sanguinalis.

2. 8. difjitata.

3. 8. longifiora.

POACEAE.

19

1. Syntherisma sanguinsllis
(L.) Dulac. Common Crab-
grass. (Fig. 22.) Culms 2i°
long or less, finally branched,
prostrate at the base and root-
ing at the lower nodes. Lower
leaf-sheaths densely papillose-
hirsute; blades 2"-5" wide,
erect or ascending, glabrous or
more or less pubescent: racemes
2-9, l'-5' long, erect or ascend-
ing, alternate, in pairs or
whorls; spikelets about 1*"
long, lanceolate, very acute, in
pairs; first scale small, gla-
brous, the second and third ap-
pressed-pubescent with long
hairs, the second one 3-nerved,
the third slightly exceeding the
flowering scale, 7-nerved, the
pubescence usually becoming
widely spreading, the fourth
one lanceolate, very acute, yel-
lowish-white at maturity. [Pan-
icum lineare of Lefroy; Pani-
cum sanguinale L. ; Digitaria
marginata Link ; Syntherisma
marginatum Nash.]

Common in waste and cultivated grounds, often a pernicious weed. Naturalized.
Southern United States ; Bahamas ; tropical South America. The characters relied
upon by authors to separate S. marginatum from S. sanguinale do not appear to be
specific.

2. Syntherisma d i g i t a t a (Sw. )
Hitchc. Narrow Crab-grass. (Fig. 23.)
Culms lh°-2>° long, branched, tufted, at
length decumbent below and rooting at
the lower nodes. Leaves more or less
densely hirsute, l'-5' long, l"-3i" wide;
racemes several, IV-^Y long, whorled or
alternate or approximate in pairs, widely
spreading; rachis very narrow, spikelets in
pairs, about 1" long, lanceolate, acuminate;
first scale minute, glabrous; second scale
3-nerved, appressed-pubescent ; third scale
7-nerved, also appressed-pubescent ; fruit-
ing scale nearly 1" long, shorter than
the third, elliptic, greenish when mature.
\Milium digitatum Sw.; Digitaria sctigcra
Roth; Panicum Jiorizontale Meyer.]

Bermuda (according tc Lefroy, and North
American Flora 17: 154). Florida; West In-
dies ; tropical continental America.

20

POACEAE.

3. Syntherisma longiflora (Eetz.)
Skeels. Slender Crab-grass. (Fig. 24.)
Culms slender, 1A° long or less, erect or
reclining, glabrous. Leaves linear, long-
acuminate, glabrous, 6'-12' long, 2"-3"
wide; racemes in a terminal whorl of 3-5,
or rarely fewer, sometimes 1 or 2 addi-
tional ones below, 4' long or less; rachis
winged; pedicels hispidulous; spikelets in
2 's or 3 's, about f " long, white, elliptic,
acute; first scale wanting; second and
third scales about equal, 3-5-nerved, ap-
pressed-pubescent ; fruiting scale brown,
acute. [Paspalum longiflorum Eetz.; Digi-
taria longiflora Pers.]

Abundant on hillsides about Hamilton.
Naturalized. Native of Jamaica, Trinidad and
tropical continental America. Flowers In
summer and autumn.

7. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.
Usually tall grasses, commonly an-
nuals, with broad leaves and a terminal
inflorescence consisting of one-sided, ra-
cemes, racemosely or paniculately arranged. Spikelets 1-flowered, singly dis-
posed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ultimate divisions of the in-
florescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, hispid on the nerves, the third
and usually also the second scale awned, or sometimes merely awn-pointed, the
awn often very long ; fourth scale indurated, shining, frequently pointed, enclos-
ing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in reference to the stout hispid hairs
of the spikelets.] Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical countries.
Type species : Panicum Crus-galli L.

Spikelets 3 mm. long, the second and third scales awned. 1. E. Crus-galli.

Spikelets 2 mm. long ; second and third scales merely awn-pointed. 2. E. colonum.

1. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.)
Beauv. Barnyard-grass. Cockspur-
GRASS. (Fig. 25.) €ulms l°-4° tall,
often branching at base. Sheaths
smooth and glabrous; leaves 6-2°
long, glabrous: panicle composed of
5-15 sessile branches; spikelets ovate,
green or purple, densely crowded in
2-4 rows on one side of the rachis;
second and third scales about 11"
long, scabrous or hispid, the third
scale more or less awned, empty, the
fourth ovate, abruptly pointed.

Waste grounds, Pembroke Marsh,
1905, apparently recently introduced as
it is not recorded by the older authors ;
abundant in Devonshire Marsh. 1914.
In cultivated and waste places, through-
out North America except the extreme
north. Widely distributed as a weed
in all cultivated regions. Naturalized
from Europe. Flowers in summer and
autumn. [Panicum Crus-galli L.]

POACEAE.

21

2. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link.
Jungle Rice. (Fig. 26.) Culms tufted smooth
and glabrous, 6-2° tall, often decumbent and
rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths compressed,
usually crowded; leaves flat, l'-8' long; inflo-
rescence composed of 3-18, 1-sided more or less
spreading, dense racemes, disposed along a 3-
angled rachis; spikelets single, in pairs, or in
3 's in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous,
triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first
scale about one half as long as* the spikelet,
3-nerved, the second and third scales a little
more than 1" long, awnless, 5-nerved, hispid
on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate.
[Panicum colonum L.]

Frequent in waste grounds. Naturalized.
Southeastern United States ; tropical regions of
both the New World and the Old. Flowers from
spring until autumn.

8. OPLISMENUS Beauv.
Perennial grasses, often decumbent and branched at the base, with broad
flat leaf -blades and inflorescence composed of spikes, bearing on the lower side
scattered clusters of a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3
outer membranous, the first and second empty, awned, the first equalling or
somewhat shorter than the spikelet, the third scale usually awned, empty, or
enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than the others, obtuse, awnless.
chartaceous, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and
a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plumose.

[Greek, armed, presumably referring
to the awns.] About 4 species, natives
of warm regions. Type species: Oplis-
menus africanus Beauv.

1. Oplismenus hirteUus (L.) R.
&S. Wood Grass. (Fig. 27.) Culms
prostrate or nearly so, rooting at the
nodes, very slender, 2° long or less.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, Y-2Y long, Y wide or less,
their sheaths often pubescent ; panicle
3^' long or less, its filiform short
branches erect or spreading; spike-
lets H" long, the awns up to 4" long.
[Pamcum hirteUiim L. ; P. Oplismenus
of Lefroy ; Oplismenus ^(ndulntifolius
of Moore; O. setarrus R. & S.]

Frequent on shaded hillsides and in
wooded marshes. Native. Southern
United States and tropical America.
Flowers in summer and autumn. Its
seeds transported by birds.

Oplismenus Burmannii Pal., Variegated Oplismenus, Asiatic, commonly
planted for ornament in garden borders, has lanceolate leaves l'-2' long, striped
with white and pink.

22

POACEAE.

9. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. (Setaria Beauv. 1812. Not Ach. 1798.)
Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence
in spike-like clusters. Spikelets 1 -flowered, or rarely with a second staminate
flower, the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the
rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4, the three outer
membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower ;
the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and
a perfect flower. Stamens. 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the bristles of the
inflorescence.] Species about 35 in temperate and tropical regions. Type
species : Setaria longiseta Beauv.

Annuals.

Bristles downwardly barbed.

Bristles upwardly barbed.
Perennial ; bristles upwardly barbed.

1. C. verticillata.

2. C. viridis.

3. C geniculata.

1. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.)
Scribn. Fox-tail Grass. (Fig. 28.)
Culms erect or decumbent, l°-3° tall.
Sheaths glabrous; leaves 2'-8' long, sca-
brous above; spikes 2'-3' long, green or
purple, 6"-8" thick; spikelets about 1"
long, equalled or exceeded by the down-
wardly barbed bristles; bristles 1-3
at the base of each spikelet, not involu-
crate; first scale less than one half as
long as the spikelet, 1-nerved; second
and third scales 5-7-nerved, equalling
the oval fourth one. [Setaria verticil-
lata Beauv.]

Common as a weed in waste and cul-
tivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of
the Old World. Naturalized in the southern
United States and in tropical America.
Flowers nearly throughout the year.

2. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.
Green Fox-tail Grass. (Fig. 29.) An-
nual, culms l°-3° tall. Sheaths glabrous;
leaves 3-10' long, 2' -6" wide; spikes 1-
4' long; spikelets about 1' long, elliptic,
much shorter than the green, or some-
times yellowish, bristles; first scale less
than one half as long as the spikelet, 1-3-
nerved; second and third scales 5-nerved;
fourth scale equalling or slightly exceed-
ing the second. [Setaria viridis Beauv. [

Common as a weed in waste and cul-
tivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of
Europe. Widely naturalized in North
America. Flowers from spring until autumn.

Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.)
Scribn., a very large West Indian species,
was, apparently, collected in Bermuda
by Munro in 1864, but is not known to
grow here now.

rOACEAE.

23

3. Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.)
Millsp. & Chase. Perennial Fox-tail
Grass. (Fig. 30.) Perennial, by
rootstocks; culms tufted, l°-2i° tall,
slender, compressed, rough below the
raceme: leaf -sheaths glabrous, com-
pressed; blades 4'-12' long, 11"-^"
wide, the upper surface often with a
few long hairs at the base: racemes
dense, spike-like, l'-2' long, nearly 5"
in diameter, exclusive of the bristles,
the rachis pubescent: bristles 3"-5"
long: spikelets ovoid, acute, the flow-
ering scale acute, striate, finely trans-
versely rugose. [Panicum genicula-
turn Lam. ; Setaria glauca of Eeade,
Lefroy and Hemsley.]

Common as a weed in waste and
cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of the eastern United States and tropical
America. Flowers nearly througliout, the
year.

10. CENCHBUS L.

Annual or perennial grasses, with
flat, convolute or complanate leaf-
blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovoid or globose involucre,
consisting of two thick hard valves which are exteriorly armed with stout spines
and sometimes also with basal bristles which are thickened at the base, the in-
volucres articulated to the rachis and readily deciduous, carrying the persistent
spikelets with them. Scales 4, awnless, the first and second empty, the first small
or minute, the third equalling or longer than the second, enclosing a palet
and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale chartaceous, firmer,

enclosing a palet of similar texture
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3.
Styles often connate at the very base.
Stigmas plumose. [Ancient Greek name
for some grass.] About '20 species in
temperate and tropical regions. Type
species: Cenchriis echinaius L.

1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Bur-
grass. (Fig. 31.) Stems at first
erect, later prostrate and forming
mats, 8'-2° long, branching: leaf-
sheaths compressed; blades '2Y--^'
long, 2"-4" wide, smooth or rough,
usually flat: spikes l'-2i' long: in-
volucres 6-20, l*"-2^" broad, enclos-
ing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines
l*"-2" long: spikelets 3"-3^" long,
usually not exserted beyond the in-
volucre.

In sandy soil, especially on dimes
and beaches. Native. Eastern T'nited
States. Flowers from spring to autumn.
Its burs perhaps brought to Bermuda
by ocean currents. Flowers from spring
to autumn.

24

POACEAE.

2. Cenchrus echinatus L. Southern Bur-
grass. (Fig. 32.) Culms finally prostrate and
rooting at the nodes, branched; leaf -sheaths
loose; blades 4'-16' long, 2i"-8" wide, smooth
or rough, flat: spikes 1^-5' long, finally more
or less exserted; involucres 20-50, densely
crowded, containing 4—6 spikelets, glabrous,
green to purplish, pubescent, villous at the
base, the spines l^"-2" long, the bristles at the
base numerous, slender, distinctly barbed for
their whole length; spikelets 3"-3i" long, ex-
serted from the involucre.

Common as a weed in cultivated and waste
grounds. Native. Southeastern United States and
tropical America. Its burs perhaps brougiit to
Bermuda by attachment to migratory birds. Flow-
ers from spring to autumn.

11. STENOTAPHRUM Trin.

Perennial creeping branched grasses, with rather stout flattened culms
and short linear leaves. Spikelets spicate or panicled, acute, mostly '2-flowered,
imbedded in depressions on one side of the flattened rachis; scales 4; first
scale small or minute, second about as long as the spikelet, third similar to the
second, subtending a staminate flower, fourth rigid, enclosing a perfect flower.
Stigmas plumose. [Greek, a narrow depression.] A few species of tropical
and subtropical distribution, the following typical.

1. Stenotaphrum secunditum (Walt.) Kuntze.
Crab-grass. (Fig. 33.) Widely creeping, some-
times 15° long, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes.
Leaf-sheaths keeled, flattened, the blades linear,
lY-6' long, 2"-5" wide, blunt and rounded at the
apex; spikelets about 3" long. [Iscliaemum secun-
datum Walt.; S. americanum Schrank; S. dimid-
iatum of A. H. Moore; S. glahrum Trin.]

In nearly all dry or moist situations. Native.
Southeastern United States and tropical America.
Flowers nearly throughout the year. Its seeds per-
haps transported to Bermuda by migratory birds.
One of the best grasses for forming lawns in warm
and tropical climates.

Zizania aquatica L., the Wild Eice of north-
eastern North America, is recorded by Eeade as
once found by him in marshes north of Hamilton,
but it has not been seen in Bermuda by recent
collectors and probably would not long exist.

Library

POACEAE.

25

12. PHAIiARIS L.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves, the inflorescence spike-like,
capitate or a narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, l-flowered. Scales 5, the first
and second about equal in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing-
keeled; third and fourth scales much smaller or reduced to mere rudiments;
fifth scale subtending a palet similar to itself and a perfect flower. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth, enclosed in the
indurated scales. [Greek, alluding to the shining grain.] About 10 species,
mostly natives of southern Europe. Type species: Phalaris arundinacea L.

1. Phalaris canari^nsis L. Ca-
nary-grass. (Fig. 34.) Culms 1°-
3° tall. Leaves 2'-12' long, 2"-6"
wide, strongly scabrous; spikes i'-
11' long, ovoid; spikelets 3"-4" long;
outer scales whitish with green
nerves; third and fourth scales about
half the length of the fifth, broadly
lanceolate, thin-membranous^ spar-
ingly hairy; fifth scale about two-
thirds as long as the spikelet, pu-
bescent with appressed hairs.

Occasional in waste and cultivated
grounds. Introduced, presumably by
seed for caged birds. Native of Europe.
Flowers in spring. Introduced into the
United States.

13. PHIiEUM L.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence.
Spikelets l-flowered. Scales 3; the 2 outer empty, membranous, compressed,
keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn ; the
third scale much shorter, broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit;
palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated. Stig-
mas plumose. Grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name
Greek, taken from Pliny; originaly applied to some very different plant.]
About 10 species, inhabiting the temperate zones of both hemispheres, the fol-
lowing typical. The English name Cat-tail Grass is applied to all the species.

26

POACEAE.

1. Phleum pratense L. Timothy.
Herd-grass. (Fig. 35.) Glabrous and
smooth or very nearly so throughout. Culms
l°-4° tall, erect, simple; sheaths usually
exceeding the internodes, sometimes shorter,
the upper one long and not inflated, or
very slightly so; leaves 3'-9' long, 2"-3"
wide, smooth or scabrous; spike usually
elongated, cylindric, IJ'-T' in length, 2V'-
4" in diameter; outer scales of the spikelet,
exclusive of the awn, l"-2^" long, ciliate on
the keel, the awn less than half their length.

Occasional in fields and waste grounds.
Introduced as hay, from the United States,
but not naturalized, tlie climate being too
warm. Native of the north temperate zone.

Alopecunis prat6nsis L., Meadow Fox-
tail Grass, is recorded by Eeade as occa-
sionally met with, and also mentioned by
Jones and by Lefroy. It resembles Tim-
othy, but the spikelet s readily fall away
from the spike at maturity.

1. 8. virginicus.

2. 8. Berteroani

14. SPOROBOLUS E. Br.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open

or contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, 1-flowered, occasionally 2-3-

flowered. Scales in the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty,

the first somewhat shorter; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty

ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas

plumose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the

deciduous grain.] About 100 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very

numerous in America. Type species: Agrostis indica L.

Rootstocks elongated ; leaves short, spreading.
Rootstocks short ; leaves long, erect.

1. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth.
Seashore Rush-grass. (Fig. 36.) Culms
6'-2° tall, erect or sometimes decumbent,
from a stout rootstock. Sheaths numer-
ous, short, overlapping and crowded at
the lower part of the culm, smooth, gla-
brous or sometimes pilose on the margins
and at the throat; leaves 1-8' long, 2"
wide or less at the base, distichous, acu-
minate; Involute on the margins and at
the apex, smooth beneath, scabrous above
or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle
l'-3' long, 2'''-5" thick, dense and spike-
like, usually exserted; spikelets l"-li"
long, the outer scales about equal, acute,
smooth and glabrous; third scale acute,
slightly shorter than the second. [Agros-
tis virginica L.; S. Uttoralis Kunth.]

Common on beaches and in salt marshes.
Native. Southeastern United States and
tropical America. Probably transported to
Bermuda by floating. Flowers in summer
and autumn. (8. purgans of Rein?)

POACEAE.

27

2. Sporobolus Bertero§,nus

(Trin.) Hitchc.& Chase. Bull Grass.
(Fig. 37.) Slender, wiry, 3° tall or
less. Leaves smooth, nearly erect, 1"-
3" wide, long-attenuate, the lower ones
6'-10' long, the upper shorter ; panicle
narow, often 1° long; spikelets about
1^" long, crowded on the short ap-
pressed branches of the panicle; sec-
ond scale ovate-oblong, about one
half as long as the spikelet. [Vilfa
Berteroana Trin.; S. angustus Buck-
ley.]

Common In dry situations. Native.
Southern United States and Bahamas.
Flowers In summer and autumn. Its
seeds transported to Bermuda by birds or
by winds. Recorded as 8. indicus R. Br.
by Jones, Reade, Lefroy, Hemsley, Mllls-
paugh and Moore, and(?) as 8. elongatus
R. Br., by Lefroy.

15. POLYPOGON Desf.

Mostly annual grasses, with decumbent or rarely erect culms, flat leaves
and spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered; scales 3; the 2 outer empty, each
extended into an awn; third scale smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned from
below the apex, subtending a palet and perfect flower; palet shorter than the
scale. Stamens 1-3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free,
enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the many long awns
which resemble a beard.] About 10 species, widely distributed in temperate
and warm regions, rare in the tropics, P. Tnonspeliensis typical.

Empty scales with awns 2-5 times
their length ; panicle silky, shin-
ing; annual. 1. P. monspelicnsL^.

Empty scales with awns of about
their length ; panicle dull ; peren-
nial. 2. P. littoralis.

1. Polypogon monspeli6nsis

(L.) Desf. Beard-grass. (Fig.
38.) Culms 2° tall or less, erect
from a usually decumbent base,
plant annual. Leaves lA'-6' long,
\V'-2" wide, scabrous, especially
above; panicle l'-4' in length,
dense and spike-like, the branches
ascending; spikelets crowded;
outer empty scales about 1" long,
obtuse, slightly bifid, scabrous,
bearing a more or less bent awn
2"-3"' long; third scale much
shorter, erose-truncate, hyaline,
bearing a delicate awn, inserted
below the apex.

In waste places occasional. Nat-
uralized from Europe. Naturalized
In both eastern and western North
America. Flowers in summer and
autumn.

28

POACEAE.

2. PoljTpogon littoralis Smith. Short-
AWNED OR Perennial Beard-grass. (Fig.
39.) Tufted, perennial, erect, 6'-2^° tall.
Leaves 6' long or less, 2"-4" wide; panicle
li'-6' long, moderately dense, dull, with
ascending branches 4"-10" long; outer
empty scales about Ij" long, scabrous,
bearing an awn of about the same length;
flowering scales awnless, much shorter than
the empty ones.

Roadsides, waste and cultivated grounds.
Abundant. Introduced from Europe. Natural-
ized in the southern and western United States.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

16. AVENA L.
Annual or perennial grasses with panicled, large spikelets. Spikelets 2-
several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, the upper often imperfect or stami-
nate; scales 4-many, the 2 lower ones empty, sometimes unequal, membranous,
persistent, the flowering ones rounded on the back, acute, usually bearing a
dorsal awn and often 2-toothed at the apex, deciduous; palet narrow 2-toothed.
Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, deeply
furrowed. [Old Latin name for the Oat.] About 30 species, widely distributed
in temperate regions. Type species: Avena sativa L.

"Flowering scales more or less hispid, the awn distinctly spiral.
Flowering scales glabrous, awnless or with a nearly straight awn.

1. Avena f&tua L. Wild Oat.
(Fig. 40.) Culms l°-4° tall, erect,
simple, stout, smooth and glabrous.
Sheaths smooth, or scabrous at the sum-
mit, sometimes sparingly hirsute, the
lower often overlapping; leaves 3'-8'
long, l"-4" wide; panicle open, 4'-12'
in length, the branches ascending; spike-
lets 2-4-flowered, drooping; outer scales
f'-l' in length, smooth, enclosing the
flowering scales; flowering scales 6"-9"
long, with a ring of stiff brown hairs at
the base, pubescent with long rigid
brown hairs, bearing a long bent and
twisted awn.

Collected by F. S. Collins at Flatt's,
1914. Introduced. Native of the Old
World. Widely naturalized in the western
United States.

1. A. fatua.

2. A. sativa.

POACEAE.

29

2. Avena sativa L. Oats.

(Fig. 41.) Annual, glabrous; culms
erect, li°-i3° tall. Sheaths smooth;
leaf-blades 1° long or less, 4"-6"
wide; panicle 4'-9' long, its branches
ascending; spikelets erect, spread-
ing or drooping, the outer, empty
scales about 10" long, the flowering
scales glabrous, awnless, or with a
filiform straight awn sometimes a
little twisted at the base.

Occasional on roadsides and in
waste grounds, not persisting. Prob-
ably always from grain imported for
fodder. Native of Europe and Asia.
Widely cultivated in temperate regions.

17. ARUNDO L.

Tall perennial grasses, with thick
stout somewhat woody culms, broad
flat leaves and dense panicles. Spike-
lets 2-many-flowered, the rachilla-
internodes glabrous. Scales 4-many;
broader, 3-nerved, hairy on the back

plumose. [Name said to be derived from the Celtic for water.]
species, natives of the Old World, the following typical.

empty scales narrow; flowering scales
Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas

About 6

1. Arundo Donax L. Cow-cane. (Fig.
42.) Culms stout, erect, 9°-25° tall.
Leaves often 2° long or more and 2'-3'
wide; panicle Vj°-3° long, oblong; spikelets
numerous, crowded.

Persistent after planting, and occasional
in marshes and waste grounds. Introduced.
Native of the Mediterranean region. Flowers
in summer and autumn. Very conspicuous by
its large size and large inflorescence. The
variegated-leaved race is commonly planted
for ornament.

18. KOELERIA Pers.

Annual or perennial tufted grasses,
with narrow flat or involute leaf-blades
and usually dense spike-like cylindrie
panicles. Spikelets numerous, crowded,
2-5-flowered, the flowers perfect or the
upper ones staminate. Scales 4-7, mem-
branous, the 2 lower empty, narrow, unequal, the flowering scales similar
to the second, sometimes mueronate or short-awned at or just below the apex,
the upper scales gradually smaller, the upper 1 or 2 often empty; palet

30

POACEAE.

hyaline, 2-keeled, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Stigmas plumose.
[In honor of Georg Ludwig Koeler, German botanist.] Some 15 species widely
distributed. Type species: Poa niiida Lam.

1. Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. Timothy
KoELERiA. (Fig. 43.) Annual; culms slender, gla-
brous, 3'-18' high. Leaves narrowly linear, acumi-
nate, 2'-5' long, l"-li" wide, more or less pilose;
spike-like panicle narrowly cylindric, l'-3' long, 3"-5"
thick; spikelets very numerous, 4-5-flowered, long-
villous, the flowering scales short-awned. [Festuca
phleoides Vill.]

In fields and waste grounds.
Europe. Flowers in spring.

Naturalized from

19. ERAGROSTIS Beauv.
Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious,
from a few inches to several feet in height, the spike-
lets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-
many-flowered, more or less flattened. Two lower
scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones,
keeled, 1-nerved, or the second 3-nerved; flowering
scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter
than the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the
rachilla after the fruiting scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct,
short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet.
[Greek etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a low grass, or Love-grass, an
occasional English name.] A genus of about 120 species, widely distributed
throughout all warm and temperate countries. Type species: Briza Era-
grostis L.

Palets glabrous ; panicle open.

1. E. megastachya.
Palets long-ciliate ; panicle dense.

2. E. ciliaris.

1. Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.)
Link. Strong-scented Eragrostis.
(Fig. 44.) Annual; culms 6-2° tall,
erect, or decumbent at the base, usually
branched. Sheaths sparingly pilose at
the throat ; leaves 2'-7' long, l'''-3" wide,
flat, smooth beneath, scabrous above;
panicle 2-6' in length, the branches
spreading or ascending, l'-2' long;
spikelets 8-3o-flowered, 3"-8" long,
about lY' wide, very flat; empty scales
acute, the first slightly shorter than the
second ; flowering scales obtuse, about 1"
long, the lateral nerves prominent. [Poa
magastachya Koel.; E. major Host.]

A weed in cultivated ground, Warwick Pond, 1905 ; roadside, Paget,
troduced. Native of Europe. Widely naturalized in temperate North
Flowers in summer and autumn.

1913. In-
America.

POACEAE.

31

2. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link. Fringed
Eragrostis. (Fig. 45.) Annual; culms densely
tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 1° high
or less; leaf-sheaths with a tuft of hairs at
the top and usually ciliate, the blades flat,
I'-S^' long, V'~2Y' wide; panicle narrow, dense,
l'-4' long, its branches appressed; spikelets
small, 6-16-flowered; palet-nerves long-ciliate.
\Foa ciliaris L.]

Dry sandy or rocky soil. Naturalized.
Southern United States, West Indies and tropical
continental America. Abundant in flower on top
of Wreck Hill, Sandy's, Sept., 1912.

20. BRIZA L.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or
convolute leaves and open or rarely contracted
panicles. Spikelets flattened, tumid, many-
flowered, nodding, the flowers perfect. Scales
thin-membranous, strongly concave, the 2 lower
empty, 3-5-nerved, somewhat unequal ; flowering scales imbricated, broader than
the empty ones, 5-many-nerved ; uppermost scales often empty; palets much
shorter than the scales, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain usually free, enclosed in the scale and palet.
[Greek name for some grain, perhaps rye.] About 12 species, natives of the
Old World and temperate S. Am. Type species: Brisa minor L.

1. Briza maxima L. Quaking-grass.
(Fig. 46.) Annual, tufted; culms glabrous,
slender, 2|° high or less. Leaves narrowly
linear, 2-5' long, l"-2" wide, acuminate;
ligule acute, elongated; spikelets few, large,
5"-8" long, 4"-6" wide, ovate, 9-15-flowered,
nodding on filiform peduncles, shining; flow-
ering scales loosely pubescent, about as long
as the glabrous empty lower ones.

Frequent on banks, in fields and in lawns.
Introduced from Europe for cultivation as an
ornamental grass in gardens. Flowers in spring
and summer. Naturalized in Jamaica, and Intro-
duced into the United States.

21. POA L.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or
convolute leaves and contracted or open
panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed,
the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers per-
fect, or rarely dioecious. Scales membranous, keeled ; the 2 lower empty,

32

POACEAE.

1-3-nerved.; the flowering scales longer than the empty ones, generally with
a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves usually
pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palets a little shorter than the scales,
2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet. [Name Greek, for grass or
herbage.] A genus of about 150 species, widely distributed in all temperate
and cold regions. The English name Meadow-grass is often applied to most of
the species. Type species: Poa pratensis L.

Annual with fibrous roots. 1. P. annua.

Perennial by running rootstocks.

Empty scales elliptic-oblong ; flowering scales ovate-lanceolate

in side-view. 2. P. pratensis.

Empty scales lanceolate; flowering scales linear in side-view. 3. P. nemoralis.

1. Poa annua L. Annual Mead-
ow-grass. Low^ Spear-grass. (Fig.
47.) Culms 2-10' tall, from an an-
nual root, erect or decumbent at the
base, somewhat flattened, smooth.
Sheaths loose, usually overlapping;
leaves J'-4' long, wide, smooth; pan-
icle i'-4' in length, open, branches
spreading, naked at the base; spike-
lets 3-5-flowered, li"-2i" long; lower
scales smooth, the first narrow, acute,
1-nerved, about two thirds as long
as the broad and obtuse 3-nerved
second one ; flowering scales distinctly
5-nerved, the nerves pilose below.

Common in waste and cultivated
places. Naturalized from Europe. Na-
tive also of Asia. Widely naturalized
in temperate North America. Flowers
from spring to autumn.

2. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky
Blue-grass. June-grass. (Fig. 48.)
Culms l°-3i° tall, from long running
rootstocks; leaves smooth or rough,
those of the culm 2'-6' in length, the
basal much longer; panicle 2*'-8' long,
usually pyramidal, the branches
spreading or ascending, sometimes
flexuous, divided and spikelet-bearing
above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flow-
ered, 2"-2i" long, exceeding their
pedicels ; scales acute ; flowering scales
webbed at the base, 5-nerved, the
marginal nerves and mid-nerve silky-
pubescent below, the intermediate
ones naked.

ClifEs, south shores near Tucker's
Town, abundant in 1909 ; lawn Abbes-
ford, 1914. Introduced, probably in
hay. Native of the north temperate
zone. Flowers in spring and summer.

POACEAE.

33

3. Poa nemoralis L. Wood Poa. (Fig.
49.) Culms .l°-4° tall, from rootstocks;
leaves smooth or rough, those of the stem
usually 3' or more long; panicle 3'-10' long,
the usually lax branches spreading or ascend-
ing, often flexuous, up to 3' long, dividing
and spikelet-bearing above the middle;
spikelets 2-3-flowered, li"-2" long, exceed-
ing their pedicels; scales acute, the empty
basal ones lanceolate, equal or the first a
little shorter; flowering scales linear in
side-view, webbed at the base, 5 -nerved, the
intermediate nerves rather obscure, the mid-
nerve and lateral nerves pubescent below the
middle, but not so copiously as in Poa pra-
tensis.

Collected by F, S. Collins at Flatt's, 1913.
Introduced. Native of Europe. Introduced as
a waif in the eastern United States. Flowers
in summer.

22. SCLEROPOA Griseb.

Low, annual, tufted, glabrous grasses, with narrow, flat leaf-blades, and
several-many-flowered compressed spikelets in narrow panicles, the panicle-
branches short and stiff. Spikelets with 2 empty lower scales, the flowering
scales 5-nerved, rounded on the back. Stigmas borne near the apex of the
ovary. Grain linear-oblong, obtuse. [Greek, hard Poa.] Two species of the
Mediterranean region, the following typical.

1. Scleropoa rigida (L.) Griseb.
Hard Grass. (Fig. 50.) Some-
what glaucous; culms several,
erect or ascending, 3-18' high.
Leaves narrowly linear, 2'-4' long,
about IV' wide, acuminate, the
short ligule lacerate; panicle V-
3^' long, its branches 4"-8" long,
spreading or ascending; spikelets
2"-3" long, 5-11 -flowered. [Poa
rigida L. ; Sclerochloa rigida
Beauv.; Festuca rigida Kunth.]

In waste grounds, and on walls
and hillsides. Naturalized from
southern Europe. Flowers from
spring to autumn. Introduced into
the southern United States.

34

POACEAE.

23. DESMAZERIA Dumort.
Low, tufted grasses, with short narrow leaves, and several-many-flowered,
compressed spikelets, sessile and 2-ranked in narrow spikes, the rachis angled
and flexuous. Scales nearly equal, or the lower a little larger than the others,
all convex or obtusely keeled. Grain channeled on the inner face. [Named
for M. Desmazieres.] A few species of Europe and Africa. Type species:
Foa sicula Jacq.

1. Desmazeria loliacea (Huds.) Ny-
man. Darnel Desmazeria. (Eig, 51.)
Annual, glabrous; culms rather stiff, as-
cending or spreading, 2'-5' long. Leaves
i'-2' long, about 1" wide; spike l'-2' long:
spikelets alternate, in 2 rows, oblong, 2"-
3" long, 7-11-flowered; flowering scales
about 1" long, obtuse, finely nerved. [Poa
loliacea Huds.; Catapodium loliaceum'Lm'k.]

Waste ground Spanish Point, 1905. In-
troduced. Native of southern Europe. Flow-
ers in summer and autumn.

24. BROMUS L.

Annual or perennial grasses, with usually closed leaf-sheaths, flat blades
and contracted or open panicles, the branches often nodding. Spikelets usually
large, often drooping, few-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper
ones imperfect. Scales few-many, membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent,
narrow, unequal, acute or the second sometimes short-awned; flowering scales
longer and often broader, rounded on the back, at least below, usually awned,
rarely awnless, the awn dorsal and inserted just below the 2-toothed apex; palet
shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Ovary crowned by
a villous appendage, at the base of which arise the very short but distinct
styles. [Greek name for a kind of oat.] About 60 species, vridely dis-
tributed. Type species: Bromus secalinus L.

POACEAE.

35

1. Bromus unioloides (Willd.)
H.B.K. Southern Chess. (Fig.
52.) Annual. Culms l^°-3*° tall:
leaf-sheaths commonly pubescent,
or sometimes glabrous; blades
rough, sometimes sparingly pubes-
cent, 2"-3" wide; panicle usually
long and narrow, 6'-20' long:
spikelets 8"-17" long, 7-11-flow-
ered, the flowering scales thick,
firm, 6"-8" long, each commonly
with a short stout awn. [Poa
unioloides Willd.]

Locally plentiful in fields and
on hillsides. Naturalized. Native of
warm-temperate America. Flowers
in spring and summer.

25. SPARTINA Schreb.

Perennial glabrous grasses,
with long horizontal rootstocks,
flat or involute leaves, and an in-
florescence of one-sided spreading
or erect alternate spikes. Spike-
lets 1-flowered, narrow, deciduous,
borne in two rows on the rachis,
articulated with the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3; the
two outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect
flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer
than its scale, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas fili-
form, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord-
like leaves of some species.] About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil,
a few in fresh-water marshes. Type species: Spcrtina Schreheri Gmel.

1. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl.
Salt Grass. (Fig. 53.) Culms r-4°
tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth.
Leaves 6'-25° long, l"-2" broad, invo-
lute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth
and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, l'-2'
long, usually ascending, more or less
peduncled, the rachis slightly scabrous;
spikelets 3"-4" long; outer scales acute,
scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first
usually rather less than one half as long
as the second; third scale scabrous on the
upper part, emarginate or 2-toothe(l at
the apex, longer than the first and ex-
ceeded by the palet. {Da^'tifUs patens
Ait.; Spartina juncea Willd.]

Rocky and sandy coasts. South Shores
and along Castle Harbor, very abundant on
liushy Island, and about Ely's Harbor.
Native. Coast of eastern North America.
I'robably transported to Bermuda by float-
ing. Flowers in summer and autumn.
Erroneously recorded by Reade and by
Moore as S. cynosuroides.

36

POACEAE.

26. CAPRIOLA Adans.

Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spieate inflorescence, the spikes
digitate. Spikelets l-flowered, seeund. Scales 3, the 2 lower empty, keeled;
flowering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than
the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plu-
mose. Grain free. [Name medieval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this
grass in waste rocky places.] Four known species, of which three are Austra-
lian, the following typical one widely distributed.

1. Capriola Dactylon (L.)
Kuntze. Bermuda-grass. Scutch-
grass. Dog 's-tooth Grass. Run-
ning Grass. Hell-grass. Devil
Grass. (Fig. 54.) Culms 4-12'
tall, erect, from long creeping and
branching stolons, smooth and gla-
brous. Sheaths glabrous or some-
what hairy, crowded at the bases
of the culms and along the stolons;
leaves l'-3' long, l"-2i" wide, flat,
smooth beneath, scabrous above ;
spikes 4-5, Y-2' in length, digi-
tate; rachis flat; spikelets l"long;
outer scales his-pid on the keel, nar-
row, the first shorter than the sec-
ond, about two thirds as long as
the broad and strongly compressed
third one. [Paniciim Dactylon L. ;
Cynodon Dactylon Pers.]

Common in all dry places, a per-
nicious weed in gardens, but desir-
able for forming lawns. Naturalized from Europe. Naturalized in the eastern
United States. Flowers nearly throughout the year. The name Bermuda-grass, by
which this grass is most widely known is unfortunate, as it is not a native of
Bermuda.

27. EUSTACHYS Desv.

Perennial grasses, with flat or folded usually obtuse leaf-blades and
spieate inflorescence, the spikes single, in pairs, or 3-many and digitate.
Spikelets usually l-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows.
Scales 4, rarely 5, the 2 lower empty, persistent, unequal, keeled, the first
generally acute, the second oblong, .truncate or 2-lobed at the apex, short-
awned, the others awnless, mucronate, or short-awned, firmer than the empty
scales, the third scale enclosing a perfect flower and a palet, the fourth scale
empty, or rarely enclosing a staminate flower. [Greek, beautiful spikes.]
About 8 species, native of tropical America, the following typical. The genus
is united with Chloris by some authors.

POACEAE.

37

1. Eustachys petra^a (Sw.) Desv.
West Indian Grass. (Fig. 55.) Culms
l°-3° tall: leaf -blades 1° long or less,
3"-5''' wide, smooth: spikes 3-11, usually
4-6, erect, lV-4:' long: spikelets about 1"
long: scales 4, the second, exclusive of the
awn, about 5" long, 2-toothed at the
apex, the teeth triangular, acute or ob-
tusish, the awn about i" long; third scale
about 1" long, in side view elliptic and
about i" wide, the awn short or wanting;
fourth scale in side view obovate-elliptic,
rounded at the apex, awnless. [Chloris
petraea Sw.]

Common in dry soil, a weed in cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of the south-
eastern United States, West Indies and trop-
ical continental America. Flowers from
spring until autumn.

28. ELEUSINE Gaertn.
Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflores-
cence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spike-
lets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the
rachis, which is not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper
staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtend-
ing flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu-
mose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name
of the town where Ceres was worshipped.] Species 6, natives of the Old
World. Type species: Cynosurus coracanus L.

1. EJeusine Indica (L.) Gaertn.
Wire-grass. Crab-grass. Yard-grass.
(Fig. 56.) Culms 6-2° tall, tufted,
erect, or decumbent at the base. Sheaths
loose, overlapping and often short and
crowded at the base of the culm, gla-
brous or sometimes sparingly villous;
leaves 3'-12' long, l"-3" wide, smooth
or scabrous; spikes 2-10, l'-3' long,
whorled or approximate at the summit
of the culm or one or two sometimes
distant; spikelets 3-6-flowered, lA"-2"
long; scales acute, minutely scabrous on
the keel, the first 1-nerved, the second
3-7-nerved, the others 3-5-nerved. [Cy-
nosurus indicus L.]

Common in fields, dooryards and waste
places. Abundant over North America ex-
cept the extreme north. Naturalized from
the warmer regions of the Old World.
Flowers nearly throughout the year.

38

POACEAE.

29. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.

Usually tall annual grasses, with fiat leaves and numerous spikes forming
a simple panicle. Spikelets usually 2-many-flowered, flattened, alternating in
two rows on one side of the rachis. -Scales 4 to many; the 2 lower empty,
keeled, shorter than the spikelet; the flowering scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet
2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, en-
closed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.]
About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Type
species: Cynosurus virgatus L.

1. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.)
Beauv. Northern Leptochloa. (Fig.
57.) Culms l°-4° tall, finally branch-
ing. Sheaths, at least the lower ones,
commonly more or less hirsute; leaves
2Y~10' long, 5" or less wide, rough;
inflorescence 6'-2° long; spikes gen-
erally elongated, ascending, 2'-6' long;
spikelets about IV long; scales usually
5, the outer empty 2 acute, equal, or
the first somewhat shorter than the
second, the first scale usually a little
shorter than the first flowering scale.
[Eleusine mucronata Michx.; Festuca
filiformis Lam.]

Waste or cultivated grounds. Ap-
parently uncommon. Introduced. Native
of the southeastern United States and
tropical America. Flowers in autumn.

30. LOLIUM L.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spike-
lets several-flowered, solitary, sessile and alternate in the notches of the usually
continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the spikelet (backs of the scales)
turned toward the rachis. Scales rigid; lower scale empty in the lateral spike-
lets, and the 2 lower empty in the terminal; flowering scales rounded on the
back, 5-7-nerved; palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short.
Stigmas 2, plumose. Grain adherent to the palet. [Latin name for Darnel.]
About 6 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Lolium perenne L.

POACEAE.

39

1. Lolium multifldrum Lam.

AwNED Eay-grass. Awned Darnel.
(Fig. 58.) Culms tufted, 2°-3i° tall.
Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaves
4'-8' long, lV'-4" wide; spikes often
1° long; spikelets 20-30, 7"-10" long,
the flowering scales bearing an awn
equalling or a little shorter than them-
selves.

Roadsides, Abbotsford, Mount Hope
and south side of Harrington Sound, 1914.
Introduced. Native of Europe. Flowers
in spring and summer. Appears as of
recent introduction. Naturalized in the
United States.

31. HORDEUM [Tourn.] L.
Annual or perennial grasses, with
flat leaves and terminal cylindric spikes.
Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in 3 's at
each joint of the rachis, the lateral gen-
erally short-stalked and imperfect;
rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lower empty scales often reduced to
awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets. Empty scales
rigid; flowering scales rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, awned; palet
scarcely shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, dis-
tinct. Grain usually adherent to the scale, hairy at the summit. [Latin name
for barley.] About '20 species, widely distributed in both hemispheres. Type
species: Hordeum vulgare L.

1. Hordeum pusillum Nutt.
Little Barley. (Fig. 59.) Culms
4-16' tall, erect, or decumbent at
the base; leaves V-3' long, V'-l"
wide, erect, smooth beneath, rough
above ; spike 1-3' in length ; spike-
lets usually in 3 's, the central one
containing a palet and perfect
flower, the lateral imperfect ; scales
awned, the empty ones scabrous,
thope of the central spikelet and
the lower ones of the lateral spike-
lets dilated above the base; flower-
ing scales smooth, that of the cen-
tral spikelet 3"-4" long, short-
awned, the corresponding scale in
the lateral spikelets smaller and
very short-stalked.

Waste grounds, St. David's Is-
land, abundant in 1009. Introduced.
Native of western North America,
and naturalized along the Atlantic
coast. Flowers in spring.

40

POACEAE.

Hordeum sativum Juss., Barley, presumably Asiatic in origin, is occa-
sionally grown; a large patch was seen at Rose Cottage in 1914.

32. ELYMUS L.

Tall grasses, with usually flat leaves and dense terminal s.pikes. Spikelets
2-several-flowered, sessile, usually in pairs, occasionally in 3 's or more, in
alternate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty scales forming
an apparent involucre to the cluster. Two lower scales empty, narrow, acute,
sometimes awned, entire; flowering scales shorter, rounded on the back, 5-
nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain sparsely
hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. [Greek, to roll up, referring to the
involute palet.] About 40 species, natives of temperate regions. Type species:
Elymus avenarius L.

1. Elymus virginicus L. Terrell-
grass. Virginia Wild Rye. (Fig. 60.)
Culms l*'-3° tall; sheaths sometimes
pubescent, the uppermost often inflated
and enclosing the peduncle and the base
of the spike; leaves 5-11' long, 2"-8"
wide, rough; spike 2'-7' in length, dense,
stout, upright; spikelets divergent from
the rachis, 2-3-flowered; empty scales
thick and rigid, lanceolate, ^'-1' long,
including the short awn, 5-7-nerved;
flowering scales 3"-4" long, glabrous,
bearing a rough awn 2"-9" in length, or
rarely awnless.

Found by A. H. Moore on Ireland
Island in 1905. Introduced from eastern
North America.

Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl., the Small Cane of the southeastern
United States, is mentioned by Lefroy as native in Bermuda, and doubtfully
recorded by Jones, but it has not been observed here by subsequent collectors,
and was probably mistaken for some other grass. [Arundo tecta Walt.]

Saccharum officinanim L., Sugar Cane, a tall, broad-leaved species with
conspicuously jointed culms, which are used as sticks for chewing, is frequently
grown in the marshes. In the early years of the colony its cultivation was much
more extensive, and Lefroy notes that in 1675 it was thought necessary to pass
a law to prevent the destruction of cedars for sugar-boiling.

Zea Mays L., Indian Corn, Maise, extensively grown in several races,
is one of the most important food-plants both for green corn, and for fodder.

POACEAE. 41

and is the only valuable cereal crop of the colony. Verrill records that it was
introduced in 1610.

Zea japonica Van Houtte, recorded by Jones, is a low race of the preced-
ing, with small ears of corn, its leaves white-striped, said to have originated in
Japan.

Triticum vulgare L., Wheat, was formerly grown but with indifferent
success, and its cultivation ceased many years ago.

Bambos vulgaris Schrad., Chinese Bamboo, a giant of the Grass Family,
its jointed culms reaching forty feet or more in height, is planted for ornament
and thrives luxuriantly.

Bambos glaucescens Merrill, Low Pole Bamboo, East Indian, seen at
Paget Rectory in 1914, is a small species, with upright branches, und lanceo-
late leaves only about 1' long. I am indebted to the Kew botanists for the
determination of this plant.

Another species of Barnbos, with slender culms about 15° high, and
leaves about 8' long by i' wide, has been planted at the Agricultural Station,
and several other kinds of Bamboos have been planted experimentally.

Cortaderia argentea (Nees) Stapf, Pampas Gr.vss, a large South Ameri-
can species, is grown for ornament on lawns, and is a highly decorative plant,
the culms up to 6° high, the numerous, elongated leaves linear, the large
plume-like panicles white and shining. [Gynerium argenteum Nees.]

Pennisetum macrostachyum (Brongn.) Trin., Purple Pennisetum, of
the Molucca Islands, grown for ornament, is a grass 6°-8° high, with purple
leaves 1° long or more, about 1' wide, the narrow purple spikes 8'-12' long,
the flowers subtended by tufts of long, roughened bristles.

Pennisetum Ruppellil Steud., Ruppell's Pennisetum, Abyssinian, also
grown for ornament, is similar to the preceding with a purple spike up to 12'
long, but its involute leaves are only l"-2" wide and the bristles are plumose.
It has also been observed on a roadside near Salt Kettle.

Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hilaire.

Sedge Family.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely
hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous
(many species perennial by long- rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed
sheaths. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely
2) in the axil of each scale (ghime, bract), the spikelets solitarj^ or clus-
tered, l-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent
or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or interior
scales, rarely calyx-like, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more.
Filaments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, Ovule 1,

42

CYPERACEAE.

anatropous, erect. Style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2-toothed.
Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy.
Embrj'o minute.

About 65 genera and 3000 species, of very wide geographic distribu-
tion. The achenes of many species are transported by birds, and most of
the native sedges have probably reached Bermuda by them or by winds.

Achene not enclosed in a perigjTiium.
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked.

Spikelets with several or many perfect flowers.
Spikelets with but one perfect flower.
Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated.

Spikelets with several or many perfect flowers.
Style wholly deciduous.
Perianth-bristles 4-6.
Perianth-bristles none.
Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene.
Spikelets capitate, involucrate ; culm leafy.
Spikelet only 1, naked; leaves mere basal sheaths.
Spikelets only 1-4-flowered, some of the flowers imperfect.
Style, or its base, persistent as a tubercle on the achene.
Style wholly deciduous.
Achene enclosed in a perigynium.

C II perns.
KylUnga.

Scirpvs.
FimhristyUs.

Dichromena.
Eleocharis.

Rynchospora.

llarisciis.

Carex.

1. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy
near the base, and with 1 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to
the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Eays of the umbel
sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes
commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, the scales readily falling away
from the rachis as they mature, or persistent and the spikelets falling away
from the axis of the head or spike with most of the scales attached. Scales
concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones
empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, de-
ciduous from the summit of the achene. [Ancient Greek name for these
sedges.] About 600 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate
regions. Type species: Cyperus esculentus L.

Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular ; annuals.
Scales obtuse ; achene ovate-orbicular.
Scales acute ; achene oblong.
Style 3-cieft ; achene trigonous.

Spikelets falling away from the axis of the spike, the lower
pair of scales persistent.
Annual ; spikelets nearly terete.
Perennials ; spikelets flattened.

Spikelets i" wide, greenish brown.
Spikelets l"-li" wide, chestnut brown.
Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the flat-
tened spikelets.
Basal leaves elongated ; spikelets spicate.

Spikelets purple brown : achene linear-oblong.
Spikelets straw color ; achene obovoid.
Basal leaves reduced to sheaths ; spikelets digitate.

1. C. flavescens.

2. C. paniculatus.

3. C. speciosiis.

4. C. glohtdosus.

5. C. hrtmncus.

C. rotund us.
C. esculentus.
C. alternifoUus.

CYPERACEAE.

43

1. Cypems flavescens L. Yellow
Cyperus. (Fig. 61.) Annual; culms
very slender, tufted, leafy below, 3'-
12' tall, mostly longer than the leaves.
Leaves 1"-1^" wide, smooth, the longer
usually exceeding the inflorescence;
clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4
short rays; spikelets in 3's-6's, linear,
subacute, yellow, many-flowered, flat,
4"-9" long, l^"-2" broad; scales ovate,
obtuse, 1-nerved, appressed, twice as
long as the orbicular-obovate black
obtuse lenticular shining achene; sta-
mens 3; style deeply 2 -cleft; superficial
cells of the achene oblong.

Grassy places, Pembroke Marsh, 1905.
Serpentine, March, 1912. Native. Eastern
United States ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Mexico ;
Europe. Flowers in summer and autumn.
This pretty sedge was seen in abundance
at the localities mentioned ; while not
recorded by the earlier authors I think it
a native species : its minute fruits may
have reached Bermuda by the agency of
birds in recent times.

2. Cyperus paniculHtus

Rottb. Gates' Cyperus. (Fig.
62.) Annual, bright green.
Leaves ^"-2" wide; culms slen-
der, tufted, 4'-16' tall, often
surpassing the leaves; bracts of
the involucre 3-5, surpassing the
umbel, the longer ones up to 8'
long; umbel with 3-8 rays, or
rarely nearly capitate ; spikelets
few, linear or linear-lanceolate,
3"-7" long, acute; scales light
chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, shining, striate, de-
ciduous at maturity; achenes ob-
long, grayish, abruptly apicu-
late, fully half as long as the
scale. [Cyperus Gatesii Torr. ;
C. Nuttallii of Reade.]

Frequent in salt and brackish
marshes. Southeastern T'nited
States, West Indies and continen-
tal tropical America. Flowers in
summer and autumn. Native.

44

CYPERACEAE.

3. Cyperus speciosus Vahl.

MicHAux's Cyperus. (Fig.
63.) Annual; culms usually
tufted, 4'-20' tall, reddish to-
ward the base. Leaves rough-
margined, lV'-2i" wide, the
midvein prominent; leaves of
the involucre much exceeding
the umbel; umbel 3-7-rayed,
the primary rays 1'— 6' long;
involucels narrow ; spikelets
subterete, very narrowly linear,
4"-12" long, less than 1" thick,
10-30-flowered, falling away
from the axis at maturity;
scales dull brown, thin, ap-
pressed, ovate, obtuse, faintly
3-5-nerved on the back ; rachis-
wings broad, clasping the
achene, persistent; stamens 3;
style 3-cleft, slightly exserted;
achene pale, 3-angled, about
one half as long as the scale.
[C. MicJiauxianus Schultes; C.
flexuosus of Reade, Lefroy
and H. B. Small; C. odoratus
of Hemsley.]

Borders of marshes. Eastern and southern United States. Cuba(?) Flowers
from spring to autumn. Closely related to Cyperus ferax L. C. Richard, of the
southern United States and tropical America. Native.

4. Cyperus globulosus Aublet. Bald-
win's Cyperus. (Fig. 64.) Perennial
by tuber-like corms; culms slender,
smooth, erect or reclining, mostly longer
than the leaves. Leaves pale green. IV'-
2" wide, those of the involucre 5-10, the
longer usually much exceeding the umbel ;
umbel 6-13-rayed; the rays filiform,
their sheaths short, mucronate ; spikelets
many, 2"-12" long, i" wude, linear, flat,
capitate in globose heads; scales thin,
pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 9-13-nerved, with narrow scarious
margins; joints of the rachis broadly
winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene
oblong-obovoid, obtuse, one half as long
as the scale, about twice as long as thick.
[Cyperus ligularis of Reade; C. Bald-
winii Torr.]

Sandy fields, hillsides and borders of marshes. Native. Southeastern United
States, West Indies and tropical continental America. Flowers in summer and
autumn.

CYPEKACEAE.

45

5. Cyperus brunneus Sw. Coast
Cyperus. (Fig. 65.) Perennial, pale
green. Leaves overtopped by the stout
culm, l"-4" wide, smooth, sometimes
involute; culms erect, usually solitary,
l°-2i° tall, 3-angled, smooth; bracts of
the involucre 4-5, all of them or the
longer ones surpassing the umbel,
spreading; umbel compound, capitate,
or some of the rays becoming V-2'
long; spikelets linear or linear-lanceo-
late, 5"-8" long, V'-ll" wide, chestnut-
colored, densely crowded; scales oval or
ovate-oval, often apiculate, ribbed;
achenes 3-angled, elliptic-obovoid, dark-
brown, granular.

Coastal sands, Paget, 1905. Native. Coasts of Florida and the West Indies.
Probably transported to Bermuda by floating. Flowers* in summer and autumn.
This sedge is not recorded as Bermudian by any previous author ; it may have
reached Bermuda recently. It was not abundant when collected by us in 19u5.

6. Cjrperus rotundus L. Nut-
grass. (Fig. 66.) Perennial by scaly
tuber-bearing rootstocks ; culm rather
stout, 4'-2° high, usually longer than
the leaves. Leaves lV'-3" wide, those
of the involucre 3-5; umbel 3-8-
rayed, the longer rays 2'-4i' long;
spikelets linear, clustered, few in each
cluster, acute, 4"-10" long, 1"-1^"
wide; scales dark purple-brown or
with green margins and centre, ovate,
acute, appressed when mature, about
3-nerved on the keel ; stamens 3 ; style
3-clef t, its branches exserted ; achene
3-angled, about one half as long as
the scale. [C. hydra Michx.]

Common as a weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Native. Southeastern
United States, West Indies, tropical continental America : tropical and subtropical
regions of the Old World. Flowers from spring to autumn. The plant is freely
propagated by its tubers which are readily detached in plowing or spading and
this makes it a difficult weed to eradicate.

46

CYPEKACEAE.

7. Cypenis esculentus L. Yellow
Nut-grass. (Fig. 67.) Perennial by
scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm
usually stout, l°-3° tall, shorter than the
leaves or longer. Leaves light green, 2"-
4" wide, the midvein prominent; those
of the involucre 3-6, the longer much
exceeding the inflorescence ; umbel 4-10-
rayed, often compound; spikelets numer-
ous in loose spikes, straw-color or yellow-
ish-brown, flat, spreading, i'-l' long,
about ly wide, many-flowered; scales
ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-5-nerved ; rachis
narrowly winged ; stamens 3 ; style 3-
cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled.

Occasional in cultivated grounds. Na-
tive. United States, West Indies, tropical
continental America, tropical and temperate
regions of the Old World. Flowers in sum-
mer and autumn.

8. Cyperus altemifolius L. Umbrella
Sedge. (Fig. 68.) Perennial by short root-
stocks, glabrous; culms stout, clustered, 3°-
4^° high, smooth and 3-angled. Basal leaves
reduced to lanceolate sheaths; leaves of the
involucre 12-20, spreading, 10' long or less,
2'''-5" wide, longer than the inflorescence;
umbel decompound, often 8' broad; rays
numerous, nearly filiform; heads very
numerous; spikelets few, digitate, linear,
many-flowered, blunt, 4' -5" long, about 1"
wide; scales greenish-yellow, lanceolate,
acute, appressed; achene oblong, a little
shorter than the scale.

Occasional in marshes and along roads.
Introduced by cultivation as an ornamental
sedge, and escaped. Native of Africa. Flowers
from spring to autumn. Naturalized in the
West Indies.

Cyperus Papyrus L., Papyrus, Egyptian, successfully grown for six years
in a tub at Orange Valley, and observed there in 1914, is a very large sedge,
with 3-sided culms, 7°-9° high, the numerous, nearly filiform leaves of the
involucels 8'-12' long.

2. KYLLINGA Eottb.

Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and
with 2 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile,
simple or compound, dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed,
falling away from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4
scales, the 1 or 2 lower ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper
empty or staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or narrowly winged.
Scales 2-ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, decid-
uous from the summit of the achene. Achene lenticular or 3-angled. [In
honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.] About
45 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: KylUnga
monocepTiala Eottb.

CYPERACEAE.

47

1. Kyllinga brevifolia L. Short-
leaved Kyllinga. (Fig. 69.) Perennial
by slender rootstocks, pale green. Leaves
mostly shorter than the culm, V'-li" wide,
smooth; culms very slender or filiform, 4'-
15' tall, smooth; bracts of the involucre 3,
one erect, the others spreading; spike soli-
tary, globose or ovoid, 2V'-^" long, green-
ish, with many spikelets; spikelets oblong-
ovoid, 1"-!^" long, acuminate; scales vari-
ous, the 2 outer minute, the third and fourth
ovate, with recurved tips and serrulate-
eiliate keels; achenes lenticular, orbicular-
obovate, about V' long. [K. monocephala
of Reade, Lefroy, H. B. Small and Hemsley.]

Common along the borders of marshes.
Native. Southeastern United States, West
Indies, tropical America ; Old World tropics.

3. SCIRPUS L.

Annual or perennial very small to very

large sedges, with leafy culms or the leaves

reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete

or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate,

spieate or umbellate, subtended by a 1-

several-leaved involucre or the involucre wanting in some species. Scales
spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, the 1-3 lov^'er sometimes
empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated,
barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2 or 3.
Style 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or
its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-
convex. [Latin, Bulrush, said to be from sirs, Celtic for rushes.] About 150
species of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Scirpus lacustris L.

Spikelets few, appearing as if lateral ;
culm ,3-angled.
Involucral leaf short, stout.

1. 8. Olneyi.
Involucral leaf long, slender.

2. -S. amrrironus.
Spikelets several or numerous, umbellate ;

culm terete. 3. /S. valid us.

1. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray. Olnet 's
Bulrush. (Fig. 70.) Perennial by
rootstocks; culms stout, sharply 3 -angled
with concave sides, l^°-6° tall. Leaves
1-3, l'-5' long, or sheaths sometimes
leafless; spikelets capitate in dense
clusters of 5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong,
obtuse, 2^"-4" long, the involucral leaf
short, stout, erect, V-IV long; scales
oval or orbicular, dark brown with a
green midvein, emarginate or muoronu-
late, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly
shorter than or equalling the achene,
downwardly barbed ; stamens 2-3 ; style
2-eleft; achene obovate, plano-convex,
brown, mucronate.

In Warwick Marsh, 1905; marsh near Whale Bay, 1014. Native. Atlantic.
Gulf and Pacific coasts of the United States ; Cuba. Flowers in summer and autumn.

48

CYPERACEAE.

2. Scirpus americanus Pers.
Three-square. Chair-maker's
Rush. (Fig. 71.) Perennial by
long rootstocks; culms sharply tri-
angular, erect, stiff, l°-3*° tall.
Leaves 1-3, narrowly linear, keeled,
shorter than the culm ; spikelets ob-
long-ovoid, acute, 4"-6" long, capi-
tate in clusters of 1-7, appearing
as if lateral; involucral leaf slender,
l'-4' long; scales broadly ovate,
brown, often emarginate or sharply
2-cleft at the apex, the midvein ex-
tended into a subulate awn some-
times 1" long, the margins scarious;
bristles 2-6, downwardly barbed,
shorter than or equalling the achene;
stamens 3; achene obovate, plano-
convex, smooth, dark brown, mucro-
nate.

Marsh near Whale Bay, 1914.

Native. Continental North America.

Flowers in summer.
3. Scirpus validus Vahl. Ameri-
can Great Bulrush. Mat-rush. . (Fig.
72.) Perennial by rootstocks; culm
stout, terete, smooth, erect, 3°-9° tall,
sometimes f in diameter, sheathed be-
low. Involucral leaf solitary, erect,
shorter than the umbel ; umbel com-
pound, appearing lateral, its primary
rays V-4:' long; bracts linear-lanceolate;
spikelets becoming oblong-cylindric, ses-
sile or some of them peduncled, in capi-
tate clusters of 1-5, 2i"-8" long, l*"-2"
in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, with
a strong midvein which is sometimes ex-
current; bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed,
equalling or longer than the achene;
stamens 3 ; style 2-cleft ; achene plano-
convex, obovate, gray, abruptly mucro-
nate, dull. [S. lacustris of Reade, Le-
froy, Hemsley, Harshberger and H. B.
Small.]

Frequent in marshes. Native. Con-
tinental temperate and tropical America ;
West Indies.

4. FIMBRISTYUS Vahl.
Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or
capitate, terete, several- to many-flowered, subtended by a 1-many-leaved in-
volucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile.
Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base
much enlarged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity.
Achene lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, or longitudi-
nally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style
of some species.] Some 125 species, widely distributed in temperate and
tropical regions. Type species: Fimhristylis acuminata Vahl.

CYPEKACEAE.

49

1. Fimbristylis castlbnea

(Michx.) Vahl. Marsh Fimbri-
STYLis. (Fig. 73.) Perennial by
a thick base; culms slender, 3-
angled, 2^° high or less, usually
exceeding the leaves. Leaves in-
volute, less than 1" wide; leaves of
the involucre 2-4, short; umbel
simple or compound, the rays ^'-2'
long; central spikelets sessile;
spikelets oblong, 3"-6" long,
about I5" in diameter; scales thin,
brown with a lighter midvein,
broadly oblong or nearly orbicular,
obtuse or mucronate ; stamens 2-3 ;
style 2-cleft; achene obovate or ob-
long, biconvex, pale brown. [Scir-
pus castaneus Michx.; Fimhristylis
spadicea of Moore, and referred to
that species by C. B. Clarke.]

Frequent in marshes. Native.
Eastern United States, Bahamas and
Cuba. Summer and autumn.

6. DICHROMENA Michx.

Leafy-stemmed sedges, peren-
nial by rootstocks, the spikelets in
a terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves. Spikelets compressed, several-
many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated, several with imperfect flowers, or
empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Achene lenticular, trans-
versely rugose, crowned with the broad base of the style (tubercle). [Greek,
alluding to the two-colored Involucral leaves.] About 20 species, of America,
the following typical.

1. Dichromena colord,ta

(L.) A. S. Hitchcock. White-
headed Rush. Narrow-leaved
Dichromena. (Fig. 74.) Gla-
brous; culm slender, erect, rather
sharply triangular, l°-2^° tall.
Leaves distant, narrowly linear,
about 1'" wide, much shorter
than the culm, those of the in-
volucre 4-6, reflexed when ma-
ture, yellowish white at the base;
head globose, o"-10" in diam-
eter; spikelets narrowly oblong,
acute; scales membranous, lan-
ceolate, nearly white, l-ne'-vod,
subacute at the apex; achene ob-
ovate, brown, nearly truncate at
the summit, compressed, covered
by the tubercle. [Schoe7iu3
coloratiis L. ; D. leucocephahi
Michx.; Hhynchospora stellata
of Rein, Reade, H. B. Small and
Lefroy; i?. pitra of Rein, Lefroy
and Ilemsley.]

50

CYPERACEAE.

Common in marshes. Native. Southeastern United States and West In-
dies. Flowers from spring to autumn.

6. ELEOCHARIS R. Br.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular,
terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very
rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered,
not subtended by an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around.
Perianths of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, wanting in some species.
Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and
achene 3 -angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid.
Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal
tubercle. [Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy
ground.] About 140 species, widely distributed. Type species: Scirpus pains-
tris L.

Spikelet little thicker than the stout culm ; scales coriaceous.
Culm nodose-septate.
Culm continuous.
Spikelet much thicker than the slender culm ; scales not cor
aceous.
Style 2-cIeft : achene lenticular ; annuals.
Upper sheath truncate, 1-toothed.
Sheath membranous, hyaline.
Style 3-cleft ; achene trigonous ; perennials.
Achene smooth.
Achene finely reticulated.

E. interstincta.
E. cellulosa.

E. capitata.
E. praticola.

5. E. hermudiana.

6. E. rostellata.

1. Eleocharis interstincta
(Vahl) R. & S. Knotted Spike-
rush. (Fig. 75.) Perennial by
stout rootstocks; culms terete,
hollow, nodose, papillose, 3° tall
or less, the sterile ones sharp-
pointed. Sheaths membranous,
the lower sometimes bearing
short blades; spikelet terete,
cylindric, many-flowered, sub-
acute, I'-lf long, 2" in diam-
eter, not thicker than the culm;
scales ovate, orbicular or obo-
vate, obtuse or the upper acute,
narrowly scarious-margined,
faintly many-nerved, persistent;
bristles about 6, rigid, retrorsely
barbed, as long as the body of
the achene or shorter; stamens
3; style 3-cleft, exserted; achene
obovoid, brown, shining, with
minute transverse ridges, con-
vex on one side, very obtusely
angled on the other, 2 or 3 times as long as the conic acute black broad-based
tubercle. [Scirpus interstinctus Vahl; E. equisteoides Torr. ; Scirpus plan-
tagineus of Lefroy and of Hemsley; apparently mistaken for Equisetum
palustre by Lefroy and by H. B. Small.]

Frequent in marshes. Native. Eastern United States ; West Indies ; tropical
continental America. Flowers in summer and autumn.

CYPERACEAE.

51

2. Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Hound-
stemmed Spike-rush. (Fig. 76.) Perennial
by horizontal rootstocks. Culms invested by
discolored sheaths at the base, terete above,
l°-2i° tall, continuous; spikelet cylindric, V-
IV long, li"-2^" thick; scales broadly obovate,
with white hyaline margins, appressed, rounded
at the apex, minutely nerved; perianth-bristles
6, slightly unequal, nearly smooth; style 3-
clef t ; achenes broadly obovoid, copiously pitted,
about as long as the bristles; tubercle deltoid,
about i as broad as the widest part of the
achene. [E. palustris of Reade and of H. B.
Small.]

Occasional in marshes. Native. Southeastern
United States and West Indies. Flowers in sum-
mer and autumn.

3. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br.

Capitate Spike-rush. (Fig. 77.) An-
nual ; roots fibrous ; culms densely tufted,
nearly terete, almost filiform, 2-12' tall.
Upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid,
obtuse, much thicker than the culm, 1*"-
3" long, I'-li" thick, many-flowered;
scales broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, pale
or dark brown with a greenish midvein,
narrowly scarious-margined, persistent ;
style 2-cleft; bristles 5-8, slender, down-
wardly hispid, as long as the achene;
achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shin-
ing, nearly i" long; tubercle depressed,
apiculate, constricted at the base, very
much shorter than the achene. [Scirpus
capitatus L.; E. melanocarpus of Reade;
Scirpus melanocarpus of H. B. Small
and Lefroy.]

Common in marshes. Native. Southeastern
United States, West Indies, tropical continental
America and Old World tropics. Flowers nearly
throughout the year.

4. Eleocharis praticola Britton. Meadow
Spike-rush. (Fig. 78.) Annual, small. Culms
slender, tufted, 3' tall or less. Upper sheath
hyaline, membranous; spikelet ovoid or oblong-
ovoid, about 1" long; scales brown, lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, lax in age; perianth-
bristles 5-7, retrorsely barbed, shorter than
the achene; style 2-cleft; achene obovoid,
about i" long, dark brown, shining, the
tubercle very small.

Pembroke and Warwick Marshes. Native.
Southeastern United States. Flowers in spring
and presumably later in the year.

52

CYPEEACEAE.

5. Eleocharis bermudiana Britton. Bermuda
Spike-rush. (Fig. 79.) Perennial by very slen-
der rootstocks; culms slender, erect, i°-li° high,
tufted. Basal sheath oblique, 1-toothed; spikelet
short-OToid to oblong, obtuse, much thicker than
the culm, 2"-3V' long, l2"-2" thick, many-flow-
ered; scales ovate, whitish, obtuse, persistent;
style 3-cleft; bristles 3 or 4, downwardly barbed,
as long as the achene and tubercle '^r somewhat
longer; achene oblong-obovate, 3-angled, brown,
shining, i" long, smooth, short-beaked under the
short-conic, acute tubercle.

Occasional along borders of marshes. Endemic.
Nearest related to E. alhida Torr. of the eastern
United States. Referred by Hemsley to E. melanocarpa
Torr. and by Clarke to E. Berlandieri (Britton) Clarke.
First named as a distinct species in Journal N. Y.
Botanical Garden, 13 : 191.

6. Eleocharis rostellata Torr.

Beaked Spike-rush. (Fig. 80.) Per-
ennial; culms slender, wiry, the fer-
tile ones erect or ascending, the sterile
reclining or recurving and rooting at
the tip, often 5°-6° long. Upper
sheath truncate; spikelet oblong, 10-
20-flowered, 3"-6" long; scales ovate,
green with a darker midrib; bristles
4—8, retrorsely barbed, longer than
the achene and tubercle; style 3-
clef t ; achene 3-angled, reticulated.

Abundant in marsh east of Cam-
den, 1912. Native. United States and
Cuba.

7. RYNCHOSPORA Yahl.
Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete
culms, narrow flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously
clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucro-
nate by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the
lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly barbed
or scabrous bristles, or wanting in some species. Stamens commonly 3.
Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen, not 3-
angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the
style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the
beak-like tubercle.] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, most
abundant in warm regions. Type species: Bynchospora aurea Yahl.

CYPERACEAE.

53

Achenes smooth, not stalked.
Achene wrinkled, stalked.

1. R. distana.

2. R. Htipitatu.

1. Rynchospora distans (Miehx.) Vahl. Dis-
tant-clustered Beaked-rush. (Fig. 81.) Peren-
nial, pale green. Culms tufted, slender, l°-2i° tall;
leaves filiform or nearly so by the involute margins;
spikelets ovoid, about 11" long, several together in
terminal and axillary clusters; perianth-bristles
mostly 6, usually upwardly barbed, about as long
as the achene; achenes oval or oblong-oval, nearly
1" long, excluding the broad conic smooth tubercle.
\^Schoenus distans Michx. ; ByncJiospora dommucensis
A. H. Moore; E. fusca of Lefroy.]

Frequent in marshes. Native. Southeastern United
States and West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn.

2. Rynchospora stipitata Chapm. Stipi-
TATE Beaked-rush. (Fig. 82.) Perennial,
bright green. Culms tufted, 2^-3*° tall, arch-
ing above, 3-angled; leaves elongated, '2"-5"
wide, smooth; spikelets about 4" long, nar-
rowly ovoid, numerous, in 4-5 compound axil-
lary corymbs; ijerianth-bristles 6-8, upwardly
barbed; achenes lenticular, 1-3 in a spikelet,
orbicular-obovoid, stalked, the body about I"
long, finely trans^^ersely wrinkled, less than A
as long as the bristles; tubercle conic, setose.
{Rynchospora florida of Lefroy.]

Frequent along marshes. Native. Florida.
Flowers in summer and autumn, its inflorescence
much infested by a black smut.

8. MARISCUS [Hall.] Zinn.

Perennial leafy sedges, the spikelets oblong or fusiform, few-flowered, vari-
ously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the middle ones
mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none.
Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the
achene, its branches sometimes 2-3-parted. Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or
longitudinally striate. Tubercle none. [Greek, referring to the branched in-
florescence of some species.] About 30 species, natives of tropical and tem-
perate regions. Type species: Schoenus Marismis L.

64

CYPEEACEAE.

1. Mariscus jamai-
censis (Crantz) Britton.
Saw-grass. Prickly
Sedge. (Fig. 83.) Culm
stout, 3°-9° high, ob-
tusely 3-angled. Leaves
very long, glabrous, 3"-
10" wide, the margins
spinulose-serrulate ; um-
bels several or numerous,
decompound, forming a
large panicle ; spikelets
mostly 2-5 together at
the ends of the raylets,
narrowly ovoid, acute,
2"-2l" long; uppermost
scale subtending a per-
fect flower; stamens 2;
achene ovoid, abruptly
sharp-pointed, wrinkled,
narrowed to the base, 1"
long. [Cladium jamai-
cense Crantz; C. occi-
dentale Schrad. ; C. Ma-
riscus of Hemsley and of
H. B. Small.]

Common in marshes. Native. Southern United States, West Indies and tropical
continental America. Flowers in summer and autumn. This is the largest sedge
of the Bermuda flora and the only one with serrate-margined leaves. It covers
large areas in some of the marshes, forming dense masses of vegetation.

9. CAREX L.

Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled. Leaves
3-ranked, the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes
of flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of
bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing
both staminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none. Stami-
nate flowers of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single
pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of
a sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium (utricle), which com-
pletely encloses the achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. A
vast genus, of more than 1000 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the
temperate zones. Type species: Carex p^ilicaris L.

Spikes sessile with few staminate flowers at their bases ; styles 2. 1. C. albolutescens.
Lower spikes filiform-stalked, pistillate, the upper staminate ;

styles 3. 2. C. bermudiana.

CYPERACEAE.

55

1. Carex albolutescens Schwein.
Greenish- WHITE Sedge. (Fig. 84.) Culms
l°-2° tall, stout. Leaves l"-2" wide,
shorter than the culm; bracts filiform or
wanting; spikes 3-8, oblong, usually
narrowed at both ends, silvery green
when young, becoming brownish, 4"-6"
long, clustered; perigynia broadly ovate,
not twice as long as wide, broadly winged,
strongly nerved on both faces, about 2"
long, the roughish be'ak about one third
as long as the body; scales lanceolate,
acuminate; achene nearly or quite sessile.

Marshes and grassy fields. Native.
Eastern United States. Flowers in spring.

2. Carex bermudiana Hemsley.

Bermuda Sedge. (Fig. 85.) Eoot-
stock stout, short ; culms rather stout,
smooth, sharply 3-angled, nearly erect,
li°-2i° tall. Leaves glabrous, rough-
ish-margined, about 2" wide, the
lower often as long as the culm;
spikes 5-8, linear, l'-2' long, densely
many-flowered, the upper 1-4 stami-
nate, at least at the summit, the
lower 2-4 mostly all pistillate, the
lowest filiform-stalked, the others ses-
sile or nearly so; scales ovate, green-
ish-white, aristate, glabrous, longer
than the perigynia or the upper about
equalling them; perigynia glabrous,
oblong, strongly ri])bed, the short
beak 2-cleft; styles 3; achene short-
stalked.

Wooded marshy situations and
shaded rocky places. Very rare, and
presumably on the verge of extinction.
Endemic. Flowers in spring.
First collected by J Dickinson about ICno, the specimen preserved in the
Sloane Herbarium at the British Museum of Natural History and not again
collected by botanists until found by us in the autumn of 1005. Its nearest relative
is Carex Waltcriana Bailey of the southeastern United States, and the species mny
have sprung from seeds of that species transported to Bermuda by winds or liirds.
Its affinity with Carex praealtn Boott. of St. Helena, suggested by Henislev, is much
more remote; it was illustrated by Mr. Hemsley in ".Journal of Botany " 21 : p/. 2.^9,
fig. 2, and his original description and discussion of the plant may be found on p. 260
of the same volume.

Order 5. ARECALES.

Shrubs or trees, with erect or horizontal stems (caudices), growing by
a single terminal bud. Leaves at the end of the stem, the petioles with
imbricated bases: blades plaited in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, in more or less compound axillary pan-
icles. Perianth in 2 series of parts, persistent. Calyx of 3 united or

56

AEECACEAE.

nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 3 partially united or distinct petals.
Stamens mostly 6, sometimes 9-12 ; filaments dilated at the base and par-
tially united; anthers introrse. Gynoecium of 3 more or less united or
distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, erect, orthotropous or
anatropous. Fruit usually a drupe, sometimes a berry. Seeds often
hollow. Endosperm horny or cartilaginous, rarely channelled.

Family 1. ARECACEAE Reichenb.
Palm Fa:\iily.
Characters of the order. About 1200 species of palms are known;
they are grouped in about 150 genera.

1. SABAIi Adans.
Unarmed palms. Leaves ample, fan-shaped, many-cleft, the segments 2-
cleft, filamentose; ligule partially united to the rachis; petioles concave above,
sharp-edged. Spadix decompound. Flowers perfect, sessile. Perianth white
or green, glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped. Sepals 3, unequal. Petals 3, nearly
distinct, imbricated. Stamens 6; filaments subulate or lanceolate, their dilated
bases united and adnate to the corolla. Ovary 3-celled; style 3-angled; stigma
truncate. Drupe usually developed from 1 carpel, with a membranous epicarp
and a fleshy pericarp. Seed solitary, spheroidal, erect with a dark brown, shin-
ing testa. Endosperm horny. [Name not explained.] About 20 species,
natives of warm-tem.perate and tr\Dpical America. Type species: S. glabra
(Mill.) Sarg. j^ g^^^j Blackburnianum Glaze-

brook. Bermuda Palmetto. (Fig. 86.)
Trunk cylindric, up to 35° high, averag-
ing 10' in diameter, often variously con-
stricted, that of young trees invested by
the overlapping petiole-bases, but old
trees mostly naked up to the crown of
leaves. Young leaves scurfy on the veins
beneath; old leaves bright green on both
sides, averaging about 6° broad, but
those of young trees often 9° broad,
cleft at base and apex § to i and at the
middle i to § toward the midrib which
is convex and marginally 2-winged below
and sharply 1-ridged above; leaf -seg-
ments l'-2' broad, 2-cleft toward the
apex; there is usually a fibril at each
primary and secondary cleft of the
leaves; ligule narrowly triangular, 2-4'
long, acute, with winged margins;
petioles as long as the blades or some-
what longer, convex beneath, channeled
above, much broader, and finally splitting
at the base, fibrous-reticulate, margined
below; inflorescence branched, longer than the petiole; flowers white; drupe
black, obovoid, i'-f long. [Saial Palmetto of Eein, Jones, Lefroy and H. B.
Small; S. umbracidifera of Reade and of H. B. Small; S. Adansonii of Lefroy,
of H. B. Small and of A. H. Moore; Chamaerops Palmetto of Michaux; C.
glabra of Jones; Inodes Blackbumiana Cook; Saljal Mocini Eiccobono.]

AEECACEAE. 57

Common in all but saline situations. Endemic. Flowers in summer, the fruit
ripe in autumn. The plants differ greatly in size, depending on soil and situation, but
there is only one species of I'almetto wild in Bermuda, records of two or more species
notwithstanding. After the Cedar it is the most conspicuous native tree. This palm
was first named as distinct from all others, in 182!), by Glazebrook, in the London
Gardeners' Magazine 5 : 54, and there illustrated ; the specific name is in honor of a
Mr. Blackburn, in whose collection, in England, it was then known, but all record
of its origin had been lost, other than that it came into the possession of his grand-
father in 1787. It is now frequent in greenhouses in Europe, and occasional in
\Yest Indian gardens. Its closest relative is probably iiobal I'altnetto (Walt.)
Lodd., of Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba, from the seeds of which, brought to
Bermuda by floating, it may have sprung through isolation. Baskets of many
kinds, hats, dish-mats, napkin-rings, fans and other small articles are made from
the bleached leaves ; the leaves are also torn into strips and extensivelv utilized for
stringing fish. Where growing protected from the wind, the trees hold their old
withering leaves for some time, but ordinarily the leaves fall soon after maturing.

An intoxicating beverage called " Bibey " was formerly distilled from its
fruit (H. B. Small).

It has often been illustrated, as on plates 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the Botany of the
Challenger Expedition ; Garden and Forest 4 : f. 53 : Annual Report, Missouri
Botanical Garden 15 : pi. 21 ; .Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, 13 : pi.
107. Constrictions in the trunk of this palm are described by llarshberger in I'ro-
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 57 : 701-704, 1905.

Cocos nucifera L., Coconut, tropical American, has been locally planted
and grows to maturity. This palm succeeds best in loose sandy soil where its
roots have perfect drainage. Its fruit, as produced in Bermuda, is mostly
small, and not of good quality.

Phoenix dactylifera L., Date Palm, African, has been locally planted for
ornament and interest and grows well; a number of large trees may be seen.
b}it the climate is neither dry nor hot enough to enable it to perfect very good
fruit. Fine old plants were seen at the Public Garden, St. Georges.

Phoenix rupicola T. Anders., a low, bright green species, is grown in
gardens; it is native of India.

Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) Cook, Eoyal Palm, Cuban and Floridian, com-
monly planted for shade and ornament, and of rapid growth, has pinnate
leaves often 9° long or longer, their narrov^' segments spreading in more than
one plane, long drooping panicles of white flowers, and subglobose, slightly
fleshy fruits about 4" long. [Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. ]

Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) Cook, Cabbage Palm, Jamaican, is similar to
the preceding species but taller, sometimes 90° high, the leaf-segments spread-
ing nearly in one plane, the oblong slightly curved fruit nearly V long.
[Oreodoxa oleracea (Jacq.) Mart.]

Livistona chinensis R. Br., Bourbox Pal:m, a fan-leaved species with spiny
leaf-stalks and very large leaves is commonly grown in gardens, forming a
trunk up to 12° high or more. [L. mauritiana Wall.]

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Cook, Grugru Palm, West Indian, may be
seen in several fine specimens on lawns; it has pinnate spiny leaves and a cylin-
dric stout densely spiny trunk up to 20° high. It has been erroneously
recorded as an Astrocaryum.

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl., Golden-fruited Palm, native of
Madagascar, a species usually forming clustered trunks, slender and becoming
15° or 20° high, with light green, long, pinnate leaves and small yellow fruit, is
occasionally planted for ornament.

Rhapis flabelliformis L'ller., of Western Asia, occasionally planted for
ornament, is a very slender palm, 9° high or less, forming thickets; its slendcr-
petioled palmate leaves are about 1° broad, cleft nearly to the end of the
petiole into 3-10 linear segments i'-lV wide, which are incised at the apex and
with spinulose margins; its flowers are in panicled spikes under the leaves.

Caryota ureus L., Toddy Palm, Wine Palm, Asiatic, seen at the Agri-
cultural Station in 1913, but not vigorous, becomes 40° or 50° high under
favorable conditions; it is unarmed, with pinnately divided leaves up to 10°
or 12° long, the segments obliquely wedge-shai>ed and toothed ; when mature, it

58 AKECACEAE.

develops large drooping flower-clusters at the upper axils and progressively
downward nearly to the base.

Areca Catechu L., Betel Nut, Asiatic, occasionally planted, is an un-
armed palm with a slender trunk, becoming 40° high or higher, its pinnate
leaves 4°-6° long, with many, narrowly lanceolate, plicate segments; its in-
florescence is much-branched, drooping, with small white flowers, its ovoid,
smooth, orange or scarlet fruit about 2' long, used in large quantities in trop-
ical Asia for chewing. The Agricultural Station had seedlings in 1914.

Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sarg., Silver Thatch Palm, Floridian
and West Indian, a fan-leaved palm up to 20° high, the slender-petioled leaves
silvery beneath, the petiole-bases fibrous-netted, the panicled, small, globose,
fruits black, is occasionally planted for ornament.

Pinanga Kuhlii Blume, Kuhl's Pinanga, Malayan, was taken to Mt.
Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913. Seedling plants
were also seen at the Agricultural Station. It is a pinnate-leaved palm, with
long leaf-sheaths and acuminate, falcate segments, the upper ones cuneate at
the base and incised at the apex; the fruits are small and ellipsoid.

Chamaerops humilis L., Dwarf Palm, of southern Europe, a low, fan-
leaved species with slender spiny petioles, linear leaf-segments, the dark green,
orbicular leaves about 1° broad, the flowers in short, dense panicles, is occa-
sionally planted for ornament.

Howea Belmoreana (F. Muell.) Becc, Curly Palm, from Lord Howe's
Island in the Pacific Ocean, is occasionally planted, and often eroneously called
Kentia. It becomes at least 20° tall, with great pinnate leaves 8°-12° long,
their narrow long-acuminate segments 2°-3° long, about 7' wide; the flowers
are borne on greatly elongated, solitary or few spadices, the fruit partly
enclosed in notches. [Kentia Belmoreana F. Muell.]

Rhopadostylis Baueri H. Wendl., Bauer's Khopadostylis, native of
Norfolk Island, is a pinnate-leaved palm, becoming 10° high or more, the
leaves 6°-10° long, the tips of their numerous, narrow segments at first con-
nected by a very slender marginal band which disappears as the leaves become
older; it has white flowers and small, scarlet, short-ellipsoid fruits. A fine
specimen, apparently this species, was seen at Norwood in 1914.

Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden) Sudw., Weeping Palm, of Lower
California, taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913,
has fan-shaped leaves 2°-4° broad on slender, unarmed petioles, the numerous
linear segments with marginal filaments; the inflorescence of this palm is
paniculately branched, with small white flowers. [Washingtonia filifera
Linden.]

Dictyosperma album (Bory) Wendl. & Drude, White Dictyosperma,
of the Mascarene Islands, seen at Bellevue in 1914, is a pinnate-leaved palm,
with short-petioled, stiff leaves 6° long or more, short panicles of small, white
flowers, the narrowly ovoid pointed fruits nearly V long. I am indebted to
Mr. O. F. Cook, of the United States Department of Agriculture, for the identi-
fication of this species. [Areca alha Bory.]

Dictyosperma rubrum Wendl. & Drude, East Indian, was represented by
seedlings at the Agricultural Station in 1914.

Ptychosperma elegans (R. Br.) Blume, Elegant Ptychosperma, Austra-
lian, is a pinnate-leaved palm, similar to the preceding species, but with longer
panicles. One of the palms in the collection seen at Bellevue in 1914, is prob-
ably referable to this species. [Seaforthia elegans R. Br.]

Martinezia caryotaefolia H.B.K., Martinezia, South American, recorded
by Jones in 1873, is a tall slender palm, wuth a spiny trunk, the pinnate leaves
3°-6° long also spiny, their segments wedge-shaped, clustered.

Seedling palms, under the following names, were seen at the Agricultural
Station in 1914 :

AEECACEAE. 59

Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & Wendl., Samoan ; this species is recorded by
Jones as grown in Bermuda in 1873.

Pritchardia Thurstoni Muell. & Drude, Fijian,
Oncosperma fasciculatum Thwaites, CeyloneJ^e.
Licuala grandis (Bull) Wendl., of New Britain.
Martinezia coroUina Mart, of Martinique.
Livistona Hoogendorfii Andre, Javan.
Dypsis madagascariensis Nicholson, Madagascan.

Order 6. CYCLANTHALES.

Herbs, shrubs or some species woody vines, with petioled flabellate
leaves and monoecious flowers in axillary, peduncled, fleshy, spadix-like
spikes, the perianth wanting or rudimentary. Staminate flowers with
many stamens, the anthers linear to oval. Pistillate flowers usually with
4 staminodes; ovary 1-celled, truncate or 4-lobed; stigmas 1 or 4; ovules
many. Fruit a fleshy syncarp. The order is composed of a single family.

Family 1. CYCLANTHACEAE.

Cyclanthus Family.
Six genera and about 40 species, natives of tropical America.

Carludovica palmata R. & P., Panama-hat Plant, Peruvian, grown for
ornament, has long-petioled dark-green leaves '2°-3° broad, cleft into linear,
acuminate spreading and drooping segments. From the petioles the fibre is
obtained for weaving hats of fine quality, and in 1903 the Botanical Station
had some 7000 plants for distribution raised from seed, but the industry was
not established.

Order 7. ARALES.

Monoeotyledonous herbs, mostly fleshy. Inflorescence in the Araceae

a fleshy spadix, subtended by a spathe, or naked. The Lemnaceae are

minute floating thalloid plants, with few or solitary flowers on the margin

or back of the thallus.

Large terrestrial plants, the inflorescence a spadix. Fam. 1. Arace.4E.

Minute floating thalloid plants with few or solitarj' flowers. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae.

Family 1. ARACEAE Neck.

Arum Family.

Herbs mostly with basal long-petioled leaves, and spathaceous inflo-
rescence, the spathe enclosing or subtending a spadix. Rootstock tuberous
or a corm. Spadix densely flowered, the staminate flowers above, the
pistillate below, or the plants wholly dioecious, or wdth perfect flowers in
some species. Perianth wanting, or of 4-6 scale-like segments. Stamens
2-10. Filaments veiy short; anthers 2-celled, commonly with a thick
truncate connective, the sacs opening, by dorsal pores or slits. Ovary 1-
several-celled ; ovules 1-several in each cavity; style short or wanting;
stigma terminal, mostly minute and sessile. Fruit a berr>^ or utricle. Seeds
various. Endosperm copious, sparse or none. About 105 genera and at
least 1000 species, mostly of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.

60

AEACEAE.

1. ZANTEDESCHIA Spreng.
Succulent glabrous herbs with thick rootstocks and sagittate or hastate
long-petioled leaves, showy white or yellow spathes, the monoecious flowers on a
stout spadix; staminate flowers uppermost, with 2 or 3 stamens; pistillate
flowers with 3 spatulate staminodes, an ovoid ovary, a very short style and a
discoid stigma. Berries 1-5-celled, 2-lQ-seeded. [Dedicated to Francesco
Zandeschi.l About 6 South African species, the follo^^ng typical.

1. Zantedeschia aethiopica

(L.) Spreng. Calla Lilt.
(Fig. 87.) Leaves sagittate,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
bright green, 2° high or more,
apiculate; peduncle stout, as
long as the leaves or shorter;
spathe bright white, 5'-7' long,
yellowish within below, narrow-
tipped; pistillate part of the
spadix about one fourth as long
as the yellow staminate por-
tion; berries yellow. [Calla
aethiopica L. ; Eichardia afri-
cana Kunth.]

Quite abundantly naturalized
in fresh-water marshes. Escaped
from cultivation. Native of
Africa. Flowers in summer and
autumn.

Anthurium Veitchii Mas-
ters, Yeitch 's Tail-flower,
Colombian, seen at Paget Rec-
tory in 1914, has large, lance-
olate, recurving, petioled leaves often 5° long, arising in tufts from thick root-
stocks, their veins impressed; the thick yellowish spadix is about 8' long, the
green spathe about 1° long.

Dieffenbachia segnine (Jacq.) Schott, Dumb Cane, West Indian, recorded
by Lefroy as grown at Mt. Langton, has erect stems 3°-5° high, the ovate,
petioled leaves 8-15' long, clustered toward the top; the narrow spathes are
5'-7' long. [Arum seguine Jacq.]

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Blume, Jack-in-the-Pulpit, North American,
was recently planted in a garden near Bailey's Bay, but did not become
established. It has acrid corms, and long-petioled, 3-foliolate leaves. [Arum
triphyllum L.]

Caladium "bicolor (Ait.) Vent., Caladium, South American, grown for
ornament, is stemless, with long-petioled, ovate, peltate, sagittate, pointed, often
variegated leaves. [Arum hicolor Ait.]

Xanthosoma sagittaefoiimn (L.) Schott, Yautia, Malanga, of tropical
America, sometimes grown for its edible tubers, is stemless or nearly so, with
long-petioled, sagittate leaves l°-3° long. [Arum sagittae folium L.]

Xanthosoma violaceum Schott., Violet Xanthosoma, West Indian, has
ovate, sagittate leaves with violet petioles about twice as long as the blades, its
spathe pale violet; it is occasionally planted for ornament.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Eddoe-Coco, Elephant 's_ Ears, a low
stemless species with large long-petioled cordate leaves, is cultivated for its
edible tubers. It is native of the East Indies. [Arum esculentum L.]

ARACEAE.

61

Monstera deliciosa Liebm., a vine with large ovate perforated leaves is
grown on walls for ornament and for its eylindric edible fruit. { Philodendron
lacerum of H. B. Small.]

Phnodendrcn giganteum Sehott, West Indian, a very large-leaved, half-
cdimbing species, existed in the Victoria Park, Hamilton, 1912.

A species of Philodendron, climbing to a height of 8°, with cordate, ovate,
short-acuminate, yellow-mottled leaves about 1° long, was seen at Oranee
Valley in 1914. ^

Several other species of this family are grown in gardens as ornamentals*.

Family 2. LEMNACEAE Diimort.

Duckweed Family.

Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only
very rudimentary ones. The plant-body consists of a disk-shaped, elon-
gated or irregular thallus, which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyl-
lous and sometimes bears one or more roots. The vegetative growth is by
lateral branching, the branches being but slightly connected by slender
stalks and soon separating. The inflorescence consists of one or more
naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral prominence on the edge
or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly consists of but a
single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is provided with
two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely barbellate grains.
The pistil is narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like stigmatic apex, and
produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is a 1-6-seeded utricle.
The family comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 4
genera and about 30 species of wide distribution.

1. LEMNA L.
Thallus disk-shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or
without two or four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single root, which
is devoid of vascular tissue and is commonly provided Avith a thin blunt or
pointed rootcap. The ovary contains from one to six ovules. Fruit ovoid,
more or less ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion to
the growth of these small plants in swamps.] About 8 species, in temperate
and tropical regions. Type species: Lemna trisiilca L.

1. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Val-
DiviA Duckweed. (Fig. 88.) Thallus oblong-
elliptic, l"-2i" long, thin, subfalcate and
shortly stalked at the base, provided with
numerous stomata, except on the borders, nerve-
less ; rootcap blunt ; spathe renif orm ; fruit
ovoid-oblong, unsymmetrical ; seed prominently
12-29-ribbed. [L. minor cyclostasa Ell.; L.
valdiviana Phil. ; L. minor of Rein, Reade, Le-
froy, Moore and Harshberger.]

Common in ditches and marshes, often cover-
ing the surface of water. Native. United States,
West Indies and tropical continental America. Its
minute flowers are seldom observed. Probably
transported to Bermuda on the feet or feathers of
birds.

62 LEMNACEAE.

Lemna trisulca L., of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone, is
recorded as Bermudian by Eein and copied by Hemsley, but it has not been
found by recent collectors, and probably could not withstand the warm climate.
The plant described under that name by H. B. Small is Salvinia Olfersiana.

Order 8. XYRIDALES.

Monocotyledonous herbs, mostly with narrow leaves. Flowers usually
complete, their parts mostly in 3's or 6's. Corolla re^ilar or nearly so
(except in Commelina). Ovary compound, superior. Endosperm of the
seed mealy.

Plants not epiphytic ; leaves not scurfy.

Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) colored.

Fam. 1. COMMELINACEAE.

Perianth G-parted. Fam. 2. Pontederiaceae.

Plants epiphytic ; leaves scurfy. Fam. 3. Bromeliaceae.

Family 1. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb.

Spiderwort Family.

Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and
often showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy
bracts. Perianth of 2 series; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals and a
corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. Sta-
mens mostly 6, hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3
of them different from the others and sterile; filaments filiform or some-
what flattened; anthers 2-celled, mostly longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
superior, sessile or xery nearly so, 2-3-celled ; ovules 1 or several in each cell,
anatropous or half anatropous; style simple; stigmas terminal, entire or
obscurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds solitaiy or several in each cell of the capsule.
Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo small. Endosperm
copious. About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly natives of tropical
regions, a few in the temperate zones.

Fertile stamens 2 or 3. 1. Commelina.

Fertile stamens 6. 2. ZehHna.

1. COMMELINA L.

Somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-pet ioled or sessile leaves,
and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by spathe-like
bracts. Sepals unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals
unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of
them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3,
smaller, their anthers various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3-celled.
Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, the testa roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedi-
cated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667-1731, Dutch botanist.] About 95 species of
wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Commelina
communis L.

Spathes not united, acuminate. 1. O. longicaulis.

Spathes united toward the base, acute. 2. C. elegans.

COMMELINACEAE.

63

1. Commelina longicaulis
J acq. Creeping Day-flower.
Chicken-grass. Poultry-
grass. (Fig, 89.) Glabrous or
very nearly so; stems procum-
bent or creeping, l°-3° long.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, l'-3' long, acute or
acuminate at the apex, their
sheaths sometimes ciliate ;
spathe acuminate, f'-lj' long,
peduncled, the 2 bracts not
united by their margins; flowers
few in each spathe, 3"-6"
broad; ventral cavities of the
ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal 1-
ovuled; capsule commonly 5-
seeded (2 seeds In each of the
ventral cells, 1 in the dorsal) ;
seeds oblong, reticulated, about
1" long. [C. agraria Kunth; C.
communis of Jones ; C. nudi-
flora of Clarke, not of Linnaeus.]

Common in moist or wet
shaded situations. Native. South-
eastern United States, West In-
dies and tropical continental
America. Flowers nearly through-
out the year. Its seeds perhaps
transported by birds.

leaves, and few subsessile
a cylindric tube, persistent.

2. Commelina elegans II.B.K.

Larger Day-flower. (Fig. 90.) Stems
branching at the base, the branches de-
cumbent, rooting at the nodes, pubescent
at least below the nodes; leaves lanceo-
late to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 1'-
4' long, acute or acuminate at the apex,
often rounded at the base, the sheaths
naked or sparingly ciliate on the mar-
gin ; spathes short-peduncled, pubescent,
7"-10" long, acute; petals blue or white;
capsules broadly obovoid, 2" long; seeds
3, about 1^" long, slightly flattened,
smooth. This species has been referred
by authors to C. virgiiiwa L.

Frequent in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of Florida,
West Indies and tropical continental
America. Flowers from spring to autumn.

2. ZEBRINA Schnitzl.
A succulent, decumbent or pros-
trate, perennial herb, with ovate nearly
small clustered flowers. Sepals connat*^
Petals also connate below, with spread-

mto

ing limbs. Stamens 6, equal, perfect. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities with
2 ovules. Capsule 3-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds in each cavity. [Latin, from the
striped leaves.] A monotypic genus.

64

COMMELINACEAE.

1. Zebrina pendula Schnitzl. Wandering
Jew. (Fig. 91.) Stems 1° long or more,
branclied. Leaves l'-2' long, acute or acumi-
nate, purple beneath, longitudinally green- or
white-banded above, their sheaths ciliate at the
throat; flowers glomerate between 2 upper
leaves; calyx-tube white; corolla-tube white;
limbs of the petals ovate, rose-purple. [Trades-
cantia discolor of H. B. Small.]

Locally escaped from gardens, where it is com-
monly planted for ornament and is very luxuriant.
Flowers nearly throughout the year. Native of
the West Indies and Central America.

Rhoeo discolor (L'Her.) Hance, Oyster
Plant, West Indian, a nearly stemless succu-
lent plant, with large imbricated lanceolate
purplish leaves, the short-peduncled clustered
flowers subtended by large ovate concave bracts,
is occasional in gardens. [Tradescantia dis-
color L'Her.; Cyanotis discolor of Jones.]

Tradescantia virginica L., Blue Spiderwort, North American, with linear
leaves and showy blue umbellate flowers is another garden plant of this family.

Family 2. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort.

Pickerel-weed Family.

Perennial aquatic or bog j^lants, the leaves petioled, with thick blades,
or long and grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary
or spiked, subtended by leaf-like spathes. Perianth free from the ovary,
corolla-like, 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of
the perianth; filaments filiform, dilated at the base or thickened at the
middle; anthers 2-celled, linear-oblong or rarely ovate. Ovary 3-celled
with axile placentae, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; style filiform or
columnar; stigma terminal, entire or minutely toothed; ovules anatropous,
numerous, sometimes only 1 of them perfecting. Fruit a many-seeded
capsule, or a 1-celled, 1-seeded utricle. Endosperm of the seed copious,
mealy; embryo central, cylindric. About 5 genera and 25 species, in tem-
perate and tropical regions.

1. PIABOPUS Eaf.
Herbs, with floating rootstocks copiously root-bearing at the nodes, the
leaves clustered at the nodes, the petioles slender or inflated, the blades commonly
dilated. Flowers s^essile, solitary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth
showy, its 6 parts in 2 series, united into a tube below, the limb oblique. Stamens
6, irregularly adnate to the perianth, 3 included, 3 exserted ; filaments sometimes
flattened at the base. Ovary 3-celled; stigma terminal; ovules numerous.
Capsule included in the withering-persistent perianth, loculicidal. Seeds many-
ribbed. [Greek, referring to the swollen petiole of the following species.]
About 5 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Pontederia
azurea Sw.

PONTEDERIACEAE.

66

1. Piaropus crassipes (Mart.)
Britton. Water Hyacinth. (Fig.
92.) Floating or rooting in the mud.
Foliage glabrous below; leaves erect,
or ascending; petioles elongated,
wholly or partly inflated or sometimes
gradually tapering from the base;
blades l^'-S^' broad, ovate to orbicu-
lar or nearly renif orm, leathery ;
scapes 4'-16' tall, simple ; spadix
glandular-pubescent; perianth showy,
bluish purple; tube curved, about 1'
long; lobes suborbicular or obovate,
longer than the tube, the upper one
with a yellow center. [Pontederia
crassipes Mart. ; Eichornia crassipes
Solms; Pontederia azurea of H. B.
Small.]

In water, Devonshire and Pembroke
Marshes, multiplying so rapidly that it
chokes outlets and has to be removed
at intervals. Introduced. Native of the
West Indies and tropical continental
America. Completely naturalized in
Florida, where it chokes streams and
rivers, impeding navigation. Flowers in
summer and autumn.

Family 3. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil.
Pine-Apple Family.

Epiphytic herbs (some species terrestrial or on rocks), mostly scurfy,
with elongated, entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, pan-
icled, or solitary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted.
Perianth of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed dis-
tinct or united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the
corolla. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each
cavity, anatropous; style short or elongated; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved
in our species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Embryo small,
situated at the base of the copious endosperm. About 35 genera and 900
species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America.

No species of the family is native or naturalized.

Dendropogon usneoides (L.) Raf. [Tillandsia usneoides L.], Long-moss,
Florida Moss, Spanish Moss, of the southeastern United States and West
Indies, a much-branched, grey-green, scurfy plant with drooping, thread-like
stems, filiform leaves and small axillary flowers with linear-spatulate petals, has
been introduced for interest and grown on trees and porches, in places appear-
ing almost naturalized.

Guzmania lingulaU (L.) Mez., Capitate Guzmania, of tropical America,
growing naturally on rocks and trees, is a stout-stemmed plant about 1° high,
with tufted, linear, pointed leaves 1° long or less, about 1' wide, the yellowish
flowers in a terminal dense head subtended by foliaceous red bracts, the cap-
sular fruits narrowly oblong, containing many seeds provided with brown wool ;

6

66 BROMELIACEAE.

it was seen growing on rock work at Bellevue in 1913. [Caraguata ungulata
Lindl.]

Ananas Ananas (L.) Cockerell, Pine Apple, presumably of South Ameri-
can origin, now occasionally grown, but of no commercial importance in Ber-
muda, is recorded as introduced from the West Indies in 1616, and was, ap-
parently, quite extensively grown for a good many years. [Bromelia Ananas
L. ; Ananas sativa Mill.]

Tillandsia fasciculata Sw., Fascicled Tillanesia, West Indian, occa-
sionally grown on rock work and in greenhouses, has large tufts of grey-green
linear-lanceolate leaves about 1° long and blue flowers in bracted, fascicled
spikes at the top of a stem l°-2° long.

Aechmaea polystachya (Veil.) Mez, Violet Aechmaea, South American,
occasionally planted for ornament and interest, has linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, spinulose-serrate leaves l°-2° long and about 1' wide above the much
wdder base, the many-flowered, erect scape somewhat longer than the leaves,
the flowers in panicled, flattened erect spikes, the corolla violet-blue. [Tillandsia
polystachya Veil.]

Dyckia altissima Lindl., Tall Dyckia, Brazilian, was sent to Paget Eec-
tory from the New York Botanical Garden in 1914.

Order 9. LILIALES.

Monocotyledonous plants, mostly with well-developed perianth, the
flowers usually regnlar and complete^ and their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary
superior or inferior, compound. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny.

Ovary superior.

Perianth-segments distinct, green cr brown, not petal-like ; herbs with grass-like

leaves and small flowers. Fam. 1. Juncaceae.

Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least
the inner petal-like.
Herbaceous plants or vines.

Fruit a capsule. Fam. 2. Liliaceae.

Fruit a fleshy berry.

Erect herbs or vines ; tendrils none ; flow-
ers perfect. Fam. 3. Convallariaceae.
Tines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect ;

flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels. Fam. 4. Smilaceae.

Large tall woody plants. Fam. 5. Dracae>'aceae.

Ovary inferior, wholly or in part.
Stamens 6 in our species.

Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 6. Amaryllidaceae.

Twining vines : flowers dioecious. Fam. 7. Dioscoreaceae.

Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 8. Iridaceae.

Family 1. JUNCACEAE Vent.

Rush Family.

Perennial or sometimes annual, grass-like, usually tufted herbs, com-
monly growing in moist places. Inflorescence usually compound or de-
compound, paniculate, cory^mbose, cymose, or umbelloid, rarely reduced to
a single flower, bearing its flowers singly, or loosely clustered, or aggre-
gated into spikes or heads. Flowers small, regular, with or without bract-
lets (prophylla). Perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaeeous. Stamens 3 or
6, rarely 4 or 5, the anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing by a slit.

JUNCACEAE.

67

Pistil superior, tricarpous, 1-eelled or 3-celled, with 3-many ascending
anatropous ovules, and 3 filiform stigmas. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
Seeds 3-many, small, cylindrie to subglobose, with loose or close seed-coat,
with or without caruneular or tail-like appendages. Seven genera and
about 200 species, widely distributed.

1. JUNCUS L.

Usually perennial plants, principally of swamp habitat, with glabrous
herbage; stems leaf-bearing or scapose, leaf -sheaths with free margins, and
leaf-blades terete, gladiate, grass-like, or channeled. Inflorescence paniculate
or corymbose, often unilateral, sometimes congested, bearing its flowers either
singly and with 2 bractlets (prophylla), or in heads and without bractlets, but
each in the axil of a bract ; bractlets almost always entire ; stamens 6 or 3 ;
ovary 1-celled or by the intrusion of the placentae 3-celled, the placentae cor-
respondingly parietal or axial; seeds several-many, usually distinctly reticu-
lated or ribbed, often tailed. About 215 species, most abundant in the north
temperate zone. The plants bloom in summer. [Latin, from jungo, to bind,
in allusion to the use of these plants for withes.] Type species: J uncus
acutus L.

Leaf-blades terete ; tall perennials.

Inner perianth-segments obtuse ; capsule ovoid.

rerianth-segments acute ; capsule oblong.
Leaf-blades flat.

Annual ; low ; flowers solitary on the branches of the in-
florescence.

Perennial ; tall ; flowers in panicled heads.

1. J. acutus.

2. </. maritimus.

3. J. hufonins.

4. J. aristtilatus.

1. Juncus acutus L. Large Marsh
Rush. (Fig. 93.) Stems stout, 2^°-3*°
high, from stout rootstocks. Basal leaves
several, stout, stiff, often as long as the
stem, pungently tipped, terete; leaves of
the inflorescence stout, erect, tipped like
the basal ones, as long as the panicle or
shorter, or sometimes exceeding it; panicle
3'-9' long, its stiff branches nearly erect;
heads few-flowered; perianth about 2" long,
its outer segments lanceolate, the inner
oval-oblong, obtuse; stamens 6, shorter
than the perianth; capsule about 34" long,
ovoid, tipped, about twice as long as the
perianth; seeds tailed at each end, oblong.

Camden Marsh ; Coney Island ; St.
George's Island. Naturalized. Coasts of
southwestern Europe and the Mediterranean
region ; southern and lower California.

68

JUNCACEAE.

2. Juncus maritimus Lam. Sea
EuSH. (Fig. 94.) Stems 3° high or less,
from a stout horizontal rootstock.
Outer basal leaves reduced to bladeless
sheaths, the innermost Avith a long terete
stout blade about equalling the stem;
leaf of the inflorescence erect, some-
times 1° long; panicle 3'-8' high, its
branches stiff, erect ; heads 2-6-flow-
ered; perianth IV' long, its parts green,
lanceolate, with hyaline margins; flow-
ers perfect; stamens 6, two thirds as
long as the perianth; filaments about
as long as the anthers; capsule l^'long,
narrowly oblong, acute, mucronate,
brown above, 3-celled; seed brown, the
body narrowly and obliquely oblong,
tailed at either end.

Salt marshes, uncommon, but locally
forming large colonies, especially at
Spittle Pond. Native. Europe, and very
locally on the coast of the eastern United
States. Probably transported to Bermuda
by floating.

3. Juncus bufonius L. Toad Rush.
(Fig. 95.) Plant branching from the
base, annual, erect, seldom exceeding
8' in height ; leaf -blades flat, ?"-i" wide,
in low plants often much narrower; in-
florescence with blade-bearing leaves at
the lower nodes; flowers inserted singly
on its branches; perianth-parts 2"-3i"
long, lanceolate, acuminate, equal; sta-
mens usually 6, sometimes 3; anthers
shorter than the filaments; capsule
about two thirds as long as the perianth,
narrowly oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 3-
celled; seeds broadly oblong, with
straight tips, minutely reticulate in 30-
40 longitudinal rows.

Pembroke Marsh, and in cultivated
ground, Harrington House, 1909. Nat-
uralized. Native of the north temperate
zone. Flowers in spring.

Juncus tenuis Willd., Slender Eush, a similar perennial North American
species, recorded as Bermudian by Eein, Eeade, Lefroy and H. B. Small, has
not been found by recent collectors. Eeade states that it occurs in the marshes.
A specimen of a Juncus collected by Eein but not named by him proves to be
J. hufonius, and all Bermudian references to J. tenuis are probable errors for
J. 'bufonius.

JUNCAGEAE.

69

4. Juncus aristulatus Michx.

Large Grass-leaved Rush. (Fig.
96.) Plants solitary or sparingly
tufted, 2°-4° high or sometimes
lower. Stems markedly bulbous-
thickened at the base; leaves
sometimes 2^" broad; panicle 10'
high or less, composed of niuner-
ous, usually 20-100 relatively small
2-5-flowered heads ; perianth about
li" long; sepals acute or acumi-
nate; petals oblong or obovate,
obtuse, longer than the sepals;
stamens as long as the perianth
or longer; anthers much shorter
than the filaments; capsules obo-
void, about 1" long, truncate or
depressed at the apex.

Frequent in marshes. Native.
Eastern United States, Cuba, Mexico.
Flowers from spring to autumn. Its
seeds presumably transported to Ber-
muda by winds.

Family 2. LILIACEAE Adans.
Lily Family.

Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or eorms, or rarely with
rootstocks, the leaves various. Flowers solitary or clustered, regular,
mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearly distinct seg-
ments, or these more or less united into a tube, inferior or partly superior.
Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the bases of its seg-
ments; anthers 2-celled, mostly introrse, sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3-
celled; ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous;
styles united; stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
Seeds various, winged or wingless. Embryo in copious endosperm. About
125 genera and 1300 species, widely distributed. Many showy-flowered
plants are members of this family, and favorites for cultivation.

Bulbous plants with umbellate flowers and linear leaves; perianth-seg:ment9 spread-
ing 1. Xothoscordunu

Plants with a caudex, the flowers racemose, the thick leaves

spiny-toothed; perianth suboylindric. -. A Joe.

70

LILIACEAE.

1. NOTHOSCORDUM Knntli.

Scapose herbs, similar to the onions, but T\ithout alliaceous odor, with
membranous-coated bulbs, narrowly linear basal leaves and small yellow or
yellowish-green flowers in an erect 2-bracted umbel. Perianth 6-parted, wither-
ing-persistent, its segments 1-nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the
perianth-segments; anther-sacs introrsely dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 3-celled;
ovules several in each cavity; style filiform, jointed near the base, but com-
monly persistent; stigma small, capitate. Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidal. Seeds
angled or flattish, black. [Greek, signifying false garlic] About 10 species.
Type species: Northoscordum pulchellum Kunth.

1. Nothoscordum fragrans (Vent.)
Kunth. Large False Garlic. (Fig. 97.)
Bulb ovoid. Leaves 3"-8" wide, flat;
bracts ovate-acuminate, persistent; umbel
6-22-flowered; pedicels filiform, l'-2' long
in fruit; flowers 5"-6" long; perianth-seg-
ments thin, oblong, or oblong-spatulate,
longer than the stamens; capsule obovoid,
3 "-4" high, the style as long or slightly
shorter. [Allium fragrans Vent.]

Waste and cultivated grounds, Hamilton
Parish and St. George's. Naturalized in the
southern United States and Jamaica. Sup-
posed to be native of Africa. Flowers in
spring and summer. Known as " Wild Onion "
in Bermuda, and, presumably, recorded by H.
B. Small as Allium sativum. The plant differs
from ]V. hived ve (L.) Britton with which it has
sometimes been confused, by its usually broader
leaves and its obovoid capsule; the capsule of
K. bivalve is globose or depressed globose.

2. AIiOE L.

Succulent plants with a short or elongated caudex, the thick tufted leaves
with spiny-toothed margins, the racemose flowers nodding. Perianth subcylin-
dric, the segments connivent or coherent, their tips somewhat spreading.
Stamens 6, with slender filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-angled
and 3-r'Blled; style filiform, tipped by the small stigma; ovules many in each
cavity of the ovary. Capsule leathery, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous,
black. [Name ancient.] Over 75 species, mostly African, the following
typical.

LILIACEAE.

71

1. Aloe vera L. Aloes. Common Aloes.
(Fig. 98.) Acaulescent, or nearly so, stolo-
uiferous. Leaves l°-2° long, narrowly lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, turgid, very watery
within, pale glaucous-green, the marginal
spiny teeth V apart or less; scape stout, 2°-
3^° high, bearing distant, broad, acute scales;
raceme dense, 4'-12' long; bracts lanceolate,
acute, longer than the short pedicels; flowers
yellow, about 1' long; stamens about as long
as the perianth, the style longer. [A. vulgaris
Lam.]

Waste grounds and woodlands. Escaped
from cultivation and naturalized. Native of the
Mediterranean region. Flowers in summer.
Called Bxi.MBOO, according to Lefroy.

Aloe soccotrina Lam., Bitter Aloes, is

occasionally cultivated, as well as a few other

African species, interesting as ornamentals.

Aloe lingua Hook, is mentioned by Jones.

Medeola virginica L., Cucumber Root, a

North American plant of the related family

Trilliaceae, with a whorl of 4 to 10 leaves

under an umbel of small greenish flowers,

is said, by Lefroy, to be " a small annual weed

found under walls," but this appears to be an

error in record or determination.

Allium Cepa L., Onion, is one of the most important food-crops of
the islands, and the bulbs are largely exported, although the industry is
not nearly as extensive as it was some years ago. Lefroy states that

over 4,000 tons were exported in 1875.

Lilium longiflorum Thunb., Easter Lilt, White Japanese Lily, is ex-
tensively grown for export in a race (L. Harrisii Carr.) sometimes said to have
originated here, but this industry is not as important as it was some years ago,
although the Lily fields are yet a very conspicuous feature in spring. The
industry commenced about 1878 and reached its greatest development from
1890 to 1903 ; there are many references to it in horticultural literature, as in
Garden 28: 72, 1885; 30: 124, 125, 1886; 31: 561, 1887; Gardener's Chronicle
58: 113, 1885; Garden and Forest 2: 184, 185, 1889. C. W. Hervey published
an article describing it in New England Magazine 32: 193-198, 1905. The
lilies were attacked by a disease which is described and discussed by Woods,
in the 14th Bulletin of the Division of Vegetable Physiology of the United
States Department of Agriculture, by A. L. Kean in Botanical Gazette 15:
8-14; and by Mr. George A. Bishop in a paper published at Hamilton in 1S9S.
The cover-page of ''Horticulture," June 16, 1917, shows a field of this
' ' Fairy Isle Lily ' ' at Sunny Lands.

Lilium candidum L., Tall White Lily, of southern Europe, is occasionally
planted ; it has flowers with a tube wider than that of the Easter Lily, and its
leaves are broader.

Lilium Henryi Baker, Henry's Lily, Chinese, with reddish-yellow flowers
and short-stalked lanceolate leaves, was grown at Paget Rectory prior to 1914,
and other kinds of lilies have been grown there from time to time.

Lilium chalcedonicum L., Chalcedonian Lily, of southern Europe, has
few, scarlet, nodding flowers in rather long peduncles, the leaves linear; it has
been planted occasionally.

Lilium speciosum Thunb., Shoavy Lily, Japanese, also occasionally planted
has several or numerous nodding white flowers blotched with red; its lower
leaves are ovate, the upper lanceolate.

72 LILIACEAE.

Phormium tenax Forst., New Zealand Flax, of New Zealand, recorded
by Lefroy as planted in Devonshire Marsh in 1875, but not flourishing, has
2-ranked, linear leaves about 4° long and 3' wide, its red or orange flowers
about f long, panicled on a scape longer than the leaves.

Hemerocallis fulva L., Day Lily, European, with long linear leaves, and
few large clustered yellow flowers opening for a day, on scapes l°-2° high, its
roots fibrous-fleshy, its basal linear leaves V-¥ wide, is occasional in gardens.
H. B. Small's description, under this name, applies to some wholly different
plant with broad crinkled leaves and white tubular flowers on a scape 6'-8' high.

Omithogalum latifdlium L., Star-of-Bethlehem, of the Levant, with long
racemes of large greenish- white flowers and long narrow leaves, is grown in
gardens and about houses.

Abumon africanum (L.) Britton, Blue Lily, South African, with an
umbel of blue flowers on a leafless scape, is common in cultivation, generally
known as Star-of-Bethlehem. The linear leaves, shorter than the scape, ap-
pear after flowering time. [Crinum africanum L.; Agapanthus umbellahis
L'Her.]

Gloriosa simplex L., Climbing Lily, African, an herbaceous climber S** or
4° long, with alternate, broadly lanceolate, thin leaves 3-4' long, their tips
tapering into a coiled tendril, the solitary long-peduncled flowers about 3'
wide, yellow or reddish-yellow, the perianth-segments 6, spatulate, was grown
at the Agricultural Station in 1913.

Gloriosa superba L., Climbing Lily, of the Old World tropics, differing
from the preceding in having longer, wavy-crisped perianth-segments, is occa-
sionally planted.

Kniphofia Uvaria (L.) Hook., Eed-hot Poker, African, seen in a Hamil-
ton garden in 1914, has narrowly linear, rough-margined leaves '2°-3° long, the
dense racemes of flaming red nodding flowers on scapes as long as the leaves
or longer, the perianth nearly cylindric. [Aloe Uvaria L. ; Tritoma Uvaria
Ker; K. aloides Moench.]

Gasteria decipiens Haw., Tufted Gasteria, grown at the Agricultural
Station in 1913, native of South Africa, has fleshy, nearly triangular, thick,
concave leaves 2'-3' long, tufted on a very short stem, and a stalked raceme
of curved tubular flowers about 1' long, the perianth-tube dilated below,

Gasteria maculata Haw., Spotted Gasteria, is a similar South African
species, with blotched leaves; it is recorded by Jones as grown in Bermuda.
[G. oMiqua Duval.]

Hyacinthus orientalis L., Hyacinth, of southern Europe, is grown in
gardens to some extent.

Sansevieria guineensis (Jacq.) Willd., African Bowstring Hemp, of
tropical Africa, a fibre-plant with long, basal, flat mottled leaves up to 3° long,
l'-4' wide, and dense racemes of greenish-white, fragrant, tubular flowers on
scapes, the corolla V-IV long, is common in gardens and occasionally seen in
waste places. [Aletris guineensis Jacq.]

Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd., Ceylon Bowstring Hemp, of southern
Asia, similar, but with narrower concave leaves, was grown at the Agricultural
Station in 1913. [Aletris hyacinthoides zeylanica L.]

Chlorophytum elatum E. Br., Chlorophytum, South African, with narrow
tufted basal leaves and small whitish flowers in a narrow panicle, is grown in
flower-gardens.

' CONVALLARIACEAE. 73

Urginea maritima (L.) Baker, Sea Onion, Sea Squills, of the Mediter-
ranean region, with large deep bulbs up to 6' in diameter, a slender scape l°-3°
long bearing a many-flowered raceme, often 1' long, of slender-pedicelled,
purplish-white flowers, their perianth-segments V long, the later-appearinn-
lanceolate leaves about 1° long and 3' wide, is grown in flower-gardens.
[Scilla maritima L.]

Family 3. CONVALLARIACEAE Link.
LiLY-OF-THE- Valley Family.

Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, with simple or branched rootstocks.
Flowers solitary, racemose, panicled or umbelled, regular and perfect.
Leaves broad, parallel-veined and sometimes with cross-veinlets, in Aspara-
gus and its allies reduced to scales bearing filiform or flattened branchlets
in their axils. Perianth inferior, 4-8-paii:ed with separate segments, or
oblong, cylindric or urn-shaped and 6-lobed or 6-toothed. Stamens 6-8,
rarely 4, hypogynous or borne on the perianth; anthers introrsely, ex-
trorsely or laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-eelled, superior; ovules ana-
tropous or amphitropous; style slender or short; stigma mostly 3-lobed.
Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo small. Endosperm
copious. About 23 genera and 215 species, widely distributed.

There are no native nor naturalized plants of this family in Bermuda.

Asparagus officinalis L., Asparagus, European, is occasionally grown as a
vegetable, but scarcely as a crop, although it apparently thrives.

Asparagus plumosus Baker, South African, an herbaceous climber with
very narrow linear leaves, whitish flowers and small black berries, is cultivated
on arbors and porches for decoration.

Asparagus africanus Lam., or a related species, a low climber, with linear-
subulate, nearly terete leaves about 5" long and i" thick, numerous in approxi-
mate verticils, was growing at the Agricultural Station in 1913, represented by
a small plant neither flowering nor fruiting, the identification, therefore, not
certain.

Lefroy records the successful cultivation in 1875 of a plant called Aspara-
gus natalensis, but this name does not appear to have been published, botan-
ically; it may apply to the following species.

Asparagus Sprengeri Eegel, of Natal, seen at Montrose in 1914, is a low
climber, with linear, flat, acute, whorled and scattered leaves 8"-l-4" long,
about 1" wide, the small, odorous white flowers short-racemose, the red globose
berries about \' in diameter.

Aspidistra lurida Ker, Aspidistra, Chinese, grown in flower-gardens, has
numerous, basal, tufted, rather rigid, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shining leaves
l°-2° long, narrowed into channeled petioles; the purplish flowers are on very
short scapes among the petioles, the perianth with 8 parts, stamens 8, the
stigma peltate.

Convallaria majalis L., Lily-of-the-Valley, European and North Ameri-
can, rarely planted, and reported as not succeeding well in Bermuda, has long
rootstocks, 2 or 3 basal, oblong or elliptic, petioled leaves 1° long or less, and a
1-sided raceme of white fragrant campanulate, nodding flowers, the corolla 3"
long.

74 SMILACEAE.

Family 4. SMILACEAE Vent.

Smilax Family.

Mostly vines with woody or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves
alternate, netted-veined, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole sheathing, bear-
ing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages, persistent, the blade falling
away. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels, perianth-
segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligulate; anthers basi-
fixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary' 3-celled, the cavities opposite the inner
perianth-segments; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous ; stj'le very
short or none ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry containing 1-6 brownish
seeds. Endosperm horny, copious; embryo small, oblong, remote from the
hilum. Genera 3, species about 200, in warm and temperate regions.

1. SMILAX L.
Rootstocks usually large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climbing
by means of the coiling appendages of the petiole. Lower leaves reduced to
scales. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Pedicels
borne on a globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among
minute bractlets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments.
Staminate flowers, without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the
staminate, usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple
(rarely white), with strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer
part of the pulp, connected at the base and apex. [Ancient Greek name, per-
haps not originally applied to these plants.] About 225 species of wide dis-
tribution, most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Type species: Smilax
aspera L.

Smilax Bona-nox L., North American, was seen in 1912 in thickets and
planted borders at Mt. Langdon. It is a branched vine, somewhat prickly,
with halberd-shaped pointed leaves. Lefroy records the naturalization of a
species of this genus at Camden, under the name Smilax sagittaefolia, called
Sarsaparilla. Reade notes the plant grown, used and sold as Sarsaparilla
is the Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissns quinque folia, and this remark is yet
true. Verill states that Smilax sagittaefolia Lodd. is the same as S. aspera L.

Smilax officinalis Kunth, South American, with ovate-oblong, cordate,
acute, glabrous and shining leaves about 6' long, was represented in the collec-
tion at the Agricultural Station in 1913.

Family 5. DRACAENACEAE Link.

Dracaexa Family.

Shrubby plants or trees, with woody caudices which are generally
copiously leafy. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, firm or rigid, sometimes
with marginal filaments, often finely toothed. Flowers in racemes or
panicles. Sepals and petals 3 each, but little dissimilar. Stamens 6.
Filaments distinct, sometimes partially adnate to the perianth. Anthers
2-eelled. Carpels 3, united. Ovary superior, 1-3 celled. Styles united,
sometimes very short or obsolete during anthesis, but manifest in fruit.
Ovules 2-several, or many in each cavity. Fruit a primarily loeulicidal
capsule, or berry-like and indehiscent. About 8 genera and upward of 100
species, mostly of tropical distribution.

DRACAENACEAE.

75

1. YUCCA L.

Large scapose or caulescent plants, with short or elongated, sometimes
horizontal rootstocks. Leaves firm or rarely thinnish, narrow, rigidly pointed,
commonly furnished with thread-like fibers along the edges, serrulate or entire.
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Perianth usually white, drooping,
subglobose to campanulate; sepals and petals distinct or slightly united at the
base. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments enlarged above, shorter than the
perianth. Ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsule dehiscent, or berry-like
and indehiscent. Seeds flattened or turgid. [Aboriginal name.] About 30
species, native of North and Central America and the West Indies, the follow-
ing typical.

1. Yucca aloifolia L. Spanish
Bayonet. (Fig. 99.) Caudex stout, up
to 10° high, often branched; plant usu-
ally growing in colonies forming large
masses. Leaves 3° long or less, stiff,
sharp-pointed, the upper spreading, the
older lower ones deflexed, the base ex-
panded; panicle ample, often 2° long,
showy; perianth white, or purplish-
tinged, about 2' long, its segments ob-
long; caj)sule pulpy, indehiscent, oblong,
2i'-3i' long. Seeds thin. [Yucca serrii-
lata of Lefroy, Jones and H. B. Small.]

Common on sand dunes and on hill-
sides. Very abundant and luxuriant on
south coast, Somerset Island. Native.
Southeastern United States and West Indies.
Flowers from spring to autumn. Probably
transported to Bermuda by floating. Locally
used for hedges.

Yucca gloriosa L., Elegant Spanish
Bayonet, of the southeastern United
States, recorded by Jones, is similar with
somewhat larger flowers and smaller
capsules, the seeds thick.

Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth, Purple Cordyline, Purple Dracaena,
of tropical Asia, commonly grown for ornament, has an erect trunk up to 12°
high, bearing at the top a tuft of petioled, oblong purple, mottled or green
leaves l°-2° long, 4-8' wide with a strong midvein and many nearly parallel
nerves, surmounted by a large panicle of spicate white flowers, the 6-parted
perianth about V long. [Dracaena terminalis L.]

Cordyline australis (Forst.) Hook., New Zealand Cordyline or Dracaena,
becomes taller than the preceding species and has a terminal tuft of nearly
linear, sessile, green, purple or variegated leaves up to 4° long, I'-l^' wide; its
white, panicled flowers are 3"-4" long. It is recorded by Lefroy as having been
grown in Bermuda and is also mentioned by Jones. [Charlwoodia australis
G. Don.]

Several other kinds of Dracaenas have been introduced as ornamentals, but
have either not succeeded very well, or failed altogether. D. Lindeni, a horti-

76

DEACAENACEAE.

cultural race of Pleomele fragrans (L.) N. E. Brown, with recurved, whitish-
banded leaves, is one of the most ornamental.

Family 6. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl.

Amaryllis Family.

Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), with
bulbs or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually narrow
and entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6-
parted or 6-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a tube
which is adnate to the surface of the ovary. Stamens usually 6, inserted
on the bases of the perianth-segments or in the throat of the perianth op-
posite the lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed, 2-cellecl, the sacs usually
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, usually 3-celled.
Style filiform, entire, lobed, or cleft into 3 stigmas at the summit. Ovules
usually numerous, rarely only 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary, ana-
tropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, the embryo
small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. About 70 genera and 800 species,
principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the temperate
zones.

Perianth-tube with a crown.
Perianth without a crown.

Filaments united below by a thin membrane.
Ovules many ; capsule 3-valved.
Ovules only 2 in each cavity.
Filaments not united by a membrane.

Low bulbous plants with grasslike leaves.
Large plants with great tufts of fleshy leaves.

1. yarcissi(s.

2. Pancratium.

3. Hymenocallis.

4. Atamosco.

5. Furcraea.

1. NARCISSUS L.
Bulbous plants with narrow entire leaves
and umbelled or solitary yellow or white large
flowers. Perianth-tube cylindric, its lobes
spreading or reflexed, its crown tubular to cup-
shaped ; stamens 6 ; anthers linear to oblong.
Ovary 3-celled; style slender or filiform;
stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds black, numerous. [Greek, referring to
narcotic properties.] About 20 species, mostly
of the Mediterranean region. Type species:
Narcissus poeticus L.

1. Narcissus Tazetta L. Narcissus.
(Fig. 100.) Bulbs l'-2' in diameter; leaves
linear, nearly or quite as long as the scape,
pale, glaucescent, 5"-8" wide. Scape flattened ;
umbel several-flowered, the slender pedicels
unequal ; bract membranous ; perianth-tube
about 9" long, the limb white or yellow, about
IV broad, the crown saucer-shaped, yellow\

Hillsides and fields. Escaped from cultiva-
tion and naturalized. Native of southern Europe
and central Asia. Flowers in spring. Consists
of manv races.

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

77

Narcissus Jonquilla L., Jonquil, European, common in gardens, has yel-
low flowers with a cup-shaped crown and is recorded by Lefroy as escaped from
cultivation.

2. PANCRATIUM L.

Bulbous herbs with fleshy, linear basal leaves, and large white flowers,
umbellate or solitary on leafless scapes. Bulbs coated. Bracts 2, membranous.
Perianth funnelform, its 6 narrow lobes erect-spreading, its tube short or
elongated. Stamens inserted at the perianth-throat, not exserted, united be-
low by a thin membrane; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules
in 2 rows in each cavity; style long, filiform; stigma small and capitate.
Capsule 3-angled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, flattened, angled, black. [Greek,
all-powerful.] About 15 species, natives of warmer parts of the Old World, the
following typical.

1. Pancratium maritimum L. Sea

Daffodil. (Fig. 101.) Bulb short-necked,
about 3' thick, brown-coated. Scape rather
stout, flattened, about 1° high, bearing an
umbel of 5-10 flowers on very short pedicels ;
leaves several, 2° long or less, glaucous-
green, S'^-IO" wide ; bracts ovate, acuminate,
2' long or less; flowers 3-4' long, the nar-
row tube gradually expanded above, some-
what longer than the linear segments; stam-
inal membranous cup about 1' long, toothed
between the filaments. Capsule short-oblong,
y long, f thick, bluntly 3-lobed; seeds
about 7" long.

On grassy banks and in yards, Boaz Island
near Watford Bridge. Naturalized. Native of
southern Europe. Recorded by Reade from
the same place in 1883, and still abundant
there in 1012, flowering freely in autumn and
late summer.

3. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.

Fleshy herbs, with coated bulbs and large white flowers. Leaves basal,
linear or nearly so, often strap-like. Scape terminated by an umbel, with
membranous bracts. Perianth showy, its tube elongated, slender, its lobes
narrow, nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 6 ; filaments adnate to the perianth-
tube, above which they are connected by a thin cup-like or saucer-shaped mem-
brane; anthers narrow, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, exserted;
stigma nearly entire. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Capsule thick, rather
fleshy. Seeds green and fleshy, 1 or 2 in each cavity. [Greek, beautiful mem-
brane.] About 30 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Hy-
menocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.

78

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

1. Hymenocallis declinata (Jacq.)
Roemer. Spider-Lily. (Fig. 102.) Bulbs
subglobose, short-necked, 2' in diameter or
more. Scape stout, compressed, 2-edged,
2°-3° high, bearing an umbel of 8-15
sessile flowers ; leaves broadly linear,
acutish, 2'-3' Avide at the middle, narrowed
to about 1' wide at the base; flowers 6'-
8' long, the narrow tube about as long
as the linear segments; bracts lanceolate,
acute ; staminal membranous cup about
one third as long as the free portion of
the filaments ; fruit about IV long. [Pan-
cratium ovatum of Reade, Jones and H.
B. Small; P. declinatum Jacq.; Hymeno-
callis carlhaea of Moore; Pancratium ex-
imnsum Sims.]

Frequent on coastal banks and common
in gardens. Naturalized. Native of the
West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn.

HyTnenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb.,
Long Spider Lily, with tube of the
corolla 6'-7' long and much longer than the limb, is common in gardens, flower-
ing freely in late summer. It is probably native of the West Indies. [Pan-
cratium littorale Jacq.; H. pedalis Herb.]

4. ATAMOSCO Adans.
Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal,
narrowly linear, flat or channeled. Scape 1-flowered. Perianth white, pink,
purple or yellow, its tube funnelform, its lobes 6, equal. Stamens 6, equal or
nearly so ; filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube ; anthers versatile.
Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, 3-lobed at top, or stigma nearly capitate. Ovules
numerous, in two rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-
celled, subglobose or depressed, more or less 3-
lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds black or nearly
so, usually flattened. [Greek, wind-flower.] About
35 species, natives of America. Type species:
Amaryllis atamasco L. [Z ephyranthes Herb.]

Flower white.
Flower rose-pinl?.

Flower I'-li' high.

Flower 2'-3i' high.

1. A. tuMspatha.

2. A. rosea.

3. A. Atamasco.

1. Atamosco tubispatha (L'Her.) Maza.
White Atamasco Lily. (Fig. 103.) Bulb ovoid or
subglobose, about 1' in diameter, short-necked.
Scape slender, 6-12' high, shorter than or about
equalling the leaves, which are 2"-3" wide; spathe
membranous, about 1' long, 2-cleft at the top,
usually shorter than the slender peduncle ; flower
li'-2' long, white, or a little greenish, the tube
cleft ; capsule about 6" thick. [Amaryllis tubispatha
L'Her.]

Commonly cultivated and occasionally escaped into
waste grounds. Native of tropical America. Flowers
in spring and summer.

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

79

2. Atamosco rosea (Spreng.) Greene.
Small Pink Atamasco Lily. (Fig. 104.)
Bulb ovoid or subglobose, usually less- than 1' in
diameter, short-necked. Scape rather slender,
8' high or less, as long as the leaves or longer;
spathe about half as long as the peduncle, 2-
cleft at the top; flower V-IY long, rose-pink,
with a short tube and obovate bluntish seg-
ments; style 3-cleft; capsule about 4" thick.
[Amaryllis rosea Spreng.; Zephyr aiithes rosea
Lindl.]

Commonly cultivated, and occasionally escaped.
Native of the West Indies. Flowers in spring and
summer.

Atamosco bifolia (Lam.) Britton [Zephy-
ranthes hi folia M. J. Roemer] Santo Domingan,
with a much larger rose purple flower, longer
and broader leaves, is planted in gardens.

Atamosco Eggersiana (Urban) Britton,
Yellow Atamasco Lily, Cuban, grown in
gardens, has a bright yellow flower about IV
long on a scape about 1° long. [Zephyr anthes
Eggersiana Urban.]

3. Atamosco Atamasco (L.)
Greene. Atamasco Lily. (Fig.
105.) Bulb ovoid, about 1' long.
Leaves fleshy, shining, 12' long or
less, li"-3" wide, blunt, usually
shorter than the scape; scape
terete, erect; bract 2-cleft into
acuminate lobes, longer than the
ovary; flowers 2^-82' high, white
with a purplish tinge or some-
times light purple; perianth-seg-
ments oblong-lanceolate, acute,
shorter than the tube; stamens
shorter than the tube; style longer
than the stamens; capsule de-
pressed, about 6" high. [Amaryl-
lis Atamasco L.]

Occasional in fields, escaped
from cultivation. Native of the
southeastern T'nited States. Flowers
in spring, occasionally also in autumn.

5. FURCRAEA Vent.
Large succulent plants with tufted basal leaves and tall scapes, the in-
florescence terminal, paniculate. Perianth of 6 spreading segments, slightly
united at the base. Stamens borne on the bases of the segments; filaments
thickened below the middle; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-celled, with many

80

AMAEYLLIDACEAE.

ovules in 2 rows in each cavity; style rather stout, 3-angled and thickened
below, tipped by small stigma. Capsule oblong, 3-sided, 3-valved. Seeds
numerous, flat. [Dedicated to Antoine Francois de Fourcroy.] About 20
species, of tropical America. Type species: Furcraea cubensis (Jacq.) Vent.

1. Furcraea macrophylla Baker.

Wild Sisal. (Fig. 106.) Leaves many,
the larger about 7° long by 7' wide,
nearly equally bright green on both
sides, shallowly channeled above, rather
firm, gradually narrowed to 2' or 3'
wide above the expanded base, the
lower prickles V-IY' long, the upper
strongly hooked forward, f'-3' apart,
borne on triangular distant teeth 2"-3"
high; scape up to 30° tall, about 6'
thick toward the base, its lanceolate
bracts broad-based, the lower l°-2° long,
ascending, the upper shorter, widely
spreading panicle branches curved and
tortuous when young; flowers white,
fading yellowish-green, with the odor of
wintergreen, at night. [F. gigantea of
Jones and Verrill.]

Abundant in thickets, woodlands and
along walls, and a menace to other vegeta-
tion. Naturalized. Native of the Baha-
mas. Flowers in autumn, the blossoms per-
sistent and withering in protected plants
up to the middle of December, the in-
florescence also bearing hundreds of ovate
bulbils, by which the plant is freely propa-
gated. Larger, flattened bulbils are some-
times produced in the leaf -axils ; these grow
into slender shoots 4° or 5° long, which
bear flowers the following year.

Furcraea cubensis (Jacq.) Yent., Cuban, was sent as young plants from
the New York Botanical Garden to the Agricultural Station in Paget in 1913,
and from the same source to Paget Eectory in 1914. [Agave ciihensis Jacq.]

Agave americana L., €entury Plant, with bluish green, usually varie-
gated spiny leaves, and yellow tubular flowers, presumably native of Mexico,
but not known in the wild state, is freely planted for ornament. [A. picta
Salm-Dyck.]

Agave barbadensis Trel., Barbadoes Century Plant, has rather dull
green leaves, the largest about 5° long by 6' wide, their dark brown teeth about
1" long, the poles up to 15° high and 5' in diameter, were observed growing on
cliffs, north shore, east of Bayley's Bay in September, 1912, the colony consist-
ing of one dead poled plant, one large plant and many small plants from bulbils
of the dead poled one, grown presumably from cultivated specimens thrown out
several years before. The plant is commonly grown for ornament and pro-
duces bulbils very freely.

Agave furcroydes Lemaire, Hennequin, Mexican, with narrow spiny-
toothed blue-green leaves up to 5° long and 3' or 4' wide, the tall inflorescence
mostly modified into bulbils, is commonly planted for ornament and interest.

Agave sisalana Perrine, Sisal, Mexican, with narrow green leaves mostly
unarmed except for the terminal spine, its inflorescence largely modified to
bulbils, widely grown in the Bahama Islands, Cuba and Yucatan as an important
fibre plant has been planted in the Public Gardens, and at Paynter's Yale.

AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 81

A number of other Agaves have been grown from time to time. Jones and
Verrill mention the Mexican species A. mexicana Lam., A. striata Zucc. and A.
xylonacantha Salm-Dyck. In 1913, A. Lecheguilla Torrey, Mexican, and A.
Wightiana, were seen at the Agricultural Station, among other unnamed species.

Later, in the same year, the following were sent to the Agricultural
Station from the New York Botanical Garden, and were living in 1914:

Agave Undenvoodii Trelease, Cuban.

Agave cienfuegosana Trelease, Cuban.

Agave decipiens Baker, Floridian.

Agave longipes Trelease, Jamaican.

Agave missionum Trelease, Virgin Islands [sent also to Paget Rectory
in 1914].

Agave obducta Trelease, Antiguan.

Agave victoria-reginae Moore, Mexican.

Agave atrovirens Karw., Mexican.

Agave Scolymus Karw., Mexican [sent also to Paget Rectory in 1914].

Agave Vera-crus Mill., Mexican.

Agave chloracantha Salm-Dyck, Mexican.

Agave ferox Koch, Mexican.

Agave lophantha Scheele, Mexican.

Agave Franzosinii, of hybrid origin.

Agave WercMei Trelease, Central American.

In 1914, the following were sent to Paget Rectory from the New York
Botanical Garden:

Agave Legrelliana Jacobi, Cuban.

Agave Morrisii Baker, Jamaican.

Agave longipes Trelease, Jamaican.

Agave soholifera Salm-Dyck, Jamaican.

Agave tuhulata Trelease, Cuban.

Agave Karatto Mill., Leeward Islands.

A plant of Agave neglecta J. K. Small, Floridian, was seen at Wood
Haven in 1914.

Hippeastnim puniceum (Lam.) Urban, Barbadoes Lily, "West Indian,
with few, large, red or vermillion, nodding flowers at the end of a leafless scape,
longer than the linear-oblong leaves, from a globose bulb about 2' thick, blooms
in spring, and is frequent in gardens. [Amaryllis equestris Ait.]

Crinum zeylanicum L., Ceylon Lily, of tropical Asia, occasional in
gardens, has large globose bulbs, thin leaves 2°-3° long, 2'-4' vride, and several
umbelled flowers with a curved tube 4-5' long, the segments lanceolate.

Crinum amabile Donn, Giant Lily, of the Seychelles, with leaves up to
5° long and 5'-6' wide, and an umbel of purplish-white flowers 6'-7' long, with
a straight tube, blooms at intervals throughout the year. Its bulb has a
long neck.

Crinum cruentum Ker, Mexican, is similar, with a stoloniferous short-
necked bulb.

Crinum asiaticum L., St, John's Lily, of tropical Asia, occasionally
planted, has globose bulbs about 5' in diameter with necks 6'-9' long, leaves
3°-4° long, 5' wide or less, many white pedicelled flowers with slender tubes
3'-4' long and linear segments 2'-3' long.

Crinum giganteum And., South African, recorded in ' ' Florist 's Exchange
of Jan. 17, 1914, as grown in Bermuda, has bulbs 4'-5' in diameter, leaves
about 3° long and 4' wide, few white, sessiie flowers with tubes up to /' long
and imbricated, oblong, acute segments 3'-4' long.

Nerine samiensis (L.) Herb., Guernsey Lily, of South Africa, flowers
before its long narrow leaves appear, with an umbel of erect, red to crimson

7

82 AMAEYLLIDACEAE.

flowers on a scape about a foot high, from ovoid bulbs about 2' thick; its 6
stamens are exserted beyond the 6 linear-oblong recurving perianth-segments.
It is frequent in gardens. [Amaryllis sarniensis L.]

Nerine flexuosa (Jacq.) Herb., Pink Nerine, also South African, recorded
by Jones, has declined pink flowers from similar, somewhat smaller bulbs.
[Amaryllis flexuosa Jacq.; Nerine pulchella Herb.]

Eucharis grandiflora Planch., Amazon Lily, Colombian, occasional in
gardens, has globose bulbs about 2' thick, oblong leaves about 1° long and 5'
wide on petioles 1° long, umbelled white flowers, with a nearly cylindric tube,
an expanded throat and 6 spreading oblong, blunt segments about 2' long, the
staminal cup of six connate segments V long. [E. amasonica Linden.]

Cyrtanthus Mackenii Hook., f., Ifafa Lily, South African, grown at
Water View in 1915, has ovoid bulbs about IV in diameter, linear leaves 6-12'
long and about I' wide, the several, umbellate, pure white, very fragrant
flowers borne on a scape about as long as the leaves, the perianth with a narrow,
gradually dilated tube about 2' long, its spreading segments J' long, the slender,
exserted style tipped by a slightly 3-lobed stigma.

Amaryllis Belladonna L., Belladonna Lily, South African, with large
bulbs, the scape about 2h° high bearing an umbel of short-pedicelled, rose-
colored, fragrant flowers about 3' long, the corolla-lobes somewhat spreading,
is planted in flower-gardens, blooming before the long narrow strap-shaped
leaves appear. In Amaryllis the stamens are separate, not connected by a mem-
brane, and not exserted beyond the corolla.

Curculigo recurvata Dryand., Curculigo, East Indian, is a stemless her-
baceous plant, with dark green, narrowly oblong, acute, strongly parallel-
veined, arching leaves 2°-3° long, the petioles short, stout and channeled; the
rather small yellow flowers are in short, dense spikes borne on hairy, curved
peduncles about as long as the petioles ; the corolla is about I' broad, the ovary
beaked. It is frequently grown for ornament.

Stembergia lutea (L.) Ker., Sternbergia, of the Mediterranean region,
reported as grown in flower-gardens, has a deep bulb l'-2' thick, slender scapes,
1-4 from each bulb, mostly somewhat shorter than the narrowly linear leaves,
the bright yellow flower about 2' high, the 6-lobed corolla funnelform.
[Amaryllis lutea L.]

Polianthes tuberosa L., Tuberose, Mexican, frequent in flower gardens,
has a tuberous rootstock, erect stems ll°-2>° high bearing several narrowly
linear leaves, the lower ones l°-li° long, and a terminal spike of white, fra-
grant flowers, the perianth-segments about 8" long, the stamens borne at about
the middle of the perianth-tube.

Leucojum aestivumL., Summer Snov^flake, European, occasionally grown
in gardens, has bulbs about V thick, linear leaves about 1° long, and a scape
bearing several white nodding flowers, the corolla-segments with greenish tips.

Doryanthes Palmeri W. Hill, Palmer's Doryanthes, Australian, seen at
the Agricultural Station in 1913, resembles an Agave, having a basal tuft of
narrow leaves up to 6° long, the outer ones recurved, the inner nearly erect, all
with brown, tubular tips, entire-margined. The flowering stem arises -to a
height of about 25°, surmounted by a panicle, about 3° long, of scarlet flowers.

Alstroemeria inodora Herb., Alstroemeria, Brazilian, grown at Mount
Hope in 1914, has tuberous rootstocks, erect leafy stems about 2° high, the
leaves of sterile stems narrowly oblong, petioled, 3'-4' long, those of flowering
stems linear-lanceolate and smaller, the umbelled, terminal flowers with 6
spatulate segments about 2' long, rose-colored and cinnamon-brown mottled.
[A. nemorosa Graham.]

DIOSCOREACEAE. 83

Family 7. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl.

Yam Family.

Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with fleshy or woody
rootstoeks, slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and
reticulate-veined leaves, and small inconspicuous dioecious or monoecious
regular flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth 6-parted, that of
the pistillate flowers persistent. Staminate flowers with G or 3 stamens,
sometimes with a rudimentaiy ovaiy. Pistillate flowers with an interior
3-celled ovarj-, 3 styles and 3 terminal stig-mas, sometimes also with 3 or 6
staminodia; ovules 2 (rarely 1) in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous,
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angied capsule in the
following genus. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilaginous, enclosing
the small embryo. About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of
America, a few in the Old World.

1. DIOSCOREA L.

Characters of the family as defined above. [Name in honor of the Greek
naturalist Dioscorides.] About 160 species, most numerous in tropical regions,
a few in the temperate zones. Type species: Dioscorea sativa L. There are
no native nor naturalized species of the Yam Family in Bermuda.

Dioscorea sativa L., one of the yams widely cultivated in tropical America,
has been grown locally, at times, but has not obtained any economic importance,
and it is not known to exist in Bermuda at present. It is a high-climbing
glabrous vine, with thin, slender-petioled, broadly ovate, deeply cordate
acuminate, palmately-veined leaves, minute, green flowers in long, clustered
spikes, and large underground edible tubers. [D. luiea of Jones.]

Dioscorea bulbifera L., Air Potato, of tropical Asia, sometimes planted
for interest, has similar leaves and flowers, but has the peculiarity of producing
tubers in the leaf -axils.

Family 8. IRIDACEAE Lindl.

Iris Family.

Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect,
mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or
6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovar}^, the segments or lobes in two series,
convolute in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the
perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform,
distinct or united; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly 3-
celled; ovules mostly numerous in each cell, anatropous: style 3-cleft, its
branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, 3-
angled or 3-lobed (sometimes 6-lobed), many-seeded. Endosperm fleshy
or horny; embryo straight, small. About 57 genera and 1000 species, of
wide distribution.

Perianth-segments separate, spreading. 1. Sisyrinchium.

Perianth funnelform, 6-lobed. 2. Freesea.

84

IRIDACEAE.

1. SISYRINCHIUM L.

Perennial mostly tufted slender herbs with fibrous roots from contracted
rootstocks, simple or branched 2-winged or 2-edged stems, and linear leaves.
Flowers from terminal spathes consisting of mostly one pair of opposite con-
duplicate herbaceous bracts enclosing membranous scales; perianth blue, violet,
or white with a yellow eye, rarely all yellow, the 6 oblong or obovate segments
spreading and aristulate; filaments monadelphous ; anthers linear or oblong,
the sacs distinct at base; style threadform, the branches filiform or obsolete;
ovary 3-celled; capsule globose, oval or obovoid, usually trigonous, loculicidally
3-valved; seeds globose to obovoid, often angled, pitted or smooth. Flowers
fugacious, opening successively in sunlight, each usually lasting but a day.
[Probably not less than 150 species, nearly all American, the following typical.]

1. Sisyrinchium Bermudiana L. Ber-
MuDiAXA. Bermuda Iris. Bermuda Blue-
eyed Grass. (Fig. 107.) Glabrous; stem
rather slender, 10'-20' high, flattened and
winged, usually branched. Leaves linear,
smooth, 2"-5" wide, acuminate, the basal
ones 4'-12' long, those of the stem shorter;
peduncles several, flattened and winged like
the stem, but more slender; spathes about
1' long, acute, narrowly scarious-margined,
several-flowered; pedicels filiform, longer
than the spathe; perianth-segments obovate,
emarginate, long-aristulate, bright violet-
blue with yellow bases, 6"-8" long; filament-
column about one third as long as the peri-
anth-segments, the anthers yellow; capsule
globose-oblong, blunt, 3"-4" long, splitting
into 3 valves and long-persistent. [S. irid-
oides Curtis^ Bot. Mag. 3: pi. 94.]

In all dry sunny places, very abundant,
and the most characteristic herbaceous plant
of Bermuda. Endemic. Flowers in spring.

For many years, and until the many
continental species of Sisyrinchium were
known to botanists, the Bermuda plant was
regarded as the same as North American
kinds, a view which has been proven quite
erroneous, and the Bermuda species does not grow wild elsewhere, as pointed
out by Hemsley in 1884 (Journ. Bot. 22: 108-110) but the early botanists
considered it distinct; it, doubtless, originated however from seed of one of
the continental species brought to Bermuda by a bird or on the wind, the
plant becoming differentiated through isolation from its parent-stock. Among
living species it resembles more Sisyrincliium alatum Hooker, of Mexico than
any of the species of the eastern United States or the West Indies, but it would
not be safe to conclude that S. alatum was its ancestor.

The oldest known specimen of this beautiful and interesting plant is one
collected by J. Dickenson about 1699, preserved in the Sloane herbarium at the
British Museum of Natural History. Early illustrations of it are given by
Plukenet (Phytographia pi. 61, f. 2) and by Dillenius (Hortus Elthamensis
pi. 41, f. 48) and a fine colored picture by Eedoute (Liliacees pi. 149).

The Iris-like, equitant leaves begin to appear in September. The plant is
not hardy in England nor in the northeastern United States, but it would

IRIDACEAE.

85

probably grow well in southern Florida. Plants taken to the New York
Botanical Garden flowered freely under glass, and from one of these was made
Miss Eaton's painting, reproduced as a frontispiece for this book.

2. FREESEA Eckl.
Herbs with fibrous-coated corms, narrow leaves and showy yellow or white
flowers in unilateral spikes, each flower subtended by 2 spathe-like bracts.
Perianth with a curved funnelform tube and an expanded slightly 2-lobed limb,
its somewhat unequal segments oblong; stamens borne on the perianth-throat;
filaments filiform; anthers linear, sagittate. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled;
style filiform, its short branches 2-cleft. Capsule oblong, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds turgid. [Name not explained.] A monotypic South African genus.

1. Freesea refracta (Jacq.) Klatt.

Freesea. (Fig. 1(38.) Corm ovoid to
subglobose, 1" long or more. Leaves
4'-10' long, mostly basal, about 3"
wide, acute; stem l°-li° high, flexuous,
simple or few-branched; spike spread-
ing nearly at right angles, 2'-4' long,
several-flowered, bracts oblong-lanceo-
late, 8" long or less; perianth I'-l*'
long, the limb much shorter than the
tube. [Gladiolus refractus Jacq.]

In fields, spontaneous or persistent
after cultivation. Native of South Africa.
Flowers in spring. Races differ in size and
color of the flowers.

Gladiolus species, Corn-flag, Gla-
DiOLius, grown in gardens, in several
races, flower in spring and summer;
the style-branches are undivided.

Iris germanica L., Fleur de Lis,
grown in gardens, flowers in spring, and
other species of Iris are occasionally
cultivated. Jones records /. virginica
L., North American, and I. violacea
Sweet, of southern Europe.

Antholyza aethiopica L., South
African, with foliage similar to that of Gladiolus, the reddish-yellow flowers
with a curved tube, is commonly grown as a garden flower.

Tigridia Pavonia (L. f.) Ker., Tiger-flower, Central American, bulbous,
with linear leaves often 1° long, tapering at each end, simple stems about 2°
high, bearing few or solitary yellow or orange, usually mottled flowers 4'-6'
broad, the perianth-segments of two dissimilar series of 3 each, the larger ones
spreading, is occasionally grown in flower-gardens. [Ferraria Pavonia L. f.]

Tritonia crocosmaeflora Lemoine, Moxtbrietia, South African, of hy-
brid origin, grown in gardens, is a bulbous plant 3°-4° high, with narrowly
linear leaves about 1° long, and showy orange flowers, sessile in terminal pan-
icles, its perianth-segments narrowly oblong.

A scarlet-flowered species of Ixia, with linear leaves about 8' long and 21"
wide, the very slender corolla-tube 1' long, the corolla-limb about *' wide, was
seen growing in the lawn at Norwood in 1914. Ixias are natives of South
Africa.

86

CANNACEAE.

Order 10. SCITAMINALES.
Large monoeotyledonous herbs with very irregular flowers. Ovary
inferior, composed of several united carpels. Seeds with endosperm.

Pollen-bearing stamen only 1.

Ovules many in each ovary-cavity ; fruit a capsule.
Anthers 1-celled.
Anthers 2-celled.
Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity ; fruit a utricle.
Pollen-bearing stamens 5,

Fam. 1. Caxnaceae.

Fam. 2. Zixgiberaceae.

Fam. 3. MAliAXTACEAE.

Fam. 4. Musaceae.

Family 1. CANNACEAE Link.
Caxna Family.

Perennial herbs, with erect stems. Leaves alternate; the petioles
sheathing the stem. Flowers perfect, in terminal racemes or spike-like
racemes. Perianth usually showy, large. Sepals 3, imbricated, erect.
Petals 3, more or less united below into a tube and adnate to the corolloid
androecium. Filaments petal-like, the 3 exterior nearly equal, sterile, the
2 interior more or less united, but only one filament anther-bearing.
Carpels 3; ovary 3-celled, inferior, with parietal placentae; style petal-
like; stigma m.arginal; ovules numerous. Fruit a 3-celled loculicidally 3-
valved papillose or bristly capsule. Seeds with a membranous or some-
what fleshy testa, embryo sometimes flattened; endosperm horny. Only
the following genus.

1. CANNA L.

Characters of the family. [Latin, a cane or reed.] About 35 species,
natives tropical America. Type species: Canna indica L.

1. Canna Indica L. Cane Shot.
Indian Shot. (Fig. 109.) Stems 1°-
3° tall, commonly simple, slender.
Leaves oblong, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-
ovate, 8-20' long, acute or acuminate,
entire, rounded at the base; petioles
sheathing ; spikes few-flowered ; sepals
oblong, acute; petals pale green or yel-
lowish-green, lanceolate, about 1^' long;
filaments bright red; lip reddish-yel-
low, spotted with red, entire.

Waste grounds, escaped from cultiva-
tion.

Canna coccinea Ait., West Indian,
a similar usually taller species, the lip
2-cleft, is grown for ornament.

Canna glauca L., Yellow Canna,
tropical American, with bright yellow
flowers (probably the plant recorded by
H. B. Smafl as C. hitea) and Canna
edulis Ker., Tous-les-Mois, a tall red-
flowered species with tuberous edible
rootstocks, are grown in gardens, the
latter, occasionally, as a crop. Numerous
selected Cannas are grown for ornament.

ZINGIBERACEAE. 87

Family 2. ZINGIBERACEAE Lindl.
Ginger Family.

Perennial, mostly large herbs, with sheathing leaves, and perfect
irregular flowers in braeted clusters. Calyx tubular or spathe-like. Corolla
of 3 petals, separate or more or less united. Stamen 1, the anther 2-
celled. Staminodes commonly 2 and petaloid. Ovary mostly 3-celled,
many-ovuled; style slender. About 25 genera and over 300 species, of
tropical distribution.

Bermuda has no native nor naturalized species of this family.

Zingiber Zingiber (L.) Karst. [Z. officinale Roscoc], Ginger, East Indian,
is easily grown, succeding best when slightly shaded, but has not become of
economic importance, though the rootstocks are of good quality. It has an
upright, leafy stem up to 4° high, the lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves 1°
long or less; its rather large flowers are borne in a dense spike 2'-4' long, on a
scaly scape which arises from the rootstock, and is shorter than the leaf-bearing
stem; the lateral corolla-lobes are oblong, about f long, and somewhat longer
than the broader, 3-lobed, purple lip.

Languas speciosa (Wendl.) J. K. Small, Shell-flower, Shell-plant,
grown for ornament, has leafy stems 8°-12° high, the shining oblong-lanceolate
leaves 6'-15' long, acuminate at the apex; the braeted flowers are borne in
dense, terminal nodding panicles, the raehis and pedicels pubescent; the calyx
is nearly 1' long, the white corolla-lobes, tinged with magenta, are shorter than
the crisped, yellow, red-brown-variegated lip. [Alpinia nutans Eoseoe; A.
speciosa (Wendl.) Schum. ; Renealmia occidentalis of Jones.]

Hedychium coronarlum Koenig, White Hedychium, East Indian, also
grown for ornament, has leafy stems up to 8° tall, the lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, pointed leaves 2° long or less; the large white flowers are in
terminal dense braeted spikes, the slender corolla-tube about twice as long as
the calyx, its lobes nearly linear, the large white lip very broad, often 2' wide.
[H. elatum of Jones; K. speciosum of H. B. Small.]

Hedychium Gardnerianum Koscoe, Yellow Hedychium, also East Indian,
occasionally planted, has similar leaves, but the flowers are yellow, and much
smaller, the lip oval, about f wide.

Family 3. MARANTACEAE Lindl.

A-RROWROOT Family.

Tall herbs, perennial by rootstocks or tubers, or sometimes annual, with
scapose or leafy stems, mostly large entire long-petioled sheathing leaves,
often swollen at the base of the blade, the veins pinnate, parallel. Flowers
perfect, or sometimes polygamous, in panicles, racemes or spikes. Perianth
superior, its segments distinct to the summit of the ovary, or united into a
tube, normally in 2 series of 3, the outer (sepals) usually different from the
inner (petals). Perfect stamen 1; anthers 1-2-celled. Staminodia mostly
5, often petal-like, very irregular. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior; ovule 1 in
each cavity, anatropous; style slender, curved, teiTninal; stigma simple.
Fruit capsular or berry-like. Seed solitary in each cavity. Embrj-o cen-
tral, in copious endosperm. About 12 genera and 160 species, mostly
tropical.

88

MAKANTACEAE.

1. MARANTA L.

Caulescent herbs, ^ith braBching stems. Leaves alternate, ovate or lanceo-
late, often abruptly bent at the base, the petioles partly sheathing. Flowers
solitary or few in panicles. Sepals 3, herbaceous, equal, distinct; corolla
often white, the 3 petals partially united. Staminodia conspicuous, 2 of
them surpassing the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled but with 2
additional abortive cavities. Style stout, curved. Stigma oblique. Capsule
utricle-like. Seed erect, solitary, [Dedicated to Barth. Maranta, a Venetian
physician.] Some 15 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Maranta arundinacea L. Arrow-
root. (Fig. 110.) Stems 3°-5° tall,
from starchy copiously scaly rootstocks.
more or less branched and rather weak,
sometimes reclining, zigzag, 4'-10' long,
acute, many-veined; flowers few, fuga-
cious; sepals green, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, 5"-6" long; corolla white,
nearly 1' long, its lobes lanceolate ;
staminodia flabellate-cuneate, surpassing
the corolla, erose, notched; capsules
broadly oblong.

Spontaneous or persistent after cultiva-
tion. Native of tropical America. Flowers
in summer and autumn, sometimes earlier.
Arrowroot was formerly much more ex-
tensively grown and exported than now.

Maranta bicolor Ker., Two-colored
Arrow-root, Brazilian, taken from the
New York Botanical Garden to Paynter's
Vale in 1913, and growing pretty well
there in shade in 1914, is about 1° high,
or less, with ovate, short-petioled acute
leaves 3'-6' long, cordate at the base,
purple beneath, green above with brown-
green blotches between the margins and
midrib, and a central light green area
extending outward along the stronger lateral veins.

Family 4. MUSACEAE J. St. Hilaire.

Banana Family.

Tall herbaceous plants with large, entire, finely veined leaves, and
monoecious or perfect, clustered, bracted flowers. Sepals 3, distinct or
united. Corolla of 3 distinct or more or less united petals. Pistil of 3
united carpels. Polliniferous stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style
central; stigma 3-6-toothed, or S-cleft. Fruit indehiscentor capsular and
3-valved. Four genera and 50 species or more, natives of tropical regions,
none native nor naturalized in Bermuda.

Musa Cavendishii Lamb., Chinese Dwarf Banana, Chinese, extensively
and very successfully grown, is usually not over 6** or 8° high, with a stem

MUSACEAE. 89

about 6' thick; its spreading leaves are 2°-4° long and 1° wide or more; the
monoecious flowers are in terminal, large-bracted, drooping panicles, the p'istil-
late ones borne nearest the leaves, the staminate beyond the pistillate there-
fore below them in the drooping clusters; the ovate, reddish-brown bracts
conceal the young flowers; the numerous yellow fruits are 4-5' long, the fra-
grant fles'h delicious.

Musa sapientum L., Yellow Banana, East Indian, cultivated in several
races, but not as extensively as the preceding, is taller, with larger and longer
leaves, up to 9° long, the usually fewer, bright yellow fruits mostly larger.

Musa paradisiaca L., Plantain Banana, sometimes regarded as a race
or variety of M. sapientum, is occasionally grown, but does not ordinarily fruit
heavily in Bermuda. It is tall, with large yellow fruits up to 10'-14' long,
which are insipid when raw but excellent when cooked, and a very important
food-fruit in tropical regions.

Musa rubra Fleming, Eed Banana, tall, with arching leaves and dark red
fruit 6'-9' long, is also sometimes considered to be a race or variety of M.
sapientum, and is occasionally grown.

Ravenala madagascarensis J. F. Gmelin, Travelers' Tree, Madagascan,
has a, trunk up to 20° high, the long-petioled, banana-like leaves spreading in
one plane, their thick petiole-bases densely imbricated, containing much
watery sap which is drinkable; the peduncled axillary flower-clusters are 6'-10'
long, the large, bracted flowers white, the fruit capsular, 3-valved. This ele-
gant plant, the giant of the Banana Family, is occasionally seen in gardens,
but is not as luxuriant as in warmer lands.

Strelitzia reginae Banks, Bird-of-Paradise Flower, South African, fre-
quent in gardens, has leaves 2i°-3° long arising from rootstocks, the petioles
longer than the blades; the purple and orange flowers are about 4' long, on
scapes as long as the leaves or shorter, subtended by a purplish, pointed bract;
the fruit is a 3-valved capsule. The plant is also known as Crane 's-bill.

Strelitzia angusta Thunb., Large Strelitzia, also South African, occa-
sionally grown, forms a trunk up to 15° high bearing leaves 6°-9° long with
petioles about twice as long as the blades, the white flowers borne on short,
axillary peduncles, and subtended by a dark purple spathe.

Order 11. ORCHIDALES.

Monocotyledonous herbs, many tropical species epiphytes. Flowers
mostly very irregular, complete and perfect, their parts in 3's or 6's.
Ovary inferior, compound. Seeds very numerous and minute, without
endosperm.

Family 1. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl.
Orchid Family.

Perennial herbs, with sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to
scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed.
Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so,
2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dis-
similar, often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred. Stamens vari-

90

ORCHID ACE AE.

ously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column; anther 1 or in
Cypripedium 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8 pear-shaped, usually stalked masses
(poUinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery, attached
at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style often terminating in a beak
(rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs. Stigma a viscid
surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity between the
anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary 3-angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous,
anatropous, on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds mostly
spindle shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; embryo fleshy. About
410 genera and 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the
tropics, many of those of warm regions epiphytes.

1. IBIDIUM Salisb.
Erect herbs, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender stems or
scapes, leaf -bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless, spiked, 1-3-
rowed, the spikes more or less twisted. Sepals free, or more or less coherent,
or sometimes united with petals into a galea. Lip concave, erect, embracing
the column, spreading and crisped, or rarely lobed or toothed at the apex, bear-
ing minute callosities at the base. Column arched below, obliquely attached
to the top of the ovary. Anther without a lid, borne on the back of the
column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acuminate beak, at length
bifid, covering the anther and stigmatic only underneath. Pollinia 2, 1 in each
sac, powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. [Greek, the anther has a fancied
resemblance to the head of an Ibis.] About 55 species, widely distributed in
tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Ophrys spiralis J. E. Smith.

1. Ibidium xyridifolium J. K. Small.
Xyris-leaved Ladies-tresses. (Fig.
111.) Eoots tuberous, several; stems
8'-2° tall, simple, glabrous or nearly so
below the inflorescence; leaves linear,
2'-4' long, the largest of the lower ones
barely reaching the middle of the stem;
spike l'-6' long; bracts lanceolate to ob-
long-lanceolate; perianth whitish, pu-
bescent without, 3"-4" long, curved and
slightly nodding; lateral sepals linear-
lanceolate; lip about 3" long, cordate at
the base, with a rhombic-orbicular base
and oblong much crisped drooping or re-
curved tip; callosities nipple-like, pro-
jecting backward; capsules 3"-4" long,
obovoid-clavate, curved. [Spiranthes tor-
tilis of Rein, H. B. Small, Yerrill, and
Hemsley; S. hrevilahris of Lefroy.]

Locally abundant in grassy places,
Devonshire and Pembroke Marshes, flower-
ing in spring. Southeastern United States,
its minute light seeds probably transported
to Bermuda by winds.

ORCHIDACEAE. 91

A number of tropical epiphytic orchids have been brought in and are to be
seen in gardens fastened to or suspended from trees or grown in greenhouses
but they do not succeed very well, except under glass, though they flower at
intervals. Species of the large American genus Oncidium with yellow or
orange flowers in long wands or panicles are, perhaps, the most likely to suc-
ceed. Vanilla, a vine of this family, climbing by aerial roots, grown in tropical
regions for its pods, has been tried, but hitherto without economic success.
Among the genera grown in greenhouses mention may be made of Cattleya,
Dendrobium, Miltonia, Vanda and Selenipedilum.

Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES.

Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one
only), the first leaves of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem
exogenous, of pith, wood and bark (endogenous in structure in
Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or more layers surrounding the
pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark. Leaves
usually pinnately or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a net-
work. Parts of the flower rarely in 3 's or 6 's.

Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous
time. They constitute between two-thirds and three-fourths of the
living angiospermous flora.

Series I. Choripetalae.

Petals separate and distict from each other, or wanting.

The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises
most of the families formerly grouped under Apetalae (without
petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to the
typical feature of separate petals are found in the Fabaceae, in
which the two lower petals are more or less united; in the
Fumariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are
sometimes coherent ; in some Crassulaceae ; the Polygalaceae, in
which the three petals are united with each other, and with the
stamens; Oxalidaceae and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are sometimes
joined at the base.

t Petals none (except in family Portulacaceae and In most Caryophyllaceae,
which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm,
and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts, Juglans).

Calyx none (except in the family Juglandaceae, trees with odd-pinnate leaves, and
sometimes in Casuarinaceae) .
Loosely jointed trees, the leaves reduced to verticillate scales.

Order 1. Casuarinales.
Plants not loosely jointed ; leaves normal.

Herbs with small perfect flowers, in spiljes. Order 2. Piperales.

Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and some-
times filso the pistillate, in aments.
Leaves simple.

Fruit many-seeded ; seeds with a tuft of

hairs at one end. Order 3. Salicalbs.

Fruit ] -seeded. Order 4. Myricales.

Leaves odd-pinnate ; fruit a nut enclosed In

a husk. Order 5. Juglandaxes.

Calyx present.

Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 6. Fagales.

92

CHORIPETALAE.

ovary inferior, at

Order
Order

8. Urticales.

9. Proteales,

Order 10. Santalales.
(usually 6-cGlled)

Order 11. Aristolochiales.

Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in
Moms) ; but variously clustered, or rarely
solitary.
Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, or
perfect in Proteales ; ovary superior, 1-
celled.
Flowers regular.
Flowers irregular.
Flowers dioecious or perfect
least in part.
Ovary 1-celled.
Ovary several-celled
flowers perfect.
Flowers mostly perfect ; ovary superior.

Embryo straight or nearly so ; fruit an achene. Order 12. Polygonales.
Embryo coiled, curved or annular ; fruit not

an achene. Order 13. Chenopodiales.

t$ Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled
dissected leaves; in many Ranunculaceae ; in Lauraceae, alternate-leaved aromatic
trees and shrubs: in Zantho.viilum, pinnate-leaved trees of the Rutaceae ; in many
Euphorbiaceae ; in some species of Ludicigia in Onagraceae ; in Proserpinaca of the
Haloragidaceae) .

A. Ovary superior, free from the eah/x (partly or wholly inferior in Hydrangeaceae,
Grossulariaceae, Losasaceae and Malaceae).
Carpels solitary, or several and distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae) ; sta-
mens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals ; sepals mostly

distinct

Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary ;
stamens hypogynous ; sepals mostly distinct.
Plants not insectivorous.

Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid,
with basal leaves and scapose flowers.
Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or some-
times united ; stamens mostly perigynous or epi-
gynous : sepals mainly united or confluent with
the concave receptacle (hypanthium ).
Carpels united into a compound ovary ; sepals
mostly distinct.
Stamens few, rarely -more than twice as many
as the petals.
Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer
and opposite them, or more numerous.
Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the

axis of the ovary.
Ovules pendulous, the raphe away from
the axis of the ovary, or erect, or as-
cending.
Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate
with them, opposite the petals when these
are present ; ovules erect.
Stamens usually very numerous (except in
Violaceae and Passifloraceae) ; disc in-
conspicuous, or none.
Sepals valvate ; placentae united in the axis

of the capsule.
Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or con-
volute ; placentae mainly parietal, some-
times united in the axis.
Leaves bilaterally symmetrical.
Sepals separate.
Sepals united.
Leaves oblique.

Order 14. Ranales.

Order 15. Papaa'erales.
Order 16. Sarracexiales.

Order 17. Rosales.

Order 18. Geraniales.

Order 19. Sapixdales.

Order 20. Riiamxales.

Order 21. Malvales.

Order 22.
Order 23.
Order 24.

Hypericales.

Passiflorales.

Begoxiales.

Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae and
our Melastomaceae. where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thyme-
leaceae and Elaeagnaceae, which are shrubs or trees with no corolla).

Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves
mostly very small or none ; calyx-segments and

petals' numerous. Order 25. Opuxtiales.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy or spiny ; calyx-
segments rarely more than 5.
Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the
ovary (except in Haloragidaceae, aquatic

herbs). Order 26. Myrtales.

Ovule 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 27. Ammiales.

CASUARINACEAE. 93

Order 1. CASUARINALES.

Shrubs or trees with loosely jointed ang-led branches, the leaves reduced
to small, appressed or recurved scales, 4 or more in a whorl at a node,
sometimes united into a sheathing base. Flowers unisexual, the staminate
in slender terminal spikes, subtended by imbricated bracts, often with an
anterior and posterior perianth-part, 1 stamen and a larsre anther with sacs
opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers in dense spikes or cones; perianth
wanting; ovary 1-eelled; styles slightly united at the base, the 2 branches
slender. Ovules 1 or 2 in a cavity, orthotropous or half-anatropous. Fruit
a collection of winged achenes subtended by accrescent bractlets. Seed
solitary, with a membranous testa.

Family 1. CASUARINACEAE Lindl.
Beefwood Family.
Characters of the order. Only the genus Casuarina with 20 species,
mostly Australian.

Casuarina equisetifolia L., Horsetail Tree, Beefwood, South Sea
Ironwood, a slender and graceful rapirlly g^roTrin^ tree, Avith slender branches,
attaining a height of 30° or more and freely branching, the sheath-tceth fJ-S in
each whorl, its ripe cones about V thick, roughened bv the proiecting, pubes-
cent bracteoles, is commonly planted for ornament and interest, in Bermuda, as
in South Florida and the West Indies. It is native of Australia.

Casuarina quadrivalvis Labill., Forest Swamp Oak, also Australian, seen
as a young plant at the Agricultural Station in 1914, has stouter deeply
grooved branchlets, the teeth about 10; its globose or ovoid cones become 1' in
diameter.

Another species of Casuarina, grown at Bellevue, has more slender branches,
and sends up suckers from its roots, its ripe cones less than V in diameter, the
projecting bracteoles glabrous. It appears to agree in foliage and cones with
the description of C. CunningJiamidna Miq. ; the same species is grown at
King's House Gardens on the island of Jamaica.

Order 2. PIPERALES.

Dicotyledonous plants, with neither petals nor sepals, the spicate
flowers bracteolate.

Family 1. PIPERACEAE H.B.K.

Pepper Family.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, often aromatic. Leaves leather\% or fleshy,
usually entire". Flowers perfect or unisexual, in solitary or clustered spikes
or rarely in racemes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6, or rarely 8 or 10, in-
serted under the ovarv^ filaments distinct, sometimes adnate to the base of
the ovarv' ; anthers attached at the base, the 2 sacs often confluent. Gynoe-
cium of 3 or rarely more united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, sessile or nearly
so. Stigmas 3 or many. Ovule solitarv^, erect, orthotropous. Fruit inde-
hiscent. Seed solitarj^, with a membranous or leathei-y testa. Endosperm

94

PIPERACEAE.

mealy, with the minute embryo at the top. Ten genera and over 1000
species, widely distributed in tropical regions.

1. PEPEROMIA R. & P.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, fleshy.
Flowers perfect, minute, in dense or open slender spikes furnished with peltate
bractlets. Stamens 2 ; filaments usually short ; anthers transversely broadened,
2-valved, extrorse, the cavities confluent. Pistil solitary; stigmas forming a
brush-like tuft. Outlets small, often minute, with a thin pericarp. [Greek,
like pepper.] Over 400 species, most abundant in tropical America. Type
species: Peperomia secunda R. & P.

1. Peperomia septentrionalis S.
Brown. Wild Pepper. (Fig. 112.) Peren-
nial, fleshy, glabrous; stem branched, the
branches spreading or ascending, stout,
2"-3" thick, 6'-18' long, the plants often
growing in large clusters. Leaves alter-
nate, deep green and somewhat shining
above, paler green, black-dotted and dull
beneath, petioled, ovate, oval, or obovate,
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, nar-
rowed or obtuse at the base, the l3lades
lV-^¥ long, the stout petioles IV long or
less, the midvein prominent beneath, the
9-11 lateral veins obscure; spikes ter-
minal, or borne in the upper axils, solitary
or several, 2'-6' long, densely flowered;
nutlets minute, about V long, oblong,
slightly papillose, with a subulate, straight
or slightly curved back.

Abundant on shaded rocks, Tucker's
Town to the Causeway and about the north-
ern part of Harrington Sound. Also in the
cave near Smith's Parish Church and m
Paget Marsh. Flowers from autumn to spring. Endemic.

The plant probably has its closest relative in Peperomia ohtusi folia (L.)
A. Dietr., of the West Indies, but differs in shorter and broader leaves and
in features of its minute fruits. These differences are apparent when the two
are seen growing together in greenhouses. The fruits of these plants, when
ripe, adhere to other objects and the species has probably originated from such
fruits brought to Bermuda by a migratory bird, adhering to its feet or plumage,
the plant becoming differentiated through isolation.

The species was first described by Stewardson Brown, in the Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1909: 490. Ja. 1910.
It was referred to P. ohtusi folia (L.) Dietr., by Reade and by Lefroy, and to
P. magnoliaefolia ( Jacq.) A. Dietr., by Hemsley and by Verrill, somewhat doubt-
fully. Mr. Brown thought it nearest to P. magnoliaefolia microphijlla Dahlst.,
of West Indian mountains. Fawcett and Reudle erroneously include it in P.
crassicaulis (Fl. Jamaica 3: 8).

Peperomia arifolia Miq., Peltate Peperomia, Brazilian, grown in green-
houses and sometimes on shaded rock-work, has broadly ovate, peltate, acute or
acuminate, long-petioled, white-veined leaves 2-4' long, its spikes often 5' long.

SALICACEAE. 95

Order 3. SALICALES.

Trees or shrubs, with imperfect small flowers in aments. Sepals and
petals none. Leaves simple. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Seeds with
a tuft of hairs at one end.

Family 1. SALICACEAE Lindl.

Willow Family.

Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs,
and alternate stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous.
Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers consisting
of from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended
by a gland-like or cup-shaped disk; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Pistillate aments sometimes raceme-like; pistillate flowers
of a 1-celled ovary subtended by a minute disk; placentae 2-4, parietal;
ovules usually numerous, anatropous; stigmas 2-4, simple or 2-4-cleft.
Seeds small or minute, provided with a dense coma of long, mostly white,
silky hairs. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle short.
The family includes only the 2 following genera, consisting of 200 species
or more, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. There
are no native nor naturalized species of this relationship in the Bermuda
flora.

Salix babylonica L., Weeping Willow, brought to Bermuda about 1830,
is -a large tree with slender drooping branches and deciduous lanceolate leaves
4'-7' long, native of Asia; it is occasional in wet soil along fresh-water marshes.
Trees 30° high were seen in Pembroke Marsh in 1914.

Salix chilensis Molino [S. Humholdtiana Willd.], Caracas Willow, Hum-
boldt 's Willow, a small South American tree with erect branches and smaller
evergreen leaves, is planted for interest.

Populus italica Moench, Lombardy Poplar, European, with large deltoid
leaves and nearly upright branches, recently introduced, suckers freely and
grows rapidly in wet grounds. The aments (catkins) of Populus differ from
those of Salix by the floral bracts being fimbriate or lacerate, and the stami-
nate flowers having many stamens. Reade notes that the White Poplar
(Populus alba L.), also European, was said to grow at Camden prior to 1883,
and it is mentioned by Jones in 1873.

Order 4. MYRICALES.

Shrubs or trees, with simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious
flowers in aments. Perianth none. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigmas
2. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Endosperm none. Only one family.

Family 1. MYRICACEAE Dumort.

Bayberry Family,

Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic. Flowers solitary in
the axils of the bracts. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens
inserted on the receptacle ; filaments short ; anthers ovate. 2-celled, the sacs
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subtended by 2-S bractlets ; stigmas linear.

96

MYRICACEAE.

Fruit a small drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect. Cotyle-
dons plano-convex. Radicle very short. Two genera and some 35 species
of wide geographic distribution.

1. MYRICA L.

Leaves entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous-dotted, fragrant. Stami-
nate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric, expanding before or with the leaves.
Stamens 4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended by 2-4,
mostly short bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient
Greek name of the Tamarisk.] About 33 species, natives of Europe, America
and Asia. Type species: Myrica Gale L.

1. Myrica car if era L. Wax-
myrtle. Candleberry-myrtle.
(Fig. 113.) A low slender
dioecious tree, up to 25° high,
with a trunk 1° thick, or usually
a shrub 3°-7° high, the bark
gray, nearly smooth. Leaves
narrow, oblong or oblanceolate,
mostly acute, entire or sparingly
dentate, narrowed at the base,
fragrant, short-petioled, dark
green above, paler and some-
times pubescent beneath, resin-
ous, I'-SY long, unfolding with
or before the aments; stami-
nate aments cylindric ; pistil-
late aments short, oblong; ripe
drupes globose, bluish white,
waxy, tipped with the base of
the style, long-persistent. [M.
X>unctata of Rein.]

Common on hillsides and
along marshes. Native. South-
eastern United States and West
Indies. Flowers in spring and
early summer. Its fruits, pro-
tected by the layer of wax, may have reached Bermuda by floating.

Order 5. JUGLANDALES.

Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves, and monoecious
bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping aments, the pistillate
solitary or several together. Staminate flowers consisting of 3-numerous
stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the bract-
let, very rarely with a rudimentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-eelled, the
sacs longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short. Pistillate flowers bracted
and usually 2-bracteolate, with a 3-5-lobed (normally 4-lobed) calyx or
with both calyx and petals, and an inferior 1-celled or incompletely 2-4-
celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous ; styles 2, stigmatic on the
inner surface. Fruit a drupe with indehiscent or dehiscent, fibrous or
woody exocarp (husk; ripened calyx; also regarded as an involucre),.

JUGLANDACEAE. 97

enclosing the bony endoearp or nut which is incompletely 2-4-celled. Seed
large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none. Cotyledons corrugated, very oily.
Radicle minute, superior. Only one family.

Family 1. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl.

Walnut Family.

Characters of the order. Six genera and about 35 species, mostly of
the warmer parts of the north temperate zone.

Juglans regia L., English Walnut, has occasionally been planted; its
nut has a nearly smooth shell.

Juglans nigra L., Black Walnut, North American, is recorded by Lefroy
as having been represented by one or two specimens at Par-la-Villc, Hamilton,
and by H. B. Small at Eosebank. Its nut has a rough corrugated shell.

A walnut tree at Mount Hope, about 30° high, apparently a hybrid be-
tween the two preceding, produced nuts abundantly in 1914.

Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton, Pecan, North American, a large tree,
with nearly glabrous mature leaves of 11-15 falcate, lanceolate, acuminate
leaflets 2'-6' long, with pendulous sterile aments, oblong fruits l'-2' long, the
thin husk splitting into 4 valves, the smooth sweet-seeded nuts pointed, has
occasionally been planted. A tree about 50° high may be seen at St. Georges,
and another nearly as large, about 40 years old, at Fencote, Hamilton.

Order 6. FAGALES.

Trees or shrubs, with small monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers in
aments, or the pistillate ones subtended by an involucre, which becomes a
bur or cup in fruit. Calyx usually present. Corolla none. Endosperm
none.

Family 2. FAGACEAE Drude.
Beech Family.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately veined, the
stipules, if any, deciduous. Flowers small, monoecious, the staminate in
drooping, slender aments, or capitate, the pistillate subtended by an in-
volucre of partly or wholly united bracts, which becomes a bur or cup.
Staminate flowers with a 4-7-lobed perianth and 4-20 stamens; filaments
slender, distinct, simple; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate
flowers with a 4-8-lobed urn-shaped or oblong perianth, adnate to the 3-7-
celled ovary; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, only 1 in each ovary ripening,
pendulous, anatropous; styles as many as the cavities of the ovarj-, linear.
Fruit a 1-seeded nut, with a coriaceous or somewhat bony exocarp. Testa
thin. Cotyledons large, fleshy, often rugose ; radicle short. About 5 genera
and 400 species, of very wide geographic distribution.

Quercus Robur L., English Oak, European, planted in Pembroke Church-
yard, was seen there in 1914, as a tree about 10° high, with a trunk 135' in
circumference just above the base. Its leaves are glabrous, nearly sessile, 4'-7'

98 FAGACEAE.

long, obovate in outline with 3 or 4 obtuse lobes on each side; the acorns are
ovoid, about 1' long, borne in cups about 3" high.

Other kinds of oaks, formerly grown in Bermuda, are known to me only
by the record of Lefroy, of an oak, supposed to be a White Oak (Quercus alba
L.), North American, at Par-la-Ville, prior to 1877; by H. B. Small of the
same species at Rosebank, w^ell remembered by Dr. Bluck, which had disap-
peared before 1914 ; of three other North American oaks planted by Lefroy at
Mt. Langton, but made no growth during five years, and not there in 1913; and
by Eeade's statement, published in 1883, that Quercus nigra L,, also North
American, was said to grow at Richmond, this species also mentioned by Jones
in his list of 1873.

Order 7. URTICALES.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, the flowers with a calyx but without corolla,
small, not borne in aments, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous; ovary
1-ceIled, superior.

Fruit not an achene ; trees, shrubs or herbs ; ovule pendulous.

Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milk}-. Fam. 1. Ulmaceae.

Trees with alternate leaves and milkj- sap. Fam. 2. Moraceae.

Fruit an achene ; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers,

ovule erect or ascending. Fam. 3. Urticaceae.

Family 1. ULMACEAE Mirbel.

Elm Family.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately veined
stipulate leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoecious,
dioecious, perfect or polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary. Peri-
anth 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in our
species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them ; filaments
straight; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled
(rarely 2-celled), mostly superior; ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous or
amphitropous; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Endo-
sperm of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons
mostly flat. About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distributed in tem-
perate and tropical regions.

Drupes stalked, solitary in the leaf-axils. 1. Celtis.

Drupes cymosely clustered in the leaf-axils. 2. Trema.

1. CELTIS [Tourn.] L.

Trees or shrubs, with serrate or entire pinnately veined or in some species
3-5-nerved leaves, and polygamous or monoecious (rarely dioecious?) flowers,
borne in the axils of leaves of the season, the staminate clustered, the fertile
solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx 4-6-parted or of distinct sepals. Filaments
erect, exserted. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, recurved or divergent, tomentose or
plumose. Pruit a small ovoid or globose drupe, the exocarp pulpy, the endo-
carp bony. Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used
by Pliny for an African Lotus-tree.] About 60 species, natives of temperate
and tropical regions. Type species: Celtis australis L.

ULMACEAE.

99

1. Celt is mississippiensis
Bosc. Southern IIackberry.
(Fig. 114.) A tree, reaching
a height of 50° with a trunk
up to 20' In diameter, the bark
gray, roilgh and warty. Leaves
ovate to lanceolate, firm, entire
or with a few low sharp teeth,
or those of shoots strongly ser-
rate, 3-nerved and prominently
pinnately veined, glabrous, long-
acuminate at the apex, inequi-
lateral, 4' long or less; drupe
purple-black, about 3" long.
[C. occidentalis of Jones, Eeade,
Hemsley, Verrill and Moore.]

Rocky woods, Paynter's Vale,
Walsingham and Abbot's ClifE.
Recorded by Lefroy as growing
also, prior to 1S77, about the
parsonage, Southampton. Native.
Southeastern United States. Flow-
ers in spring, the fruit , ripe in
autumn. Its seeds were probably
brought to Bermuda by a bird.

Celtis Smallii Beadle, Small's Hackberry, of the southeastern United
States, occasionally planted, has thinner strongly serrate leaves.

2. TREMA Lour.
Tall shrubs or trees, unarmed, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate,
toothed, 3-nerved at the base, equilateral or only slightly inequilateral, short-
petioled, the stipules lateral. Mowers small, greenish, in axillary cymes.
Sepals of pistillate flowers induplieate-valvate, those of the perfect flowers im-
bricated. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigmas 2, entire. Drupe ovoid to globose. [Name un-
explained.] Some 30 tropical species. Type species: T. cannabina Lour.

1. Trema Lamarckiana (R. & S.)
Blume. Lamarck's Trema. (Fig. 115.)
A tree, up to 25° high, the trunk some-
times 13' in diameter, or more often a
shrub 5°-10° high, the twigs slender,
rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate to lan-
ceolate, short-petioled, 2' long or less,
very rough on the upper side, 3-nerved
at the base, reticulate-veined and finely
tomentose beneath; flowers only about
1" wide, the staminate clusters sessile,
the pistillate short-stalked; fruit about
li" long, smooth. [Celtis Lamarc'kiana
B. & S.; Sponia Lamarckiana Decne.]

Rocky woodlands, Tucker's Town to
the Causeway and Abbot's Cliff. Native.
Florida : West Indies. Its seeds were prob-
ably transported to Bermuda by a bird.

100

MORACEAE.

Family 2. MORACEAE Lindl.

Mulberry Family.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milky sap, petioled stipulate leaves,
and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or the pistillate
flowers solitary in some g-enera. Calyx mostly 4-6-parted. Petals none.
Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, the stamens as many as the
calyx-segments. Pistillate flowers capitate, spicate or eymose. Ovary
superior, 1-celled in our genera. Ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous.
Styles 1 or 2. About 55 genera and 925 species, widely distributed.

Flowers in spike-like clusters ; fruit a syncarp.
Flowers in a hollow receptacle ; fruit a syconium.

1. Morus.

2. Ficus.

1. MORUS [Tourn.] L.
Trees or shrubs, with milkj sap, alternate dentate and often lobed, 3-
nerved leaves, fugacious stipules, the pistillate spikes ripening into a succulent
aggregate fruit. Staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth, its segments'
somewhat imbricated, and 4 stamens, the filaments inflexed in the bud,
straightening and exserted in anthesis. Pistillate flowers with a 4-parted per-
sistent perianth, which becomes fleshy in fruit, a sessile ovary, and 2 linear
stigmas. Fruiting perianth enclosing the ovary, the exocarp succulent, the
endocarp crustaceous. [Ancient name of the mulberry.] About 10 species, of
the northern hemisphere. Type species: Morus nigra L.

Mature leaves pubescent beneath ; fruit purple. 1. M. rubra.

Mature leaves glabrous ; fruit black. 2. AI. nigra.

1. Morus rubra L. Red

Mulberry. (Fig. 116.) A
tree, 25° high or more, the bark
brown and rough. Leaves ovate
or nearly orbicular, scabrous
above, pubescent beneath, or
when young almost tomentose,
acuminate at the apex, rounded,
truncate or cordate at the base,
serrate-dentate or 3-7-lobed, 3'-
8' long; staminate spikes droop-
ing; pistillate spikes spread-
ing or pendulous in fruit, 1'-
lY long, 4"-5" in diameter,
about 1' long, slender-peduncled,
dark purple-red or nearly black,
delicious.

Rocky woodlands, Walsing-
ham, now rare, or perhaps ex-
terminated. Introduced. Eastern
United States. Flowers in spring.
Occasionally planted for its fine
fruit.

Morus alba L., White Mulberry, of Europe and Asia, and naturalized in
the United States, is occasionally planted. It is a tree with thin broadly ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed leaves 3'-8' long, glabrous, except for some hairs in the
axils of the veins beneath, often variously lobed, the white fruit A'-|' long.

MOBACEAE.

101

2. Morus nigra L. Black Mul-
berry. (Fig. 117.) A tree, up to
60° high, with puberulent twigs and
young foliage. Leaves thin, ovate,
2'-6' long, short-acuminate, serrate,
undivided or 2-3-lobed, rounded or
cordate at the base, becoming gla-
brous; petioles i-l as long as the
blades ; staminate spikes eylindrie,
5"-10" long, longer than the pe-
duncles; pistillate spikes oval, 2'-
4" long, shorter than the pubescent
peduncles; fruit oval-oblong, 5"-
10" long, black when mature.

Thickets, roadsides and about
houses. Naturalized from Europe.
Flowers in spring.

Morus multicaulis Perr., Chi-
nese Mulberry, was introduced
about 1841 for feeding silkworms;
it is a shrub or small tree with thin
nearly smooth lobed leaves, which
has not perpetuated itself.

2. FicUS [Tourn.] L.
Woody plants, mostly large trees, with milky sap, weak wood, and alter-
nate leaves with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers minute, wholly enclosed in
receptacles, the staminate with 1, 2 or 3 stamens with short, stout filaments, the
pistillate with a sessile . 1-celled ovary, the style lateral. [Latin, fig.] Some
600 species, of tropical and warm regions, the following typical.

1. Ficus Carica L. Ed-
ible Fig. (Fig. 118.) A
shrub or small tree 6°-18°
tall, the stems sometimes
clustered. Leaf-blades very
scabrous-pubescent, firm,
leathery, suborbicular or
oval in outline, truncate or
cordate at the base, pal-
mately 5-7-lobed ; lobes
coarsely toothed or again
lobed ; petioles densely pu-
bescent, about * as long as
the blades; fruit obovoid,
1-3*' long.

Spontaneous after culti-
vation. Introducod. Native
of the Mediterranean Rejiion.
Widely cultivated in warm re-
gions for its valuable fruit,
and early brought to Ber-
muda and extensively grown
for its fruit up to a recent
period.

102 HORACE AE.

Ficus elastica Roxb., India Rubber Fig, Asiatic, a large rapidly growing
tree with broad entire lustrous dark green, smooth, many-veined leaves, is com-
monly planted for shade and for ornament; there is a very large specimen at
Par-la- Ville, Hamilton. The race with variegated foliage is occasionally grown.

Ficus aurea Nutt., Golden Fig, native of Florida, Cuba and the Bahamas,
has oblong to narrowly obovate or ovate leaves 4' long or less and small
yellowish to red fruits, sessile on the twig; a fine tree at Mt. Langton.

Ficus lyrata Warb., Lyrate-leaved Fig, African, is a tree with cori-
aceous, obovate strongly few-veined leaves 10'-15' long, 6'-10' wide, narrowed
at or below the middle, cordate at the base, with short stout petioles, the obo-
void figs nearly 1' long, was grown at Sunny Lands in 1914.

Ficus padifolia H.B.K., Narrow-leaved Fig, Central American, has ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminate leaves 2Y—4i' long, narrowed at the base and slender-
petioled, its fruit short-stalked, subglobose figs about 4" in diameter. A tree
was seen at the Agricultural Station and another at Orange Valley in 1914.

Ficus benghalensis L., Banyan, Asiatic, is a large tree, described as be-
coming up to 100° high, with broadly ovate, coriaceous, strongly few-veined
leaves 4-7' long, rounded or short-pointed at the apex, rounded or subeordate
at the base, its subglobose, sessile fruit 6"-8" in diameter. A fine specimen,
about 60° high, stands in a corner of the Public Garden, St. George's.

Ficus aurata Miq., recorded by Lefroy as planted at Mt. Langton in 1875,
and healthy in 1877, does not appear to exist there at present.

Ficus lentiginosa Yahl, the large Wild Fig tree growing at Montrose,
erroneously known in Bermuda as ' * Banyan, ' ' is, apparently, this widely dis-
tributed tree of the West Indies; it has short-stalked subglobose fruit 3" long;
its smooth ovate, petioled leaves about 4' long seem just the same as those of
F. lentiginosa. The Montrose tree in 1914 was about 25° high, its branches
widely spreading over a circle some 75° in diameter, with many aerial roots.

Ficus pumila L., Creeping Fig, Asiatic, a small-leaved vine, creeping on
walls by aerial roots, sending out horizontal branches with larger ovate or
elliptic leaves 2'-3' long, its fruit about 2' long, obovoid, is planted for orna-
ment and interest ; the fruit is borne on the branches which bear the larger leaves.

Cecropia peltata L., Trumpet-tree, West Indian, is a conspicuous tree up
to 50° high, with hollow, septate trunk, the large, peltate, 5-9-lobed leaves 1°-
2° broad, green above, white-tomentose beneath, the small dioecious flowers in
clustered aments l'-2' long; a fine specimen at Bellevue.

Toxylon pomiferum Raf. {Madura aurantiaca Nutt.), Osage Orange,
North American, a small thorny tree, with glossy ovate or oblong pointed
leaves, the fruit a tubercled yellow syncarp often 6' in diameter, has occa-
sionally been planted for hedges, as at Beverley, Paget.

Artocarpus incisa L., Breadfruit, Polynesian, with large pinnately lobed
leaves, and an immense edible syncarp, a very important food in tropical
regions, has been planted at times, but did not become luxuriant.

Artocarpus integrifolia L., Jackfruit, East Indian, is recorded by Lefroy
as growing about 1875 at Par-la-Yille, Hamilton, and mentioned also by Verrill
and by Jones, but I have been unable to learn of any tree in Bermuda now.

Artocarpus Lakodcha Roxb., Lakoocha, Indian, a large spreading tree,
with velvety young twigs, elliptic to obovate, petioled, rounded or abruptly
acuminate leaves 4-8' long, smooth above, finely pubescent and reticulate-
veined beneath, the minute flowers borne in dense heads on the twigs, the
staminate oblong, about 1' long, the pistillate globose, the edible fruit 2'-3' in
diameter, is represented by a tree about 35° high, near Hungry Bay.

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaudich. (Madura xantlioxylum Endl.),
Fustic, West Indian, was recorded by Lefroy as growing in Paget gardens;
he cites the name "Tamarind Plum" as applied to it, as does Verrill.

MORACEAE.

103

Conocephalus violaceus (Blanco) Merrill, Violet Coxocephalus, of the
Philippine Islands, a fine plant of which existed at Bellevue in 1914, is a
purplish-violet, glabrous vine, climbing by aerial roots, with long-petioled,
elliptic, obtuse leaves 6'-10' long, the minute, 4-parted, greenish flowers in
panicled heads about 3" in diameter. [Procris violacea Blanco.]

Family 3. URTICACEAE Reichenb.

Nettle Family.

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap, mostly
stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoecious or polyg-
amous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2-5-cleft, or of distinct sepals.
Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many as the lobes or seg-
ments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite them, the filaments inflexed and
anthers reversed in the bud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior,
1-celled; style simple; ovule solitary, erect or ascending, orthotropous, or in
some genera partly amphitropous. Fruit an achene. Endosperm oily,
embryo straight. About 40 genera and 550 species of wide distribution.

Herbs with stinging hairs.
Herbs without stinging hairs.

Flower-clusters not involucrate ; leaves mostly opposite.
Pistillate calyx 3-parted or of 3 sepals.
Pistillate calyx 2-4-toothed or entire.
Flower-clusters involucrate by leafy bracts ; leaves alternate.

1. Urtica.

2. Pilea.

3. Boehmeria.

4. Parietaria.

1. URTICA [Tourn.] L.
Herbs, with stinging hairs, 3-7-nerved petioled dentate or incised leaves,
and distinct or connate stipules. Flowers small and numerous, axillary, cymose-
paniculate, spicate or glomerate, dioecious, monoecious or androgynous. Stami-
nate flowers with a deeply 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx 4-
parted, the segments unequal ; ovary straight ; stigma sessile or nearly so ; ovule
erect, orthotropous. Achene compressed, enclosed by the calyx. Seed-coat thin ;
endosperm little; cotyledons
broad. [The ancient Latin
name.] About 30 species of
wide distribution. Type
species: Urtica dioica L.

Spikes short, the staminate
and pistillate flowers inter-
mixed. 1. U. urens.

Spikes long, the upper stami-
nate, the lower pistillate.

2. C/. membranacea.

1. Urtica urens L.

Stinging Nettle. Small
Nettle. (Fig. 119.) An-
nual, stem 6-18' high, sting-
ing-bristly. Leaves thin,
glabrous or very nearly so,
elliptic, oval or ovate, deeply
incised or sometimes doubly
serrate, 3-5-nerved, f'-3'
long, slender-petioled ; stip-
ules short ; flower-clusters
oblong, short, rather dense.

104

URTICAOEAE.

X

Recorded as Bermudian by Michaux, Reade and Hems ley. Naturalized from
Europe. Naturalized in both eastern and western North America. The plant
has not been observed in Bermuda recently.

2. Urtica membranacea
Poir. Thin-leaved Nettle.
(Fig. 120.) Annual, spar-
ingly stinging-bristly ; stem
slender, v>'eak, ascending, 6-
3° long. Leaves slender-
petioled, thin, coarsely-den-
tate, the lower broadly ovate
or orbicular, obtuse or aeut-
isli at the apex, rounded or
subtruncate at the base, i'-
IV wide, the upper ovate or
lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex; stipules
lanceolate-subulate; spikes
elongated, the upper stami-
nate, the lower pistillate.

Common in waste grounds,
introduced from Europe. Flow-
ers from spring to autumn.
[U. chamaedroides of Hemsley.]

Urtica dioica L., Great Nettle, European, a tall perennial species with
compound flower-clusters recorded as Bermudian by Rein, Jones, Reade, Lef roy,
H. B. Small and Hemsley, has not been found by recent collectors.

2. PILEA Lindl.

Herbs, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and
small monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers
mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary.
Pistillate flowers 3-parted, the segments in most species unequal, each subtend-
ing a staminodium in the form of a concave scale ; ovary straight ; stigma
sessile, penicillate. Achene compressed. Seed-coat thin. Endosperm scanty
or none. [The name is with reference to the cap-like
larger sepal.] About 150 species, chiefly in the
tropics, most abundant in tropical America. Type
species: Pilea muscosa Lindl.

Glabrous ; leaves entire, 2''-5" long, elliptic to oblanceo-

late. 1. P. microphylla.

Pubescent ; leaves crenulate, 5"-8" long, suborbicular.

2. P. nummulariaefolia.

1. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Artillery
Plant. Lace Plant. (Fig. 121.) Annual or bien-
nial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, or
sometimes creeping at the base, 2'-12' long, fleshy,
simple or mostly branched; leaves elliptic or oblance-
olate, 2"-5" long, acute or acutish at the apex, entire,
attenuate at the base, transversely wrinkled; petioles
filiform, shorter than the blades; flower-clusters very
small, shorter than the petioles; sepals ovate, very
thin, acutish; achenes oblong, lenticular. (P. serpyl-
lifolia of Lefroy; Parietaria microphylla L.)

Roadsides, walls and waste grounds. Naturalized
from the West Indies. Native in southern Florida and
throughout tropical America. Flowers nearly through-
out the year. Commonly planted as a border in flower-
gardens, and grown in vases ; both thin-leaved and thick-
leaved races are grown.

URTICACEAE.

105

2. Pilea nummulariae folia

(Sw.) Wedd. Round-leaved
Pilea. (Fig. 122.) Perennial,
pubescent; stems creeping or
pendent, often 1° long or more,
the branchis l'-5' long. Leaves
suborbicular, 5"-8" broad, 3-
nerved, crenulate, pubescent
with long translucent hairs, the
linear raphides numerous and
prominent (under a lens) on
the under side ; petioles slender,
somewhat shorter than the
blades; flower-clusters very
small, in the upper axils.
{Vrtica nummulariae folia Sw.)

In lawns, Harrington House
and Orange Valley. Naturalized.
Native of the West Indies.

Pilea grandifolia (L.)

Blume, Large-leaved Pilea,

Jamaican, seen in the garden

at Mt. Hope in 1914, is erect,

glabrous, l°-2i° high, with

long-petioled ovate to elliptic,

serrate leaves 3'-6' long, the

numerous minute flowers in

terminal panicles.

3. BOEHMEEIA Jacq.
Perennial stingless herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with

petioled 3-nerved leaves, distinct or connate stipules, and small monoecious or

dioecious flowers, glomerate in axillary spikes or heads. Staminate flowers

mostly 4-parted, or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals, usually with a rudimentary

ovary. Pistillate calyx tubular or urn-shaped, enclosing the ovary; stigma

subulate. Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [In honor of Geor^ Rudolph

Boehmer, 1723-1803, professor in
Wittenberg.] About 50 species,
mostly of tropical regions. Type
species: Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq.

1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.)
Willd. False Nettle. (Fig. 123.)
A perennial rough erect branching
herb, l°-3° tall. Stem stiff; leaves
ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late, thin, slender-petioled, opposite,
or some alternate, coarsely dentate,
I'-IV wide; petioles shorter than the
blades; stipules distinct; flowers dioe-
cious or androgynous; staminate
spikes usually interrupted, the pistil-
late mostly continuous, V-1^' long;
achene ovate-oval, acute, rather less
than 1" long. [Urtica cylindrica L.]
Frequent in marshes. Native.
North America and West Indies. Flow-
ers from winter to autumn. Its fruits
probably transported by the wind.

106

UETICACEAE.

4. PARIETARIA L.

Herbs, with alternate entire 3-nerved petioled leaves, no stipules, and

axillary glomerate polygamous flowers, involucrate by leafy bracts. Calyx of

the staminate flowers 4-parted or of 4 (rarely 3) distinct sepals. Fertile

flowers with a 4-lobed calyx investing the ovary, a short or slender style, and

a penicillate stigma. Achene enclosed by the pistillate calyx. [Ancient Latin,

referring to the growth of some species on walls.] About 7 species, widely

distributed. Type species: Parietaria officinalis L.

Leaves obtuse or bluntly acuminate ; bracts linear ; native species.
Leaves acute to acuminate ; bracts ovate ; introduced.

2. Parietaria officinalis L. White
Pellitort. (Fig. 125.) Perennial, tufted,
finely pubescent; stems subherbaceous,
branched, 1° high or less. Leaves rather
thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, Y-2' long,
acutish to acuminate at the apex, mostly
obtuse at the base, slender-petioled; invo-
lucral bracts ovate to oblong ; sepals ovate ;
achenes about 1" long. [P. alha of H. B.
Small.]

On walls and in waste grounds, frequent.
Naturalized from Europe. Flowers nearly
throughout the year.

1. P. florldana.

2. P. officinalis.

1. Parietaria floridana Nutt.
Red Pellitory. (Fig. 124.) An-
nual, slender, finely but often
densely puberulent. Stems ascend-
ing or spreading, 4"-20" long,
often much branched; leaves thin,
flaccid, numerous, usually ovate to
subrhombic, 2' long or less, blunt
at the apex or sometimes short-
acuminate but obtuse, entire,
mostly obtuse at the base ; petioles
filiform; bracts of the involucre
linear or linear-lanceolate, 2" long,
acute; sepals lanceolate, thin, acute
or acutish; achenes ovoid, shining,
[P. debilis floridana Nutt.; P. de-
hilis of Rein, Hemsley, H. B. Small
and Moore; .^P. penn^ylvanica of
Hemsley.]

Common in sandy soil and rocky
shaded situations. Native. Flowers
nearly throughout the year. South-
eastern United States. Its seeds
probably transported to Bermuda by
the wind.

PKOTEACEAE. 107

Order 9. PROTEALES.

Mostly trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and perfect flowers.
Calyx of 4 valvate somewhat united sepals. Corolla none. Stamens 4,
borne on the sepals. Pistil 1, the ovary superior, usually oblique. Fruit
various.

Only the family Proteaceae, which consists of some 50 genera including
about 1000 species, natives of the southern hemisphere.

Qrevillea robusta Cunn., Silk Oak, Australian, planted for shade and
ornament, is a tree which becomes 50° or 60° high, with 2-pinnately parted,
somewhat pubescent leaves about 1° long, the ultimate linear-oblong segments
acute, the petiole short ; the flowers are borne in showy panieled racemes, the
sepals oval, the style elongated; the fruits are recurved oblique follicles about
8" long, tipped with the slender curved or bent style.

Leucadendron argenteum (L.) E. Br,, Silver Tree, of Table Mountain,
Cape of Good IIoi3e, has linear-lanceolate sessile leaves, silvery-hairy beneath,
and capitate flowers. Lefroy records growing many plants from seeds, none of
which survived more than a few months. {^Protea argent ea L.]

Hakea oleifolia (Smith) E. Br., Olive-leaved Hakea, Australian, was
taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913. It be-
comes a small tree about 20° high, with oblong leaves about 2' long, and bears
flowers in dense axillary clusters. [Conchium oleiferum Smith.]

Order 10. SANTALALES.

Trees, or shrubs, and a few species herbaceous, many of them para-
sitic on the roots or branches of other plants, with simple, mostly entire
leaves, and inconspicuous, clustered, jDerfect or imperfect flowers, the
corolla present or wanting Ovary partly or wholly inferior, compound.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals or petals. Fruit various.
Seeds mostly with fleshy endosperm. A large order, mostly tropical.

Santalum album L., Sandal-wood, East Indian, a tree up to 30° high,
with white or yellowish fragrant wood, was seen, in a beautiful specimen, at
Bellevue in 1913. It has thin, entire, elliptic leaves li'-3' long, slender-
petioled and acute at each end; its small short-pedicelled flowers are in ter-
minal panicles about V long, the obovoid calyx about IV long, with 4 or 5
ovate-triangular lobes, at first white, turning purple.

Order 11. ARISTOLOCHIALES.

Herbs or vines, mostly ^vith cordate or reniform leaves and perfect

flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube wholly or partly adnate to the ovarj'.

Corolla none. Ovary several- (mostly 6-) celled. Only the following
family.

108 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

Family 1. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume.

BiRTHWORT Family.

Aeaulescent plants, or with erect or twining stems. Leaves alternate,
estipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, sometimes clustered. Calyx-
limb 3-6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-many, adnate to the pistil ; anthers
2-celled, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules numerous in each
cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a many-seeded 6-celled
capsule. Seeds angled or compressed, with a crustaceous testa and usually
with a fleshy or dilated raphe; endosperm fleshy, copious; embry^o minute.
Six genera and about 200 species of wide distribution in tropical and 'tem-
perate regions.

Aristolochia trilobata L., Lobed-leaved Dutchman's Pipe, Birthwort,
West Indian, a vine, several feet long, with petioled deeply 3-lobed leaves 6'
long or less, solitary, peduncled, axillary flowers, the lower part of the inflated
calyx-limb ovoid, inflated, 6-spurred at the base, about 2' long, the ovate lip
tapering into a long tail-like appendage, is commonly planted, climbing on
walls and trees, flowering in summer and autumn,

Aristolochia elegans Masters, Elegant Dutchman's Pipe, Brazilian, oc-
casionally planted, is a long slender glabrous vine, with very broadly ovate,
cordate, thin leaves 3'-5' long, the long-stalked drooping flowers with a green-
ish tube and a cordate-orbicular limb about 3' broad, which is dark purple and
blotched with white.

Aristolochia argentina Griseb., Argentine Dutchman's Pipe, of South
America, a slender glabrous vine, seen at the Agricultural Station in 1914, has
slender-petioled, broadly ovate, cordate, acute leaves about 2' long, and irregu-
lar brownish-mottled flowers about 1' long.

Order 12. POLYGONALES.

Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines. Leaves alternate, or sometimes opposite
or whorled, the blades mostly entire; stipules mostly present, usually as
a sheath (ocrea). Flowers perfect, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous,
in variously disposed clusters. Calyx inferior, of 2-6 more or less united
sepals sometimes developing keels or wings, often corolloid. Androecium
of 2-9 stamens; filaments often dilated at the base; anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally. Pistil 2-3-carpellary, the ovary superior, 1-
celled; styles 2 or 3, more or less united; stigmas capitate or tufted,
rarely 2-cleft; ovule solitary, orthotropous. Fruit a lenticular or 3-
angled achene. Seed with horny or mealy endosperm; embrv'o with in-
cumbent or accumbent cotyledons. Consists of the following family only.

Family 1. . POLYGONACEAE Lindl.

Buckwheat Family.

Characters of the order. About 40 genera and 800 species, widely dis-
tributed.

POLYGONACEAE.

109

Herbaceous plants.
Stigmas tufted.
Stigmas capitate.

Erect or floating herbs.

Ocreae cylindric, truncate.
Ocreae oblique.
Twining or trailing vines.
Trees or shrubs.

1. Rum ex.

2 Persicaria.

3. Fayopiiruin.

4. Tinianu.

5. Coccolobin.

1. RUMEX L.

Perennial or annual, leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly woody, the
leaves In some mainly basal. Stem grooved, mostly branched, erect, spreading
or creeping. Leaves flat or crisped, the ocreae brittle and fugacious, the in-
florescence of simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green,
perfect, dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious, whorled, on jointed- pedicels.
Corolla none. Calyx 6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3
inner ones mostly developed into wings, one or all three of which usually bear
a callosity (tubercle) ; wings entire, dentate, or fringed with bristle-like teeth.
Stamens 6, filaments glabrous. Style 3-parted; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene
3-angled, the angles usually margined. Embryo borne in one of the faces of
the 3-angled seed. [The ancient Latin name.] About 140 species, of wide
geographic distribution. Type species: Eumex Patientia L. These plants are
commonly called Ehubarb in Bermuda.

1. R. crispus.

2. R. pulcher.

3. R. obtusifoHus.

Sepal-wings entire or erose.

Sepal-wings fringed with spine-like teeth.

Wings ovate or oblong-ovate ; tubercles usually 2.

Wings hastate ; tubercle 1.

1. Rumex crispus L. Curled
Dock. (Fig. 126.) Perennial, gla-
brous, dark green; stem rather slen-
der, erect, l°-3° tall. Leaves crisped
and wavy-margined,* the low^er oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, 6'-l° long, long-
petioled, the upper narrowly oblong
or lanceolate, short-petioled, all cor-
date or obtuse at the base, more or
less papillose ; panicle rather open ;
racemes simple or compound, by the
elongation of the pedicels apparently
continuous in fruit ; flowers rather
loosely whorled; fruiting pedicels 1^-
2 times as long as the calyx-wings,
jointed near the base; wings cordate,
\Y'-2" long, truncate or notched at
base, erose-dentate, 'or nearly entire,
each bearing a tubercle; achene 1"
long, dark brown.

Common in fields, meadows and
waste grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Widely naturalized in temperate North
America. Flowers in spring.

Rumex sanguineus L., Bloody Dock, recorded as Bermudian by Eeade
and by H. B. Small, but not found by subsequent collectors, has a tubercle on
only one of the sepal-wings. It is native of Europe and naturalized in the
southern United States.

110

POLYGONACEAE.

2. Rumex pulcher L. Fiddle
Dock. (Fig. 127.) Perennial, dark
green; stem slender, erect or procum-
bent, diffusely branched, l°-3° long,
the branches spreading. Leaves ob-
long, or some of the lower fiddle-
shaped, l'-6' long, long-petioled, ob-
tuse at the apex, cordate at the base,
the lower often purple-veined; upper
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, l'-3' long,
usually narrowed at both ends; peti-
oles more or less pubescent; panicle
loose; racemes long, divergent, some-
times reflexed, much Interrupted,
rather leafy; flowers few in the
whorls; pedicels equalling the calyx-
wings, jointed at or below the middle;
wings ovate or oblong-ovate, 2" long,
truncate at the base, one larger than
the others or all three of different
sizes, fringed with spine-like teeth,
usually two, sometimes one or all
three bearing tubercles; achene 1"
long, pointed, reddish, its faces con-
3. Rumex obtusifolius L. cave.

Broad-leaved or Bitter Dock. ,...^ ^ xt^.

/T-i- 100 \ -n -1 ^ \ ^ ^ Waste and cultivated grounds. Nat-

(Fig. 128.) Perennial, glabrous; uralized from Europe in Bermuda, as in

stem stout, erect, more or less the southern and western United States,

scurfy above, 2°-4° tall. Lower Flowers in spring and summer,

leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6'-15'
long, long-petioled, all cordate or
rounded at the base, obtuse or
acute at the apex, the upper lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, short-
petioled, somewhat undulate or
crisped; panicle rather open;
racemes nearly erect; flowers
loosely whorled; pedicels slender,
somewhat longer than the calyx-
wings, jointed below the middle;
wings hastate, 2"-2i" long, fringed
with a few spreading spiny teeth,
one of them bearing an oblong
tubercle; achene pointed, dark red,
its faces concave, its angles slightly
margined.

Waste grounds, recorded by Le-
froy. Introduced from Europe.
Widely naturalized in North America.
Flowers in spring and summer. Not
found by recent collectors but prob-
ably correctly recorded.

Rumex Acetosella L., Field Sorrel, Sheep Sorrel, a low European
species with halberd-shaped sour leaves, recorded by Lefroy as met with in
pastures, has not been found in Bermuda by subsequent collectors. It is
W'idely naturalized in temperate North America. H. B. Small also records it,
but his description indicates that he had some other plant in mind, and the
record by Lefroy is also open to doubt.

POLYGOXACEAE.

Ill

2. PERSICARIA [Tourn.] Mill.

Annual or perennial often pubescent or glandular caulescent herbs, never
twining nor climbing. Leaves alternate, entire, continuous with the ocreae,
often glandular-punctate. Ocreae cylindric, naked or ciliate. Racemes !-pike-
like. Ocreolae funnelform. Pedicels rather stout, articulated at the base of
the calyx. Calyx more or less colored, often glandular-punctate, investing the
achene. Sepals mo&i;ly 5, 2 wholly exterior, 2 wholly interior and 1 with one
margin interior and the other exterior, none of them winged or keeled.
Stamens 4r-8', filaments not dilated. Styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, usually par-
tially united ; stigmas capitate. Achenes usually black, smooth or granular.
Endosperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name from Persica, the leaves
resembling those of the Peach.] About 125 species, widely distributed. Type
species: Folygomim Persicaria L.

1. Persicaria punctata (Ell.)
Small. Water Smartweed. (Fig.
129.) Annual or perennial, mostly gla-
brous. Stem erect or ascending, l°-3°
long; leaves lanceolate, often oblong-
lanceolate, l'-6' long, acuminate at
both ends, conspicuously punctate,
often bearing a few short hairs on the
midrib, ciliate; ocreae 5"-7" long,
fringed with rather long bristles;
racemes linear, erect, somewhat inter-
rupted below, loosely flowered; ocreo-
lae funnelform, fringed with a few
short bristles; calyx greenish, about
1" long, conspicuously glandular;
sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse, punc-
tate ; stamens 8 ; achenes lenticular
and slightly gibbous, or 3-angled,
about 1" long, broadly oblong, black,
smooth and shining. [Polygonum
punctatum Ell. ; Polygonum acre
H.B.K., not Lam.]

Frequent in marshes. Native. Temperate North America and the West In-
dies. Flowers from spring to autumn. Its seeds were probably transported to
Bermuda by migratory birds.

3. FAGOPYRUM Gaertn.
Annual or perennial rather fleshy usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect,
striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with
oblique, cylindric or funnelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in
terminal or axillary usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or
several together from each ocreola, slender-pedicelled. Calyx about equally 5-
parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit, the segments petaloid, shorter than
the achene. Stamens 8 ; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled :
style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled. Embryo central, dividing
the mealy endosperm into two parts; cotyledons broad. [Greek, beech-wheat,
from the similarity of the grain.] About 6 species, native of Europe and Asia.
Type species: Fagopyrum tataricum L.

112

POLYGOXACEAE.

1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum
(L.) Karst. Buckwheat. (Fig.
130.) Annual, glabrous except at
the nodes, stem l°-3° high. Leaves
hastate, l'-3' long, abruptly nar-
rowed above the middle, acumi-
nate ; ocreae brittle and fugacious ;
racemes mostly panicled, some-
times corymbose, m.any-flowered,
erect or inclined to droop; pedicels
as long as the calyx; calyx-seg-
ments white or whitish; style-
branches deflexed in fruit ; achene
acute, 2i" long, about twice as
long as the calyx, its faces pin-
nately-striate when mature, the
angles acute, not crested. [Polyg-
onum Fagopyrum L. ; F. esculen-
tum Moench.]

Fields and waste grounds, spon-
taneous after cultivation. Native of
Europe or Asia. Widely cultivated
for its edible grain, and considerably
grown in Bermuda. Flowers in
spring and summer.

4. TINIARIA Eeichenb.
Annual or perennial unarmed slender vines. Leaves alternate, cordate or
hastate. Ocreae oblique. Eacemes loosely flowered, often paniculate. Sepals
5, green, white or yellowish, 2 exterior, 2 interior and 1 with one edge interior
and one edge exterior, this sepal and the two outer keeled or strongly winged.
Pedicels slender, reflexed and articulated. Stamens 8, included; filaments short,
converging. Styles 3, short or almost wanting, distinct or rarely united.
Achenes 3-angled, included, smooth and shining or granular and dull. Endo-
sperm horny. Cotyledons accumbent. [Latin, referring to the creeping habit.]
About 8 species, of North America and
Asia, the following typical.

1. Tiniaria Convolvulus (L.) Webb.
& Moq. Black Bindweed. (Fig. 131.)
Annual, scurfy, dull green or pale green.
Stem prostrate or twining, 4'-3i° long,
the internodes of the older branches
greatly elongating; leaves ovate or
ovate-sagittate, V-2V long, acuminate at
the apex, cordate or truncate at the base,
somewhat undulate and crisped; ocreae
oblique, l"-2" long, acute; racemes
simple, loosely flowered, interrupted;
calyx green, at length 2" long, closely
investing the fruit; sepals oblong, ob-
tuse; stamens 8; achenes 3-angled,
obovoid or oblong-obovoid, short-tipped,
black. [Polygonum Convolvulus L.]

Waste and cultivated grounds, uncom-
mon. Introduced. Widely naturalized in
North America. Native of Europe and Asia.

POLYGONACEAE.

113

5. COCCOLOBIS P. Br.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, with erect branched trunks, or rarely high-
twining vines, clothed with a very thin bark. Leaves alternate, leathery, entire.
Ocreae truncate, membranous, often very small. Flowers perfect, green, on
jointed pedicels subtended by small bracts, disposed in spike-like racemes.
Sepals 5, herbaceous, nearly equal, little changed at maturity. Stamens 8;
filaments slender. Ovary free, 3-angled; styles 3. Ovule erect. Achene ovoid
or globose, with a crustaceous or bony pericarp, invested by the accrescent calyx,
to which it is sometimes more or less adherent. Seed 3-6-lobed, with a mem-
branous testa. Embryo more or less eccentric in the channeled mealy endo-
sperm, its cotyledons cordate. [Greek, referring to the calyx adhering to the
achenes.] About 150 species, mostly tropical, the following typical.

1. Coccolobis uvifera (L.)
Jacq. Sea Grape. Bay Grape.
(Fig. 132.) A shrub or tree, 3°-
25° high, with a short contorted
trunk occasionally reaching a
diameter of 2° or more. Branches
forming a round head; leaves firm
in texture, suborbicular, often
broader than long, 2'-8' in diam-
eter, obtuse or retuse at the apex,
undulate, cordate at the base,
short-petioled ; ocreae funnelform,
firm; racemes interrupted, 4-12'
long ; hypanthium campanulate ;
sepals obovoid-orbicular, whitish,
undulate; filaments subulate, red;
fruiting racemes dense, resembling
bunches of grapes, each drupe-
like fruit subglobose, 6"-10"' in
diameter, purple or greenish-white,
with an astringent juicy pulp and
a broadly ovoid, hard achene with
a thin reddish pericarp. [Polygo-
num uvifera L.]

Coastal rocks and sands, ascending to the tops of hills along the South Shores :
frequent or common. Native. Southern Florida. West Indies, continental tropin*-'*!
American coasts. Flowers from spring to autumn. Fruit edible, but not very
palatable, doubtless transported to Bermuda by floating.

Coccolobis diversifolia Jacq., Barbadoes Grape-tree, West Indian, is a
small tree 15° high or more, with petioled, ovate to elliptic, acute, pinnately
veined leaves 2'-6' long, slender spikes of small greenish flowers, the reddish
fruit about 5" in diameter; a luxuriant specimen was seen in a garden at the
west end of the Causeway in 1913.

Ruprechtia corylifolia Griseb., Hazel-leaved Ruprechtlv, South Ameri-
can, a small tree with slender branches, ovate-elliptic, acute, thin, short-
petioled leaves 12^-3' long, very small, green flowers in slender racemes, the
narrow calyx-lobes much enlarged in fruit, was shown by two fine specimens
about 13° high at Mount Hope in 1914.

9

114 POLYGONACEAE.

Pleuropterys Zuccarinii Small, Japanese Knotweed, Japanese, occa-
sionally planted for ornament, is a large perennial herb, 4°-8° high, spreading
by rootstocks, with ovate, acuminate leaves 2'-6' long, and many panicled
racemes of small, white flowers. [Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. and Zucc, not
of Willd.]

Muehlenbeckia platyclada (F. v. M.) Lindaii, Centipede Plant, Poly-
nesian, a shrub up to 10° high, with flat jointed leafless branches, the small
green flowers clustered at the joints, is grown in gardens for interest. Reade
made a curious error in referring this plant to the genus Xylophylla of the
Spurge Family, and this was copied by H. B. Small. [Coccoloha platyclada
F. V. M. ; FPolygonum platyphyllum of Jones.]

Muehlenbeckia complexa Meisn., Twining Muehlenbeckia, of New Zea-
land, a very slender vine up to 6° long, at first finely pubescent, its nearly
orbicular, slender-petioled leaves Y broad or less, its membranous sheaths about
li" long, was grown on a w^all at Woodhaven in 1914; the flowers of this plant
are very small, greenish and axillary. The plant is wholly different in aspect
from the preceding species.

Antigonum leptopus H. & A., Corallina, Corallita, Coral Plant,
Mexican, a slender, climbing herbaceous vine, with small rose-pink or sometimes
white flowers, is much grown in gardens for ornament.

Lefroy records that roots of Rhubarb (Eheum Bhapdnticum L.), intro-
duced In 1872, soon died out. Other attempts to raise this vegetable have been
made, but without much success.

Order 13. CHENOPODIALES.

Herbs, mostly with perfect flowers. Calyx present. Corolla, if pres-
ent, polypetalous. Ovary superior. Embryo coiled, curved or annular.
Fruit not an achene.

Fruit a utricle.

Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious^; sepals green or greenish.
Plants not climbing nor trailing.
Climbing or trailing vines.
Flowers bracted, the bracts, and also the sepals,
mostly scarious.
Fruit fleshy, enclosing several carpels ; a berry.
Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-
like calyx enclosing a utricle.
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth.
Capsule 2-several-celled ; petals none.
Capsule 1-celled ; petals mostly present.
Sepals 2.
Sepals 5 or 4.

Sepals distinct ; ovary sessile ; petals not

clawed.
Sepals united ; ovary stipitate ; petals clawed.

Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort.

GoosEFOOT Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete
stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, estipulate, simple, entire,

Fam.
Fam.

1.
2.

Chexopodiageae.
Basellaceae.

Fam.
Fam.

3.

4.

Amaraxthaceae.
Phytolaccaceae.

Fam.

5.

Nyctaginaceae.

Fam.

6.

Aizoaceae.

Fam.

7.

Portulacaceae.

Fam.
Fam.

8.
9.

Alsinaceae.
Cakyophyllaceae,

CHENOPODIACEAE.

115

toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere ridges).
Flowers small, green or greenish, regular or slightly irregular, variously
clustered, occasionally solitaiy in the axils. Petals none. Calyx persistent,
2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, wanting in the
pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions
of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them; filaments slender; anthers 2-
celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. Ovary 1-celled; ovule
solitary, amphitropous ; styles 1-3 ; stigmas capitate, or 2-3-lobed or divided.
Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous pericarp. Seed vertical or hori-
zontal; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting. About 75 genera and 550

species, of wide geographic distribution.

Leafy herbs ; endosperm of the seed copious.

Flowers perfect ; calyx 2-5-lobed.

Flowers Imperfect ; pistillate calyx none ; fruit enclosed in 2
large bractlets.
Leafless herbs with opposite branches ; no endosperm.

1. Chcnopodium.

2. Atriplex.

3. Salicornia.

1. CHENOPODIUM L.

Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small,
green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed, em-
bracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes often keeled or ridged.
Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform or slender. Styles '2 or 3; seed horizontal or
vertical, sometimes in both positons in different flowers of the same specie?;
endosperm mealy; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose-
foot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide
geographic distribution. Type species: Chenopodium rubrum L.

Embryo of the seed a complete ring; plants not strongly odorous.

Flowers in dense compound spikes.

Flowers in loose axillary panicles.
Embryo an incomplete ring ; plants strongly odorous.

1. Chenopodium album L.

Lamb's Quarters. White Goose-
foot. Pig-weed. (Fig. 133.) An-
nual; stem usually slender, erect,
commonly much branched, l°-9° tall.
Leaves rhombic-ovate or the upper
lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 3-
nerved, dentate, sinuate or lobed, or
the upper entire, l'-4' long; spikes
terminal and axillary, simple or com-
pound, often panicled; calyx about
i" broad in fruit, its segments usu-
ally completely enclosing the utricle;
seed horizontal, black, shining, firmly
attached to the pericarp.

In waste places, and cultivated
soil ; a common weed, naturalized from
Europe. Widely naturalized in warm
and temperate regions. Flowers from
winter to autumn.

1. C. alhtttn.

2. C. niurale.

3. C. ambrosioides.

116

CHENOPODIACEAE.

2. Chenopodium murale L.

Nettie-leaved Goosefoot. Sow-
bane. (Fig. 134.) Annual, some-
what scurfy above; stem l°-2^°
high, leafy to the summit. Leaves
rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green,
acute or acuminate, sharply and
coarsely sinuate dentate, cuneate
or subtruncate at the base, slender-
petioled, 2'^' long; flowers in
loose axillary panicles often not
longer than the petioles; calyx-
segments not entirely enclosing the
utricle; seed sharp-edged, hori-
zontal, firmly attached to the peri-
carp.

Occasional or frequent in waste
places. Introduced. Native of Europe.
Naturalized in temperate North
America and in the West Indies.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

3. Chenopodium ambrosioides

L. Mexican Tea. Worm seed.
(Fig. 135.) Annual, glabrous or
slightly glandular-pubescent, strong-
scented; stem leafy, 2°-3° high angu-
lar and grooved. Leaves oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, narrowed to a short
petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or
the upper entire, l'-4' long, the up-
per numerous and smaller; flowers
in small dense axillary spikes; calyx
usually 3-parted, completely enclos-
ing the fruit ; pericarp readily sep-
arable from the seed ; seed horizontal
or vertical, shining. [C. anthelmin-
ticum L.]

In waste places. Common. Nat-
iralized from tropical America. Flow-
ers in summer and autumn.

Blitum maritimum L., similar
to Chenopodium, but the calyx be-
coming fleshy and accrescent, the
ripe heads of fruit globose and red,
recorded by Reade as rare along way-
sides by the sea, has not been found
by subsequent collectors. It is native of the cooler parts of the north temperate
zone. The record is, perhaps, an error for Atriplex arenaria.

2. ATRIPLEX L.

Herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate,

or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in

panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless,

consisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; filaments

CHENOPODIACEAE.

117

separate or united by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present.
Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 braetlets which enlarge in fruit and are more
or less united, sometimes quite to their summits; perianth none; stigmas 2.
Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical
or rarely horizontal; embryo annular; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name
of orache.] About 130 species, of very wide geographic distribution. Type
species: Atriplex hortensis L.

1. Atriplex arenaria Nutt.
Sea-beach Atriplex. (Fig. 136.)
Annual, pale, densely silvery-
scurfy ; stem bushy-branched, 4-15'
high, the branches ascending or
decumbent, angular; leaves oblong,
entire, short-petioled or sessile, ^'-
2' long, the lateral veins few and
obscure; flowers in axillary clus-
ters much shorter than the leaves;
fruiting bractlets triangular wedge-
shaped, broadest above, 2"-3"
wide, united nearly to the several-
toothed summits, their margins en-
tire, their sides reticulated, or
sometimes crested or tubercled.
[A. cristaia of Lefroy and of
Hemsley; FBlitum maritimum of
Reade and of H. B. Small.]

In salt marshes, not abundant,
and recorded by Lefroy as found
along the North Shores. Native.
Eastern United States, Bahamas,
Cuba. Transported to Bermuda by
floating. Flowers from spring to autumn.

Atriplex hortensis L., Garden Orache, Tartarian, grown as a substitute
for spinach in many countries, was seen at the Agricultural Station in 1913.
It has succulent ovate-lanceolate leaves 2^'-4' long, and flowers in large
panicles, the broadly ovate, veiny, subcordate bracts about 5" broad.

3. SALICORNIA L.

Fleshy glabrous herbs, with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to
mere opposite scales, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper
ones, forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate.
Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming
spongy, in fruit deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted ; fila-
ments cylindric, short ; anthers oblong, large ; ovary ovoid ; styles or stigmas 2.
Utricle enclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed
erect, compressed; embryo conduplicate; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt-
horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] About 10 species,
natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New.
Type species: Salicornia europaea L

118

CHENOPODIACEAE.

1. Salicornia perennis Mill.
Woody Glasswort. Marsh Sam-
phire. (Fig. 137.) Perennial by
a woody rootstock; stem trailing
or decumbent, the branches as-
cending or erect, slender, nearly
or quite simple, rather long-
jointed, 6'-li° high. Scales
broadly ovate or wider than high,
appressed or slightly divergent ;
fruiting spikes ^'-IV long, their
joints not longer than thick;
flowers all about equally high and
about equalling the joints. [S.
ambigua Michx. j S. fruticosa of
Lefroy, H. B. Small, Coulter,
and Verrill.]

Common In salt marshes, and
on coastal rocks and sands. Native.
Atlantic and Pacific coast of North
America, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica,
coasts of northern Europe. Trans-
ported to Bermuda by floating.
Flowers in spring and summer.

Beta vulgaris L., Beet,
European, a large-rooted plant
of this family, is successfully
grown as a garden vegetable in
s everal races. The flowering stem
is 2°-3° high, with alternate
leaves, the small greenish flowers
in panicled spikes.

Family 2. BASELLACEAE Moq.

Madeira-vine Family.

Somewhat succulent vines, with tuber-bearing rootstocks. Leaves
alternate, broad, often cordate, entire. Flowers perfect in narrow racemes.
Calyx of 2 sepals, sometimes winged in fruit. Corolla of 5 petals. Stamens
5, borne opposite the petals; filaments sometimes united below. Ovary
superior, 1-celled ; styles 3, distinct ; stigmas entire or cleft. Ovule solitary,
campylotropous, erect. Fruit utricular. Seed with a membranous testa.
Five genera and about 15 species of tropical distribution, mostly Amer-
ican.

1. BOUSSINGAULTIA H.B.K.

Vines, with much-branched stems, the leaves rather fleshy. Flowers in
axillary and terminal spike-like racemes. Sepals nearly flat, not winged.
Petals longer than the sepals. Filaments terete, somewhat enlarged, but not
dilated, at the base. Stigmas cleft. Seeds with starchy endosperm. [In
honor of Boussingault, a French botanist.] About a dozen species, natives of
tropical America, the following typical.

BASELLACEAE.

119

1. Boussingaultia baselloides
H.B.K. Madeira-vine. Bridal
Wreath. (Fig. 138.) A glabrous
vine climbing over other plants or
on walls. Leaves ovate, l'-3' long,
acute, entire, abruptly narrowed or
subcordate at the base, short-
petioled; racemes slender, simple
or compound, 2'-6' long; petals
greenish white, oval or elliptic-
oval, about 2" long, spreading dur-
ing anthesis.

Thickets and walls, escaped
from cultivation and naturalized.
Native of South America. . Flowers
in summer and autumn. An attrac-
tive vine with many narrow racemes
of nearly white fragrant flowers.

Basella rubra L., Red Basella,
of tropical Asia, recorded by Jones
as grown in Bermuda, is a vine,
similar to the Madeira Vine, but
with spicate, red or white, sessile
flowers, and the seeds have scarcely
any endosperm. [B. cordifolia
Lam.]

Family 3. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil.

Amaranth Family.

Herbs, some exotic genera low shrubs, with simple mostly entire thin
leaves. Flowers small, green or white, bracteolate, variously clustered,
usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx her-
baceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct, or united at the
base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the
calyx-segments, hypogynous; filaments distinct, united at the base, or into
a tube. Ovary 1-celle'd; ovule solitary in the following genera, amphitro-
pous (several in some tropical genera) ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a utricle,
circumscissile, bursting irregularly, or indehiscent, 1-seeded in our genera.
Seed mostly smooth; embryo annular; endosperm mealy, usually copious.
About 40 genera and 475 species, widely distributed, most abundant in
warm regions.

Utricle circumscissile ; anthers 2-celled.
Utricle indehiscent ; anthers 1-celled.

1. Amaranthus.

2. Achyranthcs.

1. AMARANTHUS L.

Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs,
with petioled pinnately veined leaves and small monoecious polygamous or

120

AMARANTHACEAE.

dioecious green or purplish mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal
spikes or axillary clusters. Calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 2-5 ; anthers
longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong
utricle, 2-3 -beaked by the persistent styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfad-
ing flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.] About 50 species of wide
geographic distribution. Type species: Amaranthus caudatus L.

1. Amaranthus hybridus L. Slen-
der Pigweed. (Fig. 139.) Eoughish-
pubescent; stem usually slender, erect,
l°-5° tall. Leaves ovate, or the upper
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, 2'-6'
long; spikes linear-cylindric, axillary and
forming dense terminal panicles, ascend-
ing, somewhat spreading or drooping;
bracts subulate, twice as long as the 5
oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens
5; utricle scarcely wrinkled. [A. cJilo-
rostacliys Willd.]

A common weed In waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized from tropical
America. Widely naturalized as a weed in
temperate North America. Flowers nearly
throughout the year.

Amaranthus retroflexus L., Rough Pigweed, American, similar, but with
thick ovoid-cylindric flower spikes, is recorded as Bermudian by Reade, H. B.
Small and Moore.

Amaranthus spinosus L., Spiny Amaranth, with a pair of stout spines in
each leaf axil, is recorded by Lefroy as a weed in cultivated ground, and by
Hemsley, as found among rubbish by Lane, but it has not been seen in Ber-
muda by subsequent collectors.

Amaranthus gangeticus L., Love-lies-Bleeding, Asiatic, sometimes grown
for ornament in races with red or purple leaves, is l°-3° high with erect spikes
of glomerate flowers. [A. melanchoUcus L.]

2. ACHYRANTHES L.

Decumbent or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or nearly so.
Flowers perfect, in sessile or peduncled head-like usually white or silvery spikes.
Sepals 5, unequal. Stamens 5, the filaments partially united into a cup-like
tube; staminodia surpassing the filaments and 1-celled anthers or shorter.
Ovary 1-celled; stigma capitate. Ovule solitary. Utricle flattened, indehiscent.
Seeds lenticular, smooth. [Greek, straw-flower.] About 100 species, of trop-
ical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Achyranthes repens L.

AMAEANTHACEAE,

121

1. Achyranthes maritima (St. Hil.)
Standlev. Beach Alternaxthera. (Fig.
140.) Plants glabrous, fleshy. Stems or
the iDranches prostrate, 8'-2^° long, angled,
branched ; leaves leathery, cuneate to oblong
or elliptic, f'-2^' long, obtuse, commonly
mucronate, entire, sessile or somewhat
petioled; spikes dull straw-colored, 3"-6"
long, sessile, leaving a conspicuous scar
when detached ; bracts ovate, keeled ; calyx
i longer than the bracts; sepals rigid, ovate,
acute and slightly awn-tipped, usually 5-
nerved, glabrous; staminodia longer than
the filaments, cleft or lacerate at the tip.
[Alternanthera maritima St. Hil.]

Beaches, Long Bird Island, 1908. Southern
Florida, Bahamas, South America. Flowers In
spring. Transported- to Bermuda by floating.

Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) R.Br.
KxoTWEED Achyranthes, West Indian,
recorded by E-eade as growing in the Public
Park prior to 1883, has spreading stems and
branches, spatulate obtuse leaves about 1' long, and bright white flower-heads
Y in diameter, sessile in the axils.

Achyranthes amabilis (Lemaire) Britton, Beautifl^l Achyranthes,
Brazilian, planted for borders in flower gardens, has oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, more or less red-blotched leaves l'-3' long. [Alternantlicra amahilis
Lemaire.]

Achyranthes Bettzickiana (Kegel) Britton, Bettzick's Achyranthes,
also Brazilian and planted for borders, has spatulate to ovate red to green
leaves 1-2' long, with long margined petioles. [Telanthera Bettzicliana Kegel.]

Celosia cristata L., Cockscomb, of tropical regions, cultivated in flower
gardens, is a stiff, erect annual about 2° high, with glabrous, ovate, petioled
leaves 2'-3' long, cordate at the base, often variegated ; its spikes of flowers are
confluent into flat crested structures sometimes very broad, red, purple or
violet to yellow. It is supposed to be a crested race of Celosia argentea L., a
common tropical weed.

Iresine Herbstli Hook., Herbst's Iresine, South American, recorded by
Lefroy as grown in Bermuda gardens, is shrubby, U°-3° high, with nearly
orbicular, slender-petioled, emarginate, purple or red leaves l'-3' broad and
very small and numerous flowers in panicles.

Family 4. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl.

PoKEWEED Family.

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees) with alternate entire
mostly estipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious
flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 sepals, its segments or sepals im-
bricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-
segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous;

122

PHYTOLACCACEAE.

filaments distinct, or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longi-
tudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled
in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous. Styles
as many as the carpels, short or none ; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a
berry in the following genus. Endosperm of the seed mealy or fleshy.
About 22 genera and 110 species, mostly in the tropics.

1. PHYTOLACCA L.

Tall perennial herbs, Tvith petioled estipulate leaves, and small flowers in
terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the
leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3-bracted above. Calyx of 4
or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the calyx.
Ovary composed of 5-15 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed-
globose 5-15-celled fleshy berry. Seeds 1 in each cavity, erect, compressed;
embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring
to the crimson juice of the berries.] About 24 species, the following typical
one of eastern North America, the others tropical.

1. Phjrtolacca americana L.

Poke. Scoke. Garget. (Fig.
141.) A glabrous strong-smelling
succulent erect herb, 3°-12° tall,
the root large, poisonous, the stem
stout, its pith divided into disks.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
both ends, 6-12' long; racemes
2'-S' long; pedicels 2"-6" long;
flowers perfect ; calyx white, 2"-3"
broad; stamens 10, slightly shorter
than the sepals; ovary green, 10-
celled; styles recurved; berry dark
purple, 5"-6" in diameter, very
juicy, its 10 carpels conspicuous
when dry. [P. decandra L.]

Waste grounds in Paget Marsh,

1905. Introduced from temperate

North America. Naturalized in

Europe. Flowers from spring to
autumn.

Eivina humilis L., Rouge Plant, of tropical America, a low shrub with
alternate, entire, petioled ovate to lanceolate leaves 1-3' long, the small white
flowers racemose, with 4 sepals, the fruit small red berries about 1" in diam-
eter, was grown at the Agricultural Station in 1914.

Family 5. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl.

Four-o'clock Family.

Herbs (some tropical genera trees or shrubs) with simple entire leaves,
and regular flowers in clusters, in several of the genera subtended by in-

NYCTAGINACEAE.

123

volucres. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb 4-5-
lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous; filaments filiform; anthers
2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the
perianth, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; ovule campylotropous; stigma capitate. Fruit
a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 25 genera and 350 species,
of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America,

Involucre large, calyx-like, its bracts united.
Involucre none ; flowers very small, panicled

1. Mirahilis.

2. Boerhaavca,

1. MIRABIIilS L.

Perennial herbs, with large tuberous-thickened roots and forking stems.
Leaves opposite, somewhat fleshy, petioled, or the upper sessile. Flower
solitary or many flowers together in a 5-lobed calyx-like involucre. Calyx
colored, its tube elongated, constricted above the ovary, its limb expanding,
deciduous. Stamens 5 or 6, unequal; filaments filiform, slender, incurved,
united into a fleshy cup at the base. Style filiform. Fruit ribbed. Seed
filling the pericarp, to which the testa adheres; endosperm mealy. [Latin,
beautiful.] Twenty or more American species, the following typical.

1. Mirabilis Jalapa L. Four-
o 'clock. Marvel of Peru. (Fig.
142.) Foliage deep green, gla-
brous or slightly pubescent. Stem
erect, l°-3° tall, much branched;
leaves ovate, acuminate, sometimes
sparingly ciliate, entire, truncate
or cordate at the base, the petioles
about i as long as the blades; in-
volucres campanulate, 3"-4" high,
pubescent, 1-flowered, their lobes
ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as
the tube, acute, bristle-tipped;
calyx salverform, li'-2' long,
deep red to purple or white, often
more or less blotched, the edge
lobed; stamens exserted; fruit
ovoid; black, 4"-5" long, wrinkled-
tuberculate, 5-ribbed. [M. dicho-
tonia L.; M. longiflora of Jones.]

Waste grounds and woodlands.
Escaped from cultivation and nat-
uralized. Native of tropical America.
Flowers from spring to autumn.
Much grown in gardens.

2. BOEEHAAVEA L.

Slender herbs with forking stems and branches, opposite leaves, and
small panicled minutely bracted flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx campanulate

124

NYCTAGINACEAE.

to funnelform, its limb 5-lobed. Stamens 1-5, exserted, the slender filaments
united at the base. Ovary oblique; style filiform; stigma peltate. Fruit ob-
ovoid or clavate, ribbed. [In honor of Hermann Boerhaave, 1668-1738, a cele-
brated Dutch scientist.] About 50 species, native of warm and tropical
regions. Type species: B. diffusa L.

1. Boerhaavea erecta L. Hog-weed. (Fig.
143.) Stem erect or ascending, branched;
leaves ovate to deltoid-ovate, sometimes inequi-
lateral, |'-3i' long, apiculate, repand or undu-
late, acute to cordate at the base, minutely
black-dotted on the lower whitish surface;
petioles usually about one half as long as the
blades or longer; peduncles filiform; flowers
2-6 in a cluster; calyx white to purple, its tube
glabrous, the limb campanulate, 4"-|" long,
sparingly pubescent; stamens exserted; fruit
obpyramidal, 2" long, 5-angled, the grooves
trans\'ersely wrinkled, the top flat.

Common as a weed in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from tropical America or
Soutliern Florida. Flowers nearly throughout the
year.

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Purple Bougaixvillea, a high-climbing
vine with large purple flowers, spiny stems, and round-ovate pubescent leaves,
is extensively planted for ornament about houses and grows luxuriantly. It is
native of Brazil.

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy, Red Bougainville.4, also Brazilian, similar,
but glabrous, and with brick-red flowers, is occasionally planted. It is difl&cult
to propagate.

Torrubia fragrans (Dum.-Cours.) Standley, Fragrant Torrubia, West In-
dian, is a smooth barked tree up to 40° high, with thin, opposite, slender-
petioled leaves 3'-4' long, acuminate at both ends, and small green fragrant
flowers in dense terminal clusters, followed by oblong beaked drupes about J'
long. An elegant specimen, the only one known to me in Bermuda, existed at
Admiralty Hous^ in 1913. [Fisonia fragrans Dum.-Cours.]

Family 6. AIZOACEAE A. Braun.

Carpet-weed Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, with watery sap. Stems often branched
at the base, the branches radiating, sometimes creeping. Leaves mostly
opposite or apparently whorled, simple. Flowers perfect, polygamous or
unisexual, regular. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla wanting (in our
genera). Stamens 4 or 5, hypogynous or perigynous, or sometimes fewer

AIZOACEAE.

125

or more numerous. Anthers 2-celled. Carpels 2 or several, united. Ovary
2-many-celled or 1-celled by suppression, superior, or somewhat inferior.
Styles or stigmas as many as cavities in the ovary. Ovules 1 or many.
Fruit a capsule, or rarely berry-like or nut-like. Endosperm copious. Em-
bryo curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, widely distributed.

Calyx not adnate to the ovary ; capsule circumsclsslle.
Calyx adnate to the ovary ; fruit indehiscent.

1. Srsuviutn.

2. Tetrayonia.

1. SESUVIUM L.

Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary
pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and
connate at the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse.
Stamens 5-60, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments filiform, sometimes united
at the base. Ovary 3-5-eeIled. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side.
Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds round-reniform,
smooth; embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of seacoasts and saline
regions, the following typical. [Derivation uncertain.]

1. Sesuvium Portulacastnim L. Sea

Purslane. Seaside Purslane. (Fig, 144.)
Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stems usually
diffusely branched, the branches prostrate,
often creeping, forming patches often 5°-6°
broad; leaves oblanceolate to oblong, ^'-2'
long, acute or acutish, the bases clasping;
flowers short-peduncled, solitary in the axils ;
sepals broadly lanceolate, 3"-5" long,
hooded, purple within, the back prolonged
into an appendage; stamens numerous; cap-
sule conic, 4"-5" long.

Common in salt marshes and on coastal
sands. Native. Southeastern United States
and West Indies. Doubtless transported to
Bermuda by floating. Flowers from spring to
autumn. An abundant and characteristic
coastal plant.

2. TETRAGONIA L.

Herbs, somewhat fleshy, with alternate, estipulate leaves and small axillary
flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary extending beyond it; sepals 3-5.
Stamens inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary 1-several-celIed ; styles as many as
the ovary-cavities. Fruit nut-like, often 4-angled, indehiscent. Seeds reniform;
embryo curved. [Greek, four-angled.] About 20 species. Type species:
Tetragonia fruticosa L.

126

AIZOACEAE.

1. Tetragonia expansa Murr.
New Zealand Spinach. (Fig. 145.)
Stems prostrate or ascending, rather
stout, often 2° long, branched below.
Leaves rhombic-ovate, 1-3' long,
acutish to acuminate at the apex, ab-
ruptly narrowed into a petiole shorter
than the blade; flowers solitary and
nearly sessile in the axils, about 2^"
wide; fruit short-stalked, broadly
obovoid, 4-horned, 4"-5" thick.

Border of mangrove swamp, near
Bassett's Cave, Sandys, 1912. Escaped
from cultivation and naturalized. Na-
tive of New Zealand.

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
L., Ice Plant, of Greece, th© Canary
Islands, South Africa, and found also
on the coast of California, has been
planted for interest. It is a diffusely
procumbent herb, covered with white
shining papillae, its ovate to spatulate

leaves l'-4' long, its small, nearly sessile, axillary flowers white or rose. [M.

glaciale Haw.]

A species of Mesembryanthemum, South African, known as Hottentot's
Bread, was grown at Wood Haven in 1914.

Family 7. PORT^ULACACEAE Reichenb.

Purslane Family.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with regular perfect but unsymmet-
rical flowers. Sepals commonly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 or 5, rarely more,
liypogynous, imbricated. Stamens hypog^mous, equal in number to the
petals or fewer, rarely more; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled; style 2-3-eIeft or 2-3-divided, tlie
divisions stigmatic on the inner side; ovules 2-°o, amphitropous. Capsule
circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-°o, reniform-globose or
compressed; embryo curved. About 180 species, mostly natives of Amer-
ica, grouped in about 20 genera.

1. PORTULACA L.

Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent fleshy herbs, with terminal
flowers. Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals
4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-co, also on the
calyx. Ovary many-ovuled; style deeply 3-9-cleft or parted. Capsule mem-
branous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion to the purging
qualities of some species.] A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives
of America, the following typical.

PORTULACACEAE.

127

1. Portulaca olericea L.

Purslane. Pussley. (Fig.
146.) Annual, prostrate, branch-
ing from a deep central root;
branches 4'-10' long. Leaves
alternate and clustered at the
ends of the branches, obovate
or cuneate, 3"-10" long, rounded
at the apex, very fleshy ; flower-
buds flat; flowers solitary, ses-
sile, 2"-4" broad, yellow, open-
ing in bright sunshine; sepals
broad, keeled, acutish; style 4-
6-parted; capsule 3"-5" long;
seeds finely rugose.

Common as a weed In waste
and cultivated grounds and occa-
sional in rocliy situations. Na-
tive. North America and the
West Indies. Prohably trans-
ported to Bermuda by birds.
Flowers nearly throughout the
year. Used as a pot herb.

Montia fontana L., a small
aquatic cold-temperate plant,
was reported by Lefroy and by
H. B. Small as common in ponds

and ditches, but it has not been found by other collectors; the records are
probably erroneous.

Portulaca pilosa L., Small Purple Portulaca, a West Indian purple-
flowered species with nearly cylindric linear leaves, is recorded by Reade as
frequent in gardens, prior to 1883.

Family 8. ALSINACEAE Wahl.

Chickweed Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base, with a
watery sap. Stems often diffusely branched. Leaves opposite, with or
without stipules, entire. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes incomplete.
Calyx of 4-5 persistent, distinct or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 4-5
clawless petals, or wanting. Androecium of twice as many stamens as there
are sepals or fewer; filaments distinct or cohering below. Anthers introrse,
opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled or rarely 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5 ; ovules
several or many, amphitropous or campylotropous, on a central column.
Fruit a capsule, opening by valves, these sometimes tooth-like. Erabr\'o
more or less curved in the endosperm, usually with incumbent cotyledons.
About 32 genera and 500 species, widely distributed, most abundant in
temperate regions.

Stipules none.

Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted.

Capsule ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by valves.
Capsule cylindric, dehiscent by teeth.
Petals entire or merely emarginate.
Styles as many as the sepals,
Styjes fewer than the sepals.
Stipules present, scarious.

1. Alsinc.

2. Cerostium.

3. Soffina.

4. Arcnaria.

5. Tissa.

128

ALSINACEAE.

1, ALSINE [Tourn.] L.

Tufted herbs, with cymose white flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of
the same number, 2-cleft, 2-parted, or emarginate, white in our species, rarely
none. Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled; styles commonly 3,
rarely 4 or 5. Capsule dehiscent by twice as many valves as there are styles.
[Greek, grove, the habitat of some species.] Species about 75, most abundant
in temperate or cold climates. Type species: Alsine media L.

Petals shorter than the sepals.
Petals longer than the sepals.

1. A. media.

2. A. Baldwinii.

1. Alsine media L. Common
Chickw^eed. (Fig. 147.) Annual,
tufted, much branched, decumbent
or ascending, 4'-16' long, glabrous
except a line of hairs along the stem
and branches, the pubescent sepals
and the sometimes ciliate petioles.
Leaves ovate or oval, 2"-lA' long,
acute or rarely obtuse, the lower
often cordate; flowers 2"-4" broad,
in terminal leafy cymes or also
solitary in the axils; sepals oblong,
longer than the 2-parted petals;
stamens 2-10; capsule ovoid, longer
than the calyx; seeds rough.

Frequent or common in waste
and cultivated grounds. Naturalized
from Europe. Widely naturalized in
temperate North America. Flowers
in spring and summer.

2. Alsine Baldwinii J. K. Small. Bald-
win's Chickweed. (Fig. 148.) Annual, slen-
der, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stem dif-
fusely branched, the branches prostrate, 4'-2°
long, forking; leaves usually numerous, ovate,
sometimes as broad as long, 3"-10" long,
acute or acuminate, truncate or cordate;
petioles longer than the blades except those
of the upper leaves ; pedicels filiform ; sepals
ovate, l"-li" long; petals about twice as
long as the sepals; capsules ovoid, surpass-
ing the sepals; seeds minutely tuberculate,
especially on the edges. [Stellaria prostrata
Baldw., not Alsine prostrata Forsk.]

Sand hills, Tucker's Town. Castle Point
and near Spanish Rock. Native. South-
eastern United States. Its seeds probably
brought to Bermuda by birds. Flowers in
spring.

ALSINACEAE.

129

2. CERASTIUM L.

Generally pubescent or hirsute herbs, Avith terminal cymes of white flowers.
Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals of the same number, emarginate or bifid (rarely
wanting). Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and
opposite them, or in some species fewer. Capsule cylindric, 1-celled, many-
ovuled, often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth. Seeds rough,
more or less flattened, attached by their edges. [Greek, horny, referring to the
horn-shaped capsule of many species.] About 50 species, of wide distribution,
most abundant in the temperate zones. Type species: Cerastium arvense L.

Pedicels not longer than the sepals ; flowers glomerate.

Pedicels at length longer than the sepals ; flowers loosely cymose.

1. C. vis cos um.

2. C. vulgutum.

1. Cerastium viscosum L.
Mouse-ear Chickweed. (Fig. 149.)
Annual, tufted, densely viscid-pu-
bescent, 4'-12' high. Leaves ovate,
obovate, or the lower spatulate, 4"-
12" long, obtuse; bracts small, her-
baceous; flowers 2"-3" broad, in
glomerate cymes; pedicels shorter
than or equalling the acute sepals;
petals shorter than the calyx, 2-cleft.

Common in fields and waste
grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Widely naturalized in North America.
Flowers in spring.

2. Cerastium vulgatum L.

Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.
(Fig. 150.) Biennial or perennial,
viscid-pubescent, tufted, 6'-18' long.
Lower and basal leaves mostly spatu-
late-oblong, obtuse; upper leaves ob-
long, 5"-12" long; inflorescence
loose, the pedicels at length longer
than the calyx; sepals about equal-
ling the 2-cleft petals, 2"-3" long;
capsule slightly curved upward.

Roadsides and waste grounds, oc-
casional. Naturalized from Europe.
Widely naturalized in North America.
Flowers in spring and summer.

130

ALSINACEAE.

3. S AGIN A L.

Tufted matted low herbs, with subulate leaves, and small pedieelled whitish
flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals of the same number, entire, emarginate or none.
Stamens of the same number, or fewer, or twice as many. Ovary 1-celled,
many-ovuled. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule
4-5-valved, at length dehiscent to the base, the valves opposite the sepals.
[Ancient name of the spurry.] About 10 species, natives of the northern
hemisphere, the following typical.

1. Sagina procumbens L. Procumbent
Pearlwort. (Pig. 151.) Annual or perennial,
branching, decumbent, or spreading, glabrous
or minutely downy, matted, f'-Ss' high. Leaves
linear, subulate, 2"-7" long, connate at the base ;
flowers about 1" broad, numerous; peduncles
capillary, longer than the leaves, often recurved
at the end after flowering; sepals 4, sometimes
5, ovate-oblong, generally longer than the
petals, which are occasionally wanting; capsule
about equalling the calyx; stamens 4, rarely 5.
[S. apetala of Reade and of H. B. Small.]

Cliffs, Tucker's Town, and recorded by Reade
as found on waysides. Naturalized from Europe
or North America. Flowers in winter and spring.

4. ABENABXA L.

Mainly tufted herbs, with sessile leaves,
and terminal cymose or capitate, rarely soli-
tary, white flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire or scarcely emarginate,
rarely none. Stamens 10. Styles generally 3 (rarely 2-5). Ovary 1-celled,
many-ovuled. Capsule dehiscent at the apex by as many valves or teeth
as there are styles, or twice as many. Seeds reniform-globose or compressed.
[Latin, sand, in allusion to the habitat of many species.] About 150 species,
of wide distribution. Type species: Arenaria serpyllifoUa L.

Annual ; leaves ovate, 2"-4" long. 1. A. leptoclados.

Perennial ; leaves elliptic to narrowly spatulate, 5"-10" long. 2. A. lanuginosa.

1. Arenaria leptoclados Guss.
Slender Thyme-leaved Sand-
wort. (Pig. 152.) Annual, slen-
der, slightly downy-pubescent,
widely branched, 2'-8' high.
Leaves ovate, 2"-4" long, acute;
pedicels 2"-6" long; bracts ovate,
resembling the leaves; flowers 2"
broad or less, very numerous in
loose panicles; sepals lanceolate,
acute or mucronate, 3-5-nerved;
petals obovate or oblong, usually
shorter; capsule oblong, papery,
dehiscent by 6 short apical valves ;
seeds rough.

Waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized. Native of southern
Europe. Naturalized in continental
North America. Flowers nearly
throughout the year. Has been re-
ferred to the similar A. serpyllifoUa
L., by previous authors.

ALSINACEAE.

131

2. Arenaria lanuginosa (Michx.) Eohrb.
Diffuse Starwort. Stickweed. (Fig. 153.)
Perennial, slender. Stems branched at the base,
the branches spreading, l°-4° long, forking,
more or less pubescent with hooked hairs ; leaves
narrowly elliptic or linear-spatulate, 5"-10"
long, acute, sessile or short-petioled; pedicels
filiform; sepals lanceolate, l^"-2" long, acute;
petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals or none;
capsules ovoid, about as long as the sepals
or longer. [Arenaria diffusa Ell.; Spergu-
lostrum lanuginosum Michx. ; Stellaria nemorum
of Lefroy and of H. B. Small; Arenaria alsi-
noides of Hemsley.]

On shaded cliffs, Paynter's Vale and on bluffs
and sandhills, near Tucker's Town and on Castle
Point. Native. Southeastern United States, Ja-
maica, continental tropical America. Its seeds
probably transported to Bermuda by birds.

5. TISSA Adans.
Low herbs, mostly with fleshy linear or
setaceous leaves, often with others clustered in
the axils, and small pink or whitish flowers in
terminal cymes. Stipules scarious. Sepals 5.
Petals the same number, rarely fewer, or none,
entire. Stamens 2-10. Ovary 1-celled, many-
ovuled; styles 3. Pod 3-valved to the base. Seeds reuiform-globose or com-
pressed, smooth, winged or tuberculate. [Name unexplained.] About 20

species, of wide distribution, most of
them on saline shores or salt marshes.
Type species: Arenaria rubra L.

1. Tissa marina (L.) Britton. Salt-
marsh Saxd Spurry. (Fig. 154.) An-
nual to jnerennial, erect, ascending or
nearly prostrate, 4'-8' high, branching.
Stipules ovate ; leaves linear, terete,
fleshy, i'-lj' long, i"-l" wide, often
much fascicled in the axils; pedicels 2"-
5" long; sepals about 3" long; capsule
equalling or longer than the calyx ; sccils
smooth, or roughened with projecting
processes, wingless, or winged. [Arena-
ria rubra marina L.]

Salt marsh. Spittle Pond, lOii.S. N.-itivo.
Coasts of North America and Europe. Flow-
ers commence to appear in December and
continue throughout winter and spring.
Presumably brought to Bermuda through
the ocean, perhaps recently, as it is not
recorded by previous authors.

132

C ARYOPH YLL ACE AE .

Family 9. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb.

Pink Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, with watery sap and usually erect stems
swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often with connate bases; stipules
none. Flowers perfect, polygamous or rarely dioecious. Calyx of 4 or 5
united sepals forming a toothed tube. Corolla often showy, of 4 or 5 petals
with narrow claws. Stamens usually twice as many as the petals ; filaments
usually distinct, inserted like the corolla and 1-celled ovary on the columnar
prolongation of the receptacle. Pistil 1, compound. Styles 2-5. Ovules
numerous. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-5 apical valves. Seeds many or
rarely few, with the embryo straight or nearly so. About 20 genera and
perhaps 600 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere.

1. SILENE L.

Herbs, with mainly pink, red or white flowers. Calyx more or less inflated,
5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-many-nerved, not bracted at the base. Petals 5, nar-
row, clawed. Stamens 10, Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5) ; ovary 1-celled, or incom-
pletely 2-4-eelled. Pod dehiscent by 6 or rarely 3 apical teeth. Seeds mainly
spiny or tubercled. [Greek, saliva, in allusion to the viscid secretions of many
species.] About 250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species:
Silene anglica L.

Petals longer than the calyx ; plants hirsute or villous-pubescent.

Flowers in spike-like racemes, diurnal, small. 1. 8. anglica.

Flowers panicled, nocturnal, large. 2. S. noctiflora.

Petals minute ; plant glandular-puberulent. 3. 8. nocturna.

1. Silene anglica L. English or
Small-flovtered Catchfly. (Fig. 155.)
Annual, hirsute-pubescent; stem l°-2°
high. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate,
V-2' long, obtuse, sometimes mucronate,
or the upper narrower and acute; flowers
in a terminal simple 1-sided raceme,
nearly sessile or the lower ones distant
and longer-pedieelled, sometimes all dis-
tinctly pedicelled; calyx 10-nerved, vil-
lous, 4"-5" long, much enlarged by the
ripening pod, its teeth lanceolate, spread-
ing; petals white, somewhat longer than
the calyx. [S. gallica L.]

Rare or occasional in waste and cul-
tivated grounds. Introduced. Native of
Europe. Flowers in spring. Adventive or
naturalized in the United States.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

133

2. Silene noctiflora L. Night-flower-
ing Catchfly. (Fig. 156.) Annual, viseid-
pubescent, l°-3° Mgh. Lower and basal
leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 2'-bY long,
obtuse, narrowed into a broad petiole;
upper leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate; flowers few, white or pinkish,
f'-l' broad, in a loose panicle; calyx about
1' long, tubular, 10-nerved and beautifully
veined, much enlarged by the ripening pod,
its teeth linear, acute; petals 2-cleft.

Waste grounds, west end of Causeway and
north end of Harrington Sound, 1909. Intro-
duced. Native of Europe. Flowers in spring.
Naturalized in North America. The fragrant
flowers open at dusk and remain so until the
morning of the next day.

3. Silene noctuma L. Nocturnal
Catchfly. (Fig. 157.) Annual, glandular-
puberulent, somewhat viscid above, l°-2°
high, erect or ascending. Leaves oblanceo-
late to oblong-spatulate, or the upper
linear, V long or less, often ciliate toward
the base; flowers distant in narrow racemes,
the lower slender-pedicelled ; calyx narrowly
tubular, about 4" long, 10-nerved, its teeth
lanceolate, ciliate ; petals very small, scarcely
exceeding the calyx; capsule subcylindric.

Top of cliffs, abundant. South Shore near
Tucker's Town, 1908 and 1909, and on Wreck
Hill, 1912. Introduced. Native of southern
Europe. Flowers in spring. The flowers are
inconspicuous, opening at night.

Silene maritima With., Maritime Bladder Campion, European, seen in the
Montrose garden in 1914, is a glabrous slender, branched perennial about 1°
high, with narrowly oblong or oblanceolate leaves l'-3' long, anil few whitish
flowers with an inflated calyx 8"-10" long.

Dianthus Caryophyllus L., Carnation, Clove Pink, of southern Europe,
grown in flower-gardens, has tufted, linear leaves, the stem 6' high or more, a
cylindric, many-nerved calyx about 1' long, and spreading, toothed or incised,
red to white petals, the flowers solitary or few together, long-stalked, often
double.

134 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Dianthus barbatus L., Sweet William, European and Asiatic, perennial,
l<-_2° high, with lanceolate leaves, and pink or white, small flowers in large
terminal cymes, the calyx long-toothed, is mentioned by Reade as grown in
flower-gardens.

Saponaria calabrica Guss., Calabrian Soapwort, of southern Europe,
mentioned by Jones, is annual, low, 4'-8' high, with oblong leaves and small,
pink flowers.

Gjrpsophila elegans Bieb., Tall Gypsophila, native of the Caucasus, occa-
sional in flower-gardens, is a glabrous, much-branched annual l°-2° high, with
a few pairs of oblong to linear leaves, or the lower ones spatulate, and large
panicles of small, white or lilac flowers with 5 clawed petals and 2 styles, the
subglobose pods 4-valved.

Lychnis Coeli-rosa (L.) Desv., Rose of Heaven, of the Mediterranean
region, grown in flower-gardens, is annual, glabrous, l°-2° high, with narrowly
linear, long-acuminate leaves 1-^-3' long, rose-red flowers about 1' broad, the
many-ribbed calyx club-shaped. [Agrostemma Coeli-rosa L.]

Order 14. RAlSrALES.
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Calyx present, usually of separate sepals.
Corolla usually present and of separate petals. Ovary or ovaries superior,
free from the calyx; carpels 1 to many, usually separate. Stamens mostly
hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals.

* Aquatic herhs ; floating leaves peltate, or uith a hasol sinus.

Carpels 3 or more ; petals large ; floating leaves not dissected.

Pistil 1 ; petals none ; leaves whorled, all submersed Fam. 1. Nymphaeaceae.

• and dissected. Fam. 2. Ceratophyllaceae.

** Land or marsh plants {some Ranunciilaceae aquatic).

Stamens numerous; sepals distinct; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae).
Fruit aggregate, cone-like ; trees ; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3.

Fam. 3. Magnoliaceae.
Fruit not aggregate ; the carpels separate, at least
when mature.
Anthers not opening by valves ; pistils usually
more than 1.
Sepals 3 ; petals 6 ; shrubs or trees. Fam. 4, Axxoxaceae.

Sepals 3-15 ; petals (when present) about as

many ; our species herbs or vines. Fam. 5. Ranunculaceae.

Anthers opening by valves: pistil 1. Fam. 6. Berberidaceae.

Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3 ; anthers opening
by valves ; aromatic trees or shrubs with no petals,
more or less united sepals, and 1 pistil. Fam. 7. Lauraceae.

Family 1. NYMPHAEACEAE DC.

Water Lily Family.

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, immersed
or rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 3-5. Petals
5-°o. Stamens 5-co ; anthers erect, the connective continuous with the fila-
ment. Carpels 3-<^, distinct, united, or immersed in the receptacle. Stig-
mas distinct, or united into a radiate or annular disk; ovules 1-°°, ortho-
tropous. Fruit indehiseent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy arils, or rarely
naked; cotyledons fleshy; hypocotyl verv^ short. Five genera and about
45 species, of wide distribution in fresh-water lakes and streams, none
native nor naturalized in Bermuda.

NYMPHAEACEAE.

135

Castalia zanzibarensis (Casp.) Britton, Zanzibar Water Lily, of Zanzi-
bar, with ovate-orbicular, long-petioled leaves with a deep basal sinus, their
margins somewhat sinuate, the long-peduncled flowers bright blue, with about
20 oblong petals I'-IA' long, was seen blooming in a tank at Orange Valley in
1914, where it had been grown for several years. [Nymyhaea zanziharensvi
Casp.]

Lefroy records failure in establishing Nymphaea coerulca Sav., and N.
dentata Sch. & Thoum.

Nelumbo Nelumbo (L.) Karst., Indian Lotus or Sacred Bean, Asiatic,
with long-petioled erect, orbicular, concave, centrally peltate leaves 1° or more
in diameter, and pink flowers 6'-12' broad, the oblong or elliptic petals obtuse,
is occasionally grown in tanks. It represents the related family Xelumbona-
CEAE. [^Nymphaea Nelumho L. ; Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.]

Family 2. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray.

HoRNWORT Family.

Submerged aquatics, with slender stems, and verticillate pectinate rigid
leaves, the monoecious or dioecious flowers solitary and sessile in the axils.
Perianth many-parted, the segments entire or toothed. Stamens numerous,
crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers sessile or nearly so, linear-
oblong, extrorse, the connective prolonged into a thick appendage beyond
the sacs. Pistillate flowers with a superior 1-celled ovary; ovule 1, ortho-
tropous, pendulous; style filiform, stigmatic at the summit. Fruit an inde-
hiscent nut or achene. Endosperm none ; embryo composed of 4 verticillate
cotyledons, with a short bypocotyl and a plumule of several nodes and
leaves. The family contains only the following genus:

1. CERATOPHYLLUM L.
Only the following species, which is abundant in ponds and ditches through-
out temperate North America and in Cuba. [Greek, horny leaf.]

1, Ceratophyllum demersum

'L. HORNWORT. DiTCHWEED. (Fig.

158.) -Stems 11° -1° long. Leaves
4"-12" long; ripe fruit oval, 2"-3"
long with a spine-like beak 2"-4"
long, smooth and spurless or with
a long basal spur on each side, or
tuberculate and with narrowly
winged spiny margins or broadly
winged without spines.

Bermuda, according to Rein,
and also listed by Hemsley ; common
in Pembroke Marsh, according to
Lefroy. Not found by recent col-
lectors, but admitted here because
it could not well have been mistaken.
Presumably native. The description
of this species by II. P.. Small ap-
plies to the Water Hyacinth, Piaro-
pus crassipeSj a curious error.

136 MAGNOLIACEAE.

Family 3. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil.

Magnolia Family.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, large solitary flowers, and bitter
aromatic bark. Sepals and petals hypogynoiis, deciduous. Stamens oo ;
anthers adnate. Carpels ^, separate or coherent, borne on the surface of
the elongated receptacle, ripening into an aggregate fruit composed of 1-2-
seeded follicles or achenes. About 10 genera and 75 species, of wide dis-
tribution, none native in Bermuda.

Magnolia grandiflora L., Bull Bay, North American, a large evergreen
tree, with broad leaves 4'-12' long, dark green above, brown-tomentose beneath,
the creamy-white lemon-scented flowers 4-8' broad^ is occasionally seen on
lawns and about houses, growing well. Lefroy records that two other Magnolias
were grown at Mount Langton in 1875, but died out.

Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip-tree, North American, was grown at
Par-la-Yille, Hamilton, prior to 1879, flowering in June, according to Lefroy,
and mentioned by Verrill; its broad truncate or notched leaves are peculiar and
characteristic, its greenish yellow flowers about 2' high. Mahoe (Pariti
tiliaceum) is now called Tulip-tree in Bermuda. A recent attempt to grow
Liriodendron near Bailey's Bay met with failure.

Michelia fuscata (Andr.) Blume, Velvety Michelia, Chinese, a shrub,
up to about 15° high, with densely brown-tomentose twigs, its elliptic, entire
leaves pointed at both ends, 2'-4' long, short-petioled, was seen at Cedar Lodge
in 1914. The fragrant flowers of this shrub are about 1' broad, the yellowish
petals tinged with red, the carpels loosely spicate. [Magnolia fuscata Andr.]

Family 4. ANNONACEAE DC.

Custard-apple Family.

Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves.
Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvato or rarely imbricate. Petals
about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens °o j anthers adnate, extrorse.
Carpels ^, separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large, ana-
tropous; embryo minute; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46 genera
and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate zones. None
are native in Bermuda.

1. ANNONA L.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves persistent, entire, leathery. Flowers perfect,
white or yellow, solitary, clustered or rarely racemose. Sepals 3, valvate, con-
cave, somewhat united, deciduous. Petals mostly 6, valvate, fleshy, concave,
converging, 3-angled at the apex, the outer ones larger, the inner sometimes
wanting. Receptacle hemispheric. Anther-sacs contiguous, united to the back
of the filament, surmounted by the truncate, sometimes glandular tip of the
connective. Carpels numerous, on the top of the receptacle. Ovaries prolonged
into a nearly sessile stigma. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit compound, many-
celled. Seeds flattened, with a brown leathery-crustaeeous testa, enclosed in an
aril. [Name said to be derived from the Malayan.]

Annona muricata L., Sour-sop, West Indian, has oblong smooth leaves,
the flower with 6 nearly equal greenish-yellow petals; the ovoid fruit is 6' to

ANXOXACEAE. 137

10' long, greenish, with many fleshy recurved processes, the pulp white and
acid, much used for cooling drinks. It is commonly planted.

Amiona squamosa L., Sugar Apple, Tropical American, has narrowly
oblong leaves pubescent beneath, at least when young, or nearly glabrous; the
fragrant flowers have 3 linear petals, greenish with a purple base within; the
fruit is subglobose, more or less irregular, bluntly tubercled or nearly smooth,
2 J '-4' in diameter, the pulp whitish and sweet and delicious. It is commonly
planted and appears in places as if spontaneous.

Annona Cherimolia Mill., Cherimoya, of tropical America, occasionally
planted, is a small tree, up to about 15° high, with elliptic, short-pointed
leaves 4'-8' long, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent beneath; the flowers
have 3 oblong, velvety petals, and the ovoid fruit is slightly tubercled.

Annona reticulata L., Custard Apple, West Indian, a free up to 30°
high, with oblong-lanceolate leaves 5-8' long, becoming nearly smooth, the
flowers with 3 linear-oblong, keeled petals, the globose fruit areolated, greenish-
yellow, about 4' in diameter, has occasionally been planted.

Artabotrys odoratissima (Eoxb.) R. Br., Ylang-ylaxg, East Indian, a
straggling or climbing shrub, with rather thin, short-petioled, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate leaves 5'-10' long, the brownish fragrant flowers about
8" wide, few together on curiously bent and hooked peduncles, with 3 sepals
and 6 petals, is occasionally grown for ornament and interest. [Uvaria odora-
tissima E-oxb.]

Rollinia Sieberi A. DC, Sieber's Rollixl\, of Trinidad and continental
tropical America, recorded by Jones in 1873 as grown in Bermuda, is a tree
with oblong, entire, pinnately veined leaves 4'-6' long, the 1-seeded carpels
united into a syncarp.

Family 5. RANUNCULACEAE Juss.

Crowfoot Family.

Herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. Leaves alternate
(except in Clematis and Atragene). Stipules usually none, but the base
of the petiole often sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed of
simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, imbricate,
except in Clematis and Atragene. Petals about the same number (occa-
sionally more), or wanting. Stamens <^, hypogynous, their anthers innate.
Carpels ^ or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Ovule anatro]ious.
Fruit aehenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm. About 35
genera and 1100 species, distributed throughout the world, not abundant in
the tropics.

1. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L.

Herbs, with alternate simple entire lobed or divided or dissected leaves,
and yellow white or red flowers. Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals equal in
number or more, conspicuous or minute, provided with a nectariferous pit and
a scale at the base of the blade. Carpels co, 1-ovuled. Aehenes capitate or
spicate, generally flattened, tipped with a minute or an elongated style. [Latin
for a small frog, in allusion to the marsh habitat of many species.] Some 275
species, widely distributed in the temperate and cool regions of both hemi-
spheres and on mountain tops in the tropics. Type species: Banunculus auri-
comus L.

138

RANUNCULACEAE.

Flowers large ; achenes smooth.

Stems erect.

Stems creeping or ascending.
Flowers small ; achenes papillose or muricate.

Achenes rough-papillose.

Achenes muricate.

1. R. acris.

2. R. reptns.

3. R. parviflorus.

4. R. muricatus.

2. Ranunculus ripens

L. Creeping Buttercup.
(Fig. 160.) Generally hairj,
sometimes only slightly so;
stems creeping or ascending.
Leaves petioled, 3-divided,
the terminal division, or all
three stalked, all ovate, cu-
neate or truncate, acute,
cleft and lobed, often
blotched; flowers nearly 1'
broad; petals obovate, much
exceeding the spreading se-
pals; head of fruit globose,
4" in diameter; achenes
margined, tipped with a
stout short slightly bent
beak.

Border of Pembroke Marsh,
1905, and reported also by
Reade. Introduced. Native
of Europe. Naturalized in
eastern North America. Flow-
ers from spring to autumn.

1. Ranunculus ^cris L.

Tall or Meadow Buttercup.
(Fig. 159.) Hairy, branched
above, 2°-3° high. Basal
leaves tufted, petioled, 3-7-
divided, the divisions sessile
and cleft into numerous Bar-
row mainly acute lobes; upper
leaves short-petioled and merely
3-parted; flowers about 10"
broad; petals twice or thrice
the length of the calyx, obo-
vate; head of fruit globose,
6"-7" broad; achenes com-
pressed, short-beaked.

Grassy woods, South Shore
road, Devonshire, 1905. Intro-
duced. Native of Europe. Flow-
ers from spring to autumn.
Widely naturalized in North
America, where it is a weed in
fields and meadows.

EANUNCULACEAE.

139

3. Ranunculus parvifldrus L.

Small- FLOWERED Crowfoot. (Fig.
161.) Hairy, slender, diffuse,
branching from the base, 6'-10'
high. Basal leaves long-petioled,
the blade reniform or cordate-or-
bicular, 1' broad or less, 3-cleft, the
lobes broadly oval, obtuse, cut and
toothed; upper leaves short-petioled
or nearly sessile, 3-5-parted into
linear-oblong lobes; flowers yellow,
V-2" wide, petals little longer
than the calyx; head of fruit glo-
bose, 2" broad; achenes flat, mar-
gined, densely papillose, tipped
with a sharp beak of about one
fourth their length or less.

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Naturalized in the southeastern United
States. Flowers in spring and summer.

4. Ranunculus murlcatus

L. Spiny-fruited Crowfoot.
(Fig. 162.) Glabrous or spar-
ingly pubescent, branched from
the base, l°-2° high. Lower
and basal leaves on long broad
petioles, the blade reniform or
cordate-orbicular, l'-2' wide, 3-
lobed, cleft, or crenate; the
upper 3-divided, cuneate, short-
petioled or sessile ; flowers light
yellow, 3"-5" wide, the petals
exceeding the calyx; head of
fruit globular, 5"-6" wide;
achenes flat, 2" long, tipped
with a stout slightly curved
beak.

Common in waste and cul-
tivated grounds. Naturalized
from Europe. Naturalized in the
southeastern T'nited States. Flow-
ers in spring and summer.

Clematis Flammula L.,
Sweet Clematis, European, a
vine with many panieled small
white flowers, ojiposite ternately
compound leaves, the 4 sepals
linear-oblong, the petals want-
ing, the numerous stamens spreading, the fruit a head of flat achenes with
long plumose tails, is commonly planted for ornament on walls and porches.

Clematis Jackmani Jackman, of hybrid origin between two Asiatic species,
recorded by Lefroy as introduced in 1874, has very large white or purple
flowers up to about 5' broad, its leaves 3-foliolate or simple, ovate, cordate ami
acuminate. [C. japonica Jackmani of Lefroy.] Presumably the plant men-
tioned by Jones as C. japonica.

140 RANUNCULACEAE.

Delphinium Ajacis L., Garden Larrkspur, European, commonly grown in
flower-gardens in many forms, is annual, puberulent, l^°-3° high, with leaves
dissected into linear segments, the irregular showy, white, violet or blue flowers
with one sepal and two petals spurred, the single pubescent follicle 1' long or
less.

Delphinium Consolida L., Field Larkspur, also European, mentioned by
Lefroy as grown in Bermuda gardens, is much like B. Ajacis, but the follicle
is glabrous.

Aquilegia vulgaris L., European Columbine, European, a glabrous peren-
nial about 1^° liigh, with ternately decompound leaves, pale beneath, their
segments obtuse and crenate, the irregular purple or white flowers nearly 1'
long, the petals prolonged backward into incurved spurs, was grown in the
garden at Spring Valley m 1914.

Nigella damascena L., Love-in-a-Mist, European, grown in flower-gardens,
is a glabrous annual, l°-2° high, with branched stems, finely dissected leaves
l'-2' long, and blue or white flowers about \V broad, the 5 ovate sepals decid-
uous, the 5 notched petals with hollow claws, the fruit a subglobose capsule
nearly 1' thick, with 5 spreading, persistent, styles, the numerous small seeds
black.

Anemone japonica Sieb. & Zucc, Japanese Anemone, of Eastern Asia,
occasional in flower-gardens, is a softly pubescent perennial about 3° high,
with ternate, long-petioled, basal leaves, the few red or purple flowers about
2' broad, on long erect peduncles from a 3-leaved involucre, the 6-9 sepals
petaloid, the petals none.

Family 6. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G.

Barberry Family.

Shrubs or herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, with or without stipules,
and solitary or racemed mostly terminal flowers. Sepals and petals gen-
erally imbricated in several series. Stamens as many as the petals and
opposite them, hypogynous. Flowers perfect and pistil one in our species.
Anthers extrorse, opening by valves (except in Podophyllum). Style
short; o\T^iles 2-°^, anatropous. Fruit a berry or capsule. About 20
g-enera and 105 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, the
Andes and temperate South America, a few in tropical regions.

Berberis vulgaris L., European Barberry, of which the purple-leaved
race has been planted for ornament at the Public Garden, St. Georges, is a
glabrous, more or less spinescent shrub usually less than 10° high, with obovate,
short-petioled, obtuse, spinulose-dentate leaves 2' long or less, and small, yellow
flowers in drooping racemes, the sepals, petals and stamens 6, the fruit oblong
red or purple acrid berries about 5" long.

Berberis Thunbergi DC, Thunberg's Barberry, Asiatic, seen at Cedar
Lodge in 1914, is a densely branching glabrous, spiny shrub, becoming, under
favorable conditions, about 6° high, with spatulate, entire leaves about V long,
the yellowish flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils, the ellipsoid fruit
bright red.

Family 7. LAURACEAE Lindl.

Laurel Family.

Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly
thick, punctate estipulate leaves. Flowers mostly small, perfect, polyg-
amous, dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or

LAURACEAE. 141

greenish, in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4^6-partecl, the
segments imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted
in 3 or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imper-
fect or reduced to staminodia ; anthers opening by valves. Ovary superior,
free from the calyx, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous ; stigma
discoid or capitate. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm none.
Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 genera and probably 1000
species, widely distributed in tropical regions; a few in the temperate
zones. There are no species native to Bemiuda.

Persea Persea (L.) Cockerell [Persea gratissima Gaertn.], Alligator Pear,
Avocado Pear, Mexican, is a large tree commonly planted for its valuable
fruit, which is a large oblong or pear-shaped drupe, sometimes 6' long, with
buttery flesh, largely used in salads, and a hard pit. The small greenish
flowers are borne in cymes; the oval or elliptic, petioled, pinnately veined
leaves are 3'-6' long. Trees differ greatly in the amount of fruit produced.

Laurus nobilis L., Sweet Bay, European, is planted for ornament, and
locally established in hedges and roadside thickets, but does not appear to exist
except where it has been planted. It is an evergreen, glabrous, densely leafy
shrub or small tree, becoming 20° high, with oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous
leaves 3'-4' long, narrowed at both ends, fragrant when crushed; the small
greenish flowers are borne in umbels, the staminate and perfect ones with 12
stamens in 3 series, the pistillate with 4 staminodes and a short style ; the ovoid
berry is about 5" long.

Camphora Camphora (L.) Karst., Camphor, of eastern Asia, a tree up to
25° high, the bark and leaves the source of gum camphor, has been planted for
interest and grows luxuriantly; the buds are covered by scales; its ovate to
elliptic, 3-nerved, slender-petioled, acuminate leaves are 2'-4' long, whitish be-
neath when young; the small whitish flowers are in axillary panicles; there are
9 stamens; the fruit is a globose or oval drupe about 4" in diameter. A tree
at Norwood, 20 years old, was about 23° high in 1914, with a trunk circum-
ference of 274'. This tree has become naturalized in southern Florida. [Laurus
Camphora L. ; CinnamomuTn Camphora Nees & Eberm.]

Cinnamomum Cassia Blume, Cassia-bark, Chinese, has been planted for
interest. It is a tree with coriaceous, evergreen, oblong leaves 4'-8' long, nar-
rowed at both ends, shining and finely reticulate-veined above, its buds not
scaly; the small flowers, with 9 stamens, are in axillary panicles; the fruit is
an oblong drupe 6"-8" long.

Jones, in 1873, mentions an undetermined tree of this family as Oreo-
daphne.

Order 15. PAPAVERALES.

Mostly herbs, with clustered, regular and perfect flowers. Petals, with

very rare exceptions, present, separate. Sepals usually separate. Stamens

hypogynous. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, compound, composed

of two united carpels, or more.

Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy.

Flowers regular. Fam. 1. rAPAVRit-ACEAK.

Flowers irregular. Fam. 2. FtMAitiACEAK.

Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8 ; endosperm none.

Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-

valved, rarely indehiscent ; sepals and petals 4. Fam. .*'.. P.kassicaoeae.

Capsule 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels.

Style short or wanting ; seeds wingless.

Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregu-
lar ; capsule of 2 carpels. 2-valved. Fam. 4. Caitakipackak.
Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular ; capsule of 3-6

carpels. 3-6-valved at the top ; disk large. Fam. 5. Re.sedaceae.

Style elongated; seeds winged. Fam. 6. Morixoaceae.

142

PAPAVERACEAE.

Family 1. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss.

Poppy Family.

Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper
rarely opposite. Stipules none. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 2 (rarely
3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, often wi^inkled,
deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, distinct ; filaments filiform ; anthers longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1, many-ovuled, mainly 1-celled; style short;
ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by a pore, or by
valves. About 23 genera and 115 species, widely distributed, most abun-
dant in the north temperate zone.

Leaves not spiny-toothed.
Leaves spiny-toothed.

1. Papaver.

2. Argemone.

1. PAPAVER [Tourn.] L.

Sap milky. Leaves lobed or dissected, alternate. Flowers and flower-buds
nodding. Sepals 2 or occasionally 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens co. Anthers ex-
trorse. Ovules co, borne on numerous internally-projecting placentae. Stigmas
united into a radiate persistent disk. Capsule globose, obovoid, or oblong, de-
hiscent near the summit. Seeds marked with minute depressions. [Classic
Latin name of the poppy.] About 45 species, mostly natives of the Old
World, but 4 or 5 indigenous in western America. Type species: Papaver
somniferum L.

Glabrate and glaucous; leaves lobed, clasping; capsule subglobose. 1. P. somniferum.

Green, hirsute ; leaves pinnately divided.

Capsule subglobose or top-shaped. 2. P. Rhoeas

Capsule oblong, narrowed below. 3. P. duhiiim.

1. Papaver somniferum L. Opium

OR Garden Poppy. (Fig. 163.) Erect,
glaucous, l°-3° high. Leaves clasping
by a cordate base, 4'-8' long, oblong,
wavy, lobed or toothed; flowers 2i'-4'
broad, bluish-white with a purple centre;
filaments somewhat dilated upward; cap-
sule glabrous.

Waste grounds, escaped from cultiva-
tion. Occasional in gardens. Introduced.
Native of Europe. Occasional in waste
grounds in the eastern United States.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

The Bermuda Opium Act of 1914 has
the following paragraph relative to this
plant :

" 2. It shall not be lawful to grow or
cultivate in these Islands the opium poppy
(papaver somniferum) for the purpose of
manufacturing opium therefrom, nor to
manufacture in these Islands any opium
from opium poppies grown in these Islands."

PAPAVERACEAE.

143

2. Papaver Ehoeas L. Field, Eed or
Corn Poppy. (Fig. 164.) Erect, l°-3°
high, hispid with spreading bristly hairs.
Lower leaves petioled, 4-6' long, the upper
smaller, sessile, all pinnatifid; lobes lanceo-
late, acute, serrate; flowers 2'-4' broad,
scarlet with a darker centre; filaments not
dilated; capsule turbinate to subglobose,
glabrous, the disk with 10 or more stigmatic
rays.

Waste and cultivated grounds. Natural-
ized from Europe. Naturalized in ttie eastern
United States. Flowers in spring and sum-
mer. Shirley Poppies, garden derivatives of
this species, are grown in flower-gardens.

3. Papaver dubium L. Long Smooth-
fruited Poppy. (Fig. 165.) Slender, l°-2°
high, hirsute with spreading hairs. Lower
leaves petioled, 4'-6' long, the upper smaller,,
nearly sessile, all deeply pinnately divided;
lobes oblong, pinnatifid, cleft or sometimes
entire ; flowers about 2' broad, scarlet, some-
times darker in the centre; filaments not
dilated; capsule oblong or narrowly oblong-
obovoid, glabrous, 8"-10" long, narrowed
below; stigmatic rays 6-10.

Common in waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized from Europe. Naturalized or ad-
ventive in the eastern United States. Flowers
in spring.

2. ARGEMONE L.
Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large flowers.
Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens ^. Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style
very short. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent at
the apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, an eye disease, sup-
posed to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 10 species,
natives of the warmer parts of America, the following typical.

144

PAPAVERACEAE.

1. Argemone mexicina

L. Mexican or Prickly
Poppy. Stinging Thistle.
Queen Thistle. (Fig. 166.)
Stem l°-2*° high, spiny or
sometimes nearly unarmed.
Leaves sessile, clasping by
a narrowed base, 4'-10' long,
glaucous, runcinate-pinnati-
fid, spiny-toothed and more
or less spiny on the veins;
flowers orange or yellow,
sessile or subsessile, l'-3'
broad; sepals acuminate,
bristly-pointed; capsule 1'
long or more; stigma sessile.

Common in waste and
cultivated grounds. Natural-
ized from tropical America.
Naturalized in ttie south-
eastern United States and
West Indies, Flowers nearly
throughout the year.

Eschscholtzia califomica Cham., Eschscholtzia, California Poppy, of
the western United States, grown in flower-gardens, is a glabrous and glaucous
branching perennial, usually cultivated as an annual, with alternate, finely
dissected leaves 2'-4' long, their ultimate segments nearly linear, and peduncled,
bright yellow or orange flowers 2'-3' broad, with 4 broad petals, a hooded
calyx of 2 sepals, and numerous stamens, the fruit a linear ribbed capsule
about 3' long.

Hunnemannia fumariaefolia Sweet, Giant Yellow Tulip Poppy, Mexi-
can, grown at Cedar Lodge in 1914, resembles the California Poppy, but has
larger ternately dissected leaves with broader segments; its bright yellow
flowers have 2 separate sepals, 4 broad petals and numerous stamens ; the fruit
is a linear, ribbed capsule.

Family 2. FUMARIACEAE DC.

Fumitory Family.

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs with a watery sap. Leaves
alternate, often all basal, compound, usually dissected, very delicate.
Flowers perfect, irregular, in racemes, panicles or cymes. Calyx of 2
scale-like sepals. Corolla of 4 petals, the outer (lateral) spreading above,
one or both saccate or spurred at the base, the inner smaller, thickened
at the tips. Stamens 6; filaments diadelphous; anthers, various, middle
one 2-ceried, lateral 1-celled. Gynoeciuili of 2 carpels united into a single
pistil. Ovary 1-celled, wdth 2 parietal placentae; stigma flattened con-
trary to the placentae, 2-lobed or 2-homed. Ovules numerous or rarely
solitary. Fruit a silique-like capsule or, in the following genus, inde-
hiseent. Seeds with a minute embrj^o in fleshy endosperm. Five genera
and about 150 species, mostly in temperate regions.

rUMARIACEAE.

145

1. FUMARIA [Tourn.] L.

Herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small racemose flowers. Sepals 2,
scale-like. Petals 4, erect-connivent, the outer pair larger, 1 of them spurred,
the inner narrow, coherent at the apex, keeled or crested on the back. Stamens
6, diadelphous, opposite the outer petals. Ovule 1; style slender; stigma
entire or lobed. Fruit 1-seeded, nearly globose, indehiscent. [Name from
the Latin, smoke, from the smoke-like smell of some species.] About 40 species,
all natives of the Old World. Type species: Fumaria officinalis L.

1. Fumaria muralis Souder. Wall
Fumitory. (Fig. 167.) Glabrous; stems
diffuse or ascending, 6'-2° long. Leaves
petioled, finely dissected into entire or
lobed linear oblong or cuneate seg-
ments; racemes narrow; pedicels l''-2"
long, axillary to small bracts; flowers
purplish, about 3" long, darker at the
summit; spur rounded; nut about 1"
in diameter, rounded. [F. densiflora of
Reade and of Millspaugh; F. agraria
of Eeade and of H. B. Small; F. offi-
cinalis of Lane, Jones, Rein and Hems-
ley.]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from Europe. Flow-
ers nearly throughout the year.

Notwithstanding published records, there appears to be no evidence, by
specimens preserved, of more than one species of Fumaria in Bermuda. F.
ofPcinnlis L., European, naturalized in the United States, has a depressed-
globose, retuse nut.

Family 3. BRASSICACEAE Lindl.

Mustard Fa:mily.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate leaves,
and racemose or corj^mbose flow^ers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or rarely per-
sistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate at the
base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, sfenerally clawed.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, tetradynamous, rarely fewer. Pistil 1, compound,
consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united by a dissepi-
ment; style generally persistent, sometimes none; stigrma discoid or usually
more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, generally 2-celled, rarely 1-
celled, in a few genera indehiscent. Seeds attached to both sides of the

11

146

BBASSICACEAE.

septum; endosperm none; cotyledons incumbent, aceumbent or condupli-
cate. About 200 genera and 1800 species, of wide geographic distribution.

Fruit a silicle, little, if any, longer than wide, orbicular, globose
Silicle flattened at right angles to the septum.
Seed solitary in each cell of the silicle.
Silicles smooth, orbicular to ovate.
Silicles rugose or tubercled, didymous.
Seeds several in each cell of the winged silicle.
Silicle flattened parallel to the septum.
Fruit an elongated silique.

Silique dehiscent into two valves.
Plants densely stellate-pubescent.
Plants not stellate-pubescent.
Silique not beaked.
Silique distinctly beaked.

Silique terete ; seeds in a single row.

Silique conic-beaked, its valves 1-nerved.
Silique stout-beaked, its valves 3-5-nerved.
Silique flattened ; seeds in 2 rows.
Silique indebiscent.

Silique of 2 joints, separating when ripe.
Silique constricted between the seeds, not jointed.
Fruit a triangular obcordate silicle.

or oblong.

1. Lepidium.

2. Carara.

3. Thlaspi.

4. Koniga.

5. Microstigma.

6. Erysimum.

7. Brassica.

8. Sin apis.

9. Diplotaxis.

10. CaMle.

11. Raphanus.

12. Bursa.

1. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L.
Erect or rarely diffuse herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and
racemose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short,
sometimes none. Silicles oblong or obovate, flattened contrary to the partition,
winged or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell,
flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely aceumbent. [Greek, a little scale,
from the flat scale-like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. Type
species: Lepidium latifolium L.

1. Lepidium virginicum L.

Wild Pepper-grass. (Fig. 168.)
Annual; stem erect, 2° high or
less, glabrous. Basal leaves obo-
vate or spatulate in outline, gen-
erally with a large terminal lobe
and numerous small lateral ones,
all dentate, glabrous or slightly
pubescent ; stem-leaves lanceolate
or oblong-linear, sessile, or the
lower stalked; flowers about 1"
broad, white; petals generally pres-
ent, sometimes wanting in the later
flowers; pedicels slender, spread-
ing, 2"-3" long in fruit; pod flat,
short-oval or orbicular, minutely
winged above; cotyledons aceum-
bent.

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from North
America or the West Indies. Flowers
nearly throughout the year. [L.
apetalum of Millspaugh.]

BRASSICACEAE.

147

Lepidimn niderale L., European, with apetalous flowers and wingless pods,
recorded by Hemsley as found on roadsides in Bermuda by Lane, has not been
seen here by subsequent collectors. Hemsley further cites Reade as reporting
the plant as common, but in Reade 's book of 1883, only L. virginieum appears.

Lepidium sativum L., Garden Pepper-grass, European, with large oblong
pods winged all around, is grown in gardens for its pungent foliage, used as a
crudiment.

2. CARARA Medic.

Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small
whitish flowers. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Stamens
often only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at each
end, indehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds 1 in each
cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent or conduplicate, [Ancient Italian name.]
About 6 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Carara Coronopus (L.)
Medic.

1. Carara didyma (L.) Brit-
ton. Lesser Wart-cress. Star-
OF-the-Eakth. (Fig. 169.) Tufted,
spreading on the ground, sparingly
pubescent. Stems 2'-16' long;
leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid ; flow-
ers white, racemose; pedicels slen-
der, l"-!!" long in fruit; pod
about 1" broad and slightly more
than i" high; valves obtuse at each
end and readily separating into 2
ovoid nutlets. [Lepidium didymum
L.; SeneMera didyma Pers.]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Widely naturalized in North America
and the West Indies. Flowers
throughout the year. Often an abun-
dant weed, growing closely appressed
to the ground.

3. THIiASPI L.

Erect glabrous herbs, with entire or dentate leaves, those of the stem, or
at least the upper ones, auriculate and clasping. Flowers white or purplish.
Siliques obcuneate, obcordate, or oblong-orbicular, mostly emarginate, flattened
at right angles to the narrow septum, crested or winged. Valves dehiscent.
Seeds 2 or several in each cell, wingless. Cotyledons accumbent. [Greek, to
flatten, from the flat pod.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of temperate,
arctic and alpine regions, the following typical.

148

BEASSICACEAE.

1. Thlaspi arvense L.

Field Penny-cress. (Fig.
170.) Annual, glabrous, 6'-20'
high. Basal leaves petioled,
oblanceolate, early deciduous ;
stem-leaves oblong or lanceo-
late, sparingly dentate, the
upper clasping the stem, by an
auricled base; flowers white,
about 2" broad; pedicels spread-
ing or curved upward, slender,
5"-10" long in fruit; pods
nearly orbicular, 4"-6''' broad,
very flat, broadly winged all
around, notched at the apex, in
long racemes; style minute, or
none; seeds about 6 in each cell.

Cultivated grounds, Agricul-
tural Gardens, 1911. Introduced.
Native of Europe and Asia.
Widely naturalized in North
America. Flowers in spring.

4. KONIGA Adans.
Perennial herbs or shrubs,
pubescent or canescent with
forked hairs, with entire leaves,
a"nd small white flowers in terminal racemes. Petals obovate, entire. Fila-
ments slender, not toothed, but with two small glands at the base. Silicle
compressed, oval or orbicular. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cotyledons aceum-
bent. [Name in honor of Charles Konig, a curator of the British Museum.]
About 4 species, natives of the Mediterranean region, the following typical.

1. Koniga maritima (L.)
E. Br. Sw^EET Alyssum. Sea-
side Koniga. (Fig. 171?) Pro-
cumbent or ascending, 4'-12'
high, minutely pubescent. Stem-
leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate
or linear, V-2' long; basal
leaves oblanceolate, narrowed
into a petiole ; flowers fragrant,
about 2" broad; pedicels 3"-4"
long in fruit; pods glabrous,
pointed l'-14" long; calyx de-
ciduous; stamens not append-
aged. [Clypeola maritima L. ;
Alyssum maritimum Lam.]

Frequent on roadsides and in
waste grounds. Escaped from
flower gardens and naturalized.
Native of Europe. Escaped from
cultivation in the United States.
Flowers from spring to autumn.
Much planted in garden borders.

BRASSICACEAE.

149

5. MICROSTIGMA Trauttv. [Matthiola R. Br., not L.]

Herbs, or some species low shrubs, finely and densely stellate-pubescent,
with oblong to linear leaves and large, bractless, racemose flowers. Sepals
erect, two of them saccate at the base. Petals long-clawed, the blades spread-
ing. Stigmas erect, connivent, sessile. Silique elongated. Seeds flattened,
sometimes margined, borne in single rows; cotyledons accumbent. [Greek,
small stigma.] About 30 species, of the Old World, most abundant in
Europe and western Asia, one African. Type species: Microstigma Bungei
Trauttv.

1. Microstigma incana (L.) Brit-
ton. Wild Stock. Gilliflowek. (Fig.
172.) Perennial, somewhat woody below,
branched, 2° high or less, the branches
stiff. Leaves oblong-linear, blunt at the
apex, narrowed into petioles, entire,
hoary, 2'-6' long, K wide or less; flowers
purple, conspicuous, with obovate petal-
blades; silique 4-5' long, narrowly
linear, nearly cylindric. [Cheiranthus
inca7ius L. ; Matthiola incana R. Br.]

Coastal cliffs and rocks. Naturalized
from Europe, locally abundant, especially
in Warwick. Flowers in spring and sum-
mer, sometimes also in the autumn. Culti-
vated in flower-gardens, both in single-flow-
ered and double-flowered races, some of
which are annual or biennial in duration.

6. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L.

Annual or biennial, mostly tall herbs, with simple entire lobed or piunatifid
leaves, and yellow white or rarely pink flowers. Petals generally elongated.
Siliques elongated, linear, many-seeded. Valves mostly 3-nerved, dehiscent.
Stigma nearly simple, or with 2 short lobes. Seeds in 1 row in each cell of the
pod, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, name of some gar-
den plant.] A genus of a few species, natives of the Old World, mostly in
Europe and Asia, the following rather common weed typical.

150

BRASSICACEAE.

1. Erysimum officinale L.
Hedge Mustard. (Fig. 173.)
Erect, l°-3° high, with rigid
spreading branches. Leaves run-
einate-pinnatifid, the lower peti-
oled, the upper nearly sessile; lobes
oblong, ovate or lanceolate, the
lower ones often recurved ; 'pedicels
about 1" long, erect in fruit;
flowers yellow, lA" broad; pods
linear, acuminate, glabrous or
slightly hairy, closely appressed;
valves with a strong prominent
midrib. [Sisymbrium officinale
Scop.; S. officinale leiocarpum DC]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Widely naturalized in North America.
Flowers nearly throughout the year.

7. BRASSICA [Tourn.] L.
Erect branching herbs, with
pinnatifid basal leaves, and showy
yellow flowers in elongated racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile, terete or 4-
sided, tipped with an indehiscent conic usually 1-seeded beak. Valves convex,
1-3-nerved. Seeds in 1 row^ in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons con-
duplicate. [Latin name of the Cabbage.] About 80 species, natives of Europe,
Asia and northern Africa. Type species : Brassica oleracea L.

Pods 4-sided, appressed, 5"-8"

long. 1. B. nigra.

Pods torulose, ascending, I'-l^'

long. 2. B. integritolia.

1. Brassica nigra (L.)
Koch. Black Mustard.
(Fig. 174.) Erect, 14°-5°
high, freely branching.
Lower leaves slender-peti-
oled, wdth 1 terminal large
lobe and 2-4 smaller lateral
ones, dentate all around, the
uppermost reduced to lance-
olate or oblong entire blades ;
flowers bright yellow, 3"-
5" broad; pedicels slender,
appressed, 2" long in fruit;
pods narrowly linear, 4-
sided, 5"-8" long, i" wide,
appressed; beak slender, 1"-
2'"' long; seeds dark brown.
[Sinapis nigra L.]

Common as a weed in
cultivated grounds. Natural-
ized from Europe. Widely
naturalized in North America.
Flowers nearly throughout the
year. Occasionally cultivated
for its seeds.

BRASSICACEAE. 151

2. Brassica integrifolia (West) O. E.
Schulz. Wild Mustard. (Fig. 175.) An-
nual, pale green, glabrous, or very sparsely
pubescent below, branched, l°-3° tall.
Lower and basal leaves obovate, petioled,
6-1° long, coarsely dentate, the upper
much smaller, oblong to linear, mostly
entire; racemes loosely many-flowered;
petals light yellow, 3"-4" long; fruiting
pedicels ascending, 2"-6" long; siliques
linear, torulose, I'-l^' long, slender-beaked.

Roadsides and cultivated grounds. Nat-
uralized. West Indies and continental tropical
America. Native of southeastern Asia.

Brassica campestris L., Turnip, and
Brassica oleracea L., Cabbage, are exten-
sively grown as garden vegetables; Kale, a
variety of Cabbage not forming heads, is
occasionally grown. Both are natives of
Europe.

8. SINAPIS L.

Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs, with

pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in terminal

racemes. Siliques linear, nearly terete, constricted between the seeds, sessile in

the calyx, tipped with a flat sword-like beak which sometimes contains a seed

near its base, its valves 3-5-
nerved. Seeds oblong or sub-
globose, not winged nor mar-
gined. Cotyledons condupli-
cate. [Name Greek, said to
come from the Celtic for tur-
nip.] About 5 species, natives
of southern Europe. Type
species: Sinapis alba L.

1. Sinapis arvensis L.
Charlock. Wild Mustard.
(Fig. 176.) Erect, 1°-2A°
high, hispid with scattered stiff
hairs, or glabrate. Leaves sim-
ilar to those of Brassica nigra
but generally not so much pin-
natifid; flowers 5"-8" broad;
pedicels stout; pods glabrous,
spreading or ascending, some-
what constricted between the
seeds, 5"-8" long, 1" wide,
tipped with a flattened elon-
gated-conic often 1-seeded beak
5"-6" long, the valves strongly
nerved. [Brassica Sinapistrum
Boiss.]

er<, l^r^^'lillZ^ cultivated pounds. Naturalized. Native of tbe Old World. Flow-
eis in spring, occasionally later.

162

BRASSICACEAE.

9. DIPLOTAXIS DC.

Herbs, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large yellow flowers in
terminal racemes. Silique elongated, linear, flat or flattish, short-beaked or
beakless, the valves mostly 1-nerved. Style usually slender. Seeds in two
complete or incomplete rows in each cavity of the silique, marginless; cotyle-
dons conduplicate. [Greek, referring to the double rows of seeds.] About 20
species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.
The flattened pods with seeds in two rows distinguish this genus from the
Mustards.

1. Diplotaxis muralis (L.)
DC. Sand Rocket. (Fig. 177.)
Branched from the base, spar-
ingly hispid or glabrous, leafy
only below. Leaves oblanceo-
late, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid,
2'— 1' long, narrowed at the base,
mostly slender-petioled ; flowers
6"-8" broad; pod about 1' long
and 1" wide, erect, flattish; fruit-
ing pedicels, 4"-8" long.

Abundant in waste and culti-
vated grounds on St. David's Island,
1909 and in cultivated ground near
Wreck Hill, 1912. Naturalized from
Europe. Naturalized in the eastern
Fnited States. Flowers in spring.
This plant may become a pernicious
weed, as the seeds germinate readily.

10. CAIOLE [Tourn.] Mill.

Annual, glabrous fleshy branching herbs, with petioled leaves and purplish
racemose flowers. Siliques elongated, sessile, flattened or ridged, indehiscent,
2-jointed, the joints 1-celled and mostly 1-seeded. Style none; cotyledons
accumbent. [Old Arabic name.] A genus of several species, natives of sea
and lake shores of Europe and North America. Type species: Bunias Cakile L.
The curious two- jointed pods which do not split open are an interesting
feature of these plants.

BRASSICACEAE.

153

1. Cakile lanceoia,ta (Willd.) O. E.
Sehulz. Southern Sea Rocket. Scurvy
Grass. (Fig. 178.) Erect or ascending-,
often much branched, 2i° high or less
Basal and lower leaves broadly oblong,
obtuse, 2'-3' long, coarsely crenate-den
tate; upper leaves smaller, narrowly ob
ovate to oblong, crenate-dentate, or en
tire; flowers pale purplish, 3"-5" broad:
fruiting racemes often 1° long; fruit-
ing pedicels stout, 2"-3" long; pod 8"-
12" long, its upper joint longer than the
lower. [Baphanus lanceolatus Willd. ;
Cakile aequalis L 'Her. ; Cochlaria offi-
cinalis of Jones; Cakile maritima of H.
B. Small.]

Sea-beaches, sand dunes and coastal
rocks. Native. Florida and the West In-
dies. Flowers from spring until autumn.
Presumably transported to Bermuda by float-
ing.

11. RAPHANTJS [Tourn.] L.
Mainly biennial herbs, with lyrate
leaves and showy flowers. Silique elongated-linear, coriaceous, fleshy or corky,
spongy between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons con-
duplicate. [Greek, quick-appearing, from its rapid germination.] About 6
species, of Europe and Asia. Type species: Baphanus sativus L.

Flowers yellow, fading white ; pod grooved, 4-10-seeded.
Flowers pink or white ; pod not grooved, 2-3-seeded.

1. R. Rnphanistrum.

2. R. sativus.

1. Baphanus Raphanls-
tniin L. Wild Radish.
Jointed ob White Charlock.
(Fig. 179.) Biennial or an-
nual from a slender root, 1°-
3° high, sparsely pubescent or
rarely glabrous. Basal and
lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid,
4-8' long, with a large ter-
minal lobe and 4-6 pairs of
successively smaller lateral
ones, all crenate or dentate;
upper leaves small, oblong;
flowers 5"-10" broad, yellow,
fading to white, purplish-
veined; pedicels 3"-8" long
in fruit; pods I'-li' long, 6-
10-seeded, constricted between
the seeds when dry, tipped with
a conic beak.

Waste grounds. Xaturalizod
from Europe. Widely natural-
ized in North America. Flowers
nearly throughout the year.

154

BRASSICACEAE.

2. Raphanus satlvus
L. Gauden Radish. (Fig.
180.) Similar to the last,
but flowers pink or -white.
Root deep, fusiform or
napiform, fleshy; pods
fleshy, 2-3-seeded, not lon-
gitudinally grooved, often
equalled or exceeded by the
long conic beak.

Extensively cultivated,
and spontaneous in gardens or
fields, rarely in waste places.
Native of Asia. Flowers
nearly throughout the year.
Several kinds are grown as
garden crops.

12.

BURSA [Siegesb.
Weber.

at right angles with the septum, their valves
Seeds numerous, marginless ; cotyledons
accumbent. [Middle Latin, purse, from
the shape of the pod.] About 4 species.
natives of the northern hemisphere, the
following typical.

1. Bursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Brit- ^Sm
ton. Shepherd's Purse. (Fig. 181.) '^
Branching, 6-2° high from a deep
root, pubescent below, mainly glabrous
above. Basal leaves lobed, pinnatifid,
or rarely entire, 2-6' long; stem-leaves
few, lanceolate, auricled; flowers about
1" long; pedicels 5"-8" long in fruit;
pods triangular, cuneate at the base,
truncate or emarginate, 2"-4" long;
seeds 10 or 12 in each cell. [Thlaspi
Bursa-pastoris L. ; Capsella Bursa-
pastoris Medic]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Widely naturalized in America. Flowers
all the year round.

Annual or winter-an-
nual erect herbs, pubes-
cent with forked hairs, the
basal leaves tufted. Flow-
ers racemose, small, white.
Silicles cuneate, obcordate
or triangular, compressed
boat-shaped, keeled. Style short.

BRASSICACEAE. 156

Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L., Water-cress, European, is occa-
sionally grown in tanks or pools as a vegetable. Lefroy records it as in his
time abundant in the water channels of Pembroke Marsh, but recent collectors
have failed to find it there, and it probably disappeared after this marsh was
made brackish by opening a drainage canal from it westward to the salt water,
through which the sea has access to the marsh at high tides. [Nasturtium
officmale E. Br., Eadicula Nasturtium-aquaticum Britten & Rendle.]

Armoracia Annoracia (L.) Cockerell [Nasturtium Armoracia Fries],
Horseradish, European, is grown in gardens for its large pungent roots. It
has large lanceolate upright leaves and conspicuous white flowers.

Malcolmla maritima (L.) R. Br., Virginian Stock, of the Mediterranean
region, grown in flower-gardens, is a slightly pubescent annual, 10'-15' high,
with oblong, blunt, entire leaves V-2' long, and variously colored, racemose
flowers 8"-10" broad, the nearly sessile linear pods 2'-3' long. [Cheiranthus
tnaritimus L.]

Cheiranthus Cheirl L., Wall-flower, of southern Europe, also a garden
flower, is a somewhat pubescent perennial, l°-2° tall, with lanceolate, acutish
entire leaves, and large, yellow or sometimes purple, racemose flowers, its linear
pods stalked.

rberis violacea R. Br., Candytuft, origin unknown, annual, about 3' high,
with spatulate toothed leaves, and corymbose purple flowers, is recorded by
Lefroy as naturalized on St. George 's Island growing along roadsides and in
waste places. It is also mentioned by H. B. Small.

Iberis amara L., White Annual Candytuft, European, a low annual
with white or purplish corymbose flowers, the inflorescence elongating and
becoming racemose in fruit, the pods 2-lobed, is grown in flower-gardens.

Iberis umbellata L., Purple Annual Candytuft, of southern Europe, an
annual up to 18' high, with corymbose purplish or violet flowers, the clusters of
sharply 2-lobed pods also corymbose, not elongating, is also grown in flower-
gardens.

Arabis alpina L., Alpine Rock-cbess, of high boreal regions, was seen
at Paget Rectory in 1914, where it had been growing for several years. It is
a low perennial, with tufted obovate or spatulate, dentate, obtuse, finely
stellate-pubescent leaves V-2V long, the white, often double, flowers racemose,
the linear flat pods about 1' long.

Alyssum saxatile L., Golden-tuft, European, a whitish-tomentulose
perennial with slender stems about 1° high, the lanceolate or oblanceolate,
nodulate-margined leaves l'-2^' long, the small, bright yellow flowers in
terminal racemes, was seen at Paget Rectory in 1914.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, False Fl.vx, European, annual, glabrous,
l°-2° high, with lanceolate, sometimes sagittate leaves l'-3' long, small, yel-
low, racemose flowers, the obovoid, slender-pedicelled pods about 3" broad, their
valves convex, has been collected as a waif. [Myagrum sativum L.j

156

CAPPARIDACEAE.

Family 4. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl.

Caper Family.

Herbs, shrubs, some tropical species trees, with alternate or very rarely
opposite leaves, and regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals
4-8. Petals 4 (rarely none). Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens
6-°o, not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle; anthers oblong. Style
generally short, ovules ^, on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule or berry.
Seeds mainly reniform in our species; endosperm none; embryo generally
coiled. About 35 genera and 450 species, mostly of warm regions.

1. CLEOME L.

Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Flowers
mostly racemose. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4,
cruciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Receptacle short, slightly
prolonged above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), or numerous, inserted
on the receptacle. Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated,
many-seeded. [Derivation uncertain.] About 75 species, mainly natives of
tropical regions, especially American and African. Type species: Cleome
gynandra L.

Stamens 6, borne on the gynophore ; petals white to pink. 1. C. gynandra.

Stamens about 20, borne below the gynophore ; petals yellow. 2. C. viscosa.

1. Cleome gynandra L. Small
SproER-FLOWER. (Fig. 182.) Annual,
bright green, clammy-pubescent. Stem
l|°-3° tall, branching; leaf -blades
palmately 3-5-foliolate ; petioles
longer than the leaflets; leaflets i'-
2i' long, oval to obovate, acute or
short-acuminate, serrulate ; racemes
4'-16' long; bracts suborbieular, oval
or broadly obovate; sepals lanceolate,
acuminate ; petals white or pink, 24"-
5" long, their blades oval, longer
than the claws; stamens 6; capsules
linear, l|'-2i' long, surpassing the
glandular pedicel in length; seeds
coarsely rugose and muricate. [Cleome
pentaphylla L. ; Gynandropsis penta-
phylla DC]

Abundant as a weed in cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from the Old
World tropics. Widely naturalized in
the southern United States and West
Indies. Flowers from spring to autumn.

CAPPAKIDACEAE.

167

2. Cleome viscosa L. Viscid Spider-
flower. (Fig. 183.) Annual, erect,
branched, viscid-glandular, l°-3° tall.
Leaves petioled, the blades palmately 3-5-
foliolate; leaflets obovate-oblong, ^'-3' long,
acute, or acutish, thin ; flowers axillary,
6'"-8" broad ; petals bright yellow ; stamens
about 20, equalling the petals; capsule
linear, about 3' long, rough-glandular,
striate-ribbed, sessile; seeds echinate.

Common in waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized from the Old World tropics.
Naturalized in the West Indies. Flowers in
spring and summer. [Polanisia t:iscosa DCl

Cleome speciosa DC, Candelabra
Plant, Mexican, a tall species with large
purple flowers, is grown in flower-gardens.
Lefroy erroneously refers to Cleome pun-
gens Willd. (C spinosa L.) as a white
variety of this; it is a separate species,
apparently not observed as yet in Bermuda,
but as a common weed in warm countries
it may be expected to be introduced at
any time.

Steriphoma elliptica Spreng., recorded
by Jones in 1873, and mentioned by Lefroy
as received from Trinidad, where it is

native, in 1874, and flowered with him, is a shrub with oblong leave? and
spatulate petals.

Capparis Cynophallophora L., Black "Willow, West Indian and Floridian,
is represented by a large tree at Par-la-Ville, Hamilton, flowering profusely in
summer; it has oblong entire, firm leaves 4' long or less, shining above, their
under surfaces and the inflorescence silvery-scaly, the petals white. [Capparis
torulosa of H. B. Small; C. jamaicensis Jacq.]

Family 5. RESEDACEAE S. F. Gray.

Mignonette Family.

Herbs, rarely woody, with alternate or fascicled leaves, gland-like
stipules and racemose or spicate, bracted flowers. Flowers unsymmetrical.
Calyx 4-7-parted, inequilateral. Petals generally 4-7, bypogj-nous. Disk
fleshy, hypogjmous, 1-sided. Stamens 3-40; filaments generally unequal.
Ovary 1,^ compound, of 3-6 carpels; styles or sessile stigmas 3-G; ovules
oc. Fruit capsular in all but 1 genus. Seeds renifoiTQ, without^ endo-
sperm; cotyledons incumbent. Six genera and about Go species, natives of
the Old World.

Eeseda odorata L., Mignonette, Egyptian, a low annual occasionally seen
in flower-gardens, has wedge-shaped, entire or 3-lobed leaves and yellowish-
green fragrant flowers with deeply lobed petals.

Eeseda alba L., White Cut-leaved Mignonette, European, erect up to 3="
high, with deeply pinnatifid leaves and long narrow racemes of STuall, white
flowers, is also grown in flower-gardens.

158 RESEDACEAE.

Family 6. MORINGACEAE Dumort.
Horseradish-tree Family.

Trees, with a gummy bark. Leaves alternate, deciduous, 2-3-pinnate,
the divisions and leaflets opposite, the latter entire: stipules wanting or
mere glands. Flowers perfect, slightly irregular, in axillary panicles.
Calyx of 5 unequal reflexed-spreading sepals on the edge of the short cup-
like hypanthium. Corolla of 5 petals resembling the sepals, the lower
petal reflexed, the upper one more or less erect. Androecium of 5 stamens
inserted on the margin of the hypanthium, and 5 staminodia. Filaments
distinct. Anthers 1-celled, opening lengthwise. Gynoecium 3-carpellary,
stalked. Ovai-y 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; stjdes united; stigma
minute. Ovules numerous, anatropous, pendulous, in two series on each
placenta. Capsule elongated, 3-6-angled, somewhat torulose, beaked, 3-
valved. Seeds relatively large, 3-winged or wingless; endosperm wanting.
Only the genus Moringa, with 3 species, natives of the Old World tropics.

Moringa Moringa (L.) J. K. Small [M. pterygosperma Gaertn.], Horse-
radish-tree, a small tree with large deeomponnd leaves and panicled white
flowers, the 3-angled linear pods about 1° long, has been introduced and planted
for ornament and interest. It yields the Ben oil, used by watchmakers.

Order 16. S ARE ACENI ALES.

Insectivorous plants secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and
perfect scapose flowers. Corolla choripetalous. Sepals mostly distinct.
Stamens usually hypogynous. Ovary compound, superior.

The order is known only as ha\nng been represented in Bermuda by the
Pitcher-plant, Sarracenia purpurea L., North American, with a tuft of
hollow leaves and a large nodding purple flower, introduced at Mount Langton
and died after blooming as recorded by Lefroy.

Order 17. ROSALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, the flowers usually petaliferous and the petals
distinct. Stamens mostly perigjmous or epigynous. Sepals mainly united
or confluent with the concave receptacle. Carpels one or more, distinct or
sometimes united into a compound ovar5\

f Endosperm present, vsuaUij eopious and fleshy; leaves mostly without stipules.
Herbs, with fleshy or succulent tissue.

Carpels as many as the calyx-segments ; stamens as many or twice as many.

F'am. 1. CEASSrLACEAE.

Carpels fewer than the calyx-segments. Fam. 2. Saxifr^vgaceae.

Shrubs or trees.

Leaves opposite. Fam. 3. Hydrangeaceae.

Leaves alternate.

Fruit a 1-celled berry. Fam. 4. Grossulariaceae.

Fruit capsular, or indehiscent. Fam. 5. Pittosporaceae.

■ft Endosperm none, or very little; leaves mostly nith stipules.
t Trees with broad leaves and small monoecious densely capitate flowers,

Fam. 6. Pi.ataxaceae.
tt Flowers perfect, or if dioecious or monoecious not densely capitate,
a. Flowers regular.
Pistils several or numerous.

Carpels distinct, rarely adnate to the calyx, ripen-
ing into follicles or achenes. Fam. 7. Rosaceae.
Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and ad-
nate to it, the fruit a pome. Fam. 8. Malaceae.
Pistil only 1.

Ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple. Fam. 9'. Amygdalaceae.

Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume ; leaves 2-3-
pinnate.

CRASSULACEAE.

159

Petals valvate in the bud.

(Petals imbricated in the bud; Gleditsia in the
Caesalpiniaceae) .

Fam. 10. MiMOSACEAE.

b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in Gleditsia).
Fruit a legume ; upper petal enclosed by the lateral

ones in the bud; leaves compound. Fam. 11. Caesalpimaceai:

Fruit a legume or loment ; upper petal enclosing the

lateral ones in the bud ; leaves compound (some-

times 1-foliolate).

Fam. 12, Fabaceae.

Family 1. CRASSULACEAE DC.

Orpine Family.
Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with
cjTnose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none.
Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted.
Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, distinct, or slightly united at the
base. Stamens of the same number or twice as many as the petals;
anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels equal in number to the sepals,
distinct, or united below; styles subulate or filifonn; ovules numerous.
Follicles 1-celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds minute; endo-
sperm fleshy; cotyledons short, obtuse. About 30 genera and 600 species,
of wide geographic distribution.

Calyx much inflated, 4-toothed.
Calyx scarcely inflated, 4-parted.

1. BrifophyUum.

2. Kulanchoe.

1. BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb.
Erect herbs, the leaves opposite, simple or pinnately compound; the leaf-
lets mostly toothed. Flowers perfect, often showy, nodding, in cymes or panicles
opposite the branches. Calyx Inflated, 4-toothed. Corolla nearly campanulate,
or urn-shaped, the narrow limb with 4 spreading lobes. Stamens 8, in 2 series,
adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers
mostly exserted. Carpels 4, distinct or partially united. Ovules many. Fol-
licles 4. Seeds numerous. [Greek, sprouting leaf.] Four known species, of
South Africa and Madagascar, the following typical.

1. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.)
Kurz. Life Plant. Floppers. (Fig.
184.) Perennial, glabrous. Stems l°-6°
tall, branched; leaf -blades often pin-
nately compound, 4-12' long; leaflets
oblong, oval or elliptic, obtuse, crenate,
the terminal one several times longer
than the lateral ones; panicles 4'-18'
long, conspicuous; calyx bladder-like,
finally oblong-eampanulate, IJ' long,
glabrous; corolla reddish, twice as long
as the calyx or shorter, its lobes lanceo-
late or narrowly ovate, acute. [Cotyle-
don pinnatum Lam. ; B. calycinum Salisb.]

Walls, thickets, woodlands and waste
grounds, almost ubiquitous in Bermuda,
striking roots and growing freely from
leaves, stems or their fragments. Nat-
uralized from Old World tropics, recorded
as first introduced in 1813, soon becoming
a pernicious weed. Naturalized in Florida
and the West Indies. Flowers from winter
to summer.

160

CRASSULACEAE.

2. KALANCHOE Adans.

Erect herbs, sometimes a little woody, with opposite leaves and panicled
flowers, often showy. Calyx 4-parted, shorter than the corolla. Corolla salver-
form, with a swollen tube and a spreading, 4-parted limb. Stamens usually 8,
in 2 series on the corolla-tube, the filaments very short. Carpels 4, lanceolate,
adnate to the base of the corolla-tube; ovules many. Follicles many-seeded.
[Chinese name.] Twenty species or more, all but the following natives of Asia
and Africa. Type species: Cotyledon. laciniata L.

1. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Camb.
Brazilian Kalanchoe. (Fig. 185.)
Herbaceous, perennial, l°-3"^ liigt,
glandular-pubescent above. Leaves
ovate to obovate, short-petioled, 2'-4'
long, faintly pinnately veined, crenate-
dentate, or the upper pairs lanceolate,
much smaller and entire; inflorescence
4-12' long, cymose-paniculate, its
branches nearly erect, the bracts very
small; flowers yellow, 6"-8" long;
sepals lanceolate, glandular-pubescent,
acute; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long
as the calyx, the limb spreading;
stamens borne on the corolla-tube a
little above the middle, not exserted;
follicles about 3" long, the brown
seeds oblong.

Agar's Island, 1913, collected by F.
S. Collins. Native of Brazil. Natural-
ized in Cuba and St. Thomas. Flowers
in summer.

Kalanchoe Afzeliana Britten (Vereia crenata Andr., not K. crenata
Haw.), mentioned by Reade as a garden plant, is 2°-4° high, with large crenate
basal leaves, and bright yellow flowers.

Echeveria gibbiflora DC, E.. sanguinea Morren, and E. metallica Hort.,
Mexican species with beautiful tufts of fleshy, entire, basal leaves, the red or
yellow flowers on erect stems, in 1-sided cymes, have occasionally been planted
for ornament.

Sempervivum species, Houseleeks, European, have been grown for in-
terest, but are not long-enduring in Bermuda.

Sedum acre L., Mossy Stonecrop, European, a small trailer with minute
thick imbricated leaves, and bright yellow cymose flowers, is said by H. B.
Small to be " spreading freely and may be found on wall-faces of road-cuttings,
Hamilton and Warwick, frequently placed on graves. " It is also mentioned by
Eeade, and Lefroy records it as introduced at Mt. Langton, prior to 1875,
but it has not come under my observation in Bermuda.

Sedum mexicanum Britton, Yellow Mexican Stonecrop, occasionally
planted for ornament, is a weak, tufted species about 6' high, with opposite or
whorled, linear terete leaves about V long and bright yellow flowers 4"-5"
wide in compound cymes. [S. sarmeritosum Masters, not Bunge.]

Many other Stonecrops, planted at Paget Rectory, died out.

SAXIFKAGACEAE. 161

Family 2. SAXIFKAGACEAE Dumort.

Saxifrage Family.

Herbs. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx mostly 5-
lobed or 5-parted, free, or adnate to the ovary, usually persistent. Petals
usually 4 or 5, rarely none. Stamens equal in number to or twice as many
as the petals, in apetalous species as many or twice as many as the calj'x-
lobes, perigynous or epigynous; filaments distinct. Disk generally present.
Carpels usually 2, distinct or united, but upper portion free, mostly fewer
than the stamens. Seeds commonly numerous; endosperm generally
copious, fleshy; embryo small, terete. About 90 genera and 650 species,
of wide geogTaphic distribution.

Sekika sarmentosa (L.) Moench, Strawberry Geranium, Asiatic, a
perennial stoloniferous herb, with tufted basal nearly orbicular leaves, and
small panicled white flowers borne on a scape l°-2° high, the lower petals
drooping, is occasional in flower-gardens. [Saxifraga sarmentosa L.]

Heuchera sanguinea Engelm., Red Heuchera, North American, has been
grown, but does not succeed; it is a low perennial, with basal, reniform, lobed
leaves, and small red flowers, panicled on slender scapes.

Family 3. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort.

Hydraxgea Family.

Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and no stipules. Flowers
perfect or the exterior ones of the clusters sterile and conspicuous. Petals
and sepals generally 5. Stamens twice as many or numerous, epigynous.
Carpels 2-10, wholly united or the apex free, the lower half at least en-
closed by and adnate to the calyx. Seeds numerous; endosperm generally
copious; embryo small. About 16 genera and 80 species, of temperate and
tropical regions.

Philadelphus coronarius L., Garden Syringa, European, a shrub about 7°
high, wi'th ovate or oval thin acute serrate deciduous leaves 2'-4 long, the
white fragrant flowers I'-IJ' wide, in terminal racemes, with 5 petals, many
stamens and 3-5 styles, the fruit a top-shaped capsule, is grown for ornament.

Hydrangea hortensis Smith, Hydrangea, Asiatic, grown for ornament, is
a shrulD 4°-6° high, glabrous or very nearly so, with ovate, acute or acuminate,
serrate leaves 8' long or less, the white, blue or pink flowers in large clusters.

Deutzia scabra Thunb., Rough Deutzia, Asiatic, a shrub 5° or 6° high,
with ovate-lanceolate leaves, stellately rough-pubescent on both sides, and
racemose white flowers, is grown for ornament.

Deutzia Lemoinei, a hybrid between D. gracilis and D. parviflora, with
corymbose flowers, is also grown.

Family 4. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort.

Gooseberry Family.

Shrubs, with often fascicled usually lobed petioled leaves, and race-
mose or subsolitary axillary- or lateral flowei-s, the pedicels bracteolate.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5-lobed, often colored. Petals
4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often included.

12

162 GROSSULARIACEAE.

Stamens 4 or 5, inserted with the petals. Ovary 1-eelled ; styles 2, distinct
or united. Berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its
summit. Seeds obscurely angled, their outer coat gelatinous, the inner
crustaceous. Two genera and about 120 species, mostly o:^the temperate
zones.

Ribes vulgare Lam., Garden Currant, European, has been planted, but
the climate is too warm for its successful cultivation. Lefroy refers to it as
Hides ruhrum.

Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill., Garden Gooseberry, has also been
planted but without success. [Eihes Grossularia L.]

Family 5. PITTOSPORACEAE Lindl.

PiTTOSPORUM Family.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate, estipulate leaves and clustered or
solitary regular and perfect flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous,
imbricated. Stamens 5, distinct, hypogynous, alternate with the stamens,
the anthers versatile. Ovary compound; style simple; stigma terminal;
ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular and loculieidally dehiscent,
or hair>^-like and indehiscent. There are no native nor naturalized species
in Bermuda.

Pittosporum undulatum Vent., Mock Orange, native of New Holland, is
commonly planted in parks and gardens, forming a tree up to '20° high with a
trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, and thrives luxuriantly. Its oblong-lanceolate
evergreen leaves, borne in tufts at the ends of the twigs are pointed at both
ends, glabrous and 3 to 5 inches long; the axillary stalked flowers are small,
white and fragrant, followed by capsular fruits which split into two reflexed
round leathery valves exposing the several glutinous seeds.

Pittosporum Tobira (Thunb.) Ait., Tobira, Japanese, an elegant shrub
6*^-10° high, the young twigs pubescent, the obovate-cuneate, obtuse, coriaceous
leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, 2-3' long, dark green above, pale
green beneath, is occasionally planted for ornament; its flowers are white,
fragrant, about *' long, in terminal sessile umbels, the slightly pubescent cap-
sules 5"-6" long. The old tree at Bishop's Lodge was 46' in trunk circumfer-
ence in 1914. [Euonymus Tohira Thunb.]

Pittosponim coriaceum Ait., Leathery-leaved Pittosporum, of Madeira,
recorded by Lefroy, has oval, obtuse, leathery leaves 3'-4' long and large white
flowers. The Bishop 's Lodge plant mentioned by H. B. Small under this name
Is P. Tohira, and Lefroy 's record may also be erroneous.

Pittosporum tenuifolium Gaertn., Thin-leaved Pittosporum, of New
Zealand, taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913,
has thin, acute leaves l'-2' long, brown flowers and black seeds. It forms, in
New Zealand, a tree up to 40° high.

Pittosporum erioloma Moore & Muell., Woolly Pittosporum, of Lord
Howe's Island, also taken to Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical
Garden in 1913, is a shrub, becoming 12° high, with oblong-lanceolate, shining
leaves l'-3' long, the corymbose flowers about 1' broad, with woolly-margined
sepals and narrow petals.

PLATANACEAE. 163

Family 6. PLATANACEAE Lindl.

Plane-tree Family.

Large trees, with alternate petioled palraately lobed and veined leaves,
the hollowed petiole-bases enclosing- the buds for the following season, the
bark exfoliating, and small green monoeoious flowers in dense globular
heads. Receptacle somewhat fleshy. Calyx of 3-8 externally pubescent
minute sepals. Corolla of as many thin glabrous petals. Staminate
flowers with stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them; filaments
short; anthers oblong or linear, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers
with 2-8 distinct pistils; ovary linear, 1-celled; style elongated; stigma
lateral. Ripened head of fruit composed of very numerous narrowly
obpyramidal nutlets which are densely pubescent below with long nearly
erect hairs. Seed pendulous; endosperm thin; cotyledons linear. Only
the genus Platanus, comprising some 7 species, natives of the north tem-
perate zone.

Platanus acerifolia Willd., London Plane, said to be of hybrid origin, is
commonly planted for shade and ornament and becomes as large as any tree
grown; its fruiting pendulous flower-cluster consists of 1, 2 or 3 globular dense
heads; its sharply lobed leaves are 6' or 8' wide. It has been confused with
P. orientalis L., which is supposed to be one of its parents and the American
Plane the other.

Platanus occidentalis L., American Plane, North American, is recorded
by Reade, by H. B. Small, and by Lefroy as grown in Bermuda. Its fruiting
flower-cluster consists of one globular head.

Family 7. ROSACEAE B. Juss.

Rose Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate (in some few genera oppo-
site) leaves, and regular perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious flowers.
Stipules commonly present, sometimes large. Calyx free from or adnate
to the ovary, 5-lobed (rarely 4-9-lobed), often bracteolate. Disk adnate
to the base of the calyx. Petals equal in number to the calyx-lobes, dis-
tinct, or none. Stamens usually numerous, distinct ; anthers small, 2-celled.
Carpels l-oo, distinct, or adnate to the calyx. Ovary 1-celled or rarely
imperfectly 2-celled; style terminal or lateral. Ovules 1, 2, or several,
anatropous. Fruit mostly follicles or achenes; endosperm none, or rarely
copious. About 75 genera and more than 1200 species, of wide geograjihic
distribution.

Style lateraL 1. Durh</<nea.

Style terminal. 2. PotvtitiUa.

1. DUCHESNEA J. E. Smith.

Perennial herbs, with leafy runners, 3-foliolate long-petioled leaves and

axillary slender-peduneled yellow perfect flowers. Calyx 5-parted, 5-bracteolate,

the bractlets larger than the calyx-segments and alternating with them, dentate

or incised. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens numerous. Pistils numerous, borne

on a hemispheric receptacle which greatly enlarges but does not become pulpy

in fruit. Achenes superficial on the receptacle. [In honor of A. X. Duchesne,

French botanist.] Two species, natives of southern Asia, the following typical.

164

BOSACEAE.

1. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke.
Yellow or Indian Strawberry. (Fig. 186.)
Silky-pubescent, tufted and forming leafy
runners, dark green. Leaflets rhombic-obo-
vate to ovate, crenate or dentate, obtuse
at the apex; peduncles equalling or longer
than the leaves; flowers V-l' broad; bract-
lets of the calyx dentate or incised, exceeding
the ovate or lanceolate acuminate spreading
calyx-lobes; fruit red, globose or ovoid, in-
sipid, about Y in diameter. [Fragaria
indica Andr.]

In grassy woods, Devonshire, 1905, In-
troduced. Native of India. Naturalized in the
eastern United States and in Jamaica. Flowers
from spring to autumn.

2. POTENTILLA L.
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate digitately or pinnately compound
leaves, and cymose or solitary, yellow white or purple perfect flowers. Calyx
persistent, its tube concave or hemispheric, 5-bracteolate (rarely 4-bracteolate),
5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed). Petals 5 or rarely 4, mostly obovate or orbicular,
usually emarginate. Stamens 20-30, seldom 5 or 10; filaments slender; anthers
small. Carpels usually in 3 series, numerous, inserted on a dry, usually pubes-
cent receptacle; style terminal, deciduous. Seed pendulous and anatropous.
[Diminutive of potens, powerful, from the medicinal properties of some species.]
Over 300 species, nearly all natives of the north temperate zone, the following
typical.

1. Potentilla reptans L. Creeping Cinque-
foil. (Fig. 187.) Perennial by a short root-
stock; stems appressed-pubescent, decumbent
or trailing, 3° long or less, or at first upright.
Leaves digitately 5-foliolate, the basal and
lower ones long-petioled; leaflets |'-2i' long,
oblanceolate, rounded at the apex, coarsely
dentate, glabrous or nearly so above, silky
beneath; stipules lanceolate, 5"-8" long; pe-
duncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, about IV
long; bractlets 2 J" long, about equalling the
calyx-lobes; petals yellow, 2i"-3" long.

Borders of marshes. Naturalized from Europe.
Flowers from spring to autumn. Introduced into
the eastern United States.

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Virginia
Strawberry, is recorded by Lefroy as having
been found wild in Paget, probably escaped
from gardens. Strawberry cultivation has, in
recent years, reached a successful development,
several races being grown, and large yields se-
cured in seasons of abundant rainfall.

ROSACEAE. 165

Spiraea cantoniensis Lour., Chinese Spiraea, Asiatic, commonly planted
for ornament, is a shrub about 5° high, with thin glabrous rhombic-lanceolate
serrate leaves 2V long or less, green above, pale beneath, the corymbose white,
often double flowers about *' broad. [S. Reevesiana Lindl.]

Spiraea pninifolia Sieb. & Zucc, Plu^i-leaved Spiraea, also As-iatic,
recorded by Lefroy and by Verrill as grown in gardens, is similar to the pre-
ceding species, but has ovate or oblong leaves pubescent beneath. [,S'. japonica
of .Jones?]

Spiraea salicifolia L., Meadow-sweet, European, also recorded as a gar-
den shrub by Jones, Lefroy and Verrill, has numerous pinkish flowers in dense
terminal pubescent panicles.

Eoses (genus Rosa) are grown in j^rofusion and with great success in
many kinds, but do not spread beyond cultivation to any considerable extent,
although Lefroy records that a species doubtfully determined as Eosa laevigata
Michx. was naturalized in Pembroke Marsh and in the Walsingham tract. The
Green Eose is frequently seen, in gardens.

Rosa bracteata Wendl., Asiatic, an evergreen species with single white
flowers and small entire leaflets, is commonly planted on walls.

Rubus ellipticus Smith, Yellow Easpberry, Himalayan, a shrub with
densely bristly-hairy stems and petioles, and armed with yellowish curved
prickles, the canes nearly erect or arching and 10°-15° long, the leaves 3-5-
foliolate with ovate to broadly elliptic irregularly serrate leaflets H'-4' long,
whitish-puberulent beneath, the white flowers about i' wide, numerous in small
clusters; the yellow, edible fruit, 5"-6" long, has been planted for its fruit;
luxuriant plants were seen at Montrose in 1913.

Rubus trivialis Michx., Southern Dewberry, of the southeastern United
States, is a trailing vine with bristly-hairy and prickly slender branches 5°
long or longer; the leaves have 3 or 5 glabrous, ovate, sharply serrate, short-
stalked leaflets 1-2 J' long; the white flowers, about 1' broad, are usually
solitary; the black, edible fruits are 6"-10" long. It has been planted for its
fruit, and was seen in a hedge at the Agricultural Station in 1913.

Rubus Idaeus L., European or Garden Easpberry, a species with erect
prickly canes 2°-5° high, large clusters of small white flowers, producing the
well-known fruit, has been planted experimentally, but does not succeed well.

Rubus fruticosus L., European Bramble, is recorded by Eeade as having
been introduced but did not thrive.

Loganberry, of hybrid origin, seen at Echo PTeights in 1914, has long
prickly stems, 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets broadly ovate, dark green above,
densely whitish-pubescent beneath; its dark red fruit is about 1' long. The
plants did not succeed.

Schizonotus Lindleyanus Wall. [Sorharia Lindlcjiana Maxim.], Lindley's
SCHIZONOTUS, Himalayan, a shrub about 6° high, with pinnate leaves of 15-23
sessile, lanceolate, Incised, acuminate leaflets and large terminal panicles of
small white flowers, was grown at Wood Haven in 1914.

The record, by Lefroy, of Geum radiaUim? Michx., North American, "a
common yellow-flowering weed in fields, ' ' is manifestly an error for some other
plant either in record or determination. H. B. Small also records it and com-
pares it with ''goat-weed" (Capraria hifiora) from which he says it differs
in having yellow flowers, but Geum radiatitm does not resemble Capraria.

A double-flowered Genm, grown at Eose Cottage in 1914, flowered sparingly.

166 MALACEAE.

Family 8. MALACEAE J. K. Small.

Apple Family.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, the small deciduous stipules
free from the petiole. Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx superior, mostly
5-toothed or 5-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary. Petals mostlj^ 5, usually
clawed. Stamens numerous or rarely few, distinct; anthers small, 2-
celled; sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary composed of 1 or of 2-5 wholly
or partly united carpels; ovules 1-2 (rarely several) in each carpel, anatro-
pous, ascending; styles 1-5; stigma small. Fruit a more or less fleshy
pome, consisting of the thickened calyx-tube enclosing the bony papery or
leathers^ carpels. Endosperm none; cotyledons fleshy. About 20 genera
and probably not fewer than 500 species, of wide geographic distribution.
No member of the family is native or naturalized.

Malus Malus (L.) Britton, Apple, European, is grown sparingly; the
tree attains only a small size and the fruit is of poor quality, though available
for cooking; one grown at Harrington Home bore leaves nearly throughout
the year. [Pynis Malus L.]

Cydonia Cydonia (L.) Karst., Quince, European, is grown sparingly, and
with indifferent success, although producing some fruit. [C. vulgaris Pers.]

Pyrus commimis L., Pear, European, is sometimes grown but without
much success; as shown at Mt. Langton the trees live for many years but do
not fruit well nor abundantly. The leaves are deciduous ; flowers were ob-
served in December, 1912; the tree ordinarily flowers in spring.

Cotoneaster pyracantha (L.) Spach. [Crataegus pyracantha Pers.],
Evergreen Thorn, European, has been successfully grown. It is a spiny
shrub, with small oblong shining leaves and corymbose white flowers.

Lefroy records the failure of his experiment in 1872 of growing a great
number of species of Thorn-trees (Crataegus) from seeds received from the
United States.

Cotoneaster frigida Wall., Himalayan Cotoneaster, taken to Mt. Lang-
ton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913, is a nearly evergreen shrub
with oblong, entire leaves about 4' long and many-flowered clusters of white
flowers.

Cotoneaster microphylla Wall., Small-leaved Cotoneaster, also Hima-
layan, and taken to Mt. Langton from the same source in 1913, is a low, much-
branched shrub with cuneate-obovate leaves 10" long or less, lustrous on the
upper side, tomentose beneath, its small white flowers usually solitary.

Raphiolepis integerrima Hook. & Arn., Entire-leaved Eaphiolepis,
.Tapanese, successfully grown at the Agricultural Station in 1913, is a shrub
about 3° high, with thick, glabrous, evergreen, entire, petioled, obtuse, alter-
nate leaves 2'-3' long, den§e, terminal panicles of white flowers 2-4' long, the
oblong, blunt petals 4"-5" long, the globose black fruits about 4" in diameter.

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Loquat, .Japanese, grows luxuriantly
and has been much planted for its edible fruit, which, however, is punctured
by the fruit-fly, and no considerable quantity of good loquats are now pro-
duced. The Loquat is a small tree, attaining about 25° in maximum height,
with thick, oblong, serrate leaves 4'-8' long, narrowed at both ends, and
brownish-woolly beneath, its white flowers in short dense woolly terminal
panicles, the 5 petals crenulate; the fruit is a yellow, oval or pear-shaped acid
pome about l^V long. [Mespilus japonica Thunb.]

AMYGDALACEAE.

167

Family 9. AMYGDALACEAE Reichb.

Plum Family.

Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds
containing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, the
small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular.
Flowers regiilar, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, deciduous, free from the
ovary, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals
5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals.
Pistil 1 in our genera; ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled; style simple; stig-ma mostly
small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, suspended; endosperm none;
cotyledons fleshy. About 10 genera and 120 species, widely distributed,
most abundant in the north temperate zone.

1. LAUROCERASUS [Tourn.] Eeichenb.

Shrubs or trees pervaded with prussic acid. Leaves alternate, persistent;
simple, entire or remotely toothed. Flowers perfect, in axillary racemes.
Calyx white, its 5 lobes deciduous. Petals 5, white, deciduous. Stamens 15-
30; filaments slender, distinct. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style simple. Ovules
2, pendulous. Drupe subglobose or slightly elongated, with a dry exocarp, the
stone turgid. Seed solitary. [Laurel Cherry.] About 20 species, natives of
warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Laurocerasus Lauro-
cerasus (L.) Britton.

1. Laurocerasus carolini^na (Mill.)
Roem. Carolina Laurel-cherry. (Fig.
188.) An evergreen tree, sometimes 40°
tall, with a slender trunk rarely over 1°
thick. Leaves leathery, narrowly elliptic
to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes remotely
toothed, acuminate at both ends or acute
at the base, slightly revolute, lustrous
above, dull beneath; petioles 2V'-A" long;
racemes shorter than the leaves, rather
dense ; pedicels club-shaped, subtended by
early deciduous scarious acute bracts;
calyx-lobes suborbicular, reflexed; petals
boat-shaped, smaller than the sepals;
drupes oblong or oval, 5"-7" long, ab-
ruptly pointed, black, lustrous; stone
ovoid.

A number of trees in Paget Marsh,
1905 ; many cut down by 1913, but numer-
ous seedlings observed. Naturalized. Na-
tive of the southeastern United States.
Flowers in winter and spring.

Lefroy records the failure of Laurocerasus occidenialis (Sw.) Roemer
[Pruniis occidentalis Sw.] and of L. myriifolia (L.) Britton [Prunus sphaero-
carpa Sw.], introduced from Trinidad in 1872.

168 AMYGDALACEAE.

Reade records the introduction of Padus virginiana (L.) Mill., American
Wild Cherry, prior to 1883, but no wild cherry trees are now known in
Bermuda.

Amygdalus persica L., Peach, Asiatic, is widely planted in several races
and grows luxuriantly, but the production of good fruit is almost completely
prevented by the stinging of the fruit fly, and the industry is thus essentially
prevented. Nectarine, a variety of Amygdalus persica, was formerly in
cultivation.

Amygdalus communis L., Almond, Asiatic, is occasionally grown, but its
fruit also is stung. Lefroy records the Bitter Almond as in cultivation prior
to 1875.

Prunus domestica L., Plum, European, has been experimented with but
does not succeed, the climate being unsuitable. A species of Prunus, a kind
of Plum, the species undetermined, was seen growing as the stock on which a
peach tree had been grafted, at the Agricultural Station in 1914.

Prunus armeniaca L., Apricot, Asiatic, grows luxuriantly, as shown by
tree about 18° high seen at Mt. Hope in 1914; it is rarely planted. [Arme-
niaca vulgaris DC]

Chrysobalanus pellocarpus Meyer, Pork-fat Apple, West Indian, with
evergreen obovate leaves, small white flowers in showy axillary and terminal
panicles, and obovoid drupes with thin purplish flesh covering a large hard
stone, is grown in a few gardens for preserves, and thrives luxuriantly.

Family 10. MIMOSACEAE Reichenb.

Mimosa Family.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, commonly 2-3-pinnate leaves,
the stipules various, and small regular mostly perfect flowers in heads,
spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or lobes
mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or united petals,
also valvate. Stamens distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary 1-celled; style
simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy.
About 30 genera and 1350 species, mostly tropical.

Trees or shrubs : seeds transverse in the pod. 1. Leucaena.

Herbs ; seeds oblique or lengthwise in the narrow pod. 2. Acuan.

1. LEUCAENA Benth.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, usually unarmed. Leaves alternate, pinnate;
petioles often furnished with a gland, the leaflets subtended by setaceous
gtipels; leaflets oblique, small and in many pairs or large and in few pairs;
flowers mostly perfect, sessile, white, in dense heads. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla
of 5 distinct petals. Stamens 10, exserted. Ovary stalked; style filiform;
ovules numerous. Pods broadly linear, flat. Seeds crosswise in the pod.
[Greek, referring to the white flowers.] About 15 species, natives of warm
and tropical regions, the following typical.

MIM08ACEAE.

169

1. Leucaena glauca (L.)
Benth. Jumbie Bean. Wild
Mimosa. Acacia. (Fig. 189.)
A small tree, sometimes 30° tall,
with spreading branches and to-
mentose twigs. Leaves 4'-12'
long, with 6-20 pinnae; leaflets
20-40, narrowly oblong to lanceo-
late, 3"-6" long, acute ; peduncles
tomentose ; heads globose, about
10" in diameter; calyx obconic,
i" long; petals linear-oblong or
linear-spatulate, erect, pubescent;
stamens nearly thrice as long as
the petals; pods 4-6' long, acute
at both ends. [Mimosa glauca
L. ; Acacia paniculata of Jones
and of Hemsley can only be this
species.]

Common in neglected grounds.
Naturalized from tropical America.
Naturalized in the southei'n United
States. Flowers nearly throughout
the year. Locally a pestiferous
weed. Its seeds, strung on thread,
are made into necklaces.

2. ACUAN Medic.
Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and
greenish or whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes.
Flowers perfect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous.
Calyx campanulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united
or coherent below. Stamens 10 or 5, distinct, mainly exserted ; anthers all
alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo. Pod linear, straight or curved, acute,
flat, several-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10
species, natives of warm and tropical America, one widely distributed in
tropical regions of the Old World, the following typical.

1. Acuan virgatum (L.) Medic.
Virgate Mimosa. (Fig. 190.) Shrubby,
sparingly loosely pubescent or glabrous,
2°-6° high, slender, branching. Leaves
2'-6' long, short-petioled; pinnae 3 or 4
pairs; an oblong sessile gland just be-
low the lowest pair; leaflets numerous,
thin, narrowly oblong, sessile, obtuse, 6"
long or less, 1"-1J" wide, the midvein
near the upper margin; flower-heads
globose, slender-peduncled ; flowers about
1" wide; stamens 10; pods 1^-3' long,
about 2" wide, pointed. [Mimosa rirgata
L. ; Desmanthns virgaUis Willd. ; Dcsmo-
dium virgatum of Lefroy.]

Abundant in fields lietween Castle Har-
bor and Harrington Sound, and along the
South Shore Iload in Devonshire. Recorded
by Reade from Somerset Dndge. Native.
Flowers from spring to summer. West
Indies and tropical .America. Its seeds
probably transported to Bermuda by birds.

170 MIMOSACEAE.

Mimosa pudica L., Sensitive Plant, tropical American, a low shrub, its
extremely sensitive leaves folding down when touched, its small purple flowers
in heads, has been grown in gardens for interest.

Albizzia Lebbeck (L.) Benth., Black Ebony, of tropical Asia and Africa,
naturalized in the West Indies, a large tree with smooth bipinnate leaves,
numerous obliquely oblong leaflets l'-2' long, capitate yellow flowers with
long stamens and very large thin flat several-seeded pods often 8' long and nearly
2' wide, shining when old, is frequently planted for shade and ornament.
[Mimosa Letheck L.]

Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd., Yellow Mimosa, erroneously called Gum
Arabic, a spiny tree with many globular heads of small yellow flowers, followed
by flat moniliform elongated pods, has been formerly planted for ornament,
but no tree has been seen by us in Bermuda. [Mimosa arahica Lam.]

Acacia macracantha H. & B., West Indian, is recorded by Lefroy as
spontaneous from seeds in soil from the West Indies in 1874, and became a
flourishing tree; H. B. Small records its existence there at the time of his
writing, but I did not see it.

Acacia dealbata Link, Silver Wattle, Australian, seen at Wood Haven
in 1914 as a young plant 5° high, becomes, in Australia, a large tree; it has
pubescent, bipinnate leaves of very many minute leaflets.

Another Acacia, growing at Wood Haven the same year, has crowded ovate
leaves only 3"-4" long, obtuse and nearly sessile.

Inga Inga (L.) Britton, record of which is made by Lefroy of failure to
grow is a forest tree of the West Indies with simply equally pinnate, pubescent
leaves, the leaflets large, the flowers capitate, the narrowly linear pod 4-ribbed;
the tree is also recorded as Bermudian by Jones. [Inga vera Willd.; Mimosa
Inga L.]

Pithecolobium Unguis-cati (L.) Mart., Cat's-claw, West Indian, a small
densely branched tree, its leaves each with two pairs of thin blunt obovate
veiny leaflets, small flowers in racemed heads, and coiled pods, is occasional in
parks and gardens. [Mimosa Unguis-cati L.]

Enterolobium Saman (Jacq.) Prain, Guango, Rain-tree, Algarroba, of
tropical America, is a large tree, with bipinnate leaves 1° long or more, the
numerous, blunt, obovate leaflets 6"-8" long, glabrous above, pubescent be-
neath, a small round gland on the rachis between eaC-h pair of pinnae ; the
small, dense umbels of flowers are borne on long pubescent peduncles, short-
pedicelled, the calyx pubescent, 3" long, the silky-villous corolla 5"-6" long, the
pinkish stamens nearly 2' long; the pod is linear, 4'-8' long, tardily dehiscent.
The tree is occasionally planted. A specimen at Radnor had a trunk circum-
ference of 5° 8' in 1914. [Mimosa Saman Jacq.; Pithecolobium Saman Jacq.]

Vachellia Farnesiana (L.) W. & A., Aroma, Tropical American, a shrub,
or small tree, with stipular spines, bipinnate, somewhat pubescent leaves with
many leaflets 2"-3" long, globose, peduncled heads of many small yellow flowers
with exserted stamens, and woody somewhat compressed pods 2'-4' long, is
occasionally planted for ornament. [Acacia Farnesiana L.]

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC, Mesquite, West Indian, was represented by
young plants in the collection at the Agricultural Station in 1914. It forms a
tree, up to 40° high, wnth bipinnate leaves, the leaflets small, oblong and blunt,
the very sinall yellowish flowers in long spikes, the curved, linear pods 8' long
or less. ^Mimosa juliflora Sw.]

Seeds of Entada, West Indian, are often washed ashore, but none are
known to have ever germinated; they are borne in enormous pods on high-
climbing woody vines, which grow along rivers.

CAESALPINIACEAE.

171

Family 11. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke.

Senna Family.

Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple or compound mostly
stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes monoe-
cious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. Calyx mostly
of 5 sepals or 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and the upper (un-
jDaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer
in our genera, the filaments distinct, or more or less united. Ovary 1-
celled, 1-many-ovuled. Fruit a legnime, mostly dehiscent into 2 valves.
Seeds with or without endospenn. About 90 genera and 1000 species,
mostly of tropical distribution.

Leaves pinnate : plants not prickly.
Prickly vines with bipinnate. leaves.

1. Cassia.

2. Ouilandina.

1. CASSIA [Tourn.] L.

Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, with evenly pinnate leaves,
and mainly (in our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally
longer than the tube. Corolla nearly regular; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal,
imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some
of them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger,
opening by 2 pores at the summit. Ovules oo. Pod often curved. Seeds
numerous. [Ancient name.] About 200 species, of wide distribution in warm
and temperate regions. Type species: Cassia Fistula L.

Herbaceous perennial : pods flat ; leaflets lanceolate, acute.
Partly climbing shrub ; pods swollen ; leaflets oval or obovate,

obtuse.
Annual ; pods flat ; leaflets ovate.

1. C. Ugustrina.

2. C. birapsularis.

3. C. occideutalis.

1. Cassia Ugustrina L. Privet
Senna. (Fig. 191.) Perennial, 3°-6°
tall, herbaceous, glabrous. Stem
grooved; leaflets 12-16, lanceolate,
acute, l'-2^' long, about 1' wide;
petiolar gland at base of rachis,
elongated, stipitate; stipules linear,
caducous; racemes few-flowered, form-
ing a panicle; pods flat, glabrous,
somewhat curved, 3 '-5' long, 4" wide ;
seeds parallel with the valves, oblong,
about 2" long.

Escaped from gardens to roadsides.
Introduced from tropical America, or
the southeastern United States. Flow-
ers in autumn and early winter. Abun-
dant in the West Indies.

172

CAESALPINIACEAE.

2. Cassia bicapsularis L. Christ-
mas Bush. (Fig. 192.) Shrubby, 4°-
10° Mgh, glabrous. Leaflets 4-8, obo-
vate to oval, obtuse and rounded at the
apex, 5"-10" long, very short-stalked;
gland oblong to subglobose, short-stipi-
tate, borne above the lower pair of
leaflets; racemes few-flowered, axillary,
scarcely longer than the leaves; flowers
about 10" wide; pods linear-cylindric,
3'-5' long, about 5" thick, blunt or short-
pointed.

Frequent along roadsides and in hedges.
Naturalized from tropical America. Flow-
ers from spring until winter. It is com-
monly planted for ornament, and grows
luxuriantly.

3. Cassia occidentalis L. Cof-
fee Senna. (Fig. 193.) A glabrous
annual herb, 3°-6° high. Stipules
caducous; gland round, borne near
the base of the petiole; leaflets 8-
12, rounded at the base, l'-2' long,
5"-12" wide; flowers 7"-10" broad,
in short axillary racemes; stamens
10, the upper 3 imperfect ; calyx-lobes
oblong, obtuse; pod linear, glabrous,
4-6' long, about 3" wide, somewhat
curved, its margins thickened.

Occasional in cultivated grounds,
St. Georges. Naturalized. Native of
the southern United States and trop-
ical America. Flowers in autumn.

Cassia bacillaris L., Climbing Cassia, West Indian, a half-climbing
shrub, the leaves with only two pairs of broad leaflets, the pod eylindric, the
large panicled flowers bright yellow, is occasionally cultivated for ornament.

Cassia alata L., Winged Cassia, of the Old and New World tropics, a
shrub with very large leaves of 12-20 oblong leaflets, the pod 4-winged, is men-
tioned by Eeade as planted.

Cassia glauca Lam., West Indian Ash, is recorded by Lefroy as grown
at Somerville and Par-la-Ville, but did not exist at either place in 1914; it is
also mentioned by Jones, by Eeade, and by Verrill. It is a tree with pinnate
leaves with 4-6 pairs of oval leaflets glaucous beneath, the large flowers
yellow, the pod linear.

Cassia Fistula L., Pudding Pipe Tree, East Indian, a tree 50° high or
higher, with large pinnate leaves of 8-12 ovate-lanceolate leaflets 6'-8-long,
drooping racemes of golden yellow flowers li'-2' wide, and round smooth black
pods often 2° long, is occasionally planted for shade and ornament.

CAESALPINIACEAE.

173

Cassia grandis L.f., Great Cassia, of tropical America, is a large tree
Avith pubescent, pinnate leaves of 10-20 pairs of oblong, obtuse or apiculate
leaflets about 2' long; its leddisli or pinkish yellow flowers are in drooping
racemes, the long, somewhat flattened pod transversely wrinkled. A young
tree, showing foliage only, tentatively referred to this species, grew at Paget
Kectory in 1914.

Cassia siamea Lam., Many-flowered Cassia, East Indian, is mentioned
by Reade as growing in the Public Grounds prior to 1883, and was seen at the
Agricultural Station in 1914. It is a tree up to 50° high, the glabrous pinnate
leaves with about 6 pairs of oval-oblong leaflets, the numerous yellow flowers
panicled, the pod linear, coriaceous, drooping, 4'-8' long. [C. florida Vahl.]
H. B. Small states that the tree mentioned by Reade was an Alhizzia.

Cassia corymbosa Lam., Corymbose Cassia, South American, recorded
by Lefroy as introduced at Mt. Langton prior to 1877, but not found there at
present, is a tree with glabrous leaves of 3 pairs of oblong-lanceolate leaflets,
about 2' long, the yellow corymbose, showy flowers about 1' broad, the pods
cylindric.

2. GUILANDINA L.

Shrubs, or woody vines, with stout but weak stems, armed with recurved
prickles. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, with several pinnae. Leaflets 10-16 to
each pinna, pellucid-punctate. Flowers in racemes or panicles; bracts narrow,
deciduous. Calyx-lobes 5, imbricated, longer than the tube. Petals 5, yellow,
nearly equal. Stamens 10; filaments pubescent near the base; anthers open-
ing lengthwise. Pods little longer than broad, flattened, prickle-armed, 2-
valved, 1-few-seeded. Seeds slightly flattened. [In honor of Melchior Gui-
landinus, traveller and botanist, died 1590.] Ten species, or more, natives of
tropical and subtropical America. Type species:- Giiilandina Bonduc L.

1. Guilandina Crista (L.) Small.
Grey Nickers. Brier-bush. (Fig. 194.)
A straggling shrub, armed mth hooked
prickles, the foliage finely pubescent.
Leaves l°-2° long, the leaflets numerous,
ovate to oblong-ovate or nearly oblong,
mucronulate, li'-31' long, rounded, trun-
cate or subcordate at the base; stipules
mostly foliaceous; racemes or panicles 4'-
15' long; bracts surpassing the pedicels,
recurved ; corolla dull yellow, 5"-7" broad ;
pods oval or oval-oblong, 2'-3' long, prickly
all over, obliquely short-beaked; seeds gray
or lead-colored. [Caesalpinia Crista L. ;
G, Bonducella L.]

Rocky woodlands between Castle Harbor
and Harrington Sound and on walls and Id
thickets, Smith's Parish, and in Paget and War-
wick. Native. South Florida and West In-
dies. Flowers nearly all the year around. Its
seeds presumably brought to ijermuda through
the ocean, as it is an abundant coastal species
in the Bahamas. In the West Indies this plant is characteristically halophytlo.
but we have not observed it growing anywhere on the coast of Bermuda.

Ceratonia siliqua L., St. John's Bread, Carob-tree, from the Levant, a
low widely spreading tree with evergreen evenly pinnate leaves, small sjiicate
apetalous flowers and linear fleshy pods, has long been well established locally.
There is a fine group at Par-la-Ville.

174 CAESALPINIACEAE.

Gleditsia aquatica Marsh [G. monosperma Walt.], Swamp Locust, North
American, a large very thorny tree with bipinnate leaves of many oval to
lanceolate leaflets, small spicate greenish flowers, the 1-seetled or 2-seeded oval
oblique j)ods about 2' long, is recorded by Reade as grown near Spanish Point
prior to 1883, and also mentioned by H. B, Small.

Gleditsia tricanthos L., Honey or Sweet Locust, also North American,
with foliage and flowers similar to the preceding species, but the thin pods
l°-li° long, I'-li' wide, the upper margin crenate, grew in a Smith's Parish
Garden in 1913.

Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. [Poindana regia Bojer], Eoyal Poixciaxa,
Flamboyant, from Madagascar, one of the most elegant of all trees, is ex-
tensively planted for shade and ornament and grows luxuriantly, attaining
a height of 40° or more, with widely spreading branches and dark green bipin-
nate leaves l°-li° long, composed of many oblong leaflets. Its crimson
flowers are about 3' wide, borne in large axillary racemes and are abundantly
produced in the autumn, succeeded by long pendulous woody pods, up to 18'
long and 2' wide, containing several or many seeds.

Parkinsonia aculeata L., Parkinsonia, tropical American, a small tree,
sometimes prickly, with elongated bipinnate leaves of 1 or 2 pairs of narrow
pinnae bearing many oblong obtuse leaflets i'-2' long, the large yellow flowers
racemose, the long, linear, 2-valved pod constricted between the seeds, is occa-
sionally planted for ornament.

Cercis Siliquastrum L., Judas Tree, of southern Europe and western
Asia, was shown as a young plant at Wood Haven in 1914. It becomes, under
favorable conditions, a tree up to about 40° high ; its thin, orbicular, rounded,
cordate, glabrous leaves are slender-petioled, 2^'-4' broad, its purplish flowers
about 8" long, borne in lateral clusters on the twigs on slender pedicels,

Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schlecht., Divi-Dm, of tropical America,
shown in 1914 by a fine old tree about 30° high with widely spreading branches,
has bipinnate leaves of several pairs of pinnae, each with numerous pairs of
linear leaflets about 4" long, black-dotted beneath; the flowers are white, in
compound racemes, the spatulate petals about 2" long, the fleshy, laterally
incurved, glabrous pod about IV long. [Poinciana coriaria Jacq.]

Poinciana pulcherrima L. [Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.], Barbadoes
Pride, a prickly shrub, sometimes 10° high, with bipinnate leaves, of many
small, thin, oval leaflets, the orange or yellow flowers about 2' wide, long-
pedicelled in loose racemes or panicles, with long-exserted stamens, the thin
pods 4' long or less, is planted for ornament; it is widely distributed through
cultivation in tropical regions, its original home unknown.

Caesalpinia elata ,Sw., Indian, is said by Lefroy to have been raised
from seed brought from Turk's Island in 1872, and flowered the third year;
it is an unarmed tree, with bipinnate leaves and racemose flowers, the petals
crisped, the filaments red.

Caesalpinia Gilliesii Wall., South American, a climbing or straggling
shrub, with bipinnate leaves, the numerous small oblong leaflets black-punctate,
the inflorescence densely glandular, the large yellow flowers with long exserted
stamens, is grown in gardens for ornament and interest.

Tamarindus indica L., Tamarind, probably native of tropical Africa,
although its home is not certainly known, is commonly planted and grows
luxuriantly, the tree becoming 50° high or more. Its leaves are pinnate, with
about 30 oblong leaflets, slightly sour to the taste ; its 3-petaled rather small
flowers are racemose, the petals yellow with reddish veins; its pods about 3'
long, round, fleshy and very sour, are used for preserves.

CAES ALPINI ACE AE. 175

Hymenaea Courbaril L., West Indian Locust, tropical American, a

large tree Avith leaves of one pair of thick leaflets and oblong woody pods 6'-8'
long, has been occasionally planted as an ornamental lawn tree, but I do not
know of any in Bermuda now.

Bauhinia monandra Kurz, Napoleon's Plume, East Indian, a shrub or
tree with large round leaves cleft from the apex to about the middle and
large irregular flowers, with only 1 fertile stamen, followed by half-woody
pods 6'-8' long, is frequently planted for ornament. This is probably the
plant recorded by Lefroy and by Verrill as Bauhinia Vahlii, and, perhaps, not
different from what Lefroy recorded as Casparea porrecta.

Bauhinia racemosa Lam., Yellow Bauhinia, East Indian, a small tree,
with leathery, 2-cleft leaves l'-2' long, yellow flowers with 10 stamens, its pods
nearly 1° long, 1' wide, is recorded by Lefroy as represented prior to 187 7 by
a tree at the Model Farm in Smith's Parish, flowering in June. [B. parvi-
■flora Yahl.]

Haematoxylon campechianum L., Logwood, tropical American, a small
tree with grooved or furrowed trunk, smooth bark, equally pinnate leaves 3'-6'
long with 3 or 4 pairs of obovate, emarginate leaflets 6"-8" long, the axillary,
racemose flowers yellow^, was seen at the Agricultural Station in 1914.

Brownea grandiceps Jacq., Rosa de Monte, South American, noted by
Lefroy as introduced at Mount Langton in 1875, is mentioned by H. B. Small
as having subsequently disappeared. It is a large, pinnate-leaved tree, with
showy, crimson, clustered flowers. [Hermesias grandiceps (Jacq.) Kuntze.]

Detarium senegalense Gmel., Detarium, of tropical Africa, listed by Jones
in 1873 as growing in Bermuda, is not recorded by other authors and has not
been observed by me. It has alternate, unevenly pinnate leaves of blunt ovate
leaflets which are velvety beneath, its flowers in axillary racemes, with a 4-
cleft calyx, no petals and 10 stamens, its fruit drupaceous.

Family 12. FABACEAE Reichenb.

Pea Family.

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipu-
late leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo-
dioeeious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx
4-5-toothed, or 4-5-cleft, sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less united,
or separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a broad upper
one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two front ones more
or less united (forming the keel) ; the standard encloses the wings in the
bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes separate, 10 in
most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil simple, superior; ovaiy
mainly 1-eelled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures, or
several-celled by cross-partitions; style simple; ovules 1-many, anatropous
or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, 1-many-seeded, dehiscent into 2 valves,
or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly without endosjierm;
cotyledons thick. About 325 genera and over 5000 sjiecies, most abundant
in temperate and warm regions. The family is also known as Papilio-

NACEAE.

Filaments 10, all separate. 1- Sophorn.

Filaments 10 or 9, monadelphous or diadelphous.
Leaves without tendrils.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. .

Anthers of 2 kinds : stamens monadelphous. 2. Crntahtna.

Anthers all alike ; stamens mostly diadelphous.
Leaves 3-foliolate : herbs.

Pods curved or curled. 3. Mcdicaiio.

176

FABACEAE.

Pods straight.

Flowers in long narrow racemes ; pods cori-
aceous.
Flowers capitate, umbellate or short-racemose ;
pods membranous.
Leaves pinnate.
Vines (Cajan an erect shrub) ; leaves 3-foliolate.
Inflorescence simply racemose ; shrub.
Inflorescence nodose-racemose ; vines.
Keel spirally coiled.
Keel merely curved.

Style bearded along the inner side.
Stigma oblique or lateral.
Stigma small, terminal.
Style glabrous.
Leaves pinnate with a terminal tendril or tip.

1. SOPHORA L.

4. llelilotus.

5. Trifolium.

6. IndUjofera.

7. Cajan.

8. Phaseolus.

9. Vigna.

10. Dolichos.

11. Canavali.

12. Vicia.

Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers vrhite, yellow or violet, in terminal racemes
or panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate
or orbicular; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens
all distinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile. Ovary short-stalked; style
incurved. Pod stalked, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, constricted between the
seeds, mainly indehiscent. [Name Arabic, yellow,] About 25 species, natives
of Avarm and tropical regions. Type species: Sophora alopecuroides L.

1. Sophora tomentosa L. Coast
Sophora. (Fig. 195.) A shrub 3°-
9° tall, with tomentose foliage.
Leaves 4-8' long; leaflets 11-17, the
blades leathery, oblong, oblong-obo-
vate or oval, inequilateral, becoming
glabrous and revolute; racemes elon-
gating, 4'-16' long; pedicels 2"-5"
long; calyx oblong or oblong-funnel-
form, 3"-4" long, constricted at the
base, the edge undulate or indis-
tinctly 5-lobed ; corolla yellow ; stand-
ard with an ovate blade fully 5"
broad, and over 6" long; keel-petals
10" long; pods 2'-4' long, strongly
constricted between the seeds, long-
stalked.

Local on coastal rocks, Smith's Is-
land, St. David's Island, southern shores
and Boaz Island. Native. Coasts of
Florida and the West Indies. Flowers
from summer to spring. Doubtless trans-
ported to Bermuda by floating.
Lefroy records failure in establishing Sophora cMnensis G. Don.

2. CROTALAHIA L.

Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple (or in some tropical species
3-7-foliolate) leaves and racemose mostly yellow flowers. Calyx 5-toothed,
slightly 2-lipped; standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate; wings oblong
or obovate; keel curved. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft;
anthers of 2 forms, alternating with each other, the one small, versatile, the
other larger; style more or less curved; pod oblong or globose, inflated, many-
seeded, the seeds loose at maturity. [Greek, a rattle.] About 250 species,
mainly of tropical regions. Type species: Crotalaria lotifolia L.

FABACEAE.

177

1. Crotalaria retusa L. Eattle-box.
(Fig. 196.) Annual, stout. Stems l°-3°
high, usually branched, finely and softly
pubescent; leaflet one, ranging from
cuneate to oblanceolate, IV-^V long,
rounded or retuse at the apex, often gla-
brous above, more or less pubescent be-
neath, short-petioled; stipules minute;
racemes conspicuous, several-many-llow-
ered; pedicels 3"-5" long, subtended by
minute caducous bracts; calyx finely pubes-
cent; lobes of the upper lip triangular-
lanceolate, those of the lower lip lanceo-
late; corolla large, showy; standard with
a blade usually about 10" broad; pods
1^-2' long; seeds becoming loose in the
pods and rattling when dry.

In a pasture, Walsingham, 1912. Ad-
veutive. Native of Florida, the West Indies
and continental tropical America. Flowers
in autumn and winter.

3. MEDICAGO [Tourn.] L.
Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, and

small yellow or violet flowers in axillary

heads or racemes. Leaflets commonly

dentate, the veins terminating in the teeth.

Calyx-teeth short, nearly equal; standard

obovate or oblong; wings oblong; keel obtuse; stamens diadelphous, the

1 opposite the standard separate froin the other 9; anthers all alike; ovary

1-several-ovuled ; style subulate ; pod curved

or spirally twisted, reticulated or spiny,

indehiscent, 1-few-seeded. [Greek, Medike,

from Medea, whence the Medic, or Lucerne,

was derived.] About 50 species, natives of

Europe, Asia and Africa. Type species:

Medicago sativa L.

Pod 1-seeded, curved, not spiny.

1. M. lupiilitia.
Pod several-seeded, spirally twisted, its edges
spiny. 2. .1/. hispida.

1. Medicago lupulina L. Black or
Hop Medic. Blackseed Hop Clover.
Nonesuch. (Fig, 197.) Pubescent, the
branches decumbent and spreading, often
l°-2° long; leaflets obovate, oval or nearly
orbicular, 3"-7" long, denticulate or crenu-
late, obtuse, mucronate or emarginate ;
stipules ovate or lanceolate, dentate; pe-
duncles l'-3' long; head oblong, or cylin-
dric, dense, 2"-10" long; flowers about 1"
long, yellow; pods black when ripe, curved,
Ftrongly veined.

grounds. Naturalized from Europe. Widely
Flowers nearly all the year around.

Common in fields and
naturalized in North America
" Clover."

waste

Known as

13

178

FABACEAE.

2. Medicago hispida Willd.

Toothed Medic. (JPig. 198.)
Branches spreading or ascending,
glabrous or with a few appressed
hairs, Leaflets obovate, rounded,
emarginate or obcordate, cuneate,
crenulate, 5"-10" long; stipules
dentate; flowers few, yellow, in
small, peduncled heads; pod spi-
rally t^'isted, the 2 or 3 coils flat
and rather loose, reticulated with
elevated veins, the edges armed
with 1 or 2 rows of curved prickles.
[M. denticulata Willd.; M. muri-
cata of Lefroy.]

Common in fields and waste
grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Naturalized in the United States.
Flowers from winter to autumn.

Medicago sativa L., Alfalfa, of Europe and Asia, with conspicuous violet
flowers, is recorded as formerly occasional in waste grounds, but not per-
sistent. It is occasionally cultivated. A plot was given to it at the Agricul-
tural Station in 1914.

Medicago arabica All. [M. maculata With.], Spotted Medic, European,
with dark-spotted leaflets, the edges of the coiled pods furrowed, recorded by
Lefroy as Bermudian, has not been found by subsequent collectors. It is an
annual, much resembling M. hispida, for which it may have been mistaken.

4. MELILOTUS [Tourn.] Mill.

Herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves, dentate leaflets, their veins commonly end-
ing in the teeth, and small white or yellow flowers in slender racemes. Calyx-
teeth short, nearly equal; standard obovate or oblong; keel obtuse; ovary
sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled; style filiform; pod ovoid or globose, straight,
indehiscent or finally 2-valved; seeds solitary or few. [Greek, Honey-lotus.]
About '20 species, natives of Europe, Africa and Asia. Type species: Tri-
folium Melilotus officinalis L. The plants are fragrant in drying, whence the
English name Sweet-clover.

FABACEAE.

179

1. Melilotus indica (L.) All.
Smaller Yellow Melilot. Fig. 199.)
Foliage minutely pubescent when
young. Stems erect or spreading, 3°
high or less, sometimes copiously
branched; leaflets 3, oblong, oval,
cuneate or obovate, 3"-10" long, re-
tuse to rounded at the apex, serrate;
racemes dense, 5' -10" long; calyx
campanulate; corolla yellovv, about
I5" long; pods oval or subglobose, 1"
long, wrinkled. [M. officinalis of
Jones, Eeade, Lefroy, Hemsley and
Moore; M. parviflora Desv. ; Trifo-
lium Melilotus indica L.]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized from Europe.
Naturalized in the western and southern
United States. Flowers nearly all the
year around, most abundantly in spring.
It is often an abundant weed in neg-
lected fields.

Melilotus alba Desv,, White Melilot, European, with larger white
flowers, recorded as Bermudian by Lefroy, has not been found by other col-
lectors and evidently did not persist.

5. TEIFOLIUM [Tourn.] L.

Herbs, with mostly 3-foliolate (occasionally 4-11-foliolate) denticulate
leaves, the flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole.
Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals commonly persistent, their claws adnate to
the stamen-tube. Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a
portion of its length. Ovary few-o\niled. Pod often included in the calyx,
membranous, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent by 1 suture, 1-6-seeded. [Latin,
referring to the 3 leaflets.] About 275 species, most abundant in the north
temperate zone, where several of them are important forage plants. Type
species: TrifoUum pralense L.

Flowers sessile or nearly so, the heads densely-flowered.
Flowers distinctly pedicelled.

Ascending or procumbent.

Creeping.

1. T. pratcnse.

2. T. huhrklum.

3. T. re pens.

180

FABACEAE.

1. Trif olium prat6nse L. Eed,

Purple or. Meadow Clover. (Fig.
200.) Perennial, pubescent, 6'-
2° high. Leaves long-petioled;
stipules ovate, strongly veined, sub-
ulate-tipped, 6"-10" long; leaflets
short-stalked, oval, oblong or obo-
vate, narrowed at base, hardly
cuneate, obtuse and sometimes
emarginate at the apex, often dark-
spotted near the middle, finely
denticulate, i'-li' long; heads
globose or ovoid, rarely slightly
peduncled, about 1' long; flowers
red (rarely white), about 6" long,
remaining erect in fruit; calyx
sparingly hairy, its subulate teeth
shorter than the corolla.

Occasional in grassy places. In-
troduced. Native of Europe. Widely
naturalized in North America. Flow-
ers nearly all the year around. Ex-
perimental cultivation of clover for
fodder has not been successful.

2. Trifolium hybridum L.

Alsike or Alsatian Clover.
(Fig. 201.) Perennial, l''-2°
high, glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves long-petioled ; stipules
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mem-
branous, 6"-12" long; leaflets
short-stalked, obovate, sometimes
emarginate but not obcordate, nar-
rowed or cuneate at the base, ser-
rulate, 6"-12" long; heads long-
peduncled; flowers pink or nearly
white, 2V'-4:V' long; pedicels 1"-
2Y' long, reflexed when old;
corolla 3-4 times as long as the
calyx; calyx-teeth subulate, about
equalling the tube; pod 2-4-
seeded.

In grassy woods," Devonshire,
1905. Also reported by Moore.
Native of Europe. Naturalized in
North America. Flowers from
spring to autumn.

FABACEAE.

181

3. Trifolium ripens L.

White, Dutch or Honeysuckle
Clover. (Fig. 202.) Perennial,
glabrous or with, a few scattered
hairs, the branches often rooting
at the nodes, 4'-12' long. Leaves
long-petioled ; stipules ovate-lan-
ceolate, membranous, acute, 2"-6"
long; leaflets short-stalked, obo-
vate, emarginate or obcordate,
broadly cuneate at the base, den-
ticulate, 4"-10" long; heads long-
peduncled; flowers 3V'-6" long;
pedicels l"-2i" long, finally re-
flexed; corolla 2-3 times as long
as the calyx; calyx-teeth acumi-
nate, somewhat shorter than the
tube; pod about 4-seeded.

Occasional in grassy places. In-
troduced. Native of Europe. Widely
naturalized in North America. Flow-
ers nearly all the year around. None
of the true clovers are important
as fodder plants in Bermuda, the
climate being too warm for their
successful establishment.

6. INDIGOFEEA L.

Perennial herbs or shrubs. Foliage often more or less densely clothed
with simple 2-horned or forking hairs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate,
or sometimes 3-foliolate or rarely 1-foliolate; the leaflets entire. Flowers
perfect, in axillary spikes or racemes. Calyx-lobes oblique, nearly equal or
the upper shorter. Corolla pink, orange or purple; standard broad, sessile or
clawed, persistent, the wings somewhat elongated, slightly cohering with the
erect keel" and like it deciduous. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous, or one
partially distinct ; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile or nearly so ; style glabrous ;
ovules numerous or rarely few or solitary. Pod linear to subglobose, angled
or turgid. Seeds subglobose or flattened. [Name from the yield of indigo by
some species.] About 275 species, of warm and temperate regions.

The species common in Bermuda has been mistaken for the true indigo
(Indigo f era tinctoria L.) which is similar to it, but has narrower and longer
pods. Formerly important dye-plants, their use has now been largely super-
seded through the production of dyes from coal-tar synthetically.

182

FABACEAE.

1. Indigofera suffniticosa Mill.

Wild Indigo. (Fig. 203.) Foliage
strigillose. Stems woody, erect, 3°-
6° tall, angular, sparingly branched;
leaflets 7-15, thin, oblong, oblanceo-
late or obovate, i'-li' long, mucro-
nate, acute at the base, glabrous or
glabrate above; racemes shorter than
the subtending leaves; pedicels about
y long, finally recurved; calyx
densely pubescent, its lobes about as
long as the tube; corolla orange, about
2" long; pods stout, 6"-8" long,
curved, thickened at the sutures. [7.
Anil L. ; /. tinctoria of Jones, of
Lefroy, and of H. B. Small.]

Frequent in waste grounds, espe-
cially plenty between Castle Harbor
and Harrington Sound. Said by Lefroy
to have been introduced for commercial
purposes in the seventeenth century.
Naturalized. Native of the West In-
dies. Naturalized in the southern United
States. Flowers in summer and autumn.

7. CAJAN Adans.
A perennial, stiff, slightly woody
herb, finely puberulent, or pubescent,
with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and showy yellow flowers in stalked axillary
racemes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, its lobes acute, the 2 upper ones partly
united. Standard nearly orbicular, reflexed; wings obliquely obovate; keel
with a blunt incurved tip. Ovary many-ovuled; style thickened above;
stigma oblique. Pod linear, flattened,
acute and long-tipped, its valves im-
pressed between the seeds. [From
the Malayan name.] A monotypic
genus.

1. Cajan Cajan (L.) Millsp.
Pigeon Pea. (Fig. 204.) Bushy,
branched, 6° high or less. Leaves
petioled; leaflets oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, l'-3' long, acute at both
ends or obtuse at the base, velvety
on both sides, dark green above, pale
beneath; racemes few-flowered, as
long as the leaves or longer; pedicels,
rachis and calyx brown-pubescent;
flowers 6"-8" broad; pods 2'-3' long,
5"-6" wide, 4-7-seeded; seeds whitish,
somewhat flattened, about 2" thick.
[Cytisus Cajan L. ; Cajanus indicus
Spreng.]

Spontaneous after cultivation for
its edible seeds. Native of the East
Indies. Widely cultivated and natural-
ized in tropical regions.

FABACEAE.

183

8. PHASEOLUS [Tourn.] L.
Vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and axillary
racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the 2 upper teeth more or
less united. Standard orbicular, recurved, spreading or somewhat contorted;
v/ings mainly obovate; keel spirally coiled, linear or obovoid. Stamens dia-
delphous (9 and 1). Style longitudinally bearded; stigma oblique or lateral;
ovary sessile or nearly so; ovules oo. Pod linear, 2-valved, several-seeded,
tipped with the persistent style. Seeds mostly with rounded ends. Rachis
thickened at the bases of the pedicels. [Ancient name of the Kidney Bean.]
About 170 species, of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Phaseolus
vulgaris L.

1. Phaseolus lignosus Britton. Wild
Bermuda Bean. (Fig. 205.) Perennial,
with woody stems 20° long or more and
i' thick, branched, the young twigs pu-
berulent, some becoming glabrous. Stip-
ules ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2" long
or less, acute, striate-nerved; petioles
glabrous, l'-3|' long; leaflets ovate,
membranous, glabrous, 4' long or less,
acuminate at the apex, rounded or sub-
truncate at the base, the terminal one
equilateral, long-stalked, the others short-
stalked and obliquely inequilateral; ra-
cemes long-peduncled, puberulent, loosely
several-many-flowered, 3'-5' long; pedi-
cels filiform, 4"-6i" long; calyx broadly
campanulate, its teeth broad and short;
corolla white to purple, about 5" long,
the standard suborbicular, clawed; pod
flat, curved, acute at each end, about 2'
long, 4"-5" wide; seeds obliquely oblong,
long. [P. semierectus of Reade.]

Rocky woodlands between Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound. Endemic.
Nearest related to P. polystachyus (L.) B.S.P., of the eastern United States. H. B.
Small records the occurrence of this plant at Hungry Bay, also, but this record
may apply to TUina rvpcus, which is abundant there. The species is hero first de-
scribed botanicaliy.

Phaseolus vulgaris L., Kidney Bean, French Bean, Six-week Bean,
probably South American in origin, is largely and successfully grown as a
garden crop, as also P. lunatus L., Lima Bean.

Phaseolus multifldrus Willd., Scarlet Runner, of tropical America, grown
in gardens, is a long, finely pubescent vine, with rhombic-ovate leaflets, and
showy red flowers in racemes, its pods 3' to 6' long, its seeds black antl red.

9. VIGNA Savi.
Herbaceous vines, or sometimes erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate
stipulate leaves, the leaflets broad. Flowers clustered at the ends of long
axillary peduncles, yellowish or purplish, the rachis of the head or raceme
knotty, the bracts and bractlets early deciduous. Calyx 5-toothed, or the 2
upper teeth united. Standard nearly orbicular, auricled at the base; wings
shorter than the standard ; keel about equalling the standard, slightly incurved.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary sessile; ovules numerous; style

little flattened, brown, shining, 3"

184

FABACEAE.

bearded along the inner side; stigma oblique. Pod linear, nearly terete, 2-
valved. [In honor of Domenic Vigni, a commentator on Theophrastus.] About
30 species, natives of warm tropical regions, the following typical.

1. Vignarepens (L.)
Kuntze. Yellow Yigna.
(Fig. 206.) Foliage usu-
ally pubescent with rather
appressed hairs. Stems
trailing or climbing,
branching, when pubes-
cent the hairs reflexed;
leaflets 3, ovale to lance-
olate or linear, f '-3' long,
acute, more or less dis-
tinctly reticulated, short-
stalked; petioles usually
longer than the leaflets;
peduncles surpassing the
subtending petioles, re-
trorsely pubescent at the
top; pedicels about 1"
long, corymbose ; calyx
campanulate, oblique, its
lobes triangular to lance-
olate ; corolla yellowish-
brown; standard with a
nearly reniform, notched
blade, less than 10" long;
pods linear, about V
long, nearly terete, pu-
bescent. [Dolichos repens
L. ; D. luteolus Jacq. ;
Vigna luteola Benth.]

Roadsides and moist grounds, especially abundant along marshes from Hungry
Bay eastward in Paget and Devonshire. Naturalized from tropical America or the
southeastei-n United States. Flowers from spring to autumn. Not, as Verrill states,
a characteristic seaside vine.

Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl., Cow-pea, Asiatic, sometimes grown as a green
manure crop, is an annual with trailing or climbing stems, the leaves with 3
acute or blunt leaflets 2'-4' long, the yellowish flowers about 9" long, the
linear, fleshy pod 4-7' long. [Dolichos sinensis L.]

10. DOLICHOS L.

Climbing or trailing vines, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and white to
purple flowers variously clustered or sometimes solitary, their bracts small or
caducous. Calyx campanulate, its two upper teeth united. Standard sub-
orbicular; wings obovate, curved, adnate to the incurved keel. Stamens 9
and 1, their anthers all alike. Ovary many-ovuled; style bearded or peni-
cillate below the terminal stigma. Pod flat, mostly somewhat curved, beaked.
Seeds subglobose or flattened. [Greek name of some bean, referring to its
long pods.] About 30 species, of tropical distribution, the following typical.

FABACEAE.

185

1. Dolichos Lablab L. Black Bean.

Hyacinth Bean. (Fig. 207.) Sparingly-
pubescent, climbing or trailing, 15° long or
less. Leaves long-petioled, leaflets ovate,
acute or acuminate, lV-4' long, the terminal
one equilateral and long-stalked, the others
inequilateral and short-stalked; racemes
axillary, several-flowered, exceeding the
leaves; flowers short-pedicelled, 7"-10"
broad, white to purple; pods about 3' long,
nearly 1' wide, the upper edge nearly straight,
the lower curved and glandular-roughened ;
seeds somewhat compressed, black with a
white linear strophiole, about 5" long.

Spontaneous after cultivation : frequent in
gardens but not grown as a crop. Native of the
Old World tropics, widely cultivated and natural-
ized in tropical and temperate America. Flowers
in Bermuda in autumn.

Dolichos sphaerospermus (L.) DC,
Black-eyed Pea, is recorded by Reade as
cultivated in summer and by H. B. Small as
frequent in fields; I have not met with it.
[PJiaseolus sphaerospermus L.]

11. CANAVALI Adans.
Perennial vines. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets entire. Flowers
large, in axillary peduncled racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate
or 2-lobed, the lower one entire or 3-lobed. Standard reflexed, suborbicular ;
■wings curved or twisted; keel-petals incurved, obtuse or with an inflexed or
spiral beak. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous to the middle.
Style glabrous, incurved. Ovules several. Pod oblong or broadly linear, 2-
valved. [Aboriginal name.] About 15 species, natives of tropical regions.
Type species: Dolichos ensiformis L.

1. Canavali lineata (Thunb.)
DC. Bay Bean. Bay Hops.
(Fig. 208.) Foliage finely strigil-
lose. Stems prostrate or climb-
ing, 3°-25° long, branching; leaf-

oval or obovate, ir-4' long,
rounded or broadly cuneate at the
base ; racemes surpassing the sub-
tending leaves; peduncles often
longer than the racemes ; pedicels
spur-like; calyx helmet-like, 7"-
9" long, constricted at the base;
corolla pink; pods broadly linear,
4'-5' long; seeds oblong, brown.
[Dolichos lincaius Thunb.; Cana-
valia ohiusi folia DC. ; Dolichos
roseus of Reade; Dolichos Cana-
ralia of H. B. Small.]

Sand dunes and sea-benches.
Native. Southeastern I'nited States,
West Indies, tropical America and
Old World. Flowers from winter
to autumn. Its seeds probably trans-
ported to Bermuda by floating.

186

FABACEAE.

12. VICIA [Tourn.] L.
Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnate
mostly tendril-bearing leaves, half-sagittaite or entire stipules, and axillary,
mostly racemose flowers. Calyx-tube somewhat oblique, obtuse at the base,
its teeth about equal. Standard obovate or oblong, emarginate, clawed; wings
obliquely oblong, adherent to the shorter oblong curved keel. Stamens dia-
delphous (9 and 1), or monadelphous below. O^oiles oo ; style very slender,
with a tuft or ring of hairs at its summit. Pod flat, dehiscent, 2-valved, con-
tinuous between the seeds. [The classical Latin name of the Vetch.] About
120 species of wide distribution. Type species: Vicia sativa L.

Leaflets oblong, oval or obovate.
Leaflets narrowly linear to oblanceolate.

2. Vicia angustifolia Roth.
Smaller Common Vetch. (Fig.
210.) Glabrous or puberulent;
s-tem slender, l°-2° long. Stip-
ules mostly half-sagittate, toothed
or entire; leaves short-petioled,
or nearly sessile; leaflets 8-16,
linear, lanceolate or oblanceolate,
5"-17" long, mucronulate, those
of the lower leaves commonly
obovate, broader and shorter;*
flowers 1 or 2 in the upper axils,
purple, 6"-8" long; calyx-teeth
as long as the tube or shorter;
pod linear, glabrous, l'-2' long.

Cultivated ground, Abbotsford,
1014. Widely naturalized in eastern
North America. Native of Europe.
Flowers in spring and summer.

1. V. sativa.

2. V. angustifolia.

1. Vicia sativa L. Common Vetch
OR Tare. Pebble -vetch. (Fig. 209.)
Pubescent or glabrate, spreading, l°-3°
long. Stipules broad, generally sharply
toothed; leaves short-petioled; leaflets
8-14, obovate, oblong or oblanceolate,
obtuse, truncate or retuse and mucro-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
I'-li' long; flowers bluish-purple, about
1' long; calyx-teeth about as long as
the tube; pod linear-oblong, glabrous,
li'-3' long, 5-10-seeded.

Fields and waste grounds. Naturalized
from Europe. Naturalized in North
America. Flowers in winter and spring.

FAB ACE AE. 187

Vicia villosa Roth, Hairy Vetch, European, annual or biennial, occa-
sionally grown for fodder, and sometimes persistent for a few seasons in cul-
tivated ground, is a hairy vine about 2° long, its leaves with 5-9 pairs of
oblong or linear leaflets, its numerous blue flowers about 8" long, in stalked,
axillary racemes, the claw of the standard about one half as long as the blade,
the flat, oblong, few-seeded pod about 1' long.

Vicia Faba L., Broad Bean, Windsor Bean, Portuguese Bean, native
of Asia or northern Africa, grow^n for its edible seeds, is a nearly erect, nearly
glabrous annual, its leaves wath 2-6 oblong or elliptic leaflets 2'-3' long; the
axillary whitish flowers have a dark blue blotch on the standard; the fleshy
pods are 3' long or more.

Pisum sativum L., Pea, of unknown origin, is grown to some extent in
gardens for its seeds, and its vines for fodder.

Arachis hypoga^a L., Peanut, Earthnut, probably South American, is
locally grown in gardens, but is not an important crop in Bermuda.

Clitoria Ternatea L., Blue Pea, tropical African, widely naturalized in
the West Indies is a climbing vine, commonly planted on porches and walls,
has pinnate leaves of few ovate blunt leaflets and large solitary showy blue
flowers, short-stalked in the axils; its flat pods are 3' or 4' long.

Lefroy records the successful introduction of Clitoria 'brasUienMs L..
Purple-flowering Pea of Brazil, now referred to the genus Bradhurya.

Lathyrus odoratus L., Sweet Pea, Sicilian, is widely grown in flower-
gardens; it is an herbaceous, annual vine, the leaves of one pair of leaflets
and a branched tendril, the showy flowers white, red, blue or yellow.

Lathyrus latifolius L., Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea, European, a
perennial vine, the leaves with 2 large oblong-lanceolate leaflets and a branched
tendril, the stem and petioles winged, the showy flowers white to purple, is
occasional in gardens.

Genista hispanica L., Spanish Genista, European, seen in the collection
at the Agricultural Station in 1913, is a low, very spiny shrub, with villous
branches, simple lanceolate acute leaves about V long, the flowers in short
racemes.

Colutea arborescens L., Bladder Senna, of the Mediterranean region, is
recorded by Lefroy as raised from seed and flowered at Hamilton prior to
1877. It is a large shrub, with pinnate leaves of 9-13 elliptic leaflets which
are 1' long or less, yellow flowers in small racemes, and inflated pods 2'-3' long,
narrowed at both ends.

Adenocarpus commutatus Guss., of southern Europe, grown by Lefroy at
Mt. Langton from 1874 to 1877, is a pubescent shrub with 3-foliolate leaves
and yellow racemose flowers, the pod flat and glandular. [A. tclouncnsis DC]

Cjrtisus Laburnum L., Golden-chain, European, occasionally planted for
ornament, has not become luxuriant. It is a small tree, up to 25° high, with
3-foliolate, petioled leaves and long pendent racemes of bright yellow flowers.
[Laburnum vulgare Griseb.]

Cytisus albus (Lam.) Link, White Cytisus, of the Mediterranean region,
grown at Wood Haven in 1914, is a shrub, 2°-3° high, with long slender branches,
the petioled, 3-foliolate, clustered leaves less than 1' long, the leaflets obovate,
sessile, appressed-pubescent ; its white flowers are about 5" long, its pods
usually with 2 seeds. [Genista alba Lam.]

Cytisus canariensis L., Garden Genista, of the Canary Islands, a finely
pubescent shrub 4°-6° high, with petioled 3-foliolate leaves about V long, the
leaflets obovate, blunt, cuneate, the yellow flowers racemose, is occasionally
grown for ornament.

188 FABACEAE.

Spartium junceum L., Spanish Broom, European, recorded by Jones in
1S73 as lately introduced by Lefroy and expected to be of great value in bind-
ing drifting sands on the southern shores, is said by Lefroy to have been raised
from seed and flowered at Mt. Langton, but never established itself. It is a
shrub, "with stiff, round branches, few and small narrow leaves and large,
bright yellow flowers.

Ulex europaeus L., Gorse, European, a yellow-flowered shrub with linear
sharp-pointed leaves, has been grown at times for ornament and interest but
does not succeed well.

Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene [Wistaria frutescens Poir.], North
American Wistaria, a woody vine with pinnate leaves and pendent racemes
of purplish flowers, is occasionally planted about houses.

Lonchocarpus violaceus H.B.K., Violet I.onchocarpus, West Indian,
a tree with pinnate leaves of 7-9 ovate pointed leaflets and racemose violet
flowers followed by flat 1 -seeded stalked pods, is occasionally planted for
shade and ornament, and is healthy and luxuriant.

Robinia Pseudoacacia L., North American Acacia, Locust-tree, a
hard-wooded tree with rough bark, thin, odd-pinnate leaves of 9-19 stalked
leaflets and racemose Avhite flowers, is occasionally planted foi ornament, and
some rather large trees may be seen.

Jones records a plant of this family as Bohinia duhia. This name has
been given by authors to three different trees; I can not determine which is
meant.

Oodariocalyx gyrans (L. f.) Hassk., Telegraph-plant, of southern Asia,
formerly grown at Mt. Langton, is an interesting herbaceous plant about 3°
high, its leaves with 3 oblong leaflets, the 2 lateral much smaller than the
terminal one, and move rather abruptly in sunshine into various positions ; its
purple flowers are panicled, and its pods jointed. [Desmodium gyrans DC]

Toluifera peruifera (L. f.) Baill., Balsam of Peru, South American,
a balsamiferous tree with pinnately compound leaves, shining, reticulate-vemed
ovate leaflets, racemose irregular flowers and curiously winged pods bearing
one seed in the end, was successfully introduced, according to Lefroy.
[Myrospermiim peruiferum DC]

Toluifera Balsamum L., Balsam of Tolu, recorded b.y Jones, also South
American, was represented by a young tree at the Agricultural Station in
1913. [Myrospermiim tohiifenim DC]

Erythrina Corallodendron L., Sword-flower, Coral-tree, West Indian,
a large tree with prickly twigs, yellow wood, 3-foliolate leaves, ovate, thin,
glabrous leaflets and scarlet flowers appearing in large terminal clusters before
the leaves, the corolla narrow, with the petals parallel, the long narrow pods
containing many red seeds, is planted for ornament.

Erythrina velutina Willd., A^elvett Coral-tree, West Indian, a large
tree with 3-foliolate leaves, the broadly ovate blunt leaflets hairy beneath, the
flowers bright red, is represented by a few fine specimens; a very large tree
stood near the east end of Devonshire Marsh in 1912.

Erythrina Crista-galli L., Cockspur Coral-tree, South American, a
shrub or small tree, the branches slender, glabrous and sometimes vine-like,
habitually dying back, the 3 oblong-ovate, short-pointed, glabrous leaflets about
2-V long, the showy crimson and scarlet flowers clustered, on slender pedicels,
the broad standard petal becoming reflexed, somewhat longer than the keel, is
occasionally planted for ornament.

Erythrina arborea (Chapm.) J. K. Small, a low Floridian species, with
glabrous 3-lobed leaflets, the middle lobe long-pointed, is occasional in gardens.
[E. herhacea arborea Chapm.]

FABACEAE. 189

Erythrina speciosa Andr., Elegant Sword-flower, West Indian, planted
for ornament, resembles E. Corallodendron, but its leaflets are 3-lobed and
long-acuminate.

Erythrina indica Lam., Ixdlvx Swokd-flower, East Indian, rcforded by
Jones, and bv H. B. Small, is a large tree Avith a prickly trunk, the 3 leaflets
4'-6' long, the flowers about 2V long, in dense racemes, the oblique calyx
spathaceous, siDlitting along the back.

Erjrthrina caffra Thunb., Cape Sword-flower, South African, of which
H. B. Small records a large tree on grounds adjoining Rosebank, Hamilton,
prior to 1901, is a prickly tree with ovate, glabrous leaflets, the scarlet,
racemed flowers about 2' long, the calyx tomentulose. Lefroy records having
raised plants from Cape seed.

Dalbergia Sissco Eoxb., Sissoo Tree, East Indian, experimentally planted
at the Public Garden, St, Georges, in 1914, has pinnate leaves of 5 broadly
elliptic to obovate leaflets 3'-4' long and axillary panicles of small, white
flowers.

Onobrychis sativa L., Sainfoin, of Europe and Asia, a perennial herb
l°-2° high, with pinnate leaves of numerous oblong leaflets, and rather dense
spikes of pink flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves, mentioned by
Lefroy as said to be occasionally grown, but not seen by him, and recorded
by H. B, Small as * ' common along roadsides, flowering in July, ' ' has not
been observed by me in Bermuda. [Hedysarum Onohrychis of Lefroy and of
H. S. Small.]

Calpumia aurea (Lam.) Baker, Golden Calpurnia, South African' a
shrub or small tree up to about 15° high, seen in a fine specimen at the
Agricultural Station in 1913, has unevenly pinnate leaves of 9-21 oval, ob-
tuse or emarginate entire leaflets about 1' long, glabrous above, slightly pu-
bescent beneath, bright yellow, flowers about I' long in racemes, followed by
flat, linear, subulate-tipped pods 2'-3' long. [^Virgilia aurea Lam.; Calpurnia
lasiogyne E. Meyer.]

Dolicholixs praecatorius (Humb.) Rose, Spotted Dolicholus, Mexican,
a vine, climbing to a length of 30°, with 3-foliolate, pubescent leaves, the
ovate thin entire acuminate leaflets l'-2' long, the small yellow flowers in
loose racemes, the short, flattened, 2-seeded pods about I' long, the subglobose
seeds scarlet with a black spot, was seen at Wood Haven in 1914. [Glycine
praecatoria Humb.]

Psoralea glandulosa L., Chilean Psoralea, of western South America,
a shrub with 3-foliolate, black-punctate leaves, and small blue-purple flowers
in narrow racemes, was grown by Lefroy in 1874 and he records it as doing
well up to 1877.

Hardenbergia Comptoniana Lindl.. Compton 's Hardenbergta, Australian,
a woody vine, the leaves with 3 or 5 leaflets lA'-o' long, the small violet flowers
in racemes, the pod leathery, IV long, Avas raised from seed by Lefroy and
flowered at Mt. Langton as recorded by him.

Anthyllis Barba-Jovis L., Jove's Beard, of southern Eurojio, recorde.l
by Lefroy as introduced in 1874 and living in 1877, is a tall, pinnate-leaved
shrub, the foliage silky tomentose, the light yellow flowers capitate.

Lotus jacobaeus L.. Cape Yerde Lotus, described by Reade as frequently
cultivated as a garden flower, and occasional in cultivated grounds as a weed
and said by H. B. Small to be ''not common yet, but seems thriving" was not
known to Lefroy as Bermudian, nor is it otherwise recorded, nor has it been
found by recent collectors. It is a low shrubby plant with 3-foliolate leaves,
the sessile leaflets oblanceolate to linear, the showy flowers capitate on long
peduncles, the standard dark purple.

190 FABACEAE.

Bradburya virginiana (L.) Kuntze, Spurred Butterfly Pea, North
American and West Indian, listed as Bermudian by Eein, has not been found
by subsequent collectors. It is an herbaceous vine with purplish pea-like
flowers and narrow linear flat pods. [Centrosema virginiana Benth.]

Balsamocarpon brevifolium Clos., a Chilian shrub, grown from seed by
Lefroy in 1875, failed to survive.

Lefroy records the existence of an indigenous species of Aeschynomene,
resembling a small Mimosa at Paynter's Vale, but a thorough search of that
locality at different times in the season has failed to reveal its presence there
at this time.

Lefroy also records the introduction of a species of Argyrolohium in 1874,
which lived until 1877.

Order 18. GERANIALES.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with petals, and these separate (want-
ing in most Euphorbiaceae, and* in some species of Zanthoxylum in Ruta-
ceae) ; sepals mostly distinct; stamens few, rarely more than tw^ice as many
as the sepals, opposite tliem when as many; ovary superior, mostly com-
pound ; ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary.

Petals present, usually as many as the sepals.

Tissues of the plant devoid of secreting cells or glands.
Styles united around a column from which

mature.
Styles distinct, or permanently united.

Calyx irregular, one of the sepals spurred
or saccate.
Anthers separate ; carpels 1-ovuled.
Anthers united ; carpels several-ovuled.
Calyx regular, the sepals all alike.

Filaments united below or at the base ;
herbs.
Stamens as many as the sepals ; leaves

simple.
Stamens twice as many as the sepals ;
leaves compound.
Filaments separate.

Styles united ; leaves mostly com-

. pound.
Styles separate ; leaves simple.
Tissues of the plant with secreting cells or glands.
Leaves pimctate.
Leaves not punctate.
Carpels separate.
Carpels united.

Filaments separate.
Filaments united.
Flowers often apetalous, monoecious ; carpels mostly 3.

Family 1. GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil.

Geranium Family.

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary solitary or clus-
tered perfect regular flowers. Stipules commonly present. Sepals 5
(rarely fewer), mostly persistent. Petals of the same number, hypogy-
nous. Stamens as many as the sepals, or 2-3 times as many, distinct;
anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 1, usually 5-lobed ; ovules 1 or 2 in each
cavity. Fruit capsular. Embryo straight or eurv^ed ; cotyledons flat or
plicate. About 12 genera and 470 species, natives of temperate regions,
most abundant in South Africa.

Corolla regular; calyx spurless. 1. Geranium.

Corolla somewhat irregular ; calyx spurred. 2. Pelargonium.

ley break
Fam. 1.

elastically when

GERANIACEAE.

Fam.
Fam.

o
3.'

Tropaeolaceab.
Balsaminaceae.

Fam.

4.

LiNACEAE.

B\nm.

5.

Oxalidaceae.

Fam.
Fam.

fi.

7.

Zygopiiyelaceae.
Malpighiaceae.

Fam.

8.

RUTACEAE.

Fam.

9.

SURIAXACEAE.

Fam.
Fam.
Fam.

10.
11.
12.

SlMAROrBACEAE.

Meeiaceae.
Euphorbiaceae.

GERANIACEAE.

191

1. G. caroHnianum.

2. G. pusilluiii.

1. GERANIUM L.

Herbs with stipulate, palmately lobed, cleft or divided leaves, and axillary
1-2-flowered peduncles. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Sepals 5, imbricated.
Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), generally 5 longer
and 5 shorter. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked with the compound style. Ovules
2 in each cavity. Capsule elastically dehiscent, the 5 cavities 1-seeded and long
tailed by the persistent style-divisions which are naked on the inner side.
[Greek, a crane, from the long beak of the fruit.] About 190 species, widely
distributed in temperate regions. Type species: Geranium sylvaticum L.

Seeds finely reticulated ; beak of fruit about V long.
Seeds smooth ; beak of fruit about 5" long.

1. Geranium carolinianum L.

Carolina Crane's-bill. (Fig. 211.)
Annual, erect, generally branched,
stout, 6'-15' high, loosely pubescent
with spreading often glandular gray
hairs. Leaves reniform-orbicular, 1'-
3' wide, deeply cleft into 5-9 oblong
or obovate cuneate toothed or lobed
segments; peduncles rather short and
stout; tiowers in compact clusters,
pale pink or whitish, 4"-7" broad ;
sepals ovate, ciliate, about equalling
the obovate emarginate petals; ovary-
lobes hispid-pubescent ; persistent
filaments not longer than the carpels;
beak nearly V long; seeds finely
reticulated. [G. dissectum of Le-
froy.]

Frequent in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of eastern
North America. Flowers in spring and
summer.

2. Geranium pusillum Burm. f.

Small-flowered Crane's-bill. (Fig.
212.) Widely branching, slender, pu-
bescent or villous, 4-16' long. Leaves
petioled, reniform orbicular, V-li'
wide, deeply divided into 7-9 oblong,
or sometimes linear-oblong, entire or
3-toothed, cuneate lobes; peduncles
short, 3"-9" long; pedicels 3"-5"
broad; petals notched; capsule-lobes
hairy, keeled, not wrinkled ; beak about
o" long, canescent ; seeds smooth.

Recorded as found in Bermuda by
.Tones, Lefroy, Ilemsley and II. B. Small,
but not recently collected, and not men-
tioned by Reade. Native of Europe.
Naturalized in the United States.

192

GERAXIACEAE.

2. PELARGONIUM L 'Her.

Mostly perennial herbs, sometimes woody, the leaves various, the flowers
clustered. Sepals 5, unequal, one of them with a spur adnate to the pedicel.
Petals usually 5, the two upper somewhat larger than the 3 lower. Stamens
10, not all anther-bearing. Ovary beaked by the compound style, the styles
pubescent on the inner side, coiling when separating from the axis. Seeds
smooth, pitted or wrinkled. [Greek, the fruit similar to the bill of a stork.]
Perhaps 200 species, mostly natives of South Africa. Type species: Pelar-
gonium hirsutum (L.) Soland.

1. Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L'Her.
Capitate Garden Geeaxium. (Fig. 213.)
Spreading or trailing, somewhat woody, the
branches 1° long or more, pubescent with long
hairs. Leaves orbicular to reniform, 2'-3'
wide, shallowly lobed, the lobes rounded and
toothed, the petioles as long as the blades or
shorter; umbels axillary, long-peduncled, capi-
tate; petals purple, about 6" long; carpels
about 2" long, pubescent ; seeds finely wrinkled.
[Geranium capitatum L.]

Borders of woods, Paynter's Yale, 1909. Nat-
uralized. Native of southei*n Africa. Occasionally
planted for ornament. Naturalized in southern
California.

Many kinds of Garden Geraniums of this
genus, especially double-flowered races, grow
luxuriantly in Bermuda gardens, with flowers
from white to scarlet. Most of these are hy-
brids between P. sonale and P. inquinans.

Pelargonium peltatum (L.) Ait., Ivy-leaved Geranium, South African,
a trailing or straggling species, with succulent foliage, somewhat zigzag stems
about 2°, long, slender-petioled peltate 5-lobed nearly orbicular leaves IV-S'
broad, and long few-flowered peduncles, the red to white petals about twice
as long as the calyx, is occasionally gi-own in flower-gardens.

Pelargonium exstipulatum Ait., also South African, is a bushy species
li°-2° high, with slender-petioled, finely velvety, subcordate shallowly 3-lobed
and toothed leaves about 1' broad, and few white flowers, the petals about V
long. A plant agreeing with the description of this species was observed in
the Montrose garden m 1913.

Pelargonium terebinthinaceum (Cav.) J. K. Small, Eose Geranium,
South African, commonly planted, is strong-scented, pubescent, 2°-3° high, with
petioled leaves nearly orbicular in outline, palmately 3-7-lobed, with toothed
or pinnatifid segments; the pink or purplish flowers are in peduncled cymes,
the petals 6' -8" long. [Geranium tereMnthinaceum Cav.; P. graveolens Ait.]

TROPAEOLACEAE.

193

Family 2. TROPAEOLACEAE Lindl.

Xasturtium Family.

Herbs, spreading or climbing, with petioled, often peltate leaves, and
large, irregular perfect flowers, mostly solitary, axillary and peduncled.
Calyx produced posteriorly into a spur, 5-lobed. Petals normally 5, the
upper more or less unlike the lower. Stamens 8, declined, unequal; fila-
ments distinct. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed; style filiform. Ovules solitar\'
in each ovary cavity, pendulous. Carpels indehiscent, fleshy, at length
separating. Seeds without endosperm. Only the following genus, inter-
esting and peculiar in the structure of its flowers.

1. TEOPAEOLUM L.

About 40 species, natives of Central and South America, the following
typical one widely cultivated. [Greek, turning, or change.]

1. Tropaeolum majus L. Gaedex
Nasturtium. (Fig. 214.) Annual,
succulent, glabrous; stems weak, spread-
ing, 1° long or more. Leaves long-
petioled, peltate below the middle, flac-
cid, nearly orbicular, lJ'-4' broad, radi-
ately veined, the margin slightly re-
pand; peduncles about as long as the
petioles; flowers l'-2^' broad, yellow to
orange; spur often 1' long; fruit 3-
lobed, depressed-globose, about *' broad.

Commonly and highly successfully
grown in flower-gardens and occasionally
escaped into waste places. Native of Peru.
Flowers nearly throughout the year. The
fruits make good pickles, and the young
leaves are sometimes used in salads.
Both double-flowered and dwarf races are
in cultivation, and forms supposed to be of
hybrid origin exist.

Family 3. BALSAMINACEAE Lindl.
Jewel-weed Family.

Succulent herbs, with alternate thin simple dentate petioled leaves, and
showy mostly very irregular axillary flowers. Sepals 3, the 2 lateral ones
small, gTeen, nerved, the posterior one large, petaloid, saccate, sinirred.
Petals 5, or 3 with 2 of them 2-cleft into ^dissimilar lobes. Stamens 5,
short ; filaments appendaged by scales on their inner side and more or less
united ; anthers coherent or connivent. Ovarv^ oblong, 5-celled ; style short,
or none; stigma 5-toothed or 5-lobed; ovules several in each cavity. Fruit
in the following genus an oblong or linear capsule, elastically dehiscent

14

194 BALSAMINACEAE.

into 5 spirally coiled valves, expelling the oblong ridged seeds. Endo-
sperm none; embryo nearly straight; cotyledons flat. Later flowers small,
cleistogamous, apetalous. About 250 species, mostly natives of tropical
Asia. The family consists of the following genus and the monotypic
Asiatic Hydrocera.

1. IMPATIENS L.

Characters of family, as given above. [Name in allusion to the elastically
bursting pods.]

Impatiens Balsamina L., Garden Balsam, Snap-weed, Indian, commonly
cultivated in gardens, is an annual herb, l°-3° tall, with oblanc 3olate, sharply
toothed, petioled leaves and clustered rose-colored to white flowers, the hairy
ovoid capsules about 10" long. [7. liortensis of Jones and Eeade.]

Impatiens Sultani Hook, f., Eed Balsam, from Zanzibar, a succulent an-
nual 2° high or less, with thin serrate slender-petioled acute leaves 2-3' long,
the rose-red flowers solitary on axillary peduncles, is grown in flower-borders.
A race with white flowers is known, and this was, apparently, represented in
1914, in the garden at Orange Valley.

Family 4. LINACEAE Dumort.

Flax Family.

Herbs, or shrubs, with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers.
Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent.
Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals, imbricated, gen-
erally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with the petals;
filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary 1,
2-o-celled, or by false septa 4-10-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles 2-5.
Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1-2 in each cavity, oily; endosperm little or
none; embrvo straight; cotyledons flat. Some 14 genera and about 160
species of wide distribution.

1. LINTJM L.

Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with sessile leaves, and perfect
flowers. Inflorescence cymose, racemose or paniculate. Stipules a pair of
glands, or wanting. Sepals 5. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 5, sometimes
with interspersed staminodia. Ovary 4-5-celled, or 8-10-celled by false par-
titions, the real cavities 2-ovuled. Capsule 5-10-valved. [The classical Latin
name.] A few species, natives of temperate or warm regions, the following
typical.

LINACEAE.

195

1. Linum usitatissimum L.

Flax. Linseed. (Eig. 215.)
Annual, often tufted, branch-
ing above, l°-2° high; leaves
alternate, 3-nerve(l, lanceolate,
i'-lV long, l"-3" Avide; inflo-
rescence a terminal cymose leafy
panicle; flowers 6"-8" broad;
pedicels slender; sepals oval,
acuminate, the interior ones
eiliate and 3-ribbed; petals ob-
cuneate, crenulate, blue, twice
the length of the sepals; cap-
sule ovoid-conic, 3''-4" long, in-
dehiscent, the septa not eiliate.

Occasional in waste places.
Introduced, Native of Europe.
Naturalized in North America.
Flowers in spring and summer.
Flax is not cultivated in Bermuda.

Linum grandiflorum Desf.,
Flowering Flax, North Afri-
can, frequent in flower-gardens,
is a glabrous, branched annual
about 2° high, with lanceolate
acute leaves about V long, and many slender-pedicelled flowers, the red obovate
spreading petals much longer than the pointed sepals, the depressed-globose
capsules about 4" broad.

Erjrthroxylon Coca Lam., Cocaine Tree, Peruvian, of the related family
Erythroxylaceae, a small glabrous tree, with alternate, oval to oval-obovate,
short-petioled stipulate obtuse simple leaves l'-3' long, dark green above,
pale and with two faint lines nearly parallel with the margin beneath, small
pedicelled flowers solitary or few in the axils, the calyx 5-cleft, the corolla of
5 white petals, the 10 stamens united below into a tube, the 3-celled ovary
ripening into a small drupe, was represented by a vigorous plant about 8°
high in the collection at the Agricultural Station in 1913. The drug, cocaine,
is derived from its leaves.

Family 5. OXALIDACEAE Lindl.

Wood-sorrel Fa:mily.

Leafy-stemmed or acaiilescent herbs, or rarely shnibs, often with root-
stocks or scaly bulbs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate,
in some tropical species pinnate, or entire and peltate; stipules com-
monly present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases; leaflets mostly
obeordate. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking- cymes, or solitary-,
sometimes cleistogamous ; peduncles mostly lonp:. Sepals 5, often un-
equal. Petals 5, white, pink, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15. Ovaiy
5-celled, 5-lobed; styles united, or distinct; ovules 2-many in each cavity;
fruit a loeulieidal globose or columnar capsule, rarely liaccate. Embryo

196

OXALIDACEAE.

straight, in fleshy endosperm,
chiefly of tropical distribution.

About 15 genera and over 300 species,

Plants acaulescent.

Plantis with elongated rootstocks.

Plants with coated bulbs.
Plants caulescent.

1. Bolboxalis.

2. lonoxalis.

3. Xanthoxalis.

1. BOLBOXALIS J. K. Small.

Perennial acaulescent herbs with bulblet-bearing rootstocks. Leaves long-
petioled, 3-foliolate, the leaflets sessile. Inflorescence long-peduncled, cymose,
the pedicels subtended by scale-like bracts. Sepals 5, each with 2 tubercles at
the apex. Petals 5, bright yellow, large. Stamens 10; filaments united at the
base, the longer ones appendaged. Styles slender. Stigmas capitate. [Greek,
bulbiferous Oxalis.]- About 6 African species, the following typical.

1. Bolboxalis cernua (Thunb.) J.
K. Small. XoDDiXG Yellow Wood-
sorrel. Bermlt)a Buttercup. (Fig.
216.) Scapes 16' high or less, erect,
longer than the leaves. Leaflets
broader than long, deeply obcordate,
somewhat pubescent beneath, 1^
wide or less; cyme several-flowered;
pedicels pubescent, ^'-1' long; flowers
nodding, about li' wide; sepals lan-
ceolate, about 3" long; capsules about
4" long. [Oxalis cernua Thunb.]

Waste and cultivated grounds.
Escaped from cultivation. Native of
South Africa. Flowers in winter and
spring. Introduced also into Florida and
Mexico. A showy, yellow-flowered spe-
cies, much planted in Bermuda gardens.

2. lONOXALIS J. K. Small.

Perennial acaulescent herbs, with scaly bulbs. Leaves basal, the petioles
dilated at the base; the blades palmately 3-10-f oliolate ; leaflets notched at the
apex usually with orange tubercles in each sinus. Scapes erect, usually topped
by umbel-like cymes. Flowers perfect, heterogenous. Sepals 5, wdth tubercles
at the apex. Petals 5, rose-purple, rose-violet or white, much longer than the
sepals. Stamens 10; filaments usually pubescent, united at the base. Cap-
sule 5-celled. Seeds wrinkled, grooved or tubercled. [Greek, purple Oxalis.]
Over 50 species, natives of America. Type species: Oxalis violacea Ij.

Cymes compound ; leaflet-lobes rounded.
Cymes simple ; leaflet-lobes ovate.

1. I. Martiana.

2. /. intermedia.

OXALIDACEAE.

197

1. lonoxalis Martiana (Zucc.)
J. K. Small. Martius ' Purple
Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 217.) Scapes
villous, 1° high or less, as long as the
leaves or longer; bulb-scales 3-ribbed.
Leaflets 3, broadly obovate-obcordate,
l'-2V broad, broadly cuneate at the
ses'sile base, somewhat pubescent, their
lobes rounded, the petioles loosely
villous ; cymes several-many-flowered,
compound; pedicels V-^¥ long; sepals
3" long or less; petals violet to rose-
purple, 6"-8" long; longer filaments
pubescent, the shorter mostly gla-
brous.

A pernicious weed in cultivated
grounds, difficult to eradicate. Natural-
ized. Native of Brazil. Naturalized in
the southern United States and in the
West Indies. Flowers from autumn to
spring. [Oxalis riohicea of Lefroy and
of Reade ; Oxalis Martiana Zuccl known
locally as Sour-sop, as is the following
species.

2. lonoxalis intermedia (A.
Eich.) J. K. Small. Cuban Purple
Wood-sorrel. (Fig. 218.) Scapes
1° high or less, glabrous or pubescent,
as long as the leaves or longer ; bulb-
scales several-ribbed. Leaflets 3,
much broader than long, sessile, their
lobes ovate, obtuse, glabrous above,
more or less pubescent beneath, the
petioles sparingly pubescent; cymes
simple, 5-12-flowered; pedicels gla-
brous, 5"-10" long, very slender;
sepals ovate, 2"-3" long; petals
violet, 5'-7" long; longer filaments
very pubescent, the shorter ones
slightly so. [Oxalis intermedia A.
Eichard.]

Superabundal as a weed in fields
between Castle Harbor and Harrington
Sound, 1012. Native of Cuba. Natural-
ized in the Bahamas. St. rroix, Guade-
hipe and Martinique. Flowers from
autumn to spring.

3. XANTHOXALIS J. K. Small.
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate;
stipules obsolete; blades palmately 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly obcordate, nearly
sessile. Flowers perfect, heterogonous or homogenous. Sepals 5, narrow, imbri-
cated. Corolla yellow, sometimes with a darker eye. Petals 5, surpassing the
sepals, rounded or notched at the apex. Stamens 10 ; filaments glabrous or the
longer ciliate. Capsule more or less elongated, columnar or narrowed upward,
angled, 5-celled. Seeds several in each cavity, transversely ridged or tuberculate

198

OXALIDACEAE.

by broken ridges. [Greek, yellow oxalis.] About 50 species, of wide dis-
tribution. Type species: Oxalis corniculata L.

Stems creeping, like the branches, with scattered lax hairs. 1. X. corniculata.

Stems not creeping, like the branches, closely pubescent with ap

pressed hair

2. Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) J.
K. Small. Upright Yellow Wood-
sorrel. (Fig. 220.) Stems tufted
on woody rootstocks, or sometimes
from annual roots, strigillose. Leaves
usually numerous; leaflets bright
green, 4"-8" broad, glabrous or with
a few scattered hairs; pedicels strigil-
lose; sepals oblong or linear-lanceo-
late, 2"-3" long, sparingly ciliate,
more or less pubescent on the back;
petals 3"-6" long, pale or yellow;
longer filaments glabrous; capsules
stout, columnar, 8"-15" long. [Ox-
alis stricta L. ; 0. corniculata stricta
Sav. ; ?0. Dillenii of Eeade.]

2. X. stricta.
1. Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.)
J. K. Small. Yellow Procumbent
Wood-sorrel. Stem branched at
the base, the branches 2'-15' long,
creeping, somewhat pubescent with
spreading or loosely appressed hairs;
leaflets deep green, 3"-6'' broad or
sometimes larger, ciliate and com-
monly with scattered hairs on the
surface; pedicels minutely strigil-
lose; sepals oblong to oblong-lance-
olate, ciliate at the apex or only
near it; petals 3"-5" long; filaments
glabrous; capsule 4"-7" long. [Ox-
alis corniculata L. ; 0. micropliylla
of Lefroy; 0. repens of Reade.]

Abundant in waste and cultivated
grounds. Introduced. Widely dis-
tributed in warm and tropical regions.
Probably native of tropical America.
Flowers from autumn to summer.

Occasional in waste and cultivated
grounds, flowering in spring and sum
Native of temperate North America

-- ^

Candoxalis Bowieana (Lodd.) J. K. Small, Bowie's Wood Sorrel, South
African, a very decorative species with orbicular-obovate rounded leaflets and
scapose purple flowers lV-2' wide, its rootstocks bearing distant pointed
tubers, is planted in many gardens, flowering in winter. [Oxalis Bowieana
Lodd.]

Michaux's record of Oxalis Acetosella L., of boreal North America and
Europe, as Bermudian, is manifestly an error.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 199

Family 6. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl.
Caltrop Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, the branches often
jointed to the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3-
foliolate, the leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axil-
lary, peduncled. Sepals usually 5, distinct, or united by their bases.
Petals the same number as the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the
petals, or 2-3 times as many, inserted on the base of the receptacle, the
alternate ones sometimes longer; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehis-
cent; filaments usually with a small scale at the base or near the middle.
Ovary 4-12-celled; style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules 1-nu-
merous in each cavity, pendulous or ascending. Fruit various. About 20
genera and 160 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions.

Guaiacum officinale L., Lignum Vitae, West Indian, a small tree with
evenly pinnate leaves of few broad leaflets, I'-IA' long, and large clusters of
blue flowers, is occasional in gardens, A tree at Pembroke Hall Avas about 30°
high in 1913,

Zygophyllum foetidum Schrad. & Wendl., Bean Caper, South African, a
low shrubby plant with 2-foIiolate leaves, the obovate leaflets glabrous, the
nodding flowers axillary and solitary, is mentioned by Eeade as growing in the
Public Park prior to 1883.

Family 7. MALPIGHIACEAE Vent.
Malpighia Family.

Shrubs or trees, or shrubby herbs, wath erect or climbing stems.
Leaves mostly opposite, entire; stipules sometimes present. Flowers usu-
ally perfect, solitary or in temiinal racemes, coiymbs or umbel-like clusters.
Calyx of 5, usually imbricated, sepals. Corolla of 5 mostly equal clawed,
convolute petals, or rarely wanting. Stamens 5-10, perfect or partly
sterile; filaments often united at the base; anthers 2-celled, often with
enlarged connectives. Gynoecium of 2-4, or usually 3 carpels; ovar>' 1-
celled, sometimes crested. Ovules solitary in each cavity, nearly orthotro-
pous. Fruit of 2-3 pulpy or hard dilipes, or sometimes capsular or nut-
like. Seeds pendulous; endosperm wanting; embryo with thick often un-
equal cotyledons. About 60 genera and 700 species, in warm and tropical
regions. Most of the species of Malpighia bear stinging hairs.

Malpighia punicifolia L., French Cherry, West Indian Cherry, of
tropical America, a shrub, or small tree up to 15° high, with rather thin, ob-
long to obovate, obtuse, short-petioled leaves l'-3' long, axillary cymes of
small pink flowers, followed by scarlet or red drupes 5"-8" in diameter,
pleasantly acid and edible, is frequently grown in gardens.

Malpighia setosa Spreng., recorded, with doubt, by Lefroy. has similar
flowers and fruit but its leaves are abruptly pointed, undulate-dentate, pubes-
cent beneath. It is native of Hispaniola and not known in Bermuda now.

Malpighia iirens L., Stinging Cherry, West Indian, recorded by Jones,
is also a shrub or a small tree, with oblong to obovate, entire leaves, pink
flowers, and edible, red fruits about 5" in diameter.

Thryallls glauca (Cav.) Kuntze, Pale Thryallis, Central American,
seen in flower at Bellevue in 1913, is a slender shrub about 5° high, with
thin oblong, slender-petioled leaves 21' long or less, and racemose or narrowly
paniculate showy yellow flowers about f broad on slender pedicels, the fruit
3-lobed capsules 2''-3" long.

200

MALPIGHIACEAE.

Family 8. RUTACEAE Juss.

Rue Family.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-seented and glandular-punc-
tate foliage, mainly compound estipulate leaves, and perfect or polyg-
amo-dioecious flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals 4 or 5, hypogy-
nous or perigynous. Stamens of the same number, or twice as many,
distinct, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers 2-eelled, mostly versatile. Disk
annular. Pistils 2-5, distinct, or 1 and compound of 2-5 carpels. Fruit
various. Endosperm generally fleshy, sometimes none. About 110 genera
and 950 species, most abundant in South Africa and Australia.

1. ZanthoxyUim.

2. Citrus.

Leaves pinnately compound ; fruit capsular.

Leaves 1-foliolate ; fruit a large berry with a rind.

1. ZANTHOXYLUM L.

Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles
commonly prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, cymose, whitish or greenish,
mostly small. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals imbricated. Staminate flowers
with 4 or 5 hypogynous stamens. Pistillate flowers with 2-5 distinct pistils,
rarely with some stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seeds
short, black and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.) (About 150 species, of
temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Zanthoxylum Clava-herculis L.

1. Zanthoxylum flavum A'ahl.,
Yellow-wood. Satix-wood. (Fig.
221.) An unarmed evergreen shrub
or smooth-barked tree, with spread-
ing branches, its twigs, foliage and
inflorescence tomentose, or glabrate
in age. Leaf-blades pinnately com-
pound, 4'-12' long; leaflets 5-11, the
blades oblong or ovate, or the ter-
minal one oval, lJ'-3' long, obtuse,
rounded at the apex, slightly crenate
or nearly entire, inequilateral, short-
petioled, shining above, pubescent with
stellate hairs when young, becoming
glabrous; panicles 3'-6' long; pedicels
i"-li" long; flowers in terminal
cym.es ; calyx about I" broad ; sepals
triangular-ovate, acutish; petals 5,
oblong or oblong-ovate, recurved,
thickish; stamens longer than the
petals ; ovary glandular-punctate ;
carpels obovoid, 3" long, glandular-
punctate ; seeds lenticular, 2" broad,
faintly reticulated, black. [Zanthox-^
alum aromaticitm of A'errill; Z. Clava-Herculis of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.]

Rocky woodlands between Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor. Two large
trees and some 15 small ones known only. Native. Florida and the West Indies.
Flowers in autumn.

The large tree recorded by Lefroy as 30-J- inches in girth about 1872, was,
in December, 1912, 331 inches (83 cm.) in girth; it bears Lefroy 's initials
(RHL), presumably cut by himself; it had thus increased less than 3 inches
in girth in 40 years. This tree flowered and fruited abundantly in September,
1913. The species was much more widely distributed in Bermuda many years

EUTACEAE.

201

ago, but nearly exterminated by cutting for its valuable lumber, \Yhich was
exported to England; this business was restricted by gubernatorial proclama-
tion as early as 1632. Old records prove the occurrence of large trees on
Cooper's Island and on Ireland Island prior to 1693.

2. CITRUS L.

Shrubs and trees, with more or less spinescent branches, pervaded by a

fragrant volatile oil. Leaves persistent, 1-foliolate, leathery; the petiole often

winged. Flowers perfect, regular, axillary. Sepals united into a cup-like calyx.

Petals 5 or rarely 4-8, white, at least wathin, deciduous. Stamens 20-60 ;

filaments inserted around an annular or cup-like disk. Ovary several-celled,

superior; styles united, deciduous. Ovules several in each cavity. Berries

with a bitter oily rind. Seeds pale, several in each cavity (wanting in seedless

races); endosperm none; embryo with fleshy cotyledons. [Greek, citron.]

Some 30 described species, natives of Asia. Type species: Citrus medica L.

Petiole-wings broad ; fruit subglobose.

1. C vulgaris.
Petiole-wings narrow ; fruit oblong, com-
monly pointed. 2. G. Limonum.

1. Citrus vulgaris Eisso. Bitter
Orange. (Fig. 222.) A tree, up to
25° high, the young branches armed
with thorns. Leaflet ovate, 2^-5'
long, acute or acuminate, the petiole
broadly winged; flowers in cymes,
fragrant, the oblong petals about 9"
long; fruit subglobose, 3'-4' long, its
thick rind bitter, its pulp bitter and
sour. [C. iigaradia Loisel.]

"Woodlands and hillsides. Natural-
ized. Native of southern Asia. Natural-
ized in Florida and in the West Indies.
Flowers in spring and summer.

2. Citrus Limonum (L.) Eisso.
Lemon. (Fig. 223.) A tree up
to 20° high, the branches com-
monly thorny. Leaflet ovate or
elliptic, 4' long or less, cronate,
acute or rounded ; petiole nar-
rowly winged; flowers solitary or
in pairs in the axils; petals usu-
ally purplish without ; fruit ob-
long or ellipsoid, 21'-4' long, usu-
ally pointed, the rind thin, the
pulp sour. [C. Medica Limon L.]

Woodlands and hillsides. Spon-
taneous after cultivation and nat-
uralized. Native of southern Asia.
Flowers in spring and summer.

202 EUTACEAE.

Citrus Aurantium L., Sweet Orange, Asiatic, Tvas formerly extensively
planted. It has entire leaflets with narrowly winged or merely margined
petioles and a globose orange yellow fruit with a separable rind and sweet
pulp. The home supply of oranges does not nearly meet the demand for
them, scale-insects being destructive.

Citrus Lima Lunan, Lime, Asiatic, is commonly planted. Its toothed
leaflets have wingless and marginless petioles, and the small acid fruit is
globose or oblong with a very thin rind. The tree has become almost natural-
ized locally. [Citrus Limetta Risso.]

Citrus Medica L., Citeon, Asiatic, is also planted. Its entire leaflets have
wingless and marginless petioles; the large fruit has a very thick rind^ used
for flavoring and for preserves.

Citrus decumana L., Grape-fruit, Pomelo, Shaddock, East Indian,
planted for its large, acid fruit, has hairy twigs and pedicels, broadly winged
petioles, and fruit up to 7' in diameter, globular or nearly so. There are
many varieties or races, the Forbidden Fruit being one of them, its fruit
smaller. Lefroy uses the name Citrus racemosus for the Grape-fruit.

Citrus nobilis Lour., Mandarin Orange, Chinese, has occasionally been
planted; it has lanceolate, slightly erenate leaflets, the petioles little winged,
and its fruit is more or less compressed, 2-2^' broad, the rind readily separable
from the sweet pulp.

Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson, Bergamot Lime, of tropical
Asia, frequent in gardens, is a spiny shrub about 6° high, its short-petioled
leaves mostly trifoliolate, the erenate leaflets IV long or less, its fragrant
white flowers about 1' broad, in cymes or solitary, its fruit a red, few-seeded
oval berry about V long. [Limonia trifolia Burm. f . ; T. Aurantiola Lour. ;
Limonia crenulata of Jones.]

Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp., Martinique Laurel, Asiatic, a shrub with
small pinnate dark green leaves of about 5 entire leaflets, small white corymbose
fragrant flowers with five petals and ten stamens, the fruit a small berry, is
commonly planted for ornament. [Murraya exotica L.]

Ruta graveolens L., Garden Rue, European, occasional in gardens, is an
odorous herb l°-3° high, with biternately divided, glandular-punctate leaves,
and small yellowish flowers in terminal panicled cymes, the sepals and petals
4 or 5, the fruit 4-lobed or 5-lobed capsules about 5" broad.

Clausena excavata Burm., Wampee, East Indian, a tree, with pinnate,
pubescent leaves of 15-30 ovate, oblique leaflets, small panicled 4-parted
flowers, the berry-like, oblong fruit about 8" long, is recorded by Lefroy and
by Reade as seen by them in a few gardens. [CooJcia punctata Retz.]

Chloroxylon Chloroxylon (Eoxb.) Britton, Satinwood, East Indian, a
tree with pinnate leaves 7'-10' long, of 11-21 small short-stalked, obliquely
oblong entire punctate leaflets, and small pedicelled flowers in large terminal
clusters, the fruit oblong large capsules, is recorded by Lefroy as introduced
at Mt. Langton. [Siuietenia Chloroxylon Roxb. ; Chloroxylon Sivietenia DC]

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC, Glycosmis, East Indian, a shrub
4°-9° high with thin 1-3-foliolate oblong-lanceolate to ovate leaves 3 J '-8'
long, small white axillary flowers in short panicles, the petals 4 or 5, the
stamens 8 or 10, the berries whitish or pink, about 5" in diameter, is grown
in a few gardens. [Li^nonia pentaphylla Retz.; G. citrifolia Lindl.]

Spathelia simplex L., Pride-of-the-Mountain, Jamaican, is a remarkable
tree with slender unbranched trunk up to 50° high scarred by the bases of
fallen leaves, the large pinnate finely velvety leaves up to 3° long, clustered

RUTACEAE.

203

at the top, with 45-81 sessile lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate
crenate leaflets; at maturity a very large terminal panicle of showy purple
flowers appears above the leaves, the petals about 3" long, and the 3-\vinge(l
fruits are about 1' long. The tree dies after ripening its fruit. It has been
planted in Bermuda.

Correa alba Audr., White Correa, Australian, taken to Mount Langton
from the Kew York Botanical Garden in 1913, is a shrub with opposite, simple,
ovate leaves, pubescent beneath, blunt at the apex, l'-2' long, and white'
flowers about 10" broad, clustered mostly in 4 's at the ends of branches, the
fruit a leathery capsule.

Diosma vulgaris Schl., Common Diosma, South African, taken to Mt.
Langton from the same source in 1913, is a low shrub, l°-2° high, with
linear, convex acuminate leaves V long or less, and small white corymbose
flowers.

Family 9. SURIANACEAE Lindi.

SuEiANA Family.

Shrubs of tropical coasts. Leaves alternate, narrow, rather fleshy.
Flowers perfect, solitary, or in few-flowered terminal clusters. Calyx of '5
persistent sepals. Corolla of 5 imbricated petals with claws. Stamens 10 ;
filaments slender, those opposite the petals shorter, or sometimes obsolete.
Disk adnate to the base of the calyx or obsolete. Carpels 5, distinct, oppo-
site the petals, pubescent, 1-celled ; styles filiform ; stigmas capitate. Ovules
2, collateral, ascending, campylotropous. Fruit achene-like. Seeds with
a horseshoe-shaped embrj^o and thick incumbent cotyledons. Only the
following monotypic genus.

Characters of the family,
seilles.]

SURL^NA L.

[Dedicated to Joseph Donat Surian of Mar-

1. Suriana maritima L. Tassel
Plamt. (Fig. 224.) A branched
shrub 3°-8° tall, rarely a small
tree, with softly pubescent foliage.
Leaves numerous and approximate,
lineal -spatulate, V-2" long, entire,
nerveless; flower-clusters not sur-
passing the leaves; sepals ovate,
3"-4" long, acuminate; petals yel-
low, broadened upward, about as
long as the sepals; fruit 4''-5"
broad, the achene-like carpels finely
pubescent.

Common on beaches and coastal
rocks. Native. Florida and the West
Indies. Flowers in spring and sum-
mer. Bermuda is the type locality
for this species, one of the most
characteristic coastal plants, some-
times growing in large colonies-

204 SIMAROUBACEAE.

Family 10. SIMAROUBACEAE DC.

AiLAXTHUs Family.

Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, and mainly alternate and pinnate,
not punctate leaves. Stipules minute or none. Inflorescence axillary,
paniculate or racemose. Flowers regular, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx
3-5-lobed or divided. Petals 3-5. Disk annular or elongated, entire or
lobed. Stamens of the same number as the petals, or twice as many;
anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 2-5, or single and 2-5-lobed, 1-5-celled; styles
1-5. Seeds generally solitary in the cavities. About 30 genera and 150
species, natives of warm or tropical regions. There are no native nor
naturalized species of this family in Bermuda.

Ailanthus glandulosa Desf., Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, a large smooth-
barked tree, with odd-pinnate deciduous leaves, the leaflets ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, the small greenish dioecious flowers in large panicles followed, on
the pistillate tree, by clusters of narrow samaras, is commonly planted for
shade and ornament.

Quassia amara L., Bitterwood, South American, a large tree with very
bitter wood, pinnate leaves with a winged rachis, and large red flowers in
terminal clusters, was grown at Mount Langton, prior to 1879, but its subsequent
disappearance is recorded by H. B, Small.

Family 11. MELIACEAE Vent.

Mahogany Family.

Shrubs, trees, or sometimes shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, without
stipules, pinnately compound, sometimes thrice pinnate. Inflorescence
paniculate. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular. Calyx of 3-5
imbricated or rarely valvate sepals. Corolla of 3-5 distinct or somewhat
united petals which are sometimes adnate to the stamen-tube. Stamens
8-10, or rarely fewer or more, inserted at the base of the disk, filaments
united into a tube; anthers sessile or stalked. Carpels 3-5, united; ovary
3-5-eelled, free; styles united. Ovules 2-many in each cavity, anatropous.
Fruit a berry, capsule or drupe. Seeds sometimes winged; endosperm
wanting or fleshy; embryo with leafy cotyledons. About 50 genera, in-
cluding some 700 species, mostly tropical.

1. MKLIA L.

Trees, commonly with variegated wood and scarred branches. Leaves
alternate, unequally pinnate, often thrice compound, the leaflets often numer-
ous, the blades toothed. Flowers perfect, white or purple, in ample axillary
much-branched panicles. Sepals 5-6, imbricated. Disk annular. Petals 5-6,
distinct, narrow, contorted, spreading. Staminal tube nearly cylindric, dilated
at the mouth, 10-12-lobed, each lobe 2- or 3-cleft; anthers 10-12, erect. Ovary
subglobose, 3-6-celled; stigma 3-6-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous,
one above the other. Drupe leathery-fleshy, with a 1-5-eelled stone. Seed
solitary in each cavity, wingless; endosperm fleshy or very thick. [Greek,
from the similarity of the leaves to those of an Ash.] About 25 species, natives
of Asia, the following typical.

MELIACEAE.

205

1. Melia Azedarach L. Pride of
India. China Tree. (Fig. 225.) A
large ornamental tree, reaching a height
of 45° and sometimes with a trunk
diameter of nearly 6°, its branches
spreading. Bark furrowed; leaves
twice compound, l°-3° long, petioled;
leaflets numerous, the blades ovate,
oval or elliptic, l'-3' long, acute or
short-acuminate, incised-serrate or
lobed, acute or subcordate at the base;
panicles long, open, about as long as
the peduncles; pedicels 2"-5" long;
sepals elliptic or oblong-lanceolate,
acute; petals purplish, narrowly ob*long
or oblanceolate, about 5" long, obtuse,
spreading; drupes subglobose, 7"-10"
in diameter, yellow, smooth; seeds
lobed, very rough, wingless.

Common along roads and on hillsides.
Naturalized. Native of Asia. Widely naturalized in the southern United States
and the West Indies. Flowers in spring and summer. The tree loses its leaves for
some weeks during the winter ; though some individuals remain leafy much longer
than others. It is recorded as introduced into Bermuda about 1780.

Swietenia Mahagoni L., Mahogany, Floridian and West Indian, is a
large evergreen tree with bark separating in large thin scales, its pinnate
leaves composed of from 4 to 8 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, inequi-
lateral leathery leaflets; the small flowers are panicled; the fruit is a large
woody capsule, 5-valved from the base, with a woody axis. A few fine trees
exist in Bermuda, the old one at the Flatt's being one of the most elegant
individuals to be seen anywhere.

Svrietenia macrophylla King, Broad-lea\t:d Mahogany, of Honduras,
recently introduced, has much larger leaves, the leaflets up to 6' long, rather
thin, long-pointed; no trees have flowered as yet in Bermuda. In Porto Rico
it is of more rapid growth than the true Mahogany.

Cedrela odorata L., Spanish Cedar, West Indian, a tall tree, with nearly
smooth bark, pinnate leaves with 10-20 pairs of oblong-lanceolate entire
acuminate short-stalked leaflets 5-7' long, the small, yellowish flowers in
large terminal panicles, the woody capsules splitting from the top, has been
planted for shade and ornament. An elegant tree, about 40° high, in the
Public Garden, St. George's, had not flowered up to the spring of 1914.

Family 12. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil.

Spurge Family.

Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky
sap. Leaves opposite, alternate or vertieillate. Flowers sometimes much
reduced and subtended by an involucre which somewhat resembles a
calyx, the number of parts"^in the floral whorls often different in the stam-
inate and pistillate flowers. Ovan^ usually 3-celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each
cavity, pendulous; styles mostly 3, simple, divided, or many-cleft. Fruit
a mostly 3-lobed capsule, separating, often elastically, mto 3 2-valved

206

EUPHORBIACEAE.

carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds anatropoiis; embryo in fleshy or
oily endosperm^ the broad cotyledons almost filling the seed-coats. About
250 g-enera and over 4000 species, of wide distribution.

Flowers not in an involucre ; sepals several.
Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity.
Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity.
Plants stellate-pubescent.
Plants with simple hairs, or glabrous.

Flowers spicate, the pistillate basal, or plants com-
pletely dioecious.
Sepals partially united.
Sepals 3, distinct.
Flowers racemose or panicled. the pistillate ones ter-
minal, or inflorescence cymose.
Leaves peltate : flowers racemose.
Leaves not peltate. ♦

Flowers cymose.
Flowers racemose or panicled.
Flowers in an involucre: sepal 1, a mere scale.
Involucre regular or nearly so.

Glands of the involucre with petal-like appendages.
Glands of the involucre without appendages.

Inflorescence of cymes in a terminal umbel ; stipules

wanting.
Cymes clustered : stipules gland-like.
Involucre irregular, oblique.

1. Fhyllanthus.

2. Croton.

3. Acalypha.

4. Mercurialis

Ricinus.

6. Jatropha.

7. Maniliot.

8. Chamaesyce.

9. Tithymahis.

10. Poinsettia.

11. Pedilanthus.

1. FHYLLANTHUS L.

Annual or biennial herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees). Leaves
alternate^ entire, often so arranged as to appear like the leaflets of a com-
pound leaf. Mowers monoecious, apetalous, a staminate and a pistillate one
together in the axils. Calyx mostly o-6-parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens
usually 3. Ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 3, each 2-cleft. [Greek, leaf -flower,
the blossoms in some species being seated on leaf-like flattened branches.]
More than 400 species, natives of the tropical and temperate zones of both
hemispheres. Type species: Fhyllanthus Niruri L.

1. Fhyllanthus Niruri L. Ni-
ruri. (Fig. 226.) Annual, glabrous,
Stems erect or ascending, 4'-12' tall,
the branches spreading or recurving;
leaves alternate, small, thin, oblong
or slightly broadest above the
middle, li"-5" long, obtuse, short-
petioled, approximate on the branch-
lets; pedicels about V long; sepals
orbicular or oval, barely 1" long, the
outer ones orbicular, all abruptly
pointed; capsules 3-lobed, about 1"
broad, smooth; seeds about V long.

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native in
Florida, the West Indies and tropical
continental America. Old World tropics.
Flowers nearly throughout the year.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

207

Phyllanthus Emblica L., Emblic Myrobolax, of eastern Asia, a hand-
some specimen of which was seen in the Public Garden, St. George's, in 1913,
is a small tree, with slender branches, bearing numerous 2-ranked, linear,
light-green leaves 7"-9" long, 1*" wide; the minute, greenish flowers are borne
sessile in the axils and followed by globose, somewhat fleshy fruits 5"-8" in
diameter. The 2-ranked leaves give the foliage the aspect of being pinnately
compound. In India the bark and leaves are used in tanning and ab-o furnish
a brown-black dye; the fruit is used as a purgative medicine and in cooling
drinks.

2. CTROTON L.

Herbs or shrubs, strong-scented, stellate-pubescent. Leaves mostly alter-
nate, sometimes with 2 glands at the base of the blade. Flowers often spicate
or racemose. Staminate flowers uppermost; calyx 4-6-parted (usually o-
parted) ; petals usually present, but small or rudimentary, alternating with
glands; stamens 5 or more. Pistillate flowers below the staminate; calyx 5-10-
parted; petals usually wanting; ovary mostly 3-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity;
styles once, twice or many times 2-cleft. [The Greek name of the Castor-oil
plant.] About 700 species, mostly of warm and tropical regions, a few in the
temperate zones. Type species: Croton Tiglium L.

Perennial, shrubby; petals none. 1. C. punctatus.

Annual, herbaceous ; petals present in the staminate flowers. 2. C. monanthogynus.

1. Croton punctatus Jacq.
Beach Croton. (Fig. 227.) Per-
ennial, li°-3° tall, the branches
gray or rusty tomentose. Leaves
elliptic, oblong or ovate, V-2'
long, entire or merely undulate,
truncate or cordate at the base,
pale or whitish, puberulent above,
densely scaly-tomentose beneath ;
racemes few-flowered; flowers
monoecious or dioecious ; stami-
nate in racemes i'-l' long, short-
pedicelled; sepals 5-6, triangular,
nearly equal; petals wanting or
rudimentary ; stamens normally 12 ;
filaments pubescent ; pistillate
flowers 1-3 in a raceme; sepals 5,
equal, oblong or cuneate; petals
wanting; ovary 3-celled; capsules
subglobose, depressed, 2^"-4" long;
seeds about 3" long.

Sand dunes and sea beaches,
frequent. Native. Coast of the

southeastern United States, Cuba and Central America. Presumably transported to
Bermuda through the ocean. It is locally abundant along the south shores. Flow-
ers from spring to autumn. [C. maritimus Walt.]

208

EUPHORBIACEAE.

2. Croton monanthogynus Michx.

Single-fruited Croton. (Fig. 228.)
Main stem slender, 4-10' high, topped
by a 3-5-rayed leafy umbel with rays
forked or umbellately branched;
leaves ovate or oblong, V-l^' long;
staminate flowers clustered at the
ends of erect peduncles, with 3-5
unequal calyx-segments, the same
number of petals and scale-like glands,
and 3-8 stamens; pistillate flowers
mostly solitary, on recurved pedicels,
with 5 equal calyx-segments, no petals,
and 5 glands; capsule ovoid or ob-
long-ovoid, 2"-2J" long; seeds oval
or orbicular, variegated, minutely
pitted, shining.

Abundant in cultivated land, Coop-
er's Island, 1912. Introduced. Native
of the southeastern United States.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

Croton discolor Willd.^ Yellowish Croton, West Indian, mentioned by
Jones in 1873, and said by Reade in 1883 to have been introduced on account
of its ornamental foliage, is a stellate-pubescent shrub 3°-6° high, with oblong
leaves about 1' long, yellowish beneath, its flowers spieate, its small depressed-
globose capsules rough.

The ornamental garden Crotons belong to the genus Codiaeum especially
to Codiaeum variegatum. (See p. 219.)

3. ACALYPHA L.

Herbs or shrubs. Stems mostly erect. Leaves alternate, stipulate.
Flowers in spikes or spike-like racemes, the staminate cluster peduncled, each
flower in the axil of a minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and 8-16 stamens
united at their bases. Pistillate flowers subtended by a foliaeeous bract,
which often equals or overtops the staminate, the calyx 3-5-parted; stigmas
fringed or lacerate; petals wanting in both kinds of flowers; capsule usually
of 3 2-valved carpels, each 1-seeded. [Greek, nettle.] About 250 species,
mostly tropical and subtropical. Type species: Acalypha virginica L.

Acalypha hispida Burm. f., Chenile Plant, Philippine Medusa Plant,
East Indian, a shrub with ovate, toothed leaves, the red drooping spikes often
10' long, is planted for ornament.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

209

1. Acalypha Wilkesiana Muell.
Arg. Match-me-if-you-can. Ja-
cob's Coat. (Fig. 229.) A shrub,
up to 8° high, the twigs appressed-
pubescent. Leaves ovate to ovate-
oblong, long-petioled, 4'-8' long,
acuminate at the apex, rounded or
subeordate at the base, finely
bluntly dentate, nearly glabrous;
variously colored; staminate spikes
slender, nearly as long as the upper
leaves, the pistillate shorter, their
bracts broadly triangular, deeply
incised.

Sparingly escaped into waste
grounds from hedges and gardens
where it is commonly planted for its
ornamental foliage. Native of the
Fiji Islands. [A. tricolor of Lefroy
and of H. B. Small?; Coleus scutel-
larioides of A. H. Moore.]

4. MERCURIAIilS [Tourn.] L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite, entire or
often toothed. Flowers mostly dioecious, apetalous. Staminate flowers in
more or less elongated spikes or racemes, the calyx membranous, of 3 valvate
sepals; stamens 8-20; filaments distinct; anthers opening lengthwise. Pis-
tillate flowers with 3 sepals; ovary 2-celled; styles 2, distinct or nearly so;

stigmas entire. Ovules solitary in
each cavity. Capsule usually 2-lobed.
Seed solitary in each cavity, with
a smooth or tuberculate crustaceous
testa. [The herb of Mercury.] About
7 species, the following typical, all
natives of the Old World.

1. Mercurialis annua L. Herb
Mercury. Mockery. Stinkweed.
(Fig. 230.) Annual, glabrous. Stems
8-2° tall, more or less branched;
leaf-blades thinnish, ovate to lanceo-
late, acute or slightly acuminate, ser-
rate with rounded teeth, or crenate;
petioles 3"-8" long; staminate flowers
in interrupted spikes which surpass
the leaves; pistillate flowers clustered
in the axils; capsules 2-lobGd, 2"-2i"
broad, hispid; seeds subglobose, |"
in diameter, pitted.

Common in waste and ciiltivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe
Naturalized in the southern United
States. Flowers nearly throughout the
year.
15

210

EUPHOEBIACEAE.

5. RICINUS L.

A tall stout monoecious plant, somewhat woody, glabrous and glaucous,
with alternate large peltate palmately lobed leaves, and numerous small
apetalous greenish flowers in terminal racemes, the pistillate above the stami-
nate. Staminate flowers with a 3-o-parted calyx, the segments valvate, and
numerous crowded stamens; filaments repeatedly branched. Pistillate flowers
with a caducous calyx. Capsule subglobose, or oval, separating into 3 2-valved
carpels. Endosperm fleshy and oily. [The Latin name of the plant.] A
monotypic genus of the warmer parts of Africa and Asia.

1. Ricinus communis L.

Castor-oil Plant. Castor-
bean. Palma Christi. (Fig.
231.) Stem erect, up to 18°
tall, more or less branched,
becoming tree-like in warm
regions. Leaves nearly or-
bicular in outline, l°-2°
broad, 6-11-palmately lobed
and peltate, the lobes
toothed, acute or acuminate;
capsule 6"-9" in diameter,
usually spiny; seeds shining,
smooth, black, variegated
with white, or mottled with
gray and brown markings.

In waste places, frequent.
Naturalized. Native of trop-
ical regions. Widely natural-
ized in the southern United
States and the West Indies.
Flowers nearly throughout the
year.

6. JATROPHA L.

Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial herbs, or shrubs, with entire,
lobed or divided leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the upper
parts of the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 petals distinct or
united or none, the stamens usually numerous (5-30). Pistillate flowers in the
lower forks of the cymes ; capsule ovoid or subglobose, separating into 2-
valved carpels. [Greek, healing nutriment.] About 25 species, widely dis-
tributed in warm and -temperate regions. Type species: Jatropha urens L.

EUPI10RBIAC?]AE.

211

1. Jatropha Curcas L. Physic-nut.
(Fig. 232.) A tree, up to 15° high with a
stout trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, the
branches glabrous, the young twigs some-
what pubescent. Leaves suborbicular in
outline, long-petioled, 3-6' broad, cordate
at base, sharply or bluntly 3-5-lobed,
rarely entire, dark green, glabrous or some-
what puberulent; cymes terminal, mostly
shorter than the leaves, stalked; bracts and
pedicels pubescent, the calyx slightly hairy;
petals coherent, greenish; fruit fleshy,
about IV long, tardily separating into 3
or 2 carpels; seeds oblong, about f long,
purgative.

Collected by Lefroy about 1875 at Payn-
ter's Vale and regarded by him as native
there which seems improbable. West Indies
and tropical continental America. Lefroy's
specimen is preserved in the Kew herbarium.
The plant has not been seen in Bermuda by
recent collectors, though also mentioned as at
Walsingham by H. B. Small. Flowers in
summer.

Jatropha multifida L., Coral Plant, Coral Bush, a shrub 4° or 5"
high, with leaves very deeply cleft into 7-9 narrow laciniate segments, the
scarlet umbellate flowers on coral-red stalks, is commonly cultivated in gar-
dens for ornament, flowering in summer and autumn.

Jatropha podagrica Hook., Gouty-stalked Jatropha, Central American,
a species with a much swollen stem about 1° high, the large peltate leaves
orbicular and lobed, the purplish flowers in flat cymes, the capsules ellipsoid,
is recorded by Lefroy as introduced in 1875.

Jatropha hastata Jacq., Eose-flowered Jatropha, Cuban, a shrub about
5° high with irregularly lobed fiddle-shaped leaves and umbelled scarlet
flowers, is occasionally grown in gardens. [/. panduraefolia Andr.]

7. MANIHOT Adans.

Vigorous monoecious herbs or shrubs, commonly with glaucous and gla-
brous foliage. Leaves alternate, entire or palmately 3-7-lobed or 3-7-parted.
the segments entire or lobed. Flowers apetalous, in racemes or panicles, the
staminate with a calyx of 5 partially united sepals. Stamens 10, in 2 series;
filaments slender, those of the inner series attached to the lobes of the disk,
the anthers opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers with a calyx similar to that
of the staminate but the tube often shorter. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, slightly
united at the base. Ovules solitary in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds
solitary in each cavity. [South American name.] About SO species, natives
of South America, the following typical.

212

EUPHOEBIACEAE.

1. Manihot Manihot (L.) Cockerell.
Cassava. (Fig. 233.) Steins S^-S" taU,
more or less branclied. Leaves 3-7-
parted, tlie segments linear to elliptic,
or slightly broadest above tlie middle,
acute or acuminate, entire; petioles
about as long as the blades or longer;
panicles spreading; bracts shorter than
the pedicels; calyx campanulate, 3"-4"
high, its lobes ovate, obtuse, about as
long as the tube; calyx of the pistillate
flowers with a shorter tube than that
of the staminate; fruit subglobose, about
10" in diameter. [Jatropha Manihot L. ;
M. utilissima Pohl.]

Spontaneous after cultivation. Native of South America. Widely cultivated
and more or less spontaneous in Florida and the West Indies. Its large tubers con-
tain much starch, the tapioca of commerce, an important food-product prepared by
grinding, washing and baking. The plant is propagated by cuttings and is much
planted for food.

8. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Stems often branched at the base,
the branches ascending or prostrate, forking. Leaves opposite, more or less
oblique at the base; stipules entire or fringed. Involucres solitary in the
axils or in axillary cymes; glands 4, naked or usually with an appendage,
one sinus of each involucre glandless. Capsule sometimes pubescent, the
angles sharp or rounded. Seeds angled, white, grey, red or black, the faces
smooth or transversely wrinkled. [Greek, ground-fig.] About 2'25 species, widely
distributed. Locally known as Tittimelly. Most of the species are low and
inconspicuous plants and several form weeds of cultivation. Type species:
Chamaesyce maritima S. F. Gray.

lieaves entire, fleshy. 1. C. tuxifolia.

Leaves dentate, not fleshy.
Capsules glabrous.

Leaves 5" long or less, sparingly low-crenate. 2. C. Blodgettii.

Leaves larger, up to IV long, dentate or denticulate.

Leaves red-blotched. 3. G. Preslii.

Leaves not red-blotched.

Leaves ovate-oblong. 4. C. Tiypericifolia.

Leaves linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate. 5. C. hyssopifolia.

Capsules pubescent.

Involucres axillary, mostly solitary.

Capsules pubescent on the angles. 6. C. prostrata.

Capsules pubescent all over. 7. C. maculata.

Involucres in peduncled cymes. 8. C. Mrta.

EUPHOEBIACEAE.

213

1. Chamaesyce buxifolia (Lam.)
J. K. Small. Coast Spurge. (Fig. 234.)
Perennial, glabrous, somewhat fleshy.
Stems erect or decumbent, 8'-2° long,
branching, leafy, with long or short
internodes; leaf -blades ovate to broadly
oblong or cuneate near the base of the
stem, rather fleshy, 4"-6" long, obtuse
or acutish, involute, rounded or subeor-
date, nearly sessile; involucres campanu-
late, about I" high, as long as the pe-
duncles or shorter; glands transversely
oblong; appendages consisting of mere
■whitish borders; capsules li" broad,
glabrous, the angles sharp ; seeds globose-
ovoid. [Euphorbiu 'buxifolia Lam.]

Common on sea beaches and coastal
rocks, rarely occurring on rocks inland, as
on Abbot's Cliff. Native. Florida and the
West ■ Indies. Flowers nearly throughout
the year.

2. Chamaesyce Blodgettii (Engelm.)
J. K. Sjnall. Blodgett's Spurge. (Fig.
235.) Glabrous or nearly so, branched
at the base, the branches few or numer-
ous, 4'-16' long, usually prostrate ; leaves
oblong or nearly so, lV'-5" long, minutely
crehate near the apex, oblique at the
base, manifestly petioled; involucres
campanulate, less than i" high, short-
peduncled; glands minute, elevated; ap-
pendages irregular, white or slightly col-
ored; capsules I" high, about as broad,
glabrous, the angles rather sharp; seeds
about i" long, gray, 4-angled, the faces
faintly transversely wrinkled. [Euphor-
hia Blodgettii Engelm.; E. bcnnudiana
Millsp.]

Common in rocky and sandy soil.
Native. Florida. Bahamas, Cuba. .Tamaic.a.
Flowers nearly throughout the year. This
like other usually prostrate spocies of the
genus, sometimes has ascending or nearly
erect stems.

214

EUPHORBIACEAE.

3. Chamaesyce Prdslii (Guss.)
Arthur. Large or Upright Spotted
Spurge. (Fig. 236.) Stem 8 '-2°
high, the branches mostly spreading;
leaves opposite, oblong, or linear-ob-
long, varying to ovate or obovate,
often falcate, oblique, 3-nerved, un-
equally serrate, often with a red
blotch and red margins; involucres
narrowly obovoid, V' long, bearing
4 glands subtended by orbicular or
reniform white or red appendages;
capsule glabrous, 1" in diameter;
seeds oblong-ovoid, black, 4-angled,
with broken transverse ridges. [Eu-
phorbia Preslii Guss.]

Roadsides, Walsingham, 1912. Nat-
uralized. Native of continental North
America. Flowers in autumn. [ lEu-
phorMa hypericifolia liirsuta of Reade.j

4. Chamaesyce hj^ericifdlia (L.) Millsp.
Hypericum-leaved Spurge. (Fig. 237.) An-
nual, branched, erect, 2° high or less. Leaves ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate, 7"-15" long, obtuse at
the apex, oblique at the base, sharply serrate
above the middle, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent; stipules ovate, dentate; cymes peduncled
in the axils, rather densely flowered; involucre
turbinate, glabrous without, its lobes triangular-
lanceolate, lacerate; glands roundish; appendages
white, nearly orbicular; capsule glabrous, its
lobes keeled; seeds red, ovoid, their faces trans-
versely rugose. [Eupliorhia hypericifolia L.]

Common in waste and cultivated ground. Nat-
uralized. Native in tlie southern United States,
West Indies and continental tropical America.
Flowers nearly throughout the year. This is one of
the abundant weeds of cultivation, neglected fields
sometimes being overrun by it.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

215

5. Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.)
J. K. Small. Hyssop-leaved Spurge.
(Fig. 238.) Annual, perhaps some-
times of longer duration, erect, ascend-
ing, or spreading, branched, V^^ tigh
or less, the branches very slender.
Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 6"-
12" long, serrate, pubescent or gla-
brate, obtuse at both ends, inequi-
lateral; cymes rather loosely few-
flowered, filiform-peduncled; invo-
lucre glabrous without and within,
its lobes triangular, mostly entire;
glands very small, stalked; capsule
glabrous; seeds ovoid, black, their
faces transversely ridged. [Euphor-
bia hyssopifolia L.]

Frequent in waste and cultivated
ground. Naturalized. Native in Florida,
tlie West Indies and tropical continental
America. Flowers from spring to
autumn.

6. Chamaesyce prostrata (Ait.) J. K.
Small. Prostrate Spurge. (Fig. 239.) An-
nual, more or less pubescent, or glabrate,
purplish. Stems branched at the base, the
branches prostrate, 2'-8' long, forking, com-
monly very leafy; leaf-blades oval, obovate
or oblong, often a little broadest above the
middle, 2"-3" long, obtuse, sparingly serru-
late at the apex, oblique at the base, mani-
festly petioled; involucres turbinate, about
i"high; glands minute; appendages narrow;
capsules V' high, somewhat broader, pubes-
cent along the angles; seeds less than V'
long, transversely wrinkled. [Euphorbia
prostrata Ait.]

Common in paths, in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of the southern
T'nited States, the West Indies, continental
tropical America and in the Old World tropics.
Flowers nearly throughout the year.

216

EUPHORBIACEAE.

7. Chamaesyce maculata (L.)
J. K. Small. Spotted or Blotched
Spurge. (Fig. 240.) Green, puberu-
lent or pilose. Branches slender,
radiately prostrate, 2'-] 6' long, often
dark red; leaves usually blotched,
oblong or ovate-oblong, 2"-8" long,
obtuse, more or less serrate, the base
oblique, subcordate; involucres soli-
tary in the axils, 1" long, with 4 cup-
shaped glands, the appendages nar-
row, white or red; capsule ovoid-
globose, about 1" in diameter, pu-
bescent ; seeds ovoid-oblong, obtusely
angled, minutely pitted and trans-
versely wrinkled. [EuphorMa macu-
lata L.]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of con-
tinental North America. Flowers from
spring to autumn.

8. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.
Hairy Spurge. (Fig. 241.) Annual,
pubescent; stems slender, branched, 3'-15'
long, the branches diffuse, ascending or
prostrate. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceo-
late, obliquely inequilateral, short-petioled,
4"-12" long, acute, serrate, usually
blotched; involucres in rather dense sub-
globose, stalked, terminal and axillary clus-
ters shorter than the leaves; glands very
small, their appendages obsolete; capsule
pubescent, 3-lobed, about V high; seeds
bluntly angled, their faces faintly wrinkled
transversely. [EupJiorbia hirta L.; Eu-
phorbia pilulifera L.]

Common in cultivated ground. Natural-
ized. Native of the West Indies and tropical
continental America. Flowers from spring to
autumn.

9. TITHYMALUS [Tourn.] Adans.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with simple or branched
stems, topped by several-rayed cyme-like umbels. Leaves below the umbel
usually scattered or alternate, without stipules, often broadened upward.
Bracts of the umbel quite different from the stem-leaves, entire or toothed.
Involucres sessile or peduncled, axillary, disposed in cymes, their lobes often
toothed. Glands 4, transversely oblong, reniform or crescent-shaped by the
horn-like appendages, the fifth one represented by a thin often ciliate lobe.
Capsule exserted, smooth or tuberculate, its lobes rounded, sharp or keeled.
Seeds variously pitted, often with caruncles. [Greek, referring to the milky
juice of these plants.] About 250 species, widely distributed. Type species:
Euphorbia dendroides L.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

217

1. Tithymalus Peplus (L.) Hill.
Petty Spurge. (Fig, 242.) Annual,
bright green, glabrous. Stem erect or
assurgent. 4-12' tall, simple or branched
from the base or above and topped by a
3-5-rayed umbel; leaves alternate, ob-
long or obovate, V-IV long, obtuse or
retuse, entire, more or less crisped, nar-
rowed into slender petioles; bracts of
the rays opposite, ovate or triangular-
ovate, minutely apiculate, sessile; in-
volucres campanulate, almost sessile in
the axils of the bracts, about i" high,
bearing 4 crescent-shaped glands pro-
duced into subulate horns; capsules glo-
bose-ovoid, 1"-!^" in diameter, smooth,
the 3 lobes 2-keeled on the back; seeds
f" long, whitish, marked with 1-4 series
of pits. [Euphorbia Peplus L.]

Common in waste and cultivated
ground. Naturalized. Native of Europe.
Naturalized in North America. Flowers
from spring to autumn.

10. POINSETTIA Graham.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants, with green or partially
highly colored foliage. Stems simple or branched. Leaves alternate below,
opposite above, similar throughout or very various, the stipules gland-like.
Involucres in axillary or terminal cymes or solitary, their lobes fimbriate.
Glands fleshy, solitary, or rarely 3 or 4, sessile or short-stalked, without ap-
pendages, the missing ones represented by narrow lobes. Capsule exserted, the
lobes rounded. Seed narrowed upward, tuberculate. [In honor of Joel Roberts
Poinsette of South Carolina.] About 12 species mostly of tropical America.
Type species: Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd.) Graham.

Perennial : native.
Annual weed.

1. P. Jirterophylla.

2. r. ci/(itli()iilwni.

1. Poinsettia heteroph^lla (L.)
Kl. &■ Garcke. Various-le.wed Spurge.
Joseph's Coat. (Fig. 243.) Peren-
nial, bright green. Stem l°-4° tall,
slender, nearly solid, the branches as-
cending, or the lower spreading, leafy
at the ends; leaves alternate, very vari-
able, linear to nearly orbicular, entire,
undulate, sinuate or dentate, the upper-
most often fiddle-shaped and blotched
with red and white ; involucres clus-
tered at the ends of branches, IV' long;
lobes 5, ovate or oblong, laciniate. the
sinuses bearing 1 or several sessile
glands; capsule glabrous or minutely
pubescent, 3" in diameter; seeds trans-
versely wrinkled and tuberculate. [Eu-
phorbia heterophifUa L.]

Frequent on rocky hanks, cliffs and
hillsides, sometimes invading cultivated
grounds. Native. Southern I'nited Stiues.
West Indies and tropical continental
America. Flowers nearly throughout the
year.

218

EUPHORBIACEAE.

2. Poinsettia cyathophora
(Murr.) S. Brown. Annual Poin-
settia. (Fig. 244.) Annual, her-
baceous, 2i° higli or less, pubescent.
Stem stout, hollow, simple, or
branched. Leaves clustered at the
ends of the stem and branches, ovate
to obovate in outline, coarsely angu-
lately few-toothed, acute or acuminate,
green, or the upper with whitish bases ;
involucres in dense, broad, terminal
clusters; capsule-valves with elevated
margins. [ EupJiorhia cyathophora
Murr.]

Common in cultivated ground. Nat-
uralized. Native of tropical America.

Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd.)
Graham, Garden Poinsettia, Mexi-
can, a shrub up to 10° high, with thin
ovate lobed or entire, slender-petioled,
acute leaves 4'-8' long, and small,
yellowish-green, clustered flowers, sub-
tended by large, lanceolate, bright
vermilion-red bracts 2'-4' long, is

widely planted for ornament, growing readily from cuttings, and flowering in

the winter. [Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.]

11. PEDILANTHUS [Mill.] Neck.
Fleshy shrub-like plants, with copious milky sap, alternate entire leaves
and very irregular oblique involucres in
terminal forking cymes. Involucre 2-
lipped, the lower lip longer than the
upper, enclosing several staminate flow-
ers and 1 pistillate; staminate flowers
of a single stamen; pistillate flower
stalked, the style slender, bearing 3 stig-
mas. Capsule splitting into 3 segments.
[Greek, slipper-flower.] About 30 species.
Type species : Euphorbia tithymaloides L.

1. Pedilanthus latifolius Millsp. &

Britton. Slipper-plant. Fiddle-flower.
(Fig. 245.) Erect, glabrous, usually
much branched, 4°-6° high, the branches
zigzag. Leaves ovate, V-2V long, acute
at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at
the base, the midrib not flanged beneath,
the petioles very short; involucres sev-
eral or numerous, salmon-colored, about
6" long, on slender pedicels 2"-3" long,
glabrous.

Hillside on Castle Point. Naturalized,
1912. Commonly cultivated in gardens for
interest. Original habitat unknown ; grown
in gardens in Florida and the West Indies.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

EUPHORBIACEAE. 219

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit., Slipper-flower, of tropical
America, is similar to the preceding species, but has nearly straight stems,
ovate-lanceolate, longer leaves with the midveiu produced into a flange beneath.
It has been recorded by several authors as grown in Bermuda, but all the
plants seen here by me belong to P. latifoUus.

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume, Garden Crotons, shrubs with ever-
green, variously colored and mottled leaves varying from linear to broadly
ovate, entire or lobed, the small greenish flowers in long racemes, are grown
in a great number of races for ornament and thrive luxuriantly. A very in-
teresting bud-sport of a lanceolate-leaved branch on a linear-leaved race was
observed at Harrington House in 1912. [Croton variegatus L.]

Euphorbia lactea Haw., Mottled Candlestick Tree, East Indian, a
fleshy, nearly leafless plant 6°-12° high, the spreading 3-angled branches
whitish or yellowish-blotched, knobby, with a short double spine on the end
of each knob, is grown for interest in many gardens. Its copious sap is
bright white.

Euphorbia fulgens Karwinsky, Scarlet Plume, Mexican, recorded by
Lefroy as introduced in 1874, is a slender shrub with long drooping unarmed
branches, and lanceolate, long-petioled leaves, the scarlet-bracted involucres
in axillary cranes.

Euphorbia splendens Bojer, Crowx-of-thorxs, Madagascan, a shrub with
slender, vinelike branches, copiously armed with stout spines A'-l' long, the
obovate or spatulate. thin leaves 3' long or less, the involucres in terminal
cymes, subtended by 2 bright-red, ovate, involucral bracts, is grown in gardens
for ornament and interest.

Euphorbia Nivulia Ham., LxVrge Tubercled Spurge, East Indian, a
milky-sapped, fleshy plant 6° high or more with tubercled stems and branches,
the tubercles in vertical rows, each tipped by 2 short spines, the oblanceolate,
thick, obtuse, concave, short-petioled, bright green leaves 3'-6' long, apparently
veinless when fresh, the red sessile, staminate involucres solitary or few
together above the tubercles and about 3" broad, the pistillate 3 together,
is occasionally planted for ornament and interest. The very old plant at
Bishop's Lodge, from w^hich cuttings were taken to the New York Botanical
Garden in 1914, is this species, erroneously recorded by H. B. Small, Jones
and Verrill as Euphorbia Candelabrum.

Synadenium Grantii Hook., Grant's Synadenium, of tropical Africa,
shown by a fine plant at the Public Garden, St. George's in 1913, is a fleshy,
unarmed plant up to 10° high, with round stems and branches, the obovate or
oblanceolate, short-petioled, pinnately veined, thick leaves 3'-5' long, clustered
at the ends of the branches; the small red involucres are in stalked terminal
forked cymes.

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd., Otaheite Walnut, of the South Sea
Islands, a rather large tree, with large broad petioled sharply 3-lobed
leaves, puberulent panicles of small whitish monoecious flowers and fleshy
l_2-seeded fruits about 2' thick, is occasionally grown on lawns and in
gardens for ornament and interest, and has locally become abundant. Often
called Butternut. [Jatropha moluccana L. ; A. triloba Forst.]

Hura crepitans L., Sandbox-tree, West Indian, a large tree with long-
petioled broadly ovate long-tipped leaves, the flattened round fruits 3 or 4
inches across, splitting violently and noisily into many thin dry crescent-shaped
carpels, is occasional in gardens. A fine old specimen may be seen in the
Public Garden at St. George's where it forms the center-piece.

Triadica sebifera (L.) J. K. Small, Chinese Tallow-tree. Asiatic, a
tree with thin slender-petioled, broadly ovate, short-acuminate leaves, as wide
as long or wider, small monoecious flowers without petals, in narrow panicles,

220 EUPIiORBIACEAE.

the fruit a fleshy capsule, is occasionally grown for interest. [Croton
sthiferum L., Stillingia sebifera BailL]

Cicca disticha L. [Phyllantlius distichus (L.) Muell. Arg.], Otaheite
Gooseberry, of the Old World tropics, is a tree up to 40° high, with 2-ranked
ovate leaves, appearing as if pinnate, and small imperfect flowers fascicled on
the upper part of the trunk, its yellow fruits edible ; an old large tree stood
near the border of Pembroke Marsh at Mt. Langton in 1912.

Brejmia nivosa (W. G. Smith) J. K. Small, Snow-bush, of the South Sea
Islands, a shrub with oval green, white and pink variegated leaves, and small
greenish flowers, is common in gardens. [Phyllanthu» nivosiis W. G. Smith.]

Excaecaria bicolor Hassk., Crimson-leaved Excaecaria, Javan, a shrub
4°-6° high, with opposite or ternately whorled, lanceolate acuminate erenu-
late, short-petioled leaves about 4' long, green above, conspicuously crimson
beneath, the small, greenish monoecious flowers axillary, the fruit a capsule
about 4" broad, is a beautiful and interesting plant, occasionally grown for
ornament.

Bischofia trifoliata (E-oxb.) Hook., Kainfal, East Indian, a timber-tree,
with deciduous 3-foliolate, long-petioled, alternate leaves, the stalked serru-
late, acuminate leaflets 4'-6' long, the numerous minute greenish 5-parted
flowers in axillary panicles shorter than the leaves, was shown at the Agricul-
tural Station in 1915 by a fine tree about 20° high. [Andrachne trifoliata
Roxb.; B. javanica Blume.]

Order 19. SAPINDALES.

Mostly trees or shrubs. Petals usually present and separate. Sepals

mostly distinct. Stamens rarely more than twice as many as the sepals,

when as many or fewer, opposite them. Ovary superior, compound. Ovules

pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or

ascending.

Ovary mostly 1-celled ; plants with resin-bearing tissues. 1. Anacardiaceae.

Ovary 2-several-celled.

Leaves simple, pinnately veined.

Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity. 2. Ilicaceae.

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cavity.

Flowers with a disk and petals. 3. Celastraceae.

Disk obsolete : corolla wanting. 4. Dodonaeaceae.

Leaves compound : fruit various.

Flowers regular. 5. Sapindaceae.

Flowers irregular. 6. Melianthaceae.

Family 1. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl.

Sumac Family.

Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap, alternate or rarely
opposite leaves, and polygamo-dioecious or perfect, mainly regular flowers.
Calyx 3-7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or
rarely none. Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals, rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the base of the disk; fila-
ments separate; anthers commonly versatile. Ovary in the staminate
flowers 1-celled. Ovary in the pistillate flowers 1- or sometimes 4-5-eelled ;
styles 1-3; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit generally a small drupe. Seed-
coat bony or erustaceous; endosperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy.
About 60 genera and 500 species, most abundant in warm or tropical
regions, a few extending into the temperate zones.

ANACARDIACEAE.

221

1. TOXICODENDRON [Tourn.] Mill.
Trees, shrubs, or vines, poisonous to the touch, "uith 3-foliolate or pinnate
leaves, and axillary panicles of small greenish or white, polygamous flowers.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals and stamens 5. Ovary 1-ovuled. Drupes glabrous, or
sparingly pubescent, the stone striate. [Greek, poison-tree.] About 20
species, of North America and Asia. Type species: Ehus Toxicodendron L.

1. Toxicodendron radi-
cans (L.) Kuntze. Poison
Ivy. Poison Oak. (Fig.
246.) A woody vine, climb-
ing by aerial rootlets, or
shrubby. Leaves petioled ;
leaflets ovate or rhombic, V-
4' long, entire or sparingly
dentate or sinuate, acute or
short-acuminate, the lateral
sessile or short-stalked, in-
equilateral, the terminal
ones stalked; flowers green,
Ih" broad, in loose axillary
panicles. [Blius radicans
L. ; Bhiis Blodgettii Kear-
ney; E. Toxicodendron of
Michaux, Jones, Reade, Le-
froy, Hemsley and H. B.
Small.]

Frequent on hillsides and
on the borders of marshes.
Native. Eastern United States.
Flowers in spring and sum-
mer. This plant is the only
wild species of Bermuda at all
poisonous to the touch ; many
people are not affected by it,
while others may be seriously
inconvenienced.

Manglfera indica L., Mango, Asiatic, a tree with simple long lanceolate
entire leaves, and yellow edible ovoid somewhat flattened fruit '2'-4' long
with a large fibrous-coated stone, is frequently planted, but no considerable
amount of fruit is produced in Bermuda, although a few trees bear abun-
dantly. It is native of the East Indies and widely naturalized in tropical
America. The STiiall greenish flowers are borne in large terminal panicles.

Sehinus molle L.. Pepper-tree, Spanish Pepper, South American, a
small tree with pinnate leaves of many lanceolate acute entire leaflets l'-2'
long, small greenish dioecious flowers in terminal panicles, the pistillate trees
bearing panicles of smooth shining globular drupes about 4" in diameter, is-
occasionally planted; it has become naturalized in California and in Mexico.

Rhus incisa L. f.. Cut-leaved Sumac, South African, introduced at Mt.
Langton by Lefroy prior to 1874. is a low shrub with pinnatifid leaflets 1'
long or less, the panicles of small flowers den:-ely tomentose.

Rhus juglandifolia H.B.K., Walnut-leaved Sumac, South American,
also brought to Mt. Langton by Lefroy, disappeared prior to 1901.

Spondias purpurea L., Spanish Plum, tropical American, is a tree with
alternate pinnate leaves of 7-2.3 obovate, or oblong, entire or shallowly toothed
leaflets about 1' long, small, greenish flowers in mostly lateral panicles, the
purple, obovoid fruits l'-2' long. A tree on the Chapman Estate, St.
George's, observed in 1913, was about 30° high, spreading some oO°.

222

ANACARDIACEAE.

Spondias Mombin L., Hog Plum, West Indian, a large or middle-sized
tree, rough-barked when old, the alternate pinnate leaves of 7-17 ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leallets 2'-4' long, the small, yellowish-white
flowers in large terminal panicles, the fruit a yellow ovoid large-stoned drupe
l'-2' long, is occasionally planted. [S. Ivtea L.]

Anacardium occidentale L., Cashew-nut, of Tropical America, recorded
by Jones in 1873 as grown in Bermuda, is not mentioned by other authors.
It is a tree up to 25° high, with spreading branches, obovate or elliptic,
simple, entire, petioled leaves 4'-6' long, panicled small greenish flowers, and
leathery fruits, deeply notched, about 1' long, on greatly enlarged pedicels.

Family 2. ILICACEAE Lowe.
Holly Family.

Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple leaves.
Flowers axillary, small, white, mainly . polygamo-dio€cious, regular. Stip-
ules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted, genei'ally persistent.
Petals 4—6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at the base, hypogy-
nous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypog^mous, as many as the petals,
or sometimes more; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. Ovary 1,
superior, 3-several-celled ; stigma discoid or capitate; style short or none;
ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, enclosing
several nutlets. Seed pendulous ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight.

Three genera and about 300 species, of temperate and tropical regions.

1. ILEX L.

Leaves minutely stipulate. Flowers cymose or solitary, perfect or polyg-
amous. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-9, somewhat united at
the base, oblong, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, adnate to the base
of the corolla. Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous nutlets.

[Ancient name of the Holly Oak.]
About 280 species, mostly of America.
Type species: Ilex Aquifolium L.

1. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Cassexa.
Yaupon. Holly. Box. South Sea
Tea. (Fig. 247.) A shrub, or small
tree up to 20° high, the bark smooth.
Petioles and young twigs puberulent;
leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, ever-
green, *'-lA' long, 4"-9" wide, ob-
tuse at both ends, crenate, glabrous,
pale beneath, dark green above;
petioles l"-2" long; staminate cymes
several-flowered, short-peduncled; fer-
tile Cannes sessile, 1-3-flowered; drupe
red, 2"-3" in diameter. [Ilex Cassine
of Lefroy, H. B. Small and Verrill.]

Hillsides and borders of marshes,
especially in the central parishes. Nat-
uralized. Native of the southeastern
United States. Recorded as introduced
from Virginia in the 18th century.
Used for decorations at holiday time.

Ilex Aquifolium L., European or English Holly, with evergreen ovate
spiny-serrate leaves and red fruit, was in a garden at St. George 's about 1875.

CELASTRACEAE.

223

Family 3. CELASTRACEAE. Lindl.

Staff-Tree Family.

Trees or .shrubs, often climbing. Leaves simple. Stipules, when pres-
ent, small and caducous. Flowers regular, generally perfect, small. Pedi-
cels commonl}^ jointed. Calyx 4— 5-lobed or -parted, persistent, the lobes
imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens inserted on or under the
disk. Disk flat or lobed. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-5-celled; style short,
thick; stigma entire or 3-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous.
Fruit various. Seeds arilled; embryo large; cotyledons foliaceous. About
45 genera, and 375 species, widely distributed.

Flowers 5-parted ; ovary-cells 2-ovuled.'
Flowers mostly 4-parted ; ovary-cells 1-ovuled.

1. Elaeodcndron.

2. Rhacoinu.

1. ELAEODENDRON Jacq. f.
Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate coriaceous leaves, the very
small stipules caducous, and small, often dioecious greenish or white flowers in
small axillary clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. in-
serted under the disk; filaments short; anthers globose. Ovary adnate to the
disk, 2-5-celled; style short; stigma 2-5-lobed; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity.
Fruit a rather large drupe. [Greek, Olive-wood, the fruit resembles an olive.]
About 35 species, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Elaeodendron
orientale Jacq.

1. Elaeodendron Lanea-
num A. H. Moore. Bermuda
Olive-wood Bark. (Fig. 248.)
An evergreen tree up to 45°
high, the usually short trunk
sometimes 20° high, and up to
20' in diameter, main branches
nearly erect; twigs very
densely leafy; outline of the
tree ovate when isolated and
bearing branches to the
ground. Leaves erect-ascend-
ing, nearly equally dark green
on both sides, somewhat con-
vex, thick and firm, some-
what shining above, dull be-
neath, oblanceolate, 2i'-4'
long, 1^' wide or less, acute
at apex, cuneate at base, mid-
vein impressed above, promi-
nent beneath; veins diverging
at about 45° from the mid-
vein, and 6 to 9 on each side, ultimate venation obscure, delicately reticu-
lated; margin of leaf horny, distantly low-serrate to below the middle, the
teeth tipped by black conic prickles about V long; petioles rather stout,
nearly terete, 2i"-4" long; flowers clustered in the axils, dioecious, about
3" broad; sepals oval to oblong or oblong-spatulate, about as long as
the elliptic petals; fruits solitary or 2-4 together, stalked, yellowjsh-white,
ovoid to globose, shining, obtuse and rounded, V-V long, Y-f,' thick, the
white flesh 2"-3" thick, sweet; stone oblong, bluntly angled, pointed at earh
end, about twice as long as thick, only one cavity seminiferous in specimens
examined; seed lenticular, brown, about 1" thick. \E. a-j/docarpum of Rein,
Hemsley, Verrill and Lefroy; E. xylocarputn lermudense Urban.]

224

CELASTRACEAE.

Rocky hillsides, frequent from Tucker's Town to Joyce's Dock and on Abbot's
Cliff. Native. Endemic. Flowers in late winter and spring. The tree is occa-
sionally planted for ornament. Nearest related to Elaeodendron attenuatum A.
Rich., of the Bahamas and Cuba, which has pale green leaves and yellow-green fruit,
and from which the Bermuda plant probably originated through drifted fruits. The
wood is very dense and the tree is of slow growth. Very few seedlings exist, for the
fruits are eaten, presumably by rats, as fast as they fall. Its bark was used for
tanning in the early days of the colony. Seeds taken to New York in 1912 germi-
nated promptly in a greenhouse.

2. RHACOMA L.
Shrubs or low trees, with coriaceous small evergreen leaves, and small per-
fect greenish axillary flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Disk depressed, 4-o-lobed.
Petals 4 or 5, inserted under the disk. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 4-celled;
stigmas 4; ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary, erect. Drupe with a fleshy
thin exoearp and a bony stone. [Name used by Pliny for some Old World
plant.] About 12 species of warm and tropical America, the following typical.

1. E-hacoma Crossopetalum L.

Rhacoma. (Fig. 249.) A shrub or
tree up to 25° high with smooth grey
bark and angular twigs. Leaves oppo-
site or whorled, elliptic to oblong or
obovate, short-petioled, A'-li' long,
somewhat crenate, glabrous, acutish or
blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base,
paler green beneath than above; flowers
clustered in the axils; calyx ureeolate,
with 4 obtuse lobes; petals 4; disk 4-
lobed; stamens 4, inserted between the
lobes of the disk; ovary 4-celled; drupe
about 3" long slightly oblique, red.
[Myginda Rhacoma Sw.]

Found by Lefroy in Southampton
Parish about 1875. Not found by subse-
quent collectors. Native. Florida and the
West Indies. Fruit ripe in January. Flow-
ers presumably in spring, that being its
flowering time in the Bahamas.

Euonymus japonicus. L., Japanese
Spindle-teee, an evergreen shrub, 4°-
8° high, with short-petioled, elliptic to
obovate crenate obtuse leaves l'-2i'
long, the greenish 4-parted small flow-
ers in forked cymes, the subglobose cap-
sules pink, was occasional in gardens.

Family 4. DODONAEACEAE H.B.K.
DoDONAEA Family.
Shrubs or trees, commonly sticky with a resinous excretion. Leaves alter-
nate, simple, without stipules. Flowers clustered, polygamous or polygamo-
dioecious. Sepals 3-5, nearly equal. Corolla and disk wanting. An-
droecium of 5-8 regularly inserted stamens; filaments distinct; anthers
4-angled. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 united carpels, wholly superior. Ovary
3_4.eelled; styles united. Ovules 2 in each cavity, balf-anatropous, often
superposed, the upper one ascending and the lower one pendulous. Cap-
sule membranous or leathery, reticulated, 2-6-angled, the angles obtuse, or
winged, opening septicidally by 2-6 valves. Seed subglobose or flattened,
without an aril ; endosperm none ; embryo spiral. Only the following genus.

DODOXAEACEAE.

225

1. DODONAJEVA [L.] Jacq.
Cliaracters of the family, as given above. [In honor of Rembert Dodoena,
1518-1585, Dutch herbalist.] About 50 species, tropical and subtro])ical. Type
species: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

1. Dodonaea jamaicensis D€.
Broom. Dogwood. (Fig; 250.) A
shrub, or sometimes a tree up to 20°
high, the slender branches nearly
erect, the bark rough in irregular
ridges. Leaves linear-oblong' to nar-
rowly oblanceolate, chartaceous, shin-
ing, pinnately veined, 2'-4' long, 3"-
6" wide, acute or acuminate at the
apex, attenuate at base into short
petioles ; racemes short, few-flowered,
much shorter than the leaves; pedi-
cels slender, 2"-4" long; sepals
broadly ovate, green, about IV' long;
capsule 6"-8''' broad, its wings mem-
branous; seeds black. [D. viscosa of
Lefroy, Jones, H. B. Small, Verrill
and Moore ; D. Burmanniana of Reade ;
D. viscosa var. angustifolia of Hems-
ley; D. angustifolia of Grisebach.]

Common on hillsides over most of
the area. Native. Florida, Cuba, Ja-
maica. Flowers in spring and summer.
The largest trees seen were on the talus
of Abbot's ClifC, in 1912, reaching a
height of about 20 feet. This species is not at all characteristic of the sea-side ;
D. viscosa L., for which it has been mistaken, is, however, a halophyte, widely
distributed in the West Indies.

Family 5. SAPINDACEAE R. Br.

Soapberry Family.

Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely herbaceous vines. Leaves
alternate (opposite in one exotic genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, with-
out stipules. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, regiilar or slightly irregular.
Sepals or calyx-lobes 4 or 5, mostly imbricated. Petals 3-5. Disk fleshy.
Stamens 5-l5 (rarely fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk.
Ovary 1, 2-4-lobed or entire, 2-4-celled; ovules 1 or more in each cavity.
Fruit various. Seeds globose or compressed; embryo mainly convolute;
endosperm none. About 125 genera, including over 1,000 species, widely
distributed in tropical and warm regions.

1. CARDIOSPERMUM L.

Vines, with alternate bipinnate or decompound leaves and small axillary
tendril-bearing corymbe of slightly irregular polygamo-dioecious flowers.
Tendrils 2 to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4. the 2
exterior smaller. Petals 4, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk 1-sided, undulate.
Stamens 8; filaments unequal. Ovary 3-celled; style short, 3-cleft; ovules 1
in each cavity. Capsule inflated, 3-lobed. Seeds arilled at the base; cotyle-
dons conduplicate. [Greek, heart-seed.] About 15 species, of warm and
temperate regions. Type species: Cardiospermum Halicacahum L.

16

226

SAPINDACEAE.

1. Oardiospermum micro-
carpum H.B.K. Small-fruited
Balloon Vine. (Fig. 251.) Climb-
ing to a length of 5°-10°, branched
finely pubescent, slender, the stem
grooved. Leaves thin, biternately
compound, slender-petioled, 3'-6'
long and about as broad as long,
the ultimate segments ovate to
lanceolate in outline, coarsely
lobed, cleft or incised; peduncles
slender, about as long as the
leaves; corymbs several-flowered;
flowers white, about 2" broad, the
upper petals 3 times as long as the
sepals; capsule subglobose, 3-
lobed, pubescent, veiny, depressed
at the top, about 5" thick. [C.
Ealicacahum of Reade, Lefroy
and Moore.]

Common in thickets between
Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound,
occasional elsewhere. Native. Florida
and the West Indies, tropical con-
tinental America. Flowers nearly
throughout the year.

Cardiospermum Halicacabum L., Balloon Vine, of tropical regions,
planted for ornament and interest, has larger flowers and globose capsules 1'
long, rounded at the top.

Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw., Large-flowered Balloon-vine, West
Indian, with flowers about 5" wide, and oblong pointed pods nearly 2' long,
the thin leaflets coarsely toothed, is occasionally grown for ornament and
interest.

Melicocca "bijuga L., Genip, Tropical American, a tree with evenly pin-
nate leaves of two pairs of sessile ovate pointed entire leaflets 2i'-5' long,
terminal panicles of small fragrant whitish flowers, the calyx 4-parted, the
petals 4 and stamens 8, the fruits fleshy edible green berries about 1' in
diameter, is occasionally planted. A tree at Dunbarton, about 40 years old,
was about 30° high in 1914, with a trunk-circumference of 21'; it had not
been known to flower.

Litchi Litchi (Lour.) Britton, Lee chee, Asiatic, a large tree with evenly
pinnate leaves of 3 or 4 pairs of oblong leaflets, large panicles of small
apetalous greenish partly dioecious flowers, the pulpy fruit about 1' in
diameter, with a thin, rough shell, is commonly grown in parks and gardens
and bears delicious edible fruit ripe in autumn. [Nephelium Litclii Camb.;
Dimocarpiis Litchi Lour.]

Euphoria Longana Lam., Longan, East Indian, similar to Litclii, but
with petaliferous flowers and smaller fruit, was represented by a young tree
at the Agricultural Station in 1913. [Nephelium Longana Camb.]

Sapindus Saponaria L., Soapberry, West Indian, a fine tree with pinnate
leaves, the rachis often wing-margined, the lanceolate, falcate leaflets 2 to 4 pairs,
the globose fruit V in diameter, its pulp saponifying, has been grown success-
fully in gardens, flowering in late autumn or winter. According to J. M.
Jones trees formerly grew in Bermuda from drifted fruits. Lefroy records
the planting of Sapindus longifolius Vahl, at Mt. Langton.

Blighia sapida Korn., Akee, West African, a large tree with pinnate
leaves of 3 or 4 pairs of oblong short-stalked entire leaflets 21'-4' long, the

SAPINDACEAE. 227

small white flowers in piiberulent axillary panicles, with 5 petals and 8 stamens,
the fruit a fleshy capsule 3'-4' long, bluntly 3-angled, splitting and exposing
the black seeds which have a white, edible aril, is occasionally planted. A
tree about 30° high was seen at Bellevue in 1913. Eeade erroneously classed
this tree in the Myrtle Family.

Cupania paniculata Camb., Panicled Cupaxia, South American, a tomen-
tose shrub, with evenly pinnate leaves of 3-5 pairs of oval, dentate leaflets,
panicled, axillary flowers, the fruit 3-lobed capsules, was represented by a
single tree at Spanish Point about 1875, as recorded by Lefroy. \C. fulva
Mart.]

Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Varnish-tree, Chinese, a tree up to 30°
high, with deciduous pinnate leaves of 9-15 ovate, toothed leaflets, panicled
yellow flowers, and large bladdery pods, is listed by Lefroy, as observed by
him somewhere in Bermuda, but no tree has been seen there by me. It is
unlikely that it would thrive, as it grows luxuriantly only in regions subject
to frost during the winter. Verrill states that it is not common.

Aesculus Hippocastanum L., Horsechestnut, Asiatic, a large tree with
opposite digitately compound leaves, large clusters of white mottled flowers,
the spiny fruit enclosing one or two large shining seeds, is mentioned by
Reade, but does not appear to be represented now in Bermuda. It belongs to
the related family Aesculaceae. The record by Lefroy of a Pavia in a Hamil-
ton garden, has not been verified.

Acer palmatum Thunb., Japanese Maple, Japanese, a small tree of the
related family Aceraceae, was represented by a plant at Bellevue in 1914,
which was not vigorous. The leaves of this species are very deeply, palmately
cleft into 5-9 lanceolate, serrate, acuminate lobes, and its fruit, like that of
other maples, is of 2 samaras joined at the base.

Acer Negundo L., Ash-leaved Maple, North American, a species with
pinnate leaves, was observed as a young potted plant with variegated foliage,
at Mount Hope, in 1914. This variegated race is widely planted for orna-
ment in Europe.

Family 6. MELIANTHACEAE Endl.

Honey-flower Faisiily.

Trees or shnibs with alternate, stipulate, unevenly pinnate leaves and
irregular flowers in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx r)-parted or 5-rleft,
the segments imbricated. Petals 5, veiy unequal, or only 4. Disk thick-
ened. Stamens 4. Ovary mostly 4-eelled; style slender, curved. Fruit a
4-celled capsule. Two genera, ^vith about 10 species, natives of Africa.

Melianthus major L., Honey-flower, South African, occasionally grown
for ornament and interest, is a glabrous shrub up to 10° in height, with
leaves 8'-15' long, the connate pointed clasping stipules l'-2' long, the 9 or
11 oblong, ^coarsely serrate, sessile leaflets 2-4' long, the reddish-brown flowers
about V broad in dense racemes often 1° long, the papery 4-lobed capsules
V-IV long, with 2 shining, black seeds in each cavity. It is sometimes called
Sumac, erroneously.

Order 20. RHAMNALES.
Shrubs, vines, or small trees, wath nearly always alternate leaves.
Flowers small, regular. Sepals mostly more or less united. Petals dis-
tinct or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes, and alter-
nate with them, opposite the petals' when these are present. Ovar\' com-
pound, superior; ovules erect.

228 RHAMNACEAE.

Shrubs, small trees, or vines ; petals 4 or 5, or none ; fruit a drupe or capsule.

Fam. 1. RHAMNACEAE.

Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs ; petals caducous ;

fruit a berry. Fam. 2. Vitaceae..

Family 1. RHAMNACEAE Diimort.

Buckthorn Family.

Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves sim-
ple, stipulate, mainly alternate, often 3-5-nerved. Stipules small, decidu-
ous. Inflorescence commonly of cymes or panicles. Flowers small, reg-
ular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed. Petals 4^5, inserted
on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite
them; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile, free from or
immersed in +he disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, anat-
ropous. Fruit often 3-celled. Seeds solitary in the cavities, erect; endo-
sperm fleshy, rarely none; embryo large; cotyledons flat. About 50 genera
and 600 species, of temperate and warm regions.

Colubrina asiatica Brongn., an Asiatic shrub 6°-10° high, with slender
branches, ovate dentate acuminate leaves, and small axillary clusters of
greenish flowers followed by globose fruits, was found prior to 1879 on St.
David's Island, according to Lefroy; it has not been seen there recently.

Under the name Phylica odorata Cass., Lefroy records a plant identified
in 1873, without record of locality; this is not a published species, and I am
unable to determine what he had in mind.

A species of Ceanothus, presumably from California, was growing well at
Wood Haven in 1914.

Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl.

Grape Family.

Climbing or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, nodose joints,
alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo-
dioecious flowers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4—5-
toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Filaments
subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes; disk some-
times obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, generally immersed
in the disk, 2-6-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous.
Fruit a 1-6-celled berry (commonly 2-c3lled). Seeds erect; testa bony;
raphe generally distinct ; endosperm cartilaginous ; embryo short. About
10 genera and over 500 species, widely distributed.

Hypogynous disk of the flower cup-shaped ; leaves 1-3-foliolate. 1. Cissiis.
Hypogynous disk none ; leaves digitately 5-7-foliolate. 2. Parthenocissus.

1. cissus L.

Mostly climbing vines with fleshy foliage. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or simple,
when compound the leaflets commonly separating in drying. Flowers mostly
perfect. Petals usually 4, spreading. Disk cup-shaped, adnate to the base
of the ovary, mostly 4-lobed. [Greek, ivy.] A large genus of over 225
species, mostly tropical. Type species: Cissus vitaginea L.

VITACEAE.

229

1. Cissus sicyoides L. West
Indian Cissus. (Fig. 252.) A
pubescent high-climbing vine, with
striate branches. Leaves fleshy,
simple, ovate or oblong-ovate, 1'-
4' long, acute or acuminate, dis-
tantly serrate with bristle-tipped
teeth, truncate or cordate at the
base; petioles ^'-ll' long; flower-
clusters umbel-like, peduncled ; ber-
ries subglobose, about 5" in diam-
eter, black; seeds solitary, 2"-2^"
long, acute at the base.

Paget Marsh, 1905 ; Par-la-Ville,
Hamilton, 1912. Native. Florida,
West Indies and tropical continen-
tal America. Flowers in summer and
autumn. Its seeds presumably
brought to Bermuda by a bird.

Cissus discolor Bl., Mottled
Cissus, Asiatic, an interesting and
beautiful climber with ovate mot-
tled leaves, is occasional in gardens.

2. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch.

Woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions (disks),
or sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves.
Flowers perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles.
Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity;
style short, thick. Berry 1-4-seeded, the flesh thin, not edible. About 10
species, natives of North America and Asia, the following typical.

1. Parthenocissus quinquefo-
lia (L.) Planch. ViivGIXIa Creeper.
American Ivy. (Fig. 253.) Ten-
drils usually numerous, and pro-
vided with terminal adhering ex-
pansions, the vine sometimes sup-
ported also by aerial roots; leaflets
oval, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate.
2'-6' long, narrowed at the base,
coarsely toothed, at least above
the middle, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent; panicles ample, erect
or spreading in fruit ; berries blue,
about 5" in diameter; peduncles
and pedicels red. [Jlcdera quin-
qucfoJia L. ; Ampelopsis quinquc-
folia Michx.]

Rocky thickets between Castle
Ilnrhor and Harrington Sound, and
locally elsewhere on walls and fences.
Now nowhere abundant in Bernuida,
l)ecause much collected under the
name S.vhsaparill.v. Native. East-
ern North America. Bahamas and
Cuba. Lefrov's record of Awprlopsii
tridnttato, copied by II. B. Small, is
obscure, as there appears to be no
species published under that name.

230 VITACEAE.

Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Plancli., Japanese or Bos-
ton Ivy, of eastern Asia, climbs tigli on walls by short disc-bearing tendrils;
its shining, cordate, glabrous leaves are 2'-5' broad, variously 3-lobed and
toothed, the lobes acute or acuminate; its small green flowers are in short clus-
ters. [Ampelopsis tricuspidata Sieb. & Zucc; Ampelopsis Veitchii MacNab.]

Vitis vinifera L,, European Grape, European, is commonly planted, and
grapes of good quality are produced. Its leaves are nearly or quite glabrous
on both sides. The vine was brought to Bermuda as early as 1616.

Vitis Labrusca L., in the derivative races Concord and others, North
American, is also commonly planted and fruits abundantly. Its leaves are
whitish-wooly beneath.

Order 21. MALVALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple, mostly alternate leaves. Flowers
regular, usually perfect. Sepals separate, or more or less united, valvate.
Petals separate, very rarely wanting. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary
superior, compound, the placentae united in its axis. Disk inconspicuous
or none.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals, or more.

Stamens in several sets ; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight.

Fam. 1. TiLiACEAE.
Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled ; embryo
curved.
Style branches as many or twice as many as the

carpels or ovary-cavities. Fam. 2. Malvaceae.

Style entire, or merely lobed. Fam. 3. Bombacaceae.

Stamens as many as the sepals. Fam. 4. Sterculiaceae.

Family 1. TILIACEAE Juss.

Linden Family.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple leaves,
mostly small and deciduous stipules, and generally eymose or paniculate
flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, valvate, deciduous. Petals of the same
number, or fewer, or none, mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens °c,
mostly 5-10-adelphous. Ovary 1, sessile, 2-10-celled; ovules anatropous.
Fruit 1-10-celled, drupaceous, dry, or baccate. Cotyledons ovate or orbic-
ular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting. About 35 genera and 275 species,
widely distributed.

1. TRIUMTETTA [Plumier] L.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or 3-5-lobed. Flowers
perfect, in panicled cymules, axillary or opposite the leaves. Sepals 5, nar-
row, often mucronate. Petals yellow, 5, convolute, with a pit at the base, or
wanting. Stamens numerous or rarely only twice as many as the sepals, in-
serted on an elongated receptacle above 5 glands; filaments filiform, unequal;
anthers introrse. Ovary 2-5-celled, in the cup-shaped top of the receptacle;
stigma 2-5-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsule subglobose, echinate,
commonly separable into 2-5 carpels. Seeds solitary or 2 in each cavity.
Embryo with flat, entire cotyledons. [In honor of G. B. Triumfetti an Italian
botanist.] About 70 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type
species: Triumfetta Lappula L.

TILIACEAE.

231

Petals present, cuneate-spatulate.
Petals none.

1. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.
Burr Bush. (Fig. 254.) Annual, stel-
late-tomentulose. Stems 2i°-4° tall,
branched; leaves ovate, rhombic or sub-
orbicular in outline, l'-4' long, serrate,
angulate or often 3-lobed, rounded or
truncate at the base; petioles as long as
the blades or shorter; panicles narrow,
elongated; sepals lanceolate, about 3"
long, appendaged below the apex; petals
cuneate-spatulate, slightly pubescent at
the base; stamens often 15; fruit about
2A" in diameter, '2-celled, copiously
prickly, the prickles about as long as the
diameter of the body, hooked at the
apex. [T. althaeoides Lam.]

Hillsides and waste grounds. Native.
Florida, West Indies, continental tropical
America. Flowers in summer and autumn.
Hemsley remarks that it is called " Box
Bush."

1. T. semitriloba.

2. T. Lappula.

2. Triumfetta Lappula L. Apetalous
Burr Bush. (Fig. 255.) Similar to the
preceding species, stellate-tomentulose, 2°-
5° high. Leaves broadly ovate to subor-
bicular, serrate, sometimes lobed; flowers
in narrow panicles; petals none; stamens
described as 10; fruit subglobose, the
prickles about equalling its diameter.

Bermuda is the type locality of this species,
cited by Linnaeus from Plukenet's " Alma-
gestum Botanicum " of IGOl, and Ilemsley
states that this specimen is preserved in the
Sloane Herbarium. It is listed by Lefroy, and,
according to Ilemsley, was collected in Ber-
muda by Moseley and by Lefroy. but It has
not been found by subsequent collectors.

Berrya Ammonilla Roxb., Trincomali Wood, East In<lian, a large tree,
with durable wood, broadly ovate entire cordate long-petioled leaves 4-8'
long, small panicled flowers with 5 spatulate petals, the fruit 3-4-valved, each
valve with 2 thin wings nearly 1' long, is recorded by Jones as grown in
Bermuda in 1873.

232 MALVACEAE.

Family 2. MALVACEAE Neck.

Mallow Family.

Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate
leaves. Stii3ules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, usually perfect, often
large. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, usually valvate; calyx
often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute. Stamens °o,
hypogynous, forming a central colamn around the pistil, united with the
bases of the petals; anthers 1-celled. Ovary several-celled; styles united
below, distinct above, and generally projecting beyond the stamen-column,
mostly as many as the cavities of the ovary. Fruit capsular (rarely a
berry), several-celled, or the carpels falling away entire, or loculicidally
dehiscent. Seeds reniform, globose or obovoid; embryo cun^ed; cotyledons
large, plicate or conduplicate. About 45 genera and 900 species, widely
distributed in temperate and tropical regions both of the Old World and
the New. Many jolants of the family are mucilaginous.

Fruit of several radially arranged carpels, separating from each other when ripe.
Carpels as many as the stigmas.
Carpels 2-several-seeded.

Carpels 1-celled ; involucel none. 1. Ahutilon.

Carpels 2-celled ; involucel of 3 bractlets. 2. Modiola.

Carpels 1-seeded.

Stigmas decurrent on the styles. 3. Malva.

Stigmas terminal, capitate.

Involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets. 4. Malvastrum.

Involucel none. 5. Sida.

Carpels half as many as the stigmas, spiny. 6. Pavonia.

Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent.

Styles distinct ; capsules dehiscent.

Capsule-cavities 1-seeded. 7. Kosteletzkya.

Capsule-cavities 2-many-seeded.

Herbs ; or shrubs : involucel-bracts distinct. 8. Hibiscus.

Trees ; involucel 8-10-toothed. 9. Pariti.

Styles united; fruit indehiscent. 10. Thespesia.

1. ABUTTLON [Tourn.] Mill.

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft-
pubeseent, with cordate angular or lobed leaves and axillary flowers. Involu-
cels none. Calyx 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-oo, 3-9-ovuled. Style-
branches the same number as the ovary -cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels
2-valved, often rostrate, falling away from the axis at maturity. Seeds reni-
form, the upper ascending, the lower pendulous or horizontal. [Name given
by the celebrated Arabian physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.] About
100 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, the following typical. The
genus contains a number of ornamental species, grown for their flowers. The
following naturalized species is a tall coarse weed.

MALVACEAE.

233

1. Abutilon AbutUon (L.)
Rusby. Velvet Leaf. Indian
Mallow. (Fig. 256.) Annual,
stout, 3°-7° high, densely velvety-
pubescent. Leaves long-petioled,
cordate, ovate-orbicular, 4'-12'
wide, dentate, or nearly entire,
acuminate, the point blunt; flow-
ers yellow, about 10" broad; pe-
duncles shorter than the petioles;
head of fruit 10'' in diameter or
more; carpels 12-15, pubescent,
dehiscent at the apex, each valve
beaked by a slender awn. [Sida
AbutUon L. ; AbutUon Avicennae
Gaertn.]

Cultivated ground. Abundant
near Spanish Point in 1909 and
1913, occasional elsewhiere. Natur-
alized. Native of southern Asia.
^yidely naturalized as a weed in the
United States. Flowers in summer
and autumn.

Abutilon striatum Dicks., Garden Abutilon, Brazilian, is a tall slender
nearly glabrous shrvib with slender-petioled, nearly orbicular, sharply 3-5-lobed,
dentate, cordate leaves 3-5' broad, and drooping long-peduncled red orange
red-veined flowers about IV long. Lefroy records it as common in gardens at
his time, but it is not much grown now. Several different races and hybrids-
are in cultivation.

2. MODIOLA Moench.

Prostrate or ascending herbs, with palmately cleft or divided loaves, and
small axillary peduncled red flowers. Bracts of the involucre 3, distinct.
Calyx 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary oo, 2-3-ovuled. Style-branches stigmatic
at the summit ; carpels 5-20, septate between the seeds, dehiscent into 2 valves
with awn-pointed tips, and aristate on the back. [Latin, from the likeness of
the fruit to the small Roman measure, modiolus.] A monotypic American
genus.

234

MALVACEAE.

1. Modiola caroliniana (L.) G.
Don. Bristly-fruited Mallow. (Fig.
257.) Annual or biennial, more or less
pubescent; stems 6'-2° long. Leaves
nearly orbicular, i'-^V wide, petioled,
3-o-cleft, the lobes dentate or incised,
or sometimes simply dentate; flowers
3"-5" broad, red; peduncles at length
elongated ; fruit depressed-orbicular,
the carpels bristly. [Malva caroliniana
L. ; Modiola multifida Moench.]

Waste and cultivated grounds. Intro-
duced. Native of tropical and warm-tem-
perate America. Flowers nearly through-
out the year. It is an occasional weed in
Bermuda.

3. MAIiVA [Tourn.] L.
Pubescent or glabrate herbs, with dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and
axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of
the involucels 3 (rarely none). Petals 5. Cavities of the ovary several or
numerous, 1-ovuled ; style-branches of the same number, linear, stigmatic along
the inner side. Carpels arranged in a circle, beakless, indehiscent. Seed
ascending. [Greek, referring to the emollient leaves.] About 30 species, natives
of the Old World. Type species: Malva sylvestris L.

1. Malva parviflora L. Small-
flowered Mallow. (Fig. 258.) An-
nual, sparingly pubescent, branched, the
branches spreading, ascending or nearly
erect, 6'-18' long. Leaves long-petioled,
nearly orbicular in outline or somewhat
broader than long, crenate and with
about 7 rounded lobes, cordate at the
base, l'-4' broad; flowers short-pedi-
celled, clustered in the axils of the
leaves; bractlets linear, shorter than the
calyx; calyx reticulate-veined, with 5
triangular lobes; petals small, pink;
fruit nearly flat, about 4" broad, its
carpels reticulated on the back, pubes-
cent or glabrous. [M. pusilla Smith.]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of the Old
World. Naturalized in the United States.
Flowers in spring and summer.

MAIiVACEAE.

236

Malva rotundifolia L., the Low Mallow, also an Old World species, dif-
fers in having larger leaves, and carpels pubescent and not reticulated on the
back. It has been recorded as found in Bermuda by Reade, by 11. B. Small
and by Millspaugh, but the records probably refer to the preceding species.

Malva sylvestris L., the High Mallow, European, an erect species with
flowers I'-IV broad, the petals much longer than the calyx, is recorded by Reade
as escaped from gardens prior to 1883, and mentioned by II. B. Small as
escaped and fairly naturalized, has not been seen by us in Bermuda.

4. MALVASTEUM A. Gray.
Herbs, with entire, toothed, cordate or divided leaves, and solitary or
racemose, short-pedicelled perfect flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the
involueels small, 1-3 or none. Cavities of the ovary 5-x, 1-ovuled. Style-
branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit only, forming capitate
stigmas; carpels indehiscent or imperfectly 2-valved, falling away from the
axis at maturity, their apices pointed or beaked. Seed ascending. [Greek,
star-mallow.] About 75 species, natives of America and South Africa. Type
species: Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh) A. Gray.

1. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)
Garcke. False Mallow. (Eig. 259.)
Perennial, strigose-pubescent, branched, 1°-
3° high. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate,
slender-petioled, I'-SV long, acute, sharply
serrate; flowers mostly solitary in the axils,
on peduncles shorter than the petioles; in-
volueels of 3 small bractlets; calyx-lobes
triangular, acute, longer than its tube ;
petals pale yellow, somewhat longer than
the calyx, obliquely truncate; carpels 8-12,
hirsute on top, with a beak near the in-
flexed apex and 2 beaks on the back. [Malva
coromandeliana L. ; Malvastrum america-
num Torr. ; Malvastrum tricuspidatum A.
Gray; Sida glomerata of Hemsley.]

Waste and cultivated grounds. Introduced.
Native of the southern Ignited States and trop-
ical America. Flowers from spring to autumn.

5. SIDA L.

Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and perfect flowers. Bractlets
of the involueels none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-»,
1-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit. Carpels
indehiscent, or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used
by Theophrastus.] About 100 species, natives of the warmer parts of America,
Asia, Africa and Australasia. Type species: Sida aini folia L.

Leaves rhombic to oblanceolate ; peduncles elongated.
Leaves ovate to lanceolate ; peduncles short.

i*?. rhomhifoJia.
S. carpinifolia.

236

MALVACEAE.

1. Sida rhombifolia L. Ehombic-leaved
SlDA. (Fig. 260.) Annual, puberulent to gla-
brate. Stems erect, li-"-^-!" tall, branching;
leaves rhombic, elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate,
V-SV long, acute or obtuse, serrate except near
the base, pubescent with pale hairs beneath;
petioles l^"-'^" long; peduncles, at least those
arising from the stem, much longer than the
petioles, mostly V-'^V long; calyx puberulent,
its tube finally 5— 10-ribbed, its lobes triangular,
acuminate, about as long as the tube; petals
pale yellow, 3"-4" long, sometimes blotched
with red at the base; carpels 10 or 12, subulate-
beaked.

Cultivated land between Harrington Sound
and Castle Harbor. Introduced. Native of the
southern United States and tropical America.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

2. Sida carpinifolia L. f. Hornbeam -leaved
Sida. Wire-weed. (Fig. 261.) Puberulent or
glabrous. Stems erect, l^-S" tall, branching;
leaves lanceolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, l'-4' long,
acute or acuminate, irregularly serrate, obtuse or
subcordate at the base, the petioles lA"-4" long;
stipules conspicuous, narrowly linear to lanceolate,
surpassing the petioles; peduncles mostly shorter
than the pedicels, V-2>V long; calyx 5-10-ribbed,
its lobes triangular, slightly acuminate, about as
long as the tube; petals yellow to white, 3"-6"
long; carpels reticulate-wrinkled, 2-beaked. {Sida
spinosa of Millspaugh; S. antillensis Urban.]

Common in waste and cultivated ground. Intro-
duced. Native of the southern United States and
tropical America. Flowers from spring to autumn.
Lefroy remarks that this weed is mentioned in Ber-
muda laws as early as 1669. Both broad-leaved and
narrow-leaved races are found.

6. PAVONIA Cav.

Shrubs or shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, angled or lobed.
Flowers perfect, commonly solitary on axillary peduncles. Involucel of 5-15
bractlets. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals 5. Carpels 5, 1-celled. Styles 10.
Stigmas 10, capitate. Ovules solitary. Mature carpels separating from the axis,
1-3-beaked on the back or beakless, more or less deeply 2-valved. Seeds soli-
tary, ascending. [In honor of Joseph Pavon, Spanish botanist and explorer.]
Sixty species or more, mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical.

MALVACEAE.

237

1. Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. Pavo-
NIA. (Fig. 262.) A branching shrub, 2°-9°
tall, hirsute and strigillose. Leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, 2'-4' long, acute or somewhat
acuminate, doubly crenate-dentate, truncate
or subcordate at the base; the petioles
densely pubescent; peduncles axillary, much
longer than the petioles; bractlets of the
involucel 5, linear to lanceolate, acute, nearly
5" long; calyx about as long as the bract-
lets, its lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate ;
petals yellow, V long, cuneate; carpels 2V'-
3" high, with 1 medial and 2 lateral re-
trorsely barbed awns. [Hibiscus spinifex
L.]

Collected by Lefroy in Southampton
Parish, prior to 1879 ; his specimen is pre-
served in the herbarium of the Royal Gardens
at Kew. Reade records that it grew near the
lighthouse. Introduced. Native of Florida
and tropical America. Not found in Bermuda
by recent collectors.

7. KOSTELETZKYA Presl.
Perennial, scabrous or pubescent herbs
or shrubs, with hastate or angular leaves,

and showy, axillary or paniculate flowers. Bractlets several, linear. Calyx
5-toothed or 5-cleft. Stamen-column anther-bearing below for nearly its entire
length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 1-ovuled; style-branches of the same num-
ber, stigmatic at the capitate summits. Capsule depressed, 5-angled. Seeds

reniform, ascending. [Named in
honor of V. F. Kosteletzky. a bot-
anist of Bohemia.] About 8 spe-
cies, natives of warm and tem-
perate America. Type species:
KosteletzTcya liastata Presl.

1. Kosteletzkya virginica
(L.) A. Gray. Virginia Koste-
letzkya. (Fig. 263.) Erect, 2°-
4" high, somewhat stellate-pubes-
cent and scabrous. Leaves ovate,
or hastate, truncate or cordate at
the base, 2'-4r long, unequally
dentate and often 3-lobed bolow,
acute; flowers pink, lV-2r broad,
in loose terminal leafy panicles;
bractlets 8 or 9, linear, shorter
than the lanceolate acute calyx-seg
ments; carpels 5, hisjiid-pubescent.
[Tlibiscus virginicHS L. ; Althaea
officinalis of Reade, of H. B.
Small and of Jones.]

Pembroke, Devonshire and War-
wick marshes. Native. Southeastern
United States. Flowers in late sum-
mer and autumn.

238

MALVACEAE.

8. HIBISCUS L.

Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or
lobed leaves, and showy, mostly campanulate flowers. Bractlets numerous,
narrow. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens anther-bearing below
along much of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 3-several-ovuled ; style
branches 5, stigmatic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reni-
form. [An ancient name, used by Dioscorides for the Marsh Mallow.] About
180 species, widely distributed. Type species: Hibiscus Trionum L.

1. Hibiscus Eosa-sinensis L. Chi-
nese EosE. Shoeblack Plant. (Fig.
264.) A shrub, rarely forming a small
tree, up to 12° or 15° high, the young
parts sparingly pubescent or glabrate.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at
the apex, rounded or abruptly narrowed
at the base, 3'-8' long, coarsely unequally
dentate; bractlets narrowly linear, about
half as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, pubescent, especially within;
petals rose-red, purple or white,' 4'-6'
long ; capsule about 1' long. [H. Cooperi
of gardeners.]

Extensively planted for ornament in a
variety of races, and occasional in waste
places. Introduced. Native of China.
Widely naturalized in Florida and the West
Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn.

Hibiscus Amottianus A. Gray, Ha-
WAiAN Hibiscus, a beautiful species en-
demic in the Sandwich Islands, grown
in 1913 in gardens at St. Georges', has
broadly ovate leaves 4-5' long, their margins crenulate, and pure white
flowers about 4' long, the bractlets only about one-fourth as long as the narrow
calyx.

Hibiscus mutabilis L., Changeable Eose, East Indian, a tall shrub with
large, broad, angulately-lobed, cordate, stellate-pubescent leaves, the large red
flowers changing to white, is considerably planted in gardens and hedges. It
blooms in summer and late autumn.

Hibiscus syriacus L., Shrubby Althaea, Eose-of-Sharon, of western
Asia, a shrub with ovate, coarsely toothed or lobed leaves and axillary, short-
stalked, purple or white flowers 2-3' wide, is occasionally grown for ornament.
The flowers are often double.

Hibiscus spiralis Cav., Bancroft's Hibiscus, of tropical America and
Florida, recorded by Lefroy as grown at the public buildings and elsewhere
prior to 1877 and also mentioned by Verrill, is a low shrub, 3° high or less, with
ovate to triangular, serrate leaves l'-3' long, and slender-peduncled, red flowers
about 1' long. [H. Bancrofiianus Macf.]

Hibiscus grandiflorus Michx., Large-flowered Hibiscus, North Ameri-
can, recorded by Jones, by Lefroy and by Verrill as formerly grown in Ber-

MALVACEAE.

239

muda, is a velvety perennial up to 6° high, with ovate to lanceolate, serrate
leaves 4-8' long, its pink petals crimson-blotched at the base, 4'-5' long.

Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq., Prickly Hibiscus, African, f^een in the
garden at Dunbarton in 1914, is a prickly shrub about 5° high, with variously
lobed, long-petioled leaves 3'-6' broad, and short-pedicelled, large, yellowish or
purplish flowers.

9. PARITI Adans.

Trees, with broad cordate petioled leaves, large deciduous stipules, and
large, terminal or axillary flowers, solitary or few^ together, the petals yellow
or changing to red. Involucre 8-10-toothed. Calyx o-toothed. Style pubescent
above, 5-cleft, the stigmas broad. Capsule loculicidally 5-celled, many-seeded,
the cells vertically partitioned by a dissepiment, which splits at dehiscence into
two membranes. [Name said to be Malabaric] A few species of tropical
regions, the following typical.

1. Pariti tiliaceum (L.) Juss.
Mahoe. (Fig. 265.) A tree, some-
times 50° high, the young foliage vel-
vety-tomentose. Leaves long-petioled,
the blades 3'-8' broad, nearly orbicu-
lar, cordate at base, abruptly acumi-
nate at apex, shallowly dentate or sub-
entire, the venation prominent beneath ;
involucre 10-cleft, about J' long; petals
yellow, obovate, 2'-2J' long; calyx about
10" long; capsule ovoid, tomentose,
7"-9" long; seeds glabrous or minutely
downy. [Hihiscus tiliaceus L.]

Border of a mangrove swamp near the
west end of the causeway a large tree
observed in 1913 ; apparently not planted.
Lefroy records that a tree was grown
from seed washed ashore about 1825,
and that prior to 1879 there was a large
tree at Somerville, Smith's Parish. Oc-
casionally planted for shade. Flowers
in summer and autumn. Naturalized.
Erroneously called Tulip-tree in Bermuda.

10. THESPESIA Soland.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or merely angulately lobed,
commonly large, usually cordate, petioled. Flowers perfect, showy. Involucel
of 3-5 narrow^ deciduous bractlets. Calyx truncate or nearly so. Petals 5.
Ovary sessile, 5-celled; styles 5, united or rarely distinct; stigmas decurrent on
the styles. Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule firm, woody-leathery, 5-celled,
indehiscent. Seeds several in each cavity, glabrous or pubescent. [Greek,
marvellous.] About 8 tropical species, the following typical.

240

MALVACEAE.

1. Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland.
Seaside Mahoe. (Fig. 266.) An ever-
green shrub or a low tree. Leaves
leathery, ovate, 2'-6' long, acute or
acuminate, undulate, cordate; petioles
shorter than the blades ; peduncles stout,
shorter than the subtending petioles;
bractlets of the involucels linear, early-
deciduous; calyx cup-shaped, entire;
petals 2'-3' long, yellow with a purple
base; capsule about IV wide; seeds
veiny, appressed-pubescent. [Hihiscus
popuhieus L.]

Recorded by Lefroy as growing prior
to 1879 in tlie cove at Clarence Hill and
elsewliere and by Hemsley as found at
St. George's. A tree 20° liigh was ob-
served in 1913 at Holly Lodge. Intro-
duced. Native of tropical America, where
it is a common seashore tree ; no evidence
is at hand to show that it exists in Ber-
muda now except as planted trees.

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Okra, Gumbo, African, commonly
cultivated for its pods, is a somewhat hairy annual, 4°-9° high, with petioled,
lobed and serrate leaves 4'-8' broad, solitary peduncled axillary yellow
flowers with a red center, the petals about 2' long, and ribbed, pointed pods 5'-
10' long, mucilaginous when cooked. [Hibiscus esculentus L.]

Althaea rosea (L.) Cav., Hollyhock, Chinese, is grown to some extent as
a garden flower, principally in double-flowered kinds, its petals of nearly all
colors. It has wandlike stems 4°-8*' high, rough cordate suborbicular angu-
lar-lobed, long-petioled leaves often 6' broad, the upper smaller, and sessile
axillary flowers 3'-5' broad. [Alcea rosea L.]

Gossypium herbaceum L., Cotton, unknown in a truly wild condition, but
regarded by Sir George Watt as probably indigenous originally in Arabia and
Asia Minor, was cultivated and spun in Bermuda early in the history of the
colony. Cotton plants may still occasionally be seen in gardens, but no culti-
vation is attempted.

Malvaviscus mollis DC, Vel\^ty Malvaviscus, Mexican, a stellate-
velvety shrub about 3° high, Avith long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate and often
3-lobed leaves 3'-5' long, axillary peduncled flowers about lA' long, the narrow
sepals 4"-6" long, the corolla red, is often grown in gardens, and is some-
times seen about old houses.

Lavatera trimestris L., Herbaceous Lavatera, of the Mediterranean
region, a branching, hairy-stemmed annual 2°-5° high, with somewhat pubes-
cent, slender-petioled, broadly ovate, angular-lobed and serrate, acute leaves
2-3' long, and axillary peduncled rose-colored flowers 24'-4' broad, the
receptacle of the fruit expanded into a disk above the row of finely ridged
carpels, was grown in gardens at St. George's and on St. David's Island in
1914.

Plagianthus pulchellus (Willd.) A. Gray, Pretty Plagianthus, Austra-
lian, a large shrub, with lanceolate, crenate leaves about 3' long, acuminate

BOMBACACEAE. 241

at the apex, cordate at the base, the small flowers in axillary dense racemes,
the white petals only 2"-3" long, the carpels in a single row, is recorded by
Lefroy as uncommon in gardens, called Sweet, or White Abutilon. [Abuti-
lon pulchellum Sweet; Sida pulchella Willd.]

Family 3. BOMBACACEAE Schumann.

BoMBAx Family.

Trees, mostly with palmately compound leaves and laro:e and showy
perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-toothed. Petals 5. Stamens com-
monly very numerous, with long filaments and short anthers. Ovary 2-5-
celled; style simple; stigmas as many as the ovary-cavities. Fruit various,
dry or fleshy. Seeds usually woolly. About 20 genera and over 100
species, natives of tropical regions.

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.^ Silk-cottox Tree, a very large tree
with spreading branches, native of tropical America and tropical Asia, has a
trunk armed with spines, its base with large buttresses. The long-petiolcd
palmately compound leaves have 5 or 7 lanceolate leaflets 4'-6' long; the
large flowers are in stalked lateral or axillary clusters, and the 5-celled cap-
sules enclose many seeds enveloped in wool. [Eriodendroti aufraciuosum DC;
Bombax pentandrum L. ; Bombax Ceiba of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.]

Two of the trees mentioned by Lefroy as planted at Mount Langton by
Governor Eeid in 1845 existed there in 1914, having attained great size at the
base of the hill; the straight columnar trunks were then over five feet in
diameter and at least sixty feet in height. A few smaller trees may be seen
in other places; one at Orange Valley, seen in 1914, was then about 2^° in
trunk diameter.

Ochroma Lagopus Sw., Corkwood, of tro])ic'al America, represented in
1913 by a young plant at the Agricultural Station, is a large tree with orbicu-
lar cordate long-petioled, entire or lobed leaves often 1° broad, more or less
stellate-pubescent, large terminal flowers, and large 5-cellcd capsules contain-
ing many seeds covered with brown wool. Its wood is very light in weight.

Bombax aquaticum (Aubl.) Schum., Bombax, planted experimentally at
the Public Garden, St. George's, in 1914, is a South American tree with
petioled, palmately compound leaves of 5-9 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, the
large and showy flowers with 5 oblong, yellowish petals and very numerous
red stamens. [Pachira aquatica Aubl.; Carolinea princeps L. f.]

Family 4. STERCULIACEAE ILB.K.

Chocolate Fa:mily.

Shrubs, trees or herbs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed.
Flowers mostly perfect, regular, in spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx of 5
distinct or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla of 5 distinct petals, or wanting.
Androecium of as many fertile stamens as there are sepals and alternate
with them, or numerous; filaments sometimes in groups, the anthers with
parallel sacs, opening extrorsely. Gynoecium of 5 united carpels or rarely
of 1 carpel; ovarv 5-celled or'l-celied; styles distinct or united. Ovules
few or several, ascending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule or follicle. About

17

242

STERCULIACEAE.

50 genera and over 700 species, of wide distribution in tropical and warm
temperate regions.

1. WAIiTHERIA L.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with stellate and simple pubescence. Leaves
toothed; stipules narrow. Flowers small, perfect, usually in axillary clusters or
small cymes. Involucel of 3 deciduous bractlets. Sepals 5, united at the base
into a turbinate lO-nerved tube. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute, withering-
persistent. Stamens 5; filaments united below, not accompanied by staminodia;
anthers with parallel sacs. Ovary 1-celled, sessile; style simple, not central;
stigma club-shaped or brush-like. Ovules 2 in a cavity. Follicles 1-celled, 2-
valved lengthwise. Seed solitary, ascending. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo
straight, axile. [Tn honor of A. F. Walther, professor in Leipzig.] About
35 American species, mostly tropical, the following typical.

1. Waltheria americana L. Waltheria.
(Fig. '267.) Foliage tomentose. Stems 2°-
4° tall, stiff; leaves ovate to oblong, l'-3'
long, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base,
stout-petioled; flowers in dense sessile or
peduncled axillary clusters; sepals subulate,
about 2V' long, villous-hirsute, similar to the
bractlets; petals yellow, slightly longer
than the sepals; follicles about li" long,
j)ubescent at the top.

Abundant on a hillside near Port Royal,
1905. Recorded by Lefroy as growing in
Pembroke Marsh and on the hillside prior to
1879. Native. Florida and tropical America.
Flowers in summer and autumn. Its seed pre-
sumably brought to Bermuda by a bird.

Sterculla apetala (.Tacq.) Karst., Ster-
CULIA, a large widely spreading tree up to
50° high, with nearly orbicular, 5-lobed,
peltate, stout-petioled leaves often 1° broad,
the apetalous unisexual flowers in large ter-
minal panicles, with a yellowish, purple-
flecked, stellate-pubescent, campanulate, 5-
cleft calyx f ' broad, the stamens in a column
tipped by 10-20 anthers, the fruit 5 large
leathery follicles, has been planted for
shade and ornament. A fine specimen on
the Wood Estate, Spanish Point, was studied
in 1913. [Helicteres apetala Jacq.; Ster-
culia carthaginensis Cav.]

Guazuma Guazuma (L.) Cockerell, Bastard Cedar, West Indian, was
represented by a healthy tree in the officer's garden, St. George's, about 1874,
recorded by Lefroy, and a large tree, said to flower but not to bear fruit, was
seen at The Stocks, St. David's Island, in 1914, when it had a trunk circum-
ference of five feet and one inch. In the West Indies it becomes 50° high; its
oblong to ovate, oblique, serrate leaves are about 3' long, its axillary flowers in

STERCULIACEAE. 243

corymbs, its subglobose to oblong, tubercled, woody fruit about 1' long. [Theo-
broma Guazuma L.J

Melochia odorata L. f., Fragrant Meix)C'hja, of Tanna Island, recorded
by Hemsley as found by Lefroy in Pembroke Marsh, is a tree with thin broadly
ovate, petioled serrate subcordate leaves 3'-4' long, its small flowers in axillary
peduncled corymbs.

Firmiana platanifolia (L.) Schott & Endl., Chinese Parasol Tree, of
eastern Asia, occasionally planted, is a trge becoming 40° high, with sub-
orbicular cordate 5-lobed leaves often 1° broad or more, loosely pubescent
beneath, the lobes acute or acuminate, the sinuses rounded or obtuse, the rather
small greenish apetalous flowers in large terminal panicles, the calyxdobes
narrow. \^Sterculia platanifolia L.]

Order 22. HYPERICALES.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, the flowers mostly complete, perfect and refriilar
(irregular in Violaceae). Sepals distinct, or more or less united, imbricated
or convolute. Petals almost always present and distinct. Stamens usually
numerous. Ovary compound, superior; placentae mostly parietal.

Styles none; trees or shrubs with small imbricated leaves. Fam. 1. Tamakicaceae.
Styles present, separate or united.
Styles separate or partly united.

Stigmas not brush-like ; endosperm little or none.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. Fam. 2. Tiieaceae.

Leaves opposite or verticillate.

Herbs or low shrubs, rarely trees ; flowers

perfect. Fam. 3. IIypericacbae.

Trees or shrubs with dioecious or polyg-
amous flowers. Fam. 4. Clusiaceae.
Stigmas brush-like ; endosperm copious. Fam. 5. Turxeraceae.
Styles completely united ; endosperm fleshy.
Corolla regular.

Petals mostly 4 or 5 ; anthers opening by

pores or valves. Fam. G. Bixaceae.

Petals mostly wanting; anthers longitudinally

dehiscent. Fam. 7. Flacgurtiaceae.

Corolla irregular. Fam. 8. Violaceae.

Family 1. TAMARICACEAE Lindl.

Tamarix Family.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules, relatively small or
scale-like, entire, often imbricated. Flowers mainly perfect, regular, usu-
ally in spikes or racemes. Calyx of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, imbricated sepals.
Corolla of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, distinct imbricated petals. Disk 10-lobed or
obsolete. Stamens 5 to many; filaments distinct, free; anthers o]iening
lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, superior, with 3-o basal placentae. Stigmas
3-5, distinct. Ovules 2-many on each placenta. Fruit a capsule. Seeds
erect, each terminating in a coma. Four genera and about 100 species,
natives of the Old World.

1. TAMARIX L.

Shrubs or trees, with irregularly and widely branching stems, the wood firm.
Leaves small, scale-like, clasping or sheathing. Flowers in dense ?pikes,
racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, or rarely 6, distinct. Petals small, white or
pink, inserted under the lobed disk, distinct. Stamens 5-10; filaments not
adnate to the corolla. Ovary with basal placentae. Stigmas 2-5, short. Fruit

244

TAMAEICACEAE.

capsular. Seeds numerous; endosperm wanting,
species, of the Old World, the following typical.

[Latin name.] About 60

1. Tamarix gallica L. Tamarisk.
(Fig. 268.) A shrub or a small tree, with
slender spreading branches, the branchlets
very numerous, approximate or clustered,
completely clothed with the imbricated
scale-like acute leaves which are 1" long or
less; spikes numerous, in conspicuous
panicles; sepals triangular, about V' long;
petals white or pinkish; capsule pyramidal,
about 1" long.

Commonly planted as a screen along
coastal roads and elsewhere and completely
naturalized. Known locally as Spruce.

The related family Cistaceae (Eock-
ROSE Family), was represented in Ber-
muda by three species of CisUis (C. lauri-
folius L., C. salvifolius L. and C. monspe-
lieiisis L.), recorded by Lefroy as intro-
duced, presumably at Mt. Langton, in 1874,
and remaining alive until 1877, but not ap-
pearing to flourish, and not to be seen
there now.

Family 2. THEACEAE DC.

Tea Family.

Trees or shnibs with alternate or rarely opposite mainly estipiilate
leaves, and large regular mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 5 (rarely 4-7),
imbricated. Calyx often 2-bracted at the base. Petals 5 (rarely 4-9),
hypogynous, imbricated, crenulate. Stamens <^, numerous, hypogynous,
more or less united at their bases. Ovary sessile, 2-several-celled ; ovules
2 or more in each cavity. Fruit a 3-5-celled generally woody capsule.
Endosperm little or none; embryo large, with conduplicate cotyledons.
About 16 genera and 160 species, natives of tropical and warm regions.

Camellia japonica L., Camellia, of Japan and China, is occasionally
planted for ornament, but does not succeed very well. Usually a shrub, it may,
under favorable conditions, develop into a tree up to 40° high; the evergreen
thick ovate-elliptic, serrate leaves are 2'-4' long, shining dark green on the
upper side, and the white or red flowers, often double, are mostly solitary at
the ends of twigs or in the axils, sometimes up to 5' broad, the petals rounded.

Family 3. HYPERICACEAE Lindl.

St. Johx's-wort Family.

Herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, without
stipules, pellucid-punctate, entire or nearly so. Flowers perfect, regnlar
or nearly so, in cymes. Calyx of 4 or 5 herbaceous sepals. Corolla of 4 or
5 yellow or flesh-colored petals. Stamens few or many, commonly col-
lected in 3 or 5 groups, sometimes accompanied by interposed glands. Fila-

HYPERICACEAE.

245

merits slender. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, with
parietal placentae, or 3-7-celled, with axile placentae. Stigmas often cajji-
tate. Fruit a septicidally dehiscent capsule seated in the persistent calyx.
Seeds small, without endosperm. About 10 genera and 300 species, widely
distributed.

1. ASCYRUM L.
Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with narrow leaves and yellow flowers. Sepals
4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad and round, the interior smaller and nar-
rower. Petals 4, oblique or slightly contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo, dis-
tinct, or united in clusters. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae; styles
2-4. Capsule 1-celled, 2-4-valved, dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not
rough.] About 6 species, of North and Central America and the West Indies.
Type species: Ascyrum Jiypericoides L.

1. Ascyrum macrosepalum S.
Brown. Bermuda St. Andrew's
Cross. (Fig. 269.) An erect shrub,
1°-2|° high, with slender leafy
branches. Leaves linear-oblong, ses-
sile, 5"-7" long, V'-W wide, dull
green, obtusish, but minutely apicu-
late at the apex, narrowed to the
base, copiously punctate, the midvein
prominent beneath; cymes terminal,
1-f e-w-flowered ; outer sepals broadly
ovate, obtuse, 5'-6" long, U"-4.l"
wide, subcordate; petals oblique,
spreading in 2 nearly parallel pairs,
linear-oblong, acute, 5"-6" long, li"-
2" wide, fugacious, bright yellow;
capsule oblong, narrowed at both
ends, apiculate, about as long as the
outer sepals, twice as long as the
narrow, inner ones; seeds greenish-
brown, oblong, obtuse at each end,
about 4" long and 1" thick. {Ascy-
rum Crux-andreae of Lefroy; A.
Jiypericoides of Reade, H. B. Small,
Hemsley, Moore and Verrill; Hy-
pericum? of Jones.]

Frequent in marshes and on hill-
sides. Endemic. Its nearest relative
is A. llnlfolUim Spach, of the south-
eastern United States and the Bahamas.

from which it differs bv larger leaves: larger, broadly ovate cordate sepals; and In
its seeds. These features were first recorded in .Journal of fhr ^rlr ^ ork Botamcal
Garden 13: 192, 1912. The species presumably originated in Bermuda from seeds of
A. linifoUuni transported by the wind.

Hypericum perforatum L., Shrubby St. ,Tohn 's-wort, European, is
mentioned by Reade as rare in waste grounds prior to 1883. It has not been
seen by any of the recent collectors, and, being of northern distribution in
Europe and naturalized in North America, would not be likely to become
naturalized in these islands. The plant is an erect perennial herh with blunt
narrow leaves and cymose yellow flowers, the o petals black-dotted. Reade 's
statement of its occurrence is copied by H. B. Small.

Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers., Guiana Vismia. South American,
recorded bv Jones in 1873, is a shrub with quadrangular twigs, opposite,

246

CLUSIACEAE.

petioled, ovate-elliptic, acuminate leaves 4'-6' long, and numerous small flowers
in terminal panicles, the five petals hairy, the fruit berry-like. H. B. Small
regarded the determination of this plant as doubtful.

Family 4. CLUSIACEAE Lindl.

Clusia Family.

Trees, with resinous sap, opposite, entire, leathery leaves, the mostly
dioecious or polygamous flowers in cymes or solitary. Sepals 2-6, imbri-
cated. Corolla of 1-9 hypogynous petals. Stamens numerous in the stam-
inate flowers, in the pistillate flowers usually represented by staminodes;
fllaments usually more or less united into a tube. Ovaflry 1-several-celled ;
styles stout, or wanting in some genera ; ovules one, several or many, borne
on axile placentae. Fruit baccate, drupaceous or capsular. Endosperm
none. About 40 genera and some 500 species, natives of tropical regions.

Jacq.

270.)
high,
base.

1. CALOPHYLLUM L.

Trees with short-petioled, coriaceous, pinnately striate-veined leaves, and
lateral, axillary or terminal, polygamous flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals
2-4; petals 1-4, or wanting. Stamens many, distinct, or their bases united;
filaments short; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 1-celled; style long or short,
the stigma peltate; ovule 1, erect. Fruit a drupe. [Greek, beautiful-leaved.]
About 25 species, mostly of tropical Asia, a few in tropical America, the fol-
lowing typical.

1. Calophyllum Calaba

Galea. Saxta Marl\. (Fig.
A tree, becoming at least 60°
often branched nearly to the
Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 3'-
6' long, glabrous, dark green, rounded
or slightly emarginate at the apex,
narrowed or obtuse at the base, shin-
ing, the midvein rather prominent,
the lateral veins very numerous and
close together; racemes lateral or
axillary, few-flowered, much shorter
than the leaves; pedicels rather stout,
2"-5" long; flowers white, fragrant,
the few petals about twice as long as
the orbicular sepals, or petals want-
ing; staminate flowers with about 50
stamens; pistillate flower w^ith a
short style, a globose ovary and
many staminodes; drupe nearly V in
diameter, the endocarp crustaceous.

Hillsides, hedges, and planted along roads. Introduced from the West Indies
and naturalized. Flowers in late summer and autumn.

Mammea americana L., Mammee Apple, West Indian, is represented by
a few trees in gardens; a fine tree may be seen at Par-la-Ville. It has thick,
leathery, oblong-obovate leaves 4'-8' long, few or solitary, large white axillary
flowers, and large, russet-colored drupes 3'-6' in diameter.

Garcinia Xanthochymus Hook, f., East Indian, is a small tree, related to
the Mangosteen, A tree 12° high, called ''Lemon Squash." was observed at
Belle\Tie in 1913; it has leathery oblong pointed entire leaves about 10' long

GLUSIACEAE.

247

and 4' wide, shining above, dull beneath, and ovoid pointed fleshy fruits
about 2' long.

Garcinia Livingstone! T. Anders., Livingstone's Garcinia, of tropical
Africa, an old plant of which was seen at Montrose in 1914, is another relative
of the Mangosteen, with elliptic, very obtuse, crenulate \ein\ short-petioled
leaves 3'-6' long, 1^^' wide, and edible fruit about 1' in diameter.

Family 5. TURNERACEAE H.B.K.

TuRXERA Family.

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes
with 2 glands at the base. Flowers mostly perfect, regular, axillary. Calyx
of 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla of 5 convolute deciduous petals. Stamens
5, inserted with or near the petals; filaments distinct; anther-sacs opening
lengthwise. Gynoecium compound, of 3 united carpels. Ovary free,
1-celled. Styles 3. Stigmas dilated or usually many-cleft. Ovules nu-
merous in 2 rows on the 3 parietal placentae, these opposite the three styles.
Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds slightly curved. Embryo straight in the
copious fleshy endosperm. Six genera and about 90 species, mostly of
trojDical distribution.

1. TURNERA L.

Shrubs or shrubby plants, with glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves few,
alternate, entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers solitary in the upper axils, or
sometimes in clusters. Sepals 5, more or less united, imbricated. Petals 5,
usually yellow, convolute, inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube. Stamens 5,
inserted near the petals; filaments somewhat flattened, distinct; anthers 2-
celled. Stigmas 3, brush-like. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds curved, with a pitted
or rough testa. [In honor of William Turner, English botanist.] About 60
species, all but one of them native of tropical and subtropical America, the
following typical.

1. Tumera ulmifolia L. Tur-
NERA. (Fig. 271.) A shrub, l°-3°
high, the slender branches ascending,
pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to
ovate, rather thin in texture, pubes-
cent beneath, li'-4' long, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the gland-bearing base of the blade,
sharply serrate, the pubescent petioles
V long or less; peduncles adnate to
the petioles; bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate; petals obovate, bright yellow,
much longer than the sepals; capsule
subglobose to ovoid, pubescent, about
3" long, many-seeded, the seeds cylin-
drie.

In thickets between Castle Harbor
and Harrington Sound, Abbot's Cliff and
Knapton Hill. Native. Florida ; West
Indies. Its seeds brought to Bermuda,
presumably, by a bird or by winds.
Occasionally grown in gardens. Flow-
ers in summer and autumn.

248 BIXACEAE.

Family 6. BIXACEAE Reiehenb.

Annatto Family.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple, toothed, lobed or entire.
Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 usually imbricated sepals. Corolla want-
ing, or of as many petals as the sepals, deciduous. Stamens few or many.
Anthers opening by apical chinks. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-several
parietal placentae which are sometimes well intruded. Styles as many as
the placentae, but united. Ovules 2-many on each placenta. Fruit a
valvate capsule, the valves bearing- the placentae. Seeds numerous, often
hairy. Four genera with about 20 species, of tropical regions.

Bixa Orellana L., Annatto, Arnotto, of tropical America, occasionally
grown for interest, is a shrub or small tree, up to 12° high, with glabrous,
slender-petioled, ovate, entire leaves 4'-7' long, acuminate at the apex and
cordate at the base ; its white or pink flowers are in terminal corymbs, with 5
deciduous sepals, 5 petals about 8" long, many stamens and a single pistil, the
ovary ripening into a 2-valved, soft-spiny, ovoid capsule about 1' long containing
many obpyramidal seeds, which yield the yellow dye.

Family 7. FLACOURTIACEAE Lindl.

Flacourtia Family.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate estipulate petioled simple leaves, and
small, often dioecious, regular flowers, mostly in axillary clusters. Sepals
usually 4 or 5 and imbricated. Petals present, or wanting. Stamens
hypogynous, usually numerous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-sev-
eral-celled; style mostly short. Fruit baccate, drupaceous or capsular.
About 70 genera and many species, of tropical distribution. There are no
native nor naturalized species in the Bennuda Flora.

Flacourtia Ramontchi L'Her., Madagascar Plum, Governor's Plum, of
Madagascar, occasionally planted, is a tree up to 30° high or more, with thin,
ovate to elliptic, pointed, crenate leaves 2'-3' long, small racemose yellowish
flowers without petals, mostly dioecious, and globose nearly black berry-like
fruits about A' in diameter.

Lefroy records the introduction of Flacourtia prunifdlia H.B.K., of
northern South America, at Mt. Langton, prior to 1877, and remarks that it
did not appear to thrive ; Jones also mentions it, and H. B. Small records its
disappearance prior to 1901.

Aberia Caffra Harv. & Sonder, Kei Apple, South African, a shrub or small
tree, armed with stout thorns 2'-3' long, the obovate-cuneate, entire obtuse
glabrous leaves l^'-3' long, the small clustered apetalous axillary flowers
dioecious, the fruit depressed-globose, I'-li' in diameter, has occasionally been
planted.

Family 8. VIOLACEAE DC.
Violet Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, with basal or alternate, simple, lobed or
entire stipulate leaves and solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly irregular
flowers. Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud, the
lower one larger or with a posterior spur. Stamens 5; anthers erect, con-

VIOLACEAE. 249

nivent or syngenesious. Ovary simple, l-eelled, with 3 parietal placentae.
Fruit usually a loculiciclal capsule. Seeds anatropous. About 15 genera
and 325 species, of wide distribution.

1. VIOLA [Tourn.] L.

Acaulescent and scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs, the flowers solitary or
rarely 2 ; early flowers petalif erous, often sterile, usually succeeded by apetalous
or cleistogamous flowers which are abundantly fertile. Petals spreading, the
lowermost one spurred or saccate; stamens 5, the two inferior ones spurred.
Capsule 3-valved, elastieally dehiscent. About 200 species, of wide distribution.
Type species: Viola odorata L.

1. Viola odorata L. English
OR Sweet Violet. (Eig. 272.)
Stolons rooting at the nodes; leaves
pubescent or glabrate, the blades
orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate,
obtuse, crenate, l'-2' wide; scapes
equalling the foliage; flowers fra-
grant, 10"-20" broad; sepals ob-
long, obtuse; petals beardless; cap-
sules from cleistogamous flowers
borne on short decumbent peduncles.

Occasionally escaped from gar-
dens, where it is commonly grown.
Native of Europe.

Viola tricolor L., Pansy,
Hearts-ease, also European in
origin, is grown in flower gardens
in a variety of races.

Order 23. PASSIFLORALES.

Herbs, tendril-bearing vines, shrubby i)lants, or succulent trees with a
milky sap. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers perfect, or when
dioecious, the staminate and pistillate very different. Calyx of 5 more or
less united sepals. Corolla of 5 distinct or partially united petals, some-
times accompanied by a fringed crown. Stamens 5 or 10 in 2 unequal rows.
Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae. Stigmas entire,
notched or forked. Fruit a berry or capsule.

Corolla not accompanied by a crown ; flowers mainly dioecious, the staminate and
pistillate different. ^ ^^^- ^- ^akkaceae.

Corolla accompanied by a crown (corona) ; flowers perfect. ^^ pxssiflor\ceae

all alike. ram. _. . . .

250

CARICACEAE.

Family 1. CARICACEAE Dumort.

Papaw Family.

Shnibs or trees, with milky sap. Leaves ample, broad, palmately 7-9-
lobed. Flowers unisexual or rarely perfect. Calyx short. Staminate
flowers with a salver-shaped corolla, its tube slender, the lobes 5, valvate
or convolute. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat of the corolla; filaments
short; anthers adnate to the filaments, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers with 5
distinct petals and no staminodia. Ovary compound, 1-celled, or some-
times spuriously 5-celled, free, sessile; stigmas 5, sessile; ovules numerous,
in two or many series on the 5 placentae. Fruit a large, fleshy berry.
Seeds numerous, flattened, with a roughened testa; endosperm fleshy; em-
bryo axile. There are two genera, the following, composed of about 25
species of tropical and subtropical distribution, and Jacaratia of tropical
Africa and America.

]. CARICA L.

Characters of the family. [Named from the fancied resemblance of the
fruit to that of the Fig.] Type species: Carica Papaya L.

1. Carica Papaya L. Cus-
tard Apple. Papaw. (Fig.
273.) A small tree, with a simple
wand-like stem, 8°-15° tall, leafy
at the top. Leaves large, thick,
suborbiciilar in outline, 10'-20'
broad, mostly palmately 7-lobed,
I^ale or glaucous beneath, each lobe
pinnately lobed, the segments ob-
tuse or acute, or the larger ones
acuminate; petioles stout; stami-
nate flowers in slender panicles
often 2° long; calyx of the stami-
nate flowers about 1" high, that
of the pistillate flowers 3"-5"
high, the lobes longer than the
tube; corolla yellow, that of the
staminate flowers aljout 1' long,
its tube slender, dilated near the
top, its lobes lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, barely one half as long
as the tube; corolla of the pistil-
late flowers longer, the petals dis-
tinct, lanceolate, twisted ; fruit
oblong to subglobose, 2'-6' long,
yellow or orange, with a milky
juice, often larger in cultivation.

Hillsides, waste and cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of the West In-
dies and souttiern Florida. Flowers in summer and autumn. Cutlivated for its
valuable edible fruit, from which papain is obtained. In Bermuda many staminate
trees have fertile flowers below the staminate and sometimes bear small fruits
abundantly. Recorded as introduced in 1616.

PASSIFLORACEAE.

251

Family 2. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort.

Passiox-flower Family.

Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, or erect herbs, with petioled usually
palmately-lobed leaves, and perfect regular flowers. Calyx-tube persistent.
Petals usually 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, distinct, or in some
species united. Stamens 5. Throat of the calyx crowned with a double or
triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform, monadelphous, or separate.
Ovai-y free from the calyx, 1-celled; placentae 3-5, parietal; styles 1-5.
Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded. About 18 genera and 325
species, of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in South America.

1. PASSIFLORA L.

Climbing tendril-bearing vines, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves, and
axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted j)eduncles. Calyx-tube mostly cup-
shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, imbricated in the bud, its
throat crowned with a fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5 (rarely none),
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments mona-
delphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers nar-
row, versatile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat, ovate;
endosperm fleshy. [Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of the
crucifixion.] About 300 species, mostly of tropical America, a few in Asia
and Australia. Type species : Passiflora incarnata L.

Flowers small; without an involucre or corolla; low short vine.
Flowers large ; involucre of 3 bracts ; long vines.

Involucre-bracts entire.

Involucre-bracts pectinate.

1. Passiflora suberdsa L. Small
Passion-flower. Ink Berry. (Fig.
274.) A vine, with glabrous or pubes-
cent foliage. Leaves ovate in outline,
2'-6' long, ciliate, 5-nerved at the
broadly cuneate or cordate base, en-
tire, toothed, or 3-lobed to 'above the
middle, the lobes ovate or triangular,
acute or acuminate, the middle one
much the larger ; petioles each with
2 glands at or above the middle; pe-
duncles surpassing the petioles, com-
monly in pairs; calyx greenish, 8"-
12" broad; sepals lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate; corolla wanting; crown-
filaments purjfle at the base, shorter
than the sepals; berries subglobose or
oval, purple to black, 4"-6" in diam-
eter. [P. minima L.]

Frequent on shaded rocks, on walls
and in thickets. Native. Florida and
the West Indies. Flowers in summer
and autumn. This is evidently the
small species mentioned by Lefroy as
undetermined by him.

1. P. ftuhrrofia.

2. P. incditiiitd.

3. P. inctinuta.

252

PASSIFLORACEAE.

2. Passiflora incarnata L.

Passion-flower. Passiox-vine.
(Fig. 275.) Stem glabrous, or
glightly pubescent above. Peti-
oles i'-2' long, with 2 glands
near the summit; leaves nearly
orbicular in outline, glabrous, or
often somewhat pubescent, 2V-
5' broad, somewhat cordate at
the base, the lobes ovate or
oval, acute or aeutish, finely
serrate; flowers solitary, li'-2'
broad; peduncles usually 3-
bracted just below the flowers;
calyx-lobes linear; berry ovoid,
nearly 2' long, glabrous, yellow.

Climbing on trees near Payn-
ter's Vale, 1905. Introduced.
Native of the southeastern United
States. Flowers in summer and
autumn. The vines observed in
1905 had' disappeared from the
locality in 1912. Perhaps others
exist elsewhere in Bermuda.
3. Passiflora pectinata Griseb. Pecti-
nate Passion-flower. (Fig. 276.) Gla-
brous, high-climbing or trailing. Leaves ovate,

rather firm in texture lV-3' long, crenate, 5-7-

nerved, somewhat contracted near the middle,

cordate at the base, acute or blunt at the

apex, with minute glands at the ends of the

veins, the petioles 1' long or less, eglandular;

tendrils slender, as long as the leaves, or

longer; flowers solitary in the upper axils,

about 2J' broad, on peduncles longer than the

petioles; involucre of 3 linear, pectinate or

pinnatifid bracts about 1' long; crown about

one half as long as the oblong, white sepals;

fruit ellipsoid, red, slightly fleshy, about 1'

long; seeds rough. [P. ciliata of Lefroy and

of Verrill.] '

On cliffs, Walsingham and Abbot's Cliff, and
on Hall s Island, Harrington Sound. Native Ba-
hamas. Flowers in summer and autumn The
fruits are known as " apricots." The seeds were
perhaps brought to Bermuda by a bird.

Passiflora laurifolia L., Water Lemon, West Indian, a high-climbing
species with thick entire evergreen ovate leaves, 3-4*' long, the short petioles
2-glandular near the base of the blade, the solitary axillary flowers about 2^'
broad, variegated, the crown violet, the edible berry ellipsoid, about 3' long, is
occasionally planted.

Passiflora coeriilea L., South American, a long glabrous vine with terete
or slightly angled stems, deeply 5-7-lobed thin leaves 3-5' broad, their lobes
oblong or oblong-lanceolate and acute, the flowers about 3' wide, the petals
white or pale rose, the white crown purplish at base and apex, the yellow berry
about lA' long, is grown for ornament.

PASSIFLORACEAE. 253

Passiflora malifomiis L., Water Lemon, of tropical America, mentioned

by Lefroy as fountl in gardens, is a high-climbing, glabrous vine, with ovate
thin entire acuminate leaves 3'-6' long, the slender petioles bearing 2 round
nearly flat glands; its large variegated flowers are subtended by 3 pointed
membranous whitish bracts about 1' long; the globose fruit is about IV hi
diameter.

Passiflora quadrangularis L., Graxadilla, tropical American, a long
glabrous vine with sharply 4-angled stems, broadly ovate, entire petioled
short-acuminate leaves 3-6' long, the petioles bearing 2 or 3 pairs of small
sessile glands, the large ovate stipules membranous and acute, the axillary,
involucrate flowers 3'-5' broad with rose-colored petals and violet crown, the
berry about A' thick, has been planted for ornament.

Passiflora edulis Sims, Water Lemon, Brazilian, a vine with 3-lobed
leaves, 3'-5' broad, the lobes acute and irregularly serrate, the petioles with
2 glands at the apex, the axillary flowers purplish, l^'-2' broad, involucrate by
2 small glandular-serrate bracts, the fruit a purple oblong edible berry, about
2J' long, is frequently planted and fruits abundantly.

Passiflora princeps Todd., a species with, showy crimson flowers in long
racemes, and deeply lobed leaves, was grown by Lefroy in a greenhouse at Mt.
Langton, prior to 1877, and flowered profusely.

Passiflora stipulata Aubl., South American, is a long glabrous vine with
angled stems, deeply 3-lobed leaves 3'-5' broad, subcordate at the base, the
foliaceous, subulate-tipped stipules V long or more, the petiole with 1 or 2
sessile glands; the showy flowers are 3'-4' broad, with rose-purple petals, the
crown violet above, purple below, with 3 bands of white spots, the stamens
orange. This vine is occasionally planted for ornament; its reference to P.
stipulata Aubl. is not wholly satisfactory.

Another Passion-flower, a slender vine with deeply 5-parted leaves, their
segments linear, 2'-3' long, the slender petiole bearing 2 small, sessile glands
at the middle, seen without flowers at Paget Eectory in 1914. has not been
determined specifically.

Lefroy records failure in growing two species of Tacsonia at Mt. Langton.

Order 24. BEGONIALES.

Herbs, mostly succulent, some slightly woody, a few species climbing.
Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or lobed, inequilateral; stipules 2, distinct,
usually caducous. Flowers cymose, monoecious, asymmetric, cymose on
axillary peduncles, bracted, mostly white or rose. Staminate flowers usually
with 2 opposite sepals, the petals, when present, imbricated; stamens
numerous, the anthers continuous with the filaments; ovary rudimentary or
wanting. Pistillate flowers usually with 2-5 perianth-segrments and without
stamens; ovary commonly 3-celled; styles 2-5, commonly 2-cleft; ovules
very numerous, anatropous. Fruit capsular, dehiscent, or rarely baccate.
Seeds many, minute, reticulated, with little endosperm or none. Only one
family.

Family 1. BEGONIACEAE Lindl.
Begoxia Family.

Two genera comprising, perhaps, 400 species, mostly of tropical regions.

254 BEGONIACEAE.

1. BEGONIA L.

A number of kinds of Begonias are grown in gardens and in greenhouses.

Begonia fuchsioides Hook., Fuchsia-like Begonia, of Northern South
America, is glabrous, or nearly so, abouit 2° high, with small green elliptic-
ovate, finely serrate leaves I'-li' long, and scarlet flowers in drooping clusters.

Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schl., Cow-parsnip Begonia, Mexican, has
palmately-lobed, long-petioled leaves 12' broad or less, the stout petioles long-
hairy, the leaf-lobes variously toothed, the long, upright peduncles bearing
numerous, slender-pedicelled, white or pinkish flowers.

Begonia goegoensis BroAATi, Fire-king Begonia, Sumatran, is glabrous,
with long-petioled, broadly ovate, short-acuminate, entire peltate radiate-
veined, usually blotched and rugose leaves 4'-7' long, and long-peduncled clus-
ters of pinkish flowers.

Begonia ulmifolia Willd., Elm-leaved Begonia, of Trinidad and South
America, recorded by Lefroy, is a leafy species, 2°-5° high, pubescent with
brownish hairs, the obliquely elliptic, doubly serrate, pinnately-veined leaves 3'—
8' long, the white or pinkish flowers in much-branched clusters.

Begonia hydrocotylifolia Otto, Marsh-Pennywort Begonia, Mexican, also
recorded by Lefroy, is pubescent all over, with nearly orbicular, cordate, short-
petioled leaves 2' broad or less, the peduncles about 1° high, bearing rose-red
flowers.

Begonia minor Jacq., Jamaica Begonia, of Jamaica, a glabrous branched
species 2°-4° high, with very obliquely ovate, subcordate, acuminate nearly
entire leaves 2'^' long, and numerous white flowers in large cymes, is occa-
sionally grown.

Begonia Rex Putz, Rex Begonia, of Assam, has short fleshy rootstocks,
differing in this feature from all the preceding species, which have fibrous
roots; its long-petioled, obliquely ovate, cordate pubescent leaves are basal,
green with a silvery-grey zone, and undulate-margined; its showy rose-colored
flowers are 2' broad or less.

Order 25. OPUNTIALES.

Fleshy plants, with continuous or jointed stems, leafless, or with small
leaves {PeresJcia has normal leaves), generally abundantly spiny, the spines
developed from cushions of wool or minute bristles (areolae). Flowers
mostly solitary, sessile, perfect, regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, its limb many-lobed. Petals numerous, imbricated in several rows,
mostly distinct. Stamens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx.
Filaments filiform; anthers small. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous, anat-
ropous, borne on several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elongated;
stigmas numerous. Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes nearly dry.
Seeds smooth, or tubercled, the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endo-
sperm little, or copious. Only one family.

Family 1. CACTACEAE Lindl.

Cactus Family.

Characters of the order. About 100 genera and at least 1000 species,
nearly all natives of America.

CACTACEAE.

255

Corolla rotate, without a tube ; joints of the plant flat or cylindric ; day-floworing.

1. Opuntia.
Corolla funnelform, with a long tube ; joints trigonous ; night-flower-
ing. 2. Ilylocercus.

1. OPUNTIA Mill.
Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric,
and small mostly subulate deciduous leaves, the areolae axillary, often spine-
bearing. Flowers usually lateral; Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary,
its lobes spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens
very numerous. Ovary cylindric, exserted; style cylindric, longer than the
stamens; stigma 2-7-rayed. Berry pear-shaped, often spiny. [Named from
a town in Greece where some species grew.] About 200 species, natives of
America. Type species : Cactus Opuntia L.

1. Opuntia Dillenii (Ker.) Haw.
Prickly Pear. (Fig. 277.) Bushy-
branched, 14°-5° high, often forming
masses 6° in diameter. Joints green,
glabrous, mostly obovate and 5'-10'
long, about 4" thick, crenate, the
areoles I'-li' apart, somewhat ele-
vated, bearing 1-4 stout yellow
spines J'-li' long, or spineless, the
numerous glochides yellowish to
brownish, 3" long or less; flowers
solitary at the areoles, often abun-
dant, bright yellow, about 3' broad ;
ovary obovoid, with glochide-bearing
areoles; petals obovate; stamens
much shorter than the petals; fruit
pyrif orm, red-purple, edible, 2'-3' long.
[Cactus Dillenii Ker; Opuntia Tuna
of Lefroy, Jones, H. B. Small, Hems-
ley, Verrill and Moore; 0. vulgaris
of Eeade, Kemp, H. B. Small and
Harshberger; Cactus Opuntia of
Michaux.]

Common in sandy soil near the coasts, and occasional on hillsides inland.
Native, Florida and the West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn. The only
native cactus. In shade, the joints greatly elongate and are proportionately nar-
rower, sometimes 1° long and only 2Y wide, spineless, or nearly so.

Opuntia pes-corvi LeConte, a low, brown-spined species of Georgia and
Florida, with small joints readily separating, is recorded as Bormudian by
Eein and Lefroy and admitted by Hemsley and by Verrill, in all probability
erroneously, as it has not been found by subsequent collectors.

Opuntia tomentosa Salm-Dyck, Tall Velvety Prickly Pear, Mexican, is
grown for interest, attaining a height of 15°-20° with a roughish trunk up to
nearly a foot in diameter. A fine specimen existed in 1014, on a bank near the
roadside, approaching St. George's. The joints of this species are dull green
and finely velvety, and the flowers small and rose-colored.

Opuntia Ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Tall Smooth Prickly Pear, tropical
American, with large, nearly or quite smooth and often spineless joints, is
occasionally grown; its oblong yellowish fruits are about 3' long.

Opuntia leucotricha DC, Aaron's Beard, Mexican, a tall broad-jointed
species, covered with long, whitish stiff hairs, is occasionally planted for in-
terest. Fine specimens were seen at Whitehall and Caledonia Park, st
George's, in 1913.

256

CACTACEAE.

Several other species of Opuntia were planted at Mount Langton by
Lefroy; in 1914 ten species were sent to Paget Eectory from the New York
Botanical Garden. The plant recorded by H. B. Small as Opuntia candelabra
has not been identified.

Nopalea cochinellifera (L.) Salm-Dyck, Cochineel Cactus, a nearly
smooth flat-jointed' shining cactus, differing from Opuntia in having the
stamens much longer than the small petals, is commonly grown in gardens.
This plant supports the cochineel insect in tropical America, where it is
abundant. [Opuntia cochinellifera Mill.]

Seven species of the Mexican genus Pereskiopsis, cacti with broad leaves,
similar to PeresMa, were planted at Paynter's Vale in 1912 and were growing
well in 1913.

2. HYLOCEREUS Britton & Eose.

Climbing or trailing cacti, with 3-winged or 3-angled, mostly stout stems
and branches emitting aerial roots, but bearing no leaves, the areoles borne on
the wings or angles and armed with few or several short spines. Flowers
nocturnal, very large, regular, the ovary and tube bearing large, ovate to
linear-lanceolate scales, the perianth-segments numerous, linear or narrowly
lanceolate, widely spreading, the outer green, the inner mostly bright white.
Stamens very many. Fruit a scaly berry, not spiny nor bristly. [Greek,
forest-cereus.] About 20 species, native of tropical America. Type species:
Hylocereus triangularis (L.) Britton S Eose.

1. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.)
Britton & Eose. Night-blooming
Ceeeus. (Fig. 278.) Stems stout,
fleshy, glabrous, sometimes 20° long,
often climbing on trees, the branches
l°-4° long, green, 3-winged, the
wings flat, V-V broad, coarsely cre-
nate, their margins with a narrow
horny border; spines 2-5 at each
areole, brownish, li"-2" long; flow-
ers about 1° long, the tube about IV
thick, rather shorter than the limb,
bearing several linear-lanceolate
scales li'-3' long; ovary l'-2' long,
bearing several ovate, acute scales 1'
long or less; style stout, about as
long as the stamens; berry oblong,
red, pulpy, about 3' long, covered
with ovate scales. [Cereus tricosta-
tus Gosselin; C. undatios Haw.;
Cereus triangularis of Lefroy, Eeade
and Jones; Cereus compressus of Moore.]

Banks and thickets, escaped from cultivation ; common in gardens. Native of
Mexico. Naturalized in Florida and tne West Indies.

Selenicereus grandifidrus (L.) Britton & Eose, Queen of the Night,
West Indian, a climbing species, with round fluted prickly stems, its large
white, bell-shaped, hairy flowers opening at night, is commonly planted.
[Cactus grandiflorus L.]

Epiphyllum latifrons Zucc, Broad Epiphtllum, Mexican, a large, entirely
spineless flat-stemmed cactus, with large white nocturnal funnelform flowers,
is occasional in gardens. [Phyllocactus latifrons Link.]

CACTACEAE. 257

Cactus Melocactus'L., Turk's Cap, Jamaican, a globose cactus a foot or
more in diameter with numerous strongly spiny ribs, and a woolly top bearing
small pink or rose flowers and narrowly pyriform pink fruits, is mentioned by
Eeade and by Lefroy as commonly grown prior to 1879, and is now occasionally
seen. [Melocactus communis DC]

Pereskia grandifolia Haw., Bush Pereskia, South American, a s-piny shrub
with oval or oblong, smooth entire leaves and terminal clusters of rose-
colored or purple flowers, is occasional in gardens, planted for ornament. The
genus Pereskia differs from other Cacti in having normal leaves. [P. Bleo
of Reade and of Lefroy.]

Pereskia Pereskia (L.) Karsten, Barbadoes Gooseberry, tropical
American, a high-climbing spiny vine, with similar leaves to those of the
preceding species, but smaller, and large clusters of white or cream-colored
fragrant flowers, followed by leafy edible yellowish berries, is also occasionally
planted for ornament. \^Cactus Pereskia L. ; P. aculeata Mill.)

Zygocactus truncatus (Haw.) Schumann, Crab Cactus, Brazilian, grown
in greenhouses, is spineless, about 1° long, with flat jointed stems V-V broad,
the thin, oblong joints l-i'-2' long, united only through the middle, bearing
2 or 3 ascending, prominent teeth on both margins; the red to rose-colored,
irregular flowers are about 3' long. [Epiphyllum truncatum Haw.]

The following cacti were sent to Paget Rectory from the New York
Botanical Garden in 1914.

Cereus lepidotiis Salm-Dyck, Venezuelan.

Nyctocereus serpentinus (Lag. & Rodr.) Britton & Rose, Mexican.

Acanthocereus pentagonus (L.) Britton & Rose, Tropical American.

Cephalocereus leucocephalus (Poselg.) Britton & Rose, Mexican.

Cephalocereiis Brooksianus Britton & Rose, Cuban.

Lemaireocereus griseus (Haw.) Britton & Rose, South American.

Lemaireocereus Hystrix (Salm-Dyck) Britton k Rose, West Indian.

Harrisia portoricensis Britton, Porto Rican.

Harrisia gracilis (Mill.) Britton, Jamaican.

Harrisia eriophora (Pfeiff.) Britton, Cuban.

Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm., Texan.

EcJiinocactus pemviamos Schumann, Peruvian.

Mamillaria nivosa Link, West Indian.

Order 26. MYRTALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, unarmed, sometimes aquatic or amphibious.

Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers regailar or irregular, complete, and

often showy, or reduced to a stamen and pistil adnate to the hypanthium.

Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary or adnate to it. Stamens few or

many. Anthers opening by slits or pores. Stigma terminating the style,

or sessile. Fruit capsular or baccate, or resembling an achene.

Style present, simple or compound ; stigma terminal.

Anthers opening by pores. Fam. 1. Mki.astomaceae.

Antliers opening by longitudinal valves.

Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. I.vthb.vceae.

Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so.
Cotvledons spirally convolute in the embryo,
bvarv several-celled ; ovules numerous, not

pendulous. Fam. 8. Pimcaceae.

Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 2-5. pendulous. Fam. 4. 1>;rminai.i.\ceae.

Cotyledons not spirally convolute.

Sepals imbricated or united and the calyx _

falling away as a cap. Fam. ... Mvrtaceae.

18

258 MELASTOMACEAE.

Sepals valvate.

Leaves stipulate ; sepals leathery, Fam, 6, Rhizophoraceae.

Leaves not stipulate ; sepals mem-
branous or herbaceous. Fam. 7. Oxagraceae.
Style wanting ; stigmas sessile. Fam. 8. Haloragidaceae.

Family 1. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br.

Meadow-Beauty Family.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite 3-9-nerved leaves, and regular
perfect often shoA^y but rarelj^ odorous flowers. Stipules none. Calyx-
tube usually 4r-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals as many as the lobes
of the calyx, and inserted on its throat, imbricated. Stamens twice as
many, or equal in number to the petals, often inclined or declined, the alter-
nate ones sometimes shorter. Ovary 2-several-celled (often 4-celled) ; style
terminal, simple; ovules oo, anatropous. Capsule included in the calyx-
tube, irregularly or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mainly small, with no
endosperm. About 150 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed in trop-
ical regions, most abundant in South xVmerica.

Medinilla magnifica Lindl., Eed Medinilla, of the Philippine Islands,
seen at Bellevue in 1914, is a shrub ^vith stout 4-angled branches, thick dark
green, strongly 3-13-nerved, broadly ovate or elliptic, acute sessile leaves 6-10'
long, and elegant panicles, often 1° long, of red flowers about 1' across.

Family 2. LYTHRACEAE Lindl.
Loosestrife Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or often trees in the tropics. Leaves mostly opposite,
usually entire. Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered. Calyx-tube en-
closing the ovarj^, but free ; calyx-lobes mostly 4—6, commonly accompanied
by accessory teeth. Corolla of 4 to 6 petals, or wanting. Filaments mostly
filifoiTti; anthers versatile. Ovary 2-6-celled, or rarely 1-celled. Styles
united. Stigmas entire or rarely 2-lobed. Ovules anatropous. Fruit a
thin-walled or firm capsule enclosed in the hypanthium. Seeds variously
marked or roughened. Embryo straight.

Lagerstroemia indica L., Queen of Shrubs, Crape Myrtle, Asiatic,
grown for ornament, is a tall .shrub or small tree, with rather small entire
mostly opposite leaves and showy, pink or sometimes white flowers in terminal
clusters; the floAxers have 6 clawed crisped petals, and many long filaments;
the fruit is a leathery 3-6-valved capsule. The plant blooms from spring to
early autumn.

Parsonsia micropetala (H.B.K.) Britton, Small-petaled Parsonsia, Mex-
ican, seen at Paget Eectory in 1914, is a somewhat rough shrub 2°-3i° high,
with opposite petioled oblong-lanceolate leaves 2-4' long, or the upper alter-
nate, smaller, and racemose leafy-bracted flowers, the tubular calyx about 1'
long, 12-nerved and 12-toothed, scarlet at base, yellow above, the 6 petals
minute, the stamens red. [Cuphea micropetala H.B.K. ]

Family 3. PUNICACEAE Horan.
Pomegraxate Family.

Shrubs or small trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite or nearly
so, entire. Flowers perfect, showy, solitary or clustered in the axils, short-
peduncled. Calyx leatheiw, turbinate, adnate to the ovary, its lobes 5-7.
Corolla of 5-7 petals inserted at the throat of the calyx-tube, wrinkled.

PUNICACEAE.

259

Stamens numerous in many series on the ealj'x-tube; filaments filiform;
anthers versatile. Ovary several-celled, inferior; styles united; stigma
slightly lobed. Ovules numerous, superposed in 2 series. Fruit a several-
celled berry crowned with the calyx, with a leathery coat, its septa mem-
branous. Seeds angled, in a watery pulp, with a leathery testa. Embryo
with spirally convolute cotyledons, each auricled at the base. Only the
following genus containing the one typical species and perhaps one other.

Characters of the family,
where the fruit was obtained.]

1. PUNICA L.
[Latin, from the Roman name for Carthage,

1. Punica Granatum L. Pomegranate.
(Fig. 279.) A shrub, or a tree reaching a
height of 20°. Foliage glabrous; leaves
leathery, oval, elliptic or oblong, varying to
broadest slightly above or below the middle,
I'-SV long, obtuse or acute, or rarely retuse,
flat, short-petioled ; peduncles stout, 1-several-
flowered; calyx tube turbinate, becoming
campanulate, later subglobose; lobes trian-
gular or triangidar-lanceolate, much shorter
than the tube, acute, finally deciduous; petals
scarlet, their blades suborbicular or orbicular-
obovate, 1' long or less, short-clawed; fruit
subglobose or spheroidal, 2V-5' in diameter.

Commonly planted, and locally escaped from
cultivation and naturalized. Native of Persia.
Recorded as grown in Bermuda as early as 1621.

Family 4. TERMINALIACEAE J. St. Hil.

White Mangrove Family.

Shrubs or trees, or vines in tropical regions. Leaves alternate or oppo-
site, simple, leathery^ ; stipules wanting. Inflorescence racemose or capitate.
Flowers often apetalous, regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx with 4
or 5 valvate, deciduous or rarely persistent sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 petals,
inserted at the base of the calyx, or wanting. Stamens twice as nuniy as
the petals or more; filaments distinct; anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled;
style terminal; stigma entire or nearly so. Ovules few, suspended, anat-
ropous. Fruit drupaceous or beriy-like, indehiscent, often crowned with
the accrescent calyx. Seed solitary, filling the cavity; endosperm none;
embryo straight, with convolute cotyledons. About 15 genera and 285
species, tropical in distribution, most abundant in the Old World.

1. CONOCARPUS L.

A shrub or tree of the seaeoast, with alternate entire leathery leaves, the
petioles 2-glandular, the small greenish perfect flowers in spicate or panicled

260

TERMINALIACEAE.

heads. Calyx- tube flattened, not prolonged beyond the ovary; sepals 5, de-
ciduous. Petals none. Stamens mostly 5, with slender elongated filaments
and cordate anthers. Style pubescent. Ovules 2. Drupes scale-like, densely
aggregated. Seeds flat; cotyledons convolute. [Greek, referring to the cone-
like heads of fruit.] A monotypic American genus.

1. Conocarpus erecta L. Sea Mul-
berry. Bark. Buttoxvtood. Button
Alder. (Fig. 279.) A glabrate or silky-
pubescent shrub or tree, sometimes 30°
tall, sometimes less than 3° high, with
angled or winged twigs. Leaves l'-2'
long, elliptic to oval, acute or acumi-
nate at both ends, entire, short-petioled ;
racemes l'-2' long, peduncled; heads 2-i"-
4" in diameter at flowering time ; calyx-
tube funnel-like, greenish, a little over
i" long; sepals triangular-ovate, about
as long as the limb of the calyx, finely
pubescent; stamens and style 5"-7" long;
drupes scale-like, 2-winged, '2"-3-J" long.
[C. prociimhens of Eeade; Laguncularia
racemosa of Lefroy, the error copied by
Yerrill; Cephalanthus occidentalis of
Jones; Conocarpus racemosus of Jones.]

Common along the coasts, in sheltered
situations erect, where wind-swept prostrate.
Native. Florida and the West Indies.
Flowers in autumn and winter. Its seeds
doubtless reached Bermuda by floating. Its
bark was formerly used for tanning.

Terminalia Catappa L., West Indian or Demarara Almond, a tropical
Malayan tree sometimes 50° tall, with widely spreading branches, alternate,
oval to obovate, entire short-petioled leaves 6-12' long, slender spikes of small
greenish-white flowers without petals, and elliptic 2-edged flattened drupes
about 2V long, is occasionally planted for shade and ornament, and might
well be more used.

Terminalia Arjuna Beddome, Arjun, East Indian, a tree reaching 80° in
height, with smooth bark, subopposite glabrate short-petioled oblong obtuse
leaves 3'-6' long, small flowers in panicled spikes, the obovoid-oblong, 5-
winged fruits l'-2' long, was seen at Dunbarton in 1914, as a tree about 40"^
high with a trunk 20' in circumference, raised from seed from Ceylon.

Quisqualis indica L., Eangoon Creeper, from the Old World tropics, a
long woody vine, with opposite short-stalked elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,
entire acuminate leaves 3' or 4' long, terminal drooping spikes of elongated
flowers, the very slender calyx-tube about 3' long, its short lobes triangular,
the 5 red petals oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, 8" or 9" long, the leathery capsules
5-angled, is grown on walls for ornament.

MYRTACEAE.

261

Family 5. MYRTACEAE R. Br.

Myrtle Family.

Shrubs or trees, abounding in pungent and aromatic volatile oil. Leaves
opposite, or rarely alternate or whorled, simple, pellueid-punctate. Stipules
wanting. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx with 4, 5 or many valvate or
imbricated persistent sepals, or cap-like and deciduous. Petals inserted
on the margin of a disk, or sometimes wanting. Stamens numerous or very
rarely as many as the sepals ; filaments distinct or partially united ; anthers
opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior or partly so, in a fleshy disk,
1-many-celled. Styles terminal or rarely lateral, united. Stigma usually
terminal, entire. Ovules solitary or numerous. Fruit often crowned with
the calyx. Seeds straight, often angled; testa membranous or crustaceous;
endosperm wanting. A large family, consisting of about 70 genera and
some 2700 species, mostly tropical.

1. EUGENIA L.

Shrubs or trees, with usually glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite, commonly
leathery, pinnately veined, the flowers axillary, solitary, or in umbel-like
raceme-like or congested clusters. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, white.
Stamens numerous; filaments filiform, distinct and in several series, or aggre-
gated into 4 groups and slightly united. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Ovules
several in each cavity. Berries crowned by the calyx-lobes. Seeds often 1— i.
Embryo with thick cotyledons and a short radicle. [Named in honor of
Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736) a patron of botany and horticulture.]
About 600 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Eugenia uniflora L.

Flowers glomerate in the axils, short-pedicelled : fruit black, smooth. 1. /;. axillaris.
Flowers solitary or few together, long-pedicelled ; fruit red, ribbed. 2. E. uni flora.

1. Eugenia axillaris (Sw.)
Willd. White Stopper. (Fig.
281.) A shrub or tree, reaching a
height of 20°, with a maximum
trunk diameter of about 10', the
bark shallowly fissured, the
branchlets terete. Leaves elliptic-
ovate or nearly elliptic, unpleas-
antly odorous, 14'-3' long, i-evo-
lute-margined, paler beneath than
above and black-dotted; the peti
oles l"-3" long, margined ; racemes
cluster-like, axillary ; pedicels short,
pubescent; calyx-lobes 4, rounded;
corolla about 2" broad; petals 4,
surpassing the calyx-lobes, gland-
ular-punctate ; fruit depressed-
globose, 5"-6" in diameter, black,
smooth, glandular-punctate, sweet.
[Myrtus axillaris Sw. ; E. monti-
cola of Reade, Verrill, Hemsley
and Millspaugh.]

Abundant on the south side of St. David's Island ?nd on Cooper's Island ; fre-
quent between Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound : Hall s Island ^^^^/^^ts Cliff .
Boaz Island. Native. Florida and the West Indies. Flowers in summer and
autumn. Its seed was probably brought to Bermuda by a bird.

262

MYRTACEAE.

2. Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam
Cherry. (Fig. 282.) A shrub or
small tree up to 15° high, with slen-
der branches. Leaves ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, dark green and shining
above, paler beneath, bluntly acute or
acuminate at the apex, rounded at
the base, dotted, thin in texture, 1'-
2V long; pedicels solitary or few to-
gether, glabrous, about 1' long ; calyx-
lobes obtusish; petals about twice as
long as the calyx-lobes; fruit sub-
globose, furrowed, 4"-5" in diameter,
bright-red, spicy, edible. [E. Michelii
Lam. ; E. Ugni of Reade and of H. B.
Small; E. hrasiliensis of Eeade?]

Thickets and hillsides. Naturalized.
Native of South America. Flowers in
spring. Its fruit is much used for pre-
serves and jellies, but as it harbors the
fruit fly. the tree has been largely cut
out in recent years.

Eugenia floribunda West, Guava-berry, West Indian, occasionally planted
for interest and for its fruits, is a small slender tree, with short-petioled,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leaves 1-2*' long, clustered, axillary or lateral,
nearly sessile small white flowers and globose fruits about 1' in diameter.

2. PSIDIUM L.

Trees or shrubs with pinnately-veined leaves and large axillary or lateral,
solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx-tube somewhat prolonged beyond the
ovary, its 4 or 5 lobes often united in the bud, irregularly parting at anthesis.
Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments in sev-
eral series. Ovary 4-5-celled ; ovules several or many in each cavity. Embryo
curved, with small cotyledons and a long radicle. [Greek, referring to the
edible fruit.] About 100 species, the following typical.

1. Psidium Guajava L. Guava.
(Fig. 283.) A shrub, or a small
tree sometimes 15° tall, with pubes-
cent 4-angled branchlets. Leaves
firm-leathery, oblong or nearly so,
li'-4' long, mostly obtuse, pubes-
cent beneath, with prominent rib-
like nerves, short-petioled; calyx-
lobes 5"-7" long, united in tHe
bud; petals 7"-10" long; berries
globular or pyriform, V-2V in
diameter. [P. pomiferum L.)

Commonly planted. Locally es-
caped from cultivation and natural-
ized. Native of tropical America.
Flowers in summer. Its fruits much
used for the well-known guava jelly.

MYETACEAE.

263

Psidium Cattleyanum Sabine, Purple Guava, Strawberry Guava, Bra-
zilian, occasionally planted for its fruit, which is pulpy, purplish, globose,
about 1' long, has obovate leaves, wedge-shaped at the base, calyx-lobes
separate in the bud, smaller flowers, and is a small tree with terete branches.
Yerrill uses the common name ''Guava Berry" for this plant and cites Le-
froy's record, but this name belongs- to Eugenia floriiunda West, of the West
Indies. A fine plant at Paget Eectory was about 10° high in 1914, the trunk
12' in girth.

Psidium amplexicaCQe Pers. [P. cordatum Sims.], Mountain Guava, of
the Virgin Islands, a shrub with orbicular subcordate short-petioled leaves,
recorded by Lefroy as grown at Somerville, died some years ago.

3. PIMENTA Lindl.
A tree with nearly smooth bark, oblong or elliptic, petioled aromatic
pinnately-veined leaves, and small white 4-parted flowers, borne in compound
cymes in the upper axils. Calyx-tube campanulate, its lobes spreading, per-
sistent. Petals spreading. Stamens numerous, in several series. Stigma pel-
tate; ovary 2-celled; ovules mostly solitary in each cavity. Fruit berry-like,
aromatic. Seeds few, subglobose; embryo spiral. [Greek, rich in oil.] A
monotypic genus of the West Indies and Central America.

1. Pimenta Pimenta (L.) Cockerell.
Allspice. Pimento. (Fig. 284.) Becoming
40° high or more, glabrous, except the puberu-
lent inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, 3'-6'
long, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed at
the base, with petioles about A' long, the veins
rather prominent beneath; cymes stalked,
many-flowered; flowers about 3" broad; calyx-
lobes blunt; ovary puberulent; berries sub-
globose, about 3" in diameter, usually 2-
seeded. [Myrtus Pimenta L. ; P. officinalis
Lindl.; P. vulgaris Lindl.]

Hillsides. Very abundant in Warwick. Nat.-
uralized. Native of Jamaica, Cuba and Central
America. Flowers in summer and autumn. Com-
monly planted.

Myrtus communis L., Myrtle, Sv^eet
Myrtle, of southern Europe, is a shrub 3°-10°
high, with opposite, nearly sessile, oblong to
lanceolatenacute, aromatic leaves 1-2^ long, the flowers solitary in the axils on
peduncles about as long as the leaves; the peduncles bear 2 narrow bractlets,
and the fruit is a small black berry. It is not uncommonly planted for orna-
ment and interest.

Amomis caryophyllata (Jacq.) Krug & Urban, Bay or Bay Bum Tree,
West Indian, a tree up to 25° high, with leathery, elliptic to obovate, obtuse
short-petioled leaves 2-5' long, bright green and shining above, dull beneath,
finely reticulate-veined, the small white 5-parted flowers in large conii>ound cymes,
the ovoid fruits about 5" long, is planted for ornament and for its aromatic
leaves. There is a perfect specimen on the lawn at Mt. Langton. [Miirius
caryophyllata Jacq.; M. acris Sw. ; Pimenta acris Kostel.]

Anamomis fragrans (Sw.) Griseb., Fragrant An amomis. Jamaican,
recorded by Jones in 1873 as grown in Bermuda, is a tree, up to 25° high, with

264 MYBTACEAE.

oval or obovate, short-petioled, rather thick leaves about 2' long, and small,
Tvhite flowers in cymes. [Myrtus fragrans Sw.]

Jambos Jambos (L.) Millsp., Eose-apple, East Indian, but widely
naturalized in the West Indies, is a tree up to 40° high, with firm glabrous
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, short-petioled leaves 5'-8' long, about
1' wide or less, and terminal corymbs of. few large white flowers, with many
stamens I'-li' long, much surpassing the petals; its subglobose fruits are about
1' long. This tree is occasional in gardens; the fine specimen at Par-la- Ville
flowered in 1914. [Eugenia jambos L. ; Jamhosa vulgaris DC]

Jambos malacensis (L.) DC, Malay Apple, also East Indian, recorded
by Lefroy as fruiting at Par-la- Ville in 1878, has broader leaves and lateral
corymbs of smaller purple flowers, the top-shaped, red fruit about 4' long.
[Eugeiiia malacensis L.]

Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC, Java Plum, Jambolan, of south-
eastern Asia, a tree up to 50° high, with evergreen firm closely-veined, oval
slender-petioled leaves 3'-6' long, not glandular-dotted, the small white flowers
in terminal panicled cymes, the 4 or 5 petals cohering in a cap, the edible
berries g'-f long, is not uncommonly planted. Large trees were seen at
Montrose and at Bellevue in 1914. [Eugenia jamdolana Lam.]

Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Australian Blue Gum, Australian, com-
monly planted, is a tall, nearly smooth-barked tree, attaining 200° or more in
its native forests. Like some other species of the genus the leaves of shoots
are quite different from the mature foliage; in this, the shoot-leaves are oppo-
site, thin, ovate, cordate-clasping or connate at the base, whitish-waxy beneath,
3'-6' long; the later leaves are alternate, thick, petioled, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate and, somewhat curved; the flowers are axillary, the obconic calyx-
tube and its lid verrucose, waxy.

Eucalyptus robusta Smith, Swamp-mahogany Gum, Australian, occa-
sionally planted, is a tree, becoming up to 100° high, with roughish bark, its
mature leaves broadly lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate, finely pinnately-veined,
5'-7' long, their stout petioles about ^' long; its clustered large white flowers
are axillary, the calyx-lid with a conic tip.

Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, King Eucalyptus. Eed AustFvAlian Gum,
also planted, is tall, roughish-barked, with slender-petioled lanceolate curved
acuminate leaves 4'-6' long, small flowers and fruits, the calyx-lid conic, longer
than the calyx-tube. Lefroy notes that this species resisted the wind.

Eucalyptus coriacea Cunn., Australian White Gum, mentioned by Le-
froy as making poor growth, does not appear to exist here at the present time.

Eucalyptus polyanthemos Sehauer, Eed Box-tree, Australian, a tree which
becomes 150° high with a roughish brown bark, and has orbicular or broadly
ovate, slender-petioled mature leaves V-2V broad, its small white flowers
panicled, the calyx-lid short, was grown from seed at the Agricultural Station,
where a quantity of young plants, about 3° high, were seen in 1913.

Eucaljrptus saligna Smith, NARROw^-LEA\rED Australian Gum, seen at the
Agricultural Station in 1913, has linear-lanceolate leaves with spreading veins,
small, capitate flowers, the bluntly conic lid longer than the calyx-tube, the
fruit about 4" in diameter.

Eucalyptus rostrata Schlecht., Eed Australian Gum, also seen at the
Agricultural Station, reaches a height of 200° in Australia, has narrowly
lanceolate, more or less curved leaves 5'-7' long, with ascending veins, umbel-
late flowers, the usually beaked lid as long as the calyx-tube or longer, the
globose fruit 2A"-3" in diameter.

Callistemon lanceolatus (Smith) DC, Bottle Brush, Australian, also in
the collection at the Agricultural Station in 1913, is a shrub or small tree with
thick lanceolate acute leaves l'-3' long, the showy flowers in cylindric spikes
about 4' long, the numerous red long-exserted stamens about I'long.

RHIZOPHORACEAE.

266

Family 6. RHIZOPHORACEAE Lindl.

]Mangrove Family.

Shrubs or trees, with terete branches and usually glabrous foliage.
Leaves usually opposite, leatherj^, with stipules. Flowers perfect, solitary
in the axils or in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx with 3 or 4 val-
vate sepals.- Petals as many as the sepals, 2-cleft or lacerate. Stamens
twice or four times as many as the petals, or rarely of the same number,
inserted at the base of a disk ; filaments short or elongated ; anthers 2-celled,
opening lengthwise. Ovary inferior, or partly inferior, usually 2-5-celled
or rarely 1-celled; styles united; stigmas sometimes lobed. Ovules 2 or
rarely 4 or more in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit leathery, crowned with
the calyx, indehiscent or tardily septicidal. The family consists of about
15 genera, containing some 50 species, natives of tropical and subtropical
regions.

1. RHIZOPHORA L.

Evergreen maritime trees, with an astringent bark, and stout pithy branch-
lets. Leaves opposite, entire; stipules elongated, interpetiolar, caducous.
Flowers cream-colored or yellow, 2 or several on forking peduncles. Calyx-
tube short, adnate to the base of the ovary, the 4 lobes leathery. Petals 4,
emarginate, leathery. Stamens 4-12, alternate with the petals; filaments
short. Ovary 2-eelled, half-inferior, produced into a fleshy cone. Stigma 2-
lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit pendulous, 1-eelled, leathery. Seed
solitary, germinating in the persistent fruit, the elongating radicle sometimes
reaching the ground before the fruit falls. Endosperm wanting. [Greek,
root-bearing.] Three known species, the following typical, the others natives
of the Old World tropics.

1. Rhizophora Mangle L. Man-
grove. (Fig. 285.) A shrub or tree,
reaching a height of 30° or more, form-
ing impenetrable thickets by the greatly
elongating radicles of the embryo and
the numerous roots. Leaves 2'-6' long,
leathery, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, ob-
tuse, with a stout midrib; petioles 2"-8"
in length; peduncles J'-IA' long, 2-3-
flowered; pedicels stout, 2"-5" long;
bractlets scale-like ; calyx-tube fleshy, tur-
binate or campanulate, the lobes lanceo-
late, about 5'' long, involute, keeled
within, very firm, recurved at maturity;
petals pale yellow, linear or nearly so,
cleft at the tip, involute above the middle,
cobwebby along the edges; anthers
clustered around the style; fruit about
y long, curved, the radicle protruding
as a narrowly clavate pendent body.

Common on the borders of salt-ponds, , . , ^. , ,

bays and lagoons. Native. Florida, the West Indies and tropica continental
America. Flowers in summer and autumn. The plant doubtless reached Bermuda
by floating Reproductions of photographs in the great mangrove swamp at Hungry
Bay are published on plates 22, 23 and 2h Fifteenth Report Missouri Botanical
Garden.

ONAGKACEAE.

Family 7. ONAGRACEAE Dumort.

Evening-Primrose Family.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, no stipules
or mere glands in their places, and generally perfect flowers. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, the limb 2-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Petals 2-9
(usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as many
or twice as many as the jDetals. Ovary 1-6-celled (usually 4-celled) ; styles
united; stigina capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; ovules generally anatropous.
Fruit a capsule or small nut. Endosperm very little or none. Forty genera
and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in
America.

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; aquatic plants.
Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary ; land plants.

Stamens all of equal length.

Alternate stamens longer.

1. Isnardia.

2. Raimannia.

3. Hartmannia.

1. ISNARDIA L.

Succulent herbs, mostly glabrous, aquatic or uliginous. Stems creeping
or floating; leaves opposite, relatively few, petioled. Flowers axillary, not
yellow. Calyx-segments 4, shorter than the tube or slightly longer. Petals
4, small, or wanting. Filaments very short. Ovary very short; styles often
almost wanting. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, straight. [In honor of Antoine
Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and a member of the Academy of Sciences,
died 1724.] About 4 species in Europe, Asia, continental North America,
Mexico and the West Indies. Type species: Isnardia paluMris L.

Fruit l*"-2" long.
Fruit 3"-4" long.

1. /. palustris.

2. I. repens.

1. Isnardia palustris L.

Marsh Purslane. (Fig.
286.) Stems branching, 4'-
20' long. Leaves oval, ovate
or spatulate, 6"-12" long,
narrowed into slender peti-
oles; flowers solitary, about
1" broad; bractlets at base
of the calyx usually none;
calyx-lobes triangular, acute ;
petals small, reddish, or
often wanting; capsule 4-
sided, slightly longer than
wide, about IV' high, slightly
or somewhat exceeding the
calyx lobes. [Ludivigia

palustris Ell.]

Pembroke Marsh, 1905.
Native. North temperate zone
and Santo Domingo. Flowers
from spring to autumn. Its
seeds were, presumably, trans-
ported to Bermuda by a bird.

ONAGRACEAE.

267

2. Isnardia repens (Sw.) DC. Larger
Marsh Purslane. (Fig. 287.) Stems 2° long
or less, branched or simple. Leaves elliptic,
oval, or obovate, l'-2-|' long, acute or blunt at
the apex, narrowed at tlie base into rather
slender petioles; flowers solitary, sessile or
short-peduncled; bractlets linear, acute, shorter
than the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes 4 or 5,
sharply triangular, acute, longer than the
petals; capsule 3"-4" long, bluntly tetragonal,
narrowed at the base, 3 times as long as the
calyx-lobes. [Ludwigia repeals Sw.; L. natans
Ell.]

Frequent in fresh-water marshes. Native.
Southeastern and southern United States and the
West Indies. Its seeds were, presumably, bird-
transported.

2. RAIMANNIA Rose.

Usually low caulescent herbs. Leaves al-
ternate, sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers yel-
low, axillary, or sometimes in terminal spikes, nocturnal; buds erect.
Calyx-tube sometimes filiform; calyx-segments deciduous. Ovary 4-celled,
elongated; ovules in 2 rows, ascending. Capsules usually narrowly cylindric,
sometimes slightly tapering, spreading or ascending. Seeds terete, crowned by
a tubercle. [In honor of Rud. Raimann, a monographer of this family.]
About 20 species, natives of America. Type species: Eaimannia laciniata
(Hill) Rose.

Silvery-pubescent with appressed or ascending hairs; seeds striate. 1. R humifu/^n.
Glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent ; seeds pitted. 2. R. laciniata.

1. Raimannia humifusa (Nutt.) Rose.
Seaside Evexixg-primrose. (Fig. 288.)
Spreading and decumbent, or ascending,
branched from the base; stems 8-20'
long. Leaves aeutish or sometimes ob-
tuse at the apex, V-2' long, repand-den-
ticulate, the lower pinnatifid; flowers
axillary, yellow, 6"'-12" broad; calyx-
lobes somewhat spreading; capsule linear,
6"-12" long, about I*" thick, very pubes-
cent; seeds striate longitudinally. [Oeno-
thera humifusa Nutt.]

Sand hills and sandy shores, St. David's
Island, Castle Point, near Tucker's Town
and Southampton. Native. Atlantic coast
of the United States. Flowers in summer
and autumn.

268

ONAGRACEAE.

2. Raimannia laciniata (Hill.)
Rose. Sinuate-leaved Evening-
primrose. (Eig. 289.) Decumbent
or ascending, sometimes branched,
4'— 20' high, glabrous or sparingly
hirsute-pubescent. Leaves oval-lan-
ceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate, acute
or obtusish at the apex, sinuate-dentate
or often pinnatifid, l'-2' long; flow-
ers axillary (or on small plants some-
times solitary and terminal), 6"-15"
broad; calyx-lobes reflexed; capsule
linear, I'-IJ' long, more or less pu-
bescent ; seeds strongly pitted. [Oeno-
thera laciniata Hill; Oenothera sinu-
ata L. ; Oenothera sinuata hirsuta of
Moore.]

Frequent in sandy fields near the
South Shores, and in cultivated lands
on St. David's Island. Native. Eastern
United States. Flowers in spring and
summer. The seeds of this and the pre-
ceding species were, presumably, brought
from the continent by birds.

Reade records one of the true Evening-primroses, under the name Oeno-
thera longiflora, as not uncommon in waste land as an escape from cultivation,
prior to 1883, and Lefroy also records a plant under this name, and another
as Oenothera biennis. The genus Oenothera differs from Raimannia in habit
and by having prismatic-angled seeds. None of its species have been found
wild in Bermuda by recent collectors.

Oenothera Lamarckiana Ser., Lamarck's Evening Primrose, a tall herb
with bright yellow flowers up to 4' broad, opening at dusk has, it is said, been
grown in gardens. Reade 's description of the plant observed by him might
apply to this kind, and H. B. Small's record of Oenothera longiflora points to
the same plant.

3. HARTMANNIA Spach.

Annual or perennial herbs with branched stems. Leaves alternate, com-
monly pinnatifid or lyrate; buds drooping. Flowers white, red, or purple,
diurnal, in terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube funnelform. Ovary elon-
gated; ovules numerous on slender stalks, in many rows. Capsules club-
shaped, 4-winged. Seeds not tuberculate. [In honor of Emanuel Hartmann,
a resident of Louisiana.] About 10 species, natives of America. Type species:
Eartmannia faux-gaura Spach.

Petals 4'
Petals 1'

-6*" long.
-1*' long.

1. n. rosea.

2. H. speciosa.

ONAGRACEAE.

269

1. Hartmannia rosea (Ait.)
G. Don. Rosy Primrose. (Fig.
290.) Stems slender, puberulent,
erect or ascending, 8'-2° tall,
branched at the base or through-
out; basal leaves with oblanceo-
late blades l2'-2' long; stem-
leaves often numerous, ovate-lan-
ceolate or oblong, i'-2' long, ob-
tuse or acute, entire or distantly
toothed, the lower ones sometimes
pinnatifid at the base; spikes
much interrupted, with leaf-like
■ bracts; calyx 3"-4J" long; petals
purple or rose, suborbicular, 4"-
6|" long, entire; capsules club-
shaped, the body 2V'-5" long,
the angles winged, the faces
prominently ridged, the pedicel-
like base usually longer than the
body. [Oenothera rosea Ait.]

Fields, roadsides and waste
grounds. Introduced. South-central
United States to South America.
Flowers from spring to autumn.
Erroneously recorded by Rein as
Gaura coccinea Pursh, a very differ-
ent plant of central North America,
and his error copied by subsequent
authors.

2. Hartmannia speciosa

(Nutt.) Small. Showy Primrose.
(Fig. 291.) Erect, ascending or
decumbent, branched, l°-3° high,
puberulent or finely pubescent.
Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acutish, sinuate or pin-
natifid, 2'-3' long; basal leaves
oval or oval-lanceolate, repand or
pinnatifid at the base ; flowers
white or pink, l^'-3' broad ; petals
emarginate; calyx-lobes ovate-lan-
ceolate, about r loug, arumiiiate;
capsule strongly 4-ribbed, 4-wiiiged,
pubescent, (i"-9" long. [Omothcrd
speciosa Nutt.]

Fields and waste grounds. In-
troduced. Native of the southern
United States and Mexico. Flowers
freely in spring.

Species of Fuchsia, tropical American, are grown in flower-gardens, but
these plants have not attained great luxuriance in Bermuda.

270

HALORAGIDACEAE.

Family 8. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke,

Water-jMilfoil Family.

Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or ver-
ticillate leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers
perfect, or monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted spikes, solitary
or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire or 2-4-lobed.
Petals small, 2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, or short-
cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled ; styles 1-4 ; stigmas papillose or
plumose. Fruit a nutlet, or dnipe, compressed, angular, rbibed or winged,
indehiscent, of 2-4 1-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons minute.
Eight genera and about 100 species, of wide distribution.

1. PROSERPINACA L.

Aquatic herbs, with simple stems. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, dentate
or pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx adnate to the
triquetrous ovary, the limb 3-4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 4. Styles
3 or 4, eylindric or conic-subulate, stigmatic above the middle. Fruit bony,

3-4-celled, with 1 seed in each cavity.
Four known species, natives of eastern N.
the following typical.

[Middle Latin, forward-creeping.]
Am., extending to the West Indies,

1. Proserpinaca palustris L.

Mermaid-weed. (Fig, 292.)

Glabrous, simple or sometimes
branched, l°-2° long. Emersed
leaves, 1-2' long, l'-6" wide,
sharply serrate, the submerged
ones pectinate-pinnatifid into stiff
linear acute segments which are
often serrulate, bearing a minute
black spine in their axils; flowers
solitary or several together, ses-
sile in the axils of the emersed
leaves; fruit about 2" long, the
faces concave, smooth or rugose.

In water, Pembroke and Devon-
shire Marslies. Native. Eastern
United States. Flowers nearly
throughout the year. Probably
brought from the continent by a bird.

Order 27. AMMIALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, almost always with petaliferous flowers. Calyx-
segments and petals usually 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary inferior, adnate
to the calyx, compound ; ovule 1 in each cavity.

ARALIACEAE. 271

Stamens 5 ; styles 2-5, rarely united ; flowers umbellate, capitate or panicled.

Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 1. Auamaceae.

Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 2. Am.miaceae.

Stamens 4 ; style 1 ; stigma 1 ; shrubs and trees ; flowers

not umbellate. Fam. 3. Cornaceae.

Family 1. ARALIACEAE Vent.

GiNSEXG Family.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate or vertioillate (rarely opposite)
leaves, and flowers in umbels, heads, or panicles. Calyx-tnbe adnate to the
ovary. Petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together, inserted on the
margin of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with
them (rarely more), inserted on the epigynous disk; anthers introrse.
Ovary inferior, 1-several-celled ; stvles as many as the cavities of the ovary;
ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Seeds flattened, or some-
what 3-angled, the testa thin; endosperm copious, fleshy; embryo small, near
the hilum; cotj'ledons ovate or oblong. xVbout 52 genera and 400 species,
widely distributed. There are no native nor naturalized species in the Ber-
muda Flora.

Hedera Helix L., European Ivy^ is commonly grown on walls and on
trees, and has been reported as occasionally occurring outside of cultivation.
The leaves are various; the small green flowers are borne in umbels.

Gastonia cutispongia Lam., of Mauritius, was represented by two fine
trees about 18° high at Bellevue in 1914. It has pinnate leaves up to 2*"
long, clustered at the ends of the branches, witli thick petioles and 5 or 7
broadly ovate to elliptic, obtuse entire short-stalked leaflets o'-S' long; the
yellowish flowers are in panicled umbels, the panicles somewhat shorter than
the leaves.

Aralia Guilfoylei Cogn. & March., Variegated Aralia, of New Hebrides,
commonly planted for ornament, is a pinnatedeaved tree, with ovate, toothed
or incised, usually white-margined or blotched leaflets.

Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch, Eice-paper Tree, of Formosa,
seen at Cedar Lodge, in 1914, is a shrub about 5° high, which spreads freely
by suckers; its nearly orbicular lobed cordate leaves are 8-15' broad, green
above, white-cottony beneath; its small white flowers are borne in dense
panicled umbels. [Aralia papyrifera Hook.; Fatsia papyrifera Benth. &
Hook.]

Polyscias obtusa (Blume) Harms, Cut-leaved Polyscias, Javan, planted
for ornament, is a small tree 10°-12° high, with glabrous bipinnately com-
pound, slender-petioled leaves, their ultimate segments suborbicular, sharply
toothed or incised, sometimes variegated. [Panax ohtusiim Blume.]

Family 2. AMMIACEAE Presl.

Carrot Family.

Herbs, with alternate decompound compound or sometimes simple
leaves, the petioles often dilated at the base. Stipules none, or rarely pres-
ent and minute. Flowers small, generally in com]iound or simide umbels,
rarely in heads. Umbels and umbellets commonly involucrate or involucel-
late. ^ Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its margin truncate or 5-toothed. the

272 AMMIACEAE.

teeth seldom conspicuous. Petals 5, usually with an inflexed tip, often
emarginate or 2-lobcd, those of the outer flowers sometimes larger than
those of the inner. Stamens 5, inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments
filiform; anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; styles 2, filiform, per-
sistent, often borne on a conic or depressed stylopodium; ovules 1 in each
cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels (meri-
carps), which generally separate from each other at maturity along the
plane of their contiguous faces (the commissure). Fruit either flattened
laterally (at right angles to the commissure), or dorsally (parallel to the
commissure), or nearly terete (not flattened). Carpels after parting from
each other supported on the summit of a slender axis (the carpophore),
each with 5 primary ribs in their pericarps (rarely ribless), and in some
genera with 4 additional secondary ones, the ribs or some of them often
winged. Pericarp usually containing oil-tubes between the ribs, or under
the ribs and on the commissural sides, sometimes irregularly scattered, some-
times none. Seeds 1 in each carpel; seed-coat thin; endosperm cartilag-
inous; embrj^o small, placed near the hilum. About 250 genera and prob-
ably 2000 species, of wide distribution. The mature fruit is necessary for
the certain determination of most of the genera and many of the species.

Leaves simple.

Ribs of the fruit not anastomosing. 1. Hydrocotylc.

Ribs of the fruit anastomosing. 2. Centella.

Leaves compound or decompound.

Fruit with both primary and secondary ribs, the latter armed

with hooked prickles. 3. ToriUs.

Fruit with primary ribs only.

Flowers yellow or greenish-yellow.

Involucre of 2-4 linear bracts. 4. Apium.

Involucre none.

Fruit terete or nearly so; leaf -segments filiform. 5. Foeniculum.
Fruit flattened; leaf-segments broad. 6. Smyrnium.

Flowers white.

Umbels terminal. 7. Ammi.

Umbels, at least the lower, opposite the leaves.

Perennials ; leaf-segments broad. 8. Celeri.

Annuals ; leaf-segments filiform. 9. Helosciadium.

1. HYDROCOTYLE L

Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with
palmately lobed or veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with
2 scale-like stipules, and small white flowers in umbels opposite the leaves.
Bracts of the involucre few, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire. Disk
flat. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels with
5 primary ribs, the lateral ones usually curved ; no large oil-tubes, but an oil-
bearing layer of tissue beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.] About
75 species of wide distribution. Type species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.

AMMIACEAE.

273

1. Hydrocotyle verticillata
Thunb. Whorled Marsh-pexxy-
WORT. (Fig. 293.) Inflores-
cence proliferous, ^\'-2' long; ver-
ticils 2-6-flowered; pedicels usu-
ally less than J" long; fruit about
1" long, l^"-2" broad, rounded
or truncate at each end; inter-
mediate ribs not corky-thickened,
the dorsal one acute.

Frequent in fresh-water marshes,
and occasional near shaded borders
of salt water lagoons. Native. I']ast-
ern United States and West Indies.
Flowers from spring to fall.

Hydrocotyle umbellata L.,
which differs in having a single
umbel with slender pedicels 2"-
6" long, is recorded as Bermudian
by Rein, Reade, Lefroy, H. B.
Small and Hemsley, but careful
search of the marshes has failed
to reveal its existence in Bermuda;
its leaves are scarcely distinguish-
able from those of H. verticillata,
for which it may have been mis-
taken.

2. CKNTELLA L.
Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems
rooting and sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with
1-3 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole-
bases sheathing. Bracts of the involucels 2-4, mostly prominent. Calyx-teeth
none. Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles filiform. Fruit somewhat flat-
tened laterally, rather prominently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil-
tubes none. [Latin, diminutive of
centrum, a prickle.] About 20 spe-
cies, most abundant in South Africa.
Type species: Centclla villosa L.

1. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.
Ovate-leaved Marsh-pexxywort.
(Fig. 294.) Stem l'-6' long. Petioles
2'-10' long, sometimes pubescent;
blades ovate, rather thick, rounded at
the apex, broadly cordate at the base,
not peltate, A'-2' long, repand-dentate;
pedicels much shorter than the leaves,
V-.2' long; umbellets capitate, 2-4-
flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts ;
flowers nearly sessile; fruit 2"-2i"
broad, about IV' high, prominently
ribbed and reticulated. [Hi/drocotyle
asiatica L. ; II. repanda Pers. ; Cen-
tella rcpanda J. K. Small:]

Common in marshes and locally on
hillsides. Native. Southeastern United
States. West Indies. Old World tropics.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

274

AMMIACEAE.

3. TORILIS Adans.

Annual, hispid or pubescent herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, and
compound umbels of white or reddish flowers. Calyx-teeth prominent, acute.
Bracts of the involucre few and small or none. Involucels of narrow bracts.
Petals .mostly 2-lobed. Stylopodium thick, conic. Fruit ovoid or oblong.
Primary ribs 5, filiform. Secondary ribs 4, winged, each bearing a row of
barbed or hooked bristles or tubercles. Oil-tubes solitary under the secondary
ribs, 2 on the commissural side. [The Greek name.] About 20 species, of the
northern hemisphere. Type species: Tordylium Anthriscns L.

Umbels short-stalked or sessile, capitate, opposite the leaves.
Umbels pedimcled, slender-rayed, compound.

1. Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn.
Knotted Hedge-parsley. (Fig. 295.)
Decumbent and spreading. Leaves bi-
pinnate, the segments linear-oblong,
acute; rays 1-3, very short; fruit sessile,
ovoid, about IJ" long, the outer with
barbed prickles on the secondary rib
the inner with tubercles. [Tordylium
nodosum L. ; Caucalis nodosa Huds.]

In waste places, and cultivated ground,
rather common. Naturalized. Native of
Europe. Widely naturalized in the United
States. Flowers in spring.

1. T. nodosa.

2. T. Anthriscus.

2. Torilis Anthriscus

(L.) Gmel. Erect Hedge-
parsley. (Fig. 296.) Erect,
2°-3° high. Leaves bipin-
nate, or the uppermost sim-
ply pinnate, the segments
lanceolate, obtuse, dentate or
pinnatifid ; umbels slender-
peduncled ; pedicels l"-2"
long in fruit; rays 3-8,
about 5" long; fruit ovoid-
oblong, densely bristly,
about 2" long, [Tordylium
Anthriscus L. ; Caucalis An-
thriscus Huds.]
A weed in cultivated grounds. Agricultural Station, 1911, abundant there and

observed elsewhere m Paget in 1914. Native of Europe. Adventive in the eastern

United btates. Flowers in spring and summer.

AMMIACEAE.

275

.1. Pctrosclinum
A. ptrcgrinum.

4. APIUM [Tourn.J L.
Annual or biennial herbs, with 1-3-pinnate leaves, and yellow or yellowish
flowers in compound umbels. Caiyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium short-conic.
Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs. Oil-tubes sohtary in the intervals,
2 on the commissural side. A genus of 5 European species. Type species:
Apium Petroselinum L.

Segments of basal leaves cuneate-obovate, deeply incised.
Segments of basal leaves rhombic-obovate, dentate.

1. Apium Petroselinum

L. Parsley. (Fig. 297.)
Usually biennial, l°-3° high,
glabrous. Leaves bipinnate,
the segments ovate to cune-
ate-obovate, incised, or those
of the upper leaves linear-
oblong and entire; umbels
peduncled, l'-2^' broad, 15-
20-rayed; pedicels about lA"
long ; involucre of 2-4 linear
bracts; bractlets of the in-
volucels subulate ; flowers
yellow; fruit glabrous, about
2" long, the ribs prominent.
{Petroselinu m sat i vu m
Hoffm. ; P. hortense Hofi'm.]

Extensively grown for ex-
port. Locally naturalized in
moist grounds and shaded situ-
ations. Native of Europe.
Flowers in spring and sum-
mer. Reade erroneously de-
scribes the flowers as white.

2. Apium peregrinum (L.) Crantz.
Wild Parsley. (Fig. 298.) Similar to the
preceding species, branched, glabrous, 2°
high or less. Segments of the petioled basal
leaves rhombic-ovate, 4"-7" long, 3"-4''
wide, acute or acutish, serrate or somewhat
incised; segments of the nearly sessile, few
and distant upper leaves much narrower;
umbels, involucre and involucels similar to
those of A. Petroselinum, but the flowers
yellowish; fruit about 2" long. [Ligiisticnm
peregrinum L. ; Petroselinum perepri»i/w
Lag.]

Rocky hillsides, St. Georges Island, lOOS.
Introduced. Native of southern Europe. Flow-
ers in spring. Erroneously recorded as F'im-
pincUa Anisum L. (Proc. Acad, Nat. Scl. Phila.
1909: 489).

276

AMMIACEAE.

5. FOENICULUM Mill.
Erect glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the segments
linear or capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and
involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium large, conic. Fruit
linear-oblong, glabrous, terete, or nearly so. 'Carpels little .angled, dorsally flat-
tened, prominently ribbed; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat,
or slightly concave. [Latin, diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.]
About 4 species, of the Old World, the following typical.

1. Foeniculum
Foeniculum (L.)
Karst. Eennel.
(Fig. 299.) Per-
ennial, 2°-4° high.
Leaves dissected
into capillary seg-
ments; petioles
broad, clasping;
umbels large, 9-
25-rayed, the rays
rather stout, some-
what glaucous, 1'-
3A' long in fruit;
pedicels l"-4"
long; fruit about
3" long. [Anethum
Foeniculum L.;
Foeniculum vul-
gare Gaertn. ; F.
dulce MiU.l

Fields, marshes and waste grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe. First
grown in Bermuda as a garden herb, now widely distributed as a weed. Escaped
from gardens in the United States. Flowers in summer and autumn. This is, ap-
parently, the plant recorded by Lefroy as Ferula communis L.

Anethum graveolens L., Dillweed, May-vteed, also European, similar
to Fennel, but annual or biennial with somewhat flattened fruity is recorded
by Lefroy as naturalized and common in his time, and is said by H. B, Small
to have been a common and troublesome Meed.

6. SMYRNTUM [Tourn.] L.
Erect glabrous biennial herbs with ternately or biternately compound
leaves, their segments broad, and compound umbels of greenish-yellow flowers,
mostly without involucres or involucels. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals with
inflexed tips. Stylopodium conic. Fruit ovate, often as broad as long,
laterally flattened. Carpels ovoid, rather prominently 3-ribbed, the oil-tubes
numerous. Seed furrowed on the inner side. [Greek, referring to the myrrh-
like odor of the seeds.] About 7 species, natives of the Old World, the fol-
lowing typical.

AMMIACEAE.

277

1. Smyrnium Olusatrum L. Alex-
anders. (Fig. 300.) Stem stout, 2°-4°
higli. Basal and lower leaves often 1°
long or more, twice or sometimes thrice
ternately compound, long-petioled, the
upper once ternate, shortpetioled or
nearly sessile; leaf -segments ovate or
oval, V-2,y long, obtuse or acutish at
the apex, cordate to cuneate at the base,
crenate and often few-lobed; umbels
several-many-rayed, 2'-4' broad, pe-
duncled, the rays l'-2' long; pedicels
filiform, 2"-4" long; flowers numerous;
mature fruit 2"-3" long, the carpels
strongly ribbed, black, somewhat fleshy.

Hillsides and waste grounds. Natural-
ized. Native of western Europe and the
Mediterranean region. Flowers in spring.

7. AMMI [Tourn.] L.
Annual or perennial, glabrous erect branching herbs, with ternately de-
compound leaves, and compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre of several
divided bracts. Involucels of several narrow entire bracts. Calyx-teeth
minute or none. Petals dilated above. Stylopodium depressed. Style long.
Fruit oblong, flattened laterally, the carpels 5-angled, the primary ribs promi-
nent, the oil-tubes solitary m the intervals. [Name said to be of Egyptian
origin.] About 7 species, natives of the Mediterranean region and the At-
lantic Islands, the following typical.

1. Ammi majus L. May-weed.
Bishop 's-WEED. (Fig. 301.) Annual,
l°-2i° high. Lower leaves 4-10' long,
ternately decompound, long-petioled,
the ultimate segments oblong to ob-
long-obovate, obtuse or acutish, finely
crenate-serrate, ^'-2' long, V wide or
less ; upper leaves much smaller, short-
j)etioled or sessile, their segments nar-
rowly linear; umbels '2-4' mde, the
rays nearly filiform, I'-li' long; umbel-
lets numerous, the involucel-bracts
about as long as the pedicels; fruit
about ly long.

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe
and Africa. Flowers from spring to
autumn. Introduced in Texas.

278

AMMIACEAE.

8. CELERI Adans.

Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with pinnate or pinnately compound
leaves, and white flowers in compound umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals
ovate, mostly inflexed at the apex, Stylopodium depressed, or short-conic.
Fruit ovate, or broader than long, smooth, or tuberculate. Carpels mostly with
prominent ribs, somewhat 5-angled; oil-tubes mostly solitary in the intervals,
2 on the commissural side. Seed terete, or nearly so. [The common name,]
Four or five species, natives of the Old World, southern South America and
Australasia, the following typical.

1. Celeri graveolens (L.)
Britton. Celery. (Fig. 302.)
Glabrous; stem 1^-3° high.
Leaves pinnate; leaf-segments
3 or 5, thin, broadly ovate to
oval, coarsely toothed' and often
incised; umbels 3-7-rayed; in-
volucre and involucels small,
or none; flowers small, short-
pedicelled; fruit oval, scarcely
V' long, the ribs somewhat
winged; oil-tubes mostly soli-
tary in the intervals and 2 on
the commissural side. [Apiiim
graveolens L.]

Extensively planted along
fresh water marshes, now one
of the most important crops,
and more or less persistent after
cultivation. Native of Europe.
Flowers in spring.

9. HELOSCIADIUM Koch.

Low herbs, with decompound or dissected leaves, and compound umbels of
small white flowers mostly opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucels want-
ing in the following species. Calyx-teeth very small or obsolete. Petals entire.
Stylopodium depressed. Style short. Fruit ovate or oblong, laterally com-
pressed. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals,
2 on the commissural side. [Greek, marsh-parasol, some of the species inhab-
iting marshes.] Six species or more, natives of the Old World. Type species
Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) Koch.

AMMIACEAE.

279

1. Helosciadium Ammi (L.) Brit-
ton. Fine-lea\t;d Marsh Parsley.
(Fig. 303.) Slender, glabrous, much
branched, 5-2° high. Leaves ter-
nately pinnatisecteil, the ultimate seg-
ments narrow, often incised; umbels
V-IV broad, opposite the leaves; fruit
broad, glabrous, about 1" long, the ribs
equal and prominent. [Sison Ammi
L.; Helosciadium leptophyUinn DC;
Ayium leptophyllum F. Muell.; Pim-
pinella lateriflora Link; Apium Ammi
Urban.]

Cultivated and waste grounds.
Naturalized. Native of tropical and
warm-temperate regions. Flowers In
spring. Widely naturalized in the
southern United States.

Angelica Archangelica L., Angelica, European, has been grown in gar-
dens; it is a biennial tall herb, with finely divided leaves, the lower with
long, round stalks, which are candied; its roots are aromatic, its small white
flowers in compound umbels.

Cerefolium Cerefolium (L.) Britton, Garden Chervil, Beaked Parsley,
European, grown as a garden herb, has linear beaked smooth fruits, white
flowers and ternately decompound leaves. [Scandix Cerefolium L. ; Chaero-
phyllum sativum Lam.]

Anthriscus Anthriscus (L.) Karst., Bur-chervil, European, is recorded
by Lefroy as a common weed in his time, but it has not been found by recent
collectors, and is not mentioned by Eeade in his book published in 1883. It
is a white-flowered plant with decompound leaves and ovoid, short-beaked,
muricate fruits. {A. vulgaris Pers.]

Lefroy records the introduction of Ferula glauca as an ornamental species
in 1874.

Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander, European, is recorded by Lefroy as
quite naturalized prior to 1877 in some fields at Point Shares but it is not
known to grow there at the present time, and it is not mentioned in Eeade 's
''Plants of Bermuda" published in 1883, although Hemsley cites it from
Lefroy, and H. B Small records it as not uncommon.

Daucus Carota L., Carrot, European, is grown as a field and garden crop,
but it is not naturalized as a field weed as it is on the continent.

Pastinaca sativa L., Parsnip, European, is also grown as a field and
garden crop, but not naturalized as a weed as in the United States. The
flowers are yellow, the fruit flat and winged, the large pinnate leaves with
ovate sessile toothed or incised segments.

Didiscus coeruleus (Graham) Hook., Didiscus, Australian, a roughish-
hairy annual about 2° high, with ternately divided leaves and long-stalked
umbels of bright blue flowers, the involucre of many, narrowly linear, pilose
bracts, the flat fruits notched at base and apex, -^as grown at Eose Cottage in
1911. [Trachymene coerulea Graham.]

280 COENACEAE.

Family 3. CORNACEAE Link.
Dogwood Family,

Shrubs or trees, with simple opposite, verticillate or alternate, usually
entire leaves, and regular flowers in cymes, heads or rarely solitary. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-dentate, or none. Petals generally
4 or 5, sometimes wanting, valvate or imbricate, spreading, inserted at the
base of the epigynous disk. Stamens as many as the petals or more
numerous, inserted wdth them; filaments subulate or flat. Ovary inferior,
1-2-celled in our species; style 1, short or elongated; ovules 1 in each
cavity, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a drupe. Seeds oblong; embryo
nearly as long as the endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. About 16 genera
and 85 species, most abundant in the northern hemisphere.

My only knowledge of the existence of any of this family in Bermuda, is
the record by Lefroy of the introduction, prior to 1876, of a species of a
North American Cornus at Mount Langton, which appeared to thrive and
which was referred to in 1901 by H. B. Small as Cornus stricta Lam., and by
the same author, the planting there of Benthamia fragifera Lindley, Hima-
layan, which did not appear to flourish.

Series 2. GAMOPETALAE.

Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or "wanting.

The coherence of the petals is sometimes slight or they are quite
separate, as in some Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Ole-
aceae and Cucurbitaceae. From this condition the coherence varies
through all stages to the tubular or funnelform corollas of some
Convolvulaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Compositae.

t Ovary superior.

Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely
to its base, as many as the lobes and alternate with

them, or twice as many. Order 1. Ericales.

Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and
opposite them, or twice as many, or more.
Herbs, shrubs or trees ; ovary 1-celled. Order 2. Primulales.

Shrubs or trees : ovary several-celled. Order 3. Ebexales.

Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or
fewer, and alternate with, them (in our species of
Fraxinus and Forestiera of the Oleaceae there is
no corolla).
Corolla not scarious. nerved.

Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae,
and in Gentianaceae in which the ovary is
compound with 2 cavities or rarely more, or
with 1 cavity and 2 placentae : flowers regular ;
stamens mostlv adnate to only the lower part

of the corolla ; leaves mostly opposite. Order 4. Gextianales,

Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in
Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae mostly deeply
4-lobed around the style) ; flowers regular or
irregular ; stamens mostly adnate to the middle
of the corolla-tube or beyond ; leaves opposite

or alternate. Order 5. Polemoniales.

Corolla scarious, nerveless. Order 6. Plantaginales.

tt Ovary inferior.
Anthers distinct.

Stamens as many as the cojrol la -lobes and alternate
with them or twice as many ; ovary compound,
with 1 ovule or more in each cavity ; leaves oppo-
site or verticillate. Order 7. Ribiales.

ERICACEAE. 281

Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes ; ovary
1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule, or 3-celled with

2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. Valerianales.

Anthers united (except in Ambrosiaceae). Order 9. Campanulales.

Order 1. ERICALES.

Flowers complete, regular. Calyx toothed, lobed, or divided, superior,
except in Vacciniaceae. Corolla mainly gamopetalous. Stamens free from
the corolla, or adnate only to its base, as many as its lobes and alternate
with them, or twice as many. Ovary compound.

Family 1. ERICACEAE DC.

Heath Family.

Shrubs, perennial herbs, or trees, with simple estipulate leaves, and
mostly perfect flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, -i-o-parted or 4-5-cleft.
Corolla regular, or rarely somewhat 2-lipped, usually 4— 5-toothed, -lobed or
-parted. Stamens hypogynous, usually as many or twice as many as the
corolla-lobes, teeth or petals; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filaments by
the back or base, the sacs often prolonged upwardly into tubes. Ovary
2-5-celled ; stigma peltate or capitate ; ovules usually numerous, anatropous.
Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. Seeds usually numerous and minute, or
sometimes only 1 in each cavity; endosperm fleshy. About 60 genera and
1100 species, of wide distribution.

Lefroy records bringing an Azalea and a Bhododendron to Mount Lang-
ton and having them flower in a conservatory there. No native nor naturalized
plants of the family exist in the Bermuda flora.

A species of Erica was growing at Wood Haven in 1914, recently planted.
Soils containing much lime are not suited to plants of this family.

Order 2. PRIMULALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Corolla usually present, gamopetalous. Calyx
mostly free from the ovary. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its
lobes, or twice as many, or more.

style 1 ; fruit a capsule ; herbs. Fam. 1. Pbimulaceae.

Styles 5 ; fruit an achene or utricle : herbs. Fam. 2. Plumbaginaceae.

Style 1 ; shrubs or trees, the fruit drupaceous. Fam. 3. Myrsixaceae.

Family 1. PRIMULACEAE Vent.

Primrose Family.

Herbs, with perfect regular flowers. Calyx free from the ovary, usually
5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous in our species, usually 5-cleft, deciduous.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, inserted on the
corolla; filaments distinct, or connate at the base; anthers introrse, 2-celled,
the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk obsolete, or none. Ovary superior,
1-celled; placenta central, free; ovules anatropous, or amphitropous; style

282

PEIMULACEAE.

1; stigma simple, capitate, entire. Capsule 1-eelled, 2-6-valved; rarely
circumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds few or several, the testa adherent to
the fleshy or horny copious endosperm; embryo small, straight; cotyledons
obtuse. About 28 genera and 400 species, of wide distribution.

1. ANAGALLIS [Tourn.] L.
Herbs, with, opposite or verticillate (rarely alternate) sessile or short-
petioled leaves, entire or nearly so, and small axillary peduncled flowers.
Calyx 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate or subulate, persistent. Corolla deeply
o-parted, rotate, the segments entire or erose, convolute in the bud, longer than the
calyx. Stamens 5; filaments puberulent, or pubescent, distinct, or united into
a narrow ring at the base; anthers oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose; ovules
numerous; stigma obtuse. Capsule globose, circumscissile, many-seeded: Seeds
minute, flat on the back. [Greek, delightful.] About 15 species, mostly of
the Old World, the following typical.

1. Anagallis arvensis L. Bed
OR Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor
Man's or Shepherd's Weather-
glass. (Fig. 304.) Annual, dif-
fuse; branches 4'-12' long, 4-
sided. Leaves ovate or oval,
membranous, sessile or somewhat
clasping, 3"-6" long, black-dotted
beneath; peduncle" filiform, i'-lf
long, recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes
keeled, slightly shorter than the
crenate glandular-ciliate corolla-
segments; flowers scarlet, blue or
sometimes white, usually with a
darker center, 2"-3" broad, open-
ing only in bright weather; cap-
sule glabrous, about 2" in diameter.

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of
Europe. Widely naturalized in North
America. Flowers from winter to
summer and sparingly in autumn.
The blue-flowered race is frequent on
St. David's Island.

Primula sinensis Sabine, Chinese Primrose, grown in flower-gardens,
is a softly pubescent nearly or quite stemless species, with long-petioled, lobed
leaves and showy flowers, umbelled on scapes, the corolla of various colors.

Family 2. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl.

Plumbago Family.

Perennial mostly acaulescent erect herbs, mostly with basal tufted leaves,
and small perfect and regular clustered flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepal-
ous, 5-toothed, plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 5 hy-
pogynous clawed segments connate at the base, or united into a tube.
Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, at-
tached by their backs to the filaments, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Disk none. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendu-

PLUMBAGINACEAE.

283

lous; styles 5. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx, rarely a
dehiscent capsule. Seed solitary; testa membranous; endosperm mealy,
or none; embryo straight; cotyledons entire. About 10 genera and 350
species, of wide distribution, mostly in saline situations.

1. LIMONIUM Adans.
Herbs, mostly perennial, and with flat basal leaves, and numerous small
flowers cymose-paniculate on bracted scapes, in 1-3-flowered bracteolate clus-
ters, forming one-sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb
scarious, 5-toothed, the tube usually 10-ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens
adnate to the bases of the petals. Styles 5, separate in our species, stigmatic
along the inner side. Fruit a utricle. [Ancient name of the wild beet.]
About 120 species, widely distributed. Type species: Statice Limonium L.

1. Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Brit-
ton. Sea Lavender. Marsh Rosemary.
Canker-root. (Fig. 305.) Glabrous, fleshy ;
rootstock thick, fusiform or branched;
scape terete, striate, paniculately branched
above, l°-2h° high. Leaves oblanceolate,
narrowed into margined petioles, entire, or
slightly undulate, 3'-10' long, shorter than
the scapes, the midvein prominent, the lat-
eral veins very obscure; .flowers erect, about
2" high; calyx 5-toothed, sometimes with as
many minute intermediate teeth in the
sinuses; corolla pale purple; petals spatu-
late; styles filiform. [Statice caroliniana
Walt.; Statice Lefroyi Hemsl. ; Limonium
Lefroyi Britton.]

Salt marshes and borders of - mangrove
swamps at several points on the shores of
Castle Harbor. Native. Atlantic coast of North
America. Flowers in late summer and autumn.
The plant probably reached Bermuda by float-
ing.

Limonium australe (Spreng.) Kuntze, Yellow Chinese Limonium, of
China, resembling the preceding species, but with yellow flowers in dense short
panicled, 1-sided spikes, was grown in flower-gardens at the Agricultural
Station in 1913. [Statice australe Spreng.; S. Fortuni Lindl.]

Plumbago capensis Thunb., Blue Plumbago, of South Africa, extensively
grown for ornament, is a leafy slender half-climbing shrub, 3°-5° high with
oblong to spatulate entire leaves l'-3' long, and large blue flowers in terminal
puberulent spikes, the narrowly cylindric, glandular calyx-tube about -J' long,
the slender, glabrous corolla-tube about IV long, the limb about 1' broad, with
5 obovate lobes. The plant is very luxuriant in Bermuda.

Plumbago rdsea L., Red or Scarlet Plumbago, Asiatic, similar to the
preceding species, but glabrous, leaves ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, and scarlet
flowers in elongated spikes, the slender corolla-tube 1' long or less, is occa-
sionally grown for ornament. [P. coccinea Boiss.]

Family 3. MYRSINACEAE Lindl.

Myrsine Family.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly alternate, leathery, entire, punctate;
stipules none. Inflorescence racemose, corymbose, or cymose. Flowers

284 MYRSINACEAE.

regular, perfect or polygamo-dioieous. Calyx persistent; sepals 4-6,
rarely more. Corolla salverform or rotate, white, pink or yellowish, its
tube very short, the lobes spreading, refiexed or even curled back, some-
times glandular-spotted like the sepals. Stamens 4-7, adnate to the corolla-
tube or borne at the base of the corolla-lobes. Filaments sometimes form-
ing a tube. Staminodia wanting. Gynoecium of 4-7 united carpels. Style
one. Stigma capitate, truncate or somewhat foliaceous. Ovules immersed
in the fleshy placenta. Fruit drupaceous, often tipped with the base of
the style. Seed solitary, filling the fruit-cavity. About 20 genera contain-
ing 500 species or more, of tropical distribution. There are no native nor
naturalized plants of this family in the Bermuda Flora.

Icacorea humilis (A^ahl.) Britton, Asiatic, was established at Mount
Langton by Lefroy in 1873, and a fine plant was studied there in 1913. It
is a shrub, up to 6° high, with alternate coriaceous oblong to oblanceolate,
short-petioled leaves 4-6' long, acute at each end, and small short-pedicelled
greenish-purple flowers in axillary and terminal umbels, the corolla-segments
lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx. [Ardisia humilis Vahl.]

Lefroy records the establishment, at the same place and date, of Icacorea
guianensis Aubl. {Ardisia acuminata WiUd.) of the southern West Indies and
northern South America, and this is mentioned by Jones, but it has disap-
peared.

Icacorea solanacea (Roxb.) Britton, Asiatic, seen in Devonshire Church-
yard in 1912, is a shrub or small tree up to 12° high, with obovate, acuminate
leaves 7' long or less and purplish, slender-peddcelled flowers in lateral and
axillary umbels. {Ardisia solanacea Roxb.]

Order 3. EBENALES.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, the flowers mostly regular.

Calyx free from the ovary (inferior) or more or less adnate to it. Corolla

gamopetalous or sometimes polypetalous. Stamens borne on the tube or

base of the corolla, as many as its lobes, and opposite them, or more

numerous.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 1. Sapotaceae.

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. Fam. 2, Ebenaceae.

Family 1. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb.

Sapodilla Family.

Shrubs or trees, mostly with a milky juice. Leaves entire, mostly
coriaceous and estipulate. Flowers small, regular and perfect, in axillary
clusters. Calyx inferior, the sepals usually 4-7, much imbricated. Corolla
gamopetalous, the tube 4-7-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, some-
times with as many or twice as many lobe-like appendages on the throat.
Stamens as many as the proper lobes of the corolla and inserted on its
tube; staminodia usually present, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers
2-eelled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-5-celled, or rarely
many-celled; ovules solitary m each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous;
stigma simple. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds large, the testa bony or crus-
taeeous; embryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or none. About 35 genera
and 425 species, mostly of tropical regions. There are no native nor natural-
ized species in Bermuda.

SAPOTACEAE. 285

Chrysophyllum Cainito L., Star-Apple, tropical American, occasionally
planted, is a large tree with oblong or oval, petioled, pointed leaves 2'-6' long,
green above, yellow-brown and densely pubescent beneath; the small purplish
or whitish flowers are in sessile axillary clusters on slender pedicels about 5"
Jong, the corolla deeply 5-7-lobed, the purplish globose fruit 1^-4' in diameter,
8-10-celled, several-seeded.

Sapota achras Mill., Sapodilla, West Indian, also occasionally planted, is
a large tree with oblong-lanceolate petioled glabrous coriaceous leaves, green
on both sides, 3'-5' long, the whitish flowers solitary in the axils, on rather
stout peduncles as long as the pedicels or shorter, the 5-6-lobed corolla about
as long as the pubescent sepals; the well-known fruit is a globular brown,
rough-skinned berry SV in diameter or less, usually containing several large
black shining seeds,

Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq., Masticbully, West Indian, a large
tree, Avith oblong or ovate-oblong, evergreen rather thin, slender-petioled
leaves 8' long or less, the small yellowish pedicelled flowers in lateral or
axillary clusters, the nearly rotate corolla 5-parted, the oval drupe nearly
1' long, containing a single large seed, the pulp thin, grew in 1913 in a Paget
garden, the only tree of this species known to me in Bermuda. [S. masticho-
dendron Jacq.]

Calocarpum mammosum (L.) Pierre, Mammee-Sapota, of tropical
America, recorded by Jones in 1873 as ''Mammee Apple," is a large tree
with obovate leaves 6'-9' long, greenish-white flowers about 6" wide, short-
pedicelled on the twigs, the rough oblong fruit 5'^6' long, usually containing
a single large seed. [Achras mammosa L.]

A tree of a species of Lucuma, about 25° high, was observed at Bellevue
in 1913 ; it is probably L. multiflora A. DC, West Indian, but its fruit has
not been obtained. The oblanceolate to elliptic pointed short-petioled leaves
are 3'-5' long, the axillary, short-peduncled flowers have a white fugacious
tubular corolla about 3" long.

Family 2. EBENACEAE Vent.

Ebony Family.

Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, entire estipulate leaves, and dioe-
cious polygamous or rarely perfect regular flowers, solitary or cymose in
the axils. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persistent.
Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually convolute in
the bud. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla in the
sterile flowers, and inserted on its tube, usually some imperfect ones in the
pistillate flowers; anthers introrse, erect. Disk none. Ovary superior,
several-celled ; in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none ; ovules 1-3 in
each cavity, suspended; styles 2-S, distinct, or united below^; stigmas
terminal, sometimes 2-parted. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, the testa bony ;
endosperm copious, cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons large, folia-
ceous. About 6 genera and 275 species, mostly tropical.

1. DIOSPYROS L.

Flowers lateral, cymose, racemose or solitary, th-e pistillate commonly
solitary, the staminate usually clustered. Calyx 4-6-cleft. Corolla ureeolate
in our species, 4-6-lobed. Stamens 8-20 in the sterile flowers. Styles 2-6
in the pistillate flowers; ovary globose or ovoid, its cavities twice as many as
the styles. Berry large, pulpy, containing 4-12 flat hard seeds. [Greek, Zeus'
wheat.] About 160 species, abund^ant in Asia. Type species: Diospyros
Lotus L.

286

EBENACEAE.

1. Diospyros virginiana L.

Persimmox. Date-plum. (Fig.
306.) A tree; bark hard, dark,
furrowed. Leaves ovate or oval,
deciduous, pubescent when young,
acute or acuminate, dark green
above, pale beneath, 2'-5t|' long;
petioles loosely jointed with the
twigs, the leaves falling away in
drying; flowers mostly 4-parted;
corolla greenish yellow; stamens
of the sterile flowers about 16,
those of the pistillate 8 or few^er;
fruit globose, about 1' long, red-
dish-yellow and sweet when ripe,
astringent when green.

Along the border of Warwick
Marsh, 1905, spreading by suckers
and well established. Lefroy notes
its establishment at Somerville prior
to 1877 and that it became a nui-
sance at Mt. Langton by sending up
suckers. Native of the eastern
United States. It is not uncom-
monly planted : a tree at Somerville,
now destroyed, is said to have
reached 75° in height.

Diospyros kaki L. f., Kaki, Chinese Persimmon, Chinese, occasionally
planted, is a tree which becomes 40° high under favorable conditions; it has
nearly orbicular to ovate, short-petioled, often subcordate leaves 3'-5' broad,
densely pubescent beneath, its fruits 2' in diameter, depressed-globose and
yellow, the .persistent calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, about 8" long.

Diospyros discolor "Willd., Mabolo, of the Philippine Islands, was repre-
sented at Pembroke Hall in 1914, by a fine tree about 50° high. It is a nar-
row tall tree with somewhat pubescent young twigs; the leathery oblong
sharply acute leaves are 8-12' long, 2'-4' wide, the midvein prominent, the
lateral veins delicate and obscure, the upper surface bright green and shining,
the under side pale and dull; the fragrant flowers are in small clusters, the
calyx and white corolla silky; the velvety fruit is globose, about 3' m diameter.
Lefroy notes that a plant imported by him did not thrive, but the tree at
Pembroke Hall has grown luxuriantly. [D. Mabola Eoxb.]

Diospyrus Lotus L., Lotus Persimmon, Asiatic, seen in a garden near
Flatts in 1914, as a tree about 15° high, attains a height of 40° or more, has
thin, sparingly pubescent, elliptic acuminate petioled leaves 2i'-4' long, small
reddish flowers about 5" broad, and globose, nearly black fruit 6"-9" in
diameter.

Order 4. GENTIANALES.
Herbs, shnibs, vines or trees. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate.
Flowers regular. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, ners'ed, want-
ing in Forestiera of the Oleaceae. Stamens mostly borne on the lower part
of the corolla when this is present, as many as its lobes or fewer and alter-
nate with them. Ovaries 2, distinct, or 1 with 2 cavities (rarely more), or 2
placentae.

a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none.

Fam. 1. Oleaceae.
b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
Stigmas distinct : juice not milky ; ovary 1, compound.
Ovarv 2-celled ; leaves stipulate, or their bases con-
nected by a stipular line. Fam. 2. Loganiaceae.

OLEACEAE.

287

Ovary 1-celled, leaves not stipulate.
Stigmas united ; juice milky ; ovaries 2 in our species.

Styles -united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple

grains. Fam

Styles distinct ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pol-
len-grains united into waxy masses. Fam

Fam. 3. Gentianaceae.
-t. Apocynaceae.

5. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Family 1. OLEACEAE Lindl.

Olive Family.

Trees, vines, or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite
or rarely alternate simple or pinnate estipulate leaves and regular 2-4-
parted flowers in panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, usually
small, sometimes none. Stamens 2-4; filaments separate; anthers ovate,
oblong or linear, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior,
2-celled; ovules few in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; style
usually short or none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or -drupe. Endo-
sperm fleshy, horny or wanting; embryo straight, rather large; radicle usu-
ally short. About 21 genera and 525 species, of wide distribution in tem-
perate and tropical regions.

Corolla tubular with a spreading limb ; fruit didymous.
Corolla small or none ; fruit drupaceous.

Corolla none : shrubs or trees.

Corolla rotate, white ; trees.

1. Jasminum.

2. Forestiera.

3. Olea.

1. JASMINUM [Tourn.] L.

Shrubs or woody vines, with mostly opposite, simple or compound leaves,
and large, clustered or solitary flowers. Calyx lobed or parted. Corolla
salverform, its tube cylindric, its limb lobed or parted, the lobes imbricated.
Stamens 2, included; filaments short; anthers laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-
eelled ; style very slender ; stigma, capitate or 2-lobed ; ovules mostly 2 in each
cavity. Fruit didymous, fleshy. Seeds without
endosperm. [Ancient name, of Arabic origin.]
About 100 species, natives of the Old World.
Type species: Jasminum officinale L.

1. Jasminum simplicifolium Forst. f.
Simple-leaved Jasmine. (Fig. 307.) A gla-
brous woody vine, attaining a length of 30°
or more, climbing on trees and forming dense
thickets. Leaves opposite, simple, dark green,
somewhat shining, subcoriaceous, ovate to el-
liptic, y-2V long, aeutish or blunt at the apex,
obtusre at the base faintly veined, the petioles
2"_4' ■ long ; flowers few in terminal corymbs ;
pedicels slender; calyx campanulate, about IV'
long, its teeth very short; corolla white, its
tube about V long, its limb star-like, 6"-8"
broad; fruits black, didymous, each of the two
lobes globose, about 3" in diameter, eaten by
birds and the seeds thus scattered. [Jasmimim
gracile Andr.]

Overrunning trees and rocks nearly through-
out the land between Harrington Sound and Castle
Harbor, and locally elsewhere. A pernicious weed,
most difficult to exterminate. Native of Austral-
asia. Introducea about 1840. Flowers in early
summer and, sparingly, in autumn, the flowers
fragrant

288 OLEACEAE.

Jasminum Sambac (L.) Ait., Arabian Jasmine, East Indian, is a shrub
up to 5° high, with slender, pubescent, often straggling branches, ovate entire
nearly glabrous leaves IJ'-S' long Avith short pubescent petioles, the white
fragrant, often double flowers about f long in short terminal racemes, the
calyx with about 8 linear-subulate lobes, the corolla-lobes broadly oval or
nearly orbicular. It is commonly planted for ornament. [J. calophyllum of
A. H. Moore?]

Jasminum htimile L., Italian Yellow Jasmine, of tropical Asia, is a
glabrous vine-like shrub, with branches sometimes 15° long, the petioled pin-
nate leaves 4'-7' long, the leaflets 3-7 (mostly 5) ovate to lanceolate, acute,
short-stalked; the bright yellow flowers are in loose terminal corymbs, slender-
pedicelled, the smaU calyx 5-toothed, the corolla about 1' long with obtuse
lobes. It is freely planted for ornament. [J. revolutum Sims; J. fruticans
of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.]

Jasminum grandiflorum L., Eoyal Jasmine, of the East Indies, also
vine-like, with slender branches, petioled pinnate leaves 6' long or less, with 5
or 7, elliptic or ovate leaflets V-1' long, the lateral ones mostly obtuse and
mucronate, the terminal one acute or acuminate, the loosely corymbose,
slender-pedicelled, white flowers with a slender corolla-tube about 1' long, the
limb about V broad, the subulate calyx-teeth about one-fourth as long as the
corolla-tube, is commonly planted for ornament.

Jasminum officinale L., Poet's Jasmine, Asiatic, similar to J. grandi-
florum but with all the leaflets acute or acuminate, the corolla somewhat
smaller and the calyx-teeth longer, is occasionally cultivated.

Jasminum primulinum Hemsl., Primrose Jasmine, Chinese, occasionally
planted for ornament, is a slender-stemmed glabrous vine, with short-petioled,
3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or bluntish,
V-2i' long, and large showy axillary and solitary flowers, about IJ' broad,
their peduncles several-bracted. The plant grows vigorously but does not
flower profusely.

Jasminum undulatum Ker, Hairy White Jasmine, of India, a climbing
vine, with simple short-petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate leaves about 2'
long, glabrous and shining above, pubescent beneath, the flowers in small
terminal cymes, the linear-filiform calyx-teeth densely pubescent, the white
corolla with a narrow tube about 1' long, its narrow, acute lobes ^'-f long, is
occasionally planted for ornament.

2. FORESTrERA Poiret.

Shrubs or trees, the leaves opposite, deciduous, simple. Flowers incon-
spicuous, mainly polygamo-dioecious, in small lateral clusters or racemes on the
branchlets of the preceding year. Calyx usually present but small, its tube
very short, the lobes 4-6, unequal. Corolla wanting, or rarely of 1 or 2 decid-
uous petals. Stamens 2-4; anthers rather extrorse. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas
thick, sometimes 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous Drupe subglobose
to oblong. Seeds solitary or rarely 2, the testa membranous, the endosperm
fleshy. [In honor of Charles Le Forestier, a French physician.] About 15
species, natives of America. Type species: Forestiera acuminata (Michx.)
Poiret.

OLEACEAE.

289

1. Forestierasegregata (Jacq.)

Krug & Urban. West Indian
FoRESTiERA. (Fig. 308.) A gla-
brous shrub, or small tree, reach-
ing a maximum height of about
20° with a trunk 6' in diameter,
usually smaller. Leaves oblong to
elliptic, firm in texture, l'-3' long,
3"-12" wide, variable in shape
and size but those of individual
bushes nearly all similar, acutish
at the apex, narrowed into short
petioles, copiously punctate when
dry; flowers very small; corolla
none; stamens yellowish; drupes
oblong, slightly fleshy, about V
long and 2" thick, apiculate, some-
what oblique, borne on short slen-
der pedicels. [Myrica segregata
Jacq.; Forestiera porulosa Poir.]

Rocky hillsides ; very abundant
on the south side of St. David's
Island and on Cooper's Island ; be-
tween Castle Harbor and Harring-
ton Sound ; Abbot's ClifE ; Wreck
Hill ; Boaz Island. Native. Florida
and the northern West Indies.
Flowers in autumn and winter.
Leaves falling in November. The
largest individual observed was seen

near Bailey's Bay in 1912. No local name has been found associated with this
plant.

3. OLEA [Tourn.] L.
Trees, with opposite entire leaves, and small flowers in terminal or
axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla nearly rotate,
the tube short, the 4 lobes induplicate-valvate. Stamens 2, borne on the corolla-
tube, the filaments short, the anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each
cavity; style short; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Drupe oblong or globose, the

endocarp bony. [Ancient name of the olive.]
About 35 species, natives of warm-temperate
and tropical regions of the Old World, the
following typical.

1. Olea europaea L. Olive. (Fig. 309.)
An evergreen tree, becoming 60° high or more,
with a trunk up to 3^° in diameter, the slen-
der twigs densely leafy, angular. Leaves cori-
aceous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, l'-3' long,
3"-6" wide, dark green and more or less lepi-
dote above, densely silvery-lepidote beneath,
acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex,
narrowed into short petioles ; panicles axillary,
shorter than the leaves ; pedicels mostly shorter
than the calyx; calyx broadly obconic, about
1" long, with 4 minute teeth ; corolla white,
about 24" broad, its lobes spreading; drupe
oblong or subglobose, black, shining.

Frequent on hillsides and locally naturalized,
flowering in spring, its fruit, sparingly produced
in Bermuda, ripe in late summer and autumn.
Probably native of the Levant ; widely culti-
vated in the Mediterranean region.

290 OLEACEAE.

The Olive appears to have been introduced prior to 1612, being one of the
first Old World trees brought to Bermuda. In 1661 the Bermuda Company
ordered it widely planted, but it never became the basis of an industry.
Lefroy states that some of the trees planted in 1661 were still standing about
1875; this remark may very well apply to the ancient tree still in perfect
condition at Norwood, and, perhaps to one at Walsingham. The fruit pro-
duced in Bermuda is small and of inferior quality, averaging only about V
in length.

Fraxinus excelsior L., European Ash, of Europe and Asia, a large tree
with glabrous pinnate leaves 1° long or more, the lanceolate or oblong-lance-
olate, sessile serrate acuminate leaflets 9-15, the small greenish apetalous
flowers in fascicled clusters, the fruit flat blunt narrowly oblong samaras f'-l'
long, was represented at Mount Langton in 1914 by a tree about 30° high.

Ligustrum vulgare L., Privet, European, a shrub, with smooth dark
green, indistinctly veined, lanceolate or oblong leaves l'-2' long, and small
white perfect flowers in terminal panicles with funnelform corolla and 2
stamens, followed by small black 1-3-seeded berries, has also been introduced
as a hedge plant, but does not thrive vigorously, the climate being too warm
for it, or the rainfall insufiicient.

Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk., California Privet, Japanese, a glabrous
shrub up to 15° high, with upright branches, oblong or elliptic, short-petioled,
somewhat shining leaves l5'-2V long, narrowed at both ends, the white
flowers nearly sessile in terminal panicles, the corolla-tube about 3 times as
long as the limb, is successfully grown for hedges.

Ligustrum Ibota Sieb., Ibota Privet, of China and Japan, of which a
young plant was seen at Cedar Lodge in 1914, becomes, under favorable cir-
cumstances, a shrub about 10° high; its young twigs are densely pubescent, its
oblong obtuse or acute leaves are l'-2' long, its white flowers in small droop-
ing panicles, short-pedicelled, the corolla-tube about twice as long as the limb.

Ligustrum coriaceum Carr., Thick-leaved Privet, origin unknown, is a
densely leafy, glabrous shrub, becoming 5°-6° high, with evergreen, orbicular
to ovate, dark green and shining obtuse leaves l*'-2*' long, the flowers sessile
in terminal panicles, the corolla-tube about as long as the limb; a plant ap-
parently of this species, about 4° high, was seen at Cedar Lodge in 1914.

Osmanthus Aquifolium Sieb., Holly Osmanthus, Japanese, a shrub or
small tree, with opposite short-petioled evergreen elliptic spiny-serrate acu-
minate holly-like leaves 2'-4' long, and very fragrant white flowers in axillary
clusters, the blunt corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud, is grown in a few
gardens.

Syringa vulgaris L., Lilac, European, seen at the Public Garden, St.
George's, in 1914, is a glabrous shrub, growing up to about 9° high, with
long-petioled ovate pointed leaves 2-5' long, the lilac or white fragrant
flowers in terminal panicles, with a salverform corolla about V long, the cap-
sular fruit nearly V long.

A species of Forsythia, Golden Bells, Asiatic, was observed in the
garden at Water Ville in 1914, which did not appear to be enduring the
climate.

Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort.

Logania Family.

Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical g-enera trees, with opposite or
vertieillate simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf -bases connected by a stipular
line or membrane, and regular perfect 4-5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior,
the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments imbricated,

LOGANIACEAE.

291

at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, eampanulate, or
rarely rotate. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers
2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; pollen-grains simple. Disk usu-
ally none. Ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; ovules anatropous
or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule in our species. Embryo small,
usually straight; endosperm copious; radicle terete or conic. About 30
genera and 400 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical regions.

1. BUDDLEIA L.

Mostly tomentose shrubs or trees, with cymose, panicled or capitate, small
flowers. Calyx eampanulate^ 4-toothed. Corolla tubular to eampanulate, its
4 lobes spreading. Stamens 4 nearly sessile. Style thickened at the apex;
ovules in several series. Capsule septicidally 2-valved. -Seeds numerous, ob-
long, with fleshy endosperm. [Commemorates Adam Buddie, an English plant-
lover.] About 75 species, widely distributed in tropical regions, a few in the
temperate zones. Type species: Buddleia americana L.

1. Buddleia madagascariensis Lam.

Madagascar Buddleia. (Fig. 310.) Snufp-
PLANT. A vine-like shrub 10°-15° high,
with long round slender white-tomentose
branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate, 4-6' long, about IV wide,
acuminate at the apex, obtuse at the base,
entire or very nearly so, dark green and
glabrous above, densely white-tomentose
beneath, the tomentose petioles 1' long or
less; flowers in terminal thyroid panicles
6'-12' long, white-tomentose; corolla tubu-
lar, purplish, about 3" long. [B. Neemda
of Lef roy and of H. B. Small ; B. americana
of Eeade, Jones, Verrill and Harshberger.]

Roadsides, escaped from cultivation. Na-
tive of Africa. Flowers in spring and summer.

Family 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort.

Gentian Family.

Bitter mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) estipu-
late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Bartonia, and regular perfect flowers
in clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Calyx inferior,
persistent, 4-12-lobed, -toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obolaria), the
lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, often
marcescent, 4-12-lobed or -parted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary superior in
our genus, 1-celled or partly 2-celled ; ovules numerous, anatropous or
amphitropous; stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft, Capsule mostly de-

292

GENTIANACEAE.

hiseent by 2 valves. Endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo small, terete or
conic. About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed.

1. CENTAURIUM Hill.
Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and
pink white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-4-lobed
or -divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4'
lobed, the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4,
inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments short-filiform; anthers becoming spirally
twisted. Ovary 1-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform;
stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Greek, red, the
color of the flowers in some species.] About 25 species, natives of the Old
World and western North and South America. Type species: Gentiana
Centaurium L.

1. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.)
Druce. Branching Centaury. (Fig.
311.) Glabrous, much branched, 3'-8'
high. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate,
the lower mostly obtuse, 3"-8" long; no
basal tuft of leaves; flowers pink, cy-
mose-paniculate, all or nearly all of
them pedicelled, 5"-6" long; tube of the
corolla li-2 times longer than the calyx-
segments, its lobes oblong, obtuse, li"-
2" long; stigma oval. [Gentiana pul-
chella Sw.; Erythraea pulchella Fries;
E. Centaurium of Reade, Lefroy, H. B.
Small and Kemp; E. texensis of Hems-
ley.]

Frequent in waste grounds. Natural-
ized. Native of Europe. Naturalized in
the eastern United States. Flowers from spring to autumn, ^'i-f 'Zl!a ^'''■"
This is, probably, the plant recorded by Michaux, m 1806, as Gentiana nana.

Family 4. APOCYNACEAE Lindl.

Dogbane Family.

Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly
with an acrid milky juice, with simple estipulate leaves, and perfect regular
5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated m the
bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute m the bud and otten
twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them,
inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2-celled; pollen-grams simple.
Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or
1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled; ovules anatropous or am-
phitropous; style simple, or 2-divided; stigma simple. Fruit usually ot J
follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged; endosperm Aesby '' ^i^^!^^
straight; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons. About IdU
genera and 1100 species, very widely distributed, mostly m tropical regions.

APOCYNACEAE.

293

Fruit follicular ; seeds comose.

Fruit a flattened drupe ; seeds fleshy, unappendaged.

1. Nerium.

2. Cerhera.

1. NERIUM L.
Large shrubs, with whorled or opposite, entire leathery narrow leaves,
and large, white to crimson flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx gland-bearing
within near the base ; corolla salverf orm with a narrowly cylindric tube, a cam-
panulate throat, and a spreading, 5-lobed limb, the lobes dextrorsely twisted.
Stamens borne at the top of the corolla-tube, included, the filaments short, the
anthers sagittate, long-appendaged at the apex, connivent around the stigma,
their basal lobes also appendaged. Ovary of 2 separate carpels; ovules numer-
ous; style slender; stigma with a membranous reflexed 5-lobed ring. Follicles
linear, straight, elongated. Seeds oblong, villous, appendaged by a caducous
coma. [Greek, name of the Oleander, said to refer to its native habitat in
moist grounds.] Two or three known species, natives of Asia and of the
Mediterranean region, the following typical.

1. Nerium Oleander L. Oleander.
(Fig. 312.) A shrub 8°-20° high, the
twigs and leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves opposite, or whorled in 3's, nar-
rowly oblong-lanceolate, dull dark green
above, paler green beneath, 3'-5' long,
^'-f wide, sharply acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base into short
petioles, the midvein prominent beneath,
the lateral veins very many, transverse;
cymes several-many-flowered, somewhat
pubescent; flowers scarcely odorous; calyx
pubescent, about 4" long; corolla l5'^2'
broad, often double ,white to purple; pods
4'-7' long, about 4" thick, drooping.

In nearly all situations except saline ones.
Naturalized. Native of the Orient. Recorded
as introduced to Bermuda in 1790, now one of
its most beautiful floral features, blooming
more or less throughout the year, most freely
in spring and summer.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don., Eed Periv^^inkle, a somewhat woody,
herbaceous plant about 2° high, with smooth opposite entire leaves, and large
pink, or sometimes white, axillary flowers, the corolla salverf orm, the cylindric
pubescent follicles about 1' long, is common in flower-gardens. It is native
of the Old World tropics, and naturalized in Florida, the West Indies and
tropical continental America. [Vinca rosea L.]

2. CERBERA L.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with alternate narrow often apparently 1-

nerved leaves, and large yellow flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted,

glandular within at the base. Corolla funnelform, the tube cylindric below,

abruptly enlarged into a campanulate throat, the spreading limb 5-lobed, the

294

APOCYNACEAE.

broad lobes somewhat twisted. Stamens borne at tlie top of the corolla-
tube; anthers lanceolate, unappendaged. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; ovules 2 in
each cavitj; style filiform; stigma disk-like. Drupe flattened, broader than
long, the bony endocarp 2-celled. [Named for Cerberus, the fabled watch
dog of the infernal regions.] Seven species or more, natives of tropical
regions, the following typical.

1. Cerbera Thevetia L., Frexch Trumpet-
flower. Lucky-nut. (Fig. 313.) A small
tree, or shrub, up to 20° in height, its branches
densely leafy. Leaves linear, dark green and
shining above, pale green beneath, 3'-6' long,
3"-5" wide, attenuate at both ends, the mid-
vein prominent beneath, the lateral venation
very obscure; cymes several-flowered; pedicels
slender; caJyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate,
spreading, about 3" long; corolla 2V-3' long,
the cylindric part 6"-8" long; drupe com-
pressed-triangular, I'-li' broad, about f high
and J' thick, the flesh thin. [Thevetia nerei-
folia Juss.]

Frequently escaped from gardens and planta-
tions where it is common. Native of the West
Indies. Flowers during most of the year.

Plumiera alba L., White Trumpet-
FX,ow^ER, West Indian, was represented in 1913
by a very old tree about 30° high, at Pem-
broke Hall. It has linear to linear-oblong
leaves 4-10' long, densely white-tomentulose
and reticulate-veined beneath, and terminal
cymes of white flowers 1' broad or more, the
corolla with a yellow eye.

Plumiera rubra L., Frangipanxi, Eed Jasmine, frequently planted for
ornament, is a tree up to 15° high, abounding in milky sap, wuth very stout
twigs; the large oblong leaves are 3'-8' long and clustered at the ends of the
twigs; the pink to red flowers are in terminal cymes, the corolla about '2'
broad with oval lobes longer than the tube, the follicles about 6' long.

Allamanda Hendersoni Bull, Henderson's Allamanda, South American,
a high-climbing woody vine, occasionally planted for ornament, is glabrous,
the leaves whorled in 4's, elliptic to oblong, 3-5' long, short-petioled, nar-
rowed at the base and acuminate at the apex; the showy bright orange-yellow
flowers are about 4' broad, the corolla with a slender tube, its throat spotted.

Allamanda Schottii Pohl, Schott's Allamanda, also South American,
mentioned by Lefroy as grown under glass at Mt. Langton, is similar, but
slightly pubescent with lanceolate leaves, the corolla-throat striped.

Tabemaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd., Crape Jasmine, origin un-
known, a glabrous shrub, with thin bright green opposite short-petioled
elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate leaves 3'-6' long, and cymose white,
usually double flowers about IV broad, is frequently planted for ornament.
[Nerium coronarium Jacq.]

Tabemaemontana citrifolia Jacq., Small-flowered Tabernaemontana,
West Indian, a shrub up to 6° high, with oblong or oblong-obovate leaves 3'-5'

APOCYNACEAE. 295

long, white floAvers about 8" broad, in terminal compound cymes, the corolla-
lobes about as long as the tubC; is recorded by Lefroy as common in gardens
prior to 1877.

TalDernaemontana Cumingiana A. DC, of the Philippine Islands, a shrub
up to 5° high, with elliptic-lanceolate or oblong leaves 2'-5' long, narrowed at
both ends, few-flowered cymes of white flowers in the upper axils, the slender
corolla-tube 7"-9" long, longer than the lobes, was represented at Mt. Lang-
ton by a vigorous plant in 1913.

Arduina grandiflora E. Meyer, Natal Plum, South African, a glabrous
shrub 5° high or higher, with strong forked spines l'-2' long, thick ovate
entire mucronate short-petioled leaves l'-3' long; few-flowered terminal
cymes, the white corolla with a short tube and 5 oblong lobes about 1' long
overlapping to the left, the ovoid pointed red berry l'-2' long, is planted for
ornament and for its edible fruit. It is a good hedge-plant with fragrant
flowers.

Trachelospermum divarlcatum (Thunb.) K. Schum., Star Jessamine,
Chinese, a pubescent woody climbing vine up to 15° long, with oval or
elliptic, short-petioled, acute or short-acuminate leaves 2'-3' long, and axillary
cymes of white or pinkish flowers about 1' broad, the linear follicles 4'-7'
long, is occasionally planted for ornament. [T. jasminoides Lemaire.]

Beaumontia grandiflora Wall., Beaumontia, East Indian, occasionally
planted for ornament, is a woody vine with opposite short-petioled elliptic to
obovate leaves 6'-8' long, the apex abruptly acuminate, and very large white
fragrant clustered flowers, the 5 ovate acute sepals about V long, the cam-
panulate, 5-lobed corolla 4-5' long.

Family 5. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl.

IMiLKWEED Family.

Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly wdth milky juice, with estipu-
late leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect reg-ular flowers. Calyx inferior,
its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud.
Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed or 5-cleft,
the segments commonly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown (corona)
between the corolla and the stamens and aclnate to one or the other. Stamens
5, inserted on the corolla; filaments short, stout, mostly monadelphous, or
distinct ; anthers attached by their bases to the filaments, introrsely 2-celled,
connivent around the stigma, or more or less united with each other; anther-
sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect searious membrane, or unappendaged
at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base; pollen coherent into waxy
or granular masses, one or rarely t-vvo such masses in each sac, connected
with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular corpuscles alternate with
the anthers. Disk none. Ovaiy of 2 carpels ; styles 2, short, connected at
the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules numerous in each carpel,
mostly anatropous, pendulous. . Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds compressed,
usually appendaged by a long coma; endosperm cartilaginous; embrv^o
nearly as lonp* as the seed; cotyledons flat. About 220 genera and 2000
species, of wid6 distribution.

296

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Corona-hoods with an incurved horn.
Corona-hoods hornless.

1. Asclepias.

2. Gomphocarpus.

1. ASCLEPIAS L.

Perennial herbs with entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in
umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals
acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly
valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5
concave hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Fila-
ments connate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged,
the wings broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac,
pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Pol-
licles usually thick, acuminate. Seeds comose in all but one species. [Dedi-
cated to ^sculapius,] About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World.
Type species: Asclepias syridca L.

1. Asclepias curassavica L. Wild
Ipecac. Blood-flowepw Butterfly Weed.
(Fig. 314.) Stems somewhat woody at the
base, glabrous or minutely pubescent above,
l°-3° high; leaves opposite, 2.'-6' long,
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, commonly acu-
minate; umbels terminal and lateral, 5-10-
flowered; pedicels 5"-10" long; corolla-
lobes deep red-purple, about 3" long, ovate-
oblong; column distinct; hoods orange,
erect, 2" high, ovate, obtuse, laterally com-
pressed, shorter than the flat attenuate
curved horn; follicles erect on erect fruit-
ing pedicels, li'-4' long, slender-fusiform,
acuminate, glabrous or minutely pubescent
and slightly glaucous; seeds 3" long, rather
thin; coma l"-li" long.

Common in waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized. Native of tropical America. Nat-
uralized in the southern United States. Flow-
ers in summer and autumn.

Asclepias nivea L,, White Milkweed, West Indian, which is similar to
A. curassavica but has white corollas and usually broader leaves, came up in
some soil from the West Indies at Mount Langton, as recorded by Lefroy, who
states that it established itself at that time, but it has not been observed
subsequently, and H. B. Small indicates that it did not persist.

Asclepias Linaria Cav., Eanstead Milkweed, Mexican, a white-flowered,
narrow-leaved species, was in cultivation in gardens, prior to 1883, according to
Eeade.

2. GOMPHOCARPUS R. Br.

Shrubs or large herbs, with opposite leaves, the flowers similar in struc-
ture to those of Asclepias, but the hoods of the corona without horns, unap-
pendaged. Follicles inflated. [Greek, club-fruit.] About 75 species, mostly
African. Type species: Asclepias arborescens L.

ASCLEPIADA€EAE.

297

1. Gomphocarpus physocarpus E.

Meyer. Large-fruited Gompho-
carpus. (Fig. 315.) Shrubby,
branched, pubescent above, 4°-6°
high, rather densely leafy. Leaved
thin, linear-lanceolate, short-petioled,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the base, 2'— 4' long, V wide or less;
umbels few, several-flowered; pedi-
cels very slender, puberulent, V-IV
long; corolla white, about V broad,
its ovate, acutish segments soon re-
flexed; follicles ovoid, about 2' long,
I'-IJ' thick, loosely covered with
weak slender processes about 3" long.
[Asclepias pJiysocarpa Schlechter.]

Roadside, St. David's Island, 1909.
Flowers in spring. Native of South
Africa. Naturalized in Jamaica.

Hoya caraosa E. Br., Wax-plant,
of tropical Asia and Australia, occa-
sionally planted in gardens and grown
luxuriantly under glass, is a vine
with thick fleshy entire ovate leaves,
and umbelled fragrant flowers, the white rotate corolla with a crown spreading
like a star; the fruits are smooth follicles.

Stephanotis floribunda A. Brongn., Stephanotis, Madagascan, is an ele-
gant high-climbing, glabrous vine, with thick shining elliptic petioled leaves
2'-4' long, and large white fragrant flowers in stalked axillary umbels, the
short calyx 5-parted, the salverform corolla l'-2' long, with 5 spreading
lobes and a crown of 5 scales, the fleshy pod about 4' long; it is commonly
planted on walls and grows luxuriantly. [Marsdeiiia floribufida Schlechter.]

Stapelia maculosa (Haw.) Donn, Carrrion-flower, South African, occa-
sionally grown for interest, is a fleshy leafless plant 3'-4' high, the stems 4-
angled, the stalked purplish mottled flowers 3'-4' wide, their odor very
offensive. [Orhaea maculosa Haw.]

Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br., Cryptostegia, a woody vine, containing
much milky sap, and yielding some india rubber, grown at Wood Haven in 1914,
has oblong entire thickish leaves 3'-4' long, and large purplish flowers, the
corolla about 2' broad with a corona of 5 scales deep down in its tube.

Order 5. POLEMONIALES.

Mostly herbs; rarely shrubs or trees. Corolla almost always gamo-
petalous, regular or irregular. Stamens adnate to the corolla-tube usually
to the middle or beyond, as many as the corolla-lobes, or fewer and alter-
nate with them. Ovary 1, superior, compound (in Boraginaceae and
Lamiaceae deeply 4-lobed around the style).

a. Corolla regular.
Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as distinct nutlets at maturity.

Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted ; mostly
twining vines.

Ovary 2-4-celled. Fam. 1. Convolvdlaceae.

Ovary 2-divided. Fam. 2. Dichondrackae.

Ovary 3-celled ; stigmas 3, linear. Fam. 3. Polemoniaceae.

298 CONYOLVULACEAE.

Ovary 1-ceIled ; style 1, 2-lobed, or 2-parted ;

herbs not twining. Fam. 4. Htdeophyllaceae.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed
{Heliotropium).
Style arising from between the ovary-lobes. Fam. 5. Boraginaceae.

Ovary not lobed ; styles terminal. Fam. 6. Ehretiaceae.

b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mentha of the
Lamiaceae, and nearly or quite so in Verhena and Callicarpa of the Verhenaceae).
1. Carpels 1-2-seeded.
Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical ; carpels

separating into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 7. Yeebenaceae.

Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening

into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 8. Lamiaceae.

2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae).
t Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circum-

scissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent.
Placentae axile.

Flowers regular ; fertile stamens 5 (4 in

Petunia) ; fruit a berry or capsule. Fam. 9. Sola>-aceae.

Flowers more or less irregular ; fertile stamens

2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum) ; fruit a capsule. Fam. 10. Scrophdlaeiaceae.

Placentae parietal.

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled. Fam. 11. Bignoniaceae.
Herbs or shrubs ; capsule 1-celled. Fam. 12. Gesxeeiaceae.

±1 Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent ; opposite-leaved
herbs ; placentae axile. Fam. 13. Acanthaceae.

3. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cavity ; trees or shrubs with alternate leaves.

Fam. 14. Myopoeaceae.

4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with 1 erect orthotropous ovule and seed ; herb with

spicate flowers and reflexed fruits.

Fam. 15. Pheymaceae.

Family 1. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent.

MORNIXG-GLOKY FAMILY.

Herbs or vines, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate
estipulate leaves, and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers.
Calyx inferior, 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or
sepals imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-ang"led, 5-lobed or
entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and alter-
nate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or dilated at
the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular
or none. Ovai^y superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity,
or falsely 4-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, entire or 2-4-
divided; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from between the ovary-divisions;
ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct carpels,
in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous; em-
bryo plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or car-
tilaginous, usually scanty. About 45 genera and probably 1000 species, of
wide distribution.

Capsule dehiscent, several-seeded. 1. Ipot

Fruit woody, indehiscent, mostly 1-seeded. 2. Turbina.

1. IPOMOEA L.

Twining trailing or rarely erect herbs with large showy axillary flowers.
Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the
tube plaited. Stamens included. Ovary entire, 2-4-eelled, 4-6-ovuled; style
filiform, included; stigmas 1 or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule usually septi-
fragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 400 species, of
wide distribution. Type species: Ipomoea Pes-tigrinis L.

CO^^VOLVULACEAE.

299

Sepals linear or lanceolate, long; ovary mostly 3-celled.
Bases of the sepals with long spreading hairs.
Sepals glabrous, or sparingly short-pubescent.
Leaves silky-pubescent.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Sepals oblong to ovate, short; ovary mostly 2-ceIled or 4-celled.
Stems creeping ; leaves obtuse or emarginate, entire, fleshy.
Stems climbing or twining.
Flowers purple.

Sepals obtuse ; leaves sagittate.

Sepals acute, cuspidate ; leaves variously lobed or entire.
Flowers white with a purple throat ; leaves digitately di-
vided, the segments toothed.

1. Ipomoea Nil (L.) Roth. Blue
Morning-glory. (Fig. 316.) Stems
loosely pilose-pubescent, 2°-6° long,
prostrate or twining. Leaves more or less
pilose, the blades lV-5' broad, cordate
at the base, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or
acuminate; peduncles short or elongated,
1-3-flowered; sepals narrowly linear, 8"-
12" long, their bases somewhat broad-
ened and densely long-pubescent; corolla
blue, fading purple, its tube I'-IV long,
the limb 2'-2^' broad; ovary and cap-
sule 3-celled; capsule about 4" long.
[Convolvulus Nil L.; Pharhitis Nil
Choisy; I. Jiederacea of Verrill, as to
the name.]

Occasional in waste and cultivated
grounds. Introduced. Native of tropical
regions. Flowers in summer and autumn.
Not, as stated by Verrill, the most abun-
dant species, at least at present.

1. /. mi.

2. /. villosa.

3. /. cathartica.

4. /. Pes-caprae.

5. /. sar/ittata.

6. /. Batatas.

7. /. dissecta.

2. Ipomoea villosa E. & P.

Villous Morning-glory. (Fig. 317.)
Pubescent, twining, sometimes as-
cending trees to a height of 40° or
more. Leaves thin, slender-petioled,
the blades 3'-6' long, pubescent on
both sides, entire or 3-lobed, long-
acuminate at the apex, deeply cor-
date at the base ; peduncles 1-4-
flowered, axillary, as long as the
petioles or shorter; bracts linear-
lanceolate, 8"-12" long; sepals lan-
ceolate, acuminate, pubescent, about
I'long; corolla purple, about 3' long.
[Ipotiwea jamaicensis of Rein, Le-
froy, Hemsley and Moore; Iponwea
purpurea of Lefroy, Harshberger,
Verrill and H. B. Small; Pharbitis
dealhata and P. triloba of Mills-
paugh.]

Common in marshes and in waste
grounds. Introduced. Native of South
Americn. Flowers in summer and
autumn.

300

COXYOLVULACEAE.

Thickets, woodlands and roadsides.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

3. Ipomoea cathartica

Poir. Purple Morning-
glory. (Fig. 318.) Peren-
nial, minutely strigillose or
glabrate. Stems more or
less twining, branching ;
leaves broadly ovate, 2'-4'
long, entire or 3-lobed, acu-
minate, cordate; peduncles
shorter than the subtending
petioles ; sepals glabrate,
linear-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, 5"-10" long, acu-
minate; corolla pink-purple
or crimson, the limb 2h'-d^'
broad, undulate ; capsules
spheroidal, about 5" broad.
[Convolvulus acuminatus
Vahl. ; Ipomoea acuminata
E. & S., not R. & P. ; Phar-
h itis cathartica C h o i s y ;
Pharhitis purpurea of Mills-
paugh.]

Native. Florida and the West Indies.

4. Ipomoea Pes-caprae (L.)
Roth. Seaside Morning-glory.
Seaside Convolvulus. (Pig.
319.) Perennial, glabrous, suc-
culent. Stems prostrate, creep-
ing, sometimes 60° long or more,
branching; leaf -blades suborbic-
ular, 2Y-^' broad, usually
notched at the apex, rounded or
cordate at the base; petioles as
long ag the blades or shorter;
peduncles stout, 1-several-flow-
ered; pedicels more slender than
the peduncles; sepals glabrous,
oval or suborbicular, about 5"
long, obtuse; corolla purple,
about 2' long, its tube broadly
funnelform, its limb undulately-
lobed, 2'-3' broad; capsules
broadly ovoid or globose-ovoid,
7"-9" high; seeds pubescent.

Common on sea beaches. Native. Coasts of the southeastern United States,
the West Indies, and tropical continental America. Flowers in summer and
autumn. Its seeds probably reached Bermuda by floating. This vine is one of the
most characteristic plants of the littoral of warm and tropical America.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

301

5. Ipomoea sagittata Lam. Ar-
row-leaved MORXIXG-GLORY. (Fig.
320.) Perennial, glabrous. Stems
twining, 6°-15° long, branching, rela-
tively slender. Leaves l^''-4' long,
sagittate or hastate-sagittate, the seg-
ments linear or lanceolate, the lateral
about i as long as the terminal one;
petioles about as long as the basal
lobes; peduncles usually 1-flowered;
sepals glabrous, oblong to suborbieu-
lar, 3"-4" long, obtuse or cuspidate;
corolla purple, about 2' long, the tube
funnelform, the limb 2'-3' broad;
capsules ovoid, 5"-7" long; seeds vil-
lous. [Convolvulus sagittifolius Michx. ;
Ipomoea sagittifolia Ker.]

Occasional in fresh-water marshes ; abundant in Warwick Marsh. Native.
Southern United States and Bahamas. Flowers from spring to autumn. Its seeds
probably reached Bermuda on the wind.

6. Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.
Sweet Potato. (Fig. 321.) Eoot-
stocks large, fleshv, the well-known
vegetable. Stems glabrous or
nearly so, trailing, 3° long or
longer; leaf -blades various, ovate
to suborbicular, entire, dentate or
lobed, acuminate to obtuse, cor-
date at the base, 2'-6' long; pe-
duncles as long as the petioles or
shorter, few-flowered; sepals ob-
long, acute, cuspidate, somewhat
unequal, 3^"-o" long; corolla pale
purple or nearly white, about 2'
long; ovary and capsule 2-celled;
seeds smooth. [Convolvulus Ba-
tatas L. ; Convolvulus edulis
Thunb.; Batatas edulis Choisy.]

Waste places, and persistent after cultivation. Introduced. Native habitat
unknown.

The sweet-potato is cultivated, in a large number of different races, in all
warm-temperate and tropical regions, and is one of the important crops of
Bermuda.

302

CONYOLVULACEAE.

7. Ipomoea dissecta
(Jacq.) Pursh. Noyau
Vine. (Fig. 322.) Peren-
nial, villous-liirsute, or gla-
brate. Stems twining,
branching; leaves suborbic-
ular, lY-4:' in diameter, 5-
7-parted, the segments o\ral
to oblong or lanceolate,
coarsely toothed or pinnati-
fid; petioles as long as the
blades or longer, villous-
hirsnte; sepals glabrate, ob-
long to oblong-oval, 1' long,
acutish or obtuse; corolla
white with purple throat,
its tube funnelform, about
1' long, its limb lV-2'
broad; capsules about 8"
long; seeds smooth and gla-
brous. [Convolvulus dis-
sectus Jacq. ; /. sinuata
Ortega; Operculina dissecta
House. 1

Occasional in waste grounds and along roads, climbing on walls, rocks or trees
oduced. Native of the southern United States and West Indies. Flowers ir

Inti

summer and autumn

Occasionally planted.

Ipomoea Horsfalliae W. Hook., Mrs. Horspall's Moening-glory^ West
Indian, a long glabrous vine, the large leaves deeply 5-divided, or 5 segments
with acuminate tips, the numerous, slender-pedicelled rose or light purple
flowers li'-2' broad, is occasionally planted for ornament.

Ipomoea Learii Paxton, Lear's Morxing-glory, probably South' Ameri-
can in origin, but found also in the Old World tropics, a rapidly growing
pilose vine up to 40° long, with large cordate entire or 3-lobed leaves, afid
many lilac or purple flowers 4'-5' broad, is recorded by Lefroy as naturalized
in gardens, and mentioned by Verrill.

Ipomoea triloba L., is erroneously attributed to Bermuda by Verrill, based
on the record by Millspaugh of Pharhitis triloba, a different plant.

Calonyction aculeatum (L.) House, Moon-vixe, of tropical America, a
high-climbing vine, with smooth or sometimes muricate stems, ovate or sub-
orbicular, entire lobed or toothed, cordate leaves often 6' long, axillary 1-few-
flowered peduncles which become thickened in fruit, the short sepals with
tail-like appendages, the white corolla, opening at night, salverform, its tube
S^'-S' long, its limb 2V-4' wide, is planted for ornament and rarely seen on
roadsides. [Convolvidus aculeatus L.; Ipomoea Bona-nox L. ; Convolvulus
grandiflorus Eoxb., not Lam.]

2. TURBINA Eaf.

Vines with cordate leaves, and axillary peduncled clusters of large or
middle-sized flowers. Sepals ovate to lanceolate. Corolla campanulate Oi'
funnelform. Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled; stigmas 2. Fruit dry, woody, inde-
hiscent, subglobose or ovoid, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, the seeds smooth. [Latin,
from the supposed top-shaped fruit.] About 20 species, natives of tropical
regions, the following typical.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

303

1. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Eaf.
White Corymbose Morning-glory,
(Fig. 323.) High-climbing or trail-
ing, glabrous Leaves s!ender-peti-
oled, ovate, entire, IV-'i' long, acute
or acuminate at the apex, cordate at
the base; peduncles axillary, as long
as the leaves or longer, corymbosely
or paniculately several-many-flowered,
the pedicels slender; sepals oblong,
persistent, the 3 inner ones 4"-6"
long, nearly twice as long as the two
outer ; corolla white, I'-li' long ;
capsule ovoid, acute, about half as
long as the longer sepals, 1-seeded.
[Convolvulus corymbosus L. ; Ipomoea
sidifolia Choisy; Eivea corymbosa
Hall, f.]

Occasional in marshes and thickets.
Introduced Native of tropical America.
Flowers in winter and spring. Some-
times planted for ornament.

Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton, Cypress Vine, tropical American,
commonly planted for ornament, is an annual climber with leaves pinnately
parted into linear segments, and scarlet salverform corollas I'-l^' long, on
peduncles often longer than the leaves. [Ipomoea Quamoclit L. ; Q. vulgaris
Choisy.]

Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench, Small Eed Morning-glory, also trop-
ical American and planted for ornament, has similar flowers to those of the
Cypress-vine, but its leaves are ovate, long-pointed, entire or angulate-lobed.
[Ipomoea coccinea L.]

JaccLuemontia jamaicensis (Jacq.) Hallier, West Indian, recorded by
Eein as found in Bermuda, and cited from him by Hemsley, who doubts its
being indigenous, is a creeping vine with small white flowers and linear or
oblong leaves. Subsequent botanists have not observed it, and the record is
believed to be an error in determination, although Verrill describes the plant
correctly and says it grows near the sea. [Convolvulus jamaicensis Jacq.]

Argyreia speciosa (L.) Sweet, Elegant Argyreia, East Indian, a vine
with white-tomentose branches, orbicular, cordate, long-petioled leaves 6'-12'
broad, silky tomentose beneath, long-stalked cymes of purplish flowers, sub-
tended by large ovate acuminate, thin bracts, the sepals white-silky, the
corolla about 2' long, silky except at the plaits, and much narrowed at the
base, was grown luxuriantly in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Station in
1913. [Convolvulus speciosus L.; A. bracteata Choisy.]

Argyreia Roxburghii Arn., Eoxburgh's Argyreia, also East Indian, is
a similar long vine with smaller, shorter-petioled leaves, and rose-purple flow-
ers subtended by small bracts^ in dense, peduncled clusters. It was also
luxuriant at the Agricultural Station in 1913.

Operculina tuberosa (L.) Meissn., Yellow Morning-glory, a climbing
vine, with nearly orbicular leaves 4-7' broau, deeply digitately cleft into 7
oblong-lanceolate acuminate lobes, the axillary peduncles several-flowered,
thickened in fruit, the ovate blunt sepals 1' long or longer, the bright yellow
corolla tubular-campanulate, 2-3' long, the capsule I'-l*' long, has been
planted for ornament; according to Lefroy it was grown at St. George's prior
to 1877.

304

DICHONDRACEAE.

Family 2. DICHONDRACEAE Dumort.

DicHOXDRA Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, with creeping stems. Leaves alternate;
their blades about as broad as long or broader, entire. Flowers solitary in
the axils, commonly stalked. Calyx of 5 distinct or nearly distinct sepals.
Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate in the bud.
Stamens 5, shorter than the corolla. Filaments filiform or subulate. Car-
pels 2, distinct, pubescent. Styles 2, distinct, basal. Stigmas capitate.
Capsules 2 together, utricle-like, indehiscent. Seeds usually solitary or
two, with a short testa. Only the following genus.

1. DICHONDRA Forst.
Characters of the family. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.]

About 5 species of warm and tropical
regions. Type species: Dichondra
repens Forst.

1. Dichondra carolinensis Michx.
Carolina Dichondra. (Fig. 324.) Per-
ennial, softly pubescent. Stems creep-
ing, 3'-15' long, often branching; leaves
reniform or suborbicular, 2''-10" broad,
rounded or retuse at the apex, entire,
cordate; petioles much longer than the
blades; pedicels shorter than the peti-
oles; calyx silky, the sepals cuneate or
cuneate-obovate, obtuse; corolla green-
ish white, 2"-3" broad; capsules about
1" high, utricle-like. [D. repens of Le-
froy, Eeade, Hemsley, Verrill, Kemp
and Millspaugh.]

Common in shaded grassy places.
Native. Southern United States, Central
and South America. Flowers in spring
and summer. Its seed probably reached
Bermuda by a bird.

Family 3. POLEMONIACEAE DC.

Phlox Family.

Herbs, rarely vines. Flowers perfect, clustered, regular, or nearly so.
Calyx inferior, tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly
imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-parted, the lobes contorted.
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes;
anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovarj^ su-
perior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 2-°o in each cavity, amphitropous ; style
filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds
sometimes winged, sometimes enveloped in mucilage and emitting spiral
tubes when wetted; endosperm present; embryo straight; cotyledons flat;
radicle inferior. About 20 genera and more than 200 species, most abun-
dant in western America. There are no native nor naturalized species in
Bermuda.

Cobaea scandens Cav., Cobaea, South American, was grown at Mount
Langton prior to 1877, and flowered luxuriantly but failed to produce seed.
It is a very interesting glabrous vine, up to 20° long, with pinnate leaves of 2

POLEMONIACEAE.

305

or 3 pairs of stalked oval leaflets and a terminal forked tendril, the solitary,
long-peduncled flowers about IV broad, the corolla violet or purple.

Phlox Dnimmondii Hook., Annual Garden Phlox, Texan, a glandular-
i^ubescent annual, about 1° high, with sessile, ovate to lanceolate, entire
alternate leaves l'-2' long, the flowers in terminal cymes, the calyx with 5
narrow lobes, the salverf orm corolla white, red or purple, its slender tube
nearly 1' long, its 5 obovate lobes spreading, is grown in flower-gardens.

Phlox paniculata L., Perennial Garden Phlox, North American, a
nearly glabrous erect perennial with oblong-lanceolate, petioled leaves 2'-4'
long, the white to purple flowers panicled, was grown in the Public Garden,
St. George's, in 1913.

Family 4. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl.

Water-leaf Family.

Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal,
rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid
cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft
or divided. Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla,
and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers mostly versatile,
2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or none. Ovary
superior, 2-celled, or 1-celled w^ith 2 placentae ; styles 2, separate, or partly
united ; stigmas small, terminal ; ovules anatropous or ampliitropous. Cap-
sule 1-2-celled, mostly loeulicidally 2-valved. Seeds usually pitted, rugose
or reticulated ; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous ; embryo small ; cotyledons
half-terete or plano-convex. About 17 genera and 175 species, mostly
natives of western North America.

1. MARIIiAUNiDIUM Kuntze.
Branching pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the flowers soli-
tary in the axils. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed,
the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly included, borne on the
corolla-tube. Ovary 1-celled, or incompletely
2-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit a 2-valved
capsule. [In honor of Dr. Anton Kerner
Eitter von Marilaun.] About 20 species,
natives of America, the following typical.

1. Marilaunidium jamaicense (L.)
Kuntze. Jamaica Weed. (Fig. 325.) An-
nual, much branched, the branches prostrate,
3'-15'' long. Leaves thin, spatulate or obo-
vate, J'-2' long, obtuse or apiculate, nar-
rowed to a sessile, somewhat decurrent base ;
peduncles 3" long or less; calyx-segments
hirsute, linear, 3"-4" long; corolla white or
purplish, about as long as the calyx, its
lobes broad ; capsule oblong, a little longer
than the calyx. [Nama jamaicensis L.]

Waste and cultivated grounds, frequent.
Native. Souttiern United States, West Indies
and tropical continental America. Flowers in
spring. Its seeds were probably broughit to
Bermuda by a bird.
21

306 HYDROPHYLLACEAE.

Nemophila insignis Dougl., Blue Nemophila, Californian, grown in
flower-gardens, is a low, pubescent annual, 6'-l° high, branched from the base,
with pinnately parted flaccid leaves and blue flowers about f ' broad, the seeds
tubercled.

Nemophila maculata Benth., White Nemophila, also Californian, re-
corded by Jones, is similar to the preceding but with white corolla, about the
same size, blotched and violet at the tips of the lobes, its seeds smooth or
nearlv so.

Family 5. BORAGINACEAE Lindl.

Borage Family.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarelj^ opposite or vertieillate, estipu-
late, mostly entire and hispid or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular,
mostly blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes
scattered. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-eleft, or 5-parted, usually per-
sistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, rarely irregular.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate wdth them, inserted on
the tube or throat ; anthers 2-cened, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk
commonly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or
the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 1-ovuled
carpels ; style simple, entire or 2-clef t ; ovules anatropous or amphitropous.
Fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm
fleshy, copious, or none; cotyledons mostly flat or plano-convex; radicle
short. About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide distribution, most
abundant in the temperate zones, but many species tropical.

Fruit dry, separating into nutlets ; herbs. 1. Heliotropium.

Fruit fleshy, drupaceous ; silky maritime shrub. 2. Mallotonia.

1. HELIOTE.OPIUM [Tourn.] L.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and small blue or
white flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lance-
olate or linear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its
tube cylindric, its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens
included; filaments short, or none. Stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed,
separating into 4 1-seeded nutlets, or into 2 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, sun-
turning, i. e., turning to or with the sun.] About 125 species, widely dis-
tributed, most abundant in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type
species: Heliotropium eiiropaeum L.

BORAGINACEAE.

307

1. Heliotropium curassavi-
cum L. Sea-side Heliotrope.
(Fig. 326.) Annual, fleshy, more
or less glaucous, diffuse, tlie
branches 4-18' long. Leaves lin-
ear, or linear-oblong, entire, in-
conspicuously veined, f'-2' long,
l^"-3" wide, obtuse, narrowed into
petioles, or the upper sessile;
scorpioid spikes dense, bractless,
mostly in pairs; flowers about 2"
broad ; calyx-segments acute ;
corolla white with a yellow eye or
changing to blue; stigma um-
brella-shaped; anthers acuminate;
fruit globose.

Sandy seashores and salt marshes, frequent. Native. Florida and West Indies.
The plant probably reached Bermuda by floating. Flowers from spring to autumn.

Heliotropium pemvianum L., Garden Heliotrope, Cherry Pie, South
American, commonly grown in flower-gardens, is a perennial pubescent herb,
slightly woody, 2h° high or less, with oblong-lanceolate acute pinnately-veined
leaves l'-3' long, the small, vanilla-scented flowers usually blue, numerous in
terminal clusters.

2. MALLOTONIA [Griseb.] Britton.

Silvery-silky shrubs of the seacoast, with alternate leaves and small white
flowers in dense 1-sided clones, the fruits almost capitate. Calyx mostly 5-
parted; corolla salverform, the 5-lobed limb shorter than the nearly cylindric
tube, the lobes broad, valvate. Stamens short, included. Style simple. Drupe
dry and bony, ovoid-conic, hollowed at the base, 2-pyrenous, the dissepiments
solid. [Latin, related to Mallota.'] One species, or perhaps 2, of tropical and
subtropical distribution, the following very characteristic and conspicuous
plant of tropical American seacoasts typical.

308

BOEAGINACEAE.

1. Mallotonia gnaphalodes

(L.) Britton. Sea Lavender.
(Fig. 327.) A somewhat fleshy
shrub, 2°-4° tall, with silky-to-
mentose foliage, much branched
and often forming large clumps,
the twigs densely leafy. Leaves
numerous, linear-spatulate, li'-A'
long, obtuse; cymes with 2-4 re-
curved branches; calyx eampanu-
late, its lobes about 1" long, ob-
long; corolla surpassing the calyx;
fruit ovoid, 2i"-3" high, black,
with 2 nutlets. [Heliotropium
gnaphalodes L. ; Tournefortia gna-
phalodes E. & S.]

Frequent on sea-beaches and
coastal rocks. Native. Florida and
the West Indies. The plant doubt-
less reached Bermuda by floating.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

Tournefortia laurifolia Yent., Laurel-leaved Tournefortia, of Porto
Eico, a glabrous vine, with firm ovate evergreen leaves, and long, 1-sided spikes
of small greenish flowers, is recorded by Lefroy as grown at Mt. Langdon.

Borage officinalis L., Borage, European, a rough-hispid herb with oblong
to obovate leaves 2'-5' long, and showy blue flowers in terminal, leafy racemes,
is grown in gardens.

Lithospermum distichum Ortega, Mexican, included by Lefroy in the
Bermuda Flora as a native sea-side plant, is evidently an error either in
record or determination. Lefroy 's record is cited by H. B. Small, and copied
by Verrill.

Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam., Forget-me-not, European and Asiatic,
occasional in flower-gardens, is a low perennial herb with decumbent branches,
oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse appressed-pubescent leaves V-SV long, and
slender racemes of small flowers, the corolla salverform, blue with a yellow
eye, 5-lobed, about 3" broad, the fruit 4 erect nutlets.

Family 6. EHRETIACEAE Schrad.

Ehretia Family.

Shrubs or trees, or some species herbs, with watery sap. Leaves mainly
alternate, without stipules, simple. Flowers perfect, regular, in cymes.
Calyx 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, its lobes
spreading. Stamens 5, or 4 or 6, adnate to the base of the corolla-tube;
filaments often united at the base; anthers introrse. Ovary 2-4-celled or
1-celled, some of the partitions being imperfect; styles 2, and distinct or
partially united, or 4 and united by pairs. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of
the ovarv^ Fruit drupaceous, with a 4-celled but only 1-seeded stone or 2
two-seeded or 4 one-seeded stones. About 20 genera and 360 species, mostly
of tropical distribution.

EHBETIACEAE. 309

Sebesten Sebestena (L.) Britton, Scarlet Cordia, Geiger Tree, Florid-
ian and West Indian, an evergreen small tree, with rough ovate entire or
slightly toothed leaves 3'-6' long, clustered orange or flame-colored flowers
about V/ long, the corolla with a funnelform tube and spreading lobes, the
fruit a white drupe nearly an inch long, is much planted for ornament.
[Cordia Sebestena L.]

Family 7. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil.

Vervain Family.

Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticillate
or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect irregular, or sometimes regular
flowers, in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, mostly per-
sistent, usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla regular, or 2-lipped, the
tube usually cylindric and the limb 4^5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous,
rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla and
alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-10-celled), composed of 2 carpels,
each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous ovule3, thus in 4-celled
ovaries 1 ovule in each cavity; style terminal; stig-mas 1 or 2. Fruit dry,
separating at maturity into 2-4 nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4 nut-
lets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely fleshy; embryo straight. About
75 genera and 1300 species, of wide geographic distribution.

A. Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary.
Inflorescence centripetal.

Flowers in spikes, heads or spike-like racemes ; herbs or shrubs.
Fruit of 2 or 4 dry nutlets.
Stamens 4.

Fruit of 4 nutlets. 1. Verbena.

Fruit of 2 nutlets.

Calvx not inflated. 2. Lippia.

Calyx inflated. 3. Priva.

Stamens 2 ; nutlets sunken in the axis of slender

spikes. 4. Valerianodes.

Fruit fleshy, drupaceous. 5. Lantana.

Flowers in long racemes ; shrubs or trees.

Drupe subtended by the calyx ; stigma 2-lobed. 6. Githarexylum.

Drupe enclosed by the calyx ; stigma 4-lobed. 7. Duranta.

Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose or cymose-paniculate.
Corolla irregular, its limb oblique ; stamens long-exserted.

Spiny shrub. 8. Tolknvieria.

Unarmed shrubs or herbs. 9. Clerodendron.

Corolla regular, small. 10. CalUcarpa.

B. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity ; swamp trees. 11. Avicennia.

1. VERBENA L.

Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and
bracted flowers, in terminal spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled, unequally
5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the limb spreading. Connective
of the anthers unappendaged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-
celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; style usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one
of the lobes stigmatie. Fruit mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separat-
ing into 4 1-seeded linear or linear-oblong crustaceous nutlets. [Latin name
of a sacred herb.] A'bout 100 species, natives of America or a single one
indigenous in the Mediterranean region. Type species: Verbeim officinalis L.

310

VEBBENACEAE.

Spikes slender, the fruits not overlapping.

Leaves pinnately cleft or incised.

Leaves merely toothed.
Spikes stout, the fruits overlapping.

Bract shorter than the calyx ; spikes elongated.

Bract as long as the calyx or longer ; spikes short.

1. V. officinalis.

2. F. scabra.

3. V. bonariensis.

4. V. rigid a.

1. Verbena officinalis L.

European Vervain. Herb-of-the-
Cross. Berbine. (Fig. 328.)
Stem 4-side(l, glabrous or nearly
so, diffusely branched, l°-3° high.
Leaves minutely pubescent, the
lower deeply incised or 1-2-pin-
natifid, ovate, oblong, or obovate,
V-SV long, narrowed into mar-
gined petioles, the teeth acute;
upper Waves linear or lanceolate,
acute, entire, sessile; spikes fili-
form, at length 4'-5' long; fruits
less than 1" high, scattered; bracts
ovate, acuminate; corolla purplish
cr white, the limb about 11" broad.
[F. littoralis of Moore.]

In waste places and cultivated
grovmd. Naturalized. Native of
Europe. Naturalized in the southern
United States and in tropical Amer-
ica. Flowers from spring to autumn.

2. Verbena scabra Vahl. Eough
Vervain. (Fig. 329.) Annual, or per-
haps of longer duration; stem rather
slender, erect, simple or branched, 1°-
4i° high, pubescent with spreading
hairs. Leaves l'-3' long, ovate to lance-
olate, papillose-scabrous above, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, regularly den-
tate nearly all around, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, slender-petioled ; spikes
very slender, spreading, often 6' long,
rather densely many-flowered; calyx
about 1" long, its lobes acute, converg-
ing over the fruit; corolla pinkish, about
2" wide; nutlets nearly 1" long. [F.
urtidfolia of Eeade, Hemsley, H. B.
Small and Moore.]

Common in marshes, and in waste and
cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of the southern United States, Mexico and
the West Indies. Flowers from spring to
autumn.

VERBENACEAE.

311

3. Verbena bonariensis L. South
American Vervain. (Fig 330.) Annual,
villous-hirsute above. Stems 2°-4° tall,
branching above; leaves oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, li'-4' long, serrate with broad
teeth or nearly entire below the middle,
partly clasping; spikes dense, about 1' long,
and 2V' thick, in rather compact cymes;
calyx delicately pubescent, becoming lA"-
2" long, its lobes acute; corolla pubescent
without, its tube nearly twice as long as
the calyx, the limb 1" broad; nutlets about
1" long, glabrous.

Frequent in waste places. Naturalized.
Native of South America. Naturalized in the
southeastern United States, and in the moun-
tains of Jamaica. Flowers from spring to
autumn.

4. Verbena rigida Spreng. Stiff Ver-
bena. (Fig. 331.) Perennial, pubescent,
rather stiff, simple, or branched from the
base, l°-2° high. Leaves oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or the lowest obovate, sessile,
l'-4' long, scabrous, .sharply serrate with
rather distant teeth, acute at the apex,
rounded or subcordate at the base; spikes
few, l'-2' long, densely-flowered; bracts
lanceolate-subulate, mostly longer than the
calyx, ciliate; calyx about 3" long; corolla
purple, its slender, pubescent tube about 5"
long, the limb about 3" broad; nutlets 2|"
long. [F. cJiamaedry folia of H. B. Small;
V. venosa Gill. & Hook,]

Waste grounds, fields and lawns, occa-
sional, probably escaped from gardens. Intro-
duced. Native of South America. Flowers in
summer and autumn.

Verbena chamaedrifdlia Juss., Garden Verbena, South American, with
oblong to ovate, short-petioled, unevenly serrate leaves l'-2' long, and scarlet
to red or purple flowers in compact terminal clusters, the narrow hirsute calyx
about V long, the corolla-tube a little longer than the calyx, the corolla-limb
about V broad, is widely grown in flower-gardens. There are a great many
hybrids of this with related species.

Verbena erinoides Lam., Moss Verbena, South American, has 3-parted
leaves, their segments pinnatifid into narrow lobes, and terminal spikes of
small violet or lilac flowers. It is recorded by Lefroy as grown in Bermuda
prior to 1877. [F. multifida R. & P.]

2. lilPPIA Houst.; L.
Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, or rarely alternate leaves, and
small bracted flowers, in spikes or heads. Calyx small, ovoid, campanulate or

312

VERBENACEAE.

compressed and 2-wiiiged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla-tube cylindric, the
iimb oblique, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers
ovate, not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in
each cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a mem-
branous exocarp, at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of
Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, a French naturalist.] About 100 species, most
abundant in tropical America. Type species : Lippia americana L.

1. Lippia nodiflora (L.)
Michx. Cape-weed. Godet's-weed.
(Fig. 332.) Minutely and rather
densely puberulent, creeping, or
the branches ascending, l°-3° long.
Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblance-
olate, or obovate, h"-2l" long, 3"-
10" wide, mostly obtuse, narrowed
into a cuneate entire base, sharply
serrate above the middle; heads at
length cylindric and i'-l' long;
corolla purple to white. [Verbena
nodiflora L.; Lippia reptans of
Jones and Lefroy.]

Common on hillsides and in dry
soil generally, one of the most abun-
dant native plants. Southern United
States, West Indies, tropical conti-
nental America and Old World
tropics. Its seeds probably brought
to Bermuda by a bird or on the
wind. Flowers from spring to
autumn.

Lippia micromera Schauer, West Indian, a low shrub with very small
obovate toothed leaves, very fragi^ant when crushed, and small whitish flowers
in terminal heads, is grown in gardens. The plant is recorded as native by
Lefroy, but this appears to be erroneous, and no other author mentions it
as Bermudian.

Lippia triphylla (L'Her.) Kuntze, Lemon Verbena, South American,
commonly grown in gardens for its fragrant foliage, is a low slender shrub
with narrowly lanceolate toothed leaves l'-3' long, and very small, whitish
flowers in terminal clustered spikes. [L. citriodora HBK.; Aloysia citriodora
Pers.; Verbena triphylla L'Her.]

3. PRIVA Adans.
Perennial caulescent herbs, the leaves opposite, membranous, toothed, the
flowers in slender peduncled spikes. Calyx-tube 5-ribbed; lobes 5. Corolla
salverform, its tube straight or incurved, slightly dilated above, its limb
spreading, oblique, slightly 2-lipped, with 5 short lobes. Stamens 4, didyn-
amous, included; anthers with parallel or slightly divergent ascs. Ovary
2-celled, each cavity with more or less well developed septa. Ovules 2, or by
abortion 1, at the base of each cavity. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating
into 2 nutlets. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species of tropical distribu-
tion, the following typical.

VERBENACEAE.

313

1. Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. Bur-
vervain. (Fig. 333.) More or less pubes-
cent. Steins 8'-2° tall, branching; leaves
ovate, i'-4' long, acute or acuminate, ser-
rate, truncate or cordate at the base, the
petioles much shorter than the blades;
racemes loosely flowered, 2'-6' long; ped-
icels i"-l" long; calyx cylindric-prismatic,
about li" long, accrescent, pubescent;
corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, salver-
form, with short rounded lobes ; fruit
ovoid-pyramidal, 2|"-3^" long; nutlets in-
cluded in the calyx, spiny-tuberculate on
the back, l^"-2" long. [Verbena lappu-
lacea Li.', Priva echinata Juss.]

Collected in Bermuda by Munro, according
to Hemsley, but no specimen is preserved at
Kew or at the British Museum ; as it is a com-
mon weed of warm and tropical regions it
may very likely have been foimd in Bermuda,
perhaps only as a waif. We have failed to
find it.

4. VALERIANODES [Boerh.] Medic.
Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs,
the leaves opposite or alternate, toothed.

Flowers spicate, solitary and sessile in the axils of bracts, or imbedded in
excavations of the thick rachis. Calyx membranous or herbaceous, its lobes 5,
usually unchanged at maturity. Corolla-tube sometimes slightly dilated
above, the limb spreading; lobes 5. Stamens 2, included; anthers with unap-
pendaged connectives; staminodia 2, small. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules solitary
in each cavity. Fruit included in the calyx, separating into 2 nutlets. [Sig-
nifies similarity to A^alerian, but this is
obscure.] More than 40 species, of tropical
and subtropical America, the following
typical.

1.. Valerianodes jamaicensis (L.)
Kuntze. Jamaica Vervain. (Fig. 334.)
An annual shrubby plant, 1°-3A° high, often
purplish, with sparingly pubescent or gla-
brate foliage. Leaves alternate or opposite,
oblong, ovate or oval, 1-3^' long, coarsely
serrate, narrowed at the base, the petioles
margined, as long as the blades or shorter;
spikes 6'-2° long, quill-like; bracts imbri-
cated, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrulate, 3"-4" long; flowers borne in
depressions of rachis ; calyx-lobes triangular
or triangular-ovate ; corolla blue, somewhat
irregular, 4"-6" long, its tube slightly
curved, the limb 3"-4" broad; nutlets IV'
long, buried in the rachis. [Verbena jamai-
censis L. ; Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl.]

Common in fields and in waste places.
Native. Florida, the West Indies and tropical
continental America. Flowers from spring to
autumn. Its seeds were probably transported
to Bermuda by a bird, or on the wind.

314

VEBBENACEAE.

5. LANTANA L.

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with pubescent foliage, sometimes armed with
prickles. Leaves opposite, toothed, often rugose. Flowers in dense peduncled
heads or spikes. Calyx membranous, with a truncate or sinuate border.
Corolla-tube slender, often curved, sometimes slightly dilated above; the limb
more or less 2-lipped, the lobes 4 or 5, obtuse or retuse. Stamens 4, didynamous;
filaments adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled,
stigma oblique; ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit small, drupe-like. Nut-
lets 2-celled or separating into 2 one-seeded nutlets. [Named from fancied
similarity to Viburnum Lantana.] About 60 -species, natives of tropical and
warm regions. Type species: Lantana Camara L.

Flower-heads not involucrate ; leaves large.

Flowers yellow to orange ; stems unarmed or a little prickly. 1. L. Camara.

Flowers yellow to pink ; stems strongly armed with hooked

prickles. 2. L. acitleata.

Flower-heads involucrate ; leaves small ; flowers lilac to white. 3. L. involucrata.

1. Lantana Camara L. Bed

iSagej-bush. English Sage-bush.
(Fig. 335.) A branching shrub S°-
5° tall, rigid-pubescent, unarmed, or
slightly prickly. Leaves ovate to ob-
long-ovate, l'-4' long, obtuse, acute, or
short-acuminate, finely crenate-ser-
rate, rounded or narrowed at the
base; bracts oblong to lanceolate, 2"-
4" long; calyx very thin, IJ" long;
corolla yellow or orange, the tube
about 5" long, puberulent, slightly
curved, barely enlarged above the
middle; limb 3"-4" wide. [L. crocea
of Eeade, Lefroy, Kemp, H. B. Small,
Harshberger, Verrill and Eein.]

Common on hillsides, in fields and waste grounds. Naturalized. Florida, the
West Indies and tropical continental America. Flowers from spring to autumn.
The species consists of many races ; the one inhabiting Bermuda appears to be
essentially unarmed.

VERBENACEAE.

315

2. Lantana aculeata L. Prickly
Sage. Pink Sage-bush. (Fig. 336.)
A shrub, 4°-6° high, or sometimes
with longer, half-climbing stems, the
slender, sparingly pubescent, 4-sided
branches armed with stout flattened
hooked prickles l"-2" long. Leaves
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled,
2'-3' long, crenate, reticulate-veined,
acute or acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed to the base; peduncles li'-3'
long; heads several-many-flowered,
not involucrate, the narrow bracts
pubescent, 2"-3" long; corolla about
i' long, yellow to orange, turning
pink, its limb 3"-4" broad. [L. poly-
acantJia of A. H. Moore.]

Abundant on hillsides along South
Shore Road, Devonshire, 1912, first ob-
served in that vicinity in 1905. Nat-
uralized. Native of tropical America.
Flowers in summer and autumn, per-
haps also earlier. Sometimes grown in
gardens.

3. Lantana involucrata L. Common Sage-
bush. (Fig. 337.) A puberulent, much branched
shrub, 2°-5° high, the branches stiff, nearly terete.
Leaves elliptic or oval, petioled, V-IV long, cren-
ulate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at
the base, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; pe-
duncles i'-2' long, slender; heads several-flowered,
involucrate by several ovate or ovate-lanceolate
bracts l-J"-3" long; corolla lilac or nearly white,
its tube "3"-4" long; drupes about 2" in diameter.
[L. odorata L.]

Common in all dry uncultivated situations, the
most abundant shrub of Bermuda. Naturalized, ac-
cording to Lefroy. who states definitely that it was
introduced from the Bahamas prior to 1800, with the
idea that it would be good for firing; but the bush
does not make wood enough to be of use for that
purpose, and it certainly appears as if native.
Florida and the West Indies. Flowers nearly through-
out the year.

Lantana Sellowiana Link & Otto, Weeping or Trailing Lantana, South
American, is a finely hairy shrub, 2*° high or less, with weak and slender
branches, .oval or ovate leaves 1' long or less, roughish above, tomentulose
beneath; the lilac flowers are in small terminal heads, the corolla-limb 4 -5
broad, with a long lower lobe. It is occasionally planted in borders for
ornament.

Lantana nivea Vent, White Lantana, South American, occasional in
gardens, has prickly or nearly unarmed branches, ovate crenulate slender
petioled leaves 2'-4' long, the white capitate flowers turning rose or bluish,
with a yellow eye. It forms a shrub up to 6° high.

316

VEBBENACEAE.

6. CITHAREXYIiUM L.
Trees or shrubs, ^vith alternate estipulate leaves and small flowers in
terminal or axillary racemes, the pedicels subtended by minute bracts. Calyx
narroT\ly campanulate, minutely 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla salverform, its
limb slightly oblique, 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, adnate to the corolla-tube, the
fifth one mostly sterile or rudimentary; filaments filiform. Ovary sessile,
incompletely 4-celled; ovules solitary, anatropous; stigma 2-lobed. Drupes
berry-like, the fleshy pulp enclosing a bony stone Avhich separates into 2
2-seeded nutlets. [Greek, fiddle-wood; French, bois fidele.] About 20 species,
of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Citharexylum spindsum L.

Fiddle-wood. (Fig. 338.) A tree,
reaching a maximum height of 50°
or more with a trunk sometimes
3° in diameter, freely branching,
the twigs 4-sided, glabrous. Leaves
elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rather
thin, deciduous in spring, 8' long
or less, lV-3' wide, acute or acu-
minate at the apex, narrowed at
the base, the petioles V-1' long,
the blades entire, or those of
shoots coarsely serrate; racemes
slender, many-flowered, 4'--8' long,
often branched near the base;
pedicels only about A" long; calyx
about 2" long, puberulent ; flowers
very fragrant ; corolla white, about
4" long; stamens 4; drupe obo-
void-oblong, black, shining, about
5" long. [C. quadrangulare Jacq.]

Common on hillsides, especially
in Hamilton Parish. Naturalized.
Native of the Lesser Antilles. Flow-
Recorded as introduced about 1830. A large tree at
Paynter's Yale is pointed out as the plant first brought to Bermuda. Useful only
for firewood and shade. A tree of rapid growth, the wood light in weight. The
oldest specific name of this tree, spinosiim, is unfortunate, as there are no spmes
on the plant.

7. DUKANTA L.
Shrubs or small trees, with sometimes armed branches, the leaves opposite
or whorled, entire or toothed. Flowers small, in elongated terminal or short
axillary racemes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, truncate or minutely 5-
lobed. Corolla funnelform or salverform, its tube cylindric, straight or in-
curved, its limb spreading, oblique or of 5 equal lobes. Stamens 4, didyn-
amous, included; anthers with unappendaged connectives, the sacs distinct.
Ovary partially or imperfectly 8-celled. Stigma oblique, sometimes un-
equally 4-lobed. Ovules solitary or 2 in each cavity. Drupe included in the
calyx, of 4 nutlets. Seeds without endosperm. [In honor of Castor Durante,
a physician of Rome.] About 8 species, natives of tropical America, the fol-
lowing typical.

ers in summer and autumn.

VERBENACEAE.

317

1. Duranta repens L. Pigeon-
berry. (Fig. 339.) A shrub or small
tree reaeliiiig a height of 18°, with gla-
brate or finely pubescent foliage and
unarmed or spiny, slender, often droop-
ing or trailing branches. Leaves numer-
ous, ovate-elliptic, oval or obovate, V-
2' long, obtuse or apiculate, entire or
serrate above the middle, short-petioled ;
racemes 2'-6' long, recurving, panicu-
late; pedicels V'-2V' long; calyx
angled, its lobes acute, shorter than the
tube; corolla lilac, the tube surpassing
the calyx, the limb 3i"-5" broad; fruit
yellow, globular, 3A"-5" in diameter,
enclosed by the accrescent yellowish
calyx which is produced into a curved
beak. [D. erectalj.; D. Plmnieri J acq.]

Frequent on hillsides. Naturalized.
Native of Florida, the West Indies and
tropical continental America. Flowers
from spring to autumn. Sometimes planted
for ornament

8. VOLKAMERIA L.

A vine-like, spiny shrub with opposite petioled entire leaves, and white
flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform,
with a slender tube, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted, somewhat unequal.
Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a subglobose drupe, the 2 nutlets each
2-celled. [In honor of J. C. Volkamer, a Nuremberg botanist, who died in
1720.] Only the following species, native of tropical America.

1. Volkameria aculeata L. Prickly
Myrtle. (Fig. 340.) Climbing to a length
of 10° or more, or nearly erect, the slender
branches densely puberulent, armed with
stout opposite spreading spines 4" long
or less. Leaves thm, slender-petioled, ob-
long to elliptic-obovate, obtuse or acute at
the apex, narrowed to the base, l'-2' long;
cymes stalked, few-several-flowered; pedi-
cels slender, puberulent, 3"-7" long, calyx
about IV' long, puberulent, its teeth tri-
anguiar-ovate, acute; tube of the corolla
about 9" long, its limb about 6" broad;
stamens purple; drupe 4-grooved, 3"-4"
m diameter. [Clerodcndron aculeatum
Griseb.]

Occasional in thickets and along roads,
escaped from cultivation. Naturalized. Na-
tive of the West Indies. Flowevs m summer
and autumn.

318

VERBENACEAE.

9. CLERODENDRON [Burm.] L.

Shrubs, vines or perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and flowers
in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed Corolla
salverform or funnelform, the tube mostly longer than the 5-lobed limb.
Stamens 4, borne on the corolla-tube, exserted, somewhat unequal. Stigma 2-
lobed; ovary 4-celled. Fruit a drupe, enclosing 4 1-seeded nutlets. [Greek,
tree of fortune.] Probably 100' or more species, mostly natives of tropical
regions. Type species: Clerodendrum infortunatum L.

1. Clerodendron fragrans Vent.
Odorous Clebodexdron. (Fig. 341.)
Half-shrubby, finely pubescent, 2°-5°
high, the stout branches angled. Lfeaves
very broadly ovate, 4'-8' long, acute at
the apex, cordate or nearly truncate at
the base, coarsely dentate^ long-petioled;
flowers white, fragrant, double in all
American specimens examined, in dense
terminal cymes, the corolla about V
broad; calyx 5-cleft, its lanceolate lobes
acuminate; corolla-lobes rounded. \_C.
capitatum of Lefroy, Jones and H. B.
Small.]

Occasional in waste grounds, locally
abundant. Naturalized. Native of trop-
ical Asia, Flowers in summer and autumn.
Naturalized in Florida and the West
Indies.

Clerodendron Thompsonae Balfour, Mrs. Thompson's Clerodendron,
African, a glabrous^ high-climbing vine, with ovate petioled acute or acu-
minate, 3-nerved leaves 2'-4' long, panicled flowers, the white inflated calyx
angled, sharply 5-lobed, about 8" long, the red corolla with a spreading limb
8"-10" broad, is occasionally planted for ornament.

Clerodendron glabrum E. Meyer, Bush Clerodendron, of South Africa,
occasionally planted for ornament, is a large glabrous shrub up to 9° high,
with slender-petioled, ovate-elliptic, pointed thin leaves 2'-3' long, and large
terminal panicles of small fragrant pinkish flowers wdth exserted stamens,
the bright white oblique berry-like fruit about 4" long.

Clerodendron fallax Lindl., Scarlet Clerodendron, of Java, commonly
grown in flower-gardens, is herbaceous, 2°-4° high, velvety-pubescent, the
long-petioled, nearly orbicular, cordate leaves 3'-6' broad, the terminal panicled
scarlet flowers V-IV long, the slender corolla-tube longer than the corolla-
limb, and about 4 times as long as the 5-cleft calyx.

VERBENACEAE.

319

10. CALLICARPA L.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white
flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5-
toothed), or truncate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb 4-cleft
(rarely 5-cleft), the lobes equal. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anther-sacs
parallel. Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally at-
tached, amphitropous ; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a
berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek,
handsome fruit.] About 35 species, the following of southeastern North
America, the others Asiatic, African and of tropical America, the following
typical.

1. Oallicarpa americana L.

Turkey-berry. French Mul-
berry. (Fig. 342.) A shrub,
2°-5° high, the twigs, petioles
and young leaves stellate-scurfy,
the mature leaves glabrous or
nearly so, and glandular-dotted.
Twigs terete; leaves thin, ovate,
slender-petioled, acute or acumi-
nate, crenate-dentate, 2^'-6' long;
cymes many-flowered, short-pe-
duucled; pedicels very short;
calyx-teeth much shorter than the
tube; corolla pale blue, about 2"
long; fruit violet-blue, globose,
1^" in diameter. [C. ferruginea
of Reade, Lefroy, Verrill, Hems-
ley and H. B. Small.]

Paget Marsh, 1913. Native. Recorded as formerly growing in woodlands be-
tween Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor, but not found in that region recently.
Southeastern United States. Flowers in spring and summer. The large clusters of
fruit are very showy.

11. AVICENNIA L.

Evergreen trees, sometimes shrubby, with nodose twigs, opposite entire
leathery leaves without stipules, and peduncled clusters of white bracted
flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, silky, with 5 persistent lobes. Corolla campanu-
late, its short tube nearly cylindric, its limb spreading, 4-lobed. Stamens 4,
adnate to the corolla-tube, the anthers introrse. 0\'ary sessile, 1-celled ; ovules
4, on a central placenta; style short, 2-lobed. Fruit capsular, oblique, apicu-
late. Seeds without endosperm, usually germinating in the capsule. [In
honor of Avieenna (980-1036) of Bokhara, a distinguished oriental physician.]
Three known species, of tropical and subtropical seaeoasts. Type species:
Avicennia officinalis L.

320

VERBENACEAE.

1. Aviceimia nitida Jaeq. Black
Mangrove. (Fig. 343.) A tree, in Ber-
muda up to about 45° high, with shallowly
fissured dark scaly bark, orange-red within.
Young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves pu-
bescent when young, soon becoming gla-
brous above, oblong or oblong-laneeolate,
li'-3i' long, obtuse or apiculate at the
apex, finely canescent beneath, narrowed at
the base into short petioles; panicles l'-2'
long; corolla 5"-7" broad, its lobes
rounded; capsule oblong or elliptic, l'-2'
long, light green, slightly pubescent.

Common along the borders of salt water
lagoons and in saline swamps, which it some-
times completely fills. Native. Southern
United States and West Indies. Flowers from
spring to autumn. Its fruit doubtless reached
Bermuda by floating. Its wood is heavy, hard,
and dark brown, durable in contact with the
ground.

Tectona grandis L., Teak, East Indian, was represented in the collection
at the Agricultural. Station in 1913, by a vigorous young plant. It is a large
tree with very valuable wood; its large, opposite leaves are oval, short-petioled,
pointed, whitish canescent beneath with stellate hairs, shining above. The
small whitish flowers are in large terminal panicles, the funnelform corolla
with a 5-cleft limb, the fruit a 4-celled drupe, about V thick, nearly globular.

Vitex Agnus-castus L., Chaste-tree, of southern Europe and western
Asia, a shrub up to 9° tall with palmately compound, opposite p.etioled leaves
of 5 or 7 narrowly lanceolate, short-stalked acuminate leaflets 3'-4' long,
dark green above, whitish-puberulent beneath, the small white to blue flowers
in terminal narrow interrupted racemes or panicles, the corolla 3"-4" long,
the stamens and style exserted, is grown for ornament.

Siphonanthus indica L., Siphonanthus, East Indian, a glabrous her-
baceous perennial, with virgate stems up to 12° high, verticillate lanceolate
entire leaves 4'-8' long, sessile or nearly so, the flowers in peduncled cymes, the
calyx ^'-f broad, deeply 5-lobed, the white or yellow corolla with a slender
tube 3'-4' long and a spreading 5-lobed limb about 1' broad, the stamens and
style exserted, is grown for its interest. [Clerodendroii Siphonanthus R. Br.]

Petraea volubilis Jacq., Purple Wreath, South American, occasionally
planted for ornament, is a vine, 15° long or more, with opposite entire rough-
ish short-petioled leaves, elliptic to obovate, 3'-4' long; its flowers are borne
in terminal racemes often 1° long, the slender pedicels about 1' long, the 5
linear-oblong blunt veiny purple or lilac sepals spread widely and persist
after the smaller, funnelform corolla has fallen.

Petraea arbdrea H.B.K., Tree Petraea, also South American, recorded by
Jones as grown in Bermuda, is tree-like, with foliage similar to that of the
Purple Wreath, but the blue flowers are in axillary racemes.

LAMIACEAE. 321

Family 8. LAMIACEAE Lindl.

MiXT Family.

Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees),
mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none.
Flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose,
usually bracteolate. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely
4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, the limb
4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 2-lobed, or
sometimes entire ; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-
tube, typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2, rarely equal; filaments
separate, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 2-celled, introrse, or con-
fluently 1-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present, fleshy.
Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with 1 mostly
anatropous ovule; style arising from the centre of the lobed or parted
ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets. Seed erect
(transverse in Scutellaria); endosperm scanty, or none; embryo mostly
straight; radicle short, inferior. About 160 genera and 3200 species, of
wide distribution. The family is also known as Labiatae.

Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube. 1. Sidcritis.

Stamens and style longer, more or less exserted.
Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip concave.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.

Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 2. Prunella.

Calyx not 2-lipped, open in fruit.
Nutlets 3-sided, truncate.

Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped. 3. Lannum.

Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped.

Calyx-teeth 5. 4. Leonurus.

Calyx-teeth 8-10. " ' """

5. Leonotis.

Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. 6. Stachys.

Anther-bearing stamens 2. 7 o ? ••

Inflorescence terminal. '• Salvia.

Inflorescence axillary.
Corolla regular, or 2-lipped with the upper lip flat or nearly so.
Corolla 2-lipped.
Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped, 4-5-lobed.

8. Rosmarinvs.

n. Clmopodium.
10. Mentha.

1. SIDERITIS [Tourn.] L.

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and small flowers in axillary clus-
ters. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth spiny-tipped, the
upper middle one broader than the others. Corolla longer than the calyx, 2-
lipped, the upper lip entire or lobed, the lower longer than the upper, its
middle lobe broad. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the anterior pair the
longer; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets obovoid, smooth. [Greek,
iron, referring to its use in medicine.] About 45 species, natives of the Old
World. Type species: Sideritis hirsuta L.

22

322

LAMIACEAE.

1. Sideritis romana L. Irox-wort.
(Fig. 344.) Annual, erect, 4-1° high, pu-
bescent with spreading hairs, usually
branched. Leaves obovate to oblong, V-IY
long, crenate, sessile or nearly so; clusters
few-flowered; flowers white or pinkish;
calyx-teeth shorter than the tube, the middle
one of the upper lip ovate, all subulate-
tipped; corolla a little exceeding the calyx,
the middle lobe of the lower lip reniform.

Occasional in waste grounds. Naturalized.
Native of Europe. Introduced Into the United
States. Flowers in spring.

2. PRUNELLA L.
Perennial Jierbs, with petioled leaves,
and rather small clustered purple or white
flowers, in dense bracted spikes or heads.
Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 10-
nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in fruit ; upper
lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth; lower lip 2-cleft. Corolla-tube in-
flated, slightly narrowed at the mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip
entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Filaments of the longer stamens
2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile;
anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth.
[Origin of name doubtful; often spelled Brunella, the pre-Linnaean form.]
About 5 species, natives of the North temperate zone, the following typical.

1. Prunella vulgaris L.

Self-heal. Heal-all. (Fig.
345.) Stem slender, 2° high
or less. Leaves ovate, ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate,
rather thin, 1-4' long, the
lowest commonly shorter and
sometimes subcordate ; spikes
terminal, sessile or short-
peduncled, becoming 2'-4'
long in fruit; bracts broadly
ovate-orbicular, cuspidate,
ciliate ; corolla violet, purple
or sometimes white, 4"-6"
long, about twice as long
as the calyx.

Grassy woodlands, Devon-
shire and on St. David's
Island. Introduced. Native of
Europe. Widely naturalized
in North America. Flowers
from spring to autumn.

LAMIACEAE.

323

3. LAMIUM [Tourn.] L.
Mostly diffuse herbs, with creiiate dentate or incised, usually cordate
leaves, and rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth equal or the
upper ones longer. Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, erect, usually
entire; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, contracted at
the base. Anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back.
[Greek, throat, from the ringent corolla.] About 40 species, of the Old
World. Type species: Lamium purpureum L.

1. Lamium amplexicaule

L. Henbit. (Fig. 346.) Bi-
ennial or annual, sparingly
pubescent; stems weak, slen-
der, ascending or decumbent,
6'-20' long. Leaves orbicular
or nearly so, coarsely crenate,
i'-lV wide, rounded at the
apex, the lower slender-petioled ;
flowers in axillary and terminal
clusters; calyx pubescent, its
teeth erect, nearly as long as
the tube; corolla purplish or
red, 6"-8" long, its tube very
slender, the lateral lobes of its
lower lip very small. [Glecoma
hederacea of Millspaugh.]

Common in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Na-
tive of Europe. Widely natural-
ized in North America. Flowers
nearly throughout the year.

Lamium purpureum L., Eed Dead-Nettle, also European, has all the
leaves petioled and nearly erect, stouter stems, the similar flowers red-purple,
Lefroy says it was a common weed at his time, and Eeade records it as found
on waysides and in cultivated grounds prior to 1883, but it has not been
observed by recent collectors. H. B. Small's record would indicate that he
had a purple-flowered plant of the preceding species in mind.

4. LEONURUS L.
Tall herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white
or pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanu-
late, 5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate
or aristate. Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip spread-
ing or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate.
Anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek,
lion's-tail.] About 10 species, of Europe and Asia. Type species: Leonurus
Cardiaca L.

.^24

LAMIACEAE.

1. Leonunis sibiricus L. Sibe-
rian Motherwort or Lion 's-tail.
(Fig. 347.) Biennial, puberulent or
glabrate; stem 2°-6° high. Leaves
long-petioled, 3-parted into ovate or
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cleft
and incised segments, the lobes lan-
ceolate or linear, acute; the upper-
most linear or lanceolate; clusters
dense, usually all axillary; calyx
eampanulate, 3" long, glabrous or
puberulent ; corolla purple or red,
puberulent without, 4"-6" long.

Frequent in waste grounds and
along roads. Naturalized. Native of
eastern Asia. Naturalized in the West
Indies, and in Delaware and Pennsyl-
vania. Flowers from spring to autumn,

Leonurus Cardiaca L., Mother-
wort, also European, differs in hav-
ing the leaves palmately 3-5-cleft.
It is listed by Lefroy and recorded
by Eeade as found in fields.

LEONOTIS E. Br.

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves opposite,
broad, toothed, petioled, the flowers short-pedicelled in dense whorls. Calyx-
tube 10-nerved, oblique at the mouth, its lobes 8-10, unequal, bristle-tipped.
Corolla yellow, orange or scarlet, 2-lipped, the tube dilated above, curved;
upper lip erect, rather long; lower lip with 3 lobes, the middle lobe scarcely
longer than the lateral. Stamens 4; filaments all anther-bearing; anthers
2-celled; sacs diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, smooth. [Greek, lion's-ear.j
About 12 African species. Type species: Leonotis Leonitis (L.) E. Br,

1. Leonotis nepetaefdlia E. Br.

Tall Leonotis. Liox 's-ear. (Fig.
348.) Annual, softly pubescent. Stems
l°-6° tall, rather stout, simple or
branched; leaves ovate or ovate-del-
toid, 14'-5' long, coarsely crenate,
cuneate or subcordate at the base ;
clusters dense, about 2' in diameter;
pedicels about 1" long; calyx puberu-
lent, becoming about 1' long, its tube
reticulated above the middle, its lobes
8, awn-tipped; corolla scarlet or
orange-yellow, about 1' long, villous-
hirsute, its tube curved, the upper lip
as long as the tube, the lower lip
much shorter than the upper, with
3 narrow lobes; nutlets IV' long,
angled. [PMomis nepetaefoUa L.]

Frequent in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of the
Old World tropics. Naturalized in the
southern United States, the West Indies
and tropical continental America.

LAMIACEAE.

325

6. STACHYS [Tourn.] L.

Animal or perennial caulescent herbs, with glabrous or pubescent foliage,
the leaves opposite, entire or toothed, commonly petioled, the flowers in axil-
lary clusters, the upper clusters sometimes approximate or contiguous. Calyx
mostly campanulate, its tube 5-10-ribbed, its 5 lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla
purple, white, red or yellow, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or notche<l,
the lower spreading, with 3 lobes, the middle lobe largest, entire or 2-lobed.
Stamens 4; filaments all anther-bearing; anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly
diverging. Nutlets blunt at the apex. [Greek, a spike, from the spicate in-
florescence.] About 160 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type
species: Stachys germanica L.

1. Stachys arvensis L. Corn or
Field Woundwort. (Fig. 349.) An-
nual, hirsute; stem slender, diffusely
branched, 2° long, or less. Leaves ovate
or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petioled, ob-
tuse, crenate, cordate or the upper
rounded at the base, about 1' long;
lower petioles commonly as long as the
blades; clusters 4-6-flowered, in the
upper axils and in short terminal spikes;
calyx about 3" long, its teeth lanceolate,
acuminate; corolla purplish, 3"-5" long.
[Stachys arvensis hermudiana Millsp.]

Frequent in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native. Naturalized
in the eastern United States and in Ja-
maica. Flowers from spring to autumn.

7. SALVIA [Tourn.] L.

Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered flowers, the clusters mostly
spiked, raeemed, or panicled. Calyx mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped;
upper lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly
2-lipped; upper lip entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft
or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudi-
mentary) ; connective of the anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a
perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capitate or some-
times bearing a small or rudimentary one. Nutlets smooth, usually developing
mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, salvus, safe, from its healing
virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Salvia oifi-
cinalis L.

Flowers 1' long, scarlet.

Flowers 3"-5" long, blue or white.

1. 8. coccinea.

2. S. serotina.

326

LAMIACEAE.

1. Salvia coccinea L. Scarlet Sage.
(Fig. 350.) Annual, softly pubescent. Stems
erect, l°-2i° tall, simple or sparingly branched.
Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, l'-2^' long,
obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate, truncate to
subcordate at the base; panicles 2'-8' long;
pedicels l"-3" long, slender; calyx minutely
pubescent, 5"-6" long, its tube many-ribbed,
the upper lip leniform, abruptly pointed, the
lower lobes ovate, apiculate; corolla deep scar-
let, about 1' long, puberulent, the tube con-
tracted above the base, then gradually enlarged,
the lower lip merely notched at the apex;
nutlets about 1" long, slightly variegated.

Common on banks and along roads. Natural-
ized. Native of the southern United States and
Mexico. Flowers from spring to autumn, the
corolla soon falling away after expanding.

2. Salvia serotina L. Small White
Sage. (Fig. 351.) Perennial, finely pubes-
cent. Stems 6'-2i° tall, much branched; leaves
ovate or orbicular-ovate, -I'-lf long, obtuse,
crenate-serrate, truncate or subcordate at the
base, slender-petioled ; panicles l'-4' long;
calyx longer than the pedicels, glandular-hir-
sute, becoming 3"-4" long; lips about J as
long as the long-campanulate tube; corolla
white or blue, 3"-5" long, its tube included;
style glabrous; nutlets fully 1" long. [S.
tenella of Millspaugh.]

Common in waste grounds. Naturalized. Na-
tive of Florida and the West Indies. Flowers
from spring to autumn.

Salvia occidentalis Sw., West Indian, a
trailing species with a very small glandular
calyx, light blue corolla about 3" long, the
flowers in racemed whorls, the ovate serrate
leaves 1' long or less, is recorded by Hemsley
as collected in Bermuda by Lane, and at Wal-
singh'km by Moseley, but no subsequent col-
lector has found it. Lefroy thought that Lane 's plant was probably S. coc-
cinea, and Moseley 's specimen could not be found in the Kew Herbarium in
1910.

Salvia splendens Sellow, Scarlet Salvia, Scarlet Sage, Brazilian, much
grown for ornament, is 2°-3° high, with slender-petioled thin ovate acumi-
nate serrate glabrous leaves 2'-4' long, and terminal racemes of large scarlet
flowers, the calyx about f long, the tubular corolla li'-2' long.

LAMIACEAE.

327

Salvia ianthina Otto & Dietr., Large Purple Salvia, Mexican, also grown
for ornament, resembles S. splendens in size and foliage, but the calyx is nar-
rower, blue-purple, and the corolla is purple or violet-purple, nearly 2' long.

Salvia purpurea Cav., Velvety Purple Salvia, Mexican, mentioned by
Reade as cultivated, has purplish corollas about 1' long, the calyx white-
tomentose.

Salvia officinalis L., Garden Sage, European, used for flavoring, is grown
in some gardens. It is a white-woolly perennial with oblong or lanceolate
petioled leaves, and rather small, white blue or purple flowers in whorls.

Salvia patens Cav., Large Blue Salvia, Mexican, occasional in flower-
gardens, is a pubescent perennial, l°-2° high, with petioled, deltoid-ovate or
hastate, entire or crenate leaves '2-3' long, the large blue flowers opposite in
terminal loose racemes, the linear bracts as long as the 2-lipped calyx or longer,
the widely 2-lipped corolla about 2' long.

8. ROSMARINUS [Tourn.] L.

A low shrub with narrow entire revolute-margined leaves, and blue or
white flowers in short opposite axillary racemes. Calyx subcampanulate, 2-
lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower lip 2-cleft. Corolla with a tube
longer than the calyx, an expanded throat, and a 2-lipped limb, its upper lip
notched, erect, the lower 3-cleft and spreading. Perfect stamens 2 ascending
under the upper lip of the corolla, the filament continuous with the connective.
Style 2-cleft. Nutlets smooth, ovoid. [Latin, sea-dew, from the habitat of this
plant near the sea.] A monotypic genus of the Mediterranean region.

1. Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Rosemary. (Pig. 352.) A shrub
up to 4° high, but visually lower,
its slender, white-tomentose twigs
densely leafy. Leaves linear,
about V long, white-woolly be-
neath, blunt, their njargins strongly
revolute ; racemes few-flowered,
little longer than the leaves ; bracts
ovate, acute, about li" long; calyx
ribbed, about 2" long; lower lip
of the corolla about thrice as long
as the calyx, its middle lobe de-
clined.

Rocky hillsides, St. David's Is-
land, where it has been naturalized
for many years. Flowers in spring.
Occasional in cultivation. Its leaves
are used for seasoning and oil of
rosemary is distilled from them.

328

LAMIACEAE.

9. CfLTNOPODIUM L.

Herbs, or low shrubs, "v\-ith entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather
large flowers variously clustered. Calyx mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-
nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla usually
expanded at the throat, the tube straight, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect,
entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens somewhat con-
nivent in pairs, the longer mostly exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent
or divaricate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, bed-foot, the flowers likened
to a bed-caster.] About 60 species, of the north temperate zone. Type
species: Clinopodium vulgare L.

1. Clinopodium Calamintha (L.) Kuntze.
Calamint. Calamint Balm. (Fig. 353.) Per-
ennial by creeping rootstocks, l°-3° high. Leaves
broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse at both ends or
subacute at the apex, dentate or crenate-dentate,
^'-2' long and nearly as wide; inflorescence pa-
niculate, commonly leafy; calyx villous in the
throat, 2"-3" long; corolla purplish, 6"-7" long.
[Melissa Calamintha L.]

Common in waste grounds. Naturalized. Native
of Europe. Flowers in summer and autumn. Com-
monly called Catnep and one of the abundant natural-
ized plants.

10. MENTHA [Tourn.] L.

Odorous herbs, with simple mostly punctate leaves, and small whorled
purple pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal spikes. Calyx
10-nerved, regular, or slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than
the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than
the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included or ex-
serted, sometimes imperfect; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs
parallel. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name used by Theophrastus ; from the
nymph Minthe.] About 30 species, of the north temperate zone. Type
species: Mentha spicata L. All the following mints grow luxuriantly in
Bermuda.

LAMIACEAE.

329

Plants glabrous, or nearly so.

Spikes narrow, mostly interrupted ; leaves nearly or quite sessile. 1. M. spicata.
Spilies tiiick. mostly dense ; leaves petioled.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong, acute. 2. M. piperita.

Leaves ovate, obtuse or the upper acute. 3. M. citrata.

Plant tomentose-puberulent ; leaves rugose-reticulated. 4. M.rotundifolia.

1. Mentha spicata L. Spearmint.
(Fig. 354.) Perennial hj leafy sto-
lons; stem erect, l°-2° high. Leaves
lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled,
sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, the
largest about 3' long; whorls of flow-
ers in spikes which become 2'-4' long
in fruit, the one terminating the stem
surpassing the lateral ones; bracts
subulate-lanceolate, ciliate; calyx cam-
panulate, its teeth subulate, nearly as
long as the tube; corolla glabrous. [M.
viridis L.]

Common in wet or moist grounds.
Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely
naturalized in North America. Flowers
in summer and autumn.

naturalized

2. Mentha piperita L. Pepper-
mint. (Fig. 355.) Perennial by
subterranean suckers; stem l°-3°
high. Leaves lanceolate, petioled,
dark green, acute, sharply serrate,
glabrous on both sides, or pubescent
on the veins beneath, the larger IV-
3V long; whorls of flowers in spikes,
which are obtuse, and become l'-3i'
long in fruit, the middle one at length
overtopped by the lateral ones ; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate; calyx tubular-
campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth
subulate, usually ciliate, one-half as
long as the tube or more ; corolla
glabrous.

Frequent in marshes and ditches.
Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely
in summer and autumn.

330

LAMIACEAE.

3. Mentha citrata Ehrli. Berg-
AMOT Mint. (Fig. 356.) Perennial
by leafy stolons; stem weak, decum-
bent or ascending, l°-2° long. Leaves
petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-orbicu-
lar, obtuse or the upper acute at the
apex, sharply serrate, the larger about
2' long; whorls of flowers in terminal
short obtuse spikes, and commonly
also in the upj)ermost axils; calyx
glabrous, its teeth subulate, one-half
as long as the tube, or longer; corolla
glabrous. [M. aquatica Jiirsuta ci-
trata of Eeade.]

Frequent in marshes. Naturalized.
Native of Europe. Sparingly natural-
ized in the United States, and in the
West Indies. Flowers in summer and
autumn.

4. Mentha rotundifdlia

(L.) Huds. EOUXD-LEAVED

Mint. (Fig. 357.) Perennial
by leafy stolons, canescent or
tomentose-puberulent, somewhat
viscid, 3'-8' high. Leaves el-
liptic, or ovate-oblong, short-
petioled, or sessile and some-
what clasping by the subcor-
date or rounded base, obtuse,
crenate-serrate, 2"-5" long, ru-
gose-reticulated beneath; whorls
of flowers in spikes which elon-
gate to d"-10" in fruit; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate; calyx-
teeth setaceous, usually about
one-half as long as the tube;
corolla puberulent. [M. spicata
rotundi folia L.]

In waste places, on hillsides
and along roads, rather common.
Naturalized. Native of Europe.
Widely naturalized in America.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

Mentha arvensis L., the Corn Mint, or Field Mint of Europe, which
has the flowers all whorled in the leaf-axils, is recorded by Lefroy as com-
mon in Pembroke Marsh prior to 1879 and also mentioned by H. B. Small,
and by Jones, but repeated search has failed to reveal its presence there
now, and it is not accredited to Bermuda by other authorities.

LAMIACEAE. 331

Scutellaria purpurascens Sw., West Indian Skullcap, a low, purple-
flowered Labiate, the calyx bearing a crest on the upper side, is recorded as
Bermudan by Lefroy, who indicates it as naturalized, but it has not been
observed by other botanists, and either the record or the determination are
supposed to be erroneous. It is a plant unlikely to become naturalized.

Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britton, one of the North American Moun-
tain-mints, was credited to Bermuda by Eein, apparently an error in identi-
fication, but what plant that author had in mind has not been determined.
[Pycnanthermim muticum Michx.]

Nepeta Cataria L., Catnep or Catmint, European, an erect, finely
tomentose perennial, with ovate, crenate-dentate leaves, the clusters of nearly
white flowers in terminal spikes, the tubular calyx 15-nerved, is grown in
gardens. Lefroy states that it was common in Pembroke Marsh prior to
1879, and erroneously indicates it as a native species. It is not known to be
wild in Bermuda today. The plant commonly called Catnep here is Clino-
podkim Calamintha.

Marrubium vnlgare L., Horehound, European, occasionally grown in
gardens, is an erect perennial, l°-3° high, the stem whitish-woolly, the rugose
dentate oval to nearly orbicular leaves 1-2' long, the whitish flowers in dense
axillary clusters, the tubular calyx about 10-nerved.

Melissa officinalis L., Balm or Bee-balm, European, occasional in gar-
dens, is a hairy perennial, l°-3° high, with blunt ovate toothed leaves, the
small white flowers in axillary clusters, the oblong-campanulate calyx 13-
nerved, 2-lipped.

Thymus vulgaris L., Thyme, is a low, shrubby plant, with slender, finely
hairy stems up to 1° high, branched, and commonly matted; the thick, blunt,
entire, dotted leaves are only 2"-5" long, and the small purple flowers are in
small glomerules, the 10-13-nerved calyx 2-lipped. It is frequently grown in
gardens, or as a crop, and is native of southern Europe and western Asia.

Satureia montana L., Winter Savory, European, occasionally cultivated
for flavoring, is a perennial herb, with somewhat woody, branching i^tems,
1^° high or less, pointed narrowly oblong, punctate leaves 6"-10" long, and
small, white to lilac flowers in loose clusters.

Origanum Marjorana L., Sweet Marjoram, European, grown in gardens
for flavoring, is a perennial herb about 2° high, with slender, finely tomentose
branches, gray-green oval obtuse entire petioled leaves about i' long and
small purplish flowers in solitary or clustered oblong obtuse dense spikes about
J' long, the calyx 2-lipped, the bracts suborbicular.

Ocimum basilicum L., Basil, East Indian, cultivated for flavoring, is
annual, 1°-1*° high, with thin petioled dentate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate
leaves 1-2' long, and bluish or white small flowers whorled in interrupted
terminal spikes, the calyx deflexed in fruit and strongly veined. Lefroy notes
that it was introduced in 1616.

Lavandula spica Cav., White Lavender, of southern Europe, grown in
gardens, is a perennial herb 1°-1*° high, with linear or linear-spatulate entire
leaves l'-3' long, crowded below the middle of the stem, densely white-silvery,
the small blue flowers in terminal, long-peduncled, short spikes, the 5-toothed
calyx striate-nerved, the corolla-lobes nearly equal.

Coleus varieties are commonly planted as ornamentals for their colored
and variegated foliage.

332 SOLANACEAE.

Family 9. SOLANACEAE Pers.

Potato Family.

Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or
rarely opposite estipulate leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular
cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous,
mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the
tube, all equal and perfect in the following genera, except in Petunia,
where 4 are didynamous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; anthers 2-celled,
apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-
celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile i^lacentae, anatropous or amphit-
ropous; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; fruit a berry or capsule.
Seeds numerous; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons semiterete. About 75
genera and 1750 species, most abundant in tropical regions including
many plants whose products are useful as foods and drugs, and also many
cultivated for ornament.

A. Fruit a berry,
a. Corolla plicate, its lobes mostly induplicate.

Berry enclosed by the inflated accrescent calyx.

Ovary 3-5-celled ; sepals nearly separate. 1. Physalodes.

Ovary 2-celled ; sepals united to near their tips. 2. Physalis.
Berry subtended by the calyx.

Anthers opening by terminal pores. 3. Solanum.

Anthers opening lengthwise. 4. Lycopersicon.

b. Corolla not plicate, its lobes valvate or imbricate 5. Capsicum.

B. Fruit a capsule.

Capsule narrowly oblong, indehiscent. 6. Brugmansia.

Capsule globose to ovoid, dehiscent.

Flowers solitary, axillary ; corolla funnelform ; capsule mostly

spiny. 7. Datura.

Flowers panicled or racemose ; corolla mostly salverform ;

capsule unarmed. 8. Nicotiana.

1. PHYSALODES Boehm.

An annual erect glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-
dentate or lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, soli-
tary IB. the axils. Calyx-segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate at
the base, strongly reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, slightly 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform,
dilated and pilose below; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Style slender;
stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose, nearly dry, enclosed m the calyx. [Greek,
Physalis-like.]

A monotypic genus.

JOLANACEAE.

333

1. Physalodes physal6des(L.)

Britton. Apple-of-Peru. (Fig.
358.) Stem angled, 2°-5° high.
Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate
but blunt, narrowed at the base,
3'-8' long; petioles longer than
the peduncles; flowers I'-IJ' long
and broad; corolla-limb almost
entire; fruiting calyx I'-IA' long
and thick, its segments acute, their
basal auricles acute or cuspidate;
berry 6" in diameter, surrounded
by the calyx. [Atropa physalodes
L. ; Nicandra physalodes Gaertn.]

Occasional in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of South America. Naturalized in
the United States. Spring to autumn.

2. PHirSAIilS L.

Herbs, with entire or toothed

leaves. Peduncles solitary. Calyx

campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit

bladdery-inflated, 5-angled, or 10-

ribbed enclosing the pulpy berry. Corolla mostly yellow, often with a brownish

or purplish center, open-campanulate, plicate. Style slender; stigma minutely

2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened. [Greek, bladder.] Some

75 species, mostly American. Type species: Physalis alkel'engi L.

Annual species ; fruiting calyx angular.

Leaves obtuse or rounded at the base ; corolla with a brown or purple eye.

Plant viscid-pubescent. 1. P. pubescens.

Plant glabrous, or pubescent only above. 2. P. tiirhinata.

Leaves, or most of them, narrowed at the base ; corolla yellow. 3. P. angulata.

Perennial species ; fruiting calyx scarcely angled. 4. P. peruviana.

1. Physalis pubescens L.
Haiky Ground Cherry. Horse
Cherry. (Fig. 359.) Annual,
pubescent and viscid. Stems tall
and erect, or widely spreading,
acutely 3-4-angled; leaves l'-3'
long, heart-shaped, acute or gen-
erally abruptly acuminate, sharply
repand-dentate, pubescent with
short hairs; peduncles short, at
maturity sometimes 10" long;
calyx generally densely viscid-
hirsute; lobes lanceolate, acumi-
nate, iDut not subulate-tipped ;
corolla 2"-5" in diameter, yellow
with a purplish eye; anthers gen-
erally purplish; fruiting calyx
about 1' long, retuse at the base.
[P. harhadensis Jacq.]

Occasional in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of the southern United States and
the West Indies. Summer and autumn.

334

SOLANACEAE.

2. Physalis turbinata Medic.
Smooth Ground Cherry. (Fig. 360.)
Annual, glabrous, or minutely puberu-
lent "when young. Stems rather stout,
acutely angled and divaricately
branched; leaves broadly ovate, obtuse
or cordate and slightly oblique at the
base, thin and dark green, repand-den-
tate, short-acuminate; peduncles short,
in fruit about 8" long; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 4"-5"
wide, yellow with a purplish eye; fruit-
ing calyx about 11' long, long-attenuate,
almost pyramidal, deeply retuse at the
base. [P. ohscura Michx. ; P. Linkiana
of H. B. Small.]

Frequent in waste and cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native of the
southern United States and West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn.

3. Physalis angulata L. Cut-
leaved Ground Cherry. Cow
Cherry. Balloon Cherry. (Fig.
361.) Annual, glabrous. Stems
angular, l°-3° tall, branched;
leaves ovate, usually sharply sin-
uate, with long-acuminate teeth,
thin, li'-3' long, mostly narrowed
at base; petioles slender, f'-2'
long; peduncles slender, about V
long, erect, often reflexed at ma-
turity, but seldom exceeding the
fruiting calyx in length; calyx
glabrous; lobes triangular to lan-
ceolate, generally shorter than the
tube; corolla 3"-5" in diameter,
unspotted; anthers more or less
purplish tinged; fruiting calyx
about 1' long, ovoid, not promi-
nently 5-10-angled, sometimes
purple-nerved and at length nearly
filled with the yellow berry. [P.
Linkiana Dunal.]

Frequent in waste and cultivated ground. Naturalized. Native of the southern
United States and tropical America. Flowers in summer and autumn.

SOLANACEAE.

335

4, Physalis peruviana L. Cape
Gooseberry. (Fig. 362.) Perennial
by rootstocks, velvety-pubescent,
branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves thin,
flaccid, broadly ovate, 2'-4' long,
acuminate at the apex, cordate or
subcordate at the base, the petioles
half as long as the blades or less;
peduncles V long or less, recurved in
fruit ; corolla about 8" broad, yellow,
with a dark purplish eye; anthers
violet; fruiting calyx I'-l^' long,
ovoid, scarcely angled. [P. edulis
of Lefroy.]

Waste grounds, escaped from culti-
vation, and locally naturalized. Native
of Soutti America. Flowers in spring
and summer.

Physalis lanceolata Michx., of the central and southern United States, a
perennial species with spatulate or oblanceolate leaves, and yellowish corolla
with a dark eye, given as Bermudian on the authority of Lane, is probably
erroneously recorded.

3. SOLANUM [Tourn.] L.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often stellate-pubescent, some species climbing.
Flowers cymose, umbelliform, paniculate, or racemose. Calyx campanulate or
rotate, mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or
5-lobed, the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla;
filaments short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or con-
nivent into a cone, each sac dehiscent by a terminal pore, or sometimes by a
short introrse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually 2-
eelled; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its
base or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wittstean, from solamen, quieting.]
About 1000 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Solamim
nigrum L.

Plant unarmed; berries small, black, 1. S. nigrum.

Plant copiously armed with yellow prickles ; berries large,

scarlet. 2, 8. aculeatissimum.

336

SOLAN ACE AE.

slightly differing races. Flowers from
transported to Bermuda by a bird.

2. Solanum aculeatissimum

Jacq. Cockroach Berry. (Fig.
364.) Perennial, slightly woody,
usually mucli branched, 2°-4°
high, somewhat pilose or becoming
glabrous, the branches, petioles,
leaf-blades and peduncles armed
with straight yellow prickles.
Leaves thin, broadly ovate in out-
line, 3'-6' long, pinnately lobed
or repand; cjTnes few-flowered,
lateral; calyx armed with stout
prickles, about one-third as long
as the corolla, its lobes ovate,
acute; corolla white, about 6"
broad ; anthers ovate-lanceolate ;
berry globose, scarlet, glabrous,
i'-f in diameter.

Roadsides and waste groimds,
occasional. Naturalized. Native of
tropical America. Flowers in sum-
mer and autumn.

1. Solanum nigrum L. Black
OR Garden Nightshade. (Fig. 363.)
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pu-
bescent with simple hairs, l°-3° high.
Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less
inequilateral, i'-3J long, thin, acute
or aeutish, entire or coarsely toothed;
peduncles lateral, umbellately 3-10-
flowered; pedicels 3"-8" long; flow-
ers 4"-5" broad; calyx-lobes oblong,
or ovate, much shorter than the white
corolla, persistent at the base of the
berry; filaments somewiat pubes-
cent; anthers obtuse; berries black,
glabrous, globose, 4"-5" in diameter,
on nodding peduncles. [S. nodiflo-
rum Jacq.]

In waste places or cultivated soil,
rather common, and occasional in rocky
woodlands. Native. Temperate and trop-
ical regions generally, consisting of many
pring to autumn. Its seeds were probably

Solanum tdrvum Sw., Bushy White Solanum, tropical American, a tall
bushy species, common as a weed in the West Indies, tomentose nearly all
over, and armed with nearly straight yellowish prickles, the ovate angular-
lobed leaves 8' long or less, scabrous above, the white flowers about J' broad,
in lateral cymes, the globose berries about 4" in diameter, is one of the few
plants mentioned by Grisebach in ' ' Flora of the British West Indies, ' ' as

SOLANACEAE 337

inhabiting- Bermuda. It is also recorded as a weed by Lefroy, who regarded
it as a native plant, and mentioned by Jones, but s-ubsequent collectors have
failed to find it wild. It was planted at the Agricultural Station some years
ago, and was seen there in 1914

Solanum tuberosum L., Potato, South American, is one of the very im-
portant crop'< of Bermuda^ and has been cultivated since the early days of
the colony.

Solanum Melongena L., Ego-plant, Asiatic, cultivated for its large edible
fruit, is a perennial, tomentose and prickly species with purplish flowers nearly
2' wide, the globose to oval fruit sometimes a foot in length. [S. ovigerum
Dunal.]

Solanum Rantonnetii Carr., Blue Potato-bush, South American, grown
for ornament in gardens, is a glabrous shrub up to 6° high, with slender-
petioled thin entire ovate to elliptic leaves about 3" long, few-flowered, axil-
lary clusters of slender-pedicelled, dark blue-purple flowers, the corolla nearly
1' broad, the red, drooping berries j'-f in diameter.

Solanum Seaforthianum Andr., Seaforth's Potato-vine, of tropical
America, grown on walls or trellises for ornament, is a long, somewhat woody,
nearly or quite glabrous vine, with thin leaves, either pinnately parted or
entire, 6' long or less, their segments ovate or lanceolate, .acute or acuminate;
the purple or lilac flowers are 8"-12" broad, borne in peduncled axillary com-
pound cymes, on slender pedicels, followed by globose yellowish or reddish
berries about 4" in diameter.

Solanum jasminoides Paxton, Jasmine Potato-vine, South American,
is similar to S. Seaforthianum, but sometimes puberulent, and with nearly
white flowers in short clusters, is occasionally grown for ornament. Its upper
leaves are usually lanceolate and entire.

Solanum Wendlandii Hook, f., Wendland's Potato-vine, Costa Rican,
also an ornamental vine, grown on trellises and porches, is stouter than S.
Seaforthianum, with somewhat prickly branches, its leaves larger the lower
ones, at least, pinnately parted; the lilac-blue flowers are about 2' broad, usu-
ally in large clusters.

Solanum robtistum Wendl., Cockroach Poison, Brazilian, seen at Orange
Vialley in 1914, is a densely velvety shrub about 6° high, the branches and
leaves armed with slender, flattened prickles A' long or less, the ovate-elliptic,
acute coarsely few-lobed leaves S'^IO' long, on margined petioles decurrent on
the twigs; the white flowers are about 8" broad, in short racemes, the globose
pubescent berries about 4" in diameter.

4. LYCOPERSICON Mill.

Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse herbs, with 1-2-pinnately divided
leaves, and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers op-
posite the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, or rarely 6-parted, the segments linear or
lanceolate. Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6-
cleft, plicate. Stamens 5 (rarely 6), inserted on the throat of the corolla;
filaments short ; anthers elongated, connate or connivent, introrsely longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; style simple; stigma small, capitate.
Berry in the wild plants globose or pyriform, much modified in cultivation,
the calyx persistent at its base. [Greek, wolf-peach.] About 4 species,
natives of South America, the following typical.

23

338

SOLANACEAE.

1. Lycopersicon Lycoper-
sicon (L.) Karst. Tomato.
Love-apple. Cherry Tomato.
(Fig. 365.) Viscid-pubescent,
much branclied, l°-3° high.
Leaves petioled, 6-1^° long,
the segments stalked, the
larger 7-9 ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, mostly acute, den-
tate, lobed or again divided,
with several or numerous
smaller ones interspersed ;
flowers 5"-8" broad ; calyx-
segments abouit equalling the
corolla; berry the 'n;ell-known
tomato or love-apple. [So-
lanum Lycopersicum L. ; Ly-
copersicon esculentum Mill.]

Frequent in waste grounds,
and spontaneous after cultiva-
tion. Introduced. Native of
South America. Flowers nearly
throughout the year. Widely
cultivated in all temperate and
warm regions.

5. CAPSICUM [Tourn.] L.
Annual or jDerennial herbs or shrubs, with forking stems. Leaves flat,
entire or repand. Flowers solitary in the axils, or in small cymes. Calyx
scarcely accrescent, of 5 wholly or partially united sepals. Corolla usually
white, nearly rotate, its lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, adnate to the base
of the corolla; anthers bluish, the sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-3-celled.
Stigma club-shaped or dilated. Berries red, yellow or green, nodding, very pun-
gent. Seeds flattened. [Latin, capsa,
a box, referring to the shape of the
fruit in forms of the typical species.]
About 30 species, natives of America.
Type species: Capsicum annuum L.

1. Capsicum baccatum L. Bird
Pepper. (Fig. 366.) Perennial,
shrubby, more or less pubescent.
Stems 3°-9° long, sometimes vine-
like, widely branching; leaves ovate,
oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, l'-2'
long, acute or acuminate, entire, ab-
ruptly narrowed or truncate at the
base; petioles one-half as long as the
blades or shorter ; pedicels narrowly
club-shaped, 5"-10" long; calyx about
14" long, its lobes as long as the tube
or somewhat shorter; berries globose
to ellipsoid, 3"-5" long, red, obtuse.

Rocky woodlands, occasional. Na-
tive. Southern United States and trop-
ical continental America. Summer and
autumn. Occasional in gardens.

SOLANACEAE.

339

Capsicum frutescens L., Spanish Pepper, tropical American, also
shrubby, grown in gardens, has larger oblong pointed berries, the calyx nearly
truncate, the pedicels more or less enlarged under the calyx.

Capsicum annuum L., Chillies, Guinea Pepper, also of tropical America,
groAvn for its large fruits, and recorded by H. B. Small as occasionally seen
outside of plantations, is annual or biennial, herbaceous, its fruits often 3' or
4' long, very variable.

6. BRUGMANSIA Pers.
Shrubs or trees, with large alternate petioled leaves, and very large
drooping, w^hite or red flowers on solitary curved peduncles. Calyx angled,
spathaceous or 5-cleft. Corolla long-funnelform, angular, the limb with 5
lanceolate acuminate lobes. Anthers included. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule
spindle-form, unarmed. [In honor of S. J. Brugmans, professor in Leyden.]
Three species, natives of Mexico and South America, the following typical.

1. Brugmansia arborea (L.)
Steud. Cornucopia. Horn of Plenty.
(Fig. 367.) Much branched, 6°-15°
high, the twigs stout, densely pubes-
cent. Leaves ovate to oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, pubescent on both sides,
6'-10' long, entire or sinuate-dentate,
acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded or acute and mostly inequi-
lateral at the base, the pubescent
petioles l'-3' long; peduncles l'-2'
long; calyx 3'-4' long, 2-cleft to
about the middle; corolla white, 8'-
10' long, often double, its lobes l'-2'
long; capsule li'-S' long. [Datura
arhorea L. ; Brugmansia Candida
Pers.]

Occasional in waste grounds. In-
troduced, and commonly grown in gar-
dens for ornament. Native of South
America. Flowers from spring to autumn.

Brugmansia suaveolens (H. & B.) G. Don, Moon-plant, Mexican, differs
in having nearly or quite glabrous foliage and a o-cleft calyx. [Datura
suaveolens H. & B.]

7. DATURA L.
Tall narcotic herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and large solitary erect
short-peduncled white purple or violet flowers. Calyx elongated-tubular or
prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like, in the following species circumscissile
near the base which is persistent and subtends the prickly capsule. Corolla
funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Stamens
included or little exserted ; filaments filiform, very long, inserted at or below
the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled ; style
filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top, or bursting

340

SOLANACEAE.

irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.] About 12 species, of wide dis-
tribution. Type species: Datura Stramonium L.

1. Datura Stramonium L.

Stramonium. Jamestown or
JiMsoN "Weed. Thorn-apple.
Purple Stramonium. Stink-
ing-weed. (Fig. 368.) An-
nual, glabrous or tlie young
parts sparingly pubescent ;
stem stout l°-5° high. Leaves
thin, ovate, acute or acuminate,
mostly narrowed at the base,
3'-8' long, irregularly sinuate-
lobed, the lobes acute; flowers
white or purple, about 4' high;
calyx prismatic, less than one-
half the length of the corolla;
capsule ovoid, densely prickly,
erect, about 2' high. [D. Ta-
tula L.]

Common in waste places and
cultivated ground. Native. West
Indies and continental tropical
America. Widely naturalized in
temperate and tropical regions.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

2. Datura Metel L.

Prickly-bur. (Fig. 369.) An-
nual, finely glandular-pubes-
cent, 3°-9° high. Leaves
broadly ovate, acute, inequi-
lateral, obtuse or subcordate at
the base, 4'-10' long; flowers
white, 6'-7J' long; calyx about
one-half as long as the corolla;
capsule globose or ovoid-glo-
bose, prickly and pubescent,
pendulous, I'-l^' in diameter.

Waste grounds. Recorded by
previous authors but not found
by us. Native of tropical America.
Naturalized in the eastern United
States.

SOLANACEAE.

341

Datura fastuosa L., Garden Datura, Asiatic, a tall glabrous herbaceous
species, with repand leaves often 8' long, the sharply toothed calyx 2'-3' long,
the white to purple corolla 6'-8' long, often double or triple, with long-tipped
lobes, the erect capsules about '2' long, covered Avith short stout prickles, is
grown for ornament.

8. NICOTIANA [Tourn.] L.

Viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or
slightly undulate leaves, and white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in
terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft.
Corolla-tube usually longer than the limb, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading.
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anther-sacs
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; style slender ;
stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the summit.
Seeds numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot, French ambassador to
Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560.] About
50 species, mostly natives of America. Type species: Nicotiana Tdbacum L.

Annual herb with pink flowers.
Shrub or tree with yellow flowers.

1. N. Tabactim.

2. N. glauca.

1. Nicotiana Tabacum L.

Tobacco. (Fig. 370.) Annual,
3°-6° high, little branched. Leaves
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4'-12'
long, sessile, acute or acuminate
at the apex, narrowed at the base,
the lower ones decurrent on the
stem; calyx about V long, its lobes
ovate; corolla funnelform, about
2' long, pink, its lobes triangular,
acuminate ; capsule longer than the
calyx.

Occasional on walls and in waste grounds. Introduced. Native of continental
tropical America but its original home unknown. Formerly extensively cultivated
in Bermuda but very little at the present time : in 1903 the Botanical Station is
recorded to have had enough seedlings to plant six acres. Flowers in summer and
autumn.

342

SOLANACEAE.

2. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Tree
Tobacco. (Fig. 371.) A branching
shrub, or a tree becoming 20° tall.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 2'-8'
long or sometimes larger, undulate, long
or slender-petioled; panicles long; pedi-
cels mostly less than 10" long; calyx
6" or 7" long, its lobes lanceolate or tri-
angular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube ;
corolla yellow or yellowish, about 1^'
long, the tube gradually enlarged to the
slightly oonstricted throat; the limb
about 5" broad, the lobes broad but
acutish; ciapsules narrowly ovoid or ob-
long-ovoid, 5"-6" long.

Occasional in waste grounds. Intro-
duced. Sometimes grown in gardens for
ornament. Flowers in summer and autumn.
It is native of South America and widely
naturalized in the southwestern United
States.

Nicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook., Sharp-leaved Tobacco, South
American, grown at Mt. Langton about 1875, has lanceolate acuminate undu-
late-margined leaves, the few flowers about 3' long in terminal panicles.
[Petunia acuminata Graham.]

Lycium halimifolium Mill., Matrimony Vine, European, a woody
climber, with spiny branches, glabrous entire oblong to &*patulate acute
leaves l'-2' long, small axillary purplish flowers turning yello^vish, with
funnelform corollas and slightly exserted stamens, as long as the style, fol-
lowed by orange-colored oval berries, is recorded by Lefroy as found on
David's Island, prior to 1879. [L. vulgare Dunal.]

Lycium chinense Mill., Asiatic, a shrub with spatulate obtuse leaves, simi-
lar flowers to those of the Matrimony Vine, with the style longer than the
stamens, is grown in a few gardens.

Oestrum Parqui L'Her., South American, was established at Mt. Langton
in 1874, and flowered profusely, but H. B. Small records its subsequent dis-
api^earance. It is a glabrous shrub with lanceolate petioled entire acuminate
leaves about 3' long, the panicled flowers greenish yellow, the narrow corolla
with a short spreading limb, very fragrant at night.

Oestrum noctumum L., Night-bix)Oming Oestrum, West Indian, occa-
sionally planted for ornament, is a glabrous shrub, 12° high or less, with ovate-
lanceolate to oblong, petioled acuminate leaves 3'-.5' long, and flowers in axil-
lary panicles; the cup-shaped calyx is about IV' long, the yellow narrowly
tubular corolla with a short limb is about V long, the nearly w^hite, globose
berries about 5" in diameter.

Brunfelsia americana L., Brunfelsia, Lady-of-the-Night, West In-
dian, a shrub 4°-7° high, with elliptic to obovate short-petioled leaves 2'-4'
long, long, usually solitary and terminal yellowish fragrant flowers, the nar-
row corolla-^tube about 24' long, the spreading 5-lobed corolla-limb nearly J'
wide, the fruit a yellow berry 8"-10" in diameter, is occasionally grown for
ornament and interest.

SOLANACEAE. 343

Brunfelsia fallax Duch., Long-flowered Brunfelsia, also West Indian,
occasionally grown, bas a similar corolla about 4' long.

Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B. S. P., White Petunia, Brazilian, grown in
flower-gardens, is viscid-pubescent, about 1° high, with ovate to obovate thin
entire leaves l'-4' long, the lower ones petioled; the slender-peduncled flowers
are white, the corolla with a narrow tube I'-Vl' long, and abruptly spread-
ing limb about as wide as the length of the tube. [P. nyctaginiflora Juss.]

Petunia violacea Lindl., Violet Petunia, also South American, is simi-
lar to the preceding species, often lower and with somewhat smaller leaves
and violet flowers with a broader corolla tube. The widely cultivated garden
Petunias are hybrids between this species and P. axillaris, the flowers white,
violet, or variegated. [P. phoenicea of Lefroy.]

Salpiglossis sinuata E. & P., Salpiglossis, Chilean or Peruvian, a glan-^
dular-pubescent, viscid branched annual, with an. erect stem l°-2° high, the
lower leaves narrowly oblong, 3'-4' long, sinuate-lobed or toothed, narrowed
into petioles, the upper leaves linear, smaller, sessile, entire, the broadly
funnelform corollas about 2' broad, variously colored, is grown in gardens.

Family 10. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl.

FiGWORT Family.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with estipulate leaves, and perfect mostly com-
plete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of Synthyris).
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or sometimes
split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate, im-
bricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or
nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted
on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled; the sacs equal,
or unequal, or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete.
Pistil 1, entire or 2-lobed; ovary superior, 2-eelled, or rarely 1-celled;
ovules anatropous or amphitropous, on axile placentae; style slender,
simple; stigma entire; 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and
septicidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous; endo-
sperm fleshy; embryo small, straip'ht or slightly curved; cotjdedons little
broader than the radicle. About 165 genera and 2700 species, widely dis-
tributed.

A. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud.

Anther-bearing stamens 5 ; corolla rotate. 1. Verba^cum.

Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4 ; corolla not rotate.
Corolla spurred or saccate at the base.
Corolla spurred.

Leaves palmately veined. 2. Cymhalaria.

Leaves pinnately veined. 3. Kickxia.

Corolla saccate. 4. Maurandya.

Corolla neither spurred nor saccate.

Shrubs with angular branches. 5. Russellia.

Low herbs. 6. Bramia.

B. Lower lip or lobes of the corolla external In the bud.

Corolla 4-6-lobed ; leaves alternate ; capsule oval. 7. Capraria.

Corolla 4-lobed ; leaves opposite ; capsule notched. 8. Veronica.

1. VERBASCUM [Tourn.] L.

Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall herbs, with alternate leaves, and
rather large flowers, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-
cleft or 5-parted. Corolla flat-rotate or slightly concave, S-lobed. the lobes a

344

SCEOPHULARIACEAE.

little unequal, the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on
the base of the corolla, unequal; filaments of the 3 upper stamens, or of all
5, pilose; anther-sacs confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated and
flattened at the summit. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves usually 2-
cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose. [The Latin name of the great mullen; used
by Pliny.] About 125 species, of the Old World. Type species: Verbascum
Thapsus L.

Plant densely woolly ; flowers in dense spikes.

Plant sparingly pubescent ; flowers in long racemes.

1. V. Thapsus.

2. V. virgatum.

Common in fields and in waste grounds.
Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely natural-
ized in North America. Flowers from spring to
autumn. Sometimes called Dock-leaf.

2. Verbascum virgatum "With. Twiggy
Mullen. (Fig. 373.) Annual or biennial,
tall and vrand-like, loosely pubescent, green,
4°-6° tall. Leaves crenate-dentate, the basal
ones obovate-elliptic, obtuse, narrowed into
slender petioles, the lower ones oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, acutish, 3'-5' long, narrowed
into margined petioles, the upper lanceolate
to ovate, acute, cordate-clasping at the base;
raceme often 2° long, narrow ; pedicels stout,
2''-3" long in fruit, about as long as the
lanceolate, glandular-pubescent fruiting calyx-
lobes; corolla yellow, or white, 1' broad or less.

Cultivated grounds, Warwick, and on Castle
Point, 1914. Introduced. Native of Europe.
Naturalized as a weed in the southwestern United
States. Flowers in spring and summer.

1. Verbascum Thapsus L.
Great Mullex. Flannel-
leaf. (Fig. 372.) Simple or
with some erect branches,
densely woolly with branched
hairs, l°-8° high. Leaves ob-
long, thick, acute, narrowed
at the base, dentate or dentic-
ulate, 4'-12' long, the basal
ones margined-petioled ; flow-
ers yellow, i'-l' broad, sessile,
numerous in dense elongated
spikes; stamens unequal, the
three upper shorter with white
hairy filaments and short
anthers, the two lower gla-
brous or nearly so with larger
anthers; capsule about 3"
high.

SCEOPHULARIACEAE.

345

2. CYMBALARIA Medic.
Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed,
palmately veined leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx
o-parted. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, short-spurred ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower
lip 3-lobed; throat nearly or quite closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didyn-
amous, ascending, included, the filaments filiform. Style very slender. Capsule
dehiscent by 2 terminal 3-toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From the
Greek for cymbal.] About 9 species, of the Old World, the following typical.

1. Cymbalaria CymbaJaria (L.)
Wettst. Kexilworth or Coliseum Ivy.
(Fig. 374.) Glabrous; stem trailing,
often rooting at the nodes, 4'-12' long.
Leaves reniform-orbicular, 3-5-lobed, 3"-
12" in diameter, the lobes broad and
obtuse; flowers blue or lilac, 4"-5" long;
peduncles slender, recurved, shorter than
the petioles; calyx-segments lanceolate,
acute ; palate yellowish ; capsule globose ;
seeds rugose. [Antirrhinum Cymbalaria
L.; Linaria Cymbalaria Mill.]

Occasional on roadside walls and
rocks. Introduced. Native of Europe. In-
troduced into the eastern United States.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

3. KICKXIA Dumort.
Mostly annual spreading or creeping
herbs, with pinnately veined, short-peti-
oled leaves, and solitary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx 5-
parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by the palate.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform. Capsule opening by 1
or 2 terminal slits, pores, or valves. Seeds ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled.

About 25 species, natives of the Old
World, the following typical. [In honor
of Johann Kickx, professor in Ghent.]

1. Kickxia Elatine (L.) Dumort.
Sharp-pointed Fluellix or Toad-
flax. (Fig. 375.) Annual, pubescent;
stems prostrate, 6'-2° long. Leaves
*'-l' long, acute or obtuse at the
apex, ovate or triangular, hastate,
truncate, or subcordate at the base, en-
tire, or few-toothed, the basal auricles
divergent, acute; flowers about 3" long;
peduncles filiform ; calyx-segments nar-
rowly lanceolate, acute ; corolla yellow-
ish, purplish beneath, its spur slender,
straight. Capsule sub-globose. \ Antir-
rhinum Elatine L. ; Linaria Elatina
Mill.; Evolvulus alsinoides of Moore.]

Frequent in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of Europe.
Naturalized in eastern North America.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

346

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

4. MAURANDYA Ortega.
Annual or perennial vines, the leaves alternate, or opposite below, flat,
hastate, angulate or coarsely toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals
partially united. Corolla showy, pink, purple or violet, irregular, its tube
scarcely gibbous at the base, with 2 often pubescent lines or plaits in the
throat. Stamens 4, included; filaments thickened at the apex; anther-sacs
often confluent. Styles with 2 dilated lobes at the apex. Ovules numerous.
Capsule short, opening by transverse or irregular chinks. Seeds wrinkled or
tuberculate. [In honor of Maurandy, a botanist of Cartajena.] About 6
species, of warm and tropical America. Type species: listeria scandens Cav.

Corolla 7"-8" long; sepals nearly as long as the corolla-tube.
Corolla 12"-15" long; sepals shorter than the corolla-tube.

1. M. antirrhiniflora.

2. M. scandens.

1. Maurandya antirrhiniflora (H. & B.)
Willd. Roving Sailor. (Fig. 376.) Very
slender, climbing to a length of 10° or more,
glabrous throughout. Leaves triangular-has-
tate, acute, i'-l' long, slender-petioled; pe-
duncles very slender, mostly longer than the
petioles; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
nearly as long as the corolla-tube; corolla
purple, 7"-8" long, its limb much shorter than
its tube; capsule depressed-globose, about 5"
in diameter. [Usteria antirriniflora Poir.]

On walls and trees along roads. Introduced
and escaped from cultivation. Native of the
southwestern United States and Mexico. Flowers
from spring to autumn. H. B. Small's description
of M. sempervircns suggests this as the plant he
had in mind.

^m^

2. Maurandya scandens (Cav.) Pers.
Larger Roving Sailor. (Fig. 377.) Peren-
nial, glabrous; similar to the preceding spe-
cies, but stouter, and with larger leaves and
flowers. Leaves triangular-hastate, V-IV
long, the apex acuminate or acute ; peduncles
much longer than the petioles, sometimes
longer than the leaves; sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, one-third to one-half as long as
the corolla-tube; corolla purple, 12"-15"
long, its limb about one-third as long as its
tube; capsule globose, as long as the calyx.
[M. sempervirens of Reade ; M. semperflorens
Jaeq. ; Usteria scandens Cav.]

Occasional on walls, banks and hedges.
Native of Mexico. Flowers in summer and
autumn. Frequently cultivated for ornament.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

347

Maurandya Barclayana Lindl., Barclay's Eoving Sailor, Mexican, re-
corded as found in Bermuda by Reade, Lefroy, H. B. Small, Jones and as
cultivated here, by Verrill, has flowers and leaves similar to those of M.
scandens, but the sepals are densely glandular-pubescent. I have not met
with it. H. B. Small 's description points to M. scandens.

Maurandya erubescens (Don) A. Gray, Red Maurandya, Mexican, is
grown as an ornamental vine on porches and trellises, and locally seems estab-
lished, as at Orange Valley; its stems and triangular-hastate leaves are pubes-
cent, the ovate-lanceolate sepals nearly 1' long, the rose-red corolla about 3'
long. [Lophospermum erubescens Zuce.]

5. RUSSELLIA Jacq.

Shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, sometimes reduced to
mere scales, and cymose or panicled, mostly showy flowers. Calyx-lobes ovate.
Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnelform, the tube long, the lobes short, some-
what unequal. Stamens 4, with divergent anther-sacs; no staminodes. Cap-
sule ovoid to globose. [In honor of Alexander Russell, English physician and
traveller, who died in 1786.] About 15 species, natives of tropical America.
Type species: Bussellia sarmentosa Jacq.

1. Russellia equisetiformis Schl. & Cham.
RussELLiA. Heath. (Fig. 378.) A gla-
brous, much-branched shrub, lh°-4:° high,
with spreading or arching striate branches,
the twigs very slender. Leaves of the stem
and branches, or most of them, reduced to
acute scales about 1" long, those of sterile
twigs spatulate, 7" long or less ; calyx about
2" long; corolla bright red, about V long,
its lobes ovate, 2"-3" long; capsule ovoid.
[B. juncea Zucc]

Roadsides and banks, escaped from gar-
dens, in which it is common. Introduced.
Native of Mexico. Naturalized in the West
Indies. Flowers from spring to autumn and
is very showy.

6. BRAMIA Lam.
Prostrate or diffuse herbs, with opposite obtuse mostly entire leaves, and
small peduneled flowers, mostly solitary in the axils. Calyx subtended by 2
bracts, 5-parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla nearly regular, the
tube cylindric, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style
slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds
numerous. [From Brami, a Malabar name.] About 20 species, of warm and
tropical regions. Type species: Bramia indica Lam.

348

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

1. B rami a Monniera (L.)
Drake. Monxier 's Hedge hyssop.
(Fig. 379.) Perennial, glabrous,
fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at
the nodes, 3-20' long. Leaves
spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, ses-
sile, rounded at the apex, entire,
or sparingly denticulate, 3"-10"
long; peduncles mainly in alternate
axils, 2-bracteolate at the summit,
in fruit longer than the leaves;
flowers pale blue, about 5" long;
upper calyx-segment ovate, acute;
corolla obscurely 2-lipped; stamens
nearly equal; capsule ovoid, acute,
shorter than the calyx. [Gratiola
Monniera L. ; Herpestis Monniera
H.B.K.]

Common in moist grounds. Na-
tive. Southern United States, West
Indies, tropical continental America

and tropical Asia. Flowers from spring to autumn. Its minute seeds probably

transported to Bermuda by a bird.

7. CAPRARIA L.
Perennial herbs or shrubby plants, the leaves alternate, longer than broad,
toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Calyx of 4-6 narrow, almost equal
sepals. Corolla white, campanulate, with 4-6 flat lobes. Stamens usually 4;
anther-sacs 2, divergent, confluent. Stigmas dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule short,
2-grooved, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds
reticulated. [Latin, from capra a nanny-
goat.] About four species, of tropical and
subtropical America, the following typical.

1. Capraria "bifldra L. Capraria. Goat-
weed. (Fig. 380.) Stems l°-3° tall,
branching, sometimes pubescent. Leaves
oblanceolate, cuneate or oblong, ^'-2' long,
acute, sharply serrate above the middle;
peduncles solitary or 2 together, shorter than
the subtending leaves; sepals linear-lanceo-
late to linear-subulate, 2' -3'' long; corolla
about 5" long, the tube campanulate, the
lobes lanceolate, about as long a& the tube;
capsules oval or oval-ovoid, about as long as
the sepals.

Occasional in waste grounds and along
roads, . Naturalized. Native of the southern
United States and West Indies. Flowers in
summer and autumn.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

349

8. VERONICA [Tourn.] L.
Herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alternate,
rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue, purple, pink or white flowers,
racemose, spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted.
Corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply and more or less unequally 4-lobed
(rarely 5-lobed), the lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2, diverg-
ent; anthers obtuse, their sacs confluent at the summit. Ovary 2-celled; style
slender ; stigma capitate. Capsule compressed, sometimes very flat, emarginate,
obcordate, or 2-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, plano-convex, or ex-
cavated on the inner side. [Named for St. Veronica.] About 200 species, of
wide distribution. Type species: Veronica officinalis L.

Pedicels as long as the subtending bracts, or longer.
Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts.

Foliage pubescent.

Foliage glabrous or glandular.

1. Veronica agrestis L. Field
OR Garden Speed v^ell. (Fig. 381.)
Annual, pubescent; stems creeping or
procumbent, very slender, 3-8' long,
the branches ascending or spreading.
Leaves broadly ovate or oval, obtuse
at the apex, rounded, truncate or sub-
cordate at the base, crenate, short-
petioled, or the uppermost sessile, the
lower opposite, the upper alternate
and each with a slender-peduneled
small blue flower in its axil; capsule
broader than high, compressed, nar-
rowly emarginate, 2" broad.

In waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized. Native of Europe. Nat-
uralized in eastern North America and
in Jamaica. Spring to autumn.

1. V. agrestis.

2. V. arvensis.

3. V. peregrina.

2. Veronica arvensis L. Corn
OR Wall Speedwell. (Fig. 382.)
Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at
length much branched and diffuse,
3'-10' long. Lower leaves ovate or
oval, opposite, obtuse at both ends,
crenate or crenulate, 2"-6" long, the
lowest petioled ; upper leaves sessile,
alternate, ovate or lanceolate, acute
or acutish, commonly entire, each
with a short-stalked flower in its
axil; peduncles shorter than the
calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white,
1" broad or less; capsule broadly
obovate, obcordate, 1" high.

Frequent in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of
Europe. Naturalized in North America,
and in Jamaica. Spring to autumn.

350

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

3. Veronica peregrina L. Purs-
lane iSPEEDWELL. Neck WEED. (Fig.
383.) Annual, glabrous, or glandular-
puberulent; stem 3-12' high. Leaves
oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatu-
late, 3"-10" long, the lowest opposite,
short-petioled, or sessile, broader than
the upper and usually denticulate, the
upper alternate, sessile, mostly entire,
each with a short-peduncled flower in
its axil ; flowers nearly white, about 1"
broad; peduncles much shorter than the
calyx; capsule nearly orbicular, ob-
cordate, usually a little shorter than
the calyx, 1"-1^" high, the seeds flat.

Occasional in cultivated grounds.
Naturalized. Native of North America
where it is widely distributed. Nat-
uralized in .Jamaica. Flowers from
spring to autumn.

Veronica salicifolia Forst., Wil-
low-leaved Veronica, of New Zea-
land, recorded by Jones as grown in
Bermuda in 1873, is a glabrous shrub,
6° high or more, with lanceolate entire leaves about 3' long and numerous, white
or blue flowers in axillary racemes.

Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst., Yellow Snapdragon, Toadflax, European,
is sometimes grown in flower-gardens. It is an herbaceous perennial, l°-3°
high, with linear entire leaves and terminal racemes of bright yellow flowers
about 1' long, the irregular spurred corolla with a palate nearly closing the
throat; the capsule opens by pores. From Jones list of 1873, Reade 's record
of 1883, and that of H. B. Small, it vvould appear that they had observed this
plant on roadsides and in waste places, but Ave have not seen it outside of
cultivation in Bermuda. [Antirrhi7mm Linaria L. ; Linaria vulgaris Mill.]

Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd., Hairy Beard-tongue, North Ameri-
can, collected in Bermuda by Eein about 1853, as would appear from a
specimen preserved in the herbarium of the Berlin Botanical Garden, recorded
in Rein's list as Pentstemon piihescens Soland., and admitted by Hemsley,
has not been found by subsequent collectors. It may have been in cultivation,
as its existence as a wild plant in Bermuda is doubtful. It is an herbaceous
perennial, 3° high or less, nearly glabrous, with oblong to lanceolate, finely
toothed leaves, and long clusters of rather showy purple flowers, the corolla
about f ' long, the sterile stamen about as long as the four fertile ones.

A pubescent Pentstemon with lanceolate, entire leaves and large purplish
flowers was seen in cultivation at Rose Cottage in 1914.

Antirrhinum majus L., Snapdragon, European, an herbaceous perennial
with narrow leaves and terminal racemes of irregular flowers an inch or more
long, the corolla of various colors from white to purple, saccate at the base,
is common in flower gardens, blooming profusely in spring.

Mimulus luteus L., Yellow Monkey-flower, North American, recorded
by Reade as a garden flower, is an herbaceous perennial, with broad toothed
leaves and showy yellow axillary flowers over 1' long, the corolla with a
eylindric tube and a spreading 2-lipped limb, the four stamens all perfect.

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill., Paulo wnia, Japanese, grown at
Norwood, is a tree, becoming 50° high or more, with broadly ovate petioled
cordate leaves 5'-16' broad, canescent on both sides when young, those of

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

351

shoots coarsely serrate, those of older steins mostly entire ; the showy violet
flowers, about 2' long, are borne in large terminal panicles, the slightly
irregular corolla puberulent; its fruit is an ovoid pointed capsule about 2'
long. [Bigjionia tomentosa Thunb. ; Paulownia imperialis Sieb. & Zucc]

Family 11. BIGNONIACEAE Pers.

Trumpet-creeper Family.

Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with opposite
(rarely alternate) leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered, more or less
irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla gamopetalous,
5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens
2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes;
anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or cup-
like. Ovary mostly 2-celled ; placentae parietal, or on the partition-wall of
the ovary; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous; style slender; stigma
terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds flat, transverse, winged in our
genera; endosperm none; cotyledons broad and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed;
radicle short, straight. About 60 genera and over 500 species of wide
distribution in tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.

Leaves pinnate ; vine-like shrubs. 1. Tecoiyiaria.

Leaves digitate or unifoliolate ; trees or erect shrubs. 2. Tabehuia.

1. TECOMARIA Spach.
Vines or shrubs, with opposite petioled pinnate leaves, the leaflets ser-
rate, and showy flowers in terminal panicles or racemes. Calyx short, regular,
5-toothed. Corolla irregularly funnelform, the tube mostly curved, the limb
somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens exserted, the filaments filiform. Style slender,
exserted. Capsule linear, compressed. Seeds winged. [Name from similarity
to Tecoma.] Two or three species, natives of South Africa, the following
typical.

1. Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.)
Spach. Cape Trumpet-flower. (Fig.
384.) Shrubby, 4°-8° high, or half-
climbing, the twigs and leaves glabrous
or minutely pubescent. Leaves 4'-6'
long; leaflets 5-9, ovate, elliptic, or the
lower obovate, acute or bluntish at the
apex, mostly narrowed at the base, short-
stalked, rather coarsely serrate, 2' long
or less; flowers in short terminal pan-
icles; corolla bright orange-red, about
2' long, the curved tube about 3 times
as long as the spreading limb ; capsule
flattened, about 2' long, and 2" wide.
[Bignonia capensis Thunb.; Tecoma
capensis Lindl.]

Along roads and in waste grounds, escaped from cultivation. Naturalized.
Extensively planted for hedges and finely ornamental. Native of South Africa.
Naturalized in the West Indies. Flowers freely and conspicuously In summer and
autumn.

352

BIGNQXIACEAE.

2. TABEBUIA Gomez.
Trees or shrubs, with digitatelj 1-7-foliolate leaves, and mostly large and
showy corymbose or solitary flowers. Calyx tubular, or tubular-campanulate,
more or less irregularly toothed. Corolla funnelform, its tube gradually ex-
panded, its spreading, somewhat irregular limb 5-lobed. Stamens didynamous,
included, the anther-sacs diverging. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a linear loculicidal
capsule. Seeds flat, winged at both ends. [Brazilian name.] About 50
species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Bignonia Tdbehuya Veil.

1. Tabebuia pallida

Miers. White Ckdar.
(Fig. 385.) A tree, up
to 60° high, the foliage
and inflorescence gla-
brous. Leaves 1-5-folio-
late; petioles l'-4' long;
leaflets elliptic to oblong-
elliptic or elliptic-obo-
vate, 6' long or less,
stalked, or the lower ones
sometimes sessile, pin-
nately veined, minutely
lepidote on both sides;
corymbs terminal, several:
flowered ; pedicels sler
der; calyx somewhat ob
lique, lepidote, about 5'
long; corolla pink oi
nearly white, about 2^'
long; capsule 5'-8' long,
about 3" thick; seed-
wings 4"-5" long. [Big-
nonia leucoxylon L., not
Tabehuia leucoxyla DC;
Tecoma pentaphylla of
Lefroy, of Eeade and of
H. B. Small; Tabebuia
pentaphylla of Verrill.]

Hedges and roadsides. Naturalized. Widely planted for shade and ornament.
Native of the West Indies. Flowers in summer and autumn, sometimes when nearly
devoid of leaves.

Tabebuia serratifolia (Yahl) Nicholson, Showy Tabebuia, of the south-
ern Lesser Antilles, seen at Pembroke Hall in 1913, is a tree 30° high or more,
with long-petioled, digitately 5-foliolate leaves, the obovate to elliptic, stalked
acuminate leaflets 3'-5' long, the petioles and calyx rusty-tomentose, the bright
yellow flattened 5-lobed narrowly campanulate corolla about '2V long. [Big-
nonia serratifolia Vahl.]

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss., Trumpet-flower, tropical American, a shrub,
or small tree up to 30° high, with rough furrowed bark, pinnate leaves of 7 or
9 lanceolate sharply toothed leaflets and' terminal clusters of large yellow
flowers is frequently planted for ornament. [Bignoma stans L. ; Stenolobium
stans Seemann.]

Pyrostegia ignea (Veil.) Presl, Comely Trumpet-flower, Brazilian, a
long-climbing woody vine, with glabrous leaves of 2 ovate acuminate leaflets

BIGNOXIACEAE. 353

and a tendril, or sometimes of 3 leaflets; showy orange-red flowers in axillary
corymbs, the tubular corolla 2V-3' long, with a short 2-lobed limb, is jjlanted
for ornament. [Bignonia ignea Veil.; B. venusta Ker.]

Bignonia radicans L., Trumpet-creeper, Eed Trumpet-flower, North
American, frequently planted for ornament, is a high-climbing, woody vine,
sometimes 30° long, with pinnate leaves of 7-11 broad toothed leaflets and
terminal corymbs of red and orange flowers, the tubular-campanulate corolla
nearly 2' broad, the spindle-shaped pods 4-6' long. [Tecoma radicans Juss.]

Bignonia obliqua H.B.K., Caracas Bignonia, Venezuelan, recorded by
Jones, is a vine, the leaves with 2 cordate shining leaflets and red flowers.

Bignonia Ibuccinatoria Mairet, Red Bignonia, Mexican, a vine with 4-
angled branches, the petioles and inflorescence tomentose, the leaves of 2 ovate
or elliptic leaflets and a tendril, the clustered, blood-red flowers 4' long, Is
also recorded by Jones as grown in Bermuda. Neither this nor the next pre-
ceding species are true Bignonias.

Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bureau, Cross-vine, North American, a
high-climbing vine, with leaves of 2, broad leaflets and a tendril, the orange
red flowers in axillary clusters was introduced at Mt. Langton in 1874, but
subsequently disappeared, according to H. B. Small. [Bignonia capreolata L.J

Anemopaegma carrerense Armitage, Carrera Vine, of Trinidad and
Venezuela, a glabrous vine, with petioled leaves of 2 ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
thin leaflets 2-3' long, axillary flowers, few in each cluster, 2^' long, the
short calyx truncate, the funnelform, nearly white corolla with a yellow
throat, the oval fruit about 3' long, is occasionally planted for ornament.

Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) Schum., Jasmine Pandorea, of New
South Wales, seen at Spring Haven in 1914, is a glabrous, high-climbing vine,
with pinnate, petioled leaves of 5 or 7 ovate-lanceolate leaflets l'-2' long, and
white flowers in panicles, the corolla about IV long, with broad, spreading
lobes. [Tecoma jasminoides Lindl.]

Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC, Kigelia, of tropical Africa, occasionally
planted, is a tree up to 50° high, with pinnate glabrous leaves whorled in 3s,
the 7 or 9 obovate or oblong sessile leaflets 2'-5' long; the large clustered
flowers are red, or crimson, the corolla broadly campanulate and 2-lipped ; the
fruit is oblong-cylindric, indehiscent, up to 1*° long and 4' or 5' thick, slightly
compressed, rounded at the apex. [Crescentia pinnata Jacq.]

Crescentia Cujete L., Calabash, tropical American, occasionally planted,
is an evergreen tree, up to 25° high, with long-branches, spatulate or oblanceo-
late entire clustered leaves 4-6' long, yellowish flowers about 2V long, the
calyx leathery, the corolla tubular-campanulate with short crisped lobes; the
fruit is globose or oval, smooth, green, turning dark brown, 6'-12' long, inde-
hiscent, with a very hard rind, which is utilized for baling boats, holding
water and other fluids.

Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Small, Black Calabash, of Florida and the
West Indies, recorded by Jones as found in Bermuda, has oblong to obovate
leaves, the fruit 2-^-4' long, with a brittle shell. [C. cucurhitina L.]

Macrocatalpa longissima (Jacq.) Britton, ^'French Oak," West In-
dian, was represented in the collection at the Agricultural Station by a fine
young tree, flowering in the autumn of 1913. It has oblong-lanceolate, slender-
petioled acuminate thin leaves 3'-6' long, and white flowers in terminal
panicles, the tipped calyx deeply 2-lobed, the campanulate corolla o-lobed, the
lobes crisped; the narrowly linear drooping capsules are l°-2° long. [Catalpa
longissima Sims.; Bignonia longissima Jacq.]

Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Spathodea, of tropical Africa, a tree
with pinnate leaves 1° long or more, of 7-17 ovate nearly entire acute leaflets
3'-4' long, the terminal clustered irregular showy orange flowers 3'-4' long,

24

354 BIGNONIACEAE.

the caljx curved and longitudinally split, was also represented at the Agri-
cultural Station in 1914 by a vigorous young tree, and by a tall tree in
A^'ictoria' Park.

Seedling plants of a species of Jacaranda, presumably South American,
were seen at the Agricultural Station in 1914. This genus consists of shrubs
and trees with pinnate or bipinnate leaves and terminal panicles of mostly
blue flowers.

Family 12. GESNERIACEAE Lindl.

Gesxeria Family.

Herbs or shrubs with opposite, often unequal leaves, and variously
clustered or solitary, often showy, perfect irregular flow^ers. Calyx mostly
inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb usually oblique
and more or less 2-lipped. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, borne on the corolla-
tube. Ovary 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-celled; ovules numerous, minute,
anatropous, on parietal placentae. Fruit mostly capsular, many-seeded.
About 90 genera and over 1000 species, of tropical and subtropical distribu-
tion. There are no native nor naturalized species of this family in Bermuda.

Isoloma Tydaea Bailey, Monkey-flower, Colombian, a glandular-villous
herbaceous species l°-2° high, with petioled ovate often cordate, serrate
more or less mottled leaves 2'-4' long, the axillary flowers long-peduncled, the
calyx 4"-5"' long, with 5 triangular lobes, the irregular corolla about IV long,
red and yellow, its lobes spotted, is grown in flower-gardens. [Achimenes picta
Benth.]

Lefroy records the occurrence of a species of Gloxinia in gardens.

Family 13. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil.

Acanthus Family.

Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite
simple estipulate leaves, and iiTegular or nearly regular perfect flowers.
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4— 5-parted or 4-5-cleft, the sepals or segments
imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed, or 2-lipped.
Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only; anther-sacs longitu-
dinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2-10
in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style filiform, simple; stigmas
1 or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally elastically 2-valved. Seeds not
winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the placentae, the
testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral threads and mucilage
when wetted. Endospeim in the following genera none; cotj^edons flat,
commonly cordate. About 175 genera and 2000 species, natives of tem-
perate and tropical regions.

1. JUSTICIA [Houst.] L.
Herbs, or shrubs, with entire leaves, the flowers variously clustered.
Calyx deeply cleft, its segments narrow, nearly equal. Corolla-tube mostly
shorter than the 2-lipped limb, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens
2, borne in the throat of the corolla; anthers 2-celled; staminodes none; lower
anther-sac minutely appendaged. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity.
Capsule oblong. [In honor of James Justice, a Scotch gardener.] Over 100
species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Justicia Adhatoda L.

ACANTHACEAE.

355

1. Justicia secunda Vahl., Red Justicia.
(Fig. 386.) Shrubby, 8° high or less, piiberu-
lent above, the stems and branches nearly terete.
Leaves ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 8' long
or less, rather thin, long-acuminate at the apex,
mostly obtuse or rounded at the base; panicles
terminal, narrow, 4'-10' long; pedicels very
short; bracts subulate, about 1" long; calyx-
segments linear-lanceolate, 3"-4i" long; corolla
red or red-purple, about 1^' long, its lips longer
than its tube; capsule about 5" long.

Banks and thickets, locally escaped from cul-
tivation. Introduced. Native of the West Indies.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

Thunbergiso alata Bojer, Winged Thun-
BERGiA, African, a softly pubescent vine up to
6° long, with broad-petioled ovate hastate acute
leaves, and solitary axillary long-peduncled
large-bracted flowers, the calyx many-toothed,
the corolla yellow or white, often with a dark
eye, the globose capsule long-beaked, is com-
monly grown in gardens.

Thunbergia fragrans Roxb., White Thunbergia, East Indian, a nearly
glabrous slender vine sometimes 9° long, with slender-petioled ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, entire or few-toothed leaves and solitary axillary bracted long-
stalked mostly white flowers, the calyx many-toothed, as in the preceding
species, the subglobose capsule with a stout flattened beak, is occasionally
grown, according to Reade.

Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb., Large-flowered Thunbergia, East In-
dian, a strongly-growing stout roughish vine up to 20° long, the large leaves
coarsely angulately toothed and cordate, the numerous large bracted white to
purplish flowers racemose, with a truncate calyx, the capsule stout-beaked, is
commonly grown for ornament.

Thunbergia erecta T. Anders., Bush Thunbergia, Asiatic, a slender
shrub, up to 6° high, with thin entire ovate acuminate leaves, and large
solitary short-peduncled axillary purple or white flowers, the capsule conic
above the swollen base, is occasionally grown in gardens.

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl., Laurel-lea\^d Thunbergia, East Indian,
a glabrous high-climbing woody vine, with opposite petioled ovate-lanceolate
to oblong, firm leaves 4-6' long, the large showy flowers whorled in racemes
on pedicels i'-V long, the purple-blue corolla about 3' broad, with a white
throat and spreading 5-lobed limb was seen at Paget Rectory in 1914.

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., Caricature Plant, Australasian, a
shrub 6° high or more, the elliptic acuminate entire short-petioled leaves
4-8' long, usually yellowish-blotched, the large crimson clustered flowers about
2' long, the pubescent corolla strongly 2-lipped, with a narrow tube expanded
above, is grown for ornament and interest. [G. hortense Nees; G. versicolor
of Lefroy.]

Sanchesia nobilis Hook, f., Brilliant-floavered Sanchesia, South Ameri-
can, occasional in flower-gardens, is a stout herbaceous plant, nearly gla-
brous, with bluntly 4-angled stems 2°-4° high; its oblong acuminate crenate

356 ACANTHACEAE.

petioled leaves are 3-10' long, its bright yellow flowers about 2' long, the
tubular corolla with a small oblique limb; the showy large ovate bracts are
bright red, the branches of the panicle purple.

Odontonema cuspidatum (Nees) Kuntze, White Odontonema, Mexican,
a nearly glabrous shrub about 6° high, with opposite short-petioled short-
pointed, sometimes variegated leaves 3'-5' long, the nearly white flowers in
narrow terminal panicles, the whitish corolla nearly regular, the limb about f
broad, about as long as the cylindric tube, is commonly planted for ornament.
[Thyrsaca7ithus cuspidatus Nees.]

Rhacodiscus lucidus (Andr.) Lindau, recorded by Lefroy as common in
gardens, resembles Jiisticia secunda, but has much larger flowers in shorter
panicles; it is recorded by Lefroy and by H. B. Small. [JusUcia lucida
Andr.]

Barleria lupulina Lmdl., Yellow Barleria, Madagascan, a glabrous
shrub 3° high or less, with 2 slender spines V-V long in the axils of the
elongated linear leaves, and bright yellow bracted flowers about IJ' long in
dense terminal spikes, the corolla-limb with 3 large and 2 small lobes, is planted
for ornament.

Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl.) E. Br., Blue Eranthemuai, East In-
dian, a somewhat pubescent or puberulent shrub 3°-6° high, with thin ovate
to elliptic leaves 8' long or less, acuminate at each end, axillary spicate flowers,
the large whitish strongly veined bracts densely imbricated, acute or acumi-
nate, the blue 5-lobed corolla nearly 1' broad, is common in gardens, [£".
pulchellum Andr.; JusUcia nervosa Vahl.] This may be the ''Blue Justicia"
mentioned by Lefroy.

Eranthemum Anderson! Masters, Anderson's Eranthemum, Malayan,
recorded by Lefroy, has lanceolate to elliptic leaves, and spicate purple-mot-
tled flowers.

Eranthemum album (Eoxb.) DC, White Eranthemum, of the East In-
dies, recorded by Lefroy and by H. B. Small, is a tall puberulent shrub, with
elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled leaves and white flowers in axillary
panicled spikes, the narrow corolla I'-li' long, with a 2-lipped limb. {Justicia
alba Eoxb.]

Eranthemum reticulatum Bull, Yellow-veined Eranthemum, Polyne-
sian, taken to Paynter 's Yale from the New York Botanical Garden in 1912
and growing there vigorously in 1914, is a shrub 3°-5° high, with glabrous
somewhat fleshy, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate leaves, 2'-10'
long, the upper ones yellow-mottled, the lower yellowish-veined, the racemose
flowers white, blotched red-purple.

Jacobmia magnifica (Nees) Benth., Pink Jacobinia, Brazilian, a shrub
about 5° high, with petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate finely
pubescent or glabrate leaves 4'-7' long, and large terminal clusters of rose-
colored flowers, the 2-lipped corolla about 2' long, is occasionally grown for
ornament. [Justicia carnea Hook.]

Jacobinia aiirea (Schlecht.) Hemsl., Yellow Jacobinia, Central Ameri-
can, also grown for ornament, is a shrub up to 6° high^ with finely puberulent
or glabrous foliage, the broadly oval or ovate, petioled acuminate thin leaves
6'-10' long; the yellow flowers are m long dense terminal clusters, the 2-lipped
corolla about 2' long.

Strobilanthes coloratus (Nees) T. Anders., Purple Strobilanthes, East
Indian, occasional in flower gardens, is shrubby, about 3° high, its purple
leaves ovate, acaminate, subcordate, short-petioled, serrate, 3'-7' long, its

ACANTHACEAE. 357

purple flowers about 1' long, numerous in bracted terminal panicles. [Gold-
fussio color ata Nees.]

Strobilanthes isophyllus (Nees) T. Anders., Narrow-leaved Strobi-
LANTHES, also East Indian, about 2° high, ^Yitll linear-lanceolate leaves 4'-8'
long and panicled bluish flowers was grown at the Public Garden, St. Georges,
in 1912.

Fittonia argyroneura E. Coem., White-veined Fittonia, of western
South America, commonly grown in green houses, and less successfully on rock
work, is a pubescent perennial, with spreading or trailing branches, and
broadly ovate rounded entire leaves 2'-3' long, rather dark green^ and con-
spicuously white-veined; the yellowish flowers of this plant are borne in pe-
duncled narrow bracted spikes, the slender corolla with a long narrow lip.

Under the name Cyrtanthera rosea, Lefroy records a plant of this family
grown in gardens at St. George's and at Mt. Langton, where it was brought
from Ireland in 1874; I have been unable to identify this, there being no pub-
lished species of that name.

Family 14. MYOPORACEAE Lindl.

Myoporum Family.

Shrubs or trees^ with alternate or opposite, entire stipulate leaves,
and perfect, more or less irregular flowers, solitary or clustered in the
axils. Calyx inferior, 5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous, its limb 2-lipped
or oblique. Stamens 4, mostly didynamous, borne on the corolla-tube, the
filaments filiform. Ovar>^ usually 2-celled ; style terminal ; stigma terminal
and small; ovules 1 in each ovary-cavity. Fruit a drupe. Five genera
and 80 species or more, mostly Australian, only the following American.

Bontia daphnoides L., Bontia, West Indian, a shrub or low tree, grow-
ing in 1913 in a garden in Smith's Parish, has lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
entire somewhat fleshy, short-petioled acute faintly veined leaves 3'-4' long,
and peduncled flowers solitary in the upper axils, the peduncles longer than the
petioles; the obconic calyx, about 2*" long, has 5 ovate acute ciliate lobes;
the yellowish, purple-mottled corolla is nearly 1' long, tubular, 2-lipped, the
upper lip nearly straight, the lower shorter and reflexed, pilose within, the
longer pair of stamens a little exserted; its yellowish drupe is about i' long.

Family 15. PHRYMACEAE Schauer.

LoPSEED Family.

An erect perennial herb w^ith divaricate branches, opposite membranous
simple leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in slender
elongated spikes. Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, the teeth
setaceous; lower lip much shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subulate. Corolla-
tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate;
lower lip larger, spreading, convex, 3-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4,
didynamous, included. Ovary oblique, 1-cellod; ovule 1, orthotropous, as-
cending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx reflexed in fruit, enclosing
the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, closed and its teeth hooked
at the ends Cotjdedons convolute; radicle superior. Consists of the
following" •

358

PHRYMACEAE.

A monotypic genus.

1. PHRYMA L.

[Name unexplained.]

1. Phryma Leptostachya L. Lop-
seed. (Fig. 387.) Puberulent; stem
somewliat 4-sided, sometimes constricted
above the nodes, branched above, the
branches slender, elongated, divergent.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate,
coarsely dentate, 2-6' long, the lower
petioled, the upper often nearly sessile;
spikes very narrow, 2'-6' long; flowers
about 3" long, mostly opposite, distant,
borne on very short minutely 2-brac-
teolate pedicels, at first erect, soon
spreading, the calyx, after flowering,
abruptly reflexed against the axis of
the spike.

Collected in Bermuda only by Lefroy
and by Moseley. Introduced. Native of
eastern North America and eastern Asia.
I have examined a specimen. Lefroy
records this species as a weed of American
origin. Recent collectors have been unable to find it in Bermuda, but there appears
to be no doubt that it formerly existed here, probably only as a waif, however.

Order 6. PL ANT AGIN ALES.

Only the following f amilj^ :

Family 1. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl.

Plantain Family.

Herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate
leaves, and small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate
in spikes or beads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, peristent,
the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous,
mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only 1 in an Andean genus),
inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, exserted
or included; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs logitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary sessile, superior, 1-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform,
simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. Ovules 1-several in each cavity of
the ovary, peltate, amphitropous. Fruit a pyxis, eircumscissile at or below
the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet. Seeds 1-several in each cavity of the
fruit; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons narrow; radicle short, mostly straight.
Three genera and over 225 species, of wide distribution.

1. PLANTAGO L.

Leafy-stemmed, short-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, with opposite, alter-
nate or basal leaves, bearing axillary or terminal spikes or heads of small

PLANT AGINACEAE.

359

greenish or purplish flowers. Calyx-segments equal, or two of them larger.
Corolla salverform, the tube eylindric, or constricted at the throat, the limb
spreading in anthesis. Fruit a membranous pyxis, mostly 2-celled. Seeds
various, sometimes hollowed out on the inner side. [The Latin name.] Over
200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Plantago major L.

Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit.

Leaves ovate ; seeds several in each pyxis. 1. P. major.

Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate ; seeds only 2 in each pyxis. 2. P. lanceolata.

Corolla-lobes erect and closing over the top of the pyxis ; seeds 2-4. 3. P. viryinica.

1. Plantago major L. Common, or
Greater Plantain. (Pig. 388.) Peren-
nial, glabrous or pubescent; rootstock short,
thick, erect. Leaves long-petioled, mostly
ovate, entire, or coarsely dentate, l'-6' long,
3-11-ribbed; scapes 2-2° high; spike linear-
cylindric, usually dense, commonly blunt, 2'-
6' long, 3''-4" thick; flowers perfect; sepals
broadly ovate to obovate, scarious margined,
one-half to two-thirds as long as the obtuse
or subacute, 5-16-seeded pyxis which is cir-
cumscissile at about the middle; stamens 4.

Common in waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized. Native of Europe. Widely nat-
uralized nearly all over the world. Flowers
nearly throughout the year.

2. Plantago lanceolata L. Eib-

Tv^ORT. Rib-grass. (Fig. 389.)
Perennial or biennial, pubescent;
rootstock short, erect, with tufts of
hairs at the bases of the leaves.
Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
shorter than the scapes, entire, acute
or acuminate, gradually narrowed
into petioles, 3-5-ribbed, 2-12'
long; scapes slender, channelled, 6'-
2° tall; spikes dense, at first ovoid,
becoming eylindric, blunt and l'-4'
long in fruit, 4"-6" thick; flowers
perfect; sepals ovate, with a nar-
row green midrib and broad scarious
margins, the two lower ones com-
monly united; corolla glabrous; fil-
aments white; pyxis oblong, very
obtuse, 2-seeded, slightly longer than
the calyx, circumscissile at about
the middle.

Common in grassy places, waste and cultivated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of Europe. Widely naturalized in North America. Flowers nearly throughout the
year. In Bermuda the plant is frequently clothed with long silvery hairs.

360

PLANTAGINACEAE.

3. Plantago virginica L.

Dwarf or White Dwarf Plan-
tain. (Fig. 390.) Annual or bi-
ennial, pubescent or villous; scapes
erect, much longer than the leaves.
Leaves spatulate or obovate, thin,
entire, or repand-clenticulate, nar-
rowed into margined petioles, or
almost sessile, 3-5-nerved; spikes-
dense, or the lower flowers scat-
tered, linear-eylindric, obtuse, 3"-
4" thick, flowers imperfectly dioe-
cious; corolla-lobes of the fertile
plants erect and connivent on the
top of the pyxis, those of the sterile
spreading ; stamens 4 ; pyxis oblong,
about as long as the calyx, 2-4-
seeded.

Occasional in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of North America. Flowers from
spring to autumn.

Plantago Eugelli Dene., Eugel's Plantain, North American, was doubt-
fully recorded as Bermudian by Jones. It differs from P. major by its pyxis
being circumscissile much below the middle.

Order 7. RUBIALES.

Corolla gamopetalous. Anthers separate, the stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Capri-
foliaceae) or twice as many. Ovary compound, inferior, adnate to the
calyx-tube ; ovules 1 or more in each cavity. Leaves opposite or verticilate.

Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 1. Rup.iaceae.
Leaves usually estipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 2, Caprifoliaceae.

Family 1. RUBIACEAE B. Jass.
Madder Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticil-
late, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimorphous,
regular and nearly symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovarv',
its limb various. Corolla funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, or rotate,
4^o-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with
them, inserted on its tube or throat. Ovary 1-10-cellecI ; style simple or
lobed; ovules l-oo in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds
various; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous; endosperm fleshy or horny
(wanting in some exotic genera); cotyledons ovate, cordate, or foliaceous.

A large family of some 340 genera including about 6000 species, of
wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the tropics.

A. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cavity.

Flowers axillary 1. Ranclia.

Flowers terramal. 2. Casasia.

B. Ovules only 1 m each ovary-cavity.
Shrubs or trees.

Ovules pendulous ; flowers racemose. 3. Chiococca.

RUBIACEAE.

361

Ovules not pendulous ; flowers not racemose.
Flowers terminal, corymbose or panicled.
Flowers clustered in the axils.
Low herbs.

Leaves opposite.

Both carpels dehiscent.

One carpel dehiscent, the other indehiscent.
Leaves verticillate.

Calyx-limb none or obsolete.

Flowers 3 together, their pedicels connate,

middle flower fertile.
Pedicels separate ; flowers all fertile.
Calyx-lobes subulate, persistent.

the

9.

10.

Psychotria.
Coffea.

Borreria.
Uperrnacoce.

Vaillantia.

Galium.

Sherardia.

1. RANDIA [Houst.] L.
Evergreen shrubs or trees, the leaves opposite. Flowers perfect, solitary,
usually axillary. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla funnelform, salverform or campanu-
late, its lobes 5, convolute. Stamens 5, adnate to the throat of the corolla;
filaments short or nearly wanting. Disk annular or cushion-like., Ovary 2-
celled or very rarely 3-4-celled; styles usually united, stout, terminating in a
club-shaped, spindle-shaped or rarely cleft stigma. Berry usually 2-celled.
Seeds free or in a pulp, the testa thin, the endosperm horny. [In honor of
Isaac Eand, English apothecary.] About 100 species, natives of tropical re-
gions. Type species: Bandia mitis L.

1. Randia acnleata L. Box Briar.
(Fig. 391.) A branching shrub, 3°-9° tall,
often spiny, the foliage glabrous or nearly
so. Leaves often clustered, spatulate, ob-
ovate, elliptic, oval or suborbicular, V-V
long, narrowed into short petioles; flowers
short-stalked; calyx-lobes triangular or
ovate; corolla white, 3"-4" long; its lobes
oblong, shorter than the tube; berries sub-
globose or oval, white, 4"-6" long. [Scolos-
antJms Sagraeanus of Millspaugh; Bandia
latifolia of Jones.]

Abundant in sandy soil, Paget and War-
wick : also in Paget Marsh. Native. Florida
and the West Indies. Said by Lefroy (Botany
of Bermuda, p. 81) to be "an interesting ex-
ample of local naturalization " but on p. 139
of the same work he indicates it as a native
species, which it certainly appears to be.
Flowers in summer and autumn. From
Reade's description of BachicalUs rupestris it
would seem that he had this plant in mind.
Its fruits may have reached Bermuda by float-
ing.

2. CAS ASIA A. Eich.

Shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite, leathery; stipules
deciduous. Flowers perfect, in short-peduncled cymes. Calyx turbinate or cam-
panulate, truncate or with 5 or 6 obtuse sepals, persistent. Corolla white or
yellow, salverform or nearly rotate; pubescent in the throat, its lobes 5 or 6,
spreading, contorted. Stamens 5 or 6, adnate to the mouth of the corolla-tube;
anthers sessile. Disk cup-like. Ovary 1-2-celled; styles stout. 0^^lles numer-
ous in each cavity. Fruit a thick pulpy berry. Seeds numerous, angled.
[In honor of Luis de las Casas, Captain General of Cuba.] About 8 species,
of Florida and the West Indies. Type species: Casasia calophijlla A. Eich.

362

RUBIACEAE.

1. Casasia clusiifolia (Jacq.)
Urban. Seven-year Apple. (Fig.
392.) A brandling shrub, 3°-8° tall,
the foliage glabrous, turning black in
drying. Leaves clustered, leathery,
obovate to cuneate, 2'-6' long, rounded
or retuse at the apex, lustrous, often
mucronate, entire, short-petioled;
calyx-tube 4"-5" long, turbinate, the
lobes subulate, shorter than the tube;
corolla fleshy, glabrous, its tube 7'-
10" long, its lobes lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, shorter than the tube ;
berries ovoid to obovoid, 2'-3' long.
[Genipa clusiifolia Griseb.]

Rocky slope near Castle Point, 19'12.
Native. Florida, Bahamas, Cuba. Flow-
ers in spring or early summer.

3. CHIOCOCCA L.

Shrubs, with upright or climbing
stems, the leaves opposite, leathery,
lustrous; stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, in axillary simple or compound
racemes or panicles. Calyx-tube obovate or turbinate, its 5 lobes persistent.
Corolla funnelform, with a glabrous throat; lobes 5, spreading or reflexed,
valvate. Disk cushion-like. Stamens 5, essentially free from the corolla-tube.
Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled; styles united, filiform; stigmas terete, some-
times clavate. Ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit white, flat-
tened, leathery, sometimes 2-lobed. Seeds pendulous, flattened, the testa mem-
branous, the endosperm fleshy. [Greek, snow-berry.] About 7 species, natives
of warm-temperate and tropical America. Type species: CJiiococca i^acemosa
L. [C. alba (L.) Hitchc]

1. Chiococca bermudiana S. Brown.
Blolly. Bermuda Sxow-berry. (Fig.
393.) A shrub, 2°-6° high, or some-
times vine-like and 10°-15° long, gla-
brous, the rather stout branches light
green, terete or nearly so. Leaves ellip-
tic to ovate, 2'-4-l' long, f '-2^' wide, firm
in texture, light green on both sides,
slightly darker above than beneath, acute
or short-acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, the midvein rather
prominent on both sides, the lateral veins
few, relatively obscure, the stout petioles
6" long or less; stipules low and broad,
mucronate ; panicles about as long as the
leaves; flowers numerous, fragrant; pedi-
cels rather stout, 2"-4" long; calyx
turbinate-campanulate, about 1" long,
its lobes triangular, acutish, much
shorter than the tube; corolla yellow,
4"-5" long, its tube narrowly funnel-
form, about twice as long as the ovate-
lanceolate lobes; stamens borne at the

RUBIACEAE.

363

base of the corolla-tube, the filaments ^" long, much shorter than the anthers;
style as long as the corolla-tube; fruit compressed, becoming subglobose, pure
white, shining, 3"-4" long, the withering corolla long-persistent. [Chiococca
racemosa of Lefroy, Reade, Jones, Hemsley and H. B. Small.]

Frequent on hillsides. Endemic. Flowers in autumn, the fruit ripe in winter
The glossy foliage, beautiful flowers and fruit make this one of the most attractive
and interesting plants of Bermuda. It was long supposed to be identical with C.
alha, of Florida and the West Indies, its nearest relative ; the species was first
described by Stewardson Brown in " Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia," 19U9, p. 493. It differs from C. aiha by lighter green foliage,
larger leaves, stouter and longer pedicels and larger berries, and is a much more
elegant plant when in bloom ; as remarked by Lefroy, it is well worthy of cultiva-
tion ; it is readily grown as shown by a number of small plants taken to the New
York Botanical Garden in 1912.

The species probably originated from seeds of Chiococca alha transported to
Bermuda from Florida or the Bahamas by a bird, there producing plants which
subsequently, through isolation, developed differently from their ancestor.

4. PSYCHOTRIA L.

Shrubs or trees, or rarely perennial herbs, the entire-margined leaves op-
posite or rarely whorled; stipules sometimes sheathing. Flowers perfect or
rarely polygamo-dioecious, in terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx short, mostly
5-lobed. Corolla white, pink, green or yellow, tubular, funnelform or cam-
panulate, the tube straight, its lobes 5, or rarely 4 or 6, valvate. Stamens as
many as the corolla-lobes, adnate up to the throat or mouth of the corolla-tube ;
anthers attached at the base. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cavity,
erect, anatropous. Fruit a small berry or drupe, often ribbed. Seeds erect,
testa thin; endosperm sometimes ruminated. [From the Greek, to give life,
with reference to supposed medicinal qualities.] Over 200 species, natives of
tropical and warm-temperate America. Type species: Psychotria asiatica L. ;
the name asiatica was given by Linnaeus m error, the plant being Jamaican.

1. Psychotria lignstri-
folia (Northrop) Millsp.
Wild Coffee. (Fig. 394.)
A glabrous shrub, 4°-8°
high. Leaves oblong, or ob-
long-oblanceolate, 2'-4' long,
i'-lV in width, rather firm
in texture, pinnately few-
veined, dark green and some-
what shining above, paler
green and commonly with
small tufts of hairs in the
axils of the veins beneath,
acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed at the base
into slender petioles 8" long
or less, the deciduous stip-
ules sheathing, subulate-
tipped; peduncles Y-2' long,
slender ; panicles several-
many-flowered, l'-2' broad;
flowers very nearly sessile,
about 2" long, the minute
calyx 5-6-toothed, the white
corolla tubular-eampanulate ;
fruit oblong, several-ribbed,
about 3" long, dark red.

t7

364

RUBIACEAE.

[Myrstiphyllum ligustrifolium Northrop; Psychotria undata of Lefroy, Moore,
Hemsley and of H. B. Small.]

Frequent in rocky woodlands between Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound ;
Paget Marsh, 1914. Native. Florida, and the West Indies. Flowers in spring.
Its seed was probably brought to Bermuda by a bird.

5. COFFEA L.

Shrubs or small trees, with broad leaves, and white fragrant flowers
clustered in the axils. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla funnelform or
salverform, the 4 or 5 oblong lobes obtuse or acutish, contorted. Stamens
4 or 5, borne at the mouth of the corolla, the filaments very short, the anthers
linear, twisted or curved after dehiscence. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each
cavity; style 2-branched. Berry oblong or globose containing 2 hard convex
nutlets. [Name from the Arabic] About 20 species, natives of the Old
World, the following typical.

1. Coffea arabica L. Coffee. (Fig.
395.) Glabrous, 10°-20° high, the trunk
slender, usually straight. Leaves elliptic
to oblong, dark green, somewhat shining,
pinnately veined, 3'-6' long, acute or acu-
minate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at
the base, the rather stout petioles V long
or less ; flowers several together in the axils,
short-pedicelled ; calyx about IV' long,
nearly truncate; corolla-tube 3"-'5" long,
its lobes rather longer ; anthers shorter than
the corolla-lobes; berry oblong to globose,
smooth, 5"-8" long.

Abundant in rocky woodlands between
Castle Harbor and Harrington Sound, a relic
of former cultivation. Naturalized. Native
of eastern tropical Africa. Flowers in spring
and summer.

6. BORRERIA G. F. W. Meyer.

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with opposite entire leaves,
the stipules sheathing, the flowers perfect, solitary in the axils, or in axillary
or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or turbinate, its lobes persistent,
sometimes accompanied by small teeth. Corolla white, pink or blue, funnel-
form or salverform; the lobes 4, valvate, spreading. Stamens 4, adnate to
the corolla-tube sometimes up to its throat. Disk obsolete or cushion-like.
Ovary 2-celled; styles wholly or partially united; ovules solitary in each
cavity, amphitropous. Fruit leathery or crustaceous, the 2 carpels opening
along their inner faces. [In honor of W. Borrer, British lichenologist.]
About 90 species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type species:
Borreria suaveolens G. F. W. Meyer.

RUBIACEAE.

365

1. Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. But-
ton-weed. (Fig. 396.) Slightly pubescent,
branched, the branches spreading or ascend-
ing, 6'-18' long, somewhat angled. Leaves
oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, i'-lV long,
acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the base into short petioles, pinnately
veined; stipular sheath subtruncate, bearing
several bristles 2"-3" long; flowers white,
about li" wide, capitate-clustered in the
axils; calyx-lobes 4, ovate, minute; fruit
obovoid, about 1" long; seeds oblong, stri-
ate. [Spermacoce laevis Lam.]

Common in nearly all dry situations. Na-
tive. West Indies. Flowers nearly through-
out the year Its minute seeds were probably
brought to Bermuda on the wind.

7. SPERMACOCE L,
Annual or perennial herbs, the stems
usually 4-angled, the leaves opposite; stip-
ules sheathing. Flowers perfect, solitary or few in the axils. Calyx-lobes per-
sistent, sometirhes accompanied by small teeth. Corolla white, pink or blue,
funnelform or salverform, the lobes spreading, valvate. Stamens 4, adnate
to the throat of the corolla-tube or lower down. Ovary 2-celled; styles wholly
or partially united, filiform; ovules solitary in each cavity, attached to the
middle of the septa, amphitropous. Fruit leathery or crustaceous, of two car-
pels, one opening through the ventral face, the other remaining closed. [Greek,
seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth surmounting the capsule.] About 4

species, natives of temperate and
tropical America. Type species:
Spermacoce tenuior L.

Plant glabrous or nearly so ; leaves
linear to oblong-lanceolate l"-3"
wide. 1. S. tenuior.

Plant pubescent with long hairs ;
leaves lanceolate, 4"-10" wide.

2. 8. tetraquetra.

1. Spermacoce tenuior L.

Slender Spermacoce. (Fig. 397.)
Glabrous or nearly so. Stems
simple and erect or more or less
diffusely branched from the base,
the branches 4'-12' long; leaves
linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
j'-2' long, acute or acuminate at
both ends, narrowed into short
petioles; calyx-lobes subulate or
lanceolate-subulate ; corolla white,
twice or thrice as long as the calyx-
lobes, its lobes broad, rounded, the
fruit about 1" long.

Waste and cultivated grounds
Naturalized. Native of temperate
and tropical America. Flowers from
spring to autumn.

366

RUBIACEAE.

2. Spermacoce tetraquetra
A. Rich. Hairy Spermacoce.
(Fig. 397.) Stouter and larger
than S. tenuior, sometimes 2°
high, densely pubescent nearly all
over with long, whitish hairs.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, rather strongly veined,
acute at the apex, narowed or
obtuse at the base, l'-3' long, 10"
wide or less; calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, acuminate; corolla white,
about twice as long as the calyx-
lobes j fruit about 1" long.

Common in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Na-
tive of Cuba and the Bahamas.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

8. VAILLANTIA [Tourn.] L.
Low, annual branching herbs,
with 4-angled stems, and small
leaves verticillate in 4's, the very
small white or yellowish flowers 3
together in the axils, very nearly
sessile, the short pedicels connate, thickened and recurved in fruit, the lateral
flowers staminate, the middle one perfect. Staminate flowers with an obsolete
calyx, a rotate 3-cleft corolla and 3 stamens. Perfect flowers with a nearly
globular calyx, a rotate, 4-cleft corolla, 4 stamens with didymous anthers, a
2-celled ovary and a 2-divided style; fruit concrete, 3-4-horned, spinulose.
[In honor of Sebastian Vaillant, 1669-1722,
French botanist.] A few species, natives of
southern Europe, northern Africa and western
Asia. Type species: F. muralis L.

1. Vailantia hispida L. Hispid Vaillan-
TiA. (Fig. 399.) Branched from the base, the
slender branches spreading or ascending, 2-8'
long, glabrous or nearly so below and when
young throughout, becoming densely hispid
with spreading hairs above the lower nodes.
Leaves oblong, 5" long or less, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, narrowed into short
petioles; flowers scarcely 1" long, whitish;
fruit with 3 short laciniate horns; seed
hemispheric.

Frequent in grassy places. Naturalized.
Native of Europe. Flowers in spring and summer.

RUBIACEAE.

367

Vaillantia muralis L., recorded by Jones and by Lefroy as found in
Bermuda, has not with certainty been subsequently detected; it is glabrous
throughout, or a little hairy at the ends of the branches, and has obovate
leaves and smaller, less laciniate fruits.

9. GALIUM L.

Herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticillate
leaves, and small flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, the
pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some species
dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none.
Corolla rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short;
anthers exserted. Ovary '2-celled; ovules one in each cavity. Styles 2, short;
stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, separating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or
sometimes only 1 of the carpels maturing. Seed convex on the back, concave
on the face, or spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved;
cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, milk, from the use of G. venim for curdling.]
About 250 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Galium Mollugo L.
The leaves are really opposite, the intervening members of the verticils being
stipules.

Annual ; leaves in 6's or 8's.
Perennials ; leaves in 4's.

Fruit dry, densely hispid.

Fruit fleshy, pubescent.

1. G. Aparine.

2. G. pilosum.

3. G. bcnnudense.

1. Galium Aparine L. Cleavers.
GoosEGRASs. Cleaver-wort. (Fig. 400.)
Weak, scrambling over bushes, 2°-5°
long, the stems retrorsely hispid on the
angles. Leaves in 6 's or 8 's, oblanceo-
late to linear, cuspidate I'-S^' long, 2"-
5" wide, the margins and midrib very
rough; flowers in 1-3-flowered cymes in
the upper axils; peduncles i'-V long;
fruiting pedicels straight; fruit 2"-5"
broad, densely covered with hooked
bristles.

Occasional in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. North temperate
zone. Flowers in spring. This may be the
plant mentioned by Reade as G. palustre,
found once by him in Pembroke Marsh, and
described under that name by H. B. Small.

368

RUBIACEAE.

2. Galium pilosum Ait.
Hairy Bedstraw. (Fig. 401.)
Perennial, hirsute-pubescent;
stems ascending, branched, 1°-
2^° long. Leaves in 4 's, oval
or oval-ovate, punctate, 1-nerved,
obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved, at
the base, mucronulate, i'-l'
long, 3 "-5" wide, the lower
usually smaller ; peduncles
axillary and terminal; cymes
numerous, few-flowered ; pedi-
cels l"-6" long, flowers yellow-
ish purple ; fruit densely hispid,
nearly 2" in diameter. [G.
ruhrum of Lefroy?]

Collected somewhere in Ber-
muda by Baldwin, in the year
1815 as appears from specimens
preserved in the herbarium of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, but not certainly
found here by others. Presumably
native. Eastern United States.
Barren specimens of a Galium
found along the South Shore
Road, near Camden, in 1914, may
be this species.
3. Galium bermudense L.

Bermuda Bedstraw^. Heal- soon.
(Fig. 402.) Perennial, much

branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly

glabrous, 6'-2° high. Leaves in

4's, 1-nerved, oval, mucronate,

rather thick, 3"-10" long, IV'-

4" wide, the margins more or less

revolute in drying; flowers few,

terminating the branchlets, white ;

pedicels 3"-4" long, rather stout,

becoming deflexed in fruit; fruit

fleshy, minutely pubescent, about

2" broad. [G. Jiispidulum Michx. ;

G. uniflorum of Lefroy, of Hems-
ley and of H. B. Small; G, hijpo-

carpium of Reade; EeWiinium

hypocarpium of Moore.]

Common on hillsides. Native.
Southeastern United States and Ba-
hamas. Flowers from spring to
autumn. Its seed presumably trans-
ported to Bermuda by a bird.

The plant is first recorded by Plunkenet, in his " Almagestum Botanicum " on
page 324, and illustrated on his plate 2^8, figure 6, as " Rubia tetraphyllos glabra,
latiore folio, bermudensis, seminibus binis atropurpureis " he received it from Dr.
Petiver.

10. SHERARDIA [Dill.] L.

Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed

leaves, and small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in involucrate heads.

Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla

RUBIACEAE.

369

funnelform, 4-5-lobed, the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5,
inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers linear-oblong,
exserted. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovules 1 in each cavity.
Fruit didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named for Dr. Wm.
Sherard, 1659-1728, patron of Dillenius.] A monotypie genus.

1. Sherardia arvensis L. Blue
Field-Madder. Herb Sherard.
Spur-wort. (Fig. 403.) Tufted,
roughish; stems numerous, pros-
trate, ascending, or decumbent, 2V—
10' long. Leaves in 4's, 5 's or 6 's,
the upper linear or lanceolate, acute
and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate
on the margins, 3"-8" long, 1"-
2" wide, the lower often obovate,
mucronate; flowers in slender-
peduncled involucrate heads, the
involucre deeply 6-8-lobed, the
lobes lanceolate, sharp-pointed ;
corolla-lobes spreading ; fruit
crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate
calyx-teeth. [Galium arvensis of
H. B. Small.]

Roadsides, lawns and waste
grounds. Occasional. Naturalized.
Native of Europe. Introduced into
the eastern United States. Flowers
in spring and summer.

Rachicallis mpestris (Sw.) DC, West Indian, a low shrub of rocky coasts,
3° high or less, with densely leafy and thickened twigs, the linear-oblong,
fleshy leaves only 3"-5" long, sharp-pointed, grooved on the back, the solitary
and sessile yellow flowers about 3" long, the salverform corolla 4-lobed, the
fruit capsular, is recorded as Bermudian by Jones, Eeade, A'errill, Hemsley
and by H. B. Small. Eeade 's description of the plant he saw points to
Bandia aculeata, which he did not record, except in that he says the flowers are
yellow, whereas they are white. H. B. Small essentially copiecl Eeade 's descrip-
tion, and both assign the plant to the South Shores. Hemsley cites Munro as
a collector of the species, but no specimen of it from Bermuda is preserved
either at Kew or at the British Museum of Natural History. Eecent collectors
have been unable to find it.

Morinda Roioc L., of Florida and the West Indies, was entered as Ber-
mudian in the manuscript list of plants compiled by Lane in 1845, and cited by
Hemsley. Lefroy mentions it as a native plant, found in the Walsingham
tract, but it does not appear that he ever collected it ; no Bermuda specimen
could be found in the Kew Herbarium in 1910. Verrill records it under the
common name ''Saw Weed." Eepeated search of the region between Castle
Harbor and Harrington Sound has failed to show its existence there at present;
it may have disappeared, or the records may be erroneous. It is a shrub, some-
times vine-like, with glabrous, opposite oblong leaves 2'-4' long, the small
white to red flowers in dense peduncled heads, the fruit a fleshy syncarp.

Ixora coccinea L., Eed Ixora, East Indian, a glabrous shrub 3°-6° high,
with oblong to oblanceolate, sessile, often cordate leaves 2'-4' long, the red or
scarlet flowers commonly numerous in terminal clusters, the slender corolla-
tube about 2' long, narrowly cylindric, the widely spreading limb about 5'

25

370 RUBIACEAE.

borad, with 5 acute lobes, the style a little exserted, is commonly planted in
gardens and on lawns. .

Ixora macrothyrsa Teijsm. & Binn., Duffy's Ixora, also East Indian, a
large shrub with glabrous oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaves 8'-12' long, the
crimson flowers in clusters often 8' broad, the corolla with 5 blunt lobes, was
grown at Paget Eeotory in 1914, [I. Dujfii Moore.]

Three other species of East Indian Ixoras mentioned by Jones and by
Lefroy, were planted at Mt. Langton in 1870 or 1874, I. javanica DC., /.
amboynae DC. and I. acuminata Eoxb.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Cape Jessamine, Chinese, an evergreen shrub
becoming 6° high, with elliptic short-petioled, acute or acuminate leaves 2'-4'
long, its fragrant white, often double flowers 2'-3' broad, is occasionally
planted for ornament. [6?. florida L. ; G. Fortunei of gardeners.]

A colored picture postal card, purporting to show the Cape Jessamine,
bought in 1913, represents Flumiera rubra, the Frangipauni. Taternaemon-
tana citri folia is sometimes erroneously called Cape Jessamine.

Gardenia nitida Hook., was introduced at Mount Langton in 1875, ac-
cording to Lefroy, but subsequently disappeared.

Rondeletia odorata Jacq., Scarlet Eondeletia, West Indian, grown in a
few gardens, is a shrub 3°-6° high, with slender pubescent branches, very
short-petioled ovate to oblong leaves l'-3' long, and scarlet flowers in terminal
corymbs, the slender pubescent corolla-tube about |' long, the spreading limb
about V broad, the small capsules globose.

Hamelia erecta Jacq., Scarlet Hamelia, West Indian and Eloridan,
grown for ornament, is a shrub up to 7° high, with thin, ovate to elliptic
pointed leaves 3'-6' long, and scarlet nearly tubular flowers about f long, in
terminal cymes, followed by black berries. [H. patens Jacq.]

Vangueria edulis L., Edible Vangueria, Madagascan, listed by Jones
in 1873 and mentioned by Eeade as reported at Mt. Langton prior to 1883, is
a low glabrous tree with thin ovate short-petioled leaves about 5' long and
lateral cymes of many small greenish flowers, the corolla with reflexed lobes,
the edible succulent fruit about V in diameter, containing 5 stones.

Pentas lanceolata (Forsk.) K. Schum., tropical African, a somewhat
woody herbaceous pubescent perennial about 2° high, with petioled ovate-
lanceolate acuminate leaves 2'-4' long, and purplish flowers in terminal
corymbs, the slender corolla about li' long, its limb about one-fourth as long
as the tube, was cultivated in the Public Garden prior to 1883, according to
Eeade. {Fentas carnea Benth.]

Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) DC, mentioned by H. B. Small as seen
by him at Bishop 's Lodge, many years ago, is a glabrous West Indian shrub
about 6° high, with thin slender-petioled elliptic acuminate leaves, and
corymbose white nearly tubular, curved flowers about 1' long. [P. Favetta
DC; Fsyclioiria domingensis Sw.]

Mussaenda frondosa L., Leafy Mussaenda, of tropical Asia, a shrub,
with pubescent twigs, oval to lanceolate, pubescent leaves 4'-6' long, corymbose
terminal yellov^' flowers, one of the calyx-teeth greatly enlarged into a showy
ovate appendage l'-2' long, the funnelform corolla with a short 5-cleft limb,
vi occasionally planted for ornament.

A species of Hoffmania, introduced at Mt. Langton in 1875, is said by
Lefroy to have established itself where screened from high winds; Lefroy
recorded it as H. splendens Benth., but there is no such published name, and I
am unable to tell what plant he had in mind.

CAPEIFOLIACEAE.

371

Family 2. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent.

Honeysuckle Family.

Shrubs, trees^ vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves and per-
fect, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or sometimes present. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla g-amo-
petalous, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped. Stamens 5 (rarely 4), in-
serted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers
versatile. Ovary inferior, 1-6-celled; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-
5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit; ovules anatropous. Fruit a
1-6-celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular;
seed-coat membranous or crustaceous, embryo usually small, placed near
the hilum; radicle terete; cotyledons ovate. About 10 genera and 300
species, mostly of the northern hemisphere.

Corolla rotate, small, regiilar ; style deeply lobed. 1. Samhuciis.

Corolla campanulate to tubular, large, often 2-lipped ; style slender. 2. Lonicera.

1. SAMBUCUS L.

Shrubs or trees (or some species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate
leaves, serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in com-
pound depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed
or 3-5-lobed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed.
Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments slender ; anthers ob-
long. Ovary 3-5-celled; style short, 3-parted; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendu-
lous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5, 1-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy;
embryo nearly as long as the seed. [Latin name of the elder.] About 25
species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Samhucus nigra L.

1. Sambucus intermedia Carr. West
Indian Elder. (Fig. 404.) A small tree,
5°-12° high, glabrous, except the brownish-
pubescent young foliage. Leaves 1-2-pin-
nate, 10' long or less; leaflets rather firm
in texture, 5-9, short-stalked, oblong-lance-
olate, serrate or serrulate with incurved
teeth, 2'-4' long, acuminate at the apex, nar-
rowed or obtuse at the base; cymes decom-
pound, convex, 8' broad or less, long-stalked,
mostly broader than high; flowers very
numerous, white, about 2" broad; pedicels
very slender, 2"-3" long; fruit described as
black. \^S. nigra of Reade, Jones and Le-
froy.]

Waste grounds, occasionally escaped from
cultivation. Commonly planted for ornament.
Introduced. Flowers in summer and autumn.
TTne flowers mostly fall away without setting
fruit in Bermuda.

372

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

2. LONICERA L.

Erect or climbing shrubs or vines, with opposite mostly entire leaves;
flowers spieate, capitate or geminate, usually somewhat irregular. Calyx-
tube ovoid or nearly globular, the limb slightly 5-toothed, Corolla often gib-
bous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, more or less oblique, or 2-lipped. Stamens
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous,
pendulous; style slender, stigma capitate. Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled or rarely
1-celled, few-seeded. Seeds with fleshy endosperm and a terete embryo.
[Named for Adam Lonitzer, 1528-1586, a German botanist.] About 160
species, of the north temperate zone, a few in tropical regions. Type species:
Lonicera Capri folium L.

1. Lonicera japonica
C^ff ^ Thumb. Japanese or Chinese

Honeysuckle. (Fig. 405.)
A pubescent, climbing or trail-
ing vine, sometimes 15° long
or more. Leaves short-peti-
oled, ovate, entire, V-?>V long,
acute at the apex, rounded at
the base, dark green and gla-
brous above, pale and usually
sparingly pubescent beneath;
flowers leafy-bracted at the
base, white or pink, fading to
yellow, pubescent without, the
tube longer than the strongly
2-lipped limb; stamens and
style exserted; berries black,
3"-4" in diameter.

Waste grounds and road-
sides, escaped from cultivation.
Introduced, Native of eastern
Asia. Widely naturalized in
the eastern L'nited States.
Flowers freely in summer and
autumn. Commonly planted for
ornament.

Lonicera sempervirens L., Trumpet Honeysuckle, North American, a
glabrous high climbing vine, with oval or oblong leaves pale beneath, the
upper pairs connate-perfoliate, the scarlet to yellow tubular flowers in terminal
clusters, with corollas an inch long or more, is planted for ornament on walls
and porches. [Caprifolium sempervirens Michx.] An elegant vine was seen
at Cedar Lodge in 1914.

Lonicera Caprifolium L., Italian Honeysuckle, European, is a vine
with foliage similar to that of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the upper pairs of
leaves connate-perfoliate, but the corolla is purple and strongly 2-lipped, the
upper lip 4-lobed, the lower lip narrow and reflexed. [Caprifolium italicum

Medic]

Lonicera Xylosteum L., Fly Honeysuckle, European, credited to Ber-
muda by Jones, is a shrub up to 6° high, with pubescent ovate to obovate
leaves, the yellowish-white flowers in pairs on axillary peduncles^ followed by
scarlet berries.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 373

Viburnum Tinus L., Laurestinus, European, planted for ornament, is a
shrub ^"-lO" high, glabrous or nearly so, with ovate to elliptic, entire acute
leaves 2'-4' long, often ciliate, and terminal cymes of white, slightly odorous
flowers, the rotate-campanulate corolla 3"-4" broad, the nearly black drupes
ovoid, about 4" long.

Abelia serrata Sieb. & Zucc, Japanese Abelia, grown in gardens for
ornament, is a shrub about 6° high, which may be trained against walls, with
slender branches, ovate short-petioled toothed acute or acuminate leaves
about 1' long, the white flowers in small terminal leafy panicles, the calyx
of 4 thin oblong veiny sepals, the funnelform-campanulate corolla 7"-9" long,
longer than the stamens.

Order 8. VALERIANALES.

Herbs, the corolla gamopetaloiis. Stamens mostly fewer than the
corolla-lobes; anthers separate. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with 1 pendulous
ovule, or 3-ceIled with 2 of the cavities without ovules.

Ovary 3-celIed, 2 cavities empty. Fam. 1. Valerianaceae.

Ovary 1-celled ; flowers densely capitate, involucrate. Fam. 2, Dipsacaceae.

Family 1. VALEEIANACEAE Batseh.

Valerian Family.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small flowers, in
cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in
flower, often becoming prominent in fruit. Corolla epigynous, somewhat
irregular, its tube narrowed, and sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base,
its limb spreading, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla
and alternate w^ith its lobes. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, one of the cavities
containing a single anatropous ovule, the others empty. Fruit indehiscent,
dry, containing a single suspended seed. Endosperm little or none ; embryo
straight; cotyledons oblong. About 9 genera and 300 species, of wide
distribution.

Corolla-tube short, not spurred : stamens 3. 1. Valerianella.

Corolla-tube long, spurred; stamen 1, rarely 2. 2. Centranthus.

1. VAIiERIAJSTELLA Poll.

Annual diehotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire,
those of the stem sessile, the flowers in compact or capitate c\Tnes. Corolla
small, white, blue, or pink, nearly regular. Calyx-limb short or obsolete in
flower, often none. Corolla-tube narrowed at the base, the limb spreading,
5-lobed. Stamens 3. 8tyle minutely 3-lobed at the summit. Fruit 3-celled,
2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large as the fertile one.
[Name a diminutive of Valerian.] About 50 species, of the northern hemi-
sphere, the following typical.

374

VALERIAXACEAE

1. Valerianella Lo-
custa (L.) Bettke. Euro-
pean Corn Salad. (Fig.
406.) Glabrous, or pubes-
cent at the nodes, 6'-12'
high, usually repeatedly
forked. Basal leaves spatu-
la te or oblanceolate,
rounded and obtuse at the
apex, 1-2' long, entires-
upper stem leaves oblong-
lanceolate, usually dentate;
peduncles short; cymes 3"-
6" broad, almost capitate;
bracts linear or linear-ob-
long; corolla blue, about
1" long; fruit flattened,
rounded on the edges, 1"
long, glabrous, depressed-
orbicular in outline, the
two empty cavities smaller
than the fertile one, which
has a corky mass at its
back. [F. olitoria Poll.]

Collected by Lefroy on St. David's Island prior to 1877, as evidenced by speci-
mens'subsequently studied by Reade (Plants of Bermuda, p. 38). Introduced. Per-
haps cultivated for salad. Native of Europe. Naturalized in the United States.
Flowers in spring.

2. CENTRANTHUS DC.

Herbs, annual or perennial, the lower leaves mostly dentate, the upper
entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, the red or white flowers in terminal com-
pound cymes or panicles. Calyx-limb short at flowering time, developing into
plumose or ciliate bristles in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, spurred at or below
the middle, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamen 1, rarely 2. Style 2-3-lobed
at the apex. Fruit compressed, convex
and 1-nerved on one side, concave on
the other. [Greek, spur-flower.] About
8 species, natives of the Mediterranean
region. Type species: Centranthus
ruber (L.) DC.

1. Centranthus macrosiphon Boiss.
Sugar Plum. (Fig. 407.) Glabrous,
glaucous, l°-li° high, the stem hollow,
swollen, the branches ascending. Lower
leaves broadly elliptic or obovate-ellip-
tic, coarsely few-toothed, lV-2i- long,
obtuse, their petioles about one-half as
long as the blades; upper leaves sessile,
incised or pinnatifid ; bracts linear-lance-
olate; cymes l'-2' broad, many-flowered;
corolla pink or rose, about 7" long its
limb about 2" broad, its tube spurred
near the base; fruit narrowly oblong,
I2" long.

Occasional in waste grounds and on
roadsides. Naturalized. Native of Spain
and northern Africa. Flowers in spring.

VALERIANACEAE.

375

Centranthus ruber (L.) DC, Centranthus, European, has the leaves
mostly entire, ovate to lanceolate, the rose or white flowers panieled; it is
occasionally grown in flower-gardens. [Valeriana rubra L.]

Family 2. DIPSACACEAE Lindl.
Teasel Family.

Herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, and perfect flowers
in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none. Flowers borne on an elongated
or globose receptacle, braeted and involueellate. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into spreading bristles.
Corolla epigynous, the limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube
of the corolla and alternate with its lobes ; filaments distinct ; anthers versa-
tile. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; style filiform; stigma undivided, terminal,
or oblique and lateral; ovule 1, anatropous. Fruit an achene, its apex
crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. Seed-coat membranous; endo-
sperm fleshy; embryo straight. About 7 genera and 140 species, of the
Old World.

1. SCABlbSA [Tourn.] L.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue, pink, or white flowers
in peduncled involucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous. Scales
of the receptacle small, capillary, or none. Involucels 2-8-ribbed, the margins
4-toothed or expanded. Calyx4imb 5-toothed. Limb of the corolla 4-5-cleft,
oblique or 24ipped. Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene
adnate to the involucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from
its repute as a remedy for scaly eruptions.] About 75 species, natives of the
Old World. Type species. Scabiosa arvensis L.

1. Scabiosa nitens E. & S. Azorean
Scabious. (Fig. 408.) Perennial, nearly
glabrous, slender, little branched, about
1° high. Basal and lower leaves spatu-
late or oblong-spatulate lV-2y long, ob-
tuse, dentate above the middle, narrowed
into ciliate, margined petioles; upper
leaves linear, narrower than the basal
ones but sometimes longer, sessile or
nearly so, acute or acuminate; heads
long-peduncled ; bracts of the involucre
linear, ciliate, acutish, 9"-12" long;
flowers purple, about 6" long, the corolla
pubescent.

Roadside north of Camden Marsh,
1912. Introduced. Native of the Azores.
Flowers in summer and autumn.

Scabiosa atropurpurea L., Sweet Scabious, European, grown in flower-
gardens, is annual, with dentate basal and lower leaves, the upper pinnately
parted, the bracts of the involucre little, if any, longer than the purple, pink
or white flowers. [S. maritima L.]

Fam.
Fam.

9

3.'

LOBELIACEAE.
GOODENIACEAE.

Fam.

4.

CiCHORIACEAE.

Fam.

5.

Ambrosiaceae.

Fam.

6.

COMPOSITAE.

376 CUCUEBITACEAE.

Order 9. CAMPANULALES.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, the corolla gamopetalous, or petals sometimes
separate in Cucurbitaceae. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes (fewer
in the Cucurbitaceae) ; anthers united except in Campanula and Specu-
laria of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae, and in Kuhnia of the Com-
positae. Ovary inferior.

Flowers not in involucrate heads ; juice mostly milky.
Endosperm none ; flowers regular, monoecious or

dioecious ; our species vines. Fam. 1. Cucurbitaceae.

Endosperm present, fleshy ; flowers perfect, irregular.
Stigma not indusiate.
Stigma indusiate.
Flowers in involucrate heads.

Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice

milky.
Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays ;
juice very rarely milky.
Stamens distinct, or nearly so.

Stamens united by their anthers into a tube
around the style (except in Kuhnia).

Family 1. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss.
Gourd Family.

Herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate, petioled,
generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovarv^ its limb usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbri-
cated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate, or
united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 1), 2
of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1-celled anther; filaments
short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style terminal,
simple, or lobed; ovules anatropous. Fruit a pepo, indehiscent, or rarely
dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregularly; or sometimes dry and
membranous. Seeds usually flat; endosperm none. About 90 genera and
700 species, mainly of tropical regions.

There are no native nor naturalized species of the family in Bermuda.

Cucurbita Lagenaria L., Gourd, of the Old World tropics, is grown for
interest and its fruit sometimes cut into utensils.

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, Squash, probably Asiatic in origin, com-
monly grown for its fruit, has round or reniform, unlobed leaves, monoecious
yellow axillary flowers, the fruit various in form.

Cucurbita Pepo L., Pumpkin, perhaps tropical American, is one of the
most important summer and autumn crops of Bermuda, and is grown in a
number of races, the seed sown in late spring, the fruit large and of excellent
quality. The vine bears large 2-5-lobed leaves and solitary monoecious yellow
flowers in the leaf-axils, the corolla large and bell-shaped. [C. Melopepo L.]

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, Crookneck Squash, perhaps East Indian,
is recorded by Jones as grown in Bermuda.

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., Chocho, Christophixe, West Indian, a long
vine, with thin suborbicular leaves 5'-10' broad, cordate and angular-lobed, the
tendrils 3-5-cleft, the yellowish staminate flowers in long axilary racemes or
narrow panicles with a solitary pistillate flower at the same axil, the muricate
or smooth fruit obovoid, 3'-5' long, is cultivated for its fruit. [Sicyos edulis
Jacq.]

CUCURBIT ACE AE. 377

Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., Water Melon, tropical African, exten-
sively grown in several races as a summer and early autumn fruit, has solitary
axillary yellow monoecious flowers, the corolla rotate, the staminate flowers
with separate anthers. [Cucurbita Citrullus L. ; Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.]

Cucumis Melo L., Melon, Musk-melon, of southern Asia, of which
several races are grown, the fruits various.

Cucumis sativus L., Cucumber, of southern Asia is also an important
crop, several kinds being successfully grown.

Sicyos angulatus L., Star Cucumber, Wild Bryony, North American,
mentioned by Lefroy as of chance introduction about Church Cave, prior to
1879, and also recorded by Hemsley, and by H. B. Small, but not recently
observed in Bermuda, is a slender climbing vine, with thin angled leaves and
small whitish monoecious flowers, the staminate loosely racemose, the pistillate
capitate, these followed by small spiny fruits each with one seed. II. B. Small
records having seen a few rare specimens about Hamilton.

Family 2. LOBELIACEAE Diimort.
Lobelia Family.

Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely trees, often with a milky sap.
Leaves alternate, without stipules, simple. Inflorescence axillary or ter-
minal. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious, irregular. Calyx of 5 sepals.
Corolla often bilabiate, the tube open on one side nearly or quite to the
base. Stamens 5; filaments sometimes cohering into a tube. Ovary 2-5-
celled; styles terminal, united; stig-mas fringed. Ovules numerous, sessile,
horizontal, anatropous. Fruit a 1-several-celled capsule or a berry. Seeds
numerous, with a smooth or furrowed testa. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo
straight in the axis of the endosperm. About 20 genera and 600 species,
of wide geographic distribution.

Lobelia Erinus L., Small Blue Lobelia, South African, a low species,
about 6' high, the lower leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or
linear, the slender-stalked blue or purple flowers about *' broad, the corolla
2-lipped, is grown in vases and in flower-gardens.

My only knowledge of the existence of any other representative of this
family in Bermuda is the record by Lefroy, of the cultivation of the North
American Cardinal-flower, Lobelia cardinalis L., as a garden flower, and the
statement of H. B. Small that it grew in a shaded place. It is a perennial
herb with terminal racemes of bright scarlet flowers, and thin, oblong to
lanceolate, acute denticulate leaves.

Family 3. GOODENIACEAE Dumort.

Goodenia Family.

Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with watery sap. Leaves alternate or
sometimes opposite, without stipules, entire, toothed or rarely pinnatifid.
Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, an entire border or sometimes obsolete.
Corolla 5-lobed, split on one side. Androecium of 5 distinct stamens, the
anthers opening lengthwdse. Ovary mostly inferior, 1-2-celled; styles
usually united. Stigma surrounded with an indusium. Ovules 1 or 2, or
more in each cavity, mostly erect or ascending. Fmit dnipaceous, beriy-
like or capsular. Seeds usually one in each cavity; embryo straight in the
axis of the fleshy endosperm. About 12 genera and over 200 specie:^,
mostly Australian.

378

GOODENIACEAE.

1. SCAEVOLA L.

Fleshy, stout herbs or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite, mostly entire
leaves, the flowers irregular, axillary, in dichotomous cymes or rarely solitary.
Calyx 5-lobed, or a mere border. Corolla white or blue, its lobes winged, its
tube split to the base on one side, villous within. Stamens 5, free, epigynous;
filaments distinct. Ovary inferior or nearly so, 2-celled or rarely 1-celled;
stigma surrounded by a ciliate indusium. Ovules 1 in each cavity, or 2 in 1-
celled ovaries, erect. Berry with a fleshy exocarp and a bony or woody endo-
earp. [Latin, referring ta the irregular flowers.] About 60 species, mostly

Australian, the following typical.

1. Scaevola Plumieri (L.)
Yahl. Beach Lobelia. Ink-
berry. (Fig. 409.) Perennial,
nearly glabrous, more or less
shrubby, 2°-5° high, much
branched and straggling. Leaves
alternate, obovate, l^'-S' long, en-
tire, shining, narrowed into very
short winged petioles, or nearly
sessile, with a tuft of silky hairs
in each axil; peduncles shorter
than the leaves; calyx-lobes much
broader than long, rounded;
corolla glabrous without, about
1' long, the tube woolly within,
split on one side to the base, the
lobes oblong-linear, with broad
crisped wings; stamens nearly as
long as the corolla-tube, hanging
through the cleft; berry oval,
black, juicy, 2-seeded, 5"-8" long.
[Lobelia Plumieri L. ; Scaevola Lobelia of Verrill.]

Common on sea beaches. Native. Florida and the West Indies. Flowers
from spring to autumn. Doubtless reached Bermuda by floating.

Family 4. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb.

Chicory Family,

Herbs (two Pacific Island g-enera trees), almost always with milky,
acrid or bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue,
purple, or w^hite flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of the
involucre in 1 to several series. Receptacle of the head flat or flattisb,
naked, scaly (paleaceous), smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all
alike (heads homog-amous), perfect. Calyx-tube completely adnate to the
ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or plumose bristles, or both,
or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or long tube, and a
strap-shaped (liguTate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers connate
into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not
tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually
12-sided. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style A^erj^ slender, 2-cieft,
or 2-lobed, the lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect;
endosperm none; radicle narrower than the cotyledons. About 70 genera
and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family is also
known as Liguliflorae.

CICHORIACEAE.

379

Pappus none ; rays blue or sometimes white.
Pappus present ; rays yellow.
Pappus-bristles simple.

Acaulescent scapose herbs, with solitary flower heads.
Leafy-stemmed herbs with several or many flowers.
Achenes beakless.
Aehenes beaked or pointed.
Achenes 10-many-ribbed.
Achenes 4-5-ribbed.
Pappus-bristles plumose.

1. Cichorium.

2. LcoHtoduti.

3. Cnijis.

4. Son eh us.

5. Keichardiu.
G. Urosptrtnum.

1. CICHORIUM [Tourn.] L.
Erect, branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the
stem and branches usually small and bract-like, and large heads of blue, purple
or white flowers, peduncled or in sessile clusters. Involucre of 2 series of
herbaceous bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect, subtending
the outer achenes. Receptacle flat. Eays truncate and 5-toothed at the apex.
Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes 5-
angled or 5-ribbed, truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short
blunt scales. [From the Arabic name.] About 8 species, natives of the Old
World, the following typical.

1. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory.
Wild Succory, Blue Sailors. (Fig.
410,) Perennial from a long deep tap-root;
stems slightly hispid, stiff, much branched,
l°-3° high. Basal leaves spreading on the
ground, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in
outline, 3'-6' long, narrowed into long peti-
oles; upper leaves much smaller, lanceolate
or oblong, lobed or entire, clasping and
auricled at the base; heads numerous, I'-lV
broad, 1-4 together in sessile clusters on
the nearly naked or bracted branches; inner
bracts of the involucre about 8. The
ground-up root is used as a substitute or
adulterant for coffee, July-Oct.

Common in waste and cultivated grounds,
and along roads. Naturalized. Native of
Europe. Widely naturalized in North America.
Flowers nearly throughout the year.

2. LEONTODON L.
Perennial acaulescent herbs, with basal tufted pinnatifid or sinuate-
dentate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers, solitary, or very rarely 2 or
3 together at the ends of naked hollow scapes. Involucre oblong or cam-
panulate, its inner bracts in 1 series, nearly equal, slightly united at the base,
the outer of several series of shorter somewhat spreading ones, often reflexed
at maturity. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays truncate and 5-toothed at the
summit. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish.
Achenes oblong or linear-fusiform, 4-5-angled, 5-10-nerved, roughened or
spinulose, at least above, tapering into a very slender beak. Pappus of
numerous filiform unequal simple persistent bristles. [Greek, lion 's-tooth.]
About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South
America, the following typical.

380

CIGHORIACEAE.

1. Leontodon Taraxacum
L. Dandelion, Blowball.
(Fig. 411.) Root thick, deep,
often 6'-12' long, bitter. Leaves
oblong to spatulate in outline,
usually pubescent, at least -when
young, acute or obtuse, pin-
natifid or sinuate-lobed, rather
succulent, 2'-10' long, V-2-^'
wide, narrowed into petioles;
scape erect, 2-18' high ; head
l'-2' broad; flowers 150-200;
inner bracts of the involucre
linear or linear-lanceolate, the
outer similar, shorter, not glau-
cous, reflexed, all acute ; achenes
greenish-brown. [ Taraxacum
officinale Weber; T. Dens-leonis
Desf.]

Common in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Na-
tive of Europe. AYidely natural-
ized in North America, sparingly
in the West Indies. Flowers
throughout the year, abundantly
in spring.

3. CREPIS L.

Herbs, with mostly toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and small or middle-sized
heads of yellow or orange flowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate, or swollen
at the base, its principal bracts in 1 series, equal, with exterior smaller ones.
Receptacle naked or short-fimbrillate.
Rays truncate and toothed. Anthers sagit-
tate. Style-branches slender. Achenes
linear-oblong, 10-20-ribbed or nerved, nar-
rowed at the base and apex. Pappus copi-
ous, of slender white bristles. [Greek,
sandal ; application not explained.] About
200 species, of the northern hemisphere.
Type species: Crepis tectorum L.

1. Crepis japonica (L.) Benth.
Japanese Hawksbeard. (Fig. 412.) A
glabrous, slender, fibrous-rooted annual
6'-20' high. Leaves nearly all basal or
near the base, '2'-6' long, lyrate-pinnatifid,
thin, slender-petioled ; heads numerous in
a narrow elongated panicle, its branches
almost filiform ; involucre about 3" long, its
principal bracts about 1°, linear-lanceo-
late, with 4 or 5 short ovate outer ones;
rays small, yellow; achenes li" long.
[Prenanthes japonica L. ; recorded by pre-
vious authors as Crepis lyrata Froel.]

Roadsides, waste and cultivated grounds.

Naturalized,
to autumn.

Native of eastern Asia. Spring
Naturalized in Jamaica.

CIOHORIACEAE.

381

4. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L.

Succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly clasping, spinulose-margined leaves,
and peduncled, corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre
ovoid or campanulate, usually becoming thickened at the base when old, its
bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers sagittate.
Achenes oval to linear, 10-20-ribbed, narrowed, truncate. Pappus of very
copious soft white simple capillary bristles. [Greek name of the Sow-thistle.]
About 45 species, of the Old World. Type species: Sonchus oleraceus L.

Auricles of the leaves acute; achenes striate, transversely wrinkled. 1. S. oleraceus.
Auricles rounded ; achenes ribbed, not transversely wrinkled. 2. S. asper.

1. Sonchus oleraceus L.

Annual Sow-Thistle. Hare's
Lettuce. (Fig. 413.) Annual;
stem leafy below, l°-6° high.
Basal and lower leaves petioled,
lyrate-pinnatifid, 4-10' long,
the terminal segment commonly
large and triangular, the mar-
gins denticulate with mucronate
teeth; upper leaves pinnatifid,
clasping by an auricled base,
the auricles pointed ; uppermost
leaves often lanceolate and en-
tire; heads pale yellow, about
V broad; achenes striate and
wrinkled.

Common in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Na-
tive of Europe. Widely natural-
ized in temperate and tropical
regions. Spring to autumn.

2. Sonchus asper (L.) All.
Spiny or Sharp-fringed Sow-
Thistle. (Fig. 414.) Annual,
similar to the preceding species;
leaves undivided, lobed or some-
times pinnatifid, spinulose-dentate
to spinulose-denticulate, the lower
and basal ones obovate or spatu-
late, petioled, the upper oblong or
lanceolate, clasping by an auricled
base, the auricles rounded; heads
several or numerous, 1' broad or
less; flowers pale yellow; achenes
ribbed. [S. oleraceus asper L.]

Occasional in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of
Europe. Widely naturalized in North
America. Flowers from spring to
autumn.

382 CICHORIACEAE.

A slender Sonchus, about 1° higli, with small, narrow leaves, and few
small heads, collected by F. S. Collins on a roadside near Inverary in August,
1913, doubtless of Old World origin, has not been satisfactorily identified.

5. REICHARDIA Roth.

Glabrous herbs, with basal and alternate, dentate or pinnatifid leaves, and
long-peduncled heads of radiate, yellow flowers, the rays 5-toothed and
truncate. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the
inner lanceolate, the out^r ovate and much shorter. Receptacle naked.
Anthers sagittate. Achenes oblong, nearly terete, 4-5-ribbed and transversely
rugose. Pappus of many soft simple white bristles. [In honor of Christian
Reichaid, 1685-1775, German botanist.] About 10 species, natives of the Old
World. Type species: Eeichardia tingitana (L.) Roth.

1. Reichardia plcroides (L.) Roth. Reichardia.
(Fig. 415.) Annual, subscapose, simple or branched,
6-15' high. Basal leaves dentate or pinnatifid, 1^'-
4' long, those of the stems few, distant, very small;
involucre about V high, its outer bracts ovate, acute,
cordate, scarious-margined, about 2^" long, the inner
lanceolate; rays about Y long; achenes of the outer
flowers somewhat shorter than those of the inner.
[Scorzonera picroides L. ; Picridium vulgare Desf.]

Sand hills near Tucker's Town. 1909. Naturalized.
Native of southern Europe. Flowers in spring. The
Bei-muda specimens are referred to this species, which is
described as polymorphous, with some hesitation.

6. UROSPERMUM Scop.

Little-branched, pubescent or hispid herbs, with basal or alternate, toothed
or pinnatifid leaves, and large, long-peduncled heads of yellow radiate flowers.
Involucre campanulate, its 7 or 8, acute bracts in a single series. Receptacle
naked, conic. Rays truncate, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate. Achenes nearly
terete, linear-oblong, sometimes curved, 8-10-ribbed, muricate, long-beaked.
Pappus of 2 series of soft plumose bristles, connate at the base and deciduous.
[Greek, tailed-seed.] Two known species, natives of the Mediterranean region,
the following typical.

CICHORIACEAE.

383

1. Urospermum picroides (L.) F. W.
Schmidt. Urospermum. (Fig. 416.) Annual,
more or less hispid, simple or branched, 6-18'
high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or ob-
long, petioled, toothed or rimcinate, 2'-4' long;
upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, clasping, mostly
sagittate, toothed or entire, smaller, acute or
acuminate; heads about IV broad, solitary at
the ends of hollow peduncles 3'-6' long; bracts
of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, 8"-10"
long; achenes fusiform, curved, including the
subulate beak 8"-10" long; pappus bright
white. [Tragopogon picroides L.]

Abundant in fields and on hillsides, eastern
part of St. David's Island, 1909. Naturalized.
Native of southern Europe. Flowers in spring.

Lactuca sativa L., Lettuce, European, is grown successfully as a garden
vegetable in several races; its flowering stems are 2°-3° high, leaf y, the obovate
or elliptic leaves obtuse and irregularly toothed, the small numerous yellow-
flowered heads borne in terminal panicles.

Tragopogan porrifolius L., Salsify, Oyster-plant, European, also grown
as a vegetable, is a tall herb, with long narrow leaves, and large heads of
purple flowers on thickened peduncles, the bracts of the involucre much longer
than the rays.

Family 5. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb.

Ragweed Family.

Herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them weeds, rarely
shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads of
greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, separate or
united bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and nut-like or bur-
like. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same, or in separate heads.
Receptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers with no corolla, or this reduced to
a short tube or ring; calyx adnate to the 1-celled ovarv% its limb none, or a
mere border; style 2-cleft. Staminate flowers with a funnelfonn tubular
or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens mostly 5, separate, or their anthers
merely connivent, not truly syngenesious, with short inflexed appendages;
ovary rudimentary; summit of the style often hairy or penicillate. Eight
genera and about 60 species, mostly natives of America.

Fruit large, bur-like ; leaves broad, lobed.

Fruit small, tubercled ; leaves deeply lobed or pinnatifia.

1. Xanthium.

2, Ambrosia.

384

AMBROSIACEAE.

1. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L.

Annual coarse monoecious herbs, •uith alternate lobed or toothed leaves,
and rather small heads of greenish flowers, the staminate heads clustered,
terminal, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Involucre of
the pistillate heads closed, 1-2-celled, 1-2 -beaked, (usually 2-beaked) armed
with prickles, forming a bur in fruit; pistillate flowers without a corolla, the
style deeply 2-cleft, stamens none; achenes obovoid or oblong without pappus.
Involucre of the staminate heads short, of 1-3 series of bracts; staminate
corollas regular, 5-toothed; filaments monadelphous; style undivided. [Greek,
yellow, from its yielding a yellow dye.] About 25 species of wide geographic
distribution. Type species: Xanthium strumarium L.

1. Xanthium longirostre Wallr. West
Indian Cocklebur. (Fig. 417.) Stout,
3° high or less, the angular stem hispidu-
lous. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 4'-6' long,
thin, scabrous on both sides, usually 5-
lobed, dentate, the lobes short, the base
cordate, the petioles 6' long or less; heads
short-racemose; bracts linear-lanceolate,
hispid; bur ellipsoid, its body 8"-10"
long, about 4" thick, glandular-puberulent,
rather densely covered with slender bristles
about 2" long, which are hispidulous at the
base, its beaks 2"-3" long, slightly in-
curved, hispidulous. [X. echinatiim of Le-
froy and of H. B. Small.]

Frequent in waste places. Naturalized.
Native of the West Indies and Central
America.

2. AMBROSIA [Tourn.] L.

Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite,
mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate
spicate or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils. In-
volucre of the pistillate heads globose, ovoid or top-shaped, closed, 1-flowered,
usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines; corolla none; stamens none; style-
branches filiform; achenes ovoid or obovoid; pappus none. Involucre of the
staminate heads mostly hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many-
flowered; receptacle nearly flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla funnel-
form, 5-toothed; anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped ; style undivided,
penicillate at the summit. [The ancient classical name.] About 15 species,
mostly natives of America. Type species: Arribrosia maritima L,

AMBROSIACEAE.

385

1. Ambrosia elatior L. Rag-
weed. Roman Wormwood. IIog-
WEED. Wild Tansy (Fig. 418.)
Annual, pubescent, puberulent or hir-
sute, paniculately branched, l°-5°
high. Leaves thin, l-2-pinnatifi<l,
petioled, 2'-4' long, the upper alter-
nate, the lower mostly opposite, pale
or caneseent beneath, the lobes ob-
long or lanceolate, obtuse or acute ;
racemes of sterile heads very numer-
ous, l'-6' long, the involucres hemi-
spheric, crenate; fertile heads obo-
void or subglobose, mostly clustered,
about 2" long, short-beaked, 4-6-
spined near the summit, sparingly
pubescent. [A. art emisiae folia L. ,-
A. Jieterophylla of Jones and of
Lefroy.]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of
North America. Flowers in summer
and autumn.

Family 6. CARDUACEAE Neck.

Thistle Family.

Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or res-
inous (rarely milky) sap, and estipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate,
or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, borne on a common re-
ceptacle, forming- heads, subtended by an involucre of bracts arranged in
one or more series. Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtending
the flowers, smooth, or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube com-
pletely adnate to the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth,
scales, or crown-like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5-
lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the
head expanded into a ligule (ray) ; when the ray-flowers are absent the
head is said to be discoid ; when present, radiate ; the tubular flowers form
the disk. Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its
lobes, their anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged
at the apex, sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base ; pollen-grains globose,
often rough or prickly. Ovary 1-eelled; ovule 1, anatropous; style of fer-
tile flowers 2-clef t ; stigmas marginal ; style of sterile flowers commonly un-
divided. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endospeiTn none; embrs'o straight;
hypocotyl inferior. About 800 genera and not less than 10.000 species, of
wide geographic distribution. In Kulinia, the anthers ai*e distinct, or
nearly so.

26

186

CABDUACEAE.

A. Flowers all tubular, the heads discoid. (See Emilia, Senecio vulgaris and Bidens

pilosa.)
Anthers not tailed at the base.

Flowers perfect. 1. Eupatorium.

Flowers dioecious. 2. Baccharis.

Anthers tailed at the base.

Bracts of the involucre not scarious, 3. Pluchea.

Bracts of the involucre scarious. 4. Gnaphalium.

B. Flowers both tubular and radiate (except Emilia, Senecio

vulgaris and sometimes Bidens pilosa).
1. Receptacle naked. (See Chrysanthemum.)

Bracts of the involucre imbricated in 2-several series.
Rays yellow.
Rays white.

Bracts imbricated in several series.
Bracts imbricated in few series.

Rays longer than the diameter of the disk ;

heads few.
Rays shorter than the diameter of the disk ;
heads many, panicled.
Bracts of the involucre in one series, sometimes with
a few. short outer ones.
Style-branches unappendaged.
Style-branches appendaged.

2. Receptacle chaffy or scaly (except in Chrysanthemum).
Bracts of the involucre not scarious.
Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile.
Achenes thick, not flattened.
Achenes flattened.
Disk-flowers fertile.

Pappus cup-like or of a few teeth or bristles.
Achenes not flattened.

Scales of the receptacle awn-like.
Scales of the receptacle broad.

Low, fleshy, coastal or salt marsh shrubs.
Tall herbs, not fleshy.
Achenes very flat, 2-6-awned.
Pappus of numerous scales.
Bracts of the involucre scarious.
Receptacle chaffy.

Achenes flattened : heads small.
Achenes terete ; heads large.
Receptacle naked.

5. Solidago.

6. Aster.

7. Erigeron.

8. Leptilon.

9. Senecio.
10. Emilia.

11. Polym^nia.

12. Parthenium.

13. Verhesina.

14. Borrichia.

15. Helianthus.

16. Bidens.

17. Galinsoga.

18. Achillea.

19. Anthemis.

20. Chrysanthemum.

1. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L.

Erect perennial herbs, with, opposite or verticiliate, or sometimes alternate^
often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of
perfect white or greenish flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemi-
spheric, the bracts imbricated in 2-several series. Eeceptacle naked. Corolla
regular, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and
entire at the base, appendiculate at the apex. 'Style-branches elongated, flat-
tened, or thickened above, stigmatic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate.
Pappus of numerous capillary usually scabrous bristles arranged in 1 row.
[Named for Mithridates Eupator, i. e., of a noble father.] Over 500 species,
mostly of warm or tropical regions. Type species: Eupatorium cannabinum L.

Leaves dissected into filiform segments.
Leaves oblong to ovate, dentate or serrate.

Leaves broadly triangular-ovate.

Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate.

1. E. capilli folium.

2. E. adenophorum.

3. E. riparium.

CARDUACEAE.

387

1. Eupatorium capillifolium

(Lam.) Small. Dog-fennel.
French Fennel. (Fig. 419.)
Erect, paniculately much branched,
the stem finely pubescent, 3°-9°
high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or
nearly so, alternate, the lower
petioled, the upper sessile; heads
very numerous, about li" high,
short-peduncled, racemos'e-panicu-
late, 3-6-flowered; bracts of the
involucre in about 2 series, linear,
cuspidate, narrowly scarious-mar-
gined, glabrous, [Artemisia capil-
lifolia Lam.; Eupatorium foenicu-
laceum "Willd. ; Artemisia tenui-
folia of Lefroy and H. B. Small.]

"Waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized. Native of the southern
Ignited States and West Indies.
Summer and autumn.

<^ ft I vv;

2. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.
Glandular Eupatorium. (Fig. 420.)
Erect, often diffusely branched, 3° high or
less, rather densely glandular-pubescent
above. Leaves broadly triangular-ovate, 2'-
6' long, 3-nerved and pinnately veined, cre-
nate-dentate, acute or short-acuminate at the
apex, obtuse or broadly cuneate at the base,
the slender petioles sometimes nearly as long
as the blades; heads numerous, many-flow-
ered, densely corymbose; involucre about 2"
high, its bracts in about 3 series, linear-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the outer ones
pubescent. [E. glandulosum H.B.K.]

Roadside, St. Georges, 1908. Introduced.
Native of Mexico. Flowers in spring. Natural-
ized in Jamaica. Grown for ornament.

3. Eupatorium riparium

Eegel. • Small White Eupato-
rium. (Fig. 421.) Stem slen-
der, often widely branched, pu-
berulent above, U°-2^° high,
the branches slender. Leaves
slender-petioled, oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, thin, tripli-
nerved, sharply serrate, 2 '-4'
long, i'—V wide, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base ;
heads numerous in terminal
corymbs, several-flowered, fili-
form-peduncled; involucre about
2" high, its bracts in 2 series,
linear, the outer pubescent.

Roadside, Paget, 1011, appar-
ently escaped from cultivation. Na-
tive of South America. Naturalized
in the mountains of .Jamaica. Flow-
ers in winter and spring.

388

CARD'UACEAE.

Eupatorium odoratum L., Bushy Thoroughwort, listed as Bermudian
by Lefroy and cited by Hemsley, but not by other authors, has not been found
here by recent collectors. It is a widely distributed plant of tropical America,
reaching southern Florida, perennial, much branched, 3'^-6° high, with ovate
to lanceolate toothed leaves 2'-4' long, and many small cylindric heads of
whitish or purple flowers, the 3-nerved involucre-bracts imbricated in several
series. [E, conysoides Vahl.]

Eupatorium macrophyllum L., Large-leaved Thoroughwort, West In-
dian, is recorded by Hemsley as preserved in the Sloane Herbarium at the
British Museum of Natural History, as from Bermuda (Journ, Bot. 21: 257,
258), but I am not satisfied with the evidence adduced that the specimen he
based his determination upon was really collected here. It is a West Indian
species of wet regions, with large flaccid ovate petioled leaves and numerous
small heads of white flowers.

2. BACCHAEIS L.

Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small paniculate or corymbose
heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts im-
bricated in several series, the outer shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked, commonly
foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate
tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches nar-
row or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the
sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage.
Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers
copious, capillary, that of the sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus;
originally applied to some difl'erent shrubs.] About 300 species, all American,
most abundant in South America. Type species: Bacchus ivifolia L.

1. Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers.
Doc-bush. (Pig. 422.) A branching
shrub 3°-10° tall. Leaves leathery, spat-
ulate to cuneate-obovate, f'-l' long, en-
tire, or sharply toothed above the middle ;
heads solitary and sessile in the upper
axils or few in sessile or short-peduncled
clusters; staminate involucres campanu-
late, 2" high, with ovate to oblong-ovate
obtuse bracts; pistillate involucres ovoid,
21"-^" high, with ovate to oblong obtuse
bracts ; pappus bright white, barely twice
as long as the involucre; achenes nearly
1" long. [B. Jieterophylla of Eein,
Eeade, Lefroy, Coulter, H. B. Small and
Harshberger; B. lialimifolia of Mills-
paugh.]

Common in marshes : occasional on hillsides. Native. Southeastern United
States. Flowers in late autumn and winter. Tne abundant white pappus of the
fertile bushes make this one of the most conspicuous and attractive plants toward
the close of the year. Its fruit was, doubtless, transported to Bermuda on the wind.

3. PLUCHEA Cass.

Pubescent or glabrous herbs, some species shrubby, with alternate dentate
leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. In-

CARDUACEAE.

389

volucre ovoid, eampanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its bracts appresseil, herba-
ceous, imbricated in several series. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Outer flowers of
the head pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Cen-
tral flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate
at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or un-
divided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous
bristles. [Named for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, of Paris.] About 35 s-pecies,
widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Conyza
marilandica Michx.

Perennial ; shrubby ; leaves entire.
Annual ; herbaceous ; leaves crenate.

1. Pluchea odorata Cass. Shrubby
Fleabane. (Fig. 423.) Perennial,
closely pubescent. Stems 3°-8° tall,
woody. Leaves oblong or nearly so, 3'-
6' long, obtuse or apiculate, entire, peti-
oled; heads numerous, in rounded
corymbs; involucre about 1" high, its
bracts oblong or slightly broadened up-
ward, pubescent, ciliate, obtuse. [Conyza
odorata L.]

Hillsides and thickets. Native. Florida
and tropical America. Flowers from spring
to autumn. Its achenes probably reached
Bermuda on the wind.

1. r. odorata.

2. 1'. purpurascens.

2. Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.)
DC. Salt Marsh Fleabane. (Fig.
424.) Annual, finely pubescent and
somewhat glandular. Stems 1°-
4" tall, branching above; leaves
ovate-lanceolate to elliptic or ob-
long, lV-4' long, rather blunt,
coarsely crenate, short-petioled ;
heads few or numerous; involucre
about 2" high; bracts oblong to
narrowly linear-lanceolate, cilio-
late, the outer mucronate, the inner
acute or acuminate; flowers pur-
ple; corollas of the pistillate flow-
ers about IV' long. [Conyza pur-
purascens Sw. ; P. camphorata of
Eeade, Hemsley, Verrill and
Moore.]

Common in marshes. Native.

Southern United States and West

Indies. Its achenes probably reached

Bermuda on the wind. Flowers from

spring to autumn.

390

CABDUACEAE.

4. GNAPHAUUM L.
Woolly branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of pistil-
late and perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or heads. Ke-
eeptacle flat,, convex or conic, not chaffy, usualy f oveolate. Pistillate flowers in
several series, their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central
flowers perfect, tubular, few, their corollas 5 -toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers sagit-
tate at the base, the auricles tailed. Achenes oblong or obovate, terete or
slightly compressed, not ribbed. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles,
sometimes thickened above, cohering at the base, or separately deciduous.
[Greek, referring to the wool.] About 120 species, widely distributed. Type
species: Gnaphalkim luteoalhiim L.

1. G-naphalium purpureum L.

Purplish Cudweed. (Fig. 425.)
Annual or biennial, simple and
erect, or branched from the base
and the branches ascending, 3'-2°
high. Leaves spatulate, or the up-
permost linear, mostly obtuse, mu-
cronulate, woolly beneath, usually
green and glabrous or nearly so
above when old, sessile, or the
lowest narrowed into petioles, 1-2'
long, 2"-3" wide; heads about 2"
high ; bracts of the involucre yel-
lowish brown or purplish, lanceo-
late-oblong, acute or acutish, the
outer woolly at the base; achenes
roughish. \_G. luteoalbum. of
Eeade.]

Occasional in sandy soil. Native.
Distribution : Continental North
America, Jamaica. Flowers in spring.
Its fruit was presumably brought to
Bermuda on the wind.

5. SOLIDAGO L.

Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little
branched, with alternate simple, toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of
both tubular and radiate yellow or rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary
panicles, thyrsi, or cymose-corymbose or capitate clusters. Involucre oblong
or narrowly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer
successively shorter. Receptacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally
alveolate. Eay-flowers in one series, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all per-
fect, their corollas tubular or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their ap-
pendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usually ribbed. Pappus of
numerous capillary rough nearly equal bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Greek, to
make whole.] About 125 species, mostly of North America, several in Europe,
a few in Mexico and South America. Type species: Solidago Virga-aurea L.

CARDUACEAE.

391

1. Solidago sempervirens

L. Sea-side Goldenrod. Salt-
marsh GOLDENROD. (Fig. 426.)
Stem stout, leafy, usually sim-
ple, l°-6° Mgh, glabrous, or
slightly puberulent above.
Leaves with 2-5 pairs of lateral
veins, the lower and basal ones
mostly obtuse, sometimes 1°
long, narrowed into long peti-
oles; upper leaves sessile, lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
acute; heads 3"-5" high;
rays 8-10, showy; bracts of the
involucre lanceolate, acute. [S.
virgata of Lefroy; S. mexicana
of Lefroy and of H. B. Small.]

Common in nearly all situa-
tions, flowering most abundantly
in late summer and early autumn,
when it is one of the most con-
spicuous plants. Native. Coast
of the eastern United States. The
plant varies in size, but there is,
apparently, only * one species in
Bermuda.

6. ASTER L.

Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves,
and corymbose or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both
tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate,
its bracts various, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones usually smaller

and shorter. Receptacle generally foveolate.
Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, blue or violet,
pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect. An-
thers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-
branches flattened. Pappus-bristles slender,
numerous. Achenes flattened and nerved.
[Greek, star.] About 250 species, most abund-
ant in North America. Type species: Aster
AmeUus L.

1. Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron.
Scale-leaved Aster. (Fig. 427.) Glabrous,
slender, branched, erect, l°-2i° high. Stem-
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, I'-l^' long, 1''-
2V' wide, short-petioled or sessile, acute, some-
what fleshy ; leaves of the branches much
smaller, scattered, most of them reduced to
subulate scales; heads numerous or several,
solitary at the ends of short branches; invo-
lucre about 3" high, its linear acute bracts
in about 3 series; rays several, pink, about 1"
long. [Aster Tripolium of Jones; Aster tri fo-
lium (misprint for Tripolium) of Lefroy.]

Roadsides and waste grounds, Ireland Island,
Boaz Island and near Fairy Land. Naturalized.
Native of South America. Summer and autumn.

392

CABDUACEAE.

Aster laevis L., Smooth Aster, Xorth American, glabrous, with stout
leafy stems up to 3° higli, the leaves sessile, lanceolate to oblanceolate, thick,
smooth, entire or somewhat toothed, cordate-clasping at the base, the numerous
heads with an involucre of acute green-tipped bracts about 4" long, the blue or
violet rays 6"-12" long, is occasionally planted in flower-gardens.

Aster cordifolius L., Blue Wood Aster, North American, seen at Dun-
barton in 1914, is 2°-4° high, glabrous, or nearly so, with slender-petioled,
ovate cordate serrate pointed thin leaves 2-5' long, and small heads, the
rays violet or blue, 3"-5" long.

7. ERIGKRON L.

Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose,
paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all
tubular) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts narrow,
nearly equal, imbricated in but 1 or 2 series in our species. Receptacle nearly
flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers, in our species, white, violet or purple,
pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-lobed.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened,
their appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually
2-nerved. Pappus-bristles fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in 1
series, or often an additional outer shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding
to the early hoary pappus.] A genus of some 130 species, of wide distribution.
Type species: Erigeron acris L.

Herbaceous species.

Annual ; stem leafy.

Perennial ; basal leaves tufted, the upper very small.
Shrubby species.

1. E. onnuus.

2. E. philadelphicus.

3. E. DarrelUanus.

1. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.
Sweet Scabious. Daisy Fleabaxe.
(Fig. 428.) Annual, sparingly pu-
bescent with spreading hairs; stem
erect, corymbosely branched. Leaves
thin, the lower and basal ones ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse,
petioled, usually coarsely dentate,
2'-6' long, i'-2V wide, the upper
sessile or short-petioled, lanceolate,
oblong, or linear-lanceolate; heads
rather numerous, 5"-7" broad; bracts
somewhat hispid; rays 40-70, linear,
white, or commonly tinged with
purple, 2"-4" long; pappus double,
the inner a series of slender fragile
deciduous bristles, often wanting in
the ray-flowers, the outer a persist-
ent series of short, partly united,
slender scales. [Aster annuus L. ;
Stenactis annua Cass.]

Local in fields, waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of North America. Flowers from spring
to autumn.

CARDUACEAE.

393

2. Erigeron philadelphicus L.

Philadelphia Fleabaxe. (Fig.
429.) Perennial by stolons and
offsets, soft-pubescent or sometimes
nearly glabrous; stems slender,
mostly branched above, l°-3° high.
Basal and lower leaves spatulate or
obovate, obtuse, dentate, ^^'-2^
long, narrowed into short petioles;
upper stem-leaves clasping and
often cordate at the base; heads
several or numerous, corymbose-
paniculate, 5"-12" broad, slender-
peduncled; bracts linear, usually
scarious-margined ; achenes puberu-
lent. [E. jamaicensis? of Eeade
and of H. B. Small ; E. quercifolium
of Lefroy; ?E. tenuis of Hemsley.]

Banks and grassy places. Na-
tive. Widely distributed in North
America. Its fruit probably reached
Bermuda on the wind. Flowers in
spring and sometimes again in the

3. Erigeron Darrellianus Hems-
ley. Darrell's Fleabane. (Fig.
430). Perennial, shrubby, l°-4i°
high, branched, the stem and branches
glabrous or pubescent. Leaves thin,
oblong or oblanceolate, glabrous,
pubescent or ciliate, the lower ones
clustered, 3'-5' long, crenate-dentate
with apiculate teeth, or entire, obtuse
or acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base into short petioles, the upper
ones scattered, sessile, much smaller,
acute, entire; heads numerous,
corymbose paniculate; bracts of the
inflorescence linear l"-2" long; in-
volucre campanulate-cylindric, about
2" high^ its bracts linear-lanceolate,
membranous, acuminate, imbricated
in about 3 series, the inner scarious-
margined, much longer than the
outer: rays about 30, linear, white
spreading, about IV' long; receptacle
pitted; achenes linear, sparingly pu-
bescent, about 1" long; pappus whit-
ish, 2-3-times as long as the achene;
disk-flowers with a narrow^ 5-lobed
corolla.

Common in rocky situations. Endemic. Flowers from spring to autumn.

This interestmg and rather abundant plant, with pretty white flowers, re-
mained botanically unnamed, until published in 1S83 by Hemsley in the Journal of
Botany, 21 : 104, and in the Botanical Report of the Voyage of the Challenger, 1 :
42, published in 1885. Lefroy records it as an unidentified Ericjcvon, and Reade in
1883 describes it as an Aster, without specific name. I agree with Mr. Ilemsiey in
regarding it as an Erigeron though it appears to have its nearest relative in the
plant known as Aster falcatus Klatt, native of Central America. Several young

394

CARDUACEAE.

plants three or four inches high, taken to the New York Botanical Garden in the
late autumn of 1912, grew rapidly and flowered profusely in April, 1913. The
species was named in honor of Hon. J. K. Darrell, a prominent member of an old
Bermuda family, Mr. Hemsley remarks on the similarity of this plant to Conyza
rivularis Gardn., of Brazil.

8. LEFTIIiON Raf.

Annual or biennial herbs/ with, small racemose thyrsoid or panicled heads

of white flowers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk

or none. Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series.

Receptacle naked. Ray-flow^ers pistillate ; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas

usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches

somewhat flattened. Achenes flattened. Pappus of numerous simple bristles.

[Greek, referring to the small heads.] About 20 species, of America and Asia.

Type species: Erigeron divaricatum Michx.

Inner involucre-bracts densely pubescent.
Inner involucre-bracts glabrous or nearly so.

Pubescent ; involucre-bracts green.

Glabrate ; bracts purple-tipped.

1. L. linifolium.

2. L. canadense.

3. L. pusillum.

1. Leptilon linifolium (Willd.) J. K.
Small. Hairy Horse-weed. (Fig. 431.)
Stems 6'-3° tall, hirsute, racemosely or panic-
ulately branched above. Leaves narrowly
spatulate to linear, i'-4:' long, the lower
ones incised or laciniate, slender-petioled,
the upper entire or sparingly toothed; in-
volucres V'-l^" high, the bracts linear to
linear-subulate, densely pubescent. \_Erig-
eron linifolium Willd.; E. tonariensis of
Reade, of Lefroy and of H. B. Small;
Conyza annbigua of Millspaugh.]

Common in waste and cultivated grounds.
Naturalized. Native of tropical regions. Flow-
ers from spring to autumn. Perhaps not dis-
tinct from Erigeron honariensis L.

2. Leptilon canadense (L.) Brit-
ton. HORSEWEED. FlEABANE. (Fig.

432.) Stems hirsute, 1°-Q° tall, simple
to the paniculate inflorescence; leaves
linear or nearly so, or the lower spatu-
late, coarsely few-toothed, ciliate; heads
numerous; involucres about 1*" high;
bracts appressed, linear-subulate to
linear, green, the outer ones often pu-
bescent; corollas of the disk-flowers
usually 4-lobed. [Erigeron canddense L.]

Common in waste and cultivated
grounds. Naturalized. Native of temperate
North America. Flowers nearly through-
out the year.

CABDUACEAE.

395

3. Leptilon pusillum (Nutt.)
Britton. Smooth Horseweed.
(Fig. 433.) Glabrous or nearly
so; stems slender, 3° higli or less.
Leaves linear to oblanceolate, en-
tire, or the lower sometimes witli
2 or 3 teeth near the apex, eiliate
toward the base; heads few or
numerous; involucre much like
that of the preceding species, but
glabrous or nearly so, its bracts
commonly purplish-tipped. [Erig-
eron pusillum Nutt.]

Common in waste and culti-
vated grounds, often growing inter
mixed with L. canadense. Natural-
ized. Native of ttie eastern United
States, ttie West Indies and trop-
ical continental America. Flowers
nearly throughout the yeaf.

9. SENEOIO [Tourn.] L.

Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical &-pecies shrubby or even arbo-
rescent), with alternate or basal leaves, and many-flowered heads, of both
tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. Involucre
cylindric or campanulSte, its principal bracts in 1 series, usually with some
shorter outer ones. Eeceptacle mostly naked. Rays, when present, pistillate,
fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, the limb 5-toothed
or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sagittate.
Achenes terete, or those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-10-
ribbed, papillose, or canescent, at least after wetting, and then usually emitting
a pair of spiral threads. Pappus of numerous slender or capillary, mostly
white bristles. [Latin, senex, an old man, referring to the hoary character of
some species, or to the white pappus.] An immense genus of probably at least
1200 species, of very wide geographic distribution, the following typical.

396

CARDUACEAE.

1. Senecio vulgaris L. Com-
mon Groundsel. (Fig. 434.) An-
nual; stem hollow, usually much
branched, 6-15' high. Leaves 2-
6' long, the lower spatulate in out-
line, petioled, obtuse, the upper
sessile or clasping at the base,
more deeply lobed or incised, their
segments oblong, dentate; heads
several or numerous in the
corymbs, nearly 3" broad; bracts
of the involucre linear, often
blackish-tipped; rays none; achenes
slightly canescent.

Common in waste and culti-
vated grounds. Naturalized. Native
of Europe. Widely naturalized in
North America. Flowers from spring
to autumn.

Senecio mikanioides Otto, German or Italian Ivy, South African, is a
glabrous herbaceous vine, several feet long, with broadly ovate petioled cor-
date, sharply 5-7-lobed leaves 2'-4' broad, and numerous discoid heads of
yellow flowers in terminal and axillary clusters; it is sometimes grown in
flower-gardens.

Senecio Cineraria DC, Dusty Miller, of the Mediterranean region, a per-
ennial herb l°-2i° high, the stems, petioles, involucre and under surfaces of
the pinnatifid leaves densely white-woolly, the heads of yellow flowers about 1'
broad, the ray-flowers about 12, is commonly grown in flower-gardens. [Cin-
eraria maritima L.]

10. EMILIA Cass.

Herbs, with alternate and basal, often clasping leaves, and long-peduncled,
solitary or loosely corymbose heads of pink purple or orange, tubular perfect
and fertile flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its bracts in a single equal
series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla-limb cylindric. Achenes nearly terete
or 5-angled. Pappus of numerous, soft, white, capillary bristles. [Name un-
explained.] About 5 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type species:
Emilia flammea Cass.]

CARDUACEAE.

397

1. Emilia sonchifolia (L.)
DC. Purple Emilia. (Fig. 435.)
Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pu-
bescent below, usually branched,
8-2° high. Basal and lower leaves
petioled, sometimes 5' long, ob-
ovate to oblanceolate, repand-den-
tate to lyrate-pinnatifid, obtuse or
acute at the apex; upper leaves
lanceolate, sessile, sagittate-clasp-
ing, dentate, lobed, or entire;
heads loosely corymbose, many-
iiowered; peduncles very slender
or filiform; involucre 5"-6" high,
its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute,
at length reflexed; flowers rose, or
purple. [Cacalia sonchifolia L.]

Waste garden grounds, Harring-
ton House, 1909. Introduced. Na-
tive of the East Indies. Widely nat-
uralized in ttie West Indies. Flowers
in spring and summer.

Emilia sagittata (Vahl) DC, ARubw-LEAVED Emilia, also East Indian,
with lanceolate acute sparingly serrate, sagittate-clasping leaves 6' long or
less, the heads of orange or red flowers in long-stalked clusters, was grown in
the garden at Somerville in 1914. [Cacalia sagittata Vahl.]

11. POLYMNIA L.

Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous
lobed or angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large corymbose-
paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or whitish flowers, or rays
sometimes obsolete. Involucre hemispheric or broader, of about 5 large outer
bracts, and more numerous smaller inner ones. Receptacle chaffy. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts, the ligules
elongated, minute or none. Disk-flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the
receptacle, perfect, sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-toothed
at the base. Pappus none. Achenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From
the Muse Polhymnia.] About 10 species, natives of America. Type species:
Folymnia canadensis L.

398

CABDUACEAE.

1. Polymnia Uvedalia L.

Yellow or Large-flowered Leaf-
cup. Bear's-foot. (Fig. 436.)
Rough-pubescent, stout, branched,
2°-6° high. Leaves broadly ovate
or deltoid, 3-nerved, abruptly con-
tracted above the base, minutely
ciliate, more or less pubescent on
both sides, angulate-lobed, the
lower often 1° long and broad,
petioled, the upper sessile, some-
what clasping; heads few l*'-2^'
broad; rays 10-15, linear-oblong,
bright yellow ; exterior bracts of the
cup-like involucre ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse, 4"-10" long; achenes laterally
compressed, nearly 3" long.

Rocky and sandy hillsides, espe-
cially between Castle Harbor and
Harrington Sound ; on Abbots' Cliff,
and locally in Paget. Eastern United
States. Apparently native, though
regarded by Lefroy as naturalized.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

12. PARTHENIUM L.

Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate
leaves, and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate
white or yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its
bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle
convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, siirrounding the disk-flowers.
Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad, 2-toothed or
obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the style
undivided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the
inner face, margined, bearing the per-
sistent ray on the summit. Pappus of
2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, virgin.]
About 12 species, natives of America,
the following typical.

1. Parthenium Hysterophorus L.
Parthenium. Santa Marl\. (Fig.
437.) Annual, strigose or sometimes
slightly hirsute. Stems l°-2i° tall,
branched; leaves oblong to ovate in out-
line, 1-2-pinnately parted, the segments
lanceolate to linear, pinnatifid or toothed ;
heads numerous; involucre saucer-like,
about 2V' broad; bracts concave, the
outer rhombic or elliptic-rhombic, the
inner broader, cuneate at the base; ray-
flowers few; rays whitish, about i"
broad; achenes obovate, about *" long.

Common in waste and cultivated
ground. Naturalized. Native of the south-
ern United States and tropical America.
Flowers from spring to autumn.

CARDUACEAE.

399

13. VERBESINA L.

Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite
leaves, and small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate
whitish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts im-
bricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Eeceptacle flat or
convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes. Ray-flowers pistil-
late, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular, 4-
toothed or rarely 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2 -toothed at the base.
Style-branches of the disk-flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes
thick, those of the rays 3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none,
or of a few short teeth. [Name altered from Verbena.] About 4 species,
mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical.

1. Verbesina alba L. Eclipta.
(Fig. 438.) Annual, rough with ap-
pressed pubescence, erect or diffuse, 6'-
3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, denticulate or entire, nar-
rowed to a sessile base, or the lower
petioled, l'-5' long, 2"-10" wide; heads
commonly numerous, 3"-6" broad, nearly
sessile, or slender-peduncled; rays short,
nearly white; anthers brown; achenes
4-toothed, or at length truncate.
[Eclipta erecta L. ; E. alba Hassk.]

Frequent in marshes and in wet waste
grounds. Native. Southeastern United
States and tropical America. Flowers
from spring to autumn.

14. BORRICHIA Adans.

Fleshy, branching shrubs of the seacoast and salt marshes, with opposite
entire or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, 1-3-nerved leaves,
and terminal large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow
flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the
inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave,
subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile.
Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style-branches elongated,
hispid. Anthers entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes of the ray-
flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate
crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist.] About 5 species,
native of America. Type species : Buphthalmum frutescens L.

Scales of the receptacle cuspidate. 1. B. frutescens.

Scales of the receptacle acute or obtuse. 2. B. arhorescens.

400

CARDUACEAE.

2. Borrichia arborescens (L.)
DC. Sea Ox-eye. (Fig. 440.) A
branching shrub l°-6° tall, with
silky-canescent or glabrous foliage,
sometimes with both gray and
green leaves on the same plant.
Leaves oblanceolate or spatu-
late-oblanceolate, l'-2^' long, with
dark rigid cuspidate tips, entire,
sessile; heads 1' broad or less on
club-shaped peduncles; outer in-
volucre-bracts keeled, acute or ob-
tuse, appressed at maturity; the
inner larger, rounded at the apex;
scale of the receptacle blunt; ray-
flowers few. [Buphthalmum arbor-
escens L.]

Common on coastal rocks. Na-
tive. Florida and the West Indies.
Flowers from spring to winter.
Presumably reached Bermuda by
floating.

1. Borrichia fnitescens (L.) DC.

8ALTMARSH Ox-EYE. (Fig. 439.)

Finely canescent, even when old; stems
terete, sparingly branched, l°-4° high.
Leaves mostly erect or ascending, nar-
rowly spatulate or obovate, tapering to
the sessile base, somewhat connate, l'-3'
long, 2' -7" wide ; heads solitary or few,
about 1' broad; rays 15-25, rather short;
exterior bracts of the involucre ovate
and somewhat spreading, the inner ones
and the scales of the receptacle cuspi-
date. [BuplitJialmum fnitescens L.]

Salt marshes and borders of salt
water lagoons. Coasts of Castle Harbor,
native. Southeastern United States. Flow-
ers in summer and autumn. Presumably
reached Bermuda by floating.

15. HELIANTHUS L.

Erect, mostly branched herbs, with simple leaves, and large peduncled
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, the disk yellow,
brown or purple. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts imbricated in
several series. Eeceptacle chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays
spreading, mostly entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla tubular,

CAEDUACEAE.

401

the tube short, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothecl
at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes thick,
oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or
awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, pun-
flower.] About 60 species, natives of the New World. Type species: Heli-
anthus annuus L.

1. Helianthus debilis Nutt. Low
Sunflower. (Fig. 441.) Annual, sca-
brous, branched, l°-3° high, the branches
mostly spreading or decumbent. Leaves
alternate, or the lower opposite, slender-
petioled, triangular-ovate to hastate, 11'-
3V long, acute or acuminate at the apex,
broadly cuneate to subcordate at the base,
repand-dentate or coarsely toothed;
heads about 2' broad, long-peduncled;
bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate,
i' long or less, acuminate; rays 8-15,
bright yellow; disk purple, 7"-10" broad;
receptacle nearly flat.

In a field, Middle Road, 1913, collected
by F. S. Collins. Introduced. Native of
the southeastern United States^ Flowers
in summer.

Helianthus annuus L., Sunflov^^er, North American, a tall broad-leaved
annual herb, with rough stems and foliage, large heads at the ends of branches,
the disk-flowers purplish, the bright yellow rays often 6' long, is often grown
in gardens for ornament.

Helianthus tuberosus L., Jerusalem Artichoke, North American, a tall
perennial, with rough ovate leaves, the rootstocks bearing edible tubers, the
heads '2'-3' broad, both disk-flowers and rays yellow, is occasionally grown in
gardens.

16. BIDENS [Tourn.] L.

Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dis-
sected leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both
tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre cam-
panulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or slightly united at the
base; the outer often foliaceous. Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff
subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present, neutral. Disk-flowers per-
fect, fertile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely
sagittate at the base. Style-branches with short or subulate tips. Achenes flat,
quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong, or linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth
or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-
toothed, referring to the achenes.] About 75 species of wide geographic dis-
tribution. Type species: Bidens hipartita L.

27

402

CAItDUAOEAE.

1. Bidens pilosa L, White Beggar-ticks.
(Fig. 442.) Annual, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, l°-3° high, more or less branched.
Leaves petioled, 3-divided, their segments ovate
to lanceolate, I'-S^' long, serrate, acute or
acuminate, the uppermost sometimes undivided;
involucre campanulate, about 4" high, its outer
bracts linear-oblong, usually shorter than the
inner; rays, when present, white, 5"-10" long,
2-3-lobed ; achenes fusiform, unequal, the inner
longer than the involucre; pappus of 2-4 yel-
low downwardly barbed awns. [B. leucantha
Willd.]

Common in waste and cultivated ground.
Naturalized. Native of tropical America. Both
radiate and rayless races occur. Flowers in sum-
mer and autumn.

17. GAIiINSOGA R. & P.
Annual branching herbs, with opposite
leaves, and small peduncled heads of both
tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in
the upper axils. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts in 2 series,
ovate, obtuse, membranous, striate. Eeceptacle conie or elongated, its thin
chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, fertile, the
rays 4 or 5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers
minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches tipped with acute appendages.
Achenes angled, or the outer ones flat. Pappus of the disk-flowers of several
short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the ray-flowers of several or few
short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M. Galinsoga, super-
intendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid.] About 5 species, natives of
tropical and warm temperate America, the following typical.

1. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galin-
soga. (Fig. 443.) Slightly appressed-
pubescent, l°-3° high. Leaves thin,
ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved, f'-3^'
long, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse
at the base, dentate, the lower slender-
petioled, the upper short-petioled or
sessile, and sometimes nearly or quite
entire; heads usually numerous, 2"-3"
broad, slender-peduncled ; bracts of the
involucre glabrous or nearly so, the outer
shorter; pappus of the disk-flowers 4-16,
oblong to spatulate, fimbriate obtusish
scales, shorter than the finely pubescent
obpyramidal achene.

Cultivated grounds, occasional or fre-
quent ; first introduced in the Agricultural
Gardens in 1!)08. Naturalized. Native of
tropical America. Widely naturalized in
the United States. Flowers In summer and
autumn, probably also earlier.

CARDUACEAE.

403

18. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L.

Plerbs, mostly perennial, with erect, leafy stems, finely dissected, pinnatifid
or serrate alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate flowers,
corymbose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or cam-
panulate, its bracts appressed. Imbricated in few series, the outer shorter.
Eeceptacle nearly flat, or convex, chaffy, the membranous chaff subtending the
disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or pink. Disk-
flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and
entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes ob-
long or obovate, slightly compressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles.]
About 75 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World.
Type species: Achillea santolina L.

1. Achillea Millefdlium L.

Yarrow. Milfoil. (Fig. 444.)
Perennial from horizontal root-
stocks ; flow^ering stems sparsely
pubescent, or nearly glabrous,
simple, or corymbosely branched
above, l°-2° high. Basal leaves
and those of the numerous short
sterile shoots mostly petioled,
sometimes 10' long and V wide,
those of the stem sessile, all
somewhat pubescent or nearly
glabrous; heads numerous, 2"-
3" broad, in terminal compound
dense, somewhat convex cor-
ymbs; involucre ovoid, its
bracts oblong, stramineous with
greenish keel, obtusish, pubes-
cent; rays 4-6, white, or often
pink or purple.

Grassy woods, Devonshire,
1905. Introduced. Native of the
north temperate zone. Flowers
in summer and autumn.

19. ANTHEMIS [Micheli] L.

Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves,
and usually large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, termi-
nating the branches. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several
series, scarious-margined, appressed, the outer shorter. Eeceptacle convex,
conic or oblong, chaffy at least toward the summit, the chaff subtending the
disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the tube terete or
2-winged, the ray white or yellow, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect,
fertile, yellow, their corollas Avith 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at

404

CARDUACEAE.

the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong, angled,
ribbed or striate. Pappus none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name
of Camomile.] About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. Type
species: Anthemis maritima L,

1. Anthemis Cotula L.

Mayweed. Dog's, or Fetid
Camomile. (Fig. 445.) An-
nual, glandular and with a fetid
odor and acrid taste, much
branched, l°-2° high. Leaves
mostly sessile, l'-2' long, finely
1-3-pinnately dissected into
narrow, or almost filiform,
acute lobes; heads commonly
numerous, about 1' broad;
bracts of the involucre oblong,
obtuse or obtusish, usually
somewhat tomentose; rays 10-
18, mostly 3-toothed; receptacle
convex, becoming oblong, its
chaff bristly, subtending the
central flowers; achenes 10-
ribbed, rugose or glandular-
tuberculate; pappus none.

Waste grounds and lawns,
occasional. Sometimes cultivated.
Introduced. Native of Europe.
Widely naturalized in North
America. Flowers in spring and
summer.

20. CHRYSANTHEMUM [Tourn.] L.

Perennial or annual, mostly erect and branching herbs, with alternate
dentate incised or dissected leaves, and large, usually long-peduncled heads of
both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemi-
spheric or depressed, its bracts apj)ressed, imbricated in several series, the
outer shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked. Ray-flowers
pistillate, fertile, the rays white, yellow or rose-colored, entire or toothed.
Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with terete or '2-winged tubes and
4-5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. -Style-branches of the
disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes angled or terete, 5-10-ribbed, those
of the ray-flowers commonly 3-angled. Pappus none or a scaly cup. [Greek,
golden-flower.] About 100 species, of wide distribution in the northern hemi-
sphere. Type species: Chrysaniliemum coronarium L.

Heads large, solitary or few ; leaves obovate to spatulate, dentate or incised.

1. C Leucanthemum.
Heads small, numerous, corymbose ; leaves pinnately parted

or pinnatifid 2. C. Parthenimn.

CAEDUACEAE.

405

1. Chrysanthemum Leu-
canthemum L. White-weed.
White or Ox-eye Daisy.
(Fig. 446.) Perennial; stems
glabrous, or sjDaringly puberu-
lent, simple or little branched,
l°-^2° high, often tufted, the
branches nearly erect. Basal
leaves obovate, oblong, or spat-
ulate, coarsely dentate or in-
cised, narrowed into long slen-
der petioles; stem-leaves mostly
sessile and partly clasping, 1'-
3' long, the uppermost very
small and nearly entire; heads
l'-2' broad, on long naked pe-
duncles; rays 20-30, white,
spreading, slightly 2-3-toothed;
bracts of the involucre oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, mostly gla-
brous, with scarious margins
and a brown line within the
margins; pappus none.

Frequent in grassy places,
especially in Pembroke and Paget.
Naturalized. Native of Europe.
Widely naturalized in North
America. Flowers in summer
and autumn.

2. Chrysanthemum Parthe-
nium (L.) Pers. Common
Fe\terfew. Featherfew. (Fig.
447.) Perennial; stem puberu-
lent or glabrate, much branched,
r-2r high. Leaves thin, the
lower often 6' long, petioled, or
the upper sessile, pinnately
parted into ovate or oblong, pin-
natifid or incised segments;
heads numerous, corymbose,
slender-peduncled, 6"-10"
broad; bracts of the depressed
involucre lanceolate, rather
rigid, keeled, pubescent, acute
or acutish; rays 10-20, white,
oval or obovate, spreading,
mostly toothed, long-persistent;
pappus a short toothed crown.
[Matricaria Parthemum L. ;
Pi/rethrum Partheniiim Smith.]

Ocassionally escaped from
cultivation. Grown in gardens.
Native of Europe. Flowers in
summer and autumn.

406 CARDUACEAE.

Chrysanthemum frutescens L., Marguerite, of the Canary Islands, a gla-
brous shrub about 3° high, with green leaves 2'-4' long, pinnately cleft into
narrow segments, the few or solitary heads of white flowers on slender erect
peduncles, the rays about f long, is grown in flower-gardens.

Chrysanthemum morifolium Eamat., Garden Chrysanthemum, Asiatic,
with ovate short-petioled variously toothed, pubescent leaves, the flowers
^*arious in color and size, mostly double, is grown in a variety of forms.
Chrysanthemum indicum L., also Asiatic, differs in having glabrous foliage.

Chrysanthemum coronarium L., Annual Chrysanthemum, of the Medi-
terranean region, occasional in flower-gardens, is a glabrous branched annual,
2°-4° high, with deeply pinnatifid leaves, their narrow segments toothed or
incised, the peduncled heads about 2' broad, the rays light yellow, the disk-
flowers yellow.

Chrysanthemum carinatum L., Keeled Chrysanthemum, African, also
annual and occasionally grown, is glabrous, li°-2° high, with deeply pinnatifid
leaves, their segments toothed or lobed, the stout-peduncled beads 2'-3' broad,
their involucre-bracts keeled, the notched rays variously colored, the disk-
flowers purple.

Chrysanthemum anethifolium Brouss., Glaucous Marguerite, of the
Canary Islands, a shrub similar to C. frutescens L., but pale green and glau-
cous, with very finely divided leaves, their segments narrowly linear, the
numerous heads slender-peduncled, with white rays about V long, is also occa-
sionally grown.

Chrysanthemum maximum Eamond, Large-flowered Ox-eye Daisy,
Shasta Daisy, of the Pyrenees, resembles C. Leucanthemum L., but has
larger leaves, the basal ones up to 4' long, spatulate or oblanceolate, obtuse
and serrate, the large head always solitary, with numerous white rays I'-l^'
long. The plant grown as Shasta Daisy is said to be a hybrid of this with
some other species.

Ageratum conyzoides L., Wild Ageratum, native of tropical America
and widely distributed, recorded as a weed by Lefroy, is not attributed to Ber-
muda by other authors and has not been observed by recent collectors. It is
an annual herb, 3° high or less, wiih ovate toothed leaves and terminal
corymbs of small heads with blue or white flowers, the pappus of 5 to 7 narrow
pointed scales, the involucre scales oblong, abruptly acute, nearly glabrous.

Ageratum Houstonianum Mill., Garden Ageratum, tropical American, is
similar to the preceding, but the involucral bracts are linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate and pubescent. It is commonly grown in flower-gardens. [A. mexicanum
Sweet.]

Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake, Tall Tithonia, Mexican, planted
for ornament, is an herb 5°-6° tall, with variously lobed and toothed, thin acute
leaves 4-8' long, green above, pale and canescent with short appressed hairs
beneath, the large heads on long peduncles thickened toward the top, the
involucre of large, ovate to lanceolate, glabrous striate-nerved bracts in 2 or 3
series, the bright yellow rays li'-2' long. [T. tagetiflora Desf.]

Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg, Large-flowered Tickseed, North American,
grown in flower-gardens, is perennial, l°-2i° ^^S^, glabrous or pubescent, the
stem bearing several pairs of pinnately parted petioled leaves with linear
segments, the basal leaves linear-oblong, entire ; the heads of bright yellow
flow^ers are long-peduncled, the 6-10 rays toothed, the achenes broadly winged.

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., Garden Tickseed, North American, a nearly
glabrous annual, l°-5° high, with leaves pinnately divided into narrow seg-
ments, long-peduncled heads, with 6-10 yellow rays brown at base, V-V long,
and flat, oblong achenes with scarcely any pappus, is grown in flower-gardens.

CARDUACEAE. 407

Coreopsis lanceolata L., Lance-leaved Tickseed, North American, per-
ennial, glabrous, 2° high or less, with slender-petioled, narrowly oblong, entire
lower leaves, the upper sessile, linear, sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes, the few-
large heads of bright yellow flowers on long slender peduncles, the 3-7-lobed
rays about 1' long, the pappus of 2 short teeth, is also grown in flower-gardens.

Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Shoavy Gaillardia, North American, occa-
sional in flower-gardens, is a roughish-pubescent annual, li°-S° high, with
oblong to spatulate leaves, the basal ones sometimes pinnatifid ; the few large
heads are on long terminal peduncles, with cuneate reddish or orange rays 1'
long or more, brown-veined and often purplish at base; the receptacle is bristly-
fimbrillate.

Dahlia rosea Cav., Garden Dahlia, Mexican, is grown in flower-gardens in
a variety of forms, mostly double-flowered. [D. variabilis Desf.] Its leaves
are pinnate, with 3 or 5 ovate pointed serrate leaflets.

Centaurea americana Nutt., American Star Thistle, Basket Flower,
North American, a tall annual, up to 6° high, roughish, the stem simple, or
with few branches, swollen under the large solitary heads, the numerous stem-
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, 3'-6' long, mostly entire, the nearly
hemispheric involucre 2'-3' broad, with many pectinate-appendaged shining
bracts, the flowers pink or purple, the marginal ones with radiant corolla-limbs,
is occasionally grown in flower-gardens.

Centaurea Cyanus L., Corn-flower, Blue-bottle, European, frequent in
flow^er-gardens is a white-floccose, branched slender annual l°-2i° high, its
numerous mucronate stem-leaves linear or linear -lanceolate, 2'-6' long; its
flower-heads are on terminal peduncles, the bell-shaped involucre with appressed
bracts, their appendages scarious and lacerate, the flowers white, blue or purple,
the marginal ones with radiant corolla-limbs V long or longer.

Centaurea moschata L., Sweet Sultan, Oriental, occasional in flower-
gardens is a glabrous, stifl" annual l°-2° high, with linear-oblong, sharply
dentate or pinnatifid stem-leaves, terminal peduncled heads of white, yellow or
purple, fragrant flowers, the hemispheric or short-ovoid involucre of broad ap-
pressed entire bracts, the upper ones scarious-margined.

Centaurea gymnocarpa Moris. & Not., Velvety Centaury, of Caprea,
mentioned by Lefroy as a weed and also recorded by Jones, has not been found
wild by recent collectors, but is planted in garden borders. It is a white-
velvety perennial, with deeply pinnatifid basal and lower leaves 6'-8' long, the
narrow blunt segments entire or few-toothed, the erect stem l°-2° high bearing
panicled heads less than 1' broad, of violet or rose-purple flowers.

Tanacetum vulgare L., Tansy, European, commonly grown in gardens, is
mentioned by H. B. Small as sometimes escaped; we liave not seen it wild.
Tansy is a perennial herb about 2° high, with finely cut leaves and small heads
of yellow flowers in nearly flat-topped clusters.

Arctotis stoechadifolia Berg., Blue Arctotis, South African, a whitish-
velvety herb l°-2° high, with pinnatifid or variously lobed stem-leaves 3'-6' long,
and solitary or few, long-peduncled heads, the involucre subglobose, the nar-
row pale biue rays 1' long or less, is grown in flower-gardens.

Melampodlum perfoliatum (Willd.) H.B.K., Mexican, a tall annual with
opposite broad thin angulate-lobed leaves and slender-peduncled heads of
small yellow flowers, the involucre of 5 large ovate bracts, recorded by Reade
as rare in plantations prior to 1883,. has not been observed by recent collectors.
[Wedelia perfoliata Willd.]

Crassina elegans (.Jacq.) Kuntze, Garden Zinnia, Mexican, commonly
grown in flower-gardens, is a pubescent annual l°-3° high, with ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, entire acute sessile and clasping leaves l'-3' long and peduncled
heads of purple red yellow or white flowers, the involucre with elliptic

408 CARDUACEAE.

rounded often dark-margined bracts, the rays l'-2' long. [Zinnia elegans
Jacq.]

Gazania splendens Hort., Elegant Gazaxia, South African, a low per-
ennial, with narrowly spatulate, obtuse leaves 2'-4' long, green above, bright
white beneath, and solitary heads on long peduncles, the orange rays about 1'
long, has been grown in flower-gardens. The plant is supposed to be of
hybrid origin.

Gerbera Jamesoni Bolus, ''Tommy Atkins," South African, one of the
most striking plants of this family when in bloom, is a perennial tomentose
herb, with basal long-petioled deeply pinnatifid leaves 1° long or more, the
scapes about as long as the leaves, bearing solitary heads, the scarlet or
orange, linear rays about li' long, the white pappus of many roughish bristles;
it is grown in flower-gardens,

Cynara cardunculus L., Cardoon, of the Mediterranean region, a white-
woolly herb 2°-4° tall, with pinnatifid, often spiny leaves, and large heads of
purple flowers, the involucre of numerous ovate spine-tipped bracts, the
pappus plumose, is occasionally grown in gardens.

Cynara Scolymus L., Globe Artichoke, sometimes grown for its edible
flower-heads, is similar to C. Cardunculus, but the involucral bracts are blunt
or einarginate ; its home is unknown, and it is supposed to have been derived
from the Cardoon in cultivation.

Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene, Stokesia, of the southeastern United
States, perennial, with simple or branched stems about 1^° high, woolly above,
alternate, oblong to lanceolate, thick nearly glabrous leaves spinulose-toothed
toward the base, and large heads of purplish-blue flowers, the rays about 1'
long, the involucral bracts spinulose on the margins, was in cultivation at
Spring Valley in 1914. [CartJiamus laevis Hill; S. cyanea L'Her.]

Cosmos sulphureus Cav., Yellow Cosmos, Mexican, a glabrous branched
annual, about 2° high, with pinnatisect leaves and long-peduncled heads, the
outer involucre-bracts linear-lanceolate, much shorter than the oblong inner
ones, the rays bright yellow, about 1' long, the linear rough long-beaked
achenes tipped by spreading, nearly filiform awns, is grown in flower-gardens.

Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., White or Pink Cosmos, also Mexican, common
in flower-gardens, is annual, up to 6° high, with a glabrous branched stem,
pinnatisect leaves with very narrowly linear segments, and long-peduncled
heads, the outer involucral bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, the rays white,
pink, or sometimes crimson, the narrow achenes short-beaked.

Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Willd., Everlasting, Australian, grown
in flower-gardens, is a glabrous annual 2°-3° high, with narrowly oblong-
lanceolate entire leaves 3'-5' long, and several large heads, the many papery
shining lanceolate bracts of the involucre 5"-8" long, yellow, white or red, the
flowers yellow. [Xeraniliemunn bracteatum Willd.]

Carthamus tinctorius L., Safflower, False Saffron, Asiatic, grown for
coloring and flavoring soups, and yielding a dye, is a glabrous annual, about
4° high, with sessile ovate veiny spinulose-serrate leaves l'-2Y long, and
large terminal heads of orange tubular flowers, the oblong achenes devoid of
pappus.

Calendula officinalis L., Calendula, Pot Marigold, European, common
in flower-gardens, both in single and double-flowered races, is a pubescent
branched annual, with oblong or lanceolate, sessile clasping acute entire
leaves and peduncled heads of yellow or orange flowers, the involucre of nar-
rowly lanceolate acuminate bracts in 1 or 2 series, the rays V long or less, the
rough achenes incurved, without pappus.

Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC, Velvet Plant, Javanese, grown for
ornament, is a branching pubescent herb about 3° tall, with alternate ovate
purple, toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid leaves 2'-5' long, and loosely clustered heads
of yellow or orange flowers. [Cacalia aurantiaca Blume.]

CAKDUACEAE. 409

Class 2. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this
represented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (mi-
crospores) dividing at maturity into two or more cells, one of which
gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium), which directly fer-
tilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female prothal-
lium) in the ovule.

Branching trees or shrubs, with scale-like, flat or needle-shaped leaves ; embryo not
spirally prolonged. Order 1, Pixales.

Simple-stemmed woody plants with large compound leaves

in a crown ; embryo spirally prolonged. Order 2. Cycadales.

Widely branching trees with simple petioled fan-shaped

leaves, the fruit a drupe. Order 3. Ginkgoales.

Order 1. FINALES.

Trees, or rarely shrubs, growing from both terminal and lateral buds,
thus freely branching, the trunks mostly excurrent. Leaves scale-like,
linear or needle-like, sometimes fascicled. Flowers mostly monoecious.
Fruit a cone, with woody or fleshy scales, or drupaceous.

Fruit a cone, sometimes berry-like. Fam. 1. Pixaceae.

Fruit mostly a drupe. Fam, 2. Taxaceae.

Family 1. PINACEAE Lindl.

Pine FAMn^Y. Conifers.

Eesinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale-
like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids
marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules born in sep-
arate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together; fila-
ments more or less united; pollen-sacs (anthers) 2-several-celled, variously
dehiscent ; pollen-grains often provided with two lateral inflated sacs.
Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or amphitropous, borne soli-
tary or several together on the surface of a scale, which is subtended by a
bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody,
papery or fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like. Endosperm copious. Em-
bryo straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and
250 species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions.

1. JUNIPERUS L.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, acicular, subulate
or scale-like, sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes
monoecious, small globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked.
Staminate aments oblong or ovoid ; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved,
Ovule-bearing aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely
verticillate in 3 's, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose,
berry-like by the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony
seeds. [Name Celtic] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere,
some of them extending into tropical regions. Type species: Juniperus
communis L.

410

PINACEAE.

1. Juniperus bermudiana L. Ber-
muda Cedar. Bermuda Juniper. (Fig.
448.) An irregularly and rather widely
branched tree, conic in outline when young,
becoming round-topped when old, with a
spread of branches greater than its height,
reaching a maximum height of about 70
feet with a trunk up to 4° in diameter, the
thin grey bark flaky in long narrow strips.
Leaves of young plants and of shoots
linear-acicular, ascending, 3"-5" long, less
than V' wide, nearly flat and whitish above,
convex and bright green beneath, 4-ranked ;
leaves of mature old twigs scale-like, about
1" long, closely appressed, imbricated, 4-
ranked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blunt, the
leaf -bearing twigs appearing 4-sided;
staminate flowers yellow; fruits compressed
and depressed-globose, sessile at the ends
of short scale-bearing twigs, dark blue, with
a bloom, about 3" high, 4" wide and 3"
thick. [Sahina hermudiaiia Antoine.]

Abundant and forming nearly pure forests on hillsides and along marshes in
all parishes. Flowers in March and April. Fruit ripe in September and October.
Endemic. As one of the most interesting of all trees and the most conspicuous
vegetable object of Bermuda, this cedar has an extensive literature. Especial
reference is made to the account by Dr. Hooker in London Journal of Botany 2 :
141-145 ; the paper by Mr. Hemsley in Gardner's Chronicle, 53 : 656, 657, where
two illustrations are printed ; to Dr. Maxwell F. Masters' account in Journal of
Botany 37: 1-11; to an editorial in Garden and Forest 4: 289, 290, 294, 295, with
reproductions of full-page photographs of the old tree in Devonshire Churchyard
and of one of the large trees formerly standing in the Devonshire Marsh ; Mr.
Hemsley published detailed illustrations on plate 5, Botany of the Challenger
Expedition. The earliest published illustration known to me is that of Plukenet
in 1696, in his Almagestum Botanicum, platr 197. f. .',. as Juniperus horhadensis
cupressi folio, ramulis quadratis ; in 1730 another figure was published in a Cata-
logue of Plants in a Garden near London.

The rules of botanical nomenclature may require the substitution of the name
Juniperus harhaJensis Linnaeus for Jtmiperus hermudiana Linnaeus, the name
usually applied to it. Linnaeus published these two species in 1753 on the same
page (p. 1039) of his Species Plantarum, J. harbadensis standing first in the
sequence and both names, it has been argued, refer to the Bermuda Cedar. For a
discussion of this point reference is made to the paper by R. Pilger, " Juniperi
Species antillanae " in Prof. TTrban's Symbolae Antillanae 7 : 478-481. 1913.

The most abundant and characteristic tree of Bermuda. Although supposed by
some observers to grow elsewhere, there is no good evidence that it occurs wild ex-
cept on these islands, although it is recorded as having grown in the West Indies.
The wood is red, soft and easily worked ; it fades by exposure to the sun ; it is
used for furniture, cofl5ns, fence-posts, and for a great variety of small objects,
such as paper-cutters, boxes and rulers. The tree is planted along streets and for
avenue approaches to buildings and can be clipped into arbor-arches and hedges.

Its nearest relative is JtDiipcrus lucuiiana Britton. of the northern Bahama
Islands and Cuba, which resembles it in having smaller fruit broader than high,
but has much more slender twigs and branches and smaller leaves. The Bermuda
tree may, perhaps, have originated from the Bahama species by a seed transported
by a bird in northern migratory flight, the plant becoming differentiated through
long isolation from its ancestors.

On soil of average fertility the tree grows in height about two feet, and the
trunk increases in thickness about half an inch annually up to an age of fifteen
or twenty years, after which its growth is progressively slower. Its roots spread
widely. The famous ancient tree in Devonshire Churchyard measured 15.43 feet
in circumference on Dec. 11, 1912, and then bore only a few leafy branches at
the top.

Poetic license is, apparently, responsible for the delusion that this tree is the
same as the Cedar of Lebanon

With cedars chosen by His hand
from Lebanon He stores the land."

A. Marvel.

PINACEAE. 411

Cedrus libani Barrel., the true Cedar-of-Lebanon, native of Lebanon and
Taurus, was represented by a tree 6° high at the Agricultural Station in 1913.
It has fascicled, narrowly linear leaves about 1' long; the tree becomes 90°
high or more, with heavy ovoid cones nearly 3' long.

Thuja orientalis L., Asiatic Arbor-vitae, Asiatic, a tree becoming, under
favorable conditions, 25° high, planted for ornament, has flattened branchlets,
imbricated ovate acute scale-like leaves about IV' long, and ovoid cones
about 9" long, composed of about 6 ovate, horned scales. [Biota orientalis
Endl.] A tree more than 40 years old was growing at Rosebank in 1914, at
which date it was 28^ inches in trunk circumference.

Cupressus sempervirens L., Oriental Cypress, of southern Europe and
western Asia, where it forms a tree up to 80° high or more, the branches erect
or ascending, has occasionally been planted ; its short branchlets are covered
by ovate blunt scales about V long, and appear quadrangular ; its cones are
nearly 1' in diameter, globose, of about 10 scales.

Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw., Monterey Cypress, Californian, similar
to the preceiling, but with stouter twigs and larger scales, the branches nearly
horizontal, has al?o been planted.

Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana (A. Murray) Pari., Port Orford Cedar, of
the northwestern United States, experimentally planted at the Public Garden,
St. George's, in 1914, is a very large tree, up to 180° high in its native forests;
it has flattened twigs, bearing ovate scaledike appressed leaves, glandular on
the back and its globose cones are only 5" in diameter.

Callitris verrucosa R. Br., recorded by Jones as C. varicosa, an error in
spelling, is an Australian conifer, now regarded as the same as Callitris robusta
R. Br. ; it was not observed by us in Bermuda.

Pinus halepensis Mill., Aleppo or Jerusalem Pine, of the Mediterranean
region, was represented at the Public Garden, St. George's, by a young tree in
1913, Its leaves are 4' long or less, 2 or sometimes 3 together in short mem-
branous sheaths, very narrowly linear and bluish-green. This tree becomes at
least 60° high and bears woody cones 2V-3y long.

Pinus palustris Mill., Long-leaf Pine of the southeastern United States,
of which a large tree exists at Inglewood, planted many years ago, has leaves
about 1° long, 3 in each sheath, the cone 6'-10' long.

Pinus serotina Michx., Black Pine, Pond Pine, of the southeastern
United States, with 3 glaucous leaves in each sheath, 6-10' long, was taken to
Mt. Langton from the New York Botanical Garden in 1913. The cones of this
tree are about 2' long,

Pinus Strobus L., White Pine, North American, has been planted, but
the climate is too warm for it to grow at all vigorously. An interesting tree
seen at Norwood in 1914 was then about 15 years old, but only 7° high. This
pine has 5 needles in a sheath, and its cones become 6' long, their rounded
scales without prickles.

H. B. Small mentions a weeping-leaved pine from Central America, seen
by him at Bellevue.

Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) Don, Cryptomeria, of China and Japan,
experimentally planted at Wood Haven in 1914, attains a height up to 125° or
more in its native region; it has whorled branches, linear angled leaves about

412 PINACEAE.

1' long, rather densely covering the twigs, and globose cones 1' in diameter,
their scales with a recurved dorsal appendage. [Cupressus japonica L. f.]

Araucaria Bidwillii Hook,, Bunya-bunya, Australian, seen as a young
plant at Cedar Lodge in 1914, becomes, under favorable conditions, a tali
narrow tree with slender twigs; its stiff lanceolate sharp-pointed leaves are
about V long, spreading in one plane, although arranged in two rows; Lefroy
records two trees at Mt. Langton in 1877, but they have not survived.

Araucaria excelsa E. Br., Xorfolk Island Pine, is the most luxuriant
coniferous evergreen tree that has been introduced into Bermuda, and there
are now many fine specimens on lawns; some of them 45° high or more. This
tree has nearly horizontal whorled branches, the twigs densely covered with
narrow curved leaves about V long; its ovoid blunt cones, about 5' long, are
covered with narrow scales with reflexed tips; lateral branches, when planted,
remain prostrate and spread over the ground.

Young plants, about 8' high, of Sequoia Washingtoniana (Winslow)
Sudworth, the Mammoth Tree, or Big Tree of California, and of Sequoia
sempervirens (Lamb.) Endlicher, the Eed-wood, of the Pacific coast of the
United States, were seen at Paget Eectory in 1914, grown from seeds ger-
minated there. Lefroy planted a young Mammoth Tree in 1874 and records
its- living up to 1877.

A row of young Spruces (Picea sp.) were seen at Camden in 1914; they
were then not large enough to bear cones, and the species is not determined.

Lefroy records the planting of many kinds of conifers at Mt. Langton,
which did not succeed.

Family 2. TAXACEAE Lindl.

Yew Family.

Trees or shrubs, resin-bearing except Taxus. Leaves evergreen or de-
ciduous, linear, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in separate clusters or
solitary. Perianth wanting. Stamens much as in the Pinaceae. Ovules
with either one or t^vo integuments; when two, the outer one fleshy; when
only one, its outer part fleshy. Fruit drupaceous or rarely a cone. About
8 genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution, most numerous
in the southern hemisphere.

Podocarpus Makoyi Blume, Makoy's Podocarpus, Japanese, a shrub or
small tree, with linear-lanceolate acute dark-green leaves about 3' long and 3"
wide, their margins revolute, was taken to Mt. Langton from the New York
Botanical Garden in 1913.

Podocarpus coriaceus L. C. Eich., Leathery Podocarpus, of the eastern
West Indies and northern South America, recorded by Jones as growing in
Bermuda prior to 1873, forms a tree up to 75° high; its leaves are 4' to 6' long,
4"-8" wide, their margins flat or nearly so.

Order 2. CYCADALES.

Palm-like or fern-like dioecious woody plants with erect trunks, some-
times short and wholly buried in the ground, growing only from the summit
and thus unbranched, although sometimes forming lateral adventitious

CYCADACEAE. 413

Flowers in terminal
cones, or on modified leaves. Scales of the staminate cones bearing several
anther-sacs. Ovule-bearing scales or leaves with two or more naked ovules.
Seeds drupe-like or nut-like. Only the following family.

Family 1. CYCADACEAE Lindl.

Cycad Family.

Nine genera and about 90 species, of tropical distribution.

Cycas revoluta Thimb., iSago Palm, of tropical Asia, Avidely planted for
ornament, and very luxuriant, has a cylindric rough trunk up to 7° high, nearly
1° thick, topped by a crown of dark green stiff shining pinnate leaves 3°-6°
long, short-petioled, with very numerous, nearly linear leaflets; the flowers are
in large yellowish clusters, which alternate with a crown of leaves ; rarely a
few leaves are borne with the flower-cluster, unfolding at the same time. The
leaves are gathered and exported for funeral and other decorations.

Zamia floridana DC, Coontte, Floridian, observed growing at Bellevue in
1913, has a vertical stem several inches long, nearly completely buried in the
ground, the several pinnate leaves arising in a tuft from its summit, with 28-40
linear leaflets 3i'-6' long and about 3" wide; its fruit is an oblong, short-
stalked cone of peltate scales; its staminate cones are narrowly oblong; only
pistillate plants were seen at Bellevue.

Dioon edule Lindl., Cycas-like Dioon, Mexican, of which a fine specimen
existed at Sunny Lands in 1914, has leaves up to 6° long, similar to those of
Cycas revoluta, with very many lanceolate rigid entire sharp-tipped segments
3'-4' long and about 4" wide ; its flowers are borne in a terminal cone, that of
staminate flowers cylindric, of pistillate ones ovoid, sometimes 12' long.

Dioon spinulosum Dyer, Spinulose-leaved Dioox, also Mexican, growing
with the preceding at Sunny Lands, has leaves as large or larger, their spinulose-
toothed segments 5'-6' long and 8"-10" broad.

Order 3. GINKGOALES.

Trees, with broad deciduous leaves and dioecious flowers in the axils
of scales. Staminate flowers in catkin-like clusters, the anthers spirally
aiTanged. Pistillate flowers with a solitary ovule which ripens into a
fleshy drupe. The order consists of a single species.

Ginkgo biloba L., Maidenhair-tree, Ginkgo, Chinese, two small trees of
which were seen at Bellevue in 1914, is one of the most peculiar and interesting
gymnospermous plants, having clustered slender-petioled finely parallel-veined,
broadly wedge-shaped, 2-lobed and variously toothed leaves 2'-3' broad and
somewhat broader than long; the flowers are mostly dioecious, the staminate in
catkins, the pistillate 2 together, one of the latter ripening into a drupe about
1' long, its flesh unpleasantly odorous.

Phylum 2. PTERIDOPHYTA.

Ferns and Fern-Allies.
Plants containing' woody and vascular tissues, producing spores
asexually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green

414 OSMUNDACEAE.

prothallia (gametophyte). On these are borne the reproductive
organs, the female known as archegones, the male as antherids.
From the fertilization of the egg in the archegone by spermato-
zoids produced in the antherid, the asexual phase (sporophyte) of
the plant is developed; this phase is represented by an ordinary
fern, lycopod or horsetail. Comprising about 6000 living species,
of Avhich more than three fourths are confined to tropical regions.
The native species have all reached Bermuda by spores carried on
the wind.

Spores produced in sporanges borne on the leaves, or panicled or in special con-
ceptacles.

Spores all alike ; Bermuda species all terrestrial plants. Order 1. Filicales.

Spores of two sizes : small floating plants. Order 2. Salviniales.

Spores produced in sporanges borne in the axils of scale-like

leaves. Order 3. Lycopodiales.

Order 1. FILICALES.

Spores, all of one kind and size, produced in sporanges, which are
borne usually in clusters (sori), on the back of a leaf, or on greatly modi-
fied pinnae.

Sporanges opening vertically, panicled, with a rudimentary ring ; marsh ferns.

Fam. 1. OSMUXDACEAE.

Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical

ring, borne in sori on the back or margin of a leaf. Fam. 2. Polypodiaceae.

Family 1. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br.

Royal Fern Family.

Large ferns with stout often erect rootstocks, 1-2 pinnate leaves which
are coiled in vernation, the veins free, mostly forked, running to the
margins of the pinnules or lobes. Sporanges large, globose, with mere
traces of an elastic ring of cells or none, borne on modified contracted
pinnae or in clusters (sori) on the lower surfaces of the pinnules. Three
genera; only one American.

1. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L.

Tall marsh ferns, growing in large crowns, with the fertile (spore-bearing)
portions very much contracted, the short-pedicelled naked sporanges on the
margins of their rachis-like divisions, which are destitute of chlorophyll. Veins
forked, regular and prominent. Sporanges thin, reticulated, opening by a
longitudinal cleft into two halves, a few parallel thickened cells near the apex
representing the rudimentary transverse ring. Spores green. [From Osmunder,
a name for the god Thor.] Eight species, mostly of the north temperate zone.
Type species: Osmunda regalis L.

Leaves biplnnate, fertile at the apex. 1. O. regalis.

Sterile leaves once pinnate ; pinnae of sterile leaf with a tuft of

tomentum at base : fertile leaf distinct from sterile. 2. O. cinnamomea.

OSMUNDACEAE.

415

1. Osmunda regalis L. Royal
Fern. (Fig. 449.) Rootstock stout,
bearing a cluster of tall bipinnate
leaves 2°-6° high, and 1° or more
wide. "Sterile pinnae 6-1° long,
the pinnules oblong-ovate or lance-
olate-oblong, sessile or slightly
stalked, glabrous, finely serrulate,
especially near the apex and occa-
sionally crenate towards the trun-
cate, oblique or cordate base ; sporo-
phylls linear-cylindric, panicled
at the summit, withering and
shrivelling with age, greenish be-
fore maturity, but becoming dark
brown after the spores have fallen.

Common in the larger marshes.
Native. North America, Europe and
Asia.

2. Osmunda cinnamomea L.

Cinnamon Fern. (Fig. 450.)
Rootstock large, widely creeping,
bearing a, circular cluster of sterile
leaves with one or more fertile
ones within or some leaves partly
sterile and partly fertile. Stipes
1° or more long, clothed with fer-
ruginous tomentum when young,
glabrous when old ; sterile leaves
l°-3° long, glabrous when mature,
except a small tuft of tomentum
at the base of each pinna; pinnae
linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid
into oblong obtuse segments; sporo-
phyll contracted, bipinnate, soon
withering ; sporanges cinnamon-
colored after the copious green
spores have been discharged.

Common in the larger marshes.
Native. Eastern North America to
Mexico.

Family 2. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br.

Fern Family.

Ferns of various habit, the rootstoeks horizontal and often elongated,

pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound,

or short and erect, the leaves entire,

416

POLYPODIACEAE.

coiled in vernation. Sporanges borne in clusters (sori) on tlie lower side
or margins of the leaves or their segments, stalked, provided with a vertical
ring, opening transversely. Sori with or without a membranous covering
(indusium). Prothallium green. About 150 genera and 4500 species of
wide distribution.

Sori confluent, covering the under sides of leaf-segments. 1. Acrostichum.

Sori separated, not covering leaf-segments.

Sori without indusia. 2. Polijpodium.

Sori with indusia.
Indusia marginal.

Sporanges on continuous, vein-like receptacles.
Indusia simple.

Stipe of leaf with one fibrovascular bundle. 3. Pycnodoria.

Stipe with more than one fibrovascular bundle. 4. Anopteris.

Indusia double. 5. Pteris.

Sporanges at the ends of veins. 6. Adiantum.

Indusia dorsal.

Sori twice as long as wide or longer.

Sori parallel to the midvein. 7. Anchistea.

Sori oblique to the midvein.

Indusia mostly simple. 8. Asplenium.

Indusia commonly double. 9. Diplazium.

Sori orbicular or nearly so, or reuiform.
Sori borne on the backs of veinlets.

Indusia orbicular, peltate. 10. Polystichum.

Indusia reniform. 11. Dryopteris.

Sori borne at the ends of veinlets. 12. Nephrolepis.

1. ACROSTICHUM L.

Swamp-inhabiting ferns, with the leaves growing in crowns. Sporanges
spread over the whole lower surface of the leaf-blades, or of the upper seg-
ments. Veins forming copious areolae without free veinlets. [Greek, signify-
ing a summit row.] A few species, natives of warm temperate and tropical
America. Type species: Acrostichum aureum L.

1. Acrostichum excelsura

Maxon. GiAXT Ferx. (Fig. 451.)
Eootstocks erect, solitary, or in
masses. Petioles tufted, erect,
woody, 4'-27' long, flattish, chan-
neled; blades leathery, 3°-4° long,
l°-li° wide; segments 10 pairs or
more, rather distant; sporanges
confined to the upper half or third
of the leaf-blade, or all segments
spore-bearing, or all without spores ;
segregate of corpuscles covering
sporanges sausage-shaped ; vena-
tion fine, oblique to the margin.
[A. aureum of Eeade, Hemsley,
Jones and Lefroy; A. lomarioides
Jenman, not Bory.]

Common in marshes. Native.
Florida and the West Indies. Small
plants have been referred to the
tropical American A. cnn-eum L.,
which differs in having star-shaped
segregates of the corpuscles covering
the sporanges.

POLYPODIACEAE.

417

2. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L.

Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks.
Sori hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs.
Indusium none. Sporanges pedieelled, provided with a vertical ring which
bursts transversely. Veins free or variously anastomosing. [Greek, in allu-
sion to the knob-like prominences on the rootstocks of some species.] About
350 species, of wide distribution, mostly tropical. Type species: Polypodium

ire L.

1. Polypodium Plumula H.B.K.

Plume Polypody. (Fig. 452.) Leaves
erect or spreading; petioles l'-4' long,
black, slender; blades narrowly lanceo-
late, 8'-16' long; pinnae numerous,
narrow, entire, blunt, the lower abruptly
smaller, the surfaces naked except the
black wiry rachis; veins once forked,
obscure. [P. elasticum A. Eich. ; P.
pectinatum of Jones.]

Shaded holes and crevices between
Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor. Na-
tive. Florida and the West Indies.

Polypodium pectinatum L., a similar Floridian and tropical American
species, is recorded as Bermudan by Rein, and by Hemsley from Walsingham,
but subsequent collectors have failed to find it in Bermuda. It differs by
being usually larger and in having veins 2-3-forked.

3. PYCNODORIA Presl.

Mostly large ferns, the petioles not jointed with the rootstocks, the leaves
variously divided. Sori marginal, continuous or nearly so, on a filiform or
narrow receptacle connecting the tips of the free veins; indusium simple,
membranous, formed by the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pedieelled,
provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Greek, thick-
skinned.] Many species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Pteris
opaca J. Smith.

28

418

POLYPODIACEAE.

1. Pycnodoria longifolia (L.)
Britton. Loxg-leaved Brake.
(Fig. 453.) Leaves somewhat
spreading; petioles 6-12' long,
clothed below with pale brown
scales ; blades oblong-lanceolate,
l°-2° long; pinnae linear, 2"-o"
wide, entire, sessile; veins close,
usually once branched; indusium
vellowish brown. [Pteris longifolia
L.]

Abundant on walls and banks in
Hamilton and vicinity and locally
elsewhere. Naturalized. Native of
Florida and tropical America. First
recorded as established in Bermuda
by Reade in 1883 ; it wr.s planted
out in suitable localities by Lefroy
about 1875.

4. ANOPTERIS [Prantl] Diels.
A delicate bright green fern, with short rootstocks and pinnately dis-
sected dimorphous leaves, their petioles with several main fibrovascular bundles.
Indusium simple, marginal, lateral on the pinnules. [Greek, not Pteris.] A
monotypic "West Indian genus.

1.. Anopteris hexagona (L.)
Christensen. Cut-leaved Brake.
(Fig. 454.) Eoots thick-fibrous;
leaves tufted, 6-2° long, with
slender straw-colored shining peti-
oles; leaves ovate in outline, 2-3-
pinnate, the pinnules of the sterile
leaves broader than those of the
fertile ; indusium membranous,
linear, not extending to the apex
or the base of the obovate cune-
ate, serrate pinnules. [Adiantum
hexagonum L. ; Pteris heterophylla
L.]

Local in caves and crevices be-
tween Harrin^on Sound and Castle
Harbor. Native. West Indies.

POLYPODIACEAE.

419

5. PTERIS L. {Pteridium Scop.)

Large, mostly coarse ferns, gro^ving in open sunny places, "^\'ith variously
divided leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or
filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium double, the
outer one conspicuous, membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf,
in inner one delicate and obscure. Stipes continuous with the rootstock.
[Greek name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the
wings of birds.] A few species of wide distribution. Type species: Pteris
aquilina L.

1. Pteris caudata L.

Southern Bracken. (Fig.
455.) Leaves erect, 3°-6° tall;
blades triangular in outline,
2-4-pinnate; divisions pinnati-
rid, the ultimate segments nar-
row, with recurved margins, re-
mote from one another, scarcely
decurrent on the rachis except
near the apex, the larger with
1-12 similar but shorter seg-
ments. [P. aquilina of Jones
and Lefroy; P. aquilina cau-
data Hemsley; Pteridium cau-
datum Maxon.]

Abimdant in fresh water
marshes, and occurs also in
shaded rocky situations between
Harrington Sound and Castle
Harbor. Native. Florida and
the West Indies.

6. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L.

Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods, and ravines, with much divided
leaves and short marginal sori borne on the under .side of the reflexed and
altered portion of the pinnule, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and
branches of the leaves slender or filiform, often polished and shining. [Name
ancient.] A genus of over 175 species, mostly of tropical America. Type
species: Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.

420

POLYPODIACEAE.

1. Adiantum bellum T. Moore.
Bermuda Maidex-Hair Fern. (Fig.
456.) Eootstock short, creeping. Leaves
tufted, 3-18' high, the slender petiole
and rachis black; l3lades bipinnate, the
pinnules on short filiform stalks, obovate-
cuneate or flabellate, variously toothed or
lobed, very thin, 3"-10" long, the forking
veins terminating in the teeth or lobes ;
sori 1-3 on fertile pinnules, oblong to
nearly circular, sometimes twice as long
as wide, the indusium entire; sterile
leaves are much more plenty than those
bearing sori. [Adiantum cuneatum of
Lefroy, Eeade, and .Jones; A. helium
walsinghamense Gilbert; ?A. tenerum of
Rugg; A. Capillus-Veneris of Jones.]

Common on shaded rocks, walls and
cliffs nearly throughout the islands, differ-
ing greatly in size and somewhat in tex-
ture when exposed to different degrees of
light. Apparently endemic, although re-
corded from Guiana. Its nearest relative
appears to be A. cuneatum Langs. & Fisch.,
a South American species, with which it
was formerly supposed to be identical, but
T. Moore, in his original description of the
species (Gardener's Chronicle, N. S. 11 :
172, 1870). compares it with A. fragile
of the West Indies. Spores, from which
the species originated, were presumably
brought to Bermuda by winds from a great distance to the south. Thomas Moore,
who first observed that this fern is different from all others, was not the same man
as the celebrated poet of the same name.

Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L., Venus-hair Fern, of Europe and North
America, was planted out by Lefroy about 1875, among other Adianta ''in
promising localities about Paynter's A^ale"; Mr. B. D. Gilbert records that in
1898 he found the fern in the Walsingham region, evidently coming across one
of the plants set out by Lefroy, or a descendant ; the species has not been
seen there by subsequent collectors, but large fronds of A. helium have errone-
ously been taken for it.

7. ANCHISTEA Presl.

Large ana rather coarse swamp ferns, with short oblong sori sunk in
cavities in the leaf and arranged in chain-like rows close to the midribs.
Leaves uniform. Indusia fixed by their outer margins. Veins forming a single
line of areolae next the midrib, then free to the margin. [Greek, referring to
itF affinity with the genus WoodwardiaS\ A monotypic genus.

POLYPODIACEAE.

421

1. Anchistea virginica

(L.) Presl. Virginia Chain-
fern. (Fig. 457.) Rootstock
stout, chaffy. Petioles stout,
lo-lio long, nearly or quite
naked, dark-colored below ;
blades oblong-lanceolate, acute,
narrowed at tlie base, l°-2°
long, 6'-9' wide, once pinnate;
pinnae linear-lanceolate, usually
alternate, or some of them op-
posite, leathery, glabrous, acu-
minate, sessile, 2^-6' long,
deeply pinnatifid into ovate or
oblong obtuse segments, their
margins minutely serrulate.
[Blechnum virginicum L. ;
Woodwardia virginica J. E.
Smith.]

Frequent in the larger fresh-
water marshes. Native. Eastei-n
North America.

8. ASPLENIUM L.

Large or small ferns with entire lobed pinnate, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid
leaves, and linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves
mostly uniform. A^eins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening toward the
midribs. [Ancient Greek name; some species were supposed to be remedies
for diseases of the spleen.] A genus of some 400 species, of very wide
geographic distribution. Type species: Asplenium Trichomanes L.

Leaves once pinnate.

Pinnae 6-8 pairs ; stipes blacljish only at the base. 1. A. dentatum.

Pinnae 20-40 pairs ; stipes black, shining. 2. A. hetcrochroum.

Leaves finely twice or thrice pinnate. 3. A. moutcvvnlcnisc.

422

POLYPODIACEAE.

1. Asplenium dentatum

L. Toothed Spleenwort.
(Fig. 458.) Petioles tufted,
2'-6' long, naked, weak,
blackish below. Fertile leaf-
blades 2-3' long, with 6-8
pairs of stalked oblong or
rhombic pinnae, the lower
side truncate with a curve,
the outer edge irregularly
crenate; sterile leaves simi-
lar but with shorter petioles ;
rachis naked; sori copious,
in parallel rows.

Shaded rocks, caves, holes
and crevices betwieen Harring-
ton Sound and Castle Harbor
and on Abbot's Cliff ; recorded
by Lefroy from Grace's Islnad.
Native. Southeastern United
States and West Indies.

2. Asplenium heterochroum Kunze.
Long Spleenwort. (Fig. 459.) Rootstock
short ; petioles tufted, black, ^'-4' long, stiff,
erect or somewhat spreading; leaf -blades
linear in outline, 6'-16' long, 1' wide or less,
once pinnate, with mostly 20-40 pairs of
pinnae; pinnae close together or the lower
distant, mostly opposite, very nearly sessile,
oblong, obtuse, few-toothed, or the lower
nearly orbicular and much smaller than the
middle ones, all subtruncate at the base ;
veins, except the lowest on the upper side of
the pinna, simple; sori oblique, about 14"
long, borne close to the midvein, the indu-
sium membranous. [Asplenium Tricliomanes
of Reade, Lefroy, Hemsley and Rugg; A.
Trichomanes ma jus of Gilbert; A. muticum
Gilbert.]

Common on cliffs, walls and shaded rocks
in most parts of the islands. Native. Florida,
Cuba, Porto Rico. For some years after the
description of this fern by Mr. B. D. Gilbert, as
Asplenium muticum (Am. Bot. 4: 86, 1903),
it was supposed to grow only in Bermuda and
in Florida, but Mr. W, R. Maxon has recently
pointed out its equivalency with A. hetero-
chroum.

POLYPODIACEAE.

423

3. Asplenium monteverdense Hook.
Parsley Fern. (Fig. 460.) Rootstock very
short; roots very slender. Leaves tufted,
10' long or less, the petiole smooth, much
shorter than the delicately 2-3-pinnate
blades, which are oblong-lanceolate in out-
line and long-acuminate; pinnae lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate in outline, mostly 12-15
on each side of the rachis, the middle pairs
f '-1^' long, the lower much smaller ; pinnules
obovate-cuneate in outline, deeply incised
or divided into several oblong, or obovate-
cuneate obtuse or acute segments ; sori few,
scattered. [A. myriophylhim of Lefroy and
Gilbert; A. rJiizophyllum of Hemsley and
Verrill; A. cicutarium of Jones.]

Local, in a cave between Harrington Sound
and Castle Harbor. Native. Cuba, Hispaniola,
Jamaica.

9. DIPLAZIUM Sw.
Mostly large ferns, with simple or com-
pound leaves, the venation free. Sori linear,
borne at the sides of veinlets, the indusium
mostly of a double membrane. [Greek, referring to the double indusium.] Many
species, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Asplenium
Vlantaginifolium L. _ j_ Diplazium Laffanianum (Baker)

Christenseu. Governor Laffan 's Fern.
(Fig. 461.) Rootstock short, erect or
oblique, bearing several leaves, somewhat
scaly. Petioles 4'-8' long, blackish and
scaly toward the base, green and naked
above, the brown lanceolate acuminate
scales 2"-3" long; blades bipinnate,
ovate-deltoid in outline, 8'-12' long,
about half as wide as long, bright green,
rather firm in texture, smooth on both
sides ; pinnae lanceolate in outline, nearly
sessile, 3^'-5' long, close together; pin-
nules oblong to lanceolate, obtuse, or the
larger acute, serrate, or the larger incised ;
sori l"-2" long, simple, or mostly so,
slightly curved, the persistent indusium
glabrous, membranous. [AspJenium Laf-
fanianum Baker; A. crenidatum of Le-
froy,] Illustrated at pi. 12 Botany of
the Challenger Expedition.

Local, in caves and crevices between Harrington Sound and Paynters' Vale,
where it existed up to 1905, but has, since, apparently, been exterminated. Endemic.
Nearest related to A. Mildei Kuhn, of tlie Andes of Ecuador, according to Gilbert ;
allied to the West Indian A. Franconis and A. crrnuhitum, according to Baker.

This interesting fern was first described by Mr. .T. G. Baker in Gardener's
Chronicle, 51 : 673. 1882, from a living plant sent by Governor Sir Robert Lafifan
to the Royal Gardens. Kew. in 1880. and from a dried specimen contrilnited by
Governor Lefroy in 1874. It was probably easily found in these years, but by 1005
it had become verv rare ; the plant was observed by us in the wild state in the
autumn of that year, but we could not find it again at a known locality in 1013.
Two plants were taken to a private greenhouse in Hamilton some years ago, where
we had the pleasure of studying them in 1014. and afterwards made the attempt to
raise plants from spores then obtained, unfortunately without success, the spores
being immature.

424

POLYPODIACEAE.

10. POLYSTICHUM Eoth.
Coarse pinnate or bipinnate ferns growing from an erect rootstock, with
round sori usually borne on the backs of the veins, the sterile and fertile leaves
similar in outline. Indusium superior, centrally peltate, orbicular. Stipe con-
tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Veins free. [Greek, signifying many
rows, without obvious application.] Some 100 species of wide distribution.
Type species: Polystichum LoncTiitis (L.) Eoth.

1. Polystichum adiantiforme (Fors-
ter) J. Smith. Ten Day Fern. Devon-
shire Marsh Fern. (Fig. 462.) Root-
stock stout, creeping; leaves several, 1°-
4° high, subcoriaceous, 2-3-pinnate.
Lower pinnae the largest, sometimes 1°
long, 3'-4' wide; pinnules ovate-lanceo-
late in outline, acuminate; ultimate seg-
ments or lobes oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, acutish serrate; rachis smooth and
somewhat shining; stipes scaly at the
base; sori nearly 1" broad, mostly in 2
rows between the margin and the mid-
vein of the segments. [Polypodium
adiantiforme Forster; Aspidium capense
Willd. ; Dryopteris capensis Gilbert ;
Aspidium coriaceum of Hemsley and of
Verrill.]

Local in Devonshire Marsh, and among
shaded rocks between Harrington Somid and
Castle Harbor. Native. West Indies, South
America, Polynesia, Africa. Figure 462
shows a single pinna.

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Schott is recorded by Hemsley as found at
caves by Lefroy, and also mentioned as Bermudan by Rein, by Verrill, and by
Jones, but it has not been seen here recently. It may have been in cultivation,
or may have been mistaken for P. adiantiforme. [Dryopteris aculeata Kuntze ;
Aspidium aculeatum Sw.]

11. DRYOPTERIS Adans.

Ferns with 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually borne
on the backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves similar in outline.
Indusium flattish, cordate, reniform, superior, fixed by its sinus. Stipe con-
tinuous, not jointed with the rootstock. Veins free or anastomosing. [Greek,
signifying oak-fern, in allusion to the forest habitat of most species.] Species
several hundred, of wide distribution. Type species: Polypodium Filix-mas L.

Leaves once pinnate.
Pinnae all sessile.

Veinlets not forked.
Veinlets forked.
At least the lower pinnae short-stalked.
Leaves bipinnate or tripinnate.

1. D. normalis.

2. D. Thehjpteris.

3. D. bermudiana.

4. D. speluncae.

OLYPODIACEAE.

425

1. Dryopteris nomialis C. Christen-
sen. Larger Marsh Shield-fern. (Fig.
463.) Eootstocks horizontal. Leaves sev-
eral together, the blades oblong, l°-4°
long, softly pubescent beneath; pinnae
linear, acuminate, cleft three-fourths the
way to the midrib; segments numerous,
the basal ones longest; veinlets manifest,
unforked, the lowest ones of adjacent
segments often uniting; sori near the
margins; indusia pubescent. [Aspidium
patens and Nephrodium patens of pre-
vious authors, not Aspidium patens Sw.]

Common in marshes and occasional on
shaded hillsides. Native. Florida, West
Indies.

Dryopteris mollis [Aspidium molle Sw. ; Nephrodium molle Desv.], ad-
mitted as Bermudan by Reade, by Jones, and by Hemsley, is recorded by
Lefroy as planted out by him about 1875. There is no evidence that it ever
grew naturally in Bermuda.

2. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A.
Gray. Marsh Shield-perx. (Fig. 464.)
Eootstocks slender, creeping. Leaves
erect; blades oblong-lanceolate, scarcely
narrower at the base than at the middle,
l°-3° long, short-acuminate, membra-
nous, pinnate; pinnae linear-lanceolate,
short-stalked or sessile, mostly horizon-
tal, acuminate at the apex, nearly trun-
cate at the base, l'-24' long, slightly
pubescent beneath^ deeply pinnatifid;
segments oblong, obtuse, or appearing
acute from the strongly revolute mar-
gins, the veins regularly once or twice
forked; sori crowded, 10-12 to each seg-
ment; indusia reniform, slightly glandu-
lar, or glabrous. [Acrostichum Tliehjp-
teris L. ; Aspidium Theh/pteris Sw.]

Frequent in fresh-water marshes. Native. Temperate North America and
Europe.

426

POLYPODIACEAE.

3. Dryopteris bermudiana

(Baker) Gilbert. Bermuda
Shield-fern. (Fig. 465.) Eoot-
stock thick, creeping, chaffy at the
crown with lanceolate acuminate
scales. Leaves 2° long or less, 3'-
6' wide, pinnate, the rachis pilose;
pinnae lV-3' long, V-V wide, very
short-stalked, blunt, cut about half-
way to the midvein, dark green
and canescent above, paler beneath,
their lobes blunt, entire, the basal
ones on one or both sides enlarged ;
veinlets of the lobes 5-7 pairs, un-
forked, pilose beneath, the lowest
veinlets uniting into a vein running
to the sinus; sori small; involucre
small, reniform, fugacious. [Ne-
pJirodium hermudianum Baker ; Ne-
phrodium tetragonum of Lefroy
and of Hunter.]

In caves, holes and crevices be-
tween Harrington Sound and Castle
Harbor. Endemic. Illustrated in
Botany of the Voyage of the Chal-
lenger plate 13, in which work it was
first described (p. 86) by Mr. .J. G.
Baker in 1885. Its nearest relative
appears to be D. asplenioides (Sw.)
Kuntze, of Jamaica.
4. Dryopteris speluncae (L.) Un-
derwood. Bermuda Cave-fern. (Fig.

466.) Eootstocks. Leaves 2°-3*°

long, bipinnate or tripinnate, broadly

ovate, nearly or quite as wide as long,

the stipes and rachis paleaceous and

pubescent with crisped hairs; pinnae

ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the lower

somewhat stalked, the upper sessile ;

pinnules oblong to oblong-lanceolate,

obtuse or acutish, crenate-serrate or

the larger ones lobed, pubescent on the

veins beneath, the veins simple; sori

borne about halfway from the mid-
vein to the margin of the pinnules.

[Polypodium speluncae L. ; Nepliro-

dium villosum of Eein, Lefroy and

Hemsley ;I>r7/optms villosa of Gilbert.]

Caves, holes and ledges, between Har-
rington Soimd and Castle Harbor, and
near Smith's Church. Endemic. Nearest
related to Dryopteris ampla (H.B.K.)
Kuntze, of Florida, West Indies and South
America, to which it was erroneously re-
ferred by Lefroy, Hemsley and Verrill.

12. NEPHROLEPIS Schott.
Leaves spreading or pendent, pinnate, elongated; pinnae numerous, ap-
proximate, jointed at the base, with whitish dots on the upper surface. Sori
round, arising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the

POLYPODIACEAE.

427

margin. Veins free. [Greek, referring to the shape of the indusium.] About
12 species, natives of tropical and warm-temperate regions. Type species:
Polypodium exaltatum L.

1. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott.
Sword-fern. (Fig. 467.) Petioles 4'-6'
long; leaf -blades 3° long or less; pinnae
sessile, lanceolate, sometimes crenulate,
l'-3' long, the upper side auricled at the
base, the lower rounded, the rachis quite
hairy; sori almost marginal, covered with
firm distinctly reniform indusia. [Poly-
podium exaltatum L. ; Aspidium exalta-
tum Sw.]

Frequent in the marshes and on shaded
rocks between Harrington Sound and Castle
Harbor ; and on Abbot's Cliff. Native.
Florida and the West Indies.

Lefroy records the introduction by
him of many species of ferns for '.-ultiva-
tion, and ferneries have been maintained
by other residents from time to time,
but few species will flourish without care-
ful attention, much moisture and proper
protection. Jones, in 1873, mentions a
number of species, evidently in cultiva-
tion at that time.

Order 2. SALVINIALES.

Aquatic or mud-inhabiting' herbs, \vitli horizontal or creeping: stems,
or floating. Leaves various, sometimes filifonu, or blades entire, lobed or
4-foliolate. Spores of two kinds (microspores and macrospores), con-
tained in sporocarps. Macrospores germinating into simple prothallia
which bear archegones, the microspores forming still simpler prothallia
bearing- antherozoids.

Family 1. SALVINIACEAE Reichenb.
Salvinia Family.
Small floating plants with a more or less elongated and sometimes
branching axis bearing 2-ranked leaves. Sporocarps soft, thin-walled,
borne 2 or more on a common stalk, in the axils of the submersed leaves,
1-celled, with a central often branched receptacle, which bears macro-
sporanges containing a single macrospore or microsporanges containmg
numerous microspores. The family consists of two genera.

1. SAIiVINIA A dans.
Floating annual plants with slender stems bearing rather broad 2-ranked
floating leaves. Sporocarps globose, depressed, 9-14-sulcate, membranous, ar-
ranged in clusters, 1 or 2 of each cluster containing 10 or more sessile macro-
sporanges, each containing few macrospores, the others containing numerous

428

SALVINIAOEAE.

smaller globose pedicelled microsporanges with very numerous microspores.
Leaves green, finely papillose on the upper surface. [Name in honor of An-
tonio Maria Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist.] About 13 species of wide
distribution. Type species: Salvinia natans (L.) Hoffm.

1. Salvinia Olfersiana
Klotzch. Olfers ' Salvinia. (Fig.
468.) Completely covering the
surface of still water, the floating
leaves more or less overlapping,
the slender stems 2' long or more,
pilose. Floating leaves broadly
ovate, 6"-10" long, short-petioled,
cordate at the base, obtuse or
notched at the apex, pinnately
delicately many-veined, the upper
surface bearing many short 4-
horned or 5-horned papillae; sub-
merged leaves short-petioled, sev-
eral-parted, root-like, ll-'-3' long,
bearing the clustered globose-
ovoid sporocarps.

Common in ditches in Pembroke
Marsh. Naturalized ; apparently of
recent introduction. First observed
by us in 1905. Native of tropical
continental America. H. B. Small,
erroneously designating this plant
Lemna trisulca, states that it was
introduced in 1903.

Order 3. LYCOPODIALES.

Spores jDroduced in sporanges, which are borne in the
like or elong'ated leaves.

ixils of scale-

Spores all alike.
Spores of two kinds.

Pam. 1. PSILOTACEAE.

Fam. 2. Selaginellaceae.

Family 1. PSILOTACEAE Pritzel.

PsiLOTUM Family.

Perennial slender terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Sporanges sessile
in the axils of the leaves, 2-3-celled, opening by valves at the apex.
Spores uniform.

1. PSILOTUM E. Br.

Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic, the stem dichotomously forked. Leaves
alternate, reduced to scales. Sporanges 3-celled, opening by 3 valves at the
apex. Spores mealy, oval or elongated-reniform. [Greek, referring to the
nearly naked stems and branches.] A few species of tropical and subtropical
distribution, the following typical.

PSILOTACEAE.

429

1. Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb.
PsiLOTUM. (Fig. 469.) Stems erect,
8'-12' tall, or, when growing in caves,
often pendent, 3-angled at the base, co-
piously forked above, the ultimate divi-
sions with 3 wing-like angles; leaves re-
mote, awl-like, less than 1" long;
sporanges in interrupted spikes. [Lyco-
podium nudum L. ; P. triquetrum Sw.]

At bases of palmettos in Paget Marsh,
and in caves and in bases of trees between
Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor. Re-
corded by Verrill as having grown on Ire-
land Island. Verrill uses for this plant
the name " Sea-side Club Moss " which is
misleading, as it does not grow in prox-
imity to the sea, and should be excluded
from his list of sea-side plants. Native.
Southeastern United States, West Indies
and tropical continental America.

Family 2. SELAGINELLACEAE Uiiderw.

Selaginella Family.

Terrestrial, moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves.
Sporanges 1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as
to form more or less quadrangular spikes, some containing 4 macrospores
(macrosporanges), others containing numerous microspores (microspo-
ranges). The family consists of the following genus:

1. SELAGINELLA Beauv.

Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, ancient name of a
Lycopodium.] About 600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in trop-
ical regions.

Selaginella viticulosa Klotzeh, Selaginella, South American, a trailing
moss-like plant, with minute bright green leaves spreading in 2 planes, the two
kinds of sporanges borne in narrow spikes, one containing 4 large spores, the
other containing many very minute spores, was observed in 1912 covering a
shaded wall at Mt. Langton, apparently well established, escaped from a
greenhouse nearby, suggesting that this beautiful plant might readily be grown
in other similar situations. It is occasionally planted on rock-work.

Other sj^ecies of Selaginella have been grown at times as house plants and
under glass.

A species of Equisetum was recorded by Lefroy, and doubtfully referred
to E. hogotense by Verrill, but no trace of any plant of this genus has been
found by recent collectors. (See p. 50.)

430 MUSCI.

Phylum 3. BRYOPHYTA.

]\IOSSES AND HePATICS.

Small plants, producing minute usually spherical bodies (spores)
in capsules, from which arise a protonema on which are borne
the plants (gametophytes) bearing archegonia and antheridia, from
which the fruit (sporophyte) is formed, which in turn bears spores-
There are two classes which differ from each other as follows:

stems erect or prostrate, having leaves more or less equally developed on all sides ;

calyptra at the apex of the capsule. Class 1. Musci.

Stems usually prostrate, with the leaves, when present,

unequally developed on the upper and lower surfaces ;

calyptra at the base of the capsule. Class 2, Hepaticae.

Class 1. MUSCI.

Mosses.
Contributed by Elizabeth G. Britton.

Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing two dis-
tinctly marked but closely connected and continuous phases of
growth, or alternate generations. Plant (gametophyte) usually
differentiated into stem, leaves and rhizoids (true roots none),
arising from a more or less ephemeral protonema, which originates
from the spore, forming either a filamentous or thallose growth.
Sexual organs borne either apically or laterally on the stem, usually
in special buds ; antheridia and archegonia on the same plant or on
separate plants. Antheridium containing ciliate sperms. Arche-
gonium a single egg, after the fertilization of which the embryo
develops into the fruit (sporophyte), rupturing the walls of the
archegonium in its growth. Fruit (sporophyte) usually forming
a pedicel, the base of which is imbedded in the vaginule ; upper part
of the archegonium, carried up by the elongation of the pedicel,
forming the calyptra, which in most mosses covers and protects the
sporogonium Avhile it is developing. Capsule (sporogonium) usually
with a central axis (endothecium) forming the columella, around
which the spore-sac (archesporium) is developed, usually separated
from the walls (amphithecium) by air-spaces and chlorophyl-bear-
ing tissue. Capsule dehiscent regularly by a lid or slits, or inde-
hiscent (cleistocarpous) ; when dehiscent frequently developing
specialized appendages around the mouth, constituting the peri-
stome, which serves in the dissemination of the spores. All the
species of Bermuda are native. Their spores were presumably
brought on the wind. There are two orders represented in the
Bermuda Flora.

Capsule borne on a pseudopodium ; spore-sac arching over the columella.

I. Sphagxales.

Capsule borne on a more or less elongated pedicel ; spore-sac
cylindric, surrounding the columella and perforated by it at the
base and apex. II. Brtales.

SPHAGNACEAE. 431

Order 1. SPHAGNALES.

Protonema normally thalloicl, the gametophyte developing from its
edge; the latter at first branchless, but branches soon developing, usually
in fascicles of 3 or more. Archegonia borne on more or less differentiated
branches; antheridia on normal or slightly differentiated ones. Calyptra
rent irregularly by the ripening capsule, leaving at its base an inconspic-
uous sheath. Capsule nearly sessile, globose, on a very short stalk with a
bulbous base; capsule at maturity raised upon a prolongation of the fruit-
ing branch (pseudopodium), dehiscent by a small apical lid; peristome
none; endothecium giving rise only to the columella, upon whose broad
rounded top rests the dome-shaped spore-sac. Spores tetrahedral. The
order consists of but one family.

Family 1. SPHAGNACEAE Nees.
Peat-moss Family.
Characters the same as those of the order. Only the following genus.

1. SPHAGNUM [Dill.] L.

Large erect mosses mostly of bogs, and wet mountain summits. Plants
developing apically. Branches usually in fascicles disposed spirally about the
stem, densely crowded together near the apex. Leaves of the stem and
branches arranged spirally, composed of a single layer of two kinds of cells.
Stem-leaves more or less differentiated in shape and size, less closely disposed
than the branch-leaves. Plants monoicous or dioicous, the antheridial and
archegonial branches always distinct. Antheridia long-pedicellate, globose to
oval, borne each at the side of a perigonial leaf, opening at the summit when
mature and releasing vesicles containing each a spermatozoid ; paraphyses lack-
ing. Archegonial branches single or rarely two together, bearing at the apex
without paraphyses 1-5 archegonia, of which after fertilization only one de-
velops into a capsule. Perichaetial leaves much larger than and usually other-
wise differentiated from the other leaves, enclosing the capsule until its
maturity; capsule globose, dark-brown to black, with small lid, without annulus
or peristome; spores tetrahedral, disseminated by explosive discharge from
the capsule. [Greek, in reference to the spongy nature of the plants.] About
250 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Sphagnum
palustre L.

Stem-leaves large, long-lingulate ; branch-leaves oval to ovate. 1. S. magcUanieum.
Stem-leaves small, triangular-ovate ; branch-leaves long-
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 2. S. cusijidatutn.

432

SPHAGNACEAE.

1. Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.

Magellan Peat-moss. (Fig. 470.)
Plants compact to robust, bright-green
or variously tinged with brown, red-
brown or more commonly pink to purple-
red. Stems up to 6 inches high; stem-
leaves large, long-lingulate to lingulate-
spatulate, the border denticulate, hyaline
only at the immediate apex; branches
frequently short, in fascicles of 4 or 5,
2 spreading; branch-leaves imbricate or
spreading^ broadly ovate, the border den-
ticulate especially toward the apex. Dioi-
cous. Antheridial branches and leaves
hardly differentiated, the latter slightly
more highly colored than the others (red
or brown). Fruiting branches erect; cap-
sule dark-brown; spores brown, minutely
papillose. [Sphagnum medium Limpr.J

In Devonshire Marsh, the only station.
Labrador southward to Alabama and
Florida ; Michigan ; Minnesota ; California ;
Vancouver Island to Alaska ; also in Europe,
Asia and South America.

2. Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. Cuspidate Peat-
moss. (Fig. 471.) Plants delicate, slender and float-
ing or sometimes fairly robust, often up to a foot
long, green or yellowish. Stem-leaves small, triangular-
ovate, strongly concave, slightly toothed but not lacerate
at the apex; the border strong, considerably broadened
below, its cell-walls pitted; hyaline cells narrow, short
above, divided; branches mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4,
2 spreading, the other one or two drooping, not closely
applied to and concealing the stem ; branch-leaves slightly
or not at all undulate when dry, long-lanceolate, involute,
the apex toothed, the border normally entire, of 2-4
rows of narrow cells, serrulate on the margin by the pro-
jecting ends of the narrow border cells. Dioicous. An-
theridia in catkins on spreading branches; antheridial
leaves brown, slightly smaller than the normal branch-
leaves, relatively broader and with broader areolation.
Fruiting branches erect, sometimes very long, capsule
brown; spores brown, roughened.

In Pembroke and Devonshire marshes. Newfoundland
to Georgia ; also in Europe and Asia. Only the form with
serrulate leaves is known in the Bermuda flora.

Order 2. BRYALES.

Protonema usually filamentous; calyptra apical; pedicel more or less
elongated, apical or lateral; capsule generally with a well-developed lid;
peristome present or absent, neck usually with stomata.

DICEANACEAE.

433

Fam.
Fam.
Fam.
Fam.

1.
2.
3.
4.

DiCRANACEAE.

Leucobrvaceae.

FiSSIDENTACEAE.

Calymperaceab.

Fam.

5.

POTTIACEAE.

Fam.
Fam.

6.
7.

Ft;nariace.\e.
Bryaceab.

Fain.

8.

HOOKERIACEAE.

Fam.
Fam,

9.

10.

Rhacopilaceae.
Leskeaceae.

Fam.
Fam.

n.

12.

IlYP.NACEAE.

Sematophyllaceae

Capsule with a simple peristome.

A. Teeth 8 or 16, bifid or entire.
Leaf-blade of one layer of cells.
Leaf-blade of several layers of tmlike cells.
Leaf with duplicate basal blades.
Leaf with basal cells large and empty.

B. Teeth lacking, 16 or 32, usually with a basal
membrane.

Capsule with a double peristome.

A. Pedicel terminal.
Leaves with large cells, about as long as broad.
Leaves with cells usually longer than broad.

B. Pedicel from lateral branches.
Leaf-cells smooth, veins 2, ending near apex.
Leaf-cells more or less papillose, vein single.

Leaves of two sizes, under leaves very small.
Leaves of uniform size, clearly papillose.
Leaf-cells smooth, vein single or short and
double.
Lid short, conic.
Lid long, beaked.

Family 1. DICRANACEAE B. S. G.

DicRANUM Family.

Plants perennial, large or small, gregarious or crowded; stems branch-
ing dichotomously, usually densely leafy and bearing radicles. Leaves
straight or curved, smooth or papillose ; vein usually stout and percurrent,
sometimes ribbed on the back; basal cells usually pale and rectangular,
those of the basal angles often much enlarged and colored; upper cells
shorter, the walls often thickened, pitted and sinuous. Pedicel long, erect
or curved; capsule erect and symmetric or bent and curved, sometimes
furrowed; calyptra cucullate; lid conic, beaked; peristome single, teeth 16,
usually bifid. About 48 genera, with some 1460 species widely distributed.

1. CAMPYLOPUS Brid.
Characters of the family. Leaves usually grooved or tubular, subulate and

often toothed at apex, sometimes with a
curved; capsule usually horizontal or nod-
ding; calyptra mostly fringed at base.
[Greek, in reference to the curved pedicel.]
A tropical genus of about oOO species.
Type species: Bryum flexuosiim L.

1. Campylopus bermudianus E. S. Wil-
liams. Bermuda Campylopus. (Fig. 472.)
Plants in dark green, loose tufts, stems
about 2^' high, branching, often with fla-
gellae; leaves often crowded at the apex,
mostly spreading all around, lanceolate,
grooved above, sharply serrate at the apex
and more or less serrulate on the margin ;
vein broad, percurrent or slightly excurrent,
with prominent serrate lamellae 2 or 3 cells
high on the back above; alar cells inflated,
the cells just above mostly rectangular, pale,
broad toward the vein, narrow toAvard the
margin, smaller above, with slightly thick-
ened walls rarely pitted near the vein.

Paget Marsh, under palmetto. Endemic.

29

er hair-point. Pedicel usually

434

LEUCOBRYACEAE.

Family 2. LEUCOBRYACEAE C. Muell.

White Moss Family.

Plants perennial, growing in dense pale green cushions ; stems medium
to large, branching; leaves crowded, sometimes fragile and breaking off,
vein broad filling most of the leaf, blade very narrow, the green cells of
the leaf small, in a single central band between several layers of larger
hyaline cells. Pedicels erect, terminal; capsule erect or horizontal, regular
or irregular ; peristome single, teeth 8 or 16 ; lid beaked ; calyptra cucullate.
Nine genera and 229 species are known.

1. LEUCOBRYUM Hampe.

Characters of the family. A genus of 121 species, widely distributed in
temperate and tropical regions. [Greek, in reference to the pale color of the
plants.] The following species typical.

1. Leucobryum glaucum
(L.) Sehimp. White Moss.
(Fig. 473.) Plants in com-
pact, pale green cushions ; stems
branching, seldom more than 2
inches high; leaves crowded,
erect-spreading, sometimes
curved; base ovate, narrowed to
a tubular point, apex acute,
minutely denticulate, hyaline
blade of the lower part of the
leaf about 5 cells wide on either
side of the broad vein; pedicel
dark red; capsule nodding,
strongly curved and furrowed
when dry; annulus none; peri-
stome single, teeth 16, papillose,
_L "^^^d^ divided to below the middle ; lid

I ^^^ft vV beaked; spores slightly rough.

On the ground among ferns
and palmettos in marshes. New-
foundland to Minnesota, south to
Florida and Louisiana ; also
throughout Europe. [Bryum glau-
cum L.]

Family 3. FISSIDENTACEAE Bruch & Sehimp.

FissiDENS Family.

Small plants, usually growing in moist shady places, on earth or
stones; stems erect or decumbent, simple or sparingly branched; leaves
few, always two-ranked and conduplicate, clasping at base, with a single
vein and with an apical and dorsal prolongation especially in the upper
leaves. Pedicels terminal or on lateral buds; capsules ovoid or eylindric,

FISSIDENTACEAE.

435

straight or curved; ealyptra eucullate; lid conic often beaked, peristome
red, single, of 16 bifid teeth, often thickened at joints and either papillose
or spiral at apex. A large family of 4 genera, containing some 570
species, abundant in temperate and tropical regions of which three are
known to occur in Bermuda.

1. FISSIDENS Hedw.

Characters the same as the family. [Latin, in reference to the split teeth
of the peristome.] Type species: Hypnmn hryoides L.

Fruit nearly basal ; leaf-margins serrate.
Fruit terminal ; leaf-margins entire.

Leaves bordered tliroughout, cells smooth.

Leaves bordered only on duplicate blade of uppermost leaves,
cells papillose.

1. Fissidens taxifdlius (L.) Hedw.
Yew-leaved FissiDENs. (Fig. 474.) Plants
seldom more than V high, usually in dense
cushions; stems erect, branching from the
base; leaves 7-10 pairs, oblong-lingulate,
broadly pointed, apiculate with vein per-
current, margins minutely serrate, one row
of cells often paler, but not bordered ; cells
intlated, mamillose ; pedicel red, from
lateral buds near the base of the stem ;
capsule at length nodding; lid beaked;
peristome red, teeth papillose.

On the ground in woods near Walsingham
Caves, only known sterile. Not uncommon in
temperate regions of North America. Also
Europe, Asia and Africa.

1. F. taxifoUus.

2. F. minutulus.

3. F. Garberi.

2. Fissidens minutulus Sull. Small FissmENs. (Fig.
175.) Plants minute, about 2" high, growing usually on
stones in caves and gulleys. Stems erect or decumbent
branching by basal innovations ; leaves 5-8 pairs, increasing
in size upward, oblong-lanceolate, acute; vein ending in the
apex; margins bordered by 1-2 rows of narrower longer
cells generally disappearing below the minutely toothed
apex; cells small, smooth. Pedicel short, terminal, becoming
erect; capsule minute ovoid to cylindric; lid beaked; teeth
spirally thickened and papillose at apex.

On rocks in shaded gulleys and caves ; also in North Amer-
ica and Europe.

436

nSSIDENTACEAE.

3. Fissidens Garberi Lesq. & James. Garber's Fissi-
DENS. (Fig. 476.) Plants very small, about 1" high, dark
green; stems erect or decumbent; leaves 5-6 pairs, but on
the sterile stems occasionally 15-16 pairs, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, upper the longest; vein ending in the apex or percur-
rent; margins not bordered except at the base of the upper-
most pair of leaves; cells small, dense, papillose. Pedicel
terminal, short, erect; capsule small, erect; lid comc-beaked ;
peristome red, spirally thickened at apex.

On moist rocks in shade, usually in gulleys or caves ; also
in the southern United States and the Bahamas, usually on
limestone rocks. One of the most puzzling and variable of the
smaller species of this genus probably including several other
closely allied described species from Cuba, Porto Rico, Haiti,
San Domingo, Jamaica, Guadaloupe and Trinidad.

Family 4. CALYMPERACEAE C. Muell.

Calymperes Family.

Plants usually growing in dense dark green cushions on trees in
shade, seldom fruiting but often propagating by brood-bodies, growing
in ^clusters from the tips of specially modified leaves. Stems mostly erect
and sparingly branched. Leaves often crowded at the ends of the
branches, erect or spreading, broad and clasping at base, lanceolate or con-
tracted into a spathulate apex ; margins entire or serrate often with a band
of elongated submarginal cells; basal cells clear, smooth, upper cells small,
round, often papillose. Pedicel terminal, erect usually exserted; calyptra
cucullate or campanulate; lid long-beaked; peristome single of 16 short
teeth. A family of mostly tropical mosses, containing 2 genera and about
313 species.

1. SYRRHOPODON Schwaegr.

Differing from the characters of the family only in the often specially
modified margins of the leaves which are either thickened or double; the
calyptra is conic-campanulate. [Greek, in reference to the united teeth of
the peristome.] Mostly tropical or subtropical species of which 215 have been
described. Type species: Calymperes Gardneri Hook.

CALYMPERACEAE.

437

1. Syrrhopodon floridanus Sull.
Florida Sykrhopodon. (Fig. 477.)
Plants about 1' high, forming large
dense, dark green cushions; stems
simple or branching, rooting at base,
with crowded leaves, which are curled
and twisted when dry, spreading when
moist, with a conspicuous broad white
base and narrower, dense, dark green
apex; margins double and serrate;
basal cells hyaline, upper cells and
back of vein densely papillose, some-
times bearing dense clusters of brood-
bodies, by which this species propa-
gates.

At base of palmetto in marshes.
Southern United States and Cuba.

Family 5. POTTIACEAE Bruch & Schimp.

PoTTiA Family.

Plants small, or large, growing in more or less crowded cushions;
stems usually erect, short and simple or branching, not tomentose; leaves
crowded, spreading often twisted when dry, of various shapes ; vein single,
percurrent or excurrent into an awn; cells of the basal part of the leaf
often larger and clearer than those of the apical, which are usually
denser and often papillose. Pedicel sometimes ver\^ short, mostly elongate
and erect; capsule erect, usually straight, seldom inclined; calyptra cucul-
late; lid conic and beaked; peristome single, rarely lacking, occasionally
with a deep basal membrane, teeth 16 or 32, often papillose, sometimes
bifid and spirally twisted. A large family of 46 genera and 396 species.

Leaves much curled and twisted when dry, margins incurved ; peristome short
straight or lacking.

Leaf-margins entire ; teeth 16, entire or irregularly divided

Leaf-margins entire ; teeth 16, split or bifid.
Leaves only slightly curved or bent when dry.

A. Peristome short.
Leaf-margins toothed at base.
Leaf-margins finely crenulate, toothed above.

B. Peristome none.

C. Peristome long, twisted.

1. Wcisia.

2. TrUliostomum.

3. Euchidium.

4. OyroHcisia.

5. Hymcnosti/lium.

6. Tortilla.

1. WEISIA Hedw.

Plants small, crowded; stems erect, with branches; leaves much curled
and twisted when dry, mostly subulate-lanceolate with incurved margins; vein
ending in the sharp apex; cells rectangular and clear at base, rounded and
small above, papillose on both sides above. Seta erect, slender; capsule erect,
ovoid or cylindric, ribbed when dry; peristome single, inserted below the
mouth; teeth 16, irregular and papillose, or rarely short and rudimentary.
[Named for F. W. Weis.] A small genus widely distributed in temperate
regions. Type species: Bryum viridulum L.

438

POTTIACEAE.

1. Weisia viridula (L.) Hedw. Bright-
GREEX Weisia. (Fig. 478.) Plants growing in
more or less crowded bright green tufts, up to
6" high ; stems erect and simple or branched ;
branches short; leaves crowded at the ends of
the branches, spreading, from an erect base,
points curled and twisted when dry, base
broader, apex with inrolled, entire margins,
forming a long sharp point ; vein stout, excur-
rent into a short mucronate apex. Monoicous;
pedicel erect, slender, yellow or brown; capsule
small ovoid to cylindric, erect and symmetric or
slightly inclined ; often dark brown and shin-
ing; calyptra cucullate; lid beaked; annulus
narrow, persistent ; peristome inserted below the
mouth; teeth 16, short, papillose, often irregu-
larly split or perforate or short and unde-
veloped; spores rough, brown, maturing in
spring.

On rocks at one station near Walsingham. A
common and variable species of wide distribution
in temperate regions.

2. TRICHOSTOMUM Hedw.
Plants medium-sized, usually growing crowded; stems erect, simple or
branched; leaves curled and twisted when dry, larger at base, with a narrow
sharp apex; margins flat or inrolled, entire; vein single, usually percurrent;
basal cell^ oblong and clear, upper cells denser, small and papillose on both
sides. Pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, cylindric; peristome single;
teeth 16, either entire or divided to base, usually papillose; lid conic-beaked;
calyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to the narrow teeth.] Widely dis-
tributed in various temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Weisia
cylindrica Bruch.

1. Trichostommn bermudanum Mitt. Bermuda
Trichostomum. (Fig. 479.) Plants in crowded bright
green or yellowish-green patches; stems up to 9" high,
usually simple; leaves crowded, curled and twisted when
dry, base erect clasping, points narrower with the vein,
smooth and excurrent into a mucronate apex; margins
entire, incurved above; basal cells lax with longer cells
on the margins extending up the blade to the papillose
cells of the upper part. Pedicel yellow, erect and
twisted; capsule erect, cylindric, lid conic-beaked; ca-
lyptra cucullate; peristome single, of 16 slender, papil-
lose, bifid teeth; often disappearing and leaving only a
ragged membrane; spores large, rough, brown, maturing
in spring.

Very common on walls, rocks and on the ground. En-
demic. Closely related to T. jamaicense Mitt.

POTTIACEAE.

439

3. EUCIaADIUM Br. & Sch.
Plants perennial, in dense mats, forming calcareous tufa; stems branching
erect and crowded; leaves small, spreading, broadest at base, long-pointed;
vein stout, percurrent; basal cells larger and clearer than the upper papillose
cells. Pedicel erect, exserted; capsule small, ovoid or cylindric; lid beaked;
calyptra cucullate; peristome single; teeth 16, per-
forate or split. [Greek, referring to the beautiful
branches.] A genus of 3 species. Type species:
Brijum verticiUatum L.

1. Eucladium verticiUatum Br. & Sch. Whorled-
LEAVED Eucladium. (Fig. 480.) Plants growing in
dense bright green cushions, pale brown below; stems
up to 9" high, slender and brittle, rooting at intervals,
and branching repeatedly ; leaves small, in clusters at
the tops of the branches, base broad, with a few sharp
teeth, apex narrower, margins above flat, entire; vein
stout, ending in the rather blunt apex; basal cells
oblong, upper round and small, papillose. Pedicel
erect, slender; capsule ovoid-cylindric, erect or hori-
zontal; calyptra cucullate; lid beaked; annulus nar-
row; teeth 16, more or less perforate along the
median line.

On wet limestone in caves, often dripping witti
moisture and hardened witti lime deposits. Widely dis-
tributed in North America, Europe and Asia.

4. GYROWEISIA Schimp.
iSmall plants, usually growing on limestone rocks; stems short with
a few short lanceolate or Ungulate leaves, usually blunt, base broader hyaline,
vein single, ending below the apex; upper cells round and dense, often swollen.
Usually dioicous. Pedicel erect, short and twisted; capsule small, ovoid or
cylindric ; peristome more or less developed, usually falling with the lid ;
annulus present; lid conic-apiculate or beaked. [Greek, in reference to the
twisted annulus.] A genus of about 14 species, found in subtropical regions,
from Florida to Cuba, Jamaica and Porto Rico. Type
species: Gymnostomum tcnue Schrad.

1. Gyroweisia Barbula (Schwaeger.) Paris.
Black-fruited Gyroweisia. (Fig. 481.) Plants sel-
dom more than 3" high, dark green, or almost black,
stemless, with a rosette of a few basal leaves, which
are linear-oblong and twisted when dry; vein ending
below the blunt apex; margins finely crenulate-
toothed, inrolled when dry; basal cells oblong, lax and
clear; upper cells round and swollen. Pedicel short,
erect; capsules narrowly cylindric, straight or slightly
curved, mouth narrow ; lid conic, beaked ; annulus
present; calyptra cucullate; peristome usually falling
with the lid; teeth 16, bifid, and papillose; spores
smooth, minute, maturing in March and April. [Tor-
tula melanocarpa Mitt, of Challenger Report ; Gymno-
stomum Barbtila Schwaegr.]

On limestone usually associated with Tortitia agraria.
Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; South America.

440

POTTIACEAE.

5. HYMENOSTYLIUM Brid.
Plants in dense crowded tufts; stems tall, slender and branching; leaves
crowded small, lanceolate-acuminate; vein single, ending below the apex; cells
smooth or papillose; pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, ovoid and shining;
peristome lacking; lid with a long beak; calyptra cucullate. [Greek, referring
to the membrane covering the mouth of capsule.] A genus of 17 species
widely distributed on limestone rocks, mostly in tem-
perate regions. Type species : Eymenostylium xanthro-
carpum (Hook.) Brid.

1. Hymenostylium curvirostre (Ehrh.) Lindb.
Curved-beaked Hymenostylium. (Fig. 482.) Plants
in pale green calcareous cushions; stems up to 1' high,
slender and leafy branches short ; leaves crowded, re-
curved and twisted when dry, spreading when moist,
lanceolate-acuminate, short; vein stout, smooth, ending
below the apex; margins entire, often slightly re-
curved at base; basal cells rectangular, clearer and
larger than the papillose upper cells. Pedicel terminal,
becoming lateral by innovations, more or less per-
sistent; capsules ovoid-pyriform, erect, with a long-
beaked lid which is more or less persistent; annulus
narrow; peristome none, mouth closed by a mem-
brane; spores large, maturing in summer. [Pottia
curvirostris Ehrh.]

Thus far only found sterile under dripping rocks in caves forming lime-encrusted
cushions. Widely distributed in temperate regions of North America and Europe,
always on calcareous rocks.

6. TOBTULA Hedw.

Plants of various sizes, sometimes large and stout; usually

growing on the ground or on rocks in dense cushions; stems

usually simple, rarely branched; with the leaves crowded at the

top of the stem, usually spreading when dry, or twisted, mostly

broader above the middle, usually entire, with a single vein,

sometimes excurrent into an awn, with the basal cells long and

clear and the upper small and dense, sometimes papillose.

Pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, cylindric; lid usually

long-beaked; calyptra cucullate; peristome single, usually

twisted; teeth 16 or 32; slender, papillose; spores small. [Latin,

with reference to the twisted peristome.] A large genus of

186 species widely distributed in all parts of the world. Type

species: Bryum miirale L.

1. Tortula agraria Sw. Common Tortula. (Fig. 483.)
Plants up to 9" high, almost stemless, forming a rosette of
basal leaves, not much curled or twisted when dry; widest
above the middle, base oblong with clear, long cells; apex
acute, cells square, smooth, vein stout ending in a mucronate
point. Pedicel erect; capsule cylindric, ribbed when dry;
annulus present; lid long-conic-beaked, red at base; peristome
red, papillose twisted ; teeth 16, long and slender, bifid or trifid
with a short basal membrane ; calyptra cucullate ; spores
smooth, small, maturing in spring. [Barhula agraria Hedw.]

Common on" limestone from Florida and Texas to Mexico and
from the Bahamas through the West Indies to South America.

FUNAEIACEAE.

441

Family G. FUNARIACEAE C. Mueller.

FuNARiA Family.

Plants usually annual or ephemeral, seldom biennial; sometimes
minute. Stems short, erect and seldom branched; leaves small and narrow
or large and broad, margins entire or toothed; vein present or rarely
absent. Pedicel sometimes short and immersed or long and exserted;
capsule erect or inclined, symmetric or unsymmetric, ovoid or pyriform;
annulus often large and conspicuous or undeveloped; calyptra cucullate,
often inflated and oblique, rarely lobed or papillose; peristome absent,
rudimentary or double, teeth straight or oblique. A small family of wide
distribution, including about 12 genera with some 244 species.

1. FUNARIA Schreb.

Plants usually scattered, rarely crowded ; steins short, simple ; leaves
usually crowded at the summit, usually broadest above the base, entire or
serrate; vein ending below the apex or percurrent or exeurrent; pedicel ex-
serted, elongated; capsules erect or nodding, often pear-shaped; lid flat or
apiculate; calyptra much inflated at base, beaked; peristome single, double
or rarely lacking. [Latin, in reference to the twisted pedicels.] A large
genus of widely distributed cosmopolitan species. Type species: Mnium luj-
grometricum L.

Mouth of the capsule oblique ; leaves serrate.
Mouth of the capsule small ; leaves nearly entire.

1. F. hygrometrica.

2. F. flavicans.

1. Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth. Cord
Moss. (Fig. 484.) Plants up to 1|' high, bright
yellowish-green turning brown; stems short,
simple; leaves few, erect, appressed around the
base of the pedicel, broad and concave, acute or
acuminate; the vein ending in the apex, margins
entire or faintly toothed; cells clear, smooth, ob-
long below, shorter and hexagonal above. Pedicel
pale, twisted, variable in length; capsule horizon-
tal or nodding, ribbed when dry ; mouth oblique ;
lid bordered with a red rim ; annulus large falling
with the lid; peristome double, oblique, the teeth
with apical appendages; calyptra large, inflated
at base; spores rough, ripening early in spring.
[Mnium hy grometricum L.]

On burnt ground and on rocks, not frequent.
Widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

442

FUNARIACEAE.

2. Funaria flavicans Rich. Pale-green Funaria.
(Fig. 485.) A smaller plant than the last, up to 6"
high, differing in the fewer leaves, which are entire, the
vein ending in a short subulate tip; the pedicel
shorter, the capsule more symmetric, its mouth not
oblique; spores a little larger, maturing in March.

On rocks, not common. Southern United States.

Family 7. BRYACEAE C. Mueller.

Bryum Family.

Plants usually growing in dense cushions, rarely scattered; stems
erect, simple or branching near the apex, often slender; leaves scattered or
crowded at the summit, variable in shape, from oval to lanceolate, often
acuminate and subulate; vein single; margins entire or toothed; cells
smooth, generally hexagonal, sometimes narrower on the border and rec-
tangular at the base. Pedicel terminal, erect; capsule erect or nodding,
generally symmetric with a well-developed neck; calyptra cucullate; lid
conic-apiculate, peristome usually double, rarely single or lacking. A
large family, widely distributed in various regions of the globe, composed
of 16 genera with over 950 species most abundant in temperate, alpine and
arctic regions. The sjDecimens from Bermuda are few and in poor con-
dition.

1. BRYUM L.

Characters of the family; capsules never erect, generally pear-shaped;
annulus large and well-developed; peristome always double, the inner more or
less developed, with or without cilia. [Greek, meaning a moss.] A large
genus of over 600 species, usually growing on earth or rocks, seldom on trees
or rotten wood, most abundant in cold and temperate regions. Type species:
Bryum argenteum L.

Leaves bordered, vein excurrent into a subulate tip. 1. B. ca pill are.

Leaves not bordered, minutely toothed, gemmiferous, vein ending in

the acute apex, 2. B. CrUgeri.

BRYACEAE.

443

1. Bryum capillare L. Hair-like Bryum. (Fig.
486.) Plants up to I3' high in rather dense, dark green
cushions ; stems short, sparingly branched ; leaves crowded
in a rosette at the apex, curled and twisted when dry,
ovate to lanceolate-acuminate, margins bordered by 1-2
rows of narrower cells, entire or slightly toothed near
apex; vein ending in the point or excurrent into a mucro-
nate tip; upper cells hexagonal, basal oblong, smooth.
Pedicel long, red, bent at base, paler and twisted above ;
capsule elongated, nodding; neck distinct; lid small,
apiculate; annulus large; peristome brown; teeth paler
and papillose above; endostome with a basal membrane
and appendiculate cilia; spores ripe in spring.

On rocks and roots of ferns in marshes, usually sterile,
and propagating by gemmae. Cosmopolitan and variable.

2. Bryum Crugeri Hpe. Cruger's

Bryum. (Fig. 487.) Plants forming loose

yellowish green cushions ; stems simple,

up to 8" high ; leaves not crowded, shining,

lanceolate, acute; vein percurrent, ending in the cuspidate apex;
margins plane, not bordered, slightly toothed tow^ard the apex;
cells long hexagonal, basal and alar, rectangular, not decurrent.
The Bermuda specimens propagate by gemmae and the fruit has
not been found.

On stones in Devonshire Marsh. Ranging from Cuba to Trini-
dad and South America but rarely fruiting.

Bryum dichotomum Hedw., of the Challenger report is
a doubtful species for Bermuda; specimens cannot be found in
the Mitten Herbarium and no definite locality was recorded.

Family 8. HOOKERIACEAE C. Mueller.

HooKERiA Family.

Plants large or small, usually with decumbent rooting stems; leaves
many-ranked, symmetric or unequal in shape ; veinless or usually with two
veins; cells smooth or papillose, not different at basal angles. Pedicel
erect, smooth or rough; capsule mostly horizontal; calyptra small, usually
lobed; lid conic-beaked, peristome double, endostome usually without cilia.
A large family of tropical mosses numbering over 300 species grouped in
25 genera, of which only one is represented in Bermuda.

1. CYCIiODICTYON Mitt.
Plants very pale and hyaline, leaves 2-veined, cells very large and clear.
[Greek, referring to the large cells of the leaf.] Sixty-five species have been
described, all American. Type species: HooJceria laete-virens Hook. & Taylor.

444

HOOKEEIACEAE.

1. Cyclodictyon varians (Sull.) Broth.
Pale Cyclodictyon. (Fig. 488.) Plants per-
ennial, about 8" high; stems decumbent and
rooting; branches short, erect, irregular; leaves
pale green or yellow, crowded and flattened
in several ranks the lateral ones longer and
broader than the upper ones, all obscurely
toothed with a narrow^ border of one row of
cells, the veins narrow and ending below the
acuminate tip; cells lax and clear. Pedicel
smooth, erect; capsule nodding, ovoid-cylindric;
lid conic-apiculate; annulus large, falling with
the lid; peristome double; teeth red, striate with
a median furrow; endostome yellow with a
short basal membrane and 16 keeled segments,
cilis none; spores green, smooth, maturing in
March and April. [HooTceria varians Sull.]

On damp rocks in shade, usually in caves.
Florida to Guadeloupe.

Family 9. RHACOPILACEAE Brotlierus.

Hairy-cap Family.

Stems decumbent, usually tomentose and branching; leaves crowded
and flattened in 2 ranks, the under leaves much smaller and different in
shape from the lateral ones ; vein single, cells hexagonal smooth or slightly
papillose. Pedicel erect; capsule ribbed when dry; lid beaked; calyptra
cucullate, hairy; annulus present, peristome double. A family of one
genus only and 39 tropical or subtropical species.

1. RHACOPILUM Beauv.
Characters the same as those of the family, the following species typical.
[Latin, in reference to the hairy calyptra.]

1. Rhacopilum tomentosura (Sw.)
Brid. ToMEXTOSE Hairy-cap. (Fig.
489.) Plants seldom more than 1'
high, dark green, perennial; stems
decumbent irregularly branched,
densely matted with brown hairs;
lateral leaves somewhat unequal at
base, sharply toothed with the vein
ending in a slender awn, cells almost
smooth; under leaves narrower and
longer-pointed. Pedicel stout, erect;
capsule horizontal, curved and
strongly ribbed when dry; teeth pale
and papillose at apex; inner seg-
ments keeled and split ; cilia 3 ; spores
small, smooth, maturing in summer.
[Eypnum tomentosum Sw.]

Growing on rocks in shade, in caves
and on cliffs. Also in Louisiana and
ranging through the West Indies to
South America.

LESKEACEAE.

445

Family 10. LESKEACEAE Reiclienbaeb.

Leskea Family.

Plants small or large ; stems creeping and branching, somewhat irregu-
larly or regularly pinnate; branches short, usually slender and crowded
with small leaves; vein single, cells usually papillose on one or both sur-
faces; branch leaves smaller than the stem leaves^ rudimentary leaves
present. Pedicel erect or inclined; calyptra cucullate; lid conic or beaked;
annulus usually present; peristome double, inner sometimes shorter and
imperfect. About 23 genera containing some 333 species.

Leaves papillose only on the back. 1. HaplorJadimn.

Leaves papillose on both surfaces. 2. ThuiUium.

1. HAPLOCIiADIUM C. Miill.
Branches slender, simple, not pinnately divided; leaves papillose only on
the back, those at base of pedicel, erect, longer and paler. [Greek, referring
to the simple branches.] A genus of 43 species, natives of America and
Eastern Asia. Type species: Haplocladium macropiJum C. Muell.

1. Haplocladiummicrophyllum (Sw.)
Broth. Small-leaved Haplocladium.
(Fig. 490.) Plants slender, perennial,
dark green or yellow; stems creeping and
rooting, sometimes quite slender and up
to several inches long; branches short
and simple, erect ; leaves crowded, spread-
ing or secund, ovate-acuminate; vein ex-
current into a long tip; margins
minutely toothed; cells small, square or
oblong, papillose only on the back;
leaves at base of pedicel longer and
paler, erect. Seta long and slender,
erect; capsule horizontal and curved;
annulus falling with the conic lid; peri-
stome double; inner peristome with
keeled segments and 3 cilia; spores
smooth, maturing in summer. [Hypniim
microphyllum Sw.]

On rocks in shade ; not common fruit-
ing. Also found in various parts of the
United States, the West Indies and Mexico.

2. THUIDIUM Br. & Sch.
Plants minute or taller and much branched; stems creeping or erect;
branches rarely simple, more often regularly pinnate or bipinnate; leaves
ovate, acute or acuminate; vein single, stout, ending in or below the tip;
cells small, dense, papillose on both surfaces. Pedicel erect; capsule hori-
zontal or curved ; calyptra cucullate ; lid beaked ; annulus compound ; peri-
stome double. [Diminutive of Thuja.] A large genus, widely distributed in
temperate regions, with some 63 species in America, the following typical.

446

LESKEACEAE.

1. Thuidium minutulum (Hedw.) Br. & Sch.
Minute Thuidium. (Fig, 491.) Stems up to 1' long,
very slender and creeping, branches short and simple,
somewhat irregular or pinnate; leaves minute, those of
the stems acuminate, sharply pointed, branch leaves
shorter, acute, more crowded; vein ending below the
apex, smooth; cells dense, obscure and papillose on both
surfaces; margins and apex with projecting multipapil-
late cells. Pedicel erect; capsule horizontal, cylindrie
or curved; lid long-beaked; annulus large; inner peri-
stome with cilia; spores small, maturing in autumn.
[Hypnum minutulum Hedw.]

On rotten wood in shade, very rare in Bermuda ; not
uucommon in United States and Canada.

Family 11. HYPNACEAE Hampe.

Hypnum Family.

Plants growing in loose or dense tufts, seldom floating; stems usually
decumbent and rooting, sometimes erect; branches regularly pinnate or
irregular; leaves straight or curved, erect, spreading or seeund, usually
symmetric; vein either lacking, single or double; cells mostly much longer
than wide, smooth or papillose, those of the basal angles often different
in shape and size. Pedicel more or less elongated and exserted; capsule
mostly horizontal, often curved and unsymmetric; peristome double; seg-
ments keeled; cilia usually present; spores small. A large family, widely
distributed in all parts of the globe. Composed of about 37 genera with
over 960 species.

Vein of the leaf long, single ; lid of the capsule conic, blunt. 1. Amhlystegium.

Vein of the leaf short and double or none ; lid of the capsule

sharp-pointed. 2. Isopterygiiim.

1. AMBLYSTEGIUM Bruch & S chimp.

Plants usually growing in moist localities; stems irregularly branched;
branches slender; leaves symmetric, spreading; vein single; cells smooth, not
much longer than wide. Pedicel erect, smooth; capsule usually curved; calyptra
cucullate; lid conic; annulus present; peristome double. [Greek, referring to
the blunt lid.] A genus of 47 species, widely distributed in America and
Europe. Type s]iecies : Hypiium riparium L.

HYPNACEAE.

447

1. Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb.
Variable Amblystegium. (Fig. 492.) Plants
growing in loose thin mats up to 1' high; stems
prostrate and branching; branches short and
slender, erect and simple; leaves small, spread-
ing, ovate-acuminate, margins entire or rarely
obscurely toothed; vein stout, ending in the tip;
cells 2-4 times longer than wide, those of the
basal angles square or oblong. Pedicel erect;
capsule curved and contracted below the mouth
when dry; inner peristome finely papillose with
keeled segments and cilia; spores small, slightly
roughened, maturing in spring. [Leslcea varia
Hedw.]

On shaded rocks near caves. Very common and
widely distributed in America and Europe.

2. ISOPTERYGIUM Mitt.

Plants usually rather small ; stems decumbent and irregularly branched ;
leaves somewhat flattened, small and crowded, usually symmetric; vein short
and double or none; pedicel erect; capsule erect or horizontal; lid conic or
apiculate; calyptra cucullate; peristome double. [Greek, referring to the
symmetric leaves.] A large genus of 168 species, mostly American, in tem-
perate and tropical regions. Type species: Isopterygium planissimum Mitt.

1. Isopterygium micans (Sw.)
Mitt. Glossy Isopterygium. (Fig.
493.) Plants up to 8" high in dense
glossy yellowish green mats; stems
Slender, decumbent ; branches simple
or divided : leaves crowded, spread-
ing, small, ovate-acuminate, faintly
serrate, veins short, double, obscure ;
cells long and narrow, a few at basal
angles distinctly shorter and broader.
Pedicel erect, slender; capsule hori-
zontal, curved and contracted below
the mouth when dry; lid conic, slightly
apiculate, cilia more or less developed,
spores small. [Hypmnn micans Sw.]

On roots of ferns and on rotten
wood in marshes. Found in various
parts of the eastern United States ; also
in Cuba and Jamaica.

448

SEMATOPHYLLACEAE.

Family 12. SEMATOPHYLLACEAE Brothems.

Sematophyllum Faimily.

Plants usually forming dense tufts; stems creeping; branches erect,
irregular and unequal, sometimes pinnate; leaves small, crowded, often
secund; veins short, double or lacking, cells usually much longer than
wide; those of the basal angles often larger, inflated or square. Pedicel
long, erect; capsule usually horizontal without an annulus; calyptra cucul-
late; lid usually with a long slender beak; peristome double. Twelve
genera and 448 species widely distributed in tropical regions.

1. SEMATOPHYLLUM Mitt.
Characters of the family. [Greek, in reference to the pointed leaves.]
A large genus, 315 species known mostly from tropical America. Type species:
Hypnum suhstrumuloswm Hpe.

1. Sematophyllum adnatum (Michx.) E.
G. Britton. Sematophyllum. (Fig. 494.)
Plants small, yellowish-green, glossy; stems
short, seldom more than 2" long, creeping;
branches erect, somewhat curved at apex;
leaves crowded, spreading or secund, acumi-
nate; margins recurved, entire or faintly ser-
rulate; veins short or none; cells spindle-
shaped, those of the basal angles enlarged and
hyaline. Pedicel short; capsule very small,
ovoid, contracted below the mouth when dry;
lid long-beaked, teeth with deep projections
on the inner surface, papillose at apex; spores
rough, small, maturing in summer. [LesTcea
adnata Michx.]

On rotten wood in shade. Virginia to Florida.

Class 2. HEPATIOAE.

Liverworts.

Contributed by Alexander W. Evans.

Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing a dis-
tinct alternation of generations, the gametophyte existing as an
independent individual, the very different sporophyte partially or
wholly parasitic on the gametophyte. Gametophyte dorsiventral,
consisting of a thallus or more or less differentiated into stem and
leaves, attached to the substratum by means of rhizoids (true roots
none), growing by means of an apical cell. Sexual organs borne

MABCHAXTIACEAE. 449

on the upper surface of the gametophyte or terminal on more or
less differentiated branches. Fertilized egg developing directly
into the sporophyte, the wall of the venter of the archegoniuin
usually developing into a protective cover, or calyptra, which is
not ruptured until the sporophyte is nearly mature. Sporophyte
(in all the Bermuda species) differentiated into a capsule (spore-
bearing organ), a stalk or a growing region, and a foot (absorbing
organ). Capsule consisting of a wall of sterile cells and a spore-
sac, the latter sometimes with a median sterile portion (columella),
dehiscing irregularly or by means of a lid or of longitudinal splits;
spore-sac containing spores only or spores and elaters, the latter
consisting of sterile cells often elongated and usually developing
spiral bands of thickening on their walls.

Gametophyte a thallus or leafy shoot. Chloroplasts minute, many in each cell.
Capsule short, spherical to oval, without a columella, borne on a translucent
stalk.
Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus, usually pale
and differentiated into distinct tissues, rarely
deep green and succulent ; green tissue usually
with air-spaces. Capsule splitting irregularly

or by means of a lid. Order 1. March.\nti.\les.

Gametophyte a delicate thallus or a leafy shoot ;
tissue differentiation slight : air-spaces not
present. Capsule splitting into four longitudinal

valves. Order 2. JcNGERii.v.NMALEs.

Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus, dark green
and succulent, tissue differentiation slight. Chloro-
plasts large, borne singly. Capsule long, cylindrical,
with a basal growing region, splitting into two longi-
tudinal valves. Order 3. Anthocerot.\les.

Order 1. MARCHANTIALES.

Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, clorsiventral thaUus, growing
apically, branching dichotomonsly or from the ventral surface of the
median portion, and showing a distinct differentiation into tissues, the
green tissue usually with air-spaces. Ventral scales more or less distinct.
Rhizoids of two kinds, the one with smooth walls, the other with tuberculate
walls. Antheridia in deep depressions on the upper surface of the thallus,
sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more or less definite,
sessile or stalked, receptacles. Archegonia similar in position but, when
borne on stalked receptacles (carpocephala), becoming displaced to the
lower surface through intercalary growth. Sporophyte (in all the Ber-
muda species) differentiated into capsule, stalk, and foot; elaters (or other
sterile cells) usually present in the capsule.

Family 1. MARCHANTIACEAE.

Marchantia Family.

Thallus (except in Dumortiera) with a distinct dorsal layer of air-
chambers, communicating with the outside air by means of epidennal
pores. Ventral scales in two (or more) longitudinal rows. Antheridia
and archegonia borne on more or less definite receptacles; antheridial

30

450

MARCHANTIACEAE.

receptacles discoid, sessile or stalked; carpocephala discoid, invariably
stalked, the stalk sometimes with one or two rhizoid-furrows. Sporophyte
differentiated into a capsule, stalk and foot, the capsule forced through the
eah^ptra at maturity by the elongating stalk and dehiscing irregularly or
by means of a more or less distinct lid; elaters present in the capsule.
Gemmae discoid, present in two genera. About 25 genera and 200 species,
widely distributed, especially in warm regions.

Air-chambers and epidermal pores (visible with a lens) present.

Boundaries of air-chambers indistinct ; gemmae never present. 1. RebouUa.
Boundaries of air-chambers distinct ; gemmae usually present.

Gemmae in crescentic conceptacles. 2. Lnniilaria.

Gemmae in circular conceptacles. 4. Marchantia.

Air-chambers and epidermal pores not present. 3. Dumortiera.

1. REBOULIA Eaddi.
Thallus branching dichotomously or innovating at the apex and thus
appearing jointed. Air-chambers with indistinct boundaries, arranged in
several layers and separated from one another by plates of green cells with
occasional perforations; epidermal pores bounded by several concentric rows
of cells in a single layer, arranged in distinct radiating series, not opening
into all the air-chambers. Ventral scales pigmented, divided into a basal
portion and one to three appendages. Antheridial receptacle oval to semi-
lunar, sessile, surrounded by a deep groove and by a series of narrow scales.
Carpocephalum arising from the extremity of a thallus-branch, hemispherical
and bluntly lobed, the long stalk with a single rhizoid-furrow; arehegonia five
to eight (mostly six or seven), arranged peripherally under the lobes; in-
volucre (around each archegonium or young sporophyte) consisting of two
overlapping longitudinal folds with entire margins; pseudoperianth none.
Capsule with a very rudimentary lid; cells of wall destitute of ring-like thick-
enings. [Commemorates Eugene de Eeboul, a French botanist.] A mono-

typic genus. -^^ /rx

/.;*.>. /^« 2 Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.)

Raddi. Eeboulia. (Fig. 495.) Thallus
pale green, varying to purple, about 5"
wide and l'-2' long, more or less crispate
along the margin. Appendages of ven-
tral scales usually two, narrowly lanceo-
late, composed of elongated cells; in-
florescence dioecious or monoecious;
antheridial receptacle terminal on a thal-
lus-branch or, in monoecious plants, some-
times borne immediately behind a female
receptacle; spores yellow at maturity,
about 60 fi in diameter, the surface loosely
and irregularly reticulate and finely ver-
ruculose ; elaters usually with two yellow
bands of thickening. [Marchantia hemi-
sphaerica L.]

On stone walls and along roadsides.
The commonest thalloid liverwort on the
island ; almost cosmopolitan in its distri-
bution.

MARCHANTIACEAE.

451

2. LUNUIiARIA Adans.
Thallus branching dichotomoiisly or innovating at the apex and thus ap-
pearing jointed. Air-chambers ^vith distinct boundaries, forming a single layer;
green cells in short, simple or branched filaments rising from the tloors of the
chambers, each filament two or three cells long; epidermal pores bounded by
several concentric rows of cells in a single layer, arranged in distinct radiating
series, opening into all the air-chambers. Ventral scales delicate and colorless,
divided into a basal portion and an appendage. Antheridial receptacle as in
EehouUa. Carpocephalum arising from the extremity of a thallus-branch,
composed of a small central portion, from which four tubular bilabiate invo-
lucres, each with one or rarely two archegonia (or sporophytes), diverge hori-
zontally, the long stalk destitute of rhizoid-furrows; pseudoperianth none.
Capsule with a distinct lid, the lower portion splitting irregularly into from
four to eight teeth; cells of wall destitute of ring-like thickenings. Gemmae
discoid, several cells thick in the middle and with two growing points, borne
in crescentic conceptacles. [Latin, lunula, a little moon.] A monotypic
genus.

1. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. Lu-
NULARIA. (Fig. 496.)- Thallus light green,
becoming brownish yellow with age, not pig-
mented with purple, mostly 2^"-5" wide and
V-V long, more or less sinuate along the hya-
line margin. Appendages of ventral scales
orbicular; inflorescence dioecious; antheridial
receptacle terminal on a thallus branch; spores
yellowish brown, 15-20 /a in diameter, smooth;
elaters usually with two yellowish brown bands
of thickening. [Marchantia cruciata L.J

On earth at base of walls, Hamilton, M. A.
Howe. Probably introduced. The species is
native to the Mediterranean region but is now
naturalized in many parts of the world, especially
in gardens and greenhouses. It is rarely fertile
but usually produces the characteristic gemmae-
conceptacles.

3. DUMORTIERA Eeinw. Bl. & Nees.
Thallus branching dichotomously or innovating at the apex, destitute of
air-chambers and epidermal pores. Ventral scales rudimentary and short-
lived. Antheridial receptacles oval or circular, terminal on a thallus-branch,
surrounded by bristle-like hairs and borne on a very short stalk with two
rhizoid-furrows. Carpocephalum arising from the extremity of a thallus-
branch, bearing a few scattered bristle-like hairs on the upper surface, convex
in the middle and with six to ten blunt lobes, the long stalk with two rhizoid-
furrows; archegonia (and sporophytes) borne singly under the lobes, each in
a tubular, horizontal involucre extending beyond the lobe and opening by a
small apical slit ; pseudoperianth none. Capsule with a distinct lid, the lower

452

MABCHANTIACEAE.

portion splitting irregularly into from four to eight teeth; cells of wall with
numerous ring-like thickenings. [Commemorates B. C. Dumortier, born 1797,
a student of Hepaticae.] Three recognized species, especially of tropical
regions, the following typical.

1. Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.)
Eeinw. Bl. &: Nees. Dtjmortiera.
(Fig. 497.) Thallus dark green,
mostly 4"-10" w^ide and 2'-4' long,
flat, slightly undulate along the mar-
gin. Inflorescence dioecious; spores
brownish, 22-30 fi in diameter, thickly
tuberculate or papillose. [MarcJiantia
hirsuta Sw.]

On wet rocks. Originally collected
by Moseley. Church Cave, E. G. Brit-
ton, M. A. Hoice. A large species, re-
stricted to very wet localities. Widely
distributed in tropical regions ; also in
western and southern Europe and in the
eastern United States.

4. MARCHANTIA L.
Thallus branching dichotomously. Air-chambers with distinct boundaries,
forming a single layer; green cells in short, simple or branched filaments rising
from the floors of the chambers, the filaments mostly three or four cells long;
epidermal pores bounded by several superimposed layers, each usually com-
posed of four cells. Ventral scales variable, some divided into a basal
portion and an appendage. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridial receptacle
terminal on a thallus-branch, flat or slightly convex, more or less lobed, borne
on a somewhat elongated stalk with, two rhizoid-furrows. Carpocephalum
arising from the extremity of a thallus-branch, composed of a flat or convex
central portion from which four to ten lobes radiate, often unsymmetrically,
the lobes flat or grooved underneath; stalk with two rhizoid-furrows; arche-
gonia (and sporophytes) in radiating groups between the lobes, each group
enclosed by a membranous involucre consisting of two folds with fringed
margins; pseudoperianth (around each sporophyte) tubular, membranous, with
an open, irregularly cleft mouth. Capsule without a lid, splitting into from
four to eight irregular teeth; cells of wall with ring-like thickenings. Gemmae
like those of Lunularia, borne In circular, cup-like conceptacles. [In honor of
Nicolas Marchant, director of the ducal garden at Blois, died 1678.] About
50 species, mostly tropical, the following typical.

MARCHANTIACEAE.

453

1. Marchantia polymorpha

L. Marchantia. (Fig. 498.)
Thallus deep green, often
darker in the median portion,
mostly 5"-10" broad and 2-8'
long, flat or slightly furrowed,
sinuate along the margin. Ven-
tral scales hyaline or pale
brownish, in three longitudinal
rows on each side of the middle,
those of the innermost row with
cordate appendages, the others
without appendages ; antheridial
receptacle with eight short
rounded lobes; carpocephalum-
deeply lobed, the lobes mostly
nine, cylindrical on account of
the revolute margins; spores
spherical, 10-12 ix in diameter,
yellow, densely and minutely
papillose; elaters usually with
two yellow bands of thicken-
ing; gemmae-conceptacles with
a lobed margin, the lobes
spinose-ciliate.

On walls and on moist soil.
A cosmopolitan species, known in Bermuda from a single collection made by Miss
L. DeP. Haynes.

Order 2. JUNGERMANNIALES.

Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, dorsiventral thallus or more
or less clearly differentiated into stem and leaves, showing slight tissue
differentiation, destitute of air-spaces. Rhizoids all with smooth walls.
Antheridia in deep depressions or superficial and usually protected by
scales or leaves, sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more
or less definite receptacles or androecia. Archegonia superficial but usually
more or less protected by scales or leaves. Sporophyte differentiated into
capsule, stalk, and foot, the capsule splitting irregularly at maturity or
more commonly into four equal valves; elaters always present.

Gametophyte always a thallus (in Bermuda genera) ; archegonia not terminal and

often not stopping the growth of the archegonial branch.

Fam. 1. Metzgeriaceae.
Gametophyte diflferentiated into stem and leaves ;

archegonia terminal and stopping the growth of the

archegonial branch. Fam. 2. .Tungermanniaceae.

Family 1. METZGERIACEAE.

Metzgeria Faimily.

Thallus with lateral or ventral branches or apparently dichotomous,
composed of similar cells throughout or with a distinct median strand
of elongated cells. Antheridia borne on the upper surface of ordinary
thallus-branches or of short, more or less specialized branches, situated
in depressions or superficial, in the latter case often protected by scales.

454

METZGEKIACEAE.

Archeg-onia superficial, borne on the upper surface of ordinary tballus-
branches or of short, more or less specialized branches, often protected by
scales and sometimes by tubular pseudoperianths. About 25 genera and
350 species, most abundant in trojiical regions.

Thallus not developing a median strand of elongated cells. 1. Riccardia.

Thallus developing a distinct median strand of elongated cells.

Thallus apparently dichotomous, antheridia and archegonia

borne on short ventral branches.

Thallus branching usually by adventive ventral branches, some-
times apparently dichotomous ; antheridia and archegonia borne

2. Metzgeria.

on ordinary thallus-branches.

3. Pallavicinia.

1. RICCAKDIA S. F. Grayr

Thallus dark green, linear, vrith distinct lateral branches, the latter some-
times perpendicular to the substratum, composed of parenchyma with little
differentiation. Antheridia borne in two rows on short branches with involute
and often crenulate or dentate margins. Archegonia borne in irregular clus-
ters on short branches, surrounded by irregular and minute, scale-like or fila-
mentous structures. Calyptra fleshy, carrying up on its surface some of the pro-
tective structures, together with the unfertilized archegonia. Pseudoperianth
none. Capsule oval, the wall splitting into four equal valves two cells thick,
some or all of the cells with ring-like thickenings. Elaters usually with a single
band of thickening, remaining attached to the free tips of the valves. Gemmae
oval, mostly two-celled, formed directly from the protoplasmic contents of
superficial thallus-cells. [Probably in honor of F. Eiccardi, an Italian marquis.]
About 150 species, mostly tropical. Type species: B. multifida (L.) S. F. Gray.

Thallus irregularly pinnate or palmate, the margins opaque and entire. 1. R. latifrons.
Thallus regularly bipinnate or tripinnate when well developed,

the margins translucent and often crenulate. 2. B. multifida.

1. Riccardia latifrons Lindb.
Broad Eiccardia. (Fig. 499.)
Thallus mostly 2"-5" long, irregu-
larly pinnate or palmate, the
branches mostly V'-l" wide, often
broadening out from a narrow
base, opaque, thinning out to an
entire margin one cell thick and
one cell wide. Inflorescence autoe-
cious ; ring-like thickenings present
in inner layer of capsule wall, ab-
sent (or nearly so) from outer
layer.

On roots of plants and on the
ground in swamps. Devonshire
Marsh. Widely distributed in Europe,
Asia, and North America.

METZGERIACKAE.

465

2. Riccardia multifida (L.) S. F. Gray.
Cleft Eiccardia. (Fig. 500.) Thallus
mostly 5"-15" long, regularly bipinnate or
tripinnate, the branches about 5" wide,
uniform in width or slightly tapering toward
the apex, thinning out to a crenulate margin
one cell thick and two or three cells wide.
Inflorescence autoecious; ring-like thicken-
ings present in outer layer of capsule wall,
absent from inner layer. [Jungermannia
multifida L.]

On moist soil in swamps. Devonshire and
Paget marshes. Widely distributed in Europe,
Asia, and North America.

2. METZGERIA Baddi.
Thallus pale green, linear, apparently
regularly dichotomous, composed of a median
strand of elongated cells surrounded by a
single layer of enlarged cortical cells and
bounded on each side by a broad wing one
cell thick; unicellular hairs usually present.
Antheridia borne on short ventral circinate

branches with involute margins and distinct midribs. Archegonia borne on
short ventral branches without a distinct midrib. Calyptra obovoid or clavate
with numerous hairs. Pseudoperianth none. Capsule spherical, the wall
splitting into four equal valves two cells thick, their walls without ring-like
thickenings. Elaters usually with a single band of thickening, remaining

attached to the free tips of the valves.
Gemmae discoid, with or without mid-
ribs, borne on the margin or upper surface
of the thallus. [Commemorates .Johann
Metzger, German horticulturist.] About 75
species, mostly tropical. Type species: M.
furcaia (L.) Dumort.

1. Metzgeria conjugata Lindb. Metz-
GERIA. (Fig. 501.) Growing in depressed
mats, green, varying to yellowish green.
Thallus about 1" wide and 10"-15" long,
repeatedly forking, plane or somewhat con-
vex, the midrib bounded above by two
longitudinal rows of cortical cells, below
by four; hairs borne on the margin, the
lower surface of the midrib, and (occa-
sionally) the lower surface of the wings,
the marginal hairs usually in pairs; intlo-
rescence autoecious; gemmae apparently
none.

On rocks. Thurch Pave and WalsinRham.
Almost cosmopolitan. The Bermuda specimens
are sterile and not quite characteristic, and
their reference to the present species is there-
fore doubtful.

456

METZGEEIACEAE.

3. PAIiLAVICINIA S. F. Gray.

Thallus pale to dark green, forking or with ventral adventive branches,
consisting of a thickened median portion, or midrib, with a central strand of
elongated cells and two broad lateral wings one cell thick except toward the
midrib; unicellular hairs lacking and margin entire. Antheridia in an
elongated median group, protected by imbricated toothed scales. Archegonia

in a circular median cluster, surrounded by
variously toothed and more or less coalescent
scales. Pseudoperianth tubular, ciliate or
lacerate at the mouth. Capsule elongated,
oval, the wall splitting into from two to four
valves, two to six cells thick; ring-like thick-
enings none. Elaters with two or three bands
of thickening, free from the valves. [Probably
in honor of Ji. Pallavicini, Archbishop of
Genoa.] About 25 species, mostly tropical
and subtropical. The following typical.

1. Pallavicinia Lyellii (Hook.) S. F.
Gray. Lyell's Pallavicinia. (Fig. 502.)
Growing in irregular mats or scattered among
other plants. Thallus almost always with
ventral branches rapidly broadening out from
a stalk-like base, mostly 2"-2J" wide and 10"-
20" long, flat or slightly crispate along the
margins; inflorescence dioecious; spores mostly
20-24 /x in diameter, the surface finely reticu-
lated. [Jungej-mannia Lyellii Hook.]

On moist soil, sometimes submersed. Devon-
shire and Paget Marshes. Widely distributed,
especially in tropical regions.

Family 2. JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

JuXGERilAXXIA FaMILY.

Plant body usually prostrate or ascending, dorsiventral ; branches
lateral or ventral; leaves normally in three longitudinal ranks, two dorsal
or lateral and one ventral, those of the ventral rank (the underleaves)
smaller than the others and sometimes absent altogether. Antheridia borne
singly or in small groups in the axils of more or less specialized leaves,
the perigonial bracts. Archegonia borne singly or in groups at the tips
of branches, surrounded by specialized leaves, the perichaetial bracts and
bracteoles. Perianth present in many genera, consisting of a cylindrical
or prismatic tube open at the apex. Capsule spherical to cylindrical.
About 150 genera and some 4000 species, widely distributed, most abun-
dant in tropical regions.

A. Leaves plane or nearly so, undivided or more or less deeply bifid with broad lobes,
1. Leaves succubous.
Leaves undivided.

Leaves ciliate. 1. Plagiochila.

Leaves entire. 4. Odontoschisma.

J UNGERMANNIACEAE.

457

Leaves bifid.

Leaf-cells large, measuring 3<>-d<)^ in diameter;

plants pale green.
Leaf-cells minute, measuring 20/^ in diameter or
less ; plants dark green or reddish.
2. Leaves incubous, undivided or sliglitly bifid.

B. Leaves deeply divided into hair-like lobes.

2. Cephalozia.

3. CephulozirUa.

5. CalyiJOfjriiJ.

6. Telaranca.

Leaves deeply bilobed and complicate, the ventral lobe, or
lobule, smaller than the dorsal and usually specialized as
an inflated water-sac.

1. Underleaves none.

Plants large, perianth flattened and with a broad trun-
cate mouth. 7. Radula.
Plants minute, perianth abruptly contracted to a small
tubular mouth.
Perianth inflated, five-keeled. 8.
Perianth flattened, the two lateral keels sharp and
distinct. 9.

2. Underleaves present.
Lobule inflated but not helmet-shaped, attached to the

dorsal lobe by a long keel.
Margin of dorsal lobe entire or nearly so.
Perianth inflated, sharply five-keeled.

Plants pale green and delicate. 10.

Plants yellowish green and firm. 12.

Perianth flattened, the two lateral keels sharp. 11.
Margin of dorsal lobe crenulate from projecting
cells. 13.

Lobule normally inflated, helmet-shaped, with a stalk-
like base, keel usually very short.
Subfloral innovations (borne just behind the inner-
most perichaetial bracts) present. 14.
Subfloral innovations absent. 15.

Cololcjrunra.
Leptocolea.

Lejcunea.

Euo-smolejeunca.

Rcctohjeunca.

Crossotolcjcunea.

Jubula.
Frullania.

1. PLAGIOCHILA Dumort.
Steins ascending from a prostrate rhizome, simple or with lateral branches.
Leaves succubous, undivided, decurrent dorsally and ventrally, the margin
varying from entire to ciliate or spinose. Underleaves usually minute and
short-lived. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridia from one to ten in the axils
of bracts saccate at the base, the bracts
imbricated and usually arranged in elon-
gated androecia often proliferating at
the apex. Perichaetial bracts similar to
the leaves but often broader and more
toothed. Perianth laterally compressed,
the mouth broad, truncate, and variously
dentate to ciliate. [Greek, oblique lip.]
Some 800 species or more, mostly tropical.
Type species: P. asplenioides (L.) Dumort.

1, Plagiochila Smallii Evans.
Small's Plagiochila. (Fig. 503.)
Loosely tufted, usually dark green.
Stems sparingly and irregularly
branched. Leaves obliquely spreading,
distant, the largest about 1^" long and
Y' wide, narrowly ovate to ligulate,
truncate at the apex, sharply 6-12-
toothed; perianth campanulate, sharply
spinose-ciliate at the mouth.

On moist rocks. Paynter's Hill and
Paynter's Vale. Known also from tropical
Florida.

458

JUNGEEMANNIACEAE.

2. CEPHALOZIA Dumort.
Stems sparingly and irregularly branched, the branches almost always
ventral, sometimes flagelliform. Leaves succubous, obliquely attached and
often decurrent, two-lobed. Leaf-cells large (mostly 30-50 /i in diameter) and
transparent, mostly with thin walls. Underleaves minute or none. Antheridia
borne singly in the axils of more or less saccate bracts, the latter imbricated,
forming androecia variable in length and rarely proliferating. Archegonia
usually borne on short ventral branches. Bracts and bracteoles similar, larger
than the leaves, variously deft or lobed. Perianth triangular-prismatic with

one keel ventral, the mouth constricted, crenu-
late to ciliate. Gemmae unicellular or bicellu-
lar. [Greek, twig-headed.] Species about 60,
mostly of temperate regions. Type species;
C. hicuspidata (L.) Dumort.

1. Cephalozia connivens (Dicks.) Lindb.
Cephalozi.a. (Fig. 504.) Plants pale green,
growing in depressed mats. Stems bounded
by a layer of large cells; leaves loosely ar-
ranged on the stem, almost longitudinally at-
tached, orbicular, bifid one half or less with
acute connivent lobes and a rounded sinus,
leaf-cells large, about 50 /x in diameter ; under-
leaves none; inflorescence autoecious; androe-
cium occupying a small ventral branch, not
proliferating; archegonia borne on a small
ventral branch; bracts deeply and irregularly
3-5-cleft with narrow entire acuminate lobes;
braeteole bifid with similar lobes, more or less
coalescent with the bracts; mouth of perianth
long-ciliate. [Jungermannia connivens Dicks.]

On moist soil. First collected by Moseley.
Devonshire Marsh. Widely distributed in Europe,
Asia, and North America.

3. CEPHAIiOZIEIiLA [Spruce] Schifen,
Plants very small. Stems sparingly and irregularly branched, the
branches ventral or lateral, never flagelliform. Leaves almost transversely
inserted and often somewhat channeled, two-lobed. Leaf-cells small (mostly
12-20 /tt in diameter), often with thickened and pigmented walls. Underleaves
sometimes present. Antheridia borne singly in the axils of the bracts, the
latter similar to the leaves or somewhat specialized, imbricated, forming more
or less distinct androecia of varying length, sometimes proliferating. Arche-
gonia usually borne on elongated branches, rarely on short ventral branches.
Bracts and bracteoles similar, larger than the leaves, more or less connate,
v'ariously lobed or cleft, the divisions often dentate. Perianth prismatic with
from three to six angles, elongated, the mouth contracted, crenulate or dentate.
Gemmae unicellular or bieellular. [Diminutive of Cephalozia.] About 50
species, mostly of temperate regions, the following typical.

JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

459

1. Cephaloziella byssacea (Roth) Warnst, Cephaloziella.
(Figt 505.) P'lants green, often more or less pigmented with
reddish or purplish, growing in more or less compact mats or mixed
with other plants. Leaves distant to subimbricated, quadrate,
divided to the middle or beyond into two ovate-lanceolate, mostly
acute divisions, entire; leaf-cells 10-15 ju in diameter, slightly or
not at all thickened; underleaves usually distinct, lanceolate to
ovate, sometimes shortly bifid; inflorescence dioecious; androecia
composed of from six to twelve pairs of imbricated bracts, often
proliferating; archegonia borne on an elongated branch; bracts
and bracteole bifid with sharply dentate lobes, more or less coales-
cent; mouth of perianth crenulate. IJungermannia byssacea
Roth.]

On moist soil, Devonshire Marsh. Widely distributed in Europe,
Asia, and North America. The Bermuda specimens are in poor condi-
tion and are doubtfully referred to the present species. They have
already been listed from Bermuda as Ccphaloziu divaricuta (Sm.)
Dumort., a synonym of CephalozicUa hyssacea.

4. ODONTOSCHISMA Dumort.
Stems prostrate, sparingly and irregularly branched, the
branches lateral or ventral, often flagelliform. Leaves succubous,
obliquely attached, undiv^ided, entire, and usually rounded or
truncate at the apex. Leaf-cells usually with more or less thick-
ened walls. Underleaves present but often minute and short-
lived. Antheridia borne in the axils of imbricated and bifid
bracts, the latter forming androecia of variable length, not pro-
liferating. Archegonia borne on short ventral branches, the ter-
minal portion swelling after fertilization. Bracts and bracteoles similar,
usually bifid, not coalescent. Perianth triangular-prismatic with one keel
ventral, the mouth subcrenulate to ciliate, constricted, irregularly sinuate or
lobed. Gemmae unicellular or bicellular. [Greek, split tooth.] Species about
'25, largely tropical. Type species: 0. Sphagni (Dicks.) Dumort.

1, Odontoschisma prostratum (Sw.) Trevis.
Prostrate Odoxtosciitsima. (Fig. 506.) Plants
pale green, often more or less pigmented with
brownish, growing in depressed mats or creeping
among other plants; branches all ventral, some of
them flagelliform. Leaves distant to loosely imbri-
cated, orbicular to oblong, about V' long, median
leaf -cells about 20 ^ in diameter, thin-walled but
with distinct trigones; marginal cells (in from
one to four rows) forming a distinct border ^ith
walls uniformly thickened; underleaves minute;
perichaetial bracts and bracteoles bifid about one
half with Flender acuminate and subentire lobes;
mouth of perianth entire to short-setulose. [Jun-
germannia prostrata Sw.]

On moist soil, Devonshire and Paget Marshes.
Widely distributed from Massachusetts to Florida :
also in tropical America. Easily distinguished by its
succubous, undivided leaves.

460

JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

5. CAIiYPOGEIA Raddi.

Stems prostrate, sparingly and irregularly branched, the branches almost
always ventral and arising in the axils of the underleaves. Leaves incubous,
obliquely attached, oblong or ovate, undivided or bidentate at the apex,
entire or nearly so. Leaf-cells mostly delicate and thin-walled. Underleaves
large, distant to imbricated, orbicular to reniform, rounded at the apex or
more or less bifid. Antheridia borne singly or in pairs in the axils of small
and delicate saccate bracts, variously toothed at the apex, the bracts forming
short ventral androecia, not proliferating. Archegonia borne on short ventral
branches; bracts minute and irregularly toothed at the apex; perianth none;
sporophyte developed within a fleshy pendent perigynium. Capsule cylindric,
with spirally twisted valves. Gemmae unicellular or bicellular. [Greek, earth-
calyx.] Species about 50, largely tropical. Type species: C. fissa (L.) Raddi.

1. Calypogeia fissa (L.) Raddi. Cleft
Calypogeia. (Fig. 507.) Plants glaucous
green, translucent, growing in depressed
mats or creeping among other plants. Leaves
loosely imbricated, broadly ovate, mostly
about 1" long, the apex variable but usually
shortly bilobed or bidentate with rounded to
subacute lobes or teeth and a shallow
rounded sinus ; leaf -cells about 45 fi in diam-
eter, thin-walled and usually without tri-
gones; underleaves distant, broader than
long, deeply bifid with blunt lobes, each
often bearing a lobe-like tooth on the outer
side. [Mnium fissum L.]

On moist soil, Devonshire Marsh, E. G.
Britfon. Europe ; eastern North America ;
perhaps Japan. Distribution incompletely
known. Previously listed from Bermuda as
Kantia Trichomanis (L.) S. F, Gray.

6. TELARANEA Spruce.

Plants delicate and filmy. Stems prostrate, sparingly and more or less
pinnately branching, the branches mostly lateral, rarely ventral, never flagelli-
form. Leaves almost transversely attached, divided practically to the base into
two or three filiform divisions, each composed of a single row of elongated and
thin-walled cells. Underleaves much smaller, bifid (or trifid) with short
incurved, filiform divisions. Antheridia borne singly in the axils of scarcely

JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

461

modified bracts, the latter in about five pairs, occupying the whole or the apex
of a lateral branch. Archegonia usually borne on a short ventral branch, more
rarely at the apex of the stem or an elongated lateral or ventral branch.
Bracts and bracteoles similar, deeply 3-5-parted, with a low basal membrane
and narrov^' subulate divisions. Perianth terete below, obtusely triangular
toward the constricted and ciliate mouth. [Greek, cobweb.] Two species, the
following and the typical T. chaetophylla Spruce.

1. Telaranea nematodes

(Gottsche) M. A. Howe. Tela-
ranea. (Fig. 508.) Plants
pale green, forming loose tufts
or creeping among other plants.
Leaves distant to imbricated,
the divisions four to eight cells
long, and the cells mostly twice
to four times as long as broad;
underleaves bifid or trifid with
the divisions two or three cells
long; inflorescence autoecious.
\^J ung er manni a nematodes
Gottsche.]

On moist soil, Devonshire
Marsh, M. A. Howe. Long Island
to Florida and Louisiana ; trop-
ical America and Africa.

7. RADUIiA Dumort.

Stems prostrate or growing from a prostrate rhizome, with numerous lat-
eral branches arising just behind normal leaves; rhizoids always borne on the
ventral lobes of the leaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger
than the ventral, ineubous, usually entire and often rounded at the apex; ventral
lobes attached to the dorsal by a more or less elongated keel, the free margin
usually appressed to the dorsal lobe. Underleaves none. Antheridia borne
singly or in groups of two or three in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter
forming more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne on more or less
elongated branches, sometimes with subfloral innovations; bracts similar to the
leaves. Perianth usually dorsiventrally compressed, rarely subterete or plicate,
truncate and bilabiate but otherwise entire at the broad mouth. Gemmae, when
present, discoid, multicellular. [Latin, a scraper or spatula.] About 400
species, largely tropical. Type species: B. complanata (L.) Dumort.

462

JUXGERMANNIACEAE.

1. Radula pallens (Sw.) Du-
mort. Pale Radula. (Fig. 509.)
Plants dark green, often brownish,
growing in loose tufts. Stems
loosely and irregularly pinnate, the
female plants often apparently
dichotomous on account of subfloral
innovations; leaves imbricated, the
dorsal lobe ovate-orbicular and
rounded at the apex, the ventral
lobe trapezoidal, attached to the
stem throughout the greater part
of its length, the apex inflexecT,
blunt; inflorescence dioecious;
perianth elongated, clavate, com-
pressed.

On rocks, Church Cave, Har-
rington House, Paynter's Hill, Payn-
ter's Vale and Walsingham. Widely
distributed in tropical America, es-
pecially in the West Indies.

8. COLOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn.

Stems prostrate, minute and delicate, irregularly branched, the branches
as in Hadula; rhizoids arising from the ventral surface of the stem. Leaves
complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, incubous, attached
by a very narrow base, convex, widely spreading, broadly ovate to lanceolate,
entire to erenulate or denticulate from projecting cells; lobule inflated, at-
tached to the lobe by a long arched keel, usually with two teeth in the apical
region; leaf cells uniform, often highly convex or tuberculate, usually thin-
walled and without trigones. Underleaves none. Antheridia borne singly or
in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts,, the latter in more or less elongated
androecia. Archegonia borne singly on more or less elongated branches, with
one or two subfloral innovations, the bracts with plane lobules. Perianth
inflated, 5-keeled, abruptly narrowed to a more or less distinct tubular beak.
Gemmae discoid, borne on the surface of the leaves. [Greek, clipped Lejeunea.]
About 100 species, mostly tropical. Type species: C. calcarea (Lib.) Schiffn.

JUNGERMAXXIACEAE.

463

1. Cololejeunea minutissima (Sm.) Schiffn,
Minute Cololejeunea. (Fig. 510.) Plants
yellowish green, varying to dark green, loosely
tufted or scattered. Leaves distant to subim-
bricated, the dorsal lobe spreading, convex,
ovate to snbrotiind, about lo" long, crenu-
late, rounded to very obtuse at the apex ; lobule
almost as long as the lobe, inflated, with two
teeth in the apical region when well developed
but often rudimentary; leaf -cells thin-walled
throughout; inflorescence autoecious; perianth
obovoid, sharply 5-keeled in upper part, trun-
cate or rounded at the apex with a short beak.
[Jungermannia minutissima Sm.]

On trees, Devonshire Marsh, Walsingham
Caves, and Abbot's Clififs. Western and southern
Europe ; South Carolina to Florida and Texas.

9. LEPTOCOLEA [Spruce] Evans.

Distinguished primarily from Cololejeunea
by its strongly flattened perianth with sharp
lateral keels. Dorsal lobe of the leaves usually
rounded at apex; leaf-cells more variable than in Cololejeunea, sometimes with
thickened walls and distinct trigones, sometimes differentiated as ocelli or as
empty and hyaline cells. In other respects agreeing with Cololejeunea. [Greek,
slender sheath.] About 30 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. micran-
droecia (Spruce) Evans.

1. Leptocolea Jooriana (Aust.) E%^ns.
Joor's Leptocolea. (Fig. 511.) Yellowish
green or whitish, loosely tufted or scattered.
Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely
spreading, plane, ovate, about \" long,
gradually narrowed to the apex, usually bear-
ing from one to ten hyaline cells with free
extremities; lobule about half as long as !he
lobe, with two teeth in the apical region ;
leaf-cells with slightly thickened walls and
indistinct trigones; inflorescence paroecious
or synoecious; perianth ovate to obovate in
outline, truncate to very slightly retuse at
the apex with a very short beak. [Lejeunca
Jooriana Aust.]

On trees, Taynter's Hill and Devonshire
Marsh. M. A. Hone. North Carolina to
Florida and Louisiana ; Bahamas ; Porto Rico.

464

JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

10. LEJEUNEA Libert.

iStems prostrate, small, irregularly branched, the branches as in Badula;
rhizoids springing from the bases of the underleaves. Leaves complicate-
bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, incubous, attached by a long,
almost longitudinal line, plane or convex, widely spreading, ovate to obovate,
rounded to obtuse at the apex, entire or slightly crenulate; lobule when well
developed inflated, acute, bearing a hyaline papilla at the base of the apical
tooth on the side next to the stem; leaf-cells thin-walled but sometimes with
small trigones. Underleaves ovate to orbicular, bifid, the division mostly entire
or crenulate. Antheridia borne singly or in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts,
the latter in more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne singly on
branches variable in length with one or two subfloral innovations, the bracts
with plane lobules, bracteole bifid. Perianth inflated, 5-keeled, abruptly nar-
rowed to a distinct tubular beak. [Commemorates A. L. S. Lejeune, Belgian
botanist.] Nearly 200 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. cavi folia
(Ehrh.) Lindb.

1. Lejeunea minutiloba Evans. Small-
LOBED Lejeunea. (Fig. 512.) Bright or
pale green, loosely tufted or mixed with
other plants. Leaves contiguous or slightly
imbricated, the lobe ovate, about 3" long,
rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so;
lobule represented by a minute, basal fold;
leaf-cells thin-walled, with scarcely evident
trigones ; underleaves distant, orbicular, bifid
about one third with broad, rounded or
bluntly pointed lobes and a narrow sinus,
slightly crenulate on the margins; inflores-
cence autoecious ; female inflorescence borne
on a long or short branch with a single inno-
vation; bracts shorter than the leaves; brac-
teole sharply bifid with obtuse to rounded
divisions; perianth obovate in outline, 5-
keeled in the upper part.

On stones, rocks, and trees, Church Cave
and vicinity, 1900, M. A. Howe 7; 1908, 8.
Brown, 50!,, 505 \ 1912, E. a. Britton 1088:
Walsingham, 1900, M. A. Hone 3; 1905. E. G.
Britton 2S6 ; Tuckerstown, 1905, E. O. Britton
323: 1908. 8. Brown 516: Abbot's Cliff, 1912,
1913, E. G. Britton 8S8, 931, 932 (in part), 933,
1867: without definite locality, 1908, S. Brown
559a. West Indies. Previously listed from
Bermuda as L. glaucescens Gottsche.

11, RECTOLEJEUNEA Evans.

Differs primarily from Lejeunea in its flattened perianth with sharp
lateral keels. Dorsal lobes, lobules and underleaves similar, but the lobes
commonly broader; ocelli sometimes present among the leaf-cells. [Greek,

JUXGERMAXNIACEAE.

465

fragile Lejeunea.] About 40 species, largely of tropical America,
species: E. flageUiformis Evans.

1. Rectolejeunea phyllobola (X'ees &
Mont.) Evans. Rectolejeunea. (Fig.
513.) Pale green, growing in depressed
mats. Leaves loosely imbricated, the lobe
orbicular ovate, about i" long, rounded at
the apex, entire or nearly so ; lobule inflated,
ovate, apex usually tipped with a single
blunt cell; leaf-cells thin-walled with small
trigones; ocelli none; underleaves distant,
bifid to beyond the middle with narrow divi-
sions and an acute to lunulate sinus; inflo-
rescence autoecious; female inflorescence
usually borne on a short branch with a single
snbfloral innovation; bracts similar to the
leaves but with plane narrow lobules; brac-
teole bifid about one third with acute divi-
sions and a narrow sinus ; perianth obovate
in outline, truncate or slightly retuse at the
apex, beak short, ventral surface with a
broad bluntly 2-angled keel. [Lejeiuiea
phyllobola Xees & Mont.]

On trees, Church Cave, Walsingham Caves,
Paynter's Hill, Castle Harbor ; Florida ; trop-
ical North America.

Type

12. EUOSMOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn,

Yellowish green and firm. Stems prostrate, often elongated, irregularly
branched, the branches as in Eadula ; rhizoids springing from the bases of
the underleaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger
than the ventral, incubous, attached by a long line, broadly ovate, convex,
rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so; lobule strongly inflated, acute, bear-
ing a hyaline papilla in the sinus, at the base of the apical tooth ; leaf-cells
with conspicuous trigones; ocelli none. Underleaves varying from medium-
sized to large, sometimes imbricated, orbicular and often cordate at the base,
usually bifid with an acute to lunulate sinus, rarely undivided. Antheridia
usually in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter in more or less
elongated androecia, often proliferating. Female inflorescence borne on a
more or less elongated branch, with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts
similar to the leaves but with plane lobules and sometimes with pointed lobes;
bracteole bifid, free. Perianth often roughened by projecting cells, sharply
5-keeled, the keels rounded above, beak distinct. Gemmae none. [Greek,
fragrant Lejeunea.] About 35 species, largely tropical. Type species: E.
tr if aria (Reinw. Bl. & X^'ees) Schiffn.

31

466

JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

1. Euosmolejeunea clausa (Nees &
Mont.) Evans. Euosmolejeunea. (Fig.
514.) In loose depressed mats. Leaves
loosely imbricated, the lobe broadly ovate,
about i" long; leaf -cells with large tri-
gones; underleaves contiguous or imbri-
cated, bifid about one third with obtuse
or acute divisions and an obtuse or acute
sinus; inflorescence dioecious; androe-
cium borne on a short branch, sometimes
j)rolif erating ; female inflorescence borne
on a short branch, with one subfloral in-
novation. [Lejeunea clausa Nees &
Mont.]

On trees and rocks, Paynter's Hill, M.
A. Howe. South Carolina to Florida and
Alabama ; tropical America.

13. CE.OSSOTOLEJEUNEA [Spruce]
Schiffn.
Yellowish or pale green, delicate.

Stems prostrate, irregularly branched,
the branches as in Badula ; rhizoids springing from the bases of the under-
leaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger than the
ventral, incubous, widely spreading, abruptly expanded from a narrow base,
ovate to orbicular, mostly acute or obtuse, crenulate; lobule much as in
Lejeunea; leaf -cells thin-walled but with distinct trigones and intermediate
thickenings. Underleaves small, ovate to orbicular, deeply bifid with acute
lobes, crenulate or dentate. Female inflorescence borne on a short branch or on
an elongated branch, with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts and brac-
teole similar to the leaves and underleaves. Perianth sharply 5-keeled with the
keels more or less crenulate or dentate. [Greek, fringed Lejeunea.'] An
American genus of about 2o species, mostly tropical. Type species: C.
Boryana (Mont.) Schiffn.

1. Crossotolejeunea bermudiana
Evans. Bermuda Crossotolejeunea.
(Fig. 515.) In loose depressed mats.
Leaves distant to loosely imbricated,
the lobe widely spreading, more or less
convex, orbicular, ovate, about i"
long, crenulate; leaf -cells with .small
but distinct trigones and intermediate
thickenings ; ocelli none ; underleaves
distant, orbicular, bifid about one half
with erect, obtuse, acute or apiculate
divisions, and a narrow sinus, crenu-
late, sometimes unidentate on each
side; inflorescence autoecious; an-
droecium occupying a short branch;
bracts in two or three pairs, with two
antheridia; keels of perianth crenu-
late or denticulate.

^

ered

On the ground and on rocks, Flatts and Paynter's Vale,
in Florida, but known from no other localities.

Recently discov-

J UNGERMANNIACEAE.

467

14. JUBULA Dumort.
Dark green, never pigmented with red or brown. Stems prostrate, spar-
ingly branched, most of the branches arising at the bases of leaves without
lobules, rhizoids springing from the base of the underleaves. Leaves deeply
eomplicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger than the ventral, incubous,
widely spreading, ovate to orbicular, rounded to cuspidate, margin entire or
more or less spinose-dentate, lobules normally inflated, helmet-shaped, rarely
explanate and pointed; leaf -cells with distinct trigones; ocelli none. Under-
leaves smaller than the leaves, bifid with a narrow sinus and obtuse or acumi-
nate divisions, entire or sparingly spinose on the margins\ Antheridia mostly
in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts with explanate lobules, the latter form-
ing more or less elongated androecia, rarely proliferating at the apex. Female
inflorescence borne on an elongated branch or on a subfloral innovation, with
one or two subfloral innovations arising in the same way as the branches of
Eadula; bracts larger than the leaves and with explanate lobules; bracteole
bifid, frfee. Perianth sharply 3-keeled, with one keel ventral, abruptly con-
stricted into a short tubular beak. [Latin, a little mane.] About 10 species,
chiefly tropical. Type species: J. HutcMnsiae (Hook.) Dumort.

1. Jubula pennsylvanica

(Steph.) Evans. Pennsylvania
JuBULA. (Fig. 516.) In loose
depressed mats or creeping among
other plants. Leaves loosely im-
bricated, the lobe rounded to apicu-
late, entire; lobule deMitute of an
apical spur ; underleaves with blunt
to acuminate divisions and entire
margins; inflorescence autoecious;
perichaetial bracts with abruptly
apiculate or acuminate lobes, en-
tire or unidentate. [Frullania
pennsylvanica Steph.]

On wet rocks, Paynter's Vale,
M. A. Howe. Nova Scotia to Georgia,
west to Arkansas.

15. FRUIiANIA Raddi.
Dark green or more or less pigmented with yellow, brown or red. Stems
prostrate, ascending or pendent, more or less copiously branched, the branches
all arising at the bases of leaves without lobules, rhizoids springing from the
bases of the underleaves. Leaves deeply eomplicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes
much larger than the ventral, incubous, widely spreading, ovate to orbicular,
usually entire; lobule normally inflated, helmet-shaped; leaf-rells with distinct
trigones; ocelli present in certain species. Underleaves smaller than the leaves.

468

JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

usually bifid, Antheridia mostly in pairs, in the axils of inflated bracts with
explanate lobules, the bracts imbricated and forming short or more or less
elongated androecia. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated
branch, without innovations; bracts larger than the leaves, with explanate
lobules and often more or less connate with the bifid bracteole. Perianth
normally 3-keeled, with one keel ventral, but often with, supplementary folds,
abruptly contracted into a short tubular beak. [Commemorates L. Frullani, a
Florentine minister of state.] A very large genus, 800 or more described
species, mostly tropical. Type species: F. dilaiata (L.) Dumort.

1. Frullania squarrosa (Eeinw. Bl.

& Nees) Dumort. Spreading Frullania.
(Fig. 517.) Dark green or pigmented
with brown, scattered or growing in de-
pressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the
lobe rolled around the stem when dry,
strongly squarrose when moist, ovate,
rounded at the apex, and entire; lobule
about as broad as long; under leaves
bifid, usually with entire margins; inflo-
resence dioecious; female inflorescence
borne on a short and simple branch,
bracts in about three pairs; perianth ob-
long, without supplementary keels, sur-
face more or less roughened by scattered
tubercles 'or scales, especially along ^ the
kels. [Jungermannia squarrosa Reinw.
Bl. & Nees.]

On rocks and trees, Paynter's Vale and
Walsingham. Widely distributed in trop-
ical and subtropical regions, extending as
far north, in the United States, as Con-
necticut.

Order 3, ANTHOCEROTALES.

Gametophyte a prostrate dorsiventral thallus, varying from strap-
shaped to circular, with very little cell-differentiation, usually quite desti-
tute of air-spaces but sometimes developing intercellular spaces with muci-
lage; green cells with one or a few large flat chloroplasts, often with a
single pyrenoid. Antheridia borne singly or in groups just below the
upper surface of the tballus. Archegonia in irregular dorsal groups, im-
bedded, the tip of the neck alone projecting. Sporophyte differentiated
into a broad foot and an elongated cylindrical capsule, the latter growing
indefinitely by means of a basal embryonic region, splitting at maturity
into two valves. Spores surrounding a central sterile structure, the colu-
mella, and interspersed wath irregular, often multicellular elaters, wdth or
without bands of thickening. Four or five genera and about 150 species,
widely distributed.

ANTHOCEROTACEAE.

469

Family 1. ANTHOCEROTACEAE.
Anthoceros Family.
Characters of the order.

1, A. laevis.

2. A. punctatus.

1. ANTHOCEROS L.

Thallus snborbicular, variously lobed and often with platedike outgrowths,
sometimes irregularly dissected, several cells thick and destitute of a distinct
midrib; green cells with a single chloroplast. Inflorescence usually (if not
always) monoecious. Capsule erect, much longer than the basal sheath, with
green cells in the wall and stomata in the epidermis. Spores variously rough-
ened; elaters without spiral bands of thickening, composed of one to several
cells and sometimes branched. [Greek, flowering horn.] About 50 species,
largely tropical. Type species: A. punctatiis L.

Spores yellow.

Spores black or nearly so.

1. Anthoceros laevis L. Yellow-spored
Anthoceros. (Fig. 518.) Thallus nearly plane
on the upper surface, dark green and somewhat
lustrous, destitute of intercellular spaces. Capsule
mostly i'-l^' long, the base surrounded by a cylin-
drical sheath often flaring at the mouth; spores
yellow, the surface granular-papillose; elaters yel-
lowish, very variable in size and form, often
branched.

On moist soil, Walsingham, S. Brown. The most
widely distributed species in Europe, Asia, and North
America, extending into higher latitudes.

The slender green capsules of Anthoceros, when
abundantly produced, resemble tufts of grass. Mature
spores are necessary for the determination of the
species.

2. Anthoceros punctatus L. Black-spored An-
thoceros. (Eig. 510.) Thallus smaller than in A.
laevis, and more or le?s roughened on the upper sur-
face, paler green and more delicate, with distinct
intercellular spaces in the interior. Capsule mostly
y-lV long, the base surrounded by a cylindrical
sheath; spores black or nearly so, the outer surface
covered with short spines or papillae ; elaters brown-
ish, very variable in size and shape, rarely (if ever)
more than three cells long.

On moist soil. Basset Cave Road and Walsingham
Caves, H. Kennedy. Widely distributed in Europe and
North America.

470 ' LICHENES.

Phylum 4. THALLOPHYTA.

This phylum includes many thousand species of simple organi-
zation, grouped in many genera and families. The plants compos-
ing it have scarcely any woody tissue, and are propagated either by
spores or by vegetative division. Most of them are small, but there
are some large and conspicuous types in all the classes.

Terrestrial, saxicolous, or corticicolous plants, composed of filaments without chloro-
phyll and of cells containing chlorophyll. Class 1. Lichenes.

Terrestrial or corticicolous plants, or microscopic aquatics,

wholly without chlorophyll. Class 2, Fungi.

Aquatic plants, or microscopic terrestrial or corticicolous organ-
isms with chlorophyll. Class 3. Algae.

Class 1. LICHENES.

Lichens.
Contributed by Lincoln W. Riddle.

INTRODUCTION.

Lichens vary so much in appearance and in structure that it is diffi-
cult to formulate in non-technical terms any precise statement of their
characters. In general, they have a plant-body, known as a thallus, which
may appear merely as a discoloration on the bark or rock, or as an irregu-
lar, and variously divided membrane, separable from the substratum, or
as a tufted growth with erect or pendent branches. The color of this
thallus varies as much as the structure: gray, gray-green, whitish or
brownish, being the commonest, but orange, red, and black, also occurring.
But with all their variety, lichens never have an axis and leaves, and are
never grass-gTeen.

Investigations have shown that this lichen-thallus is actually formed
by a fungus growing in association with an alga, the association usually
being so intimate and the resulting structure so definite that it appears to
be an independent type of plant. On this thallus are borne fruiting-bodies,
in the form either of minute closed flasks ( perithecia ) , or, more commonly,
as open disk-like or cup-shaped apothecia.

Lichens may grow on rocks, on the ground, or on the branches or
trunks of trees. Oftentimes they grow on bare surfaces that will not
support any other form of plant-life.

Our knowledge of the lichens of Bermuda is based upon three sets of
collections. The first was made by H. N. Moseley in connection with the
Challenger Expedition in 1872. A list of these lichens, 25 in number, was
published by Crombie in the Journal of the Linnaean Society of London
for 1877. In 1880 and again in 1881, Professor W. G. Farlow, of Harvard

LICHENES. 471

University, visited Bermuda and collected about 20 species of lichens,
some of which were studied by Tuckerman. Between 1905 and 1914, col-
lections were made by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, Dr. F. J. Seaver, and
Messrs. Stewardson Brown and Paul Bisset, resulting in the finding of 65
species and varieties, of which 50 had not been previously reported. As a
result of these several collections, we now have a total of 85 species and
varieties of lichens known to occur in Bermuda. Ten of these species
are endemic. An enumeration of these lichens with descriptions of new
species and varieties was published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club for April, 1916.

It is probable that continued search in the islands would reveal a few
additional species. But it does not seem likely that there are over 100
lichens in the flora. The small area of the islands, the so-called coral
formation, and the large proportion of cultivated land, all combine to
make the conditions unfavorable for any considerable development of
lichens. As a general rule, the higher foliose and fruticose lichens, being
more exposed on account of their looser connection with the substratum,
demand for their development more favorable conditions than do the less
exposed crustose forms. The proportion of 23 species of the former types
to 62 of the latter is interesting testimony as to the character of the
environment. Further evidence of this is afforded by the considerable
number of sterile or depauperate specimens.

Given these conditions it will be of interest to see what lichens there
are occurring in Bermuda, and then to indicate briefly the geographical
affinities of the lichen-flora. The lichens will be taken up in systematic
order with brief notes as to the more easily recognizable characters.

GENERAL SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT.
Order 1. PYRENOCARPALES.
Family 1. VERRUCARIACEAE.

The three species of this family grow on calcareous rocks, especially
along the shore.* The black perithecia are at first more or less immersed
in the rock, but when mature fall out leaving shallow pits. They play an
important part in the weathering of the rocks. Verrucaria ruprstris
Schrad. is a cosmopolitan lichen, represented in Bermuda by two fonns:
the typical form with very thin continuous thallus, of a grayish color; and
the var. ruderum DC. with a thicker thallus which is more or less cracked
and areolate; the spores are one-celled. The other two species are endemic,
and belong to the genus Thelidium, which is distinguished by having two-
celled spores. Both species were discovered by Professor W. G. Farlow,
and the first has been named in his honor. Thelidium Farloici Riddle

* It is to be understood that all general and comparative statements In this
account of the lichens are intended to apply to the Bermuda species only.

472 PYEENULACEAE.

appears as a dark bluisli-gTay stain on the rocks, with the perithecia tend-
ing to be confluent in groups of two or more, and has spores measuring
18-20 X ~-9 micromillimeters ; T. bermudanum (Nyl.) Riddle has scarcely
any visible thallus, and the perithecia are smaller and scattered, and the
spores only 11-12 X 3.5-4.5 micromillimeters.

Family 2. PYEENULACEAE.

These lichens all grow on bark or dead wood. Porina nucida Ach.,
growing on orange trees at Paynter's Vale, has a pale brown thallus and
rather prominent, globose perithecia of the same color, except for the
ostioles which are reddish. Porina tetracerae (Ach.) Mueli. Arg., on
coffee trees at Walsingham, has a shining, olive-green thallus which makes
it conspicuous, and in this the perithecia are buried, with only the black
ostioles showing. Porina phaea (Ach.) Muell. Arg. is quite different and
looks more like a fungus ; its thin gray thallus is scarcely noticeable and
the innate perithecia are entirely black ; it has been found only at Harring-
ton House, where it grows on Juniperus.

Pyrenula aurantiaca Fee is one of the most striking of tropical lichens,
its very smooth thallus forming orange patches of considerable size on the
bark of RJiizophora, and entirely covering the perithecia. Pyrenula
hrachysperma Muell. Arg. is a rare species collected at one locality on
Hall's Island, where it was growing on the bark of Eugenia axillaris; it
was previously known only from northern Brazil. In appearance this
species is very distinct ; the whitish thallus is very thin ; and the perithecia,
often confluent in twos, form conspicuous black spots on the bark. The
species is also distinct in its two-celled spores. Pyrenula leucoplaca
(Wallr.) Koerb. has a very smooth white thallus, thicker than in the pre-
ceding species, and the minute perithecia are inconspicuous. It appears to
be common on various trees, having been collected in five different localities.
P. leucoplaca is well-known in northern regions, but its occurrence in
Bermuda is noteworthy. Another common and variable Pyrenula is P.
nitida nitidella (Flke.) Schaer., with a thallus vars'ing from olivaceous to
brown, and with small perithecia. P. mamillana (Ach.) Trev. has a thallus
resembling that of the preceding species, but the perithecia are about twice
as large.

Anthracothecium tetraspermum Riddle is an endemic species, found by
Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, growing on the trunk of a palmetto on Devon-
shire Marsh. It has an olivaceous thallus, which is rough and dull, instead
of smooth and shining as in Porina tetracerae. The specific name was
chosen on account of the brown, muriform spores being constantly four in
each ascus. The nearest relative of this species appears to be a plant of
the island of St. Thomas in the Antilles.

Family 3. TRYPETHELIACEAE.

This family, abundantly represented in tropical countries, has but two
species in Bermuda. Both grow on bark, and have the black perithecia
confluent in irregular patches: Melanotheca aggregata (Fee) Muell. Arg.
has a thallus of a brownish tint, while M. cruenta (Mont.) Muell. Arg. is
a striking species sure to attract attention by its deep red thallus.

GEAPIIIDACEAE. 473

Order 2. CONIOCARPALES.
Family 1. CYPHELIACEAE.

This order has a single, interesting representative in Bennuda, Pj/rgil-
lus cuhanus Nyl. This species has been known previously from the
original collection only, made in Cuba by Charles Wright over half a
century ago. The Bermuda specimens grew on the same palmetto trunk
on Devonshire Marsh, upon which was found the new Anthracothecium
tetraspermum. Pyrgillus cuhanus has a dull, olive-brown thallus, with
raised, wart-like apothecia, the tops of which are minutely roughened, and
red with a darker center. The spores with two globose cells would at once
distinguish this species if examined microscopically.

Order 3. GRAPHIDALES.
Family 1. ARTHONIACEAE.

This is a group of inconspicuous lichens, the crustose thallus being
very thin and the minute apothecia irregular in outline. All grow on bark.
Arihonia rubella (Fee) Nyl. has stellate apothecia, the divisions being
linear and wavy, and varying from flesh-color to reddish-l)ro^^^l. {Sclero-
phyton elegans Eschw., although not belonging to this family, has suffi-
cient resemblance to Arthonia rubella to mention it here; it may be recog-
nized by its long, flexuous, branched apothecia, which have the fineness of a
hair.) Arthonia conferta (Fee) Nyl. is a fairly common species, being
found most often on the bark of Melia Azederach. It is less inconspicuous
than the preceding species, on account of the abundant and crowded, dark
brown apothecia, which are very irregular in outline but rarely stellate. .1.
polymorpha Ach. may be distinguished from .-1. conferta by the fact that
the apothecia are wholly black. Arthothelium spectabile (Flot.) Massal.
resembles externally Arthonia polymorpha, although the apothecia being
covered with a whitish bloom are less prominent ; under the microscope this
species can be recognized at once by its spores, which are divided longi-
tudinally as well as transversely.

Family 2. GRAPHIDACEAE.

The species of this family, with a few exceptions, resemble each other
very closely, the distinctions among them being based on technical char-
acters, and their determination requiring expert knowledge. In the genus
Opegrapha the apothecia are more superficial than in any black-fruited
species of Graphis found in Bermuda. Two of the Bermuda species of
Opegrapha grow on rocks, and three on bark. The rock-inhabiting sjiecies
are O. Chevallieri incarnata Riddle and 0. ophites Tuck. The former has
a moderately thick thallus, tinged with rose-color, or sometimes fading to
coftee-color,^ and the apothecia are under one millimeter in length : the
latter, no visible thallus, and apothecia up to 2.5 millimeters in length.
The bark-inhabiting species require examination of the spores in order to
distinguish them. In 0. atra Pers. the s]-)ores are four-celled, in 0. vulgata
six-celled, and in 0. Bonplandi Fee, eight- to ten-celled. The first two have
a white or gray thallus; in 0. Bonplandi it may be whitish, but more

474 GRAPHIDACEAE.

eommonlj^ it is olivaceous, 0. Bonplu,ndi has been fotind in a number of
localities in Bermuda and on a variety of trees.

Gr aphis Afzeiii Ach, is so striking and distinct that it would attract
the attention of anj'one, having prominent white apothecia of large size (tip
to 5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide) standing out against the brown thallus.
Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. and its close allies, G. Lineola Acli. and G.
Pavoniana Fee, all have fine, black apothecia, very variable in length and
in the degree of curving and branching; the disk is a mere cleft. G.
striatula (Ach.) Nyl. closely resembles G. scripta, but if the apothecia are
examined with a hand-lens, the margins will be seen to be longitudinally
furrowed. In Phaeograpliis lobata (Eschw.) Muell. Arg., the apothecia
are also black, but the disk is flat and relatively broad. All of these species
grow on bark, and are well-known tropical lichens with a wide distribution.

Family 3. CHIODECTONACEAE.

The genus Chiodecton is doubtfully represented by a sterile, white,
crustose thallus, soft and more or less cottonj^ in texture, found in several
localities. This agrees with the thalline characters of C. Montagnei Tuck.,
but as it has not yet been found in fruit, the identity of the plant is
uncertain.

Sclerophyton elegans Eschw. belongs to this family, but on account
of its resemblance to an Arthonia it has been discussed under that genus.
It might be taken for a Graphis but its violet-brown apothecia are more
delicate than in any Bermuda species of Graphis.

Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. is another instance of a well-known tropical
lichen common in Bermuda. Several apothecia are immersed in a common
stroma, the disks being dark brown, flat, and irregular in outline. This is
the only lichen in Bermuda having the fruit in a stroma and an open,
flat disk.

Order 4. CYCLOCARPALES.

Family 1. THELOTREMACEAE.

The lichen-flora of Bermuda is of interest not only for the species
found there, but also for the absence of species that one would expect.
Thus, the families Trypetheliaceae and Thelotremaceae are well-represented,
both as to species and as to individuals, in the West Indies and in the
southern United States, yet these families have only two representatives
each in Bermuda. Gyrostomum scyphidiferum (Ach.) Fr. and Leptotrema
trypaneoides (Nyl.) Riddle are the Bermuda species of Thelotremaceae.
Both grow on bark. But they are very distinct from each other and from
all other Bermuda lichens. Gyrostomum has urn-shaped apothecia, with a
comparatively thick, black rim,, more or less surrounded by the pale
thallus. Leptotrema trypaneoides has the apothecia entirely immersed in
the thallus and opening by small holes, so that the thallus appears as if
perforated with pin-pricks.

Family 2. GYALECTACEAE.

Microphiale lutea (Dicks.) Steiner, although common elsewhere, is
apparently rare in Bermuda, only a single small specimen having been
found on the bark of Melia at Tucker's Town. The thallus is vei^^ thin

CLADOXIACEAE. 475

and whitish, and the delicately colored, waxy, discoid apothecia are so
small as easily to escape notice. The apothecia resemble those of Bilimbia
Brittoniana, but the thallus is entirely different.

Gyalecta Farlowi Tuck, is another of the endemic species found on
the calcareous rocks. Like the preceding species it is easily overlooked,
the minute apothecia being almost immersed in the white thallus.

Family 3. LECIDEACEAE.

In this family, a knowledge of the spore-characters is necessary in
order to distinguish even the few species found in Bermuda. Those here
described all grow on bark.* The most distinctive of these is the endemic
Bilimhia Brittoniana Riddle, which has a minutely powdery, straw-colored
thallus, made up entirely of fine granules, among which are hidden the
minute, thick-margined, flesh-colored apothecia. The species is named
in honor of Dr. and Mrs. Britton, the original specimens having been col-
lected by Mrs, Britton, along the north shore, where it was growing on
Jimijierus.

The remaining three species resemble each other closely in external
appearance, all having a thin thallus and convex apothecia, which vary
from flesh-colored or pallid-brown to dark brown. They can readily be
distinguished by their spores, since Biatora fuscorubescens (Nyl.) Riddle
has one-celled spores; Bilimbia sphaeroides vacillans (Nyl.) Riddle has
short, spindle-shaped spores with four cells; and Bacidia fuscoruhella
(Hoffm.) Th. Fr. has long, needle-like spores with eight or more cells.

Family 4. CLADONIACEAE.

Conditions in Bermuda are not favorable for the plants of this
family. Few species have been found, and the specimens of these are not
altogether typical. There are only two common species. Cladonia
mitrida Tuck, is a small species, growing on the ground, and always well-
fruited, the brown apothecia being borne on slender, simple or sparingly
branched stalks, less than one centimeter high. C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. is a
polymorphic species represented in Bermuda by at least three varieties,
in all of which the ends of the podetia are typically cup-sha]>ed. C. fim-
briata simplex (Weis.) Flot. has short podetia, rarely branched, and with
regular cups. The other two varieties, nemoxyna (Ach.) Coem. and bor-
bonica (Del.) Wainio, are taller and variously branched, with cups more
irregular or even absent on some of the podetia; they can be distinguished
by the fact that the podetia of the latter variety are much more granulose
than is the case in the former. In addition to these two connnon siiecies,
C. rangiformis pungens (Ach.) Wainio, with copiously branched podetia,
was collected by the Challenger Ex])edition, but does not seem to have
been found since, and C. pityrea (Flke.) Fr., a nondescript species, has
been found growing with C. mitrida, from which it may be distinguished
by the scurfy-granulate surface of the podetia, as well as by the occasional
occurrence of reduced cups.

* Any resident of Bermuda who could make careful collections of the rock-
lichens would probahlv find additional species of Lecideaceae. In th»' Journal of the
Linnean Society of London, volume 14 (IST.")). Stirton described three such species,
but they were "based on such fragmentary specimens that they can not be accepted
until more is known of them.

476 PYEENOPSIDACEAE.

Family 5. PYRENOPSIDACEAE.

The three species of Pyrenopsidaceae are small plants, of a black or
blackish-green color, and gelatinous and soft when moist. They are con-
fined to calcareous rocks, and are of interest because they are local in
their distribution, evidentlj^ being exacting in their reciuirements. Psoro-
tichia hermudana Riddle, an endemic species, has a verrucose ("warty")
crustose thallus, broken into small patches. The species of Omphalaria
have a foliose thallus. 0. cubana Tuck, has the thallus radiately lobed, one
centimeter or less in diameter, and the surface rough and much wrinkled.
It has been found only at Castle Harbor in Bermuda, and elsewhere only
in Cuba. 0. lingulata Tuck, has very smooth, tongue-shaped lobes, usually
under five millimeters in length. It was collected by Prof. Farlow at
Walsingham in 1881, and in the same region by Dr. Britton in 1912.

Family 6. COLLEMACEAE.

These are also dark or lead-colored lichens of a gelatinous consistency
when moist. Collema bermudanum Tuck, and C. thamnodes Tuck, are
endemic species, forming compact cushions less than one centimeter high,
on the calcareous rocks at Walsingham. The former is foliose and bears
some resemblance externally to Omphalaria cubana^ but it is more divided
and the apothecia become larger and superficial. C. thamnodes is fruti-
cose, which will distinguish it from any of the other gelatinous lichens
except Leptogium tenuissimum, from which it differs in the granular
(isidiose) lobes.* Collema nigrescens (Huds.) Ach. and C. flaccidum
Ach. are quite different from the two preceding species. They are foliose
lichens of considerable size, growing on the trunks of trees. C. nigres-
cens has a radiately wrinkled thallus with numerous small apothecia,
measuring about one millimeter in diameter, and without any margin. In
C. flaccidum the thallus is less wrinkled and the apothecia are fewer and
about twice as large.

The species of Leptogium are paler than those of Collema. L.
tenuissimum (Dicks.) Koerb. is, perhaps, the most interesting of the Ber-
muda species. It has a fruticose thallus, the minute, erect lobes being
crowded into a crust. It has been found growing on the ground at
Paynter^s Vale. The material is sterile and a jiriori we should not
expect this distinctly northern species to occur in Bermuda, but the
thalline characters agree so well that there is not much doubt about the
identity of the plant. From the point of view of distribution the next
species, Leptogiwm marginellum (Sw.) Mont., presents a striking con-
trast, as it is a tropical species characteristic of the AYest Indies and found
in the United States only in the tropical portions of the Gulf States.
Anyone who has once seen the abundant, minute, cup-shaped apothecia,
each with its coronal fringe of delicate lobules, will never have any diffi-
culty in recognizing the plant again. The third and last species of this
genus, Leptogium tremelloides (L. f.) S. F. Gray, is cosmopolitan in dis-
tribution and is one of the commonest lichens in Bermuda, growing on
trees of various kinds in many localities. It has a lead-colored thallus,

* Collema thamnodes is known only from sterile specimens collected by Professor
W. G. Farlow in 1881. It is very desirable that the plant should be found again in
the hope of obtaining the fruit and thus completing our knowledge of the species.

PERTUSAKIACEAE. 477

variously divided, but with much smoother lobes and larger apothecia than
in any other species of this family. Two forms are found : one with
abundant apothecia and few lobules, the other sparingly fruited and with
the lobes more or less fringed with lobules.

Family 7. PERTUSARIACEAE.

Pertusaria multipuncta (Turn.) Nyl. belongs to the section of the
genus in which the apothecia are replaced by soralia (i. e. powdery ])us-
tules). As it is the only species of this section known from Bornuida it
will be easily recognized. The only species with which it could possibly
be confused is Pyxine picta, but that has a foliose thallns, while all species
of Pertusaria have a crustose thallus.

In the other section of the genus, the apothecia are enclosed in
thalline "warts" (verrucae) and resemble the closed perithecia of Pyre-
nocarpic lichens. Of these species, Pertusaria tuhercidifera Nyl., with a
white thallus, has the largest and finest verrucae, measuring two or three
millimeters in diameter. In the other three species, the veiTucae are
smaller, rarely over one millimeter, and flatter. P. lutescens (Eschw.)
Krplh. has a yellowish-green coloration to the thallus. In P. Jeioplaca
(Ach.) Schaer. and P. jDustulata (Ach.) Nyl., the thallus is white to gray
or brownish; in the former the verrucae are generally constricted at the
base and the ostioles are scattered; in the latter the verrucae spread out,
oTadually merging into the thallus and the ostioles are confluent and
sometimes appear single.

Pertusaria tuhercidifera and P. lutescens are tropical lichens; the
others are widely distributed. xW\ grow on bark.

Family 8. LECANORACEAE.

This family is characterized by a crustose thallus and discoid apothecia
furnished with a margin colored like the thallus and usually contrasting
with the disk.

Haematomma puniceum (Ach.) Wainio will be easily distinguished
from all other Bennuda lichens by the bright red disk of the apothecia,
set on a gray thallus. It is a common tropical species, growing on bark.

Five rather closely related siDecies of Lccanora have been found in
Bermuda, on bark or old fences. L. pallida (Schreb.) Schaer, is the
easiest of recognition on account of the dense white " bloom " covering the
flesh-colored disk of the fruit. The other four species, all lacking this
bloom, are more difficult to distinguish, as their separation deiiends mainly
upon the color of the apothecia and this is a variable character. Plants
with a greenish disk may be assigned to L. varia (Hoffm.) Ach.; with
the diskblackening to L. bermudensis Nyl.; those with the disk decidedly
brown, to L. subfusca (L.) Ach.; while those with the disk more or less
flesh-colored or pallid belong to L. cinereocarnea (Eschw.) Wainio. The
last named is the most abundant of the species of this genus: it varies
much in the character of the thallus, from a thick, wrinkled thallus to a
form in which the thallus is entirely absent.

Family 9. PARMELIACEAE.
The genus Parmelia, with folioso thallus. requires for its development
more favorable conditions than occur in Bernuida. Consequently, it is

478 PHYSCIACEAE.

poorly represented there, only three species, that can be identified with
certainty, having been found, and these only in sterile specimens. Par-
melia tinctorum Despr. is distinct in the isidia (tubercles) growing on the
surface of the thallus. P. perlata (L.) Ach. and P. latissima cristifera
(Tayl.) Hue are more difficult to separate; the latter is generally whiter,
with broader lobes, and larger soredia.

Family 10. USNEACEAE.

In discussing the Thelotremaceae, certain striking gaps in the lichen-
flora of Bermuda were noted. In the family Usneaceae we find another
such case. The family, commonly abundant in all regions, has but a
single rejDresentative in Bermuda, Ramalina comjjlanata (Sw.) Ach. This
is, however, one of the commonest of Bermuda lichens, growing on the
branches of trees, and easily recognized by its much branched, tuberculate
thallus.

Family 11. BUELLIACEAE.

Buellia parasema (Ach.) Th. Fr. is a cosmopolitan lichen, which is
common in Bermuda, especially on the cedar; it has a crustose thallus,
which sometimes disappears almost entirely, and flat black apothecia with
a persistent black margin, this last character serving to distinguish it from
the next two species, in which the apothecia are, except when very young,
convex and marginle'ss. Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) Mudd and Einodina
insperata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. resemble each other in general appearance; in
the latter, however, the apothecia when moist are brown rather than black,
and the spores are of the peculiar type known as polar-bilocular. These
two species, although gTowing on bark like Buellia parasema, are compara-
tively rare.

There have been collected from a roadside wall at Devonshire, speci-
mens of a small, chalky lichen, with a whitish subfoliose thallus and
radiate, confluent lobes. No fruit has been found, so the plant can not
be determined with certainty, but the thalline characters agree exactly
with those of Buellia canescens (Dicks.) DeNot., which is very common
on the same habitat in England. As the species is entirely unknown in
America, the interesting possibility suggests itself of this species having
been introduced into Bermuda from England.

Family 12. CALOPLACACEAE.

Blastema floridana (Tuck.) Zahlbr. is a minute, inconspicuous lichen.
It might be confused with Lecanora suhfusca, but the disk is commonly
darker, and the spores are two-celled.

Family 13. PHYSCIACEAE.

This family includes three species very common in Bermuda, and two
that are less known there. All have a grayish, foliose thallus, and may
grow on rocks as well as on trees. In the cosmopolitan Physcia stellaris
(L.) Nyl., the thallus has radiating, convex lobes, without soredia. P.
alba (Fee) Muell. Arg. is also without soredia, but has flat lobes. In the
other three species, the thallus is more or less sorediate (powdery). P.
crispa (Pers.) Nyl. has broad lobes, with the soredia confined to the

FUNGI. 479

•
margins. Physcia integrata sorediosa Wainio and Pyxine picta (Sw.)
Tuck, agree in having narrow lobes, with the soredia in soralia (powdery
pustules) ; but in the latter the thallus is more closely appressed to the
substratum and has confluent lobes.

SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES.

The results of an analysis of the geographical range of the species
making up the lichen-flora of Bermuda may be shown in the following
table :

Endemic 10

Occurring in the West Indies or Tropical South America, but not in

the United States 14

Occurring in the West Indies and also in the southern United

States 29

Occurring in the southern United States but not in the West Indies. 0
Widely distributed in the Temperate as well as in the Tropical

Zone 21

Typically northern species not known in Tropical regions 4

(Note: The difference in the total number given here and in the
introduction is due to the omission of certain unimportant varieties.)

An inspection of the table will show clearly that the lichen-flora of
Bermuda is most closely related to that of the West Indies. The rela-
tively northern position of the islands, however, permits of the^ growth of
four species of colder countries, that are not found in the West Indies.
Finally, the peculiar conditions existing in Bermuda have resulted in a
comparatively large number of endemic species.

Class 2. FUNGI.

Moulds, Blights and Mushrooms.
Contributed by Fred J. Seaver.

INTRODUCTION.

The fungi, which are more commonly known under such names as
puffballs, mushrooms, mildews or moulds, constitute a group of plants
which are represented in the entire world by more than fifty thousand
species. They are often referred to as degenerate plants, the term degen-
erate being applied more on account of their habits of life than because
of their simplicity of structure, for while many of them are simple, nu\ny
others show much complexity in general structure as well as in their repro-
ductive processes.

Probably the inability of the fungi to manufacture their own food, as
is done bv the higher green plants, together with the fact that many of
them are small and grow in out of the way places, often livuig as scaven-
gers on decavino; matter, has done more to cause them to be looked upon as
degraded forms" of vea-etation than any simiilicity or peculiarity of struc-
ture. Whether as a cause or a consequence, the fungi are entirely devoid
of green coloring matter or chlorophyll, and are therefore dependent upon

480 FUNGI.

other plants or animals for their food. On account of this fact, the fungi

are often popularly divided into two groups, (1) saprophytes or those

which feed upon dead matter, and (2) parasites or those which feed upon
living animals or plants.

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI.

Saprophytic fungi maj* be found growing on dead leaves, twigs,
humus, the dung of animals, and in fact in almost any situation where
there is a supply of decaying organic material. While these fungi may
often attain a size of more than a foot in diameter, many others are so
small that they are never seen by the casual obser\'er and their collection
even by the trained expert requires much time and patience.

The larger forms are often extensively used as articles of food, being
highly esteemed on account of their flavor as well as for their nutritive
value. But on account of the poisonous properties of many of the species
the entire gToup is often looked upon with suspicion by the amateur col-
lector. Even the smaller and more inconspicuous forms play an important
part in the scheme of nature, being one of the most active agents in bring-
ing about the decay of organic matter, without which the surface of the
earth would become covered over with the litter of dead animals and plants.

PARASITIC FUNGI.

The parasitic fungi are of unusual economic importance because of
their relation to the diseases of the higher plants. They may attack the
leaves, stem, or almost any part of the living plant, causing a slight
retardation in growth or the death of the entire plant. The amount of
damage caused each year to cultivated plants by such fungi is enormous.
Fungi may also occasionally attack the bodies of living animals, including
man, although the number of such cases, except bacterial diseases, are com-
l)aratively few. Parasitic fungi are sometimes made use of in combating
haiTuful insects. The bacteria of Bermuda have not been studied.

STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION.

The fungi in the course of their life histories exhibit two distinct
phases, the vegetative or growing stage and the reproductive stage. The
vegetative stage of most true fungi consists of a mass of minute threads
known as mycelium or spawn. The simpler types of fungi consist of little
more than a mass of such mycelium. The reproductive stage, however,
may show considerable complexity of structure, especially in the higher
forms. The reproductive bodies themselves are known as spores and are
so minute in size that they are usually invisible to the unaided eye except
where they are present in great numbers. Functionally the spores of the
fungi correspond to the seeds of the higher plants.

DISTRIBUTION.

On account of their minute size the spores of the fungi may be
carried great distances by the wind and other agents. While the wind is
probably the chief agent in the distribution of the spores, a few species
show special adaptation for insect distribution.

FUNGI. 481

In addition to their minute size, the spores of the fungi have heen
shown to be able to keep their viability for several years under the most
adverse conditions. These facts will probably go far to account for the
wide distribution of many species of fungi, they being more cosmopolitan
in their distribution than almost any other group of plants. This being
the case we would naturally expect the fungous flora of an isolated region
such as Bermuda to be proportionately larger than that of the higher
plants, as seems to be the case so far as can be judged from the limit^'d
observations made.

The number of species occurring in any region would be limited, how-
ever, by the food supply, and since the fungi depend largely upon the
higher plants for their food, a region which contains a comparatively
small number of higher plants would of necessity show a relatively small
number of fungi since even the saprophytic fungi are often very selective
in their food habits.

It is difficult to account for the occurrence of a number of European
species of fungi in Bermuda which have not been found elsewhere in North
America. If they had been introduced through the agency of man, it is diffi-
cult to understand why they have not been introduced into the mainland of
North America as well. This apparent discrepancy might be accounted
for by the incompleteness of our knowledge of the fungi of our own states,
owing largely to the minute size of the plants and the ease with which they
are overlooked.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT.

The fungi, like other plants, are divided into a number of main
groups and each group again subdivided into orders, families, genera and
species. This arrangement is based entirely upon those structural char-
acters which show natural relationship without regard to their habits of
life, so that the same group may contain either parasitic or saproj^hytic
species or both. In fact the same species may in exceptional cases ai)i;ear
either as a parasite or as a saprophj^te.

In the present discussion, the fungi will be taken uj) in accordance
with their systematic arrangement, especial attention being given to those
species which are the cause of serious plant diseases.

Local Work in^ Bermuda.

The fungous flora of Bermuda has probably received less attention
than any other phase of the natural history of the islands, largely through
the misapprehension that there are few fungi there. While it is true that
the larger forms of fungi seem to be poorly represented from our own
brief experience the writer is inclined to believe that the number of
species of fungi occurring in Bermuda will eventually be found to be
surprisingly large.

The "first list of which we have any record is that of the Challenger
Expedition of 1873, in which twenty-four species were recorded. Pro-
fessor Farlow in the course of his visits to the islands has collected and
described a few additional species. About forty species were collected by
Dr. and Mrs. B. 0. Dodge in 1911, the largest collection of which we have
any knowledge up to tliat date. Scattering species have frequently been
brought in by collectors of flowering plants, including members of the
staff'of the New York Botanical Garden.

32

482 MYXOMYCETES.

In August, 1916, the writer published in the Memoirs of the New York
Botanical Garden a list of all of the species of fungi from Bermuda of
which we have any authentic record. The list included one hundred and
twenty species and a number of varieties. Most of the species listed here
were collected during a two-weeks' visit (November 29-December 14, 1912).
The fungi are so evanescent in their occurrence that it is impossible to
form an adequate conception of the number of species occurring in any
locality in so short a time, so that this list must be considered extremely
incomplete.

Sub-class 1. MYXOMYCETES.

Slime-Moulds.

The slime-moulds comprise a group of living organisms of doubtful
affinity, but which on account of the fungus-like structure of their fruiting
stage are often included with the fungi. Although they are usually con-
sidered as plants, some students even go so far as to regard them as
intermediate between the animal and plant kingdoms.

These organisms receive their name " slime-mould " from the fact
that their vegetative or growing stage takes the form of a slimy mass.
This mass varies much in color according to the species, white, pink, and
yellow being most commonly encountered. That this slimy mass is really
living matter is shown by the fact that it possesses the ability to move
about by a streaming motion. It is this property which suggests their
affinity with certain lower forms of animal life.

Like the true fungi, the slime-moulds are unable to make their own
food and must feed either on dead or living organic matter. The vege-
tative stage of the slime-mould usually grows hidden from view where it
quietly feeds on the decomposing organic matter of plant and animal re-
mains. Through some natural impulse, however, they almost invariably
come to the surface before producing their fruit and often even climb on
surrounding objects to considerable height. This is a decided advantage
to the plants since it enables them to bring about a wider distribution of
their spores which, as in true fungi, is accomplished mainly by the wind.
In some species, the vegetative stage consists of a mass several inches or
rarely a foot or more in diameter, and such a mass will frequently climb
several feet directly up the trunk of a tree or other object before maturing
its spores. Rotten logs, leaves, twigs, blades of grass, and in fact almost
any available object will furnish a suitable substratum on which these
plants may produce their fruit.

While the slime-moulds in their vegetative stage resemble some of the
lower forms of animal life, in their fruiting stage they are decidedly plant-
like and show a close resemblance to the fniiting stage of the fungi. The
remains of the old fruiting bodies will often be found in clusters on rotten
logs and resemble minute feathers or plumes, varying in color from brown
to red or golden-yellow. Still others take the form of small puffballs.

A number of species of Stemonitis, Arcyria, Hemitricliia and Physa-
rum have been collected in Bermuda. In addition to these, Lycogala epi-
dendrum, one of the puffball-like species, has been several times collected.
The latter in its vegetative stage is of a delicate pink color which varies to
bronze as the fruiting body matures. So far as is known, no attempt has

PHYCOMYCETES. 483

been made to study the Bermuda species of this group critically. Such a
study by some resident botanist would doubtless yield interesting results.

Sub-class 2. PHYCOMYCETES.

The Phycomy*cetes are often known as the algal-fungi because of their
resemblance to certain of the lower algae or seaweeds. Some of the species
are aquatic and most of them require a very moist habitat, often i)rnducing
spores which are able to swim about in water. The fish-mould which often
causes epidemics among fish belongs to this group.

To this group of fungi also belong the so-called white rusts which
occur as parasites on the leaves and stems of various kinds of plants. They
are called white rusts because the spores form white blisters on the leaves
and stems of the host plant, the blisters resembling in form those of the
true plant-rusts which will be considered later on.

Many of the white rusts are very destructive parasites, and while all
of the species are parasitic, many of them occur on plants which are of no
economic importance or are not serious enough to cause any great damage.
Only one species of white rust has been collected in Bermuda so far as is
known. This is Albugo Candida, a parasite which attacks the leaves and
stems of plants belonging to the Mustard Family. The Beniiuda species
Avas collected on the stems and leaves of the cultivated radish.

Another fungus which belongs to the Phyeomycetes is the Mucor or
common bread-mould. Specimens of one species of this genus were found
abundantly on richly fertilized soil.

Still another Phycomycete found in Bermuda is Pilobolus crystallinus,
a minute fungus wliich grows on the dung of animals. This fungus is
provided with an explosive apparatus by means of which the spore-caps
may be thrown some distance into the air. The entire cap which is about
the size of a fly-speck is often found adhering to the stems and leaves of
surrounding plants. Since the spores of many species of fungi which
grow on the dung of animals are able to pass through the body of the
animal and keep "their viability, it is not unlikely that the spores of this
species behave in this manner. The adhesive device may be an adaptation
for placing the spores where they may be eaten by cattle and other
herbivorous animals. After passing through the body of the animal they
are then ready to resume growth.

Order 1. PERONOSPORALES.

A single species belonging to this order has been recorded, the white
rust named above.

Order 2. MUCORALES.

Two species belonging to different genera have been collected in Ber-
muda one of which is listed above.

Sub-class 3. ASCOMYCETES.

The Ascomyeetes represent a very large group of fungi of extremely
varied habits. Many of the plants of this group are parasites and some
of them very destructive, while many others live a retinng sort of life as

484 ASCOMYCETES.

mere saprophytes and thus escape popular notice. The fruiting bodies
vary in size from those which are scarcely visible to the unaided eye to
more than a foot in diameter.

The group is characterized by having their spores borne in closed
receptacles which are known as spore-sacs or asci, the number of spores in
each being very constant and vaiying in the following ratios : two, four, eight,
sixteen, thirty-two, etc. In many cases the spores at maturity are forcibly
extruded from the ascus like shot from a gun, and in such numbers as to
appear to the unaided eye like a cloud of smoke. They are then caught
up by the wind and widely disseminated so that the atmosphere is never
free from some of these minute bodies.

One of the groups of Ascomycetes which is usually well represented
in tropical and subtropical regions is that commonly known as the
sooty moulds. These plants receive their name from the sooty appear-
ance of the superficial mycelium which overspreads the substratum often
for several inches. The plants of this group are for the most part epi-
phytic, that is they grow on living plants ^\ithout actually drawing their
nourishment from them. They usually feed upon the remains or excre-
tions of minute insects such as plant-lice, which in turn suck their nourish-
ment from the tissues of the plants on which they live. The fruiting
bodies consist of minute subglobose perithecia scarcely visible to the un-
aided eye which in turn contain the asci and spores. Many of the speci-
mens collected in Beraiuda did not show mature perithecia and for this
reason their identity is uncertain. Several mature specimens belonging
to the genera Meliola, Dimerospormm and Asterina were collected in
Bermuda.

The Pyrenomycetes constitute a very large group of Ascomycetes
which also have their asci borne in closed or nearly closed perithecia, the
sooty moulds being often included with this group. The fruiting bodies
of the Pyrenomycetes are usually black, which has suggested the name.
In a few of them, however, the fruiting bodies are bright-colored. One of
the latter is Cordyceps, a fungus which grows on dead insects or their
pupae and of which one species has been collected in Bermuda. Whether
these fungi attack the insect while living there is some difference of
opinion, but it is not unlikely that they do. About thirty species belong-
ing to the Pyrenomycetes have been collected in Bermuda. Most of the
species collected are saprophytes and of no especial interest from an eco-
nomic point of view.

Still another group of Ascomycetes of considerable size is known as
the Discomycetes or cup-fungi. As implied by the name, a large number
of the plants of this group are cup-shaped and vary in size from that of a
pin-head to the size of a tea cup, or in rare cases even a foot in diameter.

While most of the Discomycetes are cup-shaped, some are club-shaped
or spathulate. To the latter belong the smooth and hmvy earth-tongues,
several species of which have been collected and, in fact, found to be quite
common in Bermuda. The plants grow on damp soil or among mosses,
are black in color, and reach a height of several inches. It is because of
their flattened form that they have come to be popularly known as '^ earth-
tongues."

Of the true cup-fungi the species Lamprospora Planchoms, a small
purple cup-fung-us sometimes reaching a size of nearly an inch m diameter

ASCOMYCETES. 485

and occurring everywhere by roadsides, is the commonest species in the
islands. So far as known this species has not been found elsewhere in
North America having- originally been described from Europe. None of the
very large species have been collected in Bermuda, although they are likely
to be found to occur there.

Probably the most abundant collections of Discomycetes made in Ber-
muda consisted of those species, usually small, which occur on the dung of
animals. In addition to a number of the common species, one, Ascophanus
hermudensis, has been described as new and is known only from Bermuda.

Another species of considerable interest is Pyronema omphalodes
which forms pink masses on burned places. So far as known, this plant
occurs in nature only on ground which has been heated by burning. In
greenhouses it occurs on soil which has been steamed or heated in some
other manner. The fungus is probably world-wide in its distribution and
has attracted a great deal of interest. Actual experiment has shown the
spores to be able to keep their viability for nearly three years under the
most unfavorable conditions. This and the ease with Avhich the spores are
disseminated will probably account for the occurrence of this and other
similar species in Bermuda with its conditions of isolation.

Still another species which is attractive and interesting is Pithya
Cupressi. The species forms great numbers of fruiting discs about an
eighth of an inch in diameter on recently killed foliage of Bermuda cedar.
While the fungus appears to be a saprophyte, it is possible that the
mycelium attacks the trees while living, producing its fruit after the
branches have died. While the plants were collected but once in Bermuda,
Ihey were found in large quantities.

Order 3. PERISPORIALES.

This order includes the sooty moulds of which the following species
have been collected and named: Dimerosporium melioloides (Berk. & Curt.)
Ellis & Ev. on the living leaves of Baccharis; Meliola Cookeana Speg. on
the leaves otLippia; Meliola circinans Earle on the leaves of saw-grass and
Asterina pelliculosa Berk., the last being reported by the Challenger Ex-
pedition on coffee leaves.

Order 4. HYPOCREALES.
Family 1. NECTRIACEAE.

Of this family the blood-red fungus, Nectria sanguinea (Bolton)
Fries has been collected, also Sphaerostilbe flammea (Berk. & Rav.) Tul.,
the latter being associated with scale insects. Three endemic sj^ecies have
also been described by the writer, Nectria Lantanae Seaver, Caloncctria
Umbelliferarum Seaver and Calonectria granulosa Seaver.

Family 2. HYPOCREACEAE.

Three species of this family have been collected, Cordyceps militaris
(L.) Link on pupae of insects; also Hypocrea patella Cooke & Peck and
Stilbocrea liypocreoides (Kalch. & Cooke) Seaver, the last two on decay-
ing wood.

486 ASCOMYCETES.

Order 5. FIMETARIALES.

Some of the species of this order occurring in Bermuda are : Fimetaria
fimicola (Rob.) D. Griif. & Seaver; Pleurage fimiseda {Ces. & DeNot.) D.
Griif., Sporormia minima Auersw. and an unnamed species of Chaeto-
mium. All occur on the excrement of animals.

Order 6. SPHAERIALES.

This is a large order and well represented in Bermuda. One of the
most common species " is Rosellinia subiculata (Schw.) Sacc, a species
formin-g small black knobs on rotten wood and occurring on a large variety
of substrata. Xylaria filiformis (Albert. & Schw.) Fries was also found
to be abundant on dead leaves and Poronia Oedipus Mont, on the excre-
ment of cows. The last named species is rather conspicuous and attrac-
tive. Several species of Hypoxylon were also collected, the plants of the
genus forming black crusts on decaying wood and other substrata.

Order 7. HELVELLALES.

This order includes the "earth-tongues" of which Trichoglossum
hirsutum Wriglitii Durand and Geoglossum nigritum Cooke are the most
common both occurring on rocky moss covered hillsides.

Order 8. PEZIZALES.

This order which is a very large one contains the true cup-fungi of
which about twenty identifiable species have been collected. Among these
the hairy cups, Laclinea pulcherrima (Cr.) Boud. and Lachnea theleboloides
(Albert. & Schw.) Gill, are found to be common on the excrement of cows.
Ascophanus granuliformis (Cr.) Boud., Ascobolus stercorarius (Bull.)
Schroet., Ascobolus immersus Pers., Saccobolus Kerverni (Cr.) Boud.,
Lasiobolus equinus (Muell.) Karst. and Thecotheus Pelletieri (Cr.) Boud.
also occur on the dung of different animals. Among the wood-inhabiting
species are Gongoniceps Pumilionis Rehm, Dasycypha earoleuca Berk. &
Br., Patellaria atrata (Hedw.) Fries and Karschia lignyota (Fries) Sacc,
the last two resembling lichen apothecia.

Order 9. HYSTERIALES.

The black boat-shaped fruiting bodies of the fungi of this order are
usually found on rotten wood. Two species were found to be common,
Gloniopsis lineolatum (Cooke) Sacc, and Hysterographium praelongum
(Schw.) Sacc.

Order 10. PHACIDIALES.

The plants of this order resemble those of the preceding but are not
always black. Three species have been collected, Propolis faginea
Schrad.) Karst., Stictis radiata (L.) Pers., and Stictis graminum Desm.

Sub-class 4. BASIDIOMYCETES.

The Basidiomycetes also comprise a very large group of fungi of
varied form and habits. Unlike the Ascomycetes, the spores of the Basid-

BASIDIOMYCETES. 487

iomycetes are never borne in closed sacs but are borne externally on little
stems like miniature clusters of cherries or other fruit. Several devices
also occur for ejecting the spores with force which greatly facilitate the
matter of distribution.

One important subdivision of the Basidiomycetes is that known as the
plant rusts, the term " rust " referring to the color of the spores in some
of the species. The rusts are all parasitic and from an economic point of
view occupy a high place among parasitic fungi. Unlike most parasites
the rusts have several distinct stages in their life cycles and the different
stages often occur on different host plants. Such parasites are known as
heteroecious parasites.

The common grain rust which, although it is not at present known to
occur in Bermuda, is likely at any time to be found there, is one of the
most important of the plant rusts. The early or spring stage of this rust
occurs on the leaves of the barberrj^ bush. The spores produced here
cannot reinfect the leaves of the barberry but germinate readily on the
leaves and stems of the common grains, both the summer and winter stages
being produced on the same host. Two different plants are then made use
of in order to enable the fungus to complete its life cycle. It has been
repeatedly shown, however, that this fungus can thrive in countries where
the barberry is unknown, so that this host is not absolutely necessary to
the life of the fungus. Just how the rust is carried over without the
presence of this host is a question that has never been veiy satisfactorily
answered.

Nine species of plant rusts have been collected in Bennuda, occurring
on about twelve different hosts, some of which are of no particular economic
importance. The rust of Sorghum and that of cultivated peaches are
likely to be of some economic importance. Additional species may be
expected to appear in Bermuda as the work of agriculture and horticulture
becomes more extended in the islands. While only nine species have been
collected, it is not unlikely that more occur but have escaped notice.

Among these is a cedar rust known as Gymnosporangium hermudi-
anum, a species which is related to our own cedar-apple rust, affecting red
cedar and cultivated and wild apples, and causing great losses where apples
and cedars are cultivated in close proximity. The cedar rust occurring in
Bermuda apparently causes little or no damage.

Another group which is usually included with the lower Basidiomycetes
are the smuts, so-called because of the black mass of spores which are
formed usually associated with the flowers or fruit of the host. The only
species observed in Bermuda is the common corn-smut, a species which
causes great losses wherever maize is extensively cultivated. This is one
of the parasitic fungi, however, which can be easily controlled by the appli-
cation of the principles of scientific agriculture.

The Basidiomycetes contain those forms known as puffballs, toad-
stools and mushrooms, many of which are commonly used as articles of
food. While some edible species were collected in Bennuda, they were
found only sparingly and whether these occur in sufficient quantity to be of
practical use, it is difficult to say; although they are likely to be abundant
during periods of excessive rainfall.

Among the puffballs the only species collected was one of the earth-
stars, Geaster saccatus. The earthstars differ from the other puffballs in

488 BASIDIOMYCETES.

that the outer peridium splits star-like and folds back, elevating the fruit
body in such a way as to aid in the distribution of the spores.

The Basidiomycetes also include the woody fungi which occur on the
trunks of trees and are often the source of great damage by causing heart
rot. The number of such species found in Bermuda was surprisingly small,
perhaps on account of the small number of kinds of native host plants.

Order 11. USTILAGINALES.

The smuts, which belong to this order, are often included with the
lower Basidiomycetes. One species has been found in Bermuda, Ustilago
Zeae (Beckm.) Unger, a very destructive parasite.

Order 12. UREDINALES.

Some of the species of plant rusts belonging to the present order oc-
curring in the islands are: Nigfedo proeminens (DC) Arthur occurring on
leaves of Poinsetta and various species of Cliamaesyce, and Nigredo Medi-
caginis (Pass.) Arthur on the leaves of Medicago denticulata. Other
species are : Puccinia Lantanae Farlow^ Puccinia Dichondrae Mont., Puc-
cinia Cladii Ellis & Tracy, Puccinia Polygoni-amphihii Pers. and Puccinia
purpurea Cooke. Tranzschelia jyunctata (Pers.) Arthur occurs as a para-
site on the leaves of cultivated peach.

Order 13. AGARICALES.

This order contains the edible mushrooms. Among the endemic
species are: Agaricus alphitopliorus Berk., Agaricus helictus Berk., Maras-
mius bermudensis Berk., Marasmius Sabali Berk., Marasmius praedecur-
rens Murrill, Pleurotopsis niduUformis Mun^U and Tyromyces graminicola
Murrill. In all thirty species of the order have been recorded.

Order 14. AURICULARIALES.

One endemic species belonging to this order has been collected, Hirne-
ola coffcicolor Berk.

Order 15. LYCOPERDALES.

The earthstar named above is the only representative of this order.

Order 16. PHALLALES.

A single species belonging to the genus ClatJirus has been collected
but was in such poor state of preservation that it could not be determined.

Imperfect Fungi.

In addition to the main groups of fungi, there are a large number of
species which are thought to represent stages in the life cycles of other
fungi, especially the Ascomycetes. These are included in the group com-
monly known as the Imperfect Fungi, since their histories are imperfectly
known. Fourteen species of such fungi collected in Bermuda have been
named. Many of these occur as parasites and are the cause of serious leaf
and stem injuiy. One species, Helminthosporium Ravenelii, forms its

BASIDIOMYCETES. 489

spores in a black mass over the flowers of its host, one of the grasses. On
account of the large size of the spores, the fungus is very beautiful and the
large masses of spores render it a very attractive species.

Order 17. SPHAEROPSIDALES.

Among the fungi of this order are the leaf-spots, a number of which
have been collected. Some of the species are: Septoria oleandrina Sacc,
Phyllosticta Opuntiae Sacc. & Speg., Phoma Musarum Cooke and Pestal-
lozzia Guepini Desm.

In addition to these a number of Hyphomycetes have been collected
among which are : Macrosporium Solani Ellis & Martin, Sclerotium Semen
Tode and Helicoma larvula Morgan.

In order to make a careful survey of the fungi of any region, it is
necessary to study the region not only through the season but for several
seasons, since many of the fungi are not persistent as are the higher plants.
Many of them last for only a few days at most, and in some cases may not
appear again for years. The best means of securing a complete knowledge
of the fungi of Bermuda is for some permanent resident to take up a study
of the grc'jp and continue it indefinitely. Such a study would not only
furnish interesting occupation, but would extend our local knowledge of
the fungi and doubtless result in adding many species to those already
known.

Class 3. ALGAE.*
Contributed by Marshall A. Howe.

The shores of Bermuda and the adjacent sea-bottoms offer wider areas
and doubtless more diversified conditions for the growth and development
of plants than do the parts of Bermuda that are permanently above the
sea. It is probable that thorough investigations will show that, even when
the microscopic diatoms, not especially numerous here, are excluded, the
number of species of marine plants of Bermuda and vicinity is equal to
that of the seed-bearing plants of the dry land. Many of the organisms
that first attract the eye in the famous "sea gardens " of Bennuda, such as
the corals, the sponges, and their relatives, are members of the animal
kingdom, though it is not surprising that the earlier naturalists, observing
these organisms to be attached, like the undoubted plants of the land and
sea, were inclined to look upon them as plants. And it is not surprising
that this idea, as regards some of these organisms, has now and then per-
sisted, with those who have never made a special study of such things, even
down to the present day.

Of the marine plants that wash ashore in Bermuda, especially after
a severe storm, and that are commonly referred to as " seaweeds," a few
are seed plants belonging to such genera as Tlialassia, the Turtle Grass;
Zostera, the Eel Grass; and Cijmodocea, the Manatee Grass. However,
most of the plants found in the beach drift or seen growing near the line
of the low tide or in deeper water, are less highly organized, non-vascular
plants, and are representatives of the large and much diversified group
known to botanists as the algae. Probably by reason of the more scorch-

* Chiefly marine, as represented in Bermuda and as here treated.

490 ALGAE.

ing effects of the sun's rays, the algae are less conspicuous between the
tide lines in the warmer parts of the earth than in many of the colder
parts. In this respect, as also in the genera and species that are repre-
sented, Bermuda has more in common with Florida and the West Indies
than with the northern United States and Great Britain. The direct
physical connection with more southern shores by the northward-flowing
Gulf Stream and the more or less similar conditions as to illumination and
water temperatures are doubtless- the main factors in determining the
obviously marked affinity between the marine flora of Bermuda and that of
the Antillean region. A certain number of species of marine algae — a
number that seems to increase rather than diminish as a result of critical
study — is, so far as is now known, peculiar to Bermuda ; other species
occur also on the North Atlantic coasts of the American continent ;, others,
again are found also on the shores of Europe, the Azores, the Canary Isles,
etc. ; but to still larger degree the algae of Bermuda appear to be identical
in species with those of the Bahamas, southern Florida, and the Greater
Antilles.

The marine algae of Bermuda have received a considerable amount of
attention from naturalists. One species and one variety reached the hands
of Dawson Turner and were described by him in the first volume of his
classic Historia Fucorum, published in 1808. Four principal lists of Ber-
mudian algae have been published up to the date of writing, all of which
are referred to in the general bibliography. In the first of these, by
Alexander F. Kemp, published in 1857, seventy-one species of marine
algae are named and others are referred to the genus only. In the second,
by Johannes Justus Rein, published in 1873, the number enumerated is
one hundred and nine. In the third, published in the report of the Chal-
lenger Expedition in 1884 and based in a considerable part on the two
lists already mentioned, one hundred and thirty-two species are named as
occurring in these islands.

But by far the most complete list of Bermuda algae ever published
is contained in a paper on " The Algae of Bermuda" by F. S. Collins and
A. B. Hervey, which has appeared just as the present work is going to
press and in which 410 species are recognized. Collections of algae have
been made in Bermuda by one or both of the authors of this recent im-
portant paper at all seasons of the year, and 250 numbers of dried speci-
mens of Bermuda algae have been distributed by them in the Phycotheca
Boreali-Americana of Collins, Holden & Setchell. In the following dis-
cussion of the marine flora these specimens are often cited under the abbre-
viation "Phyc. Bor.-Am." In addition to these specimens, the writer has
had access to a considerable amount of material, both dried and in fluid,
generously supplied to the New York Botanical Garden by Mr. Collins,
and also to a collection of 329 numbers, both dried and in fluid, made by
the writer during a single four weeks' visit to Bennuda in the summer of
1900, as well as to a number of specimens collected and distributed by Pro-
fessor W. G. Farlow, Professor Herbert M. Richards, and others. In
view of the very recent appearance of the Collins & Hervey list and in view
of the more limited material at the disposal of the present writer, no
attempt to offer a complete list of species will be made in the following
pages. An effort will be made, however, at least to mention the more
common and more conspicuous algae occurring in the islands, with remarks.

ALGAE. 491

sometimes diagnostic or semi-diagnostic, on some of the more characteristic
species.

Among the algae as a whole, as the term is commonly restricted by
modern writers, three great sub-classes are recognized, known as the Chloro-
phyceae or the Green Algae, the Phaeophyceae or Brown Algae, and the
RhodoiDhyceae or Red Algae. The algae in general possess more or less
chlorophyl, the green pigment characteristic of most of the higher plants,
and in the sub-class Chlorophyceae, the chlorophyl is as a rule comparatively
free from admixture with other coloring matters, so that the plants impress
one as being more or less grass-green in color. In the sub-class Phaeophyceae,
the chlorophyl is accompanied by one or more brownish or yellowish pig-
ments and the resulting color is commonly a brownish green or an olive-
green. In the sub-class Rhodophyceae, the chloro])hyl is ordinarily masked or
obscured by a red pigment, so that the plants usually exhibit some shade of
red, pink, violet, or purple, though in certain kinds the shade is so dark
as to be almost black. Associated with these color differences as exhibited by
these three sub-classes, and perhaps of more fundamental import, are cer-
tain differences in structure and in modes of reproduction. But the deter-
mination of these characters involves, as a rule, the use of the higher
powers of the microscope and they have been referred to only occasionally
in the discussion that follows.

Sub-class CYANOPHYCEAE.

In addition to the three classes of plants mentioned in the preceding
paragraph, the term algae is verj^ often extended to include also another,
somewhat simpler class known as the Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae, com-
monly referred to as the Blue-green Algae, a group that exhibits points
of contact, on the one hand, with the Bacteria and, on the other hand, with
the simplest Red Algae. In this group, the chlorophyl is associated with
another pigment which commonly gives the cell contents a bluish-green
shade, though in mass, to the naked eye, the plants veiy commonly appear
nearly black. They are usually plants of small size but when associated
in colonies as is their ordinary habit, they form masses that may readily
attract the eye. In many of them reproductive processes are so little
differentiated from those of ordinaiy vegetative growth that it is difficult
to say just what should be considered an individual plant and what an
aggregation of individuals. In some of them the single microscopic cell is
more or less obviously the individual; in certain others it is a filament,
made up usually of a single row of cells. The Cyanophyceae are wholly
non-sexual in their modes of multiplication. In the simpler forms the
multiplication of individuals occurs through simple division or fission; in
the higher, certain cells, known as spores or resting cells, differentiated
from the ordinary vegetative cells in size and other characters, take upon
themselves the function of originating new individuals. The Cyanophyceae
may form gelatinous or slimy dark scums on rather stagnant water or
somewhat similar films or crusts on rocks or on the larger aquatic plants,

492 CHROOCOCCACEAE.

either between the tide lines or permanently submerged. They are not
confined to the sea, but are perhaps even more common in brackish or fresh
water. They also occur on moist ground and even on trunks of trees and
rocks where rains and atmospheric moisture are their only sources of water-
supply. A few of the species of Cyanophyceae that have been found in
Bermuda may be mentioned :

Family CHROOCOCCACEAE.

Chroococcus turgidus (Kiitz.) Xaeg., a minute one-celled, more or less
colonial plant, occurs in brackish pools, commonly associated with other small
Cyanophyceae.

Chroothece Richteriana Hansgirg, forms verdigris-green or dark blue-
green gelatinous cushions or crusts on rocks, sometimes at a considerable dis-
tance from the sea, as in Church Cave.

Chroothece cryptarum Farlow, of somewhat similar appearance to the
naked eye, also forms crusts or films on rocks in caves, as at Agar 's Island.

Gloeothece rupestris (Lyngb.) Bornet, another unicellular form, occurs
as a dark or bluish olive-green gelatinous film on moist ground, as at Spanish
Point.

Family OSCILLATORIACEAE.
Oscillatoria amphibia Ag., a filamentous plant, forms gelatinous masses
in brackish pools, often associated with other species of the same genus or
class. Several other species of the genus occur in Bermuda. This genus re-
ceives its name from the fact that the filaments in a living condition show
slow swaying movements, visible under a compound microscope.

Lyngbya majuscula (Dillw.) Harv., sometimes known as Mermaid's
Hair, forms conspicuous slimy intricate mats or tufts that may vary in color
from bluish green to blue-black. The individual threads are easily visible to
the unaided eye and seem sometimes to attain a length of several inches. It
flourishes best in salt water that is little disturbed, as in the ponds of Walsing-
ham and in the tide-pools of St. David's Island.

Lsmgbya confervoides violacea Collins, has been found by Collins to occur
in a small pond near Harrington Sound, where it forms a reddish film on
decaying algae, in company, it is said, with Lynghya lutea (Ag.) Gom. and
L. semiplena (Ag.) J. Ag.

Microcoleus chthonoplastes (Mert.) Thuret, representing a genus in
vrhich numerous filaments occur in bundles enclosed in a common sheath, forms
a bluish green turf or film on littoral soil, on wooden piers, on borders of tide-
pools, etc.

Hydrocoleum comoides (Harv.) Gom. has been found on rocks near low-
water mark at Cox's Bay, Devonshire. In this, as in the Microcoleus, there
is a number of threads inside a common sheath, but the number is less.

NOSTOCACEAE. 493

Family NOSTOCACEAE.

Nostoc commune Vaueh. is not uncommon both on moist ground and on
ground that is apparently dry a good deal of the time. It forms a con-
spicuous olive-green or nearly black membranous crust that is gelatinous when
moist and rather brittle when dry. It often, especially when dry, appears to
lie loose on the ground, without attachments of any sort. The more or less
confluent thalli sometimes appear to be several inches broad and show ele-
vated lobes and bullae and very irregular pits and lacunae on the upper sur-
face. Under a compound microscope, the cells, imbedded in a gelatinous-
matrix, look like chains of beads, with occasional yellowish usually larger cells
known as heteroeysts.

Family SCYTONEMATACEAE.

Scytonema ocellatum (Dillw.) Thuret, forms a dark almost black turf of
minute intricate or suberect threads on the sand dunes of Paget. In the
Scytonemataceae the sheaths of the filaments are firm and are scarcely gelat-
inous even when wet ; the filaments often show a so-called * ' false ' ' branching ;
and, as in most of the other genera of the family, there are heteroeysts some-
what like those of Nostoc.

Scytonema myochrous Ag., which, like the former, can hardly be con-
sidered a marine species, forms a short nap or felt on rocks, as about Harring-
ton Sound.

Scytonema junipericola Farlow, forms dark velvety patches on the bark
of the Bermuda cedar.

Family STiaONEMATACEAE.

Hapalosiphon intricatus W. & G. S. West, a delicate freshwater fila-
mentous species, has been reported by Collins from the Devonshire marshes,
where it occurs in ditches, Avith Sphagnum. In this genus the filaments show
''true" lateral branching and intercalary heteroeysts are present.

Family RIVULARIACEAE.

Eivularia polyotis (Ag.) Born. & Flah. forms small blackish green
sinuose-bullate gelatinous cushions on rocks and other objects between the
tide lines. In the Eivulariaceae there is a distinct differentiation of base and
apex of the filament, the apex running out into a thin hair. In Rivvlaria, the
filaments have a more or less radial arrangement and there is a hcterocyst at
the base of each filament.

Calothrix scopulorum (Web. & Mohr) Ag. has been found liy Mr.
Collins at Shelly Bay, where it formed a blackish green layer on a rock n»\nr
the high-water mark.

Polythrix corymbosa (Harv.) Grun. forms a turf on rocks just below the
low-water mark. The erect subdichotomously branched fastigiate blue-green

494 ULVACEAE.

threads seem coarser than those of most Cyanophyceae, but the microscope
shows that each thread is a eylindric bundle of closely compacted filaments of
the Eivtdaria or Calothrix type. Mangrove Bay (Hervey.)

Sub-class CHLOROPHYCEAE.

The affinities of the marine algae of Bermuda with those of southern
Florida and the West Indian region are nowhere more clearly shown than
in the order Siphonales of the sub-class Chlorophyceae, more particularly in
such genera as Caulerpa, Avrainvillea, Udotea, Penicillus, Halimeda,
Codium, Valonia, Batophora, Dasycladus, Neomeris, Acicularia, and Ace-
tabulum, all of the species of which seem identical with those from farther
south. It is probable that systematic dredging operations in waters from
50 to 300 feet deep would materially increase the number of species of
Siphonales that Bermuda shares with Florida and the West Indies. Some
of the larger Green Algae that have been found are the following:

Family ULVACEAE.

ITlva Lactuca L., the Sea Lettuce, in various forms, is not uncommon,
especially in sheltered places. The thallus consists of a thin flat green mem-
brane, which is shown by the microscope to be two cells thick.

The genus Monostroma, in which the thallus is outwardly rather similar
to that of the Sea Lettuce, but consists in the main part at least of only one
layer of cells, is represented by one or more species.

The genus Enteromorpha, in most of the species of which the thallus is
tubular with the walls one cell thick, is represented by several species growing
in shallow water or on rocks or other objects between the tide lines. Entero-
morpha intestinalis tenuis Collins, E. flexuosa (Wulf.) Ag., E. flexuosa
submarina Collins & Hervey, E. plumosa Klitz., and E. minima Naeg. are the
names employed by Collins for the species issued in the Phycotheca Boreali-
Americana. E. plumosa Kiitz., the branches of which commonly terminate in
a single row of cells, has been found by Collins, attached to floating wood.

Family VALONIACEAE.

Valonia ventricosa J. Ag., Sea Bottles, one often finds washed ashore on
South Beach. The plant is essentially an ovoid, pyriform, or subglobose mem-
branous sac filled with protoplasm and attaining a diameter of one or two
inches. When living it is dark green and more or less iridescent. On being
killed and bleached it becomes beautifully pellucid and is as attractive then
as when living.

Valonia macrophysa Kiitz. In this species the vesicles are smaller than
in the preceding and they often branch copiously, forming clumps as large as
a man's fist or even head. It occurs in shaded sheltered places, as in man-
grove swamps, and has an extraordinary development in the ponds near
Walsingham, where it forms large beautifully iridescent masses attached to

VALONIACEAE. 495

submerged rocks and logs. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1867; Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 171,
as F. utricularis Ag.)

Ernodesmis verticillata (Kiitz.) B^rg. This plant was formerly consid-
ered to be a Valonia, to which genus it is closely related. The plant is
repeatedly branched, the slender club-shaped branches or vesicles occurring
in whorls of 4 to 12. The species has been found in Harrington Sound and in
a shallow tidal stream flowing into Hungry Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1907.)

Dictyosphaeria favulosa (Ag.) Decaisne, has been found at Harris Bay
by Hervey (Phyc Bor.-Am. £015). It forms hollow membranous thalli that
are at first subglobose or lightly wrinkled or lobed, becoming later irregularly
torn or somewhat cup-shaped, the thallus often as large as one 's fist. The
surface of the thallus shows numerous hexagonal facets, mostly a half line or
less in diameter, suggesting a miniature honeycomb. The plant grows at-
tached to rocks in shallow water.

Siphonocladus tropicus (Crouan) J. Ag. has lateral flagelliform branches
0.5-2 inches long, clothed with irregular often crowded proliferations mostly
j.^-i inches long.

Siphonocladus rigidus M. A. Howe, has, for the most part, a dichotomous
or subdichotomous mode of branching, though short, irregular or subsecund,
mostly unicellular, lateral proliferations are of occasional occurrence. The
cell walls are thick and under a microscope conspicuously lamellate, and the
septa are often mammillate or tuberculate on their upper faces. It grows on
rocks and pebbles in shallow water or at the low-tide line. Agar's Island
(Collins), (Phyc. Bor.-Am. £169.)

Petrosiphon adhaerens M. A. Howe, forms closely appressed slightly calci-
fied light green crusts or cushions in tide-pools or on limestone rocks near the
low-water mark. It has a radially striate or sulcate appearance owing to its
radio-marginal growth. The plant is actually attached to the rock by boring
rhizoids and can not well be removed without use of hammer and chisel. The
species was originally described from the Bahamas, but has recently been
found in the Bermudas by Hervey. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. £073.)

Anadyomene stellata (Wulf.) Ag. is not uncommon on rocks, growing
mostly in 1-20 feet of water. It forms a membranous bright green subsessile
thallus usually 1-3 inches high or broad and looking a little like a young Ulva
but crisper and more rigid to the touch. Under a hand-lens or even to the
naked eye it shows an elegant system of venation, with the principal veins
radiating in a palmate, flabellate, or semicircular fashion from radially suc-
cessive foci. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1906.)

Struvea ramosa Dickie, was originally described from the Bermudas from
material dredged in deep water by the Challenger Expedition and has since
been reported from the Canary Islands. The plant is two or three inches tall,
more than half of which consists of the slender simple or oppositely branehe<i
stipe, which is rugose-annulate near the base or also at the base of its branches.

496 YALONIACEAE.

Terminating the stipe or each of its branches is a plane elliptic or ovate net-
work of opposite or substellate cohering branches and branchlets. The plant
is easily distinguished from Anadyomene by its long slender stalk and by the
less solid or more lacunose network. In this Struvea the vacant spaces among
the united branchlets occupy an area that is in the aggregate fully equal to
that occupied by the branchlets themselves, while in Anadyomene the mem-
brane is very nearly solid and continuous.

Boodlea struveoides M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Thallus weakly stipitate, the
stipe simple or dichotomous, 5-30 mm. (1-4 cells) long, 200-450 At in diameter,
its cells 4-40 times as long as broad; branches variously disposed, often
mostly opposite and developing in a single plane, their branchlets cohering
frequently by tentacula and forming a flat uniaxial frond often 1 cm. long
and wide (4-16 meshes wide), these fronds, in turn, cohering with others of
their kind and forming dense spongy confervoid cushions 2-4 cm. in diameter;
or, branches subpalmate, palmately subdistichous, subverticillate, or emerging
irregularly and in all directions; cells of the main axes 150-320 /t in diameter,
mostly 2-5 times as long as broad, becoming scarcely longer than broad above;
branches and branchlets numerous, patent or divaricate, the ultimate cells GO-
SO /i in diameter, 2-4 times as long as broad, often recurved.

On rocks in about 3 dm. of water, Harrington Sound (type, Howe 131,
in herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.).

This species is somewhat intermediate between Boodlea siamensis Reinb.
and Struvea anastomosans (Harv.) Piccone, but can not be accurately identi-
fied with either. Its nearest relatives are doubtless the East Indian B.
siamensis Eeinb. and B. paradoxa Eeinb., from both of which it apparently
differs in the development of a weak stipe (sometimes as much as 3 cm. long)
and in the commonly more Struvea-like development of its upper parts. It is
also more rigid and somewhat coarser in all its parts than B. siamensis, a type
duplicate of which has been compared with it. The frequent irregular develop-
ment of the branches in all planes makes the plant a Boodlea rather than a
Struvea. Of the Bermudian algae, this plant is perhaps most likely to be
confused with small pulvinate Cladophoras or with Cladophoropsis mem-
hranacea, but examination with a hand-lens or attempts to disentangle the
mats disclose the cohesions of the branchlets and the net-like meshes of the
Boodlea. Apparently endemic.

Family CLADOPHORACEAE.

Cladophoropsis membranacea (Ag.) Bjzirg. occurs on rocks near the low-
water mark, on roots of mangroves, and in pools, forming bright green attached
cushions or loose irregular detached clumps. In structure it resembles a
Cladopliora, but the branches are, usually at least, without a septum at the
base. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1866.)

Cladophora fuliginosa Kiitz. Somewhat similar to Cladophoropsis mem-
hranacea and possibly a derivative of it, is the composite organism described
and figured by Harvey as Blodgettia confervoides, which occurs in Bermuda
in similar places, though often in more agitated water. This turns blackish
on being killed and is often blackish when found growing. There is present

CLADOPHORACEAE. 497

in the cell walls a peculiar filamentous fungus, to which E. P. Wright has
restricted the generic name Blodgettia, with the new &-pecifie name Bornetii.
Whether this algicolous fungus is to be considered a lichenogenous one or
simply a parasite is possibly a matter of definition of terms, though it seems
to conform better to the usual conception of a parasite. The cell walls of the
host are commonly more rigid and the branches more commonly have a septum
at the base than is the case in Cladophoropsis memhranacca. The combina-
tion of fungus and alga was apparently first described by Kiitzing under the
name Cladophora fuliginosa, a name recently revived by Collins and by
B^rgesen. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. SOIS.)

Cladophora catenifera Kiitz. was originally described from the Cape of
Good Hope. The name has been applied by Collins to a Bermudian plant
that is somewhat similar, but has shorter, more fasciculate-divaricate ramuli.
It is one of the largest and coarsest of the Cladophoras, In a sheltered place
in Red Bay, St. David's Island, it forms stiff erect dark green tufts that are
sometimes nearly a foot and a half high.

Cladophora crystallina (Roth) Kiitz. is the name under which Collins
has distributed (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1865) Bermudian specimens from pools on
the South Shore and at Harrington Sound. The plant has fine soft copiously
branched filaments and has a glossy appearance on being pressed and dried.

Cladophora Howei Collins forms compact yellowish green mats or tufts
about half an inch high on rocks in tide pools on Gibbet Island. Endemic.

Cladophora fracta (Vahl) Kiitz. is a widely distributed an<l variable
species of fresh or brackish water. It has been found by Hervey in a
reservoir near Spanish Rock. (Phye. Bor.-Am. 2013.)

Cladophora corallicola B^rg. is a name that has been adopted by the
editors of the Phyeotheea Boreali-Americana {2010) for a plant collected at
Tucker's Town by Dr. Hervey. The name was first proposed for a Danish
West Indian plant, dredged from a depth of about 100 feet, where it formed
a dense covering on dead corals and shells.

Cladophora crispula Tickers, was originally described from Barbados,
where it forms dense, closely interwoven, spongy, olive-green or dusky green
masses, lobes of which sometimes grow out as irregular rope-like strands an
inch or so long. Under a lens the ultimate branchlets are seen to be curved
and inflexed, giving a densely crisped or curled appearance to the matted sur-
face. The name has been applied in the Phyeotheea Boreali-Americana
{2011) to a lighter-colored, much less crisped and spongy plant from Harring-
ton Sound.

Cladophora utriculosa Kiitz. is a name under which a plant from Harring-
ton Sound has been distributed in the Phyeotheea Boreali-Americana {£01 f).
The cells of this Bermudian plant, however, seem to be on the average much
shorter than those of the original plant from the Adriatic Sea. It is very
difficult, if not impossible, to define the limits of currently recognized species
of Cladophora and the interpretation of the species and their range of varia-

33

498 CLADOPHOKACEAE.

tion is a subject of widely varying treatment by phycological writers. Clado-
phora, in fact, seems to be a genus in whicli clearly defined species do not
exist. Other species, as currently recognized, certainly occur in Bermuda.

Chaetomorpha Linum (O. F. Mlill.) Kiitz. occurs in quiet water, as in
Harrington Sound, the ponds of Walsingham, Hamilton Harbor, and at
Hungry Bay. It forms unattached tangled mats of delicate unbranched
threads (diam. tV-b of a line) made up of a single row of cells. (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. 1863, as C. aerea, forma Linum.)

Chaetomorpha crassa (Ag.) Kiitz. is a species with coarser filaments
(^f of a line in diameter) that is found in tide pools, fish ponds, mangrove
swamps, etc. (Phyc, Bor.-Am. 1864.)

Chaetomorpha brachygona Harv., collected at Walsingham by Collins,
has filaments of i— J the diameter of those of C. Linum and C. crassa, with
cells scarcely longer than broad.

Chaetomorpha minima Collins & Hervey, is a name under which the
editors of the Phycotheca Boreali- Americana {2007) have distributed a slender
plant found by Hervey, attached to CladopJiora, Codium, etc. in Harrington
Sound. Endemic.

Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Ag.) Kiitz., a widely distributed species,
has been reported (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2009) as occurring in Bermuda in
reservoirs and in fresh-water rock-pools.

Rhizoclonium crassipellitum W. & G. S. West, originally described from
Portuguese West Africa, has* been reported from a fresh-water pool near Ely 's
Harbor (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2008).

Rhizoclonium Hookeri Kiitz., or something close to it, occurs associated
with a moss, Eucladiiim verticillatum, on the walls of Smuggler 's Cave, near
Castle Harbor, The filaments are apparently more robust than those of plants
from Kerguelen 's Island to which the name was first applied.

Rhizoclonium tortuosum Kiitz., which is perhaps an untenable name, may
be used for the present for a plant that is found in tangled mats on rocks at
the high-tide line on the Paget shore of Hamilton Harbor.

Rhizoclonium Kerneri Stockmayer, is a name that has been applied by
Collins to a plant that forms a dark green film on branches and roots of the
mangroves, accompanying Caloglossa Leprieurii. Its filaments are somewhat
coarser than those of the type of this species.

Family DASYCLADACEAE.

Dasycladus vermicularis (Scop.) Krasser, a dirty-yellowish-green cylin-
drie or club-shaped plant, mostly 1-3 inches high and i-i inch broad, with
densely compacted whorls of branches, which are in turn two or three times
verticillately ramulose, has been found on pebbles in a shallow bay on Cooper 's
Island by Collins. In this genus the gametangia are terminal on the primary
branches. (Phyc. Bor,-Am. 1868, as Dasycladus clavaeformis.)

DASYCLADACEAE. 499

Batophora Oerstedi occidentalis (llarv.) M. A. Howe, is usually a
smaller plant than the foregoing, with more widely spaced whorls of primary
branches. The sporangia, containing large firm-walled aplanospores are lat-
eral at the distal ends of the primary or secondary branches. It occurs on old
shells, old shoes, pebbles, etc. at Spanish Point, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. J910
and e016.)

Neomeris annulata Dickie, is a light green or whitish lime-encrusted,
worm-like plant scarcely one inch high, with a cortex that shows under a hand
lens numerous small hexagonal facets in regular transverse rows. It grows on
stones in shallow water on White's Island in Hamilton Harbor and in Har-
rington Sound, maturing in the month of July. The strongly calcified
sporangia cohere laterally and form transverse rings in the lower half of the
plant. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1909.)

Acetabulum crenulatum (Lamour.) Kuntze, the dainty Mermaid's Wine
Glass, is not uncommon on pebbles, shells, pieces of dead coral, etc. in shallow
water, growing especially in rather protected places. Particularly attractive
specimens are found, in the summer at least, in the tidal stream that forms the
outlet of one of the ponds in the Walsingham region. The plants are 1-4
inches high and are terminated by a disc or cup ^-§ inch broad. Practically
the whole plant is usually strongly coated with lime and it becomes a chalky
white soon after being taken -from the water and exposed to the light, though
in the living state the cup part, at least, is commonly a light green. Each of
the 35-60 radial chambers of which the cup is composed is in large part a
sporangium, containing in the present species 200-500 subglobose firm-walled
aplanospores, which are not calcified. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1908, as Acetabularia
crenulata.)

Acicularia Schenckii (Mob.) Solms, looks a little like the preceding but
is smaller in every way and is less common. The disc or cup is very nearly
flat, is only about i in. broad, and has only 30-42 radial chambers, and the
aplanospores are embedded in a coherent mass of lime. It was found late in
the month of June, growing on stones in a tidal creek flowing from a man-
grove thicket at Hungry Bay. The species was originally described from
Brazil and is of occasional occurrence in the West Indies.

Family BRYOPSIDACEAE.

Bryopsis hypnoides Lamour., a species with repeatedly compound irregu-
lar ramification, almost suggesting an Ectocarpus or certain Hadophoras in the
tenuity of its branches and general habit, occurs in shallow water in Hamilton
Harbor, Harrington Sound, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1S70.)

Bryopsis Harveyana J. Ag., a much coarser plant than the preceding, with
the main branches interruptedly pectinate-plumose towards the apices and the
ultimate ramuli subsecund and often glomerate-fascicled, occurs in shallow
water at Tobacco Bay (Howe £68).

500 CAULEEPACEAE.

Bryopsis pennata Lamour., a plant with long naked stalks and simply
pinnate terminal plumes (a plant more slender and delicate than the type of
the species), has been found growing on a rock at the low-water line at Castle
Harbor by Mr. Collins. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1871, 2166 and 2167.)

Family CAULERPACEAE.

Caulerpa prolifera (Forsk.) Lamour. has a particularly luxuriant develop-
ment in 3-10 feet of water in the ponds of the Walsingham region, where its
stolons, 2-3 feet long, send up stalked occasionally proliferous dark green
laminae that are 5-8 inches high and 5-1 inch broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1872.)

Caulerpa sertularioides (S. G. Gmel.) M. A. Howe, though not uncommon
elsewhere, is particularly well developed in the locality just mentioned. Its
erect branches are regularly pinnate, with the numerous sharp-pointed sub-
terete ultimate ramuli scarcely coarser than bristles. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1873.)

Caulerpa crassifolia (Ag.) J. Ag. also has pinnate branches, but its
pinnules are broader (aV^iV in. wide), and less numerous, distinctly flattened,
linear-oblong or subfalcate, slightly overlapping or free and spaced. The
species grows on rocks, stones, roots of mangroves, etc. in rather sheltered
places, as in Port Eoyal Bay, Hungry Bay, the ponds of "Walsingham, Harring-
ton Sound, Castle Harbor, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1919.)

Caulerpa cupressoides (West) Ag. has, in the Bermuda forms, the short
small sharp-pointed ramuli in several ranks. It is an extremely variable
species, originally described from the Danish West Indies. The prevailing
Bermuda form is the forma erici folia (Turn.) Web. v. Bosse, which was
described and figured from Bermuda by Turner in 1808. (Phyc. Bor.-Am.
1920.)

Caulerpa racemosa occidentalis (J. Ag.) B^rg. is common in 1-20 feet
of water on rocks and piers in Hamilton Harbor. Its pyriform-clavate ulti-
mate ramuli, which are commonly rather abruptly swollen at the rounded-
obtuse apices, are in several or many irregular ranks. The largest specimens
seen came from Castle Harbor. In these the main branches are nearly two
feet long. Other varieties, also, of this species have been reported from
Bermuda. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2020, 2021 and 2022.)

Caulerpa verticillata J. Ag. has been found by Hervey at St. George's
and what we take to be a form of it also at Harris Bay.* The latter, which
grew in a tide pool, appears to be a reduced or poorly developed condition of
forma charoides (Harv.) Web. v. Bosse. It has a creeping rhizome an inch
or more long, from which arise erect dark green composite branches a line or
two high. Under a lens these erect branches are seen to bear numerous short
hair-like branchlets which are rather irregularly arranged and several times

* C. pnsilla Collins, Holden & Setchell, Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2019 — perhaps not C.
piisiUa Martens & Hering, which seems to be certainly known only from Pernambuco.
If it should be found impossible to maintain C. pusilla and C. verticillata as distinct
species, the rules of nomenclature would seem to require the conservation of the
name pusilla, as it probably had a slight priority, perhaps of only a few weeks or
days, in actual printed publication.

CODIACEAE. 501

dichotomous. In its typical condition, C. verticillata is a plant of lagoons
and of the mangrove association, being often found attached to the roots of
Bhisophora near the low-water mark. Its erect branches may then attain a
height of 1-6 inches and the dichotomous ramuli occur in a more or less
clearly defined succession of whorls or tufts.

Family CODIACEAE.

Avrainvillea nigricans Decaisne, occurs on rocks just below the low-
water mark, as at Gibbet Island and Harris Bay. It is spongy and blackish
and the flabelliform, cuneiform, or oblong upright part is in the Bermuda
specimens mostly only 2 or 3 inches high. Under the compound microscope
the filaments of the flabellum are found to be moniliform. (Phyc. Bor.-Am.
^171.)

Avrainvillea longicaulis (Kiitz.) Murr. & Boodle, occurs in the ponds of
Walsingham, where it gets to be more than a foot tall. It here has a long
stalk, finally terminated by an irregular flabellum that is sometimes several
inches long or broad. In external form, however, this species and A. nigri<:ans
often resemble each other closely and the best distinguishing characters are
found in the form of the filaments of the flabellum, which in A. longicaulis
are commonly cylindrie with a strong constriction at the base of each branch.
From the Udoteas, the Avrainvilleas are distinguished by their lack of calci-
fication, by their softer more spongy texture, and by their blackish or dusky
brown color. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2170.)

Udotea Flabellum (Ell. & Soland.) M. A. Howe, is a more or less fan-
shaped calcified light yellowish green or dark olive-green plant, mostly 2-10
inches high, and showing concentric zonations. The flabellum has a compact
firm cortex. Forms occur in which the .flabellum is variously lobed and
laciniate. The species is rather common in 1-50 feet of water, growing
mostly on a sandy or muddy bottom. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1914.)

TJdotea conglutinata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. is usually a smaller
lighter green plant, the flabellum of which is destitute of a highly specialized
cortex. Under a hand lens the surface of the flabellum appears spongiose or
longitudinally strigose. With a higher magnification each of the flabellum
filaments is seen to be enclosed in a porose calcareous sheath. This species
has been found on South Beach in Paget by Farlow and at Harris Bay by
Hervey. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1913.)

PeniciUus capitatus Lamarck, the Merman's Shaving Brush, is common,
usually on a sandy or muddy bottom in shallow water. ^ It has a subterete and
strongly calcified stalk and a commonly subglobose head, the free dichotomous
filaments of which are each enclosed in a porose calcareous sheath. The plants
are usually from 1 to 9 inches in height. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1911 and 191S.)

PeniciUus pyriformis A. & E. S. Gepp, has a more pyriform-obovoid or
obconic head and usually a shorter stalk and the filaments of the hea.l are more
intertangled. The best distinguishing characteristics are, however, found in

502 CODIACEAE.

cortex of the stalk, which, under a hand lens, appears spongiose or velutinous-
tomentulose, while that of P. capitatus is compact, indurated, and smooth.
Under higher magnification, the ultimate branchlets of the corticating fila-
ments are seen to be elongate and taper-pointed, while in P. capitatus, they
are short-oblong, obtuse, truncate, or capitate. P. pyriformis has its best
development in the Bahamas, but it has been found in Ely's Harbor and
Harris Bay and doubtless occurs elsewhere in the Bermudas. (Phyc. Bor.-
Am. 2075.)

Halimeda Tuna (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. occurs on rocks in shallow
water, as at Spanish Point, Gibbet Island, inlet of Harrington Sound, Achilles
Bay, etc. In this, as in all the Halimedas, the thallus is calcified and jointed.
In H. Tuna, the segments are discoid, mostly reniform or semi-orbicular. The
filaments of the central strand fuse in twos or threes at the nodes but are
otherwise commonly free. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1918.)

Halimeda tridens (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. grows usually on a sandy or
muddy bottom and in 1-100 feet of water. It is more shrubby in its habit
than H. Tuna and the segments are typically flattened and 3-lobed or 3-
dentate, though variable as to this character, as also in the shape of the seg-
ments, which range from subquadrate-orbicular, with the long axis transverse,
to obovate, deltoid-obovate, cuneiform, or occasionally subcylindric. When
decalcified the cells of the cortex are found to measure 49-77 jU in average
maximum diameter in surface view.

Halimeda Monile (Ell, & Soland.) Lamour. differs from B. tridens ohi^^j
in having its segments mostly subcylindric and in having its surface cells only
30-44 /«. in average maximum diameter. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1915; also 1917 — as
H. tridens — in the one copy examined.)

Halimeda simulans M. A. Howe, imitates E. Tuna in its discoid usually
subentire or crenate segments, but it is really more akin to B. tridens and
H. Monile, as is shown by the fact that the filaments of the central strand, as
in these two, form a single coherent inter-communicating mass at each node.
The surface cells are small, as in B". Monile. H. simulans has recently been
found near Tucker's Town by Hervey. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1916.)

Halimeda Opuntia (L.) Lamour. This species was reported from Ber-
muda by Eein, but we have seen no Bermudian specimens. It is, however, very
common in the Bahamas, southern Florida, and the West Indies, and its exist-
ence in the Bermudas is not improbable. It often occurs in rather deep
Vvater (10-100 ft.) and may be brought to light in Bermuda by dredging
operations. It differs from the other species in forming large tangled mats or
cushions. It is strongly calcified, and the discoid segments are clearly or ob-
scurely nerved. The branches and their segments are very often turned or
twisted at various angles, and in its more luxuriant development its branches
form long tangled chains. Certain naturalists claim to have experienced a
prickling sensation as of a slight electric shock when handling plants of this
species, either with bare hands or with metal implements.

CODIACEAE. 503

The late Sir John Murray in reporting the results of the Challenger Ex-
pedition intimates that calcareous seaweeds and their broken down fragments
were the dominating elements in three out of four analyzed samples of so-
called ''coral" sand or mud from Bermuda and Dr. Henry B. Bigelow in a
paper on ''The Shoal-water Deposits of the Bermuda Banks" has named
Halimeda as a genus that has contributed an important part to the formation
of such sand or mud. If this determination is correct, it might be taken as
an indication of the existence of Halimeda Opuntia in Bermudian waters, for
the other species of the genus, both here and in the West Indies, would hardly
seem to occur in sufficient masses to be an important factor in the making of
sand and mud.

Codium intertextum Collins & Hervey, forms spongy dark green, closely
adherent or repent, irregularly lobed or branched, mats or cushions under
shelving rocks or in rock crevices near the low-water mark, as at Gibbet
Island and Bailey's Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. S018.) Also West Indian.

Codium tomentosum (Huds.) Stackh. is not uncommon on rocks near
the low-tide line, forming spongy masses that are mostly from four inches to
two feet long. Its branches are cylindric or slightly flattened and repeatedly
dichotomous.

Codium isthmocladum Vickers, is much like C. tomentosum, but is more
flaccid and more nitent when dry and its branches are often constricted at
their bases. Under a microscope, the utricles forming the superficial layer
are seen to be about twice as broad as those of C. tomentosum. (Phyc. Bor.-
Am. 1869, as Codium tomentosum.)

Codium decorticatum (Woodw.) M. A. Howe (C elongatum Ag.) is per-
haps not always distinct from C. tomentosum but is usually recognizable by
being more elongate, more sparingly branched, by flattened expansions under
the dichotomies, and by the much larger utricles. Some remarkable specimens
collected in Tobacco Bay, St. George's, late in June were 2-4 feet long, with
flattened expansions A to 8 inches broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2017.)

Family VAUCHERIACEAE.
Dichotomosiphon pusillus Collins, forms a dark green felt of slender inter-
tangled filaments on sand-covered rocks or in rock crevices near low-water
mark, as at Shelly Bay (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2023) and on roots of mangroves, in
company with Bostrychia Montagnci. Under a compound microscope its
usually dichotomous or trichotomous filaments are seen to be constricted here
and there and there is nearly always a strong constriction at the base of each
branch. A complete constriction or an imperforate septum is, however, of a
very rare occurrence. The mode of reproduction has not been observed and
there is accordingly some doubt as to the generic and family affinities of the
plant. In its vegetative characters it shows resemblances to the Codiaceae.
The type locality is on the island of Jamaica.

504 ECTOCARPACEAE.

Family CHARACEAE.
Chara foliolosa Muhl., a common stonewort of the West Indian region,
has been reported from the Pembroke Marsh (Farloiv) by H. & J. Groves (in
Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 43. 1911), under the name Chara zeylanica Willd.
forma curassavica Braun. What is doubtless the same thing, with same
locality and collector, is listed by Collins and Hervey as Chara gymnopus var.
Berteroi A. Braun.

Sub-class PHAEOPHYCEAE.

Family ECTOCARPACEAE.
Ectocarpus Mitchellae Harv., a species originally described from Nan-
tucket, but since found to be widely distributed, has been reported from Ber-
muda (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1921), but the specimen distributed does not seem to
the writer to belong to this species. The plurilocular sporangia in E.
Mitchellae are sessile, ellipsoid-oblong, and very obtuse. In the genus Ecto-
carpus the thallus consists of delicate copiously branched filaments made up
of a single row of cells.

Ectocarpus siliculosus arctus (Kiitz.) Kuck., collected at Harris Bay
by Hervey (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1922) has more pointed, ovoid, not always sessile,
plurilocular sporangia.

Ectocarpus confervoides (Eoth) Le Jolis, with spindle-shaped, sessile or
short-stalked plurilocular sporangia, has been found in Bermuda by Hervey.
Other species of Ectocarpus certainly occur in Bermuda, but their determina-
tion awaits more critical study.

Ascocyclus orbicularis (J. Ag.) Magnus, has been reported by Collins
from Cooper's Island (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1878), where it forms minute olive-
green spots on the leaves of the Turtle Grass (Thalassia).

All of the four Ectocarpaceae mentioned above are species of wide dis-
tribution and are best known from more northerly waters.

Family SPHACELARIACEAE.
Sphac:laria tribuloides Menegh. forms brownish tufts of fine sparingly
branched filaments about A-1 inch high in tide pools and in rock pockets and
crevices between the tide lines, especially on the South Shore. The younger
terminal branches consist of a single row of cells, but the older parts of the
filaments are made up of bundles of parallel cells. The apical cells in this
genus are commonly somewhat enlarged, are especially rich in protoplasm, and,
often somewhat blackened, are usually conspicuous under a hand-lens in the
preserved specimen. In the present species, the filaments commonly bear
small multicellular stalked gemmae which in form suggest the fruits of certain
species of Tribidus and Trapa.

Family ENCOELIACEAE.
Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derb. & Sol., a widely distributed plant of
warm temperate and tropical waters, forms brownish hollow often irregularly

ENCOELIACEAE. 505

lobed or wrinkled cushions, sometimes as large as a man's fist, on rocks just
below the low-water marks, as on White's Island, in Hamilton Harbor, ctr.
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. S0S4.)

Hydroclathrus cancellatus Bory, is somewhat similar to the above in color,
habit and distribution, but it has a perforate or net-like thallu^. Si.ntiish
Eock. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. S078.)

Scytosiphon Lomentaria (Lyngb.) J. Ag. is one of the few algae of the
North Atlantic that occur also in Bermuda. It has a hollow, unbranched,
cylindric or slightly flattened, brownish or olive-green thallus, often constricted
at intervals, and commonly 2-10 inches long, and ^-\ inch in diameter.
(Shelly Bay, Hervey—^Fhjc. Bor.-Am. 2079.)

Rosenvingea intricata (J. Ag.) B^rg. has a tubular very irregularly
branched thallus. Single plants form flattened tangled olive-green mats
mostly 1 to 5 inches broad. The main branches attain a diameter of 1 or 2
lines, this diameter being much reduced at the dichotomo-palmate extremities.
(Harris Bay, Hervey — Phyc. Bor.-Am. S173.)

Family MESOGLOIACEAE.

Castagnea Zosterae (Mohr?) Thuret (?) is a name that may be applied
with considerable doubt to a brownish gelatinous irregularly branched plant
that grows attached to leaves of the Turtle Grass (Thalassia lestudinum) in
Castle Harbor and doubtless elsewhere in the Bermudas. It grows to be from
four to eight inches long, with its larger branches about -^^ in. in diameter and
the smaller about -j^ in. It is a larger, more copiously branched plant than
those from more northern waters to which the above name is currently applied.
There is doubt not only as to its specific identity, but even more as to the
legality of the nomenclature here provisionally adopted. It is probable that
a thorough-going revision of the Mesogloiaceae, accompanied by a critical
study of the type specimens on which various genera and species have been
based, may show that the legal generic name for this plant is Aegira, proposed
in 1825 by Elias Fries for the LincTcia Zosterae of Lyngbyc. The various
genera proposed later for members of this 'group seem to be distinguished
from each other by characters of uncertain value and constancy and it is
probable that one or more of the names Myriocladia J. Ag., Cladosiphon
Kiitz., Castagnea Derb. & Sol., and Eudcsme J. Ag. may be found to be generic
synonyms of Aegira. The Bermuda plant has been distributed in the Phyco-
theca Boreali-Americana (1879) as Castagnea mediterranca (Kiitz.) Bornet,
but it is a more slender, more freely branched, and more gelatinous jdant than
the original Cladosiphon mediterraneus Kiitz. and has longer peripheral fila-
ments. Moreover, C. mediterraneus is the monotype of Chulosiphnn and the
current rules of nomenclature would forbid its transfer to the lator-])ublished
Castagnea.

Family SPOROCHNACEAE.

Sporochnus BoUeanus Mont, is foun.l wasliod ashore on the South Peach.
It is a brownish freely branched plant a foot or more in height. The main

506 SPOROCHXACEAE.

branches and the lateral branchlets each end in a subglobose or pyriform
enlargement bearing a dense tuft of delicate filaments. The lateral tuft-bear-
ing enlargements are sessile in the younger parts, but a stalk for each develops
and lengthens with age until the plant is terminated and fringed by a great
number of small brush-like structures. The enlargements also elongate with
age and together with the stalks form club-shaped ramuli i inch or more long
in the older parts, finally becoming naked by the disappearance of the crown
of filaments. When the living plant is suspended in the water and properly
lighted the terminal tufts appear luminous and iridescent, the whole sug-
gesting some sort of miniature candelabrum of small torches. S. BolJeanus was
originally described from the Canary. Islands, but has since been reported
from Porto Rico. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. £174.)

Family TILOPTERIDACEAE.

Heterospora Vidovichii (Menegh.) Kuck. has been reported as occurring
on the walls of the inlet near the Hotel Frascati [Phyc. Bor.-Am. £0^6, as
Haplospora Vidovichii (Menegh.) Bornet]. It forms long tufts of delicate
brownish green threads. Heterospora resembles Ectocarpus in general habit,
but differs in mode of reproduction. H. Vidovichii was first described from
the Adriatic Sea.

Family FUCACEAE.

Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) LeJolis, one of the commonest rockweeds of
north-temperate coasts, has been found floating in Bermudian waters, by Collins.

Turbinaria tricostata E. S. Barton, which is perhaps not always distinct
from Turhinaria turbinata (Xi.) Kusatze (T. trialata Klitz.), grows on surge-
swept rocks near the low- water mark or in low tide-pools on the South Shore,
as at Hungry Bay. Its ultimate branches are peltate or subturbinate, about
half an inch long, consisting of a suborbicular dentate-margined terminal ex-
pansion supported by a 3-winged or 3-angled stalk. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1877.)

Sargassum natans (L.) Meyen [S. hacciferum (Turn.) Ag.], the Gulf
Weed, is common, washed ashore, especially on South Beach. The species of
Sargassum have a thallus that is differentiated into parts resembling the stem
and leaves of the higher plants and most of them have a branching basal
holdfast suggesting roots, but the present species is known only in a free-
floating or pelagic condition and is destitute of a holdfast. It is, however,
doubtless derived as a species, if not as individuals, from attached forms that
are known under another specific name or possibly under two or more specific
names. Its alliances seem to be with attached plants known as Sargassum
Filipendula, S. foliosissimum, or S. vulgare. In the genus Sargassum there
are, in the mature state, stalked air-vesicles of about the size of a pea or
often smaller. The leaf -like parts are more or less distinctly unicostate and
in most species show to the naked eye or under a hand lens small dark spots
or pits (cryptostomata) from which minute hairs arise. In S. natans such
spots are wanting or few and obscure. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2180.)

FUCACEAE. 607

Sargassum fluitans B0rg. is also found in a free-floating condition and is
another inhabitant of the "Sargasso Sea." It is a coarser plant than S.
natans, with broader leaves, these with shorter and proportionally broader
teeth and often with more obvious cryptostomata; its air-vesicles are shorter-
stalked, more numerous, often more nearly spherical, and they lack the apical
appendage which is often a conspicuous feature of S. natans; its stem is
roughened by short spinules or outgrowths, which are commonly lacking in
S. natans. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2177.)

Sargassum Filipendula Ag. In the ponds of Walsingham and doubtless
elsewhere. The leaves show conspicuous cryptostomata and the stems are
smooth or nearly so. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2176.)

Sargassum lendigerum (L.) Ag. is a name that has been applied by J.
Agardh and others to a Bermuda plant that is not uncommon on rocks a little
below low-water line. The lowest or first leaves are often forked and rarely
subpinnate, but most of them are simple, oblong or linear-oblong and dentate,
the cryptostomata are conspicuous, and the lower parts of the stem are often
much roughened by short irregular outgrowths; vesicles are often wanting.
The Linnaean type of the species was from Ascension Island, lying in the
Atlantic south of the Equator, and the current identification of the Bermuda
specimens is open to question. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2178.)

Sargassum linifolium (Turn.) Ag., a name originally given to a Mediter-
ranean and Adriatic plant, has been used for a somewhat similar Bermudian
form. It is related to the foregoing species, but apparently differs in the
linear commonly subentire leaves, the upper of which as well as the lower are
sometimes forked. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2179.)

Family DICTYOTACEAE.

Spatoglossum Schroederi (Mert.) Klitz. occurs in the ponds of Walsing-
ham, in Hamilton Harbor, etc. The thallus in well-developed conditions reaches
a height or length of 5-8 inches; it is irregularly dichotomous, and its main
segments, which show no costa, are i-5 of an inch wide. Its margins are
irregularly toothed and often proliferous. The color of the younger parts is
an olive-green ; of the older, a fuscous or fuliginous brown. Small irregularly
scattered dark spots indicate the position of hair-clusters or of reproductive
organs. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2027.)

Zonaria zonalis (Lamour.) M. A. Howe. (Fncus zonaJis Laniour. Diss.
38. pi. 25. f. 1. 1805; Dictyota sonata Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1:
331. My 1809; Jour, de Bot. 2: 40. 1809; Zonaria lohata kg. Syst. Alg. 265.
1824; Stypopodium lobatum Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 9: 25. pi. 63. f. 1. 1859.)
This is common on rocks in shallow water in rather exposed places along the
South Shore, where it is often found washed up on the beach. It grows in
large masses and is more or less bluish-iridescent when living and submerged.
The plants attain a height or length of about one foot; the thallus is repeatedly
cleft or lobed in a somewhat dichotomo-palmate fashion, the ultimate lobes
being cuneate, cuneate-oblong, or cuneate-flabelliform, and }-3 inch in greatest

508 DICTYOTACEAE.

■u-idtli; the lobes are marked by conspicuous dark slightly curved transverse
lines, these forming the boundaries of zones, which are mostly i-i inch broad;
the color of the younger parts is a brownish olive-green, occasionally verging
towards red; the older parts are dark brown, becoming nearly black on drying.
More ragged and dissected forms also occur, with lobes or laciniae scarcely
more than i inch broad. This typically West Indian species was first described
from Santo Domingo, but what seems to be the same thing occurs also in the
Canaries. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1876, as Zonaria lohata.)

Zonaria variegata (Lamour.) Ag. occurs on rocks, Udoteas, Halimedas,
and other objects that may be reached by wading at low tide, as at Gibbet
Island, Harrington Sound, Castle Harbor, Hungry Bay, and St. David's
Island, and is also found washed ashore from deeper water, as on South Beach.
It is a much smaller, less stalked, less lobed, and less distinctly zonate plant
than Z. zonalis. The thallus is semiorbicular or flabelliform, mostly 1-3
inches broad, nearly entire or showing a few flabelliform segments; the
margins are subentire or erenate-lobed; the color is olive, brownish olive,
fuscous brown, or now and then reddish. It sometimes suggests a Padina but
the apical margins are not inrolled as in that genus. This typically West
Indian species has been reported also from the Canaries and elsewhere.
Zonaria collaris Ag. is probably a synonym. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2028.)

Padina is a genus of the Dictyotaceae that is represented in Bermuda by
three species growing on rocks near the low-tide mark, or in shallow water.
The three species have been more or less confused with each other and all
have been identified with the Padina pavonia of southern Europe, with which
only one of the three, and that the rarest, appears to be identical. The three
often resemble each other very much in outward habit. In all, the thallus is
distinctly zoned, and, as in nearly all Padinas, the apical margins are narrowly
Inrolled.

Padina Sanctae-Cnicis B^rg., which is probably the commonest, has, in
Bermuda, a semi-orbicular, fan-shaped, or occasionally renif orm thallus, mostly
1^-3 inches broad, subentire or sparingly divided or lobed, and is conspicuously
encrusted with lime on the ventral surface; when living, it is commonly con-
cave in such a fashion as to be a little suggestive of the human ear or of cer-
tain bivalve shells; sections, examined microscopically, show that the thallus is
only two cells thick except at the extreme base, where it is three cells thick.
The tetrasporic sori occur just above every second piliferous line and are pro-
vided with an evanescent indusium. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2082.)

Padina pavonia (L.) Gaill. has been found on Gibbet Island by Hervey
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2081). It resembles the preceding but has a more cuneiform
thallus or thallus-lobes, the thallus is mostly 3 cells thick, the tetrasporic sori
commonly border each side of every second piliferous line, and the indusium
is conspicuous and rather persistent.

A third species {Padina variegata Hauck, Zonaria variegata Kiitz., not
Zonaria variegata (Lamour.) Ag.], for which Dr. W. D. Hoyt is soon to pub-
lish a valid name, has ultimately a larger thallus than the two preceding,

DICTYOTACEAE. 509

reaching a height of five or six inches, is rather more lobeii, the fan-shape<l
lobes mostly 1^-3 inches broad, and is less whitened by lime on its ventral
surface. Sections show that the thallus is 3-6 cells thick except for a narrow
zone at the apical margin, where it is but 2 cells thick. The tetrasporic sori
are mostly in the form of compact dot-like clusters scattered irregularly in each
interpilar zone or forming a narrow irregular line a little above the middle of
the zone; indusium subpersistent. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2083, as Padina variegata.)

Neurocarpus delicatulus (Lamour.) Kuntze [Dictyopteris deUcatula
Lamour. ; Haliseris delicotula (Lamour.) Ag.] occurs on rocks in shallow
water in well-shaded and sheltered places, as at Red Bay, St. David 's Island.
The species of this genus are distinguished from other members- of the family
by possessing a thallus with a distinct midrib. In the present species the
thallus is of thin delicate texture and is several times regularly and somewhat
divaricately forked. It reaches a length of 2 or 3 inches and the thallus seg-
ments are i to 2 lines broad. Dried specimens are a brownish or yellowish
olive-green, but when living and immersed it often shows brilliant iridescent
blue-green hues. The species was first described from Santo Domingo and i"?
typically West Indian in its distribution. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 19S4, as Dictiiop-
teris deUcatula.)

Neurocarpus Justii (Lamour.) Kuntze [Dictyopteris Jiistii Lamour.;
Haliseris Justii (Lamour.) Ag.] is a much larger plant that grows on rocks in
more exposed places, mostly in 1^20 feet of water. The thallus is collate and
several times dichotomous, as in the last, but it reaches a length of 8-12 inches
and its segments are i-li inches broad. Its color is a dark olive or a fuscous
brown. It is often found washed up on the South "Shore. Like the last, it was
first made known from Santo Domingo and is a typically West Indian species,
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. 19S5, as Dictyopteris Justii.)

Dictyota Bartayresii Lamour. (Dictyota crispata Lamour. ; Dictyota par-
dalis Kiitz.) occurs in shallow water, as at Spanish Point, in the ponds of
Walsingham, and at St. David's Island. It forms loosely intertangled mats
3-6 inches high. The thallus ig repeatedly dichotomous and its segments are
mostly 1-3 lines broad, with margins entire or irregularly proliferous. The
species of Dictyota are difficult to define. The form of the thallus, width of
the segments, etc. evidently vary greatly according to conditions of growth, and
it is probable that more species are currently recognized than may be reasonably
assumed to exist in nature. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1874.)

Dictyota dichotoma (Iluds.) Lamour. is less common in Bermuda than the
preceding species. It is more regularly and less divaricately dichotomous an<l
has a broader thallus, with segments mostly '2-4 lines wide. (Phyc. Bor.-Am.
2175.)

Dictyota ciliolata Kiitz. (Dictyota ciliata J. Ag.— not D.ciliota Lamour.;
Dictyota crenulata Collins in Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1875— not D. crcnulata J. Ag.)
occurs in Harrington Sound, in pools on the South Shore, etc. The thallus
has few or many small simple teeth or short cilia on its margins; its segments

510 DICTYOTACEAE.

are mostly 1-2 lines wide; and its texture is rather more rigid than in D.
Bartayresii.

Dictyota linearis (Ag.) Grev. is a name that seems applicable to a very
narrow repeatedly dichotomous plant with segments only about one quarter of
a line wide that occurs attached to stones, Halimedas, etc. in shallow water, as
at Spanish Point.

Dictyota dentata Lamour. [Dictyota Brongniartii J. Ag. ; D. Mertensii
(Mart.) Kiitz. ; D\ subdentata Kiitz.] is, like D. Bartayresii, typically a species
of the West Indies and northeastern South America. It has been found by
Mr. Collins floating in Hungry Bay (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1926). In this species,
the thallus is less dichotomous and more pinnatifid than in the other Bermudian
species of the genus. The apices of the lobes vary from sharply acuminate to
obtuse.

Dilophus guineensis (Kiitz.) J. Ag. grows near low-water mark on rocks
that are Avell exposed to surf action, as at Hungry Bay. The thallus is rather
regularly dichotomous and is commonly 1^-3 inches high with segments 4 to 1
line broad. In a cross section, examined microscopically, the medulla is seen to
consist of two layers of cells (or more in- the basal parts), while in the genus
Dictyota the medulla, normally at least, consists of a single layer of large
cells. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2080.)

Sub-class RHODOPHYCEAE.

Family BANGIACEAE.

Bangia fuscopurpurea (Dillw.) Lyngb., which forms a soft fleece of fine
dark purple unbranched filaments l-l inch long on rocks and wharves between
the tide-lines, has been found in Harrington Sound by Dr. Hervey.

Bangia compacta Zanard., which also occurs on rocks in Harrington Sound
{Howe 129), appears to differ from the foregoing in having filaments that are
only |-1 line long and in its cells in the uniseriate vegetative parts (except
base) being discoid, mostly 2-4 times as broad as long, closely compacted and
Lynghya-like, instead of being mostly as long as broad, as is the case in the
Bermuda specimens referred to B. fuscopurxiiirea. In spite of their small size
the filaments are often fertile and evidently mature.

Porp]i3n:a atropurpurea (Olivi) De-Toni (Porphyra leucosticta Thuret)
has been reported by Collins as growing on mangroves (presumably close to the
low- water mark) near the Flatts Bridge and Ely's Harbor (Phyc. Bor.-Am.
1927 and 2085). It forms a thin oblong membranous pink thallus only one
cell in thickness. The species is monoecious; the antheridia form decelerate
patches among the darker sporocarps, both appearing first near the margins of
the thallus.

Erjrthrotrichia camea (Dillw.) J. Ag. forms a commonly sparse and in-
conspicuous fringe of exceedingly delicate rose-colored or reddish filaments on
other marine algae (Polysiphonia, Hypnea, etc.) and on marine spermatophytes.

NEMALIONACEAE. 511

The filaments are usually only a line long or less. Under a compound micro-
scope they are seen to be unbranehed and to consist commonly of a single row
of cells, which are mostly about as broad as long. In older conditions the
filaments may become more than one cell broad.

Family NEMALIONACEAE.

Acrochaetium crassipes Bclrg. This species' was originally described from
the Danish West Indies. It is a very minute plant, only a few cells high, with
a few branches 1-6 cells long. It occurs as a microscopic epiphyte on Centro-
ceras clavulatum at St. David's Island. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2033.)

Acrochaetium infestans Howe & Hoyt, is a microscopic filamentous plant,
of which the vegetative parts' are chiefly endozoic, creeping in the gelatinous or
chitinous stalks and stolons of hydroids and of filamentous bryozoa. The
interior filaments are freely and irregularly branched, usually in a loose ram-
bling intricate fashion, but occasionally forming a sort of pseudoparenchyma
with shorter, more compacted cells. The monosporangia are borne on external
filaments, which are commonly very short and few-celled, simple or with a few
short branches, or occasionally reduced to a single exserted monosporangium.
[Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2194, as BhodocJwrton memhranaceum.]

Acrochaetium (Chantransia) is a genus of small, filamentous, chiefly epi-
phytic, endophytic, epizoic, or endozoic red algae. It is doubtless represented
in Bermuda by several other species, the determination of which awaits critical
study. One of these, in and on Dudresnaya crassa, has been distributed by
Collins as Chantransia corymbifera Thuret* (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1880.)

Trichogloea Herveyi Setchell (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2034) is a more or less cal-
cified, very lubricous, irregularly branched plant, reaching a length of four or
five inches. No diagnosis of the species has been published up to the date of
writing. It occurs at or below low-water mark, as at Cooper's Island.
Endemic.

Helminthocladia Calvadosii (Lamour.) Setchell, more commonly known
as Helminthocladia purpurea (Harv.) J. Ag., appears to occur in the spring
months at Long Bird Island {Collins, Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2035) and at Bailey's
Bay (JVadsworth). Though not calcified, it is rather firmer in texture and a
little less lubricous than the Trichogloea Herveyi and is more brownish red or
greenish red (less pink) in color. The Bermuda plant differs somewhat in
habit from the European, but in other respects seems to offer little or nothing
to distinguish it.

Liagora valida Harv, grows on surf -swept rocks between the tiile lines, as
at Hungry Bay, Cox's Bay, Achilles Bay, and St. David's Island. In this

* To a French plant, hemi-endophytic in Hrlmintlwclndia Cnlradn.tii and de-
scribed and figured by Bornet and Thuret under the name Chantran.sia roiymhifcra
Thuret the Bermudian plant in Dudrcsmn/a bears considerable resemblance. How-
ever, the original description of C. conivihifmi apparently confused two species,
though only one of them, an epiphyte on Cmimium luhnnu, was actually cited.
This epiphvte on Ceramium, which has been renamed [CJinvtranMio Thurcttt (Bornet)
Kylin], should manifestly be considered the type of Chantransia cori/mbtfera Thuret.

512 NEMALIOXACEAE.

genus the thallus is usually terete, repeatedly forked, or sometimes subpinnate
or laterally proliferous, more or less calcified, and is usually lubricous Tvhen
living, at least in the younger parts. Some of the species of Liagora bear a
superficial resemblance to certain Corallinaceae, but the Liagoras are more
lubricous and when examined under a microscope after decalcification '\vith an
acid the thallus is seen to be more distinctly and loosely filamentous in struc-
ture, with a more sharply defined central strand of filaments. L. valida forms
dense tufts or clusters, mostly 2-5 inches high or long; the thallus is many
times forked, the numerous branches being about half a line in diameter ; the
older parts are solidly encrusted with lime, are white, and become transversely
cracked or irregularly jointed; the color of the younger parts varies from pink
to brownish red. Small superficial spots, less calcified, usually concave and
waxy in the dried condition, and easily visible under a hand-lens, mark the
position of the immersed cystocarps. (Phyc. Bor,-Am. 1929.)

Liagora ceranoides Lamour. is more slender, more lubricous, and more
divaricately dichotomous than the preceding. The calcification appears under
the hand-lens to take the form of scaly or mealy flakes instead of a more or
less continuous crust. The plant occurs on rocks near the low-water line in
Castle Harbor, etc. The type of the species was from the island of St.
Thomas in the Danish West Indies. The later-described Liagora pulverulenta
Ag. as currently (and, with little doubt correctly) interpreted is apparently
the same species. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1928, as Liagora pulverulenta.)

Species of Liagora other than the two mentioned certainly occur in Ber-
muda, but their determination awaits critical study. A not uncommon species
has been referred sometimes to Liagora elongata Zan., originally described
from the Eed Sea, and sometimes to L. Cheyneana Harv., originally described
from western Australia. Possibly L. farinosa, a name applied by Lamouroux
in 1816 to a plant from the Eed Sea, will be found to be available for it.
This plant is less regularly dichotomous than either L. valida or L. ceranoides
and commonly shows numerous lateral proliferations. The peripheral filaments
project more or less beyond the zone of calcification and form a reddish nap
on the surface. The plant is coarser than L. ceranoides and much less calci-
fied and less rigid than L. valida. Under the microscope it differs from both
in the broader cells of the less moniliform peripheral filaments, in the dense
globose tufts of antheridia, etc.

Family CHAETANaiACEAE.

Galaxaura is a genus of more or less calcified algae, the plants, however,
being less thoroughly calcified and more flexible, at least when fresh, than
plants of the family Corallinaceae. They are, for the most part, coarser
plants than the Liagoras and usually have a firmer more obvious cortex.

Galaxaura sutoverticillata Kjellm. is a shaggy, reddish brown or sordid
green plant with its longer assimilatory filaments in more or less distinct
whorls, especially toward the apices. It apparently represents the tetrasporic
phase of G. rugosa (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour., not yet reported from Bermuda.
It has been found on rocks in shallow water at Eed Bay, St. David's Island.

CHAETANGIACEAE. 513

G-alaxaura flagelliformis Kjellm. is similar to the foregoing, but has more
elongate branches and the longer assimilatory filaments are tufted, crowded,
or irregularly disponed without any obvious tendency to a whorled arrange-
ment. It probably represents the tetrasporic phase of G. squalida Kjellm.,
with which it occurs at Bethel's Island (Collins 8i86). In the West Indiet^,
G. subverticillata and G. flagelliformis seem sometimes to intergrade, as do
also their probable sexual phases, G. rugosa and G. squalida.

Galaxaura squalida Kjellm. has usually a smooth firm cortex, though
parts of the surface often bear few or numerous free assimilatory filaments.
It occurs on rocks and washed ashore at Hungry Bay, Gravelly Bay, Bethel 's
Island, etc., forming greenish, reddish green, or finally whitening tufts or
clusters mostly 2-4 inches high. It has terete, regularly dichotomous branches,
about 16 in. wide or a little more, commonly collapsing or flattened towards
the apices on drying. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1882.)

Galaxaura marginata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. has a dark red, grayish
red, or greenish red thallus that is for the most part strongly flattened even
when living. Its sexual phase (G. occidenialis BjzTrg.) has a firmer cortex and
often a more shiny surface than the tetrasporic plant, and from certain parts
of its epidermis, especially at or near the margins, there grow out few or
numerous papilla-like cells, making darker roughened areas, barely visible
under a hand-lens. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1930, as Brachycladia marginaia.)

Galaxaura obtusata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. has a coarse, terete, smooth
dichotomous thallus 2-5 inches long, its segments ^-ut inches in diameter,
usually constricted and jointed at either end, and often tapering towards
either end. It is more rigid and fastigiate than G. squalida. and its forkings
are wider-angled. It occurs unattached in fish-ponds, etc. near Tucker's Town,
where it is often less calcified than when growing under normal conditions in
deeper water, as met with in the West Indies. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1881.)

Family GELIDIACEAE.

Wrangelia penicillata (Ag.) Ag. is one of the delicate feathery or
''mossy" red seaweeds. Its tufts reach a height or length of 2 to 6 inches.
Its usual color is a dull red or brownish red, becoming blackish with age or
partial decay. The thread-like, almost microscopic, branchlets are in regular
whorls, as may be determined with a hand-lens, and towards the sometimes
subcircinate apices of the main branches they are often tufte.l or subsecund.
The species occurs in warm shallow bays, as at Spanish Point, Ely's Harbor,
Achilles Bay, and Harrington Sound. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. ISSfi.)

Naccaria corymbosa J. Ag. bears some resemblance to the above in gen-
eral habit, but is a rather smaller plant, mostly 1 to 2 inches high, is less
likely to darken on drying, and the branch system is alternate throughout.
The ultimate branchlets are so short, minute, and crowded as to be demon-
strable only with a compound microscope. The larger branchlets that are
visible with a hand-lens are slender and taper-pointed, and do not have the
tufted-plumose appearance of the corresponding branchlets of Wrangelia

34

514 GELIDIACEAE.

penicillata. N. corymhosa was originally described from Key West, but it has
recently been found in Bermuda by Hervey (Buildings Bay, Phyc. Bor.-Am.
£036) and by Collins (St. George's).

Gelidium crinale (Turn.) J. Ag., like other species of Gelidium, has none
of the exceedingly delicate, almost microscopic filaments that characterize the
two preceding genera. It forms dark red or blackish mats 1 to 3 inches high,
the lower parts terete or slightly flattened, scarcely coarser than a bristle, the
numerous mostly flattened branches and branehlets irregularly two-ranked,
the ultimate often spatulate, becoming J-^ of a line broad. It occurs on
stones and rocks near low-water mark, as at Walsingham and at Dingle Bay.
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2089.)

Gelidium caemlescens Klitz. (?). The type of this species came from
New Caledonia in the South Pacific, but a more or less similar plant occurs
in Bermuda and the West Indies. Its branches are broader (J— § line) than
those of the preceding and are rather more regularly disposed, and the color
of the plant is more red-purple and often iridescent.

Gelidium pusillum conchicola Piccone, creeps on shells of mussels, etc., its
linear or spatulate ascending branches being usually only i of an inch high or
less, and ^-J of a line broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2183.)

Gelidium rigidum (Vahl) Grev. [Gelidiopsis rigida (Vahl) Web. -v. Bosse]
is a rather coarse rigid cartilaginous plant with a repent base and regularly
or often very irregularly pinnate or bipinnate erect branches 1-3 inches high.
It has been placed by most recent writers in the genus Gelidiopsis of the
family Sphaerococcaeeae, though in absence of known cystocarps its generic
position is not wholly clear. In the character of its apical cell and of its
usually indistinct central axis it does not seem very different from Gelidi/um
cartilagineiim, which is allowed to remain in this genus, but it diverges from
typical species of Gelidium in having a thallus that is essentially terete
throughout and in the often irregularly disposed, not always two-ranked
branches. The tetrasporangia occur on somewhat enlarged conic or conic-
terete apices of some of the ultimate branehlets, easily recognizable under a
hand-lens. It has been found in tide-pools and on stones in shallow water,
as at Harris Bay, in the Walsingham region, etc. (Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 142,
and Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2090.)

Family GIGARTINACEAE.

Gigartina acicularis (Wulf.) Lamour. forms tangled tufts IJ-S inches
high. It has a dark red, subterete or slightly flattened, freely and irregularly
branched thallus, mostly i—k line broad, with awl-shaped or taper-pointed,
often recurved, ultimate branehlets. This widely distributed species has been
found by Colling on flat rocks overhung by a cliff at Tucker's Town. (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. 1884.)

Family RHODOPHYLLIDACEAE.

Catenella Opuntia pinnata Harv. is a small red-purple plant, mostly i-l
inch long, dichotomous, trichotomous, or subpinnate, more or less narrowed or

RHODOPIIYLLIDACEAE. 515

constricted at the nodes, snbterete in lower parts and strongly flattened above,
the ultimate segments mostly g-i of a line wide, lanceolate, oblong, spatulate,
obovate, or linear. It is commonly found creeping on the roots of mangroves
near the high-water mark, making solid mats or more often intertangled with
CalogJossa, Bostrychki and other algae, as at Walsingham and Hungry Bay.
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1885.)

Eucheuma isiforme (Ag.) J. Ag. is a coarse, spiny, much-branched,
coralline-red seaweed, forming shrubby tufts from six inches to a foot or more
in diameter, with the main axes ^-i inch in diameter when fresh. Its more
or less whorled ultimate ramuli may be elongate and awl-shaped or short, thick,
and merely acute or sometimes blunt. In weathering and fading its color may
become scarlet, or yellowdsh before it reaches its final whitish or translucent
condition. The plant has a firm horn-like consistency on drying. It is fre-
quently found groT\ing on rocks or washed ashore in shallow bays, as at
Hungry Bay, Bailey's Bay, Tobacco Bay, Tucker's Town, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-
Am. 1886.)

Eucheuma Gelidium (J. Ag.) J. Ag. is somewhat similar to the foregoing
in size, color, cartilaginous consistency, and spiny habit, but the main axes are
decidedly flattened and the branches are pronouncedly two-ranked. It has
been found at Harris Bay and on St. David's Island by Hervey. (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. S184.)

Wurdemannia setacea Harv. forms densely intertangled dark red mats on
rocks, on the stalks of Gorgonians, and among the larger algae. The thallus
has about the diameter of a horse-hair, is very irregularly branched, and the
branches usually cohere and anastomose freely, so that the filaments are not
readily separated. Under a hand-lens the rather short ultimate branchlets
are mostly acute. On drying, the plant is rather rigid and it does not adhere
very well to paper when dried under pressure. It has been found in Hamilton
Harbor, at Walsingham, and in Harrington Sound. (Phyc. Bor. Am. 1887a.)

Family SPHAEROCOCCACEAE.

Gracilaria ferox J. Ag. has a copiously branched thallus, with main axes
mostly i-i a line broad. These axes are usually distinctly flattened and the
branching manifestly disticho-dichotomous, but conditions occur in which the
axes are very slightly if at all flattened and in which the branches emerge in
nearly all directions. In the latter case the plants bear some resemblance to
Eypnea musciformis, but may be distinguished microscopically by the scat-
tered instead of localized tetrasporangia. The ultimate branchlets are acute
or taper-pointed. The species is rather common in shallow bays. (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. 193S.)

Gracilaria mammiUaris (Mont.) M. A. Howe (Hhodumcnia nwmviiUoris
Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 18: 252. 1842) has a flat deep red flabellately sub-
dichotomous thallus with segments mostly 1-4 lines broad an<l the ultimate
lobes usually rounded-obtuse. It is of occasional occurrence on rocks in

516 SPHAEROCOCCACEAE.

shallow water on St. David's Island, in the bays of St. George's, and on the
South Shore. (Phye. Bor.-Am. 1931 — as GracUaria dichotomo-flaiellata
Crouan.)

Gracilaria horizontalis Collins & Hervey, is a thick, tough, fleshy, cartilag-
inous plant, expanding horizontally from a central irregular disc, with short
thick crowded scarcely attenuate branches, and closely adherent to the sub-
stratum or its overgrown parts by coarse haptera. The plant seems, from the
authors' description, to be closely related to Gracilaria crassissima Crouan
(J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 3*: 78. 1901 — type from Guadeloupe), if not identical with it.

Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamour. is a copiously and somewhat vir-
gately branched dusky red plant with terete main axes about J of a line in
diameter. Its longer filiform branches are often hooked or incurved at the
apex and act somewhat like tendrils in grasping other algae or other branches
of its ow-n kind. Its shorter branchlets are taper-pointed and sometimes a
little spine-like. It occasionally resembles the narrower more terete conditions
of Gracilaria ferox, but the tetrasporangia, as in other species of Hypnea, are
confined to som.ewhat swollen spear-like branchlets instead of being scattered
through the cortex in general, and under a compound microscope the tetraspores
are seen to be arranged in rows of four (zonate) instead of in collateral pairs
(cruciate). (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2185.)

Hypnea spinella (Ag.) Kiitz. forms low densely intertangled dark red or
scarlet mats or cushions on rocks in shallow water in Hamilton Harbor. Its
main axes are terete, angular, or slightly flattened, about i of a line in diam-
eter, and it has numerous short sharp-pointed branches that become rigid and
spiny on drying, giving the plant somewhat of the aspect of a miniature
Kncheuma. The tetrasporangia are borne on spool-shaped or conic, usually
rostrate, enlargements of short branchlets.

Family RHODYMENIACEAE.

Cordylecladia irregularis Harv. is a rather rigid irregularly branched
thread-like plant (about 1— 3 of a line in diameter) that forms dense mats or
creeps among other algae near the low-water mark. When living its color is
a greenish or brownish red with touches of a steel-blue iridescence. Its
branching is usually very irregular but often shows a tendency to a secund
arrangement; occasionally opposite branches are found. The tetrasporangia
occur on pod-like enlargements of the ends of certain branchlets. The species
sometimes bears a slight resemblance to Wiirdemannia setacea, but it is
coarser, the branches are less acute and apparently do not anastomose; and
the filaments are hollow, as may be determined by examination of cross-sections
with a hand-lens. It scarcely adheres to paper on drying. [Phyc. Bor.-Am.
2186, as C. rigens (Ag.) Collins & Hervey.*]

Chrysymenia • uvaria (L.) J. Ag. may be recognized by its suggestiveness
of elongate, branched, usually lax clusters of red or brownish-red grapes. In

* The type of Sphaerococctis rigens Ag. is a .Japanese plant different in struc-
ture from the Bermudian and West Indian.

SHODYMENIACEAE. 617

form it is slightly suggestive of conditions of Caulerpa racemosa (both occur
under one name in the Linnaean herbarium), but the Chrysymenia is red,
unless deeolorate, v/hile the Caulerpa is green. The plant is commonly 3 to 8
inches tall and the subglobose, obovoid, or occasionally subpyriform hollow
vesicles that form the ultimate branchlets are mostly 1^-3 lines long. The
American plants appear to be larger in all respects than those of the Adriatic
and Mediterranean seas. This species occurs in Harrington Sound and in
Castle Harbor. (Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 150; Phyc. Bor.-Am. ]f)33.) It usually
inhabits rather deep water.

Chrysymenia pyriformis B0rg. resembles the foregoing, but is a smaller
plant (1-2 inches high) with vesicles that are larger (^,-5 inch long) and more
uniformly pyriform. It has been found at Tucker's Town by Collins.

Lomentaria uncinata Menegh. [Eooperia Baileyana (Harv.) J. Ag.] is a
hollow, thread-like, irregularly branched plant, sometimes slightly resembling
Cordylecladia irregularis, but is deeper red and always softer, more gelatinous,
and adheres firmly to paper on drying. It is also usually more slender and
delicate, its branches being mostly i to i of a line in diameter. Its longer
branches or axes are often arched or recurved, with the branchlets in a more
or less seeund series on the convex side. Both the generic position of the
American plant and its identity with the little-known Adriatic and Mediter-
ranean species with which it is currently associated have been called in ques-
tion and both points deserve further study. The plant has been found at
Hungry Bay by Collins and in the Walsingham region by Hervey.

Cliampia parvula (Ag.) Harv. forms subglobose tufts 1-4 inches in
diameter on Tlialassia, Zostera, the larger algae, and on rocks. Its main axes
are mostly i-i a line in diameter and its branches are irregularly and variously
disposed, being alternate, opposite, or sometimes whorled. The plant is ob-
viously jointed-nodose throughout, the barrel-shaped internodes in the older
parts being mostly 1* times as long as broad ; microscopic examination shows
that the internodes are hollow, with a septum or diaphragm at each noile. The
plants are somewhat gelatinous and adhere firmly to paper on drying, yet they
do not collapse when taken from the water. The species has been found in
Harrington Sound. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1934.)

Coelarthrum Albertisii (Pice.) B0rg. has a jointed, hollow, septate thallus,
somewhat like that of Champia, but the branching is dichotomous, the constric-
tions are deeper, the internodes or segments are more ellipsoid or obovoid, and
the consistency is more gelatinous. It is also, so far as known, a smaller plant,
attaining a height of scarcely more than one inch, with broader segments, these
mostly 1-3 lines broad. The type of the species was from the Canary Islands.
It seems that the species was first found in Bermuda by Farlow who got it in
1881 at Ducking Stool near Hamilton and at Cooper's Island. Hervey has
since found it at Buildings Bay (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 209!) and at Bailey's Bay.

Family DELESSERIACEAE.

Nitophyllum Wilkinsoniae Collins &' Hervey (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2037) is a
recently published species apparently related to N. occUa.tum (Lamour.) Grev.
It was found growing on rocks below low-water mark at Dingle Bay. Endemic.

S18 RHODOMELACEAE.

Caloglossa Leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag. creeps on rocks, wooden piles, man-
grove roots, and other solid objects between the tide-lines, mostly near the
high-water mark (Phyc. Bor.-Am. S038). It has a thin, purple, membranous,
costate, diehotomous, rather regularly constricted thallus that commonly reaches
a length of 1 or 2 inches, with segments mostly 4-1 line in maximum width.
The segments of the terminal forkings, which are commonly unequal at first,
are lanceolate or elliptic and are acuminate. The segments in general are
constricted at the base, either gradually or abruptly. A tuft of root-hairs is
usually to be found on the ventral surface at each forking of the costa.
Although typically an inhabitant of salt or brackish water, this species is
found also in mountain streams in Porto Rico at an elevation of 1200 or
1500 feet.

Taenioma perpusiUum (J. Ag.) J. Ag. has been reported from Bermuda (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. 1935), but the writer has seen no Bermuda specimen. The one copy of
Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1935 that has been examined shows a small Rhodomelaceous plant
bearing some slight resemblance to the Taenioma.

Family RHODOMELACEAE.

Laurencia obtusa (Huds.) Lamour. The species of Laiirencia as cur-
rently recognized appear to intergrade. Although many of the alleged species
are different enough in their typical conditions, individual specimens are
often difficult to place. Of the six Bermudian species or forms, L. ohtusa is
perhaps the commonest, growing in tide-pools or in shallow water on rocks
and reefs. It forms conic, subpyramidal, or subglobose tufts, mostly 2-7
inches high, and when living is often greenish with pink tips. Pressed speci-
mens sometimes have the appearance of being 3-6 times irregularly pinnate,
but the branches and branchlets are in various planes and for the most part
alternate, though at times apparently opposite or verticillate. The plants
have well-developed main axes that are mostly ^-i a line in diameter. (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. S092.)

Laurencia intricata Lamour. (L. implicata J. Ag.) is perhaps a variety
of the foregoing, differing chiefly in the lax, weak intertangled habit of
growth and the lack of clearly defined leading axes. It occurs unattached or
loosely attached to other algae or to rocks, as at Gibbet Island and Tobacco
Bay.

Laurencia microcladia Kiitz. (L. glomeraia Suhr, not L. glomerata Kiitz.)
also is possibly a variety of L. ohtusa but the two occur near each other in
Bermuda and maintain a considerable degree of distinctness. L. microcladia
is distinguished by the narrowly virgate habit of the plant as a whole or of
its principal branches and by its minute, numerous, often clustered clavate or
clavate-turbinate ultimate ramuli. It occurs on rocks between the tide-lines
at Achilles Bay, at Spanish Rock, and at Hungry Bay and other points along
the South Shore (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1888, as L. ohiiisa, var. gelatinosa). It is
a small plant, 1-3 inches high.

Laurencia Poitei (Lamour.) M. A. Howe (Fucus Poitei Lamour. Diss. 63.
pi. 31. f. S, S. 1805; Laurencia Chauvini Bory, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 9: 239.

RHODOMELACEAE. 619

1826; L. tuberculosa J. Ag. 1852; L. gcmmifera Harv. 1853; L. 7nexic'a?ia
Kiitz. 1865.) This much-named species is usually easily recognizable, though
its slenderer more freely branched conditions sometimes approach forms of L.
obtusa, while its simpler conditions may sometimes bear a superficial resem-
blance to L. papulosa. It is coarser than L. obtusa and its branches are more
inclined to be distichous. Its numerous short tubercle-like branchlets, which
are less crowded than in the following species, are one of its characters. The
Bermuda specimens seen are not wholly typical. Specimens that seem to
belong here have been collected at Red Bay, St. David's Island, and at
Tobacco Bay, St. George's.

Laurencia papillosa (Forsk.) Grev. is a widely distributed species that is
common on rocks near the low-water mark in Bermuda and the West Indies.
It ordinarily grows 1-5 inches high, is sparingly and irregularly branched or
once or twice subpinnate, the main branches bearing usually crowded wart-like,
button-like, subglobose, or short-truncate-clavate ramuli, which are irregularly
disposed on all sides or somewhat 4-ranked and are simple or bear still smaller
similar branchlets. Not only do the plants as a whole seem to the naked eye
to be papillate or adorned with numerous pegs, but in certain individuals,
especially in those growing in exposed positions between the tide-lines, the
younger superficial cells, under a compound microscope, are seen to be strongly
aculeate-papillate.

Laurencia Corallopsis (Mont.) M. A. Howe {SpJiaerococcus corallopsis
Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba. Bot. PI. Cell. 49. 1842 (French ed.) ; in Sagra,
Ic. PI. Fl. Cuba, pi. 3. f. 1. 1863 ; Laurencia cervicornis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am.
2: 73. pi. 18. /. C. 1853). This species appears to be the most distinct of any
of the West Indian forms of Laurencia, differing from the others in its
dichotomo-cormybose or cervicorn habit of branching, with few or numerous
lateral proliferations. It grows 2-6 inches tall and its main axes are mostly
A-1 line in diameter. It occurs on rocks in shallow water at Buildings Bay,
Red Bay, Tobacco Bay, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2187, as L. cervicornis Harv.)

Laurencia perforata Mont., a species originally described from the rnnary
Islands, has been recently reported from the Bermudas (Phyc. Bor.-.Vra. Ifii^'J), l)ut
the specimen distributed under that name in the one set of the Phycotheca examined
has not the apical vegetative structure of a Laurencia or of any other member of
the Rhodomelaceae.

Chondria curvilineata Collins & Hervey, is a straggling, rather incon-
spicuous, irregularly branched plant, scarcely more than an inch long, that
forms tangled mats in shallow water, as at The Flatts, Heron Bay (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. 2039), and in a mangrove swamp near Hamilton. Its ultimate
ramuli are long-clavate and obtuse. The most remarkable character of the
species, determinable with the aid of a compound microscope, is found in the
thickened crescentic transverse septa separating the members of the poly-
siphonous axis, these crescents, with their convexities towards the plant-apex,
being easily visible through the overlying cortex. The species of Chondria
may usually be distinguished from those of Laurencia under a hand-lens by
the much narrowed often dccolorate necks of the commonly more slender
ultimate ramuli, and in Bermuda the species of Chondria are more slender, less

520 RHODOMELACEAE.

succulent, more irregularly branched, and more intricately intertangled than
are those of the genus Laurencia. Apparently endemic.

Chondria polyrhiza Collins & Hervey, is somewhat like the foregoing in
general habit, but is rather larger, more dusky red, even more irregular in its
branching, more intertangled in habit of growth, and its ultimate ramuli are
taper-pointed. It lacks the conspicuous thickened crescentic trans\-erse in-
ternal septa of C. curvilineata, though it often shows somewhat similar longi-
tudinal or irregularly disposed thickenings, and it develops frequently ventral
or latero-ventral multicellular haptera, indicating a creeping habit. (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. £040.) Apparently endemic.

Acanthophora spicifera (Yahl) Bj^rg. is common in shallow bays, tidal
streams, and tide-pools (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1938). It grows usually 3 to 8 inches
tall, is a dusky red or purple when living, often blackens on drying, is irregu-
lar and often sparing in its main ramification, and the wand-like main branches
are clothed with more or less 4-ranked subulate ramuli, mostly ~i-2 lines long,
which are beset with minute, single or clustered, patent or reflexed spines.

Digenea simplex (Wulf.) Ag. is a shaggy, rigid, tawny- or dingy-red,
rather unattractive, irregularly dichotomous plant that commonly grows 1-4
inches high, being found especially in tide-pools and on sand-covered rocks
near the low-water line, as along the South Shore (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1939).
The branches, particularly in their upper parts, are more or less densely clothed
with mostly simple rigid filaments that are usually 1-4 lines long and that
appear transversely segmented under a hand-lens. The main branches, thus
clothed, are sometimes suggestive of fox-tails or of Lycopodium Selago.

Polyslphonia ferulacea Suhr, is probably the most common of the several
Bermudian Polysiphonias that have four pericentral siphons. Its filaments
are more or less rectangular-prismatic and its segments are often shorter than
broad. The plant is commonly 1-4 inches high, tufted in habit, rather spar-
ingly branched, subpellucid when living, and brownish red or fuscescent on
drying. It grows in tide-pools and on rocks and stones just below the low-
water line. It prefers somewhat agitated water, as on the rocks at Hungry
Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1940.)

Polyslphonia havanensis Mont, is also a 4-siphoned species. It is more
slender, softer, and more gelatinous than the preceding, and its segments are
more terete and are relatively longer, the median and lower being often 2-3
times as long as broad. It is usually found in association with mangroves,
near the low-water mark. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1941.)

Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harv. is a name that has been adopted in the Phyco-
theca (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2093) for an extremely slender and delicate 4-siphoned species
found coating the roots of mangroves between the tide-lines at Hungry Bay. It dif-
fers specifically, however, from the Irish plant to which Harvey gave this name in
its more slender, more sparingly and more dichotomously branched filaments, its
shorter segments, its violet-red color, etc. The only specimen examined was ap-
parently sterile.

Polyslphonia foetidissima Cocks, has 7-9 pericentral siphons and seg-
ments mostly 1-2 times as long as broad. It is commonly 2-5 inches high and

RHOBOMELACEAE. 521

of a brownish- or violet-red color. It has been found in Hamilton Harbor and
near Hotel Fraseati. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1890.)

Polysiphonia opaca (Ag.) Zan. has 14-20 pericentral siphons and the
median segments mostly 1-1^ times as long as broad. It is commonly 2-5
inches high and is of a brownish color, darkening with age. It grows in
tide-pools on the South Shore, on rocks at Tucker's Town, etc. (Phyc. Bor.-
Am. 1891.)

Herposiphonia teneUa (Ag.) Ambronn, is rather common, creeping on
Ealimeda, TJdotea, Sargassum, etc. and on roots of Hhizophora. In habit, due
chiefly to the length of its ''short" branches, it varies greatly according to
habitat, these branches being 20-50 segments long in the form on Bhi^ophora
and mostly 12-25 segments long in the forms on algae, but intermcfliates ap-
parently occur. The Herposiphonias differ from the Polysiphonias in their
creeping habit, dorsiventral organization, the dorsally recurved and inrolled
apex, and the ''short" branches alternating in two regular dorsal rows. In
both this species and the next, the segments show 8-10 pericentral siphons
and are mostly 1-2 times as long as broad. In the present species there is a
branch of some sort at nearly every node of the main axes, complete regularity
being interfered with occasionally by suppression or abortion. (Phyc. Bor.-
Am. 1943.)

Herpostphonia secunda (Ag.) Ambronn, like the preceding, usually creeps
on various algae (Sargassum, Laurencia, etc.). It is best distinguished by the
less frequent branches, these commonly occurring at every third or fourth
node. The "short" branches are usually shorter than in the preceding, being
mostly 7-20 segments long. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2041.)

Lophosipsonia obscura of current writers [not Hutrhinsia. ohsnira Ag.,*
which is LopliosipJuynia suhadunca (Kiitz.) Falkenb.] is rather common, form-
ing dense felted mats about half an inch deep on rocks near the high-water
mark. The primary axes creep, somewhat as in Herposiphonia, but the
branches are less regular in their origin and development; the branches are
endogenous in origin and are not laid down in a regular exogenous series at
the apex of the main axis as in Herposiphonia. The Bermuda plant commonly
has 10-12 pericentral siphons and its segments are mostly about as long as
broad. The current specific name, though invalid, is here used, pending
further studies of its synonymy. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1892.)

Lophosiphonia Saccorhiza Collins & Hervey, is a new name that has
recently been given (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2042) to a minute 4-siphoned plant that
creeps on and among the utricles of Codium. It occasionally shows free parts
that suggest the genus Polysiphonia rather than Lophosiphonia. Pohisiphonia
codiicola Zan. is perhaps a close relative.

Dipterosiphonia rigens (Schousb.) Falkenb. {Lophosi phonic hermudcnsis
Collins & Hervey). This is a minute plant that creeps on Sargassum, Lau-

* Diatoms that coated Agardh's type specimen and obscured Its structure are
apparently responsible for this specific name.

522 RHODOMELACEAE.

rencia, Halimeda, and other algae, growing near the low-water mark, as at
Hungry Say. Its main axes have 5 or 6 pericentral siphons, its often short,
divaricate, subulate or spinescent branchlets sometimes have only 4, and its
tetrasporic branches often 7 or 8. The segments of the main axes are about
as long as broad, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, while those of the
branches are commonly shorter than broad. The branches are 4-ranked,
though occasionally they may have an illusory appearance of being 2-ranked.
The branches, however, occur in alternating pairs, of which the more ventral
of each pair becomes a ramified ''long" branch, while the more dorsal of each
pair becomes a simple ''short" branch, in which respect Dipterosiphonia
differs from Herposiphonia and Lophosiphonia. In the present species, as
noted by Falkenberg, this regularity is often not manifest on account of the
slight development of the "long" branches. In the free parts, also, the
branches are only sparingly developed and their relations are obscure, but in
the younger conditions and in creeping parts, the form and relations of the
branches are manifest and the plant is a typical Dipterosiphonia.

Falkenbergia Hillebrandii (Born.) Falkenb. may be recognized by its
having only 3 pericentral siphons, the siphons of one segment usually alternat-
ing regularly with the siphons of the next. The filaments are very slender,
delicate, and flaccid and adhere firmly to paper on drying. The color is a
reddish purple, tending sometimes to rose and sometimes to brown. The
branching is lateral or pseudodichotomous. Not uncommon on other algae,
sticks, etc., occurring particularly in association with mangroves and in the
ponds of the Walsingham region. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2043.)

Wrightiella Blodgettii (Harv.) Schmitz, is of occasional occurrence near
low-water mark, as at Harris Bay and elsewhere along the Sx)uth Shore. It is
confmonly 4^7 inches high, with a few plumose main axes that have the
appearance of being distichously pinnate when dried and pressed, though the
branches and branchlets are in reality spirally alternate in four ranks. The
numerous short branches are mostly about I inch long and are beset with
minute conic or awl-shaped ramull that are visible with a hand-lens. Fila-
mentous monosiphonous branchlets that soon fall off also occur, alternating
with the stouter ones. Except for these the plant is corticated throughout, a
section showing four pericentral siphons. The tetraspores occur on the mono-
siphous branchlets. The cystocarps are short-stalked and urceolate and are
conspicuous when present. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1942.)

Wrightiella Tumanowiczi (Gatty) Schmitz. The types of both this
species and the preceding came from Key West, Florida, where the two differ
rather markedly in habit, W. Tumanowiczi being more flaccid, having more
persistent monosiphonous branchlets and being almost destitute of the short
branches (about I inch long) that are responsible for the distichous-pinnate
appearance of the main branches of dried specimens of W. Blodgettii. TV.
Tumanowiczi resembles slender conditions of Dasya pedicellata, while TV.
Blodgettii is slightly suggestive of lax forms of Bryothamnion Seaforthii.
Under a microscope the texture of TV. Tumanoiviczi is rather more translucent

EHODOMELACEAE. 523

and the minute pointed ramuli are rather smaller, more slender, and more
aculeate-subulate. The Bermuda specimens that have been referred (Phyc.
Bor.-Am. S095) to this species show some of the indicated differences, yet it
seems difficult to distinguish them with certainty from W. Blodgettii.

Murrayella periclados (Ag.) Schmitz, occurs on the roots of mangroves
and in rock caverns between the tide-lines, commonly associated with species
of Bostrychia. Its main axes are 1 or 3 inches long, free, erect or pendent,
from rhizomatous bases, and are plumose with spirally alternating branches of
various kinds. The main axes have 4 undivided and uncorticated pericentral
siphons throughout, differing in this respect from species of Bostrychia.
Some of the branches are simple and monosiphonous, others are branched and
monosiphonous, others are short, branched, and polysiphonous at base, and
monosiphonous above, and others are long and polysiphonous like the main
axes. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2096.)

Bostrychia tenella (Vahl) J. Ag, creeps on the walls of caverns, on
shaded rocks, on roots of mangroves, and other objects, mostly near the high-
water line or a little above it, often forming a dense, though usually thin, turf
in the older parts of the colonies. The main axes are mostly ^-1 inch long and
are twice or thrice pinnately branched, the somewhat palmate-pinnate ultimate
branchlets ending in monosiphonous prolongations that are usually 10-40 cells
long. The main axes and principal branches of this and of the other Bermu-
dian species of Bostrychia are densely corticated. The tetraspores occur in
cylindric-rostrate or lanceolate swellings (stichidia) of the primary or sec-
ondary corticated branches, these stichidia being 4-10 times as long as broad
and moderately decurved. (Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 137, as B. calamistrata ; Phyc.
Bor.-Am. 1894a, h, c — all more or less mixed with other species of Bostrychia
in the set examined.)

Bostrychia Sertularia Mont, is found chiefly on the roofs of caverns above
the ordinary high-water line. It is closely related to B. tenella, with which it
is sometimes associated, but is apparently distinct. It is more slender and
delicate in all its parts, the main axes are regularly and pectinately bipinnate,
the ultimate branchlets are mostly 6-15 cells long, sometimes monosiphonous
except at base, sometimes irregularly polysiphonous except for one or two cells
at apex; in the monosiphonous parts, the cells are mostly broader than long,
while in B. tenella, the reverse is true; when, as occasionally happens, the
monosiphonous apices are more prolonged, the prolongations are commonly
decolorate, which is rarely the case in B. tenella. The stichidia are ovoid or
short-cylindric-clavate, mostly 2-4 times as long as broad, and are acute,
obtuse, or apiculate. The color of the plant is a blue- or violet-purple, while
that of B. tenella, even when growing with it, is a more brownish purple.
(Alg. Exs. Am. Bor. 138; Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2094.) Bostrychia Macci Crouan,
at least as represented by Maze & Schrannu, Alg. Guad. S'JO in herb. Mus.
Paris, is this species.

Bostrychia Montagnei Ilarv. is a much larger plant than either of the
two preceding species, being 1^-4 inches long, and, with its tri-quadripinnatc

524 EHODOMELACEAE.

ramification, spreading about equally broad. Its branches are more widely
spaced and not so obviously two-ranked. . The apices are conspicuously in-
rolled; monosiphonous prolongations of the ultimate branchlets occur in the
younger parts. The stichidia are cylindric-lanceolate, rostrate, and usually
4-6 times as long as broad. The blackish or violet-brown plants are ascend-
ing, or pendent rather than creeping. The species occurs in caverns and
under shelving rocks, but is at its best on roots of mangroves, growing just
below the high-tide mark, mostly at a lower level than B. tenella. (Alg. Exs.
Am. Bor. 136; Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1893.)

Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni (Bail.) Falkenb. is a small plant, mostly
A-1 inch long or high, growing on other algae and on Gorgonians. The main
axes have 4-6 (usually 5) pericentral siphons and are uncorticated throughout.
These axes bear, usually at intervals of two segments, minute rather rigid
branchlets which are monosiphonous throughout or polysiphonous at base and
are several times divaricately dichotomous. These branchlets are primarily
2-ranked and alternate, but this regularity is sometimes interfered with by the
development of adventitious or secondary branchlets. The cells of the branch-
lets are mostly a little longer than broad. The stichidia are ovoid-conic
or obpyriform, about twice as long as broad, provided with a one-celled
apiculus, and subsessile on a pedicel that is unicellular, at least as to its
basal segment. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2097.)

Dasya corymbifera J. Ag. is usually li-'2^ inches long and grows under
shelving rocks near the low-water mark. In the pressed and dried condition it
shows a vaguely pinnate mode of branching. The main branches, together
with their small, spirally alternate, monosiphonous, several times dichotomous,
fasciculate-corymbose branchlets, are i-1 line broad. The branchlets taper
decidedly and the ultimate divisions are, for the most part, strongly incurved
or subfalcate. The main axes are strongly corticated, and in the uncorticated
upper parts the segments are a little longer than broad, the individual peri-
central siphons being usually 3-6 times as long as broad. Cells of the branch-
lets are 2-5 times as long as broad. The stichidia are conic-subulate, on
monosiphonous pedicels 1 or 2 (rarely 3) cells long,

Dasya Collinsiana M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Plants dingy red, often yellowish
on drying, forming rather dense subhemispheric tufts 1-3 cm. high, 5-8 times
subdichotomous, the branches corymbose or somewhat fastigiate, the terminal
(with branchlets) alopecuroid, and 1-1.5 mm. in diameter; main axes 0.5-0.75
mm. in diameter near base, densely but rather pellucidly corticated up to the
last two or three dichotomies; segments of upper uncorticated or lightly cor-
ticated parts often poorly defined owing to overlapping of siphons, varying
from one half as long as broad to slightly longer than broad, the five peri-
central siphons translucent, conspicuous, varying from slightly longer than
broad to 2-3 (rarely 4) times as long as broad, often subquadrate; branch-
lets monosiphonous, patent, divaricate, or subsquarrose, 0,5-0.9 mm. long, 4 or
5 times divaricately dichotomous, the lower rigid and slightly tapering, those
of the terminal coma softer, connivent, more tapering and often short-pilif-
erous; basal cells of the branchlets 100-130 /a in diam., commonly shorter than
broad, "the terminal and subterminal cells mostly 45-55 At in diam. (except in
apical coma), about twice as long as broad; stichidia alopecuroid, acuminate-

RHODOMELACEAE. 525

apiculate, 300-350 ju long, 90-130/1 broad, 2-4 times as long as broad, sub-
sessile on a very short one-celled pedicel.

Growing on rocks and on Sargassmn, near low-water mark. Type from
Red Bay, St. David's Island {Hoiue 293, in herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). This
species is most nearly related to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Das)/a rigi-
dula (Kiitz.) Ardiss. (which apparently has been sometimes confused with
Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni) , and to the European species that currently
bears the invalid name Dasya Arhuscula* but it differs from both in the
dichotomo-corymbose arrangement of its main branches and in the short,
broad, pericentral siphons, which commonly appear almost quadrate. Ber-
muda specimens have recently been referred, sometimes to D. Arhusciila and
sometimes to T). ramosissima Harv. From the latter it differs in its small
size, dichotomo-corymbose habit, mostly shorter pericentral siphons, more
rigid, and more divaricately forked branchlets, etc. In its rigid divaricately
forked branchlets, the species suggests Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni, but is
readily distinguished by the cortication of its main branches and by the
spirally alternate instead of distichous ramification. Its nearest Bermuda
relative is D. corymhifera J. Ag., from which it is best distinguished by the
dichotomo-corymbose arrangement of its main branches, its shorter pericentral
siphons, its more crowded, more divaricately forked, less tapering branchlets,
which show little or no tendency to be incurved or falcate at their apices, and
by its more sessile, more apiculate stichidia. Apparently endemic. The
species is dedicated to Mr. F. S. Collins, the well-known American phycologist
and co-author of the recently published treatise on ' * The Algae of Bermuda.

Dasya pedicellata Ag. [P. elegans (Mart.) Ag.] is the largest of the
Bermudian members of the genus, being commonly from six inches to two
feet long, with long unequal irregular branches, which may remain simple or
may be again branched. The main axes are mostly 1-2 lines in diameter. All
parts, with the occasional exception of the oldest, are densely clothed with
tufts of dichotomous monosiphonous ramelli 1-4 lines long. The plants are
flaccid and are reddish purple or lake-red. Cystocarps conspicuous, urn-
shaped, borne on the main branches on pedicels of about half their own
length. Tetrasporic stichidia ovoid-rostrate to lanceolate-subulate, often
slightly curved, borne on the monosiphonous ramelli.

Dasya splnuligera Collins & ITcrvoy, reseml)los small, slender, lielicate,
much-branched, less villous conditions of D. pedicellata, but most of the mono-
siphonous ramelli are borne on rather rigid subulate branchlets, such as are
wanting or of rare occurrence in the typical D. pedicellata. And the species
differs markedly in the much elongate, cylindric, often clustered stichidia,
which are 5-10 times as long as broad. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. ?'^^^\^ Kn.i.M.nr.

Family CERAMIACEAE.
PtUothamnion bipinnatum (Collins & Hervey) M. A. Howe (Gymnotham^
nion lipinnatum Collins & Ilervey, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 43: 139. pi

*The type of Conferva Arhuscula Dillw., on which Dasua Arhuscula Ap. was
based, is evidently a CaUithamnion.

526 CEEAMIACEAE.

4. f. 26. Au 1917), is an exceedingly minute, almost microscopic plant tHat
creeps on rocks in caverns in company with other algae. It is monosiphonous
and uncorticated throughout. The creeping parts are attached by discs or
manifest rhizoids; the erect, ascending, or semiprostrate, flexuous main
branches are less than a line long, and have a more or less elongate naked stipe
above which they are regularly and oppositely pinnate or somewhat bipinnate,
the pinnae patent or somewhat divaricate, mostly 4-12 cells long, usually a
pair from the upper part of each internode. In the more or less bipinnate
conditions, the pinnules, 1-4 cells long, are chiefly confined to a secund row
along the upper (inner) side of the pinna. Occasionally a pinna will develop
more luxuriantly, like one of the main suberect branches. Cells of the
rhizome are mostly 1^-4 times as long as broad, those of the main suberect
axes li-2 times as long as broad. Tetrasporangia occur at the ends of the
pinnae and are tetrahedrally divided (tripartite). The nearest relative of this
species is perhaps the Irish cave-inhabiting Ptilothamnion lucifugum Cotton,
from which, however, it is amply distinct. The Bermuda plant was found
by F. ,S. Collins in a cave by the Ducking Stool. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2190, as
Gymnothamnion hipinnatum Collins & Hervey.) Apparently endemic.

Spermothamnion gorgoneum (Mont.) Bornet, is a name that may be used
tentatively for a plant that forms a delicate red-purple plush on the surface of
species of Codium (Bethel's Island, Collins S488). The plant is monosiphonous
and uncorticated throughout, sending up erect somewhat flexuous branches less
than a line long from a creeping basal filament,, the erect branches simple or
rather sparingly laterally or subdichotomously ramified, the branchlets often
subsecund, very rarely opposite or 3-vertieillate. The cells are mostly 3-7
times as long as broad. The Bermuda specimen examined seems to be sterile,
as was also, apparently, the African type of the present species. The Ber-
muda plant is manifestly different from the cystocarpic and polysporic codiico-
lous plants from Jamaica ((Phyc. Bor.-Am. 441) and Barbados (Vickers, Alg.
Barb. 179) that have been distributed as SpermotJiamnion gorgoneum.

Spermothamnion macromeres Collins & Hervey, forms soft cushions about
half an inch high on sand-covered rocks near the low-water mark, with Poly-
siphonias and other small algae, as at Pink Bay and Gravelly Bay (Phyc. Bor.-
Am. 2044). Like other members of the genus, the plant is monosiphonous and
uncorticated and sends up erect branches from a creeping base. The erect
branches are simple, sparingly subdichotomous, or provided with a few
lateral branchlets. The cells are mostly 4-10 (-15) times as long as broad,
often curved, and commonly contracted at the septa. The tripartite tetra-
sporangia are loosely clustered, sessile or pedicellate. Apparently endemic.

Griffithsia globulifera Harv. {G. Bornetiana Farl.). The Griflathsias are
delicate, monosiphonous, uncorticated, cespitose plants, the filaments mostly
erect and regularly dichotomous, or, in some species laterally branched. The
tetrasporangia, in the Bermuda species, are borne on minute branchlets form-
ing whorls at the upper nodes. The cystocarps also occur at the nodes and
are furnished with an involucre. In G. glohulifera, the antheridia densely

CERAMIACEAE. 527

cover the apical half of the obovoid or subglobose terminal cells. The male,
female, and tetrasporic plants in this species have each their characteristic
habit and form of cell, the male plant being smaller, 1-3 inches high, with
lower cells cylindric-obovoid, the upper pyriform, obovoid, or subglobose. In
the female and tetrasporic plants the cells vary from cylindric to cylindric-
clavate, cylindric-obovoid, or ellipsoid; they are mostly 4-10 times as long as
broad in the lower parts and 1-4 times as long as broad in the upper, and
are moderately contracted at the septa. In all forms of G. globulifera the
branching is dichotomous or subdichotomous. The only Bermuda specimens
seen are sterile and their determination is not wholly certain.

Griffithsia Schousboei Mont, is a smaller plant than G. globulifera, with
shorter and broader cells that are very strongly contracted at the septa,
giving the filaments a moniliform habit. The cells vary from cylindric-
clavate below to pyriform, ellipsoid, subglobose, and oblate-spheroid above,
the septal isthmi being only *-4 the maximum diameter of the cells. At the
apices the filaments often diminish in diameter abruptly or gradually to cells
i-rV the diameter of the larger subjacent cells. The writer has not seen
antheridia in the Bermuda plants, but the species is said to have the antheridia,
like the tetrasporangia, in verticils at the nodes.

Griffithsia tenuis Ag. may be recognized by its straggling habit an.l its
irregular, mostly lateral, patent or divaricate branching. The plants are
usually about two inches long, and most of the branches, which are commonly
rather few, spring from near the middle, or below the middle, of an mternode.
In the youngest parts there are often, also, nodal verticils of very short, ex-
ceedingly delicate branchlets. The cells in the younger parts are 1-4 times
as long as broad; in the older, 3-6 times. In the younger parts the filaments
are often lightly contracted at the septa; in the older, they are often swollen
at the septa. All specimens seen by the writer have been apparently sterile.
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1895.)

CaUithamnion corymbosum (Sm.) Lyngb. This species forms delicate
gelatinous rose-colored or brownish rose tufts mostly 1-3 inches high. The
main axes are corticated in the basal parts, the main branches are several
times irregularly ramified, the secondary branches are alternately pinnate
with dichotomo-multifid ramuli, the ultimate ramelli corymbose-fastigiate. The
cells of the main axes are variable in length but are mostly 3-8 times as long
as broad and are often more or less enlarged just above the septum The
writer is inclined to refer here specimens (sterile so far as seen) collecte.
by A B Hervey on various other algae at the mouth of Harrington Sound
and distributed (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1896) as CalUaamnion Haime Collins
from the Key West type of which (Phyc. Bor.-Am. ^..S^) they differ in the
corticated main axes, the longer cells, the much more corymbose-fast.giatc
ramelli, the frequent presence of terminal hairs, etc.

CaUithamnion cordatum B0rg. is a name that has been ^J^^^^y ^^!^''
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. ^189) to a dingy red plant 1-2 inches high found at Budd-
ngs Bay. Its ultimate ramelli are corymbose-fastigiate, somewhat as in the

528 CEKAMIACEAE.

foregoing species, but it differs from that and the other Bermudian species
of Callithamnion here mentioned in having the main axes essentially uncor-
ticated, though the extreme base of the Bermudian plant is more or less
felted with both adherent and free rhizoids. The cells in the basal parts are
short, being about as broad as long. The type of the species was from the
Danish West Indies and the specific name was given in allusion to the cordate
geminate cystocarps. The Bermudian plants seen by the writer are apparently
sterile. The ultimate ramelli would seem to be stouter and less abruptly
tapering than in the type as figured by BjzJrgesen,

Callithamnion Herveyi M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Plants dingy purple, sub-
fuscous in age, gelatinous, forming tufts or cushions 2-4 cm. high, ramifica-
tion densely and repeatedly decompound, for the most part irregular or ob-
scurely tetrastichous, the ultimate ramelli more or less subdistichous or
diehotomo-distichous ; main axes with rhizoidal cortications for three fourths
or more of their length, 0.3-0.35 mm. in diameter at base and in older parts
loosely hirto-tomentulose with simple or irregularly branched rhizoidal
ramelli ; cells of the largest uncorticated branches 40-80 fi in diameter, sub-
cylindric, mostly l^-S times as long as broad, their walls 12-25 fi thick; ante-
penultimate ramuli cylindric-plumose, mostly 0.8-1.5 mm. long, and, with the
patent or erecto^patent ramelli, 0.3-0.6 mm. bro'ad; cells of the ultimate
ramelli li-2 (rarely 3) times as long as broad, the terminal obtuse, 8-12^ in
diameter, occasionally piliferous; dioicous; antheridia subglobose or sub-
hemispheric, 30-50 fji in diameter, usually crowning a short but manifest one-
celled pedicel ; cystocarps subglobose, 100-220 fi in diameter, scarcely lobed,
often geminate; tetrasporangia lateral, mostly solitary, irregularly scattered
or occasionally subsecund, obovoid or subglobose, mostly 38-40 fi in maximum
diameter, tetrahedrally divided or spores sometimes subdecussately paired;
monosporangia terminal, frequent on cystocarpic plants, occasional on anthe-
ridial and tetrasporic plants, scattered or irregularly clustered, solitary, some-
times concatenate in twos (very rarely in threes), olDOvoid, ellipsoid, pyriform,
or subglobose, 36-65 fi in longer liameter. [Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2046 as Cal-
lithamnion Eooheri (Dillw.) Ag.]

Type from Smith's Bay, December, 1913, communicated by F. S. Collins
as no. 8005, and preserved in the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden. The species is named in honor of Rev. Dr. A. B, Hervey, author of
the popular book, "Sea Mosses," and successful investigator of the marine
flora of Bermuda.

Callithamnion Herveyi is perhaps most nearly related to the European
C. HooTceri, but manifestly differs in its smaller size, in its denser, more
cylindric-plumose or tetrastichous, less distichous ramification, in its more hir-
tulous-tomentulose main axes, in its more slender and delicate ultimate
ramelli (terminal cells averaging about one half the diameter of those of C.
HooTceri), in its much smaller tetrasporangia (averaging about one half the
diameter of those of C. HooTceri), in the frequent presence of monosporangia,
etc. The plants are often much encrusted with diatoms of various kinds, and
even when virtually free from diatoms, the plants collect and hold quantities
of fine sand, indicating the presence of a remarkable amount of mucus. The
cystocarp has no involucre and conforms to the Callithamnion type — not to
that of Seirospora. All of the cells except the youngest appear to be pluri-
nuclear. The species is endemic so far as known.

CEEAMIACEAE. 629

Seirospora purpurea M.A. Howe,sp. dov. Plants purple-lake or <lahlia-
carmine, forming dense, more or less felted, pulvinate tufts 1-2^ cm. high, rami-
fication repeatedly decompound, for the most part obscurely qu]n(^uefarious, the
ultimate ramelli dichotomo-subdistichous and often subfastigiate; main axes
0.15-0.25 mm. in diameter at base, rather sparingly corticated for one half
or more of their length by narrow-celled rhizoids, and in basal parts clothed
in addition by free sometimes spirally entwined rhizoids, occasional cells of
the upper ramuli also sending out elongate, free, long-celled, simple or spar-
ingly branched rhizoids; largest uncorticated cells of the main axes 40-95/*
in diameter, subcylindric or slightly enlarged at the noiles, lA-2i times as
long as broad, their walls 8-20^ thick; cells of the ultimate ramelli mostly 2-4
times as long as broad, the terminal obtuse, 6-13 /u. in diameter, hairs apparently
wanting; dioicous; antheridia ovoid, lance-ovoid, dimidiate-ovoid, or ellipsoid,
occurring singly at the nodes, erecto-patent, often incurved, 48-65 m high,
26-40 /u, broad; cystocarps somewhat hemispheric, 0.3-0,4 mm. broad, composed
of free, erecto-patent, moniliform, sporogenous filaments, the ellipsoid or ovoid
carpospores 35-40 /u; long; tetrasporangia scattered, solitary at the nodes,
obovoid or ellipsoid, 50-65 ijl in maximum diameter, tetrahedrally divided.
(Phye. Bor.-Am. 2045, as Callithamnion byssoideum jamaiccnse Collins.)

Type from a cave, Gravelly Bay, A. B. Hervey (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2045) in
the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

Seirospora purpurea bears some resemblance in habit to small dense con-
ditions of Callithamnion coryrribosum and C. byssoides, but is easily distin-
guished by the sheathing of the basal parts of the main axes by free rhizo'ds
in addition to the cortications, by the frequently rhiziniferous cells of the
smaller branches and the consequent more or less felted condition of the tufts,
and more especially by having the cystocarp of a Seirospora, with its free
sporogenous filaments, instead of the solid cystocarp of a CaUithamniun with
its common enclosing wall. The European Seirospora? GaiUonii (Crouan)
De-Toni is possibly a nearer relative. The Jamaican CaUithajnnion byssoi-
deum jamaicense Collins (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 443) is manifestly a different thing.
The cells of S. purpurea are apparently all uninucleate. Endemie.

Antithamnion cruciatum (Ag.) Naeg. is a delicate rose-colored or dingy
red plant, mostly 1-2 inches high. Its main axes are rather few, its secondary
branches are comparatively short and four-ranked, being opposite and decus-
sately paired or in whorls of four. It is monosiphonous and uncorticated
throughout. At the apices of the main axes, the branches and branchlets are
very densely crowded, more or less incurved, more intensely colored, and, when
pressed and dried, the effect is often slightly suggestive of the terminal "eye"
of a peacock's tail-feather. St. George's (Hervey). (Phyc. Bor.-Am. Sinj.)

Crouania attenuata (Bonnem.) J. Ag. is a very gelatinous, much
branched, filiform, monosiphonous, and uncorticated plant 1-4 inches long,
varying in color from light rose to dingy purple. The main branches are
irregular and they bear at their nodes pairs or whorls of fastigiate, erecto-
patent or slightly incurved, several times dichotomous or trichotonious short
branches, the successive whorls close-set and confluent in the younger parts,
often separate and giving a beaded or moniliform appearance in the older
parts. The general habit of the plant is very suggestive of certain species
of the fresh-water genus Bairachospermum. The younger main branches are

35

530 CEEAMIACEAE.

attenuate at the apex and often also at the base. The tetrasporangia are
tetrahedrally divided and are borne near the bases of the whorled short
branches. The Bermuda plants are larger, coarser, and more gelatinous than
the European type and the ultimate cells of the ramelli are more obtuse, but
the occurrence of apparently intermediate forms in the West Indies makes it
doubtful if they may be satisfactorily distinguished from the European
species. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2048.)

Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf.) Harv. is a common plant growing attached
to rocks in shallow water in warm bays and tide-pools, or found floating and
unattached, often in loose tangled mats. It is commonly 3-6 inches high,
with main branching subdichotomous or irregularly lateral, the principal axes
^-4 line in diameter. As in the other species of the genus the branches are
clothed, sometimes sparingly, with very delicate hair-like ramelli about i a
line long, which under a hand-lens are seen to be transversely zoned, hyaline
zones alternating with narrower colored ones. Under a compound microscope,
the main branches are found to be corticated, the corticating cells in regular
transverse zones in the younger parts; bands of narrower longer corticating
cells regularly alternating with bands of broader shorter cells. This species
is distinguished from the following by its looser more straggling habit and,
microscopically, by the fact that the capillary ramelli are merely acute or
apiculate, without recurved hooks. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1897.)

Spyridia complanata J. Ag. grows on exposed rocks between the tide-
lines or near low-water mark, as at Hungry Bay, Eed Bay, and Spanish Rock.
It is more densely branched, more plumose in habit, and usually a smaller
plant than the preceding, growing 2-4 inches high, with tufted compact
feathery fronds mostly i-A inch broad. The main axes are slightly flattened
and the branches are predominantly distichous. Many of the ramelli, besides
having an apiculus, are provided with one or more minute retrorse one-celled
subapical barbs or hooks. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1947.)

Spyridia aculeata (Ag.) Kiitz. is similar to S. complanata, but the
branches issue in all directions, showing little tendency to be distichous. How-
ever, this character seems variable and it is doubtful if these two species can
be satisfactorily distinguished, at least so far as concerns the Bermuda plants.
The ends of the main branches are often enlarged and hooked, circinate, or
tendYil-like, as in the genus Hypnea, constituting the var. Tiypneoides J. Ag.
(Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1946.)

Ceramium nitens (Ag.) J. Ag. is an attractive deep red, brownish red,
or yellowish red, copiously branched, thread-like plant that occurs in Hamil-
ton Harbor, in the Inlet to Harrington Sound, etc. It forms soft rather
lubricous tufts, mostly 3-5 inches high. The main branching is subdichot-
omous, wdth one or several somewhat zigzag leading axes. The smaller
branches are lateral, subdivaricate or patent, and occasionally seeund, and the
apices are straight. Under a microscope the plant is seen to be corticated
throughout and more or less nodose, with the transverse septa of the large-
celled monosiphonous axis visible through the cortex. The Bermuda specimens
seen are sterile. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1949.)

CERAMIACEAE. 531

Ceramium tenuissimum J. Ag. is a name that may be employed, tem-
porarily at least, in accordance with current usage, for a variaVde, perhaps
aggregate species that occurs in Bermuda. However, the proper application
of the name (first used by Roth, as a varietal name) is in doubt, and, moreover,
the Bermuda plants do not agree quite accurately with European plants that
currently bear this name. As in the following species. of the genus, the corti-
cation is confined to a band at each node, the colored corticated nodes alter-
nating and contrasting with the naked usually hyaline internodes, giving a
transversely zoned appearance to the plant when viewed under a hand-lens.
The filaments are very delicate, repeatedly dichotomous, fastigiate, mostly 1-2
inches high, aVrV ^^ ^ ^^^® ^^ diameter, the apices strongly forciiiate or
nearly straight and erect. The mostly cylindric internodes are 2-4 times as
long as broad, becoming shorter above; nodal bands slightly protuberant, 2-6
cells wide (high), their cells irregular in form, size, and direction, 8-14 cells
measuring the width of the filament. The Bermuda specimens examined are
mostly sterile, but the tetrasporangia appear to be erumpent in a single ex-
trorse secund series and are somewhat irregularly divided, sometimes resem-
bling the so-called tetrahedral or tripartite mode and sometimes approaching
the decussate-paired arrangement. (Phyc. Bor.-x\m. 1898 and 2098.)

Ceramium cruciatum Collins & Hervey, creeps on Galaxaura squaJido on
the South Shore. The erect or ascending parts are only about a line high.
The filaments are several times dichotomous, and about ^^ of a line in diameter,
with forcipate apices. The hyaline uncorticated interuodal cells are thick-
walled, often bulging, scarcely longer than broad, shorter than broad in upper
parts; nodal bands hardly protuberant when sterile, 2-5 cells wide (high),
their cells irregular in form and size, their long axes mostly lengthwise of the
filament, 8-16 cells measuring its width. The tetrasporangia immersed, becom-
ing erumpent, subsecund or subverticillate, the spores in decussate pairs.

Ceramium byssoideum Harv. (C. transversale Collins & Hervey) is an
exceedingly delicate flocculent plant, reaching a length of 1-2 inches. The
filaments are -VsV of a line in diameter, are repeatedly subdichotomous, the
branches somewhat fastigiate or corymbose, and the apices straight and erect
or slightly forcipate. The hyaline uncorticated internodal cells are cylindric
below, and mostly 2-6 times as long as broad, becoming shorter above and
short-fusiform, ovoid, or obovoid; nodal bands protuberant, especially above,
bitruncate, 3-5 cells wide (high), their cells mostly with their longer axes
running transversely of the filament, 2-6 cells measuring its wi.lth. The
tetrasporangia are subsecund, protuberant, and lightly corticated in ba.-al
half, the spores irregularly tetrahedral. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 20^.), as Ceramium
transversale Collins & Hervey.)

Ceramium leptozonum M. A. Howe, pp. nov. Plants dolicato. Indian
lake or deep purplish-vinaceous, cespitosc, dichotomous, fastigiate, li-3 cm.
high; main filaments 40-72 ^ in diameter, lightly corticated at nodes only, the
dichotomies acute, the apices slightly forcipate or suboroct ; internodal cells
cylindric below and U-4 times as long as broad, becoming ovoid and shorter
above, all provided with conspicuous fibrillar chromatophores, becoming decol-

532 CERAMIACEAE.

orate below; nodal bands of corticating cells very narrow, slightly protuberant,
mostly only one cell wide (high), the cells with their longer axes (20-40 /u)
usually directed lengthwise of the filament, about four cells measuring the
diameter of the filament, irregular smaller cells sometimes forming an imper-
fect second (upper) row; tetrasporangia solitary or 2 or 3 at a node, mostly
secund along the outer side of the filament, occasionally subverticillate, 50-65 ti
in maximum diameter, the primary wholly naked, the secondary (formed by
regeneration) subtended by 2-4 small sterile cells and thereby often much
exserted or substipitate, the tetraspores somewhat tetrahedrally disposed.

Type from a pond at "Walsingham, having subterranean communication
with the sea, (Hoive 99, in herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden).

Ceramium leptosonum is related to C. hyssoideum and the plants currently
known as C. tenuissimum, but seems to be amply distinct in having ordinarily
only a single row of corticating cells at the nodes, these cells nearly always
elongate in the direction of the filament, and in the naked primary tetra-
sporangia. In the narrow nodal zones, the regenerating tetrasporangia, and
the rather persistent coloring of the protoplasts of the large internodal cells,
the species is slightly suggestive of Ceramothamnion Codii, from which it is
easily distinguished by the apparently non-repent habit, the dichotomous
stouter and taller filaments, the usually single instead of double row of nodal
cells, which are also more elongate, the relatively smaller naked primary
tetrasporangia, etc. Ceramium cruciatum and C. tenuissimum also sometimes
show persistently colored fibrillar chromatophores in the internodal cells. In
soaked-out dried specimens, the nodal cells often appear to be more numerous
than they really are, owing to the segregation of chromatophores or to the
purely optical cutting of these cells by the nodal diaphragm. The tetraspores
sometimes germinate in situ, giving rise to small proliferations. The species
is apparently endemic.

Ceramothamnion Codii Richards, is a small plant epiphytic on species of
Codium along the South Shore and on Cooper 's Island. It creeps along the
surface of the Codium, sending down rhizoids among the utricles of its host and
sending up erect filaments less than a line high and gV" sV o^ ^ li^^ i^ diameter,
which are unbranched except in connection with the formation of the so-called
polysporangia, the apices remaining straight and erect. The uncorticated
internodal cells are mostly 1^-3 times as long as broad, and show persistently
colored fibrillar chromatophores, somewhat as in Ceramium cruciatum and C.
leptozonum. The nodal bands of corticating cells are 2 (3) cells wide (high),
these cells with their longer axes variously directed, 3 or 4 cells measuring the
width of the filament. The tetrasporangia are solitary at the nodes, subsecund,
broader at maturity than the filament, subtended in the basal half by an
involucral cup of sterile cells, and regenerating, the spores arranged in decus-
sate pairs. Antheridia form compact, small-celled, subglobose, sometimes con-
fluent enlargements of the nodes of different individuals from those that bear
the tetraspores. Supposed polysporangia or parasporangia, of non-sexual
origin, irregularly ovoid, subglobose or ellipsoid, occur on the erect filaments,
usually in pairs, and subtended by three or four short branches similar in struc-
ture to the filaments. Ceramothamnion appears to differ from Ceramium in
scarcely anything but in the occurrence of alleged polysporangia of non-

CEKAMIACEAE. 533

sexual origin where one would naturally expect cystocarps of sexual origin.
The resemblance of the vegetative characters of Ceramoihamnion to those of
undoubted species of Ceramium, the occurrence of antheridia, the failure to
find proved procarps and cystocarps, and the resemblance of the supposed
polysporangia to the cystocarps of Ceramium, form a combination of circum-
stances that suggests the possibility that the alleged polysporangia of Ceramo-
thamnion are in reality cystocarps. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. '^l'> mid 75.9,9; 21D3, as
Ceramium tenuissimum pygmaeum.)

Centroceras clavulatum (Ag.) Mont, is the commone>t and perhaps the
most variable Bermudian representative of the Ceramiaceae, growing on rocks
and on various larger algae in shallow water, or, in surf-beaten places between
the tide-lines. Its capillary brownish red or dingy red dichotomous fastigiate
filaments form tufts or loose mats commonly 0.5-4 inches high. The filaments
are corticated throughout and may be distinguished from corticated species of
Ceramium by having the somewhat rectangular cortex cells in regular longi-
tudinal rows. In the younger part? at least, each node bears a whorl of teeth
or short mostly 2-celled spines, by which character also it is easily distinguished
from its Bermudian relatives. In the length, shape, and abundance of these
spines, the plant varies greatly according to habitat, and distinctions of species
based on these characters have been attempted. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1948, as
Ceramium clavulatum.)

Family GRATELOUPIACEAE.

Halymenia bermudensis Collins & Howe, has a membranous, violet-re.l,
rather firm or slightly gelatinous, usually stipitate frond that is variable in
form, mostly suborbicular, cordate, or obovate, and 2-10 inches broad, sub-
entire or sparingly or copiously lobed or proliferous, the lobes ovate or con-
formable. Under a microscope, the medullary filaments viewed through the
cortex are seen to be interspersed with a few coarser filaments, having more
homogeneous refringent contents and radiating from substellate, ganglion-like
enlargements. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2050.) Apparently endemic.

Halymenia pseudofloresia Collins & Howe, has a membranous deep red or
violet-red frond that is gelatinous in younger parts, becoming firmer with ago,
suborbicular, ovate, cuneate-obovate, or commonly very irregular in general
outline, 3-10 inches long, deeply, irregularly, or subpalmately lobed, or often
showing cuneate-based substipitate marginal proliferations, the main expansion
or axes i-3 inches broad, the lobes or proliferations commonly lanceolate, ser-
rate, biserrate, or subpinnately lobulate or bilobulate, the teeth mostly acumi-
nate-deltoid, the medulla, under a microscope, occasionally showing a few incon-
spicuous stellate ganglia. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2099.) Apparently on.lemu-.

Halymenia echinophysa Collins &: Howe, has a membranous lilac or grayish
vinaceous gelatinous frond that is suborbicular in general outline an.l 4-7
inches wide, deeplv, irregularly or subpalmately lobed or divided, the lobes
irregularly obovate or suborbicular, mostly 1-2^ in. broad, their margins
sinuate- or erose-dentate or sparingly sublobulate. Vnder a microscope, some

534 GRATELOrPIACEAE.

of the inner cells of the subcortex are seen to be enlarged, subglobose, echinate-
stelliform, projecting into the medullary cavity, and showing when detached
15-40 rather rigid subspinescent processes. Known only from a specimen
dredged in '*31 fathoms, off Bermuda" by members of the Challenger Expe-
dition in 1873. Apparently endemic.

Halymenia Agardhii De-Toni, has, in its Bermuda forms, a soft, dark red,
subterete, repeatedly dichotomous, more or less gelatinous frqnd that is 3-4
inches long (commonly longer in Florida and the West Indies), with segments
i-i of an inch broad. The only known Bermuda alga with which it might
possibly be confused is a species of N emastoma, from which it differs in its
darker red color, in its more regular dichotomy, in being less lubricous, and,
microscopically, in its firmer, more pseudoparenchymatous, less obviously fila-
mentous cortex, and the frequent anastomoses or small nodal ganglia among
the medullary filaments. The plant has been found washed ashore on .South
Beach and growing attached to rocks near low-water mark at Gibbet Island.

Cryptonemia crenulata (J. Ag.) J. Ag. apparently occurs in Bermuda
(_on sand-covered rocks in a cave. Gravelly Bay, Hervey) in a small reduced
form, and possibly better-developed conditions are yet to be found in deeper
water, where it may be expected on the bases of sea-fans, dead-men 's-fingers,
etc. As thus far found, it has a sparingly dichotomous rose-purple mem-
branous frond 1-2 inches long, from a subterete stipe. The main divisions are
about K of an inch wide, strap-shaped or cuneate-ligulate, often stipitate, sub-
entire, occasionally with small ovate or suborbicular stipitate innovations. In
normal forms of the species, the segments are i-| inch broad and have crenu-
late-denticulate margins, the teeth often bifid or trifid or furnished with a
small crown of secondary teeth, (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2100.)

Cryptonemia luxurians (Ag.) J. Ag. differs from the foregoing in having
a caulescent, costate-alate frond, the costa vanishing towards the apices. The
only Bermuda specimen seen is about 4 inches tall, several times dichotomous,
the segments i-4 inch broad. On rocks in shallow water at Red Bay, St.
David's Island {Howe 287).

Family DUMONTIACEAE.

Dudresnaya crassa M. A. Howe, is a flaccid extremely lubricous densely
ramose dioicous plant that is 2—6 inches high or long and rose-colored when
living, though commonly dingy purple or brownish red on drying. In the
pressed and dried condition, the branching appears to be irregularly 2-3-pin-
nate, though the branches really emerge in all directions ; branches and branch-
lets are vermiform, of nearly uniform diameter throughout; the ultimate
branchlets are obtuse or subobtuse and mostly -^-§ of a line in diameter.
Under a microscope the very soft gelatinous cortex is seen to be made up of
essentially free, 4—6 times dichotomous, beautifully fastigiate cylindrie fila-
ments, the more peripheral cells of which are 2-5 times as long as broad. In
the younger parts, the central axis, consisting of a single row of cells, bearing
the crowded whorls of peripheral filaments may be readily seen ; in the older

DUMONTIACEAE. 635

parts this axis is clothed and obscured by numerous decurrent rhizoidal fila-
ments. In the female plants, auxiliary-cell branches are numerous, consisting
of 5-9 enlarged subspherical cells near base, the special auxiliary cell occupy-
ing the middle of this enlarged portion and having little more than half the
diameter of the two immediately adjacent inflated cells. In the male plants,
the antheridia form subglobose tufts or clusters at or near the ends of the
peripheral filaments. The usually numerous cystocarps form granules ^^t^* of
a line in diameter, easily visible under a hand-lens. The plant grows on rocks
in about ten feet of water in Castle Harbor and has been found washed ashore
at Spanish Point, Buildings Bay, and Shelly Bay. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1000 and
2196.) Apparently endemic.

Dudresnaya bermudensls Setchell, is readily distinguished from the fore-
going by its much finer taper-pointed branchlets and more slender main axes,
these rarely more than J of a line in diameter, and by the moniliform, rather
than cylindric peripheral filaments, the outer cells subspheric, or ovoid or ellip-
soid and only slightly longer than broad. The cystocarps are many-spored
and -it-^^ of a line in diameter. Cooper's Island (Farlow) and Building-*
Bay (Eervey). (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2195.) Apparently endemic.

Dudresnaya caribaea (J. Ag.) Setchell, often resembles B. hermudcnsis
in habit, but is, generally speaking, a larger plant, 4-15 inches long, is more
obviously complanate-distichous, and its main axes are often 1-2 lines broad.
Microscopically, it shows moniliform peripheral filaments, much resembling
those of D. hermudensis, but the specialized auxiliary cell is enlarged, sub-
spheric, and terminal on the special auxiliary-cell branch, this consisting other-
wise chiefly of discoid cells, instead of being intercalary and scarcely distin-
guishable from its neighbors. The cystocarps are few-spored and have about
one-half the average diameter of those of B. hermudensis. Found floating at
Cooper's Island (Farloiv). Type from the Tortugas, Florida.

Family NEMASTOMATACEAE.

Galosiphonia verticillifera (J. Ag.) Sotchell, lias Ucvu reported by Setchell and
by Collins as having been collected at Cooper's Island by Farlow in ISsi. The
present writer has not seen the Bermuda plants that have been given this name, but
the single type specimen of Hrlminthiopsis rrrticiUifvra ^. Ag.. on which the name
rests, appears to have the auxiliary-cell branches of a DudrcKuaiia and. in fact, to be
distinguishable by no reliable character from DiKlrcsndjia canhani (.T. .\g. ) SotchoU.
the type of which also was from the Tortugas, off the coast of southern P'lorida.

Platoma cyclocolpa (Mont.) Schmitz (type from the Canary T>iandsh or
an apparently sterile plant resembling it in general habit, is of occasional
occurrence in Bermuda. Its soft gelatinous flattened rose-purple thallus is 1-')
inches broad and high, irregularly dichotomo-multifid, or irregularly palmatifi<l
from a plane base that is often 1-2 inches wide, the margins crcnate-dentate,
irregularly lobulate or bilobulate, or incised-dentate, the teeth mostly obtuse
and often subterete, the plane faces occasionally showing teeth or .«hort pro-
liferations. In narrower forms, the main segments are sometimes irregularly
subpinnate or bipinnate. From the species of TJahimenia, it is readily dis-
tinguished by the more obviously filamentous r^ortex and subcortex an<l by the
absence of anastomoses and stelliform cells. The Bermuda plants differ from

536 XEMASTOMATACEAE.

Mediterranean specimens referred to this species in their bright red color and
in their softer looser cortex, its constituent filaments being more readily
separable.

Nemastoma gelatinosum M. A. Howe, sp. nov. Thallus very soft, gelati-
nous, and lubricous, light purplish-vinaceous, forming a subhemispheric or
somewhat flattened shrub-like tuft 6-13 cm, high, subterete or here and there
complanate, repeatedly (5-9 times) and in general closely subdichotomous, the
branching mostly in one plane or occasionally, especially toward the apices, in all
directions, often crowded-subpalmate, now and then subpinnately distichous, the
branches unequal, mostly 3-6 mm. in diameter or in flattened parts sometimes
10 mm. broad, slightly tapering, obtuse or subacute, occasionally terminating
in a pair of small subdivaricate teeth about 1 mm. broad; medullary filaments
7-12^4 in diameter; cortex of 5 or 6 times di(tri)chotomous submoniliform
fastigiate filaments 80-140 /j. long, loosely imbedded in mucus and easily
separable, the forkings rather wide-angled, the cells mostly obovoid, those of
the surface usually 3-9 /jl X 3-6 fi ; other parts unknown.

On rocks in about 3 m. of water, in Castle Harbor near Tucker's Town
(type, Hoice 316, in herb. X. Y. Bot. Gard.). Also collected in Bermuda by
Faxon (in herb. Farlow). Nemastoma gelatinosum may possibly include the
plants somewhat doubtfully referred above to PJatoma cyclocolpa, to which it
bears much resemblance in structure, but, if so, the species is remarkably
protean in habit. N. gelatinosum is a softer, more gelatinous, usually lighter-
colored, suffrutescent plant, with all parts predominantly subterete, while the
so-called PJatoma cyclocolpa is a plane membranous plant, with a marginal
fringe of lobules or crenations. In its mucosity and its tenuity when pressed
and dried, N. gelatinosum suggests the Mauritian N. coliforme J. Ag., to
which it seems closely related, but it manifestly differs from this in its com-
pact suffrutescent habit. Apparently endemic.

Family SQUAMARIACEAE.

Peyssonnelia rubra (Grev.) J. Ag. forms dark red or pinkish red, reni-
form or cuneate-orbicular, thin and rather fragile, loosely attached, mem-
branous, often lobed crusts -i-l inch broad, on the bases of the larger algae and
Gorgonians in deep water or on rocks near low-water mark in littoral caverns.
The ventral surface is whitened with lime, mostly coating a very short
tomentum of rhizoids. iSuperposed imbricated lobes are often developed. The
cells of the upper surface, viewed from above, are polygonal, in regular
radial lines. In a cave at Gravelly Bay (Collins).

Other species of the genus and family doubtless occur. The Squamari-
aceae in general have a horizontally expanded crustaceous thallus, often more
or less calcified. They may usually be distinguished superficially from the
crustaceous forms of the Corallinaceae by the lighter calcification, the deeper
red or yellowish color, the more obvious margins, and by the absence of definite
cavities or conceptacles in which the reproductive organs occur, such organs
being either scattered or aggregated in superficial sori or nemathecia.

Family CORALLINACEAE.

The members of this family show a great variety in outward form, but the
known Bermudian representatives of the family agree in having a strongly

CORALLIXACEAE. 537

calcified thallus — often so hard and rook-like as to cause them to be over-
looked by the uninitiated botanical collector as being simply "calcareous con-
cretions" or at least as not belonging to the plant kingdom. For the proper
collection of many of the crustaceous forms, one needs to be equipped with a
hammer and chisel, a fact that accounts in a measure for the poor representa-
tion of this family of plants even in most of the larger herbaria. In tho genera
Amphiroa and Corallina, the plant body is erect and regularly jointed; in the
other Bermudian genera it is wholly unjointed and may be horizontally ex-
panded and crustaceous, or lifted into dome-like or tuberdike elevations, or may
be erect, subterete, ramose, and shrub-like. In our forms the reproductive
bodies occur in special cavities or conceptacles, appearing usually as dome-
shaped or mammilliform superficial elevations visible to the unaided eye.

Lithothamnium syntrophicum Fosl. forms firmly attached crusts ^-^ of a
line thick and an inch or more in diameter on stones-, pebbles, and various
calcareous objects at various depths. Its surface is commonly roughened by
following closely the inequalities of the substratum and it may in addition
develop small irregular nodules of its own. A radio-vertical section shows
minute cells in obvious vertical rows, but with little or no suggestion of hori-
zontal stratification. The tetrasporangial conceptacles are depressed, hemi-
spheric, or somewhat irregular, about i-i of a line in diameter, and as in other
members of the genus, their roofs soon show numerous small ostioles, suggest-
ing the cover of a pepper-box. The tetrasporangia are zonately 4-divided.
The type of the species was from Bermuda, where it was first collected by
Farlow. Harrington Sound {Howe).

Lithothamnium mesomorphum Fosl. forms thin, fragile, partially at-
tached, irregularly lobed and proliferous crusts ^-2 inches broad, and i-^ of a
line thick, the lobes or proliferations semiorbicular or irregular ami loosely
imbricate. Easily distinguished from the foregoing by its partly detache<l,
lobed or proliferous, and imbricate habit of growth. Type from Bermuda
{Farlow).

Lithothamnium incertum Fosl. has a crustaceous base that adheres closely
to rocks 1-4 ft. below the low-tide line in normally agitated water, but it soon
develops erect ramified anastomosing usually flattened branches, often forming
compact even-topped, sometimes subhemispheric cushions 1-2 inches high anti
3-6 inches broad. The crowded terminal branches are occasionally subterete
and |-f of a line in diameter, but are more often decidedly flattened and one
line or more broad, and the branching commonly shows a tendency to be con-
fined to the plane of flattening. The conceptacles appear externally near the
ends of the branches, especially the more flattened ones, as crowded depressed-
hemispheric elevations \-\ of a line in diameter. A radio-longitudinal or
transverse section after decalcification shows a pseudoparenchymatoua struc-
ture, with the thin-walled cells in obvious strata. The general texture is rather
delicate and the gases liberated in the process of decalcification commonly tear
irregular lacunae in the tissues. Type from Bermuda {Farlow). Red Bay,
St. David's Island {Howe).

538 CORALLINACEAE.

Lithothamnium Ungeri Kjellm. has been reported from the Challenger Bank by
H. B. Bigelow (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 40: 587. 1905), but the type of this
species was from Norway and its occurrence in Bermuda is improbable.

Melobesia farinosa Lamour. forms thin, delicate, whitish, suborbicular,
calcareous crusts a line or less broad (but often confluent) on various algae,
such as Padina, Dictyota, Sargassum, etc. The crusts in sterile parts consist
of only a single layer of cells. The minute hemispheric conceptacles are ^^x~tt
of a line broad, are often crowded, and show a single central ostiole.

Melobesia bermudensis FosL, a species known to the writer from descrip-
tion only, is said to form crusts of irregular outline and indefinite size on
limestone. The primary crusts consist of a single layer of cells and are about
yL. of a line thick, but often one crust overgrows another until five or six may
be superposed, with a thickness of y^ of a line, a habit not exhibited by M.
farinosa. Bermuda (Farlow) • apparently endemic.

Lithophyllum pustulatum (Lamour.) Fosl. is found in situations similar
to those favored by Melobesia farinosa, which it often accompanies and some-
what resembles. It has, however, a larger, thicker, firmer thallus and larger
conceptacles, the thalli being 1-5 lines broad and the mammilliform concep-
tacles \-^ of a line in diameter.

Lithophyllum bermudense Fosl. & Howe, forms crusts i-1 line thick on
calcareous pebbles, showing occasional wart-like excrescences, most of which
are caused by its following the inequalities of the substratum. With occa-
sional foreign. inclusions and its own older strata it becomes 4 lines thick in
places. A vertical section of decalcified material shows numerous (usually
30-40) layers of mostly ellipsoidal and vertically elongate cells (1-6 times as
high as broad), which are arranged in regular horizontal strata as well as in
vertical rows. The conceptacles are little prominent and are ^— y of a line in
diameter. Type from Spanish Point (Hoive).

Goniolithon decutescens (Heyd.) Fosl. in litt. (GJ spectabile Fosl.) is
a frutescent much branched plant, forming depressed-liemispheric cushions 2-5
inches high and 5-12 inches broad, light rose-red in younger parts when living,
soon decolorate or chalky white after collection. Its branches are terete or
subterete, mostly 4-1 line in diameter, crowded, subfastigiate, mostly some-
what curved, intertangled and much anastomosed, especially in the lower parts.
Originally, there is a horizontal basal crust from which the first erect or sub-
erect branches arise and by which it is attached, but this soon becomes over-
grown and inconspicuous and is often not shown in specimens as ordinarily
collected. Plants or fragments of plants primarily attached may also become
free and undergo further development in an unattached condition. A thin
translucent cuticle is often irregularly exfoliated, a character that suggested
the first-published specific name. A radio-longitudinal section" of a decalcified
branch shows rather firm-walled cells in erecto-patent outwardly curved rows,
those of the medullary region about twice as long as broad and in rather
obvious arcuate strata. Conceptacles, which are infrequent, occur near the
tips of the branches, and are hemispheric, mammiform, or conic-mammiform.

CORALLIXACEAE. 539

and about i line broad and high. Type from Bermuda (Farlou). In .3-G
feet of water at Tucker's Island (Howe).

Goniolithon intermediHim Fosl. (type from Bermuda, IV ads worth) differs
from the foregoing chiefly in its erect, nearly straight and fastigiate upper
branches. In habit it is somewhat intermediate between G. dccntescens and
G. strictum Fosl. (type from Florida). The G. decutescens-G. stricium group
is widely and numerously represented in the West Indian region and while the
plants show great variety in form and size, specific limits, if they exist, are
very difficult to define. Furthermore, the plants of this group sometimes
make a close approach to the earlier-published Gonwliihon frutescens Fosl.
from the South Pacific.

Amphiroa fragilissima Lamour. In both Amphiroa and Cnrallina, the
plant-body is more or less regularly and distinctly jointed, terete or flattened,
and di-(tri-)chotomously or pinnately branched. In Corallina, the concep-
tacles are terminal; in Amphiroa, they are lateral, on the faces of the seg-
ments. Amphiroa fragilissima, as currently interpreted, has a very fragile,
terete, repeatedly dichotomous thallus, forming loose or rather compact
cushions 1-3 inches high and sometimes one foot or more wide. The segments
are mostly y^-^-} of a line in diameter and are 4-10 times as long as broad;
they often show annular, discoid, or genicular enlargements at the no<les. The
branches sometimes taper a little towards the extremities, but the segments are
commonly of a nearly uniform diameter throughout the plant. (Phyc. Bor.-
Am. S198 and S199). The name of the present species goes back to Corallina
fragilissima L. (Syst. Nat. 1: 806. 1758— ed. 10), which is base.l essentially
on a Jamaican plant figured by Hans Sloane (Hist. Jam. pi. 20. f. 5)— a plant,
that, so far as may be judged from the description and figure, might as well
be a condition of Corallina ruhens. Gmelin (Syst. Nat. 1: 3840. 1788) modi-
fied and probably changed completely the Linnaean conception of the species,
substituting another description and figure of Sloane 's for those cited by
Linnaeus, and this modified conception of the species is the one that has been
adopted by Lamouroux and subsequent writers. The genus Amphiroa is
probably represented in Bermuda by two or three species, but their delimita-
tion and correct naming, as is also true of the species of Corallinn, awaits a
more critical study of their comparative anatomy and of the pertinent historic
types.

Corallina rubens L. is a name in current use for a delicate, jointed,
dichotomo-fastigiate plant that forms dense pale red tufts or mats ^-U inches
high on rocks or on stalks of Sargassnm near the low-water mark. The seg-
ments are terete throughout or slightly flattened under the dichotomies, A-yV
of a line in diameter, mostly 3-5 times as long as broad, the apical often
taper-pointed. The rather infrequent terminal conceptacles are somewhat flat-
tened urn-shaped, the shoulders often produced into a pair of horn-like or
antenna-like branches. (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 2200.)

CoraUina pumila (Lamour.) Kiitz. is a name that has boon adopted by
Collins for a minute coralline that forms tufts a little more than a line high

540 CORALLINACEAE.

on the fronds of Zonaria sonalis along the South Shore (Phyc. Bor.-Am. 1950).
Its filaments are only 2 or 3 times dichotomous and 5-7 segments long. Its
segments are 3-4 times as long as broad and have about the same diameter as
those of C ruhens. The abundant conceptacles vary in form from turbinate
and flattened urn-shaped to fusiform-clavate and are Tu-f of a line long. The
type of the species grew on Turbinaria in the Eed Sea.

Sub-class BACILLARIEAE (DIATOMEAE).

This sharply defined group of minute organisms is of uncer-
tain affinities. By some writers it is included under the class
Algae ; by others, it is excluded. If included, it is here treated
in a rather unnatural sequence. However, a few words in regard
to the group may be here appended.

The Diatoms are microscopic one-celled organisms that con-
tain in addition to chlorophyl a brown pigment related to that
found in the Phaeophyceae, though not identical with it. The
enclosing wall consists of two separable nearly equal parts, the
valves, one of which fits closely inside the other. The wall is
permeated with silica, which renders the valves almost imperish-
able, so that the Diatoms are abundantly preserved as fossils.
In most Diatoms the wall is regularly and beautifully marked
with pits, meshes, ridges, and furrows of various degrees of
delicacy. The Diatoms are very widely distributed, inhabiting
salt, fresh, and brackish water, and moist spots on the dry land.
They may float free at the surface, lie more or less free at the
bottom, or may be attached to the larger algae or other aquatic ob-
jects. Some species are solitary in habit of life ; others are associated
in colonies, which maj^ be ribbon-like, thread-like, or zigzag, or
may sometimes form branching gelatinous filaments imitating
an Ectocarpus or other filamentous brown algae. Many of the
free-living forms have the power of slow, irregular, spontaneous
locomotion when in contact with a solid substratum.

The Diatoms are, as remarked, siliceous organisms and they
do not appear to be particularly abundant in calcareous seas like
that washing the shores of Bermuda. However, they seem to
have been little collected and studied in this region. So far as
known to the writer, only sixteen species of Diatoms have been
attributed to Bermuda. Most of these are listed in the papers
cited in the Bibliography under O'Meara and Castracane. The
type of Navicula Janischii Castr., now considered a form of
Dictyoneis marginata (Lewis) Cleve, was from Bermuda.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

General works and papers containing scattered references to Bermuda
plants are not included in this bibliography, nor are articles dealing with
single species only; the latter are referred to under the species concerned.

Anonymous. Gardens of Bermuda. (Gard. & For. 4: 254. 1S91.)

A.nonymous. Bermuda in May. (Gard. & For. 4: 2(52-20:^. 1S91.)

Anonymous. Chief Fruits grown in Bermuda. (Kew Bull. 1888: 210,

217. 1888.)

List and remarks.
Berkeley, M. J, Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Exi^edition of

H. M. S. Challenger February-August, 1873. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14:

350-354. 1874. 15:48-53. 1876.)

Includes 23 species from Bermuda.
Britten, E. G. Mosses of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club 42 : 71-76. 1915.)

Enumeration of 28 species, Syrrhopodon floridanu^ and BhacopUum
tomentosum illustrated.
Britten, N. L. Bermuda in September. (Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6:

153-158, pis. 29, 30'. 1905.)

Report of botanical obser^-ations and collecting.
Britten, N. L. Botanical Exploration in Bermuda. (Journ. N. Y. Bot.

Gard. 13: 189-194. 1912.)

Report on collections made, with a list of the endemic species, and

discussion of the origin of the flora.

Britten, N, L. Gardens of Bermuda. (Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 14: 172-

176. 1913.)

Account of public and private gardens with notes on cultivated phints.

Britten. N. L. Record of Visit to Bermuda in the Spring oi Vm.

(Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 15: 148. 1914.)
Brown, Stewardson. Notes on the Flora of the BcM-nuulas. ( Proc Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. 1909: 486-494. 1910.)

Remarks on habitat and records of localities of many species; Vep-
eromia septentrionalis and Chiococca hermudiava described as new.
Brown, W. R. Bermuda's Little Trees. (American F..restry 21 : 1S(>-197.

Illustrated. 1915.)

542 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Castracane, Francesco. Report on the Diatomaceae collected by H. M. S.
Challenger during the years 1873-1876. (Rep. Voy. Challenger 2\
1886.)

Collins, F. S., and Howe, M. A. Notes on Species of Halymenia. (Bull.
Torr. Club 43: 169-182. 1916.)
Three Bermuda species described as new.

Collins, F. S., and Hervey, A. B. The Algae of Bermuda. (Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts & Sci. 53: 1-195, pis. 1-6. 1917.)
Annotated list of the known species.

Coulter, S. M. Swamps of the Bermudas. (Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.
15: 62-64. 1904.)
Description of swamp and marsh vegetation.

Crombie, J. M. The Lichens of the Challenger Expedition with a Revision
of those enumerated by Dr. J. Stirton. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 16: 211-
231. 1877.)

Includes a list of 28 species from Bermuda, several described as new ;
one added in a supplementary paper (Journ. Linn. Soc. 20: 83. 1883.)

Dickie, George. [Marine Algae of Bermuda.] (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14:
313-316. 1874.)

Determinations of 44 species collected by Mr. H. N. Moseley, of the
Challenger Expedition.

Dickie, George. Supplemental Notes on Algae collected by H. N. Mose-
ley, M.A., of H. M. S. Challenger from various localities. (Journ.
Linn. Soc. 15: 486-489. 1877.)
Record of 12 species from Bermuda.

Evans, A. W. The Hepaticae of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club 33: 129-
134. 1906.)
Enumeration of 23 species.

Foslie, M. New Melobesieae. (K. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1900^: 1-24.
1901.)

Five species and one variety of coralline algae from Bermuda are
described as new.

Gilbert, B. D. Revision of the Bermuda Ferns. (Bull. Torr. Club 25:
593-604. 1898.)
Notes upon 25 species and varieties.

Grisebach, A. H. R. Flora of the British West Indies. (8vo, pp. 789.
London 1859-1864.)
Contains records of 17 species from Bermuda.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 543

Harshberger, J. W. Algal Stalactites in P,eniiuda. (Torreva 14: 19;3-
197. 1914,)

Identifications of four species of blue-green algae found on stalactites
in Devil's Hole.

Harshberger, J. W. The Plant Formations of the Bennuda Islands.
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1905 : 695-700.)
The first ecological study of the flora.

Hemsley, W. B. Bermuda Plants in the Sloane Collection. (Joum. Bot.

21: 257-261, pi. 239. 1883.)

Notes on a few specimens collected by J. Dickenson in 1699, i)re-
served in the Sloane Herbarium at the British Museum of Natural
History.

Hemsley, W. B. Report on the Botany of the Bermudas. (Rep. Voyage
Challenger 1^ : 1-135, pis. 1-13. 1884. See also Introduction, same
work, 48, 49.)
A general description of the islands and of their vegetation, with lists

of 335 species of flowering plants and ferns, 14 mosses, 45 lichens. 24

fungi and 132 algae.

Hemsley, W. B. The Bermudas. (Gard. Chron. 53: 367, 368; 431, 432.
1883.)
An account of the cultivated and wild plants.

Hemsley, W. B. The Botany of the Challenger Expedition. (Nature 27:

462-463. 1883.)
Hemsley, W. B. Two New Benuudan Plants. (Journ. Bot. 21: 104.

105. 1883.)

Erigeron Darrcllianus and Stat ice Lcfroyi.

Hinson, H. J. Catalogue of Plants growing in Bermuda, both wild and
cultivated, collected from a List in the Public Librar>' compiled by
Sir John H. Lefroy and other sources. (Beniuida Pocket Almanack
1878: 113-126; 1879: 114-127; 1880: 145-158; 1881: 132-145.)
Lists of about 560 species.

Howe, M. A. Botanizing in Bermuda. (Plant Woi-ld 4: 101-104. pis.
4, 5. 1901.)

Howe, M. A. Notes on American Hepaticae. (Bull. Torr. Clnl) 29: 2S1-
289. 1902.)
Includes three species from Bennuda.

Howe, M. A. Observations on the Algal Genera Aciculnnn and Acetabu-
lum. (Bull. Torr. Club 28: 321-334. 1901.)
Two species from Bermuda are described and iUust rated.

644 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Hunter, Robert. Bermudan Ferns. (Journ. Bot. 15: 367. 1877.)
Ten species are enumerated.

Jones, J. M. The Naturalist in Bermuda. (Small 8 vo, pp. xii + 200.
London 1859.)
The chapter on botany (pp. 131-143) mentions about 75 species.

Jones, J. M. On the Vegetation of the Bermudas. (Proc. & Trans. Nova
Scotian Inst. Nat. Sci. 3: 237-280. 1873.)

Brief description of the islands with a list of about 461 species,
many determined only generically.

Jones, J. M. The Visitor's Guide to Bermuda. (12 mo, pp. xii -f 9-156.
London and New York [1876].)
Botany pp. 147-152.

Kemp, A. F. Notes on the Bermudas and their Natural History, with
special reference to their Marine Algae. ( Can. Nat. & Geol. 2 : 145-
156. 1857.)
Catalogues about 70 species of seaweeds.

Kemp, J. F. Notes on the Winter Flora of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club
12: 45-48. 1885.)

Description of geological and climatological features, and a list of 62
species collected.

Kriimmel, Otto. Vier Tage auf Bermudas. (Plankton Expedition der
Humboldt-Stiftung 1^: 80-104. 1892.)
Contains a chapter on the vegetation.

Lane, A. W. [Manuscript List of Bermuda Plants, 1845.]

This manuscript, listing 127 species, mentioned by Lefroy (Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 25: 45) as in the Public Library, Hamilton, was not to be
found there in September 1912, as I was then told by Mr. Frith, Libra-
rian. Mr. Hemsley used a copy, sent to Kew.

Lefroy, J. H. First List of the principal Fruit or Flowering Trees, Shrubs
and Plants growing in the Bermudas. (Folio, privately printed 1872.)
Made for Governor Lefroy by the late Mr. Perot in 1871. Copy
annotated by Lefroy, seen in Public Library, Hamilton in 1912.

Lefroy, J. H. List of Plants grown in Bermuda. (Folio, pp. 16, printed
1873.)
Alphabetical list with notes of localities.

Lefroy, J. H. The Botany of Bermuda. (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 25: 33-
141. 1884.)
List of about 780 species, with annotations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 546

Massee, George. Fungi Exotiei. (Kew Bull. 1898: VXl 134.)

Four species enumerated from Bermuda.
Michaux, F. A. Notice sur les Isles Bermudes et i)arliculi('rempnl sur
risle Saint Georges. (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8: ;}:)G-:Uv4.
1806.)

A record of observations made while a prisoner, with special refer-
ence to Juniperus hermudiana.
Millspaugh, C. F. Plantae Utowanae. Plants collected in Bemiuda,
Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Culebras, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba,
The Caymans, Cozumel, Yucatan and The Alacran Shoals, Dec. 1S9S
to Mar. 1899. (Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 2: 1-110. 1900.)
Records of about 140 Bermuda species.
Mitten, William. The Musci and Hepaticae collected by li. N. Moseley,
M.A., Naturalist to H. M. S. Challenger. (Journ. T.inn. Soc. 15:
59-73. 1876.)

Six mosses and five hepatics listed.
Moore, A. H. A List of Plants collected in Bermuda in 1905. (8vo,
pp. 22, pis. 1-3. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1906. )
Introductory note and enumeration of 221 species of native and
naturalized plants, including descriptions of Bynchospora domwuccnsis
and Elaeodendron Laneanum.
. Moseley, H. N. Notes on the Vegetation of Bermuda. (Journ. Linn.
Soc' 14- 317-321. 1874. See also Journ. Bot. 11: 350. 1873.)
A general account of the vegetation. [See Hardwicke's Science
Gossip 10: 44. 1874.]
Moseley, H. N. On the Marine Algae of St. Thomas and the Bermuda?,
and on HalopJiila Baillonis Asch. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 311-31/.
1874.)
O'Meara, E. Notes on Bermuda Diatoms. (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. IT.

14: 316. 1894. , ,, a n .

Enumerates 12 species dredged in 31 fathoms on the "Southwest

Bank " by the Challenger Expedition.

Petiver, James. Musei Petiveriani. (Sm. 8vo, pp. 93 + [iii]- I^ondon

1695-1703.) , , . *

In " Centuria Octava," p. 80, records receiving Bemuula plants fron.
John Dickenson, probably the earliest reference to Bermuda Botany.
Reade, 0. A. Additions to Catalogue of P^-^s giwii.. in Bennuda.
(Bermuda Pocket Almanack 1880: 177-180; 1881: 140-149.)
List of 167 species, additional to Dr. Hinson's list in the same volume.

546 BIBLIOGEAPHY.

Reade, 0. A. Plants of the Bermudas or Somers' Islands. (8vo. pp.

112 -f vii. Hamilton, Bermuda, 1885.)

The only descriptive flora of Bermuda heretofore published, including
about 150 species of native and naturalized plants, with notes on those
in cultivation. The first cover-page bears the date 1885; the title-page
1883.

Rein, J. J. Ueber die Vegetations Verhaltnisse der Bermudas Inseln.
(Ber. Senckenb. Nat. Gesell. Frankfurt am Main 1872-1873: 131-
153. 1873.)

A descriptive account of the islands, with lists of 128 species of
flowering plants and of 109 species of marine algae.

Riddle, L. W. The Lichens of Bermuda. (Bull. Torr. Club 43: 145-
160. 1916.)
Enumerates about 80 species, 7 described as new.

Rugg, H. G. Random Notes on Bermuda Ferns. (Am. Fern Journ. 2:
16-18. 1912.)

Seaver, F. J. Bermuda Fungi. (Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 501-51].
1916.)
Enumeration, with habitats, of about 120 species, 4 described as new.

Small, H. B. Vegetation in the Bermudas. (Ottawa Nat. 12: 101-104,
109-114, 153-157. 1898.)
Remarks upon trees, flowering shrubs, plants and flowers.

Small, H. B. The Botany of Bermuda. (Bermuda Colonist 36: Feb. 13,
16, 20, 23, 27, Mar. 2, 6, 9, 1901. Reprinted, somewhat modified, as
Botany of Bermuda, 12mo, pp. 56. 1901.)
Introduction, and popular accounts of wild and cultivated plants.

Small, H. B. Botany of the Bermudas. (Small 8vo, pp. 85, Hamilton,
1913.
A revision and rearrangement of his previous work.

Small, H. B., and Bushell, J. J. [Plants of Bermuda.] In Bushell's
Handbook of Bermuda, 8vo, Bermuda 1899, pp. 60-69.
Notes on conspicuous species.

Stirton, James. Enumeration of the Lichens collected by H. N. Moseley,
naturalist to H. M. S. Challenger, in the Islands of the Atlantic
Ocean. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 336-375. 1874.)
Includes 25 species from Bermuda.

Stirton, James. Remarks on Mr. Crombie's Paper on the Challenger
Lichens. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 17: 154, 155. 1878.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 547

Verrill, A. E. The Bermuda Islands. (8vo, pp. x + 548. New Haven,
1902.)
Contains much botanical information.

Verrill, A. E. The Bermuda Islands: their Scenery, Physioirraphy, Nat-
ural History and Geology; with Sketches of their early History and
the Changes due to Man. (Proc. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci. 11^: 1-
956. 1901-2.)
Contains much botanical information.

PRINCIPAL BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN
BERMUDA.

1. Dickenson, J. The oldest botanical specimens collected in Bermuda

are those of John Dickenson, obtained about 1699, and preser\'ed
in the Sloane collection in the herbarium of the British Museum of
Natural History, representing 12 species.

2. Lane, A. W. A collection of somewhat over 100 species was made

by Lane prior to 1845, and is preserved in the herbarium of the
Royal Gardens at Kew.

3. Holton, I. F. Holton, who collected extensively in Colombia and

elsewhere in tropical America, touched at Benuuda in 1S54 and col-
lected some botanical specimens, which are preserved in the Torrey
Herbarium of Columbia University and in the Kew Herbarium.

4. Kemp, A. F. As a student of algae, Kemp visited Bennuda in 1856

and made considerable collections, which are preserved in his pri-
vate herbarium, which is still in the possession of his family.

5. Jones, J. M. As an all around naturalist, Jones made zoological col-

lections in Bermuda prior to 1859, and subsequently established a
museum for these and his other collections at Halifax. Although
an author of three somewhat extensive papers on the Botany. I have
not been able to ascertain if his collections are ]>reserved. They are
not now in the Provincial Museum of Halifax. It is jiossible tlint
he made no botanical collections.

6. Rein, J. J. Rein was a tutor of the son of Governor Ord in Bornuida

during at least parts of the period between 1861 and 1863. at which
time he made a considerable collection, both of land plants and of
algae; the specimens of land plants collected by him are presen-ed
in the University of Goettingen and a set of duplicates at the
Berlin Botanical Museum. His collections of algae are presen'ed
in the herbarium of the Senckenberg Society at Frankfurt. Ger-
many, and there is a set of them in the Dublin Botanical Garden
and some in the Berlin Botanical IMuseum.

548 COLLECTIONS.

7. Moseley, H. N. Serving as naturalist of the Challenger Expedition,

1872-1876, Moseley collected extensively in Bermuda in 1873; his
specimens are to be found in the Kew Herbarium and in the her-
barium of the British Museum of Natural History.

8. Lefroy, J. H. During the period between 1871 and 1877, Lefroy was

Governor of Bermuda; he made large botanical collections, most of
which are jDreserved in the Kew Herbarium, and there are some of
his specimens in the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.

9. Reade, 0. A. Reade was pharmacist at the Naval Hospital about the

year 1880, and made botanical collections; a few of his specimens
are to be found in the Kew Herbarium and a few of his ferns are
in the Underwood Fern Herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden ; presumably his collections were extensive, as his " Plants
of Bermuda," published in 1883, is hitherto the only descriptive
flora of the islands printed; I have been unable to ascertain if his
own herbarium still exists.

10. Farlow, W. G-. Extensive collections, mostly of cryptogams, were

made in Bermuda by Farlow in the years 1880 and 1881, and these
are preserved in the Crj^ptogamic Herbarium of Harvard Univer-
sity, and some duplicates are in the herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden.

11. Kemp, J. F. Especially interested in geology, Kemp visited Bermuda

in 1885, and made a botanical collection of 50 species, preserved in
the herbarium of Columbia University.

12. Gilbert, B. D. A diligent student of ferns, Gilbert collected these

plants particularly in Bermuda, in the year 1898; a set of them is
preserved in the Underwood Fern Herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden, and others in the United States National Museum
and in the Gray Herbarium.

13. Millspaugh, C. F. Accompanying a West Indian voyage of the yacht

"Utowana," in the winter of 1898-99, Millspaugh touched at Ber-
muda and made a botanical collection, which is preserved in the
herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History; a few dupli-
cates are in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

14. Richards, H. M. In the winter of 1898 Richards made collections of

algae and other plants, preserved at Barnard College, and at other
institutions.

15. Small, H. B. A resident of Bermuda for many years, and author of

several documents on its flora, Small informed me in 1913 that he

COLLECTIONS. 549

made a collection of several hundred specimens prior to 1900, which
was sent to England.

16. Howe, M. A. For the special purpose of collecting; and sludyinp:

algae, How^e visited Bermuda in the -summer of 1900; he obtained
rich collections of these plants and also many land cryptogams; a
complete series is preserved in the herbarium of the Xew York
Botanical Garden and some duplicates 'have been sent to students
at other institutions.

17. Moore, A. H. Moore visited Bermuda in the summer of 1905, and

collected specimens of several hundred species, which were added to
his own herbarium ; there is a partial set in the Gray Herbarium ; a
few duplicates were sent to the New York Botanical Garden.

18. Brown, S., and Britton, N. L. Through cooperation of the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the New York Botanical
Garden, aided by officials of the Bermuda Agricultural Station, col-
lection and study of the Bermuda flora were taken up in 1905, and
continued at intervals up to 1913. Mrs. Britton was a member of
the expedition of 1905 and of one in the summer of 1912. Brown
made collections alone during the winter of 1908 and in the spring
of 1909. During a second trip made in 1912, F. J. Seaver was a
member and made extensive collections of fungi; during the trip of
1913, Peter Bisset, of the United States Department of Agriculture,
aided in the field work. The collections made have been divided
between the New York Botanical Garden and the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; partial duplicate sets have been
sent to the United States National Museum, to the Bermuda Agri-
cultural Station, to the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, to
the Missouri Botanical Garden, to the Royal Gardens at Kew, and
to the herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History and a few
specimens to other institutions.

19. Marble, Delia W. In 1909, Miss Marble made collections from March

to May, and her specimens of So species are presented in the her-
barium of the New York Botanical Garden; a few duplicates have
been sent to other institutions.

20. Harris, T. J. During 1905 and subsequent years, while sending as

Superintendent of the Agricultural Station, Han'is collected many
botanical specimens, which form a part of the herbarium of the
Station, and duplicates w^re sent to the New York Botanical
Garden.

550 COLLECTIONS.

21. Flynn, Nellie F. Mrs. Flynn, Treasurer of the Vermont Botanical

Club, made a collection of botanical specimens in the spring of
1910, which is part of her private herbarium; a partial set of
duplicates is preserved in the herbarium of the New York Botan-
ical Garden.

22. Dodge, B. 0. For mycological studies, Dodge visited Bermuda in the

summer of 1911, accompanied by his wife ; they obtained specimens
of about 40 species of fungi, which are preserved in the herbaria of
Columbia University and the New York Botanical Garden.

23. Stevens, Miss M. The herbarium of the Bermuda Agricultural Sta-

tion contains a collection of plants made by Miss M. Stevens in the
spring of 1913.

24. Collins, F. S., and Hervey, A. B. During recent years, both Collins

and Hervey have spent much time in collecting and studying Ber-
muda plants, more especially the algae, complete collections of which
are preserved in their herbaria, and there is a nearly complete set in
the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden; the land plants
collected by Collins are preserved at the Gray Herbarium of Har-
vard University, with a nearly complete set at the New York
Botanical Garden.

25. Wortley, E. J. During recent years, while serving as Director of

Agriculture, Wortley has collected botanical specimens, preserved
in the herbarium of the Agricultural Station and at the New York
Botanical Garden.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Acaulescent. With stem subterra-
nean, or nearly so.

Accumbent. Cotyledons with mar-
gins folded against the hypocotyl.

Achene. A dry one-seeded indehis-
cent fruit with the pericarp tightly
fitting around the seed.

Acicular. Needle-shaped.

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to
the apex.

Acute. Sharp-pointed.

Adnate. An organ adhering to a
contiguous differing one; an anther
attached longitudinally to the end
of the filament.

Adventive. Not indigenous, but ap-
parently becoming naturalized.

Albumen. See Endosperm<.

Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or
odor.

Alopecuroid. Eesembling a foxtail.

Alternate. Not opposite; with a
single leaf at each node.

Alveolate. Like honeycomb; closely
pitted.

Ament. A spike of imperfect flow-
ers subtended by scarious bracts,
as in the willows.

Amphibious. At times inhabiting
the water.

Amphitropous. Term applied to the
partly inverted ovule.

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem, or
other axis.

Anastomosing. Connecting so as to
form a well-defined network.

Anatropous. Applied to an inverted
ovule with the micropyle very near
the hilum.

Androgynous. Flower-clusters having
staminate and pistillate flowers.

Angiospermous. Pertaining to the
Angiospermae ; bearing seeds within
a pericarp..

Annulate. Ring-shaped or showing
rings.

Anther. The part of the stamen
which contains the pollen.

Antherid (Antheridium). The male
organ of reproduction in Pterido-
phyta, Bryophyta and certain
Fungi and Algae.

Anthesis. Period of flowering.

Apetaloiis. Without a corolla.

Apical. At the top, or referring to
the top.

Apiculate. With a minute pointed
tip.

Aplanospore. A non-motile and non-
sexual cell, formed endogenously
or by rejuvenescence and set free
for propagation.

Apothecium (Apothecia). The disk-
shaped organ bearing spore-sacs in
some lichens.

Appressed. Lying against another
organ.

Arborescent. Tree-like, in size or
shape.

Archegone. The female reproduc-
tive organ in Pteridophyta and
Bryophyta.

Areolate. Reticulated.

Areolation. The system of meshes
in a network of veins.

Areole. A mesh in a network of
veins.

Aril. A fleshy organ growing about
the hilum.

Arillate. Provided with an aril.

Aristate. Tipped by an awn or
bristle.

Aristulate. Diminutive of aristate.

Ascending. Growing obliquely up-
ward, or upcurved.

Ascus (Asci). A sac containing
spores.

Asexual. Without sex.

Assurgent. See Ascending.

Auricled (Auriculate) . With basal,
ear-like lobes.

Auxiliary cell. A specialized cell, in
certain Red Algae, in which a fer-
tilized egg or one of its descendant
nuclei finds lodgment and develops
into a cystocarp.

Awn. A slender bristle-like organ.

Axil. The point on a stem immedi-
ately above the base of a leaf.

Axile. In the axis of an organ.

Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to,
an axil.

Baccate. Berry-like.

552

GLOSSAEY OF SPECIAL TEEMS.

Barhellate. Furnislied with minute
barbs.

Basifixed. Attached by the base.

Berry. A fruit with pericarp wholly
pulpy.

Bilabiate. With two lips.

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.

Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid.

Blade. The flat expanded part of a
leaf or a petal.

Bract. A leaf, usually small, sub-
tending a flower or flower-cluster,
or a sporange.

Bracteate. With bracts.

Bracteolate. Having bractlets.

Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne
on a pedicel, or immediately be-
neath a flower; sometimes applied
to minute bracts.

Bulb: A bud with fleshy scales, usu-
ally subterranean.

Bulhlet. A small bulb, especially
those borne on leaves, or in their
axils.

Bulbous. Similar to a bulb; bearing
bulbs.

Caducous. Falling away very soon
after development.

Caespitose. Growing in tufts.

Calcified. Coated or permeated with
lime.

Callosity. A small, hard protuber-
ance.

Callus. An extension of the inner
scale of a grass spikelet; a pro-
tuberance.

Calyx. The outer of two series of
floral leaves.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped.

Campylotropous. Term applied to
the curved ovule.

Cancellate. Eeticulated, with the
meshes sunken.

Canescent. With gray or hoary fine
pubescence.

Canaliculate. Channelled ; longitu-
dinally grooved.

Capitate. Arranged in a head ; knob-
like.

Capsular. Pertaining to or like a
capsule.

Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels
or more, usually dehiscent by
valves or teeth.

Carinate. Keeled ; with a longitudinal
ridge.

Carpel. The modified leaf forming
the ovary, or a part of a compound
ovary.

Caruncle. An appendage to a seed
at the hilum.

Carunculate. With a caruncle.

Caryopsis. The grain; fruit of
grasses, with a thin pericarp ad-
herent to the seed.

Caudate. With a slender tail-like ap-
pendage.

Caudex. The persistent base of peren-
nial herbs, usually only the part
above ground.

Caudicle. Stalk of a pollen-mass in
the Orchid and Milkweed families.

CauJine. Pertaining to the stem.

Cell. A cavity, of an anther or ovary;
a microscopic protoplasmic unit.

Cespitose. (See Caespitose.)

Chaff. Thin dry scales.

CJialasa. The base of the ovule.

Chartaceous. Papery in texture.

Chlorophyll. Green coloring matter
of plants.

Chlorophyllous. Containing chloro-
phyll.

Chromatophore. A specialized color-
bearing protoplasmic body.

Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Cilium. A hair.

Cinereous. Ashy ; ashy-colored.

Circinnate. €oiled downward from
the apex.

Circumscissile. Transversely dehis-
cent, the top falling away as a lid.

Clavate. Club-shaped.

Cleistogamous. Flowers which do not
open, but are pollinated from their
own anthers.

Cleft. Cut about halfway to the mid-
vein.

Clinandrium. Cavity between the an-
ther-sacs in orchids.

Cochleate. Like a snail shell.

Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of
some seeds.

Commissure. The contiguous sur-
faces of two carpels.

Conceptacle. A cavity containing re-
productive cells and opening out-
wards.

Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise.

Confluent. Blended together.

Connate. Similar organs more or less
united.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

663

Connective. The end of the filament,
between the anther-sacs.

Connivent. Converging.

Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up
longitudinally.

CoraUoid. Resembling coral.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Corm. A swollen, fleshy base of a
stem.

Corolla. The inner of two series of
floral leaves.

Corona; Crown. An appendage of
the corolla; a crown-like margin at
the top of an organ.

Coroniform. Crown-like.

Cortex. The bark, rind, or super-
ficial layer of tissue.

Cortical. Pertaining to the cortex.

Corymb. A convex or flat-topped
flower-cluster of the racemose type,
with pedicels of rays arising from
different points on the axis.

Corymbose. Borne in corymbs; cor-
ymb-like.

Costate. Ribbed.

Cotyledon. A rudimentary leaf of
the embryo.

Crenate. Scalloped; with rounded
teeth.

Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate.

Crustaceous. Crustose. Hard and
brittle; crust-like.

Cryptostoma. A small superficial pit,
bearing hairs or paraphyses, in cer-
tain Algae.

Cucullate. Hooded, or resembling a
hood.

Culm. The stem of grasses and
sedges.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.

Cusp. A sharp stiff point.

Cuspidate. iSharp-pointed ; ending in
a cusp.

Cyme. A convex or flat flower-clus-
ter of the determinate type, the
central flowers first unfolding.

Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme-
like.
Cystocarp. A multicellular spore-bear-
ing body of sexual origin, in the
Red Algae.
Deciduous. Falling away at the close

of the growing period.
Decompound. More than once di-
vided.

Decumbent. Stems or branches in an
inclined position, but the end as-
cending.

Dccurrent. Applied to the prolonga-
tion of an organ, or part of an or-
gan running along the sides of an-
other.

Decussate. In alternating pairs,
crossing at right angles.

Defiexed. Turned abruptly down-
ward.

Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary,
anther-sac or sporange to emit the
contents.

Dehiscent. Opening to emit the con-
tents.

Deltoid. Broadly triangular, like the
Greek letter delta.

Dentate. Toothed, especially with
outwardly projecting teeth.

Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate.

Depauperate. Impoverished, small.

Depressed. Vertically flattened.

Dextrorse. Spirally ascending to the
right.

Diadelphous. Stamens united into
two sets.

Diandrous. Having two stamens.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly into
two nearly equal branches or seg-
ments.

Dicotyledonous. With two cotyle
dons.

Didymous. Twin-like; of two nearly
equal segments.

Diffuse. Loosely spreading.

Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers
spread.

Dimorphous. Of two forms.

Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers
or antherids on one plant, and pis-
tillate flowers or arehegones on an-
other of the same species.

Dio icons. (See Dioecious.)

Discoid. Heads of Compositae com-
posed only of tubular flowers; ray-
less; like a disk.

Disl: An enlargement or prolonga-
tion of the receptacle of a flower
around the base of the pistil; the
head of tubular flowers in Com-
positae.

Dissected. Divided into many seg-
ments or lobes.

Dissepiment. A partition-wall of an
ovary or fruit.

554

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Distal. Pertaining to the outer or
apical part or part away from point
of attachment.
Distichous. Arranged in two rows.
Distinct. Separate from each other;

evident.
Divaricate. Diverging at a wide

angle.
Divided. Cleft to the base or to the

mid-nerve.
Dorsal. On the back, pertaining to

the back.
Drupaceous. Drupe-like.
Drupe. A simple fruit, usually inde-
hiscent, with fleshy exocarp and
bony endocarp.
Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe.
Echinate. Prickly.
Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in

section.
Elliptic. "With the outline of an el-
lipse ; oval.
Emarginate. Notched at the apex.
Embryo. A rudimentary plant in the

seed.

Emhryo-sac. The macrospore of the

flowering plants, contained in the

ovule.

Endemic. Growing naturally only

within a definite geograpTiic area.

Endocarp. The inner layer of the

pericarp.
Endogenous. Forming neW tissue

within.
Endosperm. The substance surround-
ing the embryo of a seed ; albumen.
Ensiform. Shaped like a broadsword.
Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or

teeth.
Ephemeral. Continuing for only a

day or less.
Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on

the upper part of the ovary.
Epiphytic. Growing on other plants,

but not parasitic.
Equitant. Folded around each other;

straddling.
Erose. Irregularly margined, as if

gnawed.
Evanescent. Early disappearing.
Evergreen. Bearing green leaves

throughout the year.
Excurrent. With a tip projecting be-
yond the main part of the organ.
Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers.
Exocarp. The outer layer of the peri-
carp.

Exogenous. Forming new tissue out-
side the older.
Exserted. Prolonged past surround-
ing organs.

Exstipidate. Without stipules.

Extrorse. Facing upward.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped.

Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing
starch.

Fascicle. A dense cluster.

Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters,

Fastigiate. Stems or branches which
are nearly erect and close together.

Fenestrate. With window-like mark-
ings.

Fertile. Bearing spores, or bearing
seed.

Fertilisation. The mingling of the
contents of a male and female cell.

Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust.

Fetid. Ill-smelling.

FibriUose. With fibres or fibre-like
organs.

Filament. The stalk of an anther, the
two forming the stamen; any
thread-like structure.

Filamentous. Composed of thread-
like structures; thread-like.

Filiform. Thread-like.

Fimbriate. With fringed edges.

Fimbrillate. Minutely fringed.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindric.

Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged
like the sticks of a fan.

Flaccid. Lax; weak.

Flexuous. Alternately bent in differ-
ent directions.

Floccose. With loose tufts of wool-
like hairs.

Foliaceous. Similar to leaves.

Foliolate. With separate leaflets.

Foliose. Leaf-like.

Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent
along one suture.

Follicular. Similar to a follicle.

Forcipate. Forking and connivent,
like a pair of forceps.

Foveate. Foveolate. More or less
pitted.

Free. Separate from other organs;
not adnate.

Frond. The leaves of ferns.

Frutescent. Fruticose. More or less
shrub-like.

Fugacious. Falling soon after devel-
opment.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

566

Fugitive. Plants not native, but oc-
curring here and there, without
direct evidence of becoming estab-
lished.
Funiculus. The stalk of an ovule or

seed.
Fuscous. Dusky, grayish brown.
Fusiform. Spindle-shaped.
Galea. A hood-like part of a perianth

or corolla.
Galeate. With a galea.
Gametangium. A gamete-bearing or-
gan.
Gamete. A unisexual protoplasmic

body, commonly microscopic.
Gameiophyte. The sexual generation

of plants.
Gamopetalous. "With petals more or

less united.
Gemma. A bud-like propagative or-
gan.
Gibbous. Enlarged or swollen on one

side.
Glabrate. Nearly without hairs.
Glabrous. Devoid of hairs.
Gladiate. Like a sword-blade.
Gland. A secreting cell, or group of

cells.
Glandular. With glands, or gland-
like.
Glaucous. Covered with a fine bluish

or white bloom; bluish-hoary.
Globose. Spherical or nearly so.
Glomerate. In a compact cluster.
Glomerule. A dense capitate cyme.
Glumaceous. Resembling glumes.
Glume. The scaly bracts of the spike-
lets of grasses and sedges.
Granulose. Composed of grains.
Gregarious. Growing in groups or

colonies.
Gynobase. A prolongation or enlarge-
ment of the receptacle supporting
the ovary.
Habit. General aspect.
Habitat. A plant 's natural place of

growth.
Hastate. Halberd-shaped; like sagit-
tate; but with the basal lobes di-
verging.
Haustoria. The specialized roots of

parasites.
Head. A dense round cluster of ses-
sile or nearly sessile flowers.
Herbaceous. Leaf-like in texture and
color, pertaining to an herb.

Heterocyst. An enlarged, commonly
inert, often yellowish cell, in cer-
tain filamentous Algae.
Hilum. The scar or area of attach-
ment of a seed or ovule.
Hirsute. With rather coarse stiff

hairs.
Hispid. With bristly stiff hairs.
Hispiduloiis. Diminutive of hispid.
Hyaline. Thin and translucent.
Hypocotyl. The rudimentary stem of

the embryo; also terme«l radicle.
Hypogynium. Organ supporting the

ovary in some seilges.
Hypogynous. Borne at the base of

the ovary, or below.
Imbricated. Overlapping.
Imperfect. Elowers with either sta-
mens or pistils, not with both.
Incised. Cut into sharp lobes.
Included. Not projecting beyond sur-
rounding parts.
Incumbent. With the back against

the hypocotyl.
Indehiscent. Not opening.
Indusium. The membrane covering a

sorus.
Inequilateral. Unequal-sided.
Inferior. Relating 4o an organ which
arises or is situated below another.
Inflexed. Abruptly bent inward.
Inflorescence. The flowering part of
plants; its mode of arrangement.
Integument. A coat or protecting

layer.
Internode. Portion of a stem or
branch between two successive
nodes.
Introrse. Facing inward.
Involucel. A secondary involucre.
Involucrate. With an involucre, or

like one.
Involucre. A whorl of bracts sub-
tending a flower or flower-clu«ter.
Involute. Rolled inwardly.
Irregular. A flower in which one or
more of the organs of the same
series are unlike the others.
Isidiose. Lichenological term for wart-
like excrescences.
Labiate. Provided with a lip-like or-
gan; belonging to the family La-
biatac.
Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or

segments.
Lacunose. Showing perforations or
depressions.

656

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Lamina. The blade of a leaf, a leaf-
like expansion, or a layer.

Lanceolate. Considerably longer than
broad, tapering upward from the
middle or below; lance-shaped.

Latex. The milky sap of certain
plants.

Leaflet. One of the divisions of a
compound leaf.

Legume. A simple dry fruit dehis-
cent along both sutures.

Lenticular. Lens-shaped.

Ligulate. Provided with or resem-
bling a ligule.

Ligule. A strap-shaped organ, as the
rays in Compositae.

Limb. The expanded part of a petal,
sepal, or gamopetalous corolla.

Linear. Elongated and narrow with
sides nearly parallel.

Lineolate. With fine or obscure lines.

Lobed. Divided to about the middle.

Lohule. A small lobe.

Lament. A jointed legume, usually
constricted between the seeds.

Loculicidal. Applied to capsules which
split longitudinally.

Lodicules. Minute hyaline scales sub-
tending the flower in grasses.

Lunate. Crescent-shaped.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the terminal
lobe or segment considerably larger
than the others.

Macrosporange. Sporange containing
macrospores.

Macrospore. The larger of two kinds
of spores borne by a plant, usually
giving rise to a female prothallium.

Mammillate. Having breast-shaped or
teat-like processes.

Morcescent. Withering but remain-
ing attached.

Medulla. The pith, the axillary or
middle tissue.

Medullary. Pertaining to the pith or
medulla.

Mericarp. One of the carpels of the
Umbelliferae.

Mesocarp. The middle layer of a
pericarp.

Micropyle. Orifice of the ovule, and
corresponding point on the seed.

Microsporange. Sporange containing
microspores.

Microspore. The smaller of two kinds
of spores borne by a plant, usually
giving rise to a male prothallium;
pollen-grain.

Midvein (Midrib). The central vein
or rib of a leaf or other organ.

MonadelpJious. Stamens united by
their filaments.

Moniliform. Like a string of beads.

Monoecious. Bearing stamens and
pistils on the same plant, but in
different flowers.

Monoicous. (See Monoecious.)

Monosiphonous. Of a single series
of cells, end to end.

Monstrous. Unusual or deformed.

Mucronate. With a short sharp ab-
rupt tip.

Mucronulate. Diminutive of mucro-
nate.

Muricate. Roughened with short hard
processes.

Muriform. Like bricks in a wall.

Muticous. Pointless, or blunt.

Mycelium. The vegetative part of a
fungus.

Nalced. Lacking organs or parts
which are normally present in re-
lated species or genera.

Naturalised. Plants not indigenous
to the region, but so firmly estab-
lished as to have become part of
the flora.

Nectary. A sugar-secreting organ.

Nematliecium. A wart-like elevation,
in certain Algae, containing tetra-
spores or other reproductive cells.

Nitent. Shining, polished, glistening.

Node. The junction of two inter-
nodes of a stem or branch, often
hard or swollen, at which a leaf or
leaves are usually borne.

Nodose. Similar to nodes or joints;
knotty.

Nodulose. Diminutive of nodose.

Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit
with a hard or bony pericarp.

Nutlet. Diminutive of nut.

Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Inverse of lanceolate.

Oblong. Longer than broad, with the
sides nearly parallel, or somewhat
curving.

Obovate. Inversely ovate.

Gbovoid. Inversely ovoid.

Obsolete. Not evident; gone, rudi-
mentary, or vestigial.

Obtuse. Blunt, or rounded.

Ochreae. The sheathing united stip-
ules of Polygonaceae.

Ochreolae. The ochreae subtending
flowers in the Polygonaceae.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

557

Ochroleucous. Yellowish white.
Olivaceous. Olive-green.
Oosphere. The cell of the archegone
which is fertilized by spermato-
zoids.
Operculate. With an operculum.
Operculum. A lid.
Orbicular. Appro>dmately circular in

outline.
Orthotropous. Term applied to the
straight ovule, having the hilum at
one end and the micropyle at the
other.
Ostiole. A little orifice.
Ovary. The ovule-bearing part of the

pistil.
Ovate. In outline like a longitudinal

section of a hen 's egg.
Ovoid. Shaped like a hen 's egg.
Ovule. The macrosporange of flower-
ing plants, becoming the seed on
maturing.
Palate. The projection from the
lower lip of two-lipped personate
corollas.
Palet. A bract-like organ enclosing
or subtending the flower in grasses.
Palmate. Diverging radiately like

the fingers.
Panicle. A compound flower-cluster
of the racemose type, or cluster of
sporanges.
Paniculate. Borne in panicles or re-
sembling a panicle.
Papilionaceous. Term applied to the
irregular flower of the Pea Family.
Papillose. With minute blunt pro-
jections.
Pappus. The bris-tles, awns, teeth,
etc., surmounting the achene in the
'Chicory and Thistle Families.
Parasitic. Growing upon other plants

and absorbing their juices.
Parietal. Borne along the wall of the

ovary, or pertaining to it.
Parted. Deeply cleft.
Patent. Spreading, open.
Pectinate. Comb-like.
Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a

flower-cluster, or of a sporange.
Peduncle. Stalk of a flower, or a

flower-cluster, or a sporocarp.
Pedunculate. With a peduncle.
Peltate. Shield-shaped; a flat organ

with a stalk on its lower surface.
Penicillate. With a tuft of hairs or
hair-like branches.

Perfect. Flowers with both stamens

and pistils.
Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the

stem as to appear as if pierced by it.
Perianth. The modified floral leaves

(sepals or petals), regarded collec-
tively.
Pericarp. The wall of the fruit, or

seed-vessel.
Pericentral. Surrounding the central

axis.
Perigynium. The utricle enclosing

the ovary or achene in the genus

Carex.
Perigynoiis. Borne on the perianth,

around the ovary.
Peripheral. Pertaining to the i)eri])li-

ery.
Perithecium (Pcrithecia). An organ

containing spore-sacs.
Persistent. Organs remaining at-
tached to tho^e bearing them after

the growing period.
Petal. One of the leaves' of the co-
rolla.
Petaloid. Similar to petals ; petal-
like.
Petiolate. With a petiole.
Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet.
Petiole. The stalk of the leaf.
Phyllode. A bladeless petiole or

rachis.
Pilose. With long soft hairs.
Pinna. A primary division of a pin-

nately compound leaf.
Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets

or segments along a common axis.
Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the

middle or bej'ond,
Pinnide. A division of a pinna.
Pistil. The central organ of a flower

containing the macrosjioranges

(ovules).
Pistillate. With pistils; and usually

employed in the sense of without

stamens.
Placenta. An ovule-bearing surface.
Plicate. Folded into plaits, like a

fan.
Plumose. Resembling a plume or

feather.
Plumule. The rudimentary terminal

bud of the embryo.
Plurilocular. Having many colls or

compartments.
Podetium (Podctia). Stalk-like or-
gans in certain lichens.

558

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Pollen. Pollen-grain. See Micro-
spore.

Pollinia. The pollen-masses of the
Orchid and Milkweed Families.

Polygamous. Bearing both perfect
and imperfect flowers.

Polypetalous. With separate petals.

Polysiphonous. Consisting of bundles
of parallel cells.

Polysporangium. A sporangium con-
taining many spores.

Pome. The fleshy fruit of the Apple
Family,

Procarp. The female reproductive
organ of the Red Algae.

Procumbent. Trailing or lying on
the ground.

Proliferous. Producing ofi'shoots.

Prophylla. Bractlets.

Prothallium. The sexual generation
of Pteridophyta.

Proximal. Pertaining to the inner or
basal part, or the part near the
point of attachment.

Pseudoparenchyma. A compact tis-
sue, in Fungi and Algae, formed
by closely interlaced or united fila-
ments.

Puherulent. With very short hairs.

Pubescent. With hairs.

Punctate. With translucent dots or
pits.

Pungent. With a sharp stiff tip.

Pyriform. Pear-shaped.

Eaceme. An elongated determinate
flower-cluster with each flower pedi-
celled.

Bacemose. In racemes, or resembling
a raceme.

Eachilla. The axis of the spikelet in

Bachis. The axis of a compound leaf,
or of a spike or raceme.

Badiant. With the marginal flowers
enlarged and ray-like.

Eadiate. With ray-flowers; radiat-
ing.

Eadicle. The rudimentary stem of
the embryo; hypocotyl.

Badicular. Pertaining to the radicle
or hypocotyl.

Eamulose. Having many small
branches.

Eamulus. A little branch or a
branchlet of the ultimate order.

Eaphe (EJiapJie). The ridge connect-
ing the hilum and chalaza of an
anatropous or amphitropous ovule;

the ridge on the sporocarp of Mar-
silea.

Bay. One of the peduncles or
branches of an umbel; the flat
marginal flowers in Compositae.

Beceptacle. The end of the flower
stalk, bearing the floral organs; or,
in Compositae, bearing the flowers;
also, in some ferns, an axis bearing
sporanges.

Eecurved. Curved backward.

Beflexed. Bent backward abruptly.

Begular. Having the members of
each part alike in size and shape.

Beniform. Kidney-shaped.

Bepand. With a somewhat wavy mar-
gin.

Beticulate. Arranged as a network.

Betrorse. Turned backward or down-
ward.

Betuse. With a shallow notch at the
end.

Bevolute. Rolled backward.

Bhachis. See Bachis.

BMzoid. A root-like filament in the
lower plants.

Bhisome. See Bootstocl\

BootstocJc. A subterranean stem, or
part of one.

Bingent. The gaping mouth of a
two-lipped corolla.

Bostellum. Beak of the style in Or-
chids.

Bostrate. With a beak.

Bosulate. Like a rosette.

Botate. With a flat round corolla-
limb.

Bugose. Wrinkled.

Buncinate. Sharply pinnatifid, or in-
cised, the lobes or segments turned
backward.

Sac. A pouch, especially the cavities
of anthers.

Saccate. With a pouch or sac.

Sagittate. Like an arrow-head, with
the lobes turned downward.

Samara. A simple indehiscent winged
fruit.

Saprophyte. A plant which grows on
dead organic matter.

Scahrous. Rough.

Scale. A minute, rudimentary or ves-
tigial leaf.

Scape. A leafless or nearly leafless
stem or peduncle, arising from a
subterranean part of a plant, bear-
ing a flower or flower-cluster.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

559

Scapose. Having scapes, or resem-
bling a scape.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and translucent,
not green.

Scorpioid. Coiled up in the bud, or
in the beginning of growth, un-
rolling in expanding.

Secund. Borne along one side of an
axis.

Segment. A division of a leaf or
fruit.

Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx.

Septate. Provided with partitions.

Septicidal. A capsule which splits
longitudinally into and through its
dissepiments.

Serrate. With teeth projecting for-
ward.

Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate; ser-
rate with small teeth.

Sessile. Without a stalk.

Setaceous. Bristle-like.

Setose. Bristly.

Silicle. A silique much longer than
wide.

Silique. An elongated two-valved
capsular fruit, with two parietal
placentae, usually dehiscent.

Sinuate. With strongly wavy mar-
gins.

Sinuous. In form like the path of a
snake.

Sinus. The space between the lobes
of a leaf.

Siphon. One of the usually elongate
cells occurring in bundles and form-
ing the thallus or its axis in cer-
tain Red Algae.

Soralium (Soralia). Powder-like pus-
tules in lichens.

Soredium (Soredia). In lichens,
small clusters of algal and fungal
cells.

Sorus (Sori). A group or cluster of
sporanges; a heap of spores; a cir-
cumscribed superficial bed or ma-
trix, including reproductive cells.

Spadiceous. Like or pertaining to a
spadix.

Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers.

Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe.

SpatJie. A bract, usually more or less
concave, subtending a spadix.

Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula;
spoon-shaped.

Spermatozoids. Cells developed in the
antherid, for the fertilization of the
oosphere.

Spicate. Arranged in a spike; like a
spike.

Spike. An elongated flower-cluster or
cluster of sporanges, with sessile or
nearly sessile flowers or sporanges,

Spikelet. Diminutive of spike; espe-
cially applied to flower-clusters of
grasses and sedges,

Spinose. With spines, or similar to
spines.

Spimile. A small sharp projection.

Spinulose. With small sharp proc-
esses or spines.

Sporange{ium). A sac containing
spores.

Spore. An asexual propagative cell.

Sporocarp. Organ containing spo-
ranges or sori ; a few- or many-
celled spore-bearing body of sex-
ual origin.

Sporogenous. Generating or bearing
spores.

Sporophi/te. The asexual generation
of plants.

Spreading. Diverging nearly at right
angles; nearly prostrate.

Spur. A hollow projection from a
floral organ.

Squarrose. With spreading or pro-
jecting parts.

Stamen. The organ of a flower which
bears the macrospores (pollen-
grains).

Stami)wdium. A sterile stamen, or
other organ in the position of a
stamen.

Standard. The upper, usually broad,
petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Stellate. Star-like.

Sterigmata. The projections from
twigs, bearing the leaves, in some
genera of Pinaceae.

Sterile. Without spores, or without
seed.

Stichidium. A specialized branch
bearing tetrasj^orangia, in the Red
Algae.

Stigma. The summit or side of the
pistil to which pollon-grains become
attached.

Stipe. The stalk of an organ.

Stipitatc. Provided with a stipe.

Stipules. Appendages to the base of
a petiole, often adnate to it.

Stipidate. With stipules.

Stolon. A basal branch rooting at
the nodes.

660

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

Stoloniferous. Producing or bearing
stolons.

Stoma (Stomata). The transpiring
orifices in the epidermis of plants.

Strict. Straight and erect.

Strigose. With appressed or ascend-
ing stiff hairs.

Stroma.

StropJiiole. An appendage to a seed
at the hilum.

Stropliiolate. With a strophiole.

Style. The narrow top of the ovary.

Stylopodium. The expanded base of
a style.

Subacute. Somewhat acute.

Subcordate. Somewhat heart-shaped.

Subcoriaceous. Approaching leathery
in texture.

Subfalcate. Somewhat scythe-shaped.

Subligneous. Somewhat woody in tex-
ture.

Subsessile. Nearly sessile.

Substratum. The substance on which
a plant grows.

Subterete. Nearly terete.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Subversatile. Partly or imperfectly
versatile.

Succulent. Soft and juicy.

Suffrutescent. Almost or somewhat
shrubby.

Sulcate. Grooved longitudinally.

Superior. Applied to the ovary when
free from the calyx; or to a calyx
adnate to an ovary.

Suture. A line of splitting or open-
ing.

Symmetrical. Applied to a flower
with its parts of equal numbers.

Syncarp. A fleshy multiple or aggre-
gate fruit.

Tendril. A slender coiling attachment
organ.

Terete. Circular in cross section;
cylindric.

Ternate. Divided into three seg-
ments, or arranged in threes.

Tetradynamous. With four long sta-
mens and two shorter ones.

T etrasporangium. A sporangium con-
taining four spores.

Tetraspore. A spore formed by the
division of the mother-cell into four
parts.

Tetrastichous. Arranged in four
ranks.

Thalline. Pertaining to a thallus.

Thallus. A plant body, usually flat,
showing no differentiation into
stem, leaves, and true roots.

Thyrsoid. Like a thyrsus.

Thyrsus. A compact panicle.

Tomentose. Covered with tomentum.

Tomentulose. Diminutive of tomen-
tose.

Tomentum. Dense matted wool-like
hairs.

Torsion. Twisting of an organ.

Tortuous. Twisted or bent.

Tracheae. The canals or ducts in
woody tissue.

Tracheids. Wood-cells.

Triandrous. With three stamens.

Tricarpous. Composed of three car-
pels.

Trichogyne. The special receptive or-
gan of a procarp.

Trimorphous. Flowers with stamens
of three different lengths or kinds;
in three forms.

Triquetrous. Three-sided, the sides
channeled.

Truncate. Terminated by a nearly
straight edge or surface.

Tuber. A thick short underground
branch or part of a branch.

Tubercle. The persistent base of the
style in some Cyperaceae; a small
tuber.

Tuberculate. With rounded projec-
tions.

Turbinate. Top-shaped.

Uliginous. Inhabiting mud.

UmJjel. A determinate, usually eon-
vex flower-cluster, with all the
pedicels arising from the same
point.

Umbellate. Borne in umbels; resem-
bling an umbel.

Umbellet. A secondary umbel.

Umbelloid. Similar to an umbel.

Uncinate. Hooked, or in form like a
hook.

Undulate. With wavy margins.

Unilocular. Having one cell or com-
partment.

Urceolate. Urn-shaped.

Utricle. A bladder-like organ; a one-
seeded fruit with a loose pericarp;
the sac-like end of one of the cor-
tex-forming filaments of certain
Algae.

Valvate. Meeting by the margins in
the bud, not overlapping; dehis-
cent by valves.

GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS.

561

Vascular. Relating to ducts or ves-
sels.
Vein. One of the branches of the

woody portion of leaves or other

organs.
Veinlet. A branch of a vein.
Velum. A fold of the inner side of

the leaf -base in Isoetes.
Velutinous. Velvety; with dense fine

pubescence.
Venation. The arrangement of veins.
Ventral. Pertaining to the lower or

inner side.
Vernation. The arrangement of leaves

in the bud.
Verrucose. AVarty or wart-like.
Versatile. An anther attached at or

near its middle to the filament.

Verticil. See Whorl.

Verticillate. With three or more
leaves or branches at a node ;
whorled.

Vesicle. A small bladder-like struc-
ture.

Vestigial. In the nature of a vestige
or remnant.

Villous. With long soft hairs, not
matted together.

Virgate. Wand-like.

Wliorl. A group of three similar or-
gans or more, radiating from a
node; Verticil.

Whorled. See Verticillate.

Winged. With a thin expansion or
expansions.

INDEX.

Phyla, Classes, Sub-classes, Orders and Families in Small Capitals.
Specific names and English names in roman.
Synonyms in italia.
Genera in heavy face.

Aaron's Beard, 255
Abelia serrata, 373
Abelmoschus esculentus, 240
Aberia caffra, 248
Abumon africanum, 72
Abutilcn, 232

Abutilon, 233

Aviccnnae, 233

Garden„ 233

pnlchellum, 241

striatum, 233
Acacia arabica, 170

dealbata,. 170

Farnesiana, 170 '

macracautha, 170

North American, 18$

paniculata, 169
Acalypha, 208

hispida, 208

tricolor, 208

Wilkesiana, 209

ACANTHACEAE. 354

Acanthocereus pentagonus,

257
Acanthophoraspicifera,i520
Acanthus Family, 354
Acer Negnndo. 227

palmatnm, 227
Acetdhrilaria creniilata, 499
Acetabulum crenulatum, 499
Achillea, 403

Millefolium. 403
Achimenes picta, 354
Achras mammosa, 285
Achyranthes, 120

amabilis, 121

Beautiful, 121

Bettzickiana, 121

Knotweed, 121

maritima, 121

polygonoides, 121
Acicularia Schrenckii, 499
Acroctiaetium crassipes.lpll

infestans, 511
Acrocomia aculeata, 57
Acrostichum, 416

aurcum. 416

excelsum, 416

lomarioides, 416

Thchipteris, 425
Acuan, 169

virgatum, 169
Adenocarpus commutatus,
187

ielonnensis, 187
Adiantum, 419

bellum, 420

Canillus-Veneris, 420

cuneotum, 420

fragile, 420

hexagonum, 418

tcnerum, 420
Aechmaea polystachya, 66

Violet, 66
Aegira, 505
Aeschynomene, 190
Aes cuius Hippocastanum,

227
Agapanthus umhellatus, 72
Agaricales, 488
Agaricus alphitophorus, 488

belictus, 488
Agave americana, 80

atrovirens, 81

barbadensis, 80

chloracantha, 81

cienfuegosana, 81

decipiens, 81

ferox, 81

fourcroydes, 80

Franzosinii, 81

Karatto, 81

Lecheguilla, 81'

Legrelliana, 81

longipes, 81

lophantha, 81

mexicana, 81

missionum, 81

Morrisii, 81

neglecta, 81

obducta, 81

Scolymus, 81

sisalana, 80

sobolifera, 81

striata. 81

tubulata. 81

Underwoodii. 81

YercVCruz, 81

victoria-reginae, 81

Wercklei, 81

Wightiana. 81

xylonacantha, 81
Ageratum convzoides, 406

Garden, 406

Houstonianum. 406

mexlcanum, 406

Wild, 406
Agrostemma Coelirosa, 134
Ailanthus glandulosa, 204
AiLANTHUs Family, 204
Air Potato, 83

AlZOACEAE, 124

Akee. 226
Albizzia, 173

Lebbeck. 170
Albugo Candida. 483
Alcea rofiva, 240
Alder, Button, 260
Aletris gnineensis, 72

hiiafinthoides, 72
Aleurites moluccana, 219

iriloha, 219

562

Alexanders, 277
Alfalfa, 178
Algae, 489
Algarroba, 170
Allamanda Hendersoni, 294

Schottii, 294
Alligator Pear 141
Allium Cepa, 71

fragrans, 70
Allspice. 263
Almond, 168

Bitter, 168

Demarara, 260

West Indian, 260
Aloe, 70

lingua. 71

soccotrina, 71

Vvaria, 72

vera, 71

vulgaris, 71
Aloes, 71

Bitter, 71

Common, 71
Alopecurus pratensis. 26
Aloysia citriodora, 312
Alpinia nutans, 87

speciosa, 87
Alsixaceae, 127
Alsine, 128

Baldwinii, 128

media, 128

prostrata, 128
Alstroemeria inodora, 82

nemorosa, 82
Alternanthera amaMlis, 121

Beach, 121

maritima, 121
Althaea officinalis, 237 '

rosea, 240

Shrubby, 238
Alyssum maritimum, 148

saxatile, 155

Sweet, 148
Amaranth ACEAE, 119
Amaranth Family. 119
Amaranth, Spiny, 120
Amaranthus, 119

cnudatus, 120

clilorostachys. 120

gangeticus. 120

h.vbridus, 120

melancholicus. 120

retroflexus, 120

spinosus. l20
Amaryllidaceae. 76
Amaryllis Belladonna, 82

equestris, 81

lutea, 82

sarniensis, 82
Amaryllis Family^ 76
Amazon Lily, 82

INDEX.

5G3

Amblystegium, 446

variuru, 447
Ambrosia, 384

arte III isiacfoUa, 385

elatior, 385

}n'tcroij]i;/Uu, 385
Ambrosiaceak, 383
American Ivy, 22{>
Ammi, 277

majus, 277
Ammiaceae^ 271
AmmialeSj 270
Amomis caryophyllata, 263
Anipelopsis q uin q u efoUa.
229

triciispidata, 230

Veitchii. 230
Amphiroa fragilissima, 539
Amygdalaceae, 167
Amygdalus communis, 168

persica, 168
Akacaediaceae, 220
Anacardium occidentale, 222
Anadyomene stellata, 495
Anagallis, 282

arvensis, 282
Anamomis fragrans, 263
Ananas Ananas, 66

sativaj 66
Anchistea, 420

virginica, 421
AndracJine trifoUata, 220
Andropogon, 10

insi'.htris, 18

Schoenanthus, 10

virginicus, 10

Anemone japonica, 140 1

Anemopaegma carrerense,

353 I

Anethum Foeniculuni, 276

gi-aveolens, 276
Angelica Archangelica, 279
Axgiospermae, 2
Anistoclius cupreolata, 353
Annatto, 248
AxxATTO Family, 248
Anxoxaceae^ 136
Annona Cherimolia. 137

muricata, 136

reticulata, 137

squamosa, 137
Anopteris, 418

hexagona, 418
Anthemis, 403

Cotula. 404
Anthoceros, 469

Black-spored, 469

laevis, 469

punctatus, 469

Yellow-spored, 469
Axthocerotaceae, 469
Axthocerotales, 468
Antholyza aethiopica, 85
Anthracothecium tetrasper-

mum, 472
Anthriscus Anthriscus, 279

rulgaris, 279
Anthurium Veitchii, 60
Anthyllis Barba-.Tovis. 1S9
Antigonum leptopus, 114
Antirrhinum CymhaJaria,
345

FAatinc, 345

Lhuirin, 350

majus. 350
Antithamnion cruciatum,

529
Apetalae, 91

Apium, 275

Ammi, 279

(j)\ii(ol( ns, 278

ieptophyllum, 279

peregrinum, 275

Petroselinura, 275
Apocyxaceae, 292
Apple, 166

Custard, 137, 250

Kei, 248

Love, 338

Malay, 264

Mamniee, 246

of Peru, 333

Pine, 66

Pork-fat, 168

Rose, 264

Seven-year, 362

Star, 285

Thorn, 340
Apple Family, 166
Apricot, 168
Apricots, 252
Aquilegia vulgaris. 140
Arabis alpina, 155
Araceae, 59
Arachis hypogaea, 187
A rales, 59
Aralia Guilfoylei, 271

papi/rifcni, 271

Variegated. 271
Araliaceae. 271
Araucaria Bidwillii, 412

exselsa, 412
Arbor-vitae, Asiatic, 411
Archichlamideae, 91
Arctotis, Blue, 407

stoechadifolia, 407
Arcyria, 482
Ardisia acuminata, 284

hioitiUs. 284

fiolanacni. 284
Arduina grandiflora. 295
Areca alha, 58

Catechu, 58
Arecaceae. 56
Arecales, 55
Arenaria, 130

alsinoidcs, 131

lanuginosa, 130

leptoclados, 130

rubra, 131

serpyilifolia. 130
Argemone, 143

mexicana, 144
Argvreia hractrata, 303

Elegant, 303

Roxburghii. 303

speciosa. 303
Argyrolobium. 190
Arisaema triphylhim. 60
Aristolochia argontina, 108

elegans. lo8

trilobata, 108
Arlstolociiiackae, 108
Aristolocmiales. 107
Arjun. 260

Armoracia Armoracia, 155
Arnotto, 248
Aroma. 170
Arrowroot. 88

Two-colored. 88
Arrowroot Family. 87
Artabotrvs odoratissima,

137
Artemisia capillifoUa. 3S7
tcmd folia, 387

Arthonia conferta. 473

poiymorpliu. 473

rubella. 473
Artiio.\l\(kae, 473
Arthothcliuui speclublle.

473
Artichoke. Globe, 4()8

Jt^rusalem. 401
Artillery Plant, 1(»4
Art<K-ariMis inclsa, 1U2

int«'grifolla, lo2

Lakoocha, 102
.4 rum hirolor, iU)

i Htuh ntum, 60

Hdijitttn folium, GO

•frf/uinar, «;<)

trijtiiiillum, 60
Ari.m Family. 50
Arundinaria tecta, 40
Arundo, 29

Donax, 29

tictn, 40

ASCLEPIADACEAE, 295

Asclepias, 296

curassavica. 296

Linari:i. 296

nivea, 296

phifnoctirpa, 297
Ascobolus immersus. 486

stercorarius, 486
Ascocyclus orbicularis. 504
A.SCOMYCKTES. 4n3. 4H4
Ascophanus iiermudensls.
485

granuliformis. 4S6
Ascoi»hyllum nodosum, 5oG
Ascyrum, 245

Cru.r-ait(lrcat , 245

hniirriroidtH. 245

linifolium. 245

macrosepaluin. 245
Ash. European. 290

West Indian. 172
Asparagus. 73

africanu.-^. 73

natalensis. 73

nfricinalis, 73

pluniosus. 73

Sprengeri, 73
Aspidistra lurlda. 73
Aspidium aruUatum, 424

caitcii.sc, 424

curiaiu um, 424

ixaltatum, 420

moJIr, 425

jtat) us. 425

Ttirluptrris, 425
Asplenium. 4 21

riiutarium. 423

en iiuhitum, 423

<]entatum. 422

Franconis. 423

heteroclirtnim. 422

I.atfuuiduutn, 423

Mild»>i. 423

monteverdenso. 4 23

mutiiiiui. 422

muriophuUum . 423

riiiznithidlum, 423

Trirhomatitx, 422
Aster, 391

anuuiin. 392

Blue Wood. 392

cordifolius. .392

fa lea t us. 393

laevls. 392

Scale leaved. 391

Smooth. 392

564

INDEX.

squamatus, 391

trifoUum, 391

TripoHum, 391
Asterina pelliculosa, 485
Astrocaryum, 57
Atamasco Lily, 79

Pink, 79

White, 78

Yellow, 79
Atamosco, 78

Atamasco, 79

bifolia, 79

Eggersiana, 79

rosea, 79

tubispatha, 78
Atriplex, 116

arenai-ia, 117

cristata. 117

hortensis, 117

Sea-beach, 117
Atropa physalodes, 333

AURICL'LARIALES, 488

Avena, 28

fatua, 28

sativa, 29
Avicennia, 319

nitida. 320
Avocaclo Pear, 141
Avrainvillea longicaulis,
501

nigricans, 501
Azalea, 281

Baccharis, 388

glomerulitlora, 388

haUnii folia, 388

hctrrotihiiUa, 388
Bacidia fuscorubella, 475
Bacillarieae, 540
Bacteria, 480
Balloon-vine, 226

Large-flowered, 226

Small-fruited, 226
Balm, 331

Calamint. 328
Balsam, Garden, 194

of Peru, 188

of Tolu, 188

Red, 194
Balsamixaceae, 193
Balsamocarpon brevifolium,

190
Bamboo, Chinese. 41

Low Pole, 41
Bambos glaucescens, 41

vulgaris. 41
Banana, Chinese Dwarf, 88

Plantain, 89

Red, 89

Yellow, 89
Banana Family, 88
Bangia compacta, 510

fuscopurpurea, 510
Bangiaceae. 510
Banyan, 102
Barbadoes Gooseberry, 257

Grape-tree. 113

Lily, 81

Pride, 174
Barberry, European, 140

Thunberg's. 140
Barberry Family. 140
Barhula agraria, 440
Bark, 260
Barleria lupulina, 356

Yellow, 356
Barlev. 40

Little, 39

Barnyard Grass, 20
Basella cordifolia, 119

Red, 119

rubra, 119
Basellaceae^ 118
Basidiomycetes, 486
Basil, 331
Basket Flower, 407
Bastard Cedar, 242
Batatas eduUs, 301
Batophora Oerstedi, 499
Bauhinia monandra, 175

parviflora, 175

racemosa, 175

Vahlii, 175

Yellow, 175
Bay Bean, 185

Bull, 136

Grape, 113

Hops, 185

Rum, 263

Sweet, 141

Tree, 263
Bayberry Family, 95
Beaked-rush, 53
Bean, Bay, 185

Black, 185

Broad, 187

Caper, 199

Castor, 210

French, 183

Hyacinth, 185

Jumbie. 169

Kidney, 183

Lima, 183

Portuguese, 187

Sacred, 135

Six-week. 183

Wild Bermuda, 183

Windsor. 187
Beard-grass, 27

Perennial. 28

Short-awned. 28
Beard-tongue, 350
Bear's-foot. 398
Beaumontia grandiflora,295
Bedstraw, Bermuda, 368

Hairy, 368
Bee-balm, 331
Beech Family, 97
Beefwood. 93
Beefwood Family, 93
Beet, 118

Beggar-ticks. White, 402
Begonia, 254

Cow-parsnip. 254

Elm-leaved, 254

Fire-king, 254

fuchsioides, 254

goegoensis. 254

heracleifolia. 254

hydrocotylifolia, 254

Jamaica, 254

minor, 254

Rex, 254
Begoniaceae, 253
Begonia Family, 253
Begoniales, 253
Belladonna Lily, 82
Benthamia fragifera, 280
Berberidaceae, 140
Berberis Thunbergi, 140

vulgaris, 140
Berbine, 310
Bergamot Lime, 202

Mint, 330
Bermuda Blue-eyed Grass,
84

Buttercup, 196

Cedar, 410

-grass, 36

Iris, 84

Juniper, 410

Snowberry, 362
Bermudiana. 84
Berrya Ammonilla, 231
Beta vulgaris, 118
Betel Nut, 58
Biatora fuscorubescens, 475
Bidens, 401

Icucantha. 402

pilosa, 402
Bignonia buccinatoria, 353

capensis, 351

capreolata, 353

Caracas, 353

ignea, 353

teucoxylon, 352

longissima. 353

obliqua, 353

radicans, 353

Red, 353

serratifolia, 352

stans, 352

tomentosa, 351

venusta, 353

BiGNONIACEAE, 351

Bilimbia Brittoniana, 475
sphaeroidea. 475

Bindweed, Black, 112

Biota orient alls, 411

Bird-of-Paradise Flower. 89

Birthwort. 108

BiRTHWORT Family, 108

Bischofia javanica, 220
trifoliata, 220

Bishop"s-weed. 277

Bitter Orange, 201

Bitterwood, 204

Bixa Orellana. 248

BlXACEAE, 248

Black Bindweed, 112

Ebony, 170

Mangrove. 320

Walnut, 97

Willow. 157
Bladder Senna, 187
Blastenia floridana, 478
BJechniim rirginiciim, 421
Blighia sapida. 226
Blights, 479
Blitum maritimum, 116,

117
Blodgettia Borneti, 497
Blollv, 362
Blood-flower, 296
Blowball, 380
Blue-bottle. 407

Lily, 72

Sailors, 379
Blue-eved Grass, Bermuda,

"84
Blue-grass. Kentucky, 32
Boehmeria, 105

cylindrica. 105
Boerhaavea, 1 23

diffusa, 124

erecta. 124
Bolboxalis, 196

cernua. 196

BOMEACACEAE, 241

Cciha, 241
prutandrut)}. 241

BOMBAX FAillLY. 241

Bontia daphnoides. 357
Boodlea struveoides, 496

INDEX.

.565

Borage, 308

Borage Family. . 306

BORAGINACEAE. 306

Boi-ago officinalis, 308
Borreria, 364

liievis, 365
Borrichia, 300

arborescens, 400

frutescens, 400
Boston Ivy, 230
Bostrychia calamtstrata,
523

Ma;:ei, 523

Montagnei, 523

Sertularia, 523

tenella, 523
Bottle Brush, 264
Bougainvillea glabra, 124

Purple, 124

Red, 124

spectabilis, 124
Bourbon Palm, 57
Boussingaultia, 118

baselloides, 110
Bowstring Hemp, African

Cevlon, 72
Box, 222

Briar, 361
Box-tree, Red, 264
Brachycladia marginata,

513
Bracken, Southern, 419
Bradburya, 187

virginiana, 190
Braise, Long-leaved, 418
Bramble, European, 165
Bramia, 347

:\Ionniera, 348
Brassica, 150

campestris, 151
integrifolia, 151
nigra, 150
oleracea, 151
ginajiistrum. 151
Beassicaceae-, 145
Breadfruit, 102
Breynia nivosa, 220
Bridal Wreath, 119
Brier-bush, 173
Briza, 31

maxima, 31
Bromeliaceae, 65
Bromus, 34

unioloides, 35
Broom, 225

Spanish, 188 ,

Brownea grandiceps, 175
Brugmansia, 339
arborea, 339
Candida. 339
suaveolens. 339
Brunfelsia americana, 342
fallax. 343
Long-flowered, 343
Bryaceae, 442
Bryales, 432
Brvonv, Wild. 377
Bryophyllum, 159
caJf/ciiuim, 159
pinnatum. 159
Bryophyta. 1. 430
Bryopsidaceae, 499
Bryopsis Harveyana, 499
hypnoides. 499
pennata. 500
Brvothamnion SeaforthlL
522

Bryum, 442 I

capillare, 443 |

Criigeri, 443
dichotomum, 443
(jlaticinii, 434
Hair-like, 443
Bryum Family, 442
Buckthorn Family, 228
Buckwheat. 112
Buckwheat Family, 108
Buddleia, 291

americana, 291
madagascariensis, 291
Nccmda, 291
Bucllia canescens, 478
myriocarpa, 478
parasema, 478
Buelliaceae, 478
Bull Bay, 136
Grass, 27
Bulrush, American Great,
48
Olney's, 47
P.unya-bunya, 412
liuphthahnum arborescens,
400
fnitescens, 400
Bur chervil, 279
-grass, 23, 24
-vervain. 313
Burr Bush. 231

Apetalous, 231
Bursa, 154

Bursa-pastoris, 154
Buttercup. Bermuda, 196
Creeping. 138
Meadow. 138
Tall. 138
Butterfly Weed, 296
Button Alder, 260
Button-weed. 365
Buttonwood, 260

Cabbage, 151
Palm. 57
CacaJia aiirantiaca. 408

sonchifolia, 397
Cactaceae. 254

Cactus, Crab, 257
DiUriiii, 255
qrandiporux, 256
Melocactus. 257
Opuntia. 255
Pereskia, 257

Cactus Family. 254

Caesalpinia Crista, 173
Plata. 174
Gilliesii, 174
pulcherrima, 174

Caesalpixaceae, 171

Cajan, 182

Ca.ian, 182

Cajanu's indicus, 182

Cakile, 152

arqualifi, 153
lancpolata. 153
maritima. 153

Calabash. 353
Black. 353

Calabrian Soapwort. 1^^4

Caladium bicolor. 60

Calamint. 328

Calendula officinalis, 408

Calla arthinpica. 60
Lilv. 60

Callicarpa, 319

americana, 319
fcrniilinca, 319

Callistemon hinceoiatus, 204
Caiiithamnion huHHoid* urn,
529

cordatum, 527

corymbosum, 527

llnlliar, 527

Il.iv.-yi. 528

Honhrri, 528
Callitris roliusta. 411

vornicosa. 411
Calociirpum mammosum, 2^:i
Caloglossa Lci.rlpurli. .".18
Calonectriji granulosa. 4.H5

T'mbcllifcrarum. 485
Calonvcti<n .iculpatum, 3o2
Calophyllum, IMO

C.ilaba. 246
CALOI'LACACEAE. 47S

Calosiphonia verticil! if era,

535
Calothrlx scopulorum, 493
Calpurnia a urea, 1K9
Golden. 189
hiHiofiiinr, 189
Caltrop Family, 199
Calvmpi-r.\ce.\e. 436
Calvmpkkes Family. 436
Calypogeia, 460
Cleft. 4n(t
fissa. 460
Camel ina sativa. 155
Camellia j.Mponica, 244
Camomile. Dog's, 4o4

Fetid. 4i»4
Campanulales. 376
Camphor, 141
Camphora Camphora, 141
Campylopus, 433

l)prmudianus. 433
Canary-grass. 25
Canavali, 1 s5
linoata. 185
ohfusiifoUa. 185
Candelabra Plant. 157
Candlel)errv-myrtle, 96
Candlestick Tree, 219
Candytuft. 155

I'urple Annual, 155
White Annual, 155
Cane. Dumb, 60
Grass. 17
Shot. 86
Small. 40
Sugar. 40
Cankpr-root. 283
Canna, 86

cofcinea. 86
edulls. .S6
glauca, 86
Indica, 86
Yellow. 86
Cannace.\e, 86
Canna Family. 86
Cape G()osel>prry. 335
.Tpssamine. 370
-wppd. 312
C.\pi:r Family, 156

CAPl'AltlOACK.VK. 156

Capparis Cynophallophora.

jaiiiairrvKiH^jrii
toruiosa. 157
Capraria. 348

bitlora. 165. 34S

CAPRiroLIACEAR. 3.1

Caprifolium itafirunu •< ' -
ncinprrrircns, 372

666

IXDEX.

Capriola, 36

Dactylon, 36
CapscnaBursa-pcistoriSil54
Capsicum, 338

annuum, 339

baccatum, 338

frutescens, 339
Caracas Willow, 95
Caraguata lingulata, 66
Carara, 147

didyma, 147
Cardinal-flower, 377
Cardiospermum, 225

grandiflorum, 226

Halicacabum, 226

microcarpum, 226
Cardoon. 408
Caeduaceae^ 385
Carex, 54

albolutescens, 55

bermudiana, 55

praealta, 55

pulicaris, 54

Walteriana, 55
Carica, 250

Papaya, 250
Caeicaceae, 250
Caricature Plant, 355
Carludovica palmata, 59
Caraation, 133
Carob-tree, 173
Carolinea princeps, 241
Caepet-weed Family, 124
Carrera Vine, 353
Carrion-flower, 297
Carrot, 279
Caeeot Family. 271
Carthamus laevis, 408

tinctorius, 408
Caeyophyllaceae. 132
Caryota urens, 57
Casasia, 361

clusiifolia. 362
Cashew-nut, 222
Cassava, 212
Cassena, 222
Cassia, 171

alata, 172

bacillaris, 172

-bark, 141

bicapsularis, 172

Climbing, 172

corymbosa, 173

Fistula, 172

florida, 173

glauca, 172

grandis. 173

Great, 173

ligustrina, 171

Many-flowered, 173

occidentalis, 172

siamea. 173

Winged, 172
Casta gnea mediterranean
505

zosterae, 505
Castalia zanzibarensis, 135
Castor-bean, 210

-oil Plant, 210
Casuarina Cunninghamiana,
93
equisetifolia, 93
quadrivalvis, 93
Casuaeinales, 93
Catalpn longissima, 353
Catanella Opuntia, 514

Catchflv, English, 132

Maritime Bladder, 133

Mght-flowering, 133 ^

Nocturnal, 133

Small-flowered, 132
Catharanthus roseus, 293
Catmint, 331
Catnip, 328, 331
Catopodium loUaccum, 34
Cat's-claw, 170
Cat-tail Grass, 25

Narrow-leaved, 4
Cattleya, 91
Caucalis AntJiriscus, 274

nodosa, 274
Caudoxalis Bowieana, 198
Caulerpa arhuscula, 525

crassifolia, 500

cupressoides, 500

prolifera, 500

pusilla, 500

racemosa, 500, 517

sertularioides, 500

verticillata, 500
Cave-fern, Bermuda, 426
Ceanothus, 228
Cecropia peltata, 102
Cedar. Bastard, 242

Bermuda, 410

of Lebanon, 410, 411

Port Orford, 411

Spanish. 205

White, 352
Cedrela odorata, 205
Cedrus libani, 411
Ceiba pentandra, 241
Celasteaceae, 223
Celeri, 278

graveolens, 278
Celery, 278
Celosia argentea, 121

cristata, 121
Celtis, 98

Lamarckiana, 99

mississippiensis, 99

occidentalis, 99

Smallii. 99
Cenchrus, 23

echinatus, 24

tribuloides, 23
Centaurea americana, 407

Cyanus, 407

gymnocarpa, 407

nioschata, 407

Velvety, 407
Centaurium, 292

pulchellum. 292
Centaurv, Branching, 292
Centella, 273

asiatica. 273

repanda. 273
Centipede Plant, 114
Centranthus, 374

macrosiphon, 374

ruber, 375
Centroceras clavulatum, 532
Centroseiva rirginiana, 190
Century Plant. 81

Barbadoes, 81
Cephalanthtis occidentalis,

260
Cephalocereus Brooksianus,
257

leucocephalus, 257
Cephalozia, 458

connivens, 458
Cephaloziella, 458

bvssacea, 459

Ceeamiaceae, 525
Ceramium byssoideum, 531
clavulatum, 533

cruciatum, 531

leptozonum, 531
nitens, 530
tenuissimum, 531, 532

trans icrsale, 531
Ceramothamnion Codii, 531
Cerastium, 129

viscosum, 129

vulgatum. 129
Ceratonia siliqua, 173
Ceeatophyllaceae, 135
Ceratophyllum. 135

demersum, 135
Cerbera, 293

Thevetia, 294
Cercis Siliquastrum. 174
Cerefolium Cerefolium, 279
Cereus compressus, 256

lepidotus, 257

triangularis, 256

tricostatus, 256

undatus, 256
C est rum. Night-blooming,
342

nocturnum, 342

Parqui, 342
Ceylon Lily, 81
Chaerophi/llu m sativu ni,

279
Chaetangiaceae, 512
Chaetochloa, 22

geniculata, 23

magna, 22

verticillata, 22

viridis, 22
Chaetomium, 486
Chaetomorpha brachygona,
498

crassa, 498

Linum, 498

minima, 498
Chain-fern, Virginia, 421
Chair-maker's Rush, 48
Chalcaa exotica, 202
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana,

411
Chamaerops glabra, 56

humilis, 58

Palmetto, 56
Chamaesyce, 212

Blodgettii, 213

buxifolia. 213

hirta, 216

hvpericifolia, 214

hyssopifolia, 215

maculata, 216

Preslii, 214

prostrata. 215
Champia parvula, 517
Changeable Rose. 238
Chantransia corymbifera,
511

Thuretii, 511
Chara foliosa, 504

g limn opus, 504

zei/lanica. 504
Characeab. 504
Charlock, 151

Jointed. 153

White, 153
Charhvoodia australis, 75
Chaste-tree, 320
1 Cheiranthus Cheiri, 155
I incanus, 149

I maritimus, 155

INDEX.

50:

Wild,

Che>'Opodiaceab, 114
Chenopodiales, _^114
Chenopodium, 115
a 11)11111, 115
ambvosioides, H^
unthelminticum, 116
miirale, 116
Cherimoya, 137
Cherry, American
168
Balloon, 334
Cow. 334

Cut-leaved Ground, d^4
French 190
Hairy Ground, 666
Horse, 333
Smooth Ground, 334
Stinging, 199
Surinam, 262
Tomato, 338
West Indian, 199
Chervil, Bur, 279
Garden, 279
Chess, Southern, 3o
Chicken-grass, 63 _
Chickweed, Baldwins, li»
Common, 128
Mouse-ear, 129
Chickweed Family, 127
Chicory, 379
Chicory Family, 378
Chillies. 339
China Tree, 205
Chinese Rose, 238
Chiococca, 362

alba,^ 363 ^^ ^^^

ber^diana. 362, 541
rae^iiosa. 363
Chiodecton Montagnei, 474
Chiodectonaceae, 474
Chloris, 36

vetraea, 37 . .^o
Chlorophora tinctona, lOJ.
Chlorophyceae, 494
Chlorophytum elatum, 72
Chloroxylon Chloroxylon,
202
Snietcnia, 202
Chocho, 376
Chocolate Family, 241
Chondria curvilineata, 519

polyrhiza. 520
Choripetalae, 91
Christmas Bush, 172
Christophine, 376
Chroococcaceae, 492
Chroococcus turgidus, 49^
Chroothece cryptarum, 4J2

Rlchteriana, 492
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens,

57
Chrysanthemum, 404
anethifolium, 406
Annual, 406
carinatum, 406
coronarium. 406
frutescens, 406
Garden, 406
Keeled, 406
Leucanthemum, 405
ma'ximum, 406
morifolium, 406
Parthenium, 405
Chrvsobalanus Icaco, 168
Chrysophyllum Cainito,285

Chrysymenia pyrifurmis.
517
uvaria, 516
Ciciiorlvceae, 378
Cichorium, 379

Intybus, 379
Cineraria maritima, 396
Cinnamomum Camphora,
141
Cassia, 141
Cinnamon Fern, 415
Cinquefoil. 164
Cissus, 228

discolor, 229
Mottled, 229 ,

sicyoides, 229
West Indian, 229
Cistaceae, 244 j

Cistus laurifolius, 244

monspeliensis, 244 ]
salvifolius, 244
Citharexylum, 316

quadraiKjularc, 316
spinosum, 316
Citron, 202
Citrullus Citrullus, 377

vulgaris, 377 '

Citrus, 201 I

Aurantium, 202
Myaradia, 201
decumana, 202
Lima, 202
Limetta, 202
Limonum, 201
Medica, 201, 202
nobilis, 202
raccmosus, 202
vulgaris. 201
Cladium jamnivcnse, 54
Mariscus, 54
occidcntalis, 54
Cladonia fimbriata, 475
mitrula, 475
pityrea, 475 ^
rangiformis, 4»5
Cladoniaceae, 475
Cladophora catenifera, 497
corallicola, 497
crispula, 497
crvstallina. 497
fracta, 497
fuliginosa. 496
Howei. 497
utriculosa, 497

CLADOPH GRACE AE, 496

Cladophoropsis membrana-

cea, 496. 497
Cladosiphon. 505

mediterraneus, oOo
Clathrus, 488
Clausena excavata, 202
Cleaver-wort. 367
Cleavers, 307
Clematis Flammula, 16\)

Jackmani, 139

iaponica. 139

Sweet. 139
Cleome, 1 .">(>

syuandra. I"*)!

)nutiiphilU(i,^ 150

l)iir<i<tnx, 157

spi'fiosa. 157

si)iin)sa, 157

visr.)s:i. ir,7
Clerodendron, 'MS

(iciih <itiint, 317

Bush.. 318

capitatum, 318

fallnx, 318
iragraus, ;il8
glalu-uiu, 318
Odorous, :il8
Scarl.-t. 318
SiiilioiuinthuH, 320
Thonipsona.'. 318
Climbing Lily. 72
Clinopodium, ;{28

Calamiulha. 32h. 331
Clitoria hrtitiilinini)*, 187

Tt'rnatea. 187
Clove I'ink. 133
Clover, Alsatian, 180
Alsike. 18i»
r.laekseed Hop. 177
Dutch, 181
llunevsuckle, 181
Meadow. 180
rurple. 180
Red, ISO
White. 181
Clusiackae, 246
CLisiA Family. 246
Clypcola maritima, 148
Cobaea scandens, 304
Cocaine Tree, 195
Coccolobis, 113

diversifolia, 113
I plaiyvlada, 114

uvifera. 113
1 Coccothrinax argentea, 58
Cochineel ("actus. 256
Corhlcaria officinalix, 153
Cocklebur, 384
Cockroach Berry, 336

I'oison. 337
Cockspur Grass, 20
Coconut. 57
Cocos nucifera, 57
Codariocalyx gyrans, 188
Codiaeum variegatuni. 210
Codiuni decortlcatum. 5o3
clu)i [latum. 5o;i
intertextum. 5o3
isthnuicladuni. 50.3
tonientosum. 5o3
Coelarthrum Albertisli, 517
I Coffea, 364

arablca. 364
Coffee. 364

Senna. 172
Wild. 363
Coleus, 331

Kcutcllarioidrn. 200
Coliseum Ivy. 345
Collema b.-rmudanuir.. 4i«>
tlacoiduni, 476
uigrt'scens. 47<»
thanin«>des. 476

COLLKMAfEAE. 470

Colocasia rsculentn. 6<>
Cololejeunea. 462

iiiinutissima. 4r.:i
Colpoiiu-nia siniios.i. .'>04
t'olubrina aslatica. 22.S
(N)lunibino. Kuropean. 140
("ohiti'a arboresi-ens, 18«
Commelina. r.2

aiiraria. f.:i

fdmmutii.'*, «>2, o.T

elegans. 6.3

longicaulls. 63

II udi flora. 63

ririiittica . 63
COMMEl.INACKAR. 62 _

Coinhium ohifrrrn" i"*
1 Conifers, 4oO

568

INDEX.

CONIOCAEPALES, 473

Conocarpus, 259
erecta, 260
procumhens, 260
racemosus, 260

Conocephalus violaceus,

103

Convallaria majalis. 73

COKVALLAEIACEAE, 73
CONVOLVULACEAE, 298

Convolvulus aculeatus, 302

aciiminatus, 300

Batatas, 301

corymhosus, 303

dissectus, 302

edulis, 301

grandiflorus, 302

jamaiccnsis, 303

Nil, 299

sayittaefolius, 301

Seaside, 300

speciosus, 303
Conyza amUgua, 394

odorata, 389

purpurascens. 389

rivularis, 394
Cookia punctata, 202
Coontie, 413
Coral Bush, 211

Plant, 114, 211
Corallina, 114

fragilissima, 539

pumila, 539

rubens. 539

COEALLIXACEAE, 536

Corallita, 114
Coral-tree, 188

Cockspur, 188

Velvety, 188
Cord Moss. 441
Cordia, Scarlet, 309

Sehestena. 309

CORDIACEAE, 501

Cordyceps militaris, 485
Cordylecladia irregularis.

516
Cordyline australis, 75

New Zealand, 75

Purple. 75

terminalis, 75
Coreopsis grandiflora, 406

lanceolata, 407

tinctoria, 406
Coriander, 279
Coriandrum sativum, 279
Corkwood, 241
Corn-flag, 85

-flower, 407

Indian, 40

Salad, 374

CORXACEAE, 280

Cornucopia. 339
Cornus stricta, 280
Correa alba, 203

White, 203
Cortaderia argentea, 41
Cosmos bipinnatus, 408

Pink, 408

sulphureus, 408

White, 408

Yellow, 408
Cotoneaster frigida, 166

Himalavan, 166 '

microphylla, 166

pyracantha. 166

Small-leaved. 166 !

Cotton. 240 1

Cotyledon pinnatum, 159 I

Cow-cane, 29
-pea, 184
Crab Cactus, 257
Crab-grass, 24, 37
Common, 19
Narrow, 19
Slender, 20
Crane's-bill, Carolina, 191

Small-flowered, 191
Crape Jasmine, 294

Myrtle, 258
Crassina elegans, 407
Ckassulaceae, 91, 159
Crataegus, 166
Creeper, Rangoon, 260

Virginia, 229
Crepis, 380

japonica, 380
lyruta, 380
Crescentia cucurUtina, 353
Cujete, 353
pinnata, 353
Crinum africanum, 72
amabile, 81
asiaticum, 81
cruentum, 81
giganteum. 81
zeylanicum, 81
Crossotolejeunea, 466
bermudiana, 466
Cross-vine. 353
Crotalaria, 176
retusa, 177
Croton, 207

Beach, 207
discolor, 208
tnaritimus, 207
monanthogvnus, 208
punctatus, 207
seMferum, 220
Single-fruited, 208
variegatus, 219
Yellowish. 208
Crotons, Garden. 208, 219
Crouania attenuata. 529
Crowfoot Family. 137
Crowfoot, Small-flowered.
.139

Spiny-fruited, 139
Crown-of-thorns, 219
Cryptomeria japonica, 411
Cryptonemia crenulata, 534

luxurians, 534
Cryptostegia grandiflora,

297
Cucumber, 377
Root, 71
Star, 377
Cucumis Melo, 377

sativug, 377
Cucurbita Citrullus, 377
Lagenaria, 376
maxima, 376
Melopepo, 376
moschata, 376
Pepo, 376
Cucuebitaceae, 376
Cudweed, 390
Cup Fungi, 484
Cupania fulva, 227
paniculata, 227
Cuphea micropetala, 258
Cupressus macrocarpa. 411

sempervirens. 411
Curculigo recurvata. 82
Curly Palm. 58
Custard Apple, 137, 250

Custaed-applb Family

136
Cyaxophyceae, 491 .
Cyanotis discolor, 64
Cycadaceae, 413
Cycadales, 412
Cycad Family, 413
Cycas revoluta, 413
Cyclaxthaceae, 59
Cyclaxthales, 59
Cyclaxthus Family, 59
Cyclocarpales, 474
Cyclodictyon, 443
Pale, 444
varians, 444
Cydonia Cydonia, 166

vulgaris, 166
Cymbalaria, 345

Cymbalaria, 345
Cymodoeea, 7. 489

manatorum, 7
CymodoceaceaEj 6
Cynara cardunculus, 408

Scolymus, 408
Cynodon Dactylon, 36
Cynomirus indicus, 37

virgatus, 38
Cyperus, 42

alternifolius, 46

Baldainii, 44

brunneus. 45

Coast, 45

esculentus, 46

flavescens, 43

ftexuosits, 44

Oatesii, 43

globulosus, 44

hydra, 45

ligularis, 44

Michauxianus, 44

NuttallU, 43

odoratus, 44

paniculatus, 43

Papyrus, 46

rotundus, 45

speciosus, 44

Yellow. 43
Cypeeacbae. 41
Cypheliaceae^ 473
Cypress, Monterey, 411

Oriental, 411

vine. 303
Cyrtanthera rosea. 357
Cyrtanthus Mackenii, 82
Cytisus albus. 187

Cajan, 182

canariensis, 187

Laburnum, 187

White, 187

Dactylis patens, 35
DaflPodil, Sea, 77
Dahlia rosea. 407

variabilis, 407
Daisy, Ox-eye. 405

Large-flowered. 406

Shasta. 406

White. 405
Dalbergia Sissoo, 189
Dandelion, 380
Darnel, Awned, 39
Dasya Arhuscula, 525

Collinsiana, 524

corymbifera, 524

elcfians, 525

pedicellata. 522. 525

ramosissima. 525

rigidula, 525

INDEX.

5G9

spinuligera, 525
Dasycladaceae. 498
Dasycladus clavacformia,
498

vermicularis, 408
Dasyscyplia earoleuca, 486
Date Palm, 57

-plum, 286
Datura, 339

(irhorea, 339

fastuosa, 341

Garden, 341

Metel, 340

Stramonium, 340

suaveolcns, 339

Tatula, 340
Daucus Carota, 279
Day-flower, Creeping, 63

Larger, 63
Day Lily, 72
Dead-Nettie. Red, 323
Delesseriaceae, 517
Delonix regia, 174
Delphinium Ajacis, 140

Consolida, 140
Demarara Almond, 260
Dendrobium, 91
Dendropogon usneoides, 65
Desmanthus virgatus, 169
Desmazeria, 34

Darnel, 34

loliacea, 34
Desmodium gyrans, 188

virgatum, 169
Detarium senegalense, 175
Deutsia Lemoinei, 161

Rough, 161

scahra, 161
Devil Grass, 36
Dewberry, Southern, 165
Dianthus barbatus, 134

Caryophyllus, 133
Diatomae, 540
Dichondra, 304

carolinensis, 304

repens, 304
Dichondra Family, 304
Dichondraceae, 304
Dichotomosiphon pusillus,

503
Dichromena, 49

colorata, 49

leucocephala. 49

Narrow-leaved, 49

DiCOTYLEDONES, 91

Dicranaceae_, 433
DicRAxiiM Family, 433
Dictyoncis Janischii, 540
Dictyopteris clelicatula, 509

Jnstii, 509
Dictyosperma album, 58

"rubrum, 58

White, 58
Dictvosphaeria favulosa,

495
Dictyota Bartayresii, 509

Brongniartii, 510

ciliata, 509

ciliolata, 509

crenulata, 509

crispata, 509

dentata. 510

dichotoma, 509

linearis, 510

Mertensii, 510

pordalis, 509

suhdentata, 510

zonata, 507

DiCTYOTACEAE, 507 I

Didiscus coeruleus, 279 I
Dieffenbachia seguinae, 60
Digenea simplex, 520
Digitaria, 18

longiffora, 20

murginata, 19

setigcra, 19
Dillweed, 276
Dilophus guineensis, 510
Dimerosporium melioloides,

485
Dimocurpus Litchi, 226
Dioon edule, 413

spinulosum, 413
Dioscorea, 83

bulbifera. 83

lutea, 83

sativa, 83
Dioscoeeaceae, 83
Diosma vulgaris, 203
Diospyros, 285

discolor, 286

Kaki, 286

Lotus, 286

Mabola, 286

virginiana, 286
Diplazium, 423

Laffanianum, 423
Diplotaxis, 152

muralis, 152
Dipsacaceae, 375
Dipterosiphonia rigens, 521
Discomycetes, 484
Ditch-grass, 5
Ditchweed, 135
Divi-divi, 174
Dock, Bitter, 110

Bloody, 109

Broad-leaved, 110

Curled, 109

Fiddle, 110
Dodonaea, 225

angiistifolia, 225

Burnunmiana. 225

jamaicensis, 225

riscosa, 225
Dodonaeaceae, 224
Dodonaea Family, 224
Dogbane Family, 292
Dog-bush, 388

-fennel, 387
Dog's-tooth Grass, 36
Dogwood, 225
Dogwood Family. 280
Dolicholus praecatorius, 189
Dolichos, 184

0(1710 valin. 185

Lablab, 185

linratus, 185

1 uf coins . 184

rrpcufi, 184

rose us, 184

sinensis, 184

sphaerospermus, 185
Spotted. 189
Doryanthes Palmeri. 82
Dracaena Lindeni, 75

New Zealand. 75

Purple. 75

terminalis, 75
Dracaenaceae. 74
Dracaena Family, 74
Dryopteris. 424

aculcdto. 424

ampin, 426

asplenioides. 426

bermudiana, 426

cuprnaia, 424

mollis. 425

nrjrmalls, 425

snelunciU', lli6

Tholypterls, 425

rilliiHd, 41i6
Duchesnea, lO:',

indica. 104
Dick WEED Family. 61
Duckweed. Valdivla. 61
Dudrt'snava b»Tm miens is.
535

caribaoa. 535

crassa, 511, 534
Dumb Cane. 60

Dl.MONTIACEAE, 534

Dumortiera, 451

hirsuta, 452
Duranta, 316

(ffctn, 317

I'lumirri, 317

repens. 317
Dusty Miller. 396
Dutchman's-pipe. Argon-
tine. KtS

Elegant, 108

Lobed-leaved. 108
Dyckia altissima. 66

Tall, 66
Dypsis madagascarensls, 59

Earthnut. 187
Earthstar. 487
Earth-tc.ngue, 484, 486
Easter Lily, 72
Ebenaceae, 285
Ebenales. 284
Ebonv. Black. 170
Ebony Family. 285
Echeveria gibl)ifl<)rM. lOo

metallica. 160

sanguinea, 160
Echinocactus peruviantis,

257
ii,chinocereus enneacanthus.

257
Echinochloa, 20

colonuni. 21

Crus-galli, 2o
Eclipta. 399

alha, 399

erecta, 399
Ectocarpaceae. 504
E c t o c a r p u s confervoides.
504

Mltchellae. 504

siliculosTia. 504
Eddoe-Coco, 60
Eel-grass, 6
Egg-plant. 337

EllRETIACEAK. 308

Ehretia Family. 3(t8

EuhoruUx (•/•(/.s.si/<c.s'. «;.".

Elaeodendron, 223

attenuaHnii. 224
Laneanum. 223
xnlocitypftm . 223

Elder." West Indian. 371

Eleocharis, 5<t

l>ermudiana. 52
capital a. 51
cellulosa. 51
rqiiisi toidrs, 50
intorstlncta, 50
nirlonorarpii, 51
praticola. 51
rostellata. 52

Elephant's Ears. 60

570

INDEX.

Eleusine, 37

indica, 37

mucronata. 38
El:m Family, 98
Elymus, 40

arenarius, 40

virginicus, 40
Emilia, 396

arrow-leaved, 397

Purple, 397

sagittata, 397

sonchifolia. 397
Enallagma latifolia, 353

EXCOELIACEAE, 504

English Walnut, 97
Entada, 170
Enteromorpha flexuosa, 494

intestinalis, 494

minima. 494

plumosa. 494
Epiphyllum, Broad, 25G

latifrons, 256

truncatum, 257
Equisetum hogotense, 429

pahistre, 50
Eragrostis, 30

ciliaris, 31

Fringed, 31

major, 30

megastachya, 30

Strong-scented, 30
Eranthemum album, 356

Andersoni, 356

Blue, 356

reticulatum, 356

White, 356

Yellow-veined, 356
Erica, 281
Ericaceae, 281
Ekicales, 281
Erigeron, 392

annuus, 392

honariensis, 394

canadrnse, 394

Darrellianus, 393, 543

jamaiccnsis, 393

Hnifolinm, 394

philadelphicus. 393

pusiUiim, 395

quercifolinm,, 393

tenuis, 393
Eriobotrya japonica, 166
Eriodendron anfractuosum,

241
Ernodesmis verticellata, 495
Erysimum, 149

officinale. 150
Erythraea ptilcJicUa, 292

texensis, 292
Erythrina arborea, 188

caffra, 189

Corallodendron. 188

Crista-galli, 188

herhacea, 188

indica. 189

speciosa. 189

velutina. 188
Erythrotrichia carnea. 510
Erythroxylon Coca, 195
Erytheoxylaceae. 195
Eschscholtzia calif ornica,

144
Eucalyptus coriacea, 264

globulus. 264

King. 264

polyanthemos, 264

resinifera. 264

robusta. 264

rostrata, 264

saligna. 264
Eucharis umazonica, 82

grandiflora, 82
Eucheuma Gelidium, 515

isiforme, 515
Eucladium, 439

verticillatum, 439
Eudesme, 505
Eugenia, 261

axillaris, 261

hrasiliensis, 262

floribunda, 262

Jamholana, 264

Jamhos, 264

malacensis , 264

Michelii, 262

monticola, 261

Vgni, 262

uniflora, 262
Euonymiis japonicus, 224
Euosmolejeunea, 465

clausa, 466
Eupatorium, 386

adenophorum, 387

capillifolium, 387

conyzoides, 388

foeniculaceum, 387

glandulosum, 387

macrophyllum, 388

odoratum, 388

riparium, 387

Small White, 387
Euphorbia hermudiana, 213

Blodgettii, 213

hu.rifolki, 213

Candelabrum., 219

cyathophora, 218

fulgens, 219

heterophylla, 217

Mrta, 216

hyp erici folia, 214

hyssopifolia, 215

lactea, 219

macuJata, 216

Nivulia, 219

Peplus, 217

piluHfera, 216

Preslii, 214

prostrota, 215

pitlcherrima, 218

lithymaloides, 218

EUPHORBIACEAE, 205

Euphoria Longana, 226
Eustachys, 36

petraea, 37
Evening Primrose, La-
marck's. 268

Seaside, 267

Sinuate-leaved, 268
Evening-Primrose Fam-
ily, 266
Evergreen Thorn, 166
Everlasting, 408
Evolvulus alsinoides, 345
Excaecaria bicolor, 220

Crimson-leaved, 220

Fabaceae, 91, 175

Fagaceae, 97

Fagales, 97

Fagopyrum, 111

cscnJcntum, 112
Fagopyrum, 112
tataricum, 111

Falkenbergia Hillebrandii,
522

False Flax, 155

Garlic, 70
Fatsia papyrifera, 271
Featherfew, 405
Fennel, 276

French, 387
Fern, Cave, 426

Chain, 421

Cinnamon, 415

Devonshire Marsh, 424

Giant, 416

Laffan's, 423

Maiden-hair. 420

Parsley, 423

Royal, 415

Shield, 425, 426

Sword, 427

Ten-day, 424

Venus-hair, 420
Fern-Allies, 413
Ferns, 413
Ferraria Pavonia, 85
Ferula glauca, 279
Fcstttca fiUformis, 38

phleoides, 30

rigida, 33
Feverfew, 405
Ficus, 101

aurata. 102

aurea, 102

benghalensis, 102

Carica, 101

elastica, 102

lentiginosa, 102

lyrata, 102

padifolia, 102

pumila, 102
Fiddle-flower. 218

-wood. 316
Field-Madder, 369
Fig, Creeping. 102

Edible. 101

Golden, 102

India Rubber, 102

Lyrate-leaved, 102

Narrow-leaved, 102

Wild, 102
FiGWORT Family, 343
Filicales. 414
Fimbristylis, 48

acuminata, 48

castanea, 49

spadicea, 49
Fimetaria fimicola. 486
Fimetariales, 486
Firmiana platanifolia, 243
Fissidens, 435

Garberi, 436

minutulus. 435

Small, 435

taxifolius. 435

Yew-leaved, 435
Fissidens Family, 434

FiSSIDENTACEAE, 434

Fittonia argvroneura, 357
White-veined. 357

Flacourtia prunifolia, 248
Ramontchi, 248

Flacourtia Family, 248

Flacot'rtiaceae. 248

Flamboyant. 174

Flannel-leaf. 344

Flax. 195

False. 155
Flowering, 195
New Zealand. 72

Flax Family, 194

INDEX.

571

Fleabane, 394

Daisy, 392

Darren's, 393

Philadelphia, 393

Salt Marsh, 389

Shrubby, 389
Fleur-de-lis, 85
Floppers, 159
Florida Moss, 65
Fluellin, Sharp-pointed, 345
Foeniculum, 276

dulce, 276

Foeniculum, 276

vulgare, 276
Forest Swamp Oak, 93
Forestiera, 288

poriilosa, 289

segregata, 289

West Indian, 289
Forget-me-not, 308
Forsythia, 290
Four-o'clocli, 123
FODE-o'cLOCK Family, 122
Fox-tail Grass, 22

Green, 22

Meadow, 26

Perennial, 23
Fragaria indica, 164

virginiana, 164
Frangipanni, 294
Praxinus excelsior, 290
Freesea, 85

refracta, 85
French Cherry, 199

Mulberry, 319

Oak, 353

Trumpet-flower, 294
FRoa's-BiT Family, 7
Frullania, 467

pcnnst/lvanica, 467

Spreading, 468

squarrosa, 468
FUCACEAE, 506
Fuchsia, 269
Fucus Foitei, 518

zonalis, 507
Fumaria, 145

(lensiflora, 145

muralis, 145

officinalis, 145

FUMARIACEAE, 91, 144

Fumitory Family, 144
Fumitory, Wall, 145
Funaria, 441

flavicans, 442

hygrometrica, 441

Pale-green, 442
Fdnariaceae. 441
FuxARiA Family, 441
Fungi. 479
Furcraea, 79

cubensis, 80

gigantca, 80

macrophylla, 80
Fustic, 102

Gaillardia pulchella, 407

Showy, 407
Galaxaura flagelliformis,
513

marginata. 513

obtusata, 513

occidentalis, 513

rngosa, 512

squalida, 513

subverticillata, 512
Galba, 246 I

Galinsoga, 402

parviflora, 402
Galium, 367

Aparine, 367

urvcnsi.s, 369

bemiudcnse, 368

hi>iltid>iUnn , 368

hyi)i)turi)ium, 368

pilosum, 368

rubruin, 368

tmifiorum, 368
Gamopetalae, 280
Garcinia Livingstone!, 247

Xanthochymus, 246
Gardenia Fortunei, 370

florida, 370

jasminoides, 370

nltida. 370
Garget, 122

Garlic, Large False, 70
Gasteria decipiens, 72

maculata, 72

Spotted, 72

Tufted, 72
Gastonia cutispongia, 271
Gazania splendens, 408
Geaster saccatus, 487
GelidiaceaEj 513
Gelidiopsis rigida, 514
Gelidium caerulescens, 514

crinale, 514

pusillum, 514

rigidum, 514
Genip, 226

Gcnipa clusiifolia, 362
Genista alha, 187

Garden, 187

hispanica, 187

Spanish, 187
Gentiana nana, 292

imlchella. 292
GextianaceaEj 291
Gextiaxales. 286
Gentian Family, 291
Geoglossum nigritum, 486
Geramaceae, 190
Geraxiales, 190
Geranium, 191

Capitate Garden. 192

capitatum, 192

carolinianum, 191

dissectiim, 191

Ivy-leaved, 192

pusillum, 191

Rose, 192

Strawberry, 161

tcrchinthinaci um . 192
Geranium Family. 190
Geranium. Strawberry. 161
Gerbera Jamesoni, 408
Gesneriaceae. 354
Gesxeria Family. 354
Geum radiatum, 165
Giant Fern. 416

Lily, 81
Gigartina acicularis, 514
Gigartixaceae, 514
Gilliflower. 149
Ginger, 87
Ginger Family, 87
Ginkgo biloba, 413

GiNKGOALES, 413

Ginseng Family, 271
Gladiolus, 85

refract us. 85
Glasswort. Woody, 118
Oiecoina hedcracea, 323

Gledltsia aquatica, 174

motioHprnna, 174

triacanthus, 174
Gloeotht'ce rupeslris, 492
Gloniopsis lineoiatum, 486
Gloriosa simplex, 72

superba, 72
Gli/cinc ijranatoriii, 1H9
Glycosmis citrifolia, 202

pentaphylla, 202
Glyphis tlratricosa, 474
Gnaphalium, 39<»

lut( Odibuin , 390

I)urpureum, 390
Goal-weed, 165, 348
Godefs weed. 312
Golden Bells, 290

-chain. 187

Fig. 102

-rod, 391

-tuft, 155
Golden-fruited Palm, 57
Goldfussia colorata, 357
Gomphocarpus, 2W

Large-fruited, 297

physocarpus, 297
GongonicepsPumilionls, 486
Goniolithdn decutescens,
538

frutescens, 539

intermedium, 539

sprctabih^ 538
Goodeniaceae. 377
GooDENiA Family. 377
Gooseberry. Barbadoes, 257

Cape, 335

Garden, 162

Otaheite, 22(i

GOOS E BE RR Y F A M I LY . 161

Goosefoot. 115. 116

GoosEFOoT Family, 114

Goosegrass, 367

Gorse. 188

Gossvpium herbaoeum. 24m

Gourd. 376

GoiRD Family. 376

Governor's Plum. 248

Gracillaria crassissima. 516

dichdtonio - fiahellnta,
516

ferox. 515

horizontalis. 516

mamraillaris. 515
Granadilla. 253
Grape. Bay. 113

Concord. 230

European, 230

-fruit. 202

Sea, 113
Grape Family. 228
Grape-tree, Barb.Mdoes. 113
C.rai'iiii)A(^kae, 473
Ghai'iiidai.es. 473
Graphis Afzelli, 474

Llneola. 474

Pavcmlana. 474

scripta. 474

striatuln. 474
Graptophvllum hortrnse,
355

plctum, 355

versicoliir. 355
Grass. Barnvard. 20

Beard. UK 27. 28

Bermuda. 36

Bull. 27

Bur. 23. 24
Canary, 25

572

II^DEX.

Cane, 17

Cat-tail, 25

Chicken, 63

Cockspur, 20

Crab. 19, 20, 24, 37

Devil's, 36

Ditch, 5

Dog's-tooth, 36

Eel, 6

Fox-tail, 22, 23, 26

Guinea, 17

Hard, 33

Hell, 36

Herd, 26

Johnson. 11

Joint, 14

June, 32

Kentucky Blue, 32

Lemon, 10

Manatee, 7

Meadow, 32

Nut, 45, 46

Pampas, 41

Para, 16

Penny, 148

Poultry, 63

Quaking. 16, 31

Ray. 39

Running. 36

Rush, 26

Salt, 35

Saw, 54

Scutch, 36

Silky, 18

Spear, 32

Switch, 17

Terrell, 40

Turtle, 8

Water. 16

West Indian, 37

Wire. 37

Witch, 16

Wood, 21

Yard. 37
Grass Family. 8
Grass-wrack, 6
Geateloupiaceae, 532
Grafiola Monniera, 348
Grevillea robusta. 107
Griffithsia Bornetiana, 526

globulifera, 526

Schousboei. 527

tenuis. 527
Grossularia reclinata. 162
Grossulariaceae. 161
Ground Cherry, Cut-leaved,
334

Hairy, 333

Smooth. 334
Groundsel. 396
Grugru Palm. 57
Guaiacum officinale, 199
Guango, 170
Guava, 262

-berry. 262

Mountain. 263

Purple, 263
Guazuma Guazuma, 242
Guernsey Lily, 81
Guilandina, 173

Bonducella, 173

Crista. 173
Guinea Grass, 17
Gum, Australian Blue, 264

Australian White, 264

Narrow-leaved, 264

Red Australian, 264

Swamp Mahogany,

264
Gumbo, 240
Guzmania, Capitate, 65

lingulata, 65
Gyalectaceae, 474
Gyalecta Farlowi, 475
Gymnospeemae, 409
Gymnosporangium bermu-

dianum, 487
Oymnothamnion Mpinna-

tum, 525
Gijnandropsis pentaphylla,

156
Gynerium argenteum, 41
Gynura aurantiaca, 408
Gypsophila elegans, 134

Tall, 134
Gyrostomum scyphulifer-

um, 474
Gyroweisia, 439
Barbula, 439
Black-fruited, 439

Hackberry, Small's, 99

Southern, 99
Haematomma puniceum, 477
Haematoxylon campechia-

num, 175
Hairy-cap Family, 444
Hairy Cup. 486
Hakea oleifera, 107

Olive-leaved, 107
Halimeda Monile. 502

Opuntia, 502

simulans, 502

tridens, 502

Tuna, 502
HaUseris delicatula, 509

Justii, 509
Haloragidaceae, 270
Halymenia Agardhii. 534

bermtidensis. 533

echinophysa, 533

pseudofloresia. 533
Hamelia erecta, 370

patens. 370

Scarlet. 370
Hapalosiphon intricatus,

493
Haplocladium, 445

microphyllum, 445 j

Small-leaved, 445
Haplospora Vidov-ichU, 506 |
Hardenbergia Comptoniana, i
189 I

Hard Grass, 33
Hare's Lettuce. 381
Harrisia eriophora. 257

gracilis. 257

portoricensis, 257
Hartmannia, 268

rosea. 269

speciosa, 269
Hawksbeard. Japanese, 380
Heal-all, 322

-soon. 368
Heart's ease, 249
Heath, 347
Heath Family, 281
Hedera Helix, 271

quinqucfoUa, 229
Hedge-hyssop, 348

mustard, 150

-parsley, 274
Hedychium coronarium, 87

elatum, 87

Gardnerianum, 87

speciosum, 87

White, 87

Yellow, 87
Hedysarum Onohrychis, 189
Helianthus, 400

annuus, 401

debilis. 401

tuberosus, 401
Helichrysum bracteatum,

408
Helicoma larvula, 489
Helictercs apetala, 242
Heliotropium, 306

curassavicum, 307

Garden. 307

gnapliaJodes, 308

peruvianum, 307

Seaside, 307
Hell-grass, 36
Helminthiopsis verticillif-

era, 535
Helminthocladia Calvado-
sii, 511

purpurea, 511
Helminthosporium Raven-

elii, 488
Helosciadium, 278

Ammi. 279

leptophyllum, 279
Helvellales^ 486
Hemerocallis fulva, 72
Hemitrichia. 482
Hemp, African Bowstring,

Ceylon Bowstring, 72
Henbit. 323
Hennequin, 80
HepaticaEj 448
Herb Mercury, 209

-of-the-Cross. 310

Sherard, 369
Herd-grass, 26
Hermesias grandiceps, 175
Herpestis Monniera, 348
Herposiphonia secunda, 521

tenella, 521
Heterosiphonia Wurdeman-

ni, 524, 525
Heterospora Vidovichii,, 506
Hibiscus, 238

Arnottianus, 238

Bancroftianns, 238

Cooperi, 238

diversifolius. 239

esculent'us, 240

grandiflorus, 238

Hawaaian, 238

Large-flowered, 238

mutabilis. 238

popnlneus, 240

Prickly, 239

Rosa-sinensis. 238

spinifex, 237

spiralis, 238

syriacus, 238

tiliaceits, 239

virginicus, 237
Hicoria Pecan, 97
Hippeastrum puniceum, 81
Hirneola coffeicola, 488
Hoffmania, 370
Hog Plum, 222

-weed, 124, 385
Holcus, 10

halepensis, 11

Sorghum, 11

INDEX.

Holly, 22f

English, 222

European, 222
Holly FAMrLv, 222
Hollyhock, 240
Honey-flower, 227

HOXEY-FLOWER FAMILY, 227

Honeysuckle, Chinese, 372

Ply, 372

Italian, 372

Japanese, 372

Trumpet, 372
Honeysuckle Family, 371
HooKERiA Family, 443
Hookeria vayians, 444

HOOKERIACEAE. 443

Hooperia Baileyana, 517
Hordeum, 39

pusillum, 39 i

sativum, 40

vulgare, 39
Horehound, 331
Horn of Plenty, 339
Hornwort, 135
HoRxwoRT Family, 135
Horsechestnut. 227
Horseradish, 155
Horseradish-tree, 158

HORSERADISH-TREE FAM-

ILY. 158
Horsetail Tree, 93
Horseweed. 394
Hairy. 394
Smooth, 395
Hottentot's Bread, 126
House-leek, 160
Howea Belmoreana, 58
Hoya carnosa, 297
Humboldt's Willow, 95
Hunnemannia fumariae-

folia. 144
Hura crepitans, 219
Hutchinsio oltscura, 521
Hyacinth, 72
Bean. 184
Water, 65. 135
Hyacinthus orientalis. 72
Hydrangea hortensis, 161
Hydrangea Family, 161
Hydrangeaceae, 161
Hydrocera, 194
Hydrocharitaceae, 7
Hydrocharitales, 7
Hydroclathrus sphacelatus

505
Hydrocoleum comoides, 492
Hydrocotyle, 272
asiatica, 273
repanda, 273
umbellata, 273
verticillata, 273
Hydrophyllaceae, 305
Hylocereus, 256

undatus. 256
Hymenaea Courbaril, 175
Hymenocallis, 77
carihara, 78
declinata. 78
littoralis. 77, 78
prdolis, 78
Hymenostylium, 440
curvirostre, 440
Hypericaceae, 244
Hypericales. 243
Hypericum perforatum, 245
Hyphomycetes, 489
Hypnaceae, 446

38

Hypnea musciformis, 516
spinella, 516

Ilypnum mlvunn, 447
nilcvophyUum, 445
minutulum, 446

Hypxum Family, 446

Hypocrea patella, 485

Hypocreaceae, 4.85

Hypocreales, 485

Hypoxylon, 486

Hysteriales. 486

Hysterographium praelon-
gum, 486

Iberis amara, 155
umbellata, 155
violacea, 155
Ibidium, 90-

xyridifolium, 90
Icacorea guianensis, 284
humilig, 284
solanacea, 284
Ice Plant, 126
Ifafa Lily, 82
Ilex, 222

Aquifolium, 222
Cussine, 222
vomitoria, 222
ILICACEAE, 91. 222
Impatiens Balsamina, 194
hortensis, 194
Sultani, 194
India Rubber Fig, 102
Indian Corn, 40
Lotus, 135
Mallow, 233
Shot, 86
Indigo, Wild, 182
Indigofera, 3 81
-1»(7, 182
suffruticosa, 182
tinctoria. 181, 182
Inga Inga, 170

vera, 170
Tnk-berry, 251, 378
lonoxalis, 196

intermedia, 197
Martiana, 197
Ipecac, Wild, 296
Ipomoea, 298

acuminata, 300
Batatas. 301
Bona-nox, 302
cathartica, 300
coccmra, 303
dissecta, 302
Jicderacca, 299
Ilorsfalliae, 302
jamaiccnsls, 299
Learii, 302
Nil, 299
Pes-caprae, 300
purpurea, 299
QunmoeJit. 303
sagittnta, 301
saf/lttifoHa. 301
siiti folia. 303
siiiuata, 302
triloba. 302
villosa. 299
Iresine Herbstii, 121
Iridaceae, 83
Iris. Bermuda, 84
germanica, 85
violacea. 85
virgin ica. 85
Iris Family. 83
Ironwood, South Sea. 93

2i

Iron -wort. 322
Imhaemum «rcund<jtut..
Isnardia, 266

p.ihistris, i:66

rcpfiis*. 267
Isol.itiia 'ry(l:i.-;i. ;;.-, j
Isopterygium. 4 17

<il"ssy. 4 47

iiiic.ius, -447
Ivy, American. 22'.)

Boston, -j-.'jd

<'olis(Mnii. ;{45

Europt-au, 271

(Jerijian. ;{;m;

Itali.in. :i:»6

•Fapiin..s.-. L'.'jo

Kcuilworih, 345
Ixia, .S5
Ixora acuminata. 370

ambijyujie. 370

cocciuf;i. 369

Du/fii. .-{70

jaVanica, 370

macrothvrsa. 370

Red. 369

Jacaranda. 354
Jackfruit. ini'
.rack-in-tbe-Pulpit. 60
Jacobinia a urea, 356
magnifica. .3.16
I'ink. 356
Yellow. 356
Jacob's Coat, 2o9
Jacquemontia jamaicensis.

303
Jamaica Vervain, 313

Weed. 3it5
Jambos Jambos. 264
malacensis. 264
./amlxma ruli/arix, 264
Jamestown Weed. 34<i
Japanese Ivy. 23<>
Jasmine Araiti.Mn, 2.S8
Crape. 294
Hairy White. 288
Italian Yellow. 2SS
Poet's. 2S8
Primrose, 28S
Royal. 288
Sinipi. 'leaved. 287
Jasminum, 287

((ilophjillutii, 288
frutii-nuH. 288
!ira<'Hr, 2S7
grandinorum. 288
humlle. 2S,S
officinale. 2S8
nrimullnum. 288
Samba c. 2.ss
siniplb-ifolium. 287
undulatnm. 2SS
Jatropha, 210
Curc.'is. 21 1
(Jouty stalked, 211
hastata. 211
Manihot, 212
uioiucriiiiii, 219
multmda, 211
paiuluniefniln. 211
podagrb-M. 211
Rose llowered. 211
Java Iluin. 264
.Terusaleni Artichoke. 401
Jewel-weep Family. 103
Jlmson Wee«l, 34i>
.Johnson (trass. 11
Joint-grass. 14

674

INDEX.

Jonquil, 77
Jove's Beard, 189
Jubula, 467

pennsylvanica, 467
Judas Tree, 174

JUGLAKDACEAEj 97
JUGLANDALES. 96

Juglans nigra, 97

regia, 97
Jumbie Bean, 169

JUXCACEAE^ 66

Juncus, 67

acutus, 67

aristulatus, 69

bufonius, 68

maritimus, 68

tenuis, 68
June-grass, 32
Jungermannia hyssacea,4:59

connivens, 458

LyellU, 456

minutissima, 463

multiflda, 455

nematodes, 461

prostata, 459

JUNGEEMANXIACEAE, 456

JUXGERMAXXIALES3 453

JUNGERMAXNIA FAMILY,

456
Jungle Rice, 21
Juniper, Bermuda, 410
Juniperus, 409

barbadensis, 410

bermudiana, 410, 544

lucayana 410
Justicia, 354

alha, 356

carnea, 356

lucid a. 356

nervosa, 356

Red, 355

secunda, 355

Kainfal. 220
Kalanchoe, 160

Afzeliana, 160

brasiliensis, 160

crenata, 160
Kale, 151

Kantia Trichomanis, 460
Karschia lignyota, 486
Kei Apple, 248
Kenilworth Ivy, 345
Kentia Belmoreana. 58
Kentucky Blue-grass, 32
Kickxia, 345

Elatine. 345
Kigelia pinnata, 353
Kniphofia aloides, 72

Uvaria, 72
Koeleria, 29

phleoides, 30

Timothv. 30
Koellia mutica, 331
Koelreuteria paniculata, 227
Koniga, 148

maritima, 148
Kosteletzkya, 237

virginica. 237
Kraunhla frutescens, 188
Kyllinga, 46

brevifolia, 47

monocephala, 47

Short-leaved, 47

Lace Plant, 104
Lachnea pulcherrima, 486
theleboloides, 486

Ladies-tresses, 90
Lady-of-tbe-Night, 342
Lagerstroemia indica, 258
Layuncularia racenwsa, 260
Lakootcha, 102
Lamarck's Trema, 99
Lamb's Quarters, 115
Lamiaceae. 321
Lamium, 323

amplexicaule, 323

purpureum, 323
Lampvosperma Planchonis,

484
Languas speciosa. 87
Lantana, 314

aculeata, 315

Camara, 314

crocea, 314

involucrata, 315

nivea, 315

odorata, 315

poJyacantha, 315

Sellowiana, 315

Trailing, 315

Weeping, 315

White, 315
Larkspur, Field, 140

Garden, 140
Lasiobolus equinus, 486
Lathyrus latifolius, 187

odoratus, 187

LAL'RACEAE, 140

Laurel Family, 140
Laurel, Martinique, 202
Laurel-cherry, 167
Laurencia cervicornis, 519

Chauvini, 518

Corallopsis, 519

gemmifera, 519

glomerata, 518

impUcata, 518

intricata, 518

mexicana, 519

microcladia, 518

obtusa, 518

papulosa, 519

perforata, 519

Poitei, 518

tuberculosa, 519

Laurestinus. 373
Laurocerasus, 167

caroliniana, 167

myrtifolia, 167

occidentalis, 167
Laurus camphora, 141

nobilis, 141
Lavatera, Herbaceous, 240

trimestris, 240
Lavender, Sea, 283, 308

White, 331
Lavendula spica, 331
Leaf-cup, 398
Lecanora bermudensis, 477

cinereocamea, 477

pallida, 477

subfusca, 477

varia, 477
Lecaxoraceae, 477
Lecidiaceae. 475
Lee chee, 226
Lejeunea, 464

claiisa, 466
I glaucescens, 464

Jooriana, 463

minutiloba, 464

phyllohola, 465

Lemaireocereus griscus, 257

Hystrix, 257
Lemna, 61

cyclostasa, 61

minor, 61

trisulca, 61, 62, 428

valdiviana, 61
Lemxaceae, 61
Lemon, 201

Grass, 10

Squash, 246

Water. 252, 253
Leonotis, 324

nepetaefolia, 324

Tall, 324
Leontodon, 379

Taraxacum, 380
Leonurus, 323

Cnrdiaca, 324

sibirica, 324
Lepidium, 146

apetalum, 146

didymum, 147

ruderale, 147

sativum, 147

virginicum, 146
Leptilon, 394

canadense, 394

linifolium, 394

pusillum, 395
Leptochloa, 38

filiformis, 38

Northern, 38
Leptocolea, 463

Jooriana, 463
Leptogium marginellum,
476

tenuissimum, 476

tremelloides, 476
Leptotrema trypaneoides,

474
LesTcea adnata, 448

varia, 447
Leskea Family, 445
Leskeaceae, 445
Lettuce, 383

Hare's. 381

Sea. 494
Leucaena, 168

glauca, 169
Leucobryaceae, 434
Leucobryum, 434

glaucum, 434
Leucodendron argenteum,

107
Leucojum aestivum, 82
Liagora ceranoides. 512

Cheyneana, 512

elongata, 512

farinosa. 512

valida, 511
Libidibia coriaria, 174
Lichexes, 470
Lichens, 470
Licuala grandis, 59
Life Plant, 159
Lignum Yitae, 199
Ligustrum coriaceum, 290

Ibota, 290

ovalifolium, 290

vulgare, 290
Lilac, 290
Liliaceae, 69
Liliales, 66
Lilium candidum, 71

chaleedonicum, 71

Harrisii, 71

Henryi, 71

im)Ex.

otb

speciosum, 71
Lily Amazon, 82

Atamasco, 78, 79

Barbadoes, 81

Belladonna, 82

Blue, 72

Calla, 60

Ceylon, 81

Chalcedonian, 71

Climbing, 72

Day, 72

Easter, 71

Fairy Isle, 71

Giant, 81

Guernsey, 81

Henry's, 71

-of-the-Valley, 73

Saint John's, 81

Showy, 71

Spider. 78

Tall White, 71

White Japanese, 71
Lily Family, 69
Lily-of-the-Valley Fam-
ily, 73
Lime, 202

Bergamot, 202
Limonia crenuUita, 202

pentaphyUa, 202

trifoUa, 202
Limonium, 283

australe, 283

carolinianum, 283

Lefrovi. 283

Yellow Chinese, 283
Linaceae, 194
Linaria Cymholaria, 345

Elatina, 345

Linaria, 350

vulgaris, 350
Linden Family, 230
Linseed, 195
Linum, 194

grandiflorum, 195

usitatissimum, 195
Lion's-ear, 324

-tail, 324
Lippia, 311

citriodora, 312

micromera. 312

nodiflora, 312

reptons, 312

triphylla. 312
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 136
Litchi Litchi. 226
Lithophyllum bermudense,
538

pustulosum, 538
Lithospermum d i s t i c h u m,

308
Lithotharanion incertum,
537

mesomorphum, 537

svntrophicum, 537

Ungeri, 538
Little Barley. 39

Li'S'ERWOETS, 448

Livistona chinensis. 57
Hoogendorfii. 59
mauriiiana, 57

Lobelia. Beach. 378
cardinalis. 377
Erinus, 377
Plumieri. 378
Small Blue. 377

Lobeliaceae. 377

Lobelia Family, 377

Locust, Honey. 174

Swamp, 174

Sweet, 174

-tree, 188

West Indian. 175
Loganberry, 165
Logan I A Family, 290
Logamaceae, 290
Logwood, 175
Lolium, 38

multiflorum, 39

perenne, 38
Lombardy Poplar, 95
Loraentaria uncinata, 517
Lonchocarpus viol ace us.

188
Longan, 226
Long-moss. 65
Lonicera, 372

Caprifolium, 372

japonica, 372

sempervirens. 372

Xylosteum, 372
Loosestrife Family, 258
Lophosiphonia hermuden-
sis, 521

obscura, 521

Sacchorhiza, 521

subadunca, 521
Lophospermum erubescens,

347
Lopseed, 358
LOPSEED Family, 357
Loquat, 166
Lotus. Cape Verde, 189

Indian, 135

jacobaeus, 189
Love-apple, 338

-in-a-Mist. 140

-lies-Bleeding, 120
Lucky-nut, 294
Lucuina multiflora, 285
Ludirif/ia natans, 267

palustris, 266

rcpcns, 267
Lunularia, 451

cruciata. 451
Lychnis Coeli-rosa. 134
Lycium chinense, 342

halimifoiium, 342

ruJgnrv. 342
Lycogala epidendrum, 482 j
Lycoperpales, 488
Lycopersicon, 337

esculent urn. 338

Lycopersicon, 338
Lycopodiales. 428
Lycopodium nudum, 429
Lyngbya confervoldes, 4921

lutea, 492

majuscula, 492

semiplena. 492
Lythraceae, 258

Mabolo, 286

Madura aurantiaca, 102

xantJioxylum, 102
Macrocatalpa longlsslma.

353
Macrosporium Solanl. 489
Madagascar Plum. 248 i

Mapper Family. 36(t '

Madder. Field. 369 ;

Madeira-vine, 119 |

Madeira-vine Family, 118
Magnolia fusrata. 136 i

grandiflora. 136 I

Magnoliaceae. 136 I

Magnolia. Family, 136
"Mahoe, 136. Ii39

S«'asld»'. 240
Mahogany, 205

Hroa"d-l»'!iv(Ml, 2o5
Maii<u;any Family, 204
Mald«'nhalr-F«rn, 420

Trie. 413
Maize, 40
Malaceae, 106
Malanga. 60
Malay Apple. 264
Malcombla marltima. 155
Mallotonia, 3o7

gnaphalodfs, 308
Mallow. Bristly-fruited,
234

False. 235

High. 235

Indian. 233

Low, li35

Small-flowfred 234
Mallow Family. IJI'.L'
Malplghia punlcifolla, 190

setosa, 199

urens, 199
Malpighiaceae. 199
Malpighia Family, 199
Malus Mnius. 166
Malva, 234

carol iniana, 234

curotnandt liana, 235

parviflora. 234

pusilla, 234

rotundifr»lla. 235

svlvt^strls, 235
Malvaceae. 232
Malvai.es. 2.30
Malvastrum. 235

(unt ricaniim, 235

cororaandt'llanum. 23.''»

tricuspidatum. 235
Malvaviscus mollis. 240

Velvety. 240
Mamlllaria nivosa, 257
Mamniea americann. 246
Mammee Apple, 246

-Sapota. 2S5
Mammoth Tree. 412
Manatpe-gr:iss. 7
Manatee-(;kass Family, fi
Mandarin Orange. 2o2
Manglfora Indica, 221
Mango. 221
Mangrove. 265

Black. 32«i
Man<;r<>vk Family. 265
Manihot. 211

Mnnlhot. 212

utilissima, 212
Maple, Ash-leaved. 227

Ja|i.inese. 227
Maranta. SS

aruudlnacea. 88

blcolor. 88
Marantaceae. 87
Marasmlus bormudensls.
488

praedernrrens. 488

Saba 11. 488
Marchantia. 4. 'J

cruciiitii. \Tt\

Ik mixphcrica, 450

hirsuta, 452

pnlvniorphn, 4.'i3
^L\RoiiANTiA Family. 449

MAROHANTIArEAE. 449

Marciiantiales. 449

576

INDEX.

Marguerite, 406

Glaucous, 406
Marilaunidium, 305

jamaicense, 305
Mariscus, 53

jamaicensis, 54
Maritime Ruppia, 5
Marrubium vulgare, 331
Marsdenia floribunda; 297
Marsh Parsley, 279

Pennj'wort, 273

Purslane, 266. 267

Rosemary, 283

Samphire, 118
Martinique Laurel, 202
Martinezia caryotaefolia,
58

corollina, 59
Marvel of Peru, 123
Mastic bully, 285
Match-me-if-you-can, 209
Matrimony-vine, 342
Mat-rush, 48
Matthiola, 149

incana, 149
Maurandya, 346

antirrhiniflora, 346

Barclayana, 347

erubescens, 347

Red, 347

scandens, 346

semperftorens , 346

sempervircns. 346
May-weed, 276, 277, 404
Meadovs'-Beauty Family^

258
Meadow-grass, 32

-sweet. 165
Medeola virginica, 71
Medic. Black, 177

Hop. 177

Spotted, 178

Toothed. 178
Medicago, 177

arabica, 178

denticulata. 178

hispida, 178

lupulina, 177

macxdata, 178

mnricata, 178

sativa, 178
Medinella magnifica, 258

Red, 258
Melampodium perfoliatum,

407
Melanotheca aggregate, 472

cruenta. 472
Melastomaceae, 258
Melia, 204

Azedarach, 205
Meliaceae, 204
Meliaxthaceae. 227
Melianthus major, 227
Melicocca bijuga, 226
MeliJot, Smaller Yellow,
179

White, 179
Melilotus, 178

alba, 179

indica, 179

ofpcinalis, 179

parviflora, 179
Meliola circinans, 485

Cookeana, 485
Melissa Colamintho, 328

officinalis. 331
Melobesia bermudensis, 538

farinosa, 538

Melochia, Fragrant, 243

odorata. 243
Melon. 377

Musk, 377

Water, 377
Mentha, 328

aquatica, 330

arvensis, 330

citrata, 330

piperita, 329

rotundifolia, 330

spicata, 329

rtridis, 329
Mercurialis, 209

annua, 209
Mercury. Herb, 209
Mermaid Weed, 270
Mesembryanthemum crys-

tallinum, 126
Mesogloiaceae, 505
2Iespih(S japonica, 166
Mesquite. 170
Metzgeria, 455

conjugata, 455
Metzgeeiaceae, 453
Metzgeeia Family, 453
Mexican Tea, 116
Michelia fuscata, 136

Velvety, 136
Microcoleus chtlionoplastes,

492
Microphiale lutea, 474
Microstigma, 149

incana, 149
Mignonette, 157

White Cut-leaved, 157
Mignonette Family, 157
Mildews. 479
Milfoil, 403
MiUnm digitatum, 19

paniceum, 20
Milkweed, Ranstead, 296

White, 296
Milkweed Family^ 295
Miltonia, 91
Mimosa arabica, 170

glauca, 169

Inga, 170

juliflora, 170

Lehheck, 170

pudica, 170

Saman, 170

Unguis-cati, 170

virgata, 170

Wild. 169

Yellow. 170
Mimosaceae, 168
Mimosa Family, 168
Mimulus luteus. 350
Mint, Bergamot, 330

Corn, 330

Field, 330

Mountain. 331

Round-leaved, 330
Mint Family, 321
Mirahilis, 123

dichotoma. 123

Jalapa, 123

longiflora, 123
Mnium flssttm, 460
Mock Orange, 162
Mockery, 209
Modiola, 233

caroliniana. 234

multiflda, 234
Monkev-flower. 354

Yellow, 350
Monocotyledoxes, 2

Monostroma, 494
Monstera deliciosa, 61
Montbrietia, 85
Montia fontana, 127
Moon-plant, 339

MOEACEAE. 100

Morinda Roioc, 369
Moringa Moringa, 158
pterijgosperma, 158

MOBIXGACEAE, 158

Morning-glory. Arrow-
leaved. 301
Blue, 299
Horsfairs, 302
Lear's, 302
Purple, 300
Seaside, 300
Small Red, 303
Villous, 299
White Corvmbose, 303
Yellow, 303

MOENING-GLOBY FAMILY.

298

Morus, 100

alba, 100

multicaulis, 101

nigra, 101

rubra. 100
Moss, Cord, 441

Florida, 65

Long, 65

Peat. 432

Spanish, 65

Verbena, 311

White. 434
Mosses, 430
Motherwort. 324

Siberian, 324
Moulds. 479
Mountain Mint, 331
Mucor. 483
MrcoEALES^ 483
Muehlenbeckia complexa,
114

platvclada, 114

Twining. 114
Mulberry, Black, 101

Chinese, 101

French. 319

Red. 100

Sea. 260

White. 100
MrLBEEEY Family. 100
Mullen, Great, 344

Twiggy. 344
Murraya exotica, 202
Murrayella periclados, 523
Musa Cavendishii, 88

paradisiaca, 89

rubra. 89

sapientum, 89
MrsACEAE. 88
Mrsci, 430
Muslirooms, 479
Mussaenda frondosa, 370

Leafy. 370
Mustard. Black, 150

Hedge. 150

Wild. 151
MusTAED Family, 145
Miiagrum sativum, 155
My gin da Rh acorn a, 224
My'opoeaceae, 357
Mvosotis palustris, 308
Myrica, 96

cerifera, 96

punctata, 96

segregata, 289

INDEX.

57:

JMtricaceae, 95
Myricales, 05
Myriocladia, 505
Myrospcrm um peruiferum,
188

toluifcnim, 188
Myrsixaceae, 283
Myrsixe Family, 283
Myrstiphyllum I i <j u s t ri~

folium, 364
Myrtaceae. 261
Myrtales, 257
Myrtle, 263

Candleberry, 96

Crape. 258

Prickly, 317

Sweet, 263

Wax, 96
Myrtle Family, 261
Myrtus acris, 263

axillaris, 261

caryophiiUata, 263

communis, 263

fragrans, 264

Pimrnta. 263
Myxomycetes, 482

Naccaria corymbosa, 513
Naiadales, 4
Noma jamaicensis, 305
Napoleon's Plume, 175
Narcissus, 76

Jonquilla, 77

Tazetta, 76
'Nasturtium Armoracia, 155

offlcinale, 155
Nasturtium. Garden, 193
Nasturtium Family, 193
Natal Plum, 295
Navicula Janischii, 540
Neckweed, 350
Nectarine. 168
Nectria Lantanae. 485

sanguinea, 485
Nectriaceae. 485
Nelumbo Nelumbo, 135

nucifera. 135
Nemalionaceae, 511
Nemastoma coliforme, 536

gelatinosum. 536
Nemastomataceae, 535
Nemophila. Blue. 306

Insignis, 306

maculata, 306

White. 306
Neomeris annulata, 499
Neowashingtonia filifera,

58
Nepeta Cataria, 331
Nephelinm Litchi. 226

Longana, 226
Nephrodium hermudianum,
426

molle, 425

patens, 425

tetrayonum . 426

rillosum, 426
Nephrolepis, 426

exaltata. 427
Nerine flexuosa, 82

Pink. 82

pulcheUa. 82

sarniensis, 82
Nerium, 203

coronarium. 294

Oleander, 293
Nettle. Dead. 323

False, 105

Great. 104

Thin-leaved, 104
Nettle Family, ](»3
Neurocarpus delicatuius,
5<t9

Justil, 509
New Zealand Flax, 72

Spinach. 12(5
Xirundra phi/salodcs, 333
Nickers. Grey, 173
Nicotiana, 341

acuminata. 342

glauca. 342

Tabacura. 341
Nigella dainascena. 140
Night-hlooraing Cereus. 256
Nightshadf. Black, 336

Garden. 336
Nigredo Medlcaginls. 488

proeminens, 488
Niruri. 206
Nitophyllura ocellatum, 517

Wilkinsnniae, 517
Nonesuch. 1 77
Nopalea cochinellifera, 256
Nostoc commune. 493
Nostocaceae, 403
Nothoscordum, 70

bivalve. 70

fragrans. 70

pulchellum. 70
Noyau Vine. 302
Nut-grass, 45

Yellow, 46
Nyctaginaceae. 122
Nyctocereus serpentinus,

257
Ni/mphaea coerulea, 135

dent at a, 135

Nelumbo, 135

zanziharensis, 135
Nymph aeaceae, 01, 134

Oak, English. f>7

Forest Swamp. 03

French. 353

Silk, 107

White, 08
Oats. 29

Wild. 28
Ochroma Lagopus. 241
Ocimum basil icum. 331
O don ton em a cuspidatum.
3.^0

White. 356
Odontoschisma, 450

pros tra turn. 450
Oenothera biennis. 268

humifusa, 267

iacinidin, 268

Lamarckiana. 268

longlflora. 268

rosea. 269

specioxa, 260
Okra, 24(»
Olea, 280

europaea. 289
Oleaceae. 287
Oleander. 203
Olive. 280
Olive Family, 287
Olive-wood Bark. 223 |

Omphalaria cnl>ana. 476 1

llngulata. 476
Onaoraceae, 266
Oncosperma fasdculntum.
59

Onion. 71

S.-a. 73

Wild. 70
onf.hrychis Kutlvn. 189
Opcgraplia atra. 473

Bimpl.mdl. 47:{

<'lH'vallI.-rl. 473

oi)lilt..s, 473

vuigata. 473
OpprriiJlna dlxHrrta, 3<»2

tulMM-osa. ."{113
Oplismenus, 21

Hurriiiinnl. 21

liirtclliis. Ill

iindnlatlf..lliis. 21
Opuntia, 2.".5. 25«;

cMndfl.ihr.M. L'.'iO

(■<i( hit\> liifi ni 256

Diibnii, 255

Ficus indlf-a. 2.jr>

ipucdtrU-h.'i. 255

pes-<«rvl. 255

tomentosa. 255

Tuna, 25.5

nilfjaris, 255
Opuntiai.r.s, 254
Orache. (Jardcn, 117
Orange. Bitter. 2mi

Manila rin. 2m2

Mock. 162

Osage. 102

Sweet. 20L'
Orbaea niarulona, 207
Orchid Family. SO
Orchidaceae. 89
Orchidales, 80
Oreodaphne. 141
Oreodoxa oleraern, 57

ret/ia, 57
Origanum Marjornna. 331
Ornlthogaiura latlfollum. 72
oiii'iNE Family. 150
Os.-ige Orange. 1<»2
nsciliatorla amphihin. 402

O.SClLLATolilAfEAE. 402

Osmanthus Aqtiifolium , 200

Holly. 20<t
Osmunda, 414

cinnaniomea, 415

regalls. 415
Os>rtNDArEAE. 414
Otahelte GoosclxTrv. 220

Walnut. 210

OxAI.IDArEAK. 01, 105

Oxalis AertoMclla. 198

Hoirieana. 198

crniiia, 106

iiirniruliita, 108

nHUnii. 1!>S

intrriiudiii, 107

Miirtinna . 107

mierophuUa, lO.S

ripens, lOS

strict a, lOS

vinJaeia. 107
Ox-eve Daisy. 4«t5

Salt Marsh. 400

Sea. 400
Oyster plant. 64. 383

Pachirn aquatira, 241
Padina pa von la. 508

sanct.Mr < rurls. 508

rarieijntn. 508
Padus vlrglnlana, 168

;<7o
Pallcouren domlnpensls. 370

578

INDEX.

Pallavicinia, 456

Lyellii, 456
Palm, Bourbon, 57

Cabbage, 57

Curly, 58

Date, 57

Golden-fruited, 57

Grugru, 57

Royal, 57

Sago, 413

Silver Thatch, 58

Toddy, 57

Weeping, 58

Wine, 57
Palm Family, 56
Palma Christi, 210
Palmetto, Bermuda, 56
Pampas Grass, 41
Panama-hat Plant, 59
Panax olttusiinh, 271
Pancratium, 77

declinatum, 78

expansum, 78

littorale, 78

maritimum, 77

ovatum, 78
Paxdanaceae. 4
Pandaxales, 3
Pandanus muricatus, 4

utilis, 4

Veitchii, 4
Pandorea jasminoides, 353
Panicum, 15

aqnaticum, 18

barbinode, 16

hrevifoHumj 16

capillare, 16

colonum, 21

Criis-daUi, 20

Dactiilon, 36

dichotomiflorum, 17

oenicuhitum. 23

'hirfeJUnn, 21

horizontale, 19

lineare, 19

maximum, 17

molle, 16

Oplismcnns, 21

palmifolium, 17

Palm-leaved, 17

paspaloides, 16

prolifcrum, 17

sangiiinalc, 19

virgatum, 17
Pansy. 249
Papaver, 142

dubium, 143

Rhoeas, 143

somniferum, 142
Papaveraceae, 142
Papaverales, 141
Papaw, 250
Papaw Family, 250
Papyrus, 46
Para Grass, 16
Parasol Tree, Chinese, 243
Parietaria, 106

alha, 106

(Jehilis, 106

floridana, 106

microphylla, 104

oflBcinalis, 106

pennsylvanica, 106
Pariti, 239

tiliaceum, 136, 239
Parkinsonia aculeata, 174

Parmelia latissima, 478

perlata, 478

tinctorum, 478
Paemeliaceae, 477
Parsley, 275

Beaked, 279

Marsh, 279

Wild, 275
Parsley Fern, 423
Parsnip, 279
Parsonsia micropetala, 258

Small-petaled, 258
Parthenium, 398

Hysterophorus, 398
Parthenocissus, 229

quinquefolia, 74, 229

tricuspidata, 229
Paspalum, 11

Broad-scaled, 13

caespitosum, 12

Chapmani, 13

ciliatifolium, 12

conjugatum, 14

dilatatum, 13

dlstichum, 14

filiforme. 12, 15

Jongiflorum, 20

propinquum, 12

Sheathed, 15

Slender, 12

Two-spiked, 14

vaginatum, 15
Passiflora, 251

ciliata, 252

coerulea. 252

edulis, 253

incarnata, 252

laurifolia, 252

maliformis. 253

minima, 251

pectinata, 252

princeps, 253

quadrangularis. 253

stipulata, 253

suberosa, 251
Passifloraceae, 251
Passiflorales, 249
Passion-flower, 252, 253

Pectinate. 252

Small. 251
Passiox-flower Family,

251
Passion-vine, 252
Pastinaca sativa, 279
Patellaria atrata, 486
Paulownia imperialis, 351

tomentosa, 350
Pavia, 227
Pavonia, 236

spinifex, 237
Pea, 187

Black-eyed, 185

Blue. 187

Butterflv. 190

Cow, 184

Everlasting, 187

Pigeon, 182

Purple, 187

Sweet, 187
Pea Family, 175
Peach, 168
Peanut, 187
Pear, 166

Alligator, 141

Avocado, 141
Pearl wort, 130
Peat-moss. Cuspidate, 432

Magellan, 432

Peat-moss Family, 431
Pebble-vetch, 186
Pecan, 97
Pedilanthus, 218

latifolius, 218

tithymaloides, 219
Pelargonium, 192

capitatum, 192

exstipulatum, 192

graveolens, 192

inquinans, 192

peltatum, 192

terebinthinaceum, 192

zonale, 102
Pellitory Red, 106

White. 106
Penicillus capitatus, 501

pyriformis, 501
Pennisetum macrostachy-
um, 41

Purple, 41

Ruppellii, 41
Penny-grass, Field, 148
Pentas carnea, 370

lanceolata, 370
Pentstemon hirsutus, 350

piihcscens, 350
Peperomia, 94

arifolia. 94

crassicaxiliSy 94

magnoliaefoUa, 94

ohtusifolia, 94

Peltate, 94

septentrionalis, 94,

541
Pepper, Bird, 338

Guinea, 339

Spanish, 221, 339

Wild, 94
Pepper Family. 93
Pepper-grass, Garden, 147

Wild. 146
Peppermint, 329
Pepper-tree, 221
Pereskia aculeata, 257

BJeo, 257

Bush, 257

grandifolia, 257

Pereskia, 257
Pereskiopsis, 256
Perisporales, 485
Periwinkle, Red, 293
Peroxosporales^ 483
Persea gratissima, 141

Persea, 141
Persicaria, 111

punctata. 111
Persimmon, 286

Chinese, 286

Lotus, 286
Pertusaria leioplaca. 477

lutescens, 477

multipuncta. 477

pustulata, 477

tuberculifera, 477
Pertusaeiaceae, 477
Pestallozzia Guepini, 489
Petraea arborea, 320

Tree, 320

volubilis, 320
Petroselinum hortense, 275

peregriniim, 275

sativum, 275
Petrosiphon adhaerens, 495
Petty Spurge. 217
Petunia axillaris. 343

niictaginiflora , 343

phoenicea, 343

INDEX.

579

violacea. 343

Violet, 343

White, 343
Peyssonnelia rubra, 536
Phacidiales, 486
Phaeographis lobata, 474
Phaeophyceae, 504
Phalaris, 25

canariensis. 25
Phallales, 488
Pharhitis cathortica, 301

(leulbata, 209

Nil, 299

purpurea, 301

triJohd, 299
Phaseolus, 183

lignosus, 183

lunatus, 183

multiflorus, 183

polystachyus, 183

semierectus^ 183

sphaerospermus, 185

vulgaris, 183
Philadelphus coronarius,

161
Ptiilodendron giganteum,
61

lacerum, 61
Phleum, 25

pratense, 26
Phlomis nepetaefoUa, 324
Phlox, Annual Garden, 305

Drummondii. 305

paniculata, 305

Perennial Garden, 305
Phlox Family, 304
Phoenix dactylifera, 57

rupicola, 57
Phoma musarum, 489
Phormium tenax, 72
Phryma, 358

Leptostachya. 358
Pheymaceae, 357
Phycomycetes, 483
Phvlica odorata. 228
Phyllanthus, 206

Emblica, 207

Niruri, 206

nivosns, 220
Phiillocactus latifrons, 256
PJiyJlosticta Opuntiae, 489
Physalis, 333

angulata, 334

harhodenftis, 333

eduUs, 335

lanceolata, 335

LinMana, 334

ohscura, 334

peruviana, 335

pubescens, 333

turbinata. 334
Physalodes, 332

physalodes, 333
Physarum, 482
Physcia alba, 478

crispa, 478

integrata, 479

stellaris, 478
Physciaceab, 478
Physic-nut, 221
Phytolacca, 122

araericana, 122

deccDidra, 122
Phytolaccaceae, 121
Piaropus, 64

crassipes. 65
Picea, 412
Pickerel-weed Family^ 64

Picridium vuUjurc, 382

Pigeon-berry, 317
Pea. 182

Pig-weed, 115
Rough, 120
Slender, 12(>

Pilea, 104

grandlfolia. I(i5
Large-leaved, l(t5
niicrophylla, 104
nummulariaefolia, 105
Round-leaved, H)5
scrpiiUi folia, 104

Pilobolus crystallinus, 483

Pimenta, 263
iuris. 263
o/}i<inalis, 263
I'imenta, 263
vul(/(tris, 263

Pimento, 263

Pimpernel, Red, 282
Scarlet, 282

Pimpinella Anisum, 275
Idtcrifiora, 279

Pixaceae, 409

PiNALES, 409

Pinanga Kiihlii. 58
Pine, Aleppo. 411

Black, 411

.Jerusalem. 411

Long-leaf, 411

Norfolk Island, 411

Pond. 411

White, 411
Pine Apple, 66
Pine-Apple Family, 65
Pine Family. 409
Pink Family, 132
Pinus halepensis. 411

palustris, 411

serotina, 411

Strobus, 411
Piperaceae, 93
Pipe RALES, 93
Pisonia fraffrans, 1 24
Pisum sativum. 187
Pitcher-plant. 158
Pithecolobium Soman, 170

T^nguis-cati. 170
Pithya Oupressi. 485
Pittosporaceae. 162
Pittosporum coriaceum, 162

erioloma. 162

tenuifolium, 162

Thin-leaved. 162

Tobira. 162

undulatum. 162

Woolly. 162
PiTTOSPORTM Family. 162
Plagianthus. Pretty, 240

pulchellus. 240
Plagiochila, 457

Smallii. 457
Plane. American. 163

London. 163

Oriental. 163

I'LANE-TKEE FAMILY. 163
I'l-ANTACINACEAE, 358
T'l.ANTACINALES. 358

Plantago, 358

lanceolata. 359

ma lor. 359

Rugelii, 360

virginica, 360
Plantain. Common. 359

Banana. 89

Dwarf, 360

Greater, 359

Plantain Family, 358
Platanaceak, 163
I'iataniis acerlfolla. 163

occid.-ntalls. 163

oricntalls, 163
I'latoma cyclocnlpa, r>35
I'lcoinclo fragPiins. 75
I'itMir.'ige limis<>da. 4m;
IMeurotopsis niduUformlH.

4s,s
Pluchea, 3ss

caviplunata, 3H9

odorata. 3H9

purpurascenH. 380
Plum. 16S

(Jovernor's, 248

Hog. 222

Java, 264

Madagascar. 248

Natal. 295

Spani.sh. 221

Tiimarind, 1m2
Plum Family. 167
Plimhacinaceae. 282
Plumb.ago. Bluf. 2s;5

caiM>nsis. 2S3

cocrinca , 2s3

Red. 283

rosea. 2X3

Scarlet. 2.s3
Pn'MBAfjo Family. 282
Plumlera alba. 294

rul»ra. 294. 370
Poa, 31

annua. 32

ciliiiriK, 31

lalia<((i, 34

iiu i/astarlitia, 30

nemoralis. 33

pratensis. 32

ricjida. 33

unioloidt'H, 35

Wood. 33

POACEAE, 8
POAI.ES. 8

Podocarpua corlaceus, 412

Leather v. 412

Makoyi." 412
PGinclan.i iiirimia. 174

pulcherrima. 174

rt(iia. 174

Royal. 174
Poinsettia. 217

Annujil. 218

cvathophor.-i. 218

(Jarden. 21 s

heterii|»hyl!a. 217
Poison Ivv. 221

Oak. "221
Poke. 122
PoKHWEEP Family. 121

I'oLKMOMArKAE. 304
POLEMOMAI.ES!. 297

Pollanthes tuberosa. 82
Polyascias, Cut leaved. 271
obtusa. 271

POLYOALArEAK, 91
PoLVCONACEAE. 108

Poli/fjuuuni arrr. 111
Con ml r til IIS. 112
cuspidal uii\, 114
Faiiopurum, 112
platiiphullum, 114
putirtafuni . Ill
urifrra. 113

POLYOONALES. 108

Polymnla. 397

Fvedalla. .398

580

INDEX.

Polyothrix corymbosa, 493
Polypodium, 417

adiantifonne, 424

eJasticum, 417

exaltatiim, 427

pectinatum, 417

Plumula, 417

speluncac, 426
Polypody, Plume, 417
Polypogon, 27

littoi-alis, 28

monspeliensis, 27
Polyslphonia cofUicoJa,. 521

ferulacea. 520

foetidissima, 520

havanensis, 520

macrocarpa, 520

opaca, 521
Polystichum, 424

aculeatum. 424

adiantiforme. 424
Pomegranate, 259
Pomegranate Family, 258
Pomelo, 202
PoxDWEED Family,, 5
Pontederia azurea, 65

crassipes, 65

POXTEDEKIACEAE, 64

Poor Man's Weather-glass,

282
Poplar, Lombardy, 95

White, 95
Poppy. California, 144

Corn, 143

Field. 143

Garden. 142

Giant Yellow, 144

Mexican, 144

Opium, 142

Pricklv. 144

Red. 143

Smooth-fruited, 143
Poppy Family, 142
Populus alba. 95

italica. 95
Porina nucula. 472

phaca, 472

tetracerae. 472
Pork-fat Apple, 168
Poronia Oedipus. 486
Porphyra atropurpurea, 510

leucosticta, 510
Portulaca, 126

oleracea. 127

pilosa. 127

Small Purple. 127
Portulacaceae. 126
Potato. 337

Air, 83

Sweet. 301
Potato-bush, Blue. 337
Potato-vine. Jasmine, 337

Seaforth's. 337

Wendland's, 337
Potato Family, 332
Potentilla, 164

reptans. 164
Pot Marigold, 408

POTTIACEAE, 437

Potfia ctirvirostris. 440
POTTIA Family. 437
Poultry-grass. 63
Prenanthes japonica, 380
Prickly-bur, 340

Myrtle, 317

Pear. 255

Sage, 315

Sedge, 54

Pride of India. 205

-of-the-Mountain, 202
Primrose, Rosy, 269

Showy. 269
Primrose Family, 281
Primula sinensis, 282
Primulaceae. 281
Primulales, 281
Pritchardia pacifica, 59

Thurstoni, 59
Priva, 312

ecJiinata, 313

lappulacea, 313
Privet, 290

California, 290

Ibota, 290

Senna, 171

Thick-leaved, 290
Procris violacea, 103
Propolis faginea, 486
Proserpinaca, 270

palustris, 270
Prosopis juliflora, 170
Protea argentea.. 107
Proteaceae, 107
Proteales, 107
Prunella, 322

vulgaris. 322
Prunus armeniaca, 168

domestica, 168

occidewtalis, 167

sphaerocarpa, 167
Psidium, 262

amplexicaule, 263

Cattleyanum, 263

cordatum, 263

Guajava, 262

pomiferum, 262

PSILOTACEAE, 428

Psilotum, 428

nudum, 429

triquetrnm, 429
Psilotum Family, 428
Psoralea, Chilean. 189

glandulosa. 189
Psorotricha bermudana, 476
Psychotria, 363

domingensis, 370

ligustrifolia, 363

vndata. 364
Pteridiiim candatum, 419
Pteridophyta, 1, 413
Pteris, 419

aqiiilina, 419

caudata. 419

heterophyUa, 418

longifoUa^ 418
Ptilothamnion bipinnatum,
525

lucifugum, 526
Ptychosperma elegans, 58
Puccinia Cladii. 488

Dichondrae, 488

Lantanae. 488

Polygoni, 488

purpurea. 488
Pudding Pipe Tree, 172
Puffballs. 479
Pumpkin. 376
Punica, 259

Granatum. 259
Punicaceae, 258
Purple Wreath, 320
Purslane, 127

Marsh. 266

Sea. 125
Purslane Family, 126
Pussley, 127

Pycnanihcmum muticum,

331
Pycnodoria, 417

longifolia, 418
Pyrenocarpales. 471
Pyrenomycetes, 484
Pyrexopsidaceae. 476
Pyrenula aurantinca, 472

brachysperma, 472

leucoplaca, 472

mamillana. 472

nitida. 472
Pyrenulaceae, 472
Pyrgillus cubanus, 473
Pyronema omphalodes, 485
Pyrostegia ignea, 352
Pyrus communis, 166

Mains, 166
Pyxine picta, 477, 479

Quaking Grass. 16, 31
Quamoclit coccinea. 303

Quamoclit, 303

rvlgaris, 303
Quassia amara, 204
Queen-of-the-Night. 256

of Shrubs, 258
Quercus alba, 98

nigra, 98

Robur, 97
Quince. 166
Quisqualis indica. 260

Rachicallis rupestris, 369
Radiciila Nasturtium-aquat-

icum, 155
Radish. Garden, 154

Wild. 153
Radula, 461

pallens, 462
Ragweed, 385
Ragweed Family, 383
Raimannia, 267. 268

humifusa. 267

laciniata. 268
Rain-tree, 170
Ramalina complanata, 478
Raxales. 134
Randia, 361

aculeata, 361. 369

latifolia, 361
Rangoon Creeper. 260
Raxunculaceae, 137
Ranunculus, 137

acris, 138

muricatus, 139

parviflorus. 139

repens, 138
Raphanus, 153

lavccolafus, 153

Raphanistrum, 153

sativus, 154
Raphiolepis, Entire-leaved.
166

integerrima, 166
Raspberry. European, 165

Garden, 165

Yellow. 165
Rattle-box, 177
Ravenala madagascarensis,

89
Ray-grass. Awned. 39
Reboulia, 450

hemispherica. 450
Rectolejeunea, 464

phyllobola. 465
Red-hot Poker. 72
Red-wood, 412

INDEX.

581

Reichardia, 382

pici-oides, 382
Rcnculmio occidentalism 87
Reseda alba, 157

odorata, 157
Resedaceae, 157
Rhacodiscus lucidus, 356
Rhacoma, 224

Crossopetalum, 224

RHACOriLACEAE, 444

Rhacopilum, 444

tomentosum, 444, 541
Rhamnaceae^ 228
Rhamnales^ 227
Rhapis flabelliformis, 57
Rheum Rhaponticum. 114
Rhizoclonium crassipelitum,
498

hieroglvphicum, 498

Hookeri, 498

Kerneri, 498

tortuosum, 498
Rhizophora, 265

Mangle, 265
Rhizophoraceae, 265
RhodocJiorton memlwana-

cciim, 511
Rhododendron, 281
Rhodomelaceae, 518
Rhodophyceab, 510
Rhodophyllaceae, 514
Rhodym en ia mammillaris,

515
Rhodymeniaceae, 516
Rhoeo discolor, 64
Rhopadostylis Baueri, 58
Rhubarb, 114
Rhus Blodgettii, 221

incisa, 221

.iuglandifolia, 221

radicans, 221

Toxicodendron, 221
Ribes Grossularia, 162

ruhrum, 162

vulgare, 162
Rib-grass, 359
Ribwort, 359
Riccardia, 454

Broad, 454

Cleft. 455

latifrons, 454

multifida, 455
Rice, Jungle, 21

Wild. 24
Rice-paper Tree, 271
Rirhardia afrlc<ina, 60
Ricinus, 210

communis, 210
Rinodina insperata. 478
Rivea corumhosa. 303
Rivina hu'milis, 122
Rivularia polyotis. 493
Rivulariaceae, 493
Robinia dubia, 188

Pseudacacia, 188
Rocket, Sand. 152

Southern Sea, 153
Rock-cress, Alpine, 155
Rock-rose Family., 244
Rockweed. 506
Rollinia Sieberi, 137
Rondeletia odorata, 370

Scarlet, 370
Rosa bracteata, 165

laevigata, 165
Rosa de Monte, 175
rosaceae, 163
Rosales, 158

Rose, 165

-apple, 264

rhangoable, 238

Chinese, 238

-of-IIeaven, 134

-of-Shar(m. 238
Rose Family, 163
Rosellinia subiculata, 486
Rosemary. 327

Marsh. 283
Rosenvingea intricata, 5<i5
Rosmarinus, 327

officinalis, 327
Rouge I'lant, 122
Roving Sailor, 346

Larger, 346
Royal Fern, 415

Palm, 57
Royal Fern Family, 414
Roystonea oleracea, 57

regia, 57
Rttbiaceae, 360
RmiALES. 360
Rubus ellipticus. 165

fruticosus, 165

Idaeus, 165

trivia lis, 165
Rue, Garden. 202
Rue Family, 200
Rumex, 109

Acetosella, 110

crispus. 109

obtusifolius. 110

pulcher. 110

sanguineus, 109
Rtmning Grass, 36
Ruppia, 5

maritima, 5
Ruprechtia corylifolia, 113

Ilazel-leaved, 113
Rush Chair-maker's. 48

Large Grass-leaved, 69

Large Marsh, 67

Mat, 48

Sea, 68

Slender, 68

Toad, 68

White-headed, 49
Rush Family. 66
Rush-grass, 26
Russellia, 347

equisetiformis, 347

juncca, 347
Rusts, 487, 488
Ruta graveolens, 202
Rutaceae, 200
Rye, Virginia Wild, 40
Rynchospora, 52

aurea. 52

distans, 53

doiniii Kcen.sis, 53

forida, 53

fused. 53

purn. 49

stelln'ta. 49

stipitata. 53

Sabal, 56

Adansonii. 56
Blackburnianum, 56
glabra, 56
Moeini, 56
Palmetto. 56. 57 ^
uiiihraeuJiftrd . 56
Sahina herwiidiana. 410
Saccharum officinarum, 40
Sacciolepis striata, IS
Saccobolus Kerveml, 486

Sacred Roan. 135
Salllower, 4(»H
Saffrfm. Falsf. 408
Sage. (Jardi-n, 327

Pricklv. 31.-

Sc:iri«-l, 32*;

Small Whit*'. 326
Sage-bush. (•(»ninujn. 315

Knglish. 314

Pink. 315

R.'d. 314
Sagina, l3o

aiiitaUi, 130

prdcninlicns. 130
Sjigo Palm. 413
S;iinfoin. 1S9
St. Jcthn's Bread, 173

-wort. 245
St. .Ion.\'s-w(jitT Family,
244

SALIfACEAE. 95

Samcalks. 95
Salicornia, 117

europaea. 117

fniticnsii , 118

perennis. 118
Salix babylonica. 95

chilensis, 95

Humholdtiana, 95
Salpiglossis sinuata, 343
Salsify, 383
Salt Grass, 35
Salvia, 325

coccinea, 326

ianthina. 327

Large P.lue. 327

Large I'urpb'. 327

occidentalis. 326

officinalis. 327

patens. 327

l)urpurea. 327

Scarlet. 326

serotina. 326

splendens. 326

teuiUn. 326

Velv.-tv Purple. 327
Salvinia, 427

Olferslana. 428
Salvimaceae. 427
Salviniales. 427
Salvinia Family. 427
Sambucus. 371

intermedia, 371

uhira. 371
Samphire, Marsh. 118
Sanche/la n.. bills. 355
Sandalwood. 1<>7
Sand Rocket. 152

Spurrv. 131
Sandbox-tree. 219
S.mdwort. 130
Sanseviera guinocnsis. 72

zeyl.inloa. 72
Santalalks. Hi7
Santalum album. 107
Santa Maria. 246. .39S
Sai'im>a»kak. 225
Saimnpalks. 220
Sapindus longifolius. 226

Kaponai-in, 226
Sapodllla. 2S5
SAi'oniLi.A Family. 2S4
Saponaria ralai)rica. 134
Sapota Achrjis. 2S5

SAr<»T.V('EAE. 2S4

Sargassum harriferum , 506
Flllpendula. 5o7
fluitans, 507

582

INDEX.

foliosissimum, 506

lendigerum. 507

.linifolium, 507

aatans, 506

vulgare, 506
Sarracenia purpui'ea, 158
Sarbacexiales, 158
Sarsaparilla, 74
Satin-wood, 200, 202
Satureia montana. 331
Savory, Winter. 331
Saw-gVass. 54
Saxifraga sarmentosa, 161
Saxifragaceae, 161
Saxifrage Family, 161
Scabiosa, 375

atropurpurea, 375

maritima, 375

nitens, 375
Scabious, Azorean, 375

Sweet, 375. 392
Scaevola, 378

LoheUa, 378

Plumieri, 378
Scandix CerefoUum, 279
Scarlet Plume, 219

Runner, 183
Schinus molle, 221
Schizonotus Lindleyanus,

165
Schoemis coloratus, 49

distans, 53
Scilla maritima, 73
Scirpus, 47

americanus, 48

capitatus, 51

castaneus, 49

interstinctus, 50

lacustris, 48

meUmocarpus , 51

Olneyi, 47

paliistris, 50

plantagineus y 50

validus, 48
SCITAMIXALES3 86
Siclerochloa rigida, 33
Sclerophyton elegans, 473

474
Scleropoa, 33

rigida, 33
Sclerotium Semen, 489
Scolte, 122
Scolosanthus Sagraeanus,

361
Scorzonera picroides, 382
ScREW-piNE Family, 4

SCROPHULARIACEAE, 343

Scurvy Grass. 153
Scutch-grass, 36
Scutellaria purpurascens,

331
Scytonema junipericola, 493

myochrous, 493

ocellatum, 493

SCYTOXEMATACEAE, 493

Scvtosiphon Lomentaria,

505
Sea Dafifodir. 77

Grape. 113

Lavender, 283. 308

Lettuce, 494

Mulberry, 260

Onion, 73

Purslane, 125

Squills, 73
Seaforthia elegans, 58
Sea-shore Rushgrass, 26
Sebesten Sebestena, 309
Sedge, Bermuda, 55

Greenish-white, 55

Prickly, 54
Sedge Family, 41
Sedum acre, 160

mexicanum, 160

sarmentosum, 160
Seirospora Gaillonii. 529

purpurea, 529
Sekika sarmentosa, 161
Selaginellaceae, 429
Selaginella, 429

viticulosum, 429
Selenicereus grandiflorus,

256
Selenipedilum, 91
Self-heal. 322
Sematophyllaceae, 448
Sematophyllum, 448

adnatum, 448
Sempervivum, 160
SetieMera didyma, 147
Senecio, 395

Cineraria, 396

mikanioides. 396

vulgaris, 396
Senna, Bladder, 187

Coffee, 172

Privet, 171
Sexna Family, 171
Sensitive Plant. 170
Septoria oleandrina, 489
Sequoia sempervirens, 412

Washingtoniana, 412
Sesuvium, 125

Portulacastrum, 125
Setaria. 22

glaaca, 23

verticillata, 22

viridiSj, 22
Seven-year Apple, 362
Shag, 4

Shasta Daisy. 406
Shell-flower, 87

-plant, 87
Shepherd's Purse, 154
Sherardia, 368

arvensis, 369
Shield-fern, Bermuda, 426

Marsh. 425
Shoeblack Plant, 238
Shrubby Althaea, 238
Sicyos angulatus, 377

edulis, 376
Sida, 235

AhutiloJi. 233

antillensls, 236

carpinifolia, 236

glomerata, 235

Hornbeam-leaved, 236

pulchella. 241

Rhombic-leaved, 236

rhombifolia. 236

spinosa, 236
Sideritis, 321

romana, 322
Sideroxylon foetidissimum,
285

mastichodendron, 285
Silene, 132

anglica, 132

gallica, 132

maritima, 133

noctiflora, 133

nocturaa, 133
Silk-cotton Tree. 241
Silk Oak, 107
Silky Grass, 18"
Silver Thatch Palm. 58

Tree, 107

Wattle, 170
Simaroubaceae, 204
Sinapis, 151

arvensis, 151
nigra, 150
Siphonanthus indica, 320
Siphonocladus rigidus, 495

tropicus, 495
Sisal. 80

Wild, 80
Sis on Am mi, 279
Sisymbrium Nasturtium-
aquaticum, 155
officinale, 150
Sisyrinchium, 84

Bermudiana, 84
iridoides, 84
Skullcap, West Indian, 331
Slime-Moulds, 482
Slipper-flower, 219

-plant, 218
Small Cane, 40
Small's Hackberry, 99
Smartweed. Water, 111
Smilaceae, 74
Smilax, 74

aspera, 74
Bona-nox, 74
officinalis, 74
sagittaefolia, 74
Smilax Family, 74
Smuts, 487, 488
Smyrnium, 276

Olusatrum, 276
Snapdragon, 350
Yellow, 350
Snap-weed. 194
Snowberrv. Bermuda, 362
Snow-bush, 220
Snowflake, Summer. 82
Snuff-plant, 291
Soapberry, 226
Soapberry Family^ 225
Solaxaceae, 332
Solanum, 335

aculeatissimum, 336
Bushy White, 336
.iasminoides, 337
Lycopersicnm. 338
Melongena. 337
nigrum, 336
nodiflorum, 336
ovigerum, 337
Rantonnettii. 337
robustum, 337
Seaforthianum, 337
torvum, 336
tuberosum, 337
Wendlandii, 337
Solidago, 390

meocicana, 391
sempervirens, 391
rirgata. 391
Sonchus, 381. 382
asper, 381
oleraceus, 381
Sophora, 176

chinensis. 176
Coast, 176
tomentosa, 176
Sorghum halepense, 11
saecharatum, 11
vulgare, 11
Sorrel, Field. 110

Sheep. 110
Sour-sop. 136. 197
South Sea Ironwood, 93

Tea, 222
Southern Chess, 35

INDEX.

583

Hackberry. 99
Sowbane, 116
Sow Thistle, Annual, 381

Spiny, 381
Spanish Bayonet, 75
Broom, 188
Cedar, 205
Moss, 65
Pepper, 221
Plum. 221
Spartina, 35

cynosuroides, 35
juncco; 35
patens, 35
Spartium junceum, 188
Spathelia simples, 202
Spathodea campanulata, 353
Spatoglossum Schroederi,

507
Spear-grass, Low, 32
Spearmint. 329
Speedwell. Corn. 349
Field, 349
Garden, 349
Purslane, 350
Wall, 349
Spergulastrum lanugino-

sum, 131
Spermacoce, 365
Hairy, 366
Icieris^ 365
Slender, 365
tenuior, 365
tetraquetra, 366
Spermatophyta, 1, 2
Spermoth amnion gorgo-
neum, 526
macromeres. 526
Sphacelaria tribuloides, 504
Sphacelariaceae. 504
Sphaeriales, 486
Sphaerococcaceae, 515
Sphaerococcus Corollopsis,

519
Sphaeropsidales, 489
Sphaerostilbe flammea, 485
Sphagnaceae, 431
Sphagxales, 431
Sphagnum, 431

cuspidatum. 432
magellanicum, 432
medium, 432
Spider Lily. 78

Long, 78
Spider-flower, Small, 156

Viscid. 156
Spiderwort. Blue, 64
Spiderwort Family, 62
Spike-rush, Beaked, 52
Bermuda, 52
Capitate, 51
Knotted, 50
Meadow. 51
Rough-stemmed, 51
Spinach. New Zealand, 126
Spindle-tree, Japanese, 224
Spiraea cantoniensis, 165
Chinese. 165
Plum-leaved, 165
prunifolia, 165
Reeves^iana, 165
salicifolia. 165
Spironthefi hrevilahris, 90

tortilu9, 90
Spleenwort. Long. 422

Toothed. 422
Sponia LamorcMana, 99
Spondias httea, 222
Mombin, 222

purpurea. 221
Wild, 149
Sporobolus, 26

aniiuntuH, 27
Berteroanus, 27
rhmoutus. 27
huJicus, 27
Uttoralis, 26
puruans, 26
virginicus, 26
Sporochnaceae, 505
Sporochnus Bolleanus, 505
Spororomia minima, 484
Spruce, 244, 412
Spurge, Blodgett's, 213
Blotched. 216
Coast, 213
Hairy, 216

Hypericum-leaved, 214
Hyssop-leaved, 215
Large, 214
Large Tubercled, 219
Petty, 217
Prostrate. 215
Spotted, 216
Upright Spotted. 214
Various-leaved. 217
Spurge Family, 205
Spurred Butterfly Pea, 190
Spur-wort, 369
Spyridia aculeata, 530
complanata, 530
filamentosa, 530
Squamariaceae, 536
Squash, 376

Crookneck. 376
Squills. Sea, 73
Stachys, 325

arvensis, 325
Stachytarpheta jamaicen-

sis, 313
Staff-Tree Family, 223
Stapelia maculosa, 297
Star-Apple, 285

-of-Bethlehem, 72
-of-the-Earth, 147
Tlilstle. 407
Starwort, 131
8tatice austraic^ 283
cnrolininna, 283
Fortunci, 283
Lvfroiii, 283, 543
SteUaria ncmorum, 131

prostrata, 128
Stemonitis, 482
Steunctifi annua, 392
Stenotaphrum. 24

omnicanum, 24
dimUUatuw . 24
(jUihrnm, 24
secundatum. 24
Stephnnotis floribund:i. 29
Sterculia apetala. 242
carthcuinrnsis. 242
platanifolia, 243
Stercttliaceae. 241
Steriphoma elliptlcn, 157
Sternbergia lutea, 82
Stickweed, 131
Stictis graminum, 486

radiata. 486
Stigonemataceae. j!''^^^,
Stilbocrea hypocreoldes 48.
^tniinaia schifcra, 2 JO
Stinging Cherry. 199
Stinking-weed. 34(^
Stinkweed. 209
Stock. Variegated, lo5
Stokesia cyanea, 408

laevis. 408
Ston«M-rop, M«»ssv. 16<»

Y«'li(.w MfXlcun, 1G<J
St()i)i».r. White, 261
Straumniuin, 340
PurF)le, :i4(i
Strawljerrv, Iiullan, 164
Yellow, ir,4
Virginia. 164
Strawberry (icranhim, 161
Strelltzia 'angusta, H9
Large. 89
reglnae, 89
Strobilanthes coloratus, 356
isophyllus. 357
Narrow-leaved. 357
rur|)le. 356
Struve.a rainosa. 495
St!fn«ipofJium lohatum, 5'i7
Succory. Wild. 379
Sugar Apple. 136
Cane. 40
Plum. 374
Sumac. Cut-leaved. 221
Walnut-leaved. 221
St'Mac Family. 220
Summer Snowflake, 82
Sunflower, 401

Low. 401
Suriana, 203

maritima. 203
StRiANA Family. 203
Sirianaceae. 203
Surinam Cherry. 262
Sweet Bay. 141

Marjoram. 331
Orange. 202
Pea. 187
Potato, 301
Sultan. 4n7
William. 134
Swietenia chlamxylnn , 2<>2
macrophylla. 205
Mahagoril. 205
Switch (Jrass. 17
Sword-fern. 427
Sword-flower. 188
Cape. 189
Elegant. 189
IndiMn. 189
Synndenhun (;rantii. 219
I Syntherisma, 18
I digitatii. 19

lonpiflora. 20
marijiniita, 19
s.-ingnlnnlis. 19
Syring.i, Cardt-n. 1»>1

vulgaris. 290
Syrrhopodon, 436
I florWlnnus. 43 <. 541

Syzyglum jambolanum. '_<>4
I

Tabebuia, 352

hurn.ruln. 352
l)alllda. 352
pcnInvhuUii. 352
serratlfolla. 352

! Showy. 352

1 Taberuaoinontana cltrlfolla.
29 L 370
roronaria. 294
Cumlnclan.M. 295

i Small-flowered. 294

1 Tacsonlii. 253
Taonloma perpuslllum. .>ix

' Tail-flower. Veitch's. 60

i Tallow-tree. Chinese. 219

I Tamaricaceae, 243

584

INDEX.

Tamarind, 174

Plum, 102
Tamarindus indica, 174
Tamarisk, 244
Tamarix, 243

gallica, 244
Tamarix Family, 243
Tanacetum vulgare, 407
Tansy, 407

Wild, 385
Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 380

officinale, 380
Tare, 186
Tassel Plant, 203
Taxaceae, 412
Tea, Mexican, 116
Tea Family, 244
Teak, 320

T"EASEL Family, 375
Tecoma capensis, 351

jasminoidcs, 353

■pentaphylla, 352

racUcans, 353

stans, 352
Tecomaria, 351

capensis, 351
Tectona grandis, 320
Telanthera Bettzickiana,

121
Telaranea, 460

nematodes, 461
Telegraph-plant, 188
Terminalia Arjuna, 260

Catappa. 260
Termixaliaceae, 259
Terrell-grass. 40
Tetragonia, 125

expansa, 126
Tetrapanax papyrifer, 271
Thalassia, 7, 489

testudinum, 8
ThallophytAj 1, 470
Tkeaceae. 244
Thecotheus Pelletieri, 486
Thelidium bermudanum,
472

Farlowi. 471
Thelotremaceae, 474
Theohroma Guazuma, 243
Thespesia, 239

populnea, 240
TJievetia nereifolia, 294
Thistle. Queen, 144

Stinging. 144
Thistle Family, 385
Thlaspi, 147

arvense, 148

Biirsa-pastoris, 154
Thorn-apple, 340
Thorn, Evergreen," 166

-trees, 166
Thoroughwort, Bushy, 388

Large-leaved, 388
Three-square, 48
Thrvallis glauca, 199

Pale. 199
Thuidium, 445

minutulum; 446
Thuja orientalis, 411
Thunbergia alata, 355

Bush, 355

erecta. 355

fragrans. 355

grandiflora, 355

Large-flowered, 355

Laurel-leaved. 355

laurifolia. 355

White, 355

Winged, 355
Thyme, 331
Thymus vulgaris, 331
Thyrsacanthus cuspidatus,

356
Tickseed, Garden, 406

Lance-leaved, 407

Large-flowered, 406
Tiger-flower, 85
Tigridia Pavonia, 85
Tiliaceae, 230
Tillandsia fasciculata, 66

polystachya, 66

tisncoides. 65
Tilopteridaceae. 506
Timothy, 26

Koeleria, 30
Tiniaria, 112

Convolvulus, 112
Tissa, 131

marina, 131
Tithonia rotundifolia, 406

tagetipora, 406
Toadflax, 350

Sharp-pointed, 345
Tobacco, 341

Sharp-leaved, 342

Tree. 342
Tobira, 162
Toddy Palm, 57
Toluifera Balsamum, 188

peruifera, 188
Tomato. 338

Cherry, 338
Tommy Atkins, 408
Tordylium Anthriscus, 274

nodosum,. 274
Torilis, 274

Anthriscus, 274

nodosa. 274
Torrubia fragrans, 124
Tortula, 440

agraria, 440

Common, 440
Tournefortia gnaphalodes.
308

Laurel-leaved, 308

laurifolia, 308
Tous-les-Mois, 86
Toxicodendron, 221

radicans. 221
Toxylon pomiferum. 102
Trachelospermum divarica-
turn, 295

ja-sininoides, 295
Tracliymene coendea, 279
Tradescantia discolor, 64

Virginiana. 64
Tragopogon picroides, 383

porrifolius. 383
Tranzschelia punctata, 48b
Travellers' Tree. 89
Tree of Heaven, 204
Trema, 99

Lamarckiana, 99
Triadica sebifera, 219
Trichachne insularis,, 18
Trichogloea Herveyi, 511
Trichoglossum hirsutum,

486
Trichostomum, 438

bermudianum, 438

.iamaicense, 438
Trifolium, 179

hybridum, 180
MeUlotus indica, 179

pratense, 180

repens, 181

Trincomali Wood, 231

Triphasia Aurantiola, 202

trifolia, 202
Triticum vulgare, 41
Tritoma Uvaria, 72
Tritonia crocosmaeflora, 85
Triumfetta. 230

althaeoides, 231

Lappula, 231

semitriloba, 231
Tropaeolaceae, 193
Tropaeolum, 193

majus, 193
Trumpet-creeper, 353
Trumpet-creeper Family,

351
Trumpet-flower, 352

Cape, 351

Comely, 352

French, 294

White, 294
Trumpet-tree, 102
Trypetheliaceae, 472
Tuberose, 82
Tulip-tree, 136, 239
Turbina, 302

corymbosa, 303
Turbinaria trialata, 506

tricostata, 506

turbinata, 506
Turkey-berry, 319
Turk's Cap, 257
Turnera, 247

ulmifolia. 247

TURXERACEAE, 247

TuRXERA Family, 247
Turnip, 151
Turtle Grass, 8
Typha, 3

angustifolia, 4

domingensis, 4
Typhaceae, 3
Tyromyces graminicola,488

Udotea conglutinata, 501

Flabellum, 501
Ulex europaeus, 188
Ulmaceae, 98
Ulva Lactuca, 494
Ulvaceae. 494
Umbrella Sedge, 46
Uredixales. 488
Urginea maritima, 73
Urospermum, 382

picroides, 383
TJrtica, 103

chamaednoides, 104

cvUndrica, 105

dioica. 104

membranacea. 104

nummulariaefoUa, 105

ureus. 103
Urticaceae. 103
Urticales, 98
T'sxeaceae. 478
Usteria antirrhinifiora', 346

scandeiis, 346
L'stilagixales, 488
Ustilago Zeae. 488
Uvaria odoratissima, 137

Vachellia Farnesiana, 170
Vaillantia, 366

hispida, 366

muralis, 367
Valeriana rnhra, 375
Valeriaxaceae, 373
Valeriaxales, 373
Valeriax Family, 373
Valerianella, 373

INDEX.

585

Locusta, 374

olitoria, 374
Valerianodes, 313

jamaicensis, 313
Valonia macrophysa, 494

utricularis, 495

ventricosa, 404
Valomaceae, 494
Valota, 18

insularis, 18
Vanda, 91

Vangueria edulis. 370
Varnish-tree, 227
Vauciieriaceae, 503
VeitQh's Tail-flower, 60
Velvet Leaf, 233

Plant, 408
Venus-hair Fern, 420
Verbascum, 343

Thapsus, 344

virgatum. 344
Verbena, 309

bonariensis. 311

chamaedrifolia, 311

erinoides. 311

Garden, 311

jamaicensis, 313

lappulacea, 313

Lemon, 312

mtoralis, 310

Moss, 311

multifida, 311

nodiffora, 312

officinalis, 310

rigida. 311

scabra, 310

Stifif, 311

triphiiUa, 312

iirfirifolia, 310

renosa. 31 1
Verbexaceae. 309
Verbesina, 399

alba. 399
Vereia crenata, 160
Veronica, 349

agrestis. 349

arvensis. 349

peregrina. 350

salicifolia. 350

Willow-leaved, 350
Verrucaria rupestris, 471
Verrucariaceae. 471
Vervain Bur. 313

European, 310

Jamaica, 313

Rough, 310

South American. 310
Vervain Fa^iily, 309
Vetch. Common, 186

Hairv. 187

Pebble, 186

Smaller. Common. 186
Viburnum Tinus, 373
Vicia, 18«

angustifolia. 186

Faba. 187

sativa. 186

villosa, 187
Vigna, 183

liitcnla, 184

repens. 183. 184

sinensis. 184

Yellow. 184
Vinca rosea, 293
Viola, 249

odorata. 249

tricolor. 249
ViOLACE-VE. 248

Violet. English. 249

Sweet, 249
Violet Family, 248
Virfjilia uurea, 189
Virginia Beard-grass, 10

Creeper, 229

Wild Rye, 40
Vismia guianensis, 245
VlTACEAE, 228
Vitex Agnus-castus, 320
Vitis Lal)rusca, 230

vinifera, 230
Volkameria, 317

aculeata, 317

Wall-flower. 155
Walnut, Black, 97

English, 97

Otaheite, 219
Walnl't Family, 97
Waltheria, 242

americana, 242
Wampee, 202
Wandering Jew. 64
Wart-cress, Lesser. 147
Washingtonia fiUfera, 58
Water-cress, 155

Grass. 16

Hyacinth, 65. 135

Lemon, 252, 253

Lily, 135

Melon, 377

Smartweed, 111
Water- LEAF Family. 305
Water Lily Family, 134
Water Milfoil Family,

270
Wattle, Silver, 170
Wax-mvrtle. 96

-plant. 297
Weather-glass, Poor Man's,
282

Shepherd's, 282
Wedelia perfoliata, 407
Weeping Palm. 58

Willow, 95
"Weisia, 437

Bright-green. 438

viridula. 438
West Indian Almond. 2CC

Ash, 172

Cherry, 199

Grass. 37
Wheat. 41
White Cedar, 352

Goosefoot, 115

Moss. 434

Poplar. 95

Stopper. 261

-weed, 405
White Mangrove Family.

259
White "moss Family, 434
Wild Coffee. 363

Fig. 102

Ipecac. 296

Oni(m. 70

Pe|)i)er. 94

Rico. 24. 292

Sisal. 80
Willow, lilack. 157

Caracas. 95

Humboldt's. 95

Weeping. 95
Willow Fa^iily. 95
Wine Palm. 57
Wire-grass. 37

-weed. 236
Wistaria frutcscens. 188

North American, 188

Witch Grass, 16

Wood Grass. 21

Wood-sorrt'l, Cuban I'urple,
• 197

Martius' PurpU*. 197
Nodding Vfllow, lltO
Fprighl Yellow, 19M
Yellow Procumbent,
19S

WOOD-SOKREL FAMILY. 195

Woodvardia viruinira, 421
Wormsei'd. 116
Wormwood, Roman, 385
Woundwort. Corn, 325

Field, 325
Wrangelia penicillatn, 51."?
Wreath. Puri)le, 320
Wrightiella Blodgettll. 522

Tumanowiczi. 522
Wurdemannia setacea, 515

Xanthium, 384

erhiiiaUim, 384

longirostre. 384
Xanthosoma saglttaefoUum.
60

viol.iceum. 60
Xanthoxalis, 197

corniculata. 198

stricta. 198
Xeratithemum bractratum.

408
Xylaria filiformls, 486
Xyridales, 62

Yam. 83

Yam Family. 83
Yard-grass, 37
Yarrow. 403
Yaupon, 222
Yautia. 60
Yellow-wood. 200
Yew Family. 412
Ylang-ylang. 137
Yucca, 75

aloifolia, 75

gloriosa, 75

serrulata. 75

Zamia floridana. 413

ZAXNirilKLLIArEAE. 5

Zantedeschia, 6<>

aethiopica. 60
Zanthoxylum, 200

arnwnticuni . 200

rinra-herruHs, 200

flavum. 200
Zea iaponica. 41

Slavs. 40
Zebrina, 63

pendula. «'.4
Zephurtiuihix, 78

Idfnlia. 79

Efliirrsinvn. 79

rnsrn, 79
Zingiber officinnlc, 87

Zinsiber. 87

ZlNdlTlFRArKAE. 87

Zinnia liipans. 408

(farcb^n. 407
Zizania acpi.-itica. 24
Zonarla Inhntn. .507. 508

varlegata. 508

zonalls. 507
Zostera, 6. 8. 489

marina. 6

ZoSTKRArFAE. 6

Zvgocacttis truncntns.
Zyoophyi.lacfaf. 199
Zvgophvllum foetldum. 190

257

Library

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