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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

DAVIS

FLOEA

OF

BEITISH INDIA,

Dates of Publication of the Several Parts of this Voluwe,

Part yil. pp. 1-192, was published May 1880.
„ Ylli. pp. 193-448, „ Mar. 1881.

„ IX. pp. 449 to end, „ Dec. 1882.

4(kA,n^i/u cL^ y ^^. fid

THE

FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA.

BY

Sm J. D. HOOKEE, C.B, K.C.S.I.

M.D., F.R.S,, D.C.L. OXON., LL.D. CANTAB.
COKEESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FEANCE, AND HON. MEMBER OF
ASIATIC SOCIETY OP BENGAL.

ASSISTED BY VAEIOUS BOTANISTS.

VOL. III.
CAPRIFOLIACEM TO APOCYNACEM.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR
INDIA IN COUNCIL.

LONDON:
L. REEVE & CO., 5 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1882.

IIB^'AP.Y

LONDON : PRIKTED BT

SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NBW-STHEET SQUARE

AND PARLIAMENT STREET

FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA.

Order LXXIV. CAPRZFOX.XACBS:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Shrubs, erect or scandent, or small trees {Adoxa, a herb), branches round.
Leaves opposite, rarely 3-nate; stipulate or not. Flowers hermaphrodite,
cymose or panicled, capitate in Adoxa, regular or irregular. Calyx-tuhe adnate
to the ovary ; limb 3-5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla gamopetalous ; limb often
2-lipped, 5-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 5 (in Adoxa 8-12), on the
corolla alternate with its lobes. Ovary inferior (in Adoxa ^-inferior), 2-8-
rarely 1-celled ; style long, with capitate stigma, or short, 2-5-lobed ; ovules
solitaiy, pendulous, or several on axile placentas. Fruit a drupe (in Abelia
dry), with 1-8 cartilaginous pyrenes, or a many-seeded berry. Seeds 1 or
many in each cell, albumen copious fleshy ; embiyo usually minute. — Species
200 J mostly Northern, with a few Australian and S. American.

Distinguished from Buhiacea chiefly by habit and the frequently irregular flowers
and rarity of stipules.

Tribe I. Sambuceae. Corolla-limb regular. Style short, 2-5-lobed.
Ovary-cells 1-ovuled.
Leaves 2-tematisect. Flowers capitate. Stamens 8-12 .... 1. Adoxa.

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-9, serrate 2. Sambucus.

Leaves undivided 3. Vibubnum.

Tribe II. Xionicereee. Coro//«7^7w6 regular or irregular. Style long -^
stigma capitate.

Leaves sessile, counate, obovate. Ovary-cells 3, 1-ovuled ... 4. Teiosteum.

Calyx-lobes elongate. Fruit elongate, coriaceous, 1 -seeded ... 5. Abema.

Leaves entire. Flowers paired. ]3erry 2-3-celIed 6. Loniceea.

Leaves exstipulate. Branches fistular. Ovary 5-8-celled ... 7. Leycesteria.

Leaves stipulate. .Branches solid. Ovary 5-celled 8. Pentapyxis.

1. ADOXA, Linn.

A small glabrous succulent herb. Radical leaves long-petioled, 3-ternatisect ;
caidine 3-fid. Flowers smaU, green, in a peduncled head. Calyx-tiihe hemi-
spheric ; limb ^-superior, 2--4-lobed. Corolla rotate, 4-G-Iobed. Stamens
8-12, in pairs alternating with the corolla lobes; anther-cells 2, confluent
above. Ovary 3-5-celled; styles 3-5; ovules 1 in each cell. Ih-upe sub-
globose ; pyrenes 4-5, compressed. Seeds obovate, flattened.

VOL. III. B

96193

2 Lxxiv. CAPRiFOLiACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Adoxa.

A genus differing much from the order in habit. Perhaps nearer Chryso-

1. A. Moscliatellinaf Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 2.

Vab. inodora, Falc. mss. ; inodorous, cauline leaf often solitary, flowers 5-6-
merous.

Kashmir, Falconer; Pir Pinjal, alt. 11,500 ft., C. B. C— Distrib. N. Europe,
Asia, and America.

Eootstock short, creeping. Stem simple, 3-6 in., terminating in a solitary
peduncle. Radical leaves ^2 in. diam., with a long 2-6 in. petiole ; cauline 2 in
European, often 1 in Kashmir specimens, smaller, petrole short or 0 ; segments
obtuse or mucronate. Heads ^ in. diam., green, in European specimens with a
terminal 4-merous and 4 lateral 5-merous flowers ; in Kashmir with a terminal
6-merous and 4 or more lateral 6-merous ones. Drupe ^ in. diam. ; endocarp and
seeds flattened. — Odour of the European plants musky, of Kashmir 0, on which
account and the 5-6-merous flowers Falconer regarded the latter as a distinct species
{A. inodora, Falc), but its habit and all other characters are identical with the
European.

2. SAMBUCUS, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves unequally pinnate, large, often stipulate ;
leaflets serrate or laciniate. Corymbs large, very compound, bracteate ; flowers
smaU, jointed with the pedicel, very rarely bracteolate. Ccdyx-limh 3-5- toothed.
Corolla rotate or canapanulate, 3-5-partite. Stamens 6, attached to the base of
the corolla. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style short, 3-6-partite, or stigmas 3-5-sessile ;
ovules 1 in each ceU, pendulous. Drupe crowned by the calyx-teeth, 3— *!-
celled. Seeds compressed ; embryo long. — Distrib. Species 10-12, in all tem-
perate regions (except S. Africa).

1. S. ZSbulus, Linn. ; herbaceous, leaflets free, stipules often foliaceous
serrate, drupes black. H. f. 4* T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. li. 179 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 260 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 2.

Kashmir; alt. 6000-10,000 ft., plentiful; T. Thomson, &c.— Distrib. Europe, N.
Africa, and to the Elburz Mts.

Gregarious ; sterna mostly simple, 3-6 ft. high. Leaves 9 in. ; leaflets 5-9,
oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 in., puberulous or nearly glabrous. Corymb peduncled or
leafy at the base, compact and 3-rayed in English, usually larger and many-rayed
in Kashmir specimens; bracteoles minute, linear. Corolla ^ in. diam., broadly cam-
panulate, white pink or dark purple. Drupe ^ in. diam., globose. — Flowers with a
strong peculiar odour, both in Kashmir and Europe, uppermost usually barren.

2. S. javanica, Blwne Bijd. 657; a straggling shrub, leaflets free,
stipules usually smaU or 0, drupes black. DC. Prodr. iv. 322; Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 124 ; H. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 180. S. Wightianus, Wall.
Cat. 6303; TV. |- A. Prodr. 388. S. rubra, Mam.-, Wall. Cat. 482. S.
chinensis, Lindl. in Trans. Hcrrt. Soc. Land. vi. 297 ; DC. I.e. S. Thunber-
giana, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 265 ; Kurz F'or. Fl. ii. 3. Sambucus
sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 259.

Assam and East Bkngal Pjlain ; ascending in Khasia to 5000 ft. alt., in Sikkim
to 6000. — DtsTRiB. Java, China, Japan.

Leaves 18 in., of 5-9 oblong-lanceolate leaflets 3-8 in., puberulous or nearly
glabrous. Corymb usually leafy at the base, often 1 ft, diam.. puberulous or almost
villous; bracteoles minute, ovale. Corolla ^ in. diam., broadly campanulate, whtte
or pink. Berry ^-^ in. diam., globose. — Uppermost flowers usually barren ; female

Sambucus.'] lxxiv. capkifoliacej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 3

•apetalous in the cultivajed S. chinensis {Lindley), but not usually so in the wild
plant. The Khasia examples have the fruits mostly sessile, agreeing thus more closely
with 8. chifieusis than with S. javanica, in which the fruits are usually shortly
pedicelled.

3. S. adnata, WaU. Cat. 482 ; a spreading shrub, leaflets often deciir-
rent, stipules usually small or 0, drupes red. DC. Prodr. iv. 322; H.f, 8f T.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 180.

NiPAL, Wallich; Tambur Valley, alt. 5000-10,000 ft., J. D. H. Sikkim; Singa-
lelah, alt. 10,000 ft.. Gamble, C. B. C.

A shrub, 4-8 ft. Leaves 12 in. ; leaflets 5-9, 3-5 in,, oblong-lanceolate, puberu-
lous or nearly glabrous. Corymb usually leafy at the base, often 9 in. diam.,
puberulous, bracteoles minute or 0. Corolla ^ in. diam., broad -campanulate. Drupes
,^ in. diam., globose.

3. VIBURNVm, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, rarely 3-nate ; stipules incon-
spicuous (in the Indian species). Floioers in terminal or subterminal corym-
bose or*panicled cymes, all fertile in Indian (outer radiant and neuter in some
European, &c., species). Calyx-tube turbinate or subcylindric ; limb short,
6-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanulate rotate or tubular ; lobes 5, equal.
Stamens 6, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-3- celled ; style short, stii'-ma
sub-3-lobed ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Drwpe 1- or sub-2-3-celled,
1-seeded. Seed oblong, compressed, concave on the ventral face or with the
marjiins greatly incurved ; albumen fleshy, uniform or ruminated ; embryo
minute. — Distrib. Species 80, in N. temperate regions and in the Andes ; a few
in the West Indies and Madagascar.

Sect. I. JBu-Viburnum {Oersted). Cymes corymbose. Di'upe 1-ceUed,
•compressed ; endocarp not intruded. Albumen uniform, margins little incurved.

* Corolla rotate or shortly campanulate, lobes spreading (in V. corylifolium
unknown).

1. V. cotiuifoliuxn, Don Prodr . 141 ; leaves ovate or elliptic base
obtuse usually woolly beneath, corymb-branches stellately tomentose, calyx
glabrous limb very short, corolla shortly campanulate lobes about as long as the
tube. DC. Prodr. iv. 327; Wight 111. t. 121, A fig. 1-5; Bot. Reg. t. 1650;
H.f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 174 ; Brandis For. Fl. 268. V. polycarpum,
Wall. Cat. 456; DC. I.e. 328.

Kashmir; alt. 6000-11,000 ft., to Kumaon, frequent. East Bhotan; Griffith
(Kew Distrib. No. 3399).

A spreading shrub, 5-10 ft. high. Leaves 3 by 2 in., obtuse or subacute, sub-
entire rarely coarsely crenate, stellately-woolly at least when young, in age often
glabrous except on the nerves beneath ; petiole ^ in. Corymbs 2-3 in. diam., generally
terminal, dense, branches stout ; bracteoles linear, equalling the calyx-tube. Corolla-
tube I by i in., glabrous, lobes round. Anthers large, subexsert. Style very short,
conical Drupe i by i in., compressed, broad-oblong, red. Seed dorsally 2-grooved,
ventrally sub-concave 3-grooved. — Leaves usually thick, reticulately rugose and
entire, but sometimes thin, glabrous, and somewhat strongly crenate. V. Lantana.,
Linn., differs but slightly by the denticulate leaves and shorter corolla-tube.

2. V. corylifolium, H.f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 174 ; branchlets
and large fruiting corymb rufous-hirsute, leaves ovate or elliptic base subcor-
■date, softly hairy beneath.

b2

4 Lxxiv. CAPRiFOLiACEiB. (C. B. Clarke.) [yHurnum.

Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. ; Moleem, Griffith (Kew Distrib. No. 3402); Kala-
Pani, H. f. # T. : Moflong, C. B. C.

Leaves 2^ by 1^ in., acute, dentate, parallel-nerved. Cort/mbs often on short
lateral branches. Flowers not seen. Drupe ^ by i- in., compressed, ovate-oblong,,
bright red; seed dorsal ly convex shallowly 2-grooved, ventrally concave and 2-
groored close to the medial line.

3. V. stellulatum, Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 64, t. 169 ; Cat. 463 ; leaves
shortly petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate toothed stellately pubescent
rarely glabrate beneath, corolla small rotate. DC. Fi'odr. iv. 327 ,, H. f. 8f T.
in Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 174; Brandts For. Ft. 258. V. MuUaha, Ham.; Don
Prodr. 141 ; DC. I. c.

Tempeeatb Himalaya, alt. 6000-11,000 ft.; from Kashmib to Sikkim:>.
common.

A large shrub : branches puberulous. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., base obtuse or cuneate,
parallel- veined ; petiole ^ in. Corymbs terminal, in fruit divaricate, 3-5 in. diam.,
subglobose; bracts ^ in., linear, membranous, caducous. Calyx-tube stellately hairy ;
lobes minute, ovate. Corolla-lobes — in., round, pubescent in bud. Style short,
stigma capitate. Drupe \ by |in., compressed, broadly oblong, yellow- red; seed 2-
grooved on both faces, hardly concave ventrally.

Var. 1. involucrata,W2l\. Cat. 458 (sp.) ; branchlets and leaves rufous -villous,
corymbs densely \'illous, bracts lanceolate herbaceous persistent. — Nipal, Wallich ;
Kumaon, Eclgewarth, — V. forma monstrosa, H.f. ^ T. L c. 175.

Vab. 2. glabrescens ; corymbs with a few scattered hairs, leaves glabrescent except
on the nerves beneath, bracts caducous ? — V. involucratum, H. f. ^ T. I. c.

4. V. G-rlffithianum, C. B. Clarke-, leaves short-petioled elliptic or
subobovate acute toothed villous beneath, corymbs densely villous umbellately
4-7-rayed, calyx-tube glabrous, corolla very small rotate. V. foetidum, var^
GriflSthianum, Kurz in Joui-n. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 121. V. foetidum, var.
grandifolium, Kurz Fw. Fl. ii. 2. Viburnum sp., Giiff. Notul. iv. 259 ; Ic. PL
Asiat. t. 480, Jig.l.

East Assam ; banks of the Kamyoon in the Naga country, Griffith ( Kew Distrib^
3403).

Branchlets stout, fuscous villous. Leaves 4| by 2 in., often unequal-sided, bas©
obtusely cuneate, nerves parallel, the lowest not tinitinp: nor quite reaching the base of
the leaf ; petiole ^ in. Corymbs terminal, peduncled, 1-3 in. diam., dense even in
young fruit ; bracts 0, or few, lanceolate, ^ in. Calyx-tube glabrous, viscid and
black in the young fruit; teeth broad- oblong. Coro^/a-lobes ^g in., round. — More
nearly allied to V. stellulatum than to V. foetidum.

5. V. foetidum, Wall. PL As. Par. i. 49, t. 61 ; Cat. 466 ; leaves oblong-
rhomboid 3-nerved at the base remotely toothed nerves beneath stellately pubes-
cent, corymbs subumbellate stellate-pubescent, calyx-tube glabrous. DC. Prodr ^
iv. 325 ; H.f.Sf^ T. in. Jaurn. Linn. Soc.lii. 175 {Kurz For. FL ii. 2.

Khasia Mts. and Assam, alt. 3000-5000 ft., common. — Bistrib. North Birma.

An erect shrub, 6-10 ft. ; branchlets stellate-hairy. Leaves 2^ by 1^ in., scarcely
acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, axils of the primary nerves with tufts of hair,
secondary transverse conspicuous beneath ; petiole ^ in. Corymbs terminal, 2-4 in.
diam., 4-8-rayed, peduncled ; bracts and bracteoles from linear-oblong to spathulate-
oblong, hairy. Calyx-teeth minute, triangular. Coro//a-lobes ^ in. diam., round,
white. Drupe \hy ^ in., compressed, subacute, red. Seed dorsally 2-grooved, ven^
trally 3-grooved and hardly concave.— Specimens of this in Herb. Griffith, are ticketed
as from Darjeeling, whither he sent a collector; but the collections from thence were
BO mixed with others that, no confidence is to be placed in their habitats.

Vae. premnacea, Wall. Cat. 461 (sp.) ; bracts at the base of the umbel large leaf-

Viburnum.'] lxxiv. caprifoluce^. (0. B. Clarke.) 5

iike sometimes H in, long. DC. Prodr. iv. 325. — Khasia Mts. and Birma. — Hardly
•distinguishable as a variety, the bracts varying from 1 to 8, and from ^ to 1| in.

6. V. Colebrooklanum, Wall. Cat. 460 •, leaves large oblong crenate-
serrate nearly glabrous, corymbs large on very short axillary branches stellate-
hairy, coroDa rotate, drupe ellipsoid, seed hardly grooved. V. lutescens, H. f.
^. T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 176, not of Blume; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 2 {as to Var.
2 only).

Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft. ; Sikkim and Bhotan, common. Assam and
Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft., freqxient.

A large spreading shrub, 6-15 ft. ; flowering branches usually pendent with large
terminal leaves, corymbs from axils below them. Leaves 5^ by 2 in., shortly acumi-
nate, cuneate at the base, young and petiole (|-^ in.), stellalely pubescent. Corymbs
umbcUiform, dense on a portion of the branch bare of leaves ; bracts minute, brac-
teoles 0. Calyx-tuhe glabrous, teeth minute. Corolla-lohes i in., round, white.
Drupe ^ by ;^ in., hardly compressed, red: seed obscurely convex dorsally, concave
ventrally. — V. lutescens, Blume, united with this by H. f. & T. has berries ^ in. long,
narrowly obovoid-oblong, with deeply grooved seed, and terminal inflorescence.

7. V. punctatum, Ham. in Don Prodr. 142 j leaves elliptic-lanceolate
coriaceous subentire glabrous punctate beneath, corymb branches angular and
calyx-tube minutely scaly, corolla rotate. Wall. Cat. 466 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 324 ;
H.f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 176 ; Brandts For. Fl. 260.

NiPAL, Wallich. Kumaon ; Sarju Valley, alt. 4000 ft., Strach. ^ Winterh.

A stout spreading shrub. Leaves 3^ by 1^ in,, acute at both ends, often with pel-
tate scales on the midrib beneath ; petiole g- in. Corymbs terminal, sessile, in flower
2-6 in. diam., branches umbellate or corymbose, cinnamoneous when dried ; bracts
^ in., lanceolate, deciduous; bracteoles scarcely — in., ovate. Calyx-teeth minute,
obtuse. CoroZ^«-lobes ^2 in., round, white. Anthers large, much exserted. Drupe
;J by i in., ellipsoid, succulent. Seed 2-grooved dorsally, concave 3-grooved ventrally.

Var. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 465 (sp.) ; leaves acuminate, bracts persistent, berry
5 by i in. squamulose, seed much compressed obscurely grooved. \. acuminatum,
DC. Prodr. iv. 324 ; W. # A. Prodr. 388 ; Wight Ic. t. 1021 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 217.
V. Wightianum, Herb. Hohen. No. 1381, not of JTa/^.— Deccan Mts. alt. 4000-7000 ft.,
common. — The berry looks so different that it may indicate a distinct species.

8. V. saxnbucinum, Reinw. : Blume Bijd. 656 ; leaves elliptic-lanceo-
late entire nearly glabrous, corymb-branches and calyx-tube pubescent, corolla
rotate. DC. Prodr. iv. 825 -, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 120; Oersted in VidensJc.
Meddel. 1860, t. 7, Jig. 11-13. V. integerrimum, Wall. Cat. 467 ; DC. Prodr.
iv. 324 ; Jl.f. ^- T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 176.

PiNANG and Singapore; Wallich, Walker. Malacca; Maingay, Kew Distrib.
712/2.— DisTRiB. Malaya.

A stout shrub, or small tree, 20 ft. Leaves 5 by 2^ in., shortly acuminate, base
broad-cuneate, impunctate, minutely pilose on the midrib beneath (or in Java examples
often more hairy); petiole ^-f in., pilose. Corymb terminal, peduncled, umbellate,
2-4 in. diam, ; bracts 0, or rarely caducous ; bracteoles minute, linear-oblong. Co-
rolla-lohes ^^ in., round, yellow-white. Drupe i by i in., compressed, ovate, suddenly
acute ; en docarp thickened, subosseous. Seed dorsally 2-grooved, ventrally 3-grooved
little concave. — Leaves in some Japan specimens are hairy beaeath, in others, as in
Wallich's V. integerrimum.

** Corolla tubidar, lobes very short erect or scarcely spreading.

9. V, coriaceum, Blume Bijd. 656 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acumi-
nate coriaceous glabrous with tufts of hairs on the axils of the nerves beneath,

0 Lxxn\ CAPRiPOLiACEJ]. (C. B. Clarke.) IVihurnum^

con'inbs pubescent upwards, bracteoles 0 or caducous, corolla-tube glabrous..
DC. Prodr. iv. 329 ; H.f.Sr T. in Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 179 : Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
ii. 120; Brandts For. Fl. 259 ; V. cylindricum. Ham. in Don Prodr. 142 ; DC,
I. c. 329.

Tempkeatk Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft, ; from Kumaon to Bhotan and Khasia-
Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft., frequent.— Disteib. North Birma ; Java.

A large shrub, or small tree, 15-20 ft. Leaves 4-9 by 2-2^ in., base cuneate or
obtuse, quite entire in some Himalayan, often toothed in Javanese and Sikkim speci-
mens, often punctate beneath ; petiole ^-1 in., glabrous or subpilose. Corymb termi-
nal, peduncled or sessile, umbellate or corymbose ; bracts | in., linear, caducous ;,
bracteoles minute, ovate. Calyx-tube glabrous or puberulous ; limb 0. Corolla-tube
^ in., white. Anthers oblong, exserted. Drupe f by ^ in., moderately compressed,
elliptic, shortly acute, black. Seed 2-grooved dorsally ; endocarp subosseous, 3-grooved
ventrally little concave.

Vab. capitellata, Wight Ic. t. 1022 (sp.), leaves entire or subsinuate, corolla gla-
brous (pilose in Wight's Ic), drupe ^ by ^ in., much compressed. V. hebanthum,
Thw. Enum. 186 partly , not . of W. Sf A— Deccan Mts. alt. 4-7500 ft. Ceylon on-
Adam's Peak (C. P. n. 39).

Vab. zeylanica, Grardner ms. (sp.) ; berry ^ by i in. broad ovoid very little com-
pressed. Oersted in Vidensk. Meddel.. 1860, t. rli. fig. 24, 25. V. hebanthum,
Thw. Enum. 1S6 partly. . V. coriaceum, var. )8, H. f. 4" T. in Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 179.
—Ceylon, alt. 6000 ft., Gardner, Thwaites.

10. V. hebanthum, W. ^ A. Prodr. 388; leaves oblong acuminate
coriaceous sinuate or sinuate-dentate glabrous with tufts of hairs in the axils of
the nerves beneath, corymbs minutely pilose upwards, bracteoles \ in. linear^
corolla-tube densely pubescent. Wight Ic. t. 1023 ; H.f.^ T. in Joum. Linn.
Soc. ii. 179, e'^cl. syn. V. pubigera ; not of Thivaites.

NiLGHERRT Mxs., alt. 4-7500 ft., frequent ; Mayaburam, Sir F. Adam.

A large shrub, doubtfully distinct from V. coriaceum by the densely pubescent
yellowish corolla. The fruit resembles that of V. coriaceum, var. capitellata, but the-
leaves are rarely entire as in var. capitellata, and are less acuminate.

Sect. n. Pseudo-Tinus. Cymes corymbose or imibellately divided.
I>mpe succulent, 1-celled, compressed ; endocarp slightly intruded. Albumen
ruminated, margins incurved.

11. V. cordifolium, Wall. Cat. 462 ; leaves elliptic cordate acuminate-
shai-ply serrate, steUately pubescent on the nerves beneath, corymbs not radiant
terminal sessile stellately hairy, corolla rotate. DC. Prodr. iv. 327 ; S. f. <§• T..
in Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 175.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 9-12,000 ft,, from Kumaon to Bhotan, frequent.

A large shrub, flowering before leafing. Leaves 4i by 2\ in., nearly glabrous
above, parallel-veined ; petiole |— 1 in. Corymb in flower small dense, in fruit 3-5 in.
diam. ; bracts i in., linear-oblong, woolly, caducous. Calyx-tube soon glabrous, lobes
lanceolate, stellately woolly. Anthers small, sliortly exsertod. Berry 5- by i in.,,
littlo compressed. Seed dorsally with one shallow ftirrow, ventrally with much in-
flexed edges; testa full of red glands following the ruminations of the albumen. —
V. lantanoides, Michx., of N. America, has broader less serrate leaves, the corymbs
usually radiant and the normal flowers much smaller ; V. furcatum, Blume, of Japan,,
is almost identical with V. lantanoides. The three are closely allied and united by
Miquel in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 265.

Sect. III. Tinus, Oei'st, (genus). Cymes umbellate. Drupe diy, hard;,
blvie. Albumen ruminated.

Vihumum.'] lxxiv. caprifoliace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 7

12. V. atro-cyanea, C. B. Clarke; glabrous, leaves oblong narrowed
at both ends not acuminate entire or obscurely sinuate-dentate, berry ellipsoid
very smooth. Viburnum sp., Griff. Itin. Notes, 118.

MiSHMi Mts., Thumathu summit, Griffith (Kew Distrib. No, 3406).

A shrub, resembling V. 2'inus, L. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., axils of the nerves beneath
naked. Cymes terminal, subsessile ; branches angular, red, slightly thickened ; bracts
small, caducous. Flowers not seen. Berry | by ^ in. ; endocarp slightly intruded.
Albumen strongly ruminated ; testa with many red glands. — The European V. Tinus
has a much larger, ovoid, somewhat ribbed drupe, and hairy nerve-axils beneath.

Sect. IV. Blicrotlnus, Oerst. (genus). Cymes panicled. Corolla rotate.
Drupe succulent, sub-2-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen uniform, margins incurved
so as nearly to include the barren cell.

13. V. odoratissimum, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 456 ; leaves elliptic acute
coriaceous subentire glabrous, panicle glabrous, bracts and bracteoles lanceolate
stellately-hairv caducous. H. f. Sf T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 177; Benth. Fl.
Hmigh. 143 ; Oersted in Vidensk. Meddel. 1860, 294, t. 6, fig. 7-10 (Microtinus).

Xhasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., Mrs. Mack, &c. — Distrib. N. Birma, China.

A shrub, 6-10 ft. Leaven 6^ by 2\ in. ; base cuneate, entire or sparingly sinuate-
dentate, primary nerves remote pinnate glandular, sometimes slightly hairy in the
axils beneath ; petiole ^-1 in., stout. Corymb 2-4 in. high, mostly peduncled ; bracts
I in., lanceolate, woolly in the Indian examples, minutely pubescent in the Chinese.
Calyx-limb very wide, with shallow triangular teeth. Corolla-lobes ^ in., elliptic,
white. Berry nearly | by i in., ovoid-oblong, hardly compressed.

14. V. Siznonsil, H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 177 ; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate coriaceous denticulate or subentire glabrous, panicle pubescent, bracts
and bracteoles lanceolate pubescent persistent.

Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; not rare ; Simons, &e.

A shrub, 6-15 ft. Leaves 4 by 2 in.; base rhomboid or obtuse, nerves parallel,
much closer than in V. odoratissimum, with large tufts of hairs in the axils beneath ;
petiole \-^ in. Corymb flowers and fruit nearly as in V. odoratissbmim, but both
corolla and berry somewhat smaller.

Sect. V. Solenotinus, Oersted (genus). Cymes panicled, or thyrsiform.
Corolla tubular. Di-upe succulent, sub-3-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen uniform,
margins incurved forming a T-shaped ventral groove.

15. V. erubescens, Wall. PI. As. Bar. ii. 29, t. 134 ; Cat. 459 ; leaves
oblong acute serrulate pilose on the nerves beneath otherwise glabrous, panicles
peduncled terminal and many on shortened lateral branches. DC. JProdr. iv.
329 ] H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 177 ; Thwaites Enum. 136 ; Brandis
For. Fl. 258. V. Wightiauum, Wall PI. As. Bar. ii. 29 ; Cat. 3729 ; W. ^' A.
Prodr. 388 ; Wight Ic. t. 1024. V. pubigerum, W. ^ A. Prodr. 389. Vibur-
num sp., Wall. Cat. 7474.

• Himalaya, alt. 3-10,000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Bhotan, common. Dkccan Mts.,

* alt. 5-8000 ft., common. Ceylon.

A large shrub, or small tree. Leaves never large, 2^3 by 1^ in., from orate to
narrow-obloug, base obtuse, axils of nerves beneath very hairy in Deccan examples
nearly glabrous in the others ; petiole ^ in. Corymb usually pendulous, small in the
Deccan examples, sometimes 3-5 in. in the Himalayan, pubescent, nearly glabrous or
sometimes stellately tomentose; bracts linear, f in., glabrous, sometimes i in. and
pubescent. Calyx-teeth small, oblong, glabrous or pubescent. Corolla-tube \ in. ;
lobes -| in., round, spreading, white. Stamens inserted at the same height near the

8 Lxxiv. CAPRiFOLUCEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Viburnum.

summit of the tube. Drupe i by i in., ellipsoid, scarcely compressed, red, crovmed
by the thick short style. — Deccan specimens have more slender panicles, smaller
flowers and rather narrower berries than Himalayan, but some Ceylon specimens
appear altogether undistinguishable from the Himalayan.

16. V. nervosum, Bon Prodr. 141, not of Kk. Sf Am. ; leaves eUiptic-
oblong acute crenate-serrate parallel-nerved hairv on the nerves beneath, cymes
subcapitate silky, bracts oblong obtuse silky deciduous. DC. Prodr. iv. 327;
H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 178 ; Brandis For. Fl. 259. V. grandi-
florum, Wall. Cat. 464 ; DC. I. c. 329 j Oersted in . Vidensk. Meddel. 1860, 296,
t. Q,Jig. 1-4 (Solenotinus).

Himalaya, alt. 10-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim, not common ; Wcdlich, &c.

A large shrub, or gnarled small tree; branchlets pilose. Leaves 2^3 by 1^ in.,
scarcely acuminate, base cuneate, adult glabrous above ; petiole \-^ in. Cymes
appear before the leaves ; branches very short ; outer bracts ovate, f in. diam.,
obtuse; inner J by ^ in., oblong. Calyx-iuhe glabrous, teeth small, irregular, often
ciliate. Corolla-tube \-^ in. ; lobes ^ in., elliptic, spreading, rose. Staniens inserted
2 near the top of the corolla-tube, 3 somewhat lower down. Bmpe nearly ^ by ^ in.,
ellipsoid, hardly compressed.

17. V. foetens, Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 75, t. 84; leaves elliptic or
oblong crenate-serrate glabrous, cymes thyrsiform branches glabrous or sparingly
pilose ultimately lax. Hk. f. ^ T. in Journ, Linn. Soc. ii. 178 ; Brandis For.
Fl. 269.

Kashmir, alt. 6-10,000 ft,, from Murree to Chumba; Jacquemont, &c., not
rare.

A large shrub; branchlets glabrous, or laxly pubescent. Leaves 3 by 1-1^ in.,
shortly acute, base cuneate or obtuse, parallel-nerved, adult glabrous except tufts of
hairs in the axils of the nerves beneath. Inflorescence nearly as in V. nervosum,
Don, but soon more lax and corolla larger ; outer bracts ovate or oblong, deciduous ;
bracteoles linear, scarious, pubescent. Stamens inserted 2 near the top of the
corolla-tube, 3 lower down. Drupe ^-^ by \ in., ellipsoid, little compressed, red
edible.

4. TRZOSTEUM, Unn,

Herbs ; stems from a perennial stock, simple, erect. Leaves opposite, sessile,
connate, obovate, entire or sinuate. Floivers whorled in short terminal spikes
(axillaiy in the non-Indian species), lurid, 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube ovoid ;
lobes 5, short or long and foliaceous, persistent. Corolla narrow funnel-shaped,
gibbous at the base ; lobes 5, unequal, obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted
on the coroUa-tube ; anthers linear, included. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style filiform,
included, stigma capitate 3-6-lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous.
Berry 2-3- (rarely 4-6-) celled, 2-3-8eeded. Seeds oblong, angular ; testa
bony ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute. — Species 3 ; 2 N. American, 1 Hima-
layan.

1. T. hirsutum, WaU. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 180;
hairy, spike short terminal, calyx-lobes minute, drupe 3-8eeded. DC. Prodr,
iv. 330. T. himalayanum. Wall. Cat. 484; DC. Prodr. I. c, S. f. 8f T. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 173.

Nipal; Gossain Than, Wallich. Sikkim; alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H. Kumaon;
alt 10,500 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb.

Patently hairy. Stents 18 in. Leaves broadly elliptic -obovate obtuse, hairy on

Triosteum.'] lxxiv. caprifoliace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 9

both surfaces. Spike hardly 1 in. ; peduncle scarce ^ in. Calyx-teeth ^ in. Corolla-
tube ^ in. long, green without purple within. Drupe ^ in., ovoid or ellipsoid trigo-
nous, hairy towards the apex. — H. f. & T. have been misled by DC. into supposing
that Wallieh described T. hirsutum from Chittagong as a different species from T.
himalayanum. The origin of the error appears to have been that DC. read Wallich's
ms. locality " Gossain Than " as the Sanskrit spelling of Chittagong. DC. further
misprints the fruit as 6-seeded, whereas Wallieh states (rightly) 3-seeded.

5. ABXSZiIA, Br.

Shrubs, branchlets slender. Leaves opposite, sometimes ternate, petioled,
entire or toothed ; stipules 0. Floioers axillaiy and terminal, in small tricho-
tomous cymes or solitary, 2-4-bracteolate, white or rose. Calyx-fMhe narrow,
striate; teeth 6, long, narrow, persistent. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped,
nearly regular ; lobes 5, short, round. Statnens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube,
subdidynamous. Ovary S-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate subexserted ;
ovules in 2 cells several, in the 3rd solitary. Fruit coriaceous, narrowly oblong,
surmounted by the long calyx-teeth, cells 3, 2 empty, the 3rd 1-seeded. Seed
subcylindric, testa membranous, albumen fleshy ; embryo short, cylindric. —
DiSTRiB. Species 6, from Kashmir to China and Japan ; and 1 Mexican (^per-
haps a distinct genus).

1. A. triflora, Br. in Wall. PI. As. Bar. 14, t. 15; leaves lanceolate
entire, cymes 3-8-flowered, bracts lanceolate shining glabrous reticulate. Wall.
Cat. 815; DC. Prodr. iv. 339; Wight III. ii. 72, t. 121 C. ; JT. /. ^ T. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 174 ; Lindl. Sf Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 91 ; Brandis For. Fl.
257.

Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-10,000 ft., frequent. ^
An erect shrub, 3-6 ft. Leaves 2\ by |-l in., acute, broadest near the cuneate or
subobtuse base, reticulate-nerved beneath, pilose especially on the margin or glabrous ;
petiole |— ^ in. Cymes sessile, i.e. bracts at their base 1 in. leaflike, but interme-
diate between the leaves and bracts. Calyx-teeth \-^ in., linear, striate, ciliate.
Corolla-tube ^-^ in., glabrous or pilose without ; lobes i-^ in., spreading. Fruit
^\ in., linear, narrowed upwards, glabrous or pilose.

Yah. par V if 0 lia ; leaves much smaller | in. sometimes lobed or subpinnatifid,
-corolla smaller pubescent within and without. — Jhelum Valley and Wuzaristan,
JSiewart.

6. ZiONXCEXlA, Linn.

Shrubs, erect or scandent ; buds scaly. Leaves opposite, petioled, sessile
or connate, entire or in L. heterophylla sinuately-lobed. Ploivers (in the Indian
species) in peduncled pairs, often connate by their ovaries, bracteate and usually
2-bracteolate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, or in subterminal panicles heads or
clusters subtended by floral leaves. Calyx-tuhe ovoid ; limb short, 5-toothed,
0 deciduous or persistent. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped or campanulate, tube
* short or long, gibbous or equal at the base, limb subequally 5-lobed or 2-
lipped ; lobes short or long. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovaj-y
2-3-celled ; style slender, stigma capitate ; ovules several in each ceU in double
rows on axile placentas. JJen-y 2-3-celled or sub-1 -celled. /Seec^s few in each
cell, ovoid or oblong, albumen fleshy ; embryo terete. — Distrib. Species 80, in
temperate and subalpine regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

SuBGEN I. Caprifolium, DO. Scandent. Pairs of Jlowers, or some of

10 Lxxiv. CAPRiFOLiACEj;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lomcera.-

them, capitate or panicled. Bracts linear or small. Corolla 2-lipped. Berri/
crowned with the calyx-teeth.

In the simple lateral peduncles the bracts are un distinguishable from floral
leaves: in the paniculate inflorescence of L.japonica the bracts are small linear.

1. Zi. Zieschenaultll, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii.
178 ; Cat. 471 ; leaves ovate or oblong, beneath and calyx grey tomentose,
corolla long closely pubescent. DC. Prodr. iv. 334; Wight III. ii. t. 120
and 121 B. ; W. ^ A. Prodr. 389 ; H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 173, wo^
o/Miq. L. mollis, Wight III. ii. 71 ; Wall. Cat. 6301.

Deccan Mts., alt. 5-8000 ft. ; Wight, &c.

Branchlets tomentose. Leaves 1^-2^ by 1-1 1 in., acute or rounded, base cordate
or obtuse, above glabrous or puberulous on the impressed nerves ; petiole ^ in. Flowers
in shortened panicles ; floral leaves ^-1 in., petioled, ovate ; bracts linear, ^-^ in. ;
bracteoles ovate, minute. Calyx-teeth ^ in., linear. Corolla-tube 1-1^ in., hairy
within. Style glabrous or nearly so. — Earely the pairs of flowers are solitary, when
the elongate floral leaves which are close beneath the flower have been described as
bracts.

2. Zi. grlabrata, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 175;
Cat. 474 ; leaves cordate-oblong acute coriaceous glabrous or nearly so rarely
villous beneath, bracts o\-| in. lanceolate, calyx glabrous or nearly so, corolla
glabrous. DC. Pro<?r. iv. 334 ; H.f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 172, excl.
syn. L. ovata, Ham.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; from Nipax to Bhotan ; Wallich, &c.

Branchlets glabrous, or closely pubescent. Leaves 3 by 1^ in. ; nerves glabrous
or pilose or villous beneath; petiole ^-^ in. Flower-spikes short, often panicled;
floral leaves gradually reduced, sometimes minutely pilose above, the uppermost
lanceolate, sessile ; bracteoles ovate, minute. Calyx-tube somewhat glaucous, rarely
slightly hairy ; teeth ^ in, lanceolate. Corolla-tube ^ in., rarely with a few scat-
tered hairs without, hairy within. Style glabrous, or with scattered hairs. —
Griffith's specimens from East Bhotan have the leaves very villous beneath.

3. Zi. macrantha, DC. Prodr. iv. 333; leaves cordate-oblong acute
coriaceous villous beneath, floral usually greatly reduced, calyx-teeth hairy in
fruit, corolla-lobes hirsute in bud white fading to yellow. Benth. Fl. Hongk.
144 ; Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lngd. Bat. ii. 269 ; Maxi?n. in Bull. Acad. Petersb.
Mel. Biol. X. 58. L. japonica. Wall. Cat. 473, and in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^
Wall. ii. 174 : H. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 171, not of Linn. Caprifo-
folium macranthum «wc? japonicum, Don Prodr. 140.

Temperate Himalaya from Nipal to Bhotan, alt. 6-10,000 ft., frequent. Khasia
Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.

Leaves 2^ by 1 in., glabrescent or pilose on the surface above. Peduncles in sub-
terminal panicles ; upper floral leaves usually linear-lanceolate. Bracts ^—^ in.y
linear; bracteoles very small. Calyx-tube glaucous, glabrous. Corolla-tube %-\\ in. —
L. japonica, L., which is very closely allied, differs in the less coriaceous leaves, usually
petioled ovate or spathulate floral leaves, more or less hairy calyx-tube, and less hir-
sute unexpanded pink or reddish corolla.

4. Zi. acuminata, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 472 ;
leaves oblong cordate acute, bracts ^-\ in. linear, calyx-tube glabrous, corolla-
tube hairy lobes pubescent or glabrous, style densely fulvous hairv. Wall. Cat.
472 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 334. L. Loureirii, H.f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 172^
not of DC.

Lonicera.l lxxiv. caprifoliaceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 11

Temperate Himalaya from Nipal, Wallich, to SiKKisr, alt. 7-1 1,000 ft. ; J. B. H.
&c.

Branchlets hairy. Leaves 4 by 1 J-lf in., with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or
glabrescent; petiole ^ in., hairy. ^Inflorescence in terminal many-flowered heads, and
also often axillary 2-flowered peduncles ; floral leaves gradually reduced, the uppermost
linear-lanceolate, bracteiform ; bracteoles ^ in., subquadrate, ciliate. Calyx-teeth gla-
brate or ciliate in fruit. Corolla-tuhe ^ in., funnel-shaped. — L, Loureirii, from Java?
differs in the glabrous corolla-tube and style.

6. Zi. cvata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6300 ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong ob-
tuse membranous nearly glabrous, bracts jV~iV ^"' ovate-lanceolate, calyx-tube
glabrous, corolla-tube \ in. very slender glabrous, style hairy. Lonicera sp.,
Ch'iff. Jaum. 90.

Assam; Hamilton, Masters. — Distbib. Birma.

A slenderer plant, with much smaller flowers than in L. glabrata. Branchlets
pubescent. Leaves 1| by f-1 in., base rounded or subcordate, minutely pilose on both
surfaces or glabrescent; petiole ^-:^ in. Upper pec?MwcZes in terminal panicle; brac-
teoles minute, ovate. Flowers white, fading to yellow. Calyx-teeth glabrous or
ciliolate.

SiTBGEN. II. Xylosteum, DO. Erect. Pe<7imc/ps not panicled. Calyx-
limb deciduous (in L, aspeinfolia ; L. rupicola and others, subpersistent).

* Bracts large, ovate ; hracteoles 0 or minute.

6. Zi. hispida, Pall. ; DC. Prodr. iii. 338 ; glabrous or hairy, leaves
elliptic-oblong, peduncles ^1 in., bracts obovate-elliptic boat-shaped hardly
connate. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 389, Ic. t. 212 ; H.f.Sf T. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
ii. 165. L. bracteata, Poyle III. 237, t. 53.

Temperate and alpine Himalaya, alt. 9-13,000 ft.; from Kashmir to Kttmaon,
frequent. Sikkim, alt. 13-15,000 ft., J. B. H. — Disteib. Central Asia, Siberia.

Branchlets hispid-pilose or glabrescent. Leaves 1|- by | in., subobtuse, base
rounded, hairy on both surfaces or glabrescent ; petiole § in. Bracts ^-f in., hispid
ciliate or glabrescent. Corolla-tuhe ^ by i in., often hairy ; lobes \-^ in., rounded,
pink. Style glabrous or with scattered hairs. BrupesmorQ than f by i in., ellipsoid,,
confluent or entirely separate. Cf. Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petersh. Mel. Biol. x. 73. —
Exceedingly variable as to hairiness ; the branchlets, leaves and bracts are some-
times absolutely glabrous, and the leaves subscabrid beneath.

7. Zi. g'lauca, H.f. Sf T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 166, not of Meerh. ;
leaves small oblong obtuse glabrous hispidly ciliolate, peduncle hardly any,
bracts \-^ in. ovate flat, calyx-limb deciduous.

Temperate N.W. Himalaya and Western Tibet, 12-16,000 ft. ; Nubra, Zanskar
and Piti, Thomson; Tilail in Kashmir, C. B. C. ; Gurwhal and Kumaon, Strach. ^
Winterh.

A glaucous, densely-branched, wiry undershrub, glabrous except as to the margins
*^^^ of the leaves. Leaves f by ^ in., obtuse, base hardly rounded ; petiole ^^ in. Bracts
glaucous, hispidly ciliate on the margins, usually free, or when the fruits coalesce
sometimes much connate. Calyx glabrous, or nearly so. Corolla-tuhe ^| by \ in.,
glabrous; lobes i in., elliptic^yellow. Style gXpihrows. Berry ^ by i in., ellipsoid,
pairs sometimes confluent into a spherical fruit. (Both confluent and non-confluent
berries occur on one branch.)

8. Zf. asperifolia, H.f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 166 ; leaves ovate-
oblong subcordate, margin crisped and hispid, peduncle 0-^ in., bracts ovate

V

12 Lxxiv. CAPRiFOLiACEJE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lomcera.

flat, berry crowned by the funnel-shaped calyx-limb. X} losteum asperrimiim,
Bene, m Jacq. Voy. Bot. 77, t. 85.

Westkbn Tibet, Falcomr; Zanskab, alt. 13,000 ft., Tlooinsoh. Kashmir to the
Kabakobum, alt. 12,000 ft., C. B. C. Kimkim (Tibet), alt. 13,500 ft., Strach, ^
Winterh.

A shrub, 2-4 ft. ; branchlets sparsely hispid. Leaves l\ by | in., subacute or
obtuse, shining and glabrous above ; petiole -|-^ in. Bracts ^ in., and ovaries free.
Calyx-tube glabrous; limb eiliate or glabrous. Corolla-tube \ |by §• in., glabrous or
slightly hairy; lobes \ in. or more. Style glabrous. Bmpe ^ by ;| in., or more,
oblong.

** Bracts linear or narrow-oblong {broad in L. parvifolia) ; bracteoles often
<}onnate or prominent.

t CoroUa not distinctly ttvo-lipped, often gibbous at the base, and limb
unequal.

9. Xi. ligrustrina, Wedl. in Roxb. Ft. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 179 ;
Cat. 479 ; branchlets pubescent, leaves lanceolate obtusely acuminate margin and
midrib beneath eiliate or glabrescent, peduncle hardly any, bracteoles connate.
DC. Prodr. iv. 334 ; W. 8f A. Prodr. 389 ; Wight Ic. t. 1025 ; H. f ^ T. in
Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 166 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. t. \6,Jig. 5. L. Wightiana,

Wall. Cat. under 152t), in Herb. Linn. Soc.

? Nipal; Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 4000-6000 ft., H.f. ^ T. Mts. of the South
Deccan, alt. 6-7000 ft., frequent.

A shrub, 5-15 ft. Leaves If by ^ in., base narrowed or scarcely rounded, firm,
tshining ; petiole ^ in. Bracts ^ in., glabrous ; bracteoles at first small, in fruit some-
times ^ by :^ in., forming a boat-shaped involucel half-enclosing the fruit. Calyx-
limb tubular; margin irregular. Corolla-tube \ by ^-^ in., narrowly funnel-shaped,
base very gibbous, slightly pubescent ; lobes i in., obtuse, yellowish- white (Wallich).
Style patently hairy. Dricpes usually confiuent into a single small spherical fruit,
ovaries free or half-coalescent in bud. — Wallich's Nipal habitat must be considered
doubtful till confirmed, owing to the mixture of specimens on one sheet.

10. Zi. tomentella, H. f. 8f T. in Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 167 ; branchlets
pubescent, leaves oblong villous or pubescent beneath, peduncles 0-^ in., brac-
teoles short connate.

Temperate Himalaya ; Sikkim, Lachen and Lachoong, alt. 8-12,000 ft., J. B. H.

A shrub, 10-12 ft. Leaves 1^ by ^-| in., obtuse at both ends; petiole ^ in.,
tomentose. Bracts \-^ in., narrowly oblong, foliaceous; bracteoles ^-^ in. long in
fruit. Calyx glabrous. Corolla-tube i by ^ in., subequal, pilose without and within ;
lobes hardly i in., little spreading, white. Style glabrous. Berry ^ by i in., black,
often coalescent in pairs into one spherical fruit. Seeds numerous, small.

11. Zi. purpurascens, H. f ^ T. in Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 169: leaves
oblong or obovate-oblong hairy at least beneath, peduncles ^-1 in., bracteoles
small quadrate subobsolete in the fruit, calyx-limb patelliform truncate glabrous.
L. sericea, Royle III. 236 ; H. f. 8) T. in Joum. Linn. Soc. ii. 167. Xylosteum
purpurascens, Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 79, t. 87.

Subalpine Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 9-12,000 ft.; Pir Pinjal, Jacquemont,
C. B. C; Goolmurg, Stewart. Kunawur; alt. 12-13,000 ft., Mimro. Siejcim,
YeumtODg, alt. 11,000 ft., J. D. H.

A shrub, 8 ft. ; branchlets pilose, ultimately glabrous. Leaves 1 by ^ in., obtuse,
base narrowed or obtuse, above softly pilose or glabrescent, beneath villous or hairy
on the nerves only; petiole ^ in. Bracts ^— i in., linear or lanceolate-linear; brac-
teoles distinct or connate. Corolla-tube i by ^ in., base gibbous, hairy within and

Lonicera.'\ lxxiv. CAPRiFOLiACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 1^

without ; lobes short, purple. Stj/le sparsely pilose. Fruit usually of two confluent
drupes, J in. diam., globose, black. Seeds many or few. — Boole's specimens have the
leaves and flowers more hairy : the number of seeds varies on the same branch.

12. Zi. ang'ustlfolla, Wall. Cat. 480 ; leaves lanceolate white beneath,
peduncles ^-1 in., bracts ^-^ in. linear or linear-lanceolate, bracteoles connate
often half as long as the fruit, calyx-limb distinctly 6-toothed. DC. Prodr. iv.
337 ; Journ. Hort. Soc. Loncl. iii. 238, zoith a Jig. ; H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ii. 167; Brandis Fo): Fl. 255.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir and Kumaon, alt. 6-12,000 ft., frequent, to
Sikkim; Lachen, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H.

A shrub, 6-12 ft. ; branchlets glabrescent. Leaves \\ by \ in. (nearly ^ in. broad
in Sikkim sp.), narrowed at both ends, beneath pubescent or glabrous ; petiole ^ in.
Bracts linear or foliaceous. Corolla-tube \hy — in., glabrous or pubescent, subequal;
lobes hardly | in., white or rose. Style short, glabrous. Fruit usually of two con-
fluent drupes, \ in. diam., globose; calyx-limb often subpersistent. Seeds few.

13. Xi. rupicola, H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 168 ; leaves oblong-
tomentose beneath, peduncles hardly any, bracteoles small quadrate distinct
obsolete in the fruit, calyx-teeth ^ in. narrow-lanceolate pubescent.

Eastern Tibet (North of Sikkim), alt. 16-17,000 ft., J. D. K Eimkim, Western
Tibet (North of Kumaon), alt. 13,500 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb.

A rigid shrub, 2-4 ft. ; branchlets pubescent, becoming leafless and subspinescent..
Leaves ^ by i in., subobtuse at both ends, nearly glabrous above ; petiole ^ in. Bracts
\ in., linear-obovate, often subfoliaceous, tomentose beneath. Corolla-tube ^ by ^ in.,
pubescent ; lobes I in. broad-oblong, spreading. Style short, glabrous. Berries \-\ in.,
ellipsoid, not confluent in pairs, crowned by the long calyx-teeth.

14. Xi. spinosa, Jacquem. ms. ; H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. JSoc. ii. 168 ;
glabrous, leaves small narrow-oblong, peduncles hardly any, bracteoles quadrate
connate inconspicuous in fruit, calyx-teeth ^^ in. narrow-oblong obtuse. Xylos-
teum spinosum, Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 78, t. 86.

Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-16,000 ft; from Kashmir to Tibet north of Sikkim.
— DisTRiB, Kashgar.

A rigid shrub, 2-4 ft. ; branchlets glaucous, often leafless and spinescent. Leaves
^ by ^-^ in., obtuse, margins recurved, base narrowed ; petiole hardly any. Flowers
subfasciculate ; bracts ^-i in., linear-oblong. Corolla-tube ^-^ by ^-^ in., glabrous,
subequal; lobes ^ in., elliptic. Style glabrous, exserted. Berries^ by |- in., ellip-
soid, not confluent in pairs, crowned by the subpersistent calyx-limb.

15. Zi. parvifolia, Edgw. in Wall. Cat. 9058, and in Trans. Linn. Soc.
XX. 60 ; leaves small oblong or obovate glabrous, peduncles |-^ in., bracts ^-^ in.
oblong or ovate foliaceous, corolla-tube not widened upwards, style included.
H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 168. L. depressa, Boyle LU. 226.

Alpine Himalaya; Kumaon; BlinJcworth ; Pindari, alt. 12,000 ft., Strachey ^-
, Winterboitom. Sikkim; alt. 12-14,000 ft., Lachen and Lama Kangra, J. D. H.
) A small, rigid, nearly glabrous, shrub ; brani-hes often prostrate. Leaves ^ by ^-^
in., obtuse, base cuneate rarely obtuse ; petiole i in. Bracteoles connate, often nearly
as long as the ovary, inconspicuous in fruit. Calyx glabrous ; teeth minute, trian-
gular. Corolla-tuhe | by |^ in., exactly cylindric, equal, glabrous without, hairy
within ; teeth ^ in., round, pink-purple. Style short, glabrous. Berries i by i in.,
ellipsoid, not confluent in pairs ; seeds few.

Var. Myrtillus, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 168 (sp.); bracts linear-
oblong or sublinear. Brandis For. Fl. 255. — Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8-12,000 ft.
Sikkim ; alt. 11-14,000 ft., Lachen, J. D. H.

14 Lxxiv. CAPRiFOLiACB^. (C. B. Clarke.) ILonicera,

16. Zi. obovata, Hoyle mss. : H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 169 ;
glabrous, leaves small obovate-oblong, peduncle ^-| in., bracts ^-^ in. linear
ovate or oblong rarely foliaceous, corolla tube widened upwards, style exserted
glabrous.

Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8-13,000 ft., frequent.
SiKKiM, Lachen, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. D. H.

A shrub, 6 ft. Leaves \ by \-^ in., subsessile, obtuse, base narrowed. Brac-
teoles small or 0, distinct or connate, obsolete or cupshaped in fruit. Calyx-limh
very short, undulate, hardly toothed. Corolla-tube \ hy ^ in., tubular-funnel-
shaped, base narrowed prominently gibbous or campanulate and subequal, glabrous
without, hairy within; teeth ^ in., round, suberect, yellowish- white. Berries
spherical, i in. diam., with 2 calyx-scars, calyx-tubes more or less coalescent even
in the bud.

tt Corolla prominently 2-lipped.

a. Bracteoles connate into a cup.

17. Zi. quinquelocularis, Hardwich in As. Res. vi. 351 ; leaves ovate
or broad-lanceolate hairy beneath, peduncles hardly any, bracts ^-^ in. linear,
calyx-limb short funnel-shaped teeth triangular ciliate. Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Lnd.
ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 174 ; H. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 169 ; Rrandis
For. Fl. 255. L. diversifolia, Wall. I. c. 178, Cat. 477 ; Hook. Ic. PL t. 807 ;
Lindl. in Rot. Reg. 30, t. 33. L. Royleana, Wall. Cat. 478.

Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon; alt. 4-12,000 ft., common.
Bhotan; Griffith.

A shrub, 5-10 ft. ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 1^-2 by f-1^ in., acute or
obtuse at either end, nearly glabrous above, pubescent pilose or villous beneath;
petiole \ in. Flowers clustered, axillary ; bracteoles pubescent, usually scarcely ^ the
length of the fruit. Corolla hairy without and within, yellow ; tube ^ by i in. Style
hairy, exsert. Berries |^ by ;^ in., ovoid, not connate ; crowned, till ripe often, by the
calyx-limb.

18. Za. hypoleuca, Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Rot. 81, t. 89; leaves ovate
obtuse pubescent white beneath, peduncle ^-^ in., bracts \ in. lanceolate
foliaceous, bracteoles hairy as long as the glandular-pubescent calyx-tube. H.
f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 170 ; Rrandis For. Fl. 256. L. eUiptica, Royle
III. 236.

North-west Himalaya, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Royle, Edgeworth. Kxinawar, Thomson^
Latvce. Gurwhal, Strach. ^ Winterh.

A low shrub ; branchlets pilose. Leaves f by ^ in., subsessile, obtuse at both
ends, upper narrower, passing into the bracts. Calyx-teeth minute, lanceolate.
Corolla-tube ^ by -^ in., base gibbous ; lobes ^ in. and more, linear-oblong, orange-red ;
style hairy below. Berries | by ^ in., ellipsoid, hairy, distinct or nearly so, nearly
included by the bracteoles. — H. f. & T. say the ovaries are usually connate, but they
appear rarely and imperfectly so.

19. Xi. decipiens, H. f. ^ T. in Jmrn. Linn. Soc. ii. 170; leaves
oblong-lanceolate acuminate minutely hairy, peduncles ^-^ in. pubescent, bracts
Y^5 in. linear, bracteoles ovate nearly glabrous as long as the glal3rate calyx-tube.
L. lanceolata. Wall. Cat. 476. Symphorise sp.. Griff. Itin. Notes, 191.

Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nipal ; Wallich. Sikkim. Lachen, alt. 10-12,000
ft., J. D H., Elwes Bhotan ; Timboo River, alt. 6600 ft., Griffith.

A small shrub ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 2 by f in., subsessile, base obtuse,
more or less pubescent on the midrib and nerves above, beneath glandular-pubescent
"with the midrib hairy; petiole ~ in. Calyx-teeth minute, ovate acute ciliate.

Lonicera.'] Lxxrv. CAPRiFOLiACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 15

Corolla-tube i by ^ in., base gibbous, glabrous without, hairy within ; lobes \ in.,
red- purple. Si^le shortly exsert, hairy to the summit. Drupes distinct or completely
confluent.

/3. Bracteoles small or 0, except 21. L, orientalis.

20. Ii. micropliylla, WiUd. ; JRoem. 8f Schult. Syst. v. 258 ; leaves small
•oblong or obovate pubescent beneath, peduncles :|— 1 in., bracts ^-^ in. linear,
bracteoles 0, calyx-limb truncate. DC. Prodr, iv. 336 ; H. f. 6f T. in Jmim.
Linn. Sac. ii. 171. L. Sieversiana, Bunge Verz. Altai- Geb. 18.

Western Tibet; Kashmir to the Karakorum, alt. 11-14,000 ft., frequent. —
DiSTRiB. Northward to the Altai Mts.

A small, erect, shrub ; branchlets glabrous or nearly so. Leaves subsessile, ^f
by \-^ in., obtuse, base narrowed. Peduncle minutely pubescent, slender. Corolla-
tube g by ^ in., base gibbous, glabrous without sparsely pilose within ; teeth ^ in.,
suberect. Style subexsert, very hairy below. Berries \ in., ellipsoid ; usually connate
half-way.

21. Xi. orientalis, Lamk. Diet. i. 731 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate acute
finely nerved above more or less pubescent beneath, peduncles ^-1 in. pubes-
cent, calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, corolla glabrous without or nearly so, tube
short. DC. Prodr. iv. 337; Jaub. 8f Spach. III. t. 71; H. f. fy T. in Jaum.
Linn. Sac. ii. 170 ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. 8 ; Brandis For. Fl. 256. L. Govaniana,
Wall. Cat. 481 ; DC. I. c. 337.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 7-11,000 ft.; from Kashmir common, rarer eastward,
to Kumaon. — Distrib. Western Asia.

A large shrub or tree, 25 ft., branches horizontal, flattened. Leaves 2^ by 1-1^
in., acute, mucronate hardly acuminate, base narrowed or scarcely obtuse, midrib
above pubescent, nerves fine and elevated when dried, beneath dotted and more or
less pubescent; petiole ^-^ in. Peduncle stout, or slightly flattened, thickened
upwards. Bracts ^ in., linear-lanceolate ; bracteoles 0 or small, but in the Kashmir
arboreous form larger, well-marked even in fruit. Corolla-tube ^ in., base gibbous ;
limb ^ in,, pink. Style hairy, usually to the summit. Berries generally confluent.

Var. discolor, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxxiii. 1847, t. 44 (sp.); leaves glaucous
beneath. H. f. 4- T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 171.— Kashmir, alt. 9-11,000 ft,,
Thomson. — Lindley's figure shows the corolla glabrous without, the caljrx-teeth not
shorter than occurs in L. orientalis. This agrees perfectly with Thomson's examples.
But with these occur (as L. discolor) plants with pubescent leaves and corollas, which
we refer to L. alpiyena.

22. Za. heterophylla, Dene, in Jaeq. Voy. Bot. 80, t. 89 ; glabrous or
nearly so, leaves narrow oblong reticulate-nerved beneath, peduncle ^-1^ in.,
calyx-teeth short-triangular, corolla sparsely pilose, tube short. H. f. 8f T. in
Journ. Linn. See. ii. 170.

Western Alpine Himalaya and W. Tibet ; Kashmir; Choupienne, Jacquemont;
Burjila and Karakorum, alt. 12,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

An erect shrub, 3 ft., branches glabrous, rigid, ascending. Leaves 2^ by ^-1 in.,
' ,upper narrow-oblong, narrowed at both ends, margin irregularly sinuate or sublobate,
above glabrous, even on the midrib ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles rigid, compressed,
thickened upwards, scarcely pubescent. Bracts ^ in., linear. Corolla nearly of L.
orientalis. Style hairy to the summit. Drupes ^ by i in,, never connate, — Appears
distinct from every form of L. orientalis ; but when Hk. f. 4" T. suggested it might be
a variety thereof, they had seen no specimens.

23. Zi. alpigrena, Linn.-., DC. Prodr. iv. 336; leaves elliptic or oblong
-acute or acuminate pilose beneath, peduncles 1-2 in., calyx-tube pubescent limb

16 LXXTV. CAPEiFOLiACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Lonicera,

Bhort, corolla glandular-hairy, tube very short. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1173 ;
JI. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 171 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 8 ; Brandis For..
Fl. 266. L. Webbiana, Wall. Cat. 476 ; DC. I. c. 336. L. oxypbylla, Edgw.
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 60.

Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 9-12,000 ft. ; Blinkworth, &c. — Distbib. European
Alps.

A large shrub ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 4 by 1-2 in., base rounded or
cuneate, hairy or glabrate above, with pubescent nerves ; nervation not prominent on
either surface ; petiole i in. Peduncle stout, flattened, slightly thickened upwards,
nearly glabrous. Bracts ^ in., lanceolate or linear; bracteoles very small. Corolla
nearly as in L. orientalis. Drupes free in the Indian specimens. — Not a Bhotaa
plant (as stated by Hook. f. and Thomson),

DOITBTFTIL SPECIES.

LoNiCBBA FiNLAYSONiANA, Wall. Cat. 6302, was perhaps collected in Cochin-
China : the specimen is poor, and may be L. confusa, DC.

L. CHiNENSis, coNFXJSA and LONoiFOLiA, mentioned by Boyle {El. 236) as common
to the Himalaya, China, and Japan, are probably referable to L. macrantha, DC.

7. XiEVCESTEZlIA, Wall.

TJnder-shrubs, with fistular stems and branches. Leaves opposite, distichous^
caudate-acuminate, membranous, glaucous beneath, exstipulate or with very
small stipules, entire or toothed. Floivers whorled, in terminal or axillary erect
or drooping spikes subtended by small or large foliaceous bracts, 2-bracteolate.
Calyx-tube ovoid, limb unequally 5-lobed, pei'sistent. Corolla funnel-shaped,
gibbously swollen at the base and limb subequally 6-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted
on the throat of the corolla. Ovary 6-8-celled ; style slender, stigma capitate ;
ovules many, 2-seriate in each cell. B&iry oblong or subglobose, 5-8-celled,,
many-seeded. Seeds minute, testa crustaceous shining.

1. Xi. formosa, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. Sf Carey, ii. 181; PI.
As. Rar. ii. 20, t. 120 ; Cat. 470 ; branches stout, leaves ovate toothed, bracts
large leafy, ovarv 5-celled. Bot. May. t. 3099 ; Wight III. ii. t. 121 D. Brandis
Fw. Fl. 256.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-10,000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 6-60no ft., H. f.^T.

Branching from the base, branches 6 ft. Leaves 2-5 by 1-3 in., broadly ovate or
ovate-lanceolate long acuminate, entire or irregularly toothed, white and more or less
puberulous beneath, base rounded subacute or cordate ; petiole ^-1 in. Spikes 2 in.,
pubescent ; bracts cordate laxly leafy, often purplish ; bracteoles variable. Flowers
glandular, puberulous. Corolla ^-1 in., purplish-pink. Style glabrous. Berry
subglobose, red. — Flowers rarely 3-4-merous.

2. Ii. g'laucopliylla, Hooh. /.; branches slender, leaves lanceolate i
sinuate-toothed, bracts much shorter than the flowers, berry 7-8-ceUed. Loni-
cera glaucophylla, IL.f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 165; Ga7-d. Chron. 1858,
700, with Jig. L. gracilis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1870, pt. ii. 77. Pentapyxis
sp., Hook.f. in Gen. PI. ii. 6.

Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft. ; Yoksun, J. D. H. ; Simonbong, Kurz.
A much more slender plant than L. formosa, with narrower shorter-petioled
leaves, and small axillary few-flowered spikes of puberulous flowers, the bracts of which>

Pentafyxis.'] Lxxiv. caprifoliace.e. (C. B. Clarke.) 17

are shorter than the ovary and ovate-subulate. The stipules are entirely absent or
more or less developed into a small semicircular coriaceous lamina. In the " Genera
Plantarum," this species, of which the flower and fruit were then unknown, was
supposed to be a Pentapyxis on account of the presence of stipules.

8. FZSNTAFVXZS, Hooh.f.

A woolly erect shrub with solid stems and branches. Leaves opposite,
distichous, coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, sinuate-toothed;
stipules very large leafy, orbicular margins recurved. Flotvers in axillary
peduncled or sessile rarely terminal woollen spikes, with short bracts and
bracteoles. Calyx funnel-shaped, subequally 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel-
shaped, gibbously swollen at the base ; limb subequally o-lobed. Stameins 5,
inserted on the throat of the corolla. Ovai-y 5-celled ; style slender, stigma
capitate ; ovules many, 2-seriate in each cell. Beii'y ellipsoid, 5-celIed, many-
seeded. Seeds minute ; testa crustaceous, shining.

Closely allied to Leycesteria, but differing in the solid branches, calyx, and habit.

1. P. stipulata, Hook. f. Lonicera stipulata, Hk. f, ^' T. in Joum,
Linn. Soc. ii. 165 ; Gard. Chron. 1858, 700, with Jig.

SiKKiM Himalaya; at Darjeeling, alt. 6-10,000 ft., J. D. H.

A shrub, 6-8 ft., densely clothed except the leaves above with soft, white wocl.
Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 in., base rounded, subentire or sinuate-toothed, puberulous above
or glabrate Mith deeply impressed nerves. Stiptde ^-f in. diam., erect or reflexed.
Heads dense, rarely subspicate ; peduncle very stout ; bracts about equalling the calyx,
ovate. Fhwers § in. long, woolly, white. Berry haiiy, \ in., pulp thin. 8eed%
ellipsoid. — Flowers sometimes 4-merons.

Okder LXXV. RUBXACES:. (J. D. Hooker.)

Trees, shrubs or herbs, rarely annual, erect or twining, unarmed or spiny,
rarely truly prickly. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, quite entire,
stipulate (except in Galiece). Injiorescence various. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary ; limb various. Corolla regular, usually 4-5-lobed, lobes valvate, imbri-
cate or contorted (to the left as seen from outside). Stainens as many as the
lobes, inserted on the mouth or tube of the corolla, filaments short or long ;
anthers 2-celled, usually dorsifixed and dehiscing laterally or in front. Disk
epigynous, usually annular or cushion-shaped. Ovary wholly inferior, 2-10-
celled ; style simple or cleft, stigmas various ; ovules 1 or more in each cell.
Fi'uit berried, capsular, drupaceous or of dehiscent or indehiscent cocci, 2-10-
celled. Seeds various, albumen fleshy or horny. Embryo straight or curved ;
cotyledons flat or semiterete, radicle superior or inferior. — Distrib. Genera
about 840 and species 4000, chiefly tropical and subtropical.

Series A. Ovules numerous in each cell (rarely solitary in Cephalanthus and
, , a few Hedyotidece).

Tribe I. Naucleeae. Flonjvers collected into dense globe S3 head?. Corolla
funnel-shaped ; stigma simple.

* Ovaries conjluent ; fruits foi'ming a globose fleshy mass ; corolla-lobes
imbricate in bud.

Ovary 2-celled, ovules numerous 1. Sarcocephalus.

Ovary ^-celled above, 2-celled below, ovules many ... 2. Anthocephalus.

Ovary 2-celled, ovules solitary in each cell 3. Cephalanthus.

VOL. III. C

18 Lxxv. EUBiACEJE. (J. D. Hooker.)

** Ovaries free or nearly so ; fruits free, capsular.

Flowers bracteolate, calyx-limb 5-lobed, corolla-lobes valvate 4. Adina.

Flowers bracteolate, calyx-limb entire^ corolla-lobes valvate 5. Stephegyne.

Flowers ebracteolate, corolla-lobes imbricate 6. Nauclea,

Flowers ebracteolate, corolla-lobes valvate, climbers with

hooked peduncles 7. Uncaria.

Teibe II. Clnclioneae. Corolla-lobes valvate, imbricate, or tw^isted in
bud. Fi-uit capsular, 2-celled. Seeds winged.

Corolla-lobes valvate, style 2-fid, bracts leafy 8. Hymenopogon.

Corolla-lobes twisted, style entire, flowers panicled, bracts

simple 9. Coptosapelta.

Corolla-lobes valvate, style entire, flowers in panicled spikes,

bracts leafy 10. Hymenobictyon.

Corolla-lobes imbricate, style 2-fid 11. Luculia.

Tribe III. Rondeletieae. Corolla-lobes (in tlie Asiatic genera) twisted
in bud. Fruit capsular, 2-celled. Seeds angled, net winged. Shrubs or trees.

Flowers simply panicled 12. Wendlandia.

Flowers in subscorpioid cymes 13. Gtreenia.

Tribe IV. Kedyotideae. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Fruit a locu-
licidal or septicidal 2- rarely 4-celled capsule, or of 2 or 4 dehiscent or indehis-
cent cocci, rarely altogether indehiscent. Seeds small or minute, rarely winged.
— Herbs, rarely shrubs, never trees.

A. Leaves quite entii'e, stamens 4 or 5.

* Fruit 2-celled, usually indehiscent, sii^mles entire.

Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes A-5-tootked l-i. Dentkt,t,a.

Corolla rotate, anthers large, stigma capitellate . . . . It5. Argostkmma.

Corolla funnel-shaped, stigma minute 16. Clarkklla.

Corolla rotate, anthers connate, stigmas 2 . . . . . .17. Neurocalyx.

**

F'uit 4-celled, indehiscent, cells loith 1 erect ovide.

Fruit with 4 bony indehiscent pyrenes ; stigmas 4 . . . .18. ALL.TiopiiAmA,
Fruit membranous, indehiscent, stigmas 2 19. FEROUSoyiA.

*** Fruit oblong subglobose or orbicular, 2- rarely Arcelled, usually dehiscent,
cells many- rarely 1-seeded.

Capsule loculi- or septicidal, rarely indehiscent, with con-
tiguous calyx-teeth, seeds usually angular 20. Hedyotis.

Capsule loculiciial above the remote calyx-teeth, rarely

indehiscent, seeds minute, angular .21, Oldknlandia.

Capsu'e loculicidal above the remote calyx-teeth, rarely
indehiscent, seeds plano-convex, or globose with a ventral
cavity 22. Anotis. ^ "

Capsule .'ubglobose loculicidal, strongly ribbed, seeds minute

aiUgwluT, flowers in secimd cymes 23. Spiuadicms.

Capsule globose septicidal, seeds minute angular, flowers
crowded in the short recurved distant branches of an erect
;peduncle 24. Polycra.

**** Fruit broadly didymously ohcordate, of 2 compressed spreading lobes,
loculicidal above the calyx.

Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hookcr.) 19

Flowers crowded on the upper side of the branches of a

peduncled cyme 25. Ophiobrhiza.

Flowers scattered on the branches of a peduncled cyme . . 26. Pabaophiorriiii;a,

B. Leaves crenate-serrate or undulate, stamens 2.

Capsule dry, 2-valved 27. Carlemannia,

■Capsule fleshy, 5-valved 28. Silviakthtjs.

Tribe V. Ztlusseendeae. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Fruit fleshy
•or drupaceous, indehiscent (rarely dehiscent). Seeds minute.

a. Inflorescence terminal. (See also 35. Adenosacme, and 41, Keenania.)

Mowers panicled or corymbose, calyx with one lobe usually

forming a coloured leaf 29. Mxjss^nda.

Oalyx-lobes 5 slender, ovary l-celled 30. Acbanthera,

Flowers capitate, calyx quite entire, stamens 4 31. Lucin.'BA.

■Calyx irregularly fissured, stamens 5 32. Lextcocodon.

•Calyx 5-lobed, stamens 5 . . . 33. Polysolenia.

Flowers umbelled 34. Trisciadia.

/3. Inflorescence usuxdly axillary, Jlowers not involv/crate.

Calyx 4-5-lobed, corolla reduplicate-valvate, berry 2-6-celled,

cymes loose 35. Adenosacme.

Calyx-lobes 5 rigid, drupe with 2 pyrenes, flowers capitate . 36. Myrioneuron.

Calyx-limb 8-16-sinuate, corolla 8-16-partite, stamens 8-16,

cymes axillary 37. Aclacodiscus.

Calyx 4-7-toothed, corolla 4-7-lobed, cymes axillary . . .38. Urophyli.um.

Calyx-lobes 5 unequal leafy 39. Schizostigma,

y. Flowers capitate, involucrate.

Climbing shrub, heads axillary 40. Lbcananthus.

Erect or prostrate shrub, head terminal 41. Keenania.

Tribe VI. G-ardeniece. Corolla-hbes twisted in bud. Fruit berried,
fleshy or dry. Seeds usually large ; cotyledons often foliaceous.

* Seeds many in each cell, or few in 41, 45 and 46,

Inflorescence terminal, flowers 2-sexual, stigma fusiform . 42. Webera.
Inflorescence terminal, flowers dioecious, stigma fusiform . 43. Byrsophyllum.
Inflorescence leaf-opposed, flowers dioecious, style-arms 2 . 44. Brachytomb.

Inflorescence lateral, corymbose, style-arms 2 45. Anomanthodia.

Inflorescence usually axillary, stigma fusiform, ovary

2-celled 46. Eandia.

Inflorescence usually axillary, stigma fusiform, ovary

l-celled 47. Gardenia.

** Style-arms 2, free {rarely combined), ovary 2-celled, seeds usually few in
each cell, inflorescence always axillary.

Calyx-limb cupular 4-lobed, flotrers in small cymes, testa

coriaceous 48. Hypobathbum.

Calyx-limb minutely 5-toothed, flowers in spikes, testa

gro ved 49. Petunga.

Calyx-limb cupular or 4-toothed, flowers dioecious capitate . 50. Morindopsis.

Calyx-lobes 4-5 oblong, corolla rotate, testa plicate . . . 51. Hyptianthera.

Calyx-teeth 4-5 very short, albumen ruminate 62. Nabgedia.

c2

20 Lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.)

Calyx-limb elongate 4-lobed, flowers in spikes, testa grooved 53. Sctphostachts.
Calyx calyculate, limb truncate or 4-5-lobed, flowers fascicled,
rarely cymose 64. Diplospora.

Series B. Ovules 2 in eacb cell (ovary 2-celled). See also 53. Diplospora^
(Genera of uncertain aflinity.)

Corolla-lobes twisted, ovules inserted together half-way up

the cell, 1 pendulous, 1 erect 55. Scyphiphoba.

Corolla-lobes valvate, ovules erect on the top of an erect

basilar placenta .56. Jackia.

Series 0. Ovules solitary in each cell. (See also 3. Cephalanthus, 18
Allceophania, 19. Fergusonia, 20. Hedyotis, 21. Oldenlandia and 41. Webera.)

SiJBSERiES a. Kadicle superior.

Tribe VII. Guettardeee. Corolla-lobes imbricate or valvate in bud.
Stamens inserted on the mouth of the corolla. Fruit drupaceous with 2-many
free or cohering pyrenes. Seeds cylindric ;. albumen scanty or 0.

Corolla imbricate, calyx-limb deciduous 57. Gtuettaeda.

Corolla imbricate, calyx-limb persistent 58. Antierhoea.

Corolla valvate, calyx-limb cupular, ovary 4-1 2-celled . . 59. Timonitjs.
tJorolla valvate, calyx 5-toothed, corolla curved 2-lipped,

ovary 2-celled 60. Dichilanthe.

Tribe VIII. fiLnoxleee. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Stamms inserted
on the mouth of the corolla. Fruit of 2-cocci. Seeds dorsally compressed.

Albumen copious, herbs, fruit very small 61. Knoxia.

Tribe IX. Albertese. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud. Stamens inserted
in the mouth of the corolla. Ovary 1 -celled with 1-2 pendulous ovules, or
2-00 -celled with 1 ovule in each cell.

Corolla eampanulate, style 8-grooved, ovary 1 -celled,

1-2-ovuled 62. Octotropis.

Tribe X. Vangruerieae. Coro/Z«-/o6es valvate in bud. Stamens maevtedi
in the mouth of the corolla. Ih-upe with 2-many free or cohering pyrenes. Seeds
various ; albumen copious.

Ovary 2-celled, stipules equal 63. Canthium.

Ovary 3-o-celled, stipules equal 64. VANauERiA.

Ovary 2-celled, on© stipule very large 65. Mbsoptera.

SuBBERiES 3. Radicle inferior.

Tribe XI. Xzoreae. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud. Ovary 2-4-celledj
ovules usually inserted about the middle of the cell, rarely basilar. JF^-uit a
2-4-celled berry or drupe with 2-4 free or united pyrenes. Seeds usually
plano-convex.

Flowers panicled or corymbose, bracts coriaceous not *

sheathing 66. Ixora.

Flowers panicled or corymbose, bracts membranous lower

sheathing 67. Pavetta.

Flowers axillary fascicled or solitary 68. Coffea.

Tribe XII. Morlndeee. Cm-olla-lobes valvate in bud. Stamens inserted
in the mouth or throat of the corolla. Ovules usually inserted below the middle

Lxxv. RUBiACEiB. (J. D. Hooker.) 21

■of the cell, and amphitropous. Fruit a 2-4-celled Ijerry, or a drupe with 2-4
pyrenes,

* Calyx-txibes cohering in a head.

Heads many-flJ. solitary or umbelled 69. Morinda.

Heads few-fld. somewhat spiked 70. Rennbixia.

**

Flowers free*

•Calyx-limb 4-5-fid, corolla-throat villous, drupe with 1-4

pyrenes, flowers axillary 71. Damnacanthus.

Calyx-limb truncate, corolla-throat glabrous, berry 1-2-

seeded, flowers terminal and axillary 72. Prismatomeeis.

Calyx-limb truncate, drupe with 4 pyrenes, flowers umbellate 73. C(Elospeiimum.

Calyx-limb annular, corolla- throat woolly, flowers in axillary
heads 74. Gynochthodes.

Tkibe XIII. Psychotrieae. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Stamens
inserted near the mouth of the corolla. Ovules basilar, cuneate, anatropous.
Driipe with 2 or more pyreues. (See also 18. Allisophania, and 19. Fe?--
ffusonia.)

* Flowers in terminal rarely axillary corymhose or panicled rarely capitate
xyymes.

Calyx-limb short 4-o-toothed, corolla usually short straight 75. Psychoteia.
Calyx-limb short 5-toothed, corolla-tube usually long curved 76. Chasalia.

** Flowers capitate or fascicled, axillary or terminal (or solitary in Geophila).

Calyx with 4-7 rather long lobes, creeping herbs, leaves cordate 77. Geophila.
Calyx with 4-5 short teeth, style arms 2, heads involucred . 78. Cephaelis.
>Calyx-limb 3-6-fid, style-arms 3-9, leaves distichous . . ,79. Lasiakthtjs.

*** Floivers axillary and terminal, solitary or few, anthers 4 suhsessile.

Calyx-limb dilated unequally 4-lobed, drupe with 2 pyrenes,

fetid shrubs 80. Saprosma,

Calyx-limb truncate, drupe with 2 pyrenes, stem tuberous,

epiphytes 81. Hydnophytxjm.

Calyx-limb truncate, drupe with 3 pyrenes, stem tuberous,

epiphytes 82. Myrmecodia.

Tribe XIY. Paederieae. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Stamens inserted
on the throat or base of the corolla. Style-arms 2-5, papillose all over. Ovules
basilar, erebt. Fruit capsular, 5-valved, or with 2 dorsally compressed pjo-enes
often pendulous from a columella ; albimien copious or scanty. — Usually fetid
•climbing or erect shrubs.

Styles 2 capillar}^ twisted, pyrenes 2, twining shrubs . . 83. P^debia.
Style 5-fid, capsule 5-valved at the top, testa reticulated,

erect shrubs 84. Hamiltonia.

Style-arms 5, capsule 5-valved at the base, enclosing 5

pyrenes with reticulated coats, erect shrubs 85. Leptodermis.

Tribe XV. Sperxnacoceee. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Ovary
"2- rarely 3-4-celled ; style entire, stigma capitate or 2-lid, rarely style-arms
elongate ; ovules attached to the septum of the ovary, amphitropous. Fruit
small, dry, capsular or of 2 cocci, or circumsciss at the base. Seeds usually
oblong, deeply grooved on the ventral face. — Herbs, rarely undershrubs, leaves
opposite, stipules usually setaceous.

22 Lxxv. RTJBiACfiiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sarcocephalus^

Fruit of 2 indehiscent at length separating cocci . . . .86. Hydrophtlax.
Fruit of 2 separable cocci, both or one only dehiscing

ventrally 87. Spehmacoce.

Fruit of 2 connate cocci, calyx-limb greatly enlarged . . .88. Gaiixonia.

Tribe XVI. Cralieeee. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud. Ovary 2-celled;.
style-arms 2; ovules attached to the base of the septum.. Fruit of 2 small
coriaceous or fleshy indehiscent lobes. Seeds peltate, usually hollowed ventrally.
— Herbs ; leaves usually whorled, without stipules.

Corolla rotate or shortly campanulate 5-merotis . . . .89. Rubia.

Corolla rotate 4-merous 90. Galium.

Corolla funnel-shaped ... 91. Aspebtjla.

Tribe I. NAVCZiBBa:.
1. SAXlCOCSPXiLZ.US, Afzel.

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Leaves petioled ; stipules large or
small. Flowers in axillary or terminal peduncled globose heads, without
bracteoles, united by their confluent calyx-tubes; bracts 2, stipular. Calyx
4-6-toothed with deciduous appendages. Corolla-tuhe long, funnel-shaped,
throat glabrous ; lobes 6-6, orbicular, imbricate. Stamens 5-6, on the corolla
mouth ; anthers sessile, acute. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, exserted, stigma
capitate, oblong or spindle-shaped ; ovules very many, imbricating upwards on
pendulous placentas. Fruits combined in a fleshy globose mass of 2-celled
pyrenes with very thin septa. Seeds few in each cell, minute, testa crustaceous,
albumen fleshy; embryo rather large, radicle inferior. — Disteir. Species 8,
tropical Asiatic, African, and Australian.

1. S. cordatus, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 133; leaves elliptic ovate or
cordate obtuse, peduncles solitary stout 1-headed, heads of fruit smooth. Bedd,.
Fl. Sylv. t. 318 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 63. S. Horsfieldii, Miq. I. c. 134. Nauclea
cordata, Bcvb. Hart. Beng. 14 ; Fl. Ind. i. 509. N. coadunata, Roxh. in Bees
Cyclop. N. Roxburghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 467, excl. synon. N. Wal-
lichiana, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6098. N. parvifolia. Wall. Cat. 6093 B. Platano-
carpuni cordatum, Korth. Naucl. Ind. 16.

Malay Peninsula, from Pegu and Mergui to Malacca, Wallich, &c. Ceylon,.
Walker, &c. — Distbib. Malay and Philippine Islands, N. Australia.

A small tree. Leaves 6-12 by 4-8 in. ; petiole |-1 in. ; stipules oblong, elliptic or
obovate. Heads ^-1 in. diam., drooping; peduncle 1-1^ in. ; stipular bracts broad,
almost basal. Flowers yellow, fragrant ; calyx-lobes clavate. — A form with leaves
pubescent beneath, from the Malay Islands, is N. undulata, Wall. Cat. 6094 {not of
Roxb.). The true N. undulata, Roxb., is not Indian, it is "Wallicli's N. purpurea,
6090 D. (N. stipulacea, Herb. Roxb., not N. Roxburghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 467,
which from the description is 8. cordatus itself). '

2.^ S. subditus, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 134 ; leaves lanceolate obtusely^
acuminate, peduncles solitary 1-headed, heads of fruit rough. Platanocarpum
subditum, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 133, t. 32.

Malacca, Griffith. — Disteib. Sumatra, Java.

Much more slender than 8. cordatus. Leaves glabrous, 3-5 by 1^-2 in., narrowed
into the slender petiole, black when dry. Peduncles slender, pubescent, bracteatft

Sarcocejphalus.'i lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 2'6

about the middle. Heads ^ in. diam., fruiting with concave summits to the carpels
and raised edges.

3. S. Jungrhuhnii, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 134; leaves elliptic abruptly
obtusely pointed, peduncles 1-3-nate 1-3-headed, heads nearly smooth.

Malacca; Mt. Ophir, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2772), Maingay (Kew Distrib. 822,
822').— DisTEiB. Sumatra.

Branchlets and peduncles puberulous. Leaves 4-5 by 2-2^ in., rather coriaceous,
nerves with minute tufts of hair in the axils ; petiole \-^ in, ; stipules oblong.
Peduncles ^1^ in., with a small 4-lobed cup of bracts below the middle, of which 2
opposite are larger than the others. Heads \-^ in. diam., in fruit | in. diam. — I
have seen no authentic specimen of Junghuhnii, but find the name attached by
Maingay to his specimens. Miquel's description is most meagre.

2. ANTKOCSPKAZ.US, A. Rich.

A. glabrous tree. Leaves petioled ; stipules lanceolate, caducous. Flowers
in terminal globose peduncled solitary heads, without bracteoles, united by
their confluent calyx-tubes ; peduncles with basal stipular bracts. Calyx-limb
tubular, 6-lobed, persistent or deciduous. Coi'oUa-tvhe long, funnel-shaped,
throat glabrous ; lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens on the throat of the corolla,
filaments short. Ovary 4-celled above, 2-celled below ; style exserted, stigma
spindle-shaped ; ovules very many, horizontal on 2 bifid placentas, which ascend
from the septa below its middle, and send an arm into each of the 4 upper
cells. Fruits confluent into a fleshy globose mass of many few-seeded coria-
ceous pyrenes. Seeds minute, testa rather thin; embryo clavate in fleshy
albumen.

1. A. Cadamba, Miq. Fl. Iiul. Bat. ii. 135; leaves elliptic-oblong ovate
or ovate-cordate acute. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 127, t. 35; Brand. For. Fl. 261.
A. moiindse folia, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 154, t. 48. Nauclea Ca-
damba, Roxh. Hort. Beng, 14 ; Fl. Ind. i. 512. Sarcocephalus Cadamba, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 63 ; Wall. Cat. 6088, excl. C.

From the Himalaya to Ceylon and Malacca, wild or cultivated; Forests of
Pegu, Kurz, — Distjbib. Sumatra, Borneo.

A large tree; branches spreading. Leaves coriaceous, 5-9 in., shining above,
pubescent beneath. Heads 1-2 in. diam., peduncles stout. Flowers orange-coloured
with white stigmas, scented at night. Fruit as large as a small orange. — Wallich's
6088 C. a cultivated plant from Ava, is very different, having membranous leaves and
very oblique nerves.

3. CEPKAXiANTZIUS, Lvnn.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or whorled ; stipules short. Flowers
densely crowded in terminal or axillary solitary simple or panicled globose
heads mixed with setaceous or paleaceous bracteoles ; peduncles with stipular
caducous bracts about the middle. Calyx-tube obpyramidal ; limb cup-shaped,
4-5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube long, funnel-shaped; throat glabrous or
hairy; lobes 4, imbricate. Stamens on the mouth of the corolla, filaments
short ; anthers 2-cuspidate at the base. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma
capitate or clubbed ; ovules 1 pendulous in each cell. Fruit of numerous
obpyramidal indehiscent 1-seeded cocci. Seeds pendulous, with a fungoid aril,
testa membranous sometimes winged; embryo in horny albunfen, cotyledons
flat. — Distrib. Species 6, tropical Asia, Africa, and America. ^^

24i Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) ICephalanihtts

1. C. naucleoides, DC. Prodr. iv. 539; glabrous pubescent or tomen-
tose, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 68. C.
aralioides, Zoll. 8r Moi\ Sijst. Verh. 61. Nauclea tetrandra, Boxb. Ilort. Beng^
14 ; Fl. Ind. i. 676 ; Wall. Cat. 6101.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., J. D. H. Assam, Cachae, and Silhet. — Disteib.
N. Birma, Java, China.

A small tree. Leaves opposite or 8-4-nate, 3-5 by 1-2 in.; petiole short;
stipules acuminate, often gland-tipped. Peduncles often whorled, slender ; bracteoles
linear-clavate, hairy. Heads f in. diam., yellowish--white. Calyx-lobes short, with
interposed black glands. — Very closely allied to the N. American C. occidentalis,
Linn., and perhaps a form of it.

4. ADXNA, Salisb.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves petioled ; stipules large, caducous. Floiuers brac-
teate or not, densely crowded in solitary or panicled globose heads ; receptacle
hairy. Calyx-tidje angled, lobes 5. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube long, throat
glabrous ; lobes 5, valvate. Stamens 6, on the mouth of the corolla, filaments
short. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate or clubbed ; o\iiles
numerous, imbricated on a pendulous placenta in each cell. Capsule of 2 dehis-
cent cocci, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, testa winged ; embryo in abundant
fleshy albumen, radicle superior. — Distrib. Species Q, tropical Asiatic and
American.

1. A. cordifolia, Ilooh. f. in Gen. PL ii. 80; leaves petioled orbicular
cordate abruptly acuminate pubescent beneath, peduncles 1-3-axillary 1-headed.
Prand. For. Fl. 263, t. 33. Nauclea cordifolia, JFilld. ; Poxb. Hort. Peng. 14 ;
Cor. PL 1, t. 53 ; Fl. Ind. i. 514 ; Wall. Cat. 6092 ; W. ^- A. Prodr. 391 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 66; Ddz. 4' Oibs. Bomb, Fl. 118.

Dry forests, alt. 1-3000 ft., from Kumaon to Sikkim, Pbgu and Tenasseeim, and
throughout the hilly parts of India to Ceylon.

A large or small tree, wood hard. Leaves deciduous, coriaceous, 4-12 in. diam. ;
petiole 2-3 in., stout ; stipules orbicular or oblong. Heads f-1 in. diam. ; peduncle
stout, 1-2 in.; bracts small towards the apex. Flowers yellow; corolla downy;
stigma clavate. Capsule ^ in., cuneate, downy; cells about 6-seeded.

2. A. sessilifolia, Hooh. f. in Gen. Plant, ii. 30 ; leaves sessile oblong
glabrous base cordate tip rounded, peduncles 1-3 terminal solitary 1-headed,
corolla shaggy. Nauclea sessilifolia, Poxb. Fl. Ind. i. 615 ; Kurz For. Flor. ii.
65. N. sericea. Wall. Cat. 6095 ; G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 467.

Chittagong, Eoxburgh, &c. Cachar, Keenan. Pegu, Wallich, &c.

A small tree. Leaves rather coriaceous, 6-10 by 3-6 in., glossy above; petiole
very short and stout, stiptiles broadly oblong. Heads 1^ in. diam., silkily villous;
peduncle very stout, 1-2 in. ; flowers^shaggily silky ; stigma clavate. Capsules ^ in.,
cuneate.

3. A. G-riffithii, Hook. /. ; leaves shortly petioled elliptic oblong or
obovate shortly obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncles 1-2 terminal 1-headed,
corolla glabrous.

Khasia Mts. ; Mahadeb, alt. 3000 ft., Griffith, J. D. H., and T. T. ? Nicobab
Islands, Kurz.

A small quite glabrous tree. Leaves persistent, coriaceous, 4-7 by I5— 3|- in.,
narrowed into the short stout petiole ; nerves 6-7 pair, prominent beneath, transverse
ones slender; stipules not seen. Peduncles 1-2 in., very stout, smooth. Heads \\ in.
diam. ; bracteoles of short stiiF conical-subulate spines shorter than the silky calyces
and apparently persistent ; corolla quite glabrous. — The Nicobar specimen has rather

Adina.'] lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 25

more flaccid and broader leaves than the Khasian, with 8-9 pairs of nerves, and a
longer peduncle ; its corollas have fallen away.

• 4. A. polycephala, Benth. Fl. Hongkong, 146 ; leaves shortly petioled
lanceolate caudate-acuminate glahrous, heads in trichotomously branched
panicles, corolla glabrous. Nauclea polvcephala, Wall. Cat. 6100; G. Don
Gen. Syst. iii. 467 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 65. "

SiLHET and Khasia Mts., Be Sllva, Griffith, &c. Chittagong, J. B. H. ^ T. T.
Tenasserim:, Kurz. Moulmein on Thounggyun, alt. 4000 ft., T. Lobb.

A small evergreen tree. Leaves ^-b by 1-^ in., rather thin, glossy above;
nerves 5-9 pair, caudate apex obtuse and variable in form and length, sometimes
strap- shaped ; petiole ^-| in.; stipules long. Heads j in. diam. ; peduncles and
pedicels slender, glabrous or puberulous. Capsule obovoid.

Vak. onacrophylla ; leaves broader 6-9 by 2|-4 in. oblanceolate with more nume-
rous nerves (10-12 pairs) and much shorter tips. — N. microcephala, Wall, in Herb.
Hook. Cephalanthus aralioides, Zoll. ^ Morr. Syst. Verz. 61 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
152, 344. Nauclea trichotoma, Zoll. ^ Morr. I.e. N. aralioides, Miq. I. c. Stippl.
538.— Silhet, Wallich; Mergui, Griffith. — Sumatra and Java: probably the Silhet
habitat is erroneous, the authority being a garden specimen.

5. STEPKEGVNE, Korth.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves petioled ; stipules large, caducous. Flowers crowded
in globose axillary and terminal solitary panicled or subumbelled heads united
by their confluent calyx-tubes, each peduncle with 2 deformed leaves at the top,
within which are 2 caducous bracts ; bracteoles paleaceous. Calyx-tuhe short ;
limb cupular or tubular, truncate or 6-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube
long, throat hairy or glabrous ; lobes 5, short, valvate. Stamens 5, on the throat
of the corolla, filaments short. Ovary 2-celled ; style tililorm, stigma capitate
or mitriform ; ovules imbricated upwards on pendulous placentas. Fi-uit of 2
dehiscent cocci, many-seeded. Seeds small, testa winged, albumen fleshy. —
DiSTBiB. Species 10, tropical African and Asiatic.

1. S. parvifolia, Korth. in Verh. Gcsck. Nat. Bot. 161 ; leaves orbicular
oblong ovate or cordate, tip rounded acute or acuminate, calyx-limb very short,
.corolla-tube much exceeding the lobes. Brand. For. Fl. 262. Nauclea parvi-
folia, Willd. ; Roxh. Ilort. Beng. 14 ; Cor. PI. i. 40, t. 52 ; Fl. Lnd. i. 513 ;
Wall. Cat. 6093, eAcl. 'B. partly; W. 8> A. Prodr. 391 ; Wt. III. t. 123 ; Bedd.

Fl. Sylv. t. 34. N. parviflora, Pers. ; Dak. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 118. Cepha-
lanthus pilulifer, Lamk.

Dry forests of the Tbopical Himalaya, from the Chenab to Birma, ascending to
4000 ft., and throughout the drier parts of India to Ceylon".

A small or large tree, glabrous or pubescent. Ijcaves extremely variable in size
And shape, deciduous, 2-6 in., with 6-8 pair of oblique nerves ; petiole short ; stipules
•obovate. Heads about 1 in. diam., with 2 linear-oblong loaves at the base ; bracts
caducous ; peduncles ^-3 in. Corolla glabrous within, stamens inserted in the tube.
Capsules ^ in.

2. S. tubulosa, Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 31 ; leaves elliptic-oblong or
ovate-cordate shortly acuminate, calyx- limb tubular truncate, corolla-tube
much exceeding the lobes. Bedd. Fl. Sylv., Anal. Gen. 128, t. xxix. f. 1 {excl.
name jJarvifolia) . Nauclea tubulosa. Am. in Thicaites Enum. 137; Bedd. Ic.
PI. Ind. Or. t. 18.

Western Peninsula ; Cochin, Johnson. Ceylon, Macrae, &c.
A small glabrous tree. Leaves 2-6 in., rather membranous, sometimes pubescent
beneath, variable in shape, rarely acute at both ends, sometimes cordate ; nerves

26 Lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Stephegyne,

10-12 pair; petiole j-1 in.; stipules large, obovate, membranous. Pedtmdes ter-
minal, usually 3-nate with the middle ones very short or 0, the lateral 1-3 in. ;
bracted leaves petioled ; bracts very caducous. Heads Ij in. diam. ; flowers glabrous;
stigmas cylindrie, truncate at both ends. Capsules ^ in. including the calyx, ribbed^
nearly glabrous.

3. S. diversifolia, Hook.f. ; leaves orbiciilar-cordate oblong or elliptic,
tip rounded, calyx-limb 0, corolla-tube equalling the bearded lobes. N. diver-
sifolia, Wall. Cat. 6096; G. Dm Gen. Si/st. iii. 467. N. parvifolia, var. 2,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. Q7. N. rotundifolia, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 516 ; Ktirz I. c. N.
Brunonis, Wall. Cat. 6097 ; G. Don I. c. 467.

Chittagoxg, Roxburgh, &c. Tenasserim and Birma, Wallich, &c. — Distrib.
Philippines.

A small tree. Leaves deciduous, glabrous or pubescent beneath; the lower
orbicular-cordate, 10 in. diam., coriaceous, the upper 4-6 by 2-3 in. and mem-
branous, nerves oblique ; petiole f-l| in. ; stipules obovate-oblong. Heads white, in
spreading 3-chotomous panicles, nearly 1 in. diam.; foliar bracts long-petioled ;
corolla glabrous except the lobes within ; stigma elongate, mitriform. Capsules ^ in.
long, smooth, ribbed. — I have preferred Wallich's and Don's name of diversifolia to
Roxburgh's of rotundifolia, as expressing the very remarkable difference between
what I take to be the upper and lower leaves of the branches.

6. NAUCXiZSA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually large, sessile or petioled ; stipules large,
caducous or subpersistent. Flowers crowded in globose peduncled bracteate
solitary or subpanicled heads. Calyx-tube turbinate or obconic ; lobes 5, usually
tipped with valvate processes. Corolla elongate-funnel-shaped, throat glabrous ;
lobes short, imbricate. Stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla, filaments 0 or
short or long. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate cylindrie or
submitriform ; ovules many, pendulous on adnate ascending placentas. Fruit
of 2 dehiscent many-seeded cocci. Seeds imbricate, testa winged; embryo
clavate in fleshy albumen. — Disteib. Species about 30, tropical Asiatic, and
Polynesian.

* Stigma capitate, stipules Jlat caducous,

1. N. purpurea, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 41, t. 54; Fl. Ind. i. 515; leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate subacute, heads 1-3 long peduncled, corolla glabrous.
Wall. Cat. 6090, excl. D. ; W. Sf A. Prodr. 391, partly ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 129 ;
Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 19. N. lanceolata, Blume Bijd. 1009. Anthocephalus
indicus, Richd. in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, v. 237. A. chinensis. Hassle, in
Flo7'a, 1845, 231. Oephalanthus chinensis, Lamk. Diet. i. 678, excl, syn.
Rujnjjh. — RJieede IIo) t. Malab. iii. t. 33.

Western Peninsula; from the Concan to the Circars, and southwards, not
common.

A small tree, quite glabrous. Leaves 4-8 by 1^5 in., membranous, shining on
both surfaces ; petiole ^-Ig- in. Heads 1^ in. diam., palese of conical bristles ;
peduncles about 2-3 in., bracteate about the middle. Calyx silky. *

2. N. zeylanica, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic or oblanceolate obtuse,
peduncles 1-3 slender, corolla silky. N. peduncularis, Thtvaites Enum. 137, not
of Wallich; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 129; Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 235.

Ceylon ; Saffragam and contiguous districts, ascending to 1000 ft. not uncommon ;
central province rare, Gardner, Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 4-5 by 1-2 in., opaque when dry, nerves 6-8 pair ;

Nauclea.'] lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 27

petiole ^^ in. ; stipules linear-oblong. Heads 2^ in. diam. ; peduncles slender, 1-2
in., with 4 bracts below or above the middle. Flowers ochreous-purple ; style rather
^hort.

3. N. peduncularls, Wall. Cat. 609; leaves large elliptic or elliptic-
oblong coriaceous obtusely acuminate, peduncles 3-nate very stout, corolla silkv.
G. Don Gen. Si/st. iii. 469.

Penang, Porter. — Distrib. Sumatra.

Branches very robust. Leaves 6-12 by 3-5 in., shining above, cordate or tapering
into a very stout petiole ^1 in. ; nerves strong beneath. Peduncles 1-2^ in., lateral
spreading, central short or long. Heads 1^ in. diam.; calyx-lobes long, slender,
clavate, acuminate, very silky, longer than the tube of the glabrous corolla.

** Stigma elongate acute, stipules concave sub-persistent.

4. N*. missionis, Wall. Cat. 6099; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acute or
obtuse membranous glabrous, peduncles short stout solitary, calyx and corolla
tomentose. W. ^ A. Prodr. 392 ; Am. Pugill. PL Ind. Or. 20. N. oblongata,
Miq. in Herh. Hohenach. 717. N. orientalis, Herh. Madr. N. elliptica, Dalz. 8^
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 118.

Tbavancob, Bottler, Wight. Malabar, Hohenacker. Concan, Stocks.

Very similar to N. purpurea, but distinguished by the subsessile leaves of which
the petioles are usually winged to the base, and the elongate stigma, and the remark-
able stipules. Leaves 4-7 by 1^-2| in., shining above; petiole rarely I in.; nerves
10-12 pair, slender; stipules forming an appressed cylindric coriaceous sheath, more
or less connate, sometimes half-way up, glabrous, obtuse, very persistent. Pedtcncles
usually inclined, §-1 in., with stipular sheathing bracts at the base, and 4 small bracts
united below into a cup above the base, of which 2 are shorter than the others. Heads
1^ in. diam. ; calyx-lobes and corolla-lobes tomentose. — Of Dalzell's iV. ellijJtica there
are authentic specimens, but in bud only. He describes the stigma as ' round,' but
his specimens accord so entirely with "Wight's, Eottler's, &c., in all other respects,
that I suspect some mistake. His plant should be searched for ' near Sura, and the
village of Hoolun, not far from Chorla Ghaut.'

5. N. IMCaingrayi, ITook. f. ; leaves broadly elliptic or elliptic-obovate
coriaceous obtusely acuminate, nerves beneath pubescent, peduncles solitary
very short, calyx and corolla-lobes tomentose.

Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 823).

Branches stout, glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., shining above, contracted into
a short petiole which is almost winged to the base; nerves 12-14 pair, strong,
spreading; stipules f in. long, forming an appressed cylindric sheath, obtuse,
coriaceous. Peduncle ^ in,, curved, with basal sheathing stipular bracts, and broad:
subpersistent ones under the head. Head \^ in. diam. — Very near to N. missionis,
with similar remarkable stipules, but the leaves are much broader, very coriaceous,
with more numerous more spreading strong nerves, which are pubescent beneath; the
bracts under the head appear to be very large and orbicular, but they are much
withered, and I have seen only 2 specimens. — A Bornean species (Beccari, n. 681) is
probably the same as this, but the heads are larger.

DOrBTFUL SPECIES.

N. ovALiFOLiA, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 14 ; Fl. Ind. i. 576 ; Ed. Carey ^ Wall. n. 124 ;
'leaves sessile oval and elliptic, flowers terminal solitary.' — 'Forests of Silhet'r
called Shal by the natives. — Possibly Adi7ia sessilifolia. Don refers it to Uncaria
elliptica, which is not a Khasian plant.

N. EXCELSA, Bltime; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 65, from Pegu. This is certainly not
Blume's plant, if Kurz is correct in describing it as having no bracteoles, and the

28 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) INauclea,

peduncles only 2-3 lines, for Bliime's N. excelsa is a true Ad'm with slender cuneate
bracteoles amongst the flowers, and peduncles sometimes 2 in.

N. OKiENTAxis, Lamk. III. t. 153, f. 1; Blume Bijd. 1066; Ham. in Trans, Linn,
Soc, XV. 94, is altogether doubtful.

7. UNCARXA, Schreb.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves shortly petioled ; stipules entire or 2-fi.d. Flowers
in globose axillary peduneled solitary or panicled heads ; peduncles often head-
less converted into hooked tendrils. Calyx-tuhe spindle-shaped ; limb 5-lobed
or -parted. Coi'olla-tuhe long, funnel-shaped; limb 5-lobed, valvate; throat
glabrous. Stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla, filaments short ; anthers with
2 basal bristles. Ovanj 2-celled ; style slender, stigma capitate ; ovules many,
ascending on projecting placentas. Capsule elongate, 'septicidally 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds imbricating upwards, testa winged above and below;
embryo clavate, in fleshy albumen. — Distrib. About 30 species, tropical
Asiatic, except 1 African and 1 American. — The Gambler of commerce is the
produce of U. Gambler.

* Calyx-limb long funnel- or bell-shaped, teeth lanceolate, corolla hirsute cr
villous.

1. TJ. scleropbylla, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 520 ; branches robust obtusely
4-angled pubescent or villous, leaves short-petioled large ovate suborbicular or
oblong rigid pubescent beneath shining and reticulate above, peduncles all
axillary bracteate above the middle, heads very large, flowers pedicelled, corollas
villous. U. sclerophylla, insignis, ferruginea, and pedicellata, DC. Prodr. iv.
347, 348. U. speciosa, Wall. Cat. G106. U. ferruginea, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 69.
Nauclea sclerophylla. Hunter in Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 223. U. pediceUata, Bl.
Bijd. 1012.

Penang, Hunter, &c. Malay Peninsula, common from Pegu and Mergui to
Malacca, Wallick, &cc. — Distrib. Java, Borneo, Philippines.

Very large and stout. Leaves 5-6 by 3|-4 in., base rounded or cordate, rusty-
pubescent beneath with strong transverse nerves between the 8 pairs of stout principal
ones ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules hairy, I'ounded, 2-fid. Peduncle very stout, 2-4 in. ;
bracts 6 in a whorl, ^ in. long. Heads 4 in. diam. ; calyx tomentose, limb campanulate,
Ibbes triangular acute; corolla 1 in., silky or densely villous all over. Capsules 1-1^
in., longer than their pedicels, very variable. — Stems shaggy with long hairs in d,
specimen from Penang (Maingay), with capsules shorter and more turgid, and leaves
ovate very hairy beneath. The corollas vary from densely shaggy with spreading
fulvous hairs, to silkily shaggy with appressed hairs.

2. U. pedicellata, Poxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 620 ; Ed. Wall. Sf Carey, ii. 128 ;
branches robust 4-angled, leaves short-petioled oblong ovate-oblong or elliptic
shining above puberulous beneath rigid, peduncles axillary and in terminal
panicles bracteate about the middle, flowers pedicelled, corolla ^-§ in. with
long silky hairs. U. sclerophylla, Wall. Cat. 6105. U. fen-uginea, DC. Prodr.
iv. 348. U. HaUii, Forth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 165, t. 33. Nauclea ferru-'
ginea, Bl. Bijd. 1013.

Penang and Singapore, Wallich, &c. Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 2765),
Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 826). — Distrib. Java, Borneo.

Closely allied to U. sclerophylla, but smaller in all its parts, with more oblong
leaves not so reticulate above and only minutely pubescent beneath ; heads nearly as
large, but flowers smaller and capsules much shorter and more turgid (as in one
specimen of sclerophylla).

Uncaria.'] Lxxv. bubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 29

** Calyx-limb small, funnel-ahaped, limb ivith shoi-t teetli, corolla ylah'ous
or pubescent {not shaggy).

3. IT. attenuata, Korth. in Vei'h. Nat. Gesch. Bat. 170, t. 34 ; branches
4-angled pubenilous, leaves elliptic obtusely acuminate shining above pubeni-
lous beneath, flowers shortly pedicelled, calyx-teeth very short obtuse, corolla
\ in. silky, tube very slender. U. sclerophylla, Deless. Ic. Select, iii. t. 81, not
of Roxburgh. U. Gambier, Wall. Cat. 6103 C. in part.

Penang, Phillips. Singapore, Wallich. Tenasseeim, Heifer. — Distbib. Sumatra.

Braiiches nearly glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 J in., firm, base rounded ; petiole
^f in. ; nerves about 8 pair, very obliquely ascending, strong, with transverse veins,
axils with tufts of hair. Peduncles 1-2 in. Heads l^in. diam. ; pedicels very short,
elongating to ^ in, in fruit and calyx rufous-tomentose. Capsules (unripe) | in.

4. U. ovata, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6112, in part; 6103 D. (JJ. Gambier) and
6107 in part ( U. macrophylla) ; branches glabrous, leaves petioled oblong
obtusely acuminate glabrous and ashy beneath, peduncles long stout straight
axillary and in terminal panicles bracteate above the middle, flovrers sessile,
calyx-lobes ovate acute, corolla silky.

Singapore, Silhet, and ' Hb. Finlayson,' Wallich.

Foliage identical with that of Z7. eanescens, Korth., but nerves usually 8 pair»
always without tufts of hairs in the axils ; and the peduncles long and stout, 1^2 in.,
with the bract-scar ^ in. below the head, and the silky calyx-lobes ovate and acute ;
the heads also are larger, and the corollas more silky. It differs from a Philippine
Island plant of Cuming (n. 1470, 1503) in the calyx- lobes very short and ovate, not
linear or subclavate. Of "Wallich's Herbarium specimens (the only ones I have seen)
one is from Singapore, on sheet 6112, with U. Gambier; another is on a sheet by
itself, marked '6103D. IT. Gambier, Herb. Finlayson' (probably from Siam, where
Finlayson collected) ; the third, also on a sheet by itself, is marked ' 6107. U. sessi-
lifolia, i?oj:i. /(?. jp/c^. Sylhet.' The latter is probably an erroneous habitat. There
is a very similar plant ft Maingay's herbarium from Penang (U. sclerophylla, Kew
Distrib. 828), with the leaves slightly scabrid beneath.

5. IT. eanescens, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 172 ; branches glabrous
or puberulous, leaves petioled oblong obtusely caudate-acuminate glabrous
ashy beneath, peduncles very short bracteate near the base, calyx densely
tomentose lobes rounded, corolla pubescent.

Malacca or Penang, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1768, in part).

I have very imperfect specimens of this mixed with U. ovata, Br. ; they precisely
accord with others from Sumatra, collected by Korthals. These differ from all
described species by the glabrous foliage, glaucous beneath, together with the very
short curved peduncles, bracteate towards the base. Leaves 4-6 by l^-2f in., rather
membranous; nerves slender, 7 pair; petiole |-| in. Peduncle ^ in., decurved ;
bracts ovate. acute, pubescent. Heads Ix in. diam.; flowers at first sessile, pedicelled
later. — Identical in foliage with ovata, Br., and a Philippine Island species {Cm7iiny,
1470, 1503), differing in the peduncle and calyx from both.

6. XT. pteropoda, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bot. ii. 343 ; branches 4-angled glabrous,
leaves large very coriaceous very broadly elliptic or ovate obtuse narrowed into
the short winged petiole quite glabrous, peduncles short stout all axillary brac-
teate above the middle, heads large, flowers sessile, calyx-teeth obtuse.

Penang, Phillips. Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 829). — Distrib. Sumatra,
Borneo.

A very distinct species (the Indian specimens are in fruit only) of a pale colour.
Branches rather slender. Leaves 6-8 by 4-5 in., not shining above or beneath, point
suddenly contracted but obtuse ; nerves 6 or 7 pair, very strong beneath, arched,

30 Lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) lUncaria.

veins very slender. Peduiwles ^1 in. Fruiting heads 3-4 in. diam. Capsules
§-1 in., on pedicels ^s long or longer, crowned with a very small almost cupular
calyx-limb. — Bornean specimens have silky corollas.

7. IJ. sessilifructus, Ho.vb. Fl. Ind. i. 520 ; branches slender 4-angled
glabrous, leaves elliptic obtuse or obtusely acuminate shining above glabrous
and rather glaucous beneath, nerves 5 pair, peduncles axillary and in terminal
panicles bracteate in the middle, corolla-tubes glabrous lobes silky or glabrous,
capsules sessile. Wall. Cat. 6109 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 71. Nauclea scandens,
Roxh. mss. Ic. pict. No. 1218.

Eastern Bengal, from Sikkim and the Khasia Mts. to Chittagong, Peqit, and
Tenasserim.

Branches rather acutely angled. Leaves very uniform, pale-coloured, 4-4^ by
2-2^ in., coriaceous, smooth on both surfaces, tip sometimes produced; nerves often
•with tufts of hairs in the axils, very oblique, veins obscure; petiole \ in.; stipules
2-partite. Peduncles 1-1|- in., slender, often forming terminal panicles, puberu-
lous ; bracts 4, subulate, subequal. Heads 1 in. diam. ; fruiting not much larger.
Calyx-lobes small, rounded ; corolla-tube slender, lobes glabrous in Griffith's Khasian
specimens, silky in Wallich's. Capsules turgid, ^ in. long, pubescent. — I follow
Wallich in accepting this as Roxburgh's R. sessilifructus, though the leaves are not
as described in the Flora Indica, 'soft underneath.' The stipules appear 2-partite,
but are not perfect.

8. IT. laevigrata, Wall. Cat. 6111 ; branches 4-angled glabrous, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate glabrous on both surfaces shining above not glaucous beneath,
nerves 5-6 pair slender, stipules 2-fid, peduncles axillary and in terminal panicles
bracteate about the middle, bracts short obtuse, calyx obscurely toothed, corolla
glabrous, capsules sessile.

Tenasserim and Pegu, Wallich, Falconer, Kurz; Khasia Mts., Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 2769).

Very near U. sessilifriictus, but the leaves are not at all glaucous beneath, the
bracts broad and obtuse, and the corolla perfectly glabrous.

9. U. homoznalla, Miq. FL Ind. Bat. ii. 343 ; branches tomentose or
puberulous, leaves ovate-lanceolate long acuminate opaque and puberulous
above especially on the nerves, shortly hairy beneath, nerves 6-8 pair, veins
remote, stipules 2-partite, peduncles all axillary bracteate above the middle,
flowers sessile, calyx-limb very short obscurely toothed, ovary minute cuneate
silky, corolla pubescent. U. pilosa. Wall. Cat. 6108 0., not of Roxburgh.

Eastern Bengai. ; Jyntea hills, Wallich. — Distrib. Sumatra.

Branches lower acutely 4-aDgled, upper nearly terete, closely finely pubescent.
Leaves 2i-3^ by 1-1^, gradually tapering to the long points, base rounded; petiole
slender, \ in. ; stipules each divided into 2 subulate-lanceolate recurved subpersistent
segments. Peduncles stout, 1 in,, tapering from the base ; bracts obtuse. Heads | in.
diam. ; receptacle small ; corolla ^ in. long. Capsules probably sessile. — Differs
entirely from Roxburgh's U. pilosa in the fine pubescence, smaller size, petioled
leaves, and calyx-teeth.

10. U. ovalifolia, Roxb. in Wall. Cat. under 6103 B. 0. {U. Oambier) ;
branches slender glabrous, leaves broadly elliptic-ovate or orbicular obtusely
acuminate membranous opaque concolorous and quite glabrous on both surfaces,
wrinkled when dry, stipules 2-fid, peduncles short slender all axillary bracteate
near the base, flowers pedicelled, calyx-lobes small round, corollas small uni-
formly pubescent, capsules very slender. ? U. ovalifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 129.

Penang, Porter. Singapore, Wallich, T. Anderson. Malacca, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 2758, 2759, an abnormal state), Cuming {n. 2292).

Uncatia.'l lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 31

Branches slender. Leaves 2-3 by l|-2^in., red-brown and quite opaque when
dry ; nerves about 6 pair, very slender ; petiole slender, base rounded, rarely sub-
cordate. Peduncles ^-1 in., slender, pubescent ; bracts orbicular. Heads | in. diam. ;
calyx villous, lobes very distinct and almost orbicular; corolla ^ in., very slender.
Capsules ^-| in., twice as long as the filitorm pedicels, rusty-puberulous, — A very
distinct species, easily recognised by the broad thin quite glabrous wrinkled (when
dry) leaves with faint nerves, the 2-fid stipules, small flowers, calyx, and very slender
capsules. It is one of the 6 species included under Wallich's U. Gambler {n. 6103),
and under letter B. is called ' U. Gamhier et U. ovalifolia, Eoxh. Hb. 1824.' I do not
find the peduncles to be ' axillary and terminal, compound,' as described by Roxburgh,

11. XT. dasyoneura, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 169; branches 4-
angled glabrous, leaves elliptic obtusely acuminate narrowed into the rather
long petiole shining above, nerves 4-5 pair strong with scattered hairs beneath,
stipules entire, peduncles short all axillary bracteate about the middle, flowers
subsessile, calyx shortly 5-toothed, corolla puberulous. 3Iiq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
143. U. elliptica, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6104, A. in ^tart, B.

Penang, Porter, Phillips. Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2756, U. brevispina ?),
Maingay (Kew Distrib. 827/2, U. acida). Singapore, Lobb (No. 331).

Leaves very uniform, 3-3^ by 2-2| in., coriaceous, dark brown, veins very faint
beneath ; petiole | in. Peduncles generally shorter than the petioles ; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous. Heads 1 in. diam. ; calyx shortly tomentose, limb a small very
shortly toothed cup; corollas slender. Capsules slender, 1 in., on filiform pedicels. —
There are three plants under Wallich's 6104 A., of which this is the principal ;
No. 6104 B., from Herb. Finlay&on (probably from Siam), has rather more obovate

Vab. Thwaitesii ; leaves sometimes almost glabrous beneath, flowers and fruit more
tomentose and ferruginous. XJ. Gambler, Thwaites Enum. 138, not of Roxburgh. —
Ceylon ; at Colombo, &c., in the central provinces, alt. 3000 ft.

*** Calyx-tube very short j lobes oblong or linear or JUiform, corolla gldbroits
or pubescent.

12. U. G-ambier, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 617 ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate
obtusely subcaudate or acuminate glabrous on both surfaces, base rounded or
acute not glaucous beneath, nerves 5 pair, peduncles all axillary bracteate in
the middle flowers pedicelled, calyx-lobes oblong, corolla-tube puberulous lobes
white silky externally and with a white beard within. Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch.
Bot. t. 34; Wall. Cat. 6103, A. E. 0. in part, and 6107 {U. macrophylla) in
paH ; Hayne Arzn. Gesch. x. t. 3. ? Nauclea Gambler, Hunter in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ix. 218, t. 22 ; Fleming in Asiat. Researches, xi. 187.

Hab. Malacca, Penang, and SmoAPORE (wild or cultivated). — Distrib. Java,
Sumatra.

It is impossible to pronounce, from the descriptions of Rumph and Hunter, what
they intended by their ' Grambier.' I have assumed that Roxburgh's is the right
plant, both from his accuracy, and because I find that Maingay's specimens marked
as ' the cultivated plant of commerce ' agree both with Roxburgh's description and
with the specimen in "Wallich's Herbarium (6103 A.), which bears Roxburgh's ticket
of Gambler. Its characters are, in addition to those given above, leaves coriaceous,
4-5 by 2-2^ in., always glabrous beneath except small tufts of hairs in the nerve-
axils, hardly shining above; stipides entire; peduncles rarely more than an inch
long; heads 1^ in. diam.; calyces tomentose; corollas |- in. long with the orbicular
white silky lobes contrasting strongly when dry with the dark tube, the lobes inside
bearded towards the base with white hairs (rarely absent); and glabrous fusiform
capsules | in. long on short pedicels. The tuft of white hairs on the corolla-lobes is
not represented in Roxburgh s Icones, though described by him.

32 Lxxv. EUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Uncaria.

13. IT. jasminiflora, Wall. Cat. 6103 C. F. ; branches glabrous or pube-
rulous, leaves elliptic obtusely acuminate glabrous base acute coriaceous, nerves
4-5 pair very slender, peduncles all axillary bracteate about the middle, flowers
shortly pedicelled, calyx tomentose, lobes linear-oblong longer than the tube,
coroUa pubescent, capsules pediceUed almost glabrous.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2766), Maingay (Kew Distrib. 832). Singapore,
T. Anderson ; Hb. Finlayson, Wallich.

A very distinct species, well-marked by the elliptic perfectly glabrous leaves
narrowed into the petiole, and the linear-oblong calyx-lobes. I have seen neither
stipules nor bracts. — Leaves 2-3 by 1^-2 in., somewhat shining above, opaque
beneath, veins very inconspicuous ; petiole slender, f in. Heads 1^ in. diam. Cap-
sules turgid, ^ in., on very slender pedicels. — Maingay's specimens are very pale
coloured.

14. U. pilosa, jRoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 520; branches peduncles and leaves
beneath tomentose with short hairs, leaves short-petioled oblong-ovate abruptly
caudate-acuminate, above pilose or scaberulous and pubescent on the 8-10 pair
of nerves, stipules 2-partite, peduncles all axillary very stout bracteate above
the middle, calyx-lobes linear obtuse, corolla hairy, capsules obtuse sessile..
Wall. Cat. 6108 A. B. Nauclea scandens, Smith in Rees. Cyclop.

Tropical Himalaya, alt. 1-2500 ft. from Gtarwhal to Sikkim. Khasia Mts.,
J. B. H. 4- T. T. Chittagong, Roxburgh, J. D. H. cj^ T. T. Birma, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 2760) ; Pegu and Tenasserim, Kiirz.

A stout hairy species. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2^ in., rather membranous, greenish
when dry, base rounded; nerves rather delicate, veins distinct; petiole ^ in.;
stipule-segments lanceolate recurved. Peduncles stout, 1-3 in., tapering from the
base; bracts on the upper §, about 6 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate. Heads 1^ in.
diam. ; calyx-lobes equalling the tube, sometimes clavate, corolla-tube very slender.
Capsules ^ in., quite sessile, clavate, tipped by the long calyx-lobes, nearly glabrous.

15. XT. Rozburgrhiana, Korth. in Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bat. 172 ; branches
terete, peduncles and leaves on both surfaces strigose scabrid or hispid, leaves
short-petioled ovate finely acuminate rigid, stipules 2-partite glabrous, peduncles
short stout all axillary bracteate at the top, calyx-lobes linear-subulate, coroUa
glabrous, capsules sessile small.

Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 831). Singapore, T. Anderson. — Distrib.
Sumatra.

A stiff scabrid species. leaves 2^-3 by 1-lf in., rigid, paler beneath ; nerves 5
pair, very stout, spreading ; petiole ^ in. ; stipules large, broad, coriaceous, concave,
subpersistent. Peduncles ^1 in., tapering from the base; bracts close to the head,
oblong, obtuse. Cajmdcs ^ in., quite sessile, strigose.

16. XT. macrophylla, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall, ik
132 ; Cat. 6107, in part ; branches stout, leaves beneath and stout peduncles
finely rusty-tomentose, leaves short-petioled broadly elliptic or elliptic-obovate
or oblong acuminate above glabrous except on the 6 pair of nerves, stipules
2-partite, peduncles axillary and terminal bracteate near the top, calyx-teeth
linear, corolla pubescent, capsules pedicelled. U. sessilifolia, Roxh. mss. in
Wall. Cat.

Bhotan and Assam, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2763). Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft.,
common. Cachar, Keenan.

A large stout species. Leaves 5-7 by 2|^-4 in., rather coriaceous, opaque above,
base cordate or rounded; nerves rather stout, oblique, not stroi;^ly curved ; petiole
|- in., stout; stipules small, segments ovate-lanceolate, pubesceritT Peduncles l|-2^
in. ; bracts near the head, 6 in a whorl, lanceolate, densely tomentose. Heads 1^ in.
diam., fruiting 3^ in. diam. ; flowers subsessile, tomentose ; calyx-lobes equalling the-

Vncaria.'] lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 83

tube, narrow ; corolla-lobes whiter than the tube. Capsules very numerous, 3^^ in.,
fusiform, beaked, shorter than the slender pedicels, nearly glabrous. — One sheet of
Wallich's 6107 is U. Gamhier, Roxb., another is U. ovata.

17. U. lanosa, Wall in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 131 ; Cat.
CI 10; branches siibterete hairy, leaves very short-petioled ovate-lanceolate
finely acuminate slightly hairy above softly so beneath, stipules 2-partite,
peduncles all axillary short bracteate in the middle, calyx-lobes long linear,
capsules long-pedicelled glabrous. Nauclea lanosa, Poir, Diet. Suppl. iv. 64.
N. setigera, Blume JBijd. 1013.

Penang, Wallich, Phillips. — Distkib. Sumatra, Malay Islands.

Slender. Leaves 3-4 by 1^-2 in., membranous, yellow-brown, opaque above when
di'y with scattered hairs or glabrate, paler beneath with soft appressed hairs, base
acute or rounded ; nerves 6 pair, very distinct, obliquely arching, transverse nerves
very slender ; petiole ^ in. ; stipular segments ovate-oblong, recurved, quite glabrous.
Peduncles ^-f in., narrowed from the base ; bracts 4, slender, recurved. Heads | in.
diam., in fruit 2 in. ; receptacle very small and pedicels slightly hairy ; calyx -lobes
longer than the tube. Capsules fusiform, ^ in., glabrous, on filiform pedicels twice
their length, acute, hardly beaked. — I have seen no corollas. Wallich describes the
tube as capillary, smooth, and the lobes as a little hairy.

18. U. ZiObbii, Hook. f. ; branches subterete glabrous, leaves short-
petioled elliptic-ovate abruptly obtusely acuminate glabrous membranous,
nerves 7 pair, stipules 2-fid, peduncles all axillary bracteate above the middle,
calyx villous, lobes linear longer than the tube, corolla-tube glabrous, lobes
pubescent.

Singapore, Lohb (n. 332).

Slender, very glabrous. Leaves 3-3^ by 1^-1| in., green when dry, shining above,
almost so beneath ; nerves slender, arching upwards, with minute axillary tufts and a
few scattered hairs ; petiole slender, ^ in. ; stipules membranous, reflexed. Peduncles
narrowed from the base, shining; bracts 6, large, ovate, acuminate, membranous,
reflexed. Heads 1 in. ; flowers sessile.

19. U. ferrea, DC. Prodr. iv. 348 ; branches subterete, peduncles and
petioles and leaves beneath densely tomentose or villous, leaves short-petioled
ovate or elliptic-ovate obtusely acuminate with scattered hairs and tomentose
on the 8-9 pair of nerves above, stipules 2-fid and large bracts tomentose,
peduncles all axillary bracteate above the middle, calyx hirsute, lobes very
long filiform, corolla glabrous, capsules slender long-pedicelled. Nauclea ferrea,
Mume Bijd. 1014.

Malay Peninsula, from Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2762), Heifer (Kew
Distrib. 2761), to Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 830). — Distbib. Sumatra, Java,
Borneo.

Eather robust and very hairy. Leaves 3-4^ by 2-2^ in., rather coriaceous, rusty-
brown above when dry, paler beneath, base rounded, nerves strong spreading, trans-
A-erse ones distinct; petiole ^ in.; stipules broad, recurved. Peduncles l-\\ in.,
narrowed upwards; bracts 4-6, nearly |^ in., ovate, acuminate. Heads 2 in. diam.,
fruiting not much larger ; flowers subsessile ; calyx-tube much shorter than the lobes.
Capsules ^ in., fusiform, shorter than the pedicels, acuminate, hairy. — U. Horsfieldianay
Miq., is a variety with leaves less hairy beneath. Cuming's 1128, from the Philip-
pines, is a closely allied species with much smaller bracts and stipules.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

U. AciDA, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 520. Nauclea acida, Hunter in Trans. Linn. Soc. ix.
223. It is impossible from Hunter's or Roxburgh's descriptions to say to what
TOL. III. D

34 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Uncarta.

species this name applies ; it is a native of Penang, and stated to have acid foliage.
Wallich does not include it in his Catalogue. Miquel {FL Ind. Bat. ii. 146) records
it as a native of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Moluccas, and from his allusion to
its often monstrous state from Borneo he probably refers to it the U. ovalifolia.

U. ciRKHiFLOBA, Roxb. Fl. hid. I. 620, doubtfully referred in Fl. Ind.j ed. Carey ^
Wall. ii. 129 to U. pedicellata, is not determinable.

Tbibe II. CXNCKONXSS:.

8. KVMSNOPOGON, Wall.

An epiphytic undershrub. Leaves petioled, deciduous ; stipules large, per-
sistent, with fleshy axillary bristles. Floivej's rather large, corymbose, white ;
corymbs with large white leafy reticulated bracts. Calyx-lobes elongate, per-
sistent. Corolla-tuhe long, limb salver-shaped, throat with reflexed hairs;
lobes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 6, inserted below the throat, filaments short ;
anthers linear, included. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, 2-grooved, stigmas 2
linear ; ovules many, subulate, imbricate on peltate placentas. Capsule crowned
with the calyx, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds imbricate, linear,
with long tails at each end, hilum lateral ; embryo minute in copious albumen.
— DiSTRiB. 2 Indian species.

1. K. parasiticus, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey %■ Wall. ii. 157 ;
PL As. Bar. iii. t. 227 ; Cat. 6113 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate
acuminate, corymbs shorter than the leaves, flowers pedicelled, corolla-lobes
villous. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 73. Mussaenda cuneifolia, Don Prodr. 139.

Temperate Himalaya, from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 6-8000 ft., Wallich. &c.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Pegu, alt. 3000 ft., Kurz.

A small straggling often epiphytic shrub. Stem curved, rooting, shoots villous.
Leaves at the ends of the branches, 3-12 by 2-4 in., membranous, narrowed into the
short petiole, midrib broad, nerves about 20 pair ; stipules ovate, acute. Corymbs
3-chotomous ; peduncle 2-3 in. ; bracts at the axils stipule-like, those at the pedicels
foliaceous, long-petioled, 3-4 in. long, narrow oblong, obtuse or acute, finely reticu-
lated. Calyx-lobes linear. Corolla l\ in. Capsule membranous, turbinate.

2. K. assamicus, Hooh.f.; leaves elliptic-lanceolate finely acuminate,
corymbs longer than the leaves, flowers subsessile, corolla-lobes glabrous.

Assam, Masters {Herb. Hort. Lot. Calc.).

Stem as in H. parasiticus. Leaves 6-10 by 2-2\ in., subfalcate, narrowed into the
shorter pubescent petiole, glabrous, midrib slender, nerves 30-40 pair; stipules ovate,
acuminate. Peduncle slender, 6 in., with the rachis 8 in. ; branches long, slender ;
bracts at the axils whprled, ovate, acute, at the pedicels petioled foliaceous lanceolate
acute. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate. Corolla f in.

9. COPTOSAPZSZiTA, Korth,

Climbing tomentose shrubs. Leaves coriaceous ; stipules small, triangular,
deciduous. Flowers in terminal pendulous panicles, buds angular. Calyx-tube
turbinate or subglobose; teeth 6, short, persistent. Corolla coriaceous, tube
very short ; lobes 6, linear, twisted in bud. Stamens 6, on the throat of the
corolla; filaments short, subulate; anthers elongate, 2-fid at the base, back
hairy. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style short ; stigma long fusiform, with 4 pubescent
angles ; ovules many, ascending, placentas on the septum. Capsule 2-3-celled,

Ooptosapelta.'] Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 35

lociilicidally 2--3-valved. Seeds many, peltate, imbricate, winged; embryo
straight in fleshy albumen. — Distkib. Species 4, all Malayan.

1. C. flavescens, ffbr^A. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 113; branches in-
florescence and leaves lieneath softly tomentose or glabrate, leaves elliptic
acuminate, calyx-limb short small, corolla tube silky lobes glabrous. Stylo-
coiyne macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 8406, excl. syn. Webera macrophylla, Moxh. .

Malayan Peninsula, from Tenasserim to Singapore and Penang, Porter, Griffith
(Kew Distrib. 2708), Maingay (Kew Distrib. 908). — Distrib. Sumatra, Java,
Borneo.

A shrub, branches terete. Leaves coriaceous, 3-4 by 2 in., shining above, green
when dry, nerves 3 or 4 pair prominent beneath ; petiole ^^ in. Flowers 1 in. diam.,
fragrant. Calyx-limb short, lobes oblong. Corolla-tube \ in. ; lobes twice as long,
linear, obtuse. Capsule ^ in. diam.

2. C G-riffithii, Hook. f. Ic. PI. t. 1089; branches inflorescence and
leaves beneath softly tomentose or glabrate, leaves elliptic or orbicular acumi-
nate, calyx-limb cupular, corolla-tube and lobes silky.

Malacca and Singapore, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2789), Maingay (Kew Distrib,
907).

Very similar to C. flavescens in foliage, but more tomentose, calyx-limb larger
almost inflated, corolla-tube shorter and much broader, and together with the lobes
very silky ; fruit and seeds all larger.

10. KYIUBNODZCTYOM, Wall.

Trees or shrubs with thick branches and bitter bark. Leaves petioled,
deciduous ; stipules deciduous. Flowers small, spicate ; spikes in axillary and
terminal nodding panicles with 1 or 2 large leafy reticulate persistent bracts.
Calyx-tube short; lobes 5-6, ovate or subulate, ' deciduous. C&roUa funnel-
or bell-shaped, glabrous within ; lobes 6, short, valvate in bud with everted
margins. Stamens 5, inserted below the throat, filaments short dilated up-
wards ; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma spindle-shaped ;
ovules numerous, on cylindric placentas adnate to the septum. Capsule loculi-
cidally 2-valved, many-seeded ; placentas at length free. Seeds imbricating
upwards, testa broadly winged ; embryo small, in fleshy albumen. — Distrib.
Species 4-5 tropical Asiatic and African.

1. K. ezcelsum, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8^ Wall. ii. 149;
leaves ovate elliptic or almost orbicular abruptly acuminate finely pubes-:ent on
both surfaces, stipules subentire, panicles large spreading compound. W. ^ A.
Prodr. 392; Wt. Ic. t. 79; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. FL 117; Brand. For. Fl. 267.
H. thyrsiflorum. Wall. I. c. 151 ; Cat. 6114 and 6115 D. (Jlaccidum) ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 72. H. utile, Wight Ic. t. 1169 {letterpress) ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 130,
t. 219, A. only. H. obovatum, Wt. Ic. t, 80 {copied from Roxburgh). H.
Horsfieldianum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 154. Cinchona excelsa, Roxb. Cor.
PI. t. 106 ; Fl. Ind. i. 629. 0. thyrsiflora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 15 ; Fl. Ind.
i. 530.

Dry hills, base of the Western Himalaya from Garwhal to Nepal, ascending to
2500 ft. ; throughout the Deccan and Central India to the Anuamallays ; and in
Tenasserim and Chittagong. — Distrib, Java.

A deciduous tree, 30-40 ft., with smooth bark. Leaves 4-10 by 3-5 in. ; raem-

d2

36 Lxxv. RUBiACEj;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hijmenodictyon.

branous, narrowed into a petiole 1-3 in., nerves 7-10 pair; stipules broad, recurved,
usually glandular-serrate. Panicles large, pubescent often drooping ; floral leaves
long-petioled, 3-5 in., strongly nerved. Flowers small, white, pedicelled, clustered.
Calyx j\ in. Corolla ^ in. Capsules on thick decurved pedicels, | in. long, ellipsoid.

2. K. flaccidum, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind.y ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 152 ;
Cat. 6116 A. 0.; Tent. Fl. Nap. t. 22; PL As. Bar. ii. 81, t. 188; leaves
elliptic abruptly acuminate glabrous or puberulous only on the nerves beneath, .
racemes spiciform nearly simple, capsules deflexed. Brand. For. Fl. 268.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 3-6000 ft., from Garwhal to Bhotan frequent. Khasia
Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft.

A deciduous tree, with ashy bark, young often epiphytic. Leaves 5-8 by 3-6 in.,
narrowed into the petiole of 1-4 in., nerves 7-8 pair ; stipules broadly obovate
oblanceoiate or ovate, glandular-serrate. Racemes 4-10 in., pubescent, curved, dense-
flowered; peduncle 1-3 in.; floral bracts as in H. excelsum, white, convex. Flowers
subsessile, white. Calyx j^ in. Corolla about twice as long. Capsules ^ in. long,
ellipsoid.

3. K. obovatum, WaU. in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 153 ;
Cat. 6116 ; leaves elliptic or broadly obovate abruptly acuminate glabrous or
pubescent beneath, racemes spiciform, capsules erect. W. 8/- A. Pi-odr. 392 ;
Wt. Ic. t. 1159; Dah. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 117; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 219; Brand.
Foi'. Fl. 268.

Western Peninsula, from Bombay to Travancore, on the Crhauts, frequent.

In its extreme form, with broadly obovate leaves, from the southern part of the
Peninsula, this looks very different from H. flaccidum ; but specimens from the
Concan almost unite them ; but both specimens from the Bababoodan hills, with
elliptic leaves, and Wight's figured from Coimbatore, with broadly obovate ones,
have erect capsules, which I have not observed in any specimen of H. flaccidum. The
differences in the length, &c., of the anthers and filaments are probably sexual.

11. ZiVCUZiZA,

Shrubs. Leaves petioled; stipules cuspidate, deciduous. Floivet's rosy or
white, in terminal many-fid. corymbs, odorous ; bracteoles deciduous. Calyx-
lobes 5, elongate, unequal, linear-oblong, deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped,,
tube long ; lobes 5, simple or with 2 calli at the base, imbricate in bud. Sta-
mens 5, in the tube of the corolla, filaments very short ; anthers linear. Ovary
2-celled ; style slender, stigmas 2 linear included ; ovules many, on 2 revolute
longitudinal placentas in each cell. Capsule almost woody, septicidally 2-
valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, imbricate upwards, testa rough winged
toothed ; embryo minute in fleshy albumen. — Distrib. 2 Indian species.

1. Zi. gratissima, Siveet Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 145; leaves oblanceoiate
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, nerves usually spreading, inflorescence-
pubescent, corolla-lobes without interposed tubercles. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 71 ;.
Hook. Bot. Mag. 3946. Cinchona gratissima, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed..
Carey f Wall. ii. 154 ; Tent. Fl. Nap. t. 21 ; Cat. 6117 A. Musssenda Luculia,.
Ham. in Don Prod?'. 139.

Temperate Himalaya, from Nipal to Bhotan, not frequent, alt. 4-6000 ft.,.
Wallich, &c.- DiSTKLB. Ava {Kurz).

A spreading shrub, 10-16 ft.; branches lenticellate. Leaves membranous or
coriaceous, 6-9 by 2-4 in., very variable in breadth, sometimes pubescent beneath,
acuminate, narrowed into the petiole; nerves 9-12 pair. Corymbs sometimes 8 in.,
diam., very many flowered; flowers 3-nate, pink, shortly pedicelled. Calyx-tube \ in,.

.lAfjCulia.'] Lxxv. RUBTACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) 37

(limb twice as long, glabrous or pubescent. Corolla-tube \-\\ in., lobes \\ in. across.
•^CapsuU ^-\ in., obovoid, apparently very variable ; in Nipal specimens obovoid \ by
^ in., in Bhotan ones | by ^ in.

2. Xi. Pinceana, Hook. Sot. Mag. t. 4132; leaves elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate, nerves suberect, inflorescence glabrous, corolla-lobes with interposed
pairs of tubercles at their bases. L. gratissima, Wall, Cat. 6117 B.

Khasia Mts., Mrs. Mack, &c., alt. 3-5000 ft. Mishmi Hnxs, Griffith.

A bush 4-5 ft., very similar to L. gratissima, but with leaves smaller, narrower,
more coriaceous with more numerous (12-14 pair of) nerves which are more straight
and ascending. The inflorescence is quite glabrous, calyx-lobes larger, corolla-tube
1^2 in., and lobes nearly 2 in, across, with a pair of raised tmbercles one on each
side of the sinus. Capsule ^-^ in. and broadly obovoid in Khasian specimens, very
much larger, nearly 1 in. long with strongly ribbed valves in Mishmi ones.

Tribe ni. RONDEZiBTIXSa:.

12. WBMDZ.AirDXA, BaHl.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or ternately whorled ; stipules entire
or 2-fid. Floioers small, rosy or white, in terminal dense thyrsoid or panicled
cymes, 2-3-bracteolate. Calyx-lohes 4-6, subequal, small, persistent. Coi'olla
tubular- salver- or funnel-shaped, throat glabrous or hairy ; lobes 4-6, imbii-
cate in bud. Stamens 4-5, between the coroUa-lobes, filaments 0 or elongate ;
anthers versatile, exserted. Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled ; style filiform, stigma
entire 2-fid or 2-partite ; ovules numerous, on smaU globose placentas adnate
to the septum. Capsule small, globose, loculicidally, rarely septicidally 2-
valved, many-seeded. Seeds very minute, horizontal, compressed, testa mem-
branous obscurely winged; embiyo short, cylindric, in fleshy albumen. —
DisTRiB. Species about 16, tropical Asiatic.

A. Leaves opposite.

* Corolla-tube short, not twice the length of the oblong lobes ; anthers large j
much exsei'ted. Stipules persistent or caducous.

1. W. exserta, DC. JProdr. iv. 411 ; softly tomentose or pubescent all
over, leaves opposite ovate-lanceolate glabrate above finely acuminate, stipules
persistent recurved, calvx hairv lobes ovate or subulate, corolla-tube shorter
than the lobes, stigma 2-partite. W. 8f A. Prodr. 402; Wall. Cat. 6267
A. 0. D. E. F. in paH ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 130 ; Brand. For. Fl. 268. W. cinerea.
Wall. Cat. 6268; DC. Prodr. iv. 412. Kondeletia exserta, Roxb. Sort. Beng.
14 ; Fl. Ind. i. 523. R. cinerea. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii.
141. R. thyrsiflora and orissensis, Roth Nov. Gen. 8f Sp. 142. R. Heynei,
Roem. 8f Sch. Syst. v. 234.

Dry forests of the Tropicai- Himalaya, from the Chenab eastward to Nipal and
Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft. Orissa, Central India, N. Deccan, and Concan.

A small crooked tree ; branches terete. Leaves coriaceous, 4-9 by 1-3^ in. ;
nerves 10-18 pair, arched; stipules ovate, acute, recurved. Pawec^gs sessile, pyra-
midal, 6-10 in. broad and long. Flowers ^ in. diam., white, fragrant, sessile. Stamens
nearly as large as the corolla-lobes. Capsule — in. diam., white, tomentose.

2. W. puberula, DC. Prodr. iv. 412; leaves opposite elliptic-lanceolate
Acuminate glabrous except the nerves above slightly hairy chiefly on the nerves
beneath, stipules persistent erect, panicle pubescent, calyx hairy, lobes triangular

38 Lxxv. RU?iACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) IWendlandia^

or subulate, corolla-lobes shorter than the tube. Wall. Cat. 6270. W. scabra,.
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1877, ii. 310. W. appendiculata, Wall. tms.

Dry forests of the Tropical Himalaya from Grurwhal to Nipal, alt. 0-4000 ft.,
Wallich, &c. AvA, Kurz.

Habit of W. exserta, but with smaller (4-6 by 2-3 in.) nearly glabrous elliptic
leaves, which are more membranous, with fewer (10-12 pair) of nerves, and longer-
calyx- tubes often smaller panicles and nearly glabrous capsules ; stipules very
variable.

3. W. Wallicliii, W. ^- A. Prodr. 402, in note; branches glabrous or
puberulous, leaves opposite elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate at both ends
glabrous or puberulous on the nerves beneath, stipules very caducous broad
rounded, panicle pubescent, calyx glabrous teeth short triangular, corolla-tube
a little longer than the lobes. Wall. Cat. 6269 B., in part {tinctoria).

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft.; De Silva,
&c., Grriffith (Kew Distrib. 2834).

An erect nearly glabrous shrub ; branches swollen at the nodes when dry. Leaves
2-7 by 1^-2|- in., rather coriaceous ; nerves 10-12 pair, prominent beneath ; petiole
^— I in.; stipules so deciduous that I found only one in ten specimens, it is imper-
fect, broad, and apparently acute. Panicle moderate. Flowers like those of W.
puberula.

** Corolla-lobes rounded or shortly oblong, much shorter than the usually
slender tube; anthers included or exseHed. Stipules more or less pei'sistent ,

t Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.

4. W. tinctoria, DC. Prodr. iv. 411 ; leaves opposite elliptic ovate or
obovate acuminate glabrous or pubescent beneath, stipules erect large with
a subulate point or a laterally flattened rigid appendage, calyx-teeth ovate.
Brand. For. Fl. 269 ; Kurz Fw. Fl. ii. 74 \ Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 130. Rondeletia
tinctoria, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 522.

Tropical Himalaya, from Garwhal and from Bengal and Oudh, to the Khasia
Mts., Assam, Chittagong, Pegu, and Tenasserim.— Distrib. Java? Ava.

A small tree. Leaves 4-8 by 2-4 in., always nari'owed into, the petiole, glabrous
and often shining above, paler rarely glabrous beneath, oftener pubescent on the
nerves, sometimes tomentose all over; nerves 10-12 pair; petiole ^-| in. Stipides
variable in length, always with erect points. Panicles large, spreading, pubescent
pilose or tomentose ; flowers sessile, fascicled, white, \ in. long ; corolla-tube usually
.slender, the lobes forming a capitate not ovoid head ; anthers shortly exserted. Stigmas
oblong. — There are two principal forms.

Var. 1. normalis; leaves 3-5 by 2-2^ in. elliptic more or less pubescent beneath,
petiole ^ in., panicle tomentose. Wall. Cat. 6267 ; (exserta) F. in part, 6269 D.,
6269 D. 3. W. proxima, DC. Prodr. iv. 411. Eondeletia proxima, Bon Prodr. 139.

Var. 2. grandis ; leaves 5-7 by 2-3^ in. elliptic perfectly glabrous, petiole ^-f
in., panicle tomentose. Wall. Cat. 6266 B. A. {paniculata), the hwer specimen only,
6269 A. W. budleoides. Wall. mss. i7i W. ^ A. Prodr. i. 402. — Khasia and Jyntea
hills, Wallich, &e. ; Naga hills, Griffith ; Sikkim, Herb. Griff. ; Assam, Jenkins.

5. W. nitens, Wall. Cat. 6271 ; robust, leaves opposite elliptic-oblong
obtuse coriaceous shining above glabrous or puberulous on the nerves beneath,
stipules erect very short triangular or broadly reniform apiculate, panicle pubes-
cent, flowers in glomerules, calyx hairy, teeth short triangular.

Tenasserim, Attran river, Wallich, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2380).

Branches robust, glabrous. Leaves 4-5 by 1^-2 in., rarely obovate or subacute,
nerves 6-8 in Heifer's specimen, 8-12 in Wallich's. Panicle robust. Corolla slender,
lobes very small. — This may be a form of W. tinctoria, with which it is perhaps

Wendlandm.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 39

united by a plant of Griffith's (Kew Distrib. 2835) from Menkroom, in Birma, with
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate leaves, and much more pubescent panicles.

6. W. g-labrata, DC. Prodr. iv. 411; glabrous or with the branches,
leaves beneath and panicle minutely pubescent, leaves opposite petioled elliptic-
lanceolate subacute obtuse or obtusely acuminate shining above, stipules erect
small triangular cuspidate or acuminate, caljrx glabrous, teetb. minute triangular.
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 74. W. Heyneana, Wall, in W. 8) A. Prodr. 403; Cat,
6274. W. sumatrana and W. laevigata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 159, 346.
Rondeletia tinctoria, Blume JSijd. 974.

Maisob, Heyne; Tenasserim, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2836), Heifer (Kew Distrib.
2831 and 2832). — Distrib. Yunan, Malay Islands, Formosa.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves of the form, &c., of W. tinctoria, always glabrous
except sometimes the midrib beneath, panicle glabrous or minutely puberulous (more
so in W. l(&vigata, Miq.), flowers as in W. tinctoria, but calyx always glabrous with
very short teeth. No one has sent this plant from Western India but Eottler,
whose specimens (in Herb. Kew) are marked "Nundry dr. Mars 17, 1806." A single
specimen from Parish has 3-nately whorled leaves.

W. ienuiflora, Miquel mss., appears a form with the slender branches of the
panicle covered with empty bracteoles.

7. VT. coriacea, DC. Prodr. iv. 412 ; everywhere quite glabrous, leaves
opposite coriaceous petioled narrowly lanceolate finely acuminate shining above,
stipules erect very short and broad witli an erect laterally compressed appen-
dage, panicles very many and dense-fld., calyx glabrous, teeth short. Wall. Cat.
6279. Rondeletia coriacea. Wall, in Roxh, Fl. Ind., ed. Carep ^ Wall. ii. 142.

Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 2-4000 ft., J. D. H.

A small tree or large shrub. Leaves 5-6 by 1^2 in., coriaceous, pale when dry,
narrowed into a petiole \ in. ; nerves about 10 pair, very delicate. Panicles 4-5 in.
high and broad, branches flowering all over. Flowers sessile, ^ in. long. Calyx-teeth
triangular or ovate-lanceolate. Corolla-tube slender, lobes broadly oblong. Anthers
shortly exserted, stigmas short. — This differs from glahrata in the longer narrower
coriaceous leaves with faint nerves and finely acuminate points and the larger flowers.

8. "W. paniculata, DC. Prodr. iv. 411 ; leaves opposite elliptic or
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate more or less pubescent beneath, stipules recurved
broad orbicular or oblong with tips rounded, panicle spreading villous, calyx-
teeth, rounded. Wall. Cat. 6266 A. {upper specimen only) ; 6269 {tinctoria), B.
in paH\ 6267 {exserta), B. in part. W. luzoniensis, DC. I. c, 412. Rondeletia
paniculata, J?oi6. Hort. Beng. 15; Fl. Ind. i. 621. Gardenia Burha, Ham. in
Wall. Cat. 8298.

Assam, Silhet, and Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft. Biema, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
2837). — Distrib. Java, Moluccas.

A tree. Leaves usually large, 5-8 by 2-4 in., mem'branous, usually tapering to
both ends, rarely narrowly obovate, nerves 8-10 pair, petiole usually ^-\ in.; stipules
coriaceous, pubescent. Panicle ample. Flowers as in W. tinctoria.

tt Calyx-teeth Imiger than the tube.

9. W. lig'ustrina, Wall. Cat. 6272 ; branches slender glabrous, leaves
opposite elliptic or elliptic-ovate acute glabrous or puberulous on the nerves
beneath, petiole rather long, stipules broadly triangular cuspidate, panicle lax
pubescent, caljTC glabrous, teeth filiform longer than the tube.

AvA ; Taong-dong Mts., Wallich.

Much branched, leafy. Leaves 4-5 by 1-2 in., acute not acuminate, rather coria
ceous, nerves 6-8 pair, petiole \-\ in. ; stipules appressed. Panicle-branches slender.
Corolla-lobes oblong, half as long as the tube; stamens and styles much exserted.— ;

40 Lxxv, EUBiACE^. (J. D. Hookcr.) [Weivdlandia.

Wallich's specimen alone seen ; well distinguished by the simply acute leaves and
glabrous calyx with long teeth.

10. W. g'lomerulata, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 310 ; 1877, ii.
129 ; For. Fl. ii. 77 ; branches slender glabrous, leaves opposite narrow-lanceo-
late long-acuminate glabrous membranous, stipules large orbicular recurved,
panicle small pubescent, calyx hirsute, teeth much longer than the tube.

Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2838), Kurz.

An evergreen small tree or shrub. Leaves 6-7 by f-l| in., much attenuate at
both ends; nerves 12-15 pair; petiole \-l in.; stipules leafy, sometimes 2-fid, very
persistent. Panicle with slender branches. Corolla-t'uhe funnel-shaped, twice as long
as the calyx-teeth. Stamens much exserted. Capsule hispid. — The narrow leaves,
stipules, and hispid calyx with long teeth, well distinguish this species.

B. Leaves usually 3-nately whorled (see also 6. W. glahrata).

11. W. Notoniana, Wall, in W. ^ A. Vrodr. 403; Cat. 6273, 6267 G.
( W. exsertd) ; robust tomentose except the leaves above, leaves usually 3-
nately whorled rarely opposite short petioled elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate, stipules recurved with rounded or 2-fid. tips rarely straight and
acute, panicle pyramidal hirsute dense-fld*, calyx hirsute, teeth ovate-lanceolate.
Wt. Ic. t. 1033; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 117; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 224. We-
bera thyi'soidea. Roth Nov. sp. 149. Oanthium thyrsoideum, Roem. Sch. Syst.
V. 207. Ixora montana, Miq. in Herb. Hohen. n. 336.

Hills of the Deccan Peninsula, alt. 2-6000 ft., common. Ceylon, hills of the
central province, ascending to 7000 ft.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3-5^ by 2^ in., coriaceous, rarely obovate, nerves
8-10 pair, strong beneath, not shining above, pale when dry, petiole ^-^ in.; stipules
variable, usually smaller than in W. tiiictoria. Flowers reddish- white (Wight),
odorous. Calyx hairy, teeth variable in length. — This is the southern representative
of W. tinctoria.

Vab. 1. bicuspidata ; leaves nearly glabrous longer petioled, stipules entire or
2-fid or divided into 2, calyx glabrous or hairy, teeth short obtuse. W. bicuspidata,
W. 4" ^- Prodr. 403. — Mts, of Travancore and Ceylon.

Vab. 2. zeylatiica-, leaves nearly glabrous lanceolate narrowed into a slender
petiole, panicle pubescent very large and lax with long filiform spreading and droop-
ing branches, flowers scattered sessile and on slender pedicels, calyx quite glabrous,
teeth very minute, — Ceylon, Thwaites.

12. W. Xiawii, Hook. f. ; branches and inflorescence tomentose, leaves
ternately whorled lanceolate obtuse pubescent on the nerves beneath, stipules
broadly triangular acute, panicles very large, branches 3-nate very slender erect,
flowers often long pediceUed, calyx hairy lobes filiform longer than the tube.

Maisok ; on the Bababoodan hills. Law.

Braiwhes slender. Leaves (upper alone seen) 3-4 by 1 in,, quite glabrous above,
paler and almost shining beneath, nerves 8-9 pair, strong ; petiole ^ in. ; stipules
short, broad. Panicle a foot long, softly downy with white hairs. Branches very
long and slender, forming a rather flat-topped corymb. Flowers laxly scattered,
mixed with subulate or linear bracteoles, most of which are not floriferous. Calyx-
teeth variable, sometimes short. Corolla-tube ^ in., very slender. — Closely allied to
W. Notoniana, differing in the form of the panicle and calyx -teeth.

13. VT. ang'ustlfolia, Wight niss. ; everywhere glabrous, leaves ter-
nately whorled narrowly linear-lanceolate acute, stipules triangular-ovate acute,
panicle slender pyramidal, calyx-teeth short subulate,

Tinnevelli ; at Courtallum, Wight.

WendlaiKJUa.] Lxxv. rubiaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 41

Branches rather slender. Leaves 3-4 by ^-| in., narrowed into the short petiole,
•coriaceous, not shining, midrib strong, nerves about 8 pair very slender ; stipules per-
sistent. Panicle leafy below. Flowers rather crowded, often pedicelled. Corolla-
tube slender, ^ in. ; lobes almost orbicular, small. Anthers shortly exserted. Stigma
shortly clavate, entire or 2-fid. — A very distinct species.

14. "W. pendula, DC. Prodr. iv. 412; branches and inflorescence pubes-
cent, leaves 3-nately whorled sessile ovate or ovate-lanceolate obtusely acumi-
nate puberulous on the nerves beneath, stipules small very shortly triangular,
panicle small, calyx glabrous, teeth lanceolate about equalling the tube. Wall.
Cat. 6276.

Ndpal, Wallich ; Pemmi river, alt. 4000 ft., J. J). H.

A shrub, branches slender. Leaves 3-4 by l^-lf in., thin, shining and reticulated
above, base rounded or subacute, nerves 6-7 pair, petiole hardly any ; stipules very
inconspicuous. Panicle 4-6 in. long, branches stout. Flowers rathered clustered, often
pedicelled. Corolla-tube ^ in., slender, lobes obloug. Stamens shortly exserted;
stigma clavate. — A most distinct species.

13. GREENE A, W. Sf A,

Shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled in threes ; stipules various. Floioers
small, white, sessile in tenoiinal panicled scorpioid cymes, bracteoles slender or 0.
Calyx-tuhe globose ; lobes 4-5, subulate or ovate, persistent, one longer than
the others. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube long, glabrous within ; lobes 4-5, twisted
in bud. Stamens 4-5 in the corolla-tliroat, filaments short ; anthers linear, 2-fid
at both ends. Ovary 2- rarely 3-celled : style filiform, stigmas 2 linear revolute ;
ovules numerous on peltate placentas adnate to the septum. Capsule small,
globose, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, valves with separable endocarp, placentas
at length free many-seeded. Seeds falcate, or subcubical, or angled, testa nar-
rowly winged ; embiyo club-shaped in fleshy albumen. — Distrib. Species 5 or 6,
Burmese and Malayan.

1. G. j£|,ckii, W. 8f A. Prodr. 404; inflorescence and leaves beneath
softly tomentose or villous, leaves oblanceolate obtusely acuminate, stipules
large, flowers close-set. Rondeletia corymbosa. Jack in Mai. Misc. i. 4. R.
spicata. Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey <§• ' Wall. ii. 139. Wendlandia ?
corymbosa. Wall. Cat. 6276; DC. Prodr. iv. 413; Kwz For. Fl. ii. 75.
W. ? spicata, DC. I. c. 412.

Malayan Peninsula, from Tenasserim to Singapore, Jack, &c.

An evergreen shrub. Leaves membranous, 8-20 by 1^-6 in,, puberulous or
glabrate above, narrowed into the very short petiole; nerves 20-30 pair, slender;
stipules very variable in length and breadth, ^1 in., acute. Panicle subsessile,
primary branches 3-chotomous, ultimate 2-chotomous ; bracteoles filiform. Corolla-
tube ^ in., hairy, twice as long as the 4 ovate lobes. Capsule ^ in. diam., pubescent.

_ 2. G. Wig'htiana, W. 4' A. Prodr. 404 ; inflorescence puberulous, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate acuminate glabrous except sometimes the
midrib beneath, stipules with long subulate points, flowers separate. Wt. Ic. t.
1151. Wendlandia .P Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 6277; G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 520.
W. secunda, Griff. Notul. 266 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 75. Guettarda, sp. Wall. Cat.
8400. ' ^ ' ' ^

Tenasserim, Gomez, &c. Birma, Griffith.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves much like those of G. Jackii, but glabrous with
longer petioles and fewer nerves ; stipules usually suddenly contracted to a long point.
Panicles sessile or long- or short-peduncled, branches very slender. Corolla-tube ^ in.,
puberulous, thrice as long as the 4-5 ovate lobes. Capsules puberulous.

42 Lxxv. eubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dentelld^

Tbibe IV. KEDirOTIDES:.

14. D£KTEZ.XiA, Forst.

A small weak prostrate annual or perennial-rooted herb. Leaves small ;
stipules connate, scarious. Flowers minute, solitary, axillary and in the forks,
sessile or pedicelled, white. Calyx-tube globose; limb tubular, persistent.
Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy within ; lobes 5, 2-3-toothed, induplicate-valvate.
Stamens 5, in the middle of the corolla-tube, filaments short ; anthers linear.
Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stigmas filiform ; ovules numerous on hemispheric
placentas. Fruit small, dry, globose, 2-celled, indehiscent, many-seeded. 8eed&
minute, angled, testa dotted.

1. I>. repens, Forst. Char. Gen, 2Q, t. 13; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 632; Walh
Cat. 6206 ; W. 8r A. Prodr. 405 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 115. Oldenlandia
repens, Linn. Mant. 40. Hedyotis repens. Lam. III. 1424, not of Don. Lip-
pava telephioides, Endl. Atakt. t. 13.

In moist places throughout Bengal and eastward to Birma, and in both Peninsulas
to Ceylon and Singapore. — Distrib. Malayan Islands, N. Australia, Polynesia.

A straggling weed, stems rooting at the joints. Leaves \ in., obovate spathulate
or elliptic, ciliate or glabrous. Flowers ^ in. Style cleft nearly to the base. Cap-
sule ^Q in. diam., hispid or glabrous.

15. ARGOSTEBKBIA, Wall,

Small delicate herbs. Leaves usually membranous, opposite, pairs very
unequal, or falsely whorled ; stipules entire, persistent or obsolete. Floivers
white, in peduncled cymes or umbels. Calyx-tube short ; lobes 5, rarely 3-7.
Corolla rotate, 4-6-partite, valvate. Stamens 4-5, filaments short; anthers
large, free, conniving or cohering, erect or declinate, dehiscing by 1-2 terminal
pores, rarely longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma capitellate ;
ovules very many on projecting placentas. Capsule coriaceous or membranous,
2-celled, dehiscing at the apex or by an operculum. Seeds minute, angled or
compressed, testa granulate or reticulate ; embryo most minute, in dense fleshy
albumen. — Distrib. Species about 40, all from subtropical Asiatic and Malayan
Mts., except one African (which is also Indian).

* Leaves opposite or whorled.
t Flowers 4-merous.

1. A. sarmentosum, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^' Wall. ii.
324 ; Cat. 8396 ; leaves sessile or petioled opposite or in whorls of 4 orbicular
elliptic or broadly obovate obtuse sparingly pubescent, umbels terminal, calyx
pubescent, teeth ovate obtuse, anthers 4 free slender opening by pores. Benn.
PI. Rar. Jav. 95. Sonerila angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 4090.

SuBTROPicAi Himalayas, from Garwhal to Bhotan, alt. 2-5000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 2-4000 ft., J. D.H.^T.T.

Stems 2 in. to a span, often with filiform very long simple or branched runners
from buds below the leaves. Leaves 1-4 in., 4 in a whorl, or in 2 rarely more pairs,
equal or more or less unequal or dissimilar. Umbels simple, 1- many-fid. ; bracts
ovate; pedicels \-^ in., very stout. Flowers white, with a green eye, f in. diam.
Calyx-lobes ovate. Corolla segments acuminate.

2. A. courtallense, Am. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 22) sparsely pubes-
cent, leaves subsessile in whorls of 4 ovate or orbicular-ovate subacute or
obtuse base contracted rounded or cordate, umbel tenuinal simple, calyx-teeth

, f Argostemma.'] LXXV. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 43

acute, anthers 4 free oWong-lanceolate curved opening by pores. Wt. Ic. t»
1160. A. connatiun, Balz. in Hook. Keio Joum. iii. 345; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 118 (by en-or cuneatum).

Mountains of the Western Peninsula, from Canara to Travancore, Bottler^
Heyne, &c.

Three inches to a span high. Leaves ncTer more than 4, very variable in size and
shape, rarely acute or shortly petioled. Umbels 3- many-fld. Flowers about § in.
diam., white. Corolla-lobes acute.

3. A. tavoyanum, Wall, in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 95; Cat. 8393; leaves
subsessile opposite or in whorls of 4 ovate acute base contracted or cordate,
umbels terminal, calyx pubescent teeth ovate, anthers 4 free oblong-lanceolate-
with terminal pores.

Tenassebim ; Tavoy, Wallich. Mabtaban, at Moulmein, Parish.

Sparsely pilose ; stem 2-4 in. Leaves sometimes only one pair, usually 4 in a
whorl, rarely with a smaller pair added, equal or more or less unequal. Umbels
simple, many-fld. Flowers \ in. diam. Corolla \ in. diam., and segments acute
short. — This may prove to be a variety of A. coiirtallense, but the leaves are more
acute and the calyx-lobes more obtuse, and the corolla smaller with shorter lobes,
as far as I can make out by moistening the dried specimens.

4. £Lm khasianuxn, C. B. Clarke'^ leaves sessile or petioled opposite or
in whorls of 4, elliptic ovate acute or subacute glabrous, imibela terminal and
axillary and their peduncles pubescent, calyx-teeth broad acute, anthers 4 free
linear-oblong straight opening by pores. A. verticillatum, Wall. Cat. 8394, in
imrt.

Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., I>e Silva, &c.

Closely allied to A. coicrtallense, differing in the much narrower glabrous leaves,^
often 2-3 umbels, which are more closely pubescent; the anthers, too, are more
strictly oblong. There are sometimes as many as 8 leaves of very various size in
irregularly superposed pairs, and the midrib and nerves are sometimes white.

tt Flowers 5-merous.

5. A. pictum, Wall, in Boxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 327 ; Cat.
8392 ; leaves sessile or shortly petioled, usually in a whorl of 4 of which 2 are
very small and 2 very large, broadly ovate or almost orbicular obtuse or sub-
acute glabrous or with a few short scattered hairs, umbels 1-3 terminal simple
glabrous, anthers 5 coherent linear-oblong straight opening by pores. Benn.
PI. Jav. Bar. 94.

Penano; Wallich, &c.

3-4 in. high. Leaves usually large, sometimes 4 by 3 in., often variegated along
the midrib and nerves. Peduncle slender. Calyx-teeth broad, acute.

6. A. verticillatum, Wall, in Boxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii.
325 ; PI. As. Bar. ii. 80, t. 185 ; Cat. 8394, in part ; leaves sessile 4 in a whorl
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate finely acuminate glabrous unequal, umbels 1 or
more terminal sometimes branched, anthers 5 free linear-oblong straight api-
culate opening by pores. Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 94. A. glaberrimimi, Dalz.
in Hook. Kew Joum. iii. 345 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 118. A. acutum,.
Wall. mss.

Tempebate Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 2-6000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4000 ft. Canaea ; in the Warree country, on trees, Balzell. Mabtaban, at
Moulmein, Parish. Penang, Wallich.

Leaves 1-5 in., broader more ovate and distinctly petioled only in Moulmein
specimens, very rarely with an additional pair of leaves below the whorl. Umbels
1-3, sometimes compound, all terminal. Flowers about ^ in. diam. Calyx-teeth acute.

44 Lxxv. RUBiACEJ}. (J. D. Hooker.) lArgostenima.

7. A. Parishii, Hooh.f. ; quite glabrous, leaves sessile in whorls of 5 or
-6 or oftener in several superimposed pairs elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, umbels
branched terminal, calyx-teeth very short, anthers 6 free linear-lanceolate
straight obtuse opening by pores.

Maktaban ; hills behind Moulmein, Parish,

Similar in many respects to A. verticillaium, and, like it, quite glabrous ; but the
leaves are far more numerous, usually in approximate pairs, the corolla lobes longer
and very acute, the anthers much longer and obtuse.

8. A. puxnilum, Benn. PI. Jav. Ear. 95 ; glabrous, leaves sessile about
10 almost whorled lanceolate tip rounded lowest obovate, umbels very shortly
peduncled irregularly few-flowered, calyx-teeth broad obtuse, corolla-lobes long
subacute, anthers 5 free oblong opening by slits throughout their length. A.
verticillatum, Wall. Cat. 8394 B., chiefly ; Hiern in Fl. Trop. Afiica, iii. 44.

Khasia Mrs., alt. 0-2000 ft., De Sika, &c.— Distrib. W. trop. Africa.

A very small rather rigid species, 1-1^ in. high ; stem stiff. Leaves 1-1^ in.,
more coriaceous than usual in the genus. Umbels smaller than the leaves, few-fld.
Flowers 5- in. diam. — The "West African specimen from Mt. Sierra del Crystal (on the
upper Gaboon river) differs only in the anthers opening towards the summit.

9. A. ZiObbii, ITooJc.f.', veiy slender, quite glabrous, leaves in numerous
superposed whorls of 4-6, of which 1 is much the longest linear-lanceolate sub-
acute, umbels axillary and terminal, pedicels slender divaricate, calyx-teeth short,
corolla-lobes long, anthers 5 free linear-lanceolate curved with minute pores.

Mabtaban ; at Moulmein on limestone rocks, Lobb, Parish.

Stem succulent, 4-6 in. Leaves in about 5-8 equidistant whorls, the long ones
1-1^ in., curved upwards, the short ones ^^ in. Umbels branched from the base, or
peduncles forked. Flowers \ in. diam. Calyx very small. Anthers not conniving.
Stigma minute.

10. A. rostratum, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Incl, ed. Carey ^' Wall. ii. 326 ;
Cat. 8395 ; quite glabrous, leaves whorled or in superimposed pairs linear or
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate with often bulbiferous axils, umbels small solitary
simple or compound, corolla-lobes caudate-acuminate, anthers 5 coherent ob-
long with long slender beaks opening by pores. Benn. PI. Jav. Par. 95.

Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., Be Silva, &c.

Very variable indeed in stature and foliage. Stem 3-10 in., slender or robust.
Leaves, the larger on each plant 1^-8 in., membranous, sessile or shortly petioled.
Umbels very various, few-fld. Peduncles 1-3 in. Flowers ^ in. diam, Calyx small,
lobes short broad. Anthers very large for the size of the flowers, erect ; straight beaks
as long as the cells. — The beaked anthers distinguish this from all allied species. The
bulbiferous specimens have smaller leaves and long capillary runners ; they often
somewhat resemble A. Lobbii.

** Stem with a terminal pair of leaves, one very large, the other very
small, and sometimes one or more pairs of very small leaves lower down.

11. A. humile, Wall, in Benn. PI. Jav. Par. 94; Cat. 8391; leaves
glabrous, uppermost pair of a very large ovate-lanceolate acuminate and a very
small ovate one, lower pairs few or solitary very small ovate subequal, umbels
solitary puberulous, bracts large, corolla-lobes lanceolate, anthers 4 linear-
subulate straight free obtuse opening by pores.

Khasia Mts. ; Mahadeb, Griffith ; Churra, J. D. H. ^ T. T. Penang, Jack.

Very variable in size. Stem 1-2 in., very short in comparison with the large leaf,
•which is 2-5 in. long, sessile, membranous, the smaller leaf is ovate, \-\ in. long.
Umbels 3-many-fld ; bracts ovate or orbicular. Anthers more than half the length
of the corolla-lobes. Stigma minutely capitate.

Argostemma,'] Lxxv. KUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 45-

12. A. unlfoHum, Benn. PL Jav. Rar. 94 ; quite glabrous, leaves 2 only
larger long-petioled ovate caudate-acuminate smaller (stipule ?) sessile ovate-
cordate, umbels compound, pedicels slender, anthers 5 coherent elongate-subulate
opening by pores.

Penang, Porter. Maiacca? Maingay.

Stem slender, a span high. Larger leaf membranous, 6-8 by 2-4^ in., base
rounded or cordate, petiole 1-1^ in. ; smaller, ^\ in., recurved. Flowers numerous,
^ in. diam. Calyx-lobes small, broad, obtuse. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, equalling the
anthers. Stigma minute, capitate. — The largest-leaved species of the genus. .

13. A, ILurzll, C. B. Clarke ; quite glabrous, leaves 2 only, larger sessile
broadly ovate obtuse or obtusely-acuminate, smaller (stipule ?) ovate, umbels
simple, bracts 4, anthers 5 free broadly oblong-obtuse dehiscing by their whole
length. A. unifolium, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 131, not of Blume.

Mabtaban ; at Moulmein, Parish ; Attran, Scott.

Stem simple, 3 in., forked, in one specimen stout, succulent. Leaves membranous,
large, 3^5 by 2^-3 in., base rounded, smaller, ^ in., obtuse. Umbel 4-8-fld ; bracts
almost orbicular, equal. Flowers ^ in. diam. Calyx-teeth very short, broad acute.
Corolla-lobes lanceolate, much longer than the anthers. — Only three specimens seen.

*** Stem prostrate with many subequal pairs of thick distichous leaves,
one of each pair very large, the other very small. — Habit of Elatostemma,
anthers with long beaks.

14. A. Elatostemma, Hook. f. ; stem umbel and leaves beneath fur-
furaeeously tomentose, large leaf of each pair shortly petioled obovate-oblong
obtuse base contracted cordate, smaller sessile ovate-cordate, umbels few-fid
simple or compound, corolla-lobes lanceolate, anthers 5 coherent subulate pro-
duced into a long straight beak opening by pores.

Penang, Griffith. Singapoee, Lohb.

Stem 6-8 in., prostrate, very robust, simple or branched, sometimes rooting at
the nodes. Leaves 6-8 pairs, larger 2-2| in., coriaceous; nerves about 10 pair, united
by very stout reticulating nerves. Peduncle softly tomentose. Flowers | in. diam.
Calyx small, lobes triangular, acute. Stamens as long as the puberulous corolla-
lobes. — This species singularly resembles an Elatostemma in habit.

15. A. parvifolium, Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 96; stem hispid, large leaf of
each pair petioled elliptic-ovate acute with few scattered cellular hairs above,
glabrous beneath except the midrib, smaller sessile ovate, umbels few-fld., simple
pubescent, corolla-lobes lanceolate, anthers 5 coherent subulate produced into a
long straight beak. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 165, t. 31 D.

Singapore, Lobb. — Disteib. Java.

Stem 4-8 in. slender, prostrate, simple or branched, rooting at the nodes. Leaves
thick and succulent, in 4-8 distant or approximate pairs; larger ^-1^ in., base
rounded or cordate and equally or unequally auric) ed ; smaller ^ in. ; nerves indis-
tinct. Flowers similar to those of A. Elatostemma, but beak of anthers shorter.

16. A. ophirense, Maingay inss. ; stem robust sparsely hairy, leaves
coriaceous glabrous, larger of each pair subsessile oblanceolate or obovate
obtuse or acuminate obliquely auricled at the base, smaller obliquely ovate-
cordate sessile, umbels few-fld.

Maxacca ; on Mt. Ophir, Maingay.

Stem 8-10 in., ascending, nodose, copiously rooting at the base, succulent. Leaves
thick and succulent, in many pairs, larger 2-3^ by |-1^ in., smaller ^-\ in. Calyx-
lobes very broad, acute. Corolla and stamens not seen.

46 Lxxv. RUBiACE^, (J. D. Hooker.) [Argostemnia.

17. A. spinulosum, C. B. Clarke; stem stout hispid with curled hairs,
large leaf of each pair petioled ohlanceolate acute, glahrous above with minute
spinulose hairs on and near the margin, hairy on the nerves beneath, smaller
ovate-lanceolate acuminate, umbels forked compound many-fld., anthers 5
coherent subulate produced into a short beak.

SiNGAPOBE, Lohh.

Only one specimen seen. Stem 4 in., very stout, flexuous and rooting below.
Leaves rather thick and succulent in 4 pairs, the larger 4-5 by l:j- in., base contracted
obliquely, auricled, nerves spreading raised beneath, petiole g- in. ; smaller ^ in., more
membranous. Umbel and peduncle quite glabrous. Flowers ^ in. diam. Calyx-lohes
triangular-ovate, acuminate. Corolla-lobes lanceolate.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

A. iNJEQTJiLATERUM, Beun. PL Jttv. Ear. 95; "leaves usually 4 in a whorl more
or less unequal, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate unequal-sided acuminate glabrous ;
umbel subsimple few-fid ; flowers 5-merous." — Perhaps A. verticiUatum.

A. SONERILOIDES, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 310; calyx-lobes 3-4; corolla
subcampanulate, 3-4-lobed; leaves whorled; anthers oblong obtuse. — Andaman
Islands, Kurz. — Very imperfect specimens from Dr. King do not enable me to refer
'this satisfactorily to any described species : it resembles tavoyanum.

A. OLiGANTHA, Kurz ill Joum. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 131. — An Andaman species and
another of Kurz, from Boronga Island, on the Arracan coast, are not recognisable.

16. CZ.AItK.Z:XtZ.A, HooJi.f,

A very small erect glabrous puberulous herb. Leaves opposite, petioled,
ovate, one of the lower pair usually suppressed, the other very large ; stipules
minute, broadly ovate, or obsolete. Flowers 1-6 in., in pedimcled terminal
bracteate cymes, white. Calyx-tube obconic, produced above the ovary ; limb
dilated, 5-7-toothed. Corolla-tube long, slender, funnel-shaped above, throat
glabrous ; lobes 5, lanceolate, valvate. Stamens 5, near the bottom of the tube,
filaments short slender; anthers linear-oblong. Ovaj-y 2-celled; style short,
arms 2 slender hairy; ovules many, on ascending placentas attached to the
septum below its middle. Capsule obconic, 6-7- ribbed, crowned with the
dilated calyx-limb, membranous, indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds very minute,
irregularly ellipsoid, testa black papillose.

1. C. nana, Hook.f. Ophiorhiza nana, Edgw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 60.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. Kumaon, Edgworth, &c. ; Grarwhal,
Falconer.

A very singular little plant, requiring examination in a living state as to its mode
of gi'owth. Stem 1-3 in,, slender, simple, curved upwards, terminating below in a
smnll fleshy tuber enclosed in a rather thick sheathing coat, the outer surface of
which coat is clothed with short rigid rootlets that adhere to surrounding particles of
sand and ground by suckers. Radicle-leaf |-l| in. diam., solitary, orbicular or
broadly ovate, obtuse, membranous; nerves 4-5 pair, spreading and arching; petiole
slender; besides this leaf there is a single pair of small leaves close to the cyme.
Cym£ on a stout peduncle ^-| in. long : bracts small, oblong. Flowers shortly pedi-
celled, erect, \ in. long. Calyx-lobes triangular with acuminate tips. Corolla pubes-
cent. Stamens and style near the very base of the corolla-tube. Fruit ^ in. long. —
Named after my coadjutor in this work, C. B. Clarke, F.L.S.

17. NEVROCAXiirX, Hooh,

Low herbs. Leaves opposite, crowded, membranous, entire or , toothed,
reticulate ; stipules large, 2-tid, or multitid. Flmvers rather large, pale purple,

Neurocalyx.'] lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 47

in short axillary nodding racemes or heads; bracts simple or 3-toothed or
-partite. Calyx-lohes 5, broad, membranous, reticulate. Corolla rotate ; lobes
shorter and narrower than the calyx-lobes, valvate. Statnens 5, filaments
very short; anthers connate in a conical tube, bursting inwards. Ovary 2-
celled ; style filiform, stigma capitellate ; ovules numerous on swollen peltate
placentas. Fruit coriaceous or fleshy, usually irregularly bursting, many-
seeded. Seeds minute, globose, testa crustaceous pitted ; embryo obovoid in
fleshy albumen. — Distrib. Species i>S, on the Dekkan Mts., Ceylon, and
Borneo.

1. N. zeylanicus, Hook. Ic. PL t. 174 ; glabrous, leaves oblanceolate
acuminate narrowed into slender petioles, nerves beneath and inflorescence
puberulous, flowers racemose, calyx-lobes lanceolate.

Ceylon; SufFragam district, ascending to 4000 ft., Walker, &c.

Stem woody, 2-8 in., clothed with spreading subspinescent stipular segments.
Leaves 4-8 by 1-2 in. ; nerves about 20 pair. Peduncles numerous, half as long as
the leaves. Flowers f in. diam. Corolla not half as long as the calyx, lobes lanceo-
late.

2. M. Wig'lltii, Am. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 22 ; leaves sessile oblanceolate
acuminate glabrous above, nerves beneath and inflorescence furfuraceous, flowers
racemose, calyx-lobes ovate acute. N. Hookeriana, Wt. Ic. t. 62. Argo-
stemma calycinum, Br. in Benn. PL Jav. Bar. 97 ; Wall. Cat. 8397.-

Southern Mountains of the Western Peninsula ; Wynaad, Hamilton, &c. ; Nil-
gherris, Munro. Ceylon, ascending to 2000 ft.. Walker, &c.

Stem 2-4 in., woody, tortuous. Leaves 6-9 by 1^-3 in.; nerves 12-15 pair;
stipules lanceolate, membranous. Peduncles not half so long as the leaves. Flowers
I in. diam. Corolla nearly as long as the calyx, lobes ovate.

3. N. capitataf Benth. viss. ; leaves oblanceolate narrowed into long
stout petioles, nerves beneath and inflorescence pubescent, flowers capitate,
calyx-lobes ovate acute.

Ceylon, Walker, Champion.

Stem erect, stout, a foot or more high, with distant pairs of large leaves, glabrous.
Leaves 10-12 by 2^4 in.; nerves 15-20 pair; stipules membranous, 2-partite,
segments ovate caudate -acuminate, Peduncles axillary, shorter than the petioles;
heads of flowers globose or oblong. Flowers f in. diam. Corolla-lobes broadly ovate,
obtuse, half as long as the calyx. — Very different from N. Wightii in the long stout
stem, much larger petioled leaves with more numerous nerves, and larger flowers.

4. K. Championii, Benth. in Thiv. Enum. 139; leaves sessile or
petioled obovate-lanceolate obtuse bullate above, nerves beneath and inflores-
cence villous, flowers racemed, calyx-lobes ovate acute.

Ceylon ; Kokool CoBle, Thwaites.

Stem very short, woody. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., midrib hairy above, base obtuse
or narrowed into the petiole; nerves about 10 pair; stipules membranous, 2-partite.
Eacemes half as long as the leaves. Flowers ^ in. diam. Corolla-lobes narrow,
oblong, equalling the broadly ovate acute calyx-lobes.

5. M". Gardner!, Thw. Enum. 139; leaves obovate-lanceolate with
rounded apiculate tips narrowed into a very short petiole hairy above and
beneath, inflorescence racemose villous, calyx-lobes ovate- or orbictdar-cordate.

Ceylon; Pasdoon Corle and Hewetsea, Gardner, Thwaites.

Stem short, stout, woody, villous. Leaves 4-10 by 1^-3^ in., very membranous,
ciliate, obscurely crenulate ; nerves 15-18 pair; stipules 2-partite, segments caudate-
acuminate. Corolla not seen.

48 Lxxy. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) lAUceopltania^

18. AXiZiJEOPKAKXil., Thwaites.

Undershrubs ; branches 4-angled. Leaves sessile or shortly petioled, ovate
or lanceolate ; nerves close ; stipules connate into a scarious bristly tube..
Flowers minute, polygamo-dioecious, in axillary dense cymes, pale purple.
Calyx-tube obconic ; limb bell-shaped, 4-ribbed and with 4 bristle-like teeth,
persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube and throat hairy ; lobes 4, valvate in
bud. Stamens 4, inserted between the corolla-lobes, filaments of ^ long ex-
serted ; anthers linear-oblong, obtuse. Ovary 4-celled ; style filiform, $ ex-
serted, arms 4 linear; ovules 1 basilar erect in each cell. Fi-uit small, tur-
binate, with 4 bony indehiscent pyrenes. Seeds erect, minute, broadly oblong or
subglobose, compressed, narrowed at the base, testa membranous; embryo
short, cylindric. — Distrib. Species 3, one Malayan, the others as below.

1. A. decipiens, Thw. Enum. 14:7 \ more or less hirsute or glabrate,.
leaves sessile or petioled ovate or lanceolate acute or acimiinate, nerves strong
beneath, stipules broad, calyx-teeth equalling the hairy fruit. Hedyotis nodu-
losa, var. a. Thw. Enum. 143, as to C. P. 105, not of Arnott.

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 3-7000 ft.

An erect 3-chotomously branched shrub. Leaves l-2\ by |-1^ in., usually coria-
ceous and hairy or scabrid above, very variable in shape from broad ovate to narrow-
lanceolate, base acuminate rounded or cordate, upper surface flat or bullate ; petiole
0 or \-^ in. ; stipular bristles hairy. Calyx-limb membranous. Corolla-tube hairy,
lobes narrow, villous within. Style slender, hairy, arms spreading. — There are three
varieties : one with broad sessile or petioled coriaceous leaves, scabrid above, with
very strong nerves beneath ; the second (var. flavescens, Thw. 1. c.) with ovate-cordate
petioled membranous very hairy leaves ; the third with narrow-lanceolate coriaceous
leaves glabrous and wrinkled above and strong hairy nerves beneath, — Closely allied
to Hedyotis rugulosa, Korth., of the Malayan Islands, which has much longer calyx-
teeth, on which Miquel founded the section Tetrayyneia of Hedyotis.

2. A . Amottii, Hook. f. ; glabrous or nearly so, leaves petioled ovate-
lanceolate acuminate nerves distinct, stipules caducous ovate with few sub-
terminal bristles, calyx-teeth shorter than the glabrous fruit. — Hedyotis nodu-
losa, var. a. Thwaites Enum. 143, as to C. P. 87, not of Arnott.

Ceyxon ; Newera Ellia, Gardner ; Adam's Peak, Thwaites.

Closely allied to A. decipiens, but almost glabrous, with longer differently shaped
stipules, smaller glabrous fruit and shorter calyx-teeth ; the style, too, is quite
glabrous.

19. FERGUSONZA, Hooh.f.

A slender procumbent herb, branching from the base ; branches very long,
rooting below, acutely 4-angled; nodes ciliate. Leaves opposite, subsessile,
lanceolate, scaberulous, 1-nerved, margin recurved ; stipules connate with the
petioles, erect, herbaceous, lanceolate, ciliate, persistent. Floivers smaU, axil-
lary, shortly pedicelled, 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube subpyriform ; lobes 4, erect,
lanceolate, ciliate, persistent. Coiolla funnel-shaped, throat glabrous or hairy ;
lobes 4, short, valvate in bud, tips ciliate. Stamens 4, inserted between the
corolla-lobes, filaments short ; anthers linear-oblong. Dish epigynous, 4-lobed.
Ovary 4-ceUed ; style filiform, arms 2 linear hairy ; ovules 1 basilar erect in
each cell. Fi-uit of 4 pear-shaped coriaceous cocci crowned with the calyx-
teeth. Seeds erect, pyriform ; embryo compressed, subcylindric, radicle inferior.

1. r. zeylanica, Hooh.f. in Hook Ic. PI. 1. 1124. Borreria tetracocca^
Thiv. Enum. 442 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or, t. 39.

Hedyotis.} lxxv. rubucej!. (J. D. Hooker.) 49

CooEG, Beddome ; Ceylon, near Colombo, W. Ferguson.

Branches 1-2 ft. Leaves 1-1 1 in., and whole plant pale green when dry. Corolla
^ in. long. — A very singular plant, which I was at first disposed to consider as
belonging to PsychotriecB, but which I think now to be closely allied to AllcBopkania,
as I suspected when placing it in that tribe in the " Genera Plantarum." It differs
remarkably from the other Hedyotidean genera in the form and insertion of the seed,
and in the dimerons style with a 4-merous ovary, but is united with them through
Allaophania.

20. KEDVOTXS, L.

Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves very rarely ternately whorled;
stipules free or combined in a bristly sheath. Flowers white or lilac, in ter-
minal or axillary open close or capitate cymes. Calyx-lobes 4, acute, persistent,
without interposed teeth. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped ; lobes 4, ovate, or
linear, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, in the tube or throat of the corolla. Ovary
2-celled : style filiform, stigma 2-fid or 2-lobed ; ovules numerous on sessile or
pedicelled placentas, attached to the septum at or below the middle. Fruit
small, membranous coriaceous or crustaceous, indehiscent or septi- or loculi-
cidal or of 2 separable or connate cocci, 2-many-seeded. Seeds plano-convex or
angled, testa very rarely winged ; embryo clavate in horny albumen. — Distbib.
Species about 80, chiefly tropical Asiatic.

A very difficult genus to define, a few species being intermediate between it,
Anotis and Oldenlandia. Flowers rarely 5-merous. The solitary ovules on the face
of the septum in each cell, and the seeds, distinguish Spermacoce from it ; in habit
they are often very similar.

Sect. I. Diplophragrxna. Capsule septicidally splitting into two 1-4-
(rarely more-) seeded cocci, which dehisce ventrally, top not protruded between
the calyx-teeth. — Erect or decumbent shrubs or herbs ; stipules various. /- %>

• Erect shrills; cymes terminal or axillary, rarely corymbose or panicled,
very rarely cajyitate ; stipules not large and sheathing.

t Stipules entire or gland-serrate or -crenate, rarely pectinate.

1. B. fruticosa, Linn. ; glabrous, branches obtusely 4-angled, leaves
petioled lanceolate acuminate, nerves distinct, stipules gland-crenate, cymes
terminal panicled, calyx-teeth triangular recurved shorter than the ovoid smooth
capsule. W. 8f A. Prodr. 408 ; Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 107. Spermacoce ? hedy-
otidea, DC. Prodr. iv. 565.— Pheede Hort. Mai. iv. t. 57.

Tbavancore Mts., Bottler, Sfc. Ceylon, common up 3000 ft.

An erect shrub, green when dry. Leaves 2-4 in., coriaceous ; nerves 6-12 pair.
Corolla-throat woolly. Seeds 4 in each cell, plano-convex, or concavo-convex, — Wight
and Arnott's var. i8., with hispid cymes, appears to be H. pruinosa; "Wallich's 837 6,
the same authors refer to this species because it was gathered by Rottler, but
Rottler^ Herbarium contains Malayan plants, and that in question is H. capitellata.
"Wallich's 837 a, also from Bottler's Herbarium, is H. pruinosa.

2. K. lHaing'ayi, ITook. f. ; glabrous, leaves shortly petioled lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate acuminate nerveless, stipules entire eglandular, cymes ter-
minal panicled, calyx-teeth lanceolate longer than the capsules.

Malacca ; on Mt. Ophir, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 887).

A short much branched shrub, green when dry, 12-18 in. Leaves 1-2 in , acute
or rounded at the base, petiole winged. Flowers more crowded than in H fruticosa\
flowers and fruit and seeds similar, except that the calyx-teeth are much longer and
lanceolate.

VOL. ni. B

50 Lxxv. RUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Eedyotis.

3. H. eveniSL, Thwaif.es Enum. 140, 419; shining, branches and inflores-
cence puberulous, leaves shortly petioled elliptic or ovate-lanceolate acute
glabrous nerveless, margins recurved, stipules with sparingly glandular tips,
cymes terminal panicled, calyx-lobes triangular obtuse shorter than the capsuJe.

Ceylon ; Adam's Peak, Gardner.

A small shrub, yellow when dry; branches acutely 4-angled. Leaves ^-| in.,
coriaceous above, varnished and with a few scattered raised points. Cymes few-fld.
— Fruit unknown, and hence the position of the species in the genus.

4. K. cymosa, Thioaites Enum. 142 ; glabrous, leaves sessile lanceolate
obtuse or acute, nerves very faint, stipules ovate-lanceolate long-acuminate
gland-serrate, cymes terminal panicled, calyx-teeth in fruit lanceolate exceeding
the capsule. Bedd. Ic. Pi. Ind. Or. t. 35.

Ceylon; Hinidoon Corle, alt. 1000 ft., Thwaites.

A shrub, black when dry ; branches obtusely angled. Leaves 2-3 in., coriaceous,
margins not recurved. Cymes flat-topped, very minutely puberulous. Calyx-teeth
much enlarged in fruit. Capside almost didymous. Seeds solitary in each cell, much
compressed, plano-convex (winged when ripe ?).

5. K. ZMCacraei, Hook, f. ; softly pubescent, leaves petioled recurved
lanceolate acuminate many-nerved, stipules broader than long abruptly cuspi-
date eglandular, cymes terminal panicled, calyx-teeth shorter than the" capsule.

Ceylon, Macra.

Grey-green when dry ; branches obscurely 4-angled. Leaves 3-4 in., recurved
and complicate, narrowed into a petiole ^-^ in. long, rather scabridly pubescent
above, softly tomentose beneath ; stipules tomentose. Cymes large, rounded, with
whorled spreading branches. Flowers small, \ in. Calyx pubescent, as are the
corolla-lobes within. Capsule small, ellipsoid, cells many-seeded.

6. K. purpurascens, Bedd. Ic PL Ind. Or. t. 6 {purpurea) ; quite
glabrous, leaves petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate obtuse or obtusely-acuminate,
nerves faint, stipules gland-serrate or pectinate, cymes terminal panicled, calyx-
tube produced and teeth much longer than the capsule.

Mts. of Travakcore and Tinnevelli, Wight (Kew Distrib. 1367. H. stylosa, var.),
Beddame.

A small woody shrub, yellow-green when dry; branches tortuous and nodose
below. Leaves 1-3 in., coriaceous, margins flat, nerves variable in number ; stipules
pubescent. Cymes rounded in flower, flat-topped in fruit. Calyx-lohes oblong, obtuse.
Corolla small, with small lobes. Capsules large, ^ in., with the enlarged calyx nar-
rowly ellipsoid, cells many-seeded. — There being an H. purpurea previously published
(by A. Gray), but unknown to Col, Beddome, I have substituted that of purpurascetis
for his plant.

7. K. scaberula, Hook. f. •, finely scaberulous throughout, branches
slender elongate terete, leaves petioled ovate acute flat, nerves faint arched,
stipules triangular obtuse appressed, margins glandular, cymes in a loose erect
bracteate terminal leafy panicle, flowers pedicelled divaricate, calyx-teeth
triangular much shorter than the subglobose capsule.

Martaban ; at Moulmein, Lohb.

A very distinct species, rough to the touch all over, of which I have but one
specimen, and that in fruit, pale green when dry ; branches strict, slender, with long
intemodes. Leaves 2-3 in., base acute, equally scaberulous on both surfaces ; petiole
^ in. Panicle elongate, pyramidal in outline, with distant internodes ; branches strict
rather depressed, the lower with large leaves at the axils, uppermost naked, 3-choto-
niousiy branched at the ends. Capsule septicidal, the valves loculicidal. Seeds about
8 on each placenta. — This may be a climbing species, but there is no evidence of it.

Hedijotis.'i Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 61

ft Stipules pectbiate,

8. K. stylosa, Br. in Wall. Cat. 853 ; prlabrous, leaves petioled ovate or
€lliptic-ovate acute glabrous or hairy on the distinct nerves heneath, stipules
connate pectinate with long subulate segments, cymes terminal, calyx-tube pro-
duced above the ovary, teeth short acute. W. <§• A. Prodr. 407 ; Wt le. t.
1027. H. ? Leschenaultiana, DC. Prodr. iv. 422, excl. var. ^, Knoxia
Wightiana, Schlecht. in Herb. Hohenaek., not of Wallieh.

Mountains of Maxabar and Tuavakcore, alt. 5-6000 ft., common, Noton, &c.

A much branched shrub, yellow-green when dry. Leaves 1-2 in., very variable in
breadth and shape, coriaceous, margins flat or recurved, nerves few obscure above ;
stipules pubescent. Cymes short, flowers crowded. Corolla-lobes woolly within.
Capsules globose, many-seeded.

9. S. articularis, Br. in Wall. Cat. 854 ; quite glabrous, leaves sessile
«mall lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate subacute, margins recurved, nerves below
very broad, stipules connate pectinate with long subulate segments, calyx-tube
produced above the ovary, lobes very short. W, 4* A. Prodr. 407 5 Wt. Ic. t.
1028.

NiLGHERBY Mts., yofofi, Wight, &c.

A small rigid stout leafy bush, yellowish when dry. Leaves f-1 in., very rigid,
with 8-10 very broad and much raised longitudinal nerves beneath, marked by
channels above. Cymes terminal, small, dense-flowered. Calyx-limb a 4-toothed cup,
unaltered in fruit. Corolla puberulous, lobes glabrous, mouth woolly. Capsule very
variable, from ^ in. globose to ^ in., obovoid ; cells with 8-10 angular seeds.

10. U. pruinosa, W. 8)- A. Prodr. 408 ; leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate acuminate glabrous, nerves distinct, stipules free pectinate, seg-
ments subulate, cymes pruinose, calyx-limb not produced, teeth subulate
recurved shorter than the capsule. H. corymbosa, Wall. Cat. 6202, chiefly 1,
837 a. H. lentiginosa, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 6.

Tbavancore and Malabar ; Quilon, Wiyht ; in the backwaters, Beddome.

A shrub, yellowish when dry. Leaves 2-2^ in., margins flat ; nerves few, slender ;
petiole \-\ in. ; stipules not connate, short. Cymes spreading, many-flowered, hoary.
Corolla-mouth woolly. Capsules small, obovoid, subclavate or globose, many-seeded.

11. S. swertioides, Hook. f. ; leaves sessile glabrous elliptic acute
margins undulate, stipules free very long slender pectinate with distant subu-
late segments, cymes very many in the upper axils and terminal densely pubes-
cent, calyx-limb not produced, lobes lanceolate longer than the tube.

TiNNEVELLi ; in the Pulney Mts., Wight (Kew Distrib. 359).

A very fine and remarkable species, tall, erect, stout, with distant nodes, and a
profuse oblong head of cymes, yellow when dry. Leaves 3 by l|-lf in., coriaceous,
contracted at the base, but hardly petioled ; nerves few, hardly raised ; stipules \-^
in., erect, stiff. Cymes very many-flowered. CoroUa woolly at the mouth. Fruit not seen.
— The stout strict branches and erect sessile broad coriaceous opposite leaves give
the plant a gentianoid aspect.

12. K. obscura, Thtoaites Enum. 14; glabrous except the youngest
shoots and sometimes the nerves beneath, leaves sessile or petioled elliptic-
lanceolate or ovate or suborbicular acute obtuse or acuminate, stipules connate
pectinate, peduncles axillarj' filiform, cymes few-flowered, calyx-teeth subulate
shorter than the capsule.

Ceylon ; Central provinces, alt. 6-8000 ft., Walker, Gardner, &c.
A rigid woody shrub, black when dry, occurring under three very dissimilar forms,
which Thwaites unites . — 1. leaves petioled lanceolate 1-3 in., nerves very obscure,

e2

52 r ixxv. RUBUCE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hedyotis.

peduncle with often 2 leafy bracts ; 2. leaves sessile or subsessile ovate-lanceolate
obtuse or subacute, nerves very obscure. H. ovata, var. minor, Thwaites in Herb. ;
3. leaves petioled orbicular or broadly ovate acute or obtuse, nerves beneath very
strong elevated, peduncles usually filiform very short and 3-8-fld. H. ovata, var. j8.
Thwaites Enum. I.e. — This last resembles a New Zealand Coprosma in habit; grows
in shady places ; its branches and peduncles are sometimes supra-axillary.

13. XT. Beddomei, Hook. f. ; stipules and inflorescence hairy, leaves
small petioled elliptic-ovate subacute, nerves strong beneath, stipules broad
ovate shortly united pectinate, cymes terminal subsessile capitate, calyx hispid
tube shortly produced together with the ovate-lanceolate teeth about equalling
the capsule. H. capitata, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or, t. 191.

Travancore ; on the Palghat hills, alt. 6500 ft., Beddome.

Steyn woody with white bark. Leaves yellow when dry, 1-1 5 in., contracted into
a short flattened petiole, margin recurved when dry; stipules ^ in., acute. Cymes
axillary and terminal, involucrate. Corolla-Uibe and lobes outside hispid, lobes
inside glabrous except at the woolly mouth. Ca'psules sessile, cells about 4-seeded.

14. K. buxifolia, Bedd. Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 1 ; glabrous, leaves small
short-petioled ovate or ovate-cordate acute nerveless margins recurved, stipules
connate at the base broad pectinate ciliate, cymes terminal and axillary 3-
flowered, calyx-tube produced, teeth lanceolate.

Travancore ; on the higher ranges of the Anamallay Mts., Beddome.

A large shrub, branches terete. Leaves \-^ by \ in., glabrous, shining, very
coriaceous ; stipules with a line of hairs down the centre. Peduncles \ in. Flowers
subsessile; bracts filiform, ciliate. Corolla-lobes within and mouth villous. Seeds
numerous. — Description from Beddome.

** Erect sh'ubs ; cymes terminal, caintate, or panicled. Stijndes large, form-^
ing loose sheaths, ivhich often become white with age.

15. IX.. qulnquenervia, Thwaites Enum. 141 ; nearly glabrous, leaves
very coriaceous sessile orbicular very convex with margins and tips especially
strongly recurved, very strongly 6-nerved from the base, stipular sheath cupular
ciliate, cymes terminal sessile, calyx-tube produced and large ovate teeth to-
gether equalling the capsule. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 8.

Ceylon ; Central province, alt. 7-8000 ft.. Walker, &c.

Stem woody, di-trichotomously branched ; iDranches white below, above dark (when
dry), with 2 lines of pubescence. Leaves dark or yellow-brown when dry, \ in. diam.»
sometimes obovate-orbicular, abruptly contracted at the base ; nerves deeply sunk
above, beneath very thick ; stipular sheath ^ in. long, loose. Corolla-tube glabrous^
lobes hispid at the tip, glabrous within, except at the mouth. Capside glabrous, cells
4-seeded.

16. XZ. Ziessertiana, Ay-n. Pugill. PI. Ind. Or. 21 ; glabrous or nearly
so, leaves petioled ovate elliptic or lanceolate acuminate very coriaceous, nerves
very strong, stipular sheath ciliate, cymes terminal capitate and subumbelled^
calyx-tube more or less produced, teeth and limb together much shorter than
the capsule. Thwaites Enum. 141 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 31. 0. flavescens^
Thivaites I.e. 141 and 419.

Ceylon ; Central province, alt. 3000 to 8000 ft., abundant.

A shrub with stout branches and leaves very variable in size, sometimes the
largest of the genus, yellowish or brownish-green when dry ; young shoots sometimes
sparsely puberulous. Leaves 3-8 by 1-3 in., narrowed into a slender or stout petiole
\-\^ in., almost plaited (rarely flat with slender nerves), the nerA^es being deeply
sunk in the upper sxirface and highly raised on the under, where they are sometimes
hairy, margins flat or recurved rarely ciliolate; stipular sheath ^-l| in. long, some«

Hedyotis.'] Lxxv. RUBiACEiB. (J. D. Hooker.) 53

times 1 in. diam. Ci/aies glabrous or sparsely hairy, more or less umbellate, usually
dense-flo-vrerod and rounded, sometimes quite capitate. Corolla-tube variable in length,
lobes and throat usually densely woolly. Capsule ellipsoid, cells about 4-seeded. — In
a, form {H. tnarginata, Thw. mss., N. 3935), from Kotteyagalla, alt. 5000 ft., the
leaves are ciliolate, the flowers in dense heads, the calyx-teeth longer, lanceolate, and
the corolla-lobes glabrous except at the base.

17. K. G-ardneri, Thwaites Enum. 142 : glabrous, leaves sessile recurved
lanceolate acuminate, nerves very indistinct, stipular sheath very broad, panicle
erect terminal elongate pyramidal, calyx-tube produced and together with the
lanceolate teeth equalling the capsule.

Ceylon ; Adam's Peak, Gardner,

I have seen but one specimen of this remarkable species, which has much the
habit of a South Brazilian Eryngium ; it consists of a stout cylindric stem 6 in. long,
clothed with somewhat corky white remains of the stipules, and bears several sub-
terminal crowded rosettes, about 6 in. diam. of recurved yellowish when dry kaves,
and a very stout erect branched panicle, 8 in. high by 4 broad, with distant opposite
3-chotomously divided flowering branches. The panicle is evidently a last year's one,
and is white with age. Leaves 3-3| by \ in., complicate, very coriaceous, their bases
concealed by the remains of the large stipules. Capsules sessile, turbinate, ^ in.

*** Herbs, all ] annual, zvith terminal panicied or subumbelled cymes, smaU
Jlowers, and globose capsules ; stipules very small,

18. K. IXTallicliii, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc, 1876, ii. 136; a slender
sparingly hairy or hispid annual, leaves subsessile ovate or elliptic acute, stipules
subulate ciliate, cymes excessively S-chotomously branched, pedicels long slender,
flowers minute, capsule globose with minute calyx-teeth. H. galioides, Wall,
Cat. 866.

Tbnasserim, Gomez, &c. ; Nicobar Islands, Kurz, — Distrib. Borneo.

Stem trichotomously branched from the base ; branches acutely 4-angled, all
floriferous. Leaves ^|- in., in remote pairs, ciliate; nerves few, slender. Pedicek
spreading, often 2-3-nate. Flowers about j-^ in. long. Capsides \ in. diam,, cells
about 6 -seeded. Seeds microscopic, angled, smooth. — Possibly an Oldenlandia, but
the capsules dehisce septicidally to the base.

19. K. eleg^ans, Wall. Cat. 887; quite glabrous, very slender, leaA^es
subsessile ovate-lanceolate long acuminate, nerves very obscure, stipules small
veiy broad acute or cuspidate, flowers sessile on the branches of terminal and
axillary subumbeUate cymes, calyx-teeth obtuse.

Tbnasserim, Gomez, Heifer.

Probably perennial, bright green when dry ; stem very long and slender, terete,
■simple or sparingly branched. Leaves in distant pairs, 2-4| by 1-1| in., narrowed
into short petioles, margins flat. Cymes long-peduncled umbellately or 2-3-choto-
Tnously branched from above two linear or oblong bracts ; branches 1-3 in. long,
spreading or divaricate, rather stout. Flowers very shortly pedicelled, ^ in. long.
Capsules ~ in. diam., crowned with the triangular obtuse calyx-teeth ; cells about
4-seeded. — This resembles a species of Hance, No. 11,230, which has broader less
acuminate leaves and pedicelled flowers ; also very near the Chinese H. acutangida .
which has acutely angled stem and sessile leaves.

20. K. Kelferi, -Hbo/v./. ; quite glabrous, leaves subsessile ovate obtuse
or subacute nerveless margin recui'ved, stipules small broad, cjTnes small ter-
minal shortly peduncled, branches short, capsules subsessile, calyx-teeth very
short obtuse.

Tbnasserim or the Andaman Islands, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2909).

A small species, black in drying; branches stiff, 4-angled. Leaves sometimes

64 Lxxv. RUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hedyotts.

3-nate, l-lj in., midrib distinct beneath; stipules very inconspicuous. Cymes small^
bracteate, branches 3-6-flowered. Capsules as in H. elcgans. — Certainly closely allied to
H. elegans, but the habit is very diiferent, the leaves small and not acuminate, black-
brown when dry, and the cymes small. Flowers not seen. It approaches Ilance's
No. 978, from Whampoa, with narrower ciliate leaves.

**** Herhs or sh-uhs, cymes axillary (never tenninal), sessile or pediuicledy
dense- or lax-jioxvered {or Jlotvei's solitary in 27. travancorica) ; stiimles nearly
simple or pectinate.

21. ZZ. membranacea, Thimites Enum. 143; quite glabrous, stem
obtusely 4-angled, leaves petioled lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate,
nerves veiy slender, stipules free ^-circular pectinate, cjaues axillary sessile
capitate, calyx-teeth foliaceous oblong-lanceolate very much larger than the
small ovary.

Ceylon ; at no great elevation, Walker , Thwaites.

Stem woody below, stout, subsimple. Leaves bright green when dry, 3-6 by
f-l| in., rather coriaceous, narrowed into the petiole, margins flat; stipules large.
Heads \-\ in. diam., surrounding the stem. Flowers (not seen) mixed with chaffy
bracts." Capsules very small, together with the very large calyx-limb \ in. long, cells
few or many-seeded.

22. K. macrophylla. Wall, in W. Sf A. Prodr. 408 ; Cat. 841 ; annual,
stem acutely 4-angled or -winged, leaves petioled ovate elliptic or lanceolate
acuminate, nerves distinct, stipules free broad toothed or pectinate, cymes
axillary sessile capitate, calyx-teeth lanceolate as long as the small capsule.
II. nodiflora, Wall. Cat. 855 ; Q. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 626. Scleromitrum tetran-
drum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 136. Rondeletia tetrandra, Boxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 524 {according to Kurz). Wendlandia? tetrandra, DC. Prodr. iv. 412.

Tenasserim, Gome;;;, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2889, 2892). Penaxg, Wallich.
Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2889). Nicobab Islands, Kurz.

Stem usually very stout, short, 6-10 in., simple. Leaves green or brown when
dry, very variable in size and breadth, 3-6 by ^3 in., sometimes a little rough
above ; nerves faint ; petiole ^^-1 in. ; stipules very variously cut, segments sometimes
filiform and pubescent. Heads often surrounding the stem. Cajisules small, glabrous
or pubescent.

23. K. Thwaitesii, Hook. f. ; stem obtusely 4-angled, leaves petioled
elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate aciuninate scaberulous above, nerves distinct, stipules
pectinate segments long or short hispid, heads axillary sessile capitate, calyx-
teeth, foliaceous oblong-lanceolate much longer than the small capsule. II.
macrophylla, Thwaites Enum. 142.

Ceylon ; forests about Adam's Peak, Walker, Thwaites, &c.

Slender or robust, sparingly branched. Leaves 3-8 by 1-2^ in., narrowed into a
stout or slender petiole ^-1 in., rather coriaceous, ciliate ; stipules \-\ in. Heads
surrounding the stem 1 in. diam. Capsules with large calyx ^ in. long, cells 3-seeded.

24. K. nodulosa, Am. Pugill. 22 ; hirsute throughout, branches obtusely
4-angled, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate flat, nerves distinct,
stipules setose, heads axillary sessile, calyx very hairy, teeth subulate-lanceolate
equalling or exceeding the hirsute capsule. H. nodulosa, var. /3. Thvaites
Enum. 143. H. axillaris, Gardn. mss. {Thwaites).

Ceylon ; Adam's Peak, Newera Ellia, and Ambagowa, Walker, &e.

Branches or stems 1-2 ft., rather stout, shaggj', especially above and at the nodes
and petioles with purplish soft spreading hairs. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1 in., base nar-
rowed or rounded ; petiole ^-1 in. ; stipules membranous, connate into a truncate
tube with villous bristles. Heads very dense. Corolla-tube long, glabrous, lobes

Hedyotis.'] Lxxv. RUBiACEis. (J. D. Hooker.) 55

lanceolate, mouth woolly. Capsule of 2 hard cocci splitting ventrally, each with
about 6 angular seeds. — This is certainly Arnott's H. nodulosa, who describes it as
2-coccous, and not the H. nodulosa a. of Thwaites, which has 4 indehiscent cocci, and
is an Allaophania.

Vab. Walkeri; leaves glabrous above. H. Walkerii, Am, in Nov. Act. Acad,
xviii. i. 339 ; Walp. Rep. ii. 493.— Ceylon, Walker.

25. XZ. cinereo-viridls, Thivaites Enum, 41Q \ slender, much branched,
stem obtusely 4-angled, leaves petioled lanceolate acuminate, nerves indistinct,
stipules very short cuspidate, cymes opposite on slender peduncles or sessile
few-flowered, calyx-teeth triangidar-ovate acute or obtuse shorter than the capsule.
H. inamoena, Thwaites I, c, 143, pai'tly,

Ceylon ; in the central province, Thwaites,

Stem apparently erect ; branches acutely 4-angled. Leaves green when dry, 2-6
by ^2 in., narrowed into a petiole ^-f in. ; cusp of stipules longer than the body.
Ted'uricles of cymes in one form ^-2 in. long, in /3, of Thwaites 0, with 2 foliaceous
bracts under the head. Flowers crowded, subsessile. Capsules ovoid, smooth, cells
3-4-seeded.

26. X. albo-nervia, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 3 ; quite glabrous, much
branched, stem obtusely 4-angled, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate,
nerves distinct, stipules free deeply pectinate glabrous, cymes small axillary
sessile, calyx-teeth lanceolate much longer than the capsule.

TiNNE'srEXLi and Tbavancore Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., rare, Beddome.

Very nearly allied to H. clnereo-viridis, but differing remarkably in the stipules,
the segments of which are sometimes filiform, and in the long lanceolate acuminate
calyx-lobes.

27. K. travancorica, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 7 ; quite glabrous, mucli
branched, branches obtusely 4-angled, leaves small petioled elliptic acute or
acuminate, nerves indistinct, stipules semi-orbicular pectinate, peduncles axillary
capillary 1-fld., calyx-lobes elongate subulate longer than the capsule.

Tbavancoke and Tinnbvelli Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., Beddome.

A. small species ; branches woody, divaricating, white when old, youngest only
acutely 4-angled. Leaves towards the end of the branches, green when dry, g— 1| in.,
rather coriaceous; stipules scurfy. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, filiform.
Flowers solitary, \ in. long, without bracts. Calyx-tube not produced above the
ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped, glabrous except the woolly mouth. Capsules glabrous
with stiiF erect calyx-teeth, cells few-seeded.

28. Kw hirsutissixna, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. ii. ; woody, robust,
branches and leaves beneath hirsute, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acumi-
nate scabrid above, nerves strong beneath, stipules very large connate deeply
pectinate, cymes on axillary slender peduncles, calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate
equalling the hirsute capsule.

NiLGHEREY Mts. ; between Avalanche and Sispara, alt. 7000 ft., Wight, Gardner,
Beddome.

Stem terete, spreading, short spreading branches densely clothed with stipular
scars, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves crowded at the end of the branches, yellow-
brown when dry, 1-3 by ^1 in., very coriaceous ; petiole short, stout ; stipules
sometimes 5 in. diam., coriaceous, hirsute ; segments subulate. Peduncles shorter
than the leaves when bearing fiowers only and slender, when bracteate with a
branched cyme stouter. Capsule globose, cells several-seeded.

***** Herbs with terminal or terminal and a.xiUary globose dense-Jloivered
cymes, often bracteate or involuerate at the base.

56 Lxxv. RUBUCE/E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hedyotis,

29. H. verticillaris, IV. Sr A. Prodr. 409 ; quite glabrous, stem 0 or
very short, leaves rosulate sessile linear-lanceolate acuminate strongly nerved,
stipules very long narrow, heads small on axillary 3-chotomously forked bracteate
branches, calyx- teeth ovate-lanceolate much longer than the tube. Wight Ic,
t. 1029 ; Wall. Cat. 6188. H. plantaginifolia. Am. Pugill. PL Ind. Or. 22.

NiLGHERRY Mts., alt. 7000 ft., Wight, &c. Ceylon ; in the central province, alt.
7-8000 ft., Walker, &c.

Stem as thick as the forefinger, usually inclined and rooting, rarely 1 in. Leaves
yellow when dry, very numerous, spreading flat on the ground, 3-15 by 1-2 in.,
straight, longitudinally channelled above and ribbed beneath by the parallel nerves ;
.stipules of the radical leaves hidden, of the branches ^-f in., very slender, gland-
toothed entire or divided. Branches (or peduncle) horizontal or ascendin-/, rather
longer than the leaves, naked below, trichotomously forked above with linear bracts
at the forks, and below the head. Heads \-^ in. diam. Corolla-tube short, lobes
linear, mouth woolly. Capsule (not seen) small, cells many-seeded (in Wight's figure).

30. K. uncinella, Hook. Sf Am. Bot. Beech. Voy. 192 ; erect, glabrous,
stem 4-winged, internodes long, leaves sessile or petioled ovate or ovate-
lanceolate acuminate, nerves distinct, stipules small broad pubescent gland-
serrate or pectinate, heads terminal and axillary globose bracteate, calyx-teeth
ovate-lanceolate recurved equalling the glabrous capsule. Benth. Fl. Honghong,
149. H. borreroides. Champ, in Hook. Keio Journ. iv. 171. 11. cephalophora,
Br. in Wall. Cat. 842.

Khasia and Jyntea Mts. ; alt. 4-5000 ft., Wallich, ^c. — Distrib. China.

Boot perennial. Stem usually simple and erect, stout. Leaves 1^-3 by i-l^ in.,
smooth or slightly rough above; stipules pubescent, cuspidate, produced into a long
point. Heads ^-f in. Calyx-lobes glabrous or ciliate. Corolla-tube short, glabrous,
lobes linear. Capsule broadly ovoid, cells about 6-seeded. — I follow Bentham in
regarding the Khasian plant as a form of the Chinese, which differs in the narrower
often petioled leaves and more pectinate stipules.

Sect. II. Dimetia. Capsule septicidally splitting into two several-seeded
cocci, the top raised and protruding between the calyx-teeth ; cocci dehiscing
ventrally. — Shrubs usually climbing.

31. H. Ziawsoniae, W. Sf A. Prodr. 407 {not o^ Wight Ic. t. 1026) ;
erect, glabrous, branches terete, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate
acute or obtuse, stipules broadly ovate entire, peduncles axillary slender,
flowers pedicelled, calyx-teeth very short, top of capsule produced between
them.

Ceylon ; central province, common between 5-8000 ft.

An erect shrub, variable in habit, greenish when dry. Leaves 1-3 in., narrowed
into the petiole, pale beneath. Peduncles equalling or shorter than the leaves.
Flowers few, ^ in. long. Calyx-t'id)e obconic, limb dilated with 5 small teeth. Corolla
funnel-shaped, glabrous, mouth woolly. Capsule urceolate, cells about 4-seeded. —
Gardner has collected at Neuera Ellia an abnormal state with obovate convex leaves
with revolute margins. Wight's figure of Lawsonice represents the corolla as 5-fid
and the fruit as pubescent, and of a totally different shape from this, with different
placentation. It is probably a composite plate, in part of an Ophiorhiza. De Can-
dolle's Wendlandia Lawsonice, founded on Lawsonia purpurea, Lamk., which again is
founded on the "Pontaletsje" of Rheede (Hort. Mai. iv. t. 67), is a totally different
and a Cochin plant, supposed by Wight and Arnott to be identical with this Ceylon
one, but differing in the square stems and terminal cymes, and is H. fruticosa.

32. H. capitellata, Wall. Cat. S87 (excl. H. fruticosa, Hb. Bottler)-,
glabrous, climbing, branches round, leaves shortly petioled ovate- or elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate, nerves distinct, stipules very short cuspidate or toothed.

Hedyotis.'] lxxv. eubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 67

cymes axillary and terminal, flowers capitate, capsule globose, tip produced
between the calyx-teeth, G. Don Gen. St/st. iii. 527 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, ii. 135 {excl. var. y.), Oldenlandia rubioides, Miq. Fl, Ind. Bat, ii. 353.
II. Finlaysoniana, Wall Cat. 6189.

Malay Peni>'SJjla ; from Tenasserim, Gomez, to Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
2903, H. verticillaris), Maingay (Kew Distrib. 890). — Distrib. Sumatra, Banca,
Borneo, Yunan.

A tall climber, greenish when dry. Leaves 2-4 in., quite smooth on both sur-
faces, nerves slender ; stipules transverse, ciliate. Cymes pyramidal, branches tricho-
tomous, distant, horizontal. Heads \ in. diam., 8-20-flowered, the flowers sessile and
radiating. Calyx small, limb cupular 4-toothed. Corolla glabrous, nearly 4-partite ;
segments narrow, bearded within. Capsules globose, crown loculicidally and septi-
cidally dehiscing, cells several-seeded.

33. K. mollis, Wall. Cat. 859 ; climbing, slender, leaves sessile elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate glabrous or hairy above, softly hairy beneath with strong
nerves, stipules short connate 2-3-cuspidate, cymes axillary and terminal,
flowers umbellnlate shortly pedicelled, top of capsule produced between the
yery short calyx-teeth. G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 527.

Penang, Wallich.

Stem and branches terete, glabrate below, above softly laxly hairy as are the
leaves below and young leaves above and cjmes. Leaves pale and wrinkled when
dry, 2|-3^ in., contracted at the base sometimes into a very short petiole. Cymes
sessile or shortly peduncled, sparingly branched and few-flowered ; umbellules sub-
globose, ^-^ in. diam. Calyx-teeth short. Corolla deeply divided, lobes linear, glabrous,
bearded at the base, as are the bases of the filaments. — Closely allied to H. capitellata,
as observed by Wallich.

34. ZZ. scandens, JRoxh. Hort. Bang. 10; Fl. Ind. i. 364; climbing,
glabrous, branches terete, leaves sessile or shortly petioled elliptic or lanceolate
acuminate, nerves faint, stipules connate into a short truncate 2-ciispidate cup,
cymes terminal, flowers pedicelled, top of capsule produced between the short
calyx-teeth. DC. Prodr. iv. 422 ; Don Prodr. 134 ; Wall. Cat. 839. H. poly-
carpa, Br. and H. volubilis, Wall Cat. 838, 840.

Tropical and Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 2-6000 ft,, from Nipal, Wallich, to
Sikkim, J. D. H. Khasia Mts. and Silhet, alt. 0-6000 ft., and Chittagong, abun-
dant.— Distrib. Upper Birma.

A much-branched climber. Leaves 3-5 in., green when dry, sometimes caudate-
acuminate, smooth, flat; stipules membranous, ciliolate. Cymes spreading, leafy,
flat- or round-topped, sometimes puberulous ; flowers subumbellate, pedicels ^^ in.
•Calyx obconic; teeth ovate, acute or obtuse. Corolla-tube short, glabrous, lobes long
bearded within. Capsule broadly obovoid, crown very prominent, loculicidally
gaping, cells many-seeded.

35. K. viscida, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 4 ; climbing ? glabrous, slender,
leaves long-petioled ovate acuminate, nerves slender, stipules small triangular

f land-toothed and bracts -Niscid, cymes axillary and terminal, peduncles and
ranches very slender, calyx-teeth lanceolate much longer than the capsule, the
tip of which is produced between them.

TiNNEVELLY ; in the beds of mountain streams, alt. 3000 ft., Beddome.

A large handsome. shrub, branches very slender. Leaves green when dry, 3-5 in.,
membranous, base rounded ; stipules green. Cyyjies on filiform peduncles equalling the
leaves, branches few subumbellate few-flowered ; flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx-tuhc
•obconic, lobes long. Corolla glabrous, lobes short bearded within. — Beddome figures
the stipules as entire, and describes them and the bracts as viscid ; the bracts
alluded to are no doubt those at the ultimate forks of the cyme, which are stipular. — ;
The ripe fruit is unknown.

58 Lxxv. RUBiACEj;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hedyotis.

36. K. fiilva, Hook. f. ; perennial, erect, villous, leaves sessile narrow
lanceolate acuminate plaited, nerves 2 pair, stipules membranous with long
cilia, cymes glabrous small axiUary shortly peduncled, calyx glabrous teeth
subulate, tip of capsule produced between them.

Khasia Mrs. ; on dry hills near Niirtiung, alt. 4-5000 ft., J.^Dl H. Sf T, 2V
Rootstock woody, sending up strict terete stems a foot high,^ which and the leave*
are bright yellow when dry. Leaves 1-1^ in., coriaceous. Cymes on short peduncles-
\ in., flowers subcapitate. — This resembles H. villosa in many respects, but differs in
the strict habit, sessile leaves, with only two pairs of nerves and quite glabrous-
inflorescence. '

37. K. G-riffithii, Hook. /. ;' woody, branches erect acutely 4-angled
puberulous, leaves sessile lanceolate acuminate coriaceous scaberulous nerveless,
stipules short cuspidate coriaceous, heads terminal sessile involucrate, calyx-
teeth subulate much shorter than the globose glabrous pedicelled capsule which
has a large protruded top.

Bhotan; in woods, alt. 4200 ft., Griffith {Bootan Journal, «. 318).

An erect shrub, 2 ft. high, with strict stem and branches, nodes distant. Leaves
\\-1 in., deflexed, with recurved margins in the fruiting state of the plant, yellowish
when dry. Heads of fruit globose, |- in. diam., involucrate by the large upper leaves.
Capsule smooth, crustaceous, with A-ery many small angular seeds. — A very distinct
species, seen in fruit only, the tip of which often exceeds the calyx-teeth; it
resembles in habit H. uncinella, W. & A.

Sect. III. Suhedyotis. Fruit indehiscent or tardily dehiscent, or the
crown only dehiscing loculicidally. — Herbs, diffuse or subscandent, with usually
axillary dense-fid. cymes.

* Fi'iiit hard, minute, indehiscent ; cells few-seeded. Cymes almost all axil--
lary. Leaves usually plaited longitudinally with very strong nerves, rarely flat
with slender nettles, never only \-nerved (nei'ves faint in H. paradoxa) ; stipules
ciliate.

38. K. vestita, Br. in Wall. Cat. 847 ; diffuse, villous, leaves petioled
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate plaited, nerves 5-7 pair, stipules membranous
with long cilia, cymes villous small axillary shortly peduncled, fruit minute
globose hairy indehiscent, calyx-teeth subulate. G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 526.
H. costata, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 136, not of Wallich. H. coerulea,
Korth. in Ned. KruidJmnd. Arch. ii. 160. H. capituliflora, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
ii. 183. Metabolus coeruleus, Blume Bijd. 992; DC. Prodr. iv. 435. M.
lineatus, ^w^/. in DC. I. c. Spermacoce costata, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 10: FL
Ind. i. 370.

Subtropical Sikkim and the Khasia Mts., alt. 1-5000 ft. Assam, Cachar, the
Malay Peninsula, and PInang, common. — Distbib. Malay and Philippine Islands.

A stout herb, 1-2 ft. long, branches terete. Leaves 2-4 in., greenish when dry ;.
stipules villous, with 1-3 subulate processes. Cymes inconspicuous, peduncle 0 or
^-\ in., simple or branched ; flowers very small, crowded in heads ^-^ in. diam.,.
lilac or pink. Capsules ~z in.

39. K. Auricularia, Linn.-, DC. Prodr. iv. 420 j annual, suberect or
diffuse, branches glabrous or hirsute especially at the nodes, leaves sessile sub-
sessile or petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate smooth or scabrid above often
pubescent beneath, stipules membranous hairy with long cilia, cymes axillary
sessile small very dense-flowered, flowers subsessile, calyx-teeth small shorter
than the indehiscent glabrous or hispid fruit. Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 365 ; ed. Carey %-
Wall. i. 370, excl. remarks-, W. ^ A. Prodr. 412 ; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Ch'. t. 27.
H. nervosa, WaU. Cat. 857 {? of Lamk.). II. procumbens, WalL Cat. 861. H.

UedtfMiiill Lxxv. rtibiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 6^

llneata, WaiL.Gat. 6198, not of Hoxb. H. costata, Br. in Wall. Cat. 849 ;:
G. Dim <r.^v. Stf^.m. 526. II. multicaulis, ScMdl. PI. Hohen. No. 845. H.
venosaj in. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 160. Metabolus venosiis, J?;. ; DC.

Prodr'. i\. iJu. .^b^rmacoce hispida, Miq. PI. Hohen. No. 44. ? S. lineata,.
Podh. h:'tn(C;^^^^,—Rheede HoH. Mcdah. x. t. 32.

Throughout eastern Bengal from Nipal, "Sikkim, and the Khasia Mts. to Assam^
Chittagonq, Mu^kpook, Bibma, and southward to Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib.
891, H. vcstitd)^ y^^STEB.^ Peninsula, from Canaba, southwards. Ceylon, abun-
dant.— DrsTftiK.' Yaman, Malay Archipelago, S. China, Philippines, Australia.

Branches 6^fl8 in.;'terete. Leaves usually pale green when dry, 1-3 in,; stipules
as in the t\vo previous spe(ji€s. CV/;?ie5 always sessile. Calyx-teeth xsLnahle. — There
are several very difctkM3t'looking varieties, but I am unable to define them clearly
enough for diagnosis. Wallichs H. lineata, from the Deccan (No. 6198), is almost
glabrous throughc^ufc as, aresQ*!^ Khasian specimens. The stems appear to be erect
and woody in Waljich'^! iZl 7f^w5« (No. 857), and the calyx-teeth are longer in
specimens gathered' by Thomson and myself in the Kbasia at 4-6000 ft., and at
Chittagong and Mupeypoor ^Jbji C.rB. Clarke. Some Ceylon specimens have leaves
with petiole | in., anc^^jpn^" g^^udaie points, as in Beddome's figure.

40. K. \irie?k.tii, J^oxlt. Sort. Bmg. 10; Fl. Ind. i. 365; annual, pubes-
cent, suberect or dlffase, leaves sessile ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate acute or
aciuninate, stipules membranous villous witb one or more long cilia, cymes
axiUary hispid shortly peduncled, branches few-fid., calyx-teeth much longer
than the hispid indehisceut pediceUed fruit. DC. Prodr. iv. 420 ; Dan Prodr.
134. H. ulmifolia, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. i. 173 ; Cat^
862; DC. P/Wr. iv. 421.

Tropical Himalaya of Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 1-2000 ft. Eastern Bengal^
SiLHET, Chittagong, and Tenasserim.

Very similar to H. Auricularia, but more finely pubescent, with pediceUed branched
cymes ^-| in. long, and long calyx-teeth. — I reluctantly postpone Wallich's well-
known name of H. ulmifolia for Eoxburgh's earlier one of H. lineata, though there is-
no convincing evidence of this being Eoxburgh's plant ; the name has been misapplied
to H. Auricularia by "Wallich.

41. K. g'labra, Br. in Wall. Cat. 848; glabrous, diffuse, stem elongate,
leaves subsessile elongate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate membranous, stipules
short with long simple or branched cilia, c}Tnes on filiform axiUary pedunclea
puberulous small loosely branched spreading, cal}^-teeth much shorter than the-
glabrous indehiscent globose pediceUed fruit. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 183. Sper-
macoce glabra, Poxb. Fl. Ind. i. 368. Knoxia glabra, DC. Prodr. iv. 669.

SiLHET, Be Silva. Cachab, J. D. H. ^ T. T., &c. Bibma, Griffith. Penang,.
Wallich, Maingay.

Stems 2 3 ft., slender, smooth, terete, fistular; nodes distant. Leaves 3-5 by
\-l^ in., point often almost filiform, nerves slender; stipules with very slender
spinous processes sometimes |- in. long and much branched. Peduncles \-^ in., bracts^
small. Flowers minute, as are the fruits.

42. K. paradoza, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1876, ii. 136; glabrous,
branches obtusely 4-angled robust, leaves sessile long linear or linear-lanceolate^
acute, nerves beneath very faint, stipules membranous with ciliate bristles,
cymes capitate axillary globose very dense-flowered, calyx-teeth subulate hispid
longer than the globose pediceUed fruit.

South Andaman Island ; Escape Bay, Kurz.

Apparently a large species ; branches smooth, thick, almost terete. Leaves 4-ft
by |-1 in., narrowed at both ends, fl^t, nerves very oblique ; stipular bristles longer-

€0 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hook«if/> ; pMliib'/i

than the sheath. Cymes enclosing the nodes, 1 in. diam. Fruit siAall, •ji^fetad' jci .

smooth ; cells about 6-seeded. — I have seen but one specimen, and in f!> it orl^ ,

>
** Capside crustaceous, rarely coriaceous, loeulicidal on the ^'^W*

many-needed; seeds usually angular. Cymes sessile, ca^ntate or feii--Jiow erect fad ilktry
•or terminal; leaves glabrous or hispid, with one central nerve;' stipules icith long

^•tS^/eS.— SCLEROMITRION, W. & A. *

43. K. pinifolia, Wall. Cat. 850; branches ac .• :; i-<i.ugled, angles
sometimes hispid, leaves very narrow linear acuminate scabrid above l-uerved,
margins revolute, stipules with many rigid bristles, ( yines «essile^ capitate axil-
lary and terminal, calyx-teeth subulate shorter than. ^e. ovoid hiBpid capsule.
G. Don Gen. Syst, iii. 625. Scleromitrion rigid uul,A«i^-s m> Journ. As. Soc.
1877, ii. 136, excl. Syn. Miquel.

Behar and Chota-Nagpore, alt. 1-2000 ft., r. ^?K ■rke. Malayan

Peninsula, from Pegu and the Andaman Islands to Singapo' lang. — Distbib.

Sumatra, Java, Borneo. •

A slender diffuse wiry much-branched annual, 4-8 iu. ii'.^^ii, ulack when dry.
Leaves often fascicled, l-\^ in., spreading and recurved, rigid jStipiiles very short.
Heads ^-^ in. diam., 3- many flowered. — Kurz's S.^^igidum agr^s with this in the
form of the leaves, but he describes these as glabrous. "vdiOTSJi they are distinctly
scabrid in H. finifolia ; he further, by some error, quoted Miqtiers Hedyotis rigida
{Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 181), a shrubby species described as ha^ng lanceolate leaves
6 in. long,

Vak. caspitosa; shorter, branches tortuous, leaves quite glabrous and smooth, -
much closer set, cymes 1- few-flowered, capsules quite glabrous. Scleromitrion
caespitosum, Miq. FL Ind. Bat. Suppl. 540. Malacca, Griffith; Singapore, G. Thom-
son ) Java, Barnes. — Possiblj^a different species.

44. K. coerulea, W. 8) A. Prodr. 412 ; erect, branches terete puberulous,
leaves opposite or fascicled linear-subulate aristate smooth above or scabrid
1-nerved, margins revolute, stipules pectinate with filiform bristles, cymes
sessile capitate axillary and terminal, calyx-teeth triangular with hair-points
rather shorter than the glabrous capsule. JBedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 30. H.
pygmaea. Wall. Cat. 6199. H. brachiata, Miq. PL Hohenach. No. 373. H.
■cyanantha, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1876, ii. 136.

Western Peninsula from Dharwar southwards, and in Ceylon ; in sandy places.

A slender strict annual 6-14 in. high, much branched. Leaves brown when dry,
^-1^ in., very narrow. Heads much 'fewer-flowered than in H. pinifolia, from which
the hair-pointed leaves and calyx-teeth well distinguish this.

45. H. tenelliflora, Plume Bijd. 971 ; glabrous, diffuse, branches acutely
4-angled, leaves sessile linear-lanceolate acuminate 1-nerved, margins revolute,
stipules with long cilia, flowers 1-3 axillary sessile, calyx-teeth rigid ovate or
lanceolate equalling the ovp^d glabrous capsule. DG Prodr. iv^ 419. H.
angustifolia, Chain. 8)' Schlec^ hi Linn. iv. 163. H. apjJroximata, Br. in Wall.
Cat. 852. ? Spermacoce tubularis, Br. in Wall. CM. Scleromitrion tenelli-
Aorwmy Korth. ^ S.\ tetraqiieti'um, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, ii. 185, 186. Olden-
landia angustifolia, Benth. Fl. Ilongk, 151.

SiKKiM Himalaya, Hh. Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H. f T. T.
Nicobar's, Kiirz. Penang, Wallich. — Distrib. Malay Islands, S. China, Philippines.

Stems TCiViCh. branched, slender, 6-18 in. Leaves blackish-brown when dry, 1-2 by
^-^ in., stiff, pale beneath, stipular hairs often exceeding the capsule. Calyx-teeth
ciliate, variable in breadth and length. — The smooth surfaces of the very narrow
leaves distinguish this from H, hispida.

46. K. hispida, Petz Obs. iv. 23 ; diffuse, branches and leaves on both
surfaces scabrid, leaves sessile elliptic- or linear-lanceolate acute or acuminate

Heclyoiis.'] lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 61

1-nei^ed, margiDS recurved, stipules with long cilia, flowers 2-6 in axillary
clit8ters, calvx-teeth triangular about equalling the hispid ovoid capsule. Moxb^
Fl. Ind. t. 3*64 ; Wall. Cat. 845. Scleromitrion hispidum, Korth. ; Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat.'u. 185. Oldenlandia hispida, Benth. Fl. Hongh. 150.

Tropical Himaiata, from Chamha and Kangra, C. B. Clarke, to Sikkim and tli&
Khasia Mts., Assam, Cachab, Chittagong, and the Malayan Penixsula from
Tenasserim to Malacca. — Distrib. Malay Islands, S. China.

Annual ; branches 6-18 in., terete below, 4-angled above. Leaves 1^-2^ in., very
A-ariable in Midth, rough and rigid. Capsule similar to that of H. tenelUfloi'a, but

47. K. nitida, W. (^' A. JV-orfr. 412; branches difiuse elongate acutely
4-angled, leaves sessile elliptic- or linear-lanceolate acute scaberulous or smooth
above smooth beneath 1-nerved, margins recurved, stipules with long cilia,,
flowers 1 or few axillary sessile, calyx-teeth triangular erect equalling the
glabrous capsule. H. Neesiana, Aim. Pugill. 23. II. glabella, Br. in Wall. Cat.
886 ; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 36.

Western Peninsula, from Dharwar southwards to Travancore and Ceylon?
Tenasserim, Kurz.

A slender annual, similar in habit to H. hispida, but with leaves smooth or^
sparingly scabrid towards the margins above only, shining and green, and glabrous
capsules. — I have seen no Tenasserim specimens, and it is possible that Kurz's plant
is H.'^'ipida, of which this may be a smooth variety.

*** Fruit etmkacemis, indehiscent; cymes axillary (and terfninalin'H.. scabra)^
sessile, cajntate or few-jld. ; leaves fiat., with or without lateral nei'ves ; stijmies
triangular, entire or gland-serrate or fijubi-ta^nf^iH' ^j- eortdia jiet-y short.

48. K. inaxnoena, Thw. Enum. 143 iVi;j«H'/^ ^/»^ ifI^^ia^j|jlls, erect^
3-chotomously branched, branches subterete, leavnotis capitata>vailManceolate
caudate-acuminate nerves arching faint, stip. toov. -triangular
glandular-pubescent caducous, cymes axillary veiyeiiiiousie to P'^red subsessile^
calyx-limb cup-shaped teeth broad shorter ihan the Bix. hitv

Ceylon ; Adam's Peak, Thwaites. "^ ^'^

A tall slender shrub, with long slender erecto-patent branches, obscurely 4-angled
above, black when dry. Proves dark brownish-green when dry, 3-5 by ^-15- in.,
leathery, smooth, with a distinct midrib and faint-arching nerves ; stipules short.
Flowers 3-^6, almost sessik, small, glabrous. Calyx-tube hemispheric. Bipe fruit
not secn.-T+.Ter5; iikftiif. :c^»^•a)-t?/r^a5w^■with which it has been mixed in Herbaria.

4^** si. congestSL^f uBr. tri^/Wall. Cat. 844; robust, glabrous, branches
acutely 4-!(' ^1 c .> or shortly petioled elliptic or ovate-lanceolate

acuteljP'Wr <■ ■ lathery, nerves arching faint, stipules elongate

ovate Av^'l' ' 'I'rate'' or lacerate point, flowers in crowded axillary

heads, Viy^ifengular obtuse shorter than the ovoid thick

smoethtntir. tr: U&n itm': Sywt. iii. 625. H. argentea. Wall. Cat.. 858.

Malayan Peninsula from Tenasserim to Malacca, Wallich, &c. ; Penang, Maingay.
— DisTBiB, Sumatra, Bortxe^,*"'.}.^

A stout shrub with brachiate branches. Leaves pale when dry, 3-5 by 1-2 in.»
quite glabrous and smooth on both surfaces ; stipules sometimes ^ in., coriaceous,
segments sometimes branched. Flowei'S clustered, small. Calyx-tube hemispheric.
Fruit subdrupaceous, white.

50. B. prostrata, Korth. in Ned. Kiniidk. Arch. ii. 160; glabrous,

branches long flexuous prostrate or scandent ? obtusely 4-angled, leaves petioled

r elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, nerves distinct, stipules elongate coriaceous

toothed or subpectinate, cymes axillary small subsessile few-flowered, calyx-

62 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hookcr.) [Hedyotis.

' teeth triangular. H. siibcarnosa, Wall. Cat. 860. Metabolus prosti-atus, Bl. ;
DC. Prodr. iv. 435.

Tenasserim ; Chappedong Hills, Wallich, Heifer. — Distkib. Java, Borneo. ^
Stem flexuous, rooting below, sending out long 'slender flexuoiis branches with
•distant internodes. Leaves green when dry, 3-4 by |-1^ in., quite smooth, rather
membranous, narrowed into a slender petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules coriaceous, very
variable in length, with glandular t«eth, erect or recurved. Cymes very small,
flowers not seen. Fruit small, smooth, cells about 6-seeded. — ^This, though referred
in Miquel's Flora to § Diplophragnia, is certainly a Euhedyotis.

51. XZ. scabra, Wall. Cat. 880 ; a low woody herb, branches terete
young pubescent, leaves subsessile lanceolate acuminate scaberulous or glabrous,
uppermost involucriform, nerves faint, stipules small triangular, cymes ter-
minal (and axillaiy?) capitate sessile, calyx-teeth triangular-subulate shorter
than the small globose glabrous fruit.

Martaba-N and Tenasseeim ; Moulmein, Wallich ; Mergui, Griffith, &c.

Very much branched, branches woody, whitish, the younger and leaves dark-
brown when dry. Leaves 1-2 in., the upper stellately spreading round the cymes,
base very acute, very obscurely scabrid; stipules pubescent, teeth few glandular.
Cymes globose, \ in. diam. ; flowers very shortly pedicelled. Corolla very small,
tube and lobes short. Fruit crustaceous, many-seeded, apparently indehiscent, but
there is a trace of a loculicidal groove on the crown between the calyx-teeth. — Very
near a N. Celebes species, which has longer calyx-lobes.

Sect. IV. Xnvolucrella. Fruit membranous, 2-3-celled, very many
seeded, indehiscent, top not protruded between the calyx-teeth. — A herb with
a termini^ capitate)8e6 cjanejv vMch is sunk amongst the bases of the involu-
criform uppermost Ja, Tf'. ^j^ules (membmnous with many very long subequal

•stiff' recuv^f<^.'i*;•'^l' f aseiclea ' ' '■. ^ ' \ V

52. T^iim axillarv and u^' ^^ 5 decumT3ent, branches 4-angled pubes-
cent, leaf^^—^ / ^ -

s

times lougt-r luciu , J

Tenasserim; Tavoy, Gomez; Amherst, Wallich', Mergui, Griffith. Andaman
Islands, Ktirz.

A stout-branched low herb, root woody. i>fltW5 2-^i3^jy |-) in:; suddenly narrowed
at the base, but hardly petioled, puberulous on the feiat n»fvfe» -benealh; stipules
connate, bristles ^ in. long. Cymes quite hiddelti ; floMi-ers ^ix ij m ,'th long stipular
bracteoles, rarely cymes are formed in the lower axils.^ Ff: - -'elled, bursting

irregularly, walls full of raphides. Seeds angular, ^dotffvl

Sect. V. Anotidopsis. Fruit niembraij> ,,, . .iv (. . •. ..>, 2-
celled, indehiscent or obscurely dehiscing locuKci^lif'tiy belNv^^en Vhe calyx-teeth,
crown not protruded between the calyx-teeth.— Heivlw or small &hrubs, with
axillary or terminal sessile or peduncled cymet^ ; stipules membranous, usually
bristly. — Habit of Anotis.

53. ZZ. cyanescens, Thwaites Enum. 143^5 hairy, stems decumbent
rooting acutely 4-angled, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate acute membranous nerves
distinct, stipules short bristly, cymes axillary dense many-flowered, flowers pedi-
celled, calyx-teeth lanceolate ciliate many times longer than the membranous
many-seeded fruit.

Ceylon ; Ambagowa district, Thwaites.

An undershrub, often bluish-purple (Thwaites), branches glabrous or hair}'.
Leaves 1-3 by §-1^ in., with short scattered hairs above, more pubescent beneath,
flat ; nerves 6-6 pair, arched ; petiole slender, ^-\ in. ; stipules short, membranous.

Hedyotis.'} lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 63

with short bristles. Cymes compound, branches dense. Flowers pedicelled, bluish,
mixed with linear ciliate bracteoles. Corolla-tube and short lobes hairy, mouth not
bearded or villous. Fruit elongate obconic, apparently indehiscent, very mem-
branous.

54. X. monocephala, Br. in Wall. Cat. 846 {cm-rected from macro-
•cephala) ; glabrous or puberulous, flaccid, branched, decumbent, leaves sub-
sessile elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, nerves obscure, stipules slender recurved
toothed or pectinate, cymes terminal capitate sessile glabrous, calyx-teeth
lanceolate longer than the young fruit.

SiLHET, Wallich. Assam, Hamilton, Masters ; Upper Assam, Griffith.

A slender straggling species, dark iDrown when dry ; branches 4-angled, grooved,
the ridges puberulous. Leaves 1-1| in., base very acute, quite glabrous on both
surfaces ; stipules variable, sometimes of one long recurved very slender simple or
cut bristle, at others with 2 or more long bristles. Cymes \-^ in. diam., terminal or
rarely on short axillary branches with usually small leaves at their base. Flowers
■quite glabrous, except the corolla-lobes within, larger than in H. scabra, but still
small. Ripe fruit not seen. — An allied plant from Tenasserim or the Andamans
(Heifer, Kew Distrib. 2884) is much stouter, with caudate-acuminate leaves.
Specimens from Griffith in Herb. Bentham are marked as from Darjeeling, but are
probably from Assam. The species was originally found by Hamilton at Birna-
sherva in 1808 (probably in Assam).

55. K. stipulata, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6195 and 863 a ; stems lax diffuse
rooting below glabrous or puberulous, leaves ovate or lanceolate acute mem-
branous, nerves slender, stipules with long bristles, cymes capitate sessile or
peduncled axillary or terminal glabrous, calyx-teeth lanceolate recurved longer
than the membranous broadly globose fruit. H. Lindleyana, Hook. mss. in
W. 8f A. Prodr. 409. Oldenlandia japonica, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii.
194. O. hirsuta, Linn.Jil. ; DC Prodr. 127. ? Anotis capitata, Korth. in Ned.
Kruidh. Archiv. ii. 151.

Temperate Himaxaya, alt. 3-8000 ft., from Dalhousie to Bhotan, common.
Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. — Distrib. Java, Japan.

Branches slender, decumbent, 1-2 ft., terete and leaves dark brown when dry.
Leaves^2 in., variable in width, glabrous or with a few soft scattered hairs above
and on the nerves beneath, base acute or rounded ; petiole ^~ in. ; stipules cut into
filiform bristles nearly to the base. Cymes \-^ \n. A\&va.. Flowers quite glabrous,
pedicelled. -^ Fruit membranous, indehiscent or with a loculicidal fissure on the crown
between the;cal^-teetlv Sreds many, small, angular arid pitted. — Very similar tcf
Anotis ingraia.

56. K. Tbomsoni, Hook, f ; annual, short, suberect, much branched
from the base, leaves fascicled* sessile narrow-linear acute margins recurved,
stipules forming a short sheath with the petioles bristly, cymes dense in all the
axils and terminal,, calyx-teeth lanceolate recurved longer than the broadly
obconic membranous fruit.

East Bengal; banks of the Megna ani Mahanudde, J. D. H. ^ T. T.

Stem very short with fibrous roots, branches suberect 4-angled leafy. Leaves ^-\
by Yo i^-> spreading* and recurved, riV'nutely rough above, midrib strong beneath,
rather dilated at the base and united with the stipules into a short membranous
sheath, proliferous in the axils ; nerves 0. Flowers pedicelled. Corolla very minute,
glabrous, tube an{i lobes short. Fruit apparently quite indehiscent, but there is a
loculicidal furrow iDetween the calyx-teeth, pericarp with raphides (as in H. connata).
Seeds very numerous, small, angular, pitted, pale. — A very remarkable little plant,
S-6 in. high, blackish when dry, not found by any previous collector, with the habit
of an Oldenlandia, but the fruit appears quite indeliiscent and the calyx is altogether
that of Hedyotis and approaches H. pinifolia.

64 Lxxv. RUBiACBJi. (J. D. Hooker.) [Oldenlandia^

ANOMALOUS SPECIES.

57. K. andamanlca, Kn7'z in Joum. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 311 ; annual,
succulent, stems furfuraceous, short stout, leaves large sessile or short-petioled
oWong or ovate-oblong- apiculate flat, stipules bristly, cymes terminal 1-3 in.
long, peduncles erect, flowers subcapitate, calyx-teeth longer than the corolla-
tube and than the small didymous capsule.

South Andaman and Nicobab Islands, Kurz.

Stems 4-6 in. high, erect, simple or branched. Leaves 3-5 pair, 1-2^ by ^-\\ in.»
membranous, quite glabrous. Peduncles 1-2 in., slender, strict, erect, bearing 2-3'
small bracteate heads of subsessile flowers. Calyx-tube short ; teeth large, ovate-
lanceolate, recurved. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube broad and glabrous ; mouth with
a few hairs ; lobes linear. Stamens much exserted, anthers linear. Capsule with the
crown not protruded, gaping loculicidally. Seeds many in each cell, angular, smooth.
— Eesembles an Oldenlandia near 0. nudicaulis, but the calyx -teeth are close together
in fruit, and the seeds, though not ripe, have no appearance of pitting ; the corolla^
too, resembles that of Hedyotis, and the stamens have linear anthers.

21. OXiDENXiANDZA, L.

Slender erect or difiuse di-tri-chotomously branched herbs. Leaves usually
small and naiTow ; stipules acute or bristly. Flmvej's small, white or pink, in
dichotomous axillary and terminal usually panicled cymes, rarely solitary.
Calyx-teeth 4, rarely 5, usually erect and distant in fruit, vdth sometimes alter-
nating teeth. CoroUa rotate funnel- or salver-shaped, tube short or long;
lobes 4, rarely 5, obtuse, valvate. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigmas 2
linear ; ovules numerous, placentas attached to the septum. Capsule small,
usually membranous, terete didymous or angled, loculicidal at the top, rarely
indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds angled or globose, testa not winged, smooth or
pitted ; embryo clavate in fleshy albumen. — Disteib. Species about 70, tropical
and subtropical, chiefly Asiatic.

SuBGEif. I. Ziuoldenlandia. Corolla-tube usually short, ovary terete.
Cajjsule didymous. Seeds numerous, augled, testa smooth. — Herbs, difiuse or
branching, usually very slender, stipules with bristles.

* Peduncles \-Arjld.,from the lower or all the axils.

1. O. corymbosa, Linn. ; Hiern in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 62; annual,
slender, glabrous, rarely scaberulous, leaves linear or narrbwly elliptic-lanceolate,
margins often recurved nerveless, peduncles solitary 1-4-fiowered (rarely 2-nate
1-2-flo wered) and pedicels long capillary, calyx-teeth subulate rather shorter than
the corolla-tube, crown of capside low. O. biflora, Lamk. {not of Linn.) ; JRoxh.
Fl. Ind. i. 423. O. ramosa, Roxb. I. c. 424. O. herbacea, DC Prodr. v. 425^
(not of Linn.). 0. scabrida, DC. I. c. 0. alsinifolia, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii.
629. Hedyotis Burmanniana, Pr. in Wall. Cat. 868, i7i part ; W. 4' ^- Prodr.
415; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Pomb. Fl. 116. H. biflora. Roth Nov. sp. 92; Kurz in
Joum. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 133. H. ramosa, PI. Pijd. 973 (? Wt. Ic. t. 822). H.
intermedia, W. 8f A. Prodr. 415. H. alsinsefolia, Pr. in Wall. Cat. 873. H.
graminicola, Kurz in Trimen. J&uim. Pot. 1875, 326. Gerontogea biflora,
Cham, et Schl. in Linnx^a, iv. 155. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 38.

An abundant weed throughout India, from the Punjab southward and eastward
to Ceylon and Malacca. — Distrib. Tropical E. Asia to Java and the Philippines;
Trop. Africa and America.

Very variable, not always distinguishable from 0. diffusa and 0. Heynii. It
varies from a diminutive straggling herb, with branches 1-2 in., to an erect one a foot
and more high. Leaves from ^2 by ^-^ in., erect spreading or recurved, sometimes

^

Oldenlandia.] lxxv. rubiaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 65

as broad as in narrow-leaved forms of H. pumila ; stipules small, membranous, ir-
regularly-cut, with a long and several shorter teeth or bristles. Peduncles rarely in ,
pairs or 4- or more -flowered, or reduced and very short as in 0. hrachypoda. Capsule
usually broad, didymous, sometimes hemispheric or narrowed below the calyx-teeth,
base acute or rounded, crown usually not rising above the base of the calyx-teeth, at
others hemispheric and approaching that of 0. Heynii. — The various forms of this
plant are distinguished by botanists as species ; but these run so much into one
another, that it is impossible to correlate their descriptions exactly with the specimens
in Wallich's and Wight's herbaria. 0. scahrida is a very scabrid form ; 0. alsini-
folia a glabrous, broad membranous leaved one, like a short-capsuled 0. pumila;
its tissues are sometimes full of cystoliths, in specimens from Penang, S. India, and
N.W. India. I have followed Mr. Hiern in adopting Linnaeus' name of corymhosa ; it
is certainly the plant so named in the Linnaean Herbarium, though whether it is that
of the " Species Plantarum" is doubtful, in my opinion.

ii. O. diffusa, Boxh. Hort. Beng. 11; Fl. Ind. i. 423; annual, diffuse,
glabrous, leaves linear nerveless, margins usually recurved, flowers solitary
sessile or shortly peduncled, cal}rx-teeth subulate rather shorter than the corolla-
tube, capsule didymous, crown low. DC. Prodr. iv. 426. O. brachypoda,
DC. I. e. 424; Wall. Cat. 864. Hedyotis ramosissima, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, ii. 133. H. diffusa, Willd. Sp. FL i. 566.

An abundant weed throughout India, from Rohilkund to Ceylon and Malacca. —
DisTRiB. Tropical Asia to Borneo, the Philippines, and Japan.

I keep this distinct from 0. corymhosa on the ground of its being a generally
recognised form, more constantly diffuse, always glabrous, with shorter stouter
peduncles or pedicels and larger capsules. It is, however, united by many aberrant
specimens with that-Plant. "~ "^ ~

Vab. 'i extensa ; more robust, stems as thick as a crow-quill shining 2 ft. long,
leaves often 1\ by \ in., peduncles longer 1-2-fld., capsule ^ in. diam. Hedyotis
extensa, Br. in Wall. Cat. 869.— Silhet, Wallich, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2910).

Var ? polygonoides ; perennial-rooted, leaves very small |-g in. narrow. Hedyotis
polygonoides. Wall. Cat. 872. — Birma, Wallich.

3. O. Keynii, Br. in Wall. Cat. 867, partly (Hedyotis); annual or
biennial, glabrous, erect, much branched, leaves linear- or linear-lanceolate
nerveless, m9,rgins usually recurved, peduncles solitary capillary 1-flowered, calyx-
teeth subulate much shorter than the slender corolla-tube, capsules didymous
globose or ovoid, crown much protruded. O. herbacea, Willd. ; Boxh. Fl. Ind.
424 (?of Linnaeus). ?0. linearis, linifolia, and asperula, DC. Prodr. iv. 425.
Hedyotis Heynii, W. 8f A. Prodr. 416; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. U6.—Bheede
Hori. Mai. x. t. 23.

Mountainous part of India from Kumaon, alt. 5500 ft., to the Khasia Mts., alt.
4000 ft., and southward to Ceylon ; not found in the Malay Peninsula or the Eastern
Himalaya.— Distbib. Malay Islands, Tropical Africa.

Usually a taller stricter much more robust plant than 0. corymhosa, with a longer
more ovoid capsule, having a much protruded crown and usually 1-flowered solitary or
2-nate filiform peduncle equalling the leaves ; but these characters are far from con-
stant, and in some examples the flowers are panieled4qwiWMto th^^n d s of the branches
as in the next subsection. The name ^(^^fm:may :have to give plic: to some of the
synonyms cited, if ever these are cleared apj tj, g^ji-M^ , it.

4. O. crystallina, Boxh. Rprt, Betig^ 11 -yjM. Ind. i. 422; annual,
glabrous, branches low diffuse leafy, leaves eillptic- or elliptic-lanceolate sub-
acute flat, peduncles solitary 1-2-fld. filiform eC[nallihg the leaves, calyx-teeth
triangular-lanceolate, bases touching in fruit, a little shorter than the corolla-
tube, capsule obovoid, crown low. DC. Prodr. iv. 426. O. pumila, DC. I. c.
426. Hedyotis pumila, Linn. f. ; Wall. Cat. 6200, chiefly ; W. 8r A. Prodr. 414.

VOL. m. ' p

66 Lxxv. RUBiACEJ). (J. D. Hooker.) [Oldenlatidia.

Not uncommon in the Plains of India from Rohilkund southwards and eastwards,
but local. East Bengal, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2912). Chittagono, C. B. Clarke.
Deccan not uncommon. (Not found yet in East Himalaya, Assam, the Khasia or
Malay Peninsula). — Distrib. Java.

A diffuse flaccid herb ; branches 2-3 in. Leaves ^-§ in. — The large calyx-teeth
well distinguish this from any of the foregoing species. The tissues are sometimes
full of raphides, as in some states of 0. corymhosa.

** Pedmicles from the upper axils chiefly^ 7na7ii/-^ozvered.

5. O. umbellata, Linn.', DC. P/w/r. iv. 425; annual, diffuse, glabrous
or scaberulous, leaves often fascicled linear flat or almost acicular with recurved
margins acute nerveless, peduncles in the upper axils stout 3-many-flowered,
pedicels short, calyx-teeth a little shorter than the corolla-tube subulate, capsule
didymous, crown low. Boxb. Coi'. PI. t. 3 ; Fl. Incl. i. 421. O. puberula, G. Don
Gm. Syst. iii. 530. Hedyotis umbellata, Lamk. ; W. 8f A. Prodr. 413, excl.
some synonyms) Wall. Cat. 871. H. linarifolia and puberula, Wall. Cat. 870
and 884.

Western Peninsula, from Orissa southwards, Roxburyh, &c. Ceylon, common.
— DisTBiB. N. Birma, Kurz.

Stem woody, much branched from the base. Leaves ^-1^ in., spreading or recurved.
Cymes sometimes sessile and terminal. Capsules much as in 0. corymhosa.

6. O. Wlgrlitll, Hook. f. ; perennial, scabrid, stem woody flexuous,
branches rigid diffuse leafy, leaves squarrose linear-lanceolate acuminate,
margins revolute, peduncles chiefly in the upper axils strict with terminal
capitate cymes, calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate pungent equalling the broad
hemispheric didymous capsule.

Western Peninsula, Herb. Wight (Kew Distrib. 1511).

Stems creeping in red soil or prostrate, several inches long ; branches 4-6 in.,
tufted, erect or ascending. Leaves ^-1 in., sessile, pungent, scabrid on both surfaces ;
stipules short, bristly. Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves, stout, scabrid. Heads
^ in. diam. ; flowers sessile. Capsules large, scabrid, with a broad low crown and
long spreading teeth. — This appi'oaches a Hedyotis of the section Scleromitrion, but
the foliage is not that of the majority of that group, and the form of tlie capsule and
distant calyx-teeth well distinguish it.

*** Floivers sessile, chie/ly in the upper axils, solitary or crotvded ; corolla
rotate. (See also 2. 0. diffusa.)

7. O. trinervla, Retz Obs. iv. 23; annual, glabrous or hairy, branched
low diffuse leafy, leaves small subsessile ovate elliptic or orbicular, nerves
distinct, flowers solitary or clustered in the axils sessile or subsessile, calyx-
teeth very short equalling the rotate corolla, capsule small didymous hairy
crown low. 0. repens, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 15, f. 2 ? Hedyotis trinervia, IP".
4- A. Prodr. 414; Dah. Sf Gibs. Potnb. Fl. 115; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 29.
ir. rotundifoha, DC. Prodr. iv. 420. H. serpyllifolia, Poir. in DC. I. c. 421,
11. orbiculata, Heyne ; Wall. Cat. 6191.

Western Peni^WKH, 'ft wn-'the Oooean southwards. Chittagong, J. D. H. ^ T. T.
Arracan, Kurz. CB^E04r.-^I>i«TiMB. SuinatKi, Java, Tropical Africa.

A flaccid green weed, witli straggling bjanehes. Leaves \ in., rarely more, f in a
Pondicherry specimen, and more ovate and petioled. Stipules 2 -partite, segments
acuminate. CoroW^^tirpViS^h.' f T W .^•^OA

***'^ Flowers i> iIi'0'y^^^ifff€hs,chie^yiriopetite)'viinalpamc^

cymes. ,..:"■'

8. O. brachiata, Wight in W. S,- A. Prodr. 416 (Hedyotis), and Wall,
(Jat. 6201, in part; annual, glabrous, very slender, stem erect acutely 4-angled,

Oldenlandia.'] lxxv. rubiaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 67

leaves slender narrow-linear, peduncles capillary solitary axillary and 1-flowered
and in open diehotomous terminal cymes, calyx-teeth subulate rather shorter than
the corolla-tube, capsules small broadly didymous, crown low. O. pusilla. Both ;
DC. Prodr. iv. 428. Iledyotis angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 6203. H. attenuata,
WiUd. ; Ilerh. Madr., in paH.

Rimii-KUND, Royle, T. Thomson. Beha.r, Hamilton. Western Pbninsuj,a, Wight,

A very slender erect species, resembling a state of 0. bijlora, with paniculate
terminal inflorescence. — According to the rules of priority, the name of 0. puaUla
«hould take precedence, but it is not applicable.

9. O. dichotoma, Koen.\ Roth Nov. Sp. 03 (Hedyotis) ; annual, very
slender, glabrous or sparsely hairy, stem erect terete, nodes distant, branches
tiliform, leaves linear-lanceolate acute flat nerveless, p«iuncles capillary axillary
and in open terminal panicles, pedicels very long, calyx-teeth subulate much
shorter than the slender corolla-tube, capsule globose. O. linarifolia. Herb.
Madr. O. affinis, DC. Prodr. iv. 428. Hedyotis dichotoma, WaU. Cat. G204,
in part -^ W. 8f A. Prodr. 416 {excl. some synonyms). 11. &.i^ms>, Roem. S^- Sch.
H. Heynii, Bedd. Ic. PL hid. Or. t. 33 (not Br.).

Bandelktjnd and southward through the "WkstAin Peninstti-a to Travancore, on
<Jry hills, alt. 1-3000 ft., Bottler, &c.

Stem simple in small plants, much branched in large ones, 18 in. high ; branches
tj-Iiining, divaricating, copiously flowering throughout their length, ultimate ones and
peduncles and pedicels like fine hairs, 1 in. and more long. Flowers very minute.
■Capsules smaller than in its congeners, cells about 6-seeded. — Beddome's figure is, I
think, this plant; it does not agree with his description, called H. Heynii (t. 33).

10. O. arg'uta, Br. in Wall. Cat. 864 (Hedyotis) ; annual, erect, stiff,
stem simple or 3-chotomously branched furfuraceous or hispid, leaves semi-
amplexicaul subulate or triangular-lanceolate acuminate scabrid, margins revo-
lute, cymes terminal lax few-flowered scabrid, peduncles and pedicels filiform,
calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate shorter than the funnel-shaped corolla-tube and
longer than the didymous hemispheric hispid capsule. Hedyotis linoides, Griff.
Notid. iv. 265 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 134.

Mabtaban and Tenasserim; Moulmein, and Mergui, in wet sand, Gome::, &c.

A few inches to a span high ; branches terete, spreading. Leaves \ in., rigid, pale
beneath. Cyines twice or thrice forked ; flowers blue. Seeds ellipsoid, angled, testa
smooth.

11. O. Stocksii, Hook. f. iSf T. Herb. Ind. Or. (Hedyotis); tufted,
glabrous, stems filiform simple or branched above, leaves subulate, stipules with
bristles, cymes with few very large flowers, calyx-teeth elongate subulate
almost equalling the very broadly campanulate corolla-tube.

Malabar ; in the Bababooden hills. Stocks, Law,

A very slender annual, apparently growing in masses amongst grass, 4-8 in. high.
Stems simple below or throughout their length, branches ending in di-trichotomous
cymes, with capillary pedicels. Leaves (not fascicled) ^-2 in. Calyx-tube short,
olwjonic, much smaller than the long erect or reciffved teeth. Corolla much the
longest of the genus, quite campanylate, blue, ^-\ in. diam. Capsules hemispheric
or turbinate, smooth.

SriKiKx. II. X.ohautia. CoroHa-tube usually long cylindric or funnel-
shaped, with included or shortly exserted anthers. Ovary terete. Seeds nume-
rous, angled. — Usually strict erect, annual or perennial herbs, rarely difluse,
sometimes shrubby below with stiff erect branches, very narrow leaves and
terminal open cymes ; stipules with biistles.

* Corolla'tube very slender.

r2

68 Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [OldenUndia.

12. O. aspera, DC. Piodr.'w. 428; stems stout and branches scabrid^
leaves in fascicled whorls erect narrow-linear acute margins revolute, stipules
with median bristles, capsules solitary or 2-3-nate subsessile on the slender
erect branches of the cymes rough globose didymous, calyx-teeth subulate
shorter than the corolla-tube. Hedyotis aspera, Hei/ne in Roth Nov. Sj). 94 ;
W. ^- A. Prodr. 417 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 115. II. ? elongata, Br. it,
Wall. Cat. 865 : G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 527.

The Punjab, Aitchison. Eohii-kitnd, and southwards to Mysore, Bottler, &c. —
DisTRiB. Tropical Africa.

A stout annual herb, 6-8 in. high, trichotomously branched. Leaves 2-3 in.,
glabrous above, coriaceous. Cymes branched in fruit, 1-6 in. long ; flowers small,
pale blue, ^ in. long, corolla about ^ in. diam. Capsules ^ in. diam.

13. O. ? senegralensis, Hie7'n in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. iii. 56; glabrous
or minutely scaberulous, stem extremely slender erect simple, leaves not fascicled
linear-lanceolate acuminate flat or with recurved margins, stipules with lateral
bristles, cymes in a very loose open terminal panicle with divaricate very long
capillary peduncles and pedicels, calyx-teeth subulate much shorter than the
slender corolla-tube, corolla-lobes acuminate, capsules hemispheric. Kohautia
senegalensis, Fndl. Atakt. t. 23.

Chota Nagpoee ; Hazaribagh, alt. 2200 ft., C. B. Clarke.— D-isimn. ? W. Tropical
Africa.

Annual, 8-16 in. high; stem wiry, terminating in a wide spreading very thin
very few-flowered pyramidal paniculate cyme, with capillary pedicels 1-2 in. long.
Floimrs very small. Capsules ^ in. diam., the minute subulate teeth very distant. —
Easily confounded with 0. dichotoma, but distinguished by the divaricate cyme-
branches, corolla, and larger capsules. I refer it with hesitation lo the Senegal plant,
which has an equally open pyramidal cyme and long-pedicelled flowers, and of which
there is a variety with sessile or short pedicelled flowers. The corolla is much shorter
in the Indian plant, but the specimens are too few for a strict comparison.

14. O. retrorsa, Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. 12; stem retrorsely scabrid, leaves in
fascicled whorls short linear-oblong obtuse flat scabrid, stipules with median
bristles, cpnes glabrous spreading, capsules sessile and pedicelled didymous,
calyx-teeth much shorter than the long slender corolla-tube, corolla-lobes short.

Scixde; near Kurrachee, ;S^oc^s. — Distrib. Arabia.

Stock woody, branched from the base; branches 12-18 in., slender. Leaves |-1
in. ; nerves indistinct. Flowers scattered on the long cyme-branches. CoroUa-tnhe
\ in., glabrous. Capsule ^ in. diam., glabrous.

15. O. gracilis, DC. Prodr. iv. 431 (Kohautia) ; vstem below scaberu-
lous or glabrate, leaves not fascicled narrow linear acuminate glabrous flat,
stipules truncate, cyme-branches slender, capsules pedicelled obovoid globose or
hemispheric, corolla-lobes linear. Hedyotis gracilis. Wall, in Bo.vb. Fl. Ind.y
ed. Carey 8^ Wall. i. 371 ; Cat. 843. H. stricta, Wall, in As. Res. xiii. 369.
H. fusca. Ham. in Don Prodr. 134. H. aspera, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Ch\ t. 32.
Kohautia sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 265 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 477.

Hilly districts of India. Tropical Himalaya, alt. 1-5500 ft., from Garwhal to
Sikkim, Birma, and plains of N. Bengal. Belqaum, Ritchie ; Travancorb, Beddome^
— Distrib. Ava.

Slender, erect, 6-12 in., sparingly branched. Leaves erect, 2-3| by ^^ in.;
nerves indistinct. Cyjiie-branches spreading in flower, erect in fruit ; pedicels very
slender. Corolla \ in., brown. Capsules very variable in length, ^-^ in.

16. O. stricta, Linn. Mant. 200 ; slender, glabrous, diffusely branched,
leaves from linear-lanceolate and flat to almost filiform with recurved margins,
stipules truncate, cyme-branches long slender, calyx-teeth subulate not equaUing

Oldenlandia.} Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 69

the sliort corolla-tube, capsules pedicelled small obovoid. Hedyotis maritima.
Wall. Cat. 6192, in part ; W. (§* A. Prodr. 417. H. gmminifolia, Linn. /.
Suppl. i. 119. O. graminifolia and O. linifolia, DC. Prodr. iv. 425,

Sandy sea-coasts of Tinnevelly and S. Carnatic, Kottler, Wight, &c. Ceylon,
xjommon near the sea.

Annual, repeatedly trichotomously branched from the base, 4 in.-2 ft. high ;
branches very slender, ending in Aviry raceme-like cymes with distant flowers. Leaves
1-2 in., very variable, sometimes membranous and ^ in. broad. Flowers all pedi-
celled. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, ^ in. Capsules ^ in. long or less.

17. O. Sbuteri, Hook. /. ; branches stout woody below ascending
sparingly divided, leaves short linear-lanceolate scabrid above, margins revolute,
stipules truncate, cyme^ branches short stiff, calyx- teeth subulate shorter than
the cylindric corolla-tube, capsules pedicelled small ovoid. Hedyotis maritima,
Wall. Cat. 6192, in part; Wight Cat. 1314.

Madras, Skuter,- Wight.

Very different from 0, stricta, with which it is mixed in Herb. Wallich ; much
stouter, with scabrid rigid leaves \-^ in. long and abbreviated cymes, in which the
capsules are sometimes almost crowded into heads ; the corolla-tube, too, appears to
be cylindric- not funnel-shaped.

18. O. coccinea, Royle Lit. 241, t. 53 (Kohautia) ; very slender, erect,
scaberulous, leaves opposite not fascicled narrowly linear-lanceolate acute
margins recurved, stipules bristly, cymes sparingly branched few-flowered,
calyx-teeth very long equalling or shorter than the cylindric corolla-tube, cap-
sules oblong or subglobose.

Western Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 3-8000 ft.,
Boyle, &c.

Annual; stem 12-18 in., simple below or throughout its length; branches erect,
terminating in long-peduncled cymes. Leaves in distant pairs, 1-2 by ^^-^ in., rough
to the touch. Flowers subsessile, pedicels lengthening in fruit. Corolla scarlet, tube
^ in., lobes oblong. Capsules very variable, ^j in. long, often shorter than the
slender calyx-teeth.

SuiuiEX. m. Gonotheca. Calyx-teeth short, broadly triangular, very
small in fruit. Corolla-tube short. Ovary terete, 4-angled or 4-wiuged. Seeds
numerous, subglobose, testa deeply coarsely pitted.

19. O. paniculata, Linn. ; Burm. Fl. Lnd. 38, t. 15, f. 1 ; annual,
glabrous, branches erect or ascending succulent, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or
oblong subacute flat, stipules truncate with median points or bristles, cymes
3-8-fld. subterminal, calyx-tube not produced above the ovary, capsules on
slender pedicels didymous. DC. Prodr. iv. 427. O. alata, Roxb. Fl. lnd. i. 421
(not of Koenig'). O. multiflora, Cav. Lc. vi. 53, t. 574, f. 2. ^. racemosa and
Tamosissima, Bl. Bijd. 972. Hedyotis racemosa, W. 8f A. Prodr. 414 ; Wt. Lc.
t. 312 ; Wall. Cat. 866, in part. II. paniculata, Dcfiie. ; Kurz in Journ. As. Sac.
1877, ii. 134. H. minima, LTeyne ; Wall. Cat. 877.

Eastern Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, PEor, the Malay Peninsula, the
Carnatic, and Ceylon. — Distrib, Birma, Malay, and Philippine Islands, China,
Polynesia.

Stout or slender, succulent, 6-18 in. high, erect or diffuse, branched from the
base; branches obtusely 4-angled, robust or slender. Leaves ^-3 by ^-1^ in., bright
green, soft, nerves indistinct, narrowed into the short or long petiole. Cymes in the
upper axils, short, 3-8-fld., panicled, peduncles and pedicels stout or slender. Flowers
minute, w'hite. Capsides very variable; ^^ in. diam., turbinate didymous or hemi-
spheric, terete or 4 -ribbed, membranous ; crown usually exceeding the calyx- teeth. —
A very variable weed, sometimes erect, with stem and lower branches as stout as a

70 Lxxv. kubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [^Oldenlandia.

goose-qnlll. at others slender and diffuse ; cymes and fruit especially variable, the
former in slenderness and length, the latter in size and shape. There are no speci-
mens of H. paniculata in Herb. Linn., but as Burmau's figure of what he assumes to
be Linnseus' plant is a fair one, I have adopted the name. Roxburgh's 0. panicuI^Ua^
from the Moluccas, with rooting stems and biennial root, must be a different plant.
Lamarcks' H. racemosa, usually cited under this, is figured as having smooth seeds^
and is therefore a Eu-oldenlandia. H. minima, Heyne (Wall. Cat. 877), is a seedling
state, apparently, of this species.

20. O. biflora, Linn.x W. 8f A. Prodr. (Hedyotis); amiual, glabrous^
diffuse, succulent, leaves petioled elliptic or oHong acute or subobtuse flat,
stipules truncate with a few points or short bristles, cymes short 1-4-fld., calyx-
tube not produced above the ovary, capsules shortly pedicelled turbinate 4-
angled base acute. Hedyotis biflora, Wall. Cat. 879.

Carnatic, Bottler, Wight, &c. Ceylon, Gardner, Kcelart.

This \evj closely resembles small specimens of 0. 'paniculata, and is distinguished
by the cymes seldom having more than 3 flowers, and often reduced to 1, and by the
larger fruit, more turbinate and angled, and with usually larger calyx-teeth. — This
Brown declares to be the true 0. biflora of Linnaeus, not that of Roxburgh and De
Candolle, which is 0. corymbosa.

21. O. alata, Ko&n. in IF. cV A. Prodr. 413 (Hedyotis) ; glabrous, succu-
lent, branches stout, leaves subsessile elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate subacute or
obtuse, stipules truncate toothed, cymes axillary subcapitate, calyx-tube 4-
winged produced above the ovary and cupular, capsule large turbinate 4-angled
and -winged. O. pterita, Miq. FL Ind. Bat. ii. 193. Hedyotis alata, Koen. in
Wall. Cat. 6196. H. pterita, Bl. Bijd. 972. Gonotheca Blumei, DC. Prodr.
iv. 429 ; Endl. Atakt. t. 22.

CiBCJ^s, Bottler, Boxhirgh, Wight. — Distkib. Malay Islands.

A stout annual, 6-12 in. high, with the habit of branching and foliage of O.
jyaniculata, but the leaves are almost sessile, the cymes reduced to axillary and ter-
minal heads, and the capsules are much larger, \ in. long, very shortly pedicelled,
surmounted by a cupular 4-lobed prolongation of the calyx-tube, and has 4 lateral
wings, of wliich 2 are shorter than the others. — The cellular tissue is fiill of raphides.

22. O. nudicaulis, Roth Nov. Sp. 95; annual, erect, sparsely hairy»
stem furfiu'aceous short naked or with 2 leaves below, leaves 4 in a whorl rarely
opposite large iu©mbranous elliptic or ovate, nerves distinct, cj^mes long-peduncled
fascicled terminal much dichotomously branched, branches capillary, calyx-teeth
minute subulate or shorter than the corolla-tube obscure in fruit, capsule hemi-
spheric. O. rotundifolia, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 530. O. ovatifolia and spergu-
lacea, DO. P-odr. iv. 427, 428. Hedyotis scapigera, Br. in Wall. Cat. 881. H.
nudicaulis, W. ^- A. P-odr. 416 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 34. H. ovatifolia,
Cav. Ic. 573. H. rotundifoHa, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6190 {not of DC). H.
spergulacea, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 134.

Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim, the Khasia Mts., and Assam,
ascending to 5000 ft. Travaxcore and Malsor. (Not in Ceylon.)— Distrib. Java.

Much resembling Mollvgo nudicaulis in the inflorescence. Ston stout, erect,
1-2 in., with or without a pair of small leaves, naked to the first whorl of leaves,
simple or 3-chotomously forked, each branch usually bearing 4 unequal leaves in a
whorl. Leaves shortly petioled, |-2 in., tip obtuse or rounded. Cymes very open i
flowei's very small, as are the capsules.

23.^ O. Parishii, Hook. f. ; annual, very slender, sparsely hairy, stem
short simple, leaves petioled ovate acuminate membranous, cymes terminal dicho*
tomous open few-flowered, peduncles and pedicels capillary, calyx-teeth minute

Oldenlandia.'] lxxv. ritbiace^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 71

much shorter than the campanulate corolla, capsule broadly turbinate, crown
hemispheric.

Maktaban ; at Moulraein, Lohh, Parish.

Whole plant 4-6 in., rery flaccid; stem almost filiform. Leaves f-l|^ in.; petiole*
very slender. Cymes shortly peduncled, terminal, with sometimes very reduced ones
in the lower axils. Capsules the smallest of the genus, with rery obscure calyx-
teeth.

DOUBTFUL INDIAN SPECIEiS.

0. CAPiLLARis, DC. I. c. 426, is probably 0. corymbosa, L.

0. lACTBA, Cham. Sf Schlecht. in Linnaa, 1829, 159 (Grerontogea) ; DC. I. c. 427,
is quite undeterminable.

0. ? HispiDA, DC. I. c. 428. Hedyotis hispida, Both Nov. 8p. 95, is also undeter-
minable.

0. ? DEPHESSA, Willd. Sp. i. 675 ; DC. I. c. 429. Hedyotis depressa, Boeni. ^ 8ch.,
is probably 0. corymhosa.

22. ANOTXS, DC.

Herbs, prostrate or ascendinpf, rarely erect ; stipules usually membranous or
with marginal bristles. Calyx-tube short; lobes 4, with broad intervening-
sinuses. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped ; lobes 4, usually shorter than the
tube, valvate in bud. Sfamms 4, on the mouth of the corolla ; anthers included
or exserted. Ovary 2- mrely 3-4-celled ; style filiform, stigmas 2-4 linear ;
ovules few or rarely solitary in each cell, on placentas ascending from near the
base of the septum. CapstUe didymous or laterally compressed, crown produced
between the calyx-lobes, loculicidally 2-valved at the top, rarely indehiscent,
cells 1- or few-seeded. Seeds peltate boat-shaped or rarely plano-convex, testa
very rarely winged, coarsely pitted; embryo clavate in horny albumen. —
— DiSTRiB. Species about 25, tropical Asiatic and Australian, with 1 American.

Sect. I. Euanotis. Capsule turgid, dehiscing loculicidally by a broad
top above the calyx-teeth.

* Perennials.

1. A. ing^rata, Wall. Cat. 863, in 2)art (Hedyotis); root perennial,
branches stout elongate diffuse glabrous or hairy at the nodes, leaves petiolecl
ovate-lanceolate acuminate puberulous above and beneath, nerves numerous,
stipules with many long bristles, cymes terminal and subterminal, flowers
crowded, calyx-teeth large, capsules shortly pedicelled hemispheric didymous,
cells many -seeded. Hedyotis stipulata, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6195, in part.

Moist places in the Tempebate Himalaya, from Nipal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Griffith,
alt. 4-8000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.

Stem 2-3 ft., straggling, rooting at the nodes below, brittle. Leaves 1^-3 in.,
membranous, blackish when dry; nerves 8-10 pair; stipular hristles hairy, ^ in.
Flowers shortly pedicelled, white. Corolla-tube ^ in. long, broad, lobes oblong,
glabrous or hairy. Capsules glabrous or hairy. — Whole plant foetid.

2. A. gracilis, Hook. f. ; very slender, diffuse, stem glabrous or pubes-
cent, leaves petioled ovate acuminate sparsely hairy above and beneath, stipules
bristly, cymes axillary and terminal once or twice unequally 2-3-chotomou8ly
forked with capitate clusters of glabrous flowers, calyx-teeth lanceolate recurved.

Temperate Sikkim and E. Nipal, alt. 6-6000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., at
Moflong, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. # T. T.

A very slender perennial, with the stem rooting for a considerable length ; inter-
nodes long. Leaves l-l^- in., membranous, dark above when dry, paler beneath,

72 Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Atiotis,

nerves 6-8 pair. Cymes on sieuder peduncles much longer than the leaves ; heads
of flowers \ in. diara. Corolla wliite, glabrous ; tube broad, much longer than the
lobes. — Fruit unknown.

3. A. Xiescbenaultiana, W. ^ A. Prodr. 411 (Iledyotis); root
perennial, branches diffuse ascending villous or glabrate, leaves sessile or
petioled ovate obtuse or acute more or less hairy or hirsute above and beneath,
stipules bristly, cymes terminal corymbose hispid or glabrous, capsule sub-
globose didymous with the calyx-teeth near the top, cells 1-8-seeded, seeds
deeply pitted.

Throughout the mountains of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan to
Travancore, alt. 4-7000 ft.

A most variable plant in habit, stature, hairiness, and length of the calyx-teeth,
which often enlarge and are sometimes somewhat toothed after flowering. There are
three principal forms.

Vak. 1. LeschcnauUiana proper ; stout, stems often villous 1-2 ft., leaves 1-2 in.
ovate or ovate-lanceolate often cordate and sessile, cymes 2-4 in. diam., calyx-teeth
usually short. — Hedyotis Leschenaultiana, Wt. III. 1. 125 ; JDals. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 115.

Var. 2. affinis ; smaller, more slender, stem 4-8 in. usually almost hispid, leaves
|^-| in. petioled coriaceous ovate, cymes 1-2 in. diam., calyx-teeth often very long. —
H. affinis, W. # A. Prodr. 411 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1030. H. cymosa, Br. in Wall Cat. 885.

Var. 3. delioidea ; dwarf, glabrous or sparsely hispid, leaves ^| in. coriaceous
petioled ovate obtuse. H. deltoidea, W. ^ A. Prodr. 410.

4. A. decipiens, Hooh. /. ; perennial, stems elongate slender diffusely
branching and leaves sparsely pilose, leaves petioled ovate acuminate flat mem-
branous, stipules with long bristles, cymes terminal and axillary subpaniculately
branched many-flowered puberulous or glabrate, capsules small subglobose didy-
mous, crown shorter than the lanceolate calyx-teeth, cells 1-3-seeded.

"Western Peninsula ; Concan, Stocks ; Travancore and Pulney Mts., Wight.

Habit of glabrate slender forms of H. Leschenaultiana, but the leaves have petioles
^-1 in. ; the cymes are not at all corymbose, the branches being very unequal. The
capsules much resemble those of A. fnonosperma at first sight, but are more hemi-
spKeric, didymous, and dehisce across the cells between the calyx-teeth. Corolla
nearly \ in. long, tube narrowly funnel-shaped, much longer than the calyx-tube.

6. A. oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 6193 (Hedyotis) ; glabrous, root perennial,
stem stout erect, leaves petioled linear-lanceolate, stipules long lanceolate
simple toothed or laciniate, cymes terminal subcorymbose many-flowered, pe-
duncles and pedicels erect, calyx-teeth short broad, capsules pedicelled turgid hemi-
spheric, cells 6-8-seeded. Oldenlandia oxyphylla, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 531.

Khasia Mts, ; in marshy places, alt. 2-5000 ft., common.

8te77i 12-18 in., simple, rarely branched above, as thick as a goose-quill below,
and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves 4-6 by ^| in., tapering to the base, dark
when dry ; stipules ^ in., base ovate, not connate, coriaceous, erect. Cymes much
divided with slender erect peduncles and pedicels. Corolla pale lilac, much longer
than the calyx-teeth. — Specimens from Griffith's collection are marked as from Dar-
jeeling, probably by mistake for Khasia.

6. A. urophylla, Wall. Cat. 6197 (Hedyotis) ; glabrous, root perennial,
stem erect simple, leaves sessile lanceolate caudate-acuminate, stipules cut into
many bristles, cymes terminal many-flowered, peduncles and pedicels divaricate in
fruit, calyx-teeth short broad, capsules shortly pedicelled turgid hemispheric,
cells 5-8-seeded.

Khasia and Jyntea Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Gomez, Griffith, &c.

Resembles A. oxyphylla in habit, but is more slender, with shorter broader sessile

^

Anotis.'] LxxY. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) ^3

leaves, shorter stipules cut to near the base into bristles, and more spreading shorter
cymes with divaricating capsules.

7. A. lanciiblia, Dalz. in Hook. Keiv Journ. ii. 185 (Hedyotis); peren-
nial ?, erect, bmuched, leaves short-petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate
pubescent, stipules with short bristles, cymes terminal and subterminal many-
flowered corymbose glabrate or hispid, capsules sessile subsolitary didymous
hispid much broader thkn long, crown very prominent 2-lobed, cells 2-4-seeded.
Hedyotis lancifolia, JDalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 116. H. tubularis, Wall. Cat.
876 A. (a seedling state).

Mysore, Bottler, Heyne. The Concan, Nimmo, Balzell, ^-c.

Stem stout, shining, 2-3 ft., brittle, most diffusely branched. Leaves 1-2^ in.,
membranous; stipules short. Cymes often 4-6 in. diam., with slender di-trichoto-
mous divaricating branches. Calyx-teeth subulate, many times shorter than the
slender cylindrio corolla-tube. Capsules always hispid with recurved calyx-teeth,
sometimes \ in. across the long axis.

** Annuals.

t Capsules pedicdled or sessile, solitary or subsolitary, not collected into heads.

8. A. Rheedii, W. ^ A. Prodr. 409 (Hedyotis) ; annual, very slender,
nearly glabrous, ^branches suberect, leaves petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate
aciuninate very niembranous with minute scattered short hairs on both surfaces,
stipules short crenate, cymes axillary and terminal very lax and open with long
capillary peduncles and pedicels, capsules solitary or 2-nate short-pedicelled
puberulous broadly didymous, crown much longer than the calyx-tube, cells 1-2-
seeded, calyx-teeth very minute. Hedyotis latifolia, Dalz. in Hooh. Kew Journ,
ii. 133; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 116. H. racemosa. Wall. Cat. 875, in part.
H. capillipes, Schlecht. in Herb. Hoheii. No. 847. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 25.

Western Peninsula ; on the hills from the Concan southwards.

Stem 6 in,-2 ft., quite erect from the base. Leaves 2-3 in., narrowed into the
slender petiole. Cyme-pedtmcles sometimes 3 in,, branches 1-2 in. Flowers very
minute. Corolla rose, tube short cylindric. Capsules ~ in. diam., rather mem-
branous, after bursting appearing as 4 connate cups ; the calyx-tube in fruit very
much smaller than in any other species, and the dehiscence proportionably low.

9. A, calycina, Wall. Cat. 878 (Hedyotis); annual, orect, slender,
glabrous, leaves small ovate-lanceolate acuminate ciliolate, cymes axillary and
terminal few-flowered, capsules sessile and pedicelled broader than long with
very short calyx-teeth, cells 20-40-seeded, seeds peltate reticulate.

Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 3-7000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 3-6000 ft. Chota Nagpore, alt. 2-4000 ft.

Stems 4-8 in., simple or copiously branched from the base, shining, 4-angled.
Leaves |— 1 in., membranous with sometimes a few minute scattered hairs ; stipules
with short lateral bristles. Cyme-peduncles and branches capillary. Corolla short,
pale-purple. Capsules didymous, truncate, crown tumid often exceeding the minute
■distant calyx-teeth.

tt Capsules in clusters or heads.

10. A. ZMEontlioloni, Hook. /. ; annual, erect, glabrate or hispid,
■diffusely branched, leaves petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute, stipules with
short bristles, cymes terminal and subterminal peduncled rounded many-flowered
not capitate, calyx-teeth small subulate with short hair-points, capsules clustered
•didymous broader than long with a large double convex crown, cells 1-3-
seeded.

74 Lxxv. RUBiACRJi. (J. D. Hooker.) {AtioHs.

Westkbn Pkninsula ; on tlie Grhauts from Concan south wawls, De Montholon (in
Herb. G-ay), Bitchie, Dalzell, &c.

This resembles a good deal a short annual state of A. Leschsnaidtiana, but the
capsules are subsessile, collected fn small clusters, and the crown so protruded in 2
hemispheric bosses that the calyx-teeth are nearer the pedicel than the top. Corolla
funnel-shaped, purple. Seeds subglobose, pitted, and with a deep ventral pit. — The
short hair-point of the calyx-teeth and bracts is a good character.

11. A. quadrilocularis, Thw. Enum. 144 (Hedyotis) ; annual, diffusely
branched, branches slender glabrous, leaves petioled ovate subacute mem»
branous slightly hairy on both surfaces, stipules truncate the upper with short
bristles, cymes very small capitate peduncled and terminal or axillary an^ sessile,,
capsules sessile 2-4-lobed 2-4-celled with very smaU calyx-teeth. JFI. tubularis,.
Br. in Wall Cat. 876 b,

Mysore; on the Bababoodan hills, Bottler; Belgaum, Bitchie. Tbavancore;
Courtallum, Wight. Ceylon ; Badulla district, rare, Thwaites.

Much more slender than A carnosa, not at all fleshy, with membranous petioled
leaves and much smaller calyx-teeth and longer corolla-tube. Seeds about 3 in each
cell.

12. A. carnosa, Dah. in Hook. Keiv Jown. ii. 135 (Hedyotis) ; annual,
diffusely branched from the base, glabrous, fleshy, leaves ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate obtuse, margins recurved, stipules truncate or obsolete, cymes capitate
sessile and axillary or peduncled and terminal, capsules sessile broader than
long with large lanceolate calyx-teeth, cells 5-6-seeded. Hedyotis carnosa,
Dalz. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 116.

Canaka ; on the sea-shore at Malwan, Dalzell ; Mangalore, Holisnacker.

Branches very numerous, rather stout, 5-6 in. Leaves |-| in., pruinose. Heads
3-6-flowered, on strict peduncles ^1 in. Calyx-teeth as long as the very short
funnel-shaped corolla-tube. Capsules ^ in. diam., with a very wide tip and spreading:
calyx-teeth.

13. A. foetida, Ddz. in Hooh. Kew Journ. ii. 134 (Hedyotis); annual,,
erect, filiform, glabrous, leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate subacute-
scaberulous above, margins reciu'ved, stipules minute bristly, cymes of 2-3 sub-
sessile flowers terminating simple or forked slender subterminal peduncles,
capsules sessile broader than long did^inous crown very prominent, cells 1-6-
seeded. Hedyotis foetida, Dah. S^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 116. H. tenella and H.
subtilis, Miq. in Herb. Hohen. No. 173. H. tenuiflora, Schlecht. I. c. No. 848.

The Concan and Canaba at Malwan, in stony ground, Stocks, Dalzell, &cq.

A very slender annual, 4-6 in. high, simple or excessively branched, the
branches erect. Leaves sessile, 1 by Yo-i ^°' Cymes on capillary erect peduncles ;
flowers capitate. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsules about ^ in. diam.

14. A. Xtitchiei, Hook. f. ; annual, stem 6 in. high very slender acutely
4-angled hispid above, leaves shortly petioled small lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late acute or obtuse hispid on both surfaces, stipules inconspicuous rounded
toothed, cymes terminal short few-flowered shortly peduncled hispid, flowers
sessile, calyx-teeth lanceolate acuminate much shorter than the very slender
corolla-tube.

Concan ; Belgaum ? Bitchie.

A very small slender species, growing in tufts apparently as if drawn up amongst
grass, the internodes very long. Leaves ^\ in., flat. Cymes \-^ in., with few and
short branches, hispid with white hairs, as is the unopened corolla ; flowers 2-3-nate.
Corolla purple, lobes short rough within. Stamens exserted ; anthers linear. Ovari/
2-celled ; cells about 4-ovuled. Fruit unknown.

Amiis.'] Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) 75.

Sect. II. Patzia. Fruit compressed or flattened, tardily dehiscent or
indehiscent.

* F^mit mucJi Jlattened, indehiscent or ohacurely dehiscent in the crmvn.

15. A. nummularia, Am. Puyill. PL Ind. Or. 23 (Hedyotis) ; perennial^
hairy, stems long stout ascending, leaves sessile orbicidar or broadly ovate
obtuse or apiculate glabrous or hairy, stipules of a few bristles or obsolete,
cymes terminal long-peduncled simple or 3-chotomous, flowers capitate, fruit
flat orbicular indehiscent, cells 1-2-seeded.

Ceylon ; abundant in wet places ; alt. 5-8000 ft.

Stem 8-18 in. from a creeping base, sparingly branched, nodes often distant. Leaves
uniform throughout the stem, |^-§ in. diam., coriaceous, usually with crisped hairs,
especially beneath. Cymes on stout peduncles 1-4 in., each usually once 3-chotomously
divided, branches terminating in a head of flowers \-~ in. diam. ; flowers sessile. Calyx-
teeth short. Fruit with 2 ridges on each face, not at all didymous, contracted below
the short calyx-teeth.

Vab. glabra, Thw. Enum. 142 ; quite glabrous, leaves ovate very coriaceous flat or
with recurved mai^ins. H. mimmulariformis, Am. I. c. — I reluctantly follow
Thwaites in regarding this distinct-looking plant as a variety of A. nummularia.

16. A. Wig-btiana, Wnll. Cat. 6194 (Hedyotis) ; perennial, tomentose,
difiuse, leaves sessile or subsessile ovate subacute, stipules short deeply toothed,
cymes small terminal and on short axillary branches sessile capitate few-flowered
involucrate, fruit orbicular compressed indehiscent 2-4-celled, cells 1-2-seeded.
Hedyotis Wightiana and H. Firdaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 6194, 6189. Oldenlandia
Teysmaniana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 354. "Spermacoce compressa, Wall. Cat..
6187.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan. Khasia Mts., alt.
4-5000 ft. Mountains of the Western Peninsula, alt. 5-7000 ft. — Distrib. Ava,,
Malay Islands, Cochin China.

Stems 2-18 in., leaves clothed with soft curly spreading hairs. Leaves |-1 in.,,
variable in breadth. Heads involucrate by 2 leaves. Flowers white blue or purplish,
shortly pedi celled. Fruit very small, contracted towards the short calyx-teeth, grooved
at the union of the carpels, rugose when diy. — The Western Peninsula specimens are
much shorter than the Northern or Eastern. Clarke has observed that the flowers
are white in the 2-carpellary, light blue in the 3-carpellary, and blue in the 4-
carpellary specimens.

** Fruit compressed, finally septicidaUy dehiscent.

17. A. monosperma, W. Sr A. Prodr. 410 (Hedyotis); perennial,,
slender, diff'ase, more or less hairy, leaves petioled small ovate subacute, stipules
with short lateral bristles, cymes small short terminal peduncled sparingly un-
equally forked few-flowered bracteate, capsules shortly pedicelled subglobose, cells
l-2-8eeded. H. monosperma, Wiyht Ic. 1. 1031. H. mysurensis, Wall. Cat. 882..
Oldenlandia mysurensis, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 531.

Nilgherby and Pulney Mts., Heyne, Wight, &c.

A small-leaved much branched delicate species, more or less clothed with crisped
hairs. Leaves ^-1 in., petiole often half their length. Cywes including the peduncles,
rarely ^ in. long ; flowers minute. Corolla-tube broadly funnel-shaped, about twic^
the length of the subulate calyx-lobes. Capsules ^^ in, diam., with recurved calyx-
teeth, didymous ; cells usually 1 -seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, deeply pitted.

18. A. Xtichardiana, Am. Pugill. PI. Ind. Or. 22 (Hedyotis); peren-
nial, difiuse, slender, glabrous, or more or less hairy or villous, leaves petioled
ovate acute, stipules with long hairy bristles, cymes terminal and subterminal oa

76 txxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [SpiradicUs.

Blender peduncles nneqiially forked few-flowered bracteate, capsules subsessile tur-
binate with the crown very convex, cells 1-seeded. Hedyotis monosperma, va?-.
subglabra, Thu\ JSnum. 142.

Ceylon; Neuera Ellia, abundant in the more elevated^districts.

Very near H. monosperma, with which Thwaites unites it, but the stipules are
much longer, as are the cymes, and the fruit is very different, twice as large and
more elongate with a tumid crown, and larger ellipsoid seeds. — Very foetid (Thwaites).

23. SPXRADXCX.IS, Blume.

Annual herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite and falsely whorled, narrowed
into a slender petiole; stipules long, subulate, persistent. Floivers mitiute,
white or yellow, shortly pedicelled along one side of the branches of a dichoto-
mous axillary or terminal spicate or paniculate cyme. Ccdyx-tuhe ovoid or
cylindric, ribbed ; lobes 6, small, obtuse, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube
long or short ; lobes 5, short, obtuse, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, in the corolla-
tube, filaments short ; anthers oblong. Ovanj 2-celled ; style filiform, glabrous
or hairy, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules numerous, on placentas attached to the middle
of the septum. Capsules small, subglobose or linear-oblong, loculicidally 2-
valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, angled, testa reticulate j embryo micro-
Tscopic in fleshy albumen. — Distrib. Species 3, Asiatic.

1. S. ceespitosa, Blume Bijd. 975; stem creeping below, leaves small
■elliptic obtuse, spike shortly peduncled unilateral few-fld., capsules liaear-oblong.
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 129, excl. syn.

Mabtaban rare, Kurz. — Distbib. Java.

Whole plant a span long ; stem ascending from a rooting base. Leaves 1-1^ in.,
in few pairs, elliptic, glabrous or faintly puberulous beneath. Spikes ^-| in, — I have
seen no Martaban specimens, but have Javan from Kurz, who consequently knew the
species.

2. S. cylindrica, Wall. Cat. 6215 (Pleotheca) ; erect, leaves elliptic or
^Uiptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, cymes simply dichotomous, capsules linear-
oblong.

Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., De Silva, &c. Mishmi Hills, Griffith.

Stem 6-18 in., simple or branched. Leaves 2-6 by ^-2^ in., glabrous or puberu-
lous beneath, upper often fascicled as if whorled. Cymes 1-6 in. long, on slender
peduncles, branches long or short ; flowers close or distant ; bracteoles minute or 0.
Capbules ^^ in. long, clavate in dehiscence.

3. S. bifida, Wall. Cat. 6216 (Pleotheca ?) ; erect, leaves elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate caudate or acuminate, cymes in slender panicles, capsules subglobose.
JiTwra in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 311.

Khasia Mts„ alt. 2-4000 ft., Be Silva, &c. Upper Assam, Griffith. Cachak,
Keenan.

Stem slender or robust, 1 -several feet high, puberulous. Leaves 6-12 by 1^—4 in.-,
shining above, puberulous on the midrib above and nerves beneath. Panicles 4-10
in., many-flowered; branches short, spreading.

24. TO JsirVTi A., Hook. f.

A low herb with rooting stem. Leaves opposite or falsely whorled ; stipules
•filiform or subulate. Flotvers shortly pedicelled, crowded along one side of the
short alternating recurved bmnches of a terminal panicle ; bracts leafy, imbricate.
CalyX'lohes 6, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube short; throat densely

Polyura.'\ lxxv. rubiace;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 7T

bearded ; (lobes 5, short, obtuse, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, in the middle of the
tube, filamenta subulate ; anthers shortly 2-fid at both ends. Ovanj 2-celled ;
style filifon^, puberulous, stigmas 2 obtuse ; ovules numerous, on subglobose
placentas inserted on the middle of the septiun. Capsule small, subglobose, sep-
ticidal, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds obtusely angled, testa crustaceous ; embrjo
minute in fleshy albumen.

1. P. seinina.ta. Hook. f. in Ic. PI. t. 1049. Ophiorhiza Pgeminata,.
Walh Cat. 6237.

Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., Hamilton, Gomez, &c. Mishmi Hills, Griffith.

Whole plant 4-10 in. high, simple or branched from the base, pubescent. Leaves
2-4 in., elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, obtuse or obtusely acuminate ; petiole long or
short, often winged ; nerves many, very spreading, often red-brown when dry ; stipules
filiform.

25. OPKZORRKXZA,Z.

Erect creeping or decumbent small herbs, rarely imdershrubs. Leaves usually
elliptic-lanceolate ; stipules caducous. Flmvers white pink or greenish, secund
on the branches of axillary or terminal dichotomous cymes ; bracts or bracteoles
various or 0. Calyx-tube short ; lobes 6, small, persistent. Corolla tubular or
funnel-shaped : lobes 5, short, valvate in bud, back often winged, often also with
a fold in the sinus. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube ; anthers linear. Disk very
large, 2-lobed. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigmas broad or linear ; ovules
many, inserted on basal ascending placentas. Capsules coriaceous, compressed*
obcordate, girt in the middle by the calyx-tube, the crown dehiscing by 2 broad
gaping valves ; placentas divaricating, many-seeded. Seeds minute, angled, testa
crustaceous ; embryo clavate, in fleshy albumen. — Distrib. Species about 50,
tropical Asiatic, with a few Australian and Polynesian.

A very difficult genus ; the characters taken from the position of the stamens on
the corolla-tube, the hairiness within of the latter, the length and smoothness or
hairiness of the style, and the form of the stigma, have not been made diagnostic, as
being probably sexual to a very great degree.

* Bractedes 0, or if present very narrow and caducous, falling away before the
capsules are fuUy formed. Corolla usually under ^ in. long (except m O. Wal-
lichii). The species of this group are very closely allied indeed and difficult of
definition.

1. O. XIKung>os, Linn. ; erect, glabrous, or stem petioles cymes and leaf
nerves beneath puberulous, stipules small, cyme-branches subumbellate very
spreading, bracts 0, calyx-teeth very short, corolla glabrous rounded at the tip
in bud ^ in., mouth not dilated, lobes very short obtuse keeled at the back.
Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 55 ; Ro.xb. Fl. Ind. i. 701 ; W. 8f A. Prodr. 404.

Khasia Mts. and Assam, ascending to 2000 ft. Birma, Tenassebim. Andaman-
and NicoBAK Islands. Mts. of the Western Penixsula and Ceylon. — Distrib.
Sumatra, Java.

A suffinitescent herb. Leaves 2-5 by l-2i in., very thin, elliptic or elliptic-lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, narrowed into the petiole. Cymes 1-3 in. diam., flat-topped,
glabrous or pubescent. Corolla yvhitG. Capsule ^-^ in. diam, pedicelled. — The fol-
lowing varieties may be referable to. 0. Harrisiana.

Var. nemorosa, Thw. Enum. 139 (sp.); leaves elliptic or obovate-lanceolate,
stipules rounded with 1-2 long points, cymes fewer-flowered tomentose or glabrate. —
Ceylon.

Vak. angustifoUa, Thw. Enum. 140 (sp.); leaves narrower, calyx-teeth longer*
corolla-tube shorter. — Ceylon.

78 Lxxv. RUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) lOphiorrJdza.

ti. O, Karrisiana, Heyne in W. ^- A. Prodr. 405; herbaceous or
shrubby below, stem above leaf-neryes beneatli aud cymes pubescent or tomen-
tose, leaves ovate or ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate obtuse acute or acuminate
glabrous or with minute scattered hairs above, stipules with 1 or more long
points, cymes tomeutose or glabrate rather contracted, bracteoles few filiform
<!aducous or 0, calyx-teeth subulate, corolla glabrous or pubescent ^-^ in. tubular,
lobes short keeled on the back, capsule glabrous.

Hilly districts of India from Nipal eastward to the Khasia Mts., alt. 0-5000 ft.
Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, Tenasserim, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2857), Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 2857-8-9) ; Eastern Peninsula, from the Concan southwards ; Ceylon.

A common and variable plant, probably a variety of 0. Mungos, but smaller, more
pubescent, with longer stipules, usually longer subulate calyx-teeth, and setaceous or
filiform bracteoles, less spreading cymes, and smaller capsules. — The following seem
referable to it, and are scarcely distinguishable.

Var. 1. Harrisiana, Wall. Cat. 6236; slender, rooting below, leaves 1^-2 in.
broadly ovate often obtuse base often rounded or even subcordate glabrous above,
«ymes small. Wight Ic. t. 1162 (Harrisomi). — Mysore, Heyne, &c.

Var. 2. r««^05a, Wall. Cat. 6235 (sp.); slender, leaves 1-2^ in. ovate-lanceolate
acuminate at both ends with minute scattered hairs above, cymes few-fld. — 0. prostrata,
Don Prodr. 136. — Sikkim and Nipal.

Var. 3. decumbens, Gardn, Mss. ; stems decumbent often much branched, leaves
1^-4 in. obtuse or acute narrowed at the base glabrous above, cymes contracted,
•corolla very short. — Ceylon, alt. 5-6000 ft. ; abundant in the Eastern Peninsula and
Tenasserim.

Var. 4. argentea, Wall. Cat. 6229 (sp.) ; more glabrous, leaves 1^-4 in. ovate or
narrowly lanceolate usually white beneath and sometimes along the midrib above
glabrous or with short hairs above, cyme and flowers glabrous. — Khasia Mts., Sylhet,
Chittagong, Mergui, Ceylon, Nilgherries, and other Peninsida Mts.

Var. 5. merguensis ; like var. argentea, but cyme and corolla very tomentose, leaves
■either glabrous or with scattered short hairs above. — Mergui, Nilgherries.

3. O. trichocarpa, JBl. Bijd. 977; stem erect bi-anched, leaf-nerves
beneath and cyme densely pubescent, leaves ovate acute or acuminate glabrous
or with scattered hairs above, stipules filiform from a subulate base, cymes small
sessile or shortly peduncled dense-flowered tomentose, bracteoles 0, calyx-teeth
subulate, corolla \ in. puberulous, tube narrow, capsules pubescent. O. hispidula,
Wall. Cat. 6234 ; G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 523. 0. villosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, ii. 130, excl. synon.

Chittagong, Lister. Tenasserim, and the Andaman Islands, Gomez, Griffith
(Kew Distrib. 2869).— Distrib. Java.

This may be only a form of Harrisiana, and if so tliis latter name must give place
to Blume's. I see little but the pubescent capsules whereby it is to be distinguished.

4. O. ocbroleuca, Hook./. ; shrubby, glabrous except the cymes, leaves
large quite glabrous beneath, stipules lanceolate 2-fld. caducous, cyme-branches
spreading, bracts 0 or minute and caducous, calyx-teeth very short, corolla
■cylindric fleshy mouth not dilated, lobes short recurved pubescent within with a
short doi"sal spur below the top not keeled at the back, capsule glabrous.
Ophiorrhiza, 5 Kerb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8,- T.

Sikkim and Bhotan Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft., common. Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000
ft. Cachar, Kecnan.

A small shrub. Leaves 4-9 by l^-S in., elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-
4icuminate, nerves 10-15 pair; petiole long. C^wc-TJet^wwe/gs and branches very stout,
more irregularly branched than in 0. Mungos. Corolla \-^ in., primrose-yellow
orange or greenish. Capsules pedicelled, \ in. diam.

5. O. rosea, Hook. f. ; shrubby, glabrous except the cymes, leaves
glabrous or with the nerves beneath puberulous, stipules minute 2-fld. caducous.

Ophiorrhka.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 79

bracts minute or 0, calyx-teeth very short, corolla (rounded at the tip in bud)
glabrous or puberulous cylindric glabrous within mouth not dilated, lobes short
rounded recurved not keeled or spurred at the back. O. discolor, Wall. Cat.
•<3232 B. Ophionhiza, 6 Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8; T.

Eastern Himalaya from Sikkim to Mishmi, and Khasia Mts, alt. 4-7000 ft.,
•common.

Very similar to 0. ochroleuea, but inhabiting a higher level and dififering in the
corolla, which is ^-^ in. long, rose, not fleshy, and very different in bud.

6. O. Wallicbil, Hook,/. ; quite glabrous or the cymes puberulous, leaves
•elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate rather coriaceous, petiole slender, cymes
short-peduncled few-flowered, branches vei*y short, bracteoles subulate, calyx-teeth
very short subulate, corolla 1 in., tube slender terete, lobes short broad tomentose
within. Psychotria sp.. Wall. Cat. 8358.

Khasia Mts., Be Silva ; Jyxtea Hills, Goinez ; Bibma, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
2683).

Stem branched, rather thickened at the nodes. Leaves 4-6 in., stiff, pale reddish
beneath when dry ; stipules not seen. Cyme-peduncU f in., slender ; flowers crowded.
Fruit unknown. — A very distinct species, easily distinguished by the long stiff leaves,
reddish beneath, and the long corolla with short lobes.

7. O. discolor, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6232 A. ; tall, branched, quite glabrous,
leaves elliptic-lanceolate long-acuminate membi-anous red beneath when dry,
petiole very slender, stipules long slender, cymes puberulous, branches spreading,
bracteoles 0, corolla ^ in., tube cylindric smooth, lobes not keeled, capsules
glabrous. G. Don Gen. Si/st. in. 622.

Penang, Wallich.

Apparently a tall slender shrub. Leaves 5-8 in., gradually narrowed at both ends,
membranous, nerves slender. Cymes as in 0. Mungos.

8. O. villosa, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i, 702; stem stout shrubby and leaf-nerves
below and cymes densely tomentose, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute or
acuminate rather coriaceous glabrous above white beneath, cymes dense sub-
capitate, branches very short, bracteoles 0, calyx-teeth short, corolla \ in. pube-
rulous, tube angular. Wall. Cat. 6230.

Chittagonq Hills, Boxburgh.

This differs from all the forms of Harrisiana, var. argentea (also a Chittagong
plant), in the robust habit, coriaceous leaves, and almost capitate cyme densely
clothed with a rusty -red pubescence. The buds are truncate with 5 points, and the
short corolla lobes strongly keeled. — Koxburgh's drawing (in Bibl. Kew) of this plant
is quite unlike the specimens in Wallich's Herbarium, which agi-ee with the descrip-
tion in the Flora Indica.

9. O. tomentosa, Jack in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey i^ Wall. ii. 546;
erect, softly pubescent throughout, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate white
beneath, stipules subulate, cymes with spreading branches, bracteoles 0, calyx-
teeth small, corolla \ in. pubescent, lobes not keeled, capsule glabrate or puberu-
lous. WaU. Cat. 6231.

Penang, Wallich, Phillips. Maingay (Kew Distrib. 898). — Distrib. Sumatra.

Stem 1-2 ft., stout. Leaves 3-5 in., petiole slender, both surfaces powdery.
Flowers small.

Vab. "i glabra ta; leaves larger broader less pubescent, cyme glabrate. — Malacca?
Maitigay (Kew Distrib. 899).

10. O. Brunonis, W. 4' ^- Frodr. 404; shrubby, branched, quite
glabrous except the puberulous cymes, leaves ovate or ovate- or elliptic- lanceo-

80 Lxxv. EUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [OpMorrhiza.

late acute, stipules subulate, cymes subcorymbose many-flowered rounded, brae-
teoles long linear or filiform deciduous, calyx-teeth subulate, corolla glabrous
tip 6-angled in bud, capsules glabrous.

NiLGHERRY Mts., Wight, &c. CocHiN, JoJinsofi.

The rounded cymes, and numerous long subpersistent bracteoles, are good charac-
ters for the species. Leaves 3-4 in., usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base acute,,
very membranous ; petiole slender. Cyme-pedu7icles \-^ in., longer in fruit. Corolla
i in. long, cylindric, lobes narrow. Capsules crowded, ^ in. diam,

Yar.? J ohnsoni; corolla narrower and longer § in. puberulous. — Cochin, John-
son.

Vab. ? hirsutior, Wight mss. ; branches petioles and cymes densely tomentose. —
Nilgherry Mts., Gardner. — I have seen neither flower nor fruit of this.

11. O. gracilis, Kurz in Jown. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 311 ; annual, erect^
perfectly glabrous, leaves lanceolate with very long slender points, cyme long-
pedu^ncled, branches slender, bracteoles subulate, calyx-teeth minute, corolla- tube-
^ in. terete glabrous.

Tenassebim, Kur2! ; Bibma, Brandis.

I have seen a single specimen only. It is at once distinguished by the very long
slender points of the membranous leaves, which are 5-9 in. long and rather oblique.

12. O. radicans, Gardn. in Thw. Enmn. 139; stems densely tufted
slender creeping, leaves small ovate-cordate or orbicular obtuse glabrous above-
nerves beneath petioles and cymes pubescent, stipules minute subulate, cymes
small few-flowered contracted, bracteoles few subulate, calyx-teeth subulate,,
corolla small, lobes short keeled on the back.

Ceylon ; Central Province, Gardner, Thwaites.

Stems flexuous, a foot long, rooting at every node. Leaves ^~| in. diam. Cyme-
peduncles usually shorter than the leaves, but sometimes longer. Corolla ^-\ in. long*
Fruit not seen.

13. O. oppositiflora, Hook. f. ; stem erect woody and petioles leaf-
nerves beneath and peduncle appressedly rusty-pubescent, leaves ovate-lanceolat&
acute glabrous rather rigid, stipules subulate, cymes terminal and opposite in tha
leaf-axils corymbose many-flowered, bracteoles minute or 0, calyx-teeth lanceolate
obtuse, corolla ^ in. glabrous within and without tubular 5-angled, lobes oblong
obtuse keeled.

Khasia Mts. (tropical ?), C. B. Clarke.

Stem rigid, scabrid, 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-3 in. ; petiole slender. Cymes often in the-
axils of all the 3-5 upper pairs of leaves, f-1 in. diam. ; peduncles slender, ^-1 in. ;
branches erect ; flowers numerous, slender, erect. — A very remarkable species, the-
only one with opposite cymes.

** Bracteoles very slender, persistent or subpersistent. Corolla an inch or more
long, pubescent or hairy, lobes broad acute.

14. O. grandiflora, Wight Ic. t. 1069 ; erect, glabrous except the hairy
corolla, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, stipules minute lanceolate, cymes
contracted, bracteoles very long filiform, calyx-tube ribbed teeth lanceolate,
corolla l-'l^ in. hairy, tube slender funnel-shaped above glabrous within, lobes
large broadly ovate acute, capsules glabrous.

The Carnatic ; Shevagherry hills, Wight.

An erect undershrub. Leaves 5-7 in., membranous, almost caudate- acuminate. .
Cymes 1-1^ in. diam.; peduncles short, ^-1 in.; branches suberect; bracts and
bracteoles ^\ in. Calyx-teeth equalling the tube.
have seen no fruit.

Ophiorrhiza.'] Lxxv. kubiace^, (J. D. Hooker.) 81

16. O. Roxburgrhlana, Wi{fht Ic. t. 1068 ; erect, branches leaf-nerves
beneath and cymes densely pubescent, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate
glabrous, stipules large ovate or ovate-oblong entire or 2-fid, cymes contracted,
bracteoles many linear-subulate, calyx-tube terete, lobes lanceolate, corolla 1-1^
in. pubescent, tube slender funnel-shaped above hairy within^ lobes large broadly
ovate acute, capsule hair3\

The Carnatic ; Shcvagherry or Pulncy hills, Wight.

Similar in habit, stature, foliage and flowers to 0. grandiflora, but the cyme is
longer pedimcled densely pubescent, the calyx-tube terete, bracteoles much shorter, and
capsules hairy. — Wight in his Icones states that this is a native of the Shevagherry
hills, but the ticket on his specimen says Pulney Mts., Sept. 1836.

16. O. eriantha, Wight Ic. t. 1067 ; erect, branches and petioles pubes-
cent or villous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate glabrous above puberulous
on the nerves beneath, stipules subulate-lanceolate equalling the petioles, cymes
villous with long soft hairs contracted, bracteoles filiform caducous, calyx-tube
terete, lobes subulate, corolla 1 in. villous with long soft hairs, tube slender
funnel-shaped above lobes large broadly ovate acute, capsules hairy.

The Cabnatic ; Shevagherry or Travancore hills, Wight.

This resembles both 0. grandiflora and Eoxburghiana, differing from the former
in the stipules, terete calyx, and hairy capsules, and from both in the villous cyme. —
This again is stated by Wight in the Icones to be a native of the Shevagherry hills,
but his specimens bear 2 tickets of Courtallam, one of July, the other of August,
1835.

17. O. hlrsutula, Wight mss.; erect; stem petioles and cymes softly rusty-
tomentose, leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate sparsely hairy above furfuraceous
beneath, stipules subulate-lanceolate, cymes axillary subcorymbose, peduncles
stout, bracteoles very narrow subpersistent, calyx-teeth lanceolate obtuse hispid,
corolla hirsute, tube cylindric.

NiLGHERBY Mts. ; Sisparah, Wight.

Apparently shrubby. Leaves 4-6 in,, scabrid above -when dry, pale and reddish
beneath ; petiole short. Cgme 1 in. diam. ; peduncle 2 in. ; branches spreading ;
bracteoles scattered, pubescent ; flowers few and scattered. Flowers seen in bud only.
Capsule pubescent.

*** Bracteoles linear or oblong, with a distinct midrib, persistent in fruit.
Corolla less than an inch long (except in O. calcarata).

t Bracteoles quite glahrous.

18. O. pectinata* Aim. Pugill. PL Ind. Or. 20; erect, glabrous, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate long-acuminate, stipules subulate from a broad base, cymes
capitate many-flowered, peduncle strict axillary or terminal, bracteoles many
lanceolate glabrous, calyx-teeth subulate, corolla ^ in., tube cylindric, lobes short
keeled villous within. Thw. Enum. 140. O. imbricata, Gardn. mss. O.
Mungos, Wall. Cat. 6227 D. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8356.

Western Peninsula ; Shevagherry hills, Malabar and Quilon, Wight. Ceylon ;
abundant up to 5000 ft., WalJcer, &c.

Stem a foot high, stout, rarely branched, sometimes puberulous upwards. Leaves
4-7 in., variable in breadth, pale beneath, midrib very stout. C^mes globose, ~-l^ in.
diam.; peduncle 1-4 in., glabrous or pubescent, stout or slender; flowers usually
densely compacted, rarely loose and pedicelled ; bracteoles ^ in., green, imbricate.
Capsules i in, diam., glabrous or puberulous.

19. O. pallida, Thw. JEnum. lAO ; procumbent, creeping below, stem and
petioles subtomentose, leaves small elliptic-ovate subacute or acuminate with

VOL. III. G

82 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) lOjyhiorrhim.

short curly hairs on both surfaces, stipules setaceous, cymes contracted long-
peduncled glabrous, bracteoles numerous persistent linear glabrous, calyx-tube
ribbed, teeth lanceolate obtuse, corolla ^ in., lobes very short broadly winged.

Ceylon ; forests of the Ambagamowa district, Thwaites,

A small species, of lax habit, more or less clothed everywhere, except the glabrous
cyme, with short curly hairs. Leaves 1-4 in. Cymes smaller and more lax than in
O. pectinata. — A small, quite creeping form has leaves very broad, not 1 in. long.

20. 0.-8UCcirubra, Kingmss.'^ erect, nearly glabrous throughout, cymes
and leaves beneath red-purple when dry, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate,
stipules lanceolate 2-fid, cymes short-peduncled contracted branches glabrous
or pubescent above, bracteoles large linear-lanceolate persistent glabrous, calyx-
tube broadly trapezoid, teeth triangular obtuse, corolla ^ in. glabrous within,
lobes short keeled, capsules puberulous. Ophiorrhiza 17, Het-b. Ind. Or. H. f.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; in wet forests, alt. 5-8000 ft., J. D. H., Dr. Treutler.

Stem branched, glabrous, or with a line of hairs which runs up the peduncle, and
stout short cyme-branches. Leaves 4-7 in., quite glabrous beneath, with sometimes a
few scattered short hairs aboTe. Cymes 1 in. diam., flat-topped, few- flowered, droop-
ing, then erect ; branches suberect ; bracts veined, exceeding the glabrous capsules.
Calyx puberulous, tube much broader than the pink corolla. Disk-lobes very large. —
Dr. King has attached the mss. name of succirubra to this, no doubt from the colour-
ing of the dried leaf resembling that of Cinchona succirubra.

21. O- Griffitbii, Hook.f. : erect, glabrous, branches fleshy, leaves long-
petioled elliptic acute, upper stipules large coriaceous oblong acute lower lanceo-
late, cymes contracted, bracteoles large linear-lanceolate glabrous, calyx-tube
ribbed, teeth triangular, corolla-tube f in. 6-angled villous within, lobes short
broadly winged. Ophiorrhiza, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 475.

At Kuttack boom in the Naga Hills (Assam), Griffith.

A very fine species, of which I have seen no capsules. Leaves 3-5 in., elliptic and
acute at both ends ; petiole long, 1^-2 in. ; upper stipules ^ in. and upwards. Cymes
nodding on a stout short peduncle ; flowers amongst the largest of the genus, crowded,
purple, fleshy. — The leaves in Griffith's drawing have short thick petioles, but very
slender ones in his 2 specimens.

22. O. Thomsoni, Hooh.f. ; slender, glabrous, stem puberulous creeping
below, leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate subacute glabrous above nerves puberulous
beneath, stipules filiform from a broad basa, cjmes small glabrous on slender
axillary and terminal peduncles, bracteoles narrow persistent glabrous, calyx-
teeth subulate, corolla-limb very broadly funnel-shaped, lobes broadly ovate
acute. 0. rugosa, Herb. Ind. Or. II. f. ^' T.

SiKKiM Himalaya., alt. 4-6000 ft., Herb. Griffith, J. D. H. Sf T. T., &c. ; Bhotan,
alt. 4000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Stem 6-8 in., rooting below. Leaves 2-5 in. ; petiole rather short. Cymes small,
|--| in. diam., branches spreading. Corolla \ in., tube short, soon expanding into the
very broad funnel-shaped limb. Stamens at the base of the tube. Capsules glabrous,
* in. diam.

23. O. lurlda, //ooZ;./. ; stem 0 or short rooting at the base ascending
and petioles and leaf-nerves beneath pubescent, leaves elliptic-oblong obtuse
glabrous above, stipules filiform from a triangular base, cymes long-peduncled
contracted glabrous, bracteoles linear glabrous persistent, calyx-teeth subulate,
corolla \ in., limb funnel-shaped. Ophiorrhiza No. 12, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f.

^O^hiorrJiiza.} Lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) Q3

SiKKiM HixtALAYA^ alt. 3-4000 ft,, Herb. Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2852), J, 2?. H. &
T. r., a B. Clarke.

A small species, with a short copiously rooting stem. Leo.ves ^-3 in,, rather long*
petioled, lurid green both when fresh and dry. Ci/mes ^1 in. ; peduncle slender,
long or short. Corolla § in. white, like that of 0. Thonisoni, but having £v short tube
«oon expanding into a funnel-shaped limb, with (I think winged) ovate lobes. Cap'
^ules glabrous.

24. O. Treutleri, Hook. f. ; herbaceous, pubescent throughout with
crisped hairs, stems stout fleshy erect, leaves elliptic-ovate or lanceolate subcau-
date-acuminate, stipules lanceolate entire or 2-fid, cymes many-flowered on
«hort peduncles hirsute, bracteoles long linear hispid persistent, calyx-teeth
subulate, corolla hirsute, limb funnel-shaped with short spreading broad lobes
glabrous within, capsules pubescent. Ophiorrhiza No. 16, Herh. Ind. Or.
H.f. 8f T.

SiKKiM HiMAiATA, alt. 5-7000 ft., Herh. Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2854), J. D. H. ^•
T. T., Treutler. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft,, J. D. H. ^ T. T., C. B. Clarke.

A low stout species, 6-10 in., with very persistent large stipules. Leaves 2-4 in.,
sometimes almost glabrous above. Cyme-branches stout, ascending ; bracteoles ^ in.
or less, slender, 1-nerved. Corolla pink in Sikkim, white in Khasia.

25. O. fasciculata, JDon Prodr. 136 ;. erect, stem woody below pubes-
cent above as are the petioles leaf-nerves beneath and cymes, leaves elliptic-
ovate or lanceolate glabrous, stipules lanceolate long-acuminate, cymes spreading,
bracteoles many lanceolate pubescent persistent, calyx-tube orbicular compressed,
teeth very short, corolla pubescent, tube slender, lobes small, capsules pubes-
cent. O. bracteolata, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6228. O. villosa. Wall. Cat. 6230 B.

SuBTKOPicAi, Himalaya ; from Gurwhal, alt. 4000 ft., to Sikkim and Bhotan, alt.
4-7000 ft, Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft.

Stem 6-18 in., simple or branched from the woody base. Leaves li-5 in., mem-
branous ; petiole slender. Cymes 1-2 in. diam,, axillary and terminal,"few or many-
fid; bracteoles \ in. Corolla pure white, ^~f in., tube much more slender than in
the allied species, throat very short, lobes oblong.

26. O. hisplda, Hook./. ; stem above petioles and capitate cyme hispid,
leaves elliptic-lanceolate long-acuminate glabrate or with scattered hairs above,
nerves hispid beneath, stipules large oblong-lanceolate, cymes shortly peduncled
dense-flowered subglobose clothed with linear ciliate bracteoles, calyx-teeth
subulate, corolla ^^ in,, tube slender, lobes oblong hispid with long hairs, capsules
hispid. Ophiorrhiza No. 20, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. ^- T.

Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., J. B. H.^^ T. T. Cachar; at Shapore, Keenan.

Stem woody below, ascending, 8-12 in, ; hairs white, stiff, suberect and spreading.
Leaves 3-6 in. Cymes \-'^ in. diam. ; peduncle hispidly hairy; branches very stout;
bracteoles linear, ciliate; flowers greenish-white. Corolla-tube dilated below, nar-
rowing upwards to the spreading lobes.

27. O. subcapitata, Wall. C«^. 6238; softly hairy, stem slender creeping
below, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, stipules ovate acuminate, cymes
small subcapitate on slender peduncles, bracts large lanceolate obtuse ciliate
concealing the flowers, calyx-tube ribbed teeth membranous ovate-lanceolate
ciliate, corolla-tube cylindric, lobes short hispid at the back glabrous within,
capsules glabrous.

Khasia Mts., alt, 3-4000 ft,, Gomez, &c.

Ste7n long, slender, creeping below, ascending. Leaves 2-6 in., softly hairy, espe-
cially beneath. Cymes i-f in. diam. ; bracteoles pinkish when dry ; flowers very
small, pedicelled. Ovary globose. Corolla glabrous, except the bristly back of the
lobes.

o 2

§# I.XXY, KUBiACEiE. (J. J). Hooker.) [OpJiiorrMza^

I 2$. O. calcarata, Hook. f. ; stem slender creeping below and petioles
leaf-nerves beneath and cymes softly pubescent, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acumi-
nate glabrous above, stipules lanceolate entire or 2-fid, cymes contracted,
bracteoles linear pubescent, calyx-teeth lanceolate, corolla f-1 in. hairy tubular,
lobes very short each with a long spur at the back. Musssenda repens. Wall.
Cat 6263. Ophiorrhiza No. 19, Herh. Ind. Or. H.f. 8)- T,

Khasia Mts, alt. 4-5000 ft., Gomez, Griffith. &c. (Kew Distrib. 2783.) Mishmi
HiLis, alt. 4000 ft., Griffith.

Stem 10-18 in., floxuous. Leaves 2-4 in., lurid green above, pale beneath. Cymes
8-20 flowered; branches short ascending; bracteoles much shorter than the flowers,
linear, pubescent. Corolla-tube narrow, puberulous or tomentose, pink or white, throat
hardly dilated ; lobes erect, much shorter than their recurved hispid dorsal spur,
glabrous within. Fruit not seen.

29. O. nutans, C. B. Clarke-, stem erect and cymes rough with crisped
hairs, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate glabrous above or with scattered.
hairs, nerves pubescent beneath, stipules large subulate-lanceolate ciliate entire-
or 2-fid, cymes contracted peduncle very stout deflexed, bracteoles large lan-
ceolate or linear-oblong ciliate, calyx-teeth ovate acute, corolla § in. villous-
within tubular glabrous, lobes short broad, capsule hispid.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 7000 ft., Dr. Treutlcr. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-8000 ft., C. B.
Clarke.

Stem creeping below, then erect. Leaves S-5 in., lurid when dry. Cyme 1-2 in,,
diam., flat-topped ; branches thick, suberect ; bracteoles half as long as the flowers,.
Calyx-tube globose, hispid, teeth glabrous. Corolla tubular, dilated at the base, nar-
rowing upwards, white.

30. O. pauciflora, Hook.f. ; stem extensively creeping slender pubescent
as are the petioles leaf-nerves beneath and cymes, leaves ovate obtuse or subacute
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above, stipules small filiform, cymes small
contracted few-flowered, bracteoles linear ciliate persistent, calyx-teeth lanceolate
obtuse, corolla \ in. funnel-shaped, tube glabrous, lobes very short broad hispid
at the back. Ophiorrhiza No. 18, Herh. Ind. Or. H.f. ^ f.

Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. ^ T. T., C. B. Clarke.

A small, slender, prostrate species. Leaves f-2 in., lurid green. Cymes lax, \-^
in. diam. ; branches erect, 3-4-fiowered ; bracteoles half as long as the flowers. Calyx
pubescent, teeth longer than the compressed tube. Fruit not seen,

31. O. grleclioniaefolia, Thw. Enum. 140; small, creeping, hispidly
pubescent or tomentose throughout, leaves broadly elliptic or orbicular-ovate
apiculate, stipules obscure, cymes small contracted hispid, bracteoles linear
ciliate persistent, calyx-lobes membranous ovate-lanceolate ciliate much larger
than the minute ovary, corolla — iii*

Ceylon ; in forests of the central province, Thwaites.

The smallest of the Indian species ; branches creeping nearly throughout their
length, rather stout. Leaves ^-\ in. diam., lurid green, sometimes almost cordate,
very hairy on both surfaces. Cymes \-^ in. diam. ; peduncle slender, longer or shorter
than the leaves ; flowers pedicel led, white.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

0. BRUBESCENS, Wall. Cat. 6233 ; stem woody, scaberulous, leaves 4-6 in. elliptic-
or ovate-lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous above whitish and pube.rulous beneath,
flowers not seen.

AvA ; Chappedong hills, Wallich.

I^arophiorrlbiza.'] Lxxv. kUBiACEJ]. (J.D.Hooker.) ^5

26. PAROPIZXOSXtUZZA, C. B. Clarke,

A very small villous herb ; branches round ; habit altogether of Ophiorrhiza.
Leaves opposite, petioled ; stipules deciduous. Cymes axillary, long-peduncled,
►ultimately ebracteolate ^, flowers small, scattered. Capsule widely-obovate,
vdivaricate, two-horned at the summit, dehiscent as in Ophiorrhiza. Seeds very
many, black, spherical, covered with raised points.

This genus closely resembles Ophiorrhiza and Tolyura, but the seeds are altogether
-different ; the cymes are not clearly secund.

1. P. kbaslana, C. B. Clarke.

Khasia Mts. ; Churra Coal Hill, alt. 4200 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Woody stem, very short ; annual flowering branches decumbent, short. Leaves 2 J
^by 1 in., oblong, narrowed at each end, not very acute ; petiole \ in. Peduncles 1-2^
in, CapstUe ^ by | in. — Described from Mr. Clarke's mss.

27. CA&ZiZSBIAKNZA, Benth,

Branched herbs. Leaves obliquely elliptic, crenate-sen-ate ; stipules of minute
iuterpetiolar teeth. Floicers small, white, yellowish or pink, in terminal
peduncled cymes. Calyx-tube subglobose; lobes 4-5, unequal, persistent.
Corolla tubular ; lobes 4-5, short, subequal, subimbricate in bud. Stamens 2,
in the middle of the tube, filaments short, flattened ; anthers dehiscing laterally
included. Disk 2-4-lobed or -parted. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma
<jlavate 2-fid ; ovules numerous, on basal ascending placentas. Capsule mem-
branous, more or less pyramidal and 4-lobed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seexls minute, ovoid, testa smooth or reticulated, adhering to the
^igranular or horny albumen ; embryo microscopic. — Distrib. Indian.

1. C. Griffitbii, Benth. in Hook. Keio Journ. v. 308 ; cymes glabrous or
puberulous, bracteoles and calyx-teeth small, capsule obscurely pyramidal 4-
iobed.

Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 2-6000 ft. Khasia Mrs., alt.
.2-5000 ft., Griffith, &c.

A tall branched herb, glabrous except the cymes. Leaves 3-5 in., caudate -acumi-
nate, membranous, serrate ; petiole \-^ in. Cymes open, panicled or corymbose, 1-1^
an. diani. ; bracteoles y^ in., linear ; flowers yellow, g- in. Calyx-tube globose ; lobes
linear-oblocg, obtuse. Corolla-limb narrowly funnel-shaped; lobes small, rounded.
^Capsules ^ in. diam.

2. C. cong'esta, Hook. f. in Herb. Ind. Or. ; cymes sparsely hispid,
bracteoles large oblong ciliate, calyx-teeth oblong-lanceolate ciliate much larger
than the ovary, capsule broadly pyramidal sparsely hispid.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 4-7500 ft., J. D. H. 4' T. T., C. B. Clarke.

Foliage and habit of C. Griffithii, but leaves sparsely hairy on both surfaces, cymes
often dense-flowered with large bracteoles, calyx quite difi'erent, corolla sparsely his-
yid, larger, more funnel-shaped, with larger lobes.

3. G. tetrag-ona, jHoo/c. /. ; cymes pubescent, branches elongate slender
with subsessile secund flowers, bracteoles minute, calyx-teeth linear erect much
longer than the ovary, capsule broadly pyramidal and stellately 4-lobed.

MiSHMi Hllls; in shaded cultivated places, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2841).

Apparently a prostrate shrub rooting at the nodes, with ascending pubescent
branches. Leaves 1-2^ in , with scattered pubescence on both surfaces. Cyme-branches
1-2 in., suberect, yery slender, bearing on one side distant single or pairs of shortly

85 XXXV. EUBUCEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Silviantliu9^

pedicelled flowers \ in. long. Corolla pubescent. Capsules ^ in. diam., broader thaa
long, much contracted at the tip, base flattened ; lobes 4, stellately spreading. Seeds
reticulate.— A \ery remarkable species.

28, SXXiVXAXfTXUS, SooJc,/.

A glabrous branched shrub. Leaves broad, irregularly toothed ; stipules 0;
Flowers rather large, purplish, in subsessile dense-flowered opposite axillary
cymes ; bracts oblong, obtuse. Calyx-tube obconic ; lobes 5, rarely 4, subfolia-
ceous, unequal, enlarging after flowering, persistent. Corolla funnel-shapedi,
tube hairy within ; lobes 5, short, orbicular, papillose, induplicate-valvate with
plaited sinuses. Disk large, conic. Stamens 2 in the corolla-tube, filaments-
short ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; style long, stigma spindle-shaped ;
ovules many, on globose placentas attached to the septum. Fimit fleshy, 2-ceUed,
dehiscing from the top to the base between the calyx-lobes into 5 valves, an(i
exposing the many-seeded placentas. Seeds rather large, imbricate, obliquely
oblong, testa spongy ; embryo minute, in fleshy albumen.

1. S. bracteatus, Hooh. f. Ic PL t. 1048. Psychotria, JVall. Cat,
8367.

SiLHET and Cachar, De Silva, Griffith, &c.

8te7n stout, 2-3 ft., branched, woody. Leaves 6-10 in., elliptic, acuminate, mem-
branous ; petiole 1-3 in. Cymes 1-2 in, diam., broader in fruit. Corolla ^ in. long,
white. Fruit ^ in. diam., crowned with the enlarged membranous or subcoriaceous
calyx-lobes.

Tbibe V. musshindbh:.

29. MVSSSSNDA, Limi,

Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs, erect or climbing. Leaves opposite or
3-nately whorled j stipules solitary or in pairs between the petioles. Flowers
yellow scarlet or rarely white, in terminal cymes ; bracts and oracteoles decidu-
ous. Calyx-tube oblong or tm-biuate ; lobes 5, usually deciduous, one frequently
forming a large petioled white or coloured leaf. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped
above, tube usually silky, throat villous ; lobes 6, valvate in bud with everted
margins. Stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla or lower down, filaments very
short; anthers linear. Ovar?/ 2-celled ; style filiform, stigmas 2 linear; ovules-
numerous, on peltate fleshy placentas. Berry fleshy and areolate at the top,
many-seeded. Seeds minute, testa pitted ; embryo minute, in dense fleshy
albumen. — Distkib. Species about 40, tropical African, Asiatic, and Polynesian.

It is a -very difficult thing to assign limits to the species of this genus, and more
80 to define them.

* FlotDers solitary ; calyx-teeth all similar, none white and leaf-like.

1. ZMC. uniflora, Wall. Cat. 6264 ; hairy, stem very slender prostrate and
ascending, leaves small ovate subacute or obtuse, flowers solitary, calyx hirsute
teeth subulate equalling the ovary, corolla hairy, tube slender, lobes large oblong
lanceolate. Acranthera uniflora, Kurz in Jown. As. Soc. 1872. ii. 312 ; 1877,.
ii. 160.

Mabtaban and Tbnasserim ; at Tavoy, Gomez ; Moulmein, Parish, &c*

Stem 6-10 in., simple or branched, terete. Leaves subsessile or petioled, 1-1 4 in.,

Tfrith scattered hairs on both surfaces. Flowers sessile or peduncled, terminal or axil-.

lary. Corolla nearly 1 in. long, and as much across the subacute membranous lobes^.

w:hite. Berry ellipsoid, hirsute, with a few calyx-teeth remaining.

MusscBiida.'] Lxxv. rubiace^:. (J.D.Hooker.) 87

** Floicers in cymes) calyx-teeth persistent till the fruit is ripe,

2. M. Roxburgrbll, Hooh. f. ; erect, stem hairy above, leaves short-
petioled oblong-lanceolate glabrous above, stipules triangular-lanceolate, cymes
very dense many-flowered crinite from the filiform hairy calyx-teeth, corolla
silky, tube narrow, lobes very small with filiform tips, berries glabrous, crowned
with the calyx-lobes. M. corymbosa. Wall. Cat. 6252 A. B. in part, 0. D. in
part. ? M. corymbosa, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 58. ? M. pubescens. Wall. Cat. 6257
B. M. frondosa. Wall. Cat. 6260 E. ? and 0. in part. Mussaenda, No. 18 and
19, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.

Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 1-4000 ft., Herb. Griff. (Kew
Distrib. 2780), J. D. H., &c. Khasia Mrs., Gomez, &c. ; alt. 3-4000 ft., J, D. H. ^
T. T» Cachar, Keenan. Chittagono, J. D. U. Sf T.T. ? Arracan and TBNAssEiajr,
Kurz.

This is tho M. corymbosa of the Calcutta Gardens, and of Roxburgh, according to
Wallich, but is certainly not the plant described under that name by Roxburgh in the
Flora Indica, which has " ovate-lanceolate bracts," and ovate pointed lobes of the
corolla, which are " convex and villous above," and which is stated to be a native of
Ceylon and Malabar. There is, however, on one of Wallich's sheets of this plant a
single specimen of a plant, also from the Calcutta Gardens, which agrees better with
Roxburgh's description, having large convex pubescent corolla-lobes, and which prob-
ably does not differ from the M. frondosa of Malabar and Ceylon. M. RoxburgJdi is
best known by its dense cyme, long tube and small limb of the corolla, with a filiform
tip ; the leaves are always glabrous above, and the fruit globose and glabrous ; the
large white calycine leaf is always glabrous. Wallich's 6257 B, a Calcutta Garden
plant, is certainly not pubescens, and has the filiform corolla-lobes of M. Roxburghii,
but differs in the branches clothed with spreading hairs. There are two varieties of
M. Eoxburghii.

Var. 1 ; branches nearly glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate 4-6 by 2 in., and
bracts and flowers silky. — Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong.

Var. 2 ; branches more or less villous above, leaves longer petioled broader and
more membranous elliptic 6-12 in., bracts and flowers villous. — Nipal, Sikkim, Khasia
Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft.

3. M. Incana, Wall in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. Sf Carey, ii. 229 ; Cat.
5256 ; stem erect subsimple softly tomentose or villous as are the leaves beneath
and cymes, leaves shortly petioled ovate subacute hairy above white beneath,
calyx-teeth filiform twice as long as the ovary, corolla silky, lobes ovate acumi-
nate, berry globose with subpersistent calyx-teeth. DC. Prodr, iv. 371. M.
pubescens, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6267.

Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallicli, ; Sikkim, alt. 2-4000 ft.. Herb. Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 2781, 2782), J. D. H. Assam; Sukanugur and Goalpara, Hamilton. Khasia
Mts., alt. 2000 ft., Griffith, J. B. H Sf T.T.

Stem erect, simple and herbaceous or branched, 2-3 ft., covered with soft shining
appressed hairs. Leaves 5-6 in., stiff, rounded or acute at the base, nerves many and
strong ; stipules tapering from a broad base, bifid. Cymes small, subsessile. Leafy
white calyx-lobe pubescent. Corolla f in. long ; tube slender. Berries at first hairy,
then glabrous ; areola small.

4. M. KiOenaxil, Hoolc f. ; subherbaceous, very robust, leaves petioled
broadly elliptic acuminate coriaceous densely tomentose beneath, nerves very
strong, stipules very broadly ovate acuminate, cymes dense-flowered glabrous or
pilose crinite with the filiform calyx-teeth, corolla glabrous, tube slender, lobes
small ovate-lanceolate acuminate.

Cachar ; on the margins of flats, &c., Keenan.

A remarkable plant, described by its finder as herbaceous, large and robust in all

88 Lxxv. RUBiACE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) IMusscenda,

its parts, and flowering later than the other Cachar species. It may bo a form of 3/.
incana or Roxhurghii, hut if so it is a remarkable one. — Stem as thick as the little
finger, pubescent above. Leaves 8-12 by 4-6 in., thick and leathery, quite glabrous
above, abruptly acuminate ; petiole ^-2 in., very robust ; stipules ^-§ by \ in.,
leather}', hairy, erect or recurved. Cymes 2-3 in. diam., almost capitate, on stout
peduncles. Calyx-teeth ^ in. Corolla nearly 1 in. long. Buds obtuse (without subu-
late points).

5. ZIE. toxnentosa, Wight in IVall. Cat. 6265 ; erect, shrubby, branches
and leaves on both surfaces densely clothed with velvety tomentum, leaves all
petioled ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate acute or obtuse white beneath, stipules
narrow 2-fid, cymes sessile contracted, bracts and caljx-teeth elongate subulate
twice as long as the ovary, corolla velvety, tube 1 in., limb 1^ in. diam., lobea
broad acute, berry puberulous crowned with the long calyx-teeth. 7F. 8f A,
Prodr. 394 ?

Cabnatic ; Ginger Hills, amongst masses of rock in shade. Herb. Wight.

Lraves 3-5 in., narrowed into the petiole. Cym£S with no leafy white calyx-lobes.
— A very distinct species, badly described by Wight and Arnott as hirsutely villous,
the pubescence being singularly soft, velvety and close, more so than in any other
species. It resembles in some respects var. 2 of M. frondosa, but is distinguished by
the dense soft pubescence, the much larger flowers, and persistent calyx-teeth. It is
not the M. iomentosa of Wight's own Herbarium, No. 1271, which is var 7 of M.
frondosa, and from which possibly the description in the Prodromus is taken ; there
is, however, a specimen of this in Wight's own Herbarium, marked in mss. 1271 A.

6. M. Wallicbll, G. Bon Gm. tSgst. iii. 490 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic
ovate or lanceolate acuminate nerves beneath pubescent, stipules long gradually
narrowed from the base entire or 2-fid, cymes glabrous, bracts subulate, calyx-
teeth half as long as the elongate ovary or longer, corolla quite glabrous, tube
slender, lobes narrow finelv acuminate, berries subglobose with persistent calyx-
teeth. M, lougifolia, TFall. Cat. 6258. M. glabra, Wall. Cat. 6251 A. in part.
M. Jelinckii, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1876, ii. 135.

Eangoox, Wallich, McLelland ; and Tei> asserim, at Tavoy, Gomez. Great Nico,-

BAR ISLAKD, JelitlcJc.

Branches robust. Leaves in small specimens 4-5 by 2 in., elliptic, sometimes
broadly, in larger ones much longer, 12 by 4|^ in., usually abruptly or caudately acu-
minate, rather membranous, quite glabrous above; stipules narrow, |—^ in., persistent,
erect. Cymes lax-flowered, quite glabrous, as are the white calycine leaves. Corolla-
tube 1 in. ; lobes ^ in., glabrous. — Very variable in foliage, and sometimes approaching
M. glabra, but the cymes are al-ways glabrous and the calyx-teeth persistent.
Kurz's Nicobar specimen {M. Jelinckii) has very small calyx-teeth and obliquely ob-
lanceolate very membranous leaves, with slender petioles, very like those of M»
Griffithii, wliicli differs in the silky corolla.

7. Its. G-riffitliil, Wight tnss. in Herb. ; branches with stiflf appressed
hairs, leaves petioled 12 by 3 in. obliquely oblanceolate finely acuminate very
membranous, midrib and very slender nerves beneath hairy, petiole slender 1-2
in., stipules 2-fid villous, cymes sessile with several short hispid dense-flowered
branches crinite with the filiform bracts and calyx-teeth which latter are twice
as long as the ovary and persistent in the young fruit, corolla 1 in., tube
slender silky, lobes narrow acuminate, berries ovoid glabrous.

Tenasserim; Mergui, Griffith. .

The only specimen I have seen is in Wight's Herbarium, and the leaves entirely
resemble those of M. Jelinckii, but the corolla is densely silky, and the calyx-teeth
very long, as in M. BoxlnirgJiii and in pavettcpfolia, which has a glabrous corolla.
The white calycine leaves are 2-3 in. long, ovate-lanceolate with very long points.

Musscenda.l txxv. eubiace;e. (J. D. Hooker.) 89

. *** Floicers in cymes, calyx-teeth deciduous almost immediately after Jlo\vering»

8. US. macropliylla, Wall, in JRoxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 4' Wall. ii. 228 ;
erect or subscandent, branches leaves beneatli and cymes hirsute or villous, leaves
short-petioled broadly elliptic acute^ bracts and calyx-lobes foliaceous oblanceo-
late obtuse caducous, corolla lobes orbicular apiculate, berries haiiy. Wall. PI.
As. Rar. ii. 77, t. 180; Cat. 6295; Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 24; DC. Prodr. iv. 370.
M. hispida, Don Prodr. 139 ; DC. I. c. M. calycina, Wall. Cat. 6253 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 58. M. frondosa, Wall. Cat. 6250 A.

Tropical Himalaya; Nipal, WalUch. Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H. ^
T. T., C. B. Clarke. Pegu and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kurz. Malay
Peninsula, Maingay (Kew Distrib. %Zb1l2 and ? 941). — Distrib. Ava, Philippine
Islands.

Usually a subscandent shrub ; branches stout ; hairs mfous when dry. Leaves
4-10 by 2-3^ in., slightly hairy above; stipules acute or 2-lid, broad, recurved.
Cymes short-peduneled, often 3-chotonious ; flowers crowded ; bracts large, laciniate.
Calyx-Iohes ^-f in., nerves parallel, leafy -white lobe 2-5 in. Corolla 1 in., tube hir-
sute, lobes orange, throat villous. Berries broadly ellipsoid, ^ in. long ; areole very
broad. — Kurz distinguishes M. calycina as a scandent shrub with lanceolate calyx-
teeth \ in. long, and corolla-lobes \ as long as the corolla- tube, from M. macrophylla^
which is a large shrub, or small tree, with calyx-teeth ^-\ in. and corolla-lobes nearly
^ as long as the corolla-tube ; but his macrophylla is not the Wallichian plant of that
name, and is, I think, M. frondosa, var. 6.

9. 1^. frondosa, Linn.; DC. Prodr. iv. 370; glabrate tomentose or
hirsute, leaves sessile or petioled elliptic oblong or ovate acuminate, stipules long
or short often 2-fid, cymes contracted or open softly silkily tomentose, bracts and
caducous calyx-lobes elongate-lanceolate much longer than the ovary, corolla
pubescent silky or hirsute, lobes broadly ovate acute or acuminate, berries ob-
ovoid glabrous, areole broad. Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 657 ; Wall. Cat. 6250 in part ;
Wight III. t. 124; Dalz. 8,- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Ill; Bedd. Fl. Syh. Anat. Gen.
xvi. f. 3. M. flavescens and M. Dorinia, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xiv. 203.
M. formosa, Linn. Mant. 338. M. villosa, Wall. Cat. 6254. ? M. corjTnbosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 656. M. zeylanica, Bu7'in. Fl. Zeyl. 165, t. 76. — Rheede Hort,
Mai. ii. t. 18.

Tropical Himalaya, from Nipal enstward ; Assam, Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft. ;
Andaman Islands, Kurz. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. —
Distrib. Malay Islands.

It is difficult to limit this species, which passes into M. glabra on the one hand,-
and almost into M. macrophylla on the other; and quite impossible to define its varie-
ties, which may be approximately diagno'feed as follows.

Var. 1 . zcylanica ; branches leaA'es on l)Oth surfaces especially beneath and cymes
Velvety, leaves sessile or shortly petioled 3-6 in. abruptly acuminate, base acute
rarely rounded, stipules short and broa'3, cymes tomentose, bracteoles and calyx-lobes
^-| in. lanceolate not twice the length of the ovary, white leafy lobe orbicular elliptic
or cordate pubescent, corolla-tube densely tomentose, limb quite obtuse in bud, lobes
short broad subacute. — Ceylon only. — I have not seen the berries, which Vahl (under
M. glabra) states to be hairy.

Var. 2. ingrata; branches leaves and cymes velvety, very like those of var. 1,
stipules short and broad, cymes contracted crinite from the long lanceolate sub-
setaceous bracts and calycine lobes which are i-§ in. long, greatly exceeding the
ovary, corolla as in var. 1 but limb with 5 points in bud. — Wall. Cat. 6250 F. ; Wight
Cat. 1267. M. ingrata, Wall.'i

Var. 3. laxa ; branches stipides and cymes finely densely tomentose, loaves all
petioled broadly elliptic rounded at the base with fine short appressed hairs, stipules
short 2-fid, cymes very open lax-flowered, bracteoles and calyx-teeth as in var. 2 but
spreading, corolla as in var. 2. — Quillon, Wight.

90 Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [MtossoBncla,

Vab. 4. glabrata ; branches glabrous or with scattered spreading hairs, leaves all
petioled broadly or narrowly elliptic glabrous or sparingly hairy beneath or on both
surfaces, stipules sometimes very narrow, cymes open with long bracts and calyx-
teeth as in var. 3, corolla-tube silky, lobes apiculate as in var. 3. — Wall. Cat. 6250
A. C. Gr., oil for the most part ; Wight Cat. 1269, 1270 (a form with lanceolate white
calycine leaf). — The common Western Peninsula form. Fruit hairy in a specimen.
from Stocks.

Vab. 5. grandifolia ; branches with spreading hairs, leaves all petioled 6-12 in,
often almost as broad, elliptic abruptly acuminate membranous glabrous above acute
at both ends more or less pubescent on the nerves beneath, stipules broad 2-fid,.
cymes large contracted, bracts and calyx-teeth lanceolate broader than in the southern
forms, flowers larger, buds with 5 points, corolla-limb broad acuminate. — Nipal,
Wall. Cat. 6250 E.; Sikkim, alt. 2-6000 ft., J. D. H., Treuiler; Assam, Jenkins,
Griffith', Khasia Mts., 2-5000 ft., J. B, H, ^ T. T. ? M. macrophylla, Ktirz For. FL
ii. 67, not of Wallich. — This approaches forms of M. Boxhurghii, but has a much
larger flower and broader bracts and calyx -teeth, which latter are deciduous. Large
calycine white leaf sometimes 6 by 4 in.

Var. 6. hirsutissima ; branches cymes petioles and leaves on both surfaces hirsute
with often shaggy hairs, leaves subsessile 2-3 rarely 4 in. broadly ovate-elliptic
rarely elliptic-lanceolate, stipules short, cymes shortly stoutly peduncled contracted
few-flowered, bracts and calyx-lobes ^-f in. broadly lanceolate, flowers very large, co*
rolla hirsute often 1^ in. long and 1 in. across the lobes, tube slender or very broad
sometimes i in. diam. at the base and slightly contracted above it, lobes broad
apiculate, berry large globose, leafy calyx-lobe often absent cordate. — M. frondosa^
Wall. Cat. 6250 H. {fro7n Herb. Heyne); var. fi. Wight Cat. 1268. M. tomentosa,
Wight Cat. 1271 {not of Wallich). M. villosa, Schlecht. in PI. Hohenack. N. 1382.
Nilgherry, Pulney, Shevaroy, and Shevaghery hills, Wight; Goncan, alt. 6-8000 ft.,
C. B. Clarke, who remarks that the broader flowers are injured by insects, and have
the corolla-tube within glabrous below the throat and larger disk -glands ; a similar
state is also recorded from Java. — Probably a distinct species, but it appears to pass
into forms of frondosa.

10. nC. variolosa, Wall. Cat. 6259; scandent, hispid with spreading
rufous hairs, leaves subsessile lower petioled ovate or oblong or obovate-oblong"
acuminate, stipules small, cymes small 2-3-chotomoiis, calyx-teeth equalling-
the ovary or shorter deciduous in fruit, corolla-tube slender glabrate or hirsute,
lobes small broad not pointed, berries broadly obovoid. G. Don Gen. Syst. iii.
490 ; Kurz For, Fl. ii. m.

Tenasseeim, Pegu, and Auracan, common, Wallich, Heifer, &c. (Kew Distrib.
2777.)

Apparently a slender climbing species. Leaves membranous hairy on both sur-
facee or glabrate above, upper sessile 3-4 by 1:|— 2 in,, lower often more elongate and
narrowed into a slender petiole, rarely all petioled. Cymes generally rather open
with spreading branches and pedicelled flowers, sometimes dense. Flowers small for
the genus. Calyx-teeth very variable, sometimes elongate after flowering ; leafy white
one small 2 in. long, orbicular or broadly elliptic, obtuse, glabrous or puberulous,
Berries glabrous, small, sometimes covered with broad pale warts.

11. XII. grlabra, Vahl Symh. iii. 38; a rambling or climbing almost
glabrous shrub, leaves shortly petioled elliptic or oblong acuminate, nerves
beneath often hairy, stipules small simple or 2-fid, cymes glabrous or sparsely
appressed-hairy branched, bracts and calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate shorter
or longer (never twice as long) as the ovary early deciduous after flowering,
corolla-tube 1 in. very slender glabrous or with appressed hairs, lobes very short
acute, berries globose glabrous. DC. Prodr. iv. 370; Wall. Cat. 6251; Xurz
For. Fl. ii. 56. M. penangensis, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 214. M. frondosa^
Wall. Cat. 6250, B. and E. both in part.

Miisscenda.'] Lxxv. rubuceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 91

KiPAL and Sjkkim Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft. ;
Cachah, Chittagong, Tenasserim (Heifer, KewDistrib. 2778; Griffith, 2775, 2776);
SiNGAPOKR ; Malacca {Maivgay, Kew Distrib. 834 ; Griffith, 2779) and Penang. —
DisTRiB. Malay Islands.

The very glabrous habit, rather coriaceous leaves, smaller calyx-teeth, long slender-
hairy (rarely glabrate) corolla-tube, and small broad acute corolla-lobes, distinguish
this from its allies. The leaves do not exceed 5 inches in length ; the calycine ^vhite•
leaf is never more than 3 in. long, very broad obtuse and glabrous ; the calyx-teeth
vary from quite minute to almost twice as long as the ovary ; the berries are some-
times mottled as in M. variolosa.

Vab. 1 ; leaves narrowed at the base glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath,
calyx-teeth subulate about equalling the ovary. — From Sikkim and Bhotan to^
Chittagong.

Vah. 2 ; leaves narrowed at the base glabrous or softly pubescent beneath,
'Calyx-teeth lanceolate longer than the ovary. — ^Malacca and Singapore.

Vak. 3 ; leaves acute or rounded at the base quite glabrous, calyx-teeth equalling
or shorter than the ovary. — Tenasserim (fruit not seen).

Vab. 4 ; leaves usually obtuse or rounded at the base setulose on the midrib-
above. M. setulosa, Klotzsch in Monatsb. Berlin. Akad. 1853, 510. — Pegu to Penang.

IMPKRFBCTLY KNOTVX AND DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

M. coRDiFOLiA, Wall. Cat. 6260 ; glabrous, branches woody, leaves subsessilfr
ovate-cordate rather coriaceous, fruiting cyme often sparsely hairy, berries obovoid
glabrous areola large without calyx-teeth. — Penang, Wallich,

M. MACROPHYLLA, Kurz Herb. (? of For. Fl. ii. 57, not of Wallich); branches gla-
brous, leaves 7-10 by 3-4^ in. broadly elliptic or obovate acuminate very membra-
nous, nerves beneath hairy, petiole ^-1 in., stipules subulate-lanceolate hairy, cymes
silky, flowers crowded, calyx-lobes "much longer than the ovary and bracteoles lan-
ceolate, corolla hirsute (in bud only), large white calycine leaf 4-6 in. long glabrous. — •
A small tree, South Andaman Island, Kurz. Probably a form of M. j'rondosa, var. 5.

M. PAVETTJEFOLiA, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 57; branches tomentose, leaves 10-12 in.
shortly petioled oblanceolate caudate-acuminate very membranous glabrous a])ove
pubescent on the nerves beneath, stipules broadly triangular acuminate, cymes small
axillary and terminal very shortly peduncled villous, calyx-teeth filiform hairy longer
than the ovary, corolla (in bud) quite glabrous. — Pegu, at Tonkyeghat, Kurz.

M. PABVA, Wall. Cat. 6261 ; G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 491 ; stem very slender scau-
dent, sparsely hairy as are the leaves beneath, and sometimes above, leaves 2 in.,
subsessile lanceolate subacute, stipules small, cymes subsessile contracted villous,
bracts and calyx-teeth subulate much longer than the ovary, corolla 1 in., tube very
slender appressed-pubescent, lobes small acute. — This, from its slender habit and
foliage, appears distinct from any described species. — A single specimen from Tavoy.

M. viLLOSA, Wall. Cat. 6254 ; climbing, branches and leaves beneath almost
hispid with spreading rufous hairs, leaves 3-4 in. subsessile ovate or elliptic with
scattered hairs above finally glabrate abruptly acuminate, cymes with spreading-
hispid branches and appressed hirsute bracts and calyx-teeth which are lanceolate
and much longer than ovary, corolla |-§ in., tube very slender with appressed hairs,
lobes small broadly ovate not apiculate. — Penang, Wallich, Phillips. — This resembles
a very hairy M. glabra, or a form of variolosa, but the bracts and calyx-teeth are
much longer ; the flowers are smaller than in any form oi frondosa.

M. CORYMBOSA, Roxb. HoTt. BeuQ. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 556; V. # A. Prodr. 393.— This,
is a Calcutta garden plant of Eoxburgh's, which he states to be a native of Malabar
and Ceylon, and to differ from M. frondosa in being glabrous, amongst other
characters. No Ceylon or Malabar plant known to me answers to his description, or
to a figure of a Calcutta Garden plant which bears this name in a collection of draw-
ings at Kew made for Dr. Roxburgh (not the Roxbui^hian drawings cited by W. & A.)i.
Wallich's M. corymbosa, Eoxb. 6252, consists of two plants, of which one (A. B. ia
part, C. and D.), from the Khasia Mts. and Nipal, differs wholly from Roxburgh's
description, and is that I have called Roxburghii; the others (B. in part and D. in
part, both from Calcutta Garden) do agree with his description and drawing in tha

t)2 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Musscenda,

glabpousness of the corolla and the very large stipules. I have seen neither of these
last in fruit, or from their native locality ; they may be forms of the protean M.

J'rondosa. Wight and Arnott refer Roxbxirgh's drawing marked M. frondosa (from
the Indian Museum collection) to M. coryinhosa, Eoxb., I do not know on what autho-
rity. M. corymbosa hence remains a doubtful pbmt, allied to M. Roxhurghii, differ-
ing in the very large persistent stipules, and large glabrous flowers with broad not
flppendaged corolla-lobes. As Roxburgh does not describe the calyx-teeth as per-
sisting on the berry it may be assumed that they are caducous, as in M. frondosa.

M. cuNEiFOLtA, Don Prodr, 139; branches and cuneate^obloug acuminate leaves
on both surfaces pubescent, bracts lanceolate, calyx-teeth linear acute 5 times shorter

.than the corolla. — Nipal, Wallich. This is probably M. incana, but the description
applies as well to M. frondosa, Eoxburghii, glabra, and macrophylla, all Nipalese
species.

80. ACRANTKERA,^m.

Hairy herbs or low imdershrubs. Leaver large, membranous, stipules
triangular. Floioers blue, in sessile or stoutly peduncled subterminal bracteate
cymes. Calyx-tube oblong; segments 5, usually very long and persistent.
Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped, hairy without 3 lobes short, valvate in bud
with everted margins. Stamens 5, included within the tube, filaments filiform ;
anthers included, cohering in a tube, pointed and spurred at their tips. Ovary
1-celled; style filiform, stigma clavate furrowed; ovules numerous, on 2 parietal
2-lamellate placentas. Berry oblong or fusiform, 2-celled, many seeded. Seeds
minute, subglobose, testa crustaceous pitted ; embryo clavate, in dense albumen.
^ — D18TEIB. Species 10, Indian and Malayan.

1. A. Zaaing'ayi, Hooh. f. ; stem slender woody, leaves elliptic abruptly
acuminate glabrous, cymes terminal, calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, corolla-tube
very slender tomentose, lobes ovate-lanceolate.

Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 940).

Stcjn branched. Leaves 5-7 by 2|^-4: in., very membranous, base acute or rounded,
petiole slender ; stipules triangular-lanceolate, 2 -fid. Cy;«c5 sub sessile. Calyx-lobes
■\\n., puberulous, acute, deciduous. Corolla-tube l\ in., throat not swollen; limb
l-]-l^ in. diam., divided nearly to the base into pubescent lobes. Berry \ in., ellip-
soid, 2-celled, areolate, not crowned by the calyx-lobes.

2. A. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; stem slender woody, branchlets and petioles
silky, leaves broadly elliptic abruptly acuminate finely pubescent beneath,
cymes terminal, calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, corolla-tube very slender tomen-
tose, lobes lanceolate acuminate.

Easterk Himalaya, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3089).

This so closely resembles A. Maingayi that I doubt its locality being correct ; it
differs in the silky branchlets and petioles, the much longer narrower caljx-lobes
-:j in. long, and the larger corolla with the limb 1\ in. diam. with lanceolate lobes,
■Jind the throat dilated and cylindrical.

3. A. tomentosa, Br. in Wall. Cat. 8398 (Androtropis) ; hirsutely
tomentose, stem very stout, leaves elliptic or oblanceolate acute hirsute on both
surfaces, cjmes short-peduncled subterminal, calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate,
■corolla villous, tube funnel-shaped, lobes short rounded.

KiiAsiA Mts,, Be Silva, Griffith. Cachar, Keenan.

Stem short (epiphytic. Keenan) cylindric. Leaves 4-10 in., black when dry,
rugose ; stipules broad, acute. Calyx-lobes |-1 in. Corolla 1| in. long, blue ?, densely
villous. Oy«ri/ long, fusiform. i?crr^ 1 ^ in., with persistent calyx-lobes.

4. A. zeylanica, Am. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 21 ; hirsute, stem very
short, leaves oblanceolate tip rounded hirsute on both surfaces, cymes subter-

AcrmitJiera,"] lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) Q*S

minal usually long-peduncled, calyx-lolDes linear-lanceolate, corolla tIUous, tuba
funnel-shaped, lobes oblong rounded. Bedd. le. PI. Ind. Or. t. 24.

Ceylon ; central province, alt. 3-5000 ft. on shaded banks, Macrae, &c.

A low herb. Leaves 4-7 by l|-3 in., rugose, black when dry, narrowed into tha
petiole. Ci/me and its stout peduncle densely hirsute. Calyx-lobes ^-^ in. Corolla
1 in. long. Berry hirsute, | in., fusiform.

^ 5. A. g-randiflora, Bedd. Ic. PI. Irid. Or. t. 25; silldly villous, stem
short, leaves elliptic or oblong-obovate tip rounded glabrate above pubescent on
the nerves beneath, cymes subterminal long-pediincled silky, calj'x-lobes linear
acute or obtuse, corolla villous, tube very long narrowly funnel-shaped, lobe»
oblong rounded.

Tinnevklly; in moist forests, alt. 2-3000 ft., Bcddome.

Very near A. zeylanica, but the pubescence of the stem and peduncle and cyme \s
more silky, the leaves glabrous or with soft hairs above, quite glabrous beneath
between the nerves ; the calyx-lobes are under ^ in. and quite linear, and the pale
blue corolla-tube H in. long.

6. A . anamallica, Bedd. Ic PI. Ind. Or. t. 25 ; almost stemless, leaves
elongate obovate-oblong tip rounded with scattered bristly hairs above, pubes-
cent on the nerves beneath, cymes subsessile silldly pubescent, calyx-lobes short
ovate or elliptic spreading, corolla funnel-shaped pubescent, lobes oblong-
rounded.

Tinnevellt; Anamallay Mts., alt. 4500 ft. in moist woods, Beddome.

Stem ^-1 in., with strcmg roots from the base. Leaves 2-6 by 1^ in., black when
dry, narrowed to the base but not into the petiole, which is ^-^ in., and densely
toraentose. Cymes many-flowered, flowers pedicelled. Calyx-lobes -g- in. Corolla 1 in^
long, deep blue.

31. ZiUCINHSA, DC.

Erect or twining glabrous shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, stipules small or large-
Floioers white, 6-10 together, crowded on peduncled discoid receptacles which
are axillary or terminal and solitary or umbelled. Calyx-tube turbinate, limb
annular or cupular, quite entire persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube broad,
throat bearded, lobes 4, coriaceous, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, in the tube of
the corolla, filaments short villous ; anthers narrow, included. Ovary 2-celled ;
style filiform or thickened below the middle, stigmas 2 linear or spathulate ;.
ovules numerous, on fleshy peltate placentas. Betry globose or turbinate, 2-
celled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, testa thickly coriaceous smooth ^
embryo minute in fleshy albumen. — Distkib. Species 6, Malayan.

1. Zi. XMCorinda, DC. Prodr. iv. 368 ; branches flexuous, leaves elliptic
or ovate acute shortly petioled, stipules triangular. Wall. Cat. 8437. Morinda
polysperma. Jack in Mai. Misc. i. 14 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 204»

Littoral. Singapore, Jack; Malacca, Griffith^ Maingay; Penano, Wallick. —
DiSTRiB. Malay Archipelago.

Erect, glabrous or nearly so, branches stout. Leaves 2-3 in., brown when dry,,
nerves slender; petiole ^ in. Pedujicles solitary in opposite axils, or terminal and
often subumLellate. Heads | in. diam., few-flowered. Corolla ^ in., densely hairy
within. Berries crowded, 6-8 in a head, broadly turbinate, areolate.

32. Z.EUCOCODON, Gardn.

A climbing glabrous epiphytic rooting shrub. Leaves coriaceous ; stipules
large, oblong, connate at the base, tip 2-toothed. Floivers white, in solitary
terminal peduncled involucrate heads ; involucre bell-shaped with the flowers

<)4! Lxxv. RtJBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) ILeucocodon,

in the "bottom. Calyx-tube subglobose ; limb cylindric, irregularly split, per-
sistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, throat glabrous ; lobes 5, thickly coriaceous,
valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube ; anthers sessile, linear, in-
cluded. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigmas 2 linear thick ; ovules crowded
on broad peltate placentas. Seeds compressed, boat>-shaped, testa thick striate ;
•embryo minute, in fleshy albumen.

1. Zi. retlculatum, Gardn, in Calc. Journ, Nat. Hist. vii. 5 ; Thio. JEnum,
138 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 94.

Ceylon ; central province, alt. 3-5000 ft., Walker, Gardner, &c.

Branches stout. Leaves 3-4 by 1|— H in., dark brown when dry, elliptic-lanceo-
late, acute, opaque above, shining and reticulate beneath ; petiole \-\ in. Involucre
shortly stoutly peduncled, l^in. long by 2 across the lobed mouth, sides much folded*
■Corolla 1^1 in. Berries \ in. diam., white.

83. FOZiVSOXiSNZA, Hooh. f.

An erect glabrous undershrub ? with a flexuous stem leafy towards the top.
Leaves membranous; stipules large, erect, 3-fid or torn, persistent. Floivers in
solitary terminal peduncled heads, sessile or pedicelled ; peduncle naked or
involucrate about the middle by torn stipular bracts ; bracteoles 3-fid, Calyx-
tube short, limb short, 6-fid. Corolla pubescent, tube slender funnel-shaped
above, throat villous ; lobes 5, short, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted below
the throat, filaments short ; anthers linear, included. Ovary 2-celled ; style
filiform, stigmas 2 short dilated ; ovules very many, on oblong tumid peltate
placentas. Fruit unknown.

1. P. Wallichii, LLook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 68. Morinda sp., WalL Cat^
8424.

Khasia Mts., Gojnez ; Cachab, Keenan.

Stem cylindric, woody, simple or branched, glabrous or pubescent above. Leaves
2-5 in., brown when dry, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed into a petiole, |^-1 in.,
l^ubescent; nerves many, slender; stipules i— i in. Heads ^ in. diam., tomentose ;
pedtmcle 2-3 in., slender, pubescent ; bracts few, irregular, ovate or linear-oblong ;
flowers subsessile. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate. Corolla 1-1 J in. long, tube very
slender pubescent, lobes obtuse. — In the absence of fruit the position of this genus
remains doubtful.

34. TRZSCZADZA, Hook. f.

A glabrous twining shrub, branches stout. Leaves softly coriaceous, nerves
few ; stipules short, broad, shortly connate below, acute or 2-toothed, caducous,
leaving an annular scar. Flowers white, scented, in 3-6-flowered panicled or
ternate peduncled terminal umbels ; bracts and bracteoles 0 (perhaps caducous).
Calyx-tube campanulate; limb membranous, cupular, 6-toothed, ciliate, de-
ciduous. Corolla coriaceous, funnel-shaped ; tube short, hairy within ; throat
glabrous ; lobes 6, lanceolate, valvate in bud, with incurved tips. Stamens 5,
on the throat of the corolla, filaments filiform ; anthers slender, versatile, ex-
serted. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigmas 2 linear-lanceolate ; ovules 2
<n* more in each cell, sunk in a fleshy placenta adnate to the septum. Fruit
unknown.

1. T, truncata, Hook. f. in Gen. PL ii. 69. Webera truncata, Roxh.
Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8,' Wall. ii. 538. Stylocoryne truncata, WalL Cat. 8403.
Cupia truncata, DC. Prodr. iv. 394. Pseudixora truncata, Mia. FL Ind. Bat.
ii. 210.

Adenosacme.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) -95

Penang ; on the hill, Wallich.

Branches cylindric, with pale smooth bark. Leaves 4-5 by 1^-2 in., elliptic,
«ubacute, brown and shining when dry, nerves few ; petiole \-\ in. Peduncles 1-2 in. ;
flowers few, small, shortly pedicelled. Corolla i in., fleshy, lobes longer than the
tube. — This curious plant has been collected by Wallich alone in 1822.

35. ADXSNOSAC»KE, Wall.

Small shrubs. Leaves very membranous, many-nerved ; stipules oblong or
lanceolate or foliaceous, sometimes toothed and glandular. Floivers white,
yellow or greenish, in axillary and terminal panicled cymes with spreading
branches; bracts often glandular. Calyx-tuhe globose or hemispheric, lobes
4-6, persistent. Corolla tubular, short or long ; lobes 4-6, triangular, valvate
in bud, with everted margins. Stamens 4-6, inserted in the tube, filaments
short ; anthers linear- oblong. Ovary 2- or 5-6-celled ; style slender or thickened
above, stigmas 2- or 5-6 linear; ovules very numerous, on fleshy peltate
placentas. Berry small, globose, 4-6-lobed, coriaceous or fleshy, 2- or 5-6-
■celled, indehiscent or loculicidal at the crown, many-seeded, placentas globose.
Seeds minute, angled, testa dotted ; embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. —
DiSTRiB. Species 4-6, Indian and Malayan.

The flowers of this genus are di- or tri-morphic.
* Berry 2-celled, 2vhite,

1. A. longrlfolia, Wall. Cat. 6280; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed
to a long acuminate point pubescent or puberulous beneath, stipules small
oblong-lanceolate, cymes terminal and axillary sessile or shortly peduncled,
branches slender divaricating, corolla ^-f in. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 160. A.
malayana, TVall. Cat. Q2S2. Bertiera javanica and fasciculata, Blume Bijd.
4)87; DC. Prodr. iv. 392. Mycetia javanica, Reimo. Rondeletia longifolia,

Wall, in JRoxb. FL Ind., ed. Carey ^' Wall. ii. 137 ; Don Prodr. 138. Wend-
landia longifolia, DC. I. c. 412. W. malayana, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 619.

SuBTBOPicAL Himalaya and mountains of Eastern Bengal from Kumaon, alt.
4000 ft., to SiKKiM, alt. 2-5000 ft.; Khasia Mts., alt. 0-5000 ft.; Assam, Cachar,
■Chittagoxg, MuNKiPORE, Ten'assekim, Malacca, and Penang.

A bush with very Ijrittle branches, covered with smooth yellowish shining spongy
bark. Leaves 4-10 in., very variable in width, narrowed into the slender petiole
\-2^ in. long, above glabrous puberulous pubescent or with small scattered hairs,
beneath always more pubescent or tomentose than above ; stipules oblong-lanceolate
entire or 2-fid, glabrous Iiairy or with marginal glands. Cymes often 6-8 in. across,
3-chotomously branched, glabrous or pubescent; branches very slender, zig-zag;
bracts and bracteoles small, glandufer; flowers pedicelled, solitary or fascicled.
Calyx-tube ^ in., hemispheric or subglobose ; teeth about as long, ovate subulate or
lanceolate and sinus glandular, persistent. Corolla fleshy, ^-^ in., glabrous or pubes-
cent, tubular, yellow ; lobes small, broadly ovate. Berries \ in. diam., always white. —
Flowers (as observed by Wallich and C. B. Clarke) di- or tri-morphous ; one form has
short styles and stamens inserted over the ring of hairs above the middle of the tube ;
In another the style is long, and the stamens basal inserted below the ring of hairs ;
the third has a' short wide corolla with the stamens about its middle. In diseased
specimens the bracts and calyx-teeth become very hard short broad and toothed,
reflcxed, white like the bark, and shining.

2. A. stipulata, JTook./.-, leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, nerves puberulous beneath, stipules very large foliaceous, cymes terminal
with their peduncles pubescent shorter than the leaves, bracts linear, flowers
iihortly pedicelled corymbose.

E. NiPAL and Slkkim, alt. 2-5000 ft. in very wet places, J. D. H., C. B. Clarke, &e.

96 Lxxv. rubiacEjE. (J. D. Hooker.) lAdenosacme.

A lax rooting shrub, bark green opaque. Leaves 7-10 in., black when dry ; petiole
1^3 in.; stipules |-1 in. diara., orbicular, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers in rounded
corymbs at the ends of the horizontal cyme-branches. Calyx-tuhe hemisphei'ic, teetlt
oblong-ovate recurved. Corolla in the only flowers seen shorter than the calyx-teeth,
■with lanceolate lobes and exsertod stamens. Berries 2-celled, white.

3. A . macrostacliy a, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate
quite glabrous on both surfaces, stipules very large foliaceoiis, cymes terminal
with their peduncles glabrous very slender longer than the leaves, bracts ovate,
flowers on slender pedicels lax.

MiSHMi hills, in Upper Assam, Griffith.

Very similar to A. stipulata, but the leaves, which are a foot long, are quite
glabrous, the glabrous cyme far more slender, a foot long, with a peduncle 8 in. long
and very distant slender branches 3-o in. long, bearing loose 3-chotomous peduncles
with slender pedicels ; the bracts, too, are short and broad.

** Heny ^-Q-celM.

4. A ■ Ziawii, Hooh. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate puberulous
beneath, stipules small obloiig-lanceolate, cymes terminal and axillary sessile or
shortly peduncled pubescent, branches divaricating. Lawia acuminata, Wight
Ic. t. l070, and in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 15.

Mountains of the Carxatic and Travaxcore, Law, Wight, &c.

So similar to A. longifolia that I doubt its being other than a form of that plant,
with a 5-6-celled ovary. The corolla in the only flowers seen is very shortly tubular,
shorter than the subulate-lanceolate calyx-teeth and basal stamens ; no doubt thera
are other forms (as in the case of A. longifolia).

86. MVRXONEUZtON, Wall.

Small shrubs with stout branches and spongy bark. Leaves and stipule*
large. Floivers white, in large peduncled terminal rarely axillary capitate or
corymbose cymes ; bracts rigid, lanceolate. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes 5, lanceo-
late, exceeding the corolla, rigid, persistent. Corolla small, tubular, throat
villous ; lobes short, erect, hispid, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, in the tube of the-
corolla, filaments short, subidate ; anthers linear, included. Ovary 2-celled ;
style short, stigmas 2 linear-oblong coherent ; ovules very numerous, on hemi-
spheric placentas. Bei-ry ovoid, white, dry or fleshy, with 2 many-seeded cells.
Seeds minute, angled, testa pitted ; embryo minute in fleshy albumen. — Distrib.
Species 6 or 8, in India beyond the Ganges and Borneo.

1. M. nutans, Wall. Cat. 6225; leaves broadly elliptic or obovate-
abruptly acuminate, nerves 15-20 pair nearly horizontal, heads terminal and
axUlary shortly peduncled dense-flowered, calvx-teeth subulate-lanceolate rigid*
Knrz For. Fl. ii. 55.

Assam, Hamilton; Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft., Be SUva, &c. ; Chittagong
Hills, C. B. Clarke.

A small erect shrub, 2-3 ft. ; branches very stout, woody, with thick pale spongy
bark. Leaves 5-10 by 3|-5| in., coriaceous, green when dry, nerves often pubescent
beneath; petiole ^-f in.; stipules ^-f in., triangular-lanceolate. Heads 1-1 1 in.
diam., usually globose, rarely loose with the peduncles exposed, glabrous or pubes-
cent ; bracteoles and calyx-teeth ^ in., subulate, rigid, persistent, longer than the-
tubular corolla, which has short obtuse lobes pubescent on the back. Fruit dry.

Var. imrvijlora ; flowers corymbose smaller. — Birma, Griffith.

2. nX. Clarkei, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, nerves
12-15 pair slender very obliquely arched, peduncles simple or branched, calyx-
teeth filiform.

MyrlonciLron.'] lxxv. rubiaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 9?

Chittagoxg, J. B. H. 4- T. T., C. B. Clarke.

Very near M. nutans, if uot a variety of it ; the leaves are much narrower, and
longer petioled with fewer and much less prominent obliquely arching nerves, and
the hracteoles and calyx-teeth are much more slender and not rigid.

o. m. ang'ustifoliuin, Ilooh. f. ; leaves narrowly elliptic-lanceolate
acute, nerves 12-15 pair slender very obliquely arched, bracteoles and calyx-
teeth subulate-lanceolate rigid.

BiRMA ; liills west of the Hookhoom valley, Griffith.

This again is very near M. nutans, differing in the form of its leaves and their
nervation, but agreeiig in the bracteoles and calyx-teeth.

37. A VZiAGODZSCirS, Jlooh. f.

A small glabrous tree, branches thick. Leaves coriaceous ; stipules tri-
:angular, long-acuminate. Flowers small, polygamous, iu short axillary panicled
peduucled cymes, ebracteate. Calyx-tube broadly hemispheric ; limb short,
truncate. Corolla coriaceous, rotate, 8-16-partite, throat hairy ; segments tri-
angular, yalvate in bud with incurved tips, margins webbed. Stamens 8 or 10,
alternate ones irregularly imperfect, filaments ilexuous ; anthers minute,
didymous. Disk large, prominent, 8-16-lobed, lobes opposite the petals with
hooked tips. Ovary 6-16-celled ; style very short, thick, stigma large peltate
fleshy, 6-16-lobed ; ovules numerous, on prominent placentas in the inner angles
of the cells. Berry small, globose, areolate, usually 8- (6-1 6-) celled, many-
seeded. Seeds minute, subglobose, testa thick crustaceous pitted ; embryo
pyriform, in fleshy and oily albumen.

1. A. prexnnoides, Iloolc, f. in Gen. PI. ii. 71. Axanthes enneandra,
Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 144.

Malay Peninsula, fcom Tenasserim or the Andaman Islands, Heifer (Kew
Distrib. 2938), to M.\lacca, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 938).

Branches stout, obtusely 4-angled. Leaves 5-9 by l\-2\ in., linear-oblong, acute,
pale brown when dry, nerves numerous ; petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules \-^ in. Cymes
1-1^ in. diam., corymbose, trichotomous, pubescent; peduncles ^1 in., suberect;
bracts leafy. Flowers ^ in. diam. Berry ^ in. diam., globose.

38. VB.OPKVX.Z.Uni, Wall.

Trees or bushes with slender terete branches. Floivers (sometimes imi-
sexual) small, in axillary sessile or peduncled heads cymes or corymbs, pedicels
short bracteolate at the base. Calyx-tube short; limb cup-shaped, 6- (4-7-)
toothed, persistent. Corolla coriaceous, tube short, throat villous ; lobes 5
<4-7) triangular, valvate in bud. Stamens 5 (4-7) on the throat of the corolla,
filaments short; anthers linear, acute. Ovary 5- (4-7-) celled; style short,
often swollen at the base, stigma various ; ovules numerous, placentas' attached
to the inner angles of the ceUs. Berry small, 4-5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
minute, subglobose, testa crustaceous pitted ; embryo clavate, in fleshy albumen.
— Distrib. Species about 35, tropical Asiatic and African, and 1 Japanese.

* Branches and leaves beneath glabrous. (See also Sp. 0, 7, and 8.)

1. JJ. ellipticum, Thio. JEnum. 419; quite glabrous, leaves 6-9 in.
oblong-lanceolate acuminate, stipules long, cymes sessile dense-fld., flowers uni-
sexual glabrous without, petals bearded wdthin. Axanthes elliptica, Wight in
Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 147, t. 2, f. 3 ; Ic. t. 1104; Thiu. I. c. 139.

VOL. III. H

93 Lxxy. RLJtiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Jlrojplujllum,

Ceylon ; central province, alt. 4-7000 ft., Wight, Walker, &c.

A tree? (Wight). Branches terete, puberulous upwards. Leaves rather coria-
ceous, narrowt'd at both ends ; petiole i-1 in., and midrib above -with a few short
.ipprossed hairs ; stipules ^ in., rigid, erect, narrowly lanceolate, coriaceous. Cymes
^ in. diam. Flowers very shortly pedicelled, black when dry, \ in., dull orange
(Tlnvaites 1. c. 139), white (Ic. 419). Beiries orange.

2. IT. zeylanicuxn, Thw. Enum. 418; quite glabrous, leaves 3-5 in-
ovate or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate, stipules short, cymes peduncled
umbellate, flowers unisexual. Axanthes ceylanica, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat.
Hist. vii. 146, t. 2, f. 2; Ic. t. 11G8; JBedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xvi. f. 2.

Ceylox ; central province, alt. 4-7000 ft., Wight, Walker, &c.

Branches terete, more slender than in U. elliptica. Leaves coriaceous, narrowed!
at lx)th ends; petiole ^-| in.; stipules triangular. Cymes solitary or in pairs;
peduncle shorter than the petiole ; pedicels g- in. Flowers about ^ in. diam., some-
times puberulous. Berries orange-yellow.

S. U. G-riffithianum, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 147
(Axanthes) ; leaves 6-9 in, glabrous elliptic or ohovate-oblong abruptly caudate-
jicuminate, stipules |- in. lanceolate from a broad base, cymes umbellate, corolla-
lobes acute. Urophyllum sp., Wall. Cat. 8322.

SiNGAPOKE, Wallich ; Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2945, 2946), Maingay (881)..

Branches rather slender. Leaves shortly petioled; stipules ^ in., coriaceous,
erect, lanceolate from a broad base. Cymes solitary or in pairs from each axil;,
peduncle longer or shorter than the petiole, and pedicels and calyx usually minutely
ivarted and puberulous ; pedicels ^-|- in. Flowers ^ \x\. (Worn.. ; corolla-lobes glabrous,
triangular, acute, membranous. — Griffith's No. 2945 has largo leaves rounded at the-
base, longer petioles, and very broad ovate-oblong stipules.

4. U. ^labrum, Wall, in lioxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 186 ; Cat,
8310, ex'cl. B. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate or linear or obovale-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate, stipules very narrow linear silky, cymes glabrous
or hoary sessile or peduncled and umbellate, calyx-lobes obtuse. DC. Prodr. iv..
441 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 53. Urophyllum, Wall. Cat. 8318, 8319. U. arboreum,
Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 194. U. repandulum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii^
353. Axanthes arborea, Blumc Bijd. 1603. Wallichia arborea, Rcinw. ex-
Blume in Flora, 1825, 107.

South Tenasserim, jK'wrr, Heifer. Sixgapore, Penakg, and Malacca, Wallich^
2Iaingay, &c. (Kew Distrib. £83). — Distrib. Java, Borneo.

Very near indeed to U. Griffithianum, and probably not specifically distinct, but
tlic fjtipules are always very narrow, the leaves (which vary greatly in shape and
fi-om 3-10 in. in length) have more regular transverse veins, and the corolla-lobes
appear to be obtuse. The leaves are either gradually or abruptly narrowed into
narrow ligulate points sometimes nearly 1 in. long; the cyme, peduncles and pedicels
ju'e sometimes pubescent, and the flowers vary much in size ; hence more than one
species may be confounded under the above synonyms and numbers. Heifer's
Tenasserim plant has longer petioles, sessile cymes, and a hairy midrib beneath; it
more resembles Griffithianum, but has very narrow stipules.

** Branches more or less hairy {sometimes glahrate in qy. 6, 7, and 8).

5. U. hirsutuxn, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 148 (Axanthes) ;
branches densely toraentose, leaves subsessile ovate- or oblong-lanceolate
caudate-acuminate pubescent beneath, stipules ^-1 in. linear-lanceolate, cymes
«niall sessile capitate, calvx and corolla tomentose. AVendlandia ? bifaria, WalL
Cat. 6278.

Singapore, Wallich ; Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2939), Maingay (873).
Branches slender, and stipules, petioles, leaf-nerves beneath and cymes with

Vro'jjliylhi.m.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D, Hooker.) 99

spreading pul)escence. Leaves 3-4 in., glabrous or pubescent above, base rounded or
cordate ; stipules slender, gradually tapering from the base upwards. Cymes \-~ in.
diam. ; flowers small, subsessile, ^ in. diam. Berries pedicelled, pubescent. — Wallich's
Urophyllum, 831.5, from Singapore, resembles this, but has much larger leaves, 6-8
in., narrowed at the base, petioles \ in., and shortly peduncled cymes with glabrous
fruit. The specimens are very imperfect.

6. U. longrifoliuxn, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 145, t. 2, f. 1 ;
Ic. t. 1165 (Axanthes) ; young branches villous or glabrate, leaves large pe-
tioled membranous elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, nerves beneath and lanceolate
stipules tomentose, cymes sessile with the peduncles and pedicels tomentose,
flowers glabrous. U. strigosum, Ktirz For. Fl. ii. 53, not of Korthals.

TenasseriiM, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2940) ; Mergui, Griffith, Kurz.

Branches slender, obtusely 4-angled, the last internode usually villous. Leaves
6-10 in., hardly caudate at the tip, base acute or rounded, midrib above pubescent,
beneath tomentose, as are the petiole and stipules. Bracts conspicuous though small.
— Kurz refers this (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1877, ii. 161) to U. glabrum, which differs
in the glabrous cyme and leaves, and in the Forest Flora to Blurae's Axanthes strigosa,
a Javanese mountain plant, described by its author and by Miquel as having silky
strigose branches, cymes, and nerves beneath, acute calyx-teeth and subcoriaceous
leaves, characters wholly different from those of U. longifolium. The Tenasserim
form of U. glahriim almost unites that variable species with this.

7. U. streptopodiuxn, Wall. Cat. 8317, partly ; branches petioles nerves
"beneath stipules and cymes thinly appressed-hairy, leaves petioled elliptic-
oblong or lanceolate, stipules linear-lanceolate, cymes sessile, male calyx trun-
cate, female 5-toothed, corolla glabrous tubular cleft at the top, style elongate.
U. parviflorum, Wall. Cat. 8320. Geniostoma acuminatum, Wall, in Roxh. Fl.
Ind., ed. Car&if S^ WaU. ii. 316 ; Cat. 9067. Urophyllum, Wall. Cat. 8316, in
part, and 8316 B.

Malacca and Pekang, Wallich, fVri^^A (Kew Distrib. 2941, 2942), Maingay (882),
Whole plant pale blue when dry, and best distinguished by the appressed white
hairs on the branches, narrow stipules, toothed female calyx, and form of the corolla;
but I find great difference in the size of the corolla, which is sometimes cleft at the
top only, and at others much lower down. — Wallich's 8316 B., from " Herb. Finlayson"
(from Siam, I suppose), has very fine points to the leaves, and large flowers ; his 8320
( U. 2>arviflorzim) has slender branches, small narrow leaves and stipules, and minute
imperfect flowers ; it may be a different species.

8. TJ. Blumeanum, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 145 (Axanthes) ;
branches slender slightly hairy, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolato
caudate-acuminate, petioles and c^me-branches and linear-lanceolate stipules
silkily-pubescent, cymes peduncled subumbellate simple or branched lax-
flowered, female calyx truncate, corolla glabrous. Timonius? acuminatus.
Wall. Cat. 6218. U.' streptopodium, Wall. Cert. 8317, in part, and U. glabrimi,
8316, inimrt, and ? 8315.

Penang, Porter, Wallich; IVIalacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2943); Sixgapore,
Wcdlich, Lohh.

Very closely allied to JJ. streptopodium, differing in the less silkily hairy branches,
peduncled more pubescent cymes with looser flowers, and apparently always truncate
male calyx, though of this I am not quite sure. — Wallich describes the calyx as
" hairy without," which I do not find to be the case. The contents of the sheet to which
the ticket U. glahriim of Wallich's 8317 is attached, are four specimens of this and one
of a non-rubiaceous plant. Wallich's 8315 may be a large state of this, but it is far
more robust and in an imperfect state.

9. U. villosum, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey Sf WaU. ii. 185 ; Cat.
8314; branches very stout petioles cymes and nerves lieneath densely tomen-

h2

100 Lxxv. EUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [_ScJiizostigma.

tose, leaves very large ovate-lanceolate or linear-obloiig coriaceous caudato-
aciiminate, stipules linear-lanceolate, cymes sessile or peduncled capitate ar.d
flowers densely tomentose. DC. Prodr. iv. 441.

Pbnang, Wallich, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 884) ; Singapoee, Lohb.

Brandies as thick as the little finger, cylindric. Leaves 6-12 by 2-4 in., tail
very slender 1-1^ in., pubescent, especially on the nerves beneath, green when dry.
Cymes ^-1 in. diam. ; bracts often exceeding the flowers, which are the largest of the
genus ; peduncle, if present, very stout. Berry \ in. diam., pubescent, crowned with
the calyx-teeth.

39. SCKXZOSTIG-AXA, Am.

A creeping hirsute herb. Leaves membranous; stipules broadly ovate,
acute. Flowers 1-3 together, subsessile, axillary with 2 stipidar bracts. Calyx-
tube obovoid : limb produced, throat hirsute ; lobes 5, lanceolate, unequal, per-
sistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, throat pubescent; lolses 6, ovate-lanceolate,
valvate in bud with incurved tips. Statnens 5, in the throat of the corolla,
filaments short ; anthers linear, half exserted. Ovary 5-7-celled : style filiform,
stigmas 5-7 linear ; ovules crowded on placentas in the inner angles of the
cells. Berries ovoid, 5-7-celled, many-seeded. Seeds minute, ovoid, testa
mucilaginous ; embryo clavate, in fleshy oily albmiien.

1. S. hirsutuxn, A7'n. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 20; Thzv. Enum. 139;
Bedd. Ic. PI. hid. Or. t. 95. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8463.

Ceylon ; southern districts, ascending to 2000 ft.. Walker, &c.

Stem flexuous, extensively creeping and rooting, sending up short erect leafy
branches 4-8 in. high. Leaves 1^-2|- in., pale brown when dry, elliptic, acute,
hirsute on both surfaces, ners'-es slender ; petiole \-^ in. ; stipules ^ in. Flowers
white, I in. diam. Berries the size of a small cherry. — Wallich's specimens are
marked as from lib. Finlayson, but as Finlaj'^son collected only in Siam and the
Malay Peninsula (so far as is known) there is no doubt some error.

40. ZiSCANANTHUS, Jack.

A rooting small glabrous shrub, branches acutely 4-augled. Leaves petioled
stipules large. Floioers reddish, crowded in axillai'y sessile or peduncled nod-
ding involucrate heads. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate; limb obliquely cam-
panulate, unequally obtusely 2-4-lobed or 2-lipped, persistent. Corolla funnel-
shaped ; tube inflated at the base ; lobes 5, thick, obtuse, bearded at the tip,
valvate in bud. Stamens 5, on the throat of the corolla, filaments short ; anthers
2-lobed. Disk urn-shaped. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigmas 2 linear or
oblong ; ovules numerous on spongy placentas attached to the septum. Fruit
membranous, 2-celled, mucilaginous within, many-seeded, placentas thick.
Seeds obtusely angled, testa thick smooth ; embryo small in fleshy albumen.

1. Zi. erubescens, Jack in Mai. Misc. ii. 83 ; Wall, in Boxb. Fl. Ind..
ed. Carey 8> Wall. ii. 319; Cat. G224; DC. Prodr. iv. 020. Lecananthus sp.,
Griff. Notul. iv. 272.

Singapore, Wallich, Lobb; Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2784), Maingay (912).
— DiSTKiB. Sumatra, Borneo.

Stem a foot high, stout, brown when dry. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in,, elliptic elliptic-
ovate or linear-oblong, acuminate, opaque, nerves faint; petiole short; stipules ^ia.,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Heads f-1 in. diam. ; the foliaceous calyces imbricafing;
peduncle 0 or short, glabrous or puberulous; involucre small, lobed. Ca/ya' purplish,
limb enlarged in fruit. Corolla pink.— I know of but one species of this genus.

Keenania.'] lxxy. kubiaceje, (J. D. Hooker.) 101

41. K.&SN ANSA, ^oo7.-. /.

A low sabherbaceous shrub; stem woody, flexiious, cylindric. Leaves
opposite, elongate-oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, narrowed into the petiole,
membranous; stipules long, interpetiolar, subulate from an ovate-lanceolate
base. Flowers sessile, in dense bracteate terminal solitary subsessile involucrate
heads, mixed with coriaceous imbricating concave bracts ; outer bracts orbicular,
inner oblong or spathulate, concave: bracteoles 2, spathulate, coriaceous, equalling
the flowers. Calyx-tuhe fleshy, shortly oblong ; limb of o rarely 6 large oblong
or spathulate, coriaceous, obtuse or acute, unequal, erect, concave, imbricating
lobes. Corolla about equalling the calyx-lobes ; tube inflated, glabrous ; lobes

5, short, orbicular-ovate, apiculate, papillose externally, valvate in bud ; throat
with a ring of stiff hairs. Stamens o, epigyuous, seated at the base of the
broad-lobed disk ; filaments short ; anthers small, linear, obtuse, without pollen.
Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stigmas 2 flat ovate acute; ovules very numerous,
crowded on globose placentas adnate to the membranous septum.

1. K. znodesta, Hooh. f.

Cachae ; at the Doarband Pass, B. L. Keenan.

Stem as thick as a goose-quill, apparently iuclineJ or prostrate, puberulous above,
as are the petioles. Leaves 6-12 by l|-3 in., membranous, green when dry, midrib
slender, and 15-20 pair of almost horizontal slightly arched nerves, puberulous
beneath; petiole f-1 in.; stipules \-l in., somewhat recurved. Heads nodding,
globose, 1 in. dianti. ; bracts and bracteoles green. Flowers probably unisexual, those
of the specimens ? . Calyx ^ in. long, the lobes much longer than the tube. — A very
distinct genus, allied to Lecananthus, but differing widely in the calyx and terminal
inflorescence. The distinctly epigynous stamens (evidently those of a ^ plant)
resemble those of one form of Adcoiosacme. I have named it after Mr. Keenan, once
an employe of Kew, who formed an excellent collection of Cachar plants in 1874,
■which he presented to the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens.

TbibeYI. aAZlDZSNXSJi:.

42. WEBER A, Schreh.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled ; stipules triangular-ovate, usually
deciduous. Flowers in terminal corymbiform cymes, sessile and 2-bracteoled at
the ovary, or pedicelled and bracteolate on the pedicel. Calyx-tuhe ovoid or
turbinate ; limb short or long, 5- very rarely 4-fid or -partite. Corolla funnel-
or salver-shaped, tube short" or long, throat glabrous or pubescent; lobes 5,
rarely 4, narrow, rarely short,*spreading or reflexed, twisted in bud. Stamens

6, rarely 4, on the corolla-mouth ; filaments short or 0 ; anthers slender, ex-
serted. Ovary 2-celled; style stout, usually pubescent; stigma long and
spindle-shaped, grooved, usually far exserted ; ovules numerous, rarely few or 2
or solitary in each cell, often immersed in fleshy peltate placentas. Beii'y smaU,
globose, 2-celled, cells 1-many-seeded. Seeds plano-convex or cupped, rarely
angled; testa various, albumen fleshy or horny; embryo small, cotyledons
leafy, radicle pointing variously. — Distrib. About 40 species, tropical Asiatic.

As here defined Wehera includes the 5-merous-flowered plants with 1-ovuled
ovarian cells which have been hitherto referred to Iccora and Pavetta, from which
they further difier in their short pubescent styles and stout fusiform grooved stigma.

Sect. I. Euwebera. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.

* Corolla-tube equalling or shorter than the lobes.

102 Lxxv. KUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hookei'.) IWehera.

1. W. corymbosa, Willd.; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 69G; glabrous, leaves
elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, corolla glabrous externally,
tube broad about equalling tbe lobes, berries few-seeded. Gaertn. Fruct. 1. 192;
Bot. Rey. t. 119. W. asiatica, Becld. Fl. Syli\, Anal. Gen. xvi. f. 2; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 47. "W. glomeriflora, Kurz I. c. W. cerifera, Moon Cat. 19. Ron-
deletia asiatica, Linn. Oanthium corymbosum, Pers. Synops. i. 200. Oupea
corymbosa, DC. Prodr. iv. 394. Stylocoryne sp.. Wall. Cat. 8408. S. Webera,
A. Rich. ; W. 8f A. Prodr. 401 ; Wall. Cat. 8401, exel. A. in part, B. 0. E. F. G. H. ; .
Thw. Enum. 148 ; Wt. Ic. t. 309, 584 ; DaJz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 119. S. rigida,
Wt. Ic. t. 1064. Polyozus? madraspatana, DC. I. c. 496. Pavetta Wightiana,
Wall. Cat. Q1G7.—Rheede Hort. Mai. ii. t. 23.

Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, and Ceylon, common. —
DiSTRiB. Malay Islands.

A large shrub or small tree, glabrous except the cymes sometimes, almost olive-
tlack or brown when dry. Leaves 3-8 by |-3 in,, coriaceous, shining alcove, often
glaucous beneath ; petiole short, stout ; stipules very coriaceous, acute or mucronate,
often sheathing. Cymes and jlowers very variable in size, fiiintly odorous. Calyx
glabrous or pubescent; limb shortly or deeply lobed, lobes glabrous or ciliate.
Corolla |-| in. diam., lobes glabrous or puberulous within, white. Style hairy or
glabrous. Benrics size of a pea, with the calyx-limb persistent or not. — A very
variable plant. Var. cerifera of Thwaites, from Ceylon, is remarkable for its very
coriaceous leaves, and the copiously resinous secretion at the nodes, &c. ; a character,
however, of usual occurrence, according to Roxburgh. S. riyida, Wt., is a robust
small-leaved form.

2. "W. odorata, Roxb. Hort. Beny. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 699 ; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate glabrous, cymes many-fld. pubescent, flowers pedicelled,
corolla-tube slender pubescent shorter than the linear lobes. W. raacrophylla,
Roxb. I. c. 697. Pavetta weberaefolia^ Br. in Wall. Cat. 6182 A., in part. P.
cerbersefolia (by Q\YOY)yMiq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 279. Stylocoryne Webera, Wall.
Cat. 8401 K. S. penangensis, Miq. I. c. 207. Oupia macrophvlla, DC. Prodr.
iv. 394.

SiLHET, Assam, and the Khasia Mts., Be Silva, Griffith, &c. (Kew Distrib. 3009).
MuNEYPOOB, C. B. Clarke. Penang, Roxhitryk, Wallich.

A shrub, black when dry. Leaves 5-9 by 2-3 in., membranous ; petiole short ;
Btipules acute, deciduous. Cymes large, corymbose ; bracts linear ; pedicels slender.
Calyx minutely toothed. Corolla-tuhe \ in., lobes nearly twice as long. Ovules few.
Berries " size of a pea " (Roxb.). — I find no difference between the flowering specimens
from Bengal and Penang, but have seen fruits of neither. Roxburgh describes the
berry of the Penang plant {rnacrophylla) as "many-seeded, as in W. coryrahosa" that
of the Silhet one (odorata) as having only 3-4 ovules in each cell. This differs from
cory77ibosa in the slender pubescent corolla-tube and the bracts.

3. W. disperma, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic- or linear-lanceolate acumi-
nate glabrous, cymes pubescent many-flowered, coroUa-tube broad pubescent
shorter than the lobes, berries 2-seeded.

Silhet and the Khasia Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2786); alt. 1-4000 ft.,
J. D. H. # T. T.

A shrub. Leaves olive-brown when dry, 4-10 by 1^-3 in., very variable in width ;
petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules triangular-lanceolate. Cymes shortly peduncled, more robust
shorter and fewer-flowered than in W. odorata ; calyx larger obtusely- toothed. Corolla
similar, but with a broader tube. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell (rarely more),
sunk collaterally in a large spongy placenta. Berries very much larger, \-~ in. diam.,
with one hemispheric seed in each. — A Bornean species (Beccari, 380) resembles this
closely in foliage and flowers, but I have not seen its fruit.

Wehera.'l lxxv. RUCiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 103

4. "W. puxnila, Hook. f. ; dwarf, leaves small rigid lanceolate glabrous
apiculate, corymbs small siilxjapitate hirsute, corolla glabrous externally, tube

. equalling the limb, berries several-seeded.

Khasia Mts.; Borpane river, alt. 1-1 500 ft., Sunoiis, Lobb, J. B. 11. S; T. T.

A rounded erect shrub, a foot or two liigh, witli very wood}^ short crowded
'"branches. Leaves 1^-2 in., subsessile, pale Ijrowu when dry, margin recurved ; petiolo
and triangular stipules pubescent. Cymes h-l in. diam., hirsute. Cahjx-teeth minute.
■Ovary-cells 3-4:-ovuled. Corolla white, lube and lobes about -| in. long. Berries sizo
of a small pea, shortly pedicelled,. crowned by the caly.x-limb. Seeds angled. — Quit*;
unlike its congeners in its dwarf size, pale brown colour when dry, and the contracted
^ corymbs.

** Corolla-tuhe longer than the lobes.

5. "W. monosperma, TV. 4' ^- Proclr. 401 (Stylocoryne) ; glabrous,
'leaves oblanceolate acuminate, corolla glabrous externally, tube much longer
than the lobes, berry 1-seeded. Wt. Ic. t. 317.

Travancore; at Court allam, Wight.

A shrub, olive-brown when dry, branches ratlior slender. Leaves 4-9 by 1-2} in.,
rather thin, narrowed into the short petiole ; stipules triangular. Cymes many-
flowered, corymbose, glabrous. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla-tuhe | in., lobes .\ in.
Ovary-cells 2-3-ovuled. Berries "white, size of a small cherry" (Wt.).

6. W. fragrans, Bliime Bijcl. 982 (Stylocoryne) ; branches and leaves
glabrous, leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute, cymes pubescent open
many-flowered, corolla-tube very long slender much longer than the lobes,
berries many-seeded. Styloconme fragrans, BC Prodr. iv. 377. S. laxiflora,
Blume Bijcl 983; DC. I. c. S.lucida, Miq. Fl. Incl. Bat. Suppl. 541. Ron-
deletia lucida, Wall. Cat. 8453. Oeriscus fragrans, Nees in Flora, 1825, IIG.
"VVahlenbergia fragrans, Blume Cat. Hort. Bait. 13.

Malacca and Singapore, Wallich, &c., Maiiigay (Kew Distrib. 893).— Distrib.
vBanca, Java, Borneo.

A small tree, "sometimes 60 ft. " (Hasskarl), branches 4-angIed. Leaves palo
brown, 4-6 in., narrowed into the petiole, rather shining above, nerves beneath some-
times puberulous; stipules triangiilar. Cymes 3-4 in. diam.; pedicels slender, bracts
linear. Calyx-teeth triangular. Corolla-iuhe 1 in., 5 times as long us the linear-
oblong lobes. Berries size of a pea. Seeds angular.

7. W. costata, Miq. FL Inch Bat. ii. 203 (Stylocoryne) ; leaves obovate
•obtuse or subacute glabrous or with midrib beneath and nerve-axils pubescent,
'Cymes many and dense-flowered densely pubescent, corolla-tube slender pubes-
cent much longer than the short Ipbes.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 21^1), Maingay {^ib). — Distrib. Sumatra, Banca.

A large tree, branches Avoody, branchlets tomentose. Leaves 6-9 by 2^-4^ in.,
dark brown when dry, coriaceous, narrowed into the short petiole. Cymes shortly
peduncled, 1^-2 in. diam., bracts minute. Calyx-lobes very short, limb deciduous.
Corolla-tube \ in, ; lobes ^ the length of the tube, oblong. Berries size of a pea,
many-seeded. — I have seen only imperfect fruiting specimens of Miquel's W. costata,
■which agree perfectly with this.

8. W. nXaing'ayi, HooJc.f. ; branches leaves beneath and cymes tomen-
tose, leaves ovate caudate-acuminate glabrous above, cymes subcapitate, corolla-

.tube slender tomentose much shorter than the lobes, berries many-seeded.

Malacca; Mount Ophir, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3081), Maingmj (932).
A shrub, branches terete. Leaves brown when dry, 3-6 in., coriaceous, 1>:iso
rounded; petiole \-^ in.; stipules lanceolate, tomentose. Cymes 2-3 in. diam.,

104 LX^vV. eubiacej:. (J. J). Hooker.) [Wcha'a.

almost hispid; bracts linear. Calyx-teeth subulate. Corolla-tube ^ in. ; lobes l the
length of the tube, oblong. Berries size of a pea, with persistent calyx-teeth. Seed^
broadly cuneatc, sides smooth, back granulate.— Very near aBornean species (Beccari,
n. 1263).

0. "W- mollis, Wcdl. Cat. 8454 (Rondeletia ?) ; softly tomentose, leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate acuminate, cymes open many-
flowered with long spreading hairs, calyx-tube slender pubescent much longer
than the lobes, berries many-seeded.

SixGAPOEE, WaUich ; Penang, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 894).

A small tree ; branches robust, softly tomentose and covered with long spreading
hairs, as are the cymes petioles and midrib beneath. Leaves either broad, 6-8 by
3-4 in., or uarro\v 4-5 by 1-2 in., uniformly tomentose above, pale brown when dry -^
petiole short; stipule large, ovate-lanceolate. Cymes subsessile, very many-flowered.
Calyx-teeth lanceolate, deciduous. Corolla-tuhe ^ in., 4 times as long as the oblong
short lobes. Berries size of a pea. Seeds angular.

Sect. II. Pseudixora. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled.

t Tiibe of the corolla shorter than the lobes.

10. W. stellulata, Hooh.f. ; quite glabrous or nearly so, leaves elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate, nerves 7-9 pair, petiole slender, cymes small sessile or
shortly peduncled, flowers sessile 2-bracteolate, calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate,
corolla-lobes longer than the tube, the minute subulate tips stellately spread-
ing in bud. Stylocoryne "Webera, Wall. Cat. 840, 1, in part. ? Pavetta aristata^
Wall. Cat. 6169.

Pexang, Wallich, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3086) ; Malacca, Maingay (850) ;
?Tavoy, Gomez.

Branches slender, smooth, and whole plant either black or dirty green when dry.
Leaves 6-9 by 2-3 in., membranous, shining above, glabrous or puberulous beneath;
nerves slender; petiole ;f-l in. ; stipules with a slender cusp. Cymes 1-1^ in, diam. ;
l)racts subulate-lanceolate, persistent ; branches short and calyx puberulous ; flowers
i in. long. ' Corolla with a ring of hairs in the throat ; lobes lanceolate, ciliolate.
'style hirsute ; stigma long, fusiform, grooved. — I have not in any specimens (I have
examined 7) found the corolla to open ; the stellate tips of its lobes are remarkable.
A mere scrap is on the sheet 8401 I. of Wallich's Herbarium, but good specimens
were distributed by him under that number to both the Hookerian and Benthamian
Herbaria. Wallich's specimen of Pavetta arisiata is probably the same, but I have
no other Tenasserim example. The nerves are more numerous, and it has longer-
•cusps to the stipules; it is in young fruit only. Maingay in his notes states that the
ovary-cells have several ovules ; I find only one in each.

11. W. attenuata, Ilooh. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate-
or oblanceolate acuminate polished above, nerves 5-7 pair very oblique, cymes
sessile or shortly peduncled brachiate glabrous lower branches rather long,
flowers pedicelled ebracteolate, calyx-teeth short triangular, corolla glabrous,,
lobes linear longer than the tube, throat pubescent. Stvlocoryne attenuata,
Voifjt Ilort. 'Suburb. Caleut. 377. S. Webera, Wall. Cat. 8401 F. {in Herb.
JfooJc. ^- Benth.) ; Benth. Fl. Hongh. 156.

Cultivated in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens ; no doubt from China or the Khasia
Mts. ? — Distrib. Hongkong.

A shrub or small tree, black when dry. Lmvcs 3-4 by \-\\ in., coriaceous, nar-
rowed into a petiole \-\ in. Cyvus 1-2 in. high, branches not 'divaricate except in
fruit; bracts and bracteoles on the pedicels small; flowers white, \ in. diam,, quite
glabrous. Stigma fusiform. Fi'tiit size of small pea. — Tliere arc no specimens of
this in Wallich's Herbarium, but good ones were distributed by him to Herbariums

Welera.'l Lxxv. eubiace.t^. (J. D. Hooker.) 105^

of Hooker and Bentham, under the nuniLer 8401 F., and it is unquestionably the
Hongkong plant. "We have also Calcutta Garden specimens from Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 2794) with the name W. attenuata. Voigt (Hort. Subub. Calcutta) couples
it with St. coriacea, giving to both the habitat "(China) Khasia hills," and so many
Chinese plants are Khasian that it may well be found there.

12. W. long'ifolia, Hook. f. ; branches petioles leaves beneatb and
cymes softly-tomentose, leaves petioiecl elongate elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceo-
late caudate-acuminate membranous, nerves 16-30 pairs, peduncles long slender,
flowers pedicelled, corolla pubescent. Ixora longifolia, G. Don Gen. Si/st. iii.
673 J ?Kurz For. Fl. ii. 17. I. macrophvlla, Br. in Wall. Cat. G165, not of
Bartl. Pavetta longifolia, Miq. Fl. Inch Bat. ii. 275.

Pexang, Wallich, P/nllijys.

Branches slender. Leaves 10-12 by 2-3 in., membranous, glossy above, brown
when dry, narrowed into the 1-1^ in. petiole, nerves very slender; stipules short,
broad. Peduncle very slender, 4-G in., brachiate at the top; bracts ^ in., filiform.
Flowers shortly pedicelled. Galyx-ieeth subulate-lanceolate, as long as the tube, .
Corolla not seen. Ovules 1 in each cell.

13. "W. grandifolia, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic or obovate-lanceolate
caudate-acumirate glabrous, nerves 12-15 pairs, cymes long-pedimcled tomen-
tose, flowers pedicelled pubescent ebracteolate at the base, corolla-tube much
shorter than the linear lol^es. Ixora grandifolia, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6134.

Singapore, Wallich ; Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2795, 2796), Maingay
854.

Branches glabrate. Leaves 5-12 by 2J-4| in., membranous, blackish when dry,
polished above; petiole \-\ in.; stipules triangular, acuminate. Cymes brachiate,
long peduncled, or with long deflexed branches ; lowest bracts foliaeeous, upper fili-
form. Flower-hids ^ in. Calyx-teeth rounded, shorter than the tube. Corolla-tiibe
short, nearly glabrous within. Ovules 1 in each cell.

14. W. Wallicliii, Hooh. f. ; glabrous, leaves long-petioled elliptic-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate, nerves 12-15 pairs, cymes sessile glabrous lower
branches long suberect, flowers 2-bracteolate at the base sessile, cah'x-teeth
triangular acute, corolla glabrous, lobes linear* oblong much longer than the
short tube, throat woolly, seeds plano-convex. Stylocoryne Webera, Wall. Cat.
8401 l.,for the most 2Ja7't. Pavetta webertefolia, Wall. Cat. 6182 A., in partj'B,,

Pexang, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3004, 3084), Maingay (851).
— Distrib Eorneo.

A bush; branches slender, and leaves black when dry. Leaves 5-7 by 1^-2 in.,
membranous, usually shining above ; petiole slender, ^-1 in. ; stipules triangular, cus-
pidate. Cymes 2-3 in., not brachiate, branches with sometimes a line of pubescence
on one side, lower suberect; bracts linear-lanceolate, persistent; bracteoles triangular,
acute. Corolla-tube \ in. ; lobes linear, much longer, margins sometimes, ciliate.
Style villous, stigma narrowly fusiform. Fruit size of a pea. Seeds plano-convex. —
At first sight like W. odorata, but the cymes are glabrous, as is the much shorter
corolla-tube ; the flowers are sessile and 2-bractt:olate, and the ovules solitary. A
similar plant from the confines of Birma and Assam, collected by Griffith on the
Tsegai hills, has shorter very coriacepus leaves, with fewer nerves.

15. "W. ZLurzii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic- or obovate-
lanceolate acuminate, nerves 8-10 pair, cymes sessile glabrous, flowers pedicelled
ebracteolate at the base, calyx-teeth triangular obtuse, corolla glabrous, lobes
linear-oblong much longer than the tube, throat woolly, seeds concavo-convex.
Ixora webersefolia, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 146; For. Fl. ii. 18.
Stylocoryne Webera, Kurz in Andaman Rep. B. 10.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the coast forests, Kiirr,

106 Lxxv. KUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Wehera. -

Very similar to W. WalUchli, but differing in the pedicelled ebracteolate flower!?,
and more obtuse calyx-lobes, and the seeds, which arc deeply excavated ventrally.

16. W. lucens, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves small linear-oblong-
narroAvly elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or acute black and shining when dry, cymes
sessile, branches spreading, flowers pedicelled, calyx ebracteolats, teeth short
triangular, corolla-tube equalling the linear lobes, throat pubescent. Pavetta
s^., Bedel Fl. Si/lv., For. Man. 134/8. P.? lucens, JSr. in Wall. Cat. 6168.
Stylocoryne breviflora, Schlecht. in Herb. Hohen. No. 1374.

NiLGHERRY and Travancoee Mountains, Heyne, Wight.

A bush, very black when dry. Leaves 2-4 by 3^-1^ in., rather coriaceous, nerves
6-7 pair; petiole very short; stipules triangular. Cymes 1-2 in. ; lower bracts often
foliaceous. Corolla -^- in. diam., 4-o-cleft. Style hairy; stigma slender fusiform,
•shortly exserted. Ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit size of a large pea, sometimes oblong
and diseased ; calj"x-limb persistent.

Vab. 1. leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate. Coffea alpestris, Wt. Ic. t. 1040.

Vab. 2. leaves obovate. CofFea Grumelioides, Wt. Ic. t. 1041.

tt Tuhe {or tube and limb in W. campaniflora) of corolla longer than the
•lobes.

17. W. campaniflora, Hooh. f. ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate above glabrous or scaberulous beneath pubescent or glabrate, nerves
12-15 pair, cymes sessile or deflexed in bud hirsute, flowers sessile and pedi-
celled, calyx hirsute teeth ovate-lanceolate, corolla puberulous, tube short, limb
-campanulate, lobes short ovate acute. Stylocoryne Webera, Wall. Cat. 8401 K.

Chittagong, Bruce ; Scetakoond, J. D. H. cf^ T. T. ; Burkul, C. B. Clarke.

A large bush or small tree ; branches rather slender, glabrous, except the young
shoots. Leaves 4-12 by 2-4 in., nearly black when dry, membranous, usually shining
above, beneath hispidly pubescent or puberulous or glabrate, nerves slender ; petiole
^-| in., hispid or glabrate ; stipules triangular, cuspidate. Cymes at first sharply
decurved, at length horizontal or suberect, 1-3 in. long, lower branches spreading;
bracts persistent, lanceolate, lower stipuliform ; flowers | in. long, when pedicelled
ebracteolate at the base ; buds with a very short tube and large fusiform acute limb.
Calyx-teeth longer than the ovary. Corolla-limb |-§ in. diam., throat glabrous, tube
■villous within. Anthers long, sessile. Style short, hairy; stigma very long, fusi-
■form, curved, grooved. Ovules solitary in each cell. — A very remarkable species ; the
corolla is quite unlike that of any other. A Malacca plant in young fruit of Griffith's
(Kew Distrib. 2795) may be it, as also a Mergui one of Griffith's in Wight's Her-
barium, also in fruit only.

18. IXT. canarica, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic or oblanceolate
acuminate glabrous on both surfaces, nerves' about 15 pair, cymes small sessile
few-fld. puberulous, branches very stout, flowers shortly pedicelled ebracteolate
at thelbase, calyx obconic obscurely toothed, corolla-tube cylindric about twice
as long as the linear lobes, style pubescent. ? Pavetta canarica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv.,
For. Man. 134/8.

South Canaka ; on the Ghats, Beddome. Cochin, Wight.

Branches stout. Leaves 6-8 by 2-2^^ in., dark green when dry, membranous ;
petiole ^-^i,n. Bracts short, triangular. Buds 1 in., cylindric, obtuse; corolla-lobes
linear, half the length of the tube or more, throat glabrous, tube villous within.
Aiithtrs SQ^sWe. /SiJy^c pubescent; stigma very long, narrowly fusiform. Ovules onQ
in each cell, on large placentas. — Doubtfully identified with Beddome's insufficient
diagnosis.

19. W. ? nilag'irica, Hook./.; young branches pubescent, leaves obovate-
lanceolate subcaudate-acuminate pubescent beneath, nerves 12-15 pair, cymes

Wehem.'\ Lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 107

small sessile few-flowered pubescent, flowers shortly pedicelled ebracteolate at
the base, calyx obconic, teeth short broad, corolla-tube cyliudric much lonorer
•than the short lobes, style glabrous, stigma very slender. ? Pavetta nilagirica,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134/8.

NiLGHERUY Mts. ; Sispara Ghat and Peria Peak, Wynaad, Beddome, G. Thomson.

Branches stout. Leaves 4-9 by 1^-2^ in., greenish when dry, glabrous above ;
petiole ^ in., stout ; fetipules shortly triangular. Cymes 1 in., and biids similar to
those of W. canarica, but the branches more pubescent, and the calyx-teeth more
prominent. Corolla (seen in bud only) more resembling a Pavetta than a Webcra, as
■do the very slender styles with the stigma not thickened or fusiform at all, and the
sessile anthers ; but the flowers are 5-merous. It is probably a o-merous Pavetta,
and possibly a form of the protean P. indica.

20. W. Slelferi, ITook. /.; branches slender glabrous, leaves elliptic-lan-
ceolate or oblanceolate caudate-acuminate membranous glabrous, nerves 10 pan*,
peduncle long slender glabrate branches pubescent, flowers pedicelled ebracteo-
late at the base, calyx- teeth subulate shorter than the tube, corolla puberulous,
tube slender much longer than the short broad lobes. Ixora Ilelferi, Kurz in
-Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 316 ; For. FL ii. 17.

Tenasserim, Heifer.

Leaves 5-8 by 1^-2 in., blackish when dry, narrowed into the short petiole; sti-
pules ovate, acuminate, glabrous. Peduncle 4-6 in., inclined or drooping; cyme
■brachiate, branches slender ; bracts linear- subulate, qr the lower pair leafy. Flowers
pedicelled. Calyx-teeth subulate. Corolla-tube § in. ; lobes broadly oblong, 5- the
length of the tube ; throat glabrous. Style fusiform, slender ; stigma shortly exserted,
slender, fusiform. Ovules 1 in each cell.

43. BVRSOPZZVX.Z.UZ^, ITooL f.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees ; branches robust, terete. Leaves very coria-
ceous ; stipules large, deciduous. Floioers large, dioecious, white or pink, in
terminal few-fld. corymbs or fascicles ; bracteoles small, scale-like. Calyx-tube
(of $ ) hemispheric ; limb short, cupular, persistent. Corolla coriaceous, tube
long, throat campanulate, mouth contracted, villous ; lobes oblong, obtuse,
twisted in bud. Stamens 4-6, on the mouth of the corolla ; anthers sessile,
linear-oblong, included. Ovary 2-ceUed ; style filiform, stigma spindle-shaped
or stigmas 2 acute cohering ; ovules numerous, immersed in fleshy placentas
adnate to the septum. Berries ovoid or globose, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
oblong, flattened, imbricate in 2 series, immersed in pulp. — Disteib. 2 Indian
species.

1. B. ellipticum, Hooh.f. in^en. PI. ii. 83 ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-
obovate cuspidate, flowers 4-6Tmerous, stigma 2-lobed. Coffea ? elliptica and
Stylocoryne elliptica, Thiv. Enum. 164 and 421 ; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 96.

Ceylon, at no great elevation, Thivaites.

A small tree, dark brown when dry. Jjcaves 4-7 by 2-3 in., sometimes obovatc ;
petiole very stout, ^-1 in. ; stipules convolute, oblong, acute. Peduncles 1-3, ^-£ in.
Calyx small, truncate. Corolla white ; tube slender, \-l in. ; lobes ^ in. Berries 1
in. diam., globose, about 10-seeded.

2. B. tetrandruxn, Hooh.f. in Gen. PL ii. 83 ; leaves obovate or elliptic-
oblong, tip rounded, flowers 4-merous, stigma entire. Bedd. FL Sylv. t. Q'2Q.
Gardenia tetrandra, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 20.

Teavancore Mts., alt. 5000 ft. ; Athraymallay, Captain Davidson.

A shrub or small tree, dark brown when dry. Leaves 3-5 by l|-2 in., shining

108 ' Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Brachytome.

above ; petiole very stout, ^-1 in, ; stipules some triangular-lanceolate acuminate,
others complicate broadly oblong, subacute. Peduncles 1-3, 5— ^ in. Calyx small,
truncate. Corolla wliite tinged with rose ; tube 1 in. ; lobes ^ in. Bcrri/ about ^ in.
diam.

44. BZtAC2ZirT02^E, //ao7^./.

A glabrous shrub or small tree ; branches slender, terete. Leaves petioled,
membranous, caudate-acuminate ; stipules triangular, acuminate, persistent.
Floioers polygamo-dicecious, white, small, in slender panicles. Cymes from the-
axil of an undeveloped leaf (hence leaf-opposed) ; bracts minute. Calyx-tuhe
oblong; limb cupular, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla long or funnel-shaped^
tube (in fl. ^ shorter) within and throat glabrous ; lobes 5, short, twisted in
bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-throat ; anthers subsessile, included,
linear-oblong, imperfect in fl. 5 . Dish in $ small, in ^ cupular. Ovary 2-
celled ; style filiform (short in ^ ), stigmas 2, shortly oblong obtuse grooved ;
ovules very numerous, superficial on peltate tumid placentas. Berries small,
ellipsoid, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds crowded, cuneate, compressed, testa
thin reticulate, albumen fleshy ; embryo small, sub-cylindric. — Perhaps better
united with Randia, but the habit and flowers are peculiar, and the seeds have
a reticulated testa.

1. B. Wallichii, Hooh. /. in Ic. PI t. 1088 j Kurz For. FL ii. 51.
Kubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8464, 8466.

KiiAsiA Mts., alt., 3-4000 ft.. Bo Silva, Griffith (KewDistrib. 2787), &c.— Distbib.
Ava; Birma, alt. 5500 ft. (Griffith).

Pale brown when dry. Leaves 5-9 by 1-2 in., oblong or obovate-lanceolate, almost
caudate-acuminate ; nei'ves slender ; petiole ^ in. Cymes short, irregularly branched,
1-2 in. diam., lax-flowered. Corolla ^ in. long. Berry ^ in. long, crowned with the
calyx-limb. — Griffith's specimens are marked Darjeeling, but as no other collector has-
found it in Sikkiui, I suspect some error.

45. ANOZaANTKOBXA, LIooTc.f.

A subscandent glabrous shrub ; branchlets soft compressed and inflorescence
hairy. Leaves bifarious, obliquely auricled ; stipules interpetiolar, triangular,
deciduous. Corymbs appearing supra-axillary (from the suppression of the leaves
at the flowering nodes) ; peduncles 3-chotomous •, bracts small, triangular, and
"bracteoles persistent. Flowers small, white, sessile, polygamo-dicecious. Calyx-
tuhe turbinate ; limb cylindric or cupular, 5-6-toothed, deciduous. Corolla
salver-shaped, tube short, throat with reflexed hairs ; lobes 5-0, longer than the
tube, reflexed, twisted in bud. Stamens 5-6, subsessile on the corolla-mouth ;
anthers narrow, acute (recurved in the male), cells septate. Dish tubular.
Ovary 2-celled ; style stout, branches 2-lanceolate ribbed : ovules many. Berries
globose, 2-celled, very many-seeded. Seeds minute, crowded, cuneate, testa
thick.

1. A. auriculata, Ilooh.f. in Gen. PI. ii. 87-, Webera auriculata, WalL
in Itoxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey <^- Wall. ii. 537. Stylocoryne auriculata, B^all. Cat..
8402. Cupia auriculata, DC. Prodr. iv. 394. Pseudixora? am*iculata, M/g'. JP/.
Ind. Bat. ii. 210. Psychotria ? Wall. Cat. 8338.

SiNGAPOBK, Penang, and Malacca, Porter, Wallich, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 903,.
904, 936).— Distrib. Borneo,

Branches stout, and leaves dark brown when dry. Leaves 4-9 by 2^-4 in., coria-
ceous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shining above ; nerves slender ; stipules \ in. Cynies
corymbose, 4-8 in. diam,, very many-flowered ; stout peduncle and branches com»

BatuUa.'] lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 109

pressed ; leaf at the node very small. Flowers subsessile. Cal^x^ ^ in. long. Corolla
^ in. diam. Berries size of a pea. — The inflorescence is that of Eandia densijlora, to
which genus this might be reduced.

46. RANDIA,XmH.

Shrubs or trees, unarmed or spinous. Leaves opposite or with one often ar-
rested ; stipules short, intra-petiolar, free or connate. Floioers in axillary or
leaf-opposed cymes on solitary or fascicled or corymbose, rarely terminal,
white or yellowish. Calyx-tiihe Tarious ; limb often tubular ; lobes short, long
or leafy. Corolla funnel- saher- or bell-shaped, tube long or short, throat
glabrous or hairy ; lobes 6, rarely more, short or long, twisted in bud. Stamens
5; anthers subsessile, narrow. Dish annular or cushion-shaped. Ovary 2-
rarely 3-4-cened ; style short or slender, stigma usually fusiform, entire or 2-
iid; ovules usually numerous, sunk in placentas attached to the septum. Ber-
ries globose, ellipsoid or ovoid, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds often immersed in
pulp, angled, testa thin, albumen horny ; cotyledons orbicular. — Distrib. Species
about 90, all tropical.

Sect. I. Eurandia. Erect unarmed or spinous shrubs. Floivers small or
moderate-sized, solitary or few and fascicled. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped,
glabrous or nearly so. Berry small. Albumen uniform.

1. R. tetraspenna, Ro.vh. Fl. Ind. i. 709 (Gardenia); branches spines-
cent, leaves elliptic or obovate glabrous, flowers subsolitary, calyx-tube terete
hardly produced above the ovary, corolla-tube very short, berry globose 4-seeded.
Brand. For. Fl. 272. Gardenia densa. Wall. inRoxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8,- Wall,
ii. 559. G. teti'asperma and densa, DC. Prodr. iv. 381, 383. G. longispina,
Wall. Cat. S277 Jy. jiartly. G. sp., Wall. Cat. 8276, 8278, 8280, 8286.

Salt Kange and Subtropical Himalaya, from Kashmir eastAvards, ascending to
4-6000 ft. in Kumaon and to 7000 ft. in Sikkim and Bhotan. Assam. Silhet.

An erect rigid bush, 6 ft. ; branches woody ; bark rough. Leaves towards the tips
of the branchlets, |-2 in., pale brown when dry, narrowed into the short petiole ;
.stipules small, triangular-subulate. Flowers sessile, greenish-white, fragrant, \ in.
diam. Calyx-teeth snbnlnte. CoroZ^a-^«6e i in. long; lobes oblong. Anthers &s.sexiGAy
tip subulate. Stigma spindle-shaped. Berry \ in. diam.

2. It. fasciculata, DC. Prodr. iv. 386; spines axillary, leaves ovate elliptic
or lanceolate acute glabrous or slightly hairy, flowers fnscicled, calyx-tube terete
produced above the ovary, corolla-tube long slender, berry globose many-seeded.
Brand. For. Fl. 273. R rigida, DC. I. c. R. malabarica, WaU. Cat. 8255 A. B. D.
Gardenia fasciculata, Roxb. Hart. Bemj. 15. G. rigida and parviflora, Wall. Cat.
8257 A. B., 8256. Posoqueria fasciculata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 717. P. rigida,
WaU. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey i^- Wall. ii. 570. Webera fasciculata, Kurz
For. FL ii. 49. Eubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8283.

Tropical Himalaya, from Nipal to Bhotan, ascending to 4000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
Assam, Silhet and Tenasserim, Wallich, &c.

A spreading shrub ; branches glabrous, hairy or tomentose ; bark smoothish.
Leaves 1-5 by ^1|- in,, pale when dry, base rounded or narrowed; petiole short;
stipules narrowly lanceolate. Calyx-limb produced after flowering, cylindric, circum-
sciss, glabrous or pubescent, teeth linear. Corolla white (yellow in lloxburgh's
drawing), fragrant ; tube ^-1| in.; limb §-l|- in. diam. ; lobes oblong, apiculate.
Stigma large, fusiform, shortly exserted. Berry purple, size of a pea ; cells about 6-
seeded.

Sect. II. Ceriscus. Erect unarmed or spinous shrubs. Flowers small or
moderate-sized, solitary or few and fascicled. Calyx-lobes broad, obtuse. Corolla

110 Lxxv. EDBIACE.^. (J. D. Hooker.) IBandia^

campaiiulate, tube usually short, lobes broad reflexed. Ber?'i/ large, many-seeded,,
crowned with the cal^^x-limb.

0. R. uligrinosa, DC. Prodr. iv. 386 ; glabrous, spines short straight or
0, leaves obovate or oblong obtuse, flowers solitary white, calyx-tube terete,
corolla glabroiLS externally. W. 8f A. Prodr. 398 ; Wight Ic. t. 397 ; Dak. ^'
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 119; Brand. For. Fl. 273; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 44; Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. 161. Gardenia uliginosa, Retz Obs. ii. 14; Roxb.
Cor. PI. t. 135; Wall. Cat. 8295. ? G. pomifera, TF^//. Cat. 8296 (an unarmed
specimen). Posoqueria uliginosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 712.

Eastern, Central, arid Southern India, not common northwards. Sikkim, J. D. H. ;
AssA^r, Hamilton .—Di^TRiB. Ava (G-. pomifera, Wall.).

A small, usually very rigid tree, Avith thick woody 4-angled branches, and leaves
(except on young shoots) at the ends of tlie branchlets. Leaves 2-8 by 1-4 in., pale
when dry, narrowed into the short slender petiole ; stipules triangular. Flowers
dimorphic, either large and sessile, or small and peduncled. Calyx-tuhe \\ in. ; lobes
rounded. Corolla of the large form 1 to nearly 2 in. diam. ; lobes rounded ; tube with
a ring of hairs within ; of the small form with a very short tube glabrous within.
Stigma fusiform, 2-lobed in the sessile-flowered, entii*e in the peduncled. Berry 2 in.
long, yellow, ellipsoid in the sessile-flowered, smaller in the peduncled-flowered. Seeds
compressed, smooth. — Fruit sold in the markets, eatable.

4. R. dumetoruxn, Lamh. Fl. t. 156, f. 4; DC. Prodr. iv. 385; spines
stout straight, leaves obovate glabrous or pubescent, flowers solitary, calyx-tube
terete strigose, corolla hairy externally, berry many-seeded. W. Sf A. Prodr.
397 ; Wi(jht Lc. t. 580 ; Dah. 8> Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 119 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv., Anal.
Gen. t. xvi. f. 1 : Brand. For. Fl. 273. ^ K. nutans, longispina and floribuuda,
DC. S)' W.8>'A.', Dalz. 8f Gibs, lc, Kurz For. Fl. 45; Wiyht Lc. t. 581^
682, 583. Ii. Kottleri, W. ^' A. I. c. K. stipulosa, Miq. Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii.
228. R. spinosa, ^/wme Bijd. 981. R. malabarica, Wall. Cat. ^2^6 e. ? R.
tomentosa, W. S^- A. Prodr. 398 ; Wall. Cat. 8364 A. Gardenia nutans, Roxb.
Hort. Bemj. 15 ; Wall. Cat. 8290. G. spinosa, Linn. Jil. G. longispina and
floribunda, Roxb. and others. G. dumetorum, Retz. ; Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 136 ;
Wall. Cat. 8259. G. stipularis, Rottl. ^- Willd.; DC. I. c. 383. •G. glabra and
G. propinqua, Br. in Wall. Cat. 8258, 8260. G. latifolia, Schlecht in LLerb.
LLohcn. No. 861. Posoqueria dumetorum, P. nutans, P. longispina, and P. flori-
bunda, Roxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 713 to 719. Ceriscus malabaricus, Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 2S.

Subtropical Himalaya from Jamu eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft. in Sikkim; and
thence southwards to Chittagoxg, Pegu, Martaban, the Western Peninsula, and
Ceytx)n (not recorded from Assam, the Khasia Mts., Silhet, or the Eastern Peninsula).
— DisTRiB. Java, Sumatra, S. China, E. trop. Africa.

A small tree or rigid shrub ; spines horizontal, often long and strong. Leaves 1-2
in., glabrous or harshly or softly pubescent on one or both surfaces, obtuse or sub-
acute, narrowed into the short petiole ; stipules ovate, acuminate. Flowers rarely 2-3-
on a peduncle, subsessile, greenish yellow or white. Calyx strigose ; teetu very"vari-
able, sometimes spathulate. Corolla ^-| in. diam. ; lobes oval or oblong. Berry
globose or ovoid, f-1^ in. long, glabrous or pubescent, smooth or obscurely ribbed,,
yellow, pericarp thick. Seeds compressed, imbedded in pulp. — Wight and Arnott's
R. tomentosa, of which very imperfect fruiting specimens only are known, is either a
form with leaves softly tomentose beneath, and a globose slightly ribbed peduncled
fruit, or a different species.

5. R. tomentosa, Blumein DC. Prodr. iv. 379 (Gardenia) ; spines very
long, shoots and leaves beneath densely velvetty, leaves obovate or orbicular
subacute pubescent above, calyx-tube ribbed and corolla velvetty, berry many-
seeded. Gardenia tomentosa, Wall. Cat, 8264 B. G. dasvcarpa, ^wrs «w e/biMTi.
As. Soc. 1872, ii. 412.

liandia.'] Lxxv. KUBiAcr.E. (J. D. Hooker.) Ill

Tknasseeim, Mabtaban, aucl Pegu, Wallich, &c. ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2823). —
DiSTRiB. Java.

A largo shnib ; Lrauclies reiy stoiit ; spines horizontal, 1-2 in., very stout. Leaves
brown when dry, 1-2 in,, often subeuneate, coriaceous; stipules triangular. Flowers^
subsolitiiry, subsessilc, 1 in. diam. Calyx-teeth 5-10, linear , erect. GoroUa-lobes
oblong- obovate, silky witliin. Stigma globose, 2-lobed. Berry broadly ellipsoid,
1^1| in. diam., relvetty, ribbed.

Sect. HI. Oxyceros. Climbing or erect, armed (or young shoots un-
armed) shrubs or trees. Floivers in shortly peduncled cymes. Corolla salver-
shaped, tube longer or (in R. malabarica) shorter than the limb, glabrous
externally. Ben-y small, about 8-seeded, tbe caljoc-limb deciduous.

G. XI. malabarica, Lamh. Diet. iii. 25 ; erect, glabrous, spines straigbt
or 0, leaves elliptic obovate or oblong, cymes short, flowers fascicled, corolla-
tube shorter than the h^bes. Gardenia fragrans, Koen. ; Roxh. Cor. PL t. 137 ;
Roth Nov. Sp. loO; Wall. Cat. 8267. Posoqueria fragi'ans, Koen. in Ro.vb. FL
Ind. i. 717. Stylocoryne Paudaki and S. malabarica, DC. Prodr. iv. 377.
Griffithia fragrans, W. ^- A. Prodr. 400 ; Wight Ic. t. 310. Canthium parvi-
florum, Schlecht. in Herb. Hohen. Xo. 816. Gardenia sp. and Eubiacea, Wall.
Cat. 8281, 8287.

Western Peninsula; on the hills, &c., from Canara southwards, Cetlox; not
uncommon up to 3000 ft., WaAkcr, &c.

An erect shrub ; young shoots unarmed, " as is the whole plant when growing in a
rich soil" (Eoxb.). Leaves 1-2^ in., coriaceous, pale when dry; stipules small, trian-
gular. Cymes subsessile, glabrous or puberulous, few or many-tlowered, with connate
triangular coriaceous bracts at the forks. Calyx-tube obconic, teeth minute. Corolla
^-| in. diam. Stigma fusiform. Berry size of a, pea, areole not raised. Seeds rough ;
albumen ruminated. — Ceylon specimens have more elliptic leaves, loo.ser cymes,,
larger flowers and more acute buds.

7. It. long'iflora, Lamh. Diet. iii. 26 ; lU. 1. 156, f. 3 ; climbing, glabrous,
spines short recurved or 0, leaves ovate elliptic or oblong, stipules broadly tri-
angular, cvmes short, corolla-tube much longer than the lobes. DC. Prodr. iv.
386. II, k-andens, DC. I. c. 387. Posoqueria longiflora, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 718.
Griffithia curvata, Kurz in Trimen Journ. Bot. ] '^7-'^, 325. G. sianiensis, Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 158. Canthium recurvum and augulosum. Wall. Cat. 8284,.
8285. Wobera scandens, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. C08. W. longiflora, bispiuo.sa, and
siaraensis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 48, 49. Tocoyena scandens, Blume Bijd. 080.
Gardenia patula, Horsf. in Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 232. Pseudixora javanica and
Zollingeriaua, Miq. I. c. 210. Stylocoiyne bispiuosa, Griff. Notul. iv. 260.

AssAiNf, SiLHET, and Khasia Mts., ascending to 2000 ft. ; common. Chittagong,
and southwards to Malacca and Penang. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. — Disthip.
Birma, Malay Islands.

A large shrub. Leaves 2-8 by 1-3 in., pale or dark when dry, coriaceous, often
glandular at the nerve-axils beneath. Peduncles short or long, often from alternate
axils of reduced leaves ; cymes trichotomous ; bracts as in R. malabarica. Calyx
glabrous or puberulous, limb dilated, lobes triangular. Corolla white, then yellowish ;
tube i-H in. ; lobes ^ in. long, oblong. Stigma 2-fid. Berries globose, i-i in. diam.,
obscurely ribbed ; areole flat or raised. Seeds rugose, imbedded in pulp ; albumen
ruminate. — A very variable plant, especially in the length of the corolla, but I cannot
limit the varieties according to the definitions given to the species which I have here
included under B. longiflora. Wallich's No. 8284 E. from Singapore (Finlayson) has
a calyx \ in. long, with almost filiform lobes half as long as the tube, and quite unlike
those of any other variety. Others in Herb. Hooker and Bcntham both from Wallich»
with the ticket 8284 D. (Penang and Singapore) and 8284 C. (Silhet), but which are

112 Lxxv. KUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Randla.

not the plants thus numbered in the Linnsean Society's Herbarium, have very much
larger flowers, the calyx |-| in. long, with a cylindric tube above the ovary ^ in. long
and irregularly cut at the top into 5 triangular teeth ; the corolla-tube 1 in. and lobes
§ in. long: the same, but with shorter calyces, is in Maingay's Herbarium.

8. R. Grriffitlili, Hook, f. ; erect, glabrous, spines short straight or 0,
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate, stipules subulate, berries globose.
Griffithia, sp. 13, 14, Ilerh. Ind. Or. II. f. 8>- T.

Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. ; Mamloo, Griffith (Kew Distrib. No. 2800) ; Nurtiung
and Nunklow, J. D. H. ^- T. T.

A smallbright green tree ; spines ascending, \ in. Leaves green or pale when dry,
2-5 by 1-1^ in., gradually acuminate, base acute ; petiole ^\ in. Cymes few-flowered,
subsessile ; bracts as in R. malaharica. Flowers not seen. Calyx-tuhe aitav flowering,
uru-shaped ; limb dilated, minutely toothed, deciduous. Berries size of a pea, areo-
late, black. Seeds few, smooth ; albumen even. — A very distinct species.

Sect. IV. G-ynopachys. Shrubs or trees, erect or scaudent, uuarmed.
Leaves iu equal pairs except sometimes those at the flowering nodes. Cymes
axillary, leaf-opposed. Calyx4ohes small. Corolla-tube rarely exceeding the
lobes. Berry globose, usually small and soft.

9. It. densiflora, BentJi. Fl. Ilonyh. 155 ; glabrous, unarmed, branches
4-augled, leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, cymes leaf-opposed or from leafless
nodes, bracts persistent, coroUa-tube much shortey than the lobes, throat villous,
berries globose many-seeded. Webera densiflora. Wall, in lioxh. Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey 8^' Wall. ii. 536. W. oppositiflora, Boxh. Fl. Ind. i. G98 ; Kurz For. Fl,
ii. 47. Stylocoryne densiflora. Wall. Cat. 8404 cxcl. A. : Miq. in Ann. Mus.
Lugd. Bat. iv. 128, t. 5 A. S. dimorphophylla, Tcysm. Sf Binn. Fl. Nov. Hort.
Boffor. 4. Cupia densiflora «wf? oppositifolia, I)C. Prodr. iv. 394. Gynopachis
axilliflora and oblongata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 221. Urophyllum coriaceum,
Miq. I. c. Suppl. 542. Ixora Thozetia, F. MueU. Fragm. ii. 132. Psychotria
sp. Wall. Cat. 8332. Kubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8455, 8456, 8465.

Assam and Naga hills, Griffith ; Cachar, Keenan ; TEXASSERi:sr, Wallich ; Anda-
man and NicoBAR Islands, Heifer, Kurz; Malacca, Singapore, and Penang, Wallich,
Griffith, Maingay, &c. ; Travancore, Wight, Beddome. — Distrib. Malayan Archi-
pelago, N. Australia, Hongkong.

A large shrub or small tree, " sometimes epiphytal" (Keenan) ; branches glabrous
•or puberulous. Leaves dark brown when dry, 4-8 by 1-3 in., coriaceous, smooth;
petiole 5— 1 in. ; stipules triangular, acuminate. Cymes sessile or shortly peduncled,
solitary or opposite from leafless nodes, or solitary and opposite a reduced leaf, or from
the axil of a reduced leaf and opposite a developed one, branched from the base ;
branches flattened, diA'aricate, glabrous, puberulous or pulDescent; bracts small, tri-
angular. Flowers numerous, pedicelled. Calyx \ in. ; teeth minute or 0. Corolla
~-\ in. diam. ; lobes glabrous or silky externally. Stigma slender, exserted. Berry
size of a pea, arcolate ; cells 8- or more-seeded. Seeds rugose ; albumen ruminate.
— The inflorescence is that oi Anomanthodia.

10. R. G-ardneri, Thw. Fnum. 158 (Griffithia) ; erect, glabrous, un-
armed, leaves lanceolate acuminate, cymes axillary, bracts persistent, corolla-
tube much longer than the lobes, throat pubescent or villous, berries longer than
broad many-seeded. Griffithia Gardner!, Bedd. Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 38. llandia
Gardner! a/?f? laurifolia, Ilooh.f. in Gen. PI. ii. 88.

Ceylon; Central ProA'ince, alt. ^-4000 ft., Gardner, &c.

Very closely allied indeed to P. densiflora, and perhaps better considered as the
Ceylon form of that plant, but the leaves are more strictly lanceolate, the cymes always
from the axils of fully formed leaves, and the berry is not globose but evidently,
though slightly, elongated ; the flowers are quite glabrous, except at the throat of the
■corolla, which is less villous than in P. densiflora.

Bandia.'] lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 113

11. B. Wallicliii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, subscandent, unarmed, branches
robust rough, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, cymes solitary on the branches
axillary sessile, bracts caducous, flowers very small glabrous, corolla-tube much
shorter than the lobes, berries many-seeded, llubiacea, WalL Cat, 8445, 8406.
Griffithia, sp. 11, Herb. Ind. Or. H f. Sf T.

Bhotax, Griffith ; Sllhet and Khasia Mrs., alt. 1-4000 ft., De Silva ; Chittagoxc;,
- J. D. H. 4' T. T. ; Pegu, Kurz ; Texasseuim, HeJfer, &c. — Distjrib. Yunau, Java.

A tree ; branches flexuous (as if twining), very stout, with rough soft red-brown
bark. Leaves 4-9 by 1^-2| in., brown when dry, smootli, coriaceous, shining a1;ove,
narrowed at the base ; petiole \-\ in., stout ; stipules broadly ovate-Iunceolate, sheath-
ing, coriaceoiis. Cymes from the upper axil of each branch ; branches spreading,
stout in fruit, ebracteate or with a few caducous triangular bracts. Flowers shortly
pedicelled. Cf%a? turbinate, minutely toothed. Corolla '\ in. (Wam. Stigma entho.
Berry globose, |-| in. diam. Seeds peltate, smooth ; albumen uniform.

12. R. rug'ulosa, Thto. Enum. 159 (Griffithia) ; glabrous, climbing, un-
armed, leaves elliptic obtuse or obtusely acuminate, cymes several on each branch
leaf-opposed, bracts large subpersistent, corolla-tube much shorter than the lobes,
mouth pubescent, berries several-seeded. Stylocoryne, sp. Wall. Cat. 8400.

Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats, from the Concan southwards, ascending to
4000 ft., Heyne, Wight, &c. Ceylon ; Ambagamowa, Saffragan and Galle districts,
not common, Champion, Thwaites.

A large climbing shrub with stout pendulous branches. Leaves 3-7 by li-3 in.,
sometimes lanceolate, rarely acute, coriaceous ; nerves very strong ; stipules broad,
coriaceous, acute, 2 -glandular at the base within {Thwaites). Cymes with a short
stout peduncle, glabrous or puberulous; branches very stout, spreading; bracts
coriaceous, obtuse, often connate in pairs. Flowers pedicelled. Caly.v hemispheric,
glabrous or puberulous ; teeth very variable, acute or obtuse. Corolla \~ in. diam.,
white ; tube and lobes quite glabrous. Berries size of a pea. Seeds rugose.

Var. speciosa; flowers Ij in. diam. Griffithia speciosa, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. 8,
t. 37. — South Canara to Travaneore, Beddome. — I see nothing but the size of the
flower to distinguish this from Z?. rugulosa. Though stated to be found over so great
4in area, I have seen no specimens.

13. R. Candolleana, W. ^- A. Prodr. 399 ; erect, unarmed, branches
very stout, leaves long-petioled obovate or orbicular obtuse glabrous pubescent
or velvety beneath, cymes subterminal axillary or from naked nodes, corolla,
«iky externally, lobes much longer than the tube, berries several-seeded. R.
-coiymbosa, W. 8f A.l. c. R. deccanensis, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 57, t. 137.

Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8293.

»

Western Peninsula ; Nagur Hills, Mysore, Wight'; Nallay Mallay Hills, near
Kurnook, Beddome.

A small tree with naked woody branches and rough bark. Leaves 1-3 in., some-
times nearly as broad, glabrous above, beneath softly velvety or glabrous or with
axillary tufts of hairs, dark brown when dry; petiole ^~1^ in.; stipides broadly-
ovate. Cymes sessile, branches spreading ; bracts caducous. Calyx-tuhe glabi'ous,
<;ampanulate ; limb produced, much dihited,. teeth subulate. Corolla 5 in. diam.;
lobes broadly oblong, glabrate within. ' Stigma globose. Berries § in. difim., globose,
with a small elevated areole ; pericarp thin, crustaceous and shining within. Seeds
numerous, small, imbedded in pulp, compressed, quite smooth.

Sect. V. Anisophyllea. Unarmed shrubs or trees with nrequal pairs
of leaves. Cymes axillary, tomentose or silky. Corolla densely silky or tomen-
tose, tube equalling or exceeding the lobes. Bein-y large, endocarp woody, many-
i-eeded. (Fruit unknov^-n in P. sikkimensis.)

VOL. III. I

114 LXXY. EUBUCE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Randia,

14. R. anisophylla, Jack in Hoab. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey i^- Wall. ii. 6G1 ;
softly villous or tomentose, erect, unarmed, leaves large obovate cuspidate pairs
luiequal, cymes axillary villous, corolla silky, lobes equalling the tube, berry
woody ellipsoid tomentose many-seeded crowned with a tubular calyx-limb.
Gardenia ? anisopbylla, Wall. Cat. 8399; DC. Prodr. iv. 381.

Malacca, Pexang, and Singapore, Jacl; &e.

A small tree; branches robust, villous. Leaves 9-15 by 3^-5 in., pale brown,
variable as to pubescence, narrowed at the base; petiole short; stipules united into-
a villous 2-lipped tiibe bearded within. Cymes stoutly peduncled, many-flowered;,
bracts deciduous. Flowers pedicelled, white. Calyx OA'oid, tomentose ; limb tubular;
.silky within; teeth ovate-subulate, deciduous. Corolla coriaceous, ^-| in. diam. ;
loltes oblong. Stigma fusiform. Berry \-l^ in. long; pericarp thin with a Avoody
Clidocarp. Seeds many, compressed, smooth.

15. R. sikkimensis, Hooh. /. ; pubescent, erect, shrubby, unarmed,,
leaves in unequal pairs elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate slightly pubescent
above more so beneath, cymes axillary tomentose, corolla densely silkily
tomentose, tube longer than the oblong lobes bearded within below the-
middle.

Foot of the SiKKiM Himalaya; on dry hills below Kursiong, alt. 4000 ft.,.
J. D. H.

A woody shrub; branches stout, leafy at the tips. Leaves brown when dry, 4-7
by li-2^ in., rather membranous, with scattered hairs above, tomentose especially ons
the nerves beneath; petiole short, tomentose; stipules very broad, acute or cuspidate,
connate in a glabrous or hairy tube, or free. Cymes sessile ; branches erect, short,
bracts small, acute. Flowers pedicelled, erect. Calyx pubescent, funnel-shaped;
limb dilated, teeth subulate. Corolla 1 in. diam. ; tube nearly 1 in. long, very silky ;
lobes not half as long, obtuse, glabrous within ; mouth glabrous. Stigma clavate, 2-
lobcd. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; OA'ules apparently not sunk in the placenta. —
Specimens not numerous or good.

Sect. VI. Gardenioides. Au unarmed tree. Floioers cjvuo^q. Calyx-
lobes small. Corolla-tube very short ; limb inflated, very large, 5-lobed. Berry
large, globose, with a woody rind, many-seeded.

16. R. exaltata, Griff. Notul. iv. 262 ; glabrous, erect, unarmed, leaves-
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute or subacute, cymes axillary or leaf-opposed
pubescent, corolla very large, tube short, limb inflated, berry large woody many-
seeded. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 46. Gardenia pulclierrima, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc,
1872, ii. 312 ; 1877, ii. 155 ; For. Fl. ii. 43.

Tknasserim; Mergui, in Mangrove Swamps, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2826). Anda-
man Islands, Kurz.

A tree, 50 ft.; trunk slender; branches with pale bark, youngest compressed and
pubescent. Leaves ^-1 by 2-3.^, greenish when dry, coriaceous ; petiole shoi't; sti-
pules broadly triangular. Cymes subsessile; branches stout, short, few-flowered.
Calyx tomentose; teeth triangular. Corolla white, sweet-scented, 3 in. long; limb
campanulate, 1^ in. across the broad ovate lobes ; throat naked. Anthers slender, in-
cluded. Style filiform ; stigma included, clavate, 2-lobed. Berry globose, l-H in.
diam. ; pericarp smooth, very woody. Seeds imbedded in pulp, | in. across, much
compressed, obtusely angled, smooth or wrinkled. — Griffith, and Kurz (copying him),
describes the leaves as unequal subrepand and pubescent at the nerve-axils beneath.

Sect. VII. Euclinia. Unarmed erect shrubs. Leaves in equal pairs.
Floicers solitary or fascicled, axiUary or terminal. Calyx-lobes very long. Corollce
large, funnel-shaped.

17. R. xnacropliylla, Br. in Wall. Cat. 8304 (Rothmannia) ; erect,
unarmed, Iranches and leaves beneath hispid or glabrate, leaves sub£e3si!e nar-

Bandia.'] lxxv. rubiacejs. (J. D. Hooker.) 115

rowly elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, flowers 1-2 subterminal, corolla G in.
hairy.

Matacca, Penang, and Singapoke, Wallich, Griffith, &c.

A shrub, 3-4 ft. high ; branches few, 2-leaved at the top {Griffith). Leaves 10-12
by 2-3 in., acuminate, coriaceous, glossy above with pubescent midrib, more or less
hispidly pubescent in the midrib and strong arched nerves beneath, base acute or ob-
tuse ; petiole very short, stout, hispid ; stipules long-subulate from a broad triangular
base. Floivers subsossile, fragrant. Calyx-tuhe oblong ; lobes 1 in., linear, erect,
hairy. Corolla white witli purple spots in lines on the throat, 4 in. across the short
reflexed lobes, Anthcrx very long. Stigma clavate, notched.

18. R. hygrophyla, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. ii. 321 ; Foi\ Fl. ii. 44
(Gardenia) ; glabrous, shrubby, erect, unarmed, leaves small shortly petioled
elliptic obovate or lanceolate subacute, flowers solitary subsessile axillary or in
the forks of the branches, corolla 1 in. glabrous.

Pegu ; frequent in swampy forests, Kurz.

An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft., often spreading. Leaves 2-3 in., black when dry,,
very variable in breadth, quite glabrous, base acute ; petiole ^ in. ; stipules connate,
glabrous or hairy. Caly.v-tiihe short, pubescent ; lobes much longer than the tube,
linear-subulate, ciliate. Corolla rather broadly funnel-shaped ; lobes unequal, about
^ in. long. Ovary completely 2-celled.

47. aARDZSNZA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, armed or not. Leaves opposite, rarely 3-nately whorled ;
stipules intrapetiolar, often connate. Floivers often very large, terminal or
axillary, solitary fascicled or rarely cymose, often dimorphic and ]Dolygamous.
Calyx-tuhe various ; limb tubular or dilated, variously cleft or lobed. Corolla
very various, lobes 5-12, twisted in bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes ;
anthers sessile or subsessile, linear, included, inserted in the tube. Ovary 1-
celled; style stout, stigma clavate fusiform or 2-cleft; ovules numerous,
2-seriate on the 2-6 parietal placentas. Fniit often large, ovoid ellipsoid or
globose, coriaceous, or fleshy with a woody endocarp polished within which
sometimes splits along the placental sutures. Seeds very many, imbedded in
the placenta, compressed ; testa thin ; embryo small, in horny albumen. — Dis-
TKIB. Species about 60, tropical and subtropical.

G-. FLORIDA, L. ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 703, &c. ; Wall. Cat. 8268, is often cultivated in
Indian g-ardens ; it is an unarmed shrub, native of Japan and China, with small ovate
acute leaves, white very strongly scented axillary flowers 1 in. diam. (often double),
and an ellipsoid 5-ribbed fruit crowned by subulate calyx-teeth. The orange pulp of
the fruit is used as a dye.

Sect. I. Eug'ardenia. Unarmed shrubs. Floivers large, axillary, soli-
tar}^. Corolla salver-shaped ; tube long, slender ; lobes 4-9.

* Calyx-limh tubular, ^-| in, ; teeth 5-9, ovate-lanceolate or linear or short.

1. Gr, lucida, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 707 ; glabrous, leaves
short-petioled elliptic obtuse or subacute shining many-nerved, flowers solitary
axillary, calyx-teeth elongate, fruit ellipsoid or globose, placentas 2. DC. Prodr.
iv. 381 ; W.8;A. Prodr. 395; Wt. Ic. t. 675; Dah. 8; Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 120;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xv. f. 6 ; Brand. For. Fl. 271 ; Wall Cat. 8270.
G. resinifera. Roth Xov. Sp. 150; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 42.

Western Peninsula, common from the Concan southwards. Chittagong, Rox-
burgh, &c. BiRMA, Brandts.

i2

116 Lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gardenia.

A small deciduous tree, shoots resinous. Leaves 3-10 by 2-5 in., green when dry,
base narrowed ; nerves 20-30 pair, with often bearded axils ; stipules large, broadly
ovate, connate. Floivers peduncled, fragrant, white turning yellow. Calyx variable,
tube oblong; limb tubular; lobes narrow lanceolate, persistent, Corolla-tube 1^-2
in., glabrous or puberulous; limb H-3 in. diam,, lobes 5 oblong. Fruit smooth;
pericarp thick, woody (endocarp 2-valved, Roxburgh),

2. €r. g-ummifera, Linn.f. ; DC. Prodr. iv. 381 ; glabrous, leaves sessile
or subsessile obovate acute or obtuse shiniug, calyx-teeth short ovate acute,
fruit ellipsoid or obloug, placentas 4-5. Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 709 ; W. 8f A. Prodr.
395 ; Dah. Sf Gibs. Bo7nb. Fl. 270, excl. syn. ; Thunh. diss. Gard. t. 2, f. 3. G.
arborea, Roxh. I. c. 708. G. inennis, Dietr. Vollst. Lex. iv. 285. Rubiacea,
Wall. Cat. 8294 A.

Western Peninsula, from the Satpura range southwards, Heyne, &c.

A woody bush ; buds resinous. Leaves 1^-2^ in., coriaceous, base obtuse acute or
cordate, sometimes puberulous beneath ; nerves 15-20 pair ; stipules connate, truncate
or mucronate. Flowers subsessile, white. Cdlyx-limb shortly tubular, teeth stout
subulate. Corolla-tube 1-2 in., glabrous or pubescent; limb 1-3 in. diam., lobes 5
oblong obtuse. Fruit 1-1^ in., with a stout beak, smooth; pericarp thin, woody
(endocarp 4-5-valved, Roxburgh). — Roxburgh's name G. arborea is attached to
Heyne's specimen in Herb. Wallich {Rubiacea 8294).

3. G-. obtuslfolia, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 15 ; glabrous, leaves sessile obo-
vate-oblong tip rounded, nerves rather distant, calyx-teeth very short obtuse,
fruit subglobose warted, placentas 4. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 43. G. suavis, Wall.
Cat. 8274. Bubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8294 B.

Pegtx and Tenasseeim, Roxburgh, &c., Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2819).

A small deciduous tree; shoots resinous. Leaves 2^-4 in., greenish when dry,
rough to the touch on both surfaces ; nerves 12-15 pair; stipules connate, sheathing.
Flowers solitary, shortly j)edicelled, white turning yellow. Calyx \ in., tube puberu-
lous, teeth very short. Corolla-tube 1^-2 in., limb 2-3^ in. diam. ; lobes 5, linear-
oblong, obtuse. Fntit as large as a pigeon's egg, beaked with the stout short calyx-
tube ; pericarp fleshy, warted with lenticels ; endocarp thin, shining, crustaceous.

4. G-. latifolia, Ait. Hort. Kew. i. 294; branches very stout, leaves oppo-
site or 3-nate subsessile large broadly elliptic or orbicular obtuse glabrous or
pubescent beneath, calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate unequal pubescent, fruit
globose smooth, placentas 4-5. Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 706 ; Cor. PI. t. 134 ; BC.
Prodr. iv. 380 ; W. 8f A. Pro^r. 395 ; Wt. Ic. t. 759 ; Dalz. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
120 ; Brand. For. Fl. 271 ; Wall. Cat. 8275 ; Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 193.

Dry hilly districts of Western, Central and South-western Indlsl, from the N.
W. Himalaya, in Garwhal only, ascendirg to 3000 ft., southwards to Behar and W.
Bengal ; absent to the eastward of those limits.

A small tree with woody resinous branchlets as thick as the little finger. Leaves
greenish, 4-8 in. long and sometimes almost as broad; nerves about 12 pair, axils
glandular-hairy beneath; stipules large, tumid, connate, often split or toothed.
Flowers solitary or 2-nate, subsessile, white changing to yellow, fragrant. Calyx-li7nb
campanulate; segments 5-9, unequal, recurved. Corolla-tube 2-3 in,, pubescent or
hirsute ; limb 2-4| in. diam. ; lobes 5-9, obovate, oblique. Fruit 1-2 in. diam.,
beaked by the calyx-limb, greenish, speck'ed; endocarp woody, shining within.—
Boxburgh's di'awing represents the calj'-x-teeth as very small, short and obtuse, and
his description (Fl. Ind. 1. c.) says calyx small, irregularly divided ; my specimens in
Herb. Wallich ha\:e teeth long and subulate. (See G. eniieandra at end of genus.)

** Calyx-limh tnbidar ohconic or campanulate, 1-3 in., truncate toothed or
mnuate, entire or split on one or both sides.

Gardenia,'] lxxv. eubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 117

5. Cr. coronaria, Sam. in Symes Emhassy to Ava, iii. 307, t. 22 ; leaves

subsessile oboyate shortly acuminate above shining glabrous or pubescent be-
neath, cal}'x-limb terete ^-1 in. often spathaceous, corolla 6-lobed, tube 2-3 in.,
fruit ellipsoid 5-ribbed, placentas 2. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 43 ; Wall. Cat. 8273.
G. costata, Eoxh. Hort. Beng. 15; Fl. Ind. i. 704; DC. Frodr. iv. 380; WaU.
Cat. 8272. ? G. carinata. Griff. Notul. iv. 261 ; Ic. PL Asiat. t. 474, f. 3.

CmxTAGONG, Eoxhtrgh, &c.; Kangoon, M'Cldland; Martaban, at Moulmein,
Falconer, &c.

A deciduous tree 25-30 ft. ; branches stout, youngest hairy ; buds resinous.
Leaves greenish when dry, 6-12 by 3-5 in., shining on both surfaces; nerves about 20
pair ; stipules ^ in,, connate, lanceolate. Floweis subsessile, terminal, -white changing
to yellow, fragrant. Calyx-limh cylindric, shining, thin ; mouth obscurely lobed, 5-
angled, caducous. Corolla-tube 2-4 in., puberulous ; limb 3-4 in. diam., lobes broad
obtuse or acute. Fruit 1 in. long, smooth between the ribs ; endocarp thick, woody.
— In Roxburgh's drawings and Wallich's specimens of G. costata the calyx-limb is
tubular, rather scarious, and cleft on one side, the mouth oblique. There are no
fruits on "Wallich's specimens. The endocarp is represented in Roxburgh's drawings
as thin, but described as thick in the "Flora Indica." Wallich's specimens of G.
coronaria have a thick woody endocarp, and shorter more coriaceous calyx-tubo.

6. G. carinata, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 560 ;
Cat. 8271 ; leaves subsessile obovate shortly acuminate shining above more or
less pubescent beneath, calyx-limb 5-winged below the truncate mouth, corolla
G-9-lobed, tube 1 in., fruit ellipsoid 5-ribbed, placentas 2.

Penang, Forter; Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 837).

Closely allied to G. coronaria ; differing in the thick wings of the truncate calyx-
limb, which are sometimes produced quite up to its mouth and elongated into large
teeth, and are decurrent on the peduncle; the corolla-tube is only 1 in. in all Wal-
lich's specimens, though ho describes it as "very long." ' The endocai'p of the fruit
is thin, as in that described under G. coronaria. Leaves in some of Maingay's
specimens 16 by 7 in. and membranous.

7. G. tubifera, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 662 ; Cat.
8266; leaves obovate-lanceolate abruptly acuminate glabrous or puberulous on the
nerves beneath, calyx ^ in. limb elongate obconic terete, mouth truncate, corolla-
tube many times longer than the calyx very slender, fruit globose, endocarp very
thick and woody, placentas 5-8. DC. Prodr. iv. 381. G. resinifera, Korth. in
Ned. Ki-uidk. Arch. ii. 191 ; Kurz in Joiirn. As. Soc. 1876, ii. 134 {not of Roth).
G. glutinosa, Teysm. Sf Binnend. in Herb. Luyd. Bat.

Singapore, Wallich ; Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 838). — Distrib. Sumatra,
Java, Borneo.

Subarboreous, young parts resinous. Leaves 5-9 in., shortly petioled, much nar-
rower at the base, coriaceous ; nerves 12-14 pair; petiole ^-1 in.; stipules short,
sheathing. Flowers subsessile. Calyx f in. long, gradually dilated upwards, terete.
Corolla-tube l|-3 in., limb 1 in. diam,, lobes 6-9 short. Fruit I-I-2 in. diam.,
smooth or obscurely ribbed, crowned with the trumpet-like calyx-limb 1^-| in.
long ; endocarp |- in. thick, very hard. Seeds rather large.

8. G. speciosa, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 824 (Randia) ; leaves petioled obovate-
oblong tip rounded or cuspidate, nerves puberulous beneath, calyx 1^ in. limb
elongate obconic terete, mouth truncate, corolla-tube many times longer than
the calyx.

Singapore, Lobb.

Leaves 4-6 in. by 2 in., much broader than in G. tuhifera, rounder at the tip, more
abruptly narrowed at the base; nerves 12-14 pair; petiole longer; stipules short,
sheathing. Calyx-tube longer and broader. Corolla-tiibe much stouter, 3-3^ in. ;
limb 6-9-lobed, 4 in. diam. ; lobes narrowly ovato-oblong, obtuse. Fruit unknown.

118 Lxxv. RUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gardenia,

9. G-. Griffithii, Hook. f. ; leaves subsessile elliptic-obovate cuspidate,
nerves beneath puberulous, calyx-limb 3 in. tubular with a trumpet-shaped
mouth, corolla-tube little longer, the calyx lobes broad, fruit large globose, peri-
carp very thick, placentas several.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2821).

Branches resinous. Leaves 6-8 by l|-3 in., coriaceous, much narrowed at the
base; nerves 10-14 pair; stipules ^ in., sheathing. Flowers SQSsWe. Caljt/x-tnbe yevy
coriaceous, terete ; mouth oblique, | in. diam., waved and wrinkled. Corolla-tube 2^-4
in., one quarter or less exserted ; limb 3 in. diam., many- (12-) lobed. Fruit large,
probably 1^ in. diam., with a thick exocarp and woody not very thick endocarp ; pla-
centas probably 5. — I have seen only a very imperfect fruit.

Vab. Maingayi ; mouth of calyx irregularly cut into triangular coriaceous teelh.
— Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 841).

Sect. II. Ceriscus. Shrubs, armed or unarmed. Floiuers dimorphic,
monoecious or dioecious. Calyx-teeth in the $ large, subfoliaceous ; in the <?
usually minute. (See Clarke in Journ. Linn. Sac. Bot. xvii. 310.) Corolla small
(less than 1 in.), cylindric or campanulate.

10. G-. turg'ida, Boxh. Hort. Beng. 15 ; Fl. Lnd. i. 711 ; spines straight
or 0, leaves elliptic obovate or orbicular obtuse acute or subacute coriaceous
glabrous pubescent or- tomentose beneath, ^ flowers fascicled $ solitary, corolla
salver-shaped, tube subcylindric, frmt not beaked. DC. Prodr. iv. 382 ; Wt.
Ic. t. 679 ; Brand. For. Fl. 270 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 41 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal.
Gen. t. 16, f. 6; Wall. Cat. 8269; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. 310.
G. cuneata, Br. in Wall. Cat. 8263. G. Douia, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8292.

Tropical Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan ; Oudh,
Behar, Silhet, Pegtj and the Western Peninsula. — Distrib. Ava, Wallich.

A small deciduous tree, 25 ft. ; branches rigid, robust ; bark pale. Leaves 1-4 in.,
narrowed into a short petiole, pale when dry ; stipules triangular, caducous. Caly-x
of S small, ;^ in.; mouth wide, truncate; of ? ^-f in., limb shortly campanulate ;
teeth oblong or subspathulate, foliaceous. Corolla white, fragrant ; tube slightly
dilated upwards, ^-^ in. long; limb 1 in. diam. Fruit 1-3 in., ovoid or globose,
smooth, pericarp thick ; endocarp woody, shining within ; placentas 5 or 6.

Var. montana, Roxb. Fl. lnd. i. 709 (sp.) ; leaves often orbicular densely tomen-
tose beneath. G. montana, D(7. P^-o^r. iv. 383 ; If. <|- J. ProcZr. 396 ; Wt. Ic. t. 577 ;
Bah. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 120. — Occurs with G. turgida, and is even more common.

11. G. campanulata, Roxh. Hort. Bang. 16; Fl. lnd. i. 710; glabrous,
spines straight, leaves obovate or elliptic-lanceolate membranous, $ flowers fas-
cicled, $ solitary sessile, corolla campanulate, fruit not beaked. Wall. Cat.
8279 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 383 ; Wt. Ic. t. 678 : Kurz For. Fl. ii. 40. G. longispiua,
Wall. Cat. 8277 D. in ^mrt. ? G. Blumeana, DC. P'odr. iv. 383.

Foot of the SiKKiM Himalaya, J. D. H. ; Assam, Silhet, and Chittagong,
Boxhurgh, Griffith, &c. ; Behar, summit of Parus-nath, J. D. H. ; Pegu, Kurz. —
Distbib. Java?

A shrub, 15-20 ft. ; shoots puberulous ; spines ^-1^ in., often leafy. Leaves l|-3 by
^1 \ in., narrowed into the short petiole, midrib slender, nerves faint ; stipules triangular,
caducous. Calyx of (? ^ in., urn-shaped, mouth truncate dilated ; of ^ limb campanu-
late, teeth oblong or subspathulate, foliaceous. Corolla \ in., white ; lobes short,
obtuse. Fruit f-l|- in., ellipsoid or subglobose, obscurely 5-ridged ; pericarp very
thick, endocarp woody, placentas 5. — Wight has figured the calyx as intermediate
between the $ and ? form. G. campamdata, Blume {G. Blumeana, DC), appears from
the description and an imperfect specimen to be this.

12. G*. sessiliflora, Wall. Cat. 8291 ; spines straight very strong, leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate membranous puberulous on both surfaces or beneath.

*Oardenia.'] lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 11$^

flowers gi'eenish polygamo-monoecioiis, ^ fascicled pedicelled, $ sessile terminal,
corolla velvety, tube very short and wide, fruit ovoid with a thick beak. Xurz
For. Fl. ii. 40. G. oxycai-pa, Br. in Wall. Cat. 8261.

Pegu and Texasseeisi, Wallich, Kurz. — Disthib. Ava.

A deciduous ti'ee, 15-18 ft.; branches and spines very stout. Leaves very like
those of G. campamdata, base much produced and narrowed. Calyx of ? flask-shaped,
densely pubescent ; lobes foliaceous, obovate-oblong or orbicular, exceeding the vel-
vety corolla. Fruit l\ in. long; pericarp rougli, thick, fleshy, with a thin shining
• endoearp and 5 ? placentas.

13. G-. erythroclada, Kiwz in Jdurn. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 311 ; For, Fl.
ii.^40; branches red stout, spines short or 0, leaves connate obovate or suborbi-
cular pubescent or tomentose, flowers greenish polygamo-dio3cious fascicled or

>cymose pedicelled, $ solitary sessile, fruits dimorphic of the ,^-hermaph. smaller
-globose, of the $-hermaph. ovoid.

Pegu; at Eangoon, McClelland, Tenasserim and Eikma, common in forests, Kurz.
— DisTuiB. Ava.

A small deciduous tree with very stout branches of a curious brick red colour,
•shortly pubescent, or the leaves at length glabrate. Leaves 4-10 in., often as broad as
long, rather rough to the touch ; petiole 1-2 in. ; stipules ovate, acute. Flowers
'densely tomentose, pedicels of <? very unequal. Cah/x-lobes ] in. in flower, ^ in fruit,
orbicular or broadly obovate. Fruits, the lai'ger 2 in. long, broadly ovoid, obscurely
. angled ; pericarp 1^ in. thick, dense, with a crustaceous shining lining ; smaller globose,
■ size of a cherry ; placentas I think 2 only. Seeds small, black.

. Sect. III. Ziotliznannia. Shrubs, unarmed. Floioers axillary (in the
Indian species), solitary or fascicled ; calyx-teeth lineai*. Corolla inflated.

14. G. tentaculata, Hook. ; branches slender pubescent, leaves elliptic-
lanceolate or oblanceolate caudate-acuminate membranous glabrous or puberulous
beneath, flowers axillary polygamous, calyx-lobes filiform flexuous, coroUacam-
panulate.

Malacca, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 2810, 839); foot of Mount Ophir,
Lohb.

A shrub, unarmed. Leaves 4-9 by 1^-2^ in., sessile or narrowed into a vei'y short
^petiole, dark green when dry ; stipules ovate, acute, connate. Floiim^s in fascicles of
3-6 ; pedicels \-^ in., narrowly campauulate ; limb dilated, with 5 spreading filiform
-curving pubescent teeth ^f in. long. Corolla f in. long, glabrous; lobes ovate, ob-
tuse. . Fruit i-f in. long, broadly ellipsoid, crowned with the long tentacle-like calyx-
teeth, smootfi; pericarp thin, brittle, polished within; placentas 2. Seeds many,
cempressed.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

G. ixoHJEFOLiA, Br. in Wall. Cat. 8262 ; glabrous, unarmed, branches angled, leaves

-4-7 by 1^-4 in. ovate- or linear-oblong obtuse very coriaceous narrowed to the base,
nerves 10-12 pair very distant, petiole very short, fruit sessile broadly ovoid shortly
beaked by the calyx-tube I5 in. long smooth, pericarp A-ery thick polished within,

^placentas 2, seeds very broad and flat. — Tavoy, Wallich. — Perhaps a Randia.

Gr, CALYCULATA, Eoxh. Fl. Iiid. \. 704; "arboreous, leaves petioled ovate acuminate

•smooth, flowers terminal solitary sessile, germ involucolled, calycine segments cnsi-
form, anthers within the swelling tube of the o-cleft corolla."' DC. Prodr. iv. 380 ;
W. 4' ^- Prodr. 396. — Native place uncertain, said to bo brought from Hyderabad to
Madras, where Roxburgh saw it in a garden. " Probably G. latifolia," "W. & A.

G. ENNEAKDRA, Koeu. ; W. 4' ^- Prodr. 395 ; this differs from G. latifolia, Ait., in
the very short obtuse calyx-teeth, and in the thin pericarp of the fruit. Under G,
latifolia I have stilted that Roxburgh's drawing and description of that plant differs

.from Aiton's in these points, but without more materials it is impossible to say
whether this is to be regarded as a specific distinction.

120 Lxxv. EUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gardiida,

G. CUNEATA, Br. ; Kiira For. Fl. ii. 41 : "a small glabrous tree, branches silvery,
spines fe-vv solitary or paired 1-2 in., leaves subsessile obovate-cuneate obtuse thickly
coriaceous, flowers 2-3-natc -white turning yellow rather small, calyx pubcrulous, teeth
5 linear-lanceolate with a pair of minute ones in each sinus, corolla subrotate ^ in.
diam., tube as long as calyx, throat bearded, lobes obovate obtuse, fruit globose size
of a wood-apple smooth." — Ava.

G. DASTCARPA, KiiT^^ Fov. Fl. ii. 42 ; "a deciduous tree, spines straight sharp, softs
parts villous pubescent, leaves 1-2 in. obovate-oblong obtuse or acute coriaceous
retrorse-pubcscent above, villous pubescent beneath, petiole very short, flowers solitary
sessile on thick wart-like branchlets, fruit globose corticate size of a small apple vel-
vety crowned with the tubular calyx-limb." — Forests of Upper Tenasserim ; Prome,
not unfrequeut, Ktir:;.

G. PTTBESCENS, Botk Nov. S]). 151 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 383 ; W. cf A. Prodr. 396 ; tke
description is insufficient to refer this to any genus, and, according to W. & A., it is
certainly not a Gardenia.

G. cARixATA, Thw. Enum. 159 (C. P. 1655 in part); specimens imperfect, leaves
sessile elliptic tips rounded, fruit ellipsoid obscurely 5-ribbed, endocarp rather thick
woody, placentas 3. — Ceylon, Batticaloa, Gardner. This may be a form of G. coro-
naria, with 3 placentas and obscure ribs.

G. LATiFOT.iA, 77m'. Enum. 421 (C. P. 3617) ; this has the winged calyx-limb of G.
carinata, but not so strongly, and the fruit is more globose ; it may be a form of
G. lat'ifolki (the calyx being a very variable character). — Ceylon, near Colombo, W.
Ferguson.

AQ.* KYPOBATKRtrZIX, Blume.

49. PETITNC^A, DC.

Glabrous shrubs ; branches slender, strict, terete. Leaves petioled, narrowed
at both ends ; stipules triangular or oblong-ovate. Flowers small, in axillary-
spikes, 2-bracteolate, white. Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb minute, 4-toothed, persis-
tent. Corolla funnel-shaped, throat villous ; lobes 4, spreading, twisted in bud.
Stamens 4 ; anthers subsessile, linear, connective thickened at the tip. Ovary
(often incompleteh ) 2-celled ; style filiform, branches linear hairy ; ovules 2-8^
pendulous from the top of each cell. Berry small, 2-celled. Seeds imbricate ;
testa thick, grooved and plaited : cotyledons linear. — DisxraB. 4 or 5, Bengal*
and ISIalay.

1. P. Rozburg'hii, DC. Prodr. iv. 399; stipules deciduous, spikes
glabrous elongate, berry subglobose. P. microcai'pa, DC. I. c, P. variabilis,
Hassh. in Flora, 1845, 232. Iligginsia microcarpa, jBlume Bijd. 988. Spicillaria
Leschenaultii, A. Rich, in Mem. Hist. Nat. Faris, v. 252. Ptandia racemosa
a7id polysperma, Boxb. Jlort. Bong. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 525, 527. R. polysperma,
DC. I. c. 389. Plypobathrum racemosum, Kwz For. Flo9'. ii. 51. Rubiacea,
Wall. Cat. 8302, 8312.

East Bengal (Suckshmee-poora), Hamilton ; Silhet, Wallich ; Chittagong, Eox-
hnrgh-. Vegv, M'Clelland; Tenasserim and the Nicobar Islds., in swamp forests,
Kur.:, &c. ; Malacca, Griffith. — Distrib. Java, Borneo.

An evergreen shrub, 3-8 ft. Leaves 2-5 by \-l\ in., brown when dry, thinly
coriaceous; petiole ^ in.; stipules broad, caducous, with an axillary ring of brown
hairs. SpiJccs sessile or short-]Deduncled, 1-2 in., erect spreading or recurved. Flowers
-\ in. long. Berry globose or shortly ellipsoid, pedicelled, orange-yellow. — Griffith's
Malacca specimen has smaller very shining leaves.

2. P. longrifolia, DC. Prodr. iv. 399 ; stipules persistent, spikes densely
pubescent very short. Iligginsia long-ifolia, Blume mss.

* This genus is introduced into the Key (p. 19) because it most probably occurs
in the Malayan Peninsula, though it is as yet unrecorded.

Feh^}tga.'\ Lxxv. eubiace.^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 121

Penano, Phillips, Wallich.— DiSTmr.. Java.
' Leaves 6-8 by li^-2| in., brown when dry, caudate-acuminate; petiole ^ in.;
stipules broad, ^ in. long, with a hairy keel; axils hairy as in P. Boxbiirgfdi. Spikes
sessile or short ly-peduncled, ^ in. Friiii not seen.— Leaves much longer, broader and
more acuminate than in P. Eoxbiirghii, and spikes very diiFerent.

3. P. venulosa, Ilooh. f. ; stipules persistent, spikes elongate glabrous,
"berry pyriform. Randia venulosa, Wall. Cat. 8301.

Penang and Singapoee, Wallich, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2829); Maingay (911).

Leaves 5-7 by 1|-2| in., caudate-acuminate, much more coriaceous than in P. RoX'
burghii and longifolia ; petiole stout, \-^ in. ; stipules ^ in., keeled, oblong-ovate.
Spikes stout, 1-3 in., erect horizontal or deflexed. Berry ^ in. long, on a pedicel of
equal length.

60. 3^0RXND0FS£S, Hook.f.

A small glabrous tree, branches rounded, ultimate compressed. Leaves sub-
sessile ; stipules broad, persistent. Floicers dioecious, small, white, in opposite
supra-axillary peduncled heads, or $ rarely solitary. Fl. ^ : calyx-tube
hemispheric, 4-5- toothed. Corolla shortly campanulate, throat villous ; lobes
4-5, rounded, twisted in bud. Anthers 4-5, sessile, linear-oblong, acute. Disk
hemispheric. Style with 2 erect hairy arms. FL $ : calyx-tube oblong, 8-
gi'ooved ; limb cupular, 4-lobed, haiiy within. Corolla and style of the ^ .
Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many on peltate placentas. Berry elong-ate-oblong,
3-grooved, crowned by the calyx-limb, 2-celled, few- or many-seeded. Seeds
imbricated downwards, ovoid, acute at both ends.

1. 2KE. capillaris, iLurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1874, ii. 189; For. Fl. ii. 52.
PsiloMum capillare, Kurz I. c. 1872, ii. 313. Moriuda, Wall. Cat. 8433,
8434.

Pegu and Tenasserim, common, Wallich, &c.

An evergreen tree, 25 ft. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., polymorphous, broAvn when dry,
lanceolate oblong or elliptic, acute or acuminate, base acute rounded or subcordate ;
stipules ovate, acute. Peduncles of S 6~^ ^°' often capillary, often opposite ; of $
0 or very short, rarely long. Heads |-^ in. diam. ; cf fl. ^ in, ; $ larger; ovary
urceolate, crowned with the triangular ciliate calyx-teeth. Berry 1 in. — Kurz, who
must know this genus well, reduces all the forms to one ; they difier, however, greatly
in length, breadth, and shape of leaves, and in the length of the peduncles.

51. HVPTXANTH£RA, T^^: ^- ^.

A glabrous shrub, branches terete. Leaves shortly petioled ; stipules trian-
gular, persistent. Floicers small, white, sessile in axillary fascicles, bracteolate.
Calyx-tube turbinate: lobes 5, acute, persistent. Cwolla-tube short, hairy
within ; lobes 4-5, spreading, twisted in bud. Anthers 4-5, sessile, oblong,
obtuse, pubescent at the base and back. Bisk annular. Ova7'y 2-celled ; style
short, included, branches large long erect hispid ; ovules 6-10 in each cell, pen-
dulous from its apex, ^cn-y ovoid or globose. Seeds pendulous, imbricated, .
compressed and angled, testa thick fibrous and plaited ; embryo small.

1. ». stricta, W. ^' A. Prodr. 399 ; Brand. For. FL 274. Randia
stricta, i2o.r&. Hort. Beng. 15; Fl. Ind. i. 526; DC. Prodr. iv. 386. Macro-
cnemum strictum, Willd. in Itoem. 8f Sch. Syst. v. 6. Rondeletia stricta, Both
Nov. sp. 140, excl. syn. Ilypobathrum strictum, Xwrs For. Fl. ii. 50. Rubiacea,
Wall. Cat. 8138 in2ya7't, 8313, 8307.

NoKTHEKN India and Bengal, from Oudh to Birma, common, especially in E.
Bengal, ascending the outer Himalaya and Khasia Mts. to 4000 ft. — Bistkib. Ava.

122 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) INargedta.

A shrub or small tree, 5-10 ft., branching from the base, branchlets decussate.
Leaves 3-9 by i-lf in., lanceolate or ovate or linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
coriaceous, glabrous or nerves beneath pubescent, brown when dry ; petiole ^-^ in. ;
istipules triangular, persistent. Flowers ^ in. long ; bracts 2-3. Berry size of a pea.

52. NARGEDZA,^^^c7^om6.

A glabrous unarmed shrub. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate ; stipules
triangular, acuminate, persistent. Floivers small, axillary, or supra-axillary,
solitary or fascicled. Calyx-tube ovoid; limb short, irregularly 4-5-lobed.
<Jorolla-tuhe short, cylindric, liairy within, longer than the 4-5 orbicular lobes,
which are twisted in bud. Anthers 4-5, sessile, linear, glabrous. Ovary 2-
celled ; style short, stigma fusiform 2-cleft or -grooved ; ovules 4 in each cell,
pendulous from suljapical placentas. Fruit pedicelled, nearly globose, 1-celled,
2-few-seeded. Seeds much compressed, testa ?, albumen deeply ruminate ; coty-
ledons ovate, radicle slender.

1. N. xnacrocarpa, Bedd. FL Sylv. cxxxiv. t. 328. Ilyptianthera
macrocarpa, Thio. Enum. 157, 421.

Ceylox; Ambagamowa, and between Galle and Ratnapoora, Walker, Thwaitcs.

A shrub 8-10 ft. Leaves 5-8 by 1^-2^ in., rather coriaceous, brown when dry,
nerves reticulate ; petiole ^ in. Calyx-tube rounded, apiculate. Corolla-lobes hairy
down the middle. Fruit about 1 in. long, pedicelled. — I have only imperfect speci-
anens, and have taken the character of the fruit from Thwaites.

53. SCYPKOSTACKVS, Thwaites.

Erect shrubs, branches terete. Leaves short-petioled, linear- or oblong-
lanceolate; stipules connate. Floivers small, in axillary or supra-axillary
peduncled spikes, bracteate and with connate sheathing bracteoles. Calyx-tube
short ; limb produced, persistent, obtusely 4-lobed. Corolla-tube short, throat
villous ; lobes 4, short, recurved, twisted in bud. Anthers 4, subsessile, oblong.
Ovary 2-celled ; style short, branches short pilose ; ovules about 4 in each ceU,
pendulous, placentas small on the septum. Berry ovoid or oblong, 1-celled,
•areolate. Seeds few, pendulous, ovoid, testa coriaceous grooved; embryo
small, in fleshy albumen. — Distrib. Confined to Ceylon.

1. S. pedunculatus, Thio. Enum. 157; branches scabrous, stipules and
bracteoles cuspidate striate hairy internally, corolla hairy externally.

Ceylon ; at Pasdoon Corle, at no great elevation, Thwaites.

Leaves 3-6 by 1-1 J in., brown when dry, glabrous or pubescent on the nerves
beneath ; petiole short. Peduncles ^-f in. Spike like a small catkin, bracts 5-8,
imbricate. Fruit ^ in. long, ovoid, purplish-black. Seed usually solitary, linear-
oblong.

2. S. colfeoides, Thio. Enum. 157 ; branches glabrous, stipules and
bracts obtuse glabrous internally, corolla glabrous externally.

Ceylon; Ratnapoora district, at no great elevation, Thwaites.

Leaves 3-4 by f-lj in., brown when dry, petiole very short ; stipules ovate,
scarious. Peduncles very short or 0. Spikes ovoid, few-flowered. Berry red. Seeds
oblong, striate.

54. DIPXiOSPORA, BC.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, branches terete. Leaves shortly petioled ; stipules
triangular, long pointed or acuminate. Floivers small in axillary fascicles or
short cymes, polygamo-dioecious, white or greenish; bracts free or connate in a

J)i'plos2)ora.'] lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 123

-cup. CtUyx-tube short; limb truncate or 4-5-lobed or toothed. Corolla-iuhe
jshort, cylindric or bell-shaped ; lobes 4-5, spreading, twisted in bud. Stamens
4-5, filaments short or long ; anthers oblong or linear, often recurved. Ovary
2- rarely 3-celled ; style short or long, branches linear or oblong ; ovules 2-3 in
•each cell, placentas on the septum. Berry ovoid or globose. Seeds few in each
cell, imbricate, testa various ; embryo small. — DiSTfiiB. Species 6 or 8 tropical
Asiatic and Malayan.

Sect. I. Sudiplospora. Bracteoles connate, sheathing the pedicel and
'base of the ovary.

1. Z>. sing'ularis, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 201 ; glabrous, leaves
-elliptic or oblong acuminate, flowers fascicled, calyx deeply 4-lobed, fruit globose.
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 50, in imrt. PVangueria palembanica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.,
Siippl. 544. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat 8299, 8321.

Khasia Mts. ; at Mamloo, alt. 3-4000 ft., J. D. H. ^' T. T. Pegu and Tenas-
SEMM ; Amherst, Wallich. Moolget, Gallatly. — Distrib. Sumatra, Bauka, Borneo.

A small tree. Leaves pale when dry, 3-7 by 1^-2 in., coriaceous, shining ; petiole
short; stipules triangular, acute, tip not setaceous. Pedicels 3-4-nate, sheathed by
the short imbricating bracts, which form a cup round them. Calyx-teeth enlarged
after flowering. Corolla-tube § in., throat villous ; lobes -^ in., linear-oblong. Fruit
f in. diam., smooth, calyx-limb persistent; pericarp very thick. Seeds 8-10, broad
much compressed.

Sect. II. 3>iscospex*inuin. Bracteoles very small, not sheathing, connate
or free.

* Stipides acuminate, point not long and setaceous.

2. D. apiocarpa, Dalz. in Hook. Kexv Journ. ii. 257, and in Bo77ib. Fl.
120 (Discospermum) ; glabrous, leaves ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely
acuminate, calyx-limb truncate minutely 4-toothed, corolla-tube very short,
fruit sessile ellipsoid subglobose or obovoid. Discospermum apiocarpum, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 223 ; Ic. PI. Lid. Or. t. 40.

"Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats from the Concan southwards, ascending to
5000 ft.

A small tree. Leaves pale when dry, 3-7 by 1^-3 in., coriaceous ; petiole ^-f in.;
stipules triangular, acuminate, tip not setaceous. Flowers fascicled, subsessile.
Corolla-tid)e ^ in., throat glabrous, lobes oblong. Stamens in $ much exserted.
Fruit I in. long, crown conical within the narrow calyx-limb. Seeds few.

3. ]>. sphaerocarpa, Dalz. in Hook. Ketu Journ. ii. 257, and in Bomb.
Fl. 120 (Discospermum) ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or acute,
calyx-limb 4-lobed, corolla- tube very' short, fruit pedicelled globose. Discosper-
miun sphaerocarpum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134, 3, excl. syn.

Western Peninsula, or the Ghats from Bombay southwards.

A small tree. Leaves 2-6 by l\-2^ in. ; petiole \-^ in. ; stipules short, acute, tip
not setaceous. Flowers fascicled, shortly pedicelled. Calyx-teeth obtuse, ciliolate.
Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx-teeth, throat glabrous, lobes ^ in. Filaments very
short. Fruit § in. diam., calycine areole raised. Seeds few, vertically imbricate,
much compressed.

4. D. Dalzellii, Thiv. Fnum. 158 (Discospermum) ; glabrous, leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtuse, calyx-limb 4-lobed, corolla-tube of $
elongate cylindric, fruit globose subsessile.

Ceylon ; central province, alt. 1-3000 ft.

Very similar to 2>. sphcerocarpa, and reduced to it by Beddome (For. Man. 134, 3) ,

124! Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Biplospora.

but the leaves arc smaller and more obtuse, the corolla-tube of the female much
longer, and the globose fruit has the pericarp thicker than the cell. — Thwaites
describes the fruit as 1 in. diam. ; in the dried specimens it is § in., and many-seededr

5. D. erythrospora, Thiv. Enum. 158 (Discospermum) ; glabrous, leaves
obovate or elliptic, tip rounded or narrowed, calyx-limb truncate subentire^
corolla-tube very short, fruit very small peduncled globose.

Ceylon ; Ambagamowa district, alt. 6000 ft,, Thwaites.

Leaves 3-5 by 1^-2 in., greenish when dry, coriaceous; petiole |-^ in. ; stipules
triangular, acuminate. Flowers in small cymes ; bracteoles minute, triangular.
Corolla yellow, throat hairy, lobes oblong. Filaments of 3 exserted. Ovary-cells
each with 3-4 ovules. Fruit \ in. diam., pericarp thin. Seeds 1-5, compressed ;
testa red, thick.

6. 3>. malaccense, Hooh.f.; glabrous, slender, leaves elliptic obtusely
acuminate thinly coriaceous narrowed into the slender petiole, nerves 5-6 pair
slender, flower ^ clustered $ solitary shortly pedicelled, bracteoles 0, calyx-
lobes 4 rounded.

Malacca, Griffith.

Branches slender, pale brown. Leaves 3-4 by l|-2 in., pale brown when dry,
paler beneath, opaque, veins obsolete ; petiole \ in. ; stipules triangular, acuminate.
Flowers very small, $ sessile ; $ shortly podicelled, Avith 2 tubercles on the
pedicel in the position of bracteoles. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, rather longer than
the glabrous lobes, hairy within. Anthers erect, sessile, exserted. Style of ?
glabrous, thickened above the middle, arms rather long, stout. Ovary cells 2-3-
ovuled.

** Stipules 10 ith long setaceous points.

7. D. confusa, Hooh. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic obtusely acuminate,,
flowers sessile in dense fascicles, stipules with long setaceous points, calyx
truncate, corolla-tube very short, throat villous, fruit sessile. D. singularis^
Xurz For. Fl. ii. 60, in part.

' Tenassebim; at Mergui, Griffith (KewDistrib. 2798), Kurz.
An evergreen tree. Leaves 3-5 by 1^2^ in., pale when dry, opaque; petiole \-^
in. Flowers almost capitate, very small. Corolla-lobes about equalling the tube.
Filaments short. Fruit not seen.

8. D. pubescens, Hooh. f. ; branches petioles and nerves beneath
pubescent, leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate,
stipules with long setaceous points, calyx obscurely 4:-lobed, corolla-tube short,.
throat villous. ? Wall. Cat. 8297 q. v.

Tenassebim; at Mergui, Griffith, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2799).

Branches very slender. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in., pale when dry, base obtuse or
rounded ; petiole very short ; stipules g in. long, base triangular, gradually tapering
to the bristle-like point. Flowers in small axillary heads, black when dry, as are
the very young leaves. Fruit not seen. — A very distinct species.

9. D. G-riffithii, Hooh. f. ; glabrous, leaves oblanceolate abruptly acumi-
nate membranous, stipules with setaceous points, cymes subspicate, calyx
obscurely toothed, corolla-throat glabrous.

Bikma; near Tselow on the lx&yfa,M\,. Griffith.

A shrub 3 ft. high. Leaves 5-7 by lf-2^ in., pale greenish when dry, much
narrowed into the short petiole ; stipules deciduous. Cymes g— | in., sometimes
shortly peduncled, dense-flowered, glabrous; bracteoles minute, triangular. Calyx
minute. Corolla-tube and lobes short. Anthers sessile. Fruit not seen.

Di;plosjpom.'] lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 125

10. D. Kurzli, ITooJc. /. ; glabrous, leaves narrowly elliptic-lanceolate
subcaudate-acuminate membranous, secondary nerves horizontal, stipules with,
setaceous points, flowers subcapitate minute, calyx calyculate, limb truncate,
fruit small globose. Urophyllum biloculare, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii.
313; For. Fl. ii. 53.

Maetaban ; in tropical forests, alt. 2-3000 ft,, very rare, Ku7'z.

A small evergreen tree. Leaves 5-7 by 1^-2 in., pale greenish when dry, shining
above, membranous ; nerves arched, joined by the very slender horizontal veins ;
petiole very short ; stipules connate, bases triangular, puberulous. Flowers in very
slender clusters. Calyx puberulous. Fruit about \ in. diam., sessile, orange-
coloured; pericarp thin; cells 3-4-seeded. Seeds rugulose on the back. — The veins
are more regular and parallel than in any other species, recalling those of a Urophyl-
lum or Lasianthus.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

D. ? ; Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrih. 906, Coffea) ; glabrous, leaves elliptic 2-3
in. very opaque, nerves indistinct, stipules triangular acuminate, fruit sessile globose
^-| in. diam., pericarp thick, cells 2- or more-seeded, seeds large much compressed. —
Resembles a plant from the Buitenzorg garden in Java, marked Canthium ? in the
Calcutta Herbarium.

55. SCVFKIPKORA, Gaertn.

A glabrous tree, branches stout, nodose, terete, young giunmy. Leaves
coriaceous, obovate, obtuse; stipules broad. Floioers small, in dense shortly
peduncled axillary cymes. Calyx-tuhe elongate-obconic ; limb cupular, 4-5-
toothed, persistent. Corolla-tuhe cylindric, throat dilated, hairy; lobes 4-5
oblong, twisted in bud. Stamens 4-5, filaments inserted between the lobes
short subulate ; anthers nan'owly sagittate. Disk annular, lobed. Ovary with
2 narrow cells; style filiform, branches linear obtuse; ovules 2 in each cell,
inserted on the middle of the septum, upper ascending, loAver pendulous, funicles
contiguous dividing the cell into two. Drupe subcylindric, 8-10-grooved and
wdnged, with 2 crustaceous connate 4-5-ribbed pyrenes. Seeds subcylindric,
testa membranous, albumen scanty ; cotyledons oblong.

1. S. hydrophyllacea, Gaertn. Fricct. iii. 91, t. 196; DC. Pi-odr. iv,
577 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 4. Epithinia malayana, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. 12 ; Wall.
Cat. 8444; DC. I. c. 478; W. 8> A. Prodr. 424:. Epithinia sp., Grif. NotuL
iv. 269 ; Ic. PL Asiat. 478 and 644 A. (Lumnitzera). Kubiacea, Wall. Cat,
9055, A. in part.

Mangrove swamps on the Carnatic coast, Wight; Malayan Peninsula, the
Andaman Islands, and Ceylon. — Distbib. Malay Archipelago to N. Australia, Phi-
lippines, and New Caledonia,

A small evergreen tree ; trunk short, simple ; crown rounded. Leaves 2 by H in.,
tip rounded, brown when dry, glossy, nerves few and inconspicuous; petiole \—^ in.
Flowers subsessile, white or reddish. Calyx ^ in. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx.
Drupe I in. long.

56. JACX.ZA, WaU.

A lofty umbrageous tree ; branches robust, 4-angled. Leaves intra-petiolar,
broad, sheathing, ciliate, hairy within. Flowers spicate, recurved; spikes
opposite, in long peduncled pendulous axillary cymes ; bracts distichous, lower
subfoliaceous often connate. Calyx-tuhe obconic, limb unilateral ; lobes 5,
spreading, with interposed teeth, at length foliaceous, coriaceous, veined, per-
sistent. Coi'olla funnel-shaped, throat pubescent ; lobes 5, plaited, lanceolate,
cuspidate, valvate in bud. Anthers 5, subsessile in the throat. Disk hairy.

12G Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Jaclda.

Ovary 2-celled ; style capillary, exserted, thickened and hairy in the middle,
branches 2 short narrow ; ovules 2 in each cell, inserted on the top of a basilar
erect placenta. Fi-uit dry, 2-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds unknown.

1. J. ok>nata, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 321 ; P/. As.
Mar. t. 293-, Cat. 6284; DC. Prodr. W. 621.

Malacca and Singapore, Wallich, &c.

Branchlets as thick as the middle finger, and all young parts, the petiole, midrib,
and inflorescence, rufous-tomentose. Leaves 5-18 in.; brown when dry, coriaceous,
tip rounded, narrowed into the short robust petiole, shining above, hairy beneath or
glabrate; stipules short, cylindric, coriaceous, bristles ^-1^ in. long. Cymes in
slender pedxmcles 5-6 in. long ; branches slender, spreading, primary opposite with
sheathing stipular bracts ; bracteoles broadly ovate, silky, imbricate. Calyx-lobes
minute in flower, ^ in. long, oblong-lanceolate in fruit. Corolla ^ in., villous.

TeibeVII. aUETTARDES:.
57. GUSTTARDA, Lmn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or 3 in a whorl ; stipules intra-petiolar,.
deciduous. Floioers secund on the branches of axillary forked ped uncled usually-
opposite cymes. Calyx-tube short ; limb tubular, toothed, usually deciduous.
Corolla-tube long-, cylindric, straight or curved, throat naked ; lobes 4-9, oblong,
imbricate in bud. Anthers 4-9, subsessile within the tube, linear. Ovary with
4-9 elongate cells ; style filiform, stigma subcapitate ; ovules solitary in each
cell, pendulous, funicle thickened. Drupe globose or ovoid, endocarp 4-9-celled,
and -grooved or -angled, perforated at the top opposite the cells, which are
often displaced. Seeds pendulous, testa membranous, albumen scanty or 0 ;
embryo slender. — Distrib. About 45 species, all but 1 American.

1. G-. speciosa, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. iv. 455; leaves broadly obovate base
obtuse or cordate pubescent beneath, corolla silky. Lamk. III. t. 154, f. 2;
Boxh. Fl. Ind. i. 686 ; Wall. Cat. 6219 ; W. 8^ A. Prodr. 422 ; Wt. Ic. t. 40 ;
Bedd. Fl Sylv. Anal. Gen. t. 17, f. 2 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 37. Cadamba jasmini-
flora, Sonne)'. Voy. Ind. ii. t. 128. Nictanthes hirsuta, Linn. S^). PI. 8. Jas-
minum hirsutum, Willd. Sjj. PI. i. 36 j Rheede Hart. Mai. t. 47, 48.

Littoral and tidal forests of the Western and Eastern Peninsulas, the Andaman
Islands, and Ceylon. — Distrib. Tropical shores of the old and new world.

A small evergreen polygamous tree; branchlets stout, short, petioles leaves
beneath and usually inflorescence pubescent. Leaves. b-\0 by 4-7 in., tip acute
obtuse or rounded, green when dry; petiole 1-1|- in.; stipules ovate, pubescent,
caducous. Cytnes usually from the axils of fallen leaves, long-peduncled, with spread-
ing dichotomous few-flowered branches. Caly.x velvety, truncate. Corolla 1-1^ in.,
softly pubescent; limb 1 in. diam., segments obovate. Drupe woody, globose, ob-
scurely lobed.— Roxburgh observes that he never met with hermaphrodite flowers.

58."" ANTZRRKSZA, Comm.
59. TZBZONIUS, RmnpJi.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious in axillary cymes; $ cymes with few or man}-
secund flowers, $ 1-3-flowered, pedicels 2-bracteolate. Caly.x-tuhe short, limb

* This genus is introduced into the Key (p. 20) because a common Sumatran-
species probably occurs in the Malayan Peninsula, though hitherto unrecorded.

Timonms.li lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 127"

cupular, persistent. Corolla pubescent, coriaceous, funnel-sliaped, glabrous-
within ; lobes 4-5 (-10), valvate or slightly overlapping in bud. Anthers sub-
sessile in the throat, linear. Disk hispid. Ovmy S-lO-celled; style short,
stout, hairy, branches 4-12, more or less combined ; ovules solitary, pendulous
in each cell, funicle thickened. Drupe ellipsoid, ovoid or globose ; pyrenes
4-10, slender, erect or radiating outwards, or superposed. Seeds cylindric, testa
membranous, albumen scanty or 0 ; embryo slender. — Disteib. Species about
20, tropical Asiatic and Oceanic.

1. T. Jambosella, T/nv. Enum. 153; leaves elliptic-lanceolate aciuni-
nate minutelv silkv on the nerves beneath, § solitary long-peduncled. Bedd.
Ic. Ti. Ind. Or. t.'lOO. T. flavescens, Baher Fl. Maurit. 144. Nelitris Jam-
bosella, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 134, t. 29, excl. syn. Heliospora flavescens. Jack in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 127, t. 4, f. 3 5 DC. Prodr. iv. 391. Eupyrena glabra,
W. 8f A. Prodr. 423. Bobea glabra, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 211.
Pol}-phragma flavescens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 38. Guettarda ? peduncularis, TVall.
Cat. 6222; Don Gen. Sijst. iii. 551. G. Brunonis and G. missiones. Wall,.
Cat. G220, 6221.

Andaman Islands, Malay Peninsula, and Ceylon. — Disteib. Malay Archipe-
lago, Mauritius,

A small evergreen tree ; branches slender. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2^ in., broAvn -when
dry, coriaceous, nerves few ; petiole J-| in. ; stipules ^ in. Cymes $ long- or short-
peduncled, 3-1 2-flow-cred, flowers sessile. Cfi/y.r-;'z«J<? obscurely toothed; ^ terminal
on a stout peduncle, urn-shaped, campaniilate in fruit. Corolla very variable, ^\ in»
long, silky-pubescent, lobes rounded. Drupe globose, \-^ in. long, rarely oblong,
ribbed. — There may be more than one Indian species, b\it the plant is so variable
that I am unable to decide. "Wallich's G. ? Brunonis, from Singapore, has very
small leaves, and the S cymes have spreading many-flowered branches. The Ceylon
specimens have larger flowers than the Malayan.

2. T. Rumphii, DC. Prodr. iv. 401 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate silky
beneath. Wall. Cat. 6217. Bobea Wallichiana, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch..
ii. 2\l.—Bumph. Hei'h. Amb. iii. 210, t. 140.

Penang, Malacca, and Singapoee, WallicJi, &c. — Disteib. Malay Archipelago.

Very similar to T. Jambosella, but the $ cymes are usually shorter peduncled
and smaller, and the leaves often very silky beneath. I have, however, great diffi-
culty in distinguishing these species, and both seem to vary much in the pubescence
of the leaves and size of flowers ; the drupes are oblong or globose. Penang speci-
mens from Maingay have small leaves, 2|-3 in., almost glabrous beneath, and $ fl;.
not \ in. long ; they have ellipsoid or globose berries, and may be a different species.

3. T. Finlaysonianus, Wall. Cat. 6223 (Guettarda) ; glabrate, leaves
obovate or elliptic-oblong tip rounded or obtuse glabrous beneath. Timonius,.
Wall. Cat. 8446. Guettarda peduncularis, Wall. Cat. 0222, in part.

Singapoee, Wallich, G. Thomson.

Branches stout, glabrous. Leaves 3-5 in., narrowed into the very short petiole;
midrib strong, red ; nerves very slender. Flower <J not seen ; ? solitary or 2-nate
on pedicels |-1^ in. Drupe globose, nearly \ in. diam. — I doubt this being anything
but a variety of T. Jambosella, though the form of the leaf is very different, the
petiole shorter, and flower larger. The specimens of this genus in Wallich's Her-
barium are much mixed. The sheet marked Finlaysonianus (6223) contains two
specimens of what I think are different things (from Herb, Finlayson) : one has
small (2 in.) dliptic acute leaves, and long pedicelled quite glabrous ^ flowers \ in.
long, fascicled on a very short peduncle, with a glabrous long-pedicelled young fruit
from a lower axil ; the other specimen has ? flowers only, solitary in the axils, at

128 Lxxv. RDBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [picliilanthe,

gla-brous ovary, and pubescent corolla. It is this latter I have described as Finloy-
sonianus; there is another specimen of it on the sheet -with T. Jamhosdla, and it is
alsoWallich's 8446.

60. DXCKXZ.ANTKB, Thwaites.

Trees with stout spreading branches, and resinous buds and nodes. Leaves
rigid, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate ; stipules connate into a short intra-petiolar
ring. Floivet's small, sessile on a terminal sessile or peduncled orbicular recep-
tacle formed of connate bracts. Calyx-tuhc elongate, curved; limb obliquely
funnel-shaped, persistent; lobes 6, rigid, with toothed interposed segments.
Corolla silky, funnel-shaped, tube curved, throat villous ; limb 2-lipped, upper
lip 2-, lower 3-toothed, lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 6, anthers included,
•oblong. Diah elevated, crenulate. Ovary with 2 narrow cells ; style elongate,
stout, stigma exserted clavate 2-lobed ; ovules 1 pendulous in each cell, cylin-
dric, funicle thickened. Fruit obovoid, gibbous, 2-celled, outer in each head
incurved, pericarp thick. Seeds cylindric, albumen fleshy ; radicle superior. —
DiSTEiB. Species 2, Ceylon and Borneo.

1. Z>. zeylanica, Thw. in Hook. Keio Journ. vii. 270, 376, t. 8, f. A.
i^excl. stipules) ; H. f. ^' T, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 174; Bedd. Fl. Sylv., Anal,
Gen. t. XV. f. 4.

Cetlon; between Galle and Eatnapoora, alt. 1000 ft., Thwaites.

A tree 30-40 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 1^-2 in., glossy, red-brown wlien dry, finely
reticulate, very coriaceous, narrowed into the stout short petiole. Peduncles very
short; heads ^-| in. diam. Calyx-lobes ^ in. Corolla f-l^ in. long, purplish. — The
irregular flower is very anomalous, and resembles that of Cajjrifoliacece.

Tribe VIII. ILNOXIBHS.
61. XLNOXZA, Linn.

Erect herbs or undershrubs ; stems terete or obtusely angled, wdth 2 lines
-of pubescence. Leaves opposite ; stipules connate with the petiole into an
entire or bristly sheath. Flowers dimorphous, pink or lilac, subsessile on the
•elongating branches of terminal cymes, rarely spicate. Caly.v-tuhe ovoid or
didymous; teeth 4, minute and subequal, or 1 or 2 elongate, persistent. Corolla-
tuhe long, throat villous ; lobes 4, valvate in bud with inflexed tips. Stamens
4, inserted wdthin the throat ; anthers linear, exserted or included. Ovary 2-
celled; style filiform, stigma included or exserted 2-lobed; ovules 1 pendu-
lous in each cell. Fruit very small, of 2 semi-terete or dorsally compressed
indehiscent cocci. Seeds with a thickened funicle, testa membranous, albumen
fleshy; embryo axile, cotyledons thin, radicle superior. — Distrib. Species 8
or 9, Indian, Malayan and Australian.

The synonymy of the Indian species is very confused, owing to the incomplete
descriptions of the earlier authors. Some of the citations of De Candolle and Rox-
burgh may be open to question. Roxburgh's descriptions do not accord witli his
drawings.

* Ripe fruit separating from the persistent suhidate columella by a based
perforation ; mericarps closely united, rarely separating.

1. XL. coryznbosa, Willd. ^p. PI. i. 582; pubescent villous or tomentose,
leaves petioled or sessile linear- or ovate-lanceolate or -oblong, stipular bristles
hairy, cymes 3-chotomou8, fruits spicate secund indehiscent perlbrate at the

.Enoxia.'] lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hocker.) 120

tase. W. ^- A. Prodr. 439; Wt. Ill, t. 128; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. FL 111.
K. teres, DC. Prodr. iv. 669; Wall. Cat. 819, in part. K. exserta, DC. I. c.
K. umbellata, Banks-, Sjjreng. Syst. i. 406. K. sumatrensis, Wall. Cat. 6183.
K. mollis, Br. in Wall. Cat. 820, not of W. 8f A. K. stricta, TJm\ Enum. 152.
Spermacoee ? teres and S. exserta, Poxb. Ilort. Beng. 10 ; Fl. Incl. i. 367, 368 ;
ed. Carey f Wall. i. 373, 374. S. sumatrensis, Pkz Obs. iv. 23, e.v Cham. %■
Schl. in Linn^a, iii. 316, not of Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 366. ? Ouncea trifida. Ham,
in Don Prodr. 136.

Throughout tropical India, from Garwhal in tlic Western Himalaya, eastward to

Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft., and in the Khasia Mts. to 4000 ft. ; to Ceylon and

Malacca. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago and Tropical Australia.

An erect slender annual, 1-4 ft.; stem cylindric or obscurely 4-angled, sparingly
• 3-chotomously branched, internodes long. Leaves 3-5 by ^-1 in., pale greenish or
'brown when dry, narrowed into the short petiole ; stipular bristles }, i"- Flowers

jV-8 i°-5 "^ery small, white or purplish. Calyx-teeth minute,' triangular, subequal.
-Corolla-tiihe hairy within. Fruit i in., sessile or shortly pedicelled, 4-angled. — I do

not doubt this being the Cuncea trifida of Don's Prodromus, though the flowers are
■ described as yellow and the fruit as a berry. Roxburgh's figure of Spermacoee teres

differs from his description in the 2- partible fruit and plano-convex seed; he describes
^the seed of 8. teres as round, which it should not be.

** Pipe mericarps either' connate, the fruit falling aioay as a xchole with the
central columella, or the mericai'ps separating from one another and falling away
from the columella.

t Calyx-teeth all very small, equal or oiie rather larger than the rest.

2. IL. mollis, W. 8f A. Prodr. 439, not of Br. ; pubescent villous or
tomentose, leaves petioled rarely sessile ovate or lanceolate, stipules with hairy
bristles, fruits crowded ellipsoid, mericarps connate and adnatetothe columella.
K. corymbosa, Thu\ Enum. 151 ; Schlecht. in Herb. Hohen. n. 991. ?K. stricta,
Gaertn. Fruct. i. 122, t. 25. K. teres, Wall. Cat. 819, in part.

Mountains of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, alt. 3-7000
ft. Ceylon, Walker; Hangalle, alt. 5000 ft., Thwaites.

An erect annual?, 1-3 ft, very variable in size; much more robust brancked and
leafy than K. corymbosa; branches 4-angled. Leaves 1^-5 by ^-1| in., brown Avhen
dry, with often rufous hairs ; petiole ^-\ in. Cymes with short spreading branches ;
flowers crowded, blueish, |- in. long. Fruits smooth, terete, glabrous, jo in, long^
black when dry, crowned with the rounded calyx-teeth. — In Ceylon specimens the
petiole is 1 in. and very slender, in a specimen from Ritchie the leaves are quito
sessile. Gaertner represents the mericarp of his K. stricta (from Ceylon) as sepa-
rating and subacute dorsally, as in K. zeylanica, which has, however, very different
calyx-teeth from Caertner's figure.

3. IL. Keyneana, DC. Prodr. iv. 570; glabrous or nearly so, leaves
petioled ovate or linear-lanceolate, stipules with long rigid glabrous bristles,
fruits racemose linear-oblong, mericarps separating. W. 8f A. Prodr.- 440.
Spermacoee corymbosa. Roth Nov. Sp. 98 {ex. W. Sr A.),

Southern Mysore and Carnatic ; Dindygul Mts. and Courtallum, Wight.

Erect, leafy; branches robust, terete, shining. Leaves 2-3 by f-l]- in., rather
coriaceous, brown when dry, acute or acuminate; stipular bristles stout, smooth, }^-%
in. Cymes puberulous, branches elongating after flowering as in K. corymbosa, but
fruits pedicelled. Fruit pale, narrow, with a groove on each side where the mericarps
separate.

4. K.. Wig>litiana, Wall. Cat. 6184; glabrous, slender, leaves sessile
linear obtuse recurved, stipules entire or 2-3-cleft, fruits few short didymoua
truncate, mericarps separating. W. ^' A. Prodr. 440. j»

VOL. III.

130 LXXY. KUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Knoxia,

NiLGHiui and Shevagiikrry Hills, Wight, &c.

Kigid ; stems 8-18 in., terete. Leaves 2-3 by |- in., rigidly coriaceous, pale brown
■when dry, complicate ; stipules erect, triangular-lanceolate, often quite entire. Cymc'
branches puberuloiis or glabrous. Fruits apparently angled, somewhat laterally com-
pressed, shortly podicelled, as broad as long.

5. K. bracliycarpa, JBr. in Wall. Cat. 821 ; more or less pubescent,
stem with 2 lines of pubescence, leaves sessile linear-obloug obtuse, stipules
entire or 3- or more-cleft, cymes open or capitate, fruits short didymous trun-
cate. K. macrocarpa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 138. K. Isevis, DC.
Frodr. iv. 570. Spermacoce Brunonis, Wall. Cat. 822. S. loevis, JRoxh. Hort.
Bcng. 10, Fl. Inch 1368 ; Wt. Ic. t. 193. S. Koxburghii, Spreng. Syst. i. 404.

Tropical Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 3500-4000 ft., BlinJcworth, &c. ; Nepal,
Hamilton. Behar ; top of Parus-nath, alt. 4000 ft., Anderson. Vegv, M'Clelland-,
Martaban, Kurz.

An erect strict herb, 2-4 ft., internodes long; stem slender or robust; more or
less hairy or glabrate, with always 2 more or less distinct lines of pubescence. Leaves
2-4 by -]_|- in., usually quite sessile and minutely pubescent on the margins and
nerves beneath, more rarely elsewhere, base acute or rounded, pubescence of midrib
continued down the stem ; stipules pubescent, upper often entire. Cymes, if branched,
main branches pubescent in 2 lines, the smaller puberulous; when capitate often
tomentose ; flowers small. Calyx-teeth very small, obtuse, one larger. Fruit as in
K. Wightiana. — I suspect this to be Eoxburgh's Sp. Icevis; it is the only "interior of
Bengal " plant at all answering to his description and drawing, from which it differs
in the hairiness and large flowers. The Nipal and Bengal specimens have open
C3'mcs, the Kumaon ones globose terminal and sessile axillary heads, like Hedyotis ;
the Pegu ones have long brachiate branches with trichotomous terminal peduncles
bearing capitate cymes at their ends.

tt One or tivo calyx-lobes infiniit much elongate, subulate.

C. K. plantag-inea, Wall. PL As. Bar. 27, t. 32; Cat. 818; hirsute^
subscapose, leaves sessile linear-oblong obtuse or subacute, stipular bristles very
short or 0, flowers capitate, fruits racemose, mericarps keeled with 1 or 2'
elongate calyx-teeth. DC. Prodr. iv. 570 ; Kurz in Journ As. Soc. 1877,11. 138.

Pegd at Prome, Wallich; rare and sporadic, Kurz.

RootstocJc thick, tortuous, woody, giving oflf short woody leafy branches, from
which the very slender simple flower-bearing stems arise. Leaves on the stem 3-5-
by \-% in. ; softly hairy on both surfaces, green when dry ; stipules usually reduced
to a truncate sheath. Flowering stems 10-16 in., softly hairy, each bearing one or
two very distant pairs of small leaves 1 in. long, apparently without stipules, sparingly
trichotomously branched at the tip, each branch bearing a head of flowers which
elongates into a spike or raceme of distant fruits several inches long. Calyx-teeth
subulate, one or two much elongate and exceeding the mericarps. Corolla ^ in. long,
pale blue. Fruit (in Wallich's figure) ^ in., apparently flattened, with keeled meri-
carps, the elongated calyx-tooth often much exceeding the fruit.

7. XSL. zeylanica, Linn.; DC. Prodr. iv. 569; glabrous or glabrate,.
leaves shortly petioled ovate or ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, stipules entire or
with nearly glabrous bristles, flowers capitate or spicate, fruits spicate, mericarps
dorsally rounded and keeled. Burin. Fl. Ind. t. 13, f. 2 ; A. Bich. in Mem.
Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. v. t. 15 ; W. 8f A. Prodr. 440, excl. syn. K. strlcta.

Ceylon ; common in the southern part of the island.

A small leafy rigid annual ? ; stem erect or ascending, and branches terete, smooth
and scabrid above. Leaves 1-2 by \~^ in., narrowed at both ends, obtuse or sub-
acute, margins recurved. Spikes and flowers glabrate or hispid, when fruiting some-
times 4 in. long and quite simple. Corolla-tuhe very slender. Fruit ^ in., broadly
ovoid, the long calyx-tooth equalling the mericarp, glabrous.

Knoxia."] Lxxv. rubuce^. (J. D. Hooker.) lyl

8. K. platycarpa, Am. PugUl. 26 ; hirsute or glabrate, leaves ovate
linear-oblong -ovate or -lanceolate, stipular bristles many hairy, cymes with
short crowded branches but lengthening much in fruit, mericarpa dorsally flat-
tened and deeply keeled.

Cetlon ; abundant in the central province, alt. 4-7000 ft. ^

According to Thwaites a very variable species, of which he distinguishes the three
following forms, which look very unlike ; all have short branched cymes and two
forms of flowers, which are either hirsute glabrate or glabrous, and resemble those of
K. zeylanica, but are often larger.

Vab. 1. 'platycarpa, Am. 1. c. ; nearly glabrous, branches with two obscure lines
of pubescence, leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate ciliolate, stipular bristles short nearly
glabrous. — Eesembles in foliage K. zeylanica, and as the cyme branches frequently
run out I suspect these species may prove the same.

Vab. 2. hirsuta,T\xy:. Enum. 152; hirsute or tomentose, leaves broader, stipular
bristles longer and hirsute, cymes very dense, flowers larger usually very hirsute. —
K. hirsuta, Am. I. c.

Vae. 3. foliosa, Thw. 1. c. ; hirsute or glabrate, branchfs very stout, leaves moro
coriaceous broadly ovate, stipular bristles very rigid, large calycine lobe sometimes
foliaceous.

DOTTBTFTJL SPECIES.

K. STTMATBENSis, DC. Prodr. iv. 569, from the Circars; — it is impossible to say to
what this refers. Eoxhurgh's Sperrnacoce sumatrensis (which is referred to it) ia
described as having the corolla with a broad gibbous tube, and a 2-valved capsule
2-partible from the base ; it is probably a Hedyotis.

Tribe IX. AXiBERTEH:.

62. OCTOTROPXS, Bedd.

A glabrous shrub ; branches slender. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, membranous ; stipules triangular, persistent. Floioers in peduncled
axillary or supra-axillary corymbose cymes. Calyx-tube turbinate, 5-toothed.
Corolla campanulate, tul)e short, throat villous ; lobes 6, ovate, acute, twisted
in bud. Anthei's 5, sessile on the mouth of the corolla, linear, cuspidate, base
2-fid, exserted. Dish small. Ovary 1 -celled ; style stout, pubescent, 8-ribbed ;
arms 2, short, acute, glabrous ; ovules solitary or a pair pendulous from the top
of the cell. Findt ovoid, smooth, coriaceous, 1-seeded. Seed oblong, pendu-
lous.

1. O. travancorica, Beddome Fl. Sylv. t. 327 ; For. Man. 134/12.

Teavancoee, alt. 3-3500 ft. ; Shevagherry hills, Wight, Beddome.

Leaves 3|— 5 in. ; petiole \ in. Peduncles capillary, half as long as the leaves ;
cyme-branches opposite ; bracts small; flowers ^ in, diam., shortly pedicelled, 2-brap-
teolate. — A very singular genus, belonging to an otherwise exclusively African tribe.
Octotroph is farther unique in the Order, in having a I -celled ovary with 1 or 2 pen-
dulous ovules. Specimens of this in Wight's Herbarium are fastened on a sheet with
a Canthiurti.

Tribe X. VANGUEXtXEJXS.

63. CANTKXUIKE, Lam.

(Plectronia, Linn, in part.)

Unarmed or spinous shrubs, erect or climbing ; branches terete. Leaves op-
posite; stipules connate. Floivet's small, axillary, fascicled or in peduncled
corymbose cymes, white or greenish, sometimes polygamous. Calyx-tube short ;
limb very short, persistent or deciduous, 4- 5-toothed. Corolla-tuhe funnel-

k2

132 Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) IGanthium,

shaped, campaniilate, globose or urceolate, with a ring of deflexed hairs within ;
throat villous ; lobes 4-5, at length reflexed, valvate in bud. Anthers 4-5, sub-
sessile on the throat or mouth of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled ; style stout,
stigma large ; ovules 1 pendulous in each cell. Drupe didymous or subglobose,
or with one carpel suppressed then reniform or oblong, with 1-2 pyi'enes or a
2-ceUed putamen. Seeds oblong, testa membranous, albumen fleshy; embiyo
long, with short cotyledons. — Distrib. About 70 species, in the tropics of the
old world.

* Unarmed, Jlown'S 6-merom.

1. C. didymum, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 635 ; unarmed, glabrous, leaves ovate
lanceolate or suborbicular, cymes compressed shortly peduncled, bracts short or 0,
■flowers 6-merou8, fruit ^^-^ in. globose ellipsoid or obovoid compressed subdidy-
mous, putamen rugose. Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 536 ; W. ^ A. Prodr. 425 ; DC. Prodr.
iv. 473 ; Wall. Cat. 8413 excl. A. Plectronia didyma, Ku7'z For. Fl. ii. 35.
Psydrax dicoccos, Gaertn. F'uct. t. 26 ; DC. I. c. 476. Vangueria spirostylis and
lucid ula, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 260, and suppl. 544 (Jid. Kurz). Indeterm.,
Wall. Cat. 9069.

SiKKiM HiMAiAYA, alt. 1,500 ft., at Sittong, King; Khasia and Jyntea Mts., Be
SUva; Westeun Peninsula, from the Concan southwards; Malayan Peninsula,
from Mergui southwards ; Ceylon, common. — Distrib. Malay Archip., S. China.

A stout evergreen shrub ; branches smooth. Leaves very variable, 2-6 by ^-4 in.,
very coriaceous, polished above, usually obtusely caudate-acuminate, base acute obtuse
or even cordate, nerve-axils eglandular ; petiole -g— g- in. Cymes subsessile or on a
short peduncle, ^-1 in., sometimes puberulous. Calyx truncate or obscurely toothed.
Corolla campanulate, tube jq--^ in. ; lobes 5, subaciite. Style glabrous; stigma sub-
quadrate, notched or 2-fid. Frtiit very variable. — Thwaites' var. rostrata is founded
on the rostrate (that is caudate-acuminate) leaves, which, however, do not dij9fer from
those of a common Eastern or Western form ; it has also often beaked elongate fruits,
the result of insect injury.

Var. lanceolafa, Thw. mss. ; leaves narrowly elliptic-lanceolate obtuse -l-Sby |—1J
in. Canthium lanceolatum, Am. Pugill. 24. Webera lanceolata, Moon. Cat. 19. —
Ceylon, Thwaites. — Amongst "Wight's duplicates (Kew Distrib. 1414) are specimens
marked from Courtallam, but as none such are in Wight's own Herbarium I suspect
some mistake.

Var. grandifoUa, Thw. Enum. 152 ; leaves very large 6-8 by 3-4 in., base rounded.
Ceylon.

Var. Kingii ; leaves more membranous elliptic-lanceolate very finely acuminate,
cymes deflexed corymbiform, flowers large, corolla-tube ^ in. quite glabrous. —
Sikkim, Br. King. — This may prove a different species, but in the absence of fruit
this is uncertain.

2. C. xnontanum, TMv. Enum. 152; unarmed, glabrous, leaves small
orbicular or ovate obtuse, cymes shortly peduncled subumbellate, flowers 5-
merous.

Ceylon ; central province, alt. 4-7000 ft., Thwaites.

Probably, as Thwaites suspects, a small-leaved form of C didymum. The fruit is
unknown.

3. C. umbellatum, WigJ^t Ic. t. 1034; unarmed, glabrous, leaves elliptic
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, flowers umbellate on a short very stout com-
pressed peduncle, flowers 5-merous, fruit \-^ in. broad oblong or subquadrate
didymous, putamen rugose. Dalz. %■ Gibs. Bomh. Fl. 113 {not of Korth.). 0.
didymum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 221 ; Wall. Cat. 8413 A. C. lucidum, Schlecht in
PI. Hohen. n. 1.377. Plectronia didvma. Brand. For: Fl. 270. Kubiacea,
Wall. Cat, 8451, 8452.

Canthunn.] lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 133

"Wkstkux Pkxixsula, ou t!ie Ghats, alt. 4-8000 ft,, from the Concan southwards.
TiiNASSEKiM. Wallich, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2972) ; Ava, Wallich.

An evergreen tree, 60 ft. Leaves very coriaceous, similar to the ordinary form
of C. didi/im:m, of which this is probably a variety. Korthal's C. umbellatum, with a
slender peduncle, is a very different plant.

4. C. neilgrberrense, Wif/ht Ic. t. 1064 Us) unarmed, leaves elliptic-
ovate obtuse glabrous or setose beneath, flowers 5-merous, pedicels very short
axillary fascicled, fruits obovoid or obcordate compressed subdidymous, putamen
smooth. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 221 A. ; For. Man. 134, 6 (Plectronia).

NiLGHERRY and PuLNEY Mts., Wight, G. Thomson.

An evergreen shrub or tree ; branches opposite, glabrous. Leaves 3i-4^ by \\-2
in., rather coriaceous, dark green or black when dry; petiole \-^ in. Flowers shortly
pedicellcd, sometimes on a very short peduncle ; pedicels ^^ in. Fruit nearly f in. ;
pericarp thin.

Vab. 1 ; leaves coriaceous glabrous, stipules ^-^ in. — Nilgherrys, Wight (Kew
Distrib. 1421, 1425).

Vab. 2 ; leaves less coriaceous hirsute beneath or covered with scattered rigid
hairs, stipules small.— Pulney Mts. (Kew Distrib. 1422, 1426).

5. C. ficiforme, Hook. f. ; unarmed, glabrous, leaves elliptic obtusely
acuminate, flowers 5-merous fascicled ou a very short peduncle, fruit very large
pyriform stoutly pedice^led, putamen thick woody very deeply sinuously
grooved.

Mysore ; Shevagherry hills, Wight.

Branches very stout, and leaves almost black when dry. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1^ in.,
very thickly coriaceous, narrowed into a very stout petiole ; nerves oblique, slender ;
stipules short, broad. Peduncles ^ in. or less, sometimes branched ; pedicels as long.
Fruit l-l^- in., son;iewhat compressed, narrowed into a pedicel \ in. long; putamen re-
sembling a small walnut.

6. C. grlabruxn, Blame Bijd. 967 ; unarmed, glabrous, leaves large ovate
subacute, cymes small compressed shortly peduncled, flowers 5-merous, fruit
large ellipsoid or subovoid with 2 very smooth 3-gonous pyrenes. DC. Prodr.
iv. 474; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 35 (Plectronia). Vangueria ? atroviridis, Wall. Cat.
8412. Hubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8303.

From Tenasserim, Pegu, and the Andaiman Islands, to Singapore and Penano,
Wallich, &c., Maingay (Kew Distrib. 863). — Distrib. Java.

A small tree; branches stout, upper compressed. Leaves 4-6 by 1^-3 in., dull
green when dry, thinly coriaceous; nerves few, distant ; petiole ^\ in.; stipules
short. Cymes with short spreading branches; flowers small, shortly peduncled.
Corolla-tube subglobose, ^ in. ; lobes as long. Stigma mitriform, notched. Fruit f-1
in. long ; pyrenes abruptly narrowed and compressed parallel to the ventral face at
the top.

7. C. confertum, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 235; unarmed,
glabrous, leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate, flowers
fascicled shortly pedicelled 5-merous, fruit small obovoid or obcordate subcom-
pressed, putamen woody rugose. 0. glomerulatum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat., sujypl.
686. Memecylon pauciflorum. Wall. Cat. 4114.

Penanq, Singapore, and Malacca, Wallich, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2973), Maingay
(862, 942).— Distrib. Malay Archipelago.

Branches slender. Leaves 3-5 by f-2 in., dull green when dry, opaque, coriaceous ;
nerves slender ; petiole and stipules short, flowers small, often unisexual ; buds ob-
tuse ; pedicel ^-^ in. Corolla'tuhc and lobes very short. Style glabrous. Fruit ^

134 Lxxv. RUBiACEiS. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ganthium,

JO. long. — Miquel says the flowers are 4-5-merous ; all other authors say S-merous, as
I find them.

* * Unarmed ; flowers 4rmerou8.

8. C. travancoricum, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 239; unarmed,
glabrous, leaves loug-petioled ovate obtusely acuminate, cymes long-peduncled,
branches slender.

Travancoke and Tineveixy hills ; Bcddome.

A tree ; branchlets woody with rough bark. Leaves clustered on short lateral
shoots, 1^-2 in., bright green beneath when dry; petiole very slender, ^ in. ; stipules
triangular with long subulate points. Peduncle of cyme sometimes 1 in., stout and
compressed, or shorter or 0 ; branches very slender. Flowers very small, ^ in. diam.
Calyx-teeth subulate. Corolla-tuhe shortly campanulate. Stigma capitate. Fruit
unknown.

9. C. gracilipes, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac, 1872, ii. 314 ; For. Ft. ii. 36
(Canthium) ; unarmed, short petioles and nerves beneath puberulous, leaves
elliptic obtusely acuminate, flowers 4-merous solitary or in pairs, pedicels capil-
lary, fruit subquadrately didymous or reniform, pyrenes rugose thinly woody
remote.

Andaman Islands ; rather frequent, Kurz.

Shrubby; pubescence fulvous ; branches slender. Leaves 3-5 by l|^-2 in., green
when dry, membranous ; nerves very slender ; petiole very short ; stipules finely
acuminate. Flowers very small; pedicels ^-| in., hairy, arising from very short
shoots. Calyx-teeth subulate. Fruit \ in. across, with a very broad sinus at top,
blueish-black.

*** Armed; stamens 4 or 5.

10. C. puberulum, Thiv. 7nss. ; spinescent, pubescent, leaves small
elliptic acute, peduncles fascicled, flowers 4-6-merous, calyx-lobes long recurved,
corolla-tube broadly campanulate.

Ceylon ; central province, Thwaites (C. P. 3995).

£ra7iches alendeT, elongate; spines short, straight. Leaves f-1 in., bright green
when dry, finely pubescent on both surfaces ; petiole short ; stipules with slender
points. Peduncles always bracteate, 1-3-flowered, ^-^ in., fulvous pubescent, as are
the bracts and calyx. Calyx-iube campanulate ; lobes longer than the corolla, nar-
rowly lanceolate. Corolla-tuhe ^ in., lobes acute. Style glabrous ; stigma subglobose.
Fruit unknown.

11. C. Rheedii, DC, Prodr. iv. 474; spinescent, shining, branches divari-
cate, leaves ovate obtusely caudate-acuminate, petiole and very short fascicled
pedicels pubescent, flowers 5-merous, fruit suborbicular compressed. W. 8f A*
Prodr. 426; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 113. ' Webera tetrandra, Wall. Cat. 8265
A. in part] Rheede Hort. Mai. v. t. 37.

Western Peninstjla; from the Concan southwards. Ceylon; southern and
central part.

Shrubby, "scandent" (Dalzell); branches slender, short, pubescent; spines short,
slightly recurved. Leaves 1-4^ by 1-2 in., dark brown or black when dry, rarely
green; base rounded, sometimes acute or cordate; nerve-axils sometimes hairy;
petiole very short and triangular ; stipules appressed, hairy. Pedicels ^^ in., shorter
than the flowers. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla-tube very short and broad ; lobes lan-
ceolate, acuminate, forming a long beak in bud, glabrous. Style hairy. Fruit ^ in.
diam., subdidymous, truncate with a broad sinus above ; pyrenes crustaceous, contigu-
ous.— Wight & Arnott (Prodr. 427) have a var. )8 with the under surface of the leaves
sprinkled with hairs, and a var. y with cordate base to the leaves. Thwaites makes
a var. 5 minus for a very small-leaved form with straight ascending spines.

• Cantliium,'] Lxxv. eubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 135

12. C. angrustifolium, JRoxh. Fl. Iiul. i. 533; spinescent, branches di-
varicate, leaves ovate or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate, petioles
and very short fa.scicled pedicels glabrous, flowers 5-merous, fruit suborbicular
compressed. DC. Prodr. iv. 474. 0. Leschenaultii, W. % A. Prodr. 420; Wt.
Ic. t. 826; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 113; Wall. Cat. 8414. Dondisia
Leschenaultii, DC. I. c. 469. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8308.— Pheede Hort. Mai.
vii. t. 17.

Western Peninsui-a, on the coast and hills from Belgaum southwards ; the Sun-
DERBTJNDS, SiLHET, and Chittagong, Eoxburgk, &c.

Very near indeed to C. Phecdii, and I expect only a glabrous variety ; the fruit
and flowers are the same. I find traces of pubescence in the shoots of Bengal speci-
mens.

13. C. macrocarpuzn, Thw. Enum. 152 ; spinescent, pubescent, leaves
ovate or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, cymes shortly peduncled, flowers 5-
merous pedicelled, fruit large subglobose, putumeu very thick and bony undulate
externally rugose internally.

Cevlon ; Hantani, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.

A subscandent shrub ; short petioles and nerves rufous-tomentose. Leaves 2-3 in.,
■dull green when dry, base rounded ; petiole ^ in. ; stipules minute. Cyme subumbel-
lately branched, pubescent; peduncles about f in., pedicels \-^ in. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla dirty white ; lobes lanceolate, rather longer than the tube. Fruit 1 in.,
'usually irregular in form, only one carpel maturing. — I have seen no flowers, nor
spines.

14. C. caxnpanulatum, Thw. Enum. lo3 ; spinescent, glabrous, leaves
small ovate or elliptic obtuse, pedicels 1-4 slender, flowers o-merous, corolla
campanulate. Bedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134 6.

Ceylon ; Deltotte, in the central province, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.

A subscandent shrub ; branches slender, rough, youngest scaberulous ; spines small,
straight. Leaves f-l| in., green when dry, coriaceous ; petiole ^^ in. ; stipules minute.
Pedicels ^ in. ; flowers quite glabroiis. Calyx-lobes short, acute. Corolla ^ in. diam.,
,tube shorter than the acuminate lobes. Stigma obconic with a truncate base, entire.
Fruit the size of a pea (not seen by me).

15. C. parvifolium, Poxb. Hart. Beng. 15; Fl. Did. i. 534; spines
straight, branches slender and petioles and leaves beneath or on both surfaces
hirsute, leaves small ovate or elliptic subacute, flowers 5-merous subsessile, fruit
small suborbicular compressed, putamen tubercled. DC. Prodr. iv. 474. 0.
scandens. Plume Bijd. 966; DC. I. c. 475. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8288 B.
Gardenia rigida. Wall. Cat. 8257 in part.

Behar; Monghir, Hamilton. Kiiasia Mts., alt. 2-3000 ft., J. D. H. 4' T. T., C. B.
Clarice. Chittagong, JVallich, J. D. H. Sj- T T. Pegu, Kurz. — Distrib. Malayan
Archipelago, S. China.

A rambling shrub with spreading slender pubescent or hirsute branches ; spines
slender, supra-axillary. Leaves ^-1^ in., green wlien dry ; petiole very short; stipules
ovale-lanceolate. C'«(y.r minutely 5-tootlied. Corolla-tube snhglohose.gVAbi'ous; teeth
lanceolate, acute. Disk villous. Fruit ^ in. diam., like that of C. Rheedii.

16. C. horridum, Blame Bijd. 966; spines hooked, branches slender
petioles and leaves beneath pubescent or hirsute, leaves small ovate subacute,
flow^ers 5-merous subsessile, fruit large subglobose. DC. Prodr. iv. 474; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 36 (Plectronia). 0. zizyphinum. Wall. Cat. 828S A. 0. Hypti-
anthera rhamnoides, Morr. ^' Zoll. Syst. Verh. 60. Dondisia horrida, Korth. in
Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 236.

Tenasserim, Gomez ; Singapore and Penang, Wallich, &c. — DisTEin. Malay Ar-
chipelago, Philippine Islands.

Differs from d parvifolium only in the shorter hooked compressed spines and much

136 LXXT. EUBiACE/E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Canthmm..

larger fruit, Avliicli I have not seen, but wliicli is described by Kurz as equalling a
small cherry.

17. C. parvifloruxn, Zmnk. Diet. i. 602 ; spinescent, glabrous, leaves
small ovate obovate or orbicular obtuse, cymes peduncled many-flowered, flowers ■■
4-merous, fruit suborbicular compressed emarginate at both ends, endocarp
woody undulate. DC. Prodr. iv. 474 ; Gaertn. f. Fruct. 1. 196, f. 3 ; Roxh. Cor..
Pl. t. 57 ; Fl. Ind. i. 634 ; W. Sf A. Prodr. 426 ; Dalz. Sf Gibs. Somh. i^/. 113 ;
Wall. Cat.S2m. Webera tetrandi-a, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1224 excl. syn. Rheede;
Wall. Cat. 8266 inpart.—RUede Hort. Mai. v. t. 36.

"Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards. Ceylon ; abundant up to ^
4000 ft. ■ . . .

A rigid shrub; branches often thickly covered "with stout straight spines 1-2 in.
long. Leaves usually crowded on shortened lateral shoots, ^-1 in., rather coriaceous,
dirty green when dry, opaque, base cuneaf e ; petiole slender, ^-|- in. ; stipules small
W'ith long cuspidate points. Cymes \-^ in.; peduncle and pedicel slender, short or-
long ; flowers very small, yellowish. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla-tube subglobose-;
lobes ovate. Style glabrous, stigma capitate. Fruit subquadrate or obcordate sub- -
didymous, ^ in. dium. — " Spines sometimes three-fold" (Roxburgh).

64. VANGTJERZA, Juss.

Characters of Canthium, but ovary 3-6- (usually 5-) celled, and fruit larger.
— DiSTRiB. Species about 30, in the tropics of the old world.

V. EDULis, Vahl {Wall. Cat. 8410), a native of Madagascar, a small tree resembling ■.
V. sjnnosa, but unarmed, is cultivated in India for the sake of its eatable fruit.

1. V. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 636; spinescent, leaves glabrous villous
or tomentose. Wall. Cat. 8^09-, BC. P'odr. iv. 454. Y. mollis. Wall. Cat..
8411. V. spinosa and V. pubescens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 34. V. edulis, Miq. in
Herb. Hohenach. n. 127, not of Vahl. Pyrostria ? spiuosa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
ii. 313. Canthium, Wall. Cat. 8415, 8417.

From Northern Bengal to Canara, Pegu, Tenasserim, and Birma. — Distrib.
Java,

A small tree or large bush, with straight opposite simple or 3-nate spines. Leaves
3-4 in., opposite or 3-nately whorled, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate ; petiole ^-1'
in. ; stipules cuspidate from a broad base. Cymes 1-1^ in., shortly peduncled ; flowers-
greenish, pedicclled. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla-ttibe subglobose ; lobes triangular,
acute. Style glabrous ; stigma 4-5-lobed. Drupe f in. diam., subglobose or turbi-
nate, smooth, fleshy; pyrenes 4-5, woody, smooth. — Fruit eatable.

Tar. 1 . spinosa proper ; leaves glabrous or nearly so. V. spinosa, Roxb.

Var. 2. mollis, Wall. Cat. 8411 (sp.) ; leaves more or less pubescent or tomentose ■
on both surfaces. V. pubescens, Kur^.

66. mSSOPTSRA, Hook. f.

A tree ; branches robust, terete. Leaves opposite, petioled, large and broad^
very coriaceous, tomentose beneath ; nerves strong ; stipules large, rigidly coria- -
ceous, interpetiolar, one much larger than the other, obliquely oblong, very
cbtuse, witli strong parallel or subflabellate rerves, the other shorter, rounded.
Flo7i'ers minute, in small dense axillary cymes, ebracteolate. Calyx-tube short,
hemispheric, 5-toothed. Coi'olla-tube short ; throat hairy ; lobes 5, short, acute, ,
valvate in bud. Stamens 6, on the corolla-throat ; filaments short subulate ;
anthers oblong, apicidate. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stout, stigma capitate
10-lobed ; ovules 1 in each cell, attached to the septum, amphitropous ? Fruit
small, 2-celled, didymous (or 1-celled and globose), smooth ; pericarp coriaceous
with a thin fleshy covering. Seeds cup-shaped, embracing a thick horny projec-
tion from the middle of the inner angle of the cell, testa aduate to the dense

Mesojytera.']- lxxv. rubiaceje. (J.D.Hooker.) IST"

fleshy albumen ; embryo slender, cyliudric, occupying the whole axis of the al-
bumen, hence roiled almost in a circle, cotyledons veiy short obtuse, radicle
very long superior.

1. UK. ZHaingrayi, Hooh.f. in Gen. Plant, ii. 131.

Malacca, Mainr/ay (Kew Distrib. 939).

Branches as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 8-12 by 4-5 in., ovate or elliptic, acu-
minate, brown when dry, glabrous and shining above, rusty beneath ; nerves 9-1 Q-
pair, impressed above ; petiole ^ in., very stout ; larger stipule 1 in. Cymes small
and dense in flower, open in fruit, much branched, hirsute, branches slender. Fruit
when didymous ^ in. diam., black when dry. — The description of the flowers is aided
by Maingay's mss., where the ovules are described as inserted near the base of the
cell, whence I assumed the plant to belong to Psychotria, and so classed it in the
Genera Piantarum; tlie fruit, then unknown, shows it to belong to Van ffturie<s, though
it resembles more outwardly that of an Ixora.

TkideXI. ixores:.

GG. IXORA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees ; branches terete. Leaves opposite, rarely in threes j
stipules interpetiolar. Floivers in terminal 3-chotomoiisly branched often corym-
biform cymes, 2-bracteolate, very rarely 5-meroiis. Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb 4-
toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube long, very slender ; lobes 4, spreading, twisted
in bud. Stamens 4, on the mouth of the corolla ; filaments short or 0, rarely
half as long as the anther ; anther slender, tip often mucronate, base 2-tid.
Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, exserted, never twice as long as the corolla-tube ;
stigma slender, fusiform ; branches 2, rarely persistently connate ; ovules soli-
tary, peltately attached to the septum in each cell. Fruit globose or didymous
with 2 plano-convex or ventrally concave coriaceous pyrenes. Seeds peltate, .
testa membranous, albumen horny; cotyledons flat thin, i-adicle inferior. — Dis-
TEIB. Species about 100, tropical Asiatic and African, rarely American.

A genus with difficulty distinguished from the 1-ovuled species of Webera, ex-
cept by habit, the slender corolla-tube, and 4-merous flowers. The species are
most difficult to limit and diagnose, and the subdivisions here proposed are only
approximately reliable. Probably more of the Indian species are referable to Malayan,
and especially Bornean ones than I have ventured to identify with these. Pavetta
differs in the bracts and very long style, always twice as long as the corolla or
more.

Sect. I. Euixora. Floivers 4- very rarely 5-merous, 2-bracteolate.
Corolla-tube very slender.

* Calyx-teeth longer than the ovary, lanceolate subulate or filiform. Cymes
corymbiform (except in /. lanceolaina and Notoniana).

1. I. acuminata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 10; Fl. Ind. i. 383 ; glabrous, leaves
petioled elliptic or linear-oblong acuminate coriaceous, floral pair obovate or ob-
lanceolate from a sessile auricled or rounded base, cymes sessile or subsessile
corymbiform contracted dense-flowered, bracteoles elongate subulate, calyx
glabrous teeth lanceolate much longer than the ovary, corolla-tube very slender
1-1^ in., lobes narrowlv obovate, mouth pubescent or villous. DC. Prodr. iv.
488 ; WifjJit Ic. t. 706 {not good) ; Wall. Cat. 6120.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 3000 ft., C. B. Clarke ; Bhotan, Griffith ; Assam, Khasia
Mts., ascending to 4000 ft., and Cachar, Hamilton, &c. ; Chittagong, G. B. Clarke.

A robust glabrous shrub ; branches smooth. Leaves very variable, floral sometimes
only ^ in., rounded or linear-oblong, in extreme forms 12 by 6 in. with a cordate base ;

138 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [loiora.

■other leaves 5-9 by 1| to 3 in., narrowed into a very short petiole ^l in., pale when
dry, very coriaceous ; nerves 15-20 pair, slender, arching; stipules broad with very
short points. Cymes 2-4 in. diam., sometimes almost capitate, quite glabrous ; flowers
white, sweet-scented, sometimes 5-merous ; bracts and bracteoles long, filiform. Calyx
^-^ in. Corolla § in. across the narrow obtuse lobes. Anthers sessile. Stigma fusi-
form or 2-fid, with short arms. Fruit \~ in. long, ellipsoid or oblong, straight or
-oblique, crowned with the slender calyx-teeth. — The extreme forms are the Sikkim, with
5-merous flowers and very small orbicular floral leaves ; and Upper Assam ones, with
these sometimes 20 in. long and 7 broad. Griffith's Bhotan specimens (Kew Distrib.
12983) have calyx-teeth sometimes hardly longer than the tube.

2. I. lanceolaria, Colehr. hi JRoib. Fl. Ind. i. 387; glabrous or the
■cymes pubescent, branches slender, leaves short-petioled lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate subacute, nerves very slender, cymes sessile or peduncled corymbiform
■or brachiate, branches slender, calyx-teeth oblong-lanceolate much longer than
the ovary, corolla glabrous, tube very slender ^-| in., lobes linear-oblong obtuse,
mouth naked. DC. Froclr. \\. 484; W. 8f A. Prodr. 429; Wt. Ic. t. 827;
Wall. Cat. 6125 ; Bat. Mag. t. 4399. I. leucantha, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 6148 ;

0. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 572. I. VVallichii, Herb. Wight, not of W. 8r A. Frodr.

Western Peninsula, from Belgaum southwards. Berry, &c.

An erect shrub with " ash-coloured branches and pendulous slender green branch-
lets with compressed joints" (Roxb.). Leaves spreading, 5-7 by f-2 in., quite smooth
and rather shining on both surfaces, pale and reticulate when dry ; nerves numerous,
slender, often almost horizontal ; base rounded or acute; stipules short, with long
slender points. Cymes 2-^ in. diam., from glabrous to hoary- pubescent; branches
erecto-patent ; bracts and bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, caducous. Calyx J in. long,
glabrous, with 2 erect appressed bracteoles ; teeth linear-oblong or lanceolate.
Corolla white, f in. across the narrow lobes. Filaments slender. Stigma elender.
Fruit globose or didymous, calyx-teeth persistent. — In W. & A. Prodr. is a var. P,
founded on Wight's n. 1341, and described as having oblong-lanceolate leaves some-
times pubescent beneath ; I do not find the latter character on Wight's specimens. /.
Wallichii of Wight's Herbarium is not the plant described under that name in the
Prodromus, not having leaves pubescent beneath, but a slight variety of I. lanceolaria,
with narrower bracts and elliptic-lanceolate leaves.

3. I. calycina, Thiv. Enum. 155; glabrous, leaves subsessile ovate ob-
long or orbicular obtuse or acute, base acute rounded or cordate, nerves hori-
zontal, cymes subsessile corymbiform contracted deuse-flowerad, calyx-teeth
lanceolate much longer than the ovarv, coroUa f in., lobes ovate acute, mouth
glabrous. Bedd. Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 97.

Ceylon ; Central Province, ascending to 7000 ft., Macrae, Walker, &c.

A small tree. Leaves l|-3 in,, coriaceous, midrib stout, dark brown and reticu-
late when dry ; nerves 6-8 pair, slender ; stipules cuspidate. Cymes rarely peduncled,
peduncles puberulous ; flowers white tinged with rose, subsessile ; bracts and brac-
teoles slender. Stigma short thick with short recurved arms. Filaments short.
Fruit \ in., ovoid or spherical; calyx- teeth persistent.

4. X. Thwaitesii, Hooii. f. ; glabrous or shoots and cymes pubescent,
leaves short-petioled oblanceolate oblong or elliptic acute flat or undulate,
nerves ascending, cymes sessile corymbiform contracted dense-flowered, calyx-
teeth acute longer than the ovary, corolla 1-1|^ in., lobes obovate acute. I.
acuminata, Thw. Enum. 165, exel. var. ^3, not of Roxb.

Ceylon ; not uncommon, ascending to 3000 ft.

Leaves 3|-5 in., thinly coriaceous, opaque, margins usually undulate, always
narrowed into the short petiole ; stipules with long cuspidate points. Cymes as in

1. calycina, but calyx-teeth shorter and corolla longer with longer lobes, stigmas the
^ame. Corolla-throat glabrous, in which it differs from Roxburgh's B. acuminata.

Ixora.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.)

Anthers sessile. Fruit globose or didymous, ^ in. diam., smooth. — I have seen no
specimen of Thwaites' var. fi, with the branches and leaves on both sides velvetty.

5. X. Notoniana, Wall. Cat. 6132; robust, glabrous except the puberu-
lous cyme, leaves petioled elliptic or oblong obtuse thickly coriaceous, nerves
12-15 pair, c^^mes peduncled brachiate many-flowered clusters rounded, calyx-
teeth lanceolate longer than the ovary, corolla ^ in., tube very slender, lobes
oblong obtuse glabrous, mouth glabrous. I. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. G161. I.
^andiflora, Schlecht. in Herh. Hohen. No. 1369.

NiLGHEREY and PuLNEY Mts., Wight, &c.

Branches thick, bark rough. Leaves 6-8 by 1-3 in., rarely obovate, j>ale brown
"when dry, base acute or obtuse ; nerves 10-12 pair, strong, ascending; petiole stout,
\-~ in. ; stipules with long strong cuspidate points, glabrous. Cymes sometimes
<j in. diam. ; peduncles stout, 2-6 in.; lower bracts often leafy; bracteoles setaceous;
flowers red, shortly pedicelled, glabrous. Anthers sessile, nearly as long as the
•corolla-lobes, base subentire. Stigma small, clavate, entire or cleft. Fruit glabrous,
^ in. diam.

G. I. Johnsoni, Hook. f. ; glabrous, branches robust, leaves petioled
large elliptic acute at both ends, stipules triangular acute, cymes sessile corym-
biform, branches very short and flowers densely crowded, calyx-teeth linear-
lanceolate much longer than the tube, corolla-tube f in., lobes linear-oblong
iicute, mouth naked.

"Western Peninsula, near Wenna Mala in Cochin, Rev. Mr. Johnson.

Leaves crowded on the young branches, 6-8 by S-SA- in., thinly coriaceous, brown
•when dry, opaque ; nerves 12-15 pair, arched, prominent beneath ; petiole very stout,
^ in. ; stipules short, appressed. Ct/mes 1^ in. long, branches rather slender but very
short and much divided ; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, coriaceous, numerous.
Calyx-teeth rigid, erect, broader as well as longer than the ovary. Filaments and
anthers slender. Stigma fusiform, cleft. Fruit not seen. — I have seen but one
specimen of this fine species.

7. X. subsessilis, Wall. Cat. 6139; glabrous, leaves petioled lanceolate
■elliptic or oblanceolate acuminate, stipules with long cusps, cymes subsessile
brachiate, branches slender lax-flowered, calyx-teeth filiform much longer
(rarely only equalling) than the ovary, corolla-tube ^-1^ in,, excessively
slender, lobes narrowly oblong acute, mouth glabrous. G. Don Gen. Syst. iii.
■672. I. oxyphylla. Wall. Cat. 6159.

Assam and Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft.. Be Silva, &c.

A shrub or small tree ; branches with pale bark. Leaves very variable, 4-8 by
■|-3 in., thinly coriaceous, pale when dry, opaque or shining ; nerves very slender ;
subulate points of stipules much longer than the short sheath. Cyracs 1-5 in. diam. ;
bracts elongate-subulate or filiform ; flowers white or rosy. Calyx-teeth variable in
length. Corolla-limb \~^ in. diam. Filaments long, flattened ; anthers very slender.
Stigma slender, entire or cleft. Fr^lit ^ in. diam., gibbous, crowned with the slender
calyx-teeth. — Wallich's /. oxyphylla has shorter calyx-teeth, but seems connected by
intermediates with suhsessilis. Some Assam specimens have teeth even shorter than
the ovary.

8. Z. Srunonis, Wall. Cat. 6136 ; branches tomentose, leaves long sessile
narrowly oblanceolate caudate-acuminate pubescent with spreading hairs, base
cordate, cymes sessile corymbiform hirsute, flowers subcapitate, calyx-teeth
linear-lanceolate about equalling the ovary, corolla-tube ^ in. hair}', mouth
naked. G. JDmi Gen. Syst. iii. 573 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 20. Pavetta IBrunonis,
Miq. Fl. Lid. Bat. ii. 270 {not of Wt. Ic). Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8447.

Fegu and Tavoy, Kure. Pbnang and Singapore, Wallich, Bhilli;ps, &c. Maingay
^Kew Distrib. 858).

140 LxxY. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) llxora.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves 7-12 by 1^-3^ in., brownish when dry, mem-
branous, points long and slender, above often glabrate, beneath hairy chiefly on the
15-20 pair of slender nerves, sometimes obscurely contracted above the cordate base
(panduriform) ; stipules villous with very long filiform hairy points. Flowers sessile
amongst filiform bracteoles. Calyx-teeth very slender. Corolla ^ in. diam. ; lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, i the length of the tube. Filaments subulate. Stigma small.
Fruit ellipsoid or globose, ^ in. long, glabrous.

** Calyx-teeth longer and broader than tlie ovary, elliptic oblong or sub-
orbicular ; cymes corymbiform.

9. Z. polyantha, Wiffht Ic. t. 10(56; robust, glabrous except the villous
or pubescent cymes, leaves large sessile or short-petioled obovate eUiptic-oblong
or -lanceolate acuminate coriaceous, cymes subsessile corymbiform contracted
or open very many-flowered branches robust, calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate very
mucn longer and larger than the ovary, corolla glabrous, tube slender ^-i^ in.,
lobes narrowly obovate obtuse, mouth glabrous. I. corymbosa, Heyne in WalL
Cat. 6155. I. grandis, Miq. in Herh. Hohenach. n. 617.

Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats from the Concan to Cochin, Wight, Law, &c.

Shrubby, branches robust. Leaves 6-12 by 2|— 5in. ; pale greenish when 'dry,
narrowed to the short stout petiole; stipules broad with long cuspidate points.
Cym^i either collected into a globose sessile head or more open and 4 by 5 in. long
and broad ; branches suberect, sometimes white with dense woolly spreading hair ;
bracts and bracteoles oblong, acute, membranous, caducous ; flowers sessile. Calyx
sometimes ^ in. long, pubescent, lobes like the bracteoles. Corolla § in. diam., quite
glabrous. Filaments flattened. Stigma rather large, with stout recurved arms»
Frtcit not seen. — The bracts and calyx are very different from those of any congener..

. ^ 10. Z. K.ing'stoni, IIooJc f. ; glabrous, branches and leaves above
febining, leaves petioled elongate oblong or oblanceolate obtusely acuminate
membranous, cymes sessile between two small leaves corymbiform^ contracted
dense-flowered, branches short and stout puberulous, calyx-teeth membranous
glabrous almost orbicular larger tban the ovary, corolla-tube 1-1 1 in. very
slender, lobes obovate obtuse, mouth naked.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2996).

Branches as thick as a duck's quill, black, smooth, and polished when dry, inter-
nodes long. Leaves 7-12 by 22-^2 ^^-f P^^^ brown when dry, deflexed in flower,
erect in the fruit, base acute; nerves slender, 15-20 pair; petiole ^ in., black;
stipules short, closely appressed, apiculate. Cymes 4 in. diaili,, A'ery dense-flowered ;
bracts and bracteoles broadly elliptic, coriaceoiis, deciduous. Calyx \ in. long, glabrous.
Corolla red?, limb | in. diam. Stigma small, entire or notched. Filaments flattened.
Fruit ^ in. long, globose or obliquely ovoid, crowned by the broad calyx-lobes.. — The
membranous leaves,'^tout short cyme-branches and the calyx, afford good characters.
It is clearly allied to /. acuminata. Mr. Kingston, whose services this very hand-
some species commemorates, was for some years an active assistant in the Herbarium
department of Kew.

11. X. mergruensis, Ilooh. f. : glabrous, very robust, leaves large
olx)vate or oblong-obovate abruptly acuminate opaque coriaceous, cymes sessile
corymbiform globose densely many-flowered excessively branched from the
very base, calyx-teeth puberulous elliptic longer than the ovary, corolla-tube'
§ in. slender, lobes obovate or oblong obtuse, mouth nearly naked.

Tenasserim ; Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3003).

A low shrub; branches stout, cylindric, grey and opaque when dry. Leaves 7-12*
by 2^-5 in., pale when dry and quite dull, narrowed into a short stout petiole ; stipules
very short, coriaceous, apiculate. Cymes 3-4 in. diam. ; branches quite hidden by
the flowers ; bracts broad, deciduous ; flowers odorous, white or pale pink with a red

Jxora.'} Lxxv. eubuce^. (J. D. Hooker.) 141

•or rosy tube. Corolla-throat witli a few hairs. Anthers sessile, base siibentire.
Stigma rather large, with short diverging arms. Fruit not seen.

*** Calyx-teeth equalling or* shorter than the ovary.

f Cymes long-peduncled, peduncles 2 in. long or more, often inclined or peU"
-dulous, cymes hrachiate in all. See also under §§ {sp. 25 to end).

12. I. elongrata, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 6131 ; glabrous except the hairy
flowers, leaves petioled elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, peduncles
4-8 in. with 2 sessile leaves below the middle, cymes brachiate, calyx-teeth
subulate equalling the ovary, corolla-tube very slender h in., lobes very small
short oblong, throat naked. G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 671. I. pedunculata, i)«/s.
in Hook. Keio Journ. iii. 121 j Dalz. 4* Gihs. Bomh. Fl. 113.

The CoNCAN and Canaea ; from Bombay to Kurg, Heyne, &c.

A shrub ; branches slender, smooth. Leaves 6-9 by 2^-4 in., membranous, pale
•when dry, narrowed into a petiole |-1 in,, the pair on the peduncle 1-4 in. more
oblong with rounded or cordate bases ; stipules broadly ovate, cusp slender. Cyme
4-5 in. diani. ; peduncle strict, glabrous, branches 1-3 in., and pedicels pul
flovr^^fascicled, pink ; bracts and bracteoles subulate. Calyx-teeth subacute'
cent. Corolla with spreading hairs or glabrate, limb ^ in. diam. FUavientsxi
Stigma small, simple or cleft. Fruit (not seen by me) smooth, slightly ^lobf

13. X. spectabilis, Wall. Cat. 6133 ; quite glabrous, or calyx pa))^rj|7:r
lous, leaves petioled elliptic-oblong obtuse or acute, peduncles 6-10'in. witlijrSr;
sessile leaves below the tniddle, cymes brachiate, calyx-teeth subulate shol'tet:
than the ovary, corolla- tube very slender |-§ in., lobes linear, mouth nalced.
G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 672 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 22.

Arracan to Tenasskrim, frequent, Wallich, &c.

An evergreen tree. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in,, varying in form, equally rounded at
both ends or tapering towards the tip or l^ase, membranous or coriaceous, pale whea ■^'i*^
dry, the pair on the peduncle occupying the same position as in /. elongafa; rarely a" •i^X
similar pair occurs at the base of the peduncle, or several upper pairs are sessile or ^t
•cordate ; petiole \-^ in. ; stipules short, cusp compressed subulate. Cymes and bracts
as in /. elongata but glabrous, the. flowers looser and the corolla-lobes much larger
and longer, nearly \ in. long. Filaments slender; anthers very long. Fruit size of
A pea, globose or didymous.

14. X. pendula, tfach in Mai. Misc. i. 11 ; quite glabrous, leaves petioled
large linear-oblong or -ovate or -oblanceolate obtuse, cymes pendulous brachiate,
pedimcle 2-7 in. naked, calyx-teeth shorter than the ovary obtuse, corolla-tube
very slender 1-1^ in., lobes linear-oblong, mouth naked. DC. Prodr. iv. 487 ;
Wall. Cat. 6127. Pavetta pendula, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 269.

Penang, Wallich, Phillips, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 842) ; Malacca, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 2991).

A shrub 3-4 ft. ; branches slender for the size of the foliage, smooth. Leaves
•"8-12 by 2-5 in., coriaceous, pale, sometimes whitish beneath, narrowed to the base;
nerves slender, about 12 pair ; petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules broad, cusp long. Peduncle
3-8 in., slender, with sometimes a small pair of oblong sessile leaves near the base;
•cyme 4-6 in. diam. ; flowers red, not fascicled; bracts and bracteoles minute, filiform.
Anthers sessile. Stigma small, entire or cleft. Fruit not seen.

16. X. diversifolia, Wall. Cat. 6146 ; glabrous, leaves petioled linear-
oblong or -lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate obtuse, upper pair often sessile, cymes
"brachiate, peduncle 3-6 in. very slender, calyx-teeth triangular shorter than the
ovary, corolla-tube slender A in., lobes linear obtuse, mouth naked. Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 22.

I

142 Lxxv. EUBiACE^. (J. D. Hookcr.) [Ix^ora.

Mabtaban, Tknassekim, and Andaman Islands, in forests, Wallich, Helftr (Kew
Distrib. 2992).

, A large evergreen slirub. Leaves 4-9 by 1^-2^ in., rather membranous, brown
when dry, shining above; nerves 15-18 pair, very slender, horizontal or arched;
floral pair very variable, large or small, base rounded or cordate ; petiole ^-f in. ;
stipules with long cusps. Peduncles very slender, often from short lateral shoots ;
Cyme 2-.3 in. diam., few-flowered; flowers loose, white, sessile or pedicelled; bracts
and bracteoles minute, subulate or obsolete. Filaments slender. Stigma cleft. Fruit
size of a pea, didymous.

16. I. Brandisiana, Kurz in Journ. As. 8oc. 1872, ii. 31G; For. Fl. iu
25 ; glal)rous except the cyme, leaves short-petioled elliptic- or oblong-lanceo-
late acuminate, peduncles 4-5 iu. drooping, cymes small suhbrachiate branches
short, calyx-teeth triangular shorter than the ovary, corolla-tube f-1 in. (^1^-
2 in., Kurz), lobes oblong, mouth villous.

Upper Tenasserim, Heifer ; at Attran, Brandts.

An evergreen shrub. Leaves 4-6 by 1;|~2 in., rather merribranous, dark brown
when dry, finely acuminate, base rounded or acute; nerves 12-14 pair, slender;
uppermost pair often small and sessilQ; petiole -^-5- in. ; stipules broad, cusp long.
Cynie ^2 in. diam.; branches short, pubescent, soon dividing and rather stout,
puberulous ; bracts and bracteoles minute, subulate ; flowers rather fascicled, white.
Corolla^xevj long (Kurz). Anthers sessile, base entire. Fruit unknown. — I have
only two indifferent specimens from Dr. King and Heifer: both agree in all-respects
with Kurz'8;;dcscription, except that the peduncles are not short, nor the corolla-lobes
acute, and tiie flowers do not exceed 1 in. in length. The remarkable acumination of
the leaves, and the cymes being hardly brachiate, distinguish it from all others of
this group.

tt Peduncle of cyme less than 2 in. ; erect or suherect, or 0.

' § Cymes not articulate at the ramifications, hrachiate, rarely corymhiform.

1 r. X. brachiata, Ro.il). Hort. Beng. 10; FL Ind. i. 381 ; quite glabrous
r cymes pubescent, leaves petioled oblong or elliptic obtuse, cymes sessile or
>hortly pe(Iuncled brachiate with 2-3 pairs of long branches, flowers in globose
clusters, calyx-teeth shorter' than the ovary, corolla-tube ^ in., lobes short
obtuse glo\)ose in bud, mouth naked. DC. Prodr. iv. 488 ; W. 8f A. Prodr.
429 ; Wight Ic. t. 710 ; Wall. 'Cat. G142. I. obtusata and I. Arnottiana, Miq,
in Herh. Hohenach 161 and 505.

Western Peninsula; on the Grhats from the Concan southwards.

A. tree 30 ft., or a stout shrub. Leaves 3-7 by 1^-3 in., pale when dry, always
obtuse, coriaceous or rather membranous, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base ;
nerves as faint as the veins ; petiole ^-| in. ; stipules short, cusps short. Cymes 4-6
in. long and broad, rachis and long horizontal branches slender inarticulate, inter-
nodes distant; lower bracts stipuliform, bracteoles minute; flowers white, odorous,
sessile or pedicelled. Anthers sessile. Style glabrous or pubescent ; 'stigma sub-
capitate, simple or cleft. Friiit globose or obscurely didymous. Seeds very thin,
sides incurved so that the transverse section represents a dorsally coiijprcssed tube. —
Flowers the smallest of the genus, and the only one with globose buds.

18. Z. parviflora, Vahl Symb. iii. 11, t. 52; glabrous, or the cymes
pubescent, leaves subsessile oblong or elliptic obtuse base rounded or cordate
Yery rarely narrowed, cymes sessile brachiate with 3-5 pairs of short bj'anches,
flowers in siibglobose clusters, calyx- teeth very short obtuse, corolla glabrous,
tube ^ in., lobes oblong, buds ovoid. Ro.vb. Fl. Ind. i. 383; DC. Prodr. iv.
488; Wi'(/ht in JTooL Pot. Misc. iii. 203, Suppl. t, 34; Ic. t. 711; W. ^' yl.^
Prof7;\ 429; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 222: Dah. ^- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 113; Brand. For.
Fl. 275; Kurz F01'. FL ii. 21. I. arborea, Po.rb.;. DC. L c. I. decipiens^
DC. l. c. I. Pavetta, Andr. BoLRcp. t. 78 {not of Roxh.).

Ixora.'\ lxxv^.'eubiace^. (J.D.Hooker.) 145

Hilly districts of W. Bengal, Behak, and the Westebn Peninsula, from the
Satpura range southwards. Chittagong, C. B. Clarke. Pegu, Kurz. Ceylon;
hot drier parts of the island.

An evergreen tree. Leaves 3-6 by 1^-2| in., very coriaceous, pale when dry;
nerves slender, rather stronger than the reticulate venules ; petiole very stout ;
stipules short, cusps short. Cymes 2-6 in., inarticulate, internodes shorter than in
/. hrachiata, and branches much shorter; lower bracts stipuliform, upper and brac-
teoles minute or obsolete ; flowers -white, odorous, sessile or pedicelled. Filaments
short. Style very pubescent; stigma subcapitate, simple or cleft. Fncit small,
didymous. Seeds plano-convex. — I have seen no Pegu specimens. — Touch-wood.

? Var. zeylanica ; leaves longer petioled broadly elliptic or obovate acute or
acuminate cuneate at the base more membranous less reticulate, stipules with longer
cusps, cyme-branches longer. — I. jucunda, var. 7, an species distincta? Thwaites
Enum. 155. Ceylon, Walker, &c. — This is certainly very near indeed to I. far v I flora,
agreeing entirely even to the pubescent style and the anthers and form of seed, as far
as I can ascertain from imperfect fruits, and differs from I. Jucunda widely in <the
cymes, length of the corolla, and form of its lobes.

19. I. grandifolia, Zoll. ^ Morr. Syst. Verz. 65; glabrous or the cymes
puberulous, leaves often very large petioled elliptic ovate oblong or lanceolate
obtuse or acute, stipules large with a long cusp or the upper 2-fid, cyines
sessile brachiate or corymbiform ramifications inarticulate, branches more or
less stout, bracts and bracteoles obsolete; flowers pedicelled, filaments subulate,
anthers very slender, calyx-lobes small triangular or obtuse, corolla glaljrous,
tube ^-1| in., lobes oblong obtuse, mouth naked. I. elliptica^JSrAoftjii^/^iV/f.
6153. .aVv>' .\ >ni.-

Andaman and Nicobar Islands to Sinoa'^p^, TMat.acca, and Penano^^!
&c. — DisTKiB. Malay Archipelago (all the forms). ^'•.

I am quite unable to distinguish specifically various, of the very dissimilar form*,
that occur in the localities specified; all have pedicelled white or pale pink< ifowers,
fruit the size of a large or small pea, and their seeds are very concave rentraUj^: Tho
principal are: ' . '

Vae. coriacea, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6151 (sp.); I. macrosiphon, Kurz in Jnmen.
Joum. Bot. 1875, 327 ; For. Fl. ii. 24 ; branches very stout with whitish La^, leaves-
12-18 bj' 4-5 in. elliptic base acute obtuse or rounded, petiole very robust, cymes with
very thick suberect flowering branches spreading in fruit, corolla-tube ^ in. — Penang,
Wallich. — Grifiith's specimens from Malacca (Kew Distrib. 2999) have narrower
lanceolate bases and shorter petioles, and the cymes reduced to a fascicle of thick
primary branches starting from the end of the branch. . Kurz's from S. Andamail'
have dark leaves 12-14 by 4^-5 in., with rounded bases, almost black, and similar
cymes. — Pavctta macrofhylla, Blume, appears a large -flowered form of this, as is pro-
bably P. Teysmanniana and P. macrocoma of Miquel.

VAR. arhorescens, Hassle, (sp.) in Eetzia, i. 22 ; branches more slender usually
•with white bark, leaves 4-10 by 2-3 in., usually more membranous, rachis of cyme
elongate, branches horizontal, flowers looser, corolla-tube ^ in. — Penang and Malacca,
Grijfith (Kew Distrib. 2987).

Var. Kurzeana; Teysm. & Binnend. (sp.) in Nat. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 100, e.v
Kurz in Joum. As. Soc.'lS76, ii. 134; leaves lanceolate thin narrowed into a stout
petiole, cymes corymbiform, corolla 1-1^ in. — Nicobar Islands, Kurz.

Var. rosella, Kurz For, ^1. ii. 23 (sp.) ; leaves 6-8 by 3|-4| in. thin elliptic-
oblong or obovate acute or acuminate margins often undulate, nerves nearly hori-
zontal, petiole ^-1 in., cymes corymbiform, corolla ^-| in. — South Andaman Islands,
Kurz. ~ .

20. Z. brunnescens, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1872, ii. 317 ; For. FL ii..
24; glabrous, leaves sessile or subsessile broadly obovate obtuse on tip rounded
opaque, base rounded or cordate, nerves very faint horizontal, cymes small

144 Lxxv. KUBUCEJ]. (J, D. Hooker.) llxora,

brachiate sessile or peduncled, flowers all pedicelled, cal^'x-teetli minute
triangular, corolla glabrous, mouth naked.

Andaman Islands, in beach jungles, Heifer, Kurc ; Nicobar Islands, Kurz.

Possibly a form of 1. grandifolia, but the leaves are of a very diiferent shape,
almost or altogether sessile, very opaque, 5-8 by 3-4 in,, with very slender nerves
and the veins not raised, margins often undulate ; stipules broad, ciisps short. Cymes
ebracteate even in bud; ramifications inarticulate; fully formed flowers not seen.
Fruits globose, size of a small pea ; pedicel sometimes \ in., slender.

21. I. jucunda, Thw. JSnum. 155, exd. var. y {not of Bot. Mag.) ; cymes
puberulous, leaves lanceolate oblong elliptic or oblanceolate obtuse or obtusely
4icuminate narrowed into a short petiole, stipules very short mucronate or
shortly cuspidate, cymes sessile corymbiform usually with many branches from
the base, bracts or bracteoles minute or obsolete, flowers pedicelled, calyx-teeth
minute obtuse, corolla white glabrous, tube l-lj in., lobes ovate acute, mouth
naked. Pavetta Wyckii, Ilctssk. Retz. i. 21, ex. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 149.

• Ceylon; common, ascending to 4000 ft., WaUcer, &c.

j|3Jhis again is very near I. grandifolia, but the leaves are narrower and never so
arg^ as they become in that plant, usually 4-5 by li-2 in., but sometimes 6-8 by
^ 3-3i in,, base rarely rounded, membranous or coriaceous, stipules much shorter,
J rarnifif^^vfinns of cjme inarticulate and corolla-lobes acute,, fruit the same, flowers

: ■ 'ik.

(^ fS'Sv (inches tomciitose or pubescent. Cymes articulate at the ramifications^

', ,|l. villosa, Mom^S^TSmg. 10; Fl. Ind, i. 383; branches short,

■^ aiiu cymes pubescent or tomentose, leaves large elliptic-oblong lanceo-

^ iu, "' 111 ceolats caudate-acuminate, base narrowed or rounded, stipules with

I* 1uj_ ^pr^AeUug fifife'rm points, cymes peduncled, branches long brachiate,

flowers wuite, cat5^-teeth short, corolla glabrous, tube 1 in. very slender. DC.

Prodr. iy. 488 ; mght Ic. t. loO; Kurz Foi'. Fl. ii. 21 ; Wall. Cat. 6137.

%f. •'■■ SnfKtM Himalaya, J. D. H. ; Assam, the Khasia Mts., Silhet, Cachab, Pegu, and

'^y.^kT<{G\'Wallich, &c.

Shrubby. Leaves 6-16 by 2^-5| in., very variable in shape, brown when dry,'
thinly coriaceous, glabrous above, beneath pubescent chiefly on the 10-12 pair of
nerves or glabrate ; petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules |-1 in., tomentose. Peduncle stout,
2-4 in. ; cymes and ramifications hardly articulate ; lower bracts often leafy, upper
inear-subulate ; flower;^ crowded, fragrant, shortly pedicelled. Corolla-lobes qblong,
notched. Filaments subulate ; anthers slender. Style-arms slender, free or cotinate.
Fruit size of a pea, smooth, red. Seeds concave ventrallyj with a median ridge (in"
Koxburgh's figure). — After flowering the calyx-teeth sometimes exceed the tube, when
the latter does not swell and form fruit.

23. I. cuneifolia, Roxh. Ilort. Beng. 10; Fl. Lid. i. 380; branclus
short, petioles and cymes pubescent or puberulous, leaves lanceolate or oblong*-
•or elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate obtusely acuminate coriaceous base aclite,
stipules with short filiform cusps, cymes sessile or short-peduucled brachiate,
branches short, calyx-teeth equalling or shorter than the ovary, corolla glabrous,
tube ^-| in. very slender, mouth naked. DC. Prodr. iv. 487 ; W. '8f A. Prodi\
428 ; Wt. Ic. t. 709 ; Wall. Cat. 6140 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 21 ; Bot. Reg. t. 648.
I. puberula, Wall. Cat. 6145, excl. c. I. rosea, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind.j ed.
Carey Sf Wall. i. 398 {not of Wall. Cat.) ; Liridl. in Bot. Reg. t. 540. Pavetta
Ackeringse, Teysm. ^' Binn.Jide Kurz.

SiLMET, Be Silva; Piou, Tenasseeim, and Martaban, M'Clelland, Kurz,' Griffith
<Kew Distrib. 2095).

•a

Ixora.'i Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. T>. Hooker.) 145

Shrubby. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in., coriaceous, palo when dry, variable, base always
• cuncate or narrowed into the petiole, sometimes puberulous beneath ; stipules \-^ in.
Cymes and white flowers very much as in 7. villosa, but sessile or shortly pedicelled,
puberulous or glabrate, and the flowers shorter and corolla-lobes not notched.
Filaments slender. Fruit the size of a pea, red. Seeds ventrally concave with" no
median ridge (in Roxburgh's dra-wing). — xV very large specimen from Rangoon has
elliptic leaves 9 by ^^ in. Wight and Arnott describe the calyx-teeth as twice th*
length of the ovary, which is not the case. Kurz enumerates 3 varieties : — 1. Rox-
burghii, with glabrous leaves and sessile or short^peduncled cymes; 2. puberiila,wh]x
leaves puberulous beneath and lari^er peduncled cymes ; 3. pumiki, 1-3 ft., flowers
■often pale rose, cymes small short more slender.

§§§ Branches glabrous. Cymes articvlate at the ramifications, corymhiform,
rarely hrachiate.

24. X. coccinea, Xmn. ; Roxh. Fl. Iiul. i. 375 : glabrous, leaves sessile
or subsessile shortly oblong, base rouuded. or cordate .rarely cuneate, tip roui]dcd
or apiculate, cymes sessile corymbiform dense-iio"weied; caljx-teetli minute
shorter than the ovary, corolla-tube 1-lf in., lubes broad acute, mouth naked.
W. 8f A. Prodr. 427; Wiffht Ic. t. 153; Dalz. ^' Gils. Bomb. Fl. 112; Bran4.
For. Fl 27 6) Kurz For. Fl. ii. 26. I. granditiora, J5y. in At. Bey. t PA;
DC. Prodr. iv. 486; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii., &'iippl. t. 85. I. propinajia,'
Br. in Wall. Cat. 6119. I. incarnata, DC. I.e.? 1. obovata, Hcyne iit'Both
Nov. Sp. 90. I. Bandhuca, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 10; FL Ind. i. 376; Wall. Cat.'
6120 ; DC. I. c. ; Bot. Reg. t. 513 ; Wight Ic. t. 149. Pavetta coceinea and
P. incarnata, ^/wme ^«yc?. 950. P. Bandhuca, Miq.. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 266.—
Rheede Hort. Mai. ii. t. 12 ; Burm. Fl. Zsyl:t. '57.

Cultivated throughout India, a native of the Western Peninsula, in the Concan,
&^, Dalzell ^' Gibson. Chittagong, apparently indigenous, J. D. H.^- T. T. Culti-
vated in AvA, Maetaban, and Burma, Kurz. Ceylon ; common, ascending to 2000
ft., Thwaites.

A branching shrub ; branches strict, rather stout. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., coria-
ceous, pale when dry; nerves 8-10 pair, distinct; stipiiles with rigid cusps. Cynics
rarely shortly peduncled; ramifications "viiTy short, articulate ; bracts and bracteolcs
ibulate ; flowers scarlet, sessile or very shortly petioled. Filaments long and anthers
liort for the genus. Stigma with short revolute arms. Friut sometimes fleshy, size
of ji pea, crowned by the calyx-teeth. Seed very cencave ventrally. — Roxburgh dis-
tiri;uishe6 /. Bandhuta from L coceinea by being more branched, with .stem-clasping
clause leaves and ovate obtuse corolla-lobes. These characters should be i.ooked to
an InftifC: . tliey point to inteirfaiediates between I. coceinea and stricta. Ho further
^^^i;Lres t'^|'**^'^l oicoccima as plano-convex. A yellow flowering variety is said to be

IL ^o"^§ Bro.<jc,s . j^^^^- jj^^.!- jg^^^^ 20; Fl. Ind. i. 379; glabrous, leaves
-. « ^. * dorifinbiform. ^ obovate-oblong obtase or subacute base cuueate.

;£j? S2. 1. undulata, ^^ peduncled, calyx-teeth shorter than the ovary
^5 vino« pubescent brauc-1*^ "|-1 in,, lobes rounded, mouth naked. DC. Prodr.
l» X;,4--^e miT-in-^'^''- 427; Wight Ic. t. 184; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 26; Wall.

(M.Q>\2^. -Pt.i3ccinea, Bot^ Ma(f. 169. I. sXhsi, Ro.ch. II. cc, Wight Ic. t.
- 707 ; Wall. Cat. 6122. 1. felaiida,' Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 100; DC. I. c. 487. I.

liwai^nata, Ro,vh.', D. C.l. c. 486. I. crocata, Li^idl. in Bot. Reg. t. 782; DC.

Xc: 486: ^I; rosea, Wall Cat. 6124; Bot. Mag. t. 2428: 7iot of Wall in Roxb.

^ tj : -i c..; ••_ J.

Cultivated in various parts of India, but a native of the Moluccas and China,
According to Roxburgh. Kurz regards it as indigenous in Rangoon and Upper
Ten.vsskri.m.

There is fittle to distinguish this from L coceinea but the smaller corolla-lobes
and form of the leaves. Roxburgh figures the seeds as plano-convex, a character I
YOL. III. L

146 Lxxv. KUDIACEJ3. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ixora..

have no means of verifying. The flowers vary from scarlet and pink to white and
yellowish. — Kurz makes 2 varieties: — 1. Boxhurghiana, with almost sessile lea\'es
often rounded at the base, -and subsessilo or sessile cymes ; and 2. Blumeana (Pavetta
javanica, Blume), with short-petioled leaves acute at the base and laxer cymes on
peduncles 1-1 1 in. The latter of these T take to be I. amcena, Wall. Cat. 6121 A. B. C.
/. TOSCO, Wall. Cat. 6124. from the Calcutta Grarden, is probably a variety of this .
with acute calyx-teeth and narrower corolla-lobes.

26. 1. amoena, W(dl. Cat. 6121, D. E. F. ; G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 571 ;
glabrous or cymes puberulous, leaves petioled lanceolate or oblong- or obovate-
lanceolate acuminate, base acute, cymes sessile or peduncled corymbiform,
flowers crowded, calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate shorter than the ovary, corolla-
tube 1-1 g- in., lobes oblong obtuse, mouth naked.

IITexasserim, at Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2986) ; Penang, Wallich, Bhillips^
Maingay (Kew Distrib. 846). — Distrib. Java.

This differs from 7. siricta in its laxer more slender habit and longer lanceolate
acuminate, more membranous leaves with petioles ^-\ in., but I suspect it will provfr
only a form of that plant.

* 27, > I. fulg'ens, Roxh. H(yrt. Beng. 10; Fl. Ind. i. 378; glabrous, branches

slender polished, leaves petioled linear- or obovate-oblong abruptly acutely or
obtusely acuminate, base acute, shining above with 20-30 pair of deeply sunk
.nerves, cymes large sessile or shortly peduncled corymbiform and very open or
KuVbrachiate, branches long slender spreading, flowers shortly pedicelled, calyx-
teeth very short obtuse, corolla-tube 1-1 1 in., lobes ovate acute, mouth naked.
DC. Prodr. iv. 486; Wight Ic. t. 151; Wall. Cat. 6152 A.- I. salicifolia, DC,
I. c. 487 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4523. Pavetfa fulgens, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 264. P.
salicifolia, Blume Bijd. 951. P. Lobbii, Teysm. ^ Bimiend. in Miq. Ann. Mus,
Ludg. Bat. iv. 194.

Tenasserim, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2998); Malacca, Griffith (2985), Maingay
(845) ; Singapore, Lohh ; Penang, Wallich. —Distrib. Java, Borneo.

A shrub, branches erect Leaves 5-9 by 1^-2 in., membranous, dark brown when
dry, surface, often raised between the nerves, base always acute; petiole |-:J in.;
stipules closely grasping the stem, with slender cusps. Cyme quite sessile, secondary
branches long spreading horizontally, the whole forming a loose inflorescenQ^^Tuk
broad but not so high; bracts and bracteoles short, ovnt-^. r^-^-: flowcr^RMflJ^
pedicelled, orange then scarlet. Fniit spherical or diuj)! ;lcnt inv^ seed

rugose," Bo.vb. • -»

28. I. cong'esta, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 387 ; glabrous -^(Jept.tlK;^^^- il^^^'ralous 9
cymes, leaves large petioled elliptic or elliptic-oblong ^^' '^^^^'^r'ee or^co^SStSJ T
obtusely acuminate, base rarely rounded, ne^-es- strong ]'VuecIian rids^JB*
short Avitli short cusps, cymes sessile or subsessile cor,:yT:xce(;<^ ^^g ^^^i^^
stout suberect fastigate, calyx-teeth very short br:
1-1| in., lobes oh tuso, mouth naked. DC. I'rod)

I. Griffithii, Hooh. Bot. Mag. t. 4325. I. fulguns, }\ I'ul i. 380; h^m^^ a
congesta,'iIfiV. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 269. " - lanceolate ot o\'!\rnv_\J. ^

Tenasserim; Tavoy and Attran, Wallich, Gomez. Pena> ,xt., I

Wallich, &c. Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2984), Maingay (b : »

An evergreen tree (Kurz), closely allied to /. fu/gcns, differing, jh the &4;outer *
habit, very large usually coriaceous broader leaves G-12 by 2-4 in., with nerves very
prominent beneath, and petioles ^-f in., and the very stout cyme-branches, whicludo
not spread, but are fastigiate; the stipules, too, are broader and sliort'er; the bracts }
are the same, very triangular, and the flowers are sometimes sessile, at others on*
stout pedicels ; fruit ovoid or globose or didymous. *

29. X. rug'osula, Wall. Cat. 6158; glabrous except the tyipes, leaves
petioled ovato or elliptic oj lanceolate acuminate, base acute or rounded, stipules.

*^, a-tube J
'% ^V38. *

I.wra.'] Lxxv. KUBiACBiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 147

short, cjmes sessile corymbiform dense-flowered, branches fastigiate, calyx-teeth
short acute, corolla-tube ^ in., lobes linear-oblong obtuse, mouth naked. Kurz
For. Fl. 25. ? I. sessiliflora, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 316 ; For. Fl.
ii. 25.

Pegx; and Trxasserim ; Attran, Wallich ; Tavoy, Gomez, Parish, Kurz.

Diflfers from /. Qongesta in the leaves with fewer (8-10 pair) nerves, and the much
smaller flowers with longer corolla-lobes and more slender anthers. Except in the
smaller leaves, and according to Kurz, the shrubby habit and glabrous peduncled
cyme and pale ro3e-coloured flowers /. sessiliflora does not seem to differ from /.
rugosula, of the which it has the few nerves ; it is perhaps a mountain form, found
at 3000 to 4000 ft. elevation ; I have, however, seen but one poor specimen, kindly
sent by Dr. King. The flowers of /. rugosula are white.

30. Z. concinna, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6149; glabrous, branches sleifter,
leaves not large petioled elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate, cymes small
sessile or subsessUe corymbiform, flowers mostly pedicelled, calyx-teeth ovate-
lanceolate equalling the tube, corolla-tulje \ in., lobes linear-oblong obtuse,
mouth naked. Rubiacere, Wall. Vat. 8449.

Malacca; Mt. Ophir, Lohb, Mainga^(Kew Distrib. 847). Singapore, Wallick,&c.

Leaves 3-5 by f-1^ in., thin, pale brown when dry, hardly sliining, base acute ;
nerves 10-12 pair, distinct arched; petiole ^-^ in.; stipxiles ^ in. broad, cusp com-
pressed rigid. Cymes quite sessile, or if peduncied with 2 small leaves at the top of
the peduncle ; branches erect ; bracts and bracteoles subulate ; pedicels short. Calyx-
teeth subacute. Filaments subulate, half as long as the slender anther. Stigma cleft.
Fruit size of a pea, pedicelled, globose or didymous, with persistent calyx-teeth. Seed
thin, ventrally very concave.

31. Z. opaca, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6141 ; glabrous except the puberulous
cymes, branches slender, leaves petioled long narrow coriaceous linear-oblong
or lanceolate obtuse, base acute or rounded, upper pair sometimes sessile, nerves
20-25 pair usually deeply impressed, cymes shortly peduncled corymbiform
dense-flowered, branches very short fastigate, flowers sessile or subsessile, calyx-
teeth very short obtuse, corolla-tube 1 in., lobes linear-oblong, raputh naked.

. G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 673. Pavetta opaca, Miq. Fl. Ind. BaL ii. 270.

■ PENAyd, IVallifJi. Martaban; Moulmein, P^m^.— Distrib. Siam.
A very (1 -t uct^bDoking plant, from the slender branches, long narrow 6-10 by
l{-'2 iu,, op t que pale brown leaves with spreading usually sunken nerves, and
pflioles ^-;jfc. long; stipules short, cusps slender, as long as the broad portion.
FIiier^>,;j^X^ (Parish), hrsiCts and bracteoles small. Corolla-tube obscurely puberu-
I ! - in Mergui specimen, glabrous in Penang ones. Frifit not seen.

■§§§ Branches glabrous. Cymes articulate at the ramifieations, hrachiate^
.'y coryruhlform.

2. Z. undulata, Roxh. Ilort. Beng. 10; Fl. Ind. i. 385; glabrous or
< pHbescent, branches slender, leaves petioled elliptic or linear-lanceelate
lil^ate miTgins often undulate, cymes peduncled or sessile brachiate with
pair .06 slender branches, flowers loosely fascicled pedicelled and sessile,

<<u V x-:teeth ♦lanceolate equalling the ovary, corolla-tube \-\ in., lobes linear

.1 :use, mouth naked. Roth Nov. Sp. 91 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 488 ; W. S' A. Prodr.

12- : Wight Ic. t. 708 ; Wall. Cat. 6129, e.vcl. Herb. Ham. I. canjia, Wail. Cat.

01:50.

Eastkrn Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal, Sikkim, and Bhotan, Hamilton' Griffith^
J. B^H., &c.'' Assam, Jenkins. Silhet, at the foot of the Khasia Mts., J. D. H. ^^ T. T.
Behar, woo<]s at Monghir, Hamilton.

Sh:ui)by. Leaves 5-9 by 1^-2^^ in., thin, shining above, pale when dry, base
acute ; iicrverf 20-30 pair, slender ; petiole \-^ in. ; stipules \-^ in., cusps com-

l2

148 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ixora,

pressed. C^mes 4-8 in. and as broad, obscurely articulate; peduncle sometimes 2-3
in. ; bracts and bracteoles subulate, persistent ; flowers small, white. FiUcfnents
slender ; anthers nearly equalling the corolla-lobes. Stigma cleft. Fruit pedicelled,
size of a pea. Seed thin, with strongly incurved margins.

33. X. barbata, JRo.vb. Hort. Beng. 10; Fl. Ind. i. 384; glabrous, leaves
petioled elliptic subacute thin upper pair at base of pedicels usually small sessile
cordate, cymes shortly peduncled brachiate much broader than high, branches
loug slender divaricate, calyx-teeth very short subulate, corolla-tube I-I5 in.,
lobes narrow, mouth woolly. DC. Prodr. iv. 487; Wight Ic. t. 185; Kiirz
For. Fl. ii. 22 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2505, 4513 ; Wall. Cat. 6128.

Andaman and Nicobab Islands ; frequent in forests, Kurz.

A large shrub. Leaves 6-8 by 2^-3|- in., usually elliptic and narrowed at the
ba*, rarely rounded ; nerv^es about 1 2 pair, slender ; upper pair oblong-ovate, acute,
from ^-3 in. long; petiole j-| in.; stipules short, broad, .cusp short. Cymes quite
glabrous, 3-4 in. by 4-12 broad, the 2-3 pairs of branches being very long and wide-
spread, much divided towards the end with slender branchlets and pedicelled lax
■white flowers ; bracts at all the divisions narrowly lanceolate or the upper subulate.
Fruit not seen. — Introduced into the Calcutta Garden before Eoxburgh's time, but
its native country imknown till Kurz found it in the Andamans, &c.

34. Z. oblongra, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6147 A. ; glabrous, branches stout,
leaves petioled oblong obtuse at both ends, nerves about 12 pair, upper pair
smaller sessile, stipules short, cymes peduncled small short brachiate, branches
stout, calyx-teeth very short, corolla-tube ^-f in., lobes oblong obtuse, mouth
naked.

Tenasserim ; at Amherst, Wallich. — Disteib. Java, Siam.

Leaves 3^-5 by 1-1^ in., thinly coriaceous, greenish when dry, similar and rather
shining on both surfaces; nerves faint; petiole ^ in.; stipules with short cusps.
Cymes 1 in. high by 2-3 broad ; peduncle and two pair of branches stout, the latter
divided at the ends; bracts and bracteoles subulate, persistent; flowers white,
odorous. — The Java, Siam, and Tenasserim specimens are singularly alike in size,
colour, and form of leave«, and size and form of cymes, but the specimens are not
numerous.

35. Z. lucida, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6135 ; glabrous, shining, black when dry,
branches slender, leaves very shortly petioled elliptic-ovate or. -lanceolate
long-acuminate base rounded or acute, nerves about 20 pair horizontal; eynj^s
small peduncled corymbiform few-flowered, branches slender, bracts and IbraG-
teoles persistent, calyx-teeth lanceolate equalling the tube, corolla-tube . 1 115.
very slender, lobes linear aciuninate, mouth pubtscent, stigma short dleft. ^'"■^.
Don Gen. Syst. iii. 571. ^'^ IVi

Penang, Wallich. ?a>'j % ...

Leaves 3-5 by 1^-2 in., thin; nerves very slender, raised on both polish^, sur-
faces ; petiole ~~h ^^- 5 stipules very short, cuspidate. Cymes ti'iehotoiftously
branched, 1 in. long with very few branches, and rigid persistent subulate bracts;
bracteoles also rigid, nearly as long as the caljx. — The specimens arc very insuffi-
cient; the habit and colour are those "of 7. nigricans, but the calj'x^teefh, lottg
corolla- tube with pubescent mouth, broader buds, and short stigma \\\x\\ short
recurved arms, are very different.

36. I. nig-ricans, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6154; glabrous or cymes pulieecpp^,
black when dry, branches slender, leaves petioled elliptic-oblong or -lanceplate
or -obovate obtusely and acutely acuminate, nerves 12-15 pair arChed,^^'Cy>mes
sessile or peduncled brachiate broader than long, branches slen^e^' stip^il^
with long cusps, calyx-teeth lanceolate or subulate acute, corollft-tube'l'in.,
lobes slender, mouth iiaked, stigmas long slender arms. W. ^' A, Prodr. 428 ;

Ixora.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 149

Wu/Iit Ic. t. 318; Dalz. 8r Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 113; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 23. I.
affinis, Wall. Cat. 6144. ? I. densa, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6150.

"Wkstern Peninsula, or the Ghats from the Concan southwards ; Eastern Penin-
sula, from Pegu to Malacca; Penang, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 859); Cachab,
Kceiian. — Distrib. Birma, Malay Archipelago.

An evergreen tree or large shrub, branchlets and inflorescence as well as the
leaves black when dry. Leaves 5-7 by 1-2^ in., membranous, base rounded or acute,
upper pair rarely small elliptic and sessile; nerves very slender; petiole ^-^ in. ;
stipules with long hair-like cusps ^ in. long, or broad and shortly cuspidate. Cymes
2-6 in. broad, shorter than broad ; peduncles erect, 2 in. and under or 0 ; bracts very
slender, persistent or not ; bracteoles subulate, very persistent ; flowers few or nume-
rous, white, odorous ; lobes of corolla forming a very narrow bud not much broadex?
than the tube. Calyx-teeth short or long, always acute or acuminate. Filaments
slender ; anthers very long, almost filiform. Friiit size of a pea, glabrous or didy
mous. Seed plano-convex (as far as I can ascertain). — The Cachar specimens have
shorter calyx-lobes than the others. Apparently a common and a variable Malayan
plant, published under several names, as laxiflora, Hassk. ; subulata, Teysm. «&
Binnend ; and acictiflora, Eeinw. The /. densa, Br., from Penang, is probably a stata
of this with more coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate leaves, of a paler colour ; the flowers
are stated to be red, but as there are two plants on the sheet no confidence can be
placed in the ticket.

Var. arguta ; ' leaves narrowly oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate 4-5
by \-\\ in. — I. ? arguta, Br. in Wall. Cat. 6157. Western Peninsida, Heyne-, Purwur
Ghat, Bombay, Eitchie.

37. Z. erubescens, Wall. C«i^. 6143; glabrous, black when dry, branches
slender, leaves sessile or subsessile elliptic-oblong, tip rounded or obtuse, base
cuneate or rounded, nerves 8-12 pair, upper pair often cordate, cymes peduncled
or sessile brachiate, branches slender, stipules with slender cusps, calyx-teeth
very small subacute, corolla-tube h in., lobes slender, moutb naked, stigma long
arms slender. G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 571 {character erroneous). I. memecy-
lifolia, Kurz in Jomm. As. Sac. 1872, ii. 316 ; For. Fl. ii. 24.

Mabtaban and Tenasserim, Wallich, Heifer, Kurz; Moulmein, Griffith.

Doubtfully distinct from I. nigricans by the subsessile more oblong leaves, obtuse
at both ends, with fewer nerves ; the peculiar buds are identical. Kurz makes /.
crubescens a var. of nigricans, distinguished by the obtuse corolla-lobes, but does not
describe those of his /. niemecylifolia, which is identical with Wallich's erubescenSt
an^ithe CQrolla-lobes of which are exactly like that of nigricans proper.

^ , ^ > • imperfectly known, doubtful, and bejected species.

■ I. X3LAUCINA, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 27 ; glabrous, leaves 4-6 in. oblong to elliptic-
langeolate shortly acuminate, base acute, petiole ^-f in., cymes corymbiform sessile,
flowers crowded scarlet, calyx globose, teeth short triangular 2 acute 2 obtuse,
corolla-tube 1^ in., lobes ovate-lanceolate acute. — Upper Tenasserim.

I. PANicuLATA, Hb. Bottler in Wall. Cat. 6163; glabrous, slender, leaves 3-4 in.
oblong obtuse thin, petiole very short, stipules short cuspidate, peduncles 3 in. slender,
cymes brachiate, branches 1-2 in. slender shortly branched at the end, flowers few
sessile and pedicelled, calyi-teeth minute acute, corolla-tube 1 in., lobes linear-oblong,
mouth glabrous. — Herb. Heyne, from Eottler. — I think this is /. oblonga, Br., of
Singapore and Java, whence possibly Eottler procured it.

I. Wallichii, W. 4' A. Prodr. 428 ; not of Wight Herb. This is probably 7.
cuneifolia.

I. attenuata, Wall. Cat. 6164, is Chasalia curviflora, Thw.

67. P A VETT A, imw.

Characters of Ixora, but stipular bracts membranous, leaves usually more
membranous, stipules more united into an intrapetiolar sheath, style much

160 Lxxv. rubucej:. (J.D.Hooker.) [Pavetta,

longer, and ovules usually attached to a prominent placenta. — Distrib. Species
about 60, in the tropics of the Old World.

Pavetta, as here limited, diflfers from Ixora in the usually membranous more or
less sheathing stipulary bracts at the lower cyme branches, and the style twice as
long as the corolla-tube with a slender entire rarely notched stigma, often more
slender than the style itself. Various pentamerous species placed in Pavetta by
authors are in this work referred to Wcbe7'a, with which they agree in habit, and the
short hairy style with a long fusiform" grooved stigma.

* Calyx-teeth much shorter than the ovary.

1. P. indica, Linn.; DC. Prodr. iv. 490; glabrous pubescent or tomen-
tose, leaves membranous elliptic elliptic-lanceolate obovate or oblanceolate
rarely orbicular obtuse acute acuminate or caudate, cymes terminal sessile
corjTQibiform, flowers pedicelled, calyx truncate or w^ith very short tiiangular
teeth, corolla-tube ^-f in.

Throughout India from the Western Himalaya in Gaewual (var. tomentosa),
ascending to 4000 ft., to Bhotan and Biema, and southwards to Ceylon, Malacca,
and Penang. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago, S. China, N. Australia.

One of the most common and variable Indian small trees or bushes. Leaves pale
or greenish when dry, 3-9 by |-3 in., a foot long in some Khasian specimens ; petiole
^1^ in. stipules short, broad. Cymes 1-5 in. diam., rounded, or reduced to few
scattered flowers ; bracts Ijroad, membranous, lower cupular ; flowers on slender
pedicels, white, rather fragrant. Corolla-tube twice or thrice as long as the oblong
lobes. Stigma very slender, fusiform. Berry size of a pea, 2-seeded. — Flowers occa-
sionally 5-merous (Wight & Arnott).

Var, 1. indica proper; leaves glabrous beneath or nearly so, cymes glabrate,
corolla glabrous, P, indica, Li^in. ; Wall. Cat. 6175, cxcl. F.; W. (^ A. Prodr. 431 ;
Wight Ic. t, 148; Thw. Enum. 155; Dais;. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 112; Brandis For. Fl.
275. P. Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 6177, and P. graciliflora, 6178. P. alba, Vahl
Symb. iii, 11. P, petiolaris. Wall. Cat. 6186. Ixora paniculata, Lamh. Diet, iii, 344.
I. Pavetta, Eoxb. Fl. hid. i, 385 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii, 18; Bhcede Hort. Mai. xix, t, 10.
Thwaites discriminates two varieties: — 1, With few-flowered cymes, slender pedicels,
and narrow lanceolate leaves ; 2, With puberulous cymes and leaves pubescent
beneath : both are found in Continental India, with many more founded on as slight
characters. A third Ceylon one, onontana, I have retained as distinct.

Var. 2. polyaniha; Wall Cat. 6176 (sp.); cymes pubescent, flowers densely
crowded, P, indica. Wall. Cat. 6175 F,; Bat. Reg. t, 198. P, Rothiana, DC. Prodr.
iv, 491 ; W. 4' A. Prodr. 431, P. villosa, Heyne in Both ^ov. Sp. 88, not of Vahl.
Ixora tomentosa, var. glabrescens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 19,

Var, 3. tomentosa, Eoxb. in Smith Cyclop, (sp.) ; leaves glabrous or softly or
harshly puberulous above, beneath and the cymes pubescent tomentose or softly
villous. I. tomentosa, DC. Prodr. iv. 490 ; Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 89 ; W. 4' -^•
Prodr. 431 ; ? Thw. Emm. 156; Brand. For. Fl. 275; Wall. Cat. 6173. P.Brunonis,
Wight Ic. t. 1065. P. velutina, mollis, and canescens. Wall. Cat. 6174, 6179, 6181.
Ixora tomentosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 11 ; Fl. Ind. i. 386 ; Wight Ic. t, 186 ; Ktirz For.
Fl. ii. 19. — As common and widely spread as var, 1, but less variable in form of
leaf.

Var. 4. montana, Thw, mss. ; quite glabrous, leaves 2-3 in. coriaceous narrowly
elliptic-oblong, tip rounded, corolla-tube \ in., style stout, stigma clavate, — Ceylon
common, alt, 3-4000 ft., Thwaites.

Var. 5. minor; quite glabrous, leaves small (2-4 in.) narrowly obovate K>r
elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or acute, cymes terminal sessile corymbiform, calyx-teetli
subulate acute, corolla ^.^ in., stigma subclavate, — Shevagherry hills, Wight (Kew
Distrib, 1483). — Looks different from P. indica in the smaller size of all its parts,
acute calyx-teeth, and rather more clavate stigma,

2. P. subcapitata, Ilooh. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acumi-
nate finely pubescent beneath, cymes terminal sessile capitate many-flowered.

-Paveita.'] lxxv. rubiace.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 151

branclies very short and sessile, flowers densely crowded, calyx puberiilous,
teetli very short, corolla glabrous, tube ^ in. Ixora subcapitata, Wall. Cat,
6160.

Jyntea Hiixs (east of the Khasia), Goiticc.

Possibly a form of P. indica ; if so a very distinct one, having the cymes con-
tracted into a head; the leaves are 4-6 by 1-^2 in., and quite like those of P. indica.

3. P. humilis, Hook. f. ; stem low simple or forked very robust hispidly
hirsute above, internodes very short, leaves oblanceolate caudate-acuminate
glabrous above pubescent beneath, cymes terminal sessile very short subcapitate,
flowers densely crowded, calyx truncate or teetli very short obtuse, corolla
glabrous, tube ^ in.

]VIaiacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3007), Maingay (8oo).

Stem 1-2 ft. high, as thick as a goose-quill, subcrect, rooting below, bark white ;
nodes with the cupular remains of coriaceous stipules. Leaves crowded, 5-7 by 1-2
in., narrowed into a short or long petiole, greenish when dry. Cymes about 1 in.
■diam. — The habit of this plant differs entirelj' from that of P. indica.

4. P. hispidula, W. ^- A. Prodr. 431 ; leaves glabrous or pubescent
beneath narrowly or broadly lanceolate oblanceolate or elliptic membranous,
cymes open, branches spreading, flowers pedicelled, calyx-teeth very shortly
triangular, corolla-tube 1 in., glabrous.

- Westeex Peninsula, or the Ghats from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, central
province, alt, 3-5000 ft., Walker, &c.

There is little to distinguish this from some of the forms of P. indica but the
usually much larger yellowish flowers, the more prominent calyx-teeth, and style
often thickened towards the middle of the exserted portion. The specific name is
badly chosen, as there is nothing hispidulous about it; the stigma described as
slightly hispid is quite glabrous.

Var. 1 ; leaves lanceolate and oblanceolate nearly glabrous above softly pubes-
cent beneath black when dry. Courtallan and Quilon, Wight. Beddome (Fl. Sylv.
For. Man. 134/7) includes this under P. tomentosa, and keeps var. si^honantha as a
different species.

Var. 2. sifhonantha ; leaves lanceolate and elliptic-lanceolate acuminate black
•when dry. P. siphonantha, l)alz. in HooJc. Kcw Journ. ii. 133 (sp.); Dah. c^' Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 112; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. For. Man. 134/8.— Canara, Balzell.

Var. 3. zeylanica; leaves obovate or oblanceolate brownish pale when dry
glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, cyme branches more robust and flowers
larger, corolla-lobes sometimes |^-| in. long obtuse or acute. — Ceylon.

Var. 4. angustifolia ; glabrous, leaves very narrowly lanceolate 4-6 by ^-\ in.
almost black when dry. P. angustifolia, Thw. Enum. 1 56 ; Bedd. Ic. PL hid. Or. t.
09 ; Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134/8. — Ceylon ; banks of streams in the central province.

o. P. breviflora, DC. Prodr. iv. 491 ; glabrous, black when dry, leaves
elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate acute or acuminate, cymes sessile or shortly
peduncled small glabrate open brachiate, branches short stout, calyx cupular,
teeth triangular, corolla glabrous, tube longer than the linear-oblong lobes, stylo-
thick shortly exserted. Wight Ic. t. 1035 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. For. Man. 134/7.

NiLGHERRY HiLT^s; alt. 7000 ft., in woods, Leschenaidt, &c.

A bush, branches stout with yellow bark. Leaves 2-3 by f-1^ in., narrowed into
the petiole, shining above, with sometimes a few scattered hairs beneath ; petiole
-4--I in. Cymes 1 in. diam., branches glabrous or pubescent; lowor stipular bracts
large, membranous. Calyx-teeth hirsute or glabrous. Corolla glabrous, rather fleshy,
^ in. diam. Stigma clavate, obtuse. Seeds subglobose with a narrow ventral slit
opening into a large cavity. — This has quite the habit and short style of a Webera,
but the stipular bracts and 4-merous flowers are those of Pavctta : it resembles
W. lucens, but is distinguished at once by the glabrous style.

152 LXXY. RUBIACE^. (J. D. Hookcr.) [Pavettcr.

6. P. naiiclelflora, IfalL Cat. 6171 ; densely pubescent, greenish wlien
dry, leayes elliiDtic caudate-acuminate softly tomentose beneath, cymes open
terminating long axillary naked branches with a pair of leaves at the top,,
peduncles and pedicels crowded hirsute with dense white spreading hairs, calyx-
teeth subulate, corolla hairy or glabrous, tube f in. twice as long as the lobes.
G. Don Gfn. Syst. iii. 575. Ixora naucleiflora, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 19.

Bhotax; banks of the Kollerj', alt. 2500 ft., Griffith. Silhet and Penang^
Wcdlich. Tenasserim, Heifer, K%irz.

A shrub or tree. Leaves 4-6 by 1-2 in., -with short scattered hairs above, petiole
^-1 in. Cymes sessile, 2-3 in. diam. ; flowers very many, white, much like those of
P. indica, var, tomcntosa, of which it is perhaps only a form. Fruit hispid.

** Calyx-teeth elongate, equalling or longer than the ovary.

7. P. involucrata, Thiv. Enum. 156; glabrous, almost black when;
dry, leaves elliptic obovate oblong or oblanceolate obtuse or subacute, cymes
terminating axillary naked Inanches sessile capitate surrounded at the base by
broad large sheathing stipular bracts, calyx-teeth equalling or longer than the
ovary, corolla-lobes linear exceeding the tube, throat with a ring of hairs.
JBed'd. Ic. PL Ind. Or.t. 100; Fl. Sylv. For. Man. 134/7.

Ceylon; central province, alt. 5-7000 ft., Walker, &c.

A large shrub; branches robust, bark yellowish. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1 in., thinly
coriaceous, brown beneath when dry, narrowed into the short petiole. Cymes 1 in.
diam., globose or com])ressed ; branches 2-4 in., terminated usually by a pair of leaves ;
stipiilar bracts pale brown, often cuspidate; flo-wers sessile, white, densely crowded.
Calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent "within. Corolla-tube \ in., campanu-
late, lobes acuminate. Style stout ; stigma hardly thickened. Fruit smooth. Seeds
orbicular, ventrally deeply hollowed. — This has the black look and short flowers of a
JFebera.

8. P. Brunonis, Wall. Cat. 6172 ; softly tomentose, greenish when dry,,
leaves obovate or oblanceolate obtuse or acute softly hirsute beneath, cymes ter>-
ininal sessile contracted densely tomentose, branches 3 very stout short with a
fastigate cluster of flowers, stipular bracts large, calyx-teeth lanceolate recurved^
corolla glabrous, tube ^ in. twice as long as the lobes, stigma narrowly clavate.

KiLGHERKY HiLLs, Notoii, Wight, G. Thomson.

This resembles P. indica, var. iomentosa, but the cymes are dense with short stout
main branches, the calyx-teeth are entirely dilFerent, and the flowers are smaller.
One of Wallich's specimens was received from Wight, but I find none in the Herba-
rium of the latter botanist, where the specimen named Brunonis has the truncate
calyx and loose cyme of P. indica, var. tomentosa.

9. P. Wig^litii, Ilook.f. ; nearly glabrous, pale greenish when dry, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate acute puberulous beneath with large oblong thickened glands, .
cymes terminating slender axillary naked branches open much divided glabrate^
flowers long-pedicelled, calyx-teeth slender lanceolate acuminate longer than
the ovary, corolla glabrous, tube f in. slender 2-3 times as long as the narrow
acute lobes.

NiLGHERKY HiLLs, Wight.

This, but for the very long slender teeth of the calyx, would be put with P. indica.
The slender naked axillary flowering branches are compressed, but not so much as in.
P. invnhcrata, and are 2-3 in. long ; sometimes they are leafless at the summit, when
the inflorescence appears peduncled and axillary. The calyx-teeth are erect and twice
as long as the pixberulous ovary, and the styles are very slender and glabrous. I have-
seen only one specimen.

10. P. G-leniei, Thw. viss. ; glabrous or velvety, leaves elliptic-lanceolate
or broadly elliptic obtuse or acute, cymes terminating axillary slender leafless-

TavettaJ] lxxv. rubiace,?]. (J. D. Hooker.) 15S^

"branches bracliiate, calyx-teeth linear or filiform many times longer than the-
ovary persistent and exceeding the diameter of the fruit, corolla glabrous, tubo
^ in. twice as long as the lobes. I. tomentosa, T/nv. Enum. 156.

Ceyi.6x ; at Damboiil, and abundant in the Batticaloa district, Walker, Thwaites.

Of this remarkable plant there are two forms, one quite glabrous, green when dry,
with leaA'es 5 in. long; it is in fruit, and has very slender peduncles and pedicels, and
filiform calyx-teeth nearly \ in. long crowning the ripe fruit ; the other is more or
less black when dry, softly velvety all over, with smaller broader leaves 2|-3 in. long;
it is in flower, and has shorter calyx-teeth in the fruit. Thwaites first regarded this
as a form of P. indica, var. tomentosa, with longer calyx-teeth ; but variable as that
plant is, I have seen no specimen from any part of India with anything but very short
triangular calyx-teeth, nor any with the inflorescence of this, in which the leaves at
the end of tho axillary flowering branches are wholly suppressed.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

p. coMPACTiFLORA, KiiTz ill Joum. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 315; For. Fl. ii. 17 (Ixora);
quite glabrous, leaves 3-5 in. elliptic to broadly lanceolate acuminate tapering into
the stout petiole blackish when dry, flowers subsessile in dense involucred heads 1 in-
diam. terminating axillary branches, involucrate bracts small inconspicuous broad
ovate imbricate, calyx-teeth oblong rounded, corolla-tube ^ in. rather wide, lobes ob-
long obtuse equalling the tube. — Upper Tenasserim, alt. 2000 ft., Kurz. — Possibly a
Webera, though placed by Kurz along with tetramerous species.

P. ? AEiSTATA, Wall. C«^. 6169, from Tavoy; the specimens have no flowers; the
name suggests its being possibly Wchera stellaris, with which the foliage agrees, as do
its 5 calyx-teeth.

P.? OBLONGA, Wall. Cat. 6170 ("Herb. Finlayson" from Siam?) is pentamerous
and a Webera.

P. ? coFFEACEA, Wall. Cat. 7290, is probably Webera attcnuata,

68. COFFZIA, imw.

Shrubs, branchlets compressed. Leaves opposite, rarely in threes ; stipules
"broad. Flo^vers in axillary fascicles or cymes or solitary, white or yellowish,,
often scented ; bracteoles often connate. Calyx-tube short ; limb short, often
glandular, persistent. Corolla-tube short or long ; lobes 4-7, spreading, twisted
in bud. Anthers 4-7, sessile on the corolla-tube or throat, narrow, often re-
curved and twisted. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, smooth, branches linear or
subulate ; ovules 1, peltately attached to the septum in each cell. Drupe with
2 plano-convex or ventrally concave coriaceous or cartilaginous pyrenes. Seeds
plano-convex, concave or grooved ventrally, albumen horny; embryo short,,
towards the base of the seed, curved, cotyledons thin cordate, radicle inferior..
— DiSTEiB. Species about 20, in the tropics of the old world.

Cofca arabica, the coffee plant, is abundantly cultivated in various parts of
Southern India.

Sect. I. Eucofifea. Calyx-limb irregularly few or many-toothed. Corolla-
tube long, shjnder. Fruit didymous when 2-seeded, Floicers solitary or
fascicled ; lobes 5, rarely more, large, obtuse.

1. C. beng-alensis, Roxb. Hart. Beny. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 540 ; glabrous,,
leaves broadly ovate or elliptic obtusely acuminate membranous not shining,,
flowers l-S-nate 5-merous appearing before the leaves, calyx-limb many-toothed,
corolla-tube ^-1^ in., fruit ovoid-oblong. Moth Nov. sj). 148 ; DC. Prodr. iv.
499; Wall. Cat. 6244: Wiyht Sf Am. Prodr. 435; Brand. For. Fl. 277; Kurz
For, Fl. ii. 28; Bat. May. t. 4917. 0. Horsfieldiana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
SOB.

154 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Coffea.

Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Mislimi, ascending to 3000 ft. Bengal,
Assam, Silhet, CHiTTAaoNG, and Texasserim. — Distrib. Siam, Java.

A shrub with horizontal slender branches. Leaves deciduous, sometimes 5 by 3
in., but usually much smaller, membranous, green when dry, nerves beneath some-
wliat hairy, base rounded or acute, always shortly contracted into the short petiole ;
stipules subulate. Flowers axillary, pure white, fragrant, 1-1| in. diam. ; corolla-
lobes obovate-oblong. Calyx-limb with many glandular teeth. Fruit ^ in. long,
didymous when 2-seeded, " black, and size of a small cherry," Boxb.

2. C. Wigrlitiana, W. 8,- A. Prodr. 436; glabrous, leaves small subsessile
ovate obtuse glabrous or woolly in the nerve-axils beneath, flowers subsolitary
5-merous appearing before the leaves, calyx-limb manv-tootlied, corolla-tube ^
in., fruit smaU broadly didymous. Wight Ic. t. 1598 ;' Wall. Cat. G24G ; Tim.
Enurn. 154.

Western Peninsula ; in arid places from Kurg to Travaucore, Wight, &c. Cey-
lon ; in hot drier parts of the island.

A much branched almost spinescent shrub, with slender divaricate branches.
Leaves ^-1| in., rather coriaceous, pale when dry; stipules spinescent. Flowers white,
with much narrower corolla-lobes than C. bcngalmsis. Fruit much broader than long,
^ in, diam., with a deep furrow between the lobes. — Thwaites and "Wight & Arnott re-
gard this as a probable variety of C. travancorensis.

3. C travancorensis, W. ^' A. Prodr. 435; glabrous or brandies
puberulous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate or broadly elliptic obtuse or obtusely
caudate-acuminate, flowers 3-4-nate 5-merous appearing with the leaves, calyx-
limb subentire or 2-3-toothed, corolla-tube §-1 in., fruit broadly didymous. —
Wall. Cat. 6245 ; Thio. Pkium. 154. 0. triflora. Moon. Cat. 15.

Western Peninsula; Travancore, Wight. Ceylon; in warm moist parts of the
island, ascending to 3000 ft., Thwaites.

A bush. Leaves pale yellowisli when dry, 3-4 by 1-1|- in., in Ceylon specimen
very broadly orbicular-elliptic and 2j in. diam. Floivers much as in C. bcngalensis,
but smaller. Fruit broader than long, ^ in. diam.

4. C. frag'rans, Wall. mss. ; glabrous or branches puberulous, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or obtusely caudate-acuminate, flowers subsolitary 5-
merous appearing with the leaves, calyx many-toothed, corolla-tube f-1 in.
Coffea, Wall. Cat. 8450.

Silhet, Gomes ; Tenasserim, Heifer ; Mergui, Griffith.

Yerj similar indeed to C. travancorensis, and perhaps a variety of it, but the leaves
arc more shining, with the nerves more raised, and the calyx-limb, which is deeply
cupped, is many-toothed. Fruit in Tenasserim examples ^ in. diam., broadly didy-
mous, exactly as in C. travancorensis.

Sect. II. Zaaclinostoma, Korth. (Gen.) Calyx-Umh regularly 4-toothed.
Corolla-tube short ; lobes 4, small, acute. F?'uif glabrous or ellipsoid, not didy-
mous when 2-seeded. — Flowers very small, in small axillary cymes.

5. C. khasiana, Hook. f. ; branches and nerves beneath puberulous,
leaves elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base acute, nerves 7-S pair, calyx-
teeth 4 acute, corolla-tube equalling the lobes, mouth villous, lobe.^ acute, fruit
globose. — PLachnostoma triflorum, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk, Arch. n. 202; Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 257. Coffea, No. 6, Herb. Ind. Or. ILf. ^ T.

Khasia and Jyntea Mts., alt. 2-4500 ft. frequent, J. D. H. & T. T., C. B. Clarice.

A large rambling bush or small tree; branchlets with appressed hairs. Leaves
greenish when dry, 3-8 by 1-3 in., membranous, not shining, nerves very oulique;
J)etiole ^ in. ; stipules triangular, cusp long slender. Flowers in very short branched
pubescent cymes ; pedicels very short with a cup of connate bractcoles. Cidga:

•Coffea.'] Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 155

glabrous ; teeth erect, triangular. Corolla i in. yellowish ; lobes short. 8ii/le short, arms
linear. Fruit ^ in. diam., smooth ; calyx-teeth persistent. Seeds orbicular, ventrally
concave. — The specimens seen of Lachnostoma triflorum are imperfect, and have smaller
leaves than this, and the corolla is less hairy. Coffea densiflora, Blume, of Java and
Sumatra, is evidently allied, but the description and our specimens are insufficient.

6. C Jenkinsii, Hook. f. : glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate caudate-
acumiuate, base acute, nerves 5-6 pair, calyx-teeth 4, corolla-tube longer than
the lobes, mouth glabrate, lobes acute, fruit ellipsoid.

Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., Jenkins, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3015).

Closely allied to C. khasiana, but almost entirely glabrous, the young shoots only
puberulous, the leaves are narrower with fewer stronger nerves, the flowers are rather
larger and the fruit and seeds quite different, the former being ellipsoid ^ in. long,
and the latter plano-convex. — This approaches C. salicifoUa, Miquel, of Java. It is
remarkable that no Coffea has been collected in the Malay Peninsula, though such
near allies of this and C. khasiana inhabit Sumatra and Java.

Tribe XII. BXORXNDESS.
69. »IOXtINDA, Linn.

Erect or climbing shrubs or trees, branches terete or 4-gonous. Leaves op-
]po3ite, rarely in threes ; stipules connate, sheathing. Floicei-s in axillary or
terminal simple panicled or umbellate peduncled heads, white, more or less con-
nate by the calyces. Calyx-tube short ; limb short or 0. Coi'oUa-tube short or
long; lobes 4-7, coriaceous, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-7, filaments short;
anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2- or spuriously 4-celled ; style slender, branches
long or short ; ovules solitary, ascending from towards the base of the septum
in each cell. Fruit compressed, formed of the succulent enlarged calyces en-
closing many cartilaginous or bony 1-seeded pyrenes, which sometimes cohere
into a 2-4-celled putamen ; rarely of nearly- free drupes. Seeds obovoid or reni-
form, testa membranous, albumen fleshy or horny ; embryo terete, radicle inferior.
— DiSTEiB. Species about 40, all tropical.

* Corolla 5-7-me7'ous, tube long.

1. SK. citrifolia, Linn.; DC. Prodr. iv. 446; glabrous, leaves usually
■6-10 in. broadly elliptic acuminate acute or obtuse shining, peduncles solitary
leaf-opposed rarely 2-3-nate at the ends of the branches, flowers 5-merous, fruit
of many drupes coalescent into a fleshy globose or ovoid bead 1 in. diam.

Cultivated and wild ? throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon. — Distkib.
Malay Archipelago, Australia, Pacific Islands.

A small tree ; trunk straight, bark smooth, branches obtusely 4-angled. Leaves
shining, short -petioled, one of the pair next the peduncle often suppressed ; stipules
large, broadly oblong or semi-lunar, entire or 2-3-fid, glabrous. Peduncles usually in
the axils of every other pair of leaves, 1 in. long or more. Calyx-limb truncate. Co-
rolla white, tube ^ in. or less; lobes glabrous, fusiform in bud, throat pubescent.
Anthers partly exserted. Head of fruit yellowish. — I have united M. citrifolia and
hracteata, as this seems to meet the views of most Indian botanists, though Eoxburgh,
who alone seems to have studied these Morindas, keeps them apart, regarding M.
hracteata as a native (of Ganjam, in Orissa). lie, however, giA'es us other distinctive
characters of the latter than the foliaceous calyx-lobes and included anthers (a
sexual character). Thwaites regards M. hracteata as both wild and cultivated in
Ceylon, and finds the presence of bracts inconstant. Both are regarded by others as
cultivated forms of M. tinctoria, which, however, looks different. Rhecde, w^hose
figures Eoxburgh quotes for citrifolia, represents the flower of the upper head as wifh.
^alycine lobes.

156 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [ifonWuv

Var. 1. citrifolia proper ; calyx-limb -without a foliaceoiis lobe. M. citrifolia, Linn, ;
Boxb. Fl.Ind. i. 541 ; Hunter in As. Res. iv. 35; Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 633 ;
W. ^' A. Prodr. 419; Wall. Cat. 8418; Dalz. ^- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 114; Brand. For. FL
277 ; K^irz For. Fl. ii. 60, var. 1 ; Rheede Horf. Mai. i. t. 52 ; Gaerin. Friict. i. t. 29^»
— Truly wild in Malacca, Maine/a^/.

Vak. 2. bracteata ; stipules more acute, calyx-limb often with a lanceolate or spa-
thulate white foliaceous lobe sometimes 3 in. long. M. bracteata, Boxb. Hort. Beng,
15; Fl. Ind. i. 544; Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 534; DC. Prodr. iv. 447 ; W. ^
A. Prodr. 419; Wight III. t. 126; Wall. Cat. 8419; Thiv. Emm. 144; I>al^. ^ Gibs,
Bomb. Fl. 114; Brand. For. Fl. 277. — Wild and cultivated in various parts of India
and Ceylon. Not unfrequent in the forests of the Andamans, Kurz, who ascribes more
acute stipules to this form and smaller fruit.

Vak. 3. ellijptica ; leaves 6-8 in. elliptic polished acuminate, nerves strong on both
surfaces. Tavoy, Gomez, Wall. Cat. 8434. Concan, Stocks. Malacca, Griffith. — This
looks intermediate between angustifolia and citrifolia in foliage. The drupes are par-
tially free in the Tavoy specimen.

2. UK. tinctoria, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 643 ;, leaves usually
4-8 in. broadly or narrowly elliptic acute at both ends, base very rarely cordate
glabrous or pubescent or tomentose beneath or on both surfaces not shining,
peduncles solitary or 2-nate leaf-opposed rarely terminal and panicled, flowers
6-merous, fruit of many drupes coalescent into a globose or ovoid fleshy head 1
in. diam. or less.

Throughout India from the Sutlej eastwards, and southwards to Ceylon and
Malacca. — Distriu. Malay Archipelago.

Considered by many Indian botanists to be the wild form of M. citrifolia ; but if
M. bracteata is truly wild in India, as is asserted on good authority, it may be safer-
to regard tinctoria as a separate plant, characterised by its smaller foliage, which is
never shining. The following are prevalent forms, but are neither constant nor always
recognisable (in a dried state at any rate) from one another and from M. citrifolia.

Yak. 1 . tinctoria proper ; often shrubby, leaves glabrous rarely pubescent beneath^
peduncles leaf-opposed. M. tinctoria, Roxb. I. c. ; LC. Prodr. iv. 447 ; W. cf- A. Prodr.
419; Brand. For. Fl. 277. M. aspera, W. cf- A. Prodr. 420. M. Coreia and nodosa,
Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 537 ; DC. I. c. 448. M. leiantha, Kurz in Journ. As,
Soc. 1872, ii. 313; For. Fl. ii. 59, M. citrifolia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 220. M. Zollin-
geriana and Teysmanniana, Miq. Fl. Lid. Bat, ii. 243, 244. Morinda, Wall. Cat,
8430.

Var. 2. tomentosa ; leaves tomentose on both surfaces, peduncles leaf-opposed. M.
tomentosa, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 147 ; DC. I. c. 448 ; W. ^ A. Prodr. 420 ; DaU. ^-
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 114 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 60. M. Naudia and Chacuca, Ham. in Trans^
Linn. Soc. xiii. 536. M. stenophylla, Spr. ; DC. and W. Sj- A. II. cc. M. angustifolia,.
Roth Nov. Sp. 147, not of Roxb.

Vak. 3. onultiflora ; leaves glabrous or pubescent, peduncles axillary and terminal
simple and paniculate, 'hi. xavXii^ova:, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 15; Fl. hid. i. 546; DC.
Prodr. iv. 447 ; Brand. For. Fl. 227.

Var. 4. aspera ; leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate and branches
uniformly scabrid, stipules broad reflexed cleft to the base into two oblong obtuse
lobes, peduncles leaf-opposed or axillary slender scabrid, corolla pubescent. M. aspera,
W. # A. Prodr. 420. Morinda, Wall.. Cat. 8429, ex Herb. Wight.

Forma exserta. M. exserta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 15 ; Fl. Ind. i. 545 ; DC. Prodr. iv.
447 ; Wall. Cat. 8421 ; W, cf- A. Prodr. 419 ; Brand. For. Fl. 276 ; Thw. Enum. 145-
and 436 ; Kiirz For. Fl. ii. 59. — Under Koxburgh's descriptions and the above cita-
tions are included various forms of Morinda with exserted aiithers, of which some
arc referable to cit^'ifolia and others to the varieties of tinctoria ; and as the character
of the anthers is sexual, this form must be abandoned even as a variety, as Thwaites
has pointed out.

• 3. la, ang-ustifolia, Boil?. Hort. Beng. 15; Cor. PI. t. 237; Fl. Ind,
i. 547; glabrous, leaves large elliptic or obovate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate-

Morinda.l Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 157"

tapering into the petiole, peduncles long or short solitary leaf-opposed rarely 2-3-
nate and terminal, drupes free. Wall. Cat. 8420; DC. Pi'odr. iv. 447; Kiirz
Fof. Fl. ii. 61. M. squarrosa, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 535; DC. I. c.
Morinda sp., Wall. Cat. 8423 in imrt, 842G, 8427, and Psychotria (? Morinda),
8365.

Tropical Himaiaya, wild and cultivated, from Nip.il eastwards, ascending to 600O
ft. in Sikkim. Assam and Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. Chittagono and
Tenasserim.

An erect bush or small tree. Leaves often a foot long, narrowed into a petiole
sometimes 1|^ in., glabrous or puberulous on the nerves beneath; stipules acute or ob-
tuse, entire or 2-fid. Flowers very numerous, white, fragi'ant. Corolla-tube | in.,
glabrous ; lobes globose in bud. Fruit 1 in. diam. or less ; drupes turbinate, black. —
Foliage often like that of M. citrifolia.

4. in. persicaefolia, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 635 ; glabrous or
Bcaberulous, leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate or linear caudate-acumi-
nate narrowed into the petiole, peduncles short solitary leaf-opposed, drupes
coalescent. DC. Prodr. iv. 447; Knrz For. Fl. ii. 61. " M. lanceolata, Wall.
Cat. 8435.

Chittagong and Pegu, Hamilton, M'Clelland. Birma, Wallich. Tenasserim, in
savannah forests, Kurz. Singapore, Maingay. — Distrlb. Sumatra, Siam.

A small low diflfuse shrub ; branches flexuous. Leaves 2-6 in., very variable in
breadth, feipering into the slender petiole or rarely rounded at the base ; stipules subu-
late. Flowers rather small, white. Corolla funnel-shaped, quite glabrous. Fruit the
size of a cherry, smooth. — Leaves in Rangoon specimens very narrow 5 by ^ in.

** Corolla 4tr rarely 5~7nerous ; tiibe short, not \ in.

5. ZH. umbellata, Xm?;. ; Z)C P/wZr. iv. 449; leaves membranous from
broadly obovate to elliptic- or linear-lanceolate obtuse acute or caudate-acumi-
nate glabrous pubescent or tomentose beneath, nerves very distinct, heads in
terminal sessile umbels, drupes connate. W. 8f A. Prodr. 420; Wall. Cat.
8431 ; Kurz Fw. Fl. ii. 62. M. scandens, Itoxb. Fl. Lnd. i. 548; DC. Prodr.
iv.449. M. tetrandra, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. 13; Wall. Cat. 8432; Ro.i-b. Fl.
lnd., ed. Carey 8) Wall. ii. 203; DC. I. c. M. Pad^vara, Jiiss. Morinda, Wall.
Cat. 8429.— Eheede Hort. Mai. vii. t. 27.

Hills of Eastern Bengai and the Malay Peninsula, from the Khasia Mts.,
ascending to 4000 ft. to Penang and Singapore. "Western Peninsula ; South Concan,
Nilgherry, and Travancore mts. Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft. — Distrib. Malay
Archipelago, China, Japan, N. Australia.

A diffuse shrub, with sometimes tomentose climbing branches. Leaves extremely
variable, rarely 5 in., sometimes obcuneate with a retuse apex, usually elliptic-lanceo-
late and quite glabrous, or scaberulous, or sometimes even softly tomentose beneath
in both eastern and western specimens, narrowed into the slender petiole ; stipules
acute, connate. Peduncles 5-10, -|-lh in,, glabrous or tomentose. Corolla almost
rotate, throat bearded. Fruii size of a large poa or larger, irregularly lobed. — Some
Nilgherry Mt. specimens have the leaves not shining. A Singapore specimen from
Dr. Anderson has leaves more coriaceous, softly villous beneath, with the nerves ob-
scure on the upper surfeice, thus approaching M. rigida, but the nerves are distinct
beneath, and the heads are those of M. umbello.ta.

6. m. riQi^2L^ Miq. Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 240 ; leaves very coriaceous elliptic
abruptly obtusely acuminate glossy above brown and sometimes puberulous be-
neath, nerves obscure on both surfaces, heads axillary solitary or 2-4-iiate and
terminal subsessile, drupes connate.

Matacca, Griffith, Maingay. — Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo.

Branches cylinciric, polished, glabrous. Leaves very uniform, 3-4 by H-2 in., dark

158 Lxxv. EUDiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [IfomicZa.

blackish-brown and highly polished above, rusty-brown and very opaque beneath, nar-
rowed into a slender petiole ; stipules connate, ovate. Peduncles stout, glabrous or
pubescent. Corolla-tube ^ in., puberulous. Heads 1 in. diam. and under, with few
very large pyrenes.

7. BX. villosa, Hook. f. ; branches and leaves beneath hirsute, leaves
elliptic-obovate or -lanceolate acuminate opaque and pubescent above, nerves
distinct, peduncles terminal umbellate long or short ; drupes confluent. Morinda ?
Wall. Cat. 8425.

Khasia Mts., Be Silva ; at the Bor Panee river, J. D. H. 4- T. T.

A climbing shrub. Leaves greenish when dry, 3-4 by 1^-lf in,, membranous;
nerves numerous; petiole very short; stipules connate with subulate points. Peduncles
i-2 in., stout or slender, villous. Heads in flower small. Corolla small, pubescent..
Fruit I in., pale red.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

M. Wallichii, Kur2;, For. Fl. 61 ; a small quite glabrous evergreen tree?, leaver
3-5 in. oblong-lanceolate to linear acuminate at both ends pale beneath, petiole ^-1^
in., flowers rather small white in small heads forming a terminal glabrous stiflP-
peduncled small cyme, calyx truncate, the tube (in bud) only ^ in. long, lobes as long--
oblong-linear rather blunt. — Tenasserim, Kur^^. — Probably in the above description,
copied from Kurz, the tube alluded to and lobes are those of the corolla, which word
has been omitted accidentally.

70. ZtENNEXiZiZA, KorthaU.

Characters of Morinda, but the terminal heads few-flowered and paniculate,,
ovules peltate, and seeds orbicular thin and much dorsally compressed. — Dis-
TRIB. Species 2 or 3, ^Malayan.

1. R. speciosa, Hook. f. in Gen. Plant, ii. 118; quite glabrous, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate. Morinda speciosa. Wall. Cat. 8436 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 62.

Tenasserim; Cheppedong hills, WalUch. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay.

A stout evergreen climbing shrub. Leaves 6-9 by 2-2^ in., brown or pale green
when dry, thinly coriaceous, tapering into a petiole \-\ in. ; stipules free or connate,
short. Inflorescence 1-3 in., erect, quite glabrous ; peduncle rachis and short branches
very stout; heads pedicelled, 3-6-flowered. Calyx-lirnh short, cupular, truncate.
Corolla-tube ^-| in. ; limb glabrous within, lobes linear-oblong. Fruit \ in. diam.,
globose.

71. DAl^NACANTKirS, Gaertn.

A small rigid much-branched shrub covered with slender spines. Leaves
small, subsessile, ovate, acuminate ; stipules minute, 3-ciispidate. Floivers
small, white, axillary, solitary or in pairs, pedicels short, bracteolate. Calyx-
tube obovoid ; limb 4-5-fid, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, throat villous ;
lobes 4-5, triangular-ovate, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5, on the throat of the
corolla ; filaments short, anthers with a broad connective, exserted. Ovary 2-4-
celled; style filiform, stigma 2 -4-cleft; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous by a
broad base from above the middle of the septum. Di-upe small, globose, with
1-4 hard plano-convex pyrenes. Seeds peltate, testa thin, albumen horny ;
embryo minute, radicle inferior. — Distrib. Species 1 or 2, East Bengal, China,
and Japan.

1. I>. indicus, GaeHn.f. Fruct. iii. 18, t. 182; DC. Prodr. iv. 473.
MiSHMi Hills (Upper Assam), Griffith, — Distrib. Japan.

Branches slender ; spines straight, needle-like. Leaves 4 in. long in Griffith's
specimens, often longer in Japanese; nerves obscure. Corolla-tube \ in., segments

jDamnacanthts,] lxxv. iiuiiiAct:^. (J. D. Hooker.) 159'

half as long. Fruii } in. diam. — Griffith's is the only Indian specimen I have seen,.
and no further habitat is given than Mishmi. Considering the confusion in which
Griffith's collections were when received at Kew, the locality may be doubtful, and
the specimen a Garden one : it is an extensively cultivated plant, but being Chinese,,
may be indigenous in Mishmi.

72. PXtlSXaATOBXERXS, Thwaites.,

Shru'bs with compressed 4-gonous branches. Leaves opposite ; stipules 1-2--
cuspidate. Floicers unisexual, in axillary and terminal fascicles, white. Calyx-
tube of ^ small, turbinate ; of $ larger, cupular, persistent. Corolla-tube
cylindric, throat glabrous ; lobes 4-6 spreading, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5,.
in the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers linear, included. Ovary 2-celled ;
style filiform, branches 2 free or united ; ovules 1 attached above the middle
of the septum in each cell. Berry small, 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded. Seeds sub-
globose, peltate, ventrally excavated, testa membranous ; embryo small, coty-
ledon reniform, radicle inferior. — Distrib. 2-3 species, tropical Indian and
Malayan.

1. P. albidiflora, Thw. in Hooh. Kew Joum. viii. 268, t. vii. ; JEnum.
154, 421 ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate shining. Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or.
t. 93 ; and Anal. Gen. t. 29, f. 4. Coffea tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 538 ;.
Wall. Cat. 6242 J DC. Prodr. iv. 499; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 28. Rubiee, Wall.
Cat. 8470.

Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft., and southwards to Malacca. Ceylok,
ascending to 4000 ft. — Distkib. Malay Archipelago.

An evergreen tree or shrub ; branches slender, 4-gonous ; bark yellow, polished.
Leaves pale when dry, 3-5 by 1-1 ^i in., coriaceous; nerves slender; petiole ^-1 in.;
stipules triangular, acuminate. Flowers subumbellately fascicled, rarely in peduncled
axillary umbels, pedicels filiform, ^-1 in., ebracteolate. Calyx-limh truncate. Corolla
white, tube f-1 in. ; lobes linear-oblong. Fruit globose, \ in. diam.

2. P. Ferg-usonii, Thiv. mss. ; Pedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134/10 ; very
similar to P. albidijlora, but leaves rather larger, pedicels shorter all terminal
and more numerous and the corolla much less fleshy.

Ceylon, near Colombo.

The above is all the information I have as to this species, except an observation-
by Beddome, that " the imbrication of the corolla-lobes is easily seen in this species."
In reference to this point, Beddome also says in the generic character, " Corolla-lobes
subimbricate (or valvate?)." Finding the corolla to be strictly valvate in P. albidi-
jlora, as Thwaites first described it, I suspect P. Fergusonii may not be congeneric.

73. CGBZiOSPEXllRZUia, Plume.

Scandent glabrous trees or shrubs ; branchlets compressed. Leaves opposite ;:
stipules connate, rarely free. Flotvers in terminal cymose thyrsoid or panicled.
cymes, white or yellowish, often scented. Calyx-tube short ; limb short, per-
sistent. Corolla " coriaceous, funnel- or salver-shaped ; lobes 4-5, narrow,
spreading or reflexed, valvate. Stamens 4-5, on the throat of the corolla,
filaments filiform ; anthers versatile, exserted, slender. Ovary 2 or 4-celled ;
style filiform, branches 2 short or long; ovules 1 in the 4-celled, geminate in
the 2-celled ovaries, pendulous. Drupe globose, with 2-4 pyrenes. Seeds erect.
— Distrib. Species 4-5, Malayan and Australian.

1. C. scandens, Blume Pijd. 994; leaves broadly elliptic acuminate
coriaceous. DC. Prodr. iv. 468.

160 Lxxv. RUBIACE.E. (J. D. Hooker.) ICoelosjpennum,

JVfALAccA, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3087), Maingay (933).— Distrib. Malay Archi-
pelago.

A climber; branches cylindric, smooth. Leaves 4-5 by l5-2|- in., opaque or
shining above, base acute or rounded, not narrowed into the petiole ; nerves faint,
spreading and arched ; petiole |-f in. ; stipules triangular. Cymes 2-5 in., umbel-
lately branched, pubcrulous ; pedicels umbellate, |- in. ; bracteoles minute. Corolla
white, tube \ in., hairy within ; segments narrow, yellow, pubescent on the inner
face. — I have seen only flowers and fruit of an authentic specimen of C. scandeus^ and
have no reason to doubt its identity with this, it being a widely diifu.sed Malayan
plant likely to occur at Malacca. The structure of the ovary is difficult to observe
in dried specimens. I find 4 1-ovuled cells in one specimen, 2 1-ovuled cells in
most, 2 2-ovuled cells in an authentic specimen, and Maingay says ovary by abortion
■2-3-celled. In the Australian C. paniculatum and reticulcttum I find the ovary
4-cellei above, 2-celled below, with 2 ovules in each cell.

74. GVNOCKT»OZ>ES, Bliune.

Twining glabrous shrubs ; branches terete. Leaves opposite, coriaceous ;
stipules broad, acute. Flowers small, unisexual, in axillary cymose fascicles or
peduncled heads ; pedicels short ; bracts deciduous. Calyx-tube small, tur-
binate; limb annular truncate or 6-toothed, persistent. Corolla coriaceous,
tube short, throat woolly ; lohes 4-5, oblong-lanceolate, valvate in bud with
inflexed tips. Stamens 4-5, in the corolla-tube, filaments stout ; anthers linear-
oblong, exserted. Ovary 4-celled ; style of ^ entire, of $ stout, branches
oblong ; ovules 1 in each cell, attached to the inner angle by a broad base.
Drupe globose, with 2-4 pyrenes. Seeds compressed, ascending, testa mem--
branous ; embryo basal, small, radicle inferior. — Distrib. Species 3 or 4, all
Malayan.

1. G*. sublanceolata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 648; branches slender
twining, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, nerves very indistinct, fruit the
size of a pea. G. coriacea var., Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv. 244.
PfEderia tetrandra, Wall. Cat. G249. ? Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8385. ? Ku-
biace^. Wall. Cat. 8297.

Malacca. Sikgapore, and Penang, Wallich, Maingay. {G. coriacea, Kew Distrib.)
— Distrib. Bangka.

Branches with long almost filiform tips, their nodes sometimes leafless, but with
triangular stipules. Leaves black when dry, 3-4 by ^-1 in., not shining, base nar-
rowed into the petiole; nerves without axillary glands; petiole \-^ in. Flowers
fascicled or in much reduced cymes. Corolla-tuhc very short, woolly within. Style
glabrous. Fruit with 3-4 pyrenes. — Wallich's 8385 is possibly a young state of this,
the branches root like ivy, and the distichous leaves are sessile, linear-oblong, acute,
with cordate bases ; it has neither flower nor fruit. Miquel has (in the Annales)
reduced this to a variety of 6^. coriacea, which appears to me to be an entirely different
plant.

2. G-. macrophylla, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1872, ii. 314 ; For. Fl. ii.
■33 ; leaves elliptic-oblong subacute or obtuse, fruit the size of a cherry.

South Andaman Island and Malacca, Kur^, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 934).

Branches stout. Leaves brown when dry, 4-6 by 2 in., tip rounded, base sub-
acute, very coriaceous^ opaque, with nerves slender in Kurz's specimen, shining above,
with very distinct nerves in Maingay's. Flowers very numerous, larger than is G.
■sublanceolata ; calyx-tube more distinct; corolla-lobes longer. Fricit sea-green. — I
have seen no Andaman specimen, and only one of Kurz's, sent by Dr. King, and
marked as from Nankoury, Malacca ; it has leaves of the colour and texture of G.
sublanceolata, and wants the hollow fringed glanls in the nerve axils described by
Kurz ; these are present in none of the axils of Maingay's specimen, the leaves of
which are brown and shining above.

Psycliotria.l lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 161

Tribe XIII. PSVCKOTRZSJE.
75. PSVCKOTRXA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs, erect, rarely climbing or twining. Leaves
opposite, very rarely in whorls of 3 or 4 ; stipules intrapetiolar, often connate,
solitary or in pairs, with often glandular axillaiy hairs. Floioers in terminal
(rarely axillary) cymes, heads or fascicles, not involucrate (in Indian species),
bracteate or not. Calyx-tuhe short, limb often deciduous. Corolla-tvbe
straight, short (in Indian species), throat naked or hairy, lobes 5, rarely 4 or 6,
valvate in bud. Stamens as many, on the corolla-throat or mouth, filaments
short or long ; anthers included or not. Ovari/ 2-celled ; style short or long,
branches 2 ; ovules 1 basal erect in each cell, usually cuneiform. Fruit small,
ovoid, globose or oblong, rarely didymous with two 1-seeded plano-convex
pyrenes, rarely separating into 2 cocci. Seeds plano-convex, ventrally flat or
grooved, testa thin, albumen hard sometimes ruminate ; embryo small, basal,
cotyledons broad thin, radicle inferior. — Distrib. Species about 500, all tropical
or subtropical.

Sect. I. Seeds semi-terete or plano-convex, dorsally smooth and can vex,
ventrallj flat without any groove ; albumen strongly ruminated. — Corolla-tube
very short in all but P. platyneura and malayann. (Grumilea, Gaertn.)

* All or lotver branches of the cyme'? lohorled, very rarely {in P. congesta)
opposite, in P. Thwaitesii, sometimes capitate (see also 15. P. mcdayana).

1. P. stenophylla. Thw. Enum. 147 (Grumilea); glabrous, leaves
narrowly liuear-lanceolate, stipules broad nearly orbicular obtuse coriaceous
concave, cymes peduncled, branches whorled, flowers small capitate.

Ceylon; at no great elevation, Thwaites.

Branches compressed, leaf-axils and nodes of cyme glandular and with ferruginous
hairs. Leaves green -when dry, coriaceous, 2-6 by ^-1 in., midrib yellow very pro-
minent and grooved on the upper surface, nerves slender; petiole short; stipules
deciduous. Cymes with 5 branches in a whorl, each ^ in. long; heads of minute
flowers ^ in. diam. Calyx-limb sinuate. Corolla-tube very short, throat bearded.
Frtiit size of a pea, globose, black, smooth. — I follow Thwaites in placing this
amongst the GriimiliecB, having seen no fruit.

, 2. P. g^landulifera, Thw. mss. ; glabrous, leaves eUiptie-oblong abruptly
acnminate narrowed into the petiole, axillary nerve-glands large and deep,
stipules broad very obtuse, cymes very short subsessile ebracteolate 3-chotomous,
flowers small crowded.

Ceylon, Thwaites.

Branches terete. Leaves 5-7 by 1^-2^ in., pale green when dry, coriaceous,
nerves 9-10 pair, spreading, arched; petiole |-1 in.; stipules coriaceous, deciduous.
Cymes (young) 1 in. ; branches very stout. Flowers (in young bud only) small,
sessile ; calyx-limb hardly toothed. — The specimens are very imperfect, and I follow
Thwaites in placing it amongst the GrumilietB.

3. P. G-ardneri, Thw. Enum. 147 (Grumilea) ; glabrous, leaves cimeate-
obovate the broad end very suddenly contracted into a broad caudate obtuse
tip, nerves 14-18 pair, stipules obtuse, cymes peduncled brachiate, branches
whorled, flowers capitate.

Ceylon ; central province, alt. 3-6000 ft., Gardner, &c.

Branches stout, compressed, smooth. Leaves 4-8 by l|^-2^ in., coriaceous, pale
brownish green when dry, narrowed into the short stout petiole ; nerves spreading,
VOL. III. M

162 Lxxv. EUBiACEj;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Psychotria.

axils sometimes minutely glandular; stipules ovate, obtuse, deciduous. Cymes
broad ; peduncles 1-2 in., and branches stout ; bracteoles rounded ; flowers 3-4-nate,
subsessile. Calyx obscurely S-toothed. Corolla-tube very short. Fruit small,
spherical, smooth. Seed ^-terete ; ventral surface flat ; albumen ruminate.

4. P. Tbwaitesii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate oblong
or obovate acuminate or acute, nerves 12-16 pair, stipules triangular acute or
cuspidate, cymes peduncled, branches stout whorled, flowers capitate or cymes
S3ssile reduced and capitate mixed with rufous hairs, calyx-limb in the ellipsoid
fruit minute. P. Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 8327 ; upper right hand specimens.
Grumilea nudiflora, Thiv. JEnum. 147, not of W. $ A. ? G. nigra, Gaertn.
Fruct. 138, t. 28.

Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats, from the Concan southward. Ceylon ; alt.
3-6000 ft., common.

A glabrous bush ; branches smooth, compressed. Leaves 3-6 by 1|— 2^ in., greenish
when dry, rather coriaceous ; petiole ^li in. : stipules very variable. Cymes variable ;
peduncle and short branches 4-angred in fruit ; bracteoles caducous ; flowers small.
'Calyx-teeth 5, small. Corolla-tube very short, glabrous externally and nearly so
within. Fruit ellipsoid, smooth. Seed ^-terete; ventral surface flat; albumen
ruminate. — There are two principal forms of this and a subordinate third.

Vab. 1 . zeylanica ; cymes peduncled, branches distinct.

Var. 2. penhisularis ; leaves usually smaller more obovate, cymes always sessile,
branches moderate or short or 0, or the inflorescence a peduncled globose head.

Var. 3. coronata ; leaves small, fruit with the calyx-limb distinct 5-toothed (as
in P. congesta, but smaller). — Ceylon at Kamboddi, alt. 4000 ft., Gardner.

5. P. congresta, W. 8f A. Prodr. 432; glabrous, leaves obovate or
oblanceolate subacute, nerves 8-10 pair, stipules ovate, cymes sessile or
peduncled, branches opposite, flowers crowded very shortly pedicelled not capi-
tate without rufous hairs, calyx-limb crovniing the ellipsoid fruit. Wight Ic.
t. 1037. G. patens, Schlecht in PL Hohen. n. 1373. ? P. elongata, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. And. Gen. t. xvii.

NiLGHERBY and PuLNEY Mts. ; alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight, &e. '

An evergreen leafy bush. Leaves 2^-5 by 1-2 in., rather coriaceous, greenish
when dry ; nerves strong ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules deciduous. Cymes with short
thick branches and branchlets, quite glabrous, ebracteolate. Calyx 4-5-toothed.
Corolla-tube very short, glabrous or pubescent within. Fruit ellipsoid, smooth;
calyx-limb tubular, toothed, sometimes very low or even reduced to teeth sessile on
the top of the fruit. Seed semi terete, ventral face flat, albumen grooved.

Var. astephana ; cymes less crowded, fruit with a scarcely raised calyx-limb.

6. P. macrocarpa, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic or oblanceolate
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, stipules very broad, cymes peduncled, branches
very short and thick lower whorled, flowers crowded very shortly pedicelled,
fruit ellipsoid f in. crowned by the veiy short calyx-teeth. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat.
8460.

Tbavancore; at Gourtallam, Wight.

Branches pale, smooth, branchlets compressed. Leaves 5-8 by 2-2^ in,, thinly
coriaceous, narrowed into a rather slender petiole ^-1 in. ; stipules coriaceous,
deciduous. Cym£S short, not 1 in. high and hardly so broad ; peduncles 1 in. or less ;
bracts caducous ; flowers larger than in the preceding species. Calyx-teeth 4-5,
triangular. Corolla-tube very short, woolly within. Fruit ellipsoid, smooth. Seeds
^-terete, ventral face flat ; albumen ruminate.

7. P. subintegra, W. 8f A. Prodr. 432 (Grumilea); glabrous, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or obtusely acuminate, petiole slender, stipules very
broad, cymes axillary and terminal peduncled brachiate broadly corymbose,

Psychotria.'] lxxv. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 163

lower pair of branclies long spreading racbis above tbem arrested, flowers in
many small beads terminating tbe brancblets, fruit globose areole small. Psy-
chotria ? Wall. Cat. 8345.

Western Peninsula ; Shevagherry and Dindygul hills, Wight.

Branches stout, smooth. Leaves 6-8 by 2-3 in., green and rather flaccid when
dry, base narrowed into a petiole |— 1^ in. ; nerves distant, about 10 pair; stipules
caducous, variable, sometimes toothed. Cymes large, 3-4 in. diam. ; peduncles stout,
3 in. and less, lower pair of branches ascending or recurved branched at the end, and
bearing small heads ^-\ in. diam. of glabrous flowers ; bracts caducous. Calyx-limb
membranous, teeth very short, obtuse or acute. Corolla-tiibe broadly shortly funnel-
shaped, mouth villous. Fruit \ in. diam., smooth. Seed ^-terete, ventral face flat,
albumen ruminated. — Wight's originally distributed specimens have a terminal cyme,
with an elongated rachis ; all the numerous others have the rachis exceeded in height
by the ends of the lower Ijranches of the cyme.

8. P. truncata, WaU. in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 162;
glabrous, leaves large cuneate-obovate or orbicular rarely elliptic-obovate
abruptly apiculate coriaceous base cuneate, nerves 14-16 pair close and strong,
stipules very large, cymes peduncled or sessile bracbiate, lower branches
whorled, berry ellipsoid. P. Heyneana, WaU. Cat. 8327, in part.

Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats from Concan southwards, Heyne, &c.

Branches stout, smooth. Leaves 6-8 by 3-4 in., pale green when dry, narrowed
into a stout petiole ^-Ig in., upper surface usually raised between the spreading
nerves; stipules sometimes 1^ in., broadly ovate or oblong, free or connate below,
coriaceous. Cymes terminal, often short and dense in flower, in fruit 5-6 in. diam.,
stout, 3 in. and under ; branches long or short ; bracts deciduous ; flowers small, sub-
sessile. Calyx-limb truncate. Corolla-tube very short, glabrous, mouth with a fringe
of hairs. Berry \ in., smooth. Seed ^-terete, ventral face flat ; albumen ruminate.
— The ticket of Heyne marked March 20, 1837, identifies the H. Heyneana of Wallich's
catalogue with the H. truncata of his and Carey's edition of the "Flora Indica."

9. P. Dalzellii, Hooh. f. ; glabrous, very robust, leaves obovate or
oblong- or obcuneate-obovate coriaceous tip obtuse or rounded, base cuneate,
nerves 12-20 pair strong, stipules very large, cymes terminal peduncled
bracbiate, branches whorled very stout with terminal capitate flowers, and
large persistent bracts. P. bracteata, W. Sr A. Prodr. 434, not of DC.

Western Peninsula ; from Canara southwards.

Branches sometimes as thick as the little finger, smooth, cylindric. Leaves 5-10
by 2-4 in., pale or black when dry, nerves strong on both surfaces ; petiole very
short, stout; stipules broadly oblong or orbicular, coriaceous, sometimes § in. diam.,
axils glabrous. Cyme-peduncle 3 in. or less, lower branches 4-5 in a whorl, 1-2 in. ;
bracts ^-^ in., broadly ovate or orbicular, very coriaceous ; bracteoles concave as long
as and forming an involucre round the heads of flowers. Calyx-teeth 5, short, rounded,
ciliate. Corolla-tube ^ in., glabrous, throat villous. Fruit young, glabrous, crowned
with the enlarged calyx-limb. — Dalzell has called this a Grumilea. 1 have seen no
ripe fruit.

** Cyme-branches opposite j whorled in 15. P. malayana,

10. P. elongpata, Wight Ic. t. 1036 (Grumilea) ; glabrous, leaves elliptic
or obovate obtuse subacute or cuspidate, base cuneate, nerves 1 0-14 pair, axils
sometimes perforated, uppermost stipules connate obtuse, cymes terminal, fruit-
ing elongate racemiform, branches very short opposite and peduncles very stout,
flowers crowded, fruit globose, calyx-limb minute. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8350.

NiLGHERRT and Shevagherry Hills, Noton, &c. Ceylon ; Central Province, alt.
7000 ft., Thwaites.

Shrubby. Leaves 3-5 by 1^-2^ in., pale when dry; nerves slender, spreading;

m2

164 Lxxv. edbiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tsijcliotria.

petiole very short ; stipules forming a sheathing 2-fid tube to the peduncle, obtuse or
subacute, axils glabrous. CyTues 2-3 in. long in fruit ; peduncle 2 in, and under,
stout ; branches not ^ in., bracts caducous ; flowers sessile or very shortly pedicelled.
Calyx minutely 5 -toothed. Corolla-tube very short, throat villous. Fruit size of a
small pea; calyx-limb obsolete. Seeds ^-terete, ventral face flat; albumen rumi-
nated.— Leaves of the Ceylon specimen broader and with more nerves than the
peninsular. Beddome's figure of P. elongata (Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xvii. f. 6) has
glabrous throat to the corolla, and is a different plant. From the appearance of the
inflorescence and persistent large calyx-limb it is probably P. congesta.

11. P. adenopbylla, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii.
166 ; Cat. 8349 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong acute acuminate
or cuspidate, nerves 14-20 pair, axils minutely perforated, upper stipules
connate sheathing truncate, axils hairy, cymes terminal rarely axillary fruiting
elongate racemiform, branches short opposite and slender, flowers pedicelled,
fruit pyriform, calyx-limb minute. DC. Prodr. iv. 520. P. connata, Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 10, not of Wallieh.

Khasia Mts. and Cachak, alt. 0-4000 ft. Pegu, MCllSlland; Chittagong,
J. D. H. ^ T. T.; Tenasserim and Andaman Islands, Heifer, Kurz, &c.

A shrub. Leaves y^tj variable, 4-7 by 1-2^ in., tip rounded and cuspidate or
more or less gradually acuminate, base the same ; nerves variable in number ; petiole
\-^ in. ; stipules \-\ in., truncate, obtuse or subacute. Cymes with the peduncle
3-5 in., or 7 when fruiting; branches opposite and subopposite ; bracts caducous;
flowers very small. Calyx-limb truncate, quite entire. Corolla-tube -^ in,, throat
villous. Fruit \ in. long. Seeds ^terete, ventral face flat ; albumen ruminate. —
Very different from P. congesta in the shape of the leaves, slender cymes, flowers,
calyx-limb, and fruit. The hollow glands at the nerve-axils from which Wallieh
derived the specific name are minute and not always visible.

12. P. tylophora, Kurz in Lond. Jaurn. Bat. 1875, 328; glabrous,
leaves eUiptic-obovate or -lanceolate abruptly acuminate narrowed into the
petiole, nerves 12-16 pair axils perforate, stipules ovate-oblong acute, cymes
peduncled terminal erect, rachis slender elongate, opposite and alternate short
branches slender, fruit ellipsoid pedicelled, calyx-limb minute.

Nicobar Islands ; woods of Katchall, Kurz.

A shrub. Leaves 4-7 by 1^-2^ in., rather membranous, pale when dry; nerves
slender', arched; petiole ^-| in.; stipules glabrous, axils hairy. Cymes racemose in
fruit, 3-4 in. long, short, branches dichotomously divided. Fruit nearly ^ in. long. —
I have seen but one imperfect specimen.

13. P. pendula, Hook.f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-obovate or -lanceolate
abruptly obtusely acuminate, narrowed into the petiole, nerves 12-16 pair, axils
imperforate, cymes peduncled terminal, fruiting pendulous very long, rachis and
very short distant opposite branches stout, fruit depressed-globose sessile
crowned with the enlarged calyx-limb.

Andaman Islands ; Passage Bay, Heifer.

Branches smooth, stout, pale green. Leaves 4-6 by lf-2| in., pale green when
dry, nerves slender ; petiole ^\ in. ; stipules not seen. Fruiting cymes racemose, 5-7
in. long. Fruit ^ in. broad, somewhat contracted at the base, obscurely didymous ;
calyx-limb cupular, 5-toothed, with a central obtuse projecting enlarged disk. Seeds
hemispheric, ventral face flat ; albumen not deeply ruminate, — This differs from P.
tylophora in the imperforate nerve-axils and long pendulous fruiting cymes with very
stout branches, and sessile fruit of a totally different shape, and large calyx-limb.

14. P. platsmeura* Kurz in THmen Journ. Bot. 1876, 327 ; Far. Fl.

ii. 10 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-obovate or -lanceolate abruptly acuminate nar-
rowed into the stout petiole, nerves about 20 pair, stipules broad ovate upper

Psychotria.'] lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 165

obtuse, cymes terminal, peduncle and subopposite corymbose branches stout,
fiowers pedicelled, fruit large subglobose, calyx-limb very small.

Andaman Islands, Kurz.

A shrub. Leaves 6-7 by lf-2^ in., thinly coriaceous, dull green when dry, nerves
slender ; petiole ^-1 in. Cymes 1-2 in. ; branches subopposite, short, dichotomously
divided; pedicels stout. Calyx-teetk 6, minute. CoroUa small. Fruit ^ in. long,
slightly obovoid, base suddenly contracted. Seeds ^-terete,, ventral face flat ; albumen
ruminate. — The seeds are not very satisfactory.

15. P. malayana, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. 3 ; glabrous, branches robust,
leaves eUiptic-lanceolate acute or acuminate, nerves 12-16 pair, axils imperfo-
rate, stipules large acute or upper apiculate, cymes terminal peduncled many-
flowered, branches stout lower or all whorled and with whbrled branchlets,
flowers pedicelled and sessile in the forks, corolla-tube elongate. DC. Brodr.
iv. 520. P. aurantiaca. Wall, in Roxh.Fl.Ind., ed. Carey 8j- Wall. ii. 165; Cat.
8335; DC. I. c. 519. P. expansa, Blume Bijd. 963; DC. I. c. 521. Grumilea
aurantiaca {excl. descript. of fruit) and Chasalia expansa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
296 and 281.

Penang, Jax;k. — Distrib. Java.

Branches soft, smooth, upper compressed. Leaves 4-8 by 1^-3 in., greenish when
dry, nerves slender; petiole ^-\ in. ; stipules coriaceous. Cymes stout, puberulous or
glabrous, very many-flowered ; peduncle 3 in. and less, and branches angled or com-
pressed ; bracteoles caducous. Calyx-limb truncate, obscurely 5-toothed. Corolla-tube
\ in., lobes lanceolate, and throat villous. Fruit " obovoid, as large as a cherry stone,
orange-coloured," Wallich. — Jack's description is too imperfect for identification, but
as Wallich has his aurantiaca from Jack, there is little room for doubt as to this being
his species. I have seen no fruit, but that of a very similar Bornean species differing
only in the opposite cyme branches is that of a Grumilea. Some of Miquel's synonyms
are too unsatisfactory to be quoted : his G. aurantiaca is described as having 10-ribbed
fruit ; of the loose fruits transmitted with his Chasalia exjpansa to Herb. Kew, one is
10-ribbed, and does not, I suspect, belong to the plant.

16. P. poly carp a, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 295 (Grumilea) ; scandent,
glabrous, leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate acute or abruptly acuminate, nerves
6-7, axils imperforate, cymes terminal biachiate, branches elongate, branchlets
divaricate, flowers pedicelled, fruit very small ellipsoid umbonate, P. obovata.
Wall. Cat. 8380 A.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3042), Maingay (924); Singapore, Wallich. —
—Distrib. Sumatra.

Branches soft, cylindric, smooth. Leaves 2^3 in., variable in width, dull greenish
when dry, coriaceous, nerves indistinct, veins 0 ; petiole \-^ in. ; stipules ovate, ob-
tuse, caducous. Cyme much corymbosely branched, sometimes 6 in. diam. ; peduncle
3 in. and less, and the branches angled; flowers very small, on divaricating pedicels.
Calyx-limb truncate. Corolla ^^ in,, throat villous. Fruit \ in. long ; calyx-limb de-
pressed, surrounding the prominent exserted obtuse stout disk, as in P.pendula. — This
species, notwithstanding its ruminated albumen and ^-terete seed, must stand next to
P. sarm^ntosa.

Sect. II. Seeds dorsally convex with 4 furrows.

* Stein scandent.

17. P. sannentosa, Blume Bijd. 964 ; climbing, glabrous, leaves elliptic
or elliptic-obovate acute or acuminate, nerves 6-8 pair, petiole slender, cymes ter-
minal subsessile compressed corymbiform or brachiate, branches opposite, flowers
pedicelled, fruit small obovoid 8-grooved, calyx-limb verv small. DC. Prodr.
iv. 522 ; Wiyht Ic. t. 1038 ; TMo. Enum. 148 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 14. P. scandens,

166 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Fsycliotria..

Moon. Cat. 14. P. obovata, Wall. Cat. 8380. Grumilea Jungliulimana, Miq,
Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 296. P&ycliotria Nov. Sp., Miq. in PI. Rohen. n. 809. Psy-
chotria Sp., Wall. Cat. 8382, ? 8381, ? 8384.

Western Peninsula, from Canara southwards. Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft.
Eastern Peninsula, from Tenasserim southwards to Singapore and Penang. — Distrib.
Malay Archipelago.

A twining shrub, 10 ft. and upwards ; branches slender, smooth pale. Leaves 2^-
3^ by f-1^ in., greenish or yellowish when dry, thin or coriaceous, base far produced
on the petiole, nerres faint, veins inconspicuous ; stipules ovate, caducous. Cymes
broad, 2-3 in. diam., rachis and branches angled; bracteoles caducous. Flowers very
small, greenish. Calyx-teeth -mmute. CoroZ^a-^M^e ^ in., villous within. Fruit ~ in.,
white, fleshy. Seed dorsally 4-grooved, ventrally concave ; albumen equable. — Some
of Wallich's 8381 and 8384 are no doubt young states (flowerless) of this, or possibly
of P. 'polycarpa.

18. P. Maingrayi, Hook.f.) climbing, shoots petioles and cymes hairy,
leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate at both ends, nerves 8-10 pair, stipules per-
sistent connate membranous toothed, cymes axillary small peduncled, fruit
broadly ellipsoid 8-grooved, calyx-limb large, lobes broad recurved.

Singapore, Maingay.

Branches slender, smooth. Leaves 2-3 by ^-l^ in., rather thin, narrowed into the
very short slender petiole; nerves faint; stipules pubescent. Cymes almost tomen-
tose ; peduncle slender, compressed ; branches few, opposite ; bracts linear, pertistent.
Fruit subsessile, | in. long ; calyx-limb cupular, pubescent. Seed as in P. sarmentosa.

19. P. ovoidea, Wall. Cat. 8383 ; climbing and rooting, branches leaves
beneath and cymes villous, leaves petioled elliptic or ovate cuspidate, nerves ^Q
pair, cymes terminal small sessile or peduncled umbellately branched, flowers
subcapitate, fruit small pedicelled ellipsoid 8-grooved, calyx-limb with erect
acute teeth.

Singapore, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 923). — Distrib. Malay
Archipelago ?

Branches slender ; pubescence spreading, dart, rufous when dry. Leaves 1|^-2|^
in., brown especially beneath when dry, coriaceous, margin often recurved, base acute
obtuse or subcordate, nerves strong beneath ; petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules connate, cadu-
cous. Cymes with spreading stout compressed branches ; peduncle 1 in. or less ;
bracteoles elongate, linear, very persistent, tomentose ; flowers very small. Corolla-
tube pubescent, villous within. Fruit ^ in., pubescent; calyx-limb cupular. Seed as
in the section.

20. P. morindeeflora, Wall. Cat. 8438, A. B. 0. in part ; climbing,
rooting, quite glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic obtusely acuminate shining,
nerves 5-7 pair, cymes terminal subsessile and pedicelled small, flowers capitate
at the end of the short branches, fruit small ellipsoid 8-grooved, calyx-limb small, .
? Psychotria, Wall. Cat, 8355.

Penang and Singapore, Wallich, Porter.

Branches smooth, slender, dark brown when dry. Leaves 3-5 by \\-2 in., coria--
ceous, usually red-brown when dry, base acute, nerves slender ; petiole ^-f in. ;
stipules connate, caducous. Cymes with few short or long spreading compressed naked
branches bearing globose heads \ in. diam. of small flowers ; bracts and bracteoles
linear, caducous. Calyx-limb truncate, obscurely toothed. Corolla-tube glabrous,
mouth villous. Fruit \ in. long, sessile or peduncled. Seed as in the section. —
Amongst "Wallich's specimens are some with sessile and others with pedicelled fruit;,
it is possible that these may belong to diflferent species. His No. 8355 from Singapore
has narrow oblong-lanceolate leaves, very long (4-5 in.) peduncles, bearing a puberu-
lous umbel of 6-10 rays, each ray bearing a head of sessile flowers \ in. diam.

Psychotria.'] ' Lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 167

** M'ect shj-ubs.

21. P. Wigrhtlana, Thzo. Enum. 148 (Grumilea) ; branches leaves be-
neath and cymes villous with rufous hairs, leaves elliptic-lanceolate finely
acuminate, nerves 8-10 pair, cymes terminal cruciately brachiate, branches few
naked with terminal globose heads of sessile flowers or cymes reduced to a soli-
tary long peduncled or sessile globose head. Lasianthus ? dubius, Wight in
Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. vi. 616.

Ceylon ; Ambagamowa and SaflBmgan districts, on banks of streams, WalJcen', &c.

A small shrub, branches stout. Leaves 5-7 by 2-3^ in., rather coriaceous, brownish
green when dry, smooth and opaque above, nerves strong beneath ; petiole ^-f in. ;
stipules oblong, connate, villous. Cymes densely villous, sessile or peduncled ; branches
and peduncle stout, the latter sometimes deflexed ; bracteoles minute, obtuse ; heads
of sessile flowers dense, villous, \-^ in. diam. Calyx very short, cupular, limb trun-
cate, teeth triangular. Corolla-tube very short, pubescent; throat hairy. Fruit
" subspherical, hairy, \-^ in. diam., subcarinate," Thwaites.

Vae. ? affinis; leaves sparsely hairy narrowly elliptic-lanceolate 4 by |-f in.
Grumilea affinis, Thw. Eoium. 148.

22. P. madraspatana, Hook. f. ; petioles leaves beneath and inflores-
cence nisty-tomentose, leaves large long-petioled elliptic or eUiptic-obovate
obtuse or subacute, nerves 20-30 pair, cymes reduced to a globose sessile head,
fruit ellipsoid and grooved, calyx-limb very short. Psychotria, Wall. Cat.
8366.

•' Heeb. Madras," Wallich.

Branches very stout, -woody, covered with brown shining bark, tips pubescent with
spreading hairs. Leaves 6-12 by 2^-4 in., thinly coriaceous beneath, finely pubescent
between the rufous-tomentose numerous slender nerves; base narrowed into a 1|- in.
petiole ; stipules connate, villous, membranous. Head 1 in. diam., terminating the
stout branch, and in one specimen covering the bases of the pair of petioles, densely
rufous-pubescent ; bracts and bracteoles numerous, as long as the flowers, linear or
oblong, membranous, villous, persistent, outer broader. Calyx-tube shorter than the
5 unequal lanceolate villous lobes. Corolla not seen. Fruit ^ in. long, villous,
crowned by the lanceolate calyx-lobes. Seed with very deep dorsal and 2 narrow
ventral grooves. — In habit and appearance this resembles P. Wightiana and Helferiana,
but differs entirely from both ; I have seen no specimen but that in Wallich's Her-
barium.

23. P. stipulacea, Wall in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8r Wall. ii. 164;
Cat. 8329 ; very robust, glabrous, leaves very long oblanceolate or obovate-oblong
acuminate narrowed into the very stout winged petiole, nerves about 20 pair,
cymes trichotomous, peduncle and branches very stout, flowers pedicelled, fruit
ellipsoid deeply 4-gTooved. DC. Prodr. iv. 519.

Penang, Jack, Phillips, Wallich.

Branches as thick as the middle finger, soft, compressed, and foliage reddish brown
when dry. Leaves 8-14 by 3-5 in., not coriaceous, nerves slender; petiole 1-1^ in. ;
stipules f-f in. long, broadly ovate, acute, often 2-fid. Cymes 2-3 in. diam., broader
than long ; peduncle and branches very stout ; bracts and bracteoles triangular, upper
persistent; flowers very small. Calyx-teeth short, triangular. Corolla-tube -^ in.,
glabrous, villous within. Fruit \ in. long, grooves deep ; calyx-limb small. Seed
ventrally concave.

24. P. Jackii, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic or obovate-
lanceolate obtusely acuminate, nerves 10-12 pair, cymes shortly peduncled
brachiate, branches slender, fruit pedicelled 8-grooved. Psychotria, Wall. Cat,
8343.

Penang, Jack, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3021).

Branches slender, polished, nodes with broad stipular scars. Leaves 6-7 by lj-2^

168 Lxxv. RUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Psychotria,

in., rather thin, red-brown when dry and shining above, midrib and nerves slender ;
base narrowed into the slender petiole ; stipules oblong-ovate, deciduous. Cymes 3-4
in broad; branches angled, sometimes obscurely puberulous, divaricate, much 3-
chotomously divided; flowers pedicelled, minute. Calyx truncate, teeth obscure.
Corolla-tube very short, glabrous, villous within. Fruit ^-^ in. long, areolate, calyx-
teeth very obscure. Seeds of the section, ventral face plane. — A near ally of the
Chinese P. elliptica, Ker in Bot. Eeg. t. 607 (P. Eeevesii, Wall. Cat. 8330, and in
JRoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 164), but more slender, leaves less coriaceous, with slender midrib
and nerves, and smaller flowers.

25. P. diverg'ens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 13 ; and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii.
143, not of Blume ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate acuminate
tapering into a long petiole, cymes long-peduncled trichotomous, flowers shortly
pedicelled, calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit ovoid 6-ribbed and furrowed crowned by
the calyx-limb.

Pegu, Malabar, and Tenassebim, in tropical forests, Kurz.

An evergreen shrub, \\-2 ft. Leaves 6-8 in., firmly membranous or thinly coria-
ceous, usually brownish when dry; petiole ^-1 in. ; stipules variable, often very large
and elongate, entire or 2-cleft. Flowers greenish. Corolla j^-^ in., lobes as long,
throat villous. Fruit ^-^ in. long, smooth. Albumen equable, spuriously ruminate,
or rather 5-ribbed. — I have seen no authentic specimen, and take the description from
Kurz, who says that it diflfers from P. andamanica only in the glabrous cymes. It
cannot be Blume's P. divergejis, which has a prominently toothed calyx and very lai^e
flowers ; it is probably a glabrous form of P. sulcata.

26. P. andamanica, Kurz in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1876, 328 ; For. Fl. ii.

13 ; glabrous except the cymes, leaves long-petioled elliptic-obovate or -lanceolate
caudate-acuminate, nerves 8-10 pair remote, cymes subsessile much trichoto-
mously branched, fruit ellipsoid 8-grooved.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kurz.

A small evergreen shrub ; branches stout, pale, the wood shrinking in drying.
Leaves 6-9 by 2\-Z^ in., membranous, greenish-brown when dry, often subfalcate ;
nerves slender, arched ; base narrowed into the 1-2 in. long petiole ; stipules large,
oblong, 2-cleft, deciduous. Cymes glabrous or rusty-puberulous, 3 in. diam., branches
divaricate; flowers shortly pedicelled, greenish-white. (7rt?yj7 almost truncate; teeth
short, broad. Corolla glabrous, tube ^-^ in., much exserted, throat villous. Fruit \
in. long, smooth, calyx-limb persistent. — I have seen no fruit, nor any Andaman
specimens ; it is probably a broad-leaved form of the following.

27. P. sulcata, Wall. Cat. 8370 ; leaves long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate
or oblanceolate acuminate membranous puberulous or glabrate beneath, nerves
10-15 pair, stipules very large lax, cymes axillary or terminal sessile or peduncled
repeatedly trichotomously divided, fruit pedicelled broadly ellipsoid 8-grooved,
calyx very small.

Tenasserim, Malabar, and Birma, Wallich, Heifer, &c.

Branches rather slender, smooth. Leaves 3-9 by 2-2|- in., greenish or brown when
dry, nerves slender, base narrowed into a petiole ^-1^ in. long; stipules ^-| in.,
straight or falcate, obtuse acute or acuminate, rather persistent for the genus. Cymes
small, 1-2| in. diam. ; branches divaricate; bracts triangular; flowers very small,
glabrous. Calyx-limb truncate. Corolla-tube glabrous, very short. Frttit ^ in, long,
grooves not deep. Seed flat on the ventral face.

28. P. erratica, //ooA;. /. ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate or elliptic acumi-
nate, petiole slender, nerves 9-12 pair, stipules usually cleft, cymes axillary and
terminal sessile glabrous or puberulous rather shortly trichotomously branched,
fruit pedicelled 8-grooved, calyx-limb small.

NiPAL and Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 4-6000 ft., J. J). H., &c. ; Bhotan, alt. 5000
ft., C. B. Clarke; Khasia Mts., alt, 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c.

Psychotria.] Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 169

Shrubby. Leaves 5-7 by 1-2^ in., green M^hen dry, rather thin, base narrowed
into a petiole ^-^ in., nerves slender ; stipules with often 2 recurved acute lobes.
Cymes 1 in. diam., often inclined; branches flattened, soon dividing; bracts elongate,
slender. Ccdyx minute; teeth broad or narrow, subacute, sometimes glandular.
Corolla-tube very short, hairy within. Fruit ^—^ in., red and yellowish, grooves
shallow. Seed undulated on the ventral face. — This is one of the very few species
that wanders westward as far as the valley of Nipal.

Vab. latifolia ; leaves broadly elliptic— Khasia Mts., Be Silva. — Psychotria sp.,
Wall. Cat. 8SiO.

Vab. pedunculata ; cymes axillary, peduncle 1-2 in. — Nipal, Wallich. — Psychotria,
Wall. Cat. 8369.

29. P. fiilva, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8336, excl. B. ; glabrous or pubescent,
"branches stout, leaves petioled elliptic oMong obovate or lanceolate, stipules
large cleft, cymes axillary and terminal peduncled or sessile, branches tricnoto-
mous or whorled, flowers usually in dense globose heads, bracts broad often
whorled persistent, fruit large ellipsoid 8-grooved, calyx-limb persistent. P.
monticola, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 316 ; For. Fl. ii. 11. Psychotria,
Wall. Cat. 8337 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 268 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 479, f. 2.

Assam and the Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. ; Cachab, Munnipobe, and
Pegu.

A large shrub. Leaves a foot long and under, very variable in breadth, usually
narrowed intp the petiole, rarely rounded at the Ijase, variously coloured when dry,
often purplish-brown or reddish, thinly coriaceous ; nerves slender, spreading, some-
times pubescent beneath ; petiole ^-1 in, ; stipules ^-1 in., axils villous, segments
sometimes hooked and recurved. Cymes large or small, rarely 2 in. across ; peduncle
4 in. or less, pubescent or villous ; branches stout, short or long ; bracts and bracteoles
excessively variable, more or less persistent ; flowers subsessile, glabrous or pubescent.
Calyx minute; teeth 5, short or long. Corolla-tube short, glabrous, villous within.
Fruit capitate, \-^ in. long, variable in shape, ellipsoid or ovoid, sometimes narrowed
towards the top ; grooves very shallow. Seed flat ventrally, with or without a 2-fid
groove. — A very variable plant, covered with yellowish flowers in May, whence its
name, which, never having been published, would be superseded by Kurz's of P. mon-
ticola, were not the plant to which he gave that name an aberrant form, which is
moreover erroneously described as glabrous in the Forest Flora ; under which circum-
stances, and considering that the name monticola has been since applied to a tropical
African species, it is advisable to retain Hamilton's appropriate one of fulva for this
species.

Vab. monticola; leaves more coriaceous, nerves distant pubescent beneath. P.
monticola, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 315; For. Fl. ii. 11. — Karen hills,
Kurz.

30. P. tortilis, JBlume Bijd. 968; subherbaceous, stem simple, leaves
long'petioled broadly elliptic-ovate acute membranous puberulous beneath, base
cuneate rarely cordate, nerves 15-20 pair, veins reticulate, cymes all axillary
smaU subsessile rounded, fruit very small didymous compressed, grooves 8 very
shallow. DC. Prodr. iv. 620. P. microcarpa. Wall. Cat. 8344. Streblosa
tortilis, Korth. in Ned. Ki'uidk. Arch. ii. 246.

Penang, Wallich ; Singapore, Lobb. — Distbib. Java, Sumatra.

Stem 1 foot from a woody base, sparsely pubescent. Leaves 4-7 by 2-4^ in., green
when dry, very membranous ; nerves spreading, slender ; petiole very slender, 1-2 in, ;
stipules ovate, acute, or broader with a long cusp. Cymes often from all the axils,
pubescent, contracted and dense-flowered but not capitate; pedicels rarely 1-2 in.;
bracts very small ; flowers minute. Calyx-teeth very minute, triangular. Corolla-tube
very short, hairy within. Fruit xV^ ^'^^ diam., broader than long, pale. Seed flat
on the ventral face. — ^A very peculiar species, quite unlike any other in habit and
fruit.

170 Lxxv. EUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Psychotria.

Sect. III. Seeds with one obtuse dorsal ridge and 2 dorsal broad shallow
furrows.

* Cymes capitate.

31. p. Moonil, Thiv. Enum. 148 (Grumilea) ; glabrous, leaves elliptic or
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate narrowed into the stout petiole, flowers in dense
peduncled heads mixed with large villous-edged bracts, fruit narrowly ovoid.

Ceylon ; Reigam Corle, at no great elevation, Walker, Thwaites.

Branches stout, ultimate compressed. Leaves 6-7 by 1^2^ in., greenish or
reddish when dry; nerves 12-14 pair, stout, much arched; stipules oblong, connate,
ciliate. Cymes of 3-5 terminal stout branches 1 in. long, each bearing a subglobose
head ^f in. diam., the main peduncle suppressed, the lateral deflexed, the central
simple or 3-chotomous ; bracteoles large, rouuded, coriaceous, persistent, hairs rufous ;
flowers sessile. Calyx-limb tubular, 5-toothed. ciliate. Fruit ^ in., crowned with the
cupular calyx-limb, nearly circular in section with 4 broad shallow furrows. Seeds
plano-convex ; albumen equable.

32. P. sordida, Thzv. Enum. 149 ; glabrous, leaves petioled lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, nerves very faint, stipules ovate, flowers
3-4-nate in small peduncled deflexed heads, fruit oblong, calyx-limb obsolete.

Ceylon ; central province, alt. 4-8000 ft., WalJcer, Thwaites.

Branches slender, ultimate-compressed. Leaves 3-5 by |-1| in., pale or dark
brown when dry, coriaceous ; nerves 6-8 pair, sometimes hardly visible ; petiole :|-
in. ; stipules acute. Cymes of 3-5 short stout branches ^-f in. long, the main
peduncle short or 0 ; bracteoles minute, caducous ; flowers minute, sessile. Calyx
with a funnel-shaped 5-toothed limb. Corolla-tube short, broad, glabrous within and
without. Fruit \ in. ; pyrenes with broad shallow dorsal furrows.

** Cymes not capitate.

33. P. long'ipetiolata, Thw. Enum. 149; glabrous, leaves long-
petioled eUiptic-oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate base rounded or cordate,
cymes terminal peduncled, lower branches whorled trichotomous few-flowered,,
fruit ovoid crowned with the minute calyx-teeth.

Ceylon; Saffragan district, alt. 3-4000 ft., Thwaites.

Leaves 5-6 by 1^2 in,, yellowish when dry, midrib stout; nerves 6-10 pair, very
spreading; petiole 1-lf in., slender; stipules oblong, acute. Cymes small, about 1|
in. broad, nearly glabrous ; bracts minute, caducous ; flowers very small. Calyx-tube
obconic ; teeth triangular. Corolla-tube very short. Fruit ^ in. ; pyrenes dorsally
compressed, with very broad shallow lateral furrows. — The specimens are not copious.

34. P. plurivenia, Thw. Enum. 147 ; glabrous, leaves narrowly oblan-
ceolate acute narrowed into a very short petiole, marginal nerves very numerous
slender horizontal, fruit fusiform.

Ceylon ; Hewahette, in the central province, alt. 3-4000 ft., Thwaites.

Branches slender. Leaves 3-4 by |-1 in., dark green and wrinkled when dry^
margin thickened and often yellowish ; nerves 30-40 pair, slender and undulating,
hardly distinguishable from the veins ; stipules lanceolate, \ in. Cymes very sparingly
branched, glabrous, trichotomous ; bracteoles minute ; flowers ternate, shortly pedi-
celled. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, exceeding the very short corolla-tube, which is hairy
within. Seed " furrowed," Thwaites. — I have seen a single specimen without fruit.

35. P. filipes, Hook.f. ; glabrous, leaves oblanceolate acuminate narrowed
into a very short petiole, nerves numerous, stipules broad, cymes terminal
irregularly branched peduncles and pedicels very slender, fruit oblong or sub-
fusiform truncate. ? P. bisulcata, var. 3., Thio. Enum. 148.

Ceylon ; Hantani, alt. 3000 ft., Gardner.

Branches pale. Leaves 5-7 by 1-1| in., yellowish-green when dry; nerves 15-20-

Fsychotria.'] Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 171.

pair, obliquely arched, slender ; petiole short ; stipules terminal ovate-oblong, obtuse
or 2-fid, lower broader sometimes rounded. Cymes sutsessile ; branches spreading
in fruit, 2-3-chotomously divided ; flowers not seen. Fruit i in., deeply grooved,
pyrenes ventrally flat, dorsally with a very prominent broad rounded rib, and two
broad deep furrows. — I have seen no specimen of Thwaites' P. bisulcata, var. )8., the
character of which applies to this, and which he suggests being a distinct species.

36. P. bisulcata, W. ^■- A. Pi-odr. 434; glabrous, leaves obovate or
elliptic-obovate or subcimeate narrowed into the petiole obtuse acute or acumi-
nate, nerves 6-10 pair, cymes peduncled subebracteolate trichotomous, flowers
sessile, fruit ovoid or ellipsoid crowned with the small calyx-teeth. Wt. Ic. t.
1039. P. Dodda-Jervam, Schlecht. Fl. Hohenack. n. 1372, Rubiacea, Wall
Cat. 8458.

NiLGHEERY Mts., Wight, &c. Ceylon, alt. 5-7000 ft., Walker, &c.

Branches rather stout. Leaves 2-5 by 1-2 in., rarely lanceolate, usually pale^
green with often a yellow midrib, coriaceous, base always cuneate ; petiole ^-^ in. ;
stipules \ in., ovate, acute. Cymes stoutly peduncled, rarely sessile, erect ; branches
opposite, short or long, suberect ; bracteoles minute, caducous ; flowers very small,
sessile. Calyx-teeth axaaW, XvisaxgvX-^v. Coro^^a-i{«ig short, villous within. Fruit ^ in.',
pyrenes with a broad rounded dorsal ridge and two shallow broad lateral furrows^
Seed flat ventrally.

37. P. connata, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 163;
glabrous, leaves subsessile elliptic or oblanceolate obtuse or obtusely acuminate
coriaceous shining above, cymes terminal peduncled, branches whorled, bracts
coriaceous connate persistent, fruit ellipsoid crowned with the calyx-limb. Wall.
Cat. 8347; DC. Prodr. iv. 619; W. Sf A. Prodr. 433. P. laevigata, W. 8f A.
Prodr. I. c. ; Wt. Ic. t. 828.

Teavancore ; at Courtallam, Heyne, Wight,

Branches smooth, pale. Leaves 4-7 by 1-1 f in., narrowed into a very short stout
petiole, reddish brown when dry, nerves 8-12 pair; stipules ovate or lanceolate,
simple or 2-fid. Cymes erect; peduncle 2 in. and under, and branches stout; bracts
coriaceous, broad, ovate, whorled and connate, ^ in. long; bracteoles ovate, acute,-
ciliolate ; flowers sub-3-nate, sessile. Calyx urceolate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-
shaped, lobes lanceolate, throat woolly. Fruit ^ in. ; pyrenes with a broad rounded
dorsal ridge and two shallow broad furrows. Seed ventrally flat.

38. P. anamallayana, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 236 ; glabrous, leaves
large very long-petioled oblanceolate acute or abruptly acuminate, nerves 8-12'
pair, cymes terminal peduncled, branches stout whorled, bracts small caducous,
fruit ovoid, calyx-limb small. Grumilea longifolia, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
XXV. 218.

Travancobe ; Anamallay hills, Beddome.

Branches stout, soft. Leaves 8-10 by \\-Z in. ; gradually narrowed at the base
into a petiole 1^-3 in., greenish when dry, rather membranous; nerves spreading,
slender; stipules 1 in., ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. Cymes 2-3 in. long
and broad ; peduncle very stout ; bracts and bracteoles very inconspicuous ; flowers
shortly pedieelled. Calyx broadly obconic ; limb broad, truncate. Corolla-tube
broad, with a ring of hairs within. Fruit ^ in., immature, but apparently as in P.
coTvnata.

39. P. G-rifEltliii, Hook. f. ; glabrous or the cymes puberulous, leaves-
large petioled linear-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate or sublanceolate acuminate
coriaceous, nerves strong 15-20 pair, cymes terminal peduncled short dense-
flowered, branches short stout irregular, bracts small caducous, fruit large
ellipsoid truncate deeply furrowed.

Malacca, Griffith^(Kevf Distrib. 3044), Maingay.

Branches stout, woody. Leaves 5-12 by 1^-3^ in., very pale and shining when

172 Lxxv. RUBUCEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Psychotria,

dry; midrib stout; nerves stout on both surfaces, obliquely arching; petiole |— 1 in.;
stipules \-ji in., "fleshy" (Griffith), ovate-cordate or -lanceolate, entire or 2-fid.
Cymes short ; peduncle 2 in. or less ; branches usually whorled, sometimes irregu-
larly alternate, very short and stout ; flowers subsessile. Calyx obconic, limb broad ;
teeth 5, triangular. Corolla-tube broad, mouth villous. Fruit ^ in. long and upwards,
shining ; dorsal ridge of pyrenes very strong and furrows broad and deep. Seed flat
ventrally.

40. P. angrulata, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 243 ; glabrous, leaves
obovate cuneate-obovate or oblanceolate rarely elliptic acute or abruptly acumi-
nate coriaceous narrowed into the short or long petiole, cymes terminal peduncled,
branches stout whorled, bracts persistent, flowers subcapitate, fruit shortly
ellipsoid truncate, calyx-limb persistent. Miq. in Ann, Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv.
210. Psvchotria, Wall. Cat. 8348. Chasalia perforata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
JSuppl. 646.

Tenasserim; Mergui, Griffith, Heifer. Malacca, Griffith. Singapore, Wallich,
Penanq, Porter. — Distkib. Banca, Java, Borneo.

Branches rather rough. Leaves 4-8 by 2-2| in., rather shining, pale greenish
when dry, or dark ; nerves slender, arching ; petiole ^— | in. ; stipules, upper ovate
connate, lower rounded and cuspidate. Cymes very variable ; peduncle 3 in. and less,
stout, branches very stout ; bracts broadly ovate, coriaceous ; bracteoles small or 0 ;
flowers sessile. Calyx-limb truncate. Corolla-tube very short, throat woolly. Fruit
^ in., dorsal ridge of pyrenes rounded. Seed flat ventrally.

41. P. symplocifolia, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 11 ; glabrous, leaves small
obovate or elliptic-obovate or -lanceolate caudate-acuminate narrowed into a
short petiole, nerves 6-10 pair, stipules acuminate, cymes terminal peduncled,
branches slender trichotomous, fruit ellipsoid, calyx-limb minute. Psychotria,
Wall. Cat. 8357 ; Herb, Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. n. 27. Morinda ? Wall. Cat. 8428.

Khasia Mrs., alt. 3-6000 ft., abundant, Be Silva, &c.; Mabtaban Hills, alt.
5-7000 ft., Kurz.

A shrub or small tree, branches slender. Leaves 3-5 by 1-1|- in., green when dry
with pale midrib nerves and sometimes margins ; petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules ^ in. and
less, ovate, acute or with subulate points. Cymes very variable, rarely sessile;
branches opposite, usually long, spreading, slender and trichotomously divided at
the top with short divisions ; bracts, bracteoles, and flowers very small. Calyx-teeth
triangular. Corolla-tube short, throat villous. Fruit | in., sometimes truncate, not
deeply ridged and furrowed. Seed flat ventrally.— This is the Eastern representative
of the "Western P. bistdcata. Kurz's Martaban specimens have much shorter and
stouter cyme-branches than the Khasian.

42. P. Selferiana, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 314 ; For. Fl. ii.

11 ; hirsute, leaves large broadly elliptic or lanceolate acuminate base narrowed
into a long or short petiole, flowers in dense heads, mixed with hirsute per-
sistent bracteoles in axillary or terminal pedimcled or subsessile cymes, fruit
ovoid crowned by the dilated calyx-limb. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8368.

Eastern Peninsula; from Pegu, M'Clelland, to Tenasserim, the Andaman Islands,
Singapore, and Penang, Wallich, &c.

An erect shrub; branches stout. Leaves very variable, 5-10 by 2-5 in., red-
brown when dry, rather membranous; nerves 12-15 pair, oblique or very spreading;
petiole ^2 in. ; stipules 1 in., lanceolate, acuminate, 2-cleft, hirsute. Cymes very
variable; heads of flowers 1-1^ in. diam. ; peduncle very stout; bracts large, de-
ciduous, and numerous small bracteoles hirsute. Calyx minute, teeth lanceolate.
Corolla-tvhe short, glabrous, throat villous. Fruit hirsute or glabrate ; pyrenes with
a broad dorsal ridge and 2 lateral shallow furrows. Seed flat ventrally.

43. P. nicobarica, Kurz in Land. Journ. Bot. 1876, 328 ; shoots petioles
and nerves beneath pubescent or glabrate, leaves large broadly elliptic acute,

Psychotria.] lxxv. kubiace^. (J.D.Hooker.) 173

petiole stout, nerves 12-14 pair, stipules large rufous, cymes subsessile, flowers
crowded, bracts and bracteoles minute, fruit broadly ellipsoid, calyx-limb
minute.

NicoBAB Islands ; coral-reef forests on the east coast of Katchall, Kurz.

Stem subsessile, 1-2 ft., very stout, rusty-pubescent. Leaves 6-10 by 2-4 in.,
rather succulent, base acute, brown when dry ; petiole very stout, |-1 in. ; stipules
^-| in., broadly ovate, 2-fid. Cymes puberulous ; branches very short in a flowering
specimen, long and spreading in fruiting ones ; flowers pedicelled, very small. Calyx-
teeth ovate, acute. Corolla-tube ovoid, throat villous ; lobes acute, reflexed. Fruit
\ in. long, glabrous, pyrenes acutely ribbed. — I have very imperfect materials, and
depend on Kurz's character. This describes the albumen as spuriously ruminate,
alluding, no doubt, to the furrows.

Sect. IV. Seeds dorsally convex and rounded, not or slightly ridged or
grooved.

44. P. calocarpa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soe. 1872, ii. 315 ; Fo?'. Fl. ii. 9 ;
subherbaceous, young parts and leaves beneath puberulous with crisped hairs
finally glabrate, leaves long- or short-petioled lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate often variegated margins entire or broadly crenate, intra-marginal
nerve conspicuous, stipules large ovate often 2-fid, cymes small axillary and
terminal shortly peduncled, calyx-teeth slender, fruit ellipsoid or subglobose
crowned with the calyx-teeth. P. asiatica. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey
^ Wall. ii. 160 ; Cat. 8331 ; not of Linn, or of Roxb. P. viridiflora, Relnw.
var. 2, Kurz Far. Fl. ii. 13. P. picta. Wall. Cat. 8353 ; and Psychotria, 8359.
Psychotria, 24, 25, 26, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f 8f T.

NiPAL, Wallich. Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft., J. D. H. Upper Assam ;
Suddya, Griffith. Khasia Mrs., ascending to 4000 ft., Be Silva, &c. Cachar, Keenan.
Chittagong, Mabtaban, and Tenassebim, Gomez:, &c.

A small evergreen subherbaceous bush, 1-3 ft. high, with often a creeping stem
sending up erect soft branches. Leaves very variable in size and shape, 4-8 by 1-3
in., dark or pale green when dry, narrowed into a petiole ^-2 in. long, shining or
opaque above, thinly coriaceous or membranous, nerves sometimes margined with
white; margin often crenate, the crenatures following the loops of the intramarginal
nerve; stipules usually ovate or orbicular, and 2-cuspidate, ^-^ in. diam. Cymes
often secund and drooping, with spreading or reflexed fruiting branches, glabrous or
pubescent, lax or dense-flowered ; bracts lanceolate, caducous or subpersistent ;
flowers subsessile, pink greenish or white. Calyx-teeth linear, ciliate. Corolla tube
very short, throat villous. Fruit ^ in. long, succulent, orange or red ; pyrenes dor-
sally obscurely 4-ribbed. Seed with or without a T-shaped ventral groove. — P.
viridifolia, Reinwdt., referred here by Kurz, is a Grumilea. I have not seen his
specimens, of which he makes 2 varieties : one with entire leaves and inconspicuous
ealyx-teeth, the other (from Chittagong) with waved leaves and larger caljrs-teeth.

45. P. Thoxnsoni, Hook. f. ; cymes pubescent, leaves petioled lanceolate
caudate-acuminate, intra-marginal nerve conspicuous, stipules large 2-cuspidate,
cymes terminal lonsr-peduncled trichotomous, calyx-teeth triangular. Psy-
chotria, No. 25, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.

Khasia Mts., Gri^th (Kew Distrib. 3027); Churra, alt. 4000 ft, J. D. H. ^ T. T.

Very similar to P. calocarpa in foliage, but quite different in the elongate cyme,
which is stout erect and with the peduncle 3-4 in. long, and the very short broad
calyx-teeth. The stipules are ^-f in. long, orbicular, with two long cusps, and the
bracteoles are subulate.

46. P. denticulata, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8^ Wall. ii. 166 ;
Cat. 8326 ; glabrous or leaf-nerves beneath and cymes puberulous, leaves petioled
large broadly elliptic or obovate or oblanceolate acute or abruptly acuminate,

174 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Psychotria.

nerves 15-20 pair, cymes terminal and axillary long-peduncled corymbiform
•ebracteolate, fruit smaU subglobose smooth. DC. Prodr. iv. 620. S. polyneura,
JDC. I. c. P. ? Ohloranthus, Kerb. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8336 B. Psychotria,
Wall. Cat. 8372.

Central and Eastern Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 6000 ft.,
J.D.H.; Bhotan and Assam, Jenkins, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3024); and Khasia
Mts., alt. 2000 ft., J. D. H. ^ T. T. Martaban, Wallich.

Branches robust. Leaves very variable, 6-7 by 2-2^ in. in the oblanceolate forms,
8-10 by 4-6 in. in the broader forms, pale green or dark when dry, base acute or
rounded ; nerves strong, close-set, subhorizontal or ascending, not arched ; petiole
\-^ in. ; stipule's f in., ovate, lax, entire or 2-3-cleft. Cymes 2-3 in. diam.; peduncle
stout, 4 in. or less; branches whorled or opposite, together forming a flat-topped
corymb ; bracts an4 bracteoles minute, caducous ; flowers minute, subsessile. Calyx
hemispheric; limb truncate, obscurely toothed. Corolla-tube very short, throat
villous. Fruit \ in. diam. ; pyrenes semi-circular in section, quite smooth. Seed
ventrally flat with a forked median groove.

47. P. silhetensis, Hooh. f. ; cymes and leaves beneath pubescent or
glabrate, leaves large stoutly petioled oblong or elliptic acuminate coriaceous,
nerves 16-20 pair strong, cymes terminal and axillary long-peduncled corymbi-
form ebracteolate, fruit large pedicelled ovoid globose or ellipsoid smooth. P.
fulva. Wall. Cat. 8336 0. Psychotria sp. 23, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. ^ T.

Upper Assam, Griffith; Silhbt, Cachar, and the Khasia Mts., ascending to
■4000 ft.. Be Silva, &c.

Branches very stout. Leaves 6-14 by 3-5 in., pale when dry, coriaceous ; nerves
strong, arched ; petiole ^-1^ in. ; stipules 1 in., broadly ovate, often cleft. Cymes
.2-4 in. diam., pubescent or puberulous ; peduncle 3 in. and less, very stout ; branches
usually whorled, very stout, forming a corymb, spreading or deflexed in fruit ; bracts
and bracteoles minute, caducous; flowers small, pedicelled. Calyx obconic; limb
.almost truncate. Corolla-tube very short, throat with an exserted brush of erect hairs.
Fruit ^-^ in., base rounded, smooth ; pyrenes semicircular in section, quite smooth.
■Seed ventrally flat. — My own Khasian specimens have large ovoid fruits with no
.trace of a ventral groove in the seed and corymbiform cymes. Cachar ones from
Keenan have a more irregular cyme, with smaller broader fruits and a deep X-shaped
ventral groove, which, however, sometimes quite disappears. This species very closely
resembles P. fulva, diflFering iA the ebracteolate flowers and in the fruit.

48. P. montana, Blume Bijd. 960; glabrous, leaves on long slender
petioles elliptic oblong or lanceolate acuminate very membranous, nerves 8-10
pair distant slender, cymes terminal and axillary sessile or peduncled,.subcorym-
biform branches slender, bracteoles minute, corolla-tube elongate, berry sub-
:globose or obovoid, calyx-limb minute. DC. P-odr. iv. 521. P. viridissima,
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 315; For. Fl. ii. 13. Chasalia montana,
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 281. C. expansa, var. montana, Miq. in Herb. Psy-
chotria, Wall. Cat. 8371, 8378 ; and Rubiacea, 8339.

Assam Plains from Gualpara to Suddya, Hamilton, Griffith ; Silhet, Be Silva ;
Tenasserim and Attran, Wallich, Heifer, &c. — Distrib. Java.

A small subherbaceous species ; branches slender, soft. Leaves 3-7 by 1-3 in.,
usually pale green when dry ; nerves slender, arched ; petiole ^1^ in. ; stipules \ in.,
triangular, entire. Cymes usually peduncled with whorled branches 2-3 in. diam. ;
flowers dense or lax, pedicelled. Calyx-limb spreading, teeth triangular. Corolla-
tube long for the genus, ^^ in., glabrous, throat with a brush of hairs. Fruit i-|-
in., pedicelled, red, rugose, ridged at the commissure. Seed thin, plano-convex, flat
ventrally, without a groove. — Habit entirely of a Chasalia, but the corolla-tube is
very short and the seed not concave ventrally.

Var, ? tabacifolia ; leaves 12-14 by 4-4^ in. oblong, nerves about 15 pair. P.
(Coffea ?) tabacifolia, Wall. Cat. 8334.— Singapore, Wallich.

Fsychotria.'] lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 175

SPECIES OF WHICH THE FRUIT IS UNKNOWN.

49. P. polyneura, Kurz in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1875, 327 ; For. Fl. ii.
11, not of DC; all parts except the leaves above ferruginous-pubescent or
-tomentose, leaves very large long-petioled broadly or narrowly elliptic acute
at both ends, nerves 30 pair close-set and spreading, stipules very large, cymes
terminal small subsessile trichotomous ebracteolate, flowers sessile crowded.

South Andaman Island, Kurz.

Branches stout. Leaves 7-12 by ^\~^h i^-i membranous, red-brown when dry,
nerves slender ; petiole 2-2| in. ; stipules f in. broadly ovate, conuate, entire or cleft
at the top. Cymes densely tomentose, 2-3 in. diam., branches spreading ; flowers
email. Calyx minutely S-toothed. Corolla-tube very short. — Habit a good deal of
P. Helferiana, but less hirsute, with fewer nerves, and wanting the bracteoles.

50. P. penang'ensis, Hook. f. ; scandent, glabrous, leaves rhombic-
elliptic or -obovate abruptly acuminate narrowed into the petiole, nerves very
obscure, cymes terminal long-peduncled, branches umbellate, flowers pedicelled
umbellate, bracts and bracteoles persistent.

Penang ; top of Government Hill, Maingay.

Dark brown or blackish when dry, apparently rather fleshy when fresh. Leaves
4-5 by If- 2^ in., thin when dry, nerves 6-8 pair, very spreading and arched; petiole
\ -\ in. ; stipules rounded, connate, persistent. Cymes with a very stout erect peduncle
2-3 in,; primary branches about 5, stout, f-1^ in.; bracts \ in., subulate; umbel-
lules ^ in. diam., very many-flowered ; pedicels ^-^ in., bracteoles subulate. Calyx-
tube obconic; teeth triangular, glabrous or puberulous. Corolla-tube broad, much
longer than the calyx, hoary ; throat hirsute. Fruit (unripe) stoutly pedicelledf ^-\
in. long, narrowly ellipsoid, furrowed, crowned by the calyx-teeth.

61, P. Jolinsonl, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves obovate or elliptic-obo-
vate or oblanceolate acute or abruptly acuminate tapering into a very short
petiole, nerves 6-10 pair very slender, cymes terminal sessile or subsessfle very
small short ovoid or subglobose dense-flowered ebracteolate villous at the base,
flowers sessile. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8362.

"Western Peninsula ; Cochin, JFi^^^ (Kew Distrib. 1442), Jb^wsow.

Branches stout, smooth, terete, pale. Leaves 3-5 by 1^-2 in., pale when dry,
rather corieiceous, nerves finely reticulate ; stipules ovate, acute or rounded and cus-
pidate, coriaceous, glabrous. Cymes very rarely effuse and 1|- in. diam. ; peduncle 0
or short, arising out of long villous hairs ; branches stout, short, opposite ; flowers
subternate, very small, glabrous. Corolla very shortly funnel-shaped, throat villous.
— A very distinct species, of which I have seen no fruit.

62. P. nudiflora, W. ^ A. Prodr. 434 ; glabrous, leaves obovate cuneate-
obovate or oblanceolate abruptly acuminate narrowed into the petiole, nerves
12-15 pair very slender, stipules connate ovate obtuse, cymes peduncled sub-
capitate or shortly panicled ebracteolate, calyx-limb truncate, coroUa-tube
elongate cylindric. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8346.

Travancore, Heyne ; Courtallam, Wight.

Branches smooth. Leaves 4-7 by 1-2^ in., brown or greenish when dry, thin ;
nerves hardly stronger than the veins, very spreading; petiole :^-| in.; stipules \-^
in., coriaceous, broad, obtuse. Cyme-peduncle 1 in. and less; branches opposite sub-
opposite and obscurely whorled, very stout, short, irregularly dichotomously divided ;
flowers nearly ^ in. long. Calyx very short, limb quite entire. Corolla the longest
of the Indian species7"4-lobed, glabrous without and within. — Wight labels this
Grumilea, but there is no fruit advanced enough to determine this point.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

P. Waixichiana, DC. Prodr. iv. 520. P. nervosa, Bon Prodr. 137; "leaves oval

176 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Psychotria.

acuminate serrulate nerves glabrous, stipules simple, calyx-teeth rounded mem-
branous, panicles terminal glomerate." — Nipal, Wallich.

I suspect that this is P. dentioulata badly described. The term serrulate is appli-
cable to no Rubiaceous genus but Carlemannia, which is not Nipalese, and which
Don would never have referred to Pysehotria. The only other Nipalese species are
P. calocarpa, which has broadly crenulate leaves, but slender calyx-teeth, and P.
erratica, which differs in the cyme and calyx too.

P. SPHJEROCARPA, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 161; glabrous
except the cymes, leaves petioled large broad elliptic acuminate or acute coriaceous,
nerves strong close-set, cymes terminal peduncled compact subglobose villous, flowers
subcapitate, fruit spherical smooth. — Silhet hills, Wallich.

Shrubby; branches thick, ends compressed. Leaves 8-12 in., base sometimes
rounded, shining above; petiole 1 in., rounded; stipules large, ovate, 2-lobed, lobes
acuminate. Calyx-teeth subulate. Corolla-tube short, throat villous. Fruit size of
a large pea, petioled, without ribs; septum at length obliterated. Seeds hemi-
spheric, ventral face flattened with a X-shaped groove. — I have seen no specimens,
and have taken the description from Wallich. It evidently resembles P. silhetensis,
of which the leaves are never rounded at the base, and the flowers not capitate ;
moreover, Wallich has silhetensis under another name. He says he received it in
1815 and 1821, and I flnd in his herb, a specimen of P.fulva marked as P. sphtsro-
carpa ?, received from Silhet in the latter year. Possibly P. sphcBrocar'pa. is made up
of leaves and flowers of fulva and fruit of silhetensis, or it may be a form of P.
denticidata.

P. vAGiNANS, DC. Prodr. iv. 520, from Ceylon, is not identifiable from the de-
scription ; it may be a Gaertnera.

P. ? VAGINANS, DC. of W. ^ A. Prodr. 434; Wight Cat. 1352.— I find no speci-
mens of this in Wight's Herbarium, and, the fruit being unknown, it is unre-
cognisable.

P. (Grumilea) vaginans, Dalz. mss. in Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Ill; shrubby,
erect, glabrous, leaves large obovate, stipules ovate or lanceolate acute caducous 1^
2 in. long, combined in a sheathing tube, cymes terminal peduncled paniculate 3-
chotomous puberulous, flowers small Vhite, fruit like a black peppercorn. — Chorla
Grhat and Mahableshwur, rare. — I suspect this to be P. truncata.

P. AMPLA, Wall. Cat. 8333, is a Pavetta.

P. AsiATicA, Linn. Amcen. Acad. v. 395, is a Jamaican plant received by Linnaeus
from Patrick Browne, and is P. Brownei, Spreng.

P. oxYPHYLTA, Wall. Cat. 8374, is a Gaertnera, as are Psychotria, 8341, 8342,
8388, 8389.

Psychotria, Wall Cat. 8362, is in^art Chasalia curviflora a.nd in part a Morinda;
8363 is in part Chasalia curviflora and in part a Leea ; 8376 is an Lvora, as is 8387 ;
8379 is an Apocyiiea.

76. CKASAZiZA, Comnis.

Characters of Psychotria, but corolla-tube usually slender and curved ; seeds
orbicular, dorsally much compressed, ventrally deeply concave, hence some-
what cup-shaped; albumen equable. — Distrib. About 10 species, tropical
Asiatic and African.

1. C. curviflora, Thrv. JEnum. 150, 421 ; glabrous, leaves membranous
from broadly elliptic to obovate-lanceolate oblanceolate or narrowly linear-oblong
acute cuspidate acuminate or caudate-acuminate, base narrowed into a long or
short petiole, nerves few or many, cymes terminal bracteate trichotomous dense-
or lax-flowered, corolla tubular curved. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 14. C. lurida, curvi-
flora, tetrandra {excl. syn. rostrata), and Sangiana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 282,
Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv. 202, 203, and Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 546. Psychotria
lurida, ^/. jB?;V/. 959 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 521. P. curviflora and ophioxyloides,
Wall, in Poxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^' Wall. ii. 167, 168, Cat. 8360, 8364; DC.
I. c. 520. P. ambigua, W. ^* A. Prodr. 433; Wt. Ic. t. 127. P. tetrandra,

Ghasalia.'] lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 177

M. 8f DC. U. CO. Zwardekronia lurida, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 252,
Ixora attenuata, Wall. Cat. 6164. Psycliotria, Wall. Cat. 8361, 8362, 8363,
8364 {in paj-t), 8375, 8386 (a ve?'y narroio-leaved form), 8390. Rubiacea,
Wall. Cat. 8461.

Eastern Tropicax Himalaya ; Sikkim, alt. 2-6000 ft. Assam, Cachar, and the
Khasia Mts., ascending to 6000 ft. Tenasserim, the Andaman Islands, Malayan
Peninsula, and Penang. Western Peninsula; the Grhats from Bombay south-
wards. Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft. — Distrlb. Malay Islands to Borneo.

An evergreen small weak shrub 2-4 ft. high. Leaves greenish when dry, in the
most frequent form obovate-lanceolate 4-6 by I5-2I in. diam., narrowed into a
slender petiole ^3 in. long ; in a common Malayan form almost elliptic, in Tenas-
serim ones 8-10 by 1^-2^ in. ; in Ceylon ones they vary from 2^-5 by ^-1^ in.,
always membranous with slender distant nerves, arching upwards ; stipules triangular
or ovate or broader, acute obtuse or rounded, entire or 2-fid, often connate and per-
sistent. Cymes rarely 2 in. long, more or less pyramidal or rounded ; peduncle 2 in.
long and under ; branches short, soft, rather stout, often purplish ; bracts persistent,
ovate-lanceolate or subulate; flowers J-§ in. long, sufascicled, sessile, 4-5-merous.
Calyx short,' teeth triangular. Corolla variable in length, dimorphic, one form with
exserted anthers and included stigmas, the other with these positions reversed ; throat
glabrous. Fruit size of a pea, globose, more or less didymous, smooth ; pyrenes thin.
Seed orbicular and cupular, smooth. — This plant was first published as a Chasalia by
Miquel, in 1856, under the' name of C. lurida, founded on Blume's Psyckotria liirida ;
but Wallich's P. curviflora antedates Blume's lurida by two years, and as it is by far
the most expressive specific name, and is also taken up as a Chasalia by Miquel after
Thwaites (Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv. 202), I adopt it here.

Vak. 1. longifolia; leaves 8-12 by \\-2 in., nerves more numerous spreading.
Psychotria longifolia, Dalz. in HooJc. Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. 133, not of Beddotne.
Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8386. — Cachar, Keenan; Bombay, Balzell, Stocks; Malacca,
Maingay (Kew Distrib. 3052). — Though so dissimilar, this is obviously an extreme
form of C. curviflora, connected by intermediates ; indeed, one specimen (from Cachar)
has the lower part of the leaf with the numerous spreading nerves of the variety, and
the upper part with the distant arched ones of the type.

Vab. 2. ellipsoidea ; leaves as in the common form of the species, fruit ellipsoid.
— Kliasia Mts. ; Jarain in Jyntea, alt. 3000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

2. C. rostrata, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv. 203, excl. syn. tetrandi'a;
glabrous, leaves short-petioled elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, cymes ter-
minal peduncled very small lax-flowered bracteate, corolla-tube very short.
Psycliotria rostrata, Bl. and Polyozus latifolia {fid. Miquel), Bl. Bijd. 961,
948 ; DC, Prodr. iv. 521, 494.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3045\ Maingay (n. 937).— Distrtb. Java.

Branches slender. Leaves 4-5 by | -If in., greenish when dry, membranous, base
acute ; nerves 6-8 pair, arched ; stipules short, broad, entire or toothed. Cymes
slender, trichotomous, branches often drooping, few-flowered ; bracts subulate ; flowers
minute. Calyx-teeth triangular. Corolla glabrous. Fruit much as in C. curviflora.
— This unites Psychotria and Chasalia, having the flowers of P. montana and fruit of
C. curviflora.

77. GEOPKIZiA, Don.

Small, slender, creeping, perennial herbs. Leaves, long-petioled, orbicular
reniform or cordate ; stipules interpetiolar, ovate, entire. Flowers small, solitary
or umbelled, subsessile or on axillary or terminal peduncles ; bracts subulate
linear or leafy. Calyx-tube obovoid, lobes or segments 5-7, slender, persistent.
Corolla elongate funnel-shaped, throat hairy ; lobes 4-7, valvate in bud.
Stamens 4-7, on. the coroUa-throat, filaments filiform ; anthers linear. Ovary
2-celled ; style slender, arms short or long ; ovules 1 basal, erect in each cell.

VOL. III. "S

%

178 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Oeophila.

Di'upe fleshy, p3Tenes 2, plano-convex. Seeds plano-convex, not grooved ven-
trally; embryo basal, minute, radicle inferior. — Distkib. Species 8 or 10
tropical.

1. G-. renlforxnls, Don Prodr. 136 ; pubescent, leaves orbicular deeply
cordate, umbels 1-3-flowered ped uncled. DC. Prodr. iv. 537 ; W. ^' A. P-odr.
438; Wt. Ic. t. 64; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomh. FL 111. G. diversifolia, DC. I. c. ;
Wall. Cat. 8325. Psychotria herbacea, Linn. ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 533. Oepbaelis
herbacea, Kwz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 140. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 21.

SiLHET and Khasia Hills, Roxburgh, Be Silva. Tenasserim and Andaman
Islands, Griffith, Kurz. Western Peninsula ; or the G-hats from the Concan south-
wards. Ceylon, common. — Distbib. Malay Archipelago, S. China, Polynesia, Tropical
Africa and America.

Stems a foot or less long. Leaves f-1^ in. diam., more or less pubescent ; petiole
1-3 in. ; stipules ovate, obtuse. Peduncle \-\^ in. ; bracts subulate-lanceolate.
Calyx-teeth herbaceous, persistent. Corolla ^-^ in., glabrous. Fruit small, globose,
purple.

7Q. CBPKABZiZS, Swartz.

Characters of Psychotria, but flowers in involucrate heads, ovary rarely 3-4-
celled. Albumen equable. — Distrib. Species 70, all tropical.

The cultivation of Ipecacuanha (Cephcelis Ipecacuanha, Rich.), an American plant,
has been introduced into India, but with hitherto scanty success.

I.e. G-riflBithli, Soak. f. ; leaves long-petioled oblanceolate acuminate,
nerves 16-20 pair glabrous beneath, stipules 1 in. diam., heads sessile, bracts
orbicular connate.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3032), Maingay (928).

Branches (or stem?) as thick as the little finger. Leaves 12-16 by 3-5 in.,
brownish when dry, narrowed into a petiole often 3 in. long, coriaceous ; stipules
very coriaceous, orbicular, upper half withered and discoloured. Head 1-2 in. diam. ;
bracts like the stipules. Calyx-teeth obtuse. Corolla ^ in., glabrous, throat villous.
Fruit ^ in. long, obovoid-oblong, 4-angled, crowned by the tubular calyx-limb ;
pyrenes with a broad dorsal rib, ventrally concave. Seed very thin, pyrene dorsally
ridged. — The more numerous nerves and sessile large heads distinguish this from
the closely allied Malayan C. stipulacea, Bl.

2. C. cuneata, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 248; leaves very nar-
rowly oblanceolate acuminate, nerves quite glabrous beneath, stipules ^ in.
diam., heads stoutly peduncled, bracts connate. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 311.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 3085), Maingay (929).

Stem simple, as thick as a goose-quill or less. Leaves 6-12 by f-l^ in., mem-
branous, greenish when dry, narrowed into very long petioles ; nerves very variable
in number, ascending; stipules small, much withered and discoloured. Heads | in.
diam. ; peduncle stout, simple, 2-4 in. ; bracts connate in a coriaceous cup ; flowers
smaller and fewer than in C. Griffithii. Calyx-teeth rounded. Fruit ^-§ in. long,
almost globose, very fleshy, calyx-limb inconspicuous ; pyrenes and seeds as in G.
Griffithii,

79. I.ASZAMTKUS, Jack,

Shrubs, often foetid; branches terete, compressed at the nodes. Leaves
opposite, distichous, usually caudate-acuminate with arching nerves and close-
set transverse veins, which are simple or forked or branched and reticulate :
stipules interpetiolar, broad, rarely narrow. Flowers small, in axillary rarely
peduncled often bracteate clusters, cymes or heads. Ccdyx-tube short; limb

Lasianthus.l lxxt. KUBUCEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 179

short or long, 3-7-toothed, rarely truncate, persistent. Corolla funnel- or
salver-shaped, throat villous ; lobes 3-7, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6 on the
corolla-throat, filaments short; anthers linear or oblong, often apiculate, in-
cluded. Ovary 4-9-celled; style short or long, glabrous or hairy, arms or
stigmas 3-9 short obtuse; ovules 1 linear basal erect in each cell. Drupe
small, pyrenes 3-9, 3-quetrous and 1-seeded. Seeds narrow, testa membranous ;
embryo terete, radicle slender inferior. — Distkib. Species about 80 tropical
Asiatic, with single species in Japan, Australia, W. Africa, and Cuba.

A very difficult genus to describe, though the nervation and venation of the leaves
aflford very good characters. The foliage closely resembles that of Urophyllum.

Sect. T. Stipulares. Cymes sessile, embraced by the large coriaceous
iatipules.

1. Zi. G-riffitliii, Wight in Cde. Joum. Nat. Hist. vi. 505; robust, leaves
large elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate narrowed into a very short petiole
pubescent beneath, nerves 18-20 pair, veins reticulate, clusters of flowers large
capitate very dense villous involucrate by the very large broad stipules, bracts
densely filiform villous equalling the flowers.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2935).

Branches as thick as a swan's-quill, black when dry, glabrous. Leaves 10-12
by 3-3^ in., brown when dry, coriaceous, glabrous above, rusty beneath; nerves
16-20 pair; petiole very short and stout; stipules | in. diam., broadly triangular,
with rounded angles, acute or obtuse, very coriaceous and persistent, glabrous. Heads
densely villous; bracts close-packed, filiform, equalling the flowers. Calyx-liivh
large, glabrous, funnel-shaped, about 7-cleft, teeth villous. Corolla-tnhe glabrous ;
limb villous, 7-cleft. Drupe small, nearly globose, about ^ in. diam., glabrous;
pjrenes about 7.

2. Xi. stipularis, Blume Bijd. 997 ; slender, glabrous except the bracts,
leaves subsessile oblanceolate-oblong caudate-acuminate, nerves 9-10 pair, veins
faint sparingly branched, clusters of flowers small sessile involucrate by the
large and broad stipules, bracts lanceolate ciliate exceeding the flowers. Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 32. Mephitidia stipularis, DC. Prodr. iv. 453.

Tenasseeim or Andaman Islands, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2937). — Distrib. Sumatra,
Java, Borneo.

An evergreen low shrub. Leaves 4-6 by 1-2 in., rather narrowed towards the
subacute or rounded oblique base, greenish-brown when dry, membranous ; midrib
beneath sometimes with scattered hairs; nerves 10-12 pj^^r, slender; petiole very
«hort ; stipules ^— | in. diam., rounded or broadly triangular- ovate or oblong coria-
ceous, glabrous, very persistent, concealing the flowers. Bracts ^1 in. long, often
exceeding the stipules. Calyx-teeth hirsute, sometimes \ in. long. Corolla white.
Brupe ^ in. diam., subglobose, smooth ; pyrenes 4-5.

Sect. II. Bracteaetae. Cymes sessile, not embraced by the large
stipules, accompanied by evident long or short bracts. (Cymes peduncled in
5. L. Moonii.)

* Bracts equalling or exceeding the^oivers. Branches hirsute or tomentose.

3. Z«. cyanocarpus, Jack in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 125 ; hirsute, leaves
petioled elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate caudate-acuminate, nerves 8-12 pair,
veins lax sparingly branched, base acute, cymes sessile, bracts many ovate-
lanceolate leafy exceeding the sessile flowers. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 32. L. brac-
teatus and L. Roxburghii, Wight in Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. vi. 501, 502. L.
oculus-cati, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 315. L. laevicaulis, Kurz in Trimen. Joum.
Bot. 1875, 327. Lasianthus, ? Wall. Cat. 8440. Mephitidia cyanocarpa, DC.

n2

180 Lxxv. RUBIACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lasianthus,

Prodr. iv. 452. M. rHnozerotis, Kurz in Andaman For. Rep., Append. A. 40 ;
not of Blume f Triosteum hirsutum, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 638. Rubiacea, Wall.
Cat. 8306.

Assam, Simons; Naga Hills, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2917); Silhet, Chittagong,
Andaman and Nicobab Islands, Tenasserim, Singapore, Malacca and Penang,
Wallich, &c. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago to Borneo.

An evergreen bush, softly hirsute all over, or with the branches and leaves above
glabrate. Leaves 6-10 by l|-2^ in., brown when dry; nerves 7-10 pair, very
obliquely arched; petiole ^-f in. ;. stipules ovate, acute. Bracts ^-1|- in., outer ovate
acuminate, inner lanceolate or subulate. Calyx-teeth linear, ciliate. Corolla-tube
^ in., hispid, yellow. Brupe (drj) ^— i- in. long, broadly obovoid or subglobose,
obscurely 4-lobed, glabrous or pubescent, bright blue, smooth ; pyrenes 4-5. — Kurz
and Jack describe the fruit as the size of a gooseberry. "Wallich's specimen, 8305 A.,
is marked as from Herb. Madras ; if correct, this is no doubt one of several plants
procured by the missionaries from the Eastern Peninsula.

4. Xi. Jackianus, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 602; hirsute,
leaves subsessile oblong abruptly acuminate or caudate-acuminate base rounded,
cymes sessile, nerves 6-7 pair, veins rarely branched, bracts few outer ovate or
linear-lanceolate exceeding the sessile flowers. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 12.
Lasianthus, Wall. Cat. 8439.

Nilghebry Mts., Heyne, &c. ; Sisparah Ghat, Beddome.

An evergreen bush, softly hirsute all over. Learns 4-6 by 1^2^ in., dark brown
when dry ; nerves 6-8 pair ; petiole very short ; stipules ovate, acute. Bracts rarely
ovate-lanceolate, |— 1 in. ; calyx-teeth 4 ovate-lanceolate, hispid, shorter than in L..
cyanocarpus. Brupe | in, long, obtusely octahedroid smooth ; pyrenes 4.

5. Zi. Moonii, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 604; hirsute, leaves
petioled elliptic or elliptic-oblong acuminate base acute or rounded, nerves 7-8
pair, veins branched and reticulate, cymes capitate peduncled, bracts ovate-
lanceolate about equalling the flowers. Mephitidia Moonii, Thw. Enum. 146.

Ceylon ; Saffragam district, common, WalJcer, Thwaites.

Harshly hirsute. Leaves 5-7 by 1 ^2^ in. ; hispid or glabrous above, brown or
greenish when dry ; petiole stout, ^-f in. ; stipules ovate, acute. Cymes capitate,
i-f in. long and broad ; peduncle stout, shorter than the petioles. Calyx-teeth linear-
lanceolate, hispid. Corolla white, tube short, Brupe " red, hairy, size of a cherry,"
Thwaites (dry) ; \~^ in. diam., globose, smooth ; pyrenes 4.

6. Zi. sikkimensis, Hook. f. ; branches petioles bracts and leaves
beneath finely tomentose, leaves petioled lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate finely
acuminate, base acute, nerves 8-9 pair, veins often brancbed, bracts subulate
longer tban the few sessile flowers.

SncKiM Himalaya, alt. 2-3000 ft., J. B. H. ^ T. T.

A shrub; branches with appressed hairs. Leaves 6-8 by Ij-lf in,, brownish
when dry, glabrous above, nerves not impressed above, prominent beneath, veins
slender parallel ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules \-\ in., lanceolate. Bracts \-\ in. Calyx-
teeth 5, narrow, lanceolate, Brupes subglobose (dry), ^ in. diam., nearly glabrous;
pyrenes 5.

7. Zi. Wallicliil, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 503; branches
petioles and leaves beneath hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves small shortly
petioled oblong or oblong-lanceolate cuspidate acuminate or acute, base rounded
or cordate often unequally, nerves 7-8 pair, veins branched laxly reticulate,
bracts subulate longer than or equalling the few axillary sessile flowers. Wall.
Cat. 8442, in part-, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 31. L. plagiophyUus, Hance in Trimen
Journ. Bot. 1875, 196. Nonatelia ? hispida, WaU. in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey
Ȥ' Wall. ii. 187. Mephitidea Wallichii, W. ^ A. Prodr. 390.

Lasianthus.'] lxxv. eubiace.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 181

SiLHET, Assam and Khasia Mts., ascending to 2000 ft., Be Silva, &c. Maktaban,
Tenasserim and Andajhan Islands, Kurz. — Distrib. Hongkong.

Shrubby. Leaves 4-6 by 1-li in., pale when dry, thinly coriaceous, above glabrous
often shining, nerves beneath strong; stipules \ in., linear-lanceolate. Bracts ^-1
in. Calyx-teeth 5, subulate-lanceolate. Corolla-tube ^ in. (1 in., Wallich), white,
hispid. Drupe ^ in., ovoid, glabrous ; pyrenes 5 (4-6, Hance). — This closely resembles
L. attenuatus. I have seen no specimen from Kura's localities.

Vah. ? penangensis ; leaves narrower, base acute. Lasianthus? Wall. Cat. 8441
{one sheet). — Penang and Singapore, Wallich.— I suspect this to be a different species,
Jbut the specimens are insufficient.

8. Ii. tentaculatus, Ifook. f. ; branches glabrous, leaves subsessile
oblong or obovate-oblong rather abruptly acuminate, base rounded unequal-
sided, nerves 9 pair spreading minutely hairy beneath, veins branching, flowers
sessile much shorter than the erect subulate or filiform hispid bracts, calyx-
teeth linear hispid. Rubiacea, Wall, Cat. 8306.

SiLHET, Wallich.

Branches pale when dry. Leaves 5-7 by 2-2^ in., pale green when dry, mem-
branous, rather shining above, base of lower rounded, of upper acute ; petiole -^ in.,
hispid; stipules ^-3 in., lanceolate-subulate, hispid. Bracts numerous, ^| in., rigid.
Calyx small. Corolla-tube f in., narrow, hispid. Drupe not seen.

9. Ii. attenuatus, Jack in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 126 ; slender,
branches and leaves beneath softly hirsute, leaves subsessile oblong-lanceolate
acuminate from a broad rounded or cordate base, nerves 9-10 pair, veins loosely
reticulate faint, cymes sessile, bracts linear-lanceolate equalling the flowers.
Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 604. Mephitidia attenuata, DC. Prodr.
iv. 452.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2926) ; ? Silhet, De Silva. — Disteib. Sumatra,
Java.

Much branched. Leaves 2^-4 by |-1^ in., pale when dry, rather membranous,
base often oblique, glabrous above, petiole very short; stipules ovate-lanceolate.
Bracts \ in. long, narrowed at the base. Calyx-teeth 4 linear acute. Corolla yellow,
hairy within and without. " Drupe ovoid, hairy, dark blue, pyrenes 4," Jack. — In
Wight's Herbarium this species is fastened on a sheet with L. appressus, to which his
description of the moniliform hairs especially applies.

10. Zi. appressus, Hook. f. ; branches petioles and leaves beneath and
cymes hirsute with erect or appressed pale hairs, leaves small petioled oblong-
lanceolate acute, base acute, nerves 6-7 pair deeply impressed above much raised
beneath, veins straight sparingly forked, bracts subulate longer than the sub-
solitary flowers. Lasianthus, Wall. Cat. 8443 and 8442, in p)a7't.

Penang, Wallich. Malacca ; Mount Ophir, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2927).

Branches with very dense stiff fulvous strongly septate hairs. Leaves 2-3 by f-
1 in., coriaceous, very pale when dry, shining and glabrous except on the hairy
midrib above, nerves above slender ; petiole ^ in., shaggy, stout ; stipules lanceolate.
Bracts stiff, erect, ^ in. Flowers very small. Drupe ^ in. diam., subglobose, crowned
by the triangular acute calyx-teeth, glabrous ; pyrenes 8.

11. Xi. retosus, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 606; branches and
cymes hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves shortly petioled oblong-lanceolate,
midrib pubescent and 12 pair of nerves deeply impressed above, very prominent
and pubescent beneath, veins straight often forked, cymes sessile small few-
flowered, bracts linear or lanceolate equalling the flowers, drupes glabrous sub-
globose with long calyx-teeth.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2918).

182 Lxxv. RUBUCEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lasianthus.

Leave* 5 by 1^ in,, pale greenish brown when dry, shining above, base rounded or
subacute, veins strong prominent beneath; petiole very short ; stipules small, ^^ in.,
triangular-lanceolate. Bracts \-^ in., few. Calyx-teeth 6, very slender, hirsute.
Corolla 7-cleft ( Wight). Drupe subglobose, not longer than its calyx-teeth, about ^
in. diam., smooth ; pyrenes 6-8.

12. Xi. pilosus, Wight in Calc. Jmrn. Nat. Hist. vi. 506 ; branches and
cymes hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves shortly petioled oblong-lanceolate
caudate-acuminate, midrib pubescent, veins reticulating and 15-20 pair of
nerves not deeply impressed above pubescent beneath, cymes sessile few-flowered,
bracts subulate equalling or shorter than the flowers, drupes glabrous subglobose
with long calyx-teeth.

Malacca, Griffith, Chiming, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 869).

Very similar to L. retosus, but the leaves are larger, 4-7 by 1^-2^ in., more mem-
branous, their bases cordate, the more numerous nerves are hardly impressed. Calyx
hispid ; teeth 5-7, filiform. Corolla-tiibe hairy, lobes 6-7. Drupe as in L. retoms,
as long as its calyx-teeth ; pyrenes 6-7.

Vab. ? angustifolia ; branches more densely hirsute, leaves narrower hispid above.
— Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith.

13. Zi. densifolius, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 321 ; branches leaves on both
surfaces and cymes hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves subsessile small close-set
linear-oblong acuminate, base cordate, nerves 10-12 pair not impressed above,
veins very faint loosely reticulate, cymes sessile few-flowered, bracts lanceolate
or subulate, drupes pubescent 4-lobed, calyx-teeth inconspicuous. Lasianthus ?
Wall. Cat. 8Ul,in2}art.

Malacca, Penang, and Singapore, Wallich, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 868), &c. —
— DisTKiB. Banka, Java.

Much smaller than the two preceding; iutemodes ^ in. Leaves 1|~2^ by ^-| in.,
equally hairy on both surfaces, dirty greenish when dry; stipules lanceolate, much
longer than in L. pilosus. Bracts few, \ in. Flowers not seen. Drupe ^ in. long,
deeply 4-lobed, with very minute calyx-lobes; pyrenes 4 (4-6, Miguel).

14. Ii. crinitus, Hook. f. ; branches petioles and leaves beneath rusty-
tomentose, leaves oblong acute or obtuse coriaceous, base rounded glabrous above
with 8-9 pair of very indistinct nerves, veins much branched and reticulate,
clusters of flowers capitate sessile dense concealed amongst the numerous filiform
subsquarrose hirsute bracts. Lasianthus? Wall. Cat. 84:41, in part.

PeNANG or SiNGAPOEE, Wttllich.

Leaves 6-6 by lj-1^ in., red brown when dry, nerves and veins prominent beneath.
Cymes meeting and almost embracing the stem, forming sessile heads \ in. across ;
bracts ^ in. long, several to each flower. Buds hirsute, minute. — Of this very peculiar
species I have seen a fragment in bud only in Wallich's Herbarium, fastened on a sheet
with L. densifolius.

15. Zi. ellipticus, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 507 ; branches
petioles and bracts hirsute with spreading hairs, leaves shortly petioled broadly
elliptic or subobovate-lanceolate acuminate, glabrous shining above with 6-8
pair of slender nerves and numerous parallel rarely forked veins which are
finely silky beneath, bracts lanceolate longer than the few sessile fascicled^
flowers.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2934).

Branches not densely hirsute. Leaves 4-6 by 1^-2^ in., pale brown when dry,
thinly membranous, base acute, very shining above ; petiole \ in. ; stipules \ in.,
lanceolate. Bracts \-^ in. Calyx-teeth 5, ^-^ in., triangular-lanceolate, hirsute.
Corolla not seen (hairy, 5-cleft, Wight). Drupe ^ in. long, obovoid, hairy ; pyrenes 6..

LasiantJius.'] lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 183

** Bracts much shoHer than thejlow&'s,

16. Zi. tublferus, Hook. /. ; glabrous, or nerves beneath and bracts
puberulous. leaves petioled elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate narrowed and acuminate
at both ends, nerves 5-6 pair, veins sparingly branched, flowers sessile clustered
longer than the orbicular coriaceous bracts, calyx-limb campanulate shortly 5-
toothed tubular after flowering. Mephitidia, No. 9 Kerh. Ind. Or. H. f. 8f T.

Khasia and Jyntea Hiixs, alt. 3-5000 ft., Griffith, &c. (Kew Distrib. 2923,
4, 5).

Branches dark brown or black when dry. Leaves 5-7 by l^2\ in., rather rigid,
brown when dry, opaque above ; petiole ^-| in. ; stipules small, ^— i in., triangular.
Bracts coriaceous, glabrous and ciliate or pubescent. Calyx the largest of the Indian
species, ^ in., black, glabrous or pubescent; limb cylindrie after flowering, and as long
and nearly as broad as the ovary, coriaceous, with 5 erect triangular or lanceolate
hispid teeth. Corolla-tuhe longer than the calyx, pubescent, throat villous. Drupe ^
'in., ovoid, black, crowned by the broad calyx-limb ; pyrenes 5.

17. Zi. oblong'ifolius, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 11 ; branches glabrous,
petioles and nerves beneath and stipules strigose, leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong
abruptly caudate-acuminate, base rounded or subacute, nerves 7 pair, veins
close-set prominent sparingly branched, petiole and subulate bracts and flowers
sessile fascicled hispid, calyx-teeth 5 triangular-lanceolate.

TiNNEVELLY ; in the Pampanussam hills, alt. 2500 ft., Beddome.

Shrubby. Leaves 6-7 by 2 in., midrib and prominent nerves slightly strigose,
veins parallel and venules also very prominent ; petiole ^ in. ; stipules triangular.
Flowers 2-5 in a cluster. Corolla-tuhe very short, lobes 4.

18. Zi. obscurus, Blume in DC. Prodr. iv. 453 (Mephitidia) ; branches
petioles stipules and nerves beneath softly tomentose, leaves petioled elliptic-
lanceolate finely aciuninate, base acute, nerves 7-8 pair, veins faint rarely forked,
flowers fascicled sessile, bracts strigose outer ovate or oblong inner filiform or
subulate, calyx-teeth lanceolate. — Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 317.

Mabtaban, at Moulmein, Parish; South Andaman Islands, Kurz. — Disteib.
Sumatra, Java.

Branches almost black when dry, hairs spreading, soft. Leaves 4-7 by 1-2 in.,
greenish brown when dry, smooth and opaque above, with the midrib often pubescent,
beneath pubescent on and between the nerves ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules \ in., oblong-
triangular, substrigose. Flowers not numerous; bracts scattered, ^-\ in. ; calyx-limb
cleft to the base. Drupe glabrous, " snow-white," Parish ; pyrenes 5. — The Moulmein
specimen precisely accords with the Sumatran and Javanese.

19. Zi. ZLurzii, Hook. f. ; branches petioles and nerves beneath hoary
with minute appressed pubescence, leaves shortly petioled elliptic-oblong or
lanceolate finely acuminate, base acute, nerves 9-10 pair, veins faint straight not
reticulate, bracts outer ovate inner lanceolate equalling the fascicled sessile stri-
gose flowers, calyx-teeth 5-7 lanceolate. L. stercorarius, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 31,
not of Blume. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8310^ 8311.

Martaban, at Chappedong, Wallich ; Tenassebim and Andaman Islands, frequent,
Kurz; Penang ? Wallich.

Branches pale reddish-brown, smooth. Leaves 5-8 by 1^-2 in., firmly membranous,
pale brown when dry, smooth and opaque above, finely softly pubescent on the nerves
beneath, veins close-set ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules \-^ in., oblong-lanceolate, pubes-
cent. Bracts glabrous or ciliate, small, outer more or less confluent, membranous,
shorter than the flowers, inner ovate. Calyx strigose ; limb dilated, deeply cleft.
Corolla infundibular, ^ in., slender. Drupe very small, glabrous ; pyrenes 5-7. —
Wallich's 8310 and 8311 appear conspecific, and as his habitat of Penang is given
with a doubt, they probably both come from Martaban; No. 8310 has a 6-7-cleft

184 Lxxv. RUBiACF^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lasianthus.

calyx, larger leaves, and less crowded flowers, of which the corolla has dropped. I
have seen no specimen of Kurz.

Sect. III. KTudifloraB. Cymes sessile. Bracts very inconspicuous, minute
subulate or 0.

* Calyx-teeth elongate, lanceolate, rarely large and broad.

20. Xi. lucidus, Blume Bijd. 997 ; branches glabrous or minutely strigose,
leaves petioled elliptic-ovate-oblong or -lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base acute,
nerves 4-6 pair minutely hairy beneath, veins distant sparingly branched, flowers
few sessile ebracteate, calyx-teeth lanceolate. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, ii. 319 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 30. Mephitidia lucida, DC. Frodr. iv. 453. Mephitidia No. 17,
Jfferb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sf T.

Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Griffith, J. D. H. cf T. T., &e. Upper Tenassebimj
Tabora {fid. Kurz). — Distbib. Java.

Branches slender, pale. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1^ in., green when dry, membranous,
sometimes rather oblique ; petiole slender, -g-l- in., strigose; stipules minute,^ in.,
triangular, acute, strigose. Flowers 2-3, small, sessile or very shortly pedicelled,
calyx-teeth glabrous or strigose. Corolla ^ in., white ; tube slender, hairy ; lobes
hairy within. Drupe ^ in. diam., pale blue, glabrous, smooth, crowned by the calyx-
teeth ; pyrenes 4.

21. Zi. Kookeri, C. B. Clarke mss. ; branches petioles stipules and nerves
beneath puberulous or minutely strigose, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate
caudate-acuminate, base subacute or rounded, margins obscurely waved or
crisped, nerves 5 pair, veins sparingly forked, flowers sessile fascicled ebracteate,
calyx-teeth lanceolate. Mephitidia No. 18, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T.

Khasia Mts., near Churra, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. ^ T. T., C. B. aarke.

Branches pale. Leaves often deflexed, 6-9 by 1-2^ in., pale green when dry,
opaque, rigidly membranous ; nerves obliquely arched ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules ^ in.
Flowers 3-8 in a fascicle ; bracts very minute or 0. Calyx glabrous or nearly so,
teeth erect. Corolla-tube hairy. Drupe ovoid, ^ in. diam., crowned by the calyx-limb
and teeth ; pyrenes 6.

22. Xi. Blumianus, Wight in Cede. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 607 ; glabrous
except at the bases of the flowers and tips of the shoots, leaves stoutly petioled
elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base subacute or obtuse, nerves 4-5 pair,
veins very slender branched and reticulate, flowers sessile or subsessile, bracts
minute subulate, calyx-teeth lanceolate membranous much longer than the tube.
Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 22.

Tbavancobb, at Courtallam, alt. 3500 ft., Wight, Beddome.

Branches slender, pale. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., greenish or brown when dry, stiffly
membranous, opaque above, with faint arching nerves ; petiole ^^ in. ; stipules
triangular-lanceolate, ^ in,, glabrous or pilose. Flowers few or crowded, on a thick-
ened pubescent axis, sometimes very shortly pedicelled ; bracts rarely ^ in., strigose.
Calyx \-^ in. long, tube short ; lobes 4-5, narrow, erect. Corolla glabrous or nearly
so, tube hardly equalling the calyx. Ovary " 3-5- celled," Wight. Drupe not seen. —
The calyx is quite peculiar.

23. Ii. ciliatus, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 509; branches
petioles leaves beneath and cymes densely viUously hirsute with spreading hairs,
leaves stoutly petioled elliptic-oblong acute or acuminate coriaceous, base acute,
nerves 6-8 pair deeply impressed above, veins beneath strong often forked, bracts
obsolete, flowers sessile fascicled 3-4-merous, calyx-teeth broad large.

Nn-GHERBT Mts. ; Sisparah, Wight, &c.

Branches stout, densely clothed with fulvous or brown hairs. Leaves 6-8 by 1-1 1
in., yellowish brown when dry, opaque, with glabrous nerves above, margins usually

Lasianthm.'] lxxv. eubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 185

strongly ciliate, veins beneath strong, parallel ; petiole |-^ in. ; stipules ^-^ in., lan-
ceolate, hirsute. Bracts replaced by stiff bristly hairs. Calyx-teeth obconic ; lobes
3-4, broadly oblong, obtuse, hispid. Corolla " small, very hairy on both sides," Wight.
Drupe size of a pea, subglobose, glabrous ; pyrenes 3-4, rugose on the back.

Var. rostraia ; leaves shorter more cuspidate, venules closer. L. rostratus, Wight
Ic. 510. — Shevagherry hills and Courtallam, Wight.

24. Zi. Thwaitesii, Hook. f. ; branches slender and petioles and leaves
"beneath softly tomentose, leaves petioled lanceolate acuminate, coriaceous, base
acute nerves 4 pair obscure above, veins laxly reticulated, flowers few or sub-
solitary sessile ebracteate, calyx tomentose, lobes lanceolate spreading. Mephitidia
tomentosa. Thiv. Enum. 146.

Oeylon; Ambagamowa district, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.

Branches slender, pubescence dark brown. Leaves 2-4 by ^-1 in., coriaceous,
brown when dry, rather shining above, rusty-brown beneath ; petiole ^-\ in. ; stipules
^ in., lanceolate. Flowers small, 5- in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate. Corolla white,
pubescent, tube short. Brujpe " size of a pea, black," Thwaites. — Thwaites considers
this closely allied to, and perhaps a form of Gardneri. I have seen but one specimen
of each, and they are very dissimilar.

25. Zi. rhizopliyllus, Thw. Enum. 145 (Mephitidia) ; branches slender
compressed scabrid, leaves petioled lanceolate long acuminate, membranous
glabrous shining, base acute, veins delicate, flowers few sessile, calyx hairy,
teeth rather long linear-lanceolate.

Ceylon ; Adam's Peak, Gardner.

Leaves 2-3 by g-1 in., petiole \-^ in. — The above description is copied from
Thwaites, whose specimens are not perfect enough to enable him to complete the
diagnosis.

** Calyx-teeth minute, subulate or triangular.

2Q. Zi. strig'illosus, Hook. f. ; branches petioles and nerves beneath
strigillose with appressed soft hairs, leaves petioled narrowly oblong-lanceolate
acuminate, base acute or rounded, nerves 8 pair strong beneath, veins sparingly
forked, bracts obsolete, flowers few sessile 6-merous, calyx-teeth minute triangu-
lar. L. acuminatus, Wight Herb. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8324, in part.

Tbavancobe ; Shevagherry Hills and Courtallam, Wight.

Branches rather short. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1 ^ in., pale when dry, rigid, coriaceous,
not ciliate, midrib and nerves glabrous and rather raised above ; petiole ^\ in. ; sti-
pules ^ in., triangular, i'^fower subsolitary or fascicled, sessile. CaZy.r hispid. Corolla
hirsute, tube probably elongate. Drupe (unripe) ^ in. diam., glabrous, crowned with
the triangular calyx-teeth. — Allied to L. truncatusy Bedd., but the nervation and
calyx are different. Wallich's specimen on the same sheet with L. venulosus (also a
Western Peninsula plant) is marked by error as from Silhet, Near L. ciliatus, but
the leaves are nearly glabrous beneath and the calyx-teeth very different.

27. Zi. acuminatus, Wight in Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. vi. 511 ; branches
petioles and nerves beneath appressed puberuloua or glabrate, leaves petioled
elliptic-lanceolate finely acuminate thin and rigid, base acute, nerves 5 pair
strong, veins very close, flowers 1-3 sessile ebracteate, calyx hairy, teeth trian-
gular, corolla glabrous externally.

Tbavancobe; Pulney and Shevagherry Hills, alt. 7000 ft., Wight, Beddome.
Malabab? Stocks. NiLGHEBBY Mts., at Conoor, alt. 6000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Branches slender, pale. Leaves 4-5 by 1-1^ in., pale greenish brown when dry,
nerves beneath pale, veins closer than in any Indian species except L. parvifolius;
petiole ^-|- in. ; stipules ^ in., triangular-lanceolate. Flowers 3-4-merou8. Calyx
hirsute, teeth minute. Corolla-tube ^ in., glabrous, hairy within. Ovary 3-4-celled.
Drupe not seen.

186 Lxxv. RUBUCE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lasianthus.

28. Xi. parvlfolius, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 612; quite
glabrous, leaves small petioled elliptic acute shining' above coriaceous, base acute,
nerves 2-3 pair strong, veins very close much forked, flowers 2-3 sessile 4-
merous, bracts minute or obsolete, calyx-teeth small obtuse, corolla glabrous
externally.

Teavancore; Courtallam, Wight.

Branches slender. Leaves 1^-2 by |-1 in., pale brown when dry; petiole \-\ in. ;
stipules ^-|- in., triangular, acute. Flowers very small. Calyx glabrous ; teeth
minute, triangular. Corolla-tube \ in., glabrous ; throat and lobes within hairy.
Brwpe ** size of a pea," Wight, globose, glabrous ; pyrenes 3-4.

29. Zi. obovatus, Bedd. le. PL Ind. Or. t. 10 ; glabrous, leaves small
petioled obovate obtuse coriaceous, nerves 4-5 pair and veins very indistinct,
flowers 1-3 sessile ebracteate, calyx-teeth ovate or triangular.

Travancorb, on the Athramallay Mts., alt, 5000 ft., Beddome.

Shrubby, much branched ; branches very short with short internodes, black.
Leaves hardly distichous, 1 by | in. almost black when dry, with recurved margins ;
petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules triangular, |- in. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx campanulate^
puberulous ; teeth ovate or triangular. Corolla-tube very short, glabrous, throat
villous. Brtipe not seen.

30. Ii. Walkerianus, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 612 ; quite
glabrous or young shoots puberulous, leaves petioled elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate
or obovate apiculate acute or acuminate very coriaceous, nerves 7-8 pair very
slender, veins copiously reticulate hardly parallel, flowers fascicled sessile, bracts
0, calyx-teeth 4 smaU triangular obtuse. Mephitidia Walkeriana, Thw. JEnum^
146. M. varians, Thw. I. c. in part (0. P. 290).

Ceylon; Central Province, alt. 5-6000 ft., Macrae, Walker, &c.

Thwaites distinguishes this doubtfully as a species from L. strigosus by the nar-
rower more acuminated leaves almost or wholly glabrous beneath, and shorter flowers ;
but these are not the characters of Wight's authentic specimens, which have shorter
more coriaceous leaves than L. strigosus, with very much reticulated venules ; in small
specimens the leaves are only 2 in. long, obtuse and apiculate, with a longer petiole
in proportion. It looks more like a mountain dwarf form of L. strigosus with rigid
leaves and small flowers, but the calyx is quite different ; it accords with Thwaites"
sessile flowered form of Mephitidia varians.

Var. lanceolatus ; leaves narrowly lanceolate 3-5 by ^-\ in. — Ceylon, Macrae and
Thwaites (C. P. 80, 340, 1728).

31. Xi. olig'antbus, TMu. Enum. 146 (Mephitidia); branches slender
tips and petioles appressed pubescent, leaves elliptic-lanceolate long- acuminate
membranous shining, nerves 6 pair very slender hardly distinguishable from the
laxly reticulating veins, flowers subsolitary ebracteate.

Ceylon ; Hantani district, Thwaites.

Very closely allied to L. strigosus, and, as Thwaites remarks, probably a form
growing in poor dry soil, but the nervation of the leaf is different. The only speci-
mens seen have no flowers ; Thwaites describes them as in few-flowered heads, small,
with short acute calyx-teeth.

32. Xi. G-ardneri, Thiv. Ununr: 145 (Mephitidia) ; stem stout glabrous
or nearly so, leaves large petioled oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base acute
glabrous or hairy on the 8 pair of nerves beneath, veins faint and reticulated^
flowers crowded sessile ebracteate, calyx substrigose, teeth oyate-lanceolate
acute.

Ceylon ; Newera Ellia and Adam's Peak, Gardner.

Branches black, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 3-8 by l|-2^ in., brown when
dry, coriaceous, opaque; petiole ^-^ in., glabrous or strigose; stipides very small, ^

LasiantJius.'] lxxv. rubuce^. (J. D. Hooker.) 187

in., triangular strigose. Flowers rather numerous ; bracts 0 or minute, subulate.
Calyx black, tube obconic ; teeth coriaceous, hispid at the tips. Corolla " somewhat
hairy without, villous within, tube short," Thwaites. — I have seen but one specimen
from Adam's Peak (C. P. 348), which differs from Thwaites' description in the glabrous
branches, and in the veins being only obscurely parallel (for the genus) ; it a good
deal resembles a form of L. strigosus.

33. Zi. inconspicuus, Hooh. f. ; glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic caudate-
acuminate opaque above, base acute, nerves 5-6 pair spreading and veins incon-
spicuous, flowers clustered sessile small ebracteate, calyx-teeth 6 triangular acute.
Hyptianthera stricta, Wall. Cat. 8313 L.

SiLHJET, Wallich.

Branches very slender, strict, quite glabrous except the youngest tips. Leaves 3^-5
by 1:|— to 1| in., rigid, dull greenish when dry, tip very long and slender; nerves very
obscure above, veins beneath visible rather distant branched ; petiole slender, \ in.,
puberulous ; stipules small, triangular, tips pubescent. Flower in very small pubes-
cent axillary clusters. Ca/y a? glabrous ; limb dilated, cup-shaped ; teeth erect. Corolla-
ttibe slender, pubescent (seen in bud only about ^ in. long). Drujpe ^ in. diam., globose,
smooth, crowned by the calyx-teeth ; pyrenes 4-5.

34. Zi. lancifolius, Hook. f. ; branches above petioles and midrib beneath
hoary-puberulous, leaves petioled long narrowly oblong-lanceolate caudate-
acuminate membranous, nerves 9 pair very slender, veins horizontal sparingly
forked, flowers sessile ebracteate, calyx-teeth subulate short. Mephitidia, 12
JIe7-b. Ind. Or. H. f. 8f T.

KhasiaMts., alt. 3-4000 ft., Griffith {Kq^ Distrib. 2916), J. D. H. ^ T. T.

Branches pale. Leaves 7-9 by 1-lf in., greenish when dry, somewhat shining on
both surfaces ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules \-^ in., narrowly triangular, villous. Flowers
crowded. Calyx puberulous. Corolla-tube ^ in., puberulous, slender; lobes hairy
within. Dricpes \ in. diam., globose, blue; pyrenes 5.

35. Xi. chinensis, Benth. Fl. Hongh. 160 ; branches short petioles nerves
beneath and flowers finely appressed pubescent, leaves large stoutly petioled
elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate coriaceous, base acute, nerv^es 10-12 pair,,
veins much reticulated, flowers sessile clustered ebracteate, calyx-teeth small
narrow ovate-lanceolate. Mephitidia chinensis, Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot.
iv. 196.

Malacca ; Pulo Bissar forest, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2920), Maingay (865). —
DiSTBiB. Hongkong, Formosa.

Branches as thick as a goose-quill, black when dry. Leaves 6-8 by lf-2|- in.,
brown when dry, rather shining and quite glabrous above ; nerves not strong above,
prominent beneath ; petiole \-\ in. ; stipules small, ^ in., narrowly triangular.
Calyx-limh campanulate, tomentose. Drupe subglobose, obtusely angled, ^ in. diam,,
pubescent, crowned by the calyx -teeth ; pyrenes 4-5.

36. Zi. long'ifolius, Wight in Cede. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 514 ; branches
stout glabrous, leaves very large shortly stoutly petioled elliptic-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate acmninate shining above scabrid beneath, base acute, nerves 16-18
pair, veins much reticulated, stipules very coriaceous, flowers sessile crowded
ebracteate or bracts minute, calyx-teeth short triangular.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2936), Maingay (867).

Branches as thick as a goose-quill, black when dry. Leaves 12-16 by 3^-4^ in.,
thinly coriaceous, brown when dry, nerves moderately arching, scabridity of under-
surface from rigid minute hairs on the nerves to microscopic points on the leaf-surface ;
petiole \ in., black, glabrous ; stipules \-\ in. long, oblong-ovate, obtuse, very coria-
ceous, glabrous. Flowers sessile and subsessile ; bracts minute, subulate, strigose.
Calyx hemispheric, black, glabrous ; limb shortly tubular, truncate or obscurely irre-

188 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [LcLsianthus.

gularly toothed. Corolla infundibular ; tube glabrous, hardly exceeding the calyx-
limb ; lobes />, triangular-lanceolate, narrow, villous within. Ovary 7-celled. Drupe
unripe, glabrous, crowned with the tubular calyx-limb. — This very fine species is by
the stipules and other characters closely allied to L. Helferi, next which it should
rank though it has minute bracts.

37. Xi. lHaingrayi, J?ooA;./. ; branches petioles nerves beneath and flowers
minutely sul)strigosely appressed-pubescent, leaves large shortly petioled elliptic-
oblanceolate or elliptic-oblong membranous acuminate, base acute, nerves 7 pair,
veins strong sparingly reticulate, flowers densely clustered sessile and shortly
pedicelled ebracteate, calyx-teeth 4 triangular minute.

Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 871). — Distrib. Sumatra.

Branches slender for the size of the foliage, minutely granulate, pale yellowish red
when dry, and rather rough to the touch. Leaves 8-10 by 2|-3^ in., pale greenish
when dry, thinly scaberulous beneath, opaque on both surfaces, nerves oblique : petiole
^ in. ; stipules very small, ^ in., triangular, acute, strigose. Flowers crowded. Calyx
short, pubescent. Corolla funnel-shaped, ^ in. long, puberulous or glabrate ; lobes
pubescent within. Drupe not seen.

38. Zi. pterospermus, Wight in Cede. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 510 ; branches
petioles and nerves beneath glabrous or finely puberulous, leaves subsessile oblong
or elliptic-oblong acuminate, base rounded often oblique rarely acute, nerves
10-12 pair, veins reticulate, flowers sessile crowded hispid, calyx-teeth triangu-
lar, pyrenes 2-winged.

Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2929), Maingay (866).

Branches as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves 4-7 by 1^-2|^ in., pale brownish when
dry, rather coriaceous ; petiole ^o ^^- '■> stipules oblong-lanceolate, ^ in., strigose.
Flowers numerous, bracts very minute or 0. Calpx hispid. Corolla glabrate. Drupe
large, \ in. diam., globose, glabrous, black, crowned by the shortly tubular calyx-
limb ; pyrenes 3-5, trigonous, with a longitudinal wing on each side of the convex or
keeled back. — Wight is in error in calling the stipules small.

39. Xi. IVig'htianus, Hook. f. ; branches petioles and leaves beneath
scaberulous or strigillose, leaves petioled oblong acuminate rigid, base subacute
or rounded, nerves 12-13 pair, veins branched and reticulate, flowers sessile
clustered ebracteate, calyx-teeth triangular. L. venosus, Wight in Calc. Journ.
Nat. Hist. vi. 514, not of Blume.

Malacca ; on Mt. Ophir, Griffith.

Branches very stout, woody, brown. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1| in., dark brown when
dry, midrib and nerves very strong beneath, pubescent on both surfaces ; petiole ^ in.,
stout; stipules ^-^ in., broadly triangular or lanceolate, coriaceous, hirsute. Flowers
few. Calyx ^ in., fulvous-pubescent. Corolla (in bud) hirsute. Drupe not seen.

*** Calyx-limb tubular or cupular, truncate w minutely toothed.

40. Zi. constrictus, Wight in Calc. Jouim,. Nat. Hist. vi. 515 ; branches
petioles stipules and nerves beneath sparsely strigose, leaves petioled oblong-
lanceolate acuminate, base acute, nerves 5-6 pair, veins loosely reticulate, flowers
small sessile crowded subebracteate, calyx constricted at the base of the cupular
shortly 4-toothed limb. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 31. Mephitidia sp., Grif. Notut. iv.
267, t. 474, f. 4.

Tenassebim and the AjsuktULS Islands, Griffith, Kurz.
_ Branches slender, pale. Leaves 3-7 by 1-1^^ in., very pale, yellowish brown, hardly
■shining, texture thin; petiole ^ in.; stipules small, ^ in., triangular, acuminate.
Flowers pale, sparsely pubesQdnt; bracts 0 or minute, subulate, deciduous. Calyx
j^ in., tube ellipsoid. Corolla " hirsute, tube ^ in., lobes as long. Drupe ovoid, size
vof a small pea, glabrous, crowned by the large almost truncate calyx-limb " : Kurz.

LasiantJius.'] lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 189^

41. Xi. paudflorus, Wight in Cede. Joum. Nat. Hist. vi. 515; branchlets
petioles and leaves beneath softly hispid with close-set spreading white hairs,
leaves subsessile elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, base acute, nerves 4-5 pair, veins
faint loosely reticulate, flowers few sessile ebracteate.

Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith.

Branches very slender, pale straw-coloured. Leaves 3-4 by f-l^ in., very thin,
pale brownish when dry, glabrous above ; petiole ^ in. ; stipules lanceolate with long
subulate points, strigose, deciduous.

42. Xi. truncatus, JBedd. Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 9; branches petioles and
nerves beneath appressed-pubescent, leaves petioled narrowly elliptic-lanceolate
finely acuminate, base acute, nerves 7-8 pair and parallel, veins strong beneath,
flowers subsolitary sessile ebracteate, calyx-limb tubular truncate subentire,
corolla pubescent.

Obissa ; Myhendra Mts., in Granjam, alt. 4500 ft., Beddome.

Shrubby; branches black when dry. Leaves 5-6 by |-1^ in,, grey-brown when
dry, shining above, finely pubescent beneath ; petiole ^^ in. ; stipules ^-\ in., trian-
gular, acuminate, hirsute. Flowers often solitary, ebracteolate. Ca^yo? glabrous, tube
ovoid, limb narrowed upwards. Corolla § in. long; tube slender, pubescent; lobes 5.
Brujpes not seen.

43. Xi. strigrosus, Wight in Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. vi. 612; young
branches petioles and nerves beneath strigillose with appressed hairs, leaves
shortly petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate shining above, base acute, nerves
7-9 pair, slender veins parallel branched and sparingly anastomosing, flowers
few sessile, bracts 0 or minute, calyx-limb truncate, teeth 5 minute. Mephitidia
strigosa, Thw. Enum. 146. M. varians, Thw. I. c. (0. P. 80, 1728).

Ceylon ; Central Province and Saffragam district, alt. 2-5000 ft, Walker, &c.

Branches slender. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1| in., rather coriaceous, brown when dry, nerves
not very prominent beneath ; petiole ^-| in, ; stipules small, triangular, acute. Flowers
in small fascicles. Calyx glabrous or strigose. Corolla white ; tube \ in., glabrous
or nearly so ; throat villous, limb 5- in, diam. Drupe ^ in. (^ in. diam. when fruiting,
Thwaites), subspherical, black, opaque; pyrenes 4-5,

Var, nitida, Thwaites ? an species distincta ; leaves small 2|— 3^ in. narrowly lan-
ceolate very coriaceous pale when dry shining on both surfaces, midrib beneath very
stout, veins obscure. — Adam's Peak, Thwaites (C. P. 3910). — This is a very doubtful
plant ; I have seen no flowers or fruit.

Vab. protracta; leaves lanceolate finely acuminate 7-8 by 1^-2 in., veins less
branched straighter. Mephitidia protracta, Thw. Enum. 146. — Ceylon, Central Pro-
vince, Gardner.

44. Xi. andamanicus, Hook. f. ; branches petioles nerves beneath and
flowers finely appressed pubescent, leaves petioled narrowly eUiptic-oblong or
lanceolate acuminate, base acute, nerves 9-10 pair, veins somewhat reticulate^
flowers sessile clustered pubescent ebracteate, calyx-limb shortly tubular truncate.
Eubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8309.

Tenasserim; at Amherst, Wallich. Andaman Islands, Heifer (Kew Distrib.
2993), Kurz.

Branches almost black when dry. Leaves 6-8 by |-2 in,, rather coriaceous and
shining above, brown when dry ; petiole \ in. ; stipules small, ^ in., triangular, pubes-
cent. Clusters of flowers small. Calyx-limb enlarged, cupular, margin entire.
Corolla-tube slender, ^ in,, and lobes villous without and within ; limb \ in, diam.
Drupe ^ in,, globose, obtusely angled, crowned by the large tubular calyx-limb, pubes-
cent; pyrenes 4.

45. Xi. Helferi, Hook. f. ; branches robust glabrous, leaves petioled nar-
rowly oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base acute, nerves 10-12 pair finely pubescent

190 Lxxv. KUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lq^siantTius.

beneatli, veins much reticulated, stipules coriaceous glabrous, flowers sessile
clustered ebracteate glabrous, calyx-limb very shortly tubular truncate obscurely
lobed.

Tenassekim or Andaman Islands, Heifer (Kew Distrib. 2921).

Branches black when dry, perfectly glabrous, as are all parts of the plant except
the nerves beneath and inside of stipules. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1^ in., pale brownish
when dry, shining above, hardly coriaceous ; nerves and veins very slender ; petiole
^-\ in. ; stipules \ in., triangular-lanceolate, very coriaceous, glabrous without, hirsute
within, pressed outwards and downwards by the enlarging ovaries, finally pale brown
and polished. Flowers in small clusters. Calyx quite black when dry, limb coriace-
ous. Corolla not seen. Drupe ^ in. diam., glabrous, subglobose, 6-lobed, areolate at
the top, the shortly S-lobed calyx-limb pressed flat on the crown ; pyrenes 6.

Sect. IV. Pedunculatae. Cymes peduncled (see also S. L. Moonii).

46. Ii. longricauda, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves petioled lanceolate very
long caudate-acuminate, base acute, nerves 8-10 pair very slender spreading
hardly distinct from the veins, cymes or short peduncles few-flovp-ered, bracts 0
or minute, calyx-teeth triangular. Mephitidia 18, Herh. Ind. Or. H. f. 8f T.

MiSHMi Hills (Upper Assam), Griffith ; Khasia Mts., alt. 5-7000 ft., J. B. H.
4 T. T.

A branching bush ; branches slender, tips puberulous. Leaves 4-5 by f-lj in.,
greenish when dry, opaque, tailed extremity one third of their length very slender
(by far the most so of the genus), midrib strong, nerves looped ; petiole \-^ in. ;
fitipules ^ in., rusty-pubescent. Peduncle ^\-^ in., 3-8-flowered; flowers sessile,
usually 4-merous. Calyx minute, puberulous. Corolla \ in., glabrous. Drupe ^ in.
diam., globose, blue, calyx-teeth inconspicuous ; pyrenes 4.

47. Xi. micrantlius, JSooh. f. ; young shoots petioles nerves beneath and
<jymes minutely strigose, leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base
rounded membranous, nerves 6-6 pair, veins rarely branched, flowers very small
sessile on a short peduncle ebracteate, calyx-teeth triangular-subulate.

MisHMi Hills (Upper Assam), Griffith.

Branches slender, glabrous, pale. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1|^ in., very pale greenish
when dry ; petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules small, ^^ in., triangular strigose. Peduncles
shorter than the petioles ; flowers sessile. Calyx ^s i^- > teeth spreading, hirsute.
Corolla and Drupe not seen.

48. Xi. Bienuanni, King mss.; branches petioles cymes and nerves
beneath minutely strigose, leaves petioled elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate cuspi-
date acuminate or caudate, base acute, nerves 5-7 pair, veins branched and
reticulate, flowers sessile or pedicelled in short peduncles bracteolate, calyx-
teeth ovate or lanceolate.

SiKxiM Himalaya, alt. 5-8000 ft., Thomson, &c. ; Khasla. Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.,
Griffith, &c.

Branches slender, pale when dry. Leaves 6-7 by 1-2 in., greyish green when dry,
rather membranous, opaque, sometimes pale beneath, tip sometimes l-\^ in., and
very slender ; petiole ^\ in. ; stipules ^ in., triangular, hairy. Peduncles equalling
the petioles ; flowers sessile and pedicelled ; bracts small, linear or subulate. Calyx
strigose. ^(Jorolla ^^ in., rosy or pale lilac, glabrous, throat and 5-6 lobes villous.
Drupe 5 in. diam., subglobose, blue, crowned by the conniving calyx- teeth, glabrous ;
pyrenes 6, rugose on the back. — Some Sikkim specimens have very small corollas,
^ in. long and pubescent, probably the flowers are dimorphic. The species approaches
a Bornean one (Beccari, n. 3227).

49. Xi. venulosus, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 508 ; glabrous,
leaves small petioled ovate oblong or elliptic acute acuminate or mucronate,

Lasianthus.'] lxxv. rubiacej;. (J.D. Hooker.) 191

yery coriaceous, base rounded, nerves 7-9 spreading, veins closely reticulated,
flowers sessile or pedicelled and subracemose on a short stout peduncle, bracts
subulate, calyx-teeth subulate. Wight Ic. t. 1032 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen.
t. xvii. f. 5. Santia venulosa, W. 8f A. Prodr. 422, Rubiacea, Wall, Cat,
8324, in part {locality of SUhet erroneous), 8469.

NiLGHEBRY Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft., common.

A very robust leafy much-branched shrub ; branches black when dry. Leaves
1-3^ by \-\ in., reddish-brown when dry, midrib and petiole (^-^ in.) very stout,
nerves prominent on both surfaces; stipules small, ^ in., triangular or narrower.
Peduncles longer than the petioles, pedicels hairy. Calyx hirsute, teeth 4-6, erect
or recurved. Corolla ^ in., yellowish, glabrous without, throat and lobes within
villous. Drupe ^ in. diam., blue, crowned by the calyx-teeth ; pyrenes 3-5, thick-
walled.

60. Zi. capitulatus, Wight in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 611 ; branches
strigose pubescent or glabrate, leaves petioled lanceolate acuminate base acute
coriaceous, nerves 7-9 pair, veins sparingly branched and reticulate, flowers
sessile on a short peduncle bracteate, calyx-teeth small.

NiLGHBHBY Mts. ; Sisparah, Wight ; Conoor, alt. 7000 ft., C. B. Clarice.

A much larger and longer-leaved plant, with a narrower leaf-base than L. venu-
losus, not so stout, with less reticulated veins, the flowers capitate and corolla
hirsute without; but my specimens are very incomplete. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1^ in. in
one of Wight's specimens, 4-5 by 1A-2| in. in another, which has the veins scarcely
branched. Peduncles shorter than the petioles ; bracts subulate ; flowers pubescent.
Drupe globose, | in. diam., crowned by the recurved calyx-teeth, smooth, glabrous -^
pyrenes 2-4, larger and much thinner-walled than in L. venulosus.

61. Zi. dichotomus, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 608 ; glabrous,
leaves petioled oblong or ovate- rarely obovate-oblong base rounded or cordate,
nerves 6-8 pair, veins very close-set straight, flowers sessile and on the branches
of a slender peduncle, bracts subulate, calyx-teeth long lanceolate. Bedd. Ic.
Fl. Ind. Or. t. 13.

Tbavancorb ; Shevagherry and Courtallam hills, Wight, Beddome.

Bratiches pale. Leaves 2-4 by |-1| in., pale brown when dry, rather thin,
nerves strong, veins faint ; petiole ^ in., sometimes strigose on the upper face ;
stipules small, ^ in., lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Cymes including the very slender
peduncle 1-1^ in., irregularly sparingly dichotomously branched; bracts ~-^ in.
long. Calyx ^ in. long, teeth 3-4, spreading tips hairy. Corolla-tuhe exceeding the
calyx -teeth, at length glabrous, lobes hirsute within. Ovary 3-4-celled. Drupe not
seen.

62. Ii. varlans, Thw. Enum. 146 (Mephitidia), partly \ quite glabrous,
leaves small petioled shortly oblong apiculate base subacute or rounded, nerves
6-8 pair hardly distinguishable from the loosely reticulated veins, flowers few
sessile or shortly pedicelled on the top of a rigid filiform peduncle, bracts subu-
late, calyx-teeth subulate.

Ceylon ; Central Province, Galagama, alt. 5-8000 ft., Thwaites.

Branches slender, black when dry. Leaves 1^-2 by f-lj in., coriaceous, black-
brown when dry, midrib excurrent as a firm point; petiole long and slender for
the genus, ^^ in. ; stipules very small, -^-^ in., triangular. Peduncles very slender,
strict, 1 in. and less, surmounted with a pair of subulate bracts ~ in. long. Calyx
glabrous, tube urceolate glabrous, longer than the subulate teeth. Corolla and Drupe
not seen. Ovary 3-celled. — Thwaites includes under this species some states of
strigosus, which differs in the inflorescence and calyx, as does its much nearer ally
L. Walkerianus, which has a similar venation and excurrent midrib, and specimens
of which are also included by Thwaites under L. varians.

192 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [I^asianthus.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

L. OBLiQuus, Thw. Enum. 146 (Mephitidia oligantlia, var. /3, obliqua); branches
slender with scattered strigose hairs, leaves subsessile ovate or oblong-lanceolate
from a rounded or cordate oblique base caudate-acuminate membranous shining
above, nerves 5-6 pair very slender hardly distinguishable from the laxly reticulating
veins. — Ceylon ; Saifragam district, up to 3000 ft., Gardner, Thwaites. — The broad
leaves with rounded or cordate bases, and wide- spreading nerves of this plant, are
so different from any of the many forms of the preceding described species, that I
adopt Twaites' opinion of its being distinct.

Mephitidia, sp,, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 476, is probably a Psychotria.

80. SAPROSIHA, Blume.

Shrubs, foetid when bruised, with often subulate bristles at the tips of the
branches and bases of the peduncles. Leaves opposite or 3-4 whorled, mem-
branous ; stipules interpetiolar, usually connate, 1-3-pointed, deciduous.
Flowers small, white, axillary or terminal, solitary or fascicled, sessile or cymose
and peduncled; bracts and bracteoles minute, often connate. Calyx-tuhe
obconic; limb dilated, 4-6-lobed or -toothed, persistent. Corolla bell- or
funnel-shaped, throat villous ; lobes 4-6, broad, obtuse, valvate with inflexed
flat or crisped margins. Stamens 4-5 in the corolla-throat, filaments short or 0 ;
anthers linear or oblong. Ovai-y 2-celled ; style filiform, arms 2 short ; ovules
1 basal erect in each cell. Drupe small ; pyrenes 1-2 crustaceous. Seeds ellip-
soid and solitary or 2 and plano-convex, ventral face not grooved, testa mem-
branous ; cotyledons small foliaceous, radicle slender inferior. -^Distrib. Species
8, tropical Asiatic and Malayan.

Sect. I. Eusaprosxna. Flowers in small cymes. Anthers suljsessile.
Seeds ellipsoid, usually solitary. — Leaves opposite.

1. S. indicum, Dalz. in Hook. Keio Journ. iii. 37; glabrous, leaves
sessile oblong or elliptic-oblong acuminate base narrowed or rounded, flowers
few terminal, calyx-teeth minute triangular. Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 112.
Dysodidendron glomeratum, Gardn. in Cole. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 3. S.
glomeratum, JBedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 16.

Western Peninsula; on the Grhats from Bombay southwards, ascending to
4000 ft.

Branches pale, ultimate compressed. Leaves 3-5 by f-l| in., thin. ; stipules ^ in.,
connate, often 3-cuspidate. Flowers shortly pedicelled, with a basal toothed caly-
culus. Calyx unequally 4-5-toothed. Corolla \ in. long, white. Style shortly 2-fid.
Fruit \-^ in., ellipsoid. Seed solitary, broadly ellipsoid or globose.

Vab. Gardneri; leaves usually broadly ovate-cordate. Serissa Gardneri, Thw.
Enum. 150. — Ceylon ; forests about Galagama, Thwaites.

2. S. consimlle, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 29; glabrous, leaves petioled or
sessile elliptic or lanceolate acuminate or caudate, base acute, flowers solitary
or few terminal, calyx-teeth lanceolate. Psychotria, Wall. Cat. 8351. Oofiea,
Wall. Cat. 8450. Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8467.

Khasia Mts., De Silva; Maetaban and Tenassebim, in dry hill forests, alt.
3-5000 ft.. Falconer, Kur:^.

Branches pale, ultimate minutely strigose or glabrate, not compressed. Leaves
3_5 by ^-1^ in., membranous, pale greenish when dry ; petiole |— J in. ; stipules
connate, mouth bristly. Flowers sessile and shortly pedicelled, pedicels with basal
bristles. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped ; lobes lanceolate, spreading. Corolla \ in. long.
Style subentire. Fruit " broadly obovoid, smooth, and seed usually solitary," Kurz.
— Some of the Tenasserim specimens have quite sessile leaves and look different, but,
having no flowers, it is impossible to say whether they are so specifically.

Saprosma.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 193

3. S. firagrans, Bedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134/11; glabrous, leaves
shortly petioled elliptic obtusely acuminate, flowers in small axillary and ter-
minal cymes, calyx-teeth broadly triangular. Serissa fragi-ans, Bedd. Ic. PI.
Ind. Ch'. t. 14.

NiLGHERRY Mts., On the western slope; and Tinnevellt Hii,ls, alt. 2000 ft.,
Beddome.

"Foetid when crushed" {Bedd.). Branches smooth, ultimate compressed. Leaves
3-4 by l|-2 in., green when dry, membranous ; petiole ^-^ in. ; stipules entire or
toothed. Cymes small, rarely ^ in. long, few-flowered, trichotomous ; bracts minute.
Flowers very odorous. Calyx eupular. Corolla \ in. Style-arTns 2 linear, short.
Fruit ellipsoid, 1 -seeded.

4. S. scabridum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134/12; branches scabrid,
leaves long-petioled elliptic acuminate, base acute, petiole and midrib scabrid,
flowers terminal sessile, calyx hairy, teeth 4 linear-lanceolate. Serissa scabrida.
Thw. Enum. 151. I

Cetlon ; near Ratnapoora, Thwaites.

Leaves 2-3 by f-l^-in. ; petiole \ in. ; stipules connate, scabrid, ari state -fimbriate.
— This I have not seen. The character is taken from Thwaites, who had but one
specimen, without flowers or ripe fruit.

Sect. II. Dysodidendron. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. Anthers with
filaments. Seeds usually 2, plano-convex. Leaves opposite.

5. S. ceylanicum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134/12 ; glabrous, leaves
shortly petioled elliptic or lanceolate acuminate, peduncles axillary and ter-
minal 1-3-flowered slender, calyx-teeth 4 triangular. Dysodidendron ceylani-
cum and Wightii, Gardn. in Cole. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 2, 3. Serissa cey-
lanica, Thio. Enum. 150. S. Wightii, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 15. Lasian-
thus fcetens, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Mist. vi. 517.

Western Pkninsijta; on the Ghats, alt. 3-6000 ft., from Malabar southwards in
moist woods, Wight, &c. Ceylon; in forests of the central province, alt. 3-6000 ft..
Walker, &c.

A shrub or small tree, foetid when bruised; branches pale, smooth, ultimate
compressed. Leaves 4-5 by ^-2 in., sometimes oblanceolate, green when dry, mem-
branous ; petiole jQ-^ in.; stipules connate, toothed. Peduncles |-1^ in.; bracts
and bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube obconic, glabrous. Corolla ^ in., purple. Style-
arms 2, short, linear. Fruit ^ in., obovoid, obtuse, "bright blue, very foetid" (Bedd.).
Seeds plano-convex.

Sect. III. Triad icla. Floioers in corymbose cymes. Anthers subsessile.
Seeds ellipsoid. Leaves often 3-4-nately whorled.

6. S. tematuxn, Hook.f. in Gen. PL ii. 131 ; glabrous, leaves 3-nately
whorled petioled elliptic or lanceolate acuminate, cymes axillary solitary or
fascicled, flowers corymbose, calyx-teeth 4-6 triangular. Kurz For. FL ii. 29.
Psederia ternata. Wall. Cat. 6248, and in Poxb. FL Ind., ed. Carey ^ WaU. ii.
520; DC. Prodr. iv. 471. Serissa ternata, Kurz Andam. Rep. App. A. 40.
Mephitidia, sp., Griff. NotuL iv. 267 ; Ic. PL Asiat. t. 476.

Eastern Himalaya; Mishmi and Bhotan mts., Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt.
2-3000 ft., Be Silva, &c. Burma, Griffith. Andaman Islands, Kurz.

Branches pale or dark, smooth, rather stout, ultimate angled. Leaves 4-10 by
1-3^ in., rather coriaceous, greenish when dry, midrib and petiole (^ in.) sometimes
scaberulous ; veins often straight and parallel, as in Lasianthus ; stipules | in., lance-
olate with needle-like points, glabrous or pubescent. Peduncles \-l\ in., with bristles
at its base, bracts and bracteoles small lanceolate ; pedicels \ in. Calyx glabrous,
shortly campanulate. Corolla ^ in., pubescent, white. Style-arms 2, linear. Fruii
VOL. III. 0

194 ixxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) ISaprosma.

ellipsoid, ^ by :|- in., smooth, crowned by the conical disk, which is girt at its base by
the very short calyx-limb. — Kurz distinguishes the Andaman form as var. puberuia,
•with the petioles, stipules, nerves beneath, pubescent.

7. S. corymbosum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv., For. Man. 134/12; glabrous,
leaves opposite and 3-4-nately whorled, petioled elliptic acute or acuminate,
cymes axillary and terminal trichotomously paniculately branched, calyx-teeth
4 minute. Serissa corymbosa, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 17.

TiNNEVELLY Hiixs, south of Courtallam, alt. 3-4000 ft., Beddome.

Branches pale or dark, smooth, 4-gonous. Leaves 4-8 by 1-2^ in., dull greenish
when dry, veins reticulate; petiole \-^ in.; stipules not seen. Peduncles slender,
^-1 in., bristles at their base v^ry short ; cyme-branches opposite or whorled, slender,
horizontal ; bracts and bracteoles minute. Colyx shortly obconic, glabrous. Corolla
\ in., papillose, margins of lobes hardly induplicate. Anthers exserted. Style-amis
2, flattened. Fruit unknown.

81. KVDNOPKVTUIMC, Jack.

Epiphytic glabrous shrubs, with a deformed fleshy tuberous simple or lobed
stock, excavated by ants; branches square. Leaves opposite, leathery, obtuse;
stipules interpetiolar, deciduous. Floivers small, axiUary, solitary or fascicled,
sessile, white. Calyx-tube ovoid, limb obscure. Ccyrolla funnel- or salver-
shaped, tube long or short ; lobes 4, short, valvate. Anthers 4, subsessile on
the coroUa- throat, oblong. Ovary 2- celled ; style-arms narrow or broad ; ovules
1, basal, erect in each cell. Drupe small; pyrenes 2, plano-convex. Seeds ob-
long ; testa thin with black lines ; embryo ? — Distrib. 3 or 4 species^ Malayan,
N. Australian, and Fijian.

1. K. formic arium, Jack in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 124; leaves obovate
oblong or elliptic, tip rounded. Blume Bijd. 956; DC. Prodr. iv. 451 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 8. H. montanum, Blume DC. II. cc. Lasiostoma formicarimn,
Spr&ng. Syst. i. 423. — Humph, Herh. Amb. vi. t. 55, f. 1.

South Andaman Island, Kurz. Malacca ; Pulo Bissar, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
2975), Maingay (864). — Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Tuberous stock 6-14 in., smooth, rooting from its under surface ; branches few,
simple, or sparingly divided, stout. Leaves 3-4 by 1-2 in., pale brown when dry,
coriaceous, nerves obscure, narrowed into the very short stout petiole. Flowers few.
Corolla-tube ~ in., glabrous without ; lobes oblong, acute. Fruit oblong, crowned by
the crateriform calyx-limb, smooth, glossy, orange-crimson. — The specimens I have
seen are very insufficient as to flowers and fruit, the characters of which are in part
borrowed from Kurz.

82. BKVRXHECODZ A, J'acA;.

Characters (as far as known) of Ilydnophytum, but fruit with 4r-5 pyrenes.
— Distrib. Species 2, Malayan and N. Australian.

1. VH. armata, DC. Prodr. 450?; leaves petioled elliptic or cuneate-
oblong, spinules in vertical series on the stock. ?M. tuberosa, Blume Bijd.
1101. ? M. echinata. Gaud, in Freyc. Toy. Bot. t. 96.

Singapoee, a. Wallace. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago, N. Australia?

This is a very little known plant, of which my only materials are tubers and seeds
sent by Mr. Wallace in 1855, with an excellent sketch containing some analyses. The
sketch represents a nearly globose tuber, 2\ in. diam., excavated by ants, depressed at
the top, irregularly grooved, studded with spinules irregularly disposed in longitudinal
lines. Short thick simple curved branches, 4-5 in., proceed from a very short stock
on the crown of the tuber ; these are covered throughout their length with ovoid

Myrmecodia.] LXXV. rubiacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 195

patches of apparently close-set spinules (or bracts?), amongst which the flowers
nestle. Leaves irregularly scattered, 3 by 1 in., elliptic, subacute, narrowed into a
petiole -^-l in. ; stipules not represented. Calyx not represented. Corolla funnel-
shaped, inflated below, 4 erect recurved triangular acute teeth, glabrous without ; tube
with a ring of hairs within below the stamens. Stamens 4, on the corolla-throat ;
filaments very short ; anthers broadly oblong. Style stout ; stigmas 6, or 3 each 2-fid,
erect. Frtdt crowned with the calyx-limb, narrowly obovoid, " smooth, yellow,
gooseberry-like," Wallace ; pyrenes 5 ; these I have examined ; they are narrowly
oblong, coriaceous, and contain 1 erect seed with a membranous testa, fleshy albumen,
and cylindric embryo § the length of the seed, cotyledons small, radicle elongate
inferior. — Whether this is De Candolle's or Blume's or Graudichaud's plant is doubtful ;
the latter has intrapetiolar 2-fid stipules connate at the base. Both this and Myrnie-
codia present a most interesting study, both in respect of their growth and structure
and of their relation to the ants which inhabit them. Good specimens preserved in
spirits are much wanted.

Tkibe xiv. phsderzbh:.

83. PHSDEZtIA, Linn.

Slender twining shrubs, foetid when bruised ; branches terete, flexuous.
Leaves opposite, rarely whorled in threes, petioled ; stipules intrapetiolar,
triangular, deciduous. Flowers in axillary and terminal 2-3-chotomously
branched panicled cymes, bracteolate or not. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate •,
limb 4-5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, pubescent,
throat glabrous or villous; lobes 4-5, valvate with inflexed crisped margins,
tip often 3-lobed. Anthers 4-5, subsessile in the corolla-tube, linear-oblong,
obtuse. Ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2, capillary, twisted ; ovules 1, basal, erect in
each cell. Fruit globose or compressed ; epicarp thin, fragile, shining, separating
from 2 orbicular or oblong dorsally compressed membranous or coriaceous
pyrenes. Seeds much dorsally compressed, testa thin adnate to the pyrene ;
cotyledons large cordate thin, radicle short inferior. — Distrib. Species 9 or 10,
in tropical Asia and 1 in Brazil.

* Fruit much compressed ; pyrenes separating from a filiform carpophore,
more or less loinged.

1. P. foetida, Linn. ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 683; glabrous or nearly so, leaves
opposite long-petioled ovate or lanceolate, base acute rounded or cordate, cyme-
branches opposite, calyx-teeth short triangular, fruit broadly elliptic com-
pressed, pyrenes black with a broad pale wing. Wall. Cat. &2^7, e:vcl. E. ;
W. ^ A. Prodr. 424 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 471 ; Grif. Notul. iv. 267 ; Ic. PI. Asiat.
t. 479, f. 3; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 139; For. Fl. ii. 26. V, ovata,
Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv. 255. P. sessiliflora, DC. Prodr. 472.

From the Centeai. and Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft., southward to
Malacca and westward to Calcutta. — Distkib. Malay Archipelago to Borneo (Mauri-
tius introduced?).

Leaves 2-6 by |-2^ in.; petiole ^-1 in. Panicle 2-6 in. long, pubemlous;
branches long in distant pairs, cymose at the extremity; bracts minute, ovate or
subulate, ciliolate; flowers sessile and pedicelled. Calyx small, tube campanulate.
Corolla ^-| in., toment^e. Fruit \-^ in., polished, crowned by the conical disk and
minute calyx-teeth.

Var. microcarpa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1. c. ; panicles very slender, flowers
more numerous, calyx minute, fruit orbicular \ in. diam. — Ava at Taongdong, Wall.
Cat. 6247.

2. P. verticilUtta, Blume Bijd. 968 3 glabrous^ leaves opposite and 3-

o2

196 Lxxv. RUBiACEa:. (J. D. Hooker.) , [Pcederia.

natelj "whorled petioled broadly oblong: upper lanceolate acuminate, cymo-
branclies whoiied, calyx-limb truncate, corolla glabrous. DC. Prodr. iv. 471.

Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 885).

Very similar to P. fcetida, except in the characters indicated, and the much nar
rower panicles with short (:|-^ in.) stouter branches.

3: P. calyclna, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 74; Fot: Fl. ii. 76;
leaves opposite long-petioled cordate-ovate or -lanceolate acuminate bispidulous
especially beneath, calyx-lobes lanceolate subfoliaceous, fruit broadly ellipsoid
compressed, pyrenes with a very narrow black thickened margin. P. fcetida,
WaU. CaL62A7 E.

Tenasserim ; at Tavoy, Wallich.

Branches glabrous. Leaves 4-5 by l|-2 in., very membranous, deeply cordate
with the sinns open and lobes incurved; petiole 1-2 in.,'hispidulous. Flowers not
seen. Fruit \-^ in., shining, about twice as long as the stellately spreading calyx-
lobes. — Wallich's specimens are the only ones I have seen.

4. P. lanug-inosa, Wall. PI. As. Par. ii. 52, t. 165 (not Wall. Cat.
7293) ; petioles and panicles scurfily tomentose, leaves opposite long-petioled
all broadly ovate-cordate acuminate scaberulous above woolly beneath, panicle
with the branches short stout, fruit large compressed ellipsoid with erect calyx-
teeth, pyrenes black with a broad pale wing. P. macrocarpa, Wall. Cat. 7292;
G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 561.

Eangoon ; at Pegu, Wallich. Martaban ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Leaves 4-6 by 2^4^ in., rather coriaceous, dull greenish when dry above, buff
beneath, the upper not nf^rrower ; petiole 2-4 in. Panicles elongate ; branches |— ^
in., opposite; bracts subulate or triangular-lanceolate. Corolla f in. long, pink,
woolly within. Fruit f in. long, pale-brown, puberulous, the very short obtuse teeth
erect and girding the base of the conical disk.

5. P. Wallicliii, Hook, f. ; petioles and panicles finely pubescent, leaves
opposite petioled ovate-cordate the upper much narrower scabrid above woolly
beneath, panicles with slender branches, flowers subcapitate, fruit small broadly
ellipsoid compressed with broadly triangular reflexed calyx-teeth. P. lanu-
ginosa. Wall. Cat. 7293, in part {not of PI. As. Par.) ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 76.

Tenasserim ; Atran river, near the hot wells, Wallich, Heifer.

Leaves 5-6 by 2^—3 in., dull green above when dry, buff beneath, rigid, and.
clothed with short rigid hairs, base deeply cordate with incurved lobes, upper not
half the breadth of the lower ; petiole stout, 1-1| in. Panicles long, slender, branche.s
and flowers pubescent and with short spreading hairs ; flowers in small heads abotrt
^ in. diam. Corolla ^ in. Fruit (young) broadly ellipsoid, nearly orbicular, \ in.
diam. — I suspect that Kurz's P. lanuginosa includes this and the true plant ; ho
describes the leaves as sometimes ovate-lanceolate, which is not the case-in Wallich's
lanuginosa (macrocarpa of his Cat.), and states that it is common in mixed forests
from Burma to Tenasserim.

6. P. pillfera, Hook. f. ; branches petioles and panicles clothed with
long spreading hairs, leaves opposite subhastately-lanceolate acuminate scaberu-
lous above woolly beneath, calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, fruic orbicular
compressed, pyrenes black with a broad pale wing. WalL Cat. 7293, in part.

Tenasserim ; Atran river, Wallich.

Hai it of P. lanuginoscf, but differing widely in the long spreading hairs that
clothe those parts which in that plant present a close short soft pubescence. Fruit
^ in. diam., pale, shining, the broad short calyx-teeth sharply reflexed.

PcBderia.l Lxxv. RUBiAeEj;. (J. D. Hooker.) 197

** Fruit mhglohosej pyrenes not separating from ajiliform Carpophore.

7. P. tomentosa, Blume Bijd. 968 ; glabrous or sparsely pubescent,
leaves opposite petioled ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate, base rounded or
cordate, calyx-teeth very short, fruit subglobose, pyrenes not winged. DC.
Prodr. iv. 471 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 76. P. barbulata, Miq. in Ann. Mas. Lugd.
Bat. 265. P. foetida, Bmth. Fl. Hongk. 162. Paederia sp., Griff. Notvl. iv.
268; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 479, f. 4.

From the Eastern Himalaya and Khasia Mrs., ascending to 6000 ft. to Singa-
pore.— DisTRiB. Malay Islands, S. China, Japani

Leaves 2-4 by 1-2^ in., above glabrous or sparsely bairy, beneath glabrous pubes-
cent op subtomeutose ; petiole 1-3 in. Panicle as in P.fmtida, but branches usually
shorter and the ultimate often scorpioid with secund sessile flowei'S. Calyx and
corolla as in P. f<£tida. Fruit ^-\ in. diam., with 2 orbicular much compressed
pyrenes.

?8. P. linearis, Hook, f.; glabrous, very slender, leaves opposite sub-
sessile narrowly linear acute, calyx-teeth minute, corolla pubescent.

Tknasserim; at Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2911).

Branches shining. Leaves 2-3 by ^ in., nerves very obscure ; petiole ^ in. or less.
Panicles spreading, broad; branches very slender, repeatedly trichotomous; bra-teoles
minute, flowers remote, often on long pedicels, like those of P. foetida. Fruit
(unripe) subglobose, glabrous, ^ in. diam. — This is probably allied in the fruit to P.
tomcntosa.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

P. recurva, Boxh. Hort. Bevg. 15; Fl. Ind. i. 684; DC. Prodr. iv. 471, appears
from Roxburgh's drawing to be Ixora recurva, Kurz.

P. erecta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 16 ; Fl. Ind. i. 685; 2X7. Prodr. iv. 471, is probably
a Psgchotria:

84. KAZIKZZ.TONZA, Roxh.

A hispid pubescent or glabrate erect 3-chotomously branched undershrub,
foetid when bruised, branches terete. Leaves opposite, petioled, nerves many,
stout ; stipules intrapetiolar, short, acute, persistent. Flowers small, in broad
terminal 3-chotomously branched panicled or subumbellate cymes, white or
blue, sweet-scented, bracteate and bracteolate. Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb of 4-5
subulate persistent segments. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube long; lobes 4-5,
short, valvate. Statnens 5, inserted in the corolla-throat, filaments short subu-
late; anthers obovate-oblong, obtuse. Ovai-y 5-furrowed, outer coat almost
free from the 5-celled inner coat; style filiform, arms 5 linear; ovules 1, basal,
erect in each cell. Capside 1-celled from the absorption of the septa, 6-valved
at the top, 5 (or fewer-) -seeded. Seeds 3-quetrous, outer coat of testa reticu-
late 3-valved at the base, inner thick ; cotyledons cordate induplicate, radicle
inferior^

1. K. suaveolens, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 15; FL Tnd. i. 554; DC. Prodr.
iv. 462; Brand. For. Fl. 278; Bedd. FL Sylv. Anal. Gen. 134/12, t. 17, f. 3.
H. scabra, Don Prodr. 137; DC. I. c. H. mysorensis, IF. ^ A. Prodr. A2ij;
Dcdz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. PL 115. H. propinqua. Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 91.
Lasianthus tubiflorus, Blume Bijd. 999. Spermadictyon suaveolens, Roxh. Cor.
PL t. 236; WalL Cat. 6239 ; Bot. Reg. t. 348. S. azureum, Wall, in Roxb. II.
Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 225; Cat.'Q2iQ', Bot. Reg. t. 1235.

Tropical and Subtropical Himalaya and the Salt Range, alt. 2-5000 ft., frowi
Kashmir to Bhotan. Central India and the Western Peninsula, ascending to.
4000 ft. from Mar war and Behar southwards to Mysore on dry rocky hills. — Distrib.
China (probaoly introduced).

198 Lxxv. EUBIACEJJ. (J. D. Hooker.) [HamiUonia.

An undershrub 4-12 ft. high, with spreading branches. Leaves rather rigid, 6-12
by 2-4 in., elliptic-lanceolate or ovate, acute, glabrous or pubescent, base aciute ;
petiole ^-1 in. Flowers in subglobose heads, most copiously produced in terminal
trichotomous pubescent panicles, fragrant, white or blue, sessile or pedicelled ; bracts
subulate. Calyx-teeth very variable in shape, longer than the ovary, glabrous
pubescent or hairy, with often interposed gland-tipped processes. Corolla-tvhe ^ in.,
pubescent or woolly. Stamens and style more or less exserted according to sex.
Capsule ^-^ in., ellipsoid. — Bhotan specimens have very short broad calyx-teeth.

85. XiXSPTODERBXIS, WaU.

Shrubs, foetid when bruised ; branches terete. Leaves opposite, the pairs
often fascicled ; stipules small, acute or pungent, persistent. Flowers bracteate
and bracteolate, 3-iiate or in terminal fascicles, white or purplish, subsessile ;
bracteolea connate into a 2-cu8pidate scarious tube. Calyx-tuhe obconic, lobes
6 (4-6), coriaceous, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube slender, hairy
within ; throat glabrous ; lobes 5 (4-6), valvate with inflexed edges. Stamens
5 (4-6), inserted in the corolla-throat, filaments short ; anthers linear-oblong,
^ exserted, $ included eftete. Ovary 6-celled ; style filiform, arms 5 linear
2 exserted ; ovules 1, basal, erect in each cell. Capsule cylindric or ovoid,
5-valved to the base, apex deciduous between the hardened persistent calyx-
teeth, valves separating from 3-5 erect free fibrous pyrenes, the fibres simple
or reticulating, loose or appressed. Seeds erect, testa membranous ; cotyledons
orbicular, radicle short slender inferior. — Distkib. Species 5 or 6, a Chinese,
and the following.

1. Zi. lanceolata, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 191 ;
Cat. 6241 ; leaves ovate elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate puberulous or hispid above,
stipules small acute appressed, capsule cylindric. Z)C, Proc&*. iv. 462 ; Dene,
in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 90 ; Brand. For. Fl. 279. Hamiltonia suaveolens, Don
Prodr. 137.

Tempehate Himalaya, alt. 4-10,500 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, Wallich, &c.

A rigid erect shrub ; .branches glabrous, scabrid or hispid. Leaves very variable,
i-4 by \-'\\ in., more or less hairy beneath, rigid or rather membranous; petiole
|-^ in. Flowers subcapitate, terminal, and on short lateral branches, white, 4-6-
merous. Bracts tubular, glabrous or puberulous. Calyx-teeth triangular, acute.
Corolla ^ in. long, glabrous or hairy. Capsule \~\ in., cylindric, truncate, crowned
by the persistent ciliate calyx-teeth ; fibrous utricle enclosing the seed long and very
lax.

2. Xi. virg>ata, Edgew. in Aitchison Cat. Punjab. PI. 70 ; leaves very
small linear or oblong acute scabrid above, stipules with long pungent recurved
points, capsule cylindric.

Western Himalaya, alt. 4-7000 ft. from Murree, Falconer to Kulu, Edgeworth.
Salt Kange,' Fleming.

A slender rigid excessively branched shrub ; branches very slender, erect or
divaric:ite, white with spreading pubescence. Leaves \-\ by ~-^ in., fascicled,
straight or somewhat falcate, margins flat or recurved, pale beneath, nerves obscure ;
stipules triangular with rigid long pungent points and thickened margins, white.
Bracts often equalling the capsule. Calyx glabrous, teeth lanceolate ciliate, much
longer than in L. lanceolata. Corolla ^ in. long, pubescent, purplish. Capsule ^ in.,
subeylindric. Seed witli a few free fibres attached to the integument.

3. Zi. G-riffithli, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acute narrowed into
the petiole smooth or scabrid above, stipules small appressed, capsule ovoid
twice as long as the bracteoles and as the lanceolate glabrous calyx-teeth^'

Leptodermis.'] lxxv. rubiacej!. (J. D. Hooker.) 199

Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2964), &c.

A small rigid bush ; branches stout ; branchlets slender, furfuraceoua. LeatJlf^
i-l^ in., brown when dry, nerves 2-3 pair, glabrous oi: nearly so beneath. Calyx-
teeth nearly glabrous, lanceolate. Corolla white, ^ in. long. Capsule ^ in. long,
brown. Seed enclosed in an adnate reticulate fibrous coat.

4. Zi. scabrida, Hooh. f. ; leaves small elliptic-lanceolate subacute
scabrid above coriaceous, stipules with, recurved pungent points, capsules ovoid
twice as long as the bracteoles, much longer than the short obtuse glabrous
calyx-teeth.

MiSHMi Hills (Upper Assam), towards the summit of Thumathya, Griffith,
Evidently nearly allied to L. Griffitkii, having a turgid capsule, but this and the
leaves are smaller, the calyx-teeth shorter and more obtuse, and the utricle quite
loose. " Corolla tinged with purple," Griffith. Seeds enclosed in a loose reticulate
fibrous coat.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

L. sp. ? ; an excessively branched shrub, branches slender hispid interlaced, leaves
f-1 in. linear or linear-lanceolate acute hispid above or on both surfaces, stipules
small appressed, bracteoles short pubescent, capsules cylindric ^ in. long, calyx-teeth
very short. — Nipal, Wallich {Cat. 6241 A., in part). — Habit of L. virgata, Edgw.

L. sp. ? ; branches stout, leaves ^ in, elliptic or ovate obtuse hirsute on both sur-
faces, stipules small appressed, capsules cylindric \ in., calyx-teeth broad short. —
Bhotan near Telagoung, Griffith. — Specimens of an allied species or variety from
below Chupcha, 70U0 ft., Griffith, have very slender branches and obovate or oblong
leaves |— ^ in.

Tribe XY. SPZSZtMACOCES:.

86. XlTDROPKYXiAX, Xmn.^.

Creeping glabrous stout succulent herbs, branches terete. Leaves opposite,
sessile, ovate-oblong; stipules combined with the petioles into an entire or
toothed cup. Floioei'S solitary, axillary, shortly pedicelled, lilac. Calyx-tuhe
4-angled ; segments of limb ovate-lanceolate, persistent; Corolla rather fleshy,
between bell- and funnel-shaped, tube with a ring of hairs within ; lobes 4,
ovate, valvate. Stamens 4 on the corolla-throat, filaments filiform ; anthers
linear. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, pubescent, stigma obscurely 2-lobed ;
ovules 1, peltately attached to the septum in each cell. Fi'uit large, corky,
oblong-ovoid, compressed, curved, acutely 3-4-keeled between the acute margins,
1-2-celled, S-seeded.-^DisxRiB. An Asiatic, a Natal, and a Madagascar species.

1. K. maritima, Linn.f. ; leaves obovate acute. Roxh. Cor. PI. t. 233 ;
Fl. Ind. i. 373; BC. Prodr. iv. 576; Wall. Cat. 6205; W. ^ A. Prodr. 441;
Wt. Ic. t. 760. Sarissus anceps, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 118, t. 25.

Sand-hills on the shores of the Western Peninsula and Ceylon.

Stems a foot long, sparingly branched. Leaves \-\ by \-^ in., often recurved,
sometimes papillose or subscabrid, stipules broad sheathing. Calyx-tube \ in.,
longer than the lobes. Corolla ^\ in. long, and as broad across the lobes. Fruit
5-| in. long, crowned with the enlarged calyx-teeth.

87. SPERlftXACOCX:, Linn.

Herbs or low undershrubs ; branches usually square. Leaves opposite ;
stipules connate with the petioles into a broad truncate tube with marginal
bristles. Flowers small or minute, solitary or in axillary or terminal fascicles
heads or cymes. Calyx-tube various, limb of 2-4 (rarely 5) teeth with often
interposed teeth or bristles. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped ; lobes 4, valvate.

200 Lixv. RUBiACEj;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sjpermacoce.

Stamens 4, on the throat or tube of the corolla, filaments short or long ; anthers
linear or oblong. ' Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform with 2 short arms or a capi-
tate stigma ; ovules 1 in each cell, on the middle of the septmn, amphitropus.
Fi-uit of 2 coriaceous or crustaceoiis mericarps which dehisce variously. Seeds
oblong, grooved ventrally, testa thin often granulate ; cotyledons thin, broad ;
radicle inferior. — Distrib. Species about 150, tropical and subtropical.

* Capsule dehiscing septicidally, both mericarps then dehiscing ventrally.

1. S. stricta, Linn.f.; DC. Trodr. iv. 554; annual, stem usually erect
and leaves more or less scabrid, leaves from linear to ovate acute, calyx hispid
or puljescent, teeth slender, seeds linear-oblong highly polished. Roxh. Fl. Ind.
i. 370 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 137. y. lasiocarpa, Br. in Wall. Cat.
832. S. pusilla, W(dl. in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. i. 379 ; Cat. 823 ;
JDon Prodr. 134. S. filina, Gardneri, and angustifolia. Wall. Cat. 830, 834, 835.
S. triandra. Ham. in Don Prodr. I. c. Bigelovia stricta, Blume Bijd. 945.
B, lasiocarpa, Roxburghiana, and Kleinii, W. ^ A. P-odr. 437. B. myriantha,
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 334. Borreria pusilla, DC. I. c. 543. B. gracilis, Miq.
in PI. Hohen. No. 705.

Tropicax Himalaya from Kashmir eastwards, ascending to 5500 ft., and through-
out India to Singapore and Cktlon. — Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa.

Stem 6-14 in., simple or branched from the base, angles more or less scabrid.
Leaves subsessile, 1-2 by ^-^ in., green when dry, narrowed at both ends, horizontal
or deflexed, more or less coriaceous, glabrous or with scabrid nerves beneath. Heads
globose, usually very many- and dense-flowered; bracteoles filiform, exceeding the
calyx. Corolla ^ in. long, white. Stigma subglobose. Capsule narrowed at the
base, glabrous below, rather membranous. — The two most prominent forms of this
variable plant are small fruited ones with globose heads and very narrow leaves, the
S. pusilla, DC, and B. myriantha, Miq., and a large coarser plant, S. lasiocarpa, Br.;
but there ai'e no limits between these forms.

2. S. ocyxnoides, Burm. Fl. Ind. 34, t. 13, f. 1 ; perennial, glabrous or
nearly so, steins branched from the base decumbent and ascending, leaves ovate
elliptic or lanceolate acute glabrous or scabrid above, calyx glabrous or glabrate,
teeth lanceolate, seeds oblong black granulate opaque. S. stricta, Schlecht. in
PI. Hohen. No. 998. S. ramosa, tenera, ocymoides, and Roxburghiana, Walt
Cat. 831, 833, 6l85, 6186 excl. B. Borreria ocymoides, DC. Prodr. iv. 544.
Bigelowia Roxburghiana, Wight Cat. 1360 (not of W. 8f A. Prodr.). B. Ia3vi-
caulis and setidens, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 334, 336.

Western Peninsula; from Malabar and the Nilgherry Hills southwards,
Heyne, &c. Malacca, Griffith; Ceylon, Gardner, &c. — Distrib. Malay Islands,
Mauritius, Trop. Africa.

Root more or less woody (except in seedlings). Branches 4-16 in., stout or more
often slender, rarely scabrid on the angles and only beneath the leaves. Leaves much
broader than in S. stricta, often membranous, quite glabrous or scabrid above, some-
times petioled. Flowers fewer and in smaller heads than S. stricta, with usually
shorter bracteoles. Calyx rarely puberulous, teeth often unequal. Seeds usually
broader and shorter than in 8. stricta. — I follow Wallich in referring this to Bur-"
mann's plant. Wight & Arnott's B. Roxburghiana is not Wallich's 6186 of that
name, nor is it Wight's plant of that name, nor is Wight & Arnotf^s B. Kleinii
Wallich's <S. ocymoides, No. 6185, as cited ; both these plants of W. & A. having hispid
calyces are referable to S. stricta. J

** Capsule sejtticidal, one' mericaj-p i-emaining closed hy the septum (which
finally separates as a menibranous plate') , the other dehiscing ventrally.

3. S. hispida, Linn.; DC. P-odr. iv. 555; procumbent, scabrid hirsute
or hispid, leaves obovate spathulate oblong or elliptic obtuse or acute margins

Spermacoce.'] Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 201

flat or waved, capsule hispid or pubescent, seeds oblong granulate opaque.
Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 373 ; Wall. Cat. 825 ; W. 8f A. IVodr. 438 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. ni. S. articularis, Linn, f.; Roxb. I. c. 372; Wall. Cat. 827;
W. Sr A. I. c. ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 137, S. scabra, WiUd. ; Roxb.
I. c. 371 ; Wall. Cat. 824. S. liirta, Rottler in Nov. Act. Berol. 1803, 95. S.
longicaulis, Wall. ; avana, Wall. ; ramosissima, Wall. ; and tubularis, Br. in
Wall. Cat. 826, 828, 829, 836.— ^wrm. Thes. Zeylan, t. 20, f. 3. Rheede Hort.
Mai. ix. t. 7Q.

Throughout India, from the Western Himalaya at Simla, ascending to 3000 ft. to
Assam, and southwards to CErLONjand Singapoee. — Distrib. S. China, Malayan
Archipelago.

Root annual or perennial; branches 6-14 in., ascending, stout, 4-angled, scabrous
hirsute or glabrous. Leaves \-l^ by ^-| in,, often rounded at the tip, rigidly coria-
ceous, pale when dry, margins sometimes thickened and cartilaginous, usually very
scabrid above ; nerves rarely impressed. Flowers 4-6 in a whorl ; bracteoles filiform,
equalling the ealjx. Calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate. Corolla ^-\ in., blue or white.
Stigmas 2, very short. Capsule pubescent or hispid, rounded at the base. Seeds very
variable, ^^-| in. long, narrow or broad. — A maritime Carnatic form has very hairy
branches and stout waved apiculate leaves with cartilaginous edges ; it is Koxburgh's
typical S. hisfida, and passes by insensible gradations into other forms.

4. S. scaberrima, Blume Bijd. 946 ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate
acute scabrid above w^ith deeply impressed nerves, capsule glabrous, seeds oblong
granulate shining. DC. Prodr. iv. 556; Miq. Fl. Lnd. Bat. ii. 331.

Malacca, Griffith.— Bistri-h. Sumatra, Java, Banca.

Rather stout, 12-16 in., brown when dry; branches ascending, rather shining,
nearly glabrous but scabrid or retrorsely hairy on the angles below the nodes. Leaves
1-1 i in., subsessile, rigidly coriaceous, very scabrid above, hardly so beneath; nerves
very oblique. Flowers few. Corolla^ not "seen. Calyx-teeth lanceolate. Capsule
brown. Seeds small, oblong, with a large ventral cavity.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

5. BuRMANNi, DC. Prodr. iv. 555. S. corymbosa, Burm. Fl. Ind, 34, non Linn., is
und«^terminable.

S. ? PROcuMBENS, Linn. ; DC. 1. c. is probably a Hedyotis.

S. ? UPDYOTIDEA, DC. I. c. Hedyotis fruticosa, Retz Obs. ii. 8, an Linn.'i See p. 49.

88. GAII.X.ONZA, ^. i^^cA.

Low rigid shrubs. Leaves small, opposite, linear or subulate ; stipules
usually connate with the petioles into an entire sheath with 2 bristles or obso-
lete. Flowers small, solitary, or in simple spiciform cymes, white. Calyx-limb
2-5-toothed, dilated after flowering into a scarious equate wing or feathery
bristles. Corolla funnel-shaped, throat naked; lobes 4-5, valvate in bud.
iStatnens 4-5, in the throat or tube of the corolla, filaments short; anthers
linear-oblong. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform, arms 2
short ; ovules 1 in each cell on the centre of the septum, amphitropous. Fy-uit
ovoid, of 2 terete indehiscent cocci crowned with the enlarged calyx. Seeds
oblong, grooved ventrally, albumen horny; cotyledons flat, radicle slender
inferior. — Distrib. Species 10, N. African and W. Asian.

1. G-. calycoptera, Jaub. 8f Spach Lll. PI. Or. i. 147, t. 80; glabrous,
leaves linear, stipules of the floral leaves minutely 6-8-too^ed, flowers spicate,
fruit with erect wings. Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. 16. Spermacoce calyptera, Dene,
Flor. iSinaic. 29.

202 Lxxv. RUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) IGaillonia.

The Punjab ; dry hills near Attock, Falconer, Stewart. — Distrib. Nubia, Arabia,
Persia.

A small shrub, /with slender, erect, terete, strict, dichotomously forked branches,
the lower white. Leaves in distant pairs, ^-1 in., black when dry, scaberulous.
margins revolute. Fruit about ^ in. long, of 2 narrowly oblong puberulous cocci
surmounted by an ereft scarious calyx-limb ; segments of limb free or connate,
elliptic, acute, white, veined, much longer than the cocci. — The Indian specimens are
very imperfect.

2. G-. hymenostepliana, Jaub. ^ Spach lU. PL Or. i. 146, t. 79;
hoary and scaberulous, leaves linear-oblong with obsolete stipules, floral connate
with 2-lobed stipules, flowers terminal solitary and fascicled, fruit with a large
orbicular horizontal 5-lobed wing. Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. 15.

Punjab, Fleming. Wxjzuristan, alt. 3500 ft., Stewart. — Distrib. Arabia, Belu-
chistan, Affghanistan.

A very small shrub, " most foetid when fresh," Stewart, with opposite divaricating
strict slender branches. Leaves \-^ in., margin revolute. Fruit of 2 small hispid
cocci ; the calyx-limb ^^ in. diam., pubescent or glabrate, membranous, reticulately
veined.

Tbibe XYI. GAXiIBS:.
89. XtTTBIA, Unn.

Scabrid hispid or prickly erect difluse or climbing herbs; stems square,
slender. Leaves 4-8 in a whorl, rarely opposite and stipulate. Flowejs small
or minute, in axillary and terminal cymes, pedicel jointed with the ovary.
Ccdyx-tuhe ovoid or globose ; limb 0. Corolla rotate or shortly bell- or funnel-
shaped ; lobes 4-5, valvate. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-tube, tila-
ments short ; anthers globose or oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; style 2-tid or styles
2, stigma capitate ; ovules 1 erect in each cell, attached to the septum. Fruit
small, didymous, fleshy, or globose by the suppression of a carpel. Seeds sub-
erect, adhering to the pericarp, testa membranous; cotyledons broad thin,
radicle slender inferior. — Distrib. Species about 30, chiefly temperate.

1. R. cordifolia, Linn.\ DC. Prodr. iv. 588; scandent, leaves 4 in a
whorl petioled ovate-cordate acute, nerves 3-7 from the base very strong.
Wall. Cat. 6209 ; W. 8r A. Prodr. 442 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 121 ; Wt. III.
t. 128, bis. f. 1. R. Munjista, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 10 ; Fl. Ind. i. 374 ; DC. I. c. ;
Wt. Ic. t. 187. R Mungisth, Desv. Journ. Bot. 1814, 207. R. javana, DC.
I. c. R. secunda. Moon Cat. 10. R. alata. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey
8f Wall. i. 384; Cat. 6208; DC. I.e. R. purpurea, Dene, in Jacq. Toy. Bot.
84, t. 92. R. scandens, Zoll. ^ Morr. ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 338. R. chi-
nensis, Regel 8f Maack in Reg. Fl. Ussur. 76, f. 8, t. 1. R. mitis, Miq. in Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 112.

Throughout the hilly districts of India, from the N.W. Himalaya eastwards,
ascending to 8000 ft., and southwards to Ceylon and Malacca. — Distrib. N.E. Asia
from Dahuria to Japan and Java, Tropical Africa.

Climbing; root perennial; branches stout, smooth, or more often with the
nerves beneath (usually) retrorsely gcabrid. Leaves smooth or scabrid ; lower
2-4 in.; petiole 1-3 in., 2 often longer and with larger blades, upper leaves some-
times acute at the base, shorter petioled. Cymes panicled, terminal ; branches tri-
chotomous, spreading, with opposite sessile leafy cordate bracts. Flowers minute,
6- rarely 4-merous. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tips incurved. Anthers globose. Fruit
^-^ in. diam., didymous or globose. — A very variable plant. The Khasian speci-
mens have usually 3-nerved leaves, not impressed above ; in Western Peninsula the
nerves are 6-7, and deeply impressed. Eastern Himalayan specimens of Griffith's

BvMa.'} Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 203

have hispid branches and leaves pubescent beneath ; they have neither flowers nor
fruit.

2. R. tinctormn, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. iv. 689 ; scandent, leaves sub-
sessile 4-6 in a whorl elliptic or lanceolate acuminate penni-nerved, nerves very
obscure. Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. 17.

Kashmie, Falconer, and Sindh, Stocks; cultivated in both. — Distbib. Affghan-
istan and westward to Spain, cultivated or wild.

Stem elongate; angles scabrid or prickly. Leaves 2-4 by ^-1^ in., acuminate,
margins and nerves beneath prickly. Cymes terminal, panicled, spreading, leafy.
Corolla rotate ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, apieulate. Anthers linear-oblong. Fruit ^-^
in. diam., didymous and globose.

3. R. himalayense, Klotzsch in Pi-. Wold. RmeBot. 86, t. 76; leaves
elliptic-ovate or obovate subacute or tip rounded often apieulate penni-nerved,
nerves very obscure. R. aculeata, Royle III. 237, name only,

Westkbn Himalaya; Kunawur, Boyle, Munro. Kashmir, Falconer. — Distrib.
Affghanistan.

This diiFers markedly from J?, tinctorum in its slender habit, shorter broader
more distinctly petioled leaves, which are also membranous and are usually obovate
with a rounded apieulate tip ; the corolla, too, is more funnel-shaped. Griffith
observes that it occurs in hedges and fields, and that he did not see it cultivated,
whereas he marks R. tinctorum as cultivated.

4. R. sikkimensis, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1874, ii. 188; scandent,
scabnd, leaves sessile 4 in a whorl elliptic or ovate-lanceolate acute or acumi-
nate 3-5-nerved from the base.

Eastern Himalaya; from Sikkim, alt. 2-5000 ft., J. B. H., &c. ; and Bhotan,
Griffith, to the Mishmi mountains (Upper Assam).

A stout climber, branches retrorsely scabrid. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., sometimes
cordate, scabrid on both surfaces, sometimes pubescent beneath, base acute or
rounded ; nerves deeply impressed above. Cymes large, panicled ; branches short.,
spreading, leafy. Corolla rotate, lobes subacute. Anthers globose. Fruit ^ in.,
smooth. — The handsomest species of the genus.

5. R. Sdg'eworth.ii, Hook.f. ; scandent, pubescent all over, leaves short-
petioled 4 in a whorl lanceolate acuminate 3-5-nerved from the base.

"Western Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 3-4000 ft., Edgeworth, Strachey ^ Winter-
bottom, Madden.

Branches hardly scabrid, 8-ribbed, clothed, as are all parts (but less so on the
leaves above), with white spreading pubescence. Leaves 2-3 by |^-f in., membra-
nous, margins hardly scabrid, nerves deeply impressed above. Cymes as in R. sikki-
mensis, but more slender, and the branches ascending. Corolla-lobes lanceolate,
acuminate. Anthers ellipsoid. Fruit glabrous.

6. R. ang'ustissixna, Wall. Cat. 6207; scandent, slightly scabrid,
shining, leaves sessile 4-8 in a whorl \erj narrowly linear keeled nerveless. G.
Don Gen. St/st. iii. 643 ; Ku7'z in Jouiin. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 162. R. charaefolia,
Wall. Cat. 6210 ; G. Don I. c.

Central and Eastern Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Nipal^ Wallich ; Sikkim,
J. D. K, C. B. Clarke.— BiSTRiB. Ava.

Stem excessively branched, ribbed, branches with short internodes. Leaves 1-4
by ^-^ in., young filiform, thin and brittle, flat above, midrib strong beneath, smooth
or sparingly scabrid. Cymes very small, often of only 3-5-flowers on a peduncle not
longer than the small floral leaves or (the ? ?) on a slender peduncle \ in. or less.
Flowers minute. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute. Anthers ellipsoid. Fruit \ in. diam.
when didymous, on a slender ped:ancle, solitary, globose or didymous, smooth. —
Habit and aspect of a climbing Asparagus.

204 Lxxv. RUBIACEJ). (J. D. Hooker.) [Buhia.

7. It. tibetica, Hook. f. ; erect, short, scabrid, leaves sessile opposite or
4 in a whorl broadly ovate suborbicular or elliptic ovate or lanceolate, nerves
obscure.

Western Tibet; NuLra and Piti, alt. 10-14,000 ft., Thomson, Lance; Kulu, Ha^;
Karakorum mountains, alt. 10,700 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Root (or rhizome ?) long woody brown, sending up fascicles of short stout erect
stems as thick as a crow-quill, and covered with smooth glistening white bark, from
which again arise fascicles of erect annual simple or sparingly divrided branches 6-10
in. high ; nodes of the stem below shortly sheathed with membranous bases of old
leaves. Leaves ^-1 by ^-^ in., coriaceous, margins and midrib scabrid. Cymes
axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves, or flowers solitary on long axillary
peduncles. Flowers rather large, ^ in. diam. Corolla- s^pnenls lanceolate, acute.
Anthers globose. Fruit ^ in. diam., smooth. — The habit of this species is very
peculiar, like that of some Galia.

8. !R. albicaulis, Boiss.-, var. stenophylla, JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 19;
scandent ? scabrid or almost smooth, leaves sessile opposite or 4 in a whorl
linear or linear-lanceolate rigid, nerves 3 from the base the lateral marginal.
R. Kotschyi, Boiss. II. cc.

NoKTH- WESTERN India and Salt Eange, alt. 2-8000 ft. ; Murree, Fleming ; Wuzu-
ristan, Stewart. — Distrib. Affghanistan, Persia.

Ste7n woody below; branches rather stout, often white, quite smooth, upper green
with white thickened angles. Leaves 1-4 by ^-\ in., midrib and thickened margin il
nerve almost quite smooth. Cymes axillary and terminal, much shorter than the
leaves, many-flowered ; peduncles and pedicels stout. Flowers minute, yellow.
Corolla-segments lanceolate, acuminate. Anthers ovoid. Fruit smooth. — The flowers
of Bois.sier's specimen of his var. Kotschyi, from Schiras, are smaller and more
rotate than Griffith's Aifghanfstan ones, which he refers to it. They are funnel-
shaped and glabrous in the Murree, &c., specimens.

90. GAZ.ZVBX, Linn.

Glabrous, hispid, scabrid or prickly erect or scandent weak herbs ; branches
square. Leaves 3 or more in a whorl, rarely opposite and stipulate, broad or
narrow. Flowers minute, in axillary and terminal cymes or peduncles, white
yellow or greenish ; pedicel jointed with the ovary. Calyx-tube ovoid or
globose ; limb 0. Co7'olla rotate or shortly funnel-shaped, lobes 4, rarely 3,
valvate. Stamens 4, rarely 3, in the corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers
didymous. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, arms 2 with capitate stigmas ; ovules 1
erect in each cell, attached to the middle of the septum. Fruit small, didy-
mous, dry or nearly so, smooth granulate or tubercled, glabrous pubescent or
hispid with hooked hairs. Seed adhering to the pericarp, p'ano-convex, grooved
ventrally, testa membranous ; cotyledons broad thin, radicle elongate inferior. —
DisTRiB. About 150 species, chiefly temperate.

* Fruit covered with hooked hairs or bristles (rarely glabrous in 1. rotundi-
folium). See also 17. G. setaceum.

t Leaves 3-nervedfrom the base.

1. G-. rotundifolium, Linn.-, DC. Prodr. iv. 599; diflfuse, leaves
sessile or subsessile 4 in a whorl ovate or elliptic acute mucronate or obtuse
3-nerved from the base, cymes exceeding the leaves, branches divaricate.
Reichb. Lc. Fl. Germ. t. 1198; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 49. G. latifolium, Ham.
in Bon Prodr. 133. G. Hamiltoni, Spreng. ; DC. Prodr. iv. 600. G. elegans,
Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey |- Wall. i. 382; Cat. 6212; DC. I. c. G.
punduanum, Wall. Cat. 7291.

Galium.] Lxxv. rubtacej;. (J. D. Hooker.) 205

Throughout the Himalaya and Khasia Mts., alt. 4-10,000 ft,, common. Westrrn
Peninsula ; Nilgherry mts. — Di8trib. Europe, N. Africa, W, Asia.

Perennial, glabrous or pubescent ; stem and branches trailing. Leaves ^-2 by |-3
in., rarely glabrous, margins usually flat. Cymes terminal ; branches, peduncles, and
pedicels very slender. Corolla white or yellowish-green, segments acute. Fruit
small, clothed with hooked hairs, rarely glabrous.

Var. javanicum; very hairy, internodes shorter, leaves often suborbicular or
oborate apiculate, corolla more or less hairy. G. javanicum, Blume Bijd. 943 ; DC.l. c.
G. Requienanum, W. iSf A. Prodr. 443; Wt. Ic. t. 1042 (hairs of fruit erroneous). —
Nilgherry hills. Java.

Var. leiocarpa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. S39 ; ovary and fruit glabrous. — Khasia mts.,
J. D. H. # T. r.— Java.

2. G. boreale, Linn.', DC. Prodr. iv. 600; erect, leaves sessile 4 in a
whorl lanceolate obtuse rigid margins scabrid 3-nerved from the base, cymes
axillary and terminal many-flowered. Heichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1186 ; Baiss. Fl.
Orient, iii. 48.

Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-11,000 ft.; Kashmir, Falconer, Thomson;
Lahul, Jaeschke. — Disteib. N. and Central Europe, Asia and America, the Caucasus
and Armenia.

Perennial, glabrous or pubescent; stems 1-2 ft Leaves 1-2 by \-\ in., mar-
gins recurved when dry. Cymes suberect with short divaricate branches and ovate
bracts. Corolla white, segments subacute. Fruit ^ in. diam., clothed with hooked
hairs.

ft Leaves penni-^erved, or nerves obsolete (never S-nervedfrom the base).

3. G-. trlflorum, Michx.; DC. Prodr. iv. 601; erect or decumbent,
almost smooth, leaves sessile 6-8 in a whorl penni-nerved and narrowly elliptic
or lanceolate acuminate, or petioled and shorter and broader elliptic or obovate
apiculate or acute, cymes few-flowered axillary and terminal. Willd. Hort.
Berol. t. QQ. G. gratum, Wall. Cat. 6211. G. asperuloides, Fdgew. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xx. 61. Aaperula galioides, Jacq. Joum. A. consanguinea, Klotzsch
in Pr. Wald. Beise. Bot. 87, t. 74.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan. — Distrib.
N. Europe, Asia and America, Central America.

Perennial; stems usually straggling. Leaves very variable, the longer sessile
forms ^^-2^ by j-\ in., the shorter petioled ones ^ 1 by 1|-^ in., upper sometimes 4
in a whorl, margins flat. Cym£s small. Fruit small, clothed with hooked bristles.
— Habit and odour of Asperula odorata.

Var. Hoffmeisteri ; leaves petioled obovate-spathulate rounded at the tip. Asperula
Hoifmeisteri, Klotzsch. I. c. t. 75.

4. G-. Aparine, Linn.; DC. Prodr. iv. 608; climbing, scabrid with
reflexed hairs or prickles, leaves sessile 6-8 in a whorl linear or narrowly
obovate-oblong usually narrower below the middle cuspidate, nerves obso-
lete, peduncles axillary 3-flowered. Beichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1197; Boiss. Fl.
Oi-ient. iii. 68; Wall, in Boxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 382; Cat. 6213.

Temperate Himalaya and "Western Tibet, ascending to 12,000 ft., from Kashmir
and the Salt Kange to Sikkim. — Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. and Central
Asia. ,

Annual, extensively rambling or cliniloing. Leaves very variable, ^-\\ by ^~\ in.,
always mucronate with scabrid midrib and margins. Pedicvcles axillary and in ter-
minal leafy panicles, longer or shorter than the leaves, rarely 1 -flowered, peduncles
stout. Fruit clothed with spreading hooked bristles.

5. Gt, "pvLMCifLoTVLTa, Bunge Enum. PI. Chin. 35; nearly smooth, very
slender, leaves sessile opposite or 4-6 in a whorl oblanceolate cuspidate penni-

206 Lxxv. RUBIACEJ;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Galium.

nerved, nerves very slender, peduncles axillary and terminal 1-flowered. G.
Aparine, var. pauciflorum, Maxim, in Btdl. Imp. Acad.y Mel. Biol. ix. 269.

Western Tibet; Nubra, Pangim and Karakoram mts., alt. 12-14,000 ft., Thomson,
C. B. Clarke, Henderson. — Distrib. N. China.

Annual, very much more slender than Q-. Aparine, and almost quite smootli.
Stems filiform or capillary. Leaves |-f in., membranous, midrib slender, margins
minutely scabrid. Peduncle \--^ in., rarely 2-flowered. Flowers minute, white. Fruit
very small, covered with hooked hairs.

6. G-. vestitum, Don Pt-odr. 133 ; suterect, scaberulously pubescent all
over, leaves sessile 4-5 in a whorl oblong obtuse rigid, margins recurved, nerves
obsolete, cymes small terminal and axillary few-flowered.

Western and Central Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft.; Grarwhal, Falconer, &c. ;
Nipal, Wal-lich. _ >•

Perennial; stems stout for the size of the plant, ascending. Leaves \-^ in.,
• equally pubescent on both surfaces. CyTnes short, but longer than the leaves,
branches short, divaricate. Flowers minute. Fruit very small, clothed with hooked
hairs.

7. G-. birtifloruxn, Requien in DC. Bi-odr. iv. 600; suberect or decum-
bent, glabrate or laxly clothed with long weak hairs, leaves sessile 4-nate linear
obtuse or subacute, margins recurved, nerves obscure, cymes axillary and ter-
minal longer than the leaves paniculate. G. ciliatum, Don Prodr. 133. G.
Aparine, Wnll. Cat. 6213, in part.

Temperate Himalaya; Garwhal, Fa^wwer ; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 6-10,000
ft., J. D. H.

Stems weak, 1-2 ft., branched, shining, never scabrid, the spreading or reversed
hairs being weak and long, or absent. Leaves ^-1 by ^-^ in., rather rigid, covered all
over, or on the stout midrib beneath and margins only, with long hairs. Cymes hori-
zontal, 1-2 in, long, slender, and with few slender divaricate distant pairs of branches.
Flowers on slender pedicels, minute. Corolla-segments ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Fruit
very small, ^o i^^- diam., clothed with hooked bristles.

8. G. confertum, Royle mss. ; clothed with soft spreading hairs, stems
weak interlaced, leaves sessile 4-5 in a whorl broadly elliptic or obovate obtuse,
margins flat, nerves obsolete, peduncles axiUary and terminal very short 1-
flowered.

Western Himalaya ; Kunawur, alt. 7-8000 ft., Boyle, Thomson.

Boot woody, giving off innumerable interlaced slender stems, 6-8 in. long. Leaves
i-l by ^-^ in., floral minute. Peduncles ~-^ in. when flowering. Corolla-segments
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Ovary hispid. Fruit not seen.

9. G. paradozuxn, Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petersb., Mel. Biol. Dec. xvi.
263 ; procumbent, very slender, quite smooth and almost glabrous, leaves petioled
opposite and stipulate rarely 4 in a whorl orbicular or orbicular-ovate obtuse
apiculate penni-nerved, flowers axillary and solitary and in very small terminal
few-flowered cymes. G. stellarisefolium, Franch. 8f Savat. Enum. PI. Jap. i.
213 ; ii. 392.

Sikkim Himalaya ; by water courses at Choongtam, alt. 8-9000 ft., J. D. H. —
Distrib. Manchuria, Japan.

Annual ? Stems flexuous, a span long, almost filiform, quite smooth, succulent.
Leaves in distant pairs, ^^ in. long and as broad or rather less, perfectly smooth,
very rarely with a few scattered appressed hairs; base rounded or narrowed into
the distinct petiole ~-\ in. long ; nerves and midrib faint ; stipules minute, inter-
petiolar, subulate. Flowers minute, if solitary and axillary on a pedicel | in., when .
texminal 3-nate, or several on a very short branched peduncle. CoroUa-segmenCB

Galium..] Lxxv. EUBiACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 207

ovate, obtuse, glabrous. St^le 2-fid at the top. Ovari/ densely clothed with hooked
hairs. Fruit not seen. — A very curious Galium; the Sikkim specimens are smaller
than the Manchurian, and resemble a Nertera.

10. G-. exile, Hook. f.\ minute, procumbent, stems capillary interlaced
flexuGUS, leaves minute petioled opposite elliptic acute penninerved, peduncles
solitary axillary and terminal 1-flowered.

Sikkim Himaxaya, by rivulets in the interior, alt. 12-14,000 ft.

A most delicate annual with soft weak stems a few inches long, procumbent
amongst moss and not thicker than horse-hair. Leaves in distant pairs, jL_i in. long,
narrowed into a short petiole, midrib and margins quite smooth ; stipules interpetiolar,
low, broad, most minute. Fruiting peduncles longer than the leaves. Corolla not
seen. Ovari/ pubescent, about ^ in. diam. Fruit ^ in. diam., didymous, laterally
much compressed, chestnut brown, rather shining, covered with hooked hairs.

** Fruit without hooked hairs (except 18. setaceum), tomentose pubescent
scabrid tubercled granular or smooth. (See also 1. rotundifolium.)

t Leaves penni-ne7'ved J or nerves obsolete {never ^nerved from the base).

11. G. serpylloides, 2ioi/le mss.; softly pubescent, suberect, . stem
short much branched, leaves close-set sessile 4 in a whorl ovate oblong or elliptic
obtuse margins recurved, nerves obscure, peduncles axillary and terminal 3-
flowered, fruit densely clothed with long woolly straight (not hooked) hairs.

"Western Himalaya ; Kunawur and Lahul, Boyle, Thomson, Jaeschke.

Boot woody, sending up innumerable suberect rather stout stems 2-4 in. high.
Leaves \-\ by ^^-^ in., midrib beneath strong. Peduncles stout, equalling or exceed-
the leaves ; pedicels short, stout. Flowers minute. Calyx-segments ovate, acute.
Fruit, including the hairs ^ in. broad.

12. G. Blollugro, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. iv. 596; glabrous or slightly scabrid
hispid or pubescent, stems long flaccid much branched, leaves sessile or petioled
6-8 in a whorl linear or narrowly linear-obovate acute or cuspidate, nerves ob-
scure, cymes axillary and terminal panicled many-flowered, fruit glabrous granu-
late. Rdchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 1. 1187 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 53. G. asperifolium,
Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 381 ; DC. I. c. 698; W. Sr A.
Prodr. 4A2. G. parviflorum, D(m Prodr. 133. G. Aparine, Wall. Cat. 6213 in
part. G. lividum, Jacq. Journ.

Mountainous parts of India, alt. 3-10,000 ft. ; throughout the Himalaya, Khasia
Mrs., BiRMA, the higher Ghats of the Western Peninsula, and Mountains of Cey-
lon.— DiSTRiB. Europe, N. Africa, Temperate Asia, Ava.

Perennial ; very variable. Stems 2-3 ft., scandent and rambling. Leaves ^-1 by
^-^ in., rather rigid, often polished above, margins usually recurved, midrib strong
beneath. Cymes with short slender stiff divaricate branches, pedicels recurved in
fruit. Corolla small, white, segments ovate. Fruit black, ^ in. diam.

13. G. tricorne, With.; DC. Prodr. iv. 608; very scabrid, stems stout,
leaves sessile 6-8 in a whorl linear or oblanceolate cuspidate, nerves obscure,
peduncles stout axillary 1-3-flowered, fruit glabrous or scabrous granidate.
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1198 ; Bmss. Fl. Orient, iii. 67.

"Western Himalaya; Kashmir, ascending to 13,000 ft.; and "Western Tibet,
Thomson. Hills at Attock, Falconer. Wuzueistan, Stewart. — Distrib. Central and
S, Europe, N. Africa, "W. Asia.

A stout annual, 1-2 ft., retrorsely scabrid. Leaves \-\\ by ^-^ in., rigid, midrib
strong beneath. Peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves, stout and elongate, with
decurved tips in fruit. Corolla white ; segments ovate, acute. Fruit large, ^ in.
diam.

208 Lxxv. RUBiACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Oalium.

14. G, spurium, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. iv. 608; scaberulous, leaves subses-
sile 4-6 in a whorl elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate obtuse or acute penninerved,
cvmes slender elongate terminal and axillary, fruit glabrous smootli. Boisa. Fl.
Orimt. iii. 69.

Kashmir, Falconer, Thomson.

Annual, glabrous; stems 2-3 ft., flaccid, rambling. Leaves 1-1^ in., usually ob-
tuse, rather thin, midrib not strong beneath, and margins minutely scabrid. Cymes
much longer than the leaves, with slender distant divaricate branches. Corolla minute,
white ; segments ovate, obtuse. Fruii ^^ in. diam., black.

15. Gr, veniin, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. iv.GOS: erect, smooth, stem pubescent
upwards, leaves sessile 8-10 in a whorl linear cuspidate glabrous margins revo-
lute, nerves obscm'e, cymes numerous short many-flowered, fruit glabrous
granular. Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1187; Boiss. Fl. OHent. iii. 62.

"Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 6-10,000 ft., Falconer, &c. ; Lahul, Hay,
Jaeschke. — Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia.

Perennial ; stems erect or rambling, 1-3 ft., terete. Leaves usually deflexed, very
narrow, ^-1 by ^^-^ in., rigid. Cymes very numerous, pedicels short, straight in fruit.
Corolla bright yellow; segments ovate, acute. Fruit ~ in., often pubescent in
Europe.

16. G, acutum, Edgew.in Trans. Linn. Sac. xx. 61; smooth, glabrous,
stems interlaced, leaves sessile 6 in a whorl very small elliptic-lanceolate arista te
margins recurved, nei*ves obsolete, peduncles axillary short 1-flowered, fruit
glabrous granulate. G. floribundum, Jacq. Journ. G. himalayense, Klotzsch in
1^\ Wald. Reise Bat. 88, t. 73.

Temperatr Himalaya; Kunawur, alt. 5000 ft., Edgeworth; Garwhal, alt. 10,000
ft., Falconer, &c. ; Sikkim, alt. 9-13,000 ft., J. D. H., C. B. Clarke.

Perennial, black when dry ; suberect and stiff, or flaccid and decumbent ; stems
6-12 in , very leafy. Leaves close-set, often recurved, ^\ in., midrib strong beneath.
Peduncle very stout when flowering, much shorter than the leaves, elongate and
straight in fruit. Corolla very minute; segments lanceolate. acuminate. Fruit ^-^ in.
diam. — I have noted the flowers as purplish in some Sikkim specimens, 3ellowish-
white in others.

17. G-. tenuissixuum, Bieh. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i. 104; erect, scabrid,
glabrous, excessively slender, widely divaricately branched, leaves 6 in a whorl
narrowly linear scabrid aristate, nerves obsolete, cymes very large lax very slen-
der few-flowered, fruit minute smooth glabrous. DC. Prodr. iv. 607 ; Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iii. 73.

Western Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 6OOO-60OO ft., Clarke. Punjab p- at Rawul
Pindee, Aitchison. — Distrib. W. Asia, from Syria and the Caucasus to Greece.

Annual. Stem 6-12 in., usually retrorsely scabrid, subterete, di-tri-chotomously
divided from the base, so that the whole plant forms a triangle with the apex at the
root, leafy at the forks only. Leaves ^| by — in., rather broader beyond the middle,
ciliate with rigid hairs, margins revolute. Cymes many times longer than the leaves,
and very long pedicels capillary. Corolla minute, white or yellowish ; segments cus-
pidate. Fruit Y2 in. diam., mericarps often free. — Too closely allied to G. divaricatum,
Lam., which extends from Europe to Syria.

18. G*. setaceum, Lamk. ; DC. P'odr. iv. 609 ; erect, short, minutely
scabrid or glabrous, branches filiform erect or divaricate, leaves 4-8 in a whorl
filiform acute margins recurved lower short elongate-spathulate not aristate
upper setaceous, cymes terminal and lateral capillary few-flowered, fruit most
minute glabrous or with a few hooked hairs. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 77. G.
capillare, Cav. Ic. t. 191, f. 1.

Galium.'] Lxxv. rubiace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 2Q9

Thk Pi'NJAB, at Hussar, Aitchison. — Distrib. Beluchistan, AfFghanistan, Asia
Minor, aud Greece.

Annual ; stem erect, 6-8 in., terete. Leaves ^-| by -^ in., the lower shorter and
broader, margins revolute, hardly scabrid. Cymes equalling and exceeding the leaves ;
branches and pedicels capillary. Corolla most minute, glabrous, yoUow. Fruit g^in,
diam., glabrous or with a few short hooked hairs. — Described from Beluch and Affghan
specimens, the Punjab ones being very imperfect.

19. G-. ceratophylloldes, -SboA;. /. ; stems erect subsimple short very
slender smooth and glabrous, leaves in close-set wHorls of 6 horizontal and re-
curved very slender soft flat aristate, peduncles axillary shorter than the leaves
3-flowered, ovary glabrous.

Kashmir, at Poosiana, alt. 8500 ft., C. B. Clarice.

Perennial? Stems 4-6 in., 4-angled, weak, filiform, perfectly smooth. Leaves
^ in., rather flaccid, longer than the internodes, finely acuminate and aristate, minutely
scabrid towards the apex, margins hardly recurved, midrib not prominent beneath.
Peduncles erect, with 2 subulate bracts at the tip. Corolla yellowish ; segments lan-
ceolate, long-acuminate. Fruit not seen.

tt Leaves 3-nervedfrom the base.

20. Cr. vemum, Scop.', DC. Prod?: iv. 605; slightly scabrid or pubes-
cent, decumbent, weak, leaves shortly petioled 4 in a whorl elliptic tip
rounded 3-nerved from the base, peduncles axillary shorter than the leaves few-
flowered, fruit smooth glabrous. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1186; Boiss. Fl.
Onent. iii. 80.

Western Himai^ya; Chumba, alt. 9000 ft., C. B. Clarke.— Distrib. Central and
S. Europe, Siberia.

Perennial. Stem 6-10 in., sparingly branched, hairs reflexed. Leaves ^-^ ^Je^i
in., membranous, nerves slender. Peduncle horizontal, ebracteate, pedicels very short.
Corolla yellow, green ; segments lanceolate. — The specimens are very scanty, and not
in fruit; in the Eiiropean plant the flowers are polygamous, the lateral <J, the termi-
nal hermaphrodite, and the peduncle is recurved in fruit.

91. ASPERVXiA, Linn.

Characters and distribution of Galium, but the corolla funnel-shaped.

1. A. cynancbica, Linn.-, DC. Prodr. iv. 682; glabrous, stems very
numerous ascending or erect, leaves small linear-oblong obtuse lower in whorls
of 4 upper opposite, flowers glabrous in terminal/ascicles, bracts linear acute, fruit
granulate. Wight 111. t. 128 his ; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1181 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iii. 40.

Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 8000 ft., Falconer, C. B. Clarke; Kistwar,
alt. 7-9000 ft., Thomson; Garwhal, at Niti, alt. 11,500 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb.— Dis-
trib. Europe, Asia Minor.

Glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent, 4-10 in. high : stock woody ; stems slender
terete, branches 4-angled. Leaves scattered, \~ by ^-|- in., mostly opposite, often
recurved, acute or obtuse, flat, thick, nerveless. Flowers at the naked tips of the
slender branches in corymbiform fascicles or heads, subtended by 2 small linear-oblong
bracts. Corolla pink or white, about ^o i"- long J segments 4, triangular, shorter than
the tube. Fruit ^ in. diam.

2. A. bracbyantba, Boiss.; Fl. Orient, iii. 45; Var. with longer
corolla ; glabrous or puberulous, stems very numerous erect virgate, leaves oppo-
site shortly linear oblong obtuse, flowers tomentose in terminal heads or fascicles,
bracts very short oblong obtuse, corolla funnel-shaped, fruit globose smooth.

yoL. III. p

210 Lxxvi. VALERiANEJ!. (C. B. Clarke.)

Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 7-12,000 ft., Falconer, C. B. Clarke; Kuna-
"wur, Boyle, Thomson, &c. — Distrib. Persia.

Very similar to A. cynanchica, and scarcely distinguishable except by the shorter
always opposite leaves, shorter blunter bracts, and tomentose more capitate flowers ;
these latter have a longer corolla than in Persian brachyantha, in which the corolla ie
described by Boissier as of a dirty yellow colour. The colour of the Indian ones is
not recorded.

Order LXXVI. VAX.ERXANEH:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Herbs or (a few non-Indian species) shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate,
but often united at the base by a stipule-like line or rim, entire pinnatifid or
pinnate. Floicers sessile, cymose, sometimes polj gamous or dioecious, bracteate.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb obsolete in flower, in fruit often enlarged
or pappose. Corolla superior ; tube equal or gibbous or spurred at the base ;
lobes 3-6, imbricated in bud. Stamens 1-4, on the corolla-tube. Ovary inferior,
3-celled ; cells 1-ovuled, or one 1-ovuled, the others barren or imperfect ; style
filiform, stigma 2-3-lobed or undivided ; ovules pendulous. Fruit indehiscent,
dry, 1-seeded, the two barren cells enlarged or reduced to filiform ridges. Seed
pendulous; albumen 0 or scanty; embryo straight, radicle superior. — Distrib.
Species 300, all cool and temperate regions except Australia and S. Africa.

Stamen 1, corolla yellow, calyx in fruit very small 1. Patrinia.

Stamens 4, corolla red, calyx in fruit equally 6- lobed 2. Nardostachys.

Stamens 3, calyx pappose in fruit 3. Valeriana.

Stamens 3, calyx epappose in fruit 4. Valerianella.

1. PATRINIA, Juss.

Erect, perennial herbs. Leaves entire or 1-2-pinnatifid or pinnate. Cymes
corymbosely panicled ; bracts narrow, free. Calyx-limb small or 0, not enlarged
in fruit. Corolla-tube short or long ; lobes 6, subequal, spreading, yellow.
Stamens 1, or 3-6. Ovary 3-celled ; stigma capitate ; ovules 1 in each cell, or
more often 2 cells barren. Fi-uit small, 3-celled, 1-seeded, the barren cells
equalling the fertile or nearly so. — Distrib. Species 12, N. Asiatic and
Sikkim.

1. P. monandra, C. B. Clarke ; corolla small symmetric shortly funnel-
shaped, stamen 1, fruit within an orbicular scarious veined bracteole.

Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 4000 ft. ; Simonbong, J. D. H. ; Yoksun, Hee, C. B.
Clarke.

Stem 2-4 ft., pubescent. Leaves entire or pinnatifid, terminal lobe oblong or
linear, coarsely crenate-serrate or entire, sparsely pubescent. Panicle often 1^ ft.
long, and broad. Corolla ^ in. long. Stigma pelrate. Bracteole of the fruit \ in.
diam., as broad or broader than long, beautifully veined. — Hance {Symb. ad Fl.
Sinic. 5) does not mention the number of stamens in his P. graveolens, which may
hence be either the Indian plant or the 4-stamened P. ovata, Bunge (Nov. Gen. et Sp.
Chin. -at Monghol. 23, t. 2).

2. NARDOSTACKVS, DC.

Erect, perennial herbs. Leaves entire, radical elongate spathulate ; cauline
few. Flowers capitate, heads in cymes ; bracts oblong, free or nearly so. Calyx-
limb 5-lobed ; in fruit enlarged, membranous, veined. Cwolla tubular-campanu-
late, base subequal; lobes 6, spreading, rosy. Stamens 4. Ovary 3-celled,
l-6vuled; style linear, stigma capitate. Fruit obovate, compressed, 3-celled, 1-
• seeded, the 2 barren cells smaller than the fertile. Seed obovate, compressed.

Nardostachys.l Lxxvi. valerianej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 211

N. Jatamansi, DC. Mem. Valer. 7, t. 1, Prodr. iv. 624; RoyU III.
242-244, t. 64. N. grandiflora, DC. I. c. 8, t. 2, i^Wr. iv. 624; Wall. PL As.
Rar. iii. 40. Patrinia Jatamansi, Don Prodr. 159, and in Zatnb. Cinch. 177,
with Jig. Valeriana Jatamansi, WaM. Cat. 431, not of Jones and Roxh. Fedia
grandiflora. Wall. Cat. 1187.

Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-15,000 ft.; from Kumaon to Sikkim, ascending to
17,000 ft. in Sikkim, J. D. H.

Rootstock woody, long, stout, covered ■with f bres from the petioles of withered
leaves. Stem 4-24 in., more or less pubescent upwards, often glabrate below, sub-
Bcapose. Radical leaves 6-8 by 1 in., longitudinally nerved, glabrous or sliglitly
pubescent, narrowed into the petiole ; cauline 1 or 2 pairs, 1-3 in. long, sessile, oblong
or subovate. Flower-heads usually 1, 3 or 5 ; bracts \ in., oblong, usually pubescent.
Corolla-tube \ in. long, somewhat hairy within, as are the filaments below. Fruit ^ in.
long, covered with ascending white hairs, crowned by the ovate, acute, often dentate
calyx-teeth. — There are two forms of this plant: a large-flowered, with usually
glabrous bracts, and a smaller one, with the corolla-tube scarcely ^ in. long, and the
bracts densely shortly hairy ; various intermediates occur. The product spikenard
discussed by Sir W. Jones {Asiat. Research, ii. 406) was doubtless derived from 2iar-
dostachys ; but the plant figured as Valeriana Jatamansi is V. Wallichii, DC.

8. VAZ.ERZANA, Linn.

Perennial herbs (the Indian species). Leaves entire pinnatifid or pinnate,
radical often long-petioled and undivided. Cymes corymbosely panicled ; bracta
smaU, oblong or linear, persistent, free or nearly so.' Calyx-limh in flower oV
scure, unrolling in fruit into 5-15 plumose bristles united at base into a short
wide funnel-shaped tube. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, base equal or sub-gibbous ;
lobes 5, spreading, pink or white. Stame^is 3. Ovary 3-celled, 1-ovuled ;
stigma shortly 2-3-fid or subentire. Fruit oblong-lanceolate, compressed, plano-
convex, with 3 dorsal, 1 ventral, and 2 submarginal ribs, 1-celled, the 2 barren
cells obsolete, crowned by the persistent pappus-like calyx. — Distrib. Species
150, in moist temperate and cool regions.

1. V. dioica, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. iv. 637 ; glabrous, radical leaves long-
petioled ovate entire obtu=^e, cauline pinnatifid, lateral lobes few narrow terminal
obtlise, fruit glabrous. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 85. V. pusilla, Royle 111. 241.

Temperate Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to the Karakorum, alt. 11-13,000
ft. ; frequent, C £. Clarke, &c., and in Lahul, Jaeschke. — Distbib. N. W. Asia,
Europe,

Rootstock slender, decumbent, st-oloniferous. Stem 8-16 in., erect, simple, nodes
microscopically pilose, flowers dioecious or polygamo-moncecious ; cojymbs of S
compact, of 9 more lax, especially in fruit ; upper bracts ^ in., broadly linear, usually
exceeding the fruit.

2. V. officinalis, Linn. ; DC. P-odr. iv. 641 ; subglabrous, leaves pinnate,
segments numerous narrow entire or toothed, corymb large lax, fruit glabrous.
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 89. V. dubia, Bunge in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 62 ; Ledeb. Ic.
Fl. Ross. t. 350.

North Kashmir; Sonamurg, alt. 8-9000 ft., Thomson, L'vinge, C. B. Clarke;
Kunzlwan, alt. 7600 ft., C. B. Clarke. — Distrib. North and West Asia, Europe.

Rootstock short, suberect, hardly thicker than the stem, stoloniferous. Stem 1-3
ft., erect, corymbose above, nodes minutely hairy. Eadical leaves 0 at flowering time
or pinnate ; the leaves on lateral autumn offsets near the root are often ovate entire
or slightly toothed; cauline several, all pinnate; lobes (in the Indian plant, which is
exactly F. dubia, Burge) narrowly oblong or linear, often entire, much or sparingly
toothed. Upper bracts j^ in., oblong-linear, shorter than the fruits. — The European

r2

212 LXXYi. vALERiANEiE. (C. B, €larke.) [Valeriana.

V. officinalis has lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate leaflets, often much toothed or

serrate.

3. V. Jaeschkei, C. B. Clarke ; small, glabrous, radical leaves pinnate;
pinnules many obtuse, cauline few pinnules linear, fruit hairy.

Wkstern Himalaya, Lahul, JaeschJce.

Eootstock short, thickened, emitting thick horizontal fibres. Stem 6-9 in., erect,
-simple, nodes minutely pilose. Radical leaves numerous at flowering time, segments
5-9, ^ in. long, ovate to oblong; cauline 1 or 2 distant pairs, segments ^1 by ^-yj
in. Corymbs 1 in. diam. ; flowers small ; upper bracts ~ in., narrow oblong. — Re-
sembles generally V. oligantha, Boiss. (Fl. Orient, iii. 87), of which it might be the
fully developed form; but that the fruit is pilose and the root is not long nor
branching.

4. V. eleg'ans, C. B, C7«rA;e; puberulous, leaves all entire spathulate
ovate or oblong obtuse, fruit hairy.

Baltisthan ; Skardo, alt. 9000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Bootstock woody, thick, branching, with thick horizontal fibree. Stem 6-9 in.,
erect, frequently branched from near the base, glabrous upwards. Radical leaves
several at fruit-time, ovate ; cauline several, similar, oblong. Panicle lax, in fruit
dichotoniously dividing into linear subsimple spikes ; upper bracts oblong, small,
.hardly half the length of the fruit. Flowers small, bright pink (pappus red in dried
-specimens).

5. V. Roylei, Klotzsch in Bets. Pr. Waldem. Bot. 83, t. 85 ; stem glabrous,
leaves all undivided petioled orbicular or cordate-ovate uppermost pair sessile,
fmit glabrous.

Western Himalaya, Hoffmeister.

Boot tuberous. Stem 8 in., erect, simple. Leaves ^| in., at first puberulous, en-
tire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; radical several at flower-time ; cauline several
pairs, all but the uppermost petioled. Corymb 1-2 in. diam. ; upper bracts oblong-
linear, as long as the fruit. — Not seen, the foregoing drawn up from Klotzsch's figure
and description. The plant seems very near V. 'pyrdcefolia, which, however, has a
different root.

6. V. pyrolaefolia, Dene in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 85, t. 93 ; sparingly
pubescent, leaves all subentire, radical petioled orbicular or elliptic obtuse, cauline
sessile ovate, fruit glabrous. V. bracteata, Boyle III. 241, ivithout desd-iptiim,

fde T. Thorns, ms. Valeriana, sp. No. 12 and 13, Herb. Ind. (h\ H.f. ^ T.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 9-14,000 ft., Jacqiiemont,
&c.

Eootstock thick, branching, subhorizontal, with thick fibres. Stem 2-10 in., erect,
simple, succulent, often pubescent, at least when young. Radical leaves often 1 in.
diam., several at fruit-time ; cauline ^ in., all pubescent when young, subsucculent,
nerved when mature. Corymb 1-2 in. diam., much more lax in fruit ; upper bracts
^ in., linear-oblong, equalling the fruit. — Can this be a form of V. Wallichii ?

7. V. Sitraclicyi, C. B. Clarke ; slender, pubescent, leaves lyrate-pinnate
terminal lobe rhomboid, corymb lax dichotomously branching into straight
slender spikes, fruit very pilose. Valeriana, sp 6, Herb. Ind. Ch\ H. f. 8f T.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-8000 ft., Thomson,
Strachey (^' Winterbottom, &c.

Boofsfockvroody, very stout. Stems 6-1 2 in., erect, often branching from near tho
base, uniformly minutely jubescent. Radical leaves at flower-time 0; cauline leaves
several, minutely pubesceit, terminal lobe toothed or nearly entire. Corymb slender,
lax in fruit; ultimate bra'richlets 1-2 in., simple, with distant minute lanceolate brac-
teoleg which are much shorter than the fruit.

ValeHana.'l Lxxvr. yaleeianej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 213

8. V. VTallicliii, JDC. Mem. Valer. 15, t. 4 ; pubescent, radical leaves
several long-petioled cordate-ovate; cauline few or much smaller entire or pin-
nate, fruit hairy or nearly glabrous. DC. Prodr. iv. 640 ; Wall. PI. As. Par.
iii. 40. V. villosa, Wall. Cat. 433, not of Thunh. V. Jatamansi, Jones in
Asiat. Research. \\.Jig. at p. 405 ; Roxh. in Asiat. Research, iv. 433, Fl. Ind. 163
(see Royle IlL 243). V. Spica,- Vahl Enum. ii. 13.

Temperate Himai^ata; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 10,000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-6000 ft.— DisTRiB. Affghanistan.

Rootstock horizontal, thick, with thick descending fibres. Stem 6-18 in., often
decumbent below, very rarely divided. Radical leave < often 1-3 in. diam., deeply
cordate, usually acute and toothed. Corymb 1-3 in. diam., not very lax eveij in fruit ;
bracteoles oblong-linear, as long as the fruit. — The typical large form of this, with
acute toothed radical leaves and pilose fruits, is easily separable from V. fyrohefolio ;
but there are smaller examples with the radical leaves elliptic entire, the fruits nearly
glabrous, which are very near V . fyrolce folia. Jones and Roxburgh named tliis plant
V. Jatamansi, under the misapprehension (subsequently corrected by Wallich and
Royle independently) that it produced the Jatamansi spikenard of Nardostachys. The
name V. Jatamansi is hence to be suppressed.

9. V. Kardwickii, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey 8f Wall. i. 166 ;
pubescent below, leaves pinnate, pinnules 1-5 lanceolate acute, radical undivided
usuaUv disappearing belore fruit-time, corvmb in fruit lax, fruit hairy. Wall.
Cat. 432, PL As. Rar. 39, t. 263; Don Prodr. 159; DC. Prodr. iv. 640. V.
Ilardwickiana, Roem. 8,- ScJiidt. Syst. i. Mant. 259. V. tenera, Wall. Cat. 435 ;
DC. Mem. Valer.. 16, Prodr. iv. 640. V. elata, Don Prodr. 159. V. javanica,
Blnme Bijd. 919. V. acuminata, Royle III. 241.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 4-12,000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-6000 ft.— DiSTRiB. Java.

Rootstock hardly thickened, descending, fibrous. Stem 1-5 ft., erect, usually
simple or corymbose only upwards,, above often glabroiis, nodes little pilose or some-
times densely white-barbate ( V. acuminata, Royle). Radical leaves long-petioled,
ovate, acute ; lower rarely undivided ( V. tenera, Wall.) ; cauline several, leaflets often
3, rvrely more than 5, upper small. Corymb in fruit often 1 foot, repeatedly dichoto-
mous, ultimate branchlets very short; upper bracteoles much shorter than the
fruit,

Vab. Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch in. Reis. Pr. Waldem. Bot. 84 (sp.); stem strict slen-
derer nearly glabrous, leaves smaller, fruits glabrous or nearly so. Valeriana, sp. 10,
Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. ^ T.— Himalaya, alt. 10-12,000 ft.— Identified with V. Hoff-
meisteri from Klotzsch's description only ; it is- not rare at high levels.

Var. Amottiana, Wight Ic. t. 1045-6 (sp.); large, middle cauline leaves often
larse with 7-9 large lanceolate pubescent leaflets, corymbs often large dense with ulti-
mate branchlets 1-2 in. long. — Neilgherry Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight.

10. V. XIEoonii, Am. in Herb Hook. ; sparingly pubescent, large, radical
and lower cauline leaves pinnate with many leaflets, middle cauline pinnate with
3-5 leaflets, fruits glabrous. V. villo&a, Moon Cat. 5, not of Thunb. V. Hard-
wickii, Thwaites Enu7n. 159.

Ceylon, alt. 6000 ft. ; frequent,

Rootstock long, horizontal, not woody nor thickened, fibrous at the distant nodes.
Stem often 4 ft., nearly glabrous. leaves gradually reduced in size and number of
leaflets from the base upwards. Corymb close in flower, not exceeding 6 in. Fmit
larger and wider than in V. Hardwickii, with the dorsal nerves wider apart, perfectly
glabrous. — Thwaites has sent this plant as V. Hookeriaiia (C.P. 150), and as V. Ari>o},~
tiana (C.P. 1729) : these are exactly alike, and there is no other Ceylon form ; which
(as noted by Sir J. D. H. in Thwaites Enum.) may be a var. of V. Hardwickii with"
glabrous fruit. It dries very black.

214 ixxvi. VALERiANE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Valeriana,

11. V. Kookerlana, W. ^ A. Prodr. 444; sparingly pubescent, radical
and lower cauline leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets, upper cauline few
reduced or 0, fruit hairy. Wight III. t. 129.

Mrs. of the Deccan, Nilgherbt, Pulney, and Kubg, Wight, G. Thomson.

Rootstock woody, thick, horizontal, fibres thick. Stein 10-30 in , subscapose, nodes
bearded. Leaves bracteiform except near the base of the stem, where they are pinnate
with a large ovate toothed terminal lobe. Corymb usually compact in flower, in fruit
sometimes elongate and laxly panicled. — Very doubtfully distinct from V. Moonii.

12. V. Ziesclienaultil, DC. Mem. Vale)'. 17; sparingly pubescent,
radical leaves petioled oblong subentire, cauline few or several often sub-lyrate
with small basal lobes, corymb contracted, fruit hairy. DC. Prodr. iv. 640 ;
Wall. Cat. 6636; W. 8f A. P?-odr. 444; Wight Ic. t. 1044.

Neilohbrey Mts. and others in Mysore and Korg, alt. 4-7000 ft.

Rootstock short, enveloped by the thick fibres. Stem 8-20 in., nearly glabrous,
simple, often subscap'se, nodes more or less hairy. Radical leaves 2-4 by ^-2 in.,
narrowed or almost rounded at the base, entire or sinuate-crenate. — The scapose form
has sometimes hairy fruits, and Wight has been unable in his own herbarium to settle
what he would call V. Leschenaultii and what V. Brunoniana.

Vab. Brwnoniana, W. & A. Prodr. 443 (sp.) ; cauline leaves small undivided or
hardly any, fruit glabrous. Wight Ic. t. 1043. V. aquatica, Schldl. in Herb. Hohen-
acker, n. 1339 (sp.). — Neilgherry Mts., frequent.

13. V. Beddoxnel, C. B. Clarke \ glabrous, radical leaves pinnate with
numerous oblong leaflets, cauline smaller with several linear leaflets, corymbs
contracted, fruit glabrous. V. microphylla, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soo. xxv. 219,
not of H. B. K.

Anamallay Mts., alt. 7000 ft., Beddome.

Rootstock (summit alone seen) horizontal, not woody nor thickened. Stem 4-12
in., erect, simple, nodes hairy. Radical leaves 3 by | in.; leaflets 11-25, g^ by |- in.,
with few irregular obtuse teeth, sublobed or entire ; leaflets of cauline 5-13, 5 by ^ in.
Corymb in young fruit 2^ in. long.

4. VAX.I:BZANZ:Z.X.A, Momch.

Annual herbs, dichotomously branching. Radical leaves rosulate, entire ;
cauline entire or toothed, rarely pinnatifid. Cymes corymbosely panicled or sub-
capitate ; bracts free. Calyx-limh at flower-time small or obsolete ; in fruit
variously enlarged, equal or one-sided, sometimes aristate, never plumose.
Corolla-tube short, base equal or gibbous, never spurred ; lobes 5, spreading,
white rose or pale blue. Stamens 3. Ovaiy 3-celled, 1-ovuled ; style minutely
3-fid or subentire. Finiit ovoid or cylindric, straight or curved, the 2 barren cells
inflated, as large as the fertile, or small, or reduced to filiform ridges. — Distrib.
Species 47, European, Asiatic, N. American.

1. V. dentata, Poll. Hist. PI. Palat. i. 30, not of DC; leaves oblong
entire or sparingly toothed, fruit ovoid subconical pubescent barren cells reduced
to filiform ridges, calyx-limb obliquely truncate toothed much shorter than the
fruit. V. Morisonii, DC. Prodr. iv. 627; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 105; Krok

Valeiianella^ 42, t. i.Jig. 6. V. microcarpa, Lois. ; Krok. I. c. 36, t. i.Jig. 3.

Kashmir, Thomson. — Distrib. of the genus.

Stem 3-12 in., often much branched from the base, glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent. Leaves 1-1^ by \-\ in. Flowers white, in small heads; bracts small, narrow-
lanceolate. Fruit ■— in., the two filiform cells forming a rim round an ovate-oblong
slight depression.

2. V. Szovitziana, Fisch. ^ Mey. Ind. Sem. iii. 48 ; leaves oblong-linear

ixxvii. dtpsacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 21^

entire and sparingly irregularly toothed, fruit ovate-oblong pubescent or hairy
barren cells as large as the fertile, calyx-limb shortly cylindric truncate reticu-
lately nerved with one long horizontal linear tooth as long as the capsule or
nearly so. Krok. Valerianella, 68, t. 2,^ff. 17; Boiss. FL Orient, iii. 101. V*
Aucheri, Boiss. Diagn. 1 ser. iii. 58.

Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft,, Falconer, Thomson, &c.

Stem 2-20 in., minutely pubescent. Leaves 2 by § in., glabrous or obscurely
puberulous. Corymbs in fruit subpaniculate ; bracts small, narrow-oblong. Fruit
\-^ in., scarcely curved, hairy especially on one side, or pubescent, or with micro-
scopic short hairs resembling glistening dots.

Order LXXVII. DZPSACE:^:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Herbs or (non-Indian species) rarely shrubs, glabrous, hairy, or prickly.
Leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate, sometimes connate at the base, entire,
toothed, lobed or pinnate. Flowers scattered in cymes, whorled in spikes, or
mure often in dense heads, surrounded by bracts ; bracteoles often present as
scales of the receptacle ; ovary free or adnate to a narrow funnel-shaped or utri-
cular enveloping involucel. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, usually constricted
above it ; limb expanded, cup-shaped or bristly. Corolla funnel-shaped ; limb
2-5-fid, equal or :2-lipped, or in the ray-flowers 2-labiate ; disk-flowers equal.
Stamens 4 or 2, inserted high on the corolla-tube ; anthers exserted, linear-oblong.
Ovary 1-celled ; style filit'orm, stigma capitate or linear terminal or lateral ;
ovule 1, pendulous. Achene dry, enveloped by the involucel and often adnate
thereto, crowned usually by the calyx-limb. Seed pendulous, albumen copious
or scanty ; embryo straight, radicle superior. — Distrib. Species 120, chiefly
Mediterranean, Western Asiatic, South African, Japanese, and Cingalese ; none
in America, Polynesia, or Australia.

Flowers small, scattered in 2-3-chotomous cymes 1. Triplostegia.

Flowers 2-lipped, whorled on a spike 2. Morina.

Flowers in dense peduncled heads, calyx-limb muticous .... 3. Dipsacus.
Flowers in heads, calyx-limb bristly 4. Scabiosa.

1. TRZPZiOSTEGZA, Wall.

An erect, perennial, slender herb, glandular-pubescent upwards. Leaves
petioled, toothed or pinnatitid, uppermost distant, smaU, sessile. Cymes lax,
2-3-chotomous ; bracts at the divisions, small, narrow-oblong; flowers very
small, sessile or shortly pedicelled, with 2 opposite, free, narrow-lanceolate, small
bracts, and 4 similar bracteoles, glandular ; involucel an 8-ribbed utricle, nearly
closed at the mouth over the fruit. Calyx-limb minute, obscurely toothed.
CoroUa-tube funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, equal, spreading, pink- purple. Stamens 4,
inserted near the base of the corolla-tube, subincluded. Style linear, stigma
capitate. Achene shortly beaked, free within the utricular involucel, obscurely
4-ribbed, crowned by the unaltered calyx-limb. Seed pendulous, albumen
plentiful ; embryo scarcely shorter than the seed.

1. T. ^landulifera, Wall. Cat. 436 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 642. T. glandulosa,
DC. Mem. Valer. 20, t. 5.

Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, alt. 8-14,000 ft. ; from Gurwhal to Bhotan,
Wallich, &c.

Rootstock slender, horizontal. Stem 6-24 in., erect, simple or corymbosely
branched, below pubescent or nearly glabrous, above with hairs tipped by large glands.
Leaves 2 by 1 in., hairy. Flowers j^ in. Achenes ^ in. ; involucel as long. — In fruit
the ovary-wall becomes excessively thin, and on a cross-section may be mistaken for

216 Lxxvii. DiPSACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mori/na.

the involucel. The achene may be recognised by its short beak crowned by the
much wider calyx -limb.

2. MOaZNA, Linn.

Perennial herbs, resembling spiny Labiatce. Leaves opposite or whorled,
narrowly oblong or linear, spinous-toothed, or in M. nepalensis unarmed.
Floioers whorled ; whorls in spikes, surrounded by wide-based floral leaves ;
bracteoles among the flowers few, spinous; involucel long funnel-shaped,
mouth truncate, aristate or spinous. Calyx-limh herbaceous, 2-lipped ; lips
entire or 2-tid. Corolla-tube elongate funnel-shaped, curved ; mouth oblique, 2-
labiately 5-lobed. Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube, 2 fertile
(with or without 2 rudimentary) or 4 fertile. Style subexsert, stigma entire.
Achene free in the base of the involucel ; pericarp usually thickened, wrinkled ;
apex oblique. — Distrib. Species 7 or 8, in West and Central Asia.

1. Zd. persica, Linn. ; DC. Pi-odr. iv. 644 ; tall, calyx-lobes subequal obo-
vate-oblong entire or emarginate, corolla pink, fertile stamens 2, filaments usually
as long as the corolla-lobes. Sihth. Fl. Grcec. t. 28; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 114.
M. Wallichiana, Royle III. 245, t. 55, Jig. 1 . M. Tournefortii, Javh. ^' Spach. v.
Ic. PI. Or. 32, t. 429. M. graeca and Aucheri, Jauh. ^ Spach. I. c.

Western Himalaya, alt. 7-9000 ft. from Kashmir toKumaon, frequent. — Distbib.
From Persia to Greece.

Stem 3-4 ft., pubescent or villous upwards. Leaves 6 by 1 in,, sessile, doubly
spinous-toothed, pubescent or glabrous. Spikes elongate. Bracts free or nearly so,
uid involucels hairy or villous. Calyx-lips ^-^ by ^-^ in. Corolla-tube 1-1^ in.

2. M. long'ifolia, Wall. Cat. 426 ; tall, calyx-lobes unequal 2-fid with
rounded not spinous lobes, corolla pink, fertile stamens 2, filaments much shorter
than the corolla-lobes. DC. Prodr. iv. 644; Wall. PI. As. Par. iii. 1, t. 202;
iiot. Peg. 1840, t. 36 ; ? Bat. Mag. t. 4092. M. elegans, Fisch. et Lallem. Ind.
Sem. Petrop. viii. 67.

Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, alt. 9-14,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan.

Stem 3-4 ft., pubescent or villous upwards. Leaves 6 by 1 in., sessile, doubly
spinous-toothed, pubescent or glabrous. Bracts free or nearly so, and involucels
hairy or villous. Calyx-lips, one ^ by i in., the other usually much smaller. Corolla-
tube 1 m. — Closely allied to the preceding species.

3. BI. Coulteriana, Royle III. 245 ; taU, calyx-lobes subequal bifid with
lobes acute mucronate or spinous, corolla yellow, fertile stamens 2, filaments
half as long as the corolla-lobes. M. breviflora, Edgw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx.
62.

SuBALPiNE Himalaya, alt. 9-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to Gurwhal, — Bistrib.
Kashgar.

Stem 2-3 ft., more or less hairy upwards. Leaves 6 by | in., sessile, spinous-
toothed, glabrous. Bracts free or nearly so, and involucels hairy. Calyx-lips ^ by ^
in. Corolla-tube ^f in. Seeds ^ by ^ in., with a deep longitudinal furrow on one
side. — Bunge Bel. Lehm. 321, places this plant in the sect. Acanthocalyx erroneously,
for the fertile stamens are 2 only.

4. BK. polyphylla, Wall. Cat. 425 ; tall, leaves many in a whorl, bracts
to each flower whorl numerous linear-lanceolate, calyx-lips subequal 2-lobed.
DC. Prodr. iv. 644.

Temperate Himalaya ; Nipal, at ^ossainthan, Wallich ; Gurwhal ? Falconer.
Stems 2 ft., pubescent upwards. Lower leaves 12 by 1 in., doubly spinous-toothed,
glabrous ; upper similar but much smaller, often 6 in a whorl. Flower-whorls very

Morina.li ' Lxxvii. dipsaceji. (C. B. Clarke.) 217

close together; bracts to each whorl often 6, adnata by their bases into a short cam-
panulate cup J to ^ in. long; their free portions 1-1| in., A''ery narrow, shining.
Calyx-lips f by i in., deeply lobed. Flowers not seen.

5. XIX. nepalensls, Don Prodr. 161 ; low, all the leaves without spines
except the uppermost and the floral leaves, fertile stamens 4 subequal. M. nana,
Wall. Cat. 424 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 645.

Nipal; Gossainthan, Wallich.

Stem 3-6 in., pubescent upwards. Leaves -i by ^ in., entire, sinuate, glabrous ;
leaves near the flower- whorls spinous, obscurely toothed. Flowers few in few approxi-
mate whorls, forming one small terminal head. Calyx-lip i in., obovate, subentire or
mucronate, with 1 or 2 teeth ; the other lip obsolete or nearly so. Corolla-tube ^ in.
Filaments hardly any.

6. IIS. betonicoides, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1171 ; low, leaves all
spinous scarcely toothed, fertile stamens 4 subequal.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 10-13,000 ft.; Lachen and Yeumtong, J. JD. H.; Singa-
lehlah and Tumbok, C. B. Clarke.

Stem 6-18 in. Heads of Jiowers few, the lower sometimes remote. Corolla pale-
purple. — This is perhaps the fully developed state of M. nepalensis, from which it
only differs in having the lower leaves spinous as well as the uppermost.

3. DIPSACVS, Linn.

Stout erect herbs, prickly or bristly. Leaves opposite, toothed or pinnatifid.
Heads terminal, long-peduncled ; bracts subtending the heads, and bracteoles
rigid, bristly or prickly. Involucel 4-8-ribbed, adnate often nearly its whole
length to the ovary. Calyx-limh cup-shaped, 4-angled, 4-lobed. Corolla-tube
funnel-shaped ; limb 4-lobed, equal or sub- bilabiate, pale blue, white, yellowish, or
black-purple. Stamens 4, perfect. Style filiform ; stigma oblique or latera'.
AcJiene adnate to the involucel in the Indian species, 8-ribbed, crowned with the
(often deciduous) calyx-limb. — Distrib. Species 12, Eui-upean, Abyssinian, and
Asiatic.

1. D. inermis, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 367, as to
var. ^ ; lower leaves pinnatifid with distant segments shortly hairy on both sm-
faces, upper leaves 3-tid or a few uppermost simple, heads subglobose, bracteoles
obovate-oblong with a linear bristlv mucro, flowers white or yellowish. Coult.
Dips. 23 ; DC Prodr. iv. 646 ; Wall. Cat. 427, mainly. D. mitis, Dmi Prodr.
161. D. Roylei, Klotzsch in Reis. Pr. Waldem. Rot. 83, t. 84. Cephalaria
cachemirica, Dene in Jacquem. Voy. Rot. 86, t. 94.

Tempkeate Himalaya, alt. 6-12,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan.

Stein 1-6 ft., bristly-hirsute, prickly or unarmed upwards, more hirsute under the
flower-heads. Flower-heads solitary or several ; bracts linear, acute or ovate obtuse,
rigid or herbaceous, deflexed or adpressed, hairy or coarsely bristly. Involucel closely
adnate to the pericarp, tipped by 4 minute points on the neck of the pchene. Calyx-
limh subquadrangular, glistening, white, hairy, deciduous. — Perhaps only a form of
D. pilosus, Linn., which differs by the long hairs on the leaves, and by the flowers
white to faint blue ; there is no difference in the degree of freedom of the involucel, as
Coulter (with scanty material) supposed.

Var. longicaulis, Wall. Cat. 6856 (sp.); leaves on the nerves beneath and angles
of the stem minutely prickly, otherwise glabrous or nearly so. D. strictus, Var. Kurz
inJoum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 162. — Ava, Wallich; Martaban, alt. 2500 ft., Brandts.

2. X>. Strictus, Don Prodr. 160; many of the middle and upper cauline
leaves undivided lanceolate sparingly hairy, heads subglobose, bracteoles obovate-
pblong with a lanceolate bristly mucro, corolla cream-coloured. DC. Prodr. iv.

218 Lxxvir. DiPSACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Dipsacus.

646. D. inermis, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 367, as to var. a
only ; Wall. Cat. 427, partly. D. auriculatus, Hoyle III. 245.

North-West Himalaya, alt, 7000 ft., from Chumba tx) Kumaon,
Stem often 6-10 ft., and then with 3--1 heads only. — Probably a var. of D.
iiiermis.

3. D. asper, Wall. Cat. 428; lower leaves pinnatifid with distant seg-
ments shortly pilose on both surfaces and scabrous beneath, heads subglobose,
bracteoles obovate-oblong shortly mucronate, corolla white. DC. Prodr. iv.
646.

Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; common.

Closely resembling D. inermis ; the leaves are more hairy above, and on the nerves
beneath nearly bristly.

4. I>. atratus, H.f. Sf T. ms. ; leaves pinnatifid or the upper trifid hairy
on both surfaces, heads subglobose, bracteoles obovate-oblong with a lanceolate
very hairy mucro, corolla intense blue-black.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 10-12,000 ft. ; Yeumtong and Lachen, J. D. H., Elwes.

Closely allied to D. inermis. Stem villous, as well as bristly. Leaves with larger
hairs than D. inermis. Bracts ovate or oblong, obtuse ; bracteoles blackish. Corolla
only slightly pilose without.

5. I>. Zieschenaultil, Coult.; DC. Prodr. iv. 647; leaves pinnatifid
lowest elongate with numerous approximate upper segments hairy on both sur-
faces, heads subglobose, bracteoles obovate-oblong with long-lanceolate densely
hairy mucros, flowers white. Wight. III. 1. 130 ; W.8f A. Prodr. 445. Scabiosa
Brunoniana, Wall. Cat. 429.

Mts. of the South Deccan, alt. 7-8000 ft. ; Neilgherries and Pulneys, frequent.

Lowest leaves often a foot or more by 3 in. ; terminal lobe oblong, with numerous
approximate falcate-oblong lobes next to it, with longish hairs on both surfaces ;
otherwise undistinguishable from D. inermis.

6. 2>. Walkerl, Am. Pugill. PI. Ind. Or. 26 ; bracteoles obovate-oblong
with short-lanceolate sparsely hairy mucros, otherwise as D. Leschenaultii.
Wight. Ic. t. 1166. D. Leschenaultii, Thwaites Enum. 160.

Ceylon, alt. 6-7000 ft. ; frequent.

Dries blackish, while D. Leschenaultii dries green ; the two are hardly distinct,

4. SCABIOSA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs, never bristly nor prickly. Leaves opposite, un-
divided, lobed or pinnatifid. Heads bracteate ; bracteoles (scales of the recep-
tacle) small or 0, or (in non-Indian species) herbaceous. Involucel 2-8-ribbed,
adnate to the pericarp ; limb generally expanded, broad funnel-shaped. Calyx-
limh with short teeth and generally with long bristles. Corolla tubular ; limb
4-5-fid, equal or, especially in the ray flowers, obliquely expanded. Stamens 4,
perfect. Style filiform; stigma capitate or subpeltate, sometimes sublateral.
Achene crowned by the persistent scarious expanded limb of the involucel, and
by the persistent, usually aristate, calyx-limb. — Distrib. Species 80, chiefly
European, West Asiatic, and African.

Sect. L PtergcephA-LUS. Bracteoles narrow. Involucel-mouth short,
ciliate, pubescent. Calyx-limb of 12-24 long bristles. Corolla 6-tid.

1. S. Kookerl, C. B. Clarke ; hairy, scapose, leaves linear-spathulate
runcinate or subentire, corollas all subec^ual exceeding the calyx-bristles.

^cahiosa.l lxxvii. DiPSACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 219

Alpinb Sikkim, alt. 10-14,000 ft. ; Tangu, J. B. H., Elwes.

Rootstock woody. Leaves all subradical, 6 by | in., alternate at the base, sessile
orp.tioled. Peduncles 4-14 in., radical, 1-headed ; heads 1-lf in. diam., globose,
many-flowered. Bracts ^ by i in., ovate-oblong, bracteoles ^ in., linear- spa thul ate.
Invohicel ^ in., hairy, not scarious. Calyx-bristles 20-24, ^ in., filiform, hairy.
Corolla I in., tubular-funnel-shaped, hairy without.

Sect. II. Asterocephalus. Bractedes small or 0. Involucel-mouth
funnel-shaped, scarious in fruit. Calyx-limh of 5 long bristles. Cwolla 6-fid.

2. S. Olivieri, Covlt. Dips. 36, t. 2, Jig. 10 ; hairy, stem leafy, leaves
narrowly oblong subentire or pinnatifid, heads small, bracts oblong-lanceolate,
corollas all equal small much shorter than the calyx-bristles. DC. Prodi', iv.
QoQ ; Boiss. Ft. Orient, iii. 141.

West Punjab ; Peshawur, Vicary ; Eawul Pindee and Huzaree, Stewart. — Dis-
TKiB. AfFghanistan to Armenia and Arabia.

Stem 3-15 in., annual, often much branched. Leaves 2 by J in., narrow-oblong
and entire, or 4 by 2 in., deeply pinnatifid. Heads few-flowered ; bracts scarcely^ in.
Flowers purple, hairy without, little longer than the involucel. Involucel \ in. diam.
in fruit, 16-20-ribbed, scarious between the ciliate-pilose ribs. Calyx-bristles ^ in.,
barbellate, brown. Achene silkily hairy.

3. S. CandoUlana, Wall. Cat. 430; subglabrous, leaves very distant
linear subentire, heads small radiate, bracts ovate obtuse, corollas so .ae exceeding
the calyx-bristles. S. CandoUii, DC. Prodr. iv. 654.

Western Htmalaya ; from Murree to Kumaon, alt. 3-5000 ft., Blinkworth, &c.

Stem 12-18 in. from a perennial rootstock, little branched. Leaves 1^ by ^ in.,
lower subspathulate, puberulous. Heads few-flowered ; bracts ^-^ in. Flowers
purple, hairy without ; of the ray sometimes ^ in. long, hivolucel \ in. diam. in
fruit, 16-20-ribbed, scarious between the pubescent ribs. Calyx-bristles ^ in., barbel-
late, brown.

4. S. speciosa, Royle 111. 245, t. K>^,Jig. 2; stem pubescent leafy, leaves
oblong often pinnatifid at the base with smaU lobes, heads large radiate, bracts
narrowly oblong, corollas much exceeding the calyx-bristles.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir (abundant) to Grurwhal, alt. 7-11,000 ft.

Stems 1-2 ft., often branched, from a perennial rootstock. Leaves 2 by ^ in., hairy
on both surfaces. Heads many-flowered ; bracts ^-f in. Flowers bright -mauve, hairy
without; those of the ray | in. long, those of the disk exceeding the calyx-bristles.
Involucel in fruit ^ in., subcampanulate, nearly glabrous without, scarious between the
16-20 ribs. Calyx-bristles ^ in., barbellate, nearly black. Achene ^ in. and upwards,
silky below, the upper ^ 8-ribbed, with long deep pits between the ribs.

Order LXXVIII. COZHPOSZTH:. (By J. D. Hooker.)

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or whorled,
simple or compound : stipules 0. Injlorescence a centripetal head of many small
iiowers, sessile on the dilated top of the peduncle (receptacle), enclosed in an
involucre of whorled bracts ; floral bracts 0, or reduced to paleae scales or bristles
on the receptacle. Floicei's all tubular (head discoid), or the outer, or all, ligu-
late (head rayed), all 2-sexual, or the inner 2-sexual or male, the outer female
or neuter, sometimes dioecious. Calyx superior ; limb 0, or of hairs (pappus) or
scales. Corolla of 2 forms : 1st, tubular or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, lobes val-
vate, with marginal nerves ; 2ndly, ligulate, lobes elongate and connate into a
strap-shaped or elliptic ligule. Disk epigynous. Stamens 4-5, inserted within
the corolla-tube ; tilaments usually free ; anthers basi-fixed, usually connate ;
connective produced upwards ; cells simple or tailed at the base ; pollen sub-

220 LXxviir. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooter.)

globose, rough. Oyan/ 1-celled ; style slender, 2-fid ; arms (sometimes connate)
linear, ^-terete, naked or externally pubescent or tipped by pubescent cones,
margins stigmatic ; ovule solitary, basal, erect, anatropous, nucleus with one
coat. Fruit (an achene) dr}^, indehisceut. Seed erect, testa membranous, albu-
men 0 ; embryo straight, cotyledons plano-convex,- radicle short. — Affinitip^s.
(ylose with Dipsaeece, Valenanecs, and Lohelmcece. Distrib. Co-extensive with
dicotyledonous vegetation ; genera about 1000 ; species about 8000;

The Indian CompositcB have been more sedulously studied than any other equally
large arid intricate Indian family of plants; The- first important contribution to our
knowledge of them under well characterised genera i« contained in Don's " Pro-
dromus Florae Nepalensis," wherein upwards of 60 species are described. Next came
" Wight's Contributions to the Botany of India," where 126 species are described by
De Candolle. This was followed by the great aistribntion of Wallich's Herbarium,
in which 400 species are enumerated, many named for the first time, after having been
referred in great part to their proper genera by Wallich himself, Brown, Bentham, and
others. These numbers, however, do not represent more than about 300 distinct species.
The volumes containing the ComposittB of De Candolle's Prodromuis include most of
the species distributed by Wallich, together with Wight's Peninsular ones, which were
studied and named chiefly by Arnott, and distributed in like manner to Wallich's.
The labours of these individuals and authors laid the foundation of all future know-
ledge of the Order in India. The greatest subsequent accession of species was the
result of Dr. Thomson's journeys in the N. W, Himalaya and Tibet, and his and my
own in East Nipal and Sikkim, which were hurriedly distributed after much labour in
referring the CompositcB to their genera, and in many cases- to their species, by myself;
whilst at the same time I arranged the whole of the Indian material in the Hookerian
and other herbaria of Indian plants then at Kew, which were in great confusion.
After Dr. Thomson's return to India as Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Gar-
dens, he devoted several years to a critical study of the Indian species, and on his
retirement left in the Calcutta Gardens a ms. catalogue of all that were known
to him. In 1873 appeared the first part of the second volume of Mr. Bentliam's and
my " Genera Plantarum," containing the Compositce elaborated by Mr. Bentham. In
this work many of the Indian genera were for the first time studied in relation to their
allies in other countries, and various important changes were made as to their limita-
tion and disposition in the Order, and suggestions as to the classification of their
included species. This was followed in 1876 by the publication by my coadjutor, Mr.
C. B. Clarke, of his " Compositse Indicse," founded on the " Genera Plantarum " in
Yespect of the genera, and on the rich Calcutta collections and Thomson's mss. in re-
spect of the species. This valuable and very laborious work has been since annotated
for me by its aiithor with the Wallichian and Kew herbaria, and with various works
to which he had not access in Calcutta. In the following revision of the genera and
species I have adhered as closely as I could to the lines of Mr. Clarke's work, whilst
describing the genera and discussing the species in accordance with my own views.

Tribe I. Vernonieee. Heads with the flowers all similar and tubular.
Anthei's cleft at the base. Style-arms subulate, hairy. — Leaves usually alternate.
,Flowei's never yellow.

Subtribe 1. EuvERiS'ONiE^.. Heads distinct, many-flowered.

Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus 0 .1.. Ethitlia.

Achenes 8-10-ribbed. Pappus short, fugacious 2. Ckntrathbrum.

Achenes terete, shining. Pappus scanty 3. LAMPRACHiENiUM.

Achenes 10-ribbed, Pappus 0 4. Adenoon.

Achenes 10-ribbed. Pappus long, copious 5. Vernonia.

Subt7'ibe 2. Lychnophore^. Heads 1 or few-flowered, crowded into dense
masses like single heads.
Corolla usually cleft laterally. Pappus chaffy 6. Elephantopus.

Tribe II. Eupatorieae. Heads with the flowers all similar and tubular.

Lxxviii. compopitj:. (J. D. Hooker.) 221

Anthers subentire at the base. Style-arms obtuse, papillose. — Leaves opposite or
alternate. Corolla rarely orange, never yellow. Pappus usually bristly.

Suhty-ihel. PiqtjErie^. ATvther-tip 1sr\mc&te.
Acheiies 5-anglpd 7. Adenostemma.

Subtribe 2. Agerate^. Anther^tip appendiculate. Achenes 5-angled.

Pappus paleaceous . • 8. Ageratttm,

Pappus of slender hairs. Invol. bracts co ...'.... 9. Eupatorium.
Pappus of slender hairs. Invol. bracts 4 ....... 10. Mikania.

Tribe III. Asteroldese. Heads with the flowers all similar, or the outer
ligulate. Anthe7-s subentire (cells not tailed) at the base. Style-arms flattened
or plano-convex, all or those of the disk-flowers terminated by a cone. — Leaves
usually alternate. Receptacle almost always naked. Disk-Jlowers yellow ; ray-
flowers yellow, white or purple.

Subtiibe 1. Homochromej!;. Flowers all yellow, those of the ray ligulate.

liigules few. Heads in scorploid panicles 11. Solidago.

Subtribe .2. Grangeine^. Floivers all yellow, ray 0. Pappus hardly any.

Eeceptacle usually elongate, top flat. Achenes obtuse, flat,

with a thickened border 12. Dichkocephala.

Keceptacle elongate, top convex. Achenes obtuse, flat, without

a thickened border 13, Cyathocline.

Eeceptacle conic or convex. Achenes with a terminal, toothed

or bristly ring 14. Gkangea.

. Subtribe 3. BELLiDEiE. Ray-Jlowers $ , ligulate, never yellow. Disk-Jlowers
yellow. Pajjpus 0 or very short.

Erect herbs. Achenes viscid, hardly beaked . . . . . .15. Mtriactis.

Erect rigid herbs. Achenes of ray beaked 16. Rhynchospermum.

Small, stemle5s herb. Scape with 1 head 17. Lagenophora.

Stem branched, branches with single beads. Achenes beaked 18. Brachycome.

Subtribe 4. Hetebochromej5. Pay-jlowers % , ligulate, never yellow. Bisk-
Jlowers yellow. Pappus hairs long, copious, except Boltonia.

Pappus of short bristles and 2-4 long hairs 19. Boltonia.

Outer invol. bracts green. Ligules long, 1 -seriate • . . . .20. Aster.

Outer invol. bracts green. Ligules very short 21. Buachyaster.

Outer invol. bracts green, narrow. Ligules 2-3-seriate . . 22. Erigeron.

Subtribe 5. OoNTZEiE, Ray Jlowers very slender, tubular, or with very short
ligules, and disk-Jloioers yellow. Pappus copious or scanty.

Tall or climbing' hfrbs. Heads very smaH. Pappue long . 23. Microglossa.

Erect herbs. Heads various. Pappus long 24. Conyza.

An erect herb. Heads small. Pappus scanty, short . . .25. Thespis.

Tribe IV. Znuloideae. Heads with the flowers all similar, or the outer
ligulate. Anther-cells (except Laggera and Pha^Wen) tailed. Style-arms linear,
obtuse, or styles of the sterile fl. undivided. — Leaves usually alternate. Disk
and ray-Jlowers usually both yellow.

Subtribe 1. Plucheine^. Heads androgynous. Invol. bracts dry or herba-
ceous, rarely subscarious. Receptacle naked. Style-'orms of ^ fl. filiform, not
truncate, or style of sterile fl. entire.

* Heads corymbose -or panicled, not in globose masses (except in some Blumeas) .

Herbs. Invol. bracts narrow. Pappus copious 26. Blumea.

Herbs. Icvol. bracts narrow. Anther-'Cells ecaudate . . .27. Lagqeua. j

222 Lxxviii. coMPosiTjE. (J. D. Hooker.)

Shrubs or undershrubs. Invol. bracts broad. Pappus copious 28. Pluchea.
A small rigid herb. Heads sessile. Corolla of § fl. 2-lipped.

Pappus 0 29. NANoTttAMNua.

Erect or diflfuse herbs. Corolla of $ 11. tubular. Pappus 0 . 30. Epaltes.

** Heads in dense, globose or ovoid masses. Corolla of $ Jl.jUiform.

Herbs with winged stems. Pappus 0 31. Sph^hanthus.

Herbs with winged stems. Pappus hairs slender . . . . 32. Pterocaulon.

JSubt7'ibe 2. Filagik^e^. Heads androgynous, often in dense clusters. Bat/-
Jlowers $ , filiform, numerous, often enclosed in the long outer scales of the recep-
tacle ; disk-floioers § , central, with undivided styles, or, if divided with the arms,
obtuse or subulate, not truncate. Invol. bracts scarious or hyaline, rarely
radiating.

* Achenes large, 2-A^angled, or many-ribbed, ciliated.

Glabrous shrubs or undershrubs. Pappus hairs many, short,

unequal 33. Blephabispbkmum,

Glabrous or woolly herbs. Pappus bristles very short, con-
nate into a fimbriate ring 34. Athhoisma.

** Achenes smaU, not ribbed. Small wooUy herbs.

Pappus hairs simple 35. Filago.

Pappus hairs plumose 36. Ifloga.

Subtribe 3. GnaphaliEtE. Heads androgynous or homogamous. Invol.
bracts scarious, usually hyaline, or the inner radiating. Receptacle usually naked.
Style-arms of § A- truncate.

* Fl. ^ all sterile, with undivided or merely notched styles. Inner invol. bracts
often 7'adiating. Heads often unisexucd.

Heads corymbose, always dioecious. Pappus hairs connate at

the base 37. Antennabia.

Heads glomerate, involucrate. Pappus hairs subconnate at

the base 38. Lbontopodium.

Heads corymbose. Pappus hairs quite free 39. Anaphalis.

** FL 5 all, or mostly fertile, with divided styles.

Pappus hairs plumose. Minute herb 40. Lasiopogon.

Anther-cells obtuse or apiculate {without tails) 41. Phagnalon.

Fl. ? 2-00 -seriate. Pappus hairs never barbellate .... 42. Gnaphalium.
Fl. ? 1-, rarely 2-seriate. Pappus hairs various 43. Helichrysum.

Sithtribe 4. Angiakthe^. Heads homogamous, discoid, small, in crowded
clusters. Invol. bracts few, hyaline. Fl. ^ with truncate style-arms.
Heads 1-flowered in a leafy involucre. Pappus 0 .... 44. Cjesulia.

Subtribe 5. Euinuleje. Heads heterogamous, radiate, rarely subdisciform
or homogamous. Floivers usually all fertile. Receptacle naked. Fl. ^ with
linear style-arms, rounded or dilated at the top.

Heads rayed. Pappus hairs few or many, subequal .... 45. Inula.
Heads usMally rayed. Achenes hardly ribbed. Pappus hairs

slender, of ray few or 0 46. VicoA.

Heads rayed or discoid. Achenes ribbed. Outer pappus

of scales, inner of hairs 47. Pulicaria.

Heads discoid. Achenes slender, striate, beaked. Pappus 0 48. Carpesium.

Tribe V. Kelianthoideee. Heads usually radiate. Receptacle palea-
ceous. Anther-cells not produced into tails. Style-arms truncate or appendicu-

Lxxvm. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) 223

late, or style of sterile fl. entire. Achenes S-^r^angled or terete or compressed.
Pappus of 2-4 bristles or paleaceous or 0.

Subtribe 1. LagascB^. Heads l*flowered in globose clusters ; invol. bracts
forming a 5-fid tube.
A villous or scabrid herb ; lower or all the leaves opposite . 48*. Lagascea.

Svhtrtbe 2. Millerie^. Heads few-flowered. Fl. ^ sterile with undivided
styles. Receptacle naked in the centre.
Achenes and inflorescence with stipitate glands 49. Adbnocaulon.

Sabtt-ibe 3. Melampodie^. Heads manyflowered. Fl. ^ sterile with un-
divided styles. Receptacle paleaceous all over.

Achenes dorsally compressed, with acute margins, embraced

by the palese of the receptacle 50. Chrtsooonum.

Suhti-ibe 4. Ambbosie^. Heads hetorogaraous or unisexual. Fl. ^ sterile
with undivided styles ; $ apetalous. Antheis nearly free, with inflexed appen-

Invol.-bracts of $ fl. free ; of ^ forming a 2-flowered 2-celled

capsule armed with glochidiate spines 51. Xanthium.

Subti'tbe 5. Verbesine^. Heads hetero- or homogamous. Fl. ^ 3,11
fertile. Achenes of the disk angled, subterete, or laterally compressed, crowned
with 2-3 bristles or scales or neked.-^Leaves usually opposite.

* Inne?' invol.-bracts embracing the achenes.

Outer invol.-bracts 5-glandular o2. Stegesbeckia.

Outer invol.-bracts 4, broad, in opposite pairs, a marsh herb 58. Enhydra.

** Innei' invol.-bracts not embracing the achenes. Pale<e of receptacle Jlat,
narrow.
Outer invol.-bracts many 54. Eclipta.

*** Inner invol.-bi'acts not embracing the achenes. Pakfc of receptacle con-
cave, embracing the ac/ienes.

Ray-fl. ligulate, sterile. Achenes not winged nor ciliate . . 55. Sclerocakptts.

Ray-fl. with small ligules. Achenes not winged 56, Elainvillea.

Ray-fl. with large yellow ligules. Achenes thick .... 57. Wedelia.
Ray-H. with white or yellow ligules. Achenes ciliate . . .58. Spilanthes.

Subtribe 6. Coreopside^. Heads hetero- or homogamous. Fl. § all fertile
or neuter. Achenes dorsally compressed, 2-4-awned or naked.

* Outer invol.-bracts hei'bace<ms, subequal ; inner shorter like the palece of the
receptacle.

Achenes small, 8ub-4-angled, sheathed at the tip by the hairy

corolla. Pappus 0 . . 58*. GuizOtia.

Achenes flat, margins lacerate and winged. Pappus of bristles 68*. Syneurejxa.

** Outer involuc7'al bracts few ^ small ; inner membranous, connate bdoio.

Style-arms with short appendages. Leaves alternate . . .69. Glossocaedia.
Style-arms with short appendages. Leaves opposite. Achenes

usually 2-4-awned 60. Bidens.

Style-arms with long appendages. Achenes with 2 bristles .61. Glossogtne.
Style-arms with long appendages. Achenes awnless . . .62. Cheysanthelltjm.

Subtribe 7. Galinsogeje. Heads hetero- or homogamous. Fl. § all fertile.
Achenes with short bristle-like paleae.

Pappus palege entire or fimbriate 62*. Galinsoga.

Pappus palese awned, plumose ........... 62*. Teidax.

224 Lxxviii. COMPOSITJI. (J. D. Hooker.)

Tribe VI. Anthemideee. Heads lietero.o;amous, rayed or disciform, or
rayless and homogamous. InvoL-bracts 2- oc-seriate, dry or with scarious tips.
Receptacle naked or paleaceous. Anther^celU not produced into tails. Style-
arms truncate. Pappus 0 or a crown of short paleae. — Leaves usually alternate.
Disk-^fl. yellow, raij-Jl. variously coloiu-ed.

* Receptacle paleaceous. Heads usually rayed.

Achenes margined. Heads corymbose .63. Achillea.

Achenes 4-5-angled or many-ribbed. Heads peduncled . . 64. Anthemis.

* Receptacle naked or imth Jimhriate pits.

Heads rayed, shortly peduncled. Achenes 5-angled .... 65. Allardia.
Heads rayed, usually long-peduncled. Achenes 5-10-ribbed. 66. ChrysanthemujiI.
Heads rayed. Achenes ventrally 3-5-ribbed, dorsally oo-ribbed

or plane ' 67. Matricaria.

Heads disciform, pedunded. Invol.-bracts 1-2-seriate . . . 68. Cotula.
Heads disciform, subsessile. Invol.-bracts spreading in frt. . 69. Centipeda.
Heads disciform, subsessile, invol. -bracts 3-4-seriate incurved

in frt 70. Sphjeromorphea.

Heads disciform, corymbose. Invol. bracts oo-seriate . . .71. Tanacetum.
Heads small, disciform, racemose or panicled 72. Artemisia.

Tribe VII. Senecionideae. Heads heterogamous, rayed or disciform.
Invol.-bracts usually 1-seriate and subequal, vdth a few short outer at their
base, rarely oo -seriate. Anther-cells obtuse below or with 2 short points rarely
tailed. Style-arjns of ^ fl. truncate or appendaged. Pappus of fine hairs. —
Leaves usually alternate. Dish-Jl. yellow ; rays usually also yellow.

Suhtrihe 1. Ttjssilaginejs. Invol. -h-acts 1-2-seriate, subequal, free nearly
to the base. Style-arms of fl. ^ flattened or narrowly clavate, papillose, not
hairy all round (as in Eupatoi'iacece or Inuloideee).

Invol.-bracts l-seriate. Heads rayed, bracteolate, solitary . 73. Tussilaco.
Invol.-bracts 2- or few-seriate. Heads rayed, drooping,

usually solitary 74. Cremantjiodium.

Suhtrihe 2. Eusenecion^ibe^. Invol.-bracts 1-2-seriate, free nearly to the
base, usually with a few smaller outer ones. Style-arms of ^ A- trimcate or
obtuse, penicillate or with a hairy tip.

* Invol. -h-acts he7-baceou8, broad, acuminate. Heads large, rayed, long-
peduncled.
Receptacle hemispheric. Herbs, leaves alternate . . . .75. Doronicum.

** Invol. bracts nar?'oiv, ivith a few much shorter outer ones (calyculate), ex-
cept Emilia and some Senecios.
Heads homogamous. Style-tips long, hairy . . . . . ■ . 76. Gynttra.

Heads homogamous, ebracteolate 77. Emilia.

Heads homogamous. Style-tips ovate. Fleshy shrubs . . 78. Notonia.
Heads rayed or disciform, homogamous. Style-tips truncate

or short or 0. Leaves radical or alternate 79. Senecio.

Heads heterogamous. Fl. ^ sterile. Glabrous undershrubs . 80. Othonnopsis.

Suhtrihe 3. Othonne^. Invol.-bracts 1-seriate, united to above the middle
into a cup. Fl. ^ fertile ; style-arms truncate.
Heads large, solitary, erect, sessile or peduncled. Alpine herbs 81. Werneria.

Tribe VIII. Calendulaceae. Heads rayed. Invol.-bracts l-2-8eriate,
narrow, subequal. Receptacle naked. Anther-cells mucronate. Style-arms of
§ fl. truncate, or in sterile fl. undivided. Achenes usually large and thick and
deformed, without pappus,

Lxxvm. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) 225

Achenes incurved. Herbs with alternate leaves 82. Calendula.

Tribe IX. CynaroideaB. Floioers all tubular. InvoJ. bracts many-
seriate, imbricate ; tips scarious, spinous or foliaceous. Receptacle densely bristly
or paleaceous, rarely simply pitted. CoroUa-limh slender, deeply 5-fid. Anthei--
cells tailed. Sti/les subentire, or arms short hairy or thickened towards the
base. Achenes often hard ; pappus various, rarely 0. — Leaves alternate, often
spinous.

Subtrtbe 1. EcHiNOPSiDE^. Heads 1 -flowered, crowded into involucrate
globose balls.

83. EcHiNOPs.

Siibtrihe 2. Carduinej3. Heads a-flowered, separate. Achenes glabrous,
basal areole horizontal. Pappus hairs distinct or connate.

* Filaments free, glabrous. Pappus hairs free, caducous. Leaves armed.
In vol. bracts with hooked bristles. Leaves unarmed . . .84. Arctium.
Invol. bracts spinescent. Leaves spinescent 85. Cousinla.

** Filaments papillose-hairy. Pappus hairs connate into a deciduous ring.

Pappus hairs simple, not feathery 86. Carduus.

Pappus hairs feathery 87. Cnicus.

*** Filaments glabrous, connate.
Invol. bracts spinous. Keceptacle bristly. Pappus simple . 88. Silybum.

**** Filaments free, glabrous {hairy in Goniocaulon). Leaves unarmed.
Pappus hairs 1-seriate, feathery, with a few outer simple . . 89. Saussurea.
Pappus hairs oo-seriate, subpaleaceous. Filaments hairy . . 90. Gtoniocaulon.
Pappus hairs oo-seriate, rigid, rough or feathery 9L Jurinea.

Subtribe 3. Centaure^. Heads separate, oc -flowered. Achenes glaljrous ;
basal areole oblique or lateral.

* Involucre not bract eat e at the base, or rarely so.

Filaments glabrous. Anther-tails short or 0 92. Serratula.

Pilaments papillose. Anther-tails lacerate. Achenes smooth 93. Tricholepis.

Achenes terete, lO-lo-ribbed 94. Volaturella.

Achenes compressed or 4-angled, 4-o-ribbed 95. Centaurea.

** Involucre bracteate at the base by s^nnou^ leaves.

Achenes compressed or angled. Pappus paleaceous or 0 . . 96. Carthamus.

Tribe X. Blutisiacese. Heads hetero- or homogamous, rayed or not.
Invol. bracts oc-seriate, unarmed. ^ecf/>j5ac/e rarely paleaceous. Coro/Za 2-lipDed,
ligulate, or deeply 5-fid. Anther-cells usually tailed. Style-arms rounded or
truncate, not appendaged. Pappus various. — Leaves rarely opposite. (See also
Nanothamnus, Tridax and some Senecios.)

Subtribe 1. Gochnatie^. Corollas all tubular; segments narrow, equal or
obscurely 2-lipped.
Pappus hairs simple. A shmb with alternate entire leaves . 97. Leucombrjs.

Pappus hairs feathery. Rigid shrubs 98. Dicoma.

Pappus scales 10, ending in bristles. Rigid shrubs. Heads

solitary 99. Hochstetteria.

Pappus hairs feathery. Erect herbs, heads subracemose . 100, Ainsli^ea.

Subtribe 2. Gerbere^. Heads rayed. Coi'olla 2-lipped or ligulate.
Heads few-flowered ; fl, all ligulate. An undershrub . . 101, Catamixis.
Hejids many-flowered ; ray-fl. 2-lipped. Scapigerous herbs 102, Gerbera.

Tribe XI. Ciclioriaceae. Heads homogamous. Corollas all ligulate ;
ligule truncate, tip 5-toothed. Anther-bases sagittate, rarely tailed. Style-arms
slender. — Herbs, juice usually milky. Leaves radical or alternate, never oppo-
site. (See also 101. Catamixis.)

VOL. III. Q

226 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [EfJmlia.

Suhtrihe 1. HyosERrDE.E. Achenes truncate. Pappus of scales, with some-
times alternating hairs, or 0.

Kigid herbs. Fl. blue ; inner invol. bracts coriaceous, con-
cave 103. CiCHORIUM.

SuhtrU)e 2. Lapsane^. Achenes obtuse. Pappus 0.
Heads small, panicied. Achenes many-ribbed .... 104. Lapsana.

Subtrihe 3. Rhagadiole^. Acheiies narrowed upwards or beaked. Pappus
short, of scales or bristles, or 0.

Achenes elongate, incurved, spinous 105. Kolpinia.

Achenes elongate, smooth 106. Ehagadiolus.

Suhtiihe 4. Crepide^. Usually leafy herbs, not woolly nor with stellate
hairs. Involua-e calyculate, inner bracts often thickened. Achenes usually
contracted at both ends.
Eeceptacle naked. Achenes ribbed, rugose ; pappus hairs

feathery 107. Piceis.

Eeceptacle naked. Achenes ribbed ; pappus hairs simple,

free, white 108. Crepis.

Eeceptacle naked. Achenes with slender ribs; pappus

hairs copious, slender, subcrenate below . .... 109. Phjecasium.

Eeceptacle bristly. Achenes 8-10-ribbed; pappus hairs

simple 110. Pterotheca.

Subtrihe 5. HiERAClE^. Herbs, usually perennial, more or less stellately
hairy. Achenes truncate. Pappus hah's simple.
Pappus hairs rigid, bristles usually rough, brown , . . 111. Hieeacium.

Subtribe 6. Htpoch^ride.15. Scapigerous herbs, hairs various. Achenes
contracted below, usually beaked above. Pappus hairs simple or feathery.
Eeceptacle paleaceous. Pappus hairs feathery .... 111.* Htpochjeeis.
Eeceptacle naked. Pnppus hairs simple 112. Taraxacum.

Subtribe 7. Lacttjce^. Herbs, rarely shrubby below, glabrous or hispid,
rarely scapigerous. Achenes usually narrowed below, and beaked or not above.
Pappus hairs many, simple.
Achenes subterete, beaked, toothed below the beak . . . 113. Chondrilla.

Achenes compressed, beaked, ribs smooth 114. Lactuca.

Achenes subterete, 3-5-angled, not beaked 115. Prenanthes.

Achenes oblong, not beaked, with 4-^5 rujiose ribs . . . 116. Picbidium. - .
Achenes compressed, not beaked, many-ribbed, ribs smooth

or rough 117. Sonchtjs.

Achenes narrow, truncate at both ends, 4-5-ribbed ... 118. Laun^a.

Subtribe 8. ScoRZONERE.aE. Herbs, glabrous, woolly or hispid. Achenes
with a broad base, or curved hollow stipes, above narrowed or beaked.

Invol. bracts 1 -seriate. Achenes long-beaked 119. TRAfOPOooN.

Invol. bracts 00 -seriate, outer not leafy. Achenes not beaked 120. Scorzonera,
Cuter invol. bracts leafy. Achenes not beaked .... 121. Epilasia.

Tb^be I. VERNONXZSS:.

1. ETK1JZ.IA, Linn.

Branched herbs. Leaves alternate, serrate. Heads small, corymbose, homo-
gamous. Inml. subcampanulate ; bracts cx) -seriate, imbricate. Receptacle flat,
naked. Corollas all tubular, equal, regular, slender ; limb campanulate ; lobes 5,
narrow. Anthers obtusely auricled. Style-arms subulate. Achenes glandular
"between the 4-6 prominent ribs ; areole broad with a callous ring ; pappus 0. —
DiSTRiB. Species 2, a Javan and the following.

Gentratkerum.'] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 227

1. ZS. conyzoides, Linn.-, DC. Prodr. v. 12; heads l-\ in. diam. Bot.
Reg. t. 605 ; Wall. Cat. 319G ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 1. E. ramosa, Boxh. Fl. Ind.
iii. 413 ; WaU. Cat. 2987. E. gracilis, Delile ; DC. I. c. E. angustifolia, B(^er j
DC. I. c.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Silhet. — Distrib. Sunda Archipelago and Java ?
E. Tropical Africa, Madag:ascar.

An erect glabrous or puberulous leafy annual. Leaves 2-5 in., narrowly or broadly
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed and entire at the base, glandular-dotted ; ser-
ratures coarse, distant. Heads very numerous ; peduncles short or long ; flowers
purplish or reddish. — African specimens are usually more slender and pubescent.

2. CENTRATKSaUlKE, Cass.

Erect or diffusely branched herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled, toothed.
Heads homogamous. Invol. subhemispheric ; bracts oo -seriate, inner dry or
Bcarious, outer herbaceous often leafy. Becejjtacle flat, naked or pitted. Corollan
all tubular, equal, slender; limb campanulate, lobes 5, narrow. Anthers ob-
tusely auricled. Style-arms subulate. Achenes obtuse, 8-10-ribbed ; pappus
short, scabrid, fugacious. — Distrib. Species about 10 Asiatic, with 2 American
and an Australian.

* Leaves white beneath. Outer invol. bracts large, often leafy.

t Pappus yellowish.

1. C. reticulatuxn, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 225; robust, scabridly tomen-
tose, leaves sessile ovate or oblong base acute or cordate scabrid above pale
tomentose beneath, nerves reticulate, pappus equalling the corolla-tube. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 2. Decaneuron reticulatum, DC. in Wight. Contrib. 3 ; Prodr. v.
66; Mem. Comp. t. 1. Rolfinkia centaurioides, Zenk. PI. Ind. t. 14. Amphi-
raphis indica, Less, in Linneea, vi. 686; Wall. Cat. 2956. Gymnanthemum
reticulatum, Schultz-Bip. in Walp. Bep. ii. 948.

Western Peninsula; Nilgherry and Pulnev Mts., alt. 5-7000 ft., Wight, &c.

Stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect, branched. Leaves 2-3^ in., rigid, dirty white beneath;
nerves elevated, much reticulated; margins narrowly recurved. Heads subsolitary,
1-1^ in. diam.; inner bracts broad, acute, pubescent, outermost leafy but short.
Achenes ^^ in, long.

2. C. moUe, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 225; branches and invol. bracts pubes-
cent and with white wool, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate coarsely
toothed hairy above white-tomentose beneath, pappus very short. Decaneuron
molle, DC. Prodr. v. 67; Wight Ic. t. 1082. D.^Epilejum and D. scabridum,
DC. in Wight Contrih. 7. Diospermum molle, Ddess. Ic. Set. iv. t. 2. Amphi-
raphis mollis, Wall. Cat. 2957.

Western Peninsula ; Courtallam, Wight.

Annual, erect, branched, 1-2 ft. Leaves 3-6 by l-2\ in., rather membranous,
narrowed portion quite en' ire. Heads ^-| in. diam. ; outer invol. bracts, if leafy,
usually shorter than the head; inner often spreading or reflexed. Corolla, | in.
Achenes j^-j^ in., linear-oblong, smooih, glabrous; pappus very short. — B. scabrid rm,
Wight Herb. n. 1392, differs not at all from C. molle; his n. 1532, quoted by Clarke
under var. scabridum is C. cmirtallevse.

3. C. courtallense, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 225 {not of Clarke) ; branches
and invol. bracts coarsely hairy, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate
entire or toothed, pappus very short. Decaneuron courtallense, Wt. Ic. t. 1081 ;
Steetz in Peters Mosamh. Bot. 353. D. molle, var. Hei'b. Wt. (Kew Distrib.
1532).

Western Peninsula ; Courtallam and Anamallay hills, Wight ; Canara, Hohen*
acker.

Very near C. molle, but distinguished by the often quite entire leaves, usually

q2

228 Lxxviil. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Centratherum.

larger stouter peduncles, broader shorter and more regular invol. bracts, and especi-
ally by the coarse hairs of the peduncles and involucre. The achenes are the same
in both.

tt Pappus reddish.

4. C. Xlitchlel, Hook. f. ; branches glabrate, leaves petioled elliptic or
elliptic-lanceolate toothed white-tomentose beneath, outer invol. bracts leafy base
cordate, pappus equalling the corolla-tube. Gjmnanthemum moUe, Schidtz-
Bip. in PI. Hohenack. n. 93, a.

The CoNCAN and Canara, Stocks, Ritchie, &c-

A more slender annual than C. molle, and at once distinguished by its glabrate
often shining branches, the 2-6 or more large leafy oblong cordate outer invol.
bracts, and the longer pappus. Heads ^ to nearly ^ in. diam. Achenes very small,
about 78 in.

5. C. phylloleenuin, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 225 ; branches glabrate pubes-
cent or sub^trigose, leaves elliptic toothed or serrate white-tomentose beneath,
outer involucral leafy bracts several base contracted, pappus equalling the corolla-
tube. Decaneuron phyllolaenum, DC. Prodr. vii. 264. Gymnanthemum phyllo-
Isenum, Schultz-Bip. in PI. Hohenack. n. 274. D. molle, Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb.
Fl 122.

The CoNCAN, Boux, Law, Jacquemont, &c. Marwab, on Mt. Aboo, King.

Very variable, annual, stout or slender ; branches usually spreading. Leaves 2-5
in., usually elliptic, petioled, sometimes hardly white beneath. Heads ^-1 in. diam. ;
peduncles usually slender ; outer invol. bracts l-oo , spreading or deflexed, linear or
lanceolate, rarely oblong, sometimes much longer than the heads, white beneath ;
middle bracts extremely variable, obtuse, acute or rounded, green or scarious at the
tip, erect or recurved, margins ciliate or not. Achenes ^^ in. ; pappus reddish or
almost white.

6. C. tenue, Clarke Camp. Ind. 5 ; branches slender glabrous, leaves elliptic
sparingly toothed, heads small, peduncles very slender, invol. bracts glabrous
outer 1 or 2 elongate linear or oblong, pappus much shorter than the corolla-
tube.

Western Peninsula; the Con can, Gibson, Law, &c.

Closely allied to C. phyllolcenum, but much more slender, with always small heads
\-\ in. diam., and only 1 or 2 leafy invol. bracts, much shorter pappus, and more
turgid achenes only ^ in. long.

** Leaves not white beneath. Outer invol. bracts shortest.

7. C. Kookerl, Clarke Cornp. Ind. 3; pubescent, branches angled and
grooved, leaves linear-lanceolate obscurely toothed, pappus long. Decaneuron
angustifolium, Herb. Ind. Or. Hook. f. 8f T.

The CoNCAN, Law, Stocks.

Annual, erect, 18-24 in., stiff, branched above. Leaves scattered, 2-3 by \-^ in.,
and, as well as the branches, brownish when dry and puberulous on both surfaces.
Heads ^-f in. diam.; peduncles slender, hoary-pubescent; bracts numerous, small,
none leafy Corolla \ in. long, red. Papptts single, equalling the corolla. Achenes^
in., linear-oblong.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

C. Metzianum {Diospermum Metzianum, Schultz. Bip. in Herb. Hohenack. from
Canara) t-esembles C. molle, but has the hairy invol. bracts of C. courtallense and no
pappus. The specimen is a very indifferent one.

3 XiAZHPRACKSSNIUm, Bth.

An erect branched annual smelling of chamomile, with crisped hairs. Leaves
alternate, petioled, toothed. Heads small, subcorymbosely panicled, homoga-
mous. Involua-e subcampanulate j bracts oo -seriate, dry, inner acute. Receptacle

Lamprachcenium.'] lxxtiii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 229

flat, naked. Corollas all tubular, equal, slender; lobes 5, narrow. Anthers
obtusely auricled. Style-arms subulate. Achenes obovoid, turgid, a little com-
pressed, smooth, shining ; pappus hairs few, short, fugacious, red.

1. Xi. inlcrocpplialuin, Benth. in Gen. Plant, ii. 225. Decaneuron
microcephalum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Joum. iii. 231 ; Ddz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 122 ;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 5.

The CoxcAN- ; at Parwar Grhat, BomTiay, Gibson, Dalzell.

Habit, pubescence and foliage of Centratherum tenue. Stem 1-2 ft., simple or
branched from the base, glabrous hairy or glandular. Leaves petioled, 2-4 in., hairy
above, white- tomentose beneath. Heads \-\ in. diam.; peduncles slender, hispid or
glabrate ; invol. bracts acute, ciliate, none leafy, erect or recurved. Achenes ^ in. ;
pappus reddish, equalling the corolla-tube.

4. ADBNOON, Ddz.

An erect rigid herb. Leaves alternate, sessile. Heads corymbosely panicled,
homogamous. Involucre campanulate ; bracts many-seriate, coriaceous, oblong-
lanceolate, aristate, outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat, minutely fimbriate.
Corollas all tubular, equal, slender ; limb narrow, 5-cleft. Anther-bases sagittate.
Style-artns subulate, hairy. Achenes obovoid, obtuse, subcompressed, 10-ribbed ;
pappus 0.

1. A. indicum, Dalz, in Hook. Keiv Joum. ii. 344; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 121 ; Steetz. in Peters Mosamb. Bot. 352 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 5. Ethulia sp.
V. Gen. nov. Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 101.

The CoNCAN ; Parwar Grhat, Bombay, Ritchie, Law, &c. ; Belgaum, Law.

A rather stout erect hairy or hispid annual, 2-3 ft. ; stem angled and grooved,
branched above. Leaves shortly petioled, 1-4 in., broadly ovate obovate or almost
orbicular, coarsely unequally toothed, hairy on both surfaces. Heads | in. diam.,
sessile and peduncled; peduncles stout or slender, hispid or tomentose; bracts at the
forks subulate ; corolla | in. ; limb as long as the tube. AcJienes j^ in., glandular ;
ribs very stout.

6. VERX70NZA, Schreb.

Herbs, shrubs, climbers or small trees. Leaves alternate. Heads terminal
or axillary, solitary cymose or pauicled, homogamous. Involucre ovoid globose
or hemispheric, equalling or shorter than the flowers ; bracts in many series,
inner longest. Receptacle naked or pitted, sometimes shortly hairy. Corollas
all equal, tubular, slender : lobes 5, narrow. Anthei^-bases obtuse. Style-arms
subulate. Achenes striate ribbed or angled, rarely terete ; pappus of many hairs,
often girt with a row of outer short hairs or flattened bristles. — Distkib. About
380 species, chiefly tropical, and mostly American.

I have found it impossible to classify the Indian Vernonias under the commonly
recognised sections of the genus as defined in the " Genera Plantarum," and have had
recourse to what appear to me to be more natural divisional characters, but they are
extremely vague. The species are most difficult to limit and define, the involucral
bracts being especially variable.

A. Invol. bracts all or the outermost subulate or lanceolate, often aristate
(inner linear and obtuse in V, Helferi and peguensis, outer ovate acute).

* Heads ^-1 in. diatn., raj'ely less,feiv, in open tei'minal or lateral corymbs
or panicles, or solitary and axillary.

1. V. teres, TVall. Cat. 2926; rigid, scabrid, leaves hard subsessile obovpte
or obovate- or elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate acute subserrate heads 30-50-

230 Lxxviii. COMPOSITJ!. (J. D. Hooker.) [Vemonia.

flowered large solitary and axillary or few and terminal subsessile, invol. bracts
very many long subulate-lanceolate subsquarrose, achenes silky, pappus yellowish
or reddish. DC. Pi'odr. v. 15; Clarke Cotnp. Ind. 16. V. riparia, Wall. Cat.
2925. V. rigiophyila, DC. I. c. 15. V. squarrosa, Less, in Linncea, 1831, 627.
Eupatorium rigidum, Wall. Cat. 2926. Acilepis squarrosa, Don Prodr. 169.

Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon, alt. 6000 ft., to Sikkim. Behab, Central
India, Pegu and Bibma, in dry forests.

Stem simple, terete, erect, leafy, pubescent or tomentose with brown hairs. Leaves
2-6 by 1-2 in., base acute rounded or cordate, usually scabrid on both surfaces, re-
ticulate beneath. Heads f-1 in. diam. ; inner invol. bracts nearly ^ in., sparsely
woolly, outer small, often squarrose ; corolla glabrous. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus g in.,
outer hairs few, short, caducous.

2. V. subsessilis, DC. Prodr. v. 62; shrubby, branches nerv^es beneath
and corymbs pubescent or tomentose, leaves large sessile oblanceolate or obovate
acute or acuminate toothed serrate or sinuate-crenate glabrous above, heads
many f in. diam. 30-40-flowered corymbose or panicled, invol. bracts very many
elongate-subulate or acicular strict, achenes silky, pappus reddish.

NiPAL, Wallich. Khasia Mts., Assam and Birma, Griffith, &c.

Stout, shrubby. Leaves 4-12 by 1-4 in., glabrous abov^e. Heads 40-60-flowered,
^ in. diam., branches of corymb sometimes woolly, bracts at the forks slender. Invol.
obconic ; bracts spreading from the base, outer subulate, very narrow, rigid, pubescent
sometimes recurved ; corolla glabrous. Achenes ^ in., striate ; pappus nearly ^ in.,
persistent, outer very short, unequal, — There are three forms of this.

Vab. 1. subsessilis proper; leaves narrowly lanceolate sharply irregularly toothed
or serrate acuminate, heads corymbose, peduncle naked or with solitary subulate bracts.
Conyza subsessilis, Wall. Cat. 300.— Khasia Mts., alt. 600-2000 ft.

Vab. 2. bracteolata ; more shrubby, leaves obovate-laneeolate acuminate obscurely
sinuate-toothed, heads corymbose, peduncles with often many subulate bracts. V.
bracteolata, DC. Prodr. v. 62. Conyza bracteolata, Wall. Cat. 3036. — Nipal, Khasia
Mts., Assam and Birma.

Vab. 3. macrophylla ; shrubby, leaves 10-12 by 3-3^ in. obovate acute coarsely
crenate-toothed, heads panicled, peduncles with filiform bracts. — East Nipal, dry rocks
on the Tambur river, J. D. H.

3. V. malabarica, Hook. f. ; branches and leaves beneath softly tomen-
tose, leaves shortly petioled elliptic-lanceolate serrulate acuminate puberulous
above, heads few ^ in. diam. terminal corymbose, invol. bracts few suberect
linear-subulate pubescent, achenes obtusely 5-angled glabrate equalling the
invol. bracts, pappus yellowish.

NiLGHBRBY Mts. ; Sisparah Ghat, Beddome.

Apparently shrubby ; branches strict, pubescence of very soft, pale brown, close-set
hairs. Leaves 2^-3 by |-1 in., rather thin. Heads all peduncled; corolla-lobes
glandular-pubescent. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus ^ in., outer very distinct, short, palea-
ceous.

4. V. G-ardnerl, Thio. Enum. 160, exel. var. ^; herbaceous, branches
leaves beneath and inflorescence puberulous, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate
finely acuminate acutely serrate^ nerves not prominent above, invol. bracts nar-
row subiilate finely acuminate, achenes puberulous, pappus pale reddish. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 11.

Ceylon, Central Province ; Adam's Peak, Walker ; Ambagamowa, Thwaites.

Stem and branches slender. Leaves usually 4-5 by ^-§ in., rarely 5-6 by 2-2|,
rather membranous, teeth gland-tipped. Heads ^-| in.; peduncles slender; outer-
most invol. bracts somewhat spreading; corolla glabrous. Pappus i in., outer very
short.

Vemonia.'] Lxxvui. Oomposit^. (J. D. Hooker.) 231

6. V. Thwaitesii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 11 ; bmnches and corymbs finely
pubescent, leaves sessile ovate or elliptic-ovate acute acutely serrate rigidly
coriaceous reticulated, nerves prominent on both surfaces, invol. bracts linear-
oblong obtuse or acute, achenes puberulous, pappus pale reddish. V. Gardneri,
/3, Thivaites Enuni., 161.

Ceylon, Central Province ; Adam's Peak, Horton Plains, and Galagama, Walker,
&c.

Branches slender, rigid. Leaves 2-2| by |-1^ in., narrowed at the base, rarely
almost orbicular, puberulous beneath, tip and teeth almost pungent. Heads few,
hardly corymbaee ; peduncles often very long ; outermost invol. bracts very short,
subulate ; corolla glabrous. Pappus g- in., outer very short.

6. V. Beddoxnei, Hook. f. ; glabrous, much branched, upper leaves
shortly petioled lanceolate caudate-acuminate coarsely serrate those on the
slender peduncles narrow and recurved, invol. bracts linear acuminate, achenes
hairy, pappus white.

"Western Peninsula ; South Travancore, Beddome.

Branches ribbed, slender. Leaves (lower not seen) 4-6 by l-l^^ in., rather rigid,
reticulated on both surfaces, long apex quite entire. Heads 1-1 i in. diam., few or. in
much branched corymbs; branches and peduncles very slender; outer invol. bracts
very short, subulate. Pappus ^ in. ;. outer hairs few, short.

7. V. attenuata, DC. Prodr. v. 33; rigid, branches leaves beneath and
inflorescence puberulous, leaves hard sessile obovate or oblong-obovate acute
coarsely toothed or serrate reticulate on both surfaces, invol. bracts linear-lan-
ceolate finely acuminate outermost subulate, achenes striate villous, pappus white.
Ku7-z in Jawn. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 201 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 12. Convza attenuata,
Wall. Cat, 3020.

Easteen Him.\laya and Assam, in dry tropical forests ; alt. 1-5000 ft. Tenas-
SERiM, Wallich, i'alconer, &c.

Erect, 2-3 ft., slender, branches grooved. Leaves'xevy variable, 3-5 by 1-2| in.
Heads panicled corymbose, or solitary and axillary, when they are sometimes sessile,
^-| in. diam.; peduncles short, slender, often divaricate; inner invol. bracts nearly ^
in. ; corolla glabrous. Achertes -^ in. ; pappus | in., persistent, outer hairs few shoi't.
— A Siam form {V.ju7icea, Kurz) has heads sessile on long slender leafless branches,
and rufous pappus.

8. V. Helferi, Hook. f. ; nearly glabi'ouis, stem simple slender, leaves
sessile elliptic acute entire or serrate shining and minutely retieulate on both
surfaces, heads 1-2 30-40-flowered, invol. bracts linear-oblong obtuse outermost
ovate acute, achenes silky 10-ribbed, pappus white.

Tenasserim, Heifer.

Ste?n 6-10 in., erect, above and peduncles pubescent, rather flexuous. Leaves 1^-2
by ^-1 in., thinly coriaceous, brown and shining when dry. Heads shortly peduncled,
^ ic. diam.; invol. bracts glabrous, not numerous, innermost less than ^ in., flat;
corolla" glabrous. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus ^ in., outer hairs numerous short flattened.
— This has altogether the habit of V. attenuata, to which it is indeed closely allied,
differing chiefly in its slender habit and the linear obtuse invol. scales.

9. V. Xiobbii, Hook. f. ; corymbs softly tomentose, leaves shortly petioled
broadly obovate subacute obscurely toothed glabrous above with raised dots
beneath with fine lax hairs, heads sessile in axillary and terminal fascicled
corymbs very shortly peduncled, invol. bracts linear aristate scarious outermost
subulate, achenes villous, pappus white.

Tenasserim ; hills on the Attran, Lohh.

Leaves 6-7 by 3-3^ in., rather rigid, narrowed to the base but not into the short

232 Lxxviir. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) [Vernonia.

stout petiole, finely reticulate on both surfaces, those on the iufloresoence lioear-
obloDg. Heads ^-^ in. diam., clothed with white "w^oolly tomentum ; invol. bracts i in.,
white. Achenes (unripe) ^^ in. ; pappus \ in. ; hairs slender, persistent, outer very
short.

10. V. clivorum, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1869, 164 ; branches leaves
beneath and inflorescence puberulous, leaves shortly petioled lanceolate acumi-
nate distantly serrate reticulate beneath, heads small corymbose on short lateral
branches, invol. bracts linear acute outermost subulate, achenes pubescent^ pappus
white. V. Kingii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 12.

Pegu and Martaban, Knrz. Upper Birma, J. Anderson. — Distrib. Canton.

Branches grooved and ribbed. Leaves 3-6 by |-2 in., tip entire, base rounded,
rather rigid. Heads \ in. diam., 1 5-20 -flowered ; peduncles slender; outer invol.
bracts short, subulate; corolla glabrous. Pappus \ in.; hairs slender, persistent,
outer few, very short. — I have seen only Hance's Canton specimen, to which Clarke
refers his V. Kingii: the achenes are immature.

11. V. peg'uensis, Clarke Comp. Ind. 13; branches and corymbs finely
pubescent, leaves petioled oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate acute or acuminate
serrate glabrate on both surfaces, heads in simple axillary and terminal branched
panicled corymbs, invol. bracts few lanceolate aristate-acuminate inner linear-
oblong obtuse or acute, outermost ovate minute, achenes slightly hairy, pappus
white.

Pegu ; Irawaddy and Saluen valleys, Kurz.

Apparently a robust tall species. Leaves 12 by 4 to 6 by 1 in., rather membra-
nous, puberulous when young, narrowed into the petiole. Heads |-|- in., 12-20-
flowered; inner invol. bracts \ in., membranous, green. Advenes (immature) \ in.;
pappus hairs fine, persistent, outer many, very short, rigid.

12. V. Thomsoni, Hook. /. ; half-shrubby, much branched, branches
corymbs and leaves above scaberulous, leaves subsessile lanceolate acuminate
serrate puberulous beneath, heads obconic 10-.] 5-flowered in small short axillary
corymbs, peduncles slender, invol. inner bracts linear acuminate outermost needle-
shaped, achenes glabrous strongly 10-ribbed, pappus white.

Chittagong ; at Seetakoond, J. D. H. ^~ T. Thomson.

A straggling undershrub; branches ribbed and grooved. Leaves 4-8 by 1^-3 in.,
membranous. Heads on slender pubescent pedicels, ^ in. diam ; invol. bracts glabrous,
shining, recurved, inner | in. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus ^ in., very fine, persistent, outer
hairs very few. — This is probably the Seetakoond plant which Kurz includes under
V. saligna, from which it widely differs in the larger heads and much longer narrower
white invol. bracts.

13. V. bracteata, Wall. Cat. 2921 ; rigid, scabrid or scaberulous, leaves
sessile or shortly petioled elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute remotely serrate,
heads 30-flowered few large corymbose peduncled, invol. bracts not numerous
linear-oblong with slender often recurved awns, outermost subulate, achenes
glabrous, pappus reddish. Clarke Comp. Ind. 17 excl.syn. Wight. Decaneuron
silhetense, DC. Prodr. v. 67. Xipholepis silhetensis, Steetz in Peter^s Mosa?nb.
Bot. 84.5?

Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim and Bhotan. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-6000 ft. Biema ;
Karen hills, Kurz.

Shrubby below, erect, sparingly branched, leafy ; branches terete, pubescent or
roughly tonientose. Leaves usually narrow, 2-4 by ^-l in., rarely 4 by 2 in., more or
less rigid and scabrid. Heads rarely many, | in. diam. ; peduncles erect or ascending,
scabrid ; invol, bracts few, inner often ^ in., thin, glabrate. Corolla glabrous.
Achenes quite glabrous ; otherwise and pappus as in V. Roxburghii and teres.

14. V. Itoxburg'hil, Less, in Linneea, 1831, 674; rigid, scabrid, leaves
hard subsessile or petioled elliptic- or obovate-lanceolate acuminate acutely

Vei-nonia.l lxxyiii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 233

serrate^ heads 30-flowered large fascicled in terminal panicled corj'mhs, invol.
bracts linear obtuse and apicidate or acuminate or pungent outermost subulate,
achenes sparsely hairy, pappus dirty white or reddish. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, ii. 200. V. aspera, DC. Prodr. v. 31, not of Ham. ; Wall. Cat. 2922, excl.
A.; Clarke Comp.lnd.\7. Eupatorium asperum, i2o.r&. ^or^. i?en^. CI ; FL
Ink. iii. 416. E. pyramidale, I)on Prodr, 170. Xipholepis aspera, Steetz in
Peters Mosamh. Bot. 345 ? excl. syn.

Western Himalaya ; Kumaon, Boyle, Edgeworth. Chota-Nagpoke, and Centhal
India, alt. 1-4000 ft. Behar, J. J). H. Concan, Law (perhaps cult.) ; Birma,
at Bhamo, on dry hills, Griffith.

More branched than V. teres; leaves often narrowed into a slender petiole, acumi-
nate and deeply serrate ; heads smaller, very numerous ; invol. bracts fewer and
broader, inner ^ in., quite linear ; achenes as large, less hairy and only between the
ribs ; outer pappus hairs often absent.

15. V. peninsular is, Clarke mss. ; roughly pubescent, stem flexuous
ribbed, leaves petioled elliptic acute serrate, heads 20-3(>-flowered fevv^ corymbose,
invol. bracts oblong -with very long slender often recurved awns outer filiform
squarrose, achenes glabrous, pappus pale reddish. V. bracteata, var. peuinsu-
laris, Clarke Comp. Ind. 18. Decaneuron silhetense, Wt. Ic. t. 1083.

Travancoee, at Courtallam, Wight.

Stem nearly simple, deeply furrowed. Leaves 2-4 by l|-2 in., rather membranous,
scabrid above. Heads | in. diam. ; outer invol. bracts \-\ in. ; awns often as long as
the lamira, woolly. Achenes 'dud pappics as in V. bractiata.

16. V. anceps, Clarke mss. ; shrubby, branches slender terete and corymbs
brown-pubescent, leaves petioled lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-lanceolate acu-
minate distantly serrulate puberulous on both surfaces or beneath only, heads
30-40-flowered in open corymbs, inner invol. bracts short oblong-lanceolate acute
outer subulate, achenes strongly 4-5-ribbed puberulous, pappus dirty white, outer
a ring of short paleaceous scales. V. Wightiana, var. /3, TInvaites Enum. 160.

Ceylon ; Adam's Peak, Thwaites.

Branches woody, as thick as a crow- or goose-quill. Leaves 2-3 by \-^ in.
Achenes ^o '"•> twice as long as the invol. bracts. — This, Thwaites, considering the
close similarity of their floral characters, does not venture to separate from V.
Wightiana; but the foliage, &c., is so entirely diflPerent in form, membranous consist-
ence, toothing, and glabrousness, that I cannot but agree with Mr. Clarke in keeping
it distinct; the corollas are nearlj? glabrous.

17. V. revoluta, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 218 ; dwarf, puberulous,
leaves sessile linear apiculate margins revolute, beads 30-40-flowered subsolitary,
invol. bracts few broadly oblong-lanceolate acuminate, achenes hairy terete,
pappus white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 22. V. oligocephala, Edyew. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. XX. 63.

Westebk Himalaya; Kumaon and Garwhal, Royle, Falconer, &c. Bhotan,
Griffith.

A perennial woody-rooted herb, branched from the base ; stems 2-6 in., ascending
or erect, slender, angled and grooved. Leaves erect, 1 by i-e ^^-j ^^^^ ^ strong niid-
rib and strongly revolute entire margins. Heads ^ in. diam.; peduncles striate;
bracts subulate or 0 ; invol. bracts puberulous ; outermost very narrow, subulate, often
recurved; inner \ in. long, searious ; corolla-lobes hairy. Achenes (unripe) \ in.,
sparingly hairy ; pappus ^ in, long, persistent, outer hairs 0.

** Heads small, about \ in. long, numerous or few, corymbose,
t Annual ; achenes terete, not angled or ribbed.

18. V. cinereaj Less, in Linnc&a, iv. 291, and vi. 673 ; herbaceous, hoary-

234 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) IVemoma.

pubescent, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate obtuse or acute obscurely or deeply
obtusely or acutely toothed, heads about 20-flowered in loose corymbs, invol.
bracts linear-lanceolate tips awned glabrous, pappus white or dirtv white outer
hairs short. DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Prodr. v. 24; Wall. Cat. 3008. V. cony-
zoides, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6; Pt'odr. v. 25; Dalz. Sr Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 121.
V. rhomboidea and montana, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xx. 62. V. albicans,
DC. in Wight Contrib, 6, in part ; Wight Ic. 1. 1076 (achenes wrongly figured as
5-ribbed). V. abbreviata and leptophylla, DC. I. c. 25. V. laxiflora, Less, in
Linncea, vi. 646 ; DC. I. c. 25. V. physalifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 ; Prodr.
I. c. 24. V. parviflora, linifolia, and fasciculata, Reinw. in Bl. Bijd. 893. V.
ZoUingeriana, Schultz-Bip. in Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 16. V. cyanonioides, Walp.
in Linncea, xv. 509. Oonyza abbreviata, Wall. Cat. 3048 ; bellidifolia, 3047 ;
cinerascens, 3062 ; incana, 3046 ; linifolia, 3063 ; elegantula, 3049 ; ovata, 3097 ;
and subsimplex, 3003. C. cinerea, Linn. ; Wall. Cat. 3008. 0, mollis, WiUd.
{Jid. Lessing). 0. prolifera and heterophylla, Lamk. Encycl. ii. 84. Serratula
cinerea, Roxb. Hart. Beng. 60. Cacalia rotundifolia, Willd. Phyt. ii. t. 6, f. 1.
Chrysocoma purpurea, Forst. Prodr. 64. C. violacea, iSchum. PI. Guin. 384.
Cyanopis decurrens, Zoll. in Geneesk. Archiv. ii. 563; and Chlaotrachelus
rupestris, Zoll. I. c. fd. Miquel. Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7137. — Rheede Hort.
Mai. X. t. 64.

Throughout India, ascending to 8000 ft. in the ISmalaya, Khasia and Peninsular
Mts. — DiSTKiB. Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.

One of the commonest Indian weeds, erect, rarely decumbent, 6-18 in. high ; stem
slender, grooved and ribbed. Leaves rarely 3 in. long or 1^ in. broad, membranous or
rather coriaceous •, petiole very variable. Heads about \ in. diam., in rounded or open
and flat-topped corymbs ; branches usually divaricate ; peduncles slender, with small
bracts at the axils ; invol. scales about ^-l in. ; corolla with pubescent lobes. Achenes
^^0 in. ; pappus ^ in., outer hairs very short indeed. — It is impossible to define the
forms of habit and folifige of this very variable plant, which is on the whole remark-
ably uniform in its flowers ; of these the most marked are V. 'physalifolia, which is
stout, very tomentose, with broad leaves; and V. cony z aides,. vi\th. short or no outer
pappus, and ovate-lanceolate or ovate sharply toothed leaves narrowed into long
petioles. To these may be added var. montana, Clarke (Comp. Ind. 21), from 4-6000
ft. on the Khasia Mts., and from the N. W. Himalaya, with villous fulvous leaves and
stems and yellowish pappus, and which is Edgeworth's V. rhomboidea ; and the var.
ludens, Clarke 1. c, with dimorphic achenes, of which the inner are normal, the outer
almost beaked and seedless ; it is a native of Assam, the Malay Peninsula, and China.
To the many synonyms cited, Bentham (Fl. Austral, iii. 459) adds V. erigeroides, DC.
Prodr. V. 25, and suggests that nearly all the species of DCs section Tephrodes may
follow.

ft Perennial, rarely annual ; achenes ribbed.

19. V. diverg'ens, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 229 ; stout, erect, pubescent
toment 'se or scabrid, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate serrate, heads
small 8-12-flowered in usually dense much branehed panicled rounded corymbs,
invol. bracts few oblong obtuse outermost ovate, achenes glabrous 10-ribbed,
pappus pale reddishrbrown or dirty white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 14. V. aspem,
JIamilt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 219, in part; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 201. V. nilgheryensis, DC. Prodr. v. 32; Wt. Ic. t. 1078. V. multiflora,
DC. I. c.^\. V. Metziaua, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohenack. n. 1342. V. aspera,
iess. m Zm/i<ea, 1831, 643 ? Decaneuron divergens, DC. /. c. 68; Wight Con-
trib. 8 ; Ic. t. 1084. Conyza divergens, multitiora, and lanceolata. Wall. Cat.
3027, A., 3032 a., 3059. Eupatoriutn versicolor and polyanthemum. Wall. Cat.
3167, 3171. E. divergens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 61 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 415. Gymnan-
themum Metzianum, Schultz-Bip. I. c. n. 542. Lysistemma divergens and
multiflorum, Steetz in Peters Mosamb. Bot. 341.

Vemonia.'} lxxviii. compositje. (J. D. Hooker.) 235

Behar, on Parusnath, alt. 4000 ft. Cbnthal India, and from the Concan to the
Travanc;3r Mts., RANGOON, BiRMA, and Tenasserim.

Stem shrubby, 4-8 ft. Leaves 2-5 by 1-4 in., varying much in texture ; nerves
spreading, reticulate beneath. Heads ^ in. diam., usually clustered ; peduncles very
short; in vol. bracts with greenish tips; corolla glabrous. Achenes -^^ in.; pappus
^-J- in., hairs scabrid, outer very few or 0. — This cannot be the plant described by
Hamilton as V. aspera (as supposed by Kurz), for that is stated to have a short outer
pappus, and to be Roxburgh's Eupatorium asperum ; as, however, Wallich's 3032 B.
(under Conyza multiflora) is an authentic specimen of Hamilton's V. aspera, and so
named, it is probable that this author had two plants under his eye,

20. "V. cbinensls, Less, in Linnofa, vi. 674; puberulous or tomentose,
"branches slender terete, leaves sessile or petioled ovate elliptic or elliptic-lanceo-
late subaerrate, heads 20-30-flovv^ered scattered or 2-3-nate,iuvol, bracts pubescent
lanceolate awned, achenes 4-5-ribbed glabrous glandular, pappus white. Clarke
Comp. Lnd. 18. V. albicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 ; Prodr. v. 26, in part.
Cyanopis pubescens and villosa, DC. Pi-odi-. v. 69. Conyza chinensis, Lamk.
l5ict. ii. 83^ not of Linn. C. puuctulata, Wdl. Cat. 2995. Eupatorium men-
thsefolium, Wall. Cat. Isonema ovata, Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxiv. 25.
Cynanthillium. villosum and pubescens, Blume Bijd. 889 and 890. Centratherum
chinense. Less, in Linncsa, 1829, 320. — Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7136.

Eastern Peninsula, from Pegu to Malacca, — Distrib. Java, China, Philippines.

Annual ; branches divaricate. Leaves 1-3 in., membranous. Heads ^ in. diam. ;
peduncles slender; invol. bracts not numerous, glabrous or puberulous; receptacle
pitted; corolla glabrous. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus ^ in., hairs few, outer 0. — Conyza
patula, Ait. Hort. Kew, v. 26, quoted under this by Lossing, is a very doubtful Chinese
plant.

21. V. salig'na, DC. Prodr. v. 33; much branched, glabrous or slightly
scabrid, leaves sessile or shortly petioled elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate acumi-
nate coarsely serrate, heads 6-12-flowered in terminal branched rounded corymbs,
inner invol. bracts linear-oblong acute or acuminate scarious purplish outermost
subulate, achenes strongly 10-ribbed glabrous, pappus reddish or white. Clarke
Comp. Lnd. 13. V. longicaulis, DC. I. c. Conyza saligna, Wall. Cat. 3061.
Eupatoriiun longicaule, Wall. Cat. 3169.

Tropical Himalaya, from Nipal eastward, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Assam, Khasia
Mts., Chittagong, and Birma.

A coarse, leafy, almost shrubby, very variable herb. Leaves 3-6 by ^-2^ in.,
rather rigid, often a little scabrid on both surfaces. Heads J-| in. diam, ; peduncles
slender ; invol. bracts rigid, outermost very short, subulate, inner ^ in. Achenes —
in,, compressed ; pappus \ in., outer hairs 0.

Y AR. ? nilghirensis ] branches and inflorescence glandular-pubescent, pappus pale
reddish-brown. — Nilgherry Mts., Wight (Kew Distrib. 1525), Clarke. — This much
resembles V. pectiniformis.

22. V. setig'era, A?-n. Pugill. 27 ; tomentose ox. villous, branches grooved,
leaves petioled ovate acuminate serrate, heads 6-10-flowered small in rounded
terminal ebracteate corymbs, invol. bracts few linear shortly awned, achenes
4-5-angled nearly glabrous glandular, pappus yellowish. DC. Prodr. vii. 263;
Clarke Comp. lnd. 18. V. neilgheryensis, Thwaites Enum. 160, not of DC.

Ceylon; Central Province, alt. 6-7000 ft.. Walker, &c.

Erect, stout or slender, much branched, leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., narrowed into the
petiole, glabratei above, black when dry.' Corymhs lax, ebracteate ; heads \ in. diam.,
obconie; invol. bracts few, puberulous; corolla glabrous. Achenes ^ in., with a few
short hairs ; pappus \ in., outfer very short or 0.

23. V. Hookeriana, Am. Pugill. 28 ; hoary-puberulous, branches terete

230 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Vemonia,

or obscurely grooved, leaves petioled. ovate acuminate serrate, heads small 20-
flowered in lax open ebracteate corymbs, invol. bracts linear-oblong obtase or
mucronate pubescent, acbenes 5-angled almost glabrous, pappus white. DC.
Pi-oclr. vii. 263 ; Clarlie Conip. Ind. 19. V. conyzoides, Thwaites JSnum. 160,
7iotofI)C.

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 1-4000 ft., Walker, &c.

Very similar in habit to V. setigera, but only hoary, with looser corymbs, longer
peduncles, smaller heads, with much shorter more obtuse invol. bracts and whiter
pappus.

24. V. Candolleana, Wt. ^ Am. in Wight Cat. 1509 ; branches terete
villous, leaves subsessile elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute serrate, heads 15-
flowered few small in a spreading villous corymb, invol. bracts few oblong pun-
gent, achenes 4-angled glabrous, pappus white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 19. V.
dindigulensis, DC. Prodr. vii. 263. V. conyzoides, Wt. Ic. t. 829, and vol. iii.'
part iv. p. 16 {errata), not of DC.

Nii-GHERRY and Pulney Mts., Wight.

Apparently a low herb or shrub. Leaves 2-3 by ^-1 in., puberulous above, pubes-
cent beneath. Heads \ in. diam. ; peduncles with a few setaceous bracts ; invol. bracts
puberulous, purple-tipped, outermost filiform ; corolla glabrous. Ache7ies -^^ in. ;
pappus \ in., outer hairs subpersistent. — Collected by Wiglit alone, and the specimens
are very poor, and, I suspect, all from the Pulneys, or other collectors would have
found it in the Nilgherries.

25. V. scariosa, Am. Pugill. 28; hispidly pubescent, leaves petioled
elliptic acute serrate, heads 12-14-tlowered small sessile terminal fascicled, invol.
bracts linear-oblong awned glabrate outermost ovate acuminate, achenws glabrous,
pappus reddish. Thwaites Enum. 161. Decaneuron ? scariosum, DC. Prodr.
vii. 264. Centratherum scariosum, Clarke Comp. Ind. 4.

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 4-7000 ft., Walker, &c.

Branches grooved and ribbed, clothed with spreading and curled hairs. Leaves 1-5
by ^-2^ in., scabrid above, beneath hairy like the branches. Heads narrow, \ and §•
in. diam. ; outer invol. bracts \-^ ; corolla glabrous. Achenes — in. ; pappus \ in.,
outer hairs few, short. — Thwaites' var. )8 crassa is only a more luxuriant state.

B. Invol. bracts all obtuse or apiculate, usually linear or oblong, rarely ovate
and acute.

* Outer invol. bracts very large, broad, concealing the inner.

26. V. calycina, Wall, in DC. Prodr. v. 60; Cat. 2924; nearly glabrous,
upper branches involucre and upper leaves beneath hoary-pubescent, leaves sub-
sessile elliptic quite entire obtuse, heads subcorymbose, outer invol. bracts very
large green elliptic or oblong obtuse inner linear acute.

Birma; Prome, Wallich.

Herbaceous, erect, black when dry. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2^ in., upper subobovate,
rather unequal-sided, glabrous above, puberulous beneath. Heads 1 in. diam., shortly
peduncled ; corollas 40-50, puberulous. Achenes stellalely pubescent and glandular ;■
pappus ^ in. long; hairs reddish, shining; outer few, half as long as the inner.

** Outer invol. bracts longer than the inner, linear, with leafy tips ; annual.

27. V. anthelmintica, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. v. 61 ; tall, branched,
glandular-pubescent, leaves petioled lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate coarsely
serrate, heads subcorymbose, invol. bracts linear with broad purplish tips.
Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 217; Wall. Cat. 2920; Wight Contrib. 7;
Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 313 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, *ii. 202 ; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 10. Oonyza anthelmintica, Linn. Serratula anthelmintica, Ro.vb.

Vemonia.] Lxxviii. composite!. (J. D. Hooker.) 237

17. Ind. iii. 406. Ascaricida indica, Cass in Diet. Sc. Nat, iii. Suppl. 38. — Bur7n.
Thes. 210 t. 95. Rheede HorL Mai. ii. t. 24.

Throughout India ; from Kashmir to Ceylon (nowhere ? indigenous) and Malacca,
ascending to 5500 ft. in the Himalaya and Khasia Mts. — Distrib. Affghanistan.

A tall robust leafy annual. Leaves 3-8 in., rather membranous. Heads ^| in.
diam,, about 40-fld. Achenes \ in., 10-ribbed, pubescent ; outer pappus rather longer,
shining, reddish, flattened, deciduous ; inner very short, rigid, paleaceous,

*** Outer in vol. bracts much shorter than the inner.

■f Heads very small. Leaves not thickly clothed beneath with white woolly
tomentutn.

28. V. cinerascens, SchuUz-Bip. in ScMveinf. Ethiop. 162; low,
shrubby, much branched, clothed with ashy pubescence, leaves elongate spathu-
late tip rounded sessile with a very nart-ow base punctate, heads few small
solitary on the divaricating branches of terminal cymes, invol. bracts linear
subacute, achenes silky, pappus white. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 275. V.
spathulata, Hochst. in Herb. Schweinf. n. 2133.

The Punjab ; at Peshawar, Vicary, Talbot. Salt Eange, Fleming. Wuztjhistan,
Stewart. Scind, at Kurrache, Stocks. — Distrib. Beluchistan, Abyssinia.

Branches white, quite terete. Leaves ^-\^ in., green when dry, both surfaces
alike. HeadAi \ in. diam. ; peduncles with rarely minute bracts ; invol. bracts linear,
^ in. ; corolla glabrous. Achenes jg in., densely silky ; pappus ^ in,; hairs all persis-
tent, outer many short rigid. — The achene is incorrectly described in the Flor, Trop.
Africa.

29. V. elaeag-nifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 22; climbing, branches petioles
and inflorescence hoary, leaves petioled oblong linear-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate
quite entire obtuse or acute glabrous and reticulate above loosely silky beneath,
heads 3-5-flowered in narrow terminal short loose panicles all pedicelled, invol.
bracts few small ovate obtuse, achenes compressed 5-8-ribbed glabrous, pappus
white outer hairs few. Clarke Comp. Ind. 24; Kurz For. Fl. 11, 80. V. ellip-
tica, DC. in Wight Contrib. 6 ; Prodr. v. 22. Conyza elaeagnifolia, Wall. Cat.
3041.

Pegu ; Maclelland. Tenasserim, Wallich, Griffith, &c. — Distrib. Siam.

Branches long, woody, finely grooved. Leases 1-3 by ^-1 in., pale and almost
silky beneath ; petiole slender. Heads \ in. diam., about 3 at the end of the rigid
divaricating branches of the panicle ; invol.-bracts ^ in. ; corolla glabrous. Achenes
j5 in. ; pappus | in., persistent.

30. V. nemoralls, Thw. Enmn. 160 ; herbaceous, branches and heads
puberulous, leaves petioled elliptic- or linear-lanceolate acuminate distantly
Eerrate glabrous on both surfaces nerves obscure, invol. bracts linear-oblong
obtuse, achenes hairy, pappus white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 11.

Ceylon ; Saffragam, Galagama, &c. Walker, &c.

Apparently a slender herb. Leaves 2-4 by |^-1 in., young slightly pul ascent
beneath. Heads sometimes corymbose, \-\ in. diam. ; outermost invol. bracts short,
obtuse. Corolla glabrous. Achenes obscurely 10-ribbed ; pappus | in., outer bristles
. very short.

tt Heads large or small. Leaves thickly clothed beneath with dense white or
buff woolly tomentum. Shrubs.

31. V. salviaefolia, Wight Ic. t. 1079 ; branches woody, inflorescence
and leaves beneath clothed densely with white wool, leaves crowded at the ends
of the branches sessile linear-lanceolate obtuse crenulate rugulose above, heads
10-14-flowered in open corymbs, invol. bracts short oblong acute, achenes com-

238 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Vernonla.

pressed obscurely 3-4-angle(i glabrous, pappus pale reddish. Clarke Comp. hid.
20. V. Arnottiana, Thorns, mss. ex Clarke.

Trayancore, at Courtallam, Wight.

Branches very thick. Leaves 4-"f>by ^-| in., thick, abore almost tubercled by the
short close-set high wrinkles between the numerous nerves. Heads \ in. diam., sub-
sessile ; peduncles with few small linear axillary bracts ; invol. bracts | in. ; corolla
glabrous. Achenes I in, ; pappus as long ; outer hairs very numerous, short, flat,
persistent, inner caducous.

32. V. Wig'titiana, ^rw. Ptigill. 27 ; shrubby, branches leaves beneath
and corymbs clothed with dense buff wool, leaves shortly petioled elliptic or
elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or acute obscurely toothed woolly but finally glabrate
above, heads 80-40-flowered in terminal open corymbs, invol. bracts short ob-
long acute, achenes 4-5-ribbed glabrous, pappus dirty white. DC. Prodr. vii.
263 ; Thwaites Enmyi. 160, excl. var. j3 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 19.

Ceylon; central province, alt. 5-8000 ft., Macrae, &c.

Branches terete, stout or slender, leafy. Leaves 2-5 by f-1^ in., coriaceous;
petiole sometime f in. Heads J-| in. diam. ; peduncles stout, with a few narrow
bracts ; invol. bracts | in., woolly; corolla laxly hairy. Achenes ~ in.; pappus ^in.,
outer hairs very short flattened.

33. V. indica, Clarke Comp. Ind. 16; branches leaves beneath and
inflorescence clothed with dense soft whitish tomentum, leaves subsessile
elliptic or almost orbicular acute serrate-toothed coriaceous, heads numerous in
broad terminal corymbs 6-10-flowered, invol. scales broad oblong mucronate,
achenes glabrous, pappus yellowish. Conyza indica. Wall. Cat. 3042. De-
caneuron dendigulense, DC. in Wight Contrih. 7 ; Prodr. v. 67. Lysistemma
dendigulense, Steetz in Peters Mosumh. Bot. 341.

Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats, from the Concan to Travancore.

An undershrub, 2-8 ft., erect; branches terete. Leaves 3-6 by 1^-5 in., rigid,
scaberulous above ; nerves many, much raised beneath, petiole rarely 1 in. Heads y
in. diam., crowded at the end of the stout branches; inner invol. bracts g in., tomen-
tose, closely imbricate, outermost minute ovate; corolla glabrous. Achenes ~ in.;
pappus I in. ; outer hairs 0.

34. V. zeylanica, Less, in Linn<sa, 1829. 344 ; branches leaves beneath
and corymbs ashy tomentose or woolly, leaves shortly petioled ovate with alyrate
usually auricled base acute coarsely crenate, heads 4-8-flowered small fascicled
in large terminal corymbs, invol. bracts very short ovate acute, achenes 5-ribbed
puberulous, pappus pale reddish. DC. in Wight Contrib. 5 ; Prodr. v. 26 ; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 20. Eupatorium zeylanicum, Linn. — Cacalia, Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 62
t. 21.

Ceylon ; hilly parts of the island ascending to 3000 ft.

Branches slender, grooved and ribbed. Leaves 1-2^ by ^-1 in., coriaceous, puberu-
lous above, densely woolly and reticulate beneath, basal auricles horizontal. Heads \
in. diam. ; peduncles with few small axillary bracts ; invol. bracts few, woolly, j^ in.
long ; corolla glabrous. Achenes — in. long ; pappus | in. ; outer hairs few, very
short.

ttt Heads usually large. Leaves not clothed with white wool beneath.

35. V. eztensa, DC. Prodr. v. 33 ; branches and inflorescence pubescent,
leaves petioled lanceolate acuminate sharply serrate glabrous or scaberulous
above pubescent or glabrate beneath, heads in loose terminal corymbs 8-10-
flowered, invol. bracts few linear-oblong concave obtuse coriaceous, outermost

. yery short obtuse, achenes pubescent, pappus reddish. Clarke Comp. Ind. 16.

Verncniia.'] Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 239

Conyza extensa, Wall. Cat. 3016. Gymnanthemum extensum, Steetz in Peters
Mosamh. Bot. 337.

Central and Eastern Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, J, D. H. ;
Bhotan, Griffith.

Erect, 6-8 ft., branched. Leaves 6-10 by 2|^-3 in., narrowed into a short or long
petiole, membranous. Heads \ in. diam., longer than Ijroad ; peduncles very slender;
invol. scales not numerous, hard, closely imbricate, puberulous, inner \ in. ; corolla
pubescent. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus | in., outer hairs few or 0. — Clarke likens this to
V. blanda, and suggests its being a variety of that plant, but the sharply serrate long
leaves are very difierent.

36. V. pectinifornkis, DC. in Wight Contrib. 2; Prodr. v. 31;
shrubby, branches glabrate pubescent scabrid villous or glandular, leaves
petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate glabrous or scabrid above puljerulous
pubescent or tomentose beneath usually many-nerved, heads 10-25-ilowered in
short broHd terminal corymbs, inner invol. bracts oblong obtuse or apiculate,
outer small acuminate, achenes glabrous, pappus dirty white or reddish. Arn.
Pugill. '27 ; Wight Ic. t. 1077. V. puncticulata, DC. Prodr. vii. 264. Lysi-
stemma pectiniforme, Steetz in Peters Mosamh. Bot. 343.

NiLGHBRRY Mts., alt. 8000 ft. Ceylon ; central province, alt, 6-7000 ft., Walker,
&c.

Branches usually stout, ribbed and grooved. Leaves often close-set, 3-6 by 1-2^
in., rigid, narrowed into the petiole, nerves 6-12 pair. Heads \ in. diam., peduncles
short; invol. bracts hard, concave, usually with rounded coloured tips, outer gradually
smaller, often subulate and recurved ; receptacle fimbriate ; corolla glabrous.
Achenes \ in. ; pappus j in long, outer hairs short, sometimes numerous, most red in
Ceylon specimens.

37. V. arborea, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 218 ; a tree, branches
and corymbs pubescent tomentose or vs^oolly, leaves large petioled elliptic or
elliptic-ovate acuminate quite entire glabrous or beneath pubescent, base acute
rounded or cordate, heads 1-6-flowered small in large leafless terminal panicles,
invol. bracts very small oblong obtuse, achenes compressed or 3-4-gonous ob-
scurely 8-10-ribbed puberulous, pappus white or yellowish hairs persistent all
equal. DC. Prodr. v. 22 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 80. V. javanica, DC. I. c. ; Bedd.
For. Man. 125. V. Blumeana and celebica, DC. I. c. 22. Eupatorium celebicum
and javanicum, Blume Bijd. 903. Conyza acuminata and arborea, Wall. Ca*.
3034 A., 3074. ? Gymnanthemum acuminatum, Steetz. in Petei-s Mosamh. Bot.
336.

Assam, the Khasia Mts., Silhet, Cachar, Birma, Tenasserim, Malacca, and
Singapore. Western Peninsula on the Ghats, from the Concan, southwards.
Ceylon, ascending to 5000 ft. — Distrib. Java, Borneo, Philippines.

A large shrub or small tree. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in., coriaceous, quite glabrous in
northern specimens, more or less pubescent in Malayan ; petiole |-1 in. Heads | in.
diam. ; involucre small ; bracts few, ^^ in long, tomentose ; corolla glabrous. Achenes
Y2 in., pale ; pappus \ in., hairs few, all equal and in one row. — A Philippine Island's
var. has branches inflorescence and leaves beneath densely clotted with white or buff
velve ty pubescence. The Malaccan and Silhet forms have the leaves usually quite
glabrous, the Tenasserim ones pubescent, the Ceylon densely pubescent.

Var. ? Wightiana; branches leaves beneath and inflorescence very densely woolly,
petioles usually shorter and stout, heads often 1-fld. V. monosis, I)C. in Wight
■ Contrih. 5; Ic t. 1085; Clarke Comj>. Ind. 24; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 225. Conyza
Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 3028. — Western Peninsula, on the Ghats, from the Concan
southwards. — I can scarcely doubt this being a form of V. arborea, with which it
perfectly agrees in the form of the leaves, heads, achenes, and pappus, but the
petioles are usually very short and thick, as in V. solanifolia, sometimes however
long and slender as figured by Wight.

240 Lxxviii. COMPOSITJ;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Vernoma,

88. V, SOlanifolia, Benth. in Lond. Joum. Bot. i. 486 ; Kew Joum. iv.

232 ; Fl. Hongk. 169 ; subarboreous, branches leaves beneath and panicles
densely softly woolly, leaves petioled ovate-oblong or elliptic obtuse or acute
entire or sinuate-toothed base rounded or cordate, heads 3-5-flowered in open
large terminal panicles, in vol. bracts few small ovate obtuse woolly, achenes
8-10-ribbed glabrous, pappus yellowish persistent with short outer bristles.
V. Kurzii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 24 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 80.

Maktaban and Pkgtj ; in dry forests, Kurz. — Distrib. China.

A large weak shrub or small tree, which I cannot distinguish from the densely
woolly form of V. arhorea, except by the leaves being usually tomentose above with a
shorter very stout petiole, and the presence of the outer pappus bristles.

89. V. volkamerieefolia, DC. Prodr. v. 32; a tree, branchlets and
panicles pubescent or tomentose, leaves large petioled obovate or obovate-oblong
or lanceolate acute or obtuse glabrous above pubescent on the nerves beneath
entire or subserrate, heads 3-10 flowered in large terminal leafless panicles, in vol.
bracts puberulous few linear-oblong obtuse, achenes 10-ribbed nearly glabrous,
pappus whitish persistent. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 202. V. punduana,
DC. Prodr, v. 3^. V. acuminata, DC. I.e. excl. syn. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 22;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 79. V. punduana, vulg-aris and volkameriaefolia, Steetz in
Peters Mosamh. Bot. 346. V. cuspidata, Buek in Index Candoll. ii. 5. Conyza
volkameriaefolia and punduana, Wall. Cat. 3001, 3035.

SiKKiM Himalaya, Khasia and Jaintea Mts. ; alt. 2-5000 ft. Mishmi Hills,
Griffith. BiKMA, Kurz.

A small tree; branches robust, terete. Leaves 5-12 by 1^-4: in., rather thin,
narrowed into very short petioles. Heads very numerous, ^-| in diam. ; peduncles
short or long, stout, with small bracts at the base ; invol. bricts \ in. ; corolla gla-
brous. Achenes \ in., with a few scattered short hairs ; pappus i in., very persistent,
outer hairs few short.

40. V. travancorica, Hook. f. ; a tree, branchlets and inflorescence
hoary-pubescent, leaves shortly petioled obovate obtuse sinuate towards the tip,
glabrous on both surfaces, heads 5-6-flowered in terminal leafless panicles,
invol. bracts few short oblong obtuse silky, achenes 10-ribbed glandular, pappus
white deciduous. V. volkameriaefolia, Beddome, Fl. Sylv. t. 225 {not of DC).

Travancore, Beddome.

Closely allied to V. volkaTnericeJoUa, but differing from it and from V. arhorea in
the silky invol. bracts, and very deciduous quite white pappus. — I have seen but one
specimen ; it exactly accords with Beddome's figure,

41. V. talaumlfolla, Hook. f. 8f T. Herb. Ind. Or. ; a tree, branches
very thick, leaves beneath and inflorescence puberulous or nearly glabrous, leaves
very large shortly petioled obovate or oblanceolate subacute entire or sinuate-
toothed, heads 8-20-flowered in very large irregularly branched terminal
panicles, invol. bracts ovate obtuse, achenes deeply lO-ribbed glabrous, pappus
red, outer hairs slender. Clarke Comp. Ind. 25.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H. ^ T. T. Bhotan, Clarke. Assam,
Masters. Mishmi Hills, Griffith.

Much the largest Indian species. Branches as thick as the little finger. Leaves
16 by 6 in. and under, very coriaceous, glabrous, shining and reticulated on both sur-
faces, or pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petiole \ in. Heads f in. diam., sessile
o;i the long dichotomous divaricating branches of the panicle ; invol. bracts \ in.,
glabrate ; corolla glabrous. Achenes i in. ; pappus nearly ^ in.

42. V. Parishli, Hook. f. ; branches robust and inflorescence finely
tomentose, leaves large shortly petioled oblanceolate subacute obscurely toothed
reticulate minutely pubescent above more so beneath, midrib closely pubescent

Vernonia.'] Lxxviii. C0MP0SITJ3. (J. D. Hooker.) 241

on both surfaces, heads corymbose in a large panicle, invol. bracts oblong her-
baceous obtuse or acute, achenes glandular, pappus white'.

MouLMEiN ; hills on the Attran, Parish.

A good deal resembling V. Lohhii, but the leaves are much more pubescent beneath,
the heads form a large terminal branched panicle, nearly a foot long; the invol.
bracts are herbaceous and very different in shape, and the achenes are not tomentose.

43. V. scandens, DC. Jh-odr. v. 32; climbing, branches slender and
inflorescence glabrous or pubescent, leaves petioled ovate elliptic or lanceolate
acuminate quite entire glabrous or pubescent beneath, heads 5-10-flowered in
long leafy terminal panicles all pedicelled, invol. bracts ovate or linear-lanceolate
acute or obtuse, achenes compressed glabrous deeply 10-ribbed, pappus red
outer hairs few short slender. Clarke Comp. Ind. 26 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 81.
Oonyza scandens, Wall. Cat. 3060. V. vagans, DC. I. c. ; Clarke I. c. Gym-
nanthemum scandens and vagans, Steetz in Peter's Mosamh. Bot. 338.

SiKKiM Himalaya and the Khasia Mts. ; ascending to 4000 ft. Assam, Silhbt,
and BiRMA.

A rambling climber, branches woody. Leaves 2^-4 by 1-2^ in., rather thin ;
petiole slender. Heads \-^ in. diam. ; pedicels slender; invol. bracts very vari-
able in breadth, puberulous, inner \ in. long ; corolla glabrous. Achenes \-l in.
long ; pappus between ^\ in. long. — I cannot dii^tinguish between V. scandens and
V. vagans, which in their extreme forms differ, the former in the broader blunter
invol. bracts, and I think longer achenes, but I find achenes of \ and \ in. in the
same specimen.

44. V. blanda, DC. Prodr. v. 32; a rambling shrub, slender branches
and leaves glabrous, panicles puberulous, leaves petioled elliptic acuminate at
both ends quite entire, heads 10-25-flowered in elongate branched terminal
panicles, invol. bracts linear-oblong acute puberulous, receptacle glabrous,
achenes pubescent 10-ribbed, pappus red outer hairs few. Clarke Comp. Ind.
25; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 202. excl. syn.; For. Fl. ii. 81. V.
blandula, Clai ke I. c. 26. Conyza blanda, Wall. Cat. 3033.

Martaban and Tenasseeim ; on the Saluen river, Wallich. Pegu, Scott.
Very similar to V. scandens, but with pubescent achenes.

45. V. Anderson!, Clarke Comp. Ind. 27 ; scandent, branches leaves
beneath and inflorescence pubescent or tomentose, leaves petioled ovate acute or
acuminate quite entire finely reti-ulated, heads 5-15-flowered in axillary and
terminal loose panicles, invol. bracts small ovate obtuse, receptacle hairy, achenes
deeply 10-ribbed flattened puberulous, pappus red outer hairs 0. V. Cumingiana,
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 170 {not of Keiu Journ. Bot. iv. 333).

Upper Assam ; Naga hills, Masters. Birma, Griffith. Ten.^jsserim, Heifer. —
DisTRiB. Hongkong.

Very similar to large-leaved states of V. scandens with obtuse invol. bracts, but
the leaves «re thinly leathery, the nerves beautifully reticulated, the achenes puberu-
lous, and the receptacle covered with deciduous fulvous hairs. Invol. bracts yo in.,
narrowly oblong, very obtuse, ne irly glabrous. Achenes (in Hongkong specimen) i
in. long; pappus upwards of i in. — Bentham is mistaken in referring the Hongkong
plant to his V. Cumingiana of the Philippines, which has a naked receptacle and
far more numerous flowers in a head ; as is Kurz {Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 202) in re-
ferring V. Andersoni to bla7ida.

DOUBTFUL ANn IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

? V. (EupATORiuM PECTiNATUM, Wall. Cat. 3172.) from the Nilgherry Mts.; there
is no specimen of this in the Wailichian Herbarium.

V. (Decaneuron lilacinum, Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 314); there is no specimen
of this in Dalzell's Herbarium, and I fail to identify it by the description.

VOL, in. B

242 Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Elephantopus.

6. BZiZSPKANTOPUS, Linn.

Rigid herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads homogamous of 2-6 flowers col-
lected into a head-like cluster, Jnvoiuere compressed ; bracts about 8, dry, stiff,
alternately flat and conduplicate ; receptacle naked. Flowers all equally 4-lobed
and cleft on one side and with the lobes spreading somewhat palmately.
Anther-hases obtuse. Style-arms subulate. Anhenes truncate, 10-Tibbed ;
pappus bristles rigid, shining, slender and dilated below or chaff-like. — DiSTRlB.
Species 10-12, chiefly tropical American, with one cosmopolitan.

1. S. scaber, Linn.; DC. Prodr. v. 86; dichotomously branched, 1-2 ft.
high, strigose scabrid and villous, radical leaves obovate-oblong crenate cauline
few sessile, heads clusters of 1 in. diam. surrounded by cordate leafy bracts,
invol. bracts pungent, achenes hairy, pappus of 4-5 rigid bristles dilated
at the base. Wall. Cat. 2979; Wiffht Ic. t. 1086; JRoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 446;
Bon Prodr. 169 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 122 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 28.—
Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 7.

Throughout India, from the Punjab ? to Uetlon and Sikgapore. — Distrib.
Tropical Asia, Australia and America.

The embryo not unfrequently germinates in the head.

Tribe II. EVPATORZEH:.

7. ADENOSTEMBZA, Forst.

Glabrous or glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaver mostly opposite. Heads
corymbose, homogamous. Involucre campanulate ; bracts many, sub-2-seriate,
narrow, herbaceous, sometimes connate ; receptacle flat, naked. Corollas all
equal, tubular, regular ; tube short ; limb campanulate, 5-toothed. Anthers
truncate with a glandular tip, base obtuse. Style-arms elongate, dilated above.
Achenes obtuse, 6-ribbed, glandular ; pappus hairs 3-6, short, rigid, often clavate,
inserted in a short ring. — Distrib. Species 5 or 6 American, 1 cosmopolitan.

1. A. viscosum, Foi-st ; DC. Prodr. v. iii. ; Garke Comp. Ind. 28.

Throughout India ; ascending to 5000 ft. on the Himalaya and other ranges, and
to 6000 in Ceylon. — Distrib. All tropical coimtries.

An erect rarely decumbent annual, glabrous pubescent or viscidly pubescent,
slender or robust. Leaves sessile or petioled, opposite or the upper alternate, from
linear to broadly ovate, serrate. Heads few or many, in lax or dense panicles or
corymbs ; invol. bracts oblong, obtuse or acute, glabrous glandular or scabrid. — Of
this most variable plant there is but one species. Clarke distinguishes the following
marked Indian forms,

Var. 1 . typica ; leaves oblong-lanceolate subacute crenate glabrescent, achenes
Bparingly warted. DC. I. c. A. leiocarpum, DC. in Wight. Contrih. 9 ; Prodr. I. c.
A. Roylei, DC. I. c. 112. A. rivale, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii, 231 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 122. A, angustifolium, Am. Pvgill. 29 ; DC. I. c. vii. 266. Lavenia alba,
Wall. Cat. 3220. Ageratum aquaticum, Boxb. Hort. Deng. 61 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 415.

Var. 2. data; leaves broadly ovate or cordate nearly glabrous, achenes and invol.
bracts as in Var, 1, A. elatum, DC. I.e. 112; ? Don Prodr. 181. A. aquaticum,
Don I. c. A. microcephalum, DC. I. c. Lavenia erecta and carnosa, Wall. Cat. 3218
in fart, 3219. Ageratum strictum. Bot. Mag. t. 2410,

Var. 3. latifolia ; leaves broadly ovate or cordate nearly glabrous sometimes
very^rge, achenes densely warted. A. latifolium, DC. I.e. 112; Don Prodr. 181.
liavenia erecta. Wall. Cat. 3218 C. — one of the best marked varieties.

Var, (T} parwj^oro. ; leaves elliptic glabrous membranous, branches of panicle
slender, acnenes small densely, warted. A. macrophyllum and parviflorum, DC. I. c.
iii, 113, Lavenia macrophylla anc^ vparviflora, Blume Bijd. 905, 906. Lavenia
viscida, Wall. Cat. 3222 A.

Ageratum.] Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 243

Vab. 6. fastigiata {not of Clarke Ccmp. Ind. 29)^^ leaves ovate-laneeolate glabrous,
panicles fastigiate, achenes scabrid and "warted. A. fastigiatum, DC. I. c. 111.
Lavenia fastigiata, Blume I. e. 905i

Var. 6. riigosa ; leaves ovate coriaceous nugose, achenes- densely warted. A. rugosum,
DC. in Wight Contrib. 8; Prodr. I. c. 112; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 10. A. latifoliura,
}Vt. Ic. t. 1087. A. fastigiatumv Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohenack. n. 612 (not of DC).
Lavenia rugosa, Wight in Wall. Cat. ^22\. — Nilgherry, &C; Mts. only.

Vak. 7. reticulata; leaves ovate sometinaes a span broad often reticulate, achenes
smooth or sparsely warted often elongate. A. reticulatum, DC. in Wight Contrib. 8 ;
Prodr. V. 113; Wt. Ic. t. 1088. A. Yiscosum, maciurense and lieiocarpum, DC. in
Wight Contrib. 9; Prodr. v. 113. A. erectum, DC. I. c. Verbesina Lavenia, Linn.
Fl. Zeyl. U5.—Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 42.— South India and Cfeylon.

8. AGERATUM, Linn.

Erect herhs or sbrubs. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. Heads
corymbose or panided, homogamous. Involucre caniipanulate ; bracts 2-3-
seriate, linear, subequal ; receptacle flat or nearly so, naked or with caducous
scales. Corollas all tubular, equal, r^ular, limb 5-cleft. Anthers appendaged,
base obtuse. Style-arms elongate, obtuse. Achenes 6-angled ; pappus of 5 short
free or connate scales, or of 10-20 narrow unequal scales.^ — Distrib. Species
about 16, probably all American, but now distributed throughout the tropics.

1. A. conyzoides, Lvnn.\ DC. Prodr. v. 108 ; annual^ 1-2 ft,, hispidly
hairy, leaves petioled ovate- crenate, heads small in dense terminal corymbs,
bracts striate acute, ray-fl. many pale blue or whrte> achenes black, pappus
scales 6 awned often serrate below. Clarke Cbmp. Ind. 30 ; Wall. Cat. 3176.
A. cordifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 415 ; Wall. Cat. 3177.

Throughout India; ascending the Himalayas to 6000 ft. — Distjhib. All hot
countries.

9. SUPATORZUIME, X.

Herbs shrubs or undershrubs. Lean^es opposite or alternatei Heads corym-
bose, homogamous. Involucre long or short; bracts few- or many-seriate, sub-
equal or outer shorter ; receptacle naked. Corollas all equal, regular, tubular ;
tube slender; limb 5-lobed or toothed. Anthei's appendaged^ base obtuse.
Style-arms long, obtuse. Achenes truncate, 5-angled or -ribbed ; pappus-hairs
1-seriate, many, rigid, scabrid. — Distrib-. About 400 species, chiefly American.

1. E. Reevesil, Wall. Cat. 3168; DC. Prodr. v. 179; hoajry-pubescent,
leaves simple ovate or lanceolate acuminate- entire or coarsely serrate, corymbs
very many rounded, heads \ in. long, invol. bracts very obtuse. Cla/rke Comp.
Ind. 32. E. longicaule, Wall.\ Clarke L c. 32, not of DC. E.. squamosum,
Don Prodr. 170. Conyza longicaulis. Wall. Cat. 3073. Mikania clematidea,
Wall, in DC. I. c. 191 ; Cat. 3173.

SuBTHOPicAL Himalaya ; fi-om Simla to Bhotan alt. 2-6000 ft. exclusive of
Sikkim. — Disteib. China, Japan.

Tall, erect or scandent, slender, much branched above. Leaves 1-2 in.,puberulous
above, 3-pli-nerved ; petiole short. Heads pale, fastiaiate ; invol. bracts 5-8, obtuse,
hoary; flowers 5-8. — This is usually called E: longicaule, of De CandoUe, whose
description does not agree with my Indian specimens and is probably made up of
more than one Wallichian plant.

2. E. cannablnum, Linn.; DC. Prodr. v. 180; pubescent or puberu-
lous, leaves simple or trisect lanceolate coarsely serrate, corymbs many rounded,
heads ^ in, long, inner invol. bracts subacute. Clarke Comp. Ind. 34. E.
Wallichii and heterophyllum, DC. I. c. 179, 180. E. punduanum, Wall, in DC.
Prodr. l. c. 179 ; Cat. 3170; Oarke L c. 33. E. nodiflorum, Wall. Cat. 3166 ;

1? 2

244 Lxxviii. composite;. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Eupatorium.

DC, I.e. 179 ; Clarke I. c. 33. E. Lambertianum and viscosum, Wall. Cat.
3287, 3288. E. dicline, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 63. E. Simonsii,
Clarke I. c. 32.

Temperate Himalaya; abundant from 3-11,000 ft. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-6000
ft. BiRMA. — DisTRiB. Europe and Temp. Asia.

A taller usually coarser plant than E. longicaide, with larger heads — To this
species many described ones are referable. Of E. Lambertianum ^ there is only one
specimen in Wallich's Herbarium, but there are many in Mr. Clarke's, all from the
Khasia ; it differs in the more rigid strongly triply-nerved leaves, that are also
strongly reticulated beneath, but passes into the commoner Khasian form of E.
cannabinum.

EXCLIJDEl) AND SUPPRESSED SPECIES.

E Atapana, Vent. Hort. Malm. t. 3 ; DC. Trodr. v. 169. Cyanopis ? eriger-
. oides, DC. in Wight Contrib. 7 {twt. V. erigeroides, DC.) is an American plant,
introduced into the Calcutta and other gardens.

E. BiRMANictTM, DC Prodv. V. 179 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 34, is a Japan plant, not
different from E. cannabinum.

E. FiNLAYSONiANCM, Wall. Cat. 7133; DC. Prodr. v. 179; Clarke Co77ip. Ind.
34, from Finlayson's Herbarium, is E. cannabinum.

E. LONGiCAULE, DC. Prodr. v. 178; it is impossible to say what this is. De
Candolle's description does not agree with that of the plant cited under it {Gonyza
longicaxdis, "Wall. ; Milkania ? longicaulis. Wall.).

E. ODORATUM, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. t. 143 ; Clarke Comp. Lid. 30, is a West Indian
Bpeeies, cultivated, but very rarely, in India.

E. POLYANTHUM, Wall. Cat. 3171 ; from Herb. W^ight. There is no specimen
<rf this in the Wallichian Herbarium, and it is impossible to say what it may have
been.

E. suAVEOLENS, Wall. Cat. 3290, from the banks of the Irawaddy at Seguen ;
there is no specimen of this in the Wallichian Herbarium.

10. MZXLANZA, WUld.

Shrubs, or erect or twining herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads Bimll, spiked
raeemed or panicled, homogamous, usually 4-flowered. Lnvolucre oblong ;
bracts 4, narrow, with often a smaller outer one ; receptacle narrow, naked.
Corollas all equal, regular, tubular, tube slender; limb campanulate, 5-fid.
Anthers appendiculate, base obtuse. Style-arms long, acute. Achenes truncate,
5-angled ; pappus-hairs numerous, 1-2-seriate, scabrid, often connate at the
base. — DisTRiB. About 60 species, all American, one of them cosmopolitan.

1. IKI. scandens, Willd.; DC. Prodr. v. 199; climbing, glabrous or
puberulous, leaves long-petioled ovate acute or acuminate base rounded cordate
or truncate crenate or angled, sometimes villous beneath, heads 4-flowered
corymbose terminating lateral branches, achenes glabrous glandular, pappus
reddish. Clarke Comp. Lnd. 34. M. volubilis a7ic^ M. chenopodilblia, Willd.;
DC. I. c. 199 and 201. Eupatorium scandens, Linn. ; Jacq. Ic. t. 169.

Easterx Assam, Clarke; Duphla hills, Nuttall. Birma and Malay Peninsula
from Tenasserim to Singapore. — Distrib. Siam, Malayan and Philippine Islands.

^ 'Tribe III.— ASTEROZDEH:.

11. SOZ.ZDAGO, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads small, often in scorpioid cymes,
heterogamous, rayed, yellow ; ray-fl. few, 1-seriate, $ , ligulate ; disk-fl. tubular,
5-tid. Lnvolucre oblong or campanulate ; bracts many-seriate, coriaceous ;
receptacle small, usually pitted. Anther-bases obtuse. Style-arms of ^

SoUdago.'] Lxxvin. compositjs. (J. D. Hooker.) 24'S

flattened, tips lanceolate. Achenes sultterete or angled, 8-12-nl)l)ed ; pappus-
hairs 1-2' seriate, slender, scabrid. — Distrib. Species about 80, chiefly N..
American, one of them cosmopolitan in the N. temp, regions.

1. S. Virg'a-aurea, Zinn. ; DC. Prodr. v^ 338 ; glabrous or pubescent,
stems erect stout subsimple 6-24 in., lower leaves petioled ovate or oblong sub-
serrate, upper smaller narrower entire, heads 1-4 on short axillary peduncles
collected in a long leafy panicle, in vol. bracts narrow acute, ray-fl. about 8,
achenes glabrous or puberulous. Clarke Coinp. Ind. 35.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir eastwards, alfc. 5-9000 fb. Kjhasia Mrs.,
alt. 4-6000 ft. — Distrib. Europe, Temp. Asia and America, Hongkong.

Yar. 1. leiocarpa, Benth. Fl. Hongk. ]79 ; var. glabriuscula, Clarke 1. c, glabrous
or nearly so, achenes glabrous. — Kashmir. to Nepal. — Amphiraphis leiocarpa, Bmth.
in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 488.

Var. 2. piibescenft, Clarke 1. c. ; pubescent, achenes puberulous, at least when
young. S. pubescons, IFf)'//. Ca/. 3226. S. neip?i\eui^is,. Bon Prodr^ 177. Amphiraphis
pubescens, BC. Prodr. v. 343. — Nipal to Khasia Mts.

12. dxcizrocx:fkaz.a, DC.

Annuals. Leaves alternate, toothed, lyrate or pinnatifid. Heads v«ry small,,
panicled, heterogamous, globose or hemispheric, not rayed ; outer fl. oc-seriate,
$ , fertile, slender, rigid', 2-3-toothed or cleft ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, narrow, 4-5-
toathed. Anther-bases truncate. Style-arms of § short, flattened, tips lanceo-
late. Achenes compressed : pappus 0,.or in ^ of 2. minute bristles. — Distrib.
Species 5, Asiatic and African.

* Receptacle imich elevated.

1. D. latifolia, DC. in Wight Cbntrih. Tl ; Prodi\ v. 37^, anmial, erect
or spreading, glabrous pubescent or villous, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate
entire pinnatitid or lyrate, terminal lobe broadly ovate coarsely toothed, heads
^ in. diam. globose, ray-fl. filiform curved obscurely toothed. Dalz. (^ Gibs.
Bomb. FL 124; Wight Ic. t. 1096; Clarke Coinp. Ind. 36. D. gracilis and
sonchifolia, DC. I. c. 371, 372. D. nilagirensis, Schultz-Bip. in PI. Hohenack.
n. 1035. Cotula sinapifolia, Roxb. Hart. Beng. 63 ; Bl. Ind. iii. 437 ; Wall.
Cat. 3237 excl. D. 0. bicolor, Both Cat. Bot. "ii. 116. C. latifolia, Pers. Syn.
ii. 464. Grangea latifolia, Lamk. III. t. 699. Hippia bicolor, Stnith in Bees
Cyclop, xviii. >]thulia iutegrifolia, Don Prodr. 182.

Tropical and Sttbtropical Himalaya; from Simla, alt. 9000 ft. to Sikkim,
ascending to 8000 ft.. Khasia Mts., Cachar, Birma and the Malay Peninsula.
Western Peninsula; on the Ghats from Bombay. southM'ards. — Distrib. Tropical
and subtropical Asia and Africa.

A weed 12-24 in. high. Leaves very variable.. Heads on slender divaricating
peduncles, yellow or purplisli. Corolla of the ? very sifender, sometimes green and
persistent. Achenes ~ in., smooth.

2. D. chrysantheinifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib.. 11 ; Prodr. v. 372 ;
erect, stifi*, pubescent or hispid, branches divaricate, leaves oblong or. obovate
coarsely serrate or pinnatifid, heads long-peduncled \-\ in., diam. globose or
oblong, ray-fl. short 4-fid. Wight Ic. t. 1095; Clarke Comp.. Ind. 36. 1).
oblongata, Bth. in Gen, PI. ii. 260. D. tanacetoides, Schultz Bip..in, Miq. FL
Ind. Bat. ii. 38. D. grangese folia, DC. I. c. 372.

Western Himalaya, Boyle ; Simla, alt. 6-7000 ft., Edgeivorth, Thomson. Nir>
GHERRY Mts., alt, 7000 ft., Wight, &c.— Distrib. Java, Trop. Africa.

Different in habit from B. latifolia, being very rigid, often hoary, with smaller
leaves and larger heads on peduncles often 2 in. long. Heads purple. Corolla of.
ray-fl. shortly fimnel-shaped, deeply 3-5-cleft.

246 Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [T)iclirocei)liala.

"6. D. Kamiltonl, Hook. f. ; robust, sparsely pubescent, leaves sessile
|-amplexicaul obovate coarsely toothed, heads globose panicled shortly pe-
duncled, corolla cf $ fl. short, inflated mouth minute entii-e, ^ very few
funnel-shaped 4-fid, acheneg cuneiform flattened, margins thickened. Cotula
sinapifolia, Roxh. Hort. Bmg. 62; Wall. Cat 3287 D?. O. dichrocephala,
Clarke Comp. Ind. 150.

Assam ; at Meteabo, Hamilton ; Brahmaputra pdains, Herb. CalciUta.

Annual, stem '6-10 in., much TStoUter than in any of the Other species. Leaves
l-*2 in., sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. Heads ^ in. diam. ; invol. bracts very
short, obtuse, hidden under the ripe achenes ; receptacle convex.

** Receptacle slightly convex.

4. D« Bentliainli, Clarke Comp. Ind. 36 ; subf^rect with ascending
branches pubescent, leaves obovate sinuately lobed or spathulate, heads ^ in.
diam. hemispheric.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-5000 ft., J. B. H. # T. T., Clarke.

Habit of Z). latifolia, but with -so diiFerent a head and receptacle as almost to suggest
generic separation. Corolla, of $ fl. elongate,'Ovoid or suburcedlate, minutely-toothed.
—Clarke has erroneously described 'the ? as 3fid. 'to the base, and stated that Beu-
tham had confounded this with D. chrysanthemifolia.

13. CVATKOCZiINX:, Cass.

Erect, annual, odorous herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnatisect. Heads small,
panicled, heterogamous, not rayed ; outer fl. oo -seriate ; $ fertile, filiform, 2-
toothed ; <disk-fl. § > usually sterile, regular, 6-cleft. Involucre hemispheric ;
bracts sub- 2-seriate, lanceolate, acute, margins sc^rious; receptacle with a
contracted base, -elevated, top coneave, naked. Anther-bases truncate. Style
exserted,'of ^ simple or cleft. Ac/wnes minute, oblong, smooth ; pappus 0. —
DisTEiB. Species all Indian.

1. C. lyrata, Cass.-, DC. Prodr. v. 374; sparsely hairy, branched, lower
leaves obovate, upper or all pinnatitid, heads in small rounded panicled corymbs
rose-purple. Wight Ic. t. 1098 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 37. 0, stricta, DC. I. c.
374. 0. Lawii, Wight in Cdc. Journ. Nat. Hid. 1846 pt. ii. 159, not of Dah.
Tanacetum viscosum, Wall. Cat. 3232. T. purpureum, Don Prodr. 181. Ar-
temisia hirsuta, Rottl.; Sp7'eng Syst.ui. 4^90, Jid. DC.

Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 1-4000 ft., and Kumaon, alt. 4-5000 ft.,
to Nipal, Wallich, and Bhotan, Griffith. Oude, Bbhar, Chota Nagpore, Bengai,,
Assam, Muni^ypore, Ghittagong, Eangoon, Birma, and the Western Peninsula.

Stem 1-2 ft., soft. Leaves 1-5 in., segments toothed. Heads ^ in. diam., yellow.
— C. Lawii is merely a very slender form.

2. C. lute a, Laiv mss. ; Wight in Caic. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1846, pt. ii. 158,
t. 2, f. 1-; Ic. t. 1150 ; pubescent, stems many from the root slender 3-8 in.,
radical leaves linear bipinnatifid re volute cauline alternate, segments minute,
heads few in subscorpioid cymes yellow. Clarke Comp. Ind. 37 i^C.Jlava by
m-or). 0. Lawii, Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 154, m^t of Wight.

The CoNCAN ; on the Ghats, alt. 2-4000 ft., Law, &c.

A curious and vory beautiful little plaat, with stellately spreading radical leaves,
1-2 by ^ in,, and very numerous slender flexuous scape-like stems branched above,
the branches bearing a few, small, yellow heads.

14. GRANaJSA, Forsk.

Suberect or prostrate villous herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid. Heads
terminal or leaf-opposed, subglobose, not rayed, yellow ; outer fl. l-oo -seriate,

Orangea.'\ Lxxviii. compositje. (J. D. Hooker.) 247

$ , fertile, filiform, outermost 2-fid., inner 2-4-fid. ; disk-fl. § , fettile, tube very
slender ; limb campanulate, 4-5-cleft. Involucre broadly campanulate ; bracts
few-seriate, outer herbaceous ; receptacle convex or conic, naked. Anther-bases
obtuse. Style-arms of § flattened, cuneate, obtuse or with triangular points.
Achenes flattened or subterete ; pappus cupular. — Disteib. Species 3 or 4 tro-
pical Asia and Africa.

1. Gr. maderaspatana, Poir\ DC. iVo</r. v. 373 ; pubescent or villous,
stems spreading from the root prostrate, leaves sinuately pinnatifid, heads
solitary rarely 2-nate leaf-opposed shortly peduncled, pappus hairs connate into
a cylindric fimbriate tube. Wight In. t. 1097 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 124 ;
Clarke Comp, Ind. 37. Artemisia maderaspatana, Roxb. Hart. Beng. 61. ; FL
Ind. iii. 412. Ootula maderaspatana, Willd. C. sphaeranthus. Link Enum. ii.
344. Grangea sphaeranthus, Koch in Bot. Zeit., i. 41.

Throughout India, from the Punjab eastwards and southwards. — Distbib. Tropical
and subtropical Asia and Africa,

A common weed, growing flat on the ground, forming patches 6-12 in. broad, and
more.

15. ZtXVaXACTZS, Less.

Erect annuals. Leaves alternate, toothed. Heads loosely panicled or solitary,
homogamous, white with a yellow disk, rayed ; ray-fl. 2-oo -seriate, $ , fertile,
small, ligulate, ligules spreading or revolute; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tubular, 5-fid.
Involucre hemispheric ; bracts few-seriate, narrow, margins scarious ; receptacle
broad, convex, naked. Anther-bases obtuse. Style-arms of § naiTow, flattened,
tips lanceolate. Achenes compressed, margined 5 pappus 0. — Distrib. Species
1, or more, Asiatic and African.

1. HI. Wig-litii, DC. in Wight Cantrib. 10 ; Prodr. v. 308 ; pubescent or
villous, leaves ovate or lyrate distantly serrate, upper lanceolate sessile, heads
long-ped uncled, invol. bracts acute villous, achenes shortly beaked. Wight Ic.
t. 1091 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 38. M. javanica, DC. I. c. ; Clarke I. c.

NiLGHERRY Mts. ; alt. 8000 ft. Ceylon ; central province, alt. 5-8000 ft.

A weed 2-3 ft. high ; stem rigid, branches divaricating. Leaves 1-4 in., petiole
winged, upper auricled. Heads i in. diam., on long strict peduncles.

Var. hellidioides ; hirsute, 4-6 in. high, leaves radical rosulate obovate-spathulate
quite entire obtuse, heads solitary on a scape-like stem! — Nilgherry Mts., Wight.

2. BZ. nepalensls, Less. ; DC. Prodr. v. 308 ; glabrous villous or hispid,
leaves ovate or lanceolate coarsely serrate, heads subpaniculate, invol. bracts
acute at length reflexed, achenes mucronate at the top not beaked. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 38. M. Gmelini, DC. I. c. 309. M. oleosa and M. gracilis, Edgeio.
in Tram. Linn. Soc. xx. 65 and 66. M. carnosa. Wall. Cat. 3219. Botryadenia
Gmelini, Fisch. 8f Mey. Ind. Sem. ii. 30 ; Regel Sert. Petrop. t. 23. Lavenia
dentata. Wall. Cat. 3216 A.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 5-10,000 ft. KhasiaMts.,
alt. 4-6000 ft.— Distrib. Central Asia.

A most variable weedy plant, of which I am quite unable to make satisfactory
varieties ; indeed, as Bentham suggests, it may be only a form of Wightii.

3. m. Walliclill, Less. ; DC. I. c. 309 ; very slender, sparsely hairy, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate unequally serrate, heads very small on slender pedicels.
Lavenia dentata. Wall. Cat. 3216 B.

Teatperatb Himalaya; Simla, Thomson. Nipal, Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 9-12,000
ft. J. D. H.

I can scarcely think this more than a slender small-headed form of M. nepalensia,
but if more than one species is to be kept, this must be one of them.

248 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Bhynchospermum.

16. RKITNCKOSPERBIVM, Beinw.

A slender puberulous herb with long spreading branches. Leaves alternate.
Heach email, axillary and in spreading leafy panicles, heterogamous, rayed ;
ray-tl. $ , 2-3-seriate, fertile, shortly ligulate, white ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tube
short, limb campanulate 4-5-cleft. Involua-e short ; bracts in few series,
lanceolate, margins scarious ; receptacle fiat, naked. Anther-bases obtuse or 2-
lobed. Style-arms of ^ flattened; tips short, broad, obtuse. Achenes com-
pressed, beaked, beak short in the disk, longer in the ray ; pappus of 3-5
caducous bristles or 0.

1. It. verticillatuxn, JReinw. mss. ; Blume Bijd. 902 : Clarke Comp.
Ind. 39. Leptocoma racemosa, Less, in DC. Prodr. v. 280. Lavenia rigida,
Wall. Crt^. 3216. Oarpesium racemosum, Wall. Cat. ^201, in part. ZoUingeria
scandens, Schultz-Bip. in Flora, 1854, 275.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 5000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 6000 and
Bliotan. Khasia Mts., alt, 5000 ft. Birma. — Distrib. Malay Isld., Japan.

Stems 2-3 ft,, branches very slender. Leaves 1-3 in., membranous, petioled, lan-
ceolate, acuminate, entire or coarsely toothed, narrowed into a very slender petiole.
Heads ^ in. diam., on short, rigid, stout, axillary often bracteate peduncles, often one
in every axil along the branches.

17. Zi^GXSITOPIIORA, Cass.

Scapigerous herbs. Heads small, solitary, heterogamous, rayed ; ray-fl. ? ,
1-3-seriate, fertile ; ligule white, long or short ; disk-fl. ^ , often sterile, tubular,
limb 5-cleft. Involuci-e short ; bracts sub- 2-seriate ; receptacle convex, naked.
Anther-hases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of ^ narrow, flattened, tips triangular
or lanceolate. Achenes of ray compressed, beaked, margins thickened ; of disk
similar, often narrower and sterile ; pappus 0. — Distrib. Species 11-12 Aus-
tralian, 1 Asiatic, 1 S. American, 1 Sandwich Isld.

1. Zi. Billardieri, Cass. ; DC. Prodr. v. 307; pubescent, leaves radical
or subradical oblong or obovate sinuate-toothed pubescent, scape slender. Clarke
Cotnp. Ind. 173. L. sundana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 32. L. Harveyi, Thwaites
Fnutn. 162.

Khasta Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. Ceylon, central province, alt. 4-6000 ft. — Distrib.
Malay Islds. China. Australia.

Rootstock with thick fibres. Leaves 1-2 in. Scape 3-4 in,, slender. Heads ^ in.
diam. ; invol. bracts linear ; ligules white, short. Achenes obovoid oblong, beak
glandular. — I follow Bentham and Clarke in reducing the Indian species to the Aus-
tralian, though differing greatly in the size of the head.

IS. BRACKVCOME, Cass.

Branched or scapigerous herbs, with the character of Layeno^jhora, except
that the ray-flowers are 1-seriate, and that there is sometimes a scanty paleaceous
pappus. — Distrib, About 40 species, Australian and New Zealand, with one S.
African.

1. B ?. assaxnica, Clarke Comp. Ind.AO] glabrous, almost shrubby,
branches sharply angled, leaves alternate sessile linear dilated upwards, heads
small terminal solitary, invol. bracts elliptic or ovate margins scarious, achenes
terete striate narrowed above and beaked, pappus 0. ? Synanthera, Wall. Cat.
7134. ? Epaltes linearifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 461. Ethulia divaricata, Wall. Cat.
98, ex DC.

Upper Assam : in the Dihong river, on stones.

Bolfmiia.'] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 249

I know nothing of this plant, which exists only in the Calcutta Herbarium, where
Clarke described it. The shape of the achenes differs altogether from that of
Brachycnrtw. Wallich's 7134 is a plant of Finlayson's, no doubt from Siam ; it is a
mere scrap, the ray-fl. are in one row, and the achenes are truncate and glandular at
the tip. Ethulia linearifolia is a Prome species, of which there is no specimen in
Wallich's Herbarium ; it is probably the Prome plant marked " C. Prome " in
Wallich's Catalogue, where the No. 98, placed under 2988, is the numbering of the
Composit<B.

ID. BOZ.TONZA, VHer.

Perennial erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads heterogamoiis, rayed ; ray-
fl. ^, 1-2-seriate, ligule white; disk-fl, §, fertile, tubular; limb elongate,
5-cleft. Involw-re hemispheric ; bracts few-seriate, lanceolate, outer smaller ;
receptacle conic or convex. Anther-bases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of ^
flattened ; tips short, lanceolate. Achenes compressed, marp-ins thickened or
winged, faces plane or 3- ribbed or -winged ; pappus very short subpaleaceous
with sometimes 2-oo hairs added. — Species 12, N. American and N. subtropical
Asiatic.

1. B. indioa, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 174 ; scaberulous, leaves small oblong-
lanceolate entire or subserrate, heads terminal on leafy branches small, invol.
bracts 2--3-8eriate, pappus scales minute connate below awned. Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. 1877, ii. 198 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 40. Asteromaea indiea, Blunie Bijd.
901 ; DC. Prodr. v. 303. Calimeris integrifolia, Turcz. in DC. I. c. v. 259.
Ilisutsua cantoniensis, DC. I. c. vi. 44. Chrysanthemum cuneatum, Bo.vb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 436. Calistemon indicum, Don in Loud. Hart. Bi-it. 348. Aster
indicus, Linn.

Upper Birma, Khakyen hills, J. Anderson (cult, ?). — Distrib. China, Malay Isld.

Clarke doubts this being a native of the habitat assigned above, which is further
beyond the limits of this Flora ; it is, however, so likely to occur in India proper,
that it is best to retain it.

20. ASTER, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary corymbose or panicled,
heterogamous, rayed (rarely discoid) ; ray-fl. ^ , 1-2-seriate, fertile ; ligule
elongate, white blue or purple ; disk-fl. 9 , fertile, tubular, yellow, 5-cieft.
Involucre campanulate or hemispheric ; bracts few- or many-seriate, outer
smaller or larger ; receptacle flat or convex. Anther-bases obtuse, entire.
Style-arms of § flattened, tips lanceolate long or short. Achenes compressed,
faces with 1-3 ribs or 0; pappus-hairs few or copious, scabrid, outer sometimes
shorter rigid and paleaceous. — Distrib. Species about 200, chiefly of N. tempe-
rate regions.

Aster Amelhis, L., is cultivated in Indian gardens, as is the China Aster Calli-
stephus chinensis, Nees (Clarke Comp. Ind. 41)- There are no natural limits between
the sections of this genus, and some of the Indian species of Erigeron may be refer-
able to it, there being no good distinguishing characters for the latter genus.

Sect. I. Invol. bracts in few series ; outer large green obtuse. — Heads
corymbose ; stems leafy ; leaves sessile.

1. A. Pseudamellus, Hook, f.i scaberulous, stems simple below slender
leafy, leaves sessile oblong acute or obtuse entire cr toothed nerves indistinct,
branches of corymb slender usually with many elliptic leaves, heads If in.
diam., outermost invol. bracts oblong green 'larger than the inner.

Western Himalaya, Jacqxiemont ; Kumaon, alt. 8-9000 ft., Thomson. Lahul,
Jaeschke,

250 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Aster.

Stems 8-18 in., many, stiff, ascending from a woody perennial stock. Leaves l-2i
by i-f in., green, uniform on the stem, with very obscure nerves on both surfaces.
Ligules 12-16, ^-g in., narrow. Achenes ^-^ in., pubescent; pappus rather longer,
hairs few, slender, white. — Very like A. AmeLlus, L., but differing in the large outer
in vol. bracts.

Sect. II. Invol. bracts in few series herbaceous. — Heads large, solitary, rarely
2-3 on a stem.

2. A. liixnalalcus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 43 ; laxly villous, stems leafy
ascendinof, radical leaves persistent petioled obovate-spathulate entire or toothed,
cauline oblong ^-amplexicaul, heads solitary, outer invol. bracts broadly lanceo-
late leafy recurved, ligules 40-50 very narrovp", achenes silky, pappus single
white. Diplopappus elegans, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. ^ T. in part.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt, 13-15,000 ft., J. 1). H. ; Clarke.

A small robust species when alpine, 12-18 in. in lower localities, with a single
head, a very leafy involucre and numerous ligules. Leaves 1-2 in. ; petiole of radical
sometimes very long. Heads 1^ in. diam. Achenes ^^ in. ; pappus rather longer.

3. A. tricepbalus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 43 ; puberulous, stems erect
leafy, radical leaves deciduous petioled obovate-spathulate, cauline oblong ^-
amplexicaul, heads 1-3, outer invol. bracts numerous narrow longer than the
inner, ligules 40-50 very narrow. Achenes pubescent, pappus simple reddish.
Diplopappus elegans, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. Sj- T. in part.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 10-14,000 ft, J. D. H. ; Clarke.

Clarke suggests the possibility of this being a more developed form of A. hima-
laicus, and this I supposed it to be when I found it in Sikkim ; but besides being
taller, the invol. bracts are narrower, and the pappus hairs red and much stouter.

4. A. Stracheyi, Hook. / ; dwarf, stoloniferous, pubescent or villous,
radical leaves obovate-spathulate with few distant teeth, scapes ascending one-
or few-leaved, heads solitary, invol. bracts few linear-oblong membranous acu-
minate, ligules 30-40, achenes pubescent or silky, pappus simple reddish.
Heterochseta sp.. Herb. Str. Sr Wint.

Western Alpine Himalaya; Kumaon, Wallich; Pindari, alt. 12,000 ft., Str. ^
Wint., Stewart.

A remarkable little species, with a rambling often branching roots-tock, and short
ascending scape or stem. Leaves 1-2 in., coarsely serrate or laciniate. Heads f in.
diam. ; ligules about ^ in. Achenes and pappus much as in the preceding, but more
silky.

5. A . Keterocheeta, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 272 ; tomentose or woolly,
stemless or stem erect leafy, radical leaves obovate or oblanceolate entire acute,
cauline 1-2 oblong ^^-amplexicaul, beads solitary very large, outer invol. bracts
linear-lanceolate acuminate, ligules 50-60, achenes ^ in. glabrate, pappus white
or reddish double, outer very short paleaceous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 44. A.
alpinus, Thorns, in Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. ^' T. Heterochseta asteroides, DC.
Frodr. V. 282.

Alpine Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 14-18,000 ft. — Distrib. Altai Mts.

A variable plant (annual ?) closely resembling the European A. alpinus, but differ-
ing from it and from the preceding species in the double pappus. — There has been
great confusion in the distribution of the single -flowered Himalayan Asters and
Erigerons collected by Dr. Thomson and myself, and which have in various herbaria
been named Aster alpinus, himalaicus, and elegans, Diplopappus elegans and Erigeron
multiradiatus. The true A. alpinus, sthough Siberian and Central Asiatic, is not
known to be Himalayan; and I fail to recognise Clarke's " /4. elegans, Hf. &.T.,"
described by him at Calcutta as from Sikkim. I find no species having biseriate
pappus together with very silky achenes except A. diplostephioides.

Aster.'i ixxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 251

6. A. tlbeticus, -ffooA;. /. ; pubescent or slightly villous, slender, erect,
sparingly leafy, radical leaves petioled lanceolate or oblanceolate obtuse or acute
quite entire, cauline sessile linear-oblong obtuse, heads solitary rarely 2-3, outer
invol. bracts linear acute pubescent or villous, achenes glabrescent, pappus double
white, outer hairs very few short subulate.

Western Himalaya and Tibet, Jacquemont ; Piti, Hanli Plains and Pangong
Lake, alt. 15-16,000 ft., in salt grassy plains, I'homson, H. Strachey; Laptal (N. of
Kumaon), alt. 15,000 ft., Sir. ^ Wmt. (Diplopappus, No. 2.); Karakoram, alt.
14-15,000 ft, Clarke.

Perennial, 4-12 in. high. Leaves small, radical 1-2 in. including the petiole.
Heads 1-2 in. diam. ; ligules very many, ^-^ in. long, bright blue. Achenes very
small, flat, ~ in, ; pappus ^ in., hairs few slender.

7. A . diplostephioides, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 272 ; erect, robust,
villous, stem simple leafy, leaves sessile erect lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate
acute quite entire, lower narrowed At the base, heads solitary 3 in. diam., invol.
bmcts lanceolate leafy, outer often very long, ligules very long and narrow,
achenes silky, pappus reddish, outer very short white. Clarke Com}). Ind. 45.
Ileterochaeta diplostephioides, DC. Prodr. v. 2^2, Diplopappus diplostephioides,
Herh. Ind. Or. Hf. ^ T. in paH.

Alpine Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 86©0-l 1,500 ft.. Falconer, &c. ; Wurdwan, Lance ;
Kunawur, alt. 14,000 ft., Thomson ; Kumaon, alt. 13,0»0 ft., Str. ^ Wint. (Stenactis
sp. 3) ; Sikkim, alt. 16,000 ft., J. D. H.

A very handsome species, 12-18 in. high. Leaves 2—3 in. Invol, bracts some-
times 1 in. ; ligules very many. Achenes ^ in., and pappus no longer than in the
preceding. — Thomson's Kumaon specimens have broader leaves than the others; Fal-
coner's Kashmir ones are more leafy. Aitchison says the roots are used by the
Kashmiris for iirashing clothes.

Sect. III. Invol. bracts in few or many series, narrow, dry or scarious, rarely
herbaceous. — Heads small, corymbose or solitary.

8. A. molliusculus, Wall. Cat. 2972 ; pubescent or sparsely villous,
stems many erect or ascending from a woody rootstock leafy, leaves subsessile
linear elliptic or obovate-oblong entire or toothed, heads long-peduncled solitary,
invol. bracts linear-lanceolate acuminate, ligules very many short slender,
achenes silky, pappus reddish, outer very short white. Clarke Cmnp. hid. 45.
? A. scaposus, Klatt in Sitz. Munch. Ahad. 1878, 84. Diplopappus molliusculus,
Lindi. m DC. P'odr. v. 277. Hersilia simplex, Klotzsch in Pr. Wald. Reis.
Bot. 75, t. 73.

Westeen Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Kashaaair, alt. 5-8000 ft. Tibet (N. of
Kumaon), alt. 15,000, Str. 4' Wint. (Diplopappus, No. 5), and of Sikkim, J. D. H.

Stems sometimes branched, 4-12 in., slender, rigid. Leaves \-\ in., acute or
obtuse, glabrous or scaberulous. Heads rarely 2-3, ^-f in. diam. ; ligules 20-30,
revolute when dry. Achenes | in.; pappus rather longer. — Tibetan specimens are
short, prostrate, with linear leaves and larger flowers. It is difficult (if possible) to
distinguish this from Erigeron multiradiatus.

9. A. altalcus, Willd. Enum, Hort. BeroL 881 ; rigid, scaberulous, stem
grooved much branched leafy, leaves sessile linear or oblong obtuse quite entire,
heads solitary subcorymbose, invol. bracts linear-lanceolate acuminate, achenes
silky, pappus single reddish. Clarke Comp. Ind. 46 ; Boiss. Ft. 07'ient. iii. 168.
A. angustifolius, Lindl. in Royle III. 251, t. 58,/. I. A. spartioides, Clarkel. c.
Callimeris altaica and cauescens, Nee» A»ter. 228, 229; DC. Prodr. v. 258,
259. Hersilea ramosa, Klotzsch in Pr, Wald. B&is. Bot. 75, t. 73. Galatella
juncea, Lindl. in Royle III. 251, t. 58.

Wkstebn Himalaya; Lahul and Kashmir, alt. 9-13,000 ft., Jaeschke, &c.;

252 Lxxviii. composite;. (J. D. Hooker.) lAster.

Kdmaon and Westebn Tibet, alt. 11-14,000 ft., Falconer, &c. — Distbib, Affghan
and Beluchista,!!, Central Asia, Altai' Mts., China.

Stem 2-3 ft. and branches slender, green. J^eaves i-2 in., sometimes contracted at
the base, nerves very obscure. Beads g-| in. diam., peduncled or sessile ; invol.
bracts ^ in. ; ligules 20-30, short, blue, revolute when dry, sometimes 0. Achenes ^
in. ; pappus rather longer. — Lindley's Galatella juncea is founded on a cultivated
specimen of this from the Saharunpore Bot. Gardens, which is glabrous with linear
leaves and rounded branches; the achenes are immature, and I do not recognise the
difference from those of altaicus pointed out by Clarke. A young specimen of A.
aliaicus from Beloochistan presents the same characters.

10. A. trinervius, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 61 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 433 : glabrous or
scaberuloLis, slender, leafy, leaves sessile or petioled lanceolate obtuse acut« or
acuminate coarsely serrate, heads corymbose, invol. bracts linear obtuse or acute,
ligules 12-15 short, achenes hairy, pappus reddish with a few short slender
outer hairs. Don Prodr. 177. A. scabridus. Hook. f. ^ Thoitis. Herb. Ind. Or.;
Clarke Camp. Ind. 47. A. Benthami, Steetz in Seemann Bot. Herald. 385. A.
asperrimus, Wall. Cat. 2970. Diplopappus asperrimus, DC. Prodr. v. 277
{excl. syn. Roxh.). Galatella asperrima, Nees Aster. 173. Diplopappus laxus,
JSenth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 487.

Central and Western Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 5-7000 ft.
MisHMi Mts. Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft. — Distbib. Japan, N. China.

Ste7n 2-3 ft., rarely almost glabrous, grooved, sometimes almost his^pid. Leaves
1-4 in., very variable, rarely oblong and obtuse, base rounded or acwte, usually
scabrid on both surfaces. Heads ^\ in diam.; ligules 10-12, white, narrow.
Acheties -^ in. ; pappus ~ in.

11. A. sikkixnensis, Hook. f. ^ Thorns, in Bot. Mag. t. 4557 ; erect,
leafy, glabrous or puberulous, branches terete flexuous, leaves large sessile or
short-petioled lanceolate acuminate entire or subserrate membranous, heads
many small corymbose, invol. bracts linear acuminate, achenes hispid 4-ribbed,
pappus single white or reddish. Clarke Comp. hid. 42.

Eastebn Nipal and Sitckim, alt. 6-12,000 ft, J. D. H.

Stems 3-4 ft., much branched, soft. Leaves 3-7 by §-2 in., narrowed into the
broad short ^-amplexicaul petiole, membranous. Heads | in. diam., very numerous,
on glabrous or very pubescent branches ; peduncles slender or stout ; ligules very
many, blue. Achenes ^^ in. ; pappus ^ in.

Sect. IV. Invol. bracts narrow or broad. — Tall herbs with large leaves,
corymbosely branched stems above, the branches hearing single, rarely corymbose
very large heads.

12. A. Thoxnsonl, Clarke. Comp. Ind. 48-, laxly villous, erect, branched,
leaves subsessile broadly ovate acuminate coarse-ly serrate, heads few large long-
peduncled, invol. bracts linear-lanceolate acuminate, achenes hairy, pappus single
much shorter than the corolla reddish, hairs subulate. Callimeris liexuosus,
Royle in DC. Prodr. v. 258; Royle III. 251, t. 58, f. 2.

Western Himalaya; from Nipal to Kashmir, alt. 7-10,000 ft.

An erect laxly branched herb, with flaccid hairs; branches slender, flexuous.
Leaves 2-4 by 1-2^ in., membranous, base contracted and ^-amplexicaul. Heads
solitary, 1^-2^ in. diam. ; invol. bracts herbaceous ; ligules 20-30, -^-| in. long.
Achenes \-^, much longer than the pappus,

13. A. asperulus, Nees Aster. 281 5 laxly hairy or glabrate, erect,
branched, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate coarsely serrate, heads
few large on slender peduncles, invol. bracts linear or lanceolate acuminate often
long and leafy, achenes hairy, pappus hairs white or reddish equalling the
^oroUa with a few short ooes. Wall. Cat. 2908, A. peduncularis, WaU, Cat,

Aster.] ixxviil. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 253

2967 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 48. Diplopappus asperulua and Amphiraphis pediin-
cularis, DC. Prodr. v. 277, 344.

Wkstekn Himalaya, alt. 4-9000 ft., from Chumba to Kumaon.

Very similar in habit and hairiness to A. Thomsoni, but readily distinguished by
the (usually winged) petioles and pappus. The heads vary greatly in size, from \-\\
in., and the invol. bracts from short narrowly linear with scarious edges, to nearly
1 by |- in., green and leafy, and the pappus from white to red.

14. A. Xiaka, Clarke Comp. Ind. 49; stems short stout simple from a
woody tomentose rootstock, leaves with broad sheath-like petioles, ovate or
cordate acute coarsely toothed, heads large solitary on stout peduncles, invol,
bracts very large ovate obtuse leafy, achenes hairy, pappus hairs white or red-
dish equalling the corolla.

Western Himalaya; at Laka, near Dhurmsala, alt. 10-11,000 ft., Edgeworth;
Clarke.

A remarkable species, evidently allied to A. peduncularis, of which it has the
flowers, achenes and pappus, but only 6-8 in. high, with simple stout ascending stems,
broader leaves with sheath-like petioles, and very broad obtuse invol. bracts.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

A. NiTiDULTJS, DC: in Wight Contrib. 9 ; 'Prodr. 247 ; is founded on an American
cultivated plant, probably A. lavis, Willd.

A. ACTKEUS, Don Prodr. 178, with a yellow ray, cannot belong to the genus.

21. BRACKVACTZS, Led.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary, axillary or
few in leafy panicles, heterogamous, rayed ; ray-fl. $ , l-oo -seriate, fertile ;
ligule minute, bluish or rosy ; disk-fl. § , fertile, tubular, limb 6-cleft. Invol.
bracts half as long as the flowers, 2-3-seriate, narrow, outer often leafy; recep-
tacle flat, naked or pitted. Anther-bases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of Q
narrow, flattened, tips narrowly lanceolate. Achenes narrowly obovate, quite
flat ; pappus-hairs sub- 2-seriate, outer shorter. — Distkib. Species 6, N.
American, Central Asian, Siberian, and the Himalayan.

1. B. mentbodora, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PL xii. t. 1106 ; tall, erect,
glandular-pubescent, root perennial, leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate serrate
upper sessile ^-amplexicaul, lower long-petioled, recept. not pitted, ligulea
longer than their styles. B. indica, Clarke Comp. Ind. 49. Erigeron anomalum,
DC. Prodr. v. 293.

Alpine Himalaya; Kashmir, Sind valley, alt. 12,000 ft., Clarke; Sikkim, alt.
10-13,000 ft., J. D. K, &c.

Stem stiif, 1-2 ft. ; branches short, erect. Leaves 1-2 in., cauline decurrent.
Heads ^-§ in. diam., chiefly towards the tips of the stem or branches ; invol. bracts
few, linear, pubescent, 1-2 outer often much larger and leafy ; fl. pale blue. Achenes
^^ in., nearly glabrous, margins thickened ; pappus \ in. reddish. — Whole plant smells
like mint, but more sweetly.

2. B. uxnbrosa, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. under t. 1106; small, annual,
glandular and villous, leafy, branched from the base, leaves obovate lobulate or
cuneate narrowed into the petiole, ligules minute. B. wangtuensis, Clarke
Comp. Ind. 61. Oonyza umbrosa, Karel 8f Kii'il. in Led. Fl. Boss. ii. 498. 0.
Koylei, DC. Prodr. v. 381. Vernonacea, G7'if. Itin. Notes, 322, n. 1259.

Western Himalaya and Tibet ; from Kashmir to the Karakoram, alt. 8-12,000
ft.; Lahul, Jae5cAA:e.— Distkib. Alatau Mountains. Afghanistan.

Branches 4-8 in., rarely more, ascending, leafy. Leaves \-% in. Heads many, ^
in. diam., often one in every leaf-axil, sessile or long-peduucled. Athenes ^^ in.,

254 Lxxviii. COMPOSIT.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Brachijactis.

sparingly silky; pappus scanty, I in. long, reddish. — In luxuriant specimens the
leaves are 2-3 by 1-1 3- in. and very membranous.

3. B. robust a, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PL under t. 1106 ; stout, annual,
glandular-pubescent, erect, branched, leaves obovate toothed narrowed into a
short petiole, receptacle broad. Conyza pubescens, DC. Prodr. v. 381.

Western Himalaya, alt. 4-14,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon and Gurwhal,
Falconer, Edgeworth, &c. Western Tibet, alt. 12-14,000 ft., Thomson, &c.

Possibly only a large form of B. umbrosa, the heads are | in. diam., but the
achenes and pappus are no longer.

22. SRZGERON, Linn.

Characters of Astek, but ray-flowers usually in several rows with very
slender short or lon^ ligules, and the achenes narrower. Pappus often double,
the outer of a few short hairs or bristles. — Djstrib. Species about 100, chiefly
natives of N. Temp, regions, extremely variable and difficult to discriminate
from one another, and certain of them from species of Aster.

E. linifolius. Willd. {Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 169), is found as an escape, or a garden
weed, in the Punjab and elsewhere. It is a stout erect hirsute herb, with leafy stem
and branches, the leaves are close-set, 2-2^ by |-^ in., serrated here and there, the
numerous peduncled heads are subpaniculate and \-\ in. in diam. It is the Conyza
angii^tifolia of Thwaites Herb. (C. P. 3928) but not of Hamilton.

1. Species of the tropical region. -

1. E. canadensis, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Onent. iii. 163; annual, very
slender, much branched above, pubescent hirsute or nearly glabrous, leafy,
leaves narrow linear or linear-lanceolate entire or toothed, heads ^-\ in. diam.
peduncled in elongated branched panicles, invol. bracts narrow glabrate, ligules
erect pink, pappus dirty white.

i ^ Western Himalaya and the Punjab, ascending to 3000 ft. Rohilkund, Thomson.

^ iji, — DiSTRiB. All warm countries, assumed to be a native of N. America.
.|fW* Stem 6 in.-3 ft. and branches erect, more slender than in any other Indian species,

4'Ji^ and the heads smaller, Invol. bracts acuminate; ligules pale rosy or purplish,
r^ scarcely exceeding the pappus. Achenes ^q in. narrow, flat, nearly glabrous; pappus

iin.

2. E. asteroides, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 432 ; pubescent or villous, branched,
radical leaves obovate petioled cauline obovate or oblong ^-amplexicaul all
toothed or lobulate, heads ^-^ in. peduncled solitary or subcorymbose, ligutei?
capillary blue rather longer than the reddish or dirty white pappus. Wall. Cat.
3052 A. E. hispidum, DC. in Wight Contrih. 9; Prodr. v. 292; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 54. E. sublyratum, Roxh. in DC. I. I. c. c. ; Clarke I. c. 55, 301.
E. hirsutum, Wall. Cat. 2976. E. aegyptiacum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 193. Conyza graveolens, Wall. Cat. 3106. C. aegvptiaca, Herb. Ind. Or.
Hf. ^ T., not of Ait. C. Jerdoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 62.

Tropical Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft., J. D. H,
Bengal and the Western Peninsula.

A coarse annual, 1-2 ft. high, erect, or in a dwarf state decumbent, closely re-
sembling Conyza cBgyptiaca. Cauline- leaves ^-1 in., numerous. Invol. bracts 1-2-
seriate, very narrow with hair points, much shorter than the pappus. Achenes very
minute, -^ in., nearly glabrous, flat, pale. — Blumea pubiflora, under which Roxburgh's
E. asteroides is quoted by DC. as a synonym, appears from the description to be a true
Blumea, but of Wallich's 2975 Erigeron asteroides, Roxb. also quoted under the same

23-

En'geron.] LXxviii. compostt.?:. (J. D. Hooker.) 255

plant, there is no specimen in the Wallichian Herbarium, nor is there of Cont/za gra-
veolens (Wall. Cat. 3106, Herb. Madr.), whicli is referred by DC. to E. kispidum.

2. Species of the tempei'ate and Alpine regions.

3. E. andryaloldes, Benth. in Herh. Keio\ perennial, densely softly
tomentose or woolly, leaves petioled spathulate entire or lobulate, heads | in.
diara. on a very naked scape-like stem, in vol. bracts linear acute, ligules short
broad revolute, pappus white then reddish. Clarke Coinp. Ind. 62. Conyza
andryaloides, DC. Prodr. v. 377.

Wkstern Himalaya ; Lahul and Kunawur, Royle, cfc Westekn Tibet, alt.
9-18,000 ft., Falconer, &c.

Rootstock woody, very stout. Leaves 1-2 in., densely crowded. Scapes ^ in.,
with one or two small linear leaves or 0. Invol. bracts woolly or pubescent. Achenes
\ in. flat narrow silky; pappus rather longer, 1-seriate.

4. E. monticolus, DC. Prodr. v. 286; perennial, glabrous or sparsely
hairy, leaves petioled, radical rosulate obovate-lanceolate acute subentire, heads
solitary or few on a slender scape-like stem, ligules many twice as loner as the
pappus. Wall. Cat. 2977.

Temperate and Alpine Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Kumaon, Strach. ^ Winterh.
In its usual form a scapigerous plant, but sometimes branching, and then appa-
rently passing into E. beUidioides.

5. E. alpinus, Linn; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 165; biennial or perennial,
hispidly hairy or glabrate, radical leaves petioled spreading obovate or oblong-
obovate, cauline usually sessile obovate or oblong, heads solitary or corymbose
^-f in. diara., invol. bracts pubescent tomentose or woolly, ligules rarely ex-
ceeding the length of the reddish pappus, achenes sub-silky. E. acre, Clarke

J.

Comp. Ind. 52 ; Herb. Ind. Or. Hook. f. ^ T,

Throughout the Tempebatb and Alpine Western Himalaya, the Khasia and
NiixjHEKBY Mts. — Distrib. Mountains of the N. temp. zone.

I have in vain tried to draw any distinction between this common Himalayan
Erigeron and E. alpinus, which is itself in my opinion only a form of E. acris ; nor
does the difficulty end here, for I find it almost as difficult to separate E. beUidioides
and^multiradiatiis by any definite characters, whilst E. monticolus seems to pass into
the beUidioides on one hand, and on the other, into E. andryahides. The following
varieties are not strictly definable, they represent prevalent forms.

Var. 1, alpinus proper ] hispid heads subsolitary f in, diam,, invol. bracts subu-
late-lanceolate, ligules longer than the pappus.

Var. 2. multicaylis ; more glabrous, stem much branched from the base, branches
slender, heads rather small usually long-peduncled corymbose, pappus hairs scanty
shorter ones very few. E. multicavlis, Wall. Cat. 3286 ; DC. Prodr. v. 292. Tempe-
rate and Alpine Himalaya, from Nipal westward and Western Tibet.

Var. 3. semiharbata ; more robust and hairy or hispid, leaves often 3-nerved,
cauline ^-amplexi -aul or narrowed at the base, heads 2-3 in. diam. few larger, ped-
uncles often thickened at the top, the lateral often spreading, tube of ray-fl. with
long hafirs, ligules twice as long as the pappus. E. semibarbatus and ? Uoylei, DC.
Prodr. V. 292. Western Himalaya, abundant.

Var. 4. khasiana ; erect, hairy, stem usually unbranched below, radical leaves
very crowded obovate-lanceolate, cauline sessile, heads few peduncled, ligules twice as
long as the red rather copious pappus the shorter hairs of which are rather numerous.
E. beUidioides, var. khasiana, Clarke Comp. Ind. 55. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft.,
Bhotan, Griffith.

Var. 5. Wightii; stout, hispid, stem usually unbranched below, radical leaves
many oblong-lanceolate, cauline narrowed at the base, heads 2-3 in. diam. few long-
peduncled, ligules as long as the copious pappus, shorter hairs rather numerous. E.

256 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Erigeron.

Wightii, DC. Prodr. v. 286; Wight. Ic. t. 1090. E. raulticaulis, var. madurensis and
E. Leschenaultii, DC. I. c. 292. Neilgherry Mts., alt. 7600 ft. Wight describes the
achenes as glabrous, but figures them hispid.

Var. 6. tm'flora; subscapigerous, hirsute, radical leaves obovate-lanceolate,cauline
linear-oblong, heads subsolitary, involucre woolly, bracts sometimes herbaceous and
recurved, achenes about as lyng as the pappus. E. acris, var. B. erigeroides, Clarke
Comp. Ind. 54. Heterochaeta erigeroides, DC. Prodr. v. 282. — Alpine Western
Himalaya and Tibet, alt. 10-17,000 fi.

6. E. bellidioides, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 280 ; perennial, glabrous or
nearly so, stem very slender grooved sparingly branched, radical leaves lanceo-
late acutely serrate, cauline sessile oblong or linear-oblong entire or crenate,
beads ^ in. diam. few long-peduncled, ligules thrice as long as the red pappus,
shorter hairs few, achenes sub-silky. Clarke Comp. Ind. 66. Aster bellidioides,
Ham. in Don Prodr. 177 ; Wall. PL As. Par. ii. t. 101 ; Cat. 2978. Stenactis
bellidioides, Nees Aster. 274.

Central and Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nipal, alt. 5-10,000 ft.
This passes into slender forms of A. aljpinus, var. multicaidis^ but is usually dis-
tinct, and perhaps into E. monticolus.

7. E. multiradiatus, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 280 ; hirsute or pubescent,
erect, stem stout or slender simple or branched sparingly above, leaves all cauline
obovate or lanceolate obtuse or acute entire or 1-2-toothed, heads 2-3 in. diam.
solitary or few long-peduncled, ligules 2-3 times longer than the red pappus
very numerous, short pappus hairs few, achenes ~ in. nearly glabrous. Clai-ke
Comp. Ind. 66. Aster multiradiatus, Wall. Cat. 2969. A. inuloides, Dim
Prodr. 178. Stenactis multiradiata, Lindl. in DC. I. c. 299. ? Diplopappus
Koylei, DC. Prodr. v. 276.

Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, from Kashmir and Kumaon, alt. 7-9000 ft.,
and to Sikkim. alt. 9-12,000 ft.

The smaller states of this are difficult to distinguish from E. alpinns, var. semi-
harhata, but the heads are larger, the ligules are very numerous, often | in. long, and
the involucres are broad and villous. The achenes resemble those of E. alpinus.
In respect of the double pappus and habit this comes very near some Sikkim asters,
especially A. molliusculus.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

E. AUGUSTissiMus, Lindl, in DC. Prodr. v. 286. is a doubtful plant. The Afghan
plant of Griffith, doubtfully referred to by Clarke Comp. Ind. 51., is certainly not
Lindley's E. augustissimns.

Ebigeron, sp. ; hispid and glandular-pubescent, leaves 2-3 in. sessile obovate- or
oblong-lanceolate acute entire or toothed, heads § in. diam. crowded subglobose,
in vol. bracts linear, ligules rather longer than the yellowish pappus very numerous
and narrow, achenes small unripe. — Mountains near Peshawur, Stewart (Afghanistan,
Safed Koh, alt. 9000 ft., Collett).

23. BXICROGZ.OSSA, DC.

Slender shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, quite entire. Heads
small, corymbose or panicled, heterogamous ; ray-fl. $ , l-oo -seriate, fertile,
ligule minute, white ; disk-fl. few or many, § > fertile, tubular ; limb dilated,
3-4-fid. Involucre campanulate ; bracts oo -seriate, narrow, outer shorter ;
receptacle flat, naked or nearly so. Anther-bases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of
5 flattened, tips long lanceolate. Achenes angled; pappus-hairs copious,
slender, 1-2-seriate, rather unequal. — Distbib. About 6 Asiatic and African
species.

Microglossa .] Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 257

1. BX. volubilis, DC. Prodr. v. 320; subscandent, branches grooved,
leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate obscurely-toothed glabrous or pubescent beneath,
heads ^ in. diam. ped uncled clustered on the branches of rounded corymbs,
achenes compressed 4-angled puberulous, pappus ^ in. red much longer than the
minute achenes. Clarke Comp. Ind. 67 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 82. Conyza volu-

' bills, Wall. Cat. 3057. Erigeron pyrifolius, Bmth. Fl. Hongk. 176.

Khasia Mts., Assam. Naga Hills, Cachab, Burma, and from Pegu to Pbnang. —
DiSTRiB. Malay Islds., China.

A rambling shrub. Leaves 1^2^ in.; petiole very slender. Heads numerous,
invol. bracts lanceolate ; ligules very minute.

2. DK. albescens, Clarke Comp. Ind. bd \ erect, branches faintly grooved,
leaves shortly petioled lanceolate acuminate quite entire or subserrate hoary
beneath, heads ^ in. diam. peduncled loosely clustered on the branches of a
spreading corymb, achenes puberulous obscurely 5-angled, pappus red not longer
than the achenes. M. cabulica and M. Griffithii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 57, 58.
Aster cabulicus, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843 ; Misc. 62 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 158.
A. albescens, Wall. Cat. 2974. A. ferrugineus, Edgeiu. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx.
64. Amphiraphis albescens, DC Prodr. v. 343. Conyza conspicua, Wall. Cat.
3066. Homostylium cabulicum, Nees in Linneea, xviii. 613.

Tempeeate Himalaya; from Kishtwar, alt. 7-9000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 9-12,000
ft., and Bhotan.

A stouter plant than M. volnhilis', leaves 2-3 iu., narrowed into the short petiole;
corymbs often 8 in. diam., with lilac conspicuous ligules. — The name cabulicus,
founded on the mistaken supposition that the plant is a native of Affghanistan, must
be abandoned.

3. BX. zeylanica, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 282 ; branches grooved and leaves
beneath hoary, leaves narrowly lanceolate acuminate serrulate or entire, heads
^ in. shortly peduncled crowded on the branches of a spreading corymb, ligules
short suberect, pappus j^^ in. red twice as long as the hairy angled achenes.
Clarke Comp. Ind. 58. Amphiraphis zeylanica, DC. Prodr. vii. 279. Solidago
zeylanicus, Ai-n. Pugill. 9.

Travancore ; Pulney Mts., Wight. Ceylon, abundant throughout the island,
ascending to 6000 ft.

An erect shrub. Leaves 3-4 iu., narrowed into a petiole of —^ in. Heads very
numerous, small and crowded ; invol. bracts very small, broadly linear, obtuse.

24. CONVZA, Less.

Herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or cut. Heads corymbose or
panicled, rarely solitary, heterogamous, disciform; outer fl. $, 2-oc -seriate,
filiform, rarely ligulate, 2-3-toothed, fertile, pale-cold ; inner § , all or mostly
fertile, yellow, tubular, limb 6-toothed. Involucre campanulate ; bracts 2-oo -
seriate, narrow (except C. rufa), outer smaller ; receptacle flat or convex, naked
or pitted and fimbriate. Anther-bases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of $ flattened,
tips long or short. Achenes minute, compressed ; pappus slender, 1-seriate. —
DisTRiB. Species 60, chiefly tropical and subtropical.

1. C. semipinnatifida, Wall. Cat. 3058; erect, villous or hirsute,
leaves obovate-spathulate or oblanceolate acutely or obtusely lobed or cut, heads
crowded \ in. diam. globose yellow, invol. bracts slender, achenes 3^^ in. long
glandular, pappus j\ in. white. DC. Prodr. v. 382 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 62.

SooNDERBUNDS, at BuTisal, Clarke. Birma, from Prome and Martaban southwards,
on' the banks of large rivers, Wallich, Kicrz. Upper Assam; Mishmi, Griffith.

Annual, 1-2 ft., stem stout. The Mishmi species is much less hairy than the
Birma ones, with leaves more sharply toothed.

VOL. III. 8

258 Lxxvm. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Coriyza,

2. C. japonica, Less.; DC. Jh'odr. v. 383; erect, villous or woolly, rarely
glabrate, leaves sessile obovate spathulate oblong or lanceolate serrate or crenate,
heads ^ m. diam. globose, invol. bracts lanceolate with scarious edges, achenes
5\ in. nearly glabrous, pappus ^ in. reddish. C. veronicaefolia. Wall. Cat. 3005 ;
DC. I. c. 382; Clarke Cornp. Ind. 62. 0. stricta, Wall. Cat. 3044; C. multi-
caulis, DC. I. c. 383. ? C. petiolaris, DC. I. c. ; Wall. Cat. 3282 {no specimen
in Herh. WaU.).

Tropical Himalaya ; from Simla eastwards, and the Khasia Mts., ascending to
/iOOO ft. Pegu and Mabtaban, ascending to 7000 ft., Kurz. — Distbib. Affghanistan,
China and Japan.

Annual, 6-12 in., rarely more; stem often simple with well developed radical
leaves. The Sikkim specimens are more slender and glabrous than any others.

3. C. eeg'yptiaca, Ait. ; DC. Prodr. v. 382; erect, hirsute, leaves lanceo-
late or obovate-lanceolate unequally pinnatifidly lobed, lobes ascending, heads
^ in. diam. crowded, invol. bracts lanceolate edges scarious, achenes ^ in.
sparingly hairv, pappus | in. reddish. Conyza hirsuta and asteroides, Wall. Cat.
3007 B. partly and 3052 B. partly. ? A. Jerdoni, Clarke I. c. 62.

Tropical Western Himalaya ; GsuwhaX, Falconer ; Kumeion, Thomson. — Distbib.
Africa, China, Japan, Australia.

The more deeply cut leaves and larger- heads, distinguish this from C. Japonica.
There are no materials for determining C. Jerdoni, which Mr. Clarke thinks is
agygtiojca.

4. C. viscidula, Wall. Cat. 3006 ; pubescent and glandular, stem tall
coryinbosely branched, leaves lanceolate narrowed at both ends entire or serrate,
heads ^ in. peduncled in loose corymbs, invol. bracts lanceolate edges scarious,
achenes ^-^ in. obovoid glabrous, pappus \-\ in. reddish. DC. Prodr. v. 383 ;
Clarke Cornp. Ind. 63. 0. disticha, striata and travancorensis. Wall. Cat.
3024, 3065, 3067 : DC. I. c. 383, 384. 0. serridata, Wall. Cat. sub. 3024 B.
0. Wallichii, DC. I. c. 384. C. polycephala, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx.
06.

Subtropical Himalaya, from Simla eastwards, ascending 4000 ft., and southwards
to Travancore, Ceylon, and Biema. — Distb. Philippine Islds., Java, New Caledonia,
Australia.

Much the tallest and most branched of the Indian species, with very uniform
hiiives 2-4 in. long, and usually loosely cymose heads.

5. C. ang'ustifolia, Roxh. Hort. Bmg. 61; Fl. Ind. iii. 429; woody
]jelow, scaberulous, branches slender, leaves sessile long narrowly linear serrate,
heads ^-j in. in slender open peduncled cymes, invol. bracts lanceolate margins
broad scarious, achenes minute sparsely silky, pappus ~ in. reddish very caducous
as a whole. DC. Prodr. v. 383; Clarke Cornp. Ind. 63; Ham. in Wall. Cat.
3071.

SiKKrw Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft., J. B. H., &c.

"Roxburgh, who describes this from Calcutta Garden specimens, says it is annual
4-8 ft. high, with a simple erect stem ; he did not know its native country, and pro-
bably procured it from Hamilton, whose specimens in Wallieh's herbarium are called
angustifolia. The Sikkim specimens are much smaller, 2-3 ft. Hamilton no doubt
procured it from the foot of the Sikkim hills. A specimen of a very similar plant is
in GriflBth's AfFghan Herbarium (n. 918), but it is too young for determination.

6. C. Stricta, Willd. ; DC. P'odr. v. 389; hoary or scaberulously pubes-
cent, excessively corymbosely branchecl and leafy, leaves from narrowly linear
to spathulate-obovate entire or toothed rarely piunatifid, heads ^ in. diam. ex-
tremely numerous peduncled corymbose, invol. bracts narrowly lanceolate.

Conyza.'] lxxviit. coMPOSiiiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 259

achenes about ^ in. pubemlous, pappus j\ in. reddish. C. absinthifolia, DC. in
Wight Contrib. 16; Prodr. I. c. 383; Clarke Comp. Ind. 64; Dalz. 8f Gibs.
Bomh. Fl. 124. C. pinnatifida, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 61; Fl. Ind. iv. 430.
Erigeron trisulcum and pinnatifidum, Dofi Prodr. 171, 172. Blumea trisulca,
DC. I. c. 440. Baccharis trifurcata, Trev. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xiii. 201, t. 13.

Subtropical Himalaya ; from Kashmir eastwards, ascending to 5000 ft. Khasia
Mts., alt. 2-6000 ft. Behar and the Western Ghats to Travancore, Pegu and
BiRMA. — DiSTRiB. Eastern Africa.

The excessively fastigiately branched and leafy habit of this species, and its
minute heads, distinguish it from all others.

7. C. adenocarpa, Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 125; pubescent and scabrous,
stem rather woody below, leaves linear or oblong ^-amplexicaul entire or
distantly toothed, heads ^ in. diam. in terminal few-fld. corymbs, invol. bracts
lanceolate acute, achenes ~ in. glandular and puberulous, pappus -^ in. reddish.

The Western Deccan and the Concan, Balzell ; highest hills east t)f Bombay,
Bitchie.

Apparently shrubby below, branches 6-10 in, high. Leaves 1-2 in., usually
rounded at the apex, broad and 2-lobed at the base. Heads like those of C. stricta.

8. C. rufa, Wall. Cat. 3079; tomentose or villous, branched from the
base, branches spreading or prostrate, leaves sessile obovate or oblong-obovate
or linear-oblong coarsely toothed, heads subglobose ^ in. diam., invol. bracts
broad ovate acute green with membranous margins, achenes ~ in. pubescent
with curled hairs, pappus ^ in. reddish shining very caducous as a whole. DC.
Prodr. V. 384 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 65. C. marginata, Edgeiv. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. XX. 67. C. hirsuta, Wall. Cat. 3007 B. partlg.

Annual, corymbosely branched, branches 4-8 in. long. Leaves 1-2 in. — The
broad invol. bracts with defined membranous margins distinguish this from aU other
Indian species.

excluded species.

C. SERRULATA, Wall, of Clarke Comp. Ind. 64, is not the plant of Wallich, and is
, altogether doubtful.

C. PATULA, Ait. Hort. Kew iii. 184; Miller Icon. t. 247; referred to as Cyanopis
pubescens, in DC. Prodr. v. 69, is probably a Vernonia. See Eupatorium glabrum,
Wall. Cat. 3283, ex Herb. Heyne (D.ecaneuron glabrum, DC. I. c. 67), of which there
is no specimen in Wallich's Herbarium.

25. TKESPIS, DC.

A branched glabrous annual. Leaves alternate, toothed. Heads minute,
globose, sessile in globose . clusters on the branches of dichotomous cymes,
heterogamous, disciform, yellow ; outer fl. $ , many-seriate, often without
corolla, fertile; disk.-fl. ^ , few, regular, sterile, tube very short, limb narrowly
campanulate 4-fid. Involucre hemispheric ; bracts broad, obtuse, herbaceous,
sub-2-seriate ; receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anther-bases obtuse, entire or
2-fid.^ Style-arms short, flattened, subacute. Achenes of $ small, hardly
ribbed ; pappus-hairs about 10, short, dilated.

1. T. divaricata, DC. Prodr. v. 375 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 20 ; T. erecta,
DC. I. c. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 65. Ootula sinapifolia, Roxb. in Wall. Cat.
3237, G.

Tropical Himalaya; Nipal and Sikkim, Wallich, &c. Eastern Bengal, Assam,
SiLHET, Cachar, Birma and Tenasserim.

A variable weed from 3 in. to 2 ft. high, robust with spreading branches. Leaves
sessile or narrowed into a petiole i-l| in., obovate, toothed. Heads ^ in. diam.

s2

260 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Blnmea.

Tribe IY.— ZNUXiOIDZSH:.

26. BZiVlMCZSA, DC.

Annual or perennial, glandular pubescent or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate,
usually toothed or lobed. Heads corymbose panicled or fascicled, rarel}^ ra-
cemed, heterogamous, disciform, purple rosy or yellow ; outer fl. oo -seriate, ? ,
fertile, filiform, 2-3-toothed ; disk.-fi. ^ , few, fertile, tubular, slender, limb
6-toothed. Involtwre ovoid or campanulate ; bracts oo -seriate, narrow, acute,
soft or herbaceous, outer smaller •, receptacle flat, naked. Anther-bases sagittate,
tails small, slender. Style-arms of ^ flattened or almost filiform, rarely con-
nate with the adjoining anthers. Achenes small, subterete or angled, ribbed
or not; pappus 1-seriate, slender, often caducous. — Distrib. Species about 60,
tropical and subtropical Asiatic, African and Australian.

This genus is eminently characteristic of India, and the species may be called the
Groundsels of that country. There is no more unsatisfactory genus than this ; it is
distinguished from Laggera only by the tailed anther-cells, and this is not a very con-
stant character, the anthers of some states of B. virens having no tails, whilst forms
of Laggera have them ; Kurz, indeed, suggests (with much probability) that some
Laggeras are sexual forms of Blumeas. Clarke finds generally in Blumea, that func-
tionally 9 heads occur, the disk-flowers, though ^ in form, having only rudimentary
stamens, and that in the case of the common B. oxyodonta he has never found
perfect § flowers, nor has Kurz. The divisions of tlie Genus here proposed are
most unsatisfactory, and I fear that the specific diagnoses are not much better. The
'. glabrous or pubescent receptacle is very difficult to see; the size of the head is
"^ f tolerably constant ; the form and number of the invol. bracts are difficult to describe ;
/>• the very minute achenes are tolerably uniform ; the foliage is sportive to an extra-
' ordinary degree, as is the pubescence ; gland-hairs are common to most species, but
the amount varies with the dryness of the locality. I have not been able to follow
Clarke's disposition of the species at all closely, they want a careful study in situ, and
under cultivation.

Sect. 1. Heads few, small, ^-^ in. diam., solitary or 2 and ped uncled at the
<3nds of the branches. — Small, annual herbs, erect or prostrate ; flowers yellow.

1. B. axnplectens, DC. in Wight Contrih. 13 ; Prodr. v. 483 ; sparsely
softly hairy or glabrous, divaricate branches spreading ii/om the base, leaves
^-1^ in. |-amplexicaul oblong or obovate obtuse or acute coarsely toothed, heads
solitary on the branchlets peduncled \-^ in. diam., invol. bracts very slender
inner hair-pointed, recept. glabrous, corolla yellow, lobes of ^ hairy, achenes
oblong, pappus reddish. Clai'ke Cmnp. Lnd. 71 ; Dah. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 125 ;
Thwaites Enum. 163 paHly (C. P. 1730). Oonyza amplectens. Wall. Cat. 3096.
0. obliqua, Willd. Sp. PL iii. 1930. C. amplexicaulis, Lamk. Diet. ii. 84.
Erigeron obliquum, Linn. Mant. jl

Central India and Western Peninsula ; abundant in Bengal, chiefly near the
coast and Ceylon.

The following varieties are according to Clarke, they are with difficulty limitable.

Vae. 1. typica ; softly hairy or glabrate, leaves oblong toothed.

Vab. 2. arenaria, leaves obovate-oblong sparingly toothed usually more villous
beneath. B. arenaria, DC. in Wight. Contrih. 13 ; Prodr. v. 433. Conyza villosa,
Wall. Cat.Zl^ib.

Vab. 3. pubijiora, leaves toothed, peduncles stout, heads large ^ in. B. pubiflora,
DC. Prodr. v. 434. Erigeron asteroides. Wall. Cat. 2975, B.— Extends to Bundelkund
and N.W. India.

Vae. 4. maritima ; bushy, glabrous, glandular, leaves small, heads large. — Near
the sea, Andaman Islds., Pegu, Soonderbunds and round the coast to Scinde.

Vab. 6. tenella ; almost glabrous.

"if-

Mumm.'} Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 261

2. B. bifoliata, DC. in Wight ContHh. 14 ; Prodr. v. 434 ; often pro-
strate with ascending branches, pubescent villous or glabrate, branched from
the base, leaves 1-3 m. sessile obovate or oblong serrate obtuse or acute 2 upper-
most on the branches sub-opposite, heads \-^ in. solitary on the branchlets
peduncled, inner invol. bracts acuminate, receptacle glabrous, corolla yellow,
lobes of ^ hairy, achenes nan-owly oblong with 4-5 hairy angles, pappus white.
Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 145 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 186 ; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 72. B. amplectens, Thwaites Enum. 163 in part (C.P. 3523). B.
oligocephala, DC. in Wight Contrib. 13 ; Prodr. v. 434. B. anagallidifolia, JJC.
Prodr. V. 434. Conyza bifoliata, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 431. 0. foliolosa,
anagallidifolia aiid amplexieaulis, Wall. Cat. 3092, 3098, 3104.

Bengal, the Western Peninsula, Birma, the Malay Peninsula and Ceylon.

Best distinguished from B. amplectens by the sen-ate (not dentate) leaves, the two
upper of which on each branch are usually opposite, and by the tips of the invol.
bracts not being hair-pointed. B. anagallidifolia is a very small leaved state.

Sect. II. Heads many, villous, small, |-^ in. diam. (^-| in B. hieracifolia) ,
more or 1.x clustered and forming dense oblong spikes or contracted panicles at
the top of the stem, exceptionally arranged in loose open corymbs. — Erect or
ascending stout or slender herbs, usually very villous silky or wooUy, often
glandular, rarely 2 ft. high. Leaves toothed or serrate, seldom deeply gashed.
Pappus white. (Corymbs often loose in B. barbata, and sometimes in aU the
others. Branches prostrate in B. nodiflora. See B. Belangeriana in Sect. IV.)

3. B. Wigrhtiana, DC. in Wight Contrib. 14; Prodr. v. 435; villous
silky hairy or wooUy, sometimes glandular, stem erect subsimple very leafy,
leaves petioled obovate irregularly toothed or serrate, heads \ in. collected into
terminal spiciform dense (rarely open) cymes or panicles, invol. bracts narrow
acuminate, receptacle glabrous, corolla purple, lobes of ^ glandular, achenes
terete or 4-5-angled not ribbed sparsely hairy. Clarke Comp. Ind. 74 ; Kurz
in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 186 {excl. syn. hymen ophylla). B. trichophora,
parvifolia and phyllostachya, DC. Prodr. 436, 437, 438. Conyza lactucsefolia,
paniculata, bifoliata and Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 3088, in part, 3090 A., 3091,
3093. Erigeron moUe, Don Prodr. 172.

Throughout the plains of India from the outer Himalaya and the Punjab east-
wards and southwards; and in Ceylon, Birma and the Malayan Peninsula. —
DiSTRiB. Malay Islds., China, Australia, Tropical Africa.

Similar to B. lacera, but easily distinguished by the small heads, purpji^ flowers,
and hairy achenes. A very glabrous variety with large membranous ^'^ong-petioled
leaves, 4 by 1^ in. from Rangoon maybe Wie "5. hymenophylla, D^." quoted by
Kurz as a synonym of Wightiana, but which is not DCs plant of that name.

4. B. neilg'lierrensis, Hook.f. ; densely softly villous and silky, stem
simple stout erect or ascending, leaves 3-4 in. obovate or oblong-obovate sessile
or narrowed into a petiole regularly sharply gland-toothed, heads ^ in. diam.
veiy numerous in axillary clusters forming an oblong or rounded terminal spike
or panicle, invol. bracts almost filiform softly silky, recept. glabrous, corolla
purple, lobes of ^ glabrous, achenes glabrous angled, pappus ^ in. white.

NiLGHERRY and Pulney Hills, Wight, Gardner.

This is a mountain plant, near Wightiana in its purple flowers, but has a denser
inflorescence, larger head, glal)rous achenes, and very regularly toothed leaves. As in
all Blumeas, the villosity or hairiness is a very inconstant character; this plant is
fiometimes as silky as B. Belangeriana.

5. B. subcapitata, DC. Prodr. v. 439; pubescent, sparsely villous
upwards, stem slender simple, leaves denticulate radical long-petioled mem-
l)ranous obovate or elorgate-obovate entire or serrately or subpinnatitidly lobed

262 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiB. (J. D. Hooker.) [Blwmea,

below the middle, cauline smaller petioled, heads i-i ,in. diam. solitary or 2-3-
nate in the distant upper leaf-axils and forming a crowded oblong short terminal
or cylindric contracted panicle, invol. bracts very alender glabrescent, receptacle
glabrous, corolla yellow, lobes of ^ glabrous, achenes nearly glabrous angled,
pappus I in. white. Oonyza subcapitata, JVcdl. Cat. 3056.

CENf BAL ^nd Eastern Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 1-5000 ft.,.
/. B .H.

I retain*this species contrary to Mr. Clarke's opinion (who referred it to B. lacera)
with diffidence, my Sikkim specimens precisely accord with Wallich's Nipal ones, and
I find noni of the forms of lacera at all like it. '

6. B. barbata., DC. in Wight Contrib. liiProd?-. v. 434: stem erect
subsimple with very long hairs, leaves obovate or oolanceolate coarsely toothed
6r serrate silky beneath, heads ^ in. peduncled in short loo§e axillary and ter-
minal cymes forming an elongate inflorescence,' invol. bracts narrowly linear
acuminate hairy, recept. glabrous, corolla yellow, lobes of ^ glandular, achene&
most minute 5-6-ribbed striate hairy above, pappus white. Kurz in Journ. As.
Soe: 1877, ii. 188, excL var. /3 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 73. Convza barbata, WalL
Cat. 3099.

Travancoee; Pulney Mts., Wight. Ceylon, Central Province, alt. 3-5000 ft.,
Thwaites.

Stem 4-10 in., stout or slender. Leaves 1-2| in, often narrowed into a petiole,^
membranous, hairy and subglandular above. Heads on slender peduncles.

7. B. sericans, Hook. f. ; tall, robust, stem simple erect, and leaves
beneath densely silvery villous, leaves 2-3 in. lower petioled upper elongate-
oblanceolate or linear acuminate minutely toothed,'heads ^ in. sessile in crowded
axillary and terminal clusters, recept. glabrous, corolla yellow lobes of ^ hairy,
achenes silky, pappus white. B. barbata, var. ^ sericans, Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. 1877, ii. 188.

Chittagong; on hills, alt, 500-1500 ft., Clarke. Bibjla. and Maktaban, Falconer,.
Kurz.

This is quite unlike any other species in its long leaves, silvery silky pubescence
and inflorescence.

8. B. g'lomerata, DC. in Wight Conti-ib. 15 ; Prodr. I. c. 443 ; pubescent
or villous, stem erect usually slender, lower leaves petioled obovate serrate or
lyrate-pinnatifid upper oblong incised, heads purple ^ in. diam. in small sessile
axillary clusters all along the branches, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate villous,
corolla yellow, lobes of ^ and recept. pubescent, achenes 8-10-ribbed glabroua
or hairy. Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 125. B. fasciculata, DC. Prodr. v. 442;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 81. B. fistulosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 187. B.
holosericea, racemosa, spinellosa, gracilis, purpurea and leptoclada, DC. I. c. 442,
443. B. holosericea and leptoclada, Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 125, 126. Oonyza
fistulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 429, 0. racemosa, sericea, glomerata, gracilis,
purpurea and holosericea. Wall. Cat. 3002, 3021, 3055, 3064, 3076, 3103.

Tropical Himalaya; from Kumaon to Sikkim ascending to 5000 ft., and through-
out the plains to Assam, Birma, Tenassebim and the Deccan (not in Ceylon). —
DisTEiB. China, Java, Philippine Islds.

Very distinct in its normal state from the slender erect branches with rounded
axillary clusters of purple sessile heads, which become spiciform. Conyza sericea,
"Wall., has leaves very silky, especially beneath, and C. holosericea resembles it, but
differs from the typical inflorescence of the species in the clusters of flowers being
borne on axillary peduncles. See also B. membranacea, var. gracilis.

9. B. nodiflora, Hook.f.', stem branched from the base, branches 2-4
in. long very slender dichotomously forked, leaves |-1 in. subsessile obovate

Blumea.'] lxxviit. composit/E. (J. D. Hooker.) 263

more or less toothed glabrous, heads ^ in. in dense axillary globose clusters
round the branches at 'the leaf axUs and terminal, invol. bracts linear acute
"white woolly, recept. and unripe achenes puberulous.

Pegu ; Prome, M'CleUaudi^ Tenasserim and MERori, Griffith, Heifer.
The clusters of heads resemble tliose of Altenantkera nodiflora. v

10. S. lacera, DC. Prodr. v. 436; hairy yUIous or glandular, rarely
glabrescent, stem erect simple or bmnched very leafy, leaves petioled obovate
toothed or serrato rarely lobulate, heads ^ in. in short axillary cymes and,
collected into terminal spiciform panicles rarely corymbose, invol. bracts narro\^
acuminate hairy, recept. glabrous, corolla yellow, lobes of § nearly glabrous,
achenes sub- 4-gonous not ribbed glabrate. Clarke Comp. hid. 76. B. Musra,
DC. I. c. 485; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 23. B. leptoclada, Dcdz. ^- Gibs. JSomb. Fl.
125, not of DC. B. villosa, Schtdtz-Bip. in PI. Hohenack. n. 2a. Oonyza
lacera, Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii, 428 ; Wall. Cat. 3082. 0. thyrsiflora, \nllosa and
Musra, Ham. ; Wall. Cat. sub 3082, 3083, 3095. 0. lactuc^folia, DC. I. c. 435 ;
Wall. Cat. 3088 in part ; Burm. Fl. Ind. l80, t. 59, f. 1.

Throughout the plains of IND14, from the N.W. ascending to 2000 ft. in the
Himalaya, to Travancore and Singapore, and in Ceylon. — Disteib. Malay Islds.,
China, Tropical Africa.

It is 'very difficult to separate this in the Herbarium, from B. Wightiana (which
see), it is even more variable ; when living, the yellow flowers at once distinguish it.
The smell and glabrous receptacle should distinguish it from laciniata, but the latter
character is very difficult to see in the last-nariied plant. Smells strongly of
turpentine (Roxburgh).

Va.k. glandtdosa ; whole plant more or less glandular. B. glandulosa, DC. in
Wight Cmitrib. 14 ; Prodr. 4,38. B. Heyneana, DC. I. c. 15 and 441. B. trigona,
DC. I.e. 437. Conyza Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 3089. ?B. napifolia, DC. I. c. 440.
Conyza napifolia, Wall. Cat. 3075 (heads small). This passes into C, membranaceaf
var. major.

Vae. dnerascens ; hoary or clothed with soft white pubescence, leaves obovate
often simple petioled and toothed as in B. lacera, corymbs often effuse, receptacle pube-
rulous. B. cinerascens, DC. Prodr. \. 438. B. runcinata. Wall. Cat. 3087 B. — Hot
valleys of the Himalaya from Nipal to Bhotan.

11. B. bieracifolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 15; Prodr. v. 442; tomen-
tose villous or copiously woolly or silky, stem usually robust and simple some-
times scape-like, lower leaves elliptic or oblong petioled serrate or toothed upper
sessile often entire, heads ^-| in. diam. more or less fascicled or spiked forming
elongate panicles rarely corymbose, invol. bracts lanceolate acuminate, receptacle
glabrous, corolla yellow lobes of § glabrate, achenes hairy. Wight. Ic. 1. 1099 ;
Clarke Compt. Ind. 82 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 188. Erigeron
hieracifolia, Don Prodr. 172. Oonyza hieracifolia, Spreag. Syst. iii. 524. ^

Throughout the hi^ly parts of India, from the outer Himalaya in Kumaon east-
wards and southwards to the Nilgherrt Mts. and Martaban. — Distrib. Java.

The robust habit of the larger form, and scapigerous habit of the smaller, are
amongst the best characters of this most variable plant. A form (Conyza natans,
Herb. Ham.) floats on tanks in Bengal. — See also 23. B. crinita and 2b.flexuosa.

Var. 1. typica ; simple or sparingly branched, 'often scapigerous, leaves oblong
crenulate or with small teeth silkily villous beneath, heads in a dense terminal cluster
or spike.

Var. 2. maerostachya ; tall, robust, paniculately branched above, leaves with
spreading hairs beneath, heads in large clusters at the ends of the branches. Var.
BA'olutior, Clarke I. c. B. maerostachya atid B. cernua, DC. I. c. 442 and 436. Conyza
maerostachya and nutans, Wall. Cat. 3053, 30S0.

Vab. 3. Hamiltoni; small, often clothed with closebuff or white cottony tomentum,

264 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Blumea.

branches solitary or several from the base, leaves chiefly radical often almost entirely
villously silky beneath, heads in spiked fascicles. B. Hamiltoni, DC. I. c. 439.
Gnaphalium Hamiltoni, Wall. Cat. 2938. Habit often that of Antennaria hyperhorea.
— See B. crinita, Am., and Belangeriana, DO., which may be southern forms of this.

12. B. angrustifolia, Thwaites Enum. 165; glabrous or puberuloiis,
stem erect slender siibsimple, leaves 1-3 in. all linear-oblong or lanceolate
subobtuse narrowed at the base quite entire or obscurely toothed, heads few all
peduncled crowded or corymbose, peduncles tomentose or glabrous, invol. bracts
linear-lanceolate pubescent or sparingly villous, recept. glabrous, achenes nearly
glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 81.

Ceyijon; central province, alt. 1-3000 ft., Moon, Thwaites.

Stem 1 ft., procumbent, branched and rooting below. I have seen but few
specimens.

^ ^Sec'i. III. Heads many, small, |-| in. diam., peduncled in open corymbs
"m* pimliflo!? x«;rt]i often divaricate branches, rarely clustered. — Tall, erect, green
lierbs ; stem simple below, paniculately or corymbosely branched above, glabrous
or glandular, rarely villous densely woolly or silky ; leaves, the lower especially,
gashed or lacinate ; pappus white.

13. B. laciniata, BC. Prodr. v. 436; erect, usually stout, pubescent or
laxly tomentose, stem branched, leaves usually large membranous runcinate
lyrate or subpiunatifid and toothed, heads ^ in. diam. usually in broad open
corymbs, invol. bracts lanceolate acuminate villous, recept. pubescent, corolla
yellow, lobes of § hairy, achenes ribbed silky. Clarke Comp. Ind. 78 ; Kurz
in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 187. B. runcinata and sonchifolia, 1>C. I. c. 438.
Oonyza sonchifolia and runcinata. Wall. Cat. 3086, 3087 A. C. laciniata,
Iio.ib. Fl. Ind. iii. 427 ; Wall. Cat. 3100, 3084 B.

Tropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon eastwards, ascending to 4000 ft, in Sikkim.
Assam, Cachab and the Khasia Mts., Behae and Bengal ; rare in the Concan,
SouTHEEN India and the Malay Peninsula. — Disteib. Malay Islds,, China, Philip-
pines.

Usually a taller plant than B. lacera, from which it is difficult to distinguish
specimens with leaves more entire than usual, but it is usually more glabrous, and
should have a pubescent receptacle ; this latter character is, however, very variable,
evanescent in age, and at all times requires a high power to detect. Koxburgh says
that this differs from B. lacera in having all the leaves laciniate, to which I suppose
may be added its being scentless. The four following species are possibly all re-
ducible to laciiiiata.

14. B. virens, BC. in Wight Contrib. 14; Prodr. v. 439; quite glabrous,
tall, slender, much branched, bright green, leaves membranous irregularly or
sinuate-toothed lower petioled obovate lyrate or runcinate upper oblong small
very numerous, heads \ in. glabrous on capillary peduncles all in large open
much branched panicles with small leaves on the ascending branches, invol.
bracts slender ciliolate, recept. very narrow glabrous, corolla yellow, lobes of ^
glandular, achenes 8-10-ribbed with spreading hairs. Clarke Comp. Ind. 79 in
part. B. lapsanoides, BC. I. e. 440. Conyza virens. Wall. Cat. 3037 A. B. C.

Upper Assam, Griffith; Birma, Wallich; the Concan, Canaea, and Nilgheeet
Mrs., Wight, &c.

The perfectly glabrous habit distinguishes this from all other species ; it some-
times grows 4 ft. high with a stem as thick as the finger, but is generally smaller.
The stem is grooved and green with a few more or less conspicuous yellow slender
ribs.

Vae. minor; 6-12 in., stem simple slender, leaves long-petioled elliptic ovate or
lanceolate toothed or serrulate very membi-anous. Travancore at Courtallam, Wight.
Closely resembles B. 'tncmhranacea, but U^e glabrous panicle distinguishes it.

Blumea.] lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 265

15. B. membranacea, DC. Prodr. v. 440; puljescent, -tall, slender,
much branclied, leaves and heads and flowers as in JB. vi^'ens but more or less
softly pubescent, and the branches of the panicle glandular and with spreadinp;-
hairs. B. hymenophylla, DC. I. c. 440. Conyza membmnacea and hymeno-
phylla, WalL Cat. 3019, 3038. C. virens, Wall. Cat. 3037 D. 0. difiusa',
Itoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 429.

Common throughout India. — Distkib, Malay Islds.

This may be a pubescent and glandular form of B. virens. The prevalent forms
may be approximately limited as follows.

Vak. 1. typica ; tall, pubescent, much branched, leaves large membranous, heads
many panicled.

Var. 2. muralis ; glandular-hairy, stem usually simple slender, leaves elliptic-
ovate or lanceolate toothed or serrulate very membranous, invol. bracts rigid coloured
like those of a Vemonia. B. muralis, BC. Prodr. v. 440 ; Balz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
125. Conjza muralis, Ham. in WalL Cat. 3077. — Though in extreme forms the heads
of this look so different from those of membranacea, they are connected by numerous
intermediates.

Vae. 3. gracilis ; heads subsolitary or racemose on the long slender branches. B.
gracilis, BC. Prodr. v. 443. Conyza gracilis. Herb. Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3064.
Taong-Dong in Ava, Wallich. Madras, Herb. G. Thomson. — This approaches B.
glomerata in habit, and may be referable to it, but the receptacle is glabrous.

Vak. 4. Gardneri; glabrous or puberulous, erect, bright green, corymbosely or
paniculately branched and glandular, lower leaves 2-4 in. lyrate or runcinate-toothed,
upper lanceolate sinuate-toothed, heads j in. diam. on slender peduncles, invol. bracts
puberulous. B. hymenophylla. Herb. Wt. {Kew Bistrib. 1577). B. glandulosa,
Thwaites Enum. — Nilgherry Mts., Wight, Gardner; Ceylon, Walker, ^c.

Vah.' 5. viscostda, covered with lax spreading long simple and glandular hairs,
heads few at the ends of the few long branches of the panicle. B. viscosula, BC.
Prodr. V. 441. B, lactucaefolia, var. nudipes, Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 187.
— Prome, Wallich ; Pegu, Gomez, Kurz ; Rangoon, Maclelland.

Vae. 6. subsimplex ; anther-cells without tails, their bases connate with the fila-
ments. B. paucifolia and subsimplex, BC. Prodr. v. 441. Conyza subsimplex, Wall.
Cat. 3003. C. spiridens, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 44, excl. syn. — This is technically a
Laggera, but I agree with Kurz in regarding it as a sexual form of membranacea, .
from which it differs solely by the anthers ; it represents closely both the larger and
smaller forms of membranacea, and is widely distributed.

16. B. Xiing*!!, Claj-ke mss. ; pubescent and glandular above, stem strict
erect simple glabrate below, leaves 3-5 in. lower petioled runcinate or lyrate and
unequally toothed rather membranous, heads \ in. all peduncled in open panicles
with many divaricate bracteate branches, invol. bracts linear rigid green puberu-
lous, recept. glabrous deeply pitted, achenes 10-ribbed puberulous.

Makwar ; Mt. Aboo, King.

This again is closely allied to B. virens, and has similar habit and foliage, but the
panicle is more robust and branched, and the invol. bracts are rigid like those of a
Vernonia.

17. B. Jacquemontii, Hook. f. ; villous with spreading soft hairs,
stem stout erect simple below, leaves 3-6 in. lower petioled obovate-lanceo-
late coarsely irregularly serrate upper sessile toothed or lacerate, heads ^ in. all
peduncled in open panicles with divaricating branches and pedicels, invol. bracts
numerous subulate-lanceolate rigid coloured puberulous, recept. pubescent,
achenes 8-10-ribbed finely silky. B. obovata? Clarke Comp. Ind. 72 (not
of DC.)

Behab, on Parusnath, alt. 4000 ft., J. B. H., &c. Central India, Jacqiiemont
(n. 1054). Nilgherry Mts., Clarke {Comp. hid. 77) ; Hort. Bot. Calc, Herb. Griffith.

A large coarse species, with the paniculate inflorescence sometimes 18 in. across,
yellow flowers and coloured invol. scales like thosfe of a Vernonia.

266 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) \jBlumea.

Sect. IV. Heads few, rarely many, small, \-^ in,, usually peduncled and
forming loose axillary and terminal corymbs but often clustered. — Prostrate or
decumbent rarely ascending or erect berbs, woolly villous or silky, branches
usually dichotomously forked ; leaves acutely irregularly toothed, the teeth
often subspinescent ; pappus white.

18. B. oxyodonta, DC. in Wight Contrih. 15; Prodr. v. 444; prostrate,
pubescent villous or tomentose, branches spreading from the root leafy slender
dichotomously forked or simple, leaves spinulose-toothed lower ^-3 in. petioled
obovate membranous, upper obovate or oblong sessile, heads \ in. diam. on
slender peduncles solitary or few corymbose, invol. woolly or glabrate, recept,
glabrous, corolla yellow lobes of ^ glabrous, achenes sparingly silky. Clarke
Cornp. Ind. 85. Oonyza tenera, WaU. Cat. 3023.

Western Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Nipal, and southwards to
Canara, Behar, Bengal, Pegu and Birma. — Distrib. China, Philippine Islds.

Smaller than most species and easily recognised by its decumbent habit. Clarke
observes that in all the specimens he has examined those anther-cells which are tailess
are empty of pollen, and Kurz suspects it is a hybrid, or a polygamous form of some
other species.

19. B. eriantha, DC. in Wight Contrib. 15; Prodr. v. 444; pubescent
or tomentose or clothed with scattered long hairs^ rarely silkily villous, stems 1
ft. slender dichotomously branched from the base, leaves 1-3 in. acutely irregu-
larly toothed lower petioled obovate obtuse, upper sessile obovate or oblong
acute, heads small \-^ in. mostly on the long slender peduncles of dichotomou»
cymes rarely fascicled, peduncles and invol. clothed with long silky hairs,
recept. glabrous, achenes very minute, angles obtuse sparingly silky.

The CoNCAN, Law. Banda, Edgeworth.

Usually very slender, with divaricate dichotomous branches, and heads with long
slender peduncles; but some specimens are nearly as robust as B. Malcolmii, and
almost as silvery-villous ; the heads are, however, not half the size, and the achenes
are smaller, and it is perhaps a var. of oxyodonta.

20. B. BXalcolmii, Hook.f. ; densely clothed with soft white silky wool,
stems leafy ascending stout forked rarely decumbent from the root, leaves 1-4
in. sessile leathery obovate very obtuse acutely closely jaggedly toothed, heads
^-f in. diam. fascicled towards the ends of the branches or remote and pe-
duncled villous with long white sillcy hairs, recept. glabrous, achenes obscurely
angled silky. Pluchea lanuginosa, Clarke Comp. Ind. 95.

The CoNCAN ; hills above 2000 ft., Law ; Belgaum and Velloor on the Fort walls
(heads smaller), Ritchie.

The stout habit, dense silvery woolly clothing, and sparse often peduncled heads
of this species are its most prominent characters. The buds at the crown of the
root form globose woolly bodies, often clustered together ; the jagging of the leaf-
margin is very close and irregular. I have not seen specimens of the Pluchea latiu
ginosa, described by Clarke, who tells me that this is the same plant.

21. B. Belang'eriana, DC. Prodr. v. 444 ; silkily woolly especially the
leaves beneath, branches dichotomously forked strict leafy, lower leaves 2-3 in.
petioled obovate finely toothed, upper sessile oblong coarsely toothed, heads ^ in.
diam. sessile axillary solitary or clustered, invol. bracts woolly, recept. glabrous,
corolla lobes of § hispid, achenes (unripe) glabrous. B. Metziana, Schulfz-
Pip. PL Hohenack. n. 777.

The CoNCAN, Canara and Malabar, Law, Bitchie, &c.

Usufilly much branched, tbe branches a foot long, stiff, and often red-brown.

Sect. ^', Jlcads large, h-\ in. diam., usually clustered and axillary, or dls-

£lumea.'] Lxxvm. composit.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 267

posed in elongated spikes racemes or contracted panicles. — Herbs -with long
simple or sparingly branched grooved erect or flexuous stems ; leaves 1-3 in.,
sessile or shortly petioled, glabrous beneath or silky or tomentose, sparingly
toothed ; pappus white. — Some forms of £. hieracifolia belong here, perhaps
also B. chinensis.

22. B. malabarica, Hook. f. ; pubescent, branches slender elongate
flexuous, leaves subsessile membranous linear-oblong acute distantly serrate
slightly haiiy beneath, heads ^ in. diam. pubescent in small axillary sessile or
peduncled clusters, recept. broad pubescent, achenes strongly ribbed nearly
glabrous.

Canara. and Malabae, Bitchie ; Bababoodan Hills, Law.

This appears a very distinct species, the leaves are membranous, and have a
distinct short slender petiole, quite unlike that formed by the narrowed bases of the
leaves ; it is possibly a scandent species.

23. B. crinita, Am. PugUl. 30; DC. Brodr. vii. 283; pubescent hirsute
or villous, stem elongate slender or stout flexuous, leaves scabrid rigid sessile
obovate-oblong acute sharply finely or coarsely toothed scabrid above glabrate
or tomentose beneath, heads \-\ in. diam. woolly or villous sessile in small
sessile or long peduncled clusters usually forming an elongate sparse panicle,
receptacle and corolla lobes of § glabrous, achenes ribbed glabrous, pappus
white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 84.

Ceylon ; central province, Adam's Peak and Neuera Ellia, Walker, &c.

The long brown often flexuous stems, and hard uniform toothed sessile leaves,
usually rounded at the base, and the glabrous achenes distinguish this from B. hiera-
cifolia, to which it is closely allied.

24. B. Clarkei, Hook. f. ; stem simple elongate flexuous pubescent or
tomentose, leaves shortly petioled 2-3 in. obovate or oblanceolate accuminate
toothed pubescent or villous beneath, heads ^-f in. diam. sessile and axillary or
peduncled in axillary clusters forming very narrow elongate panicles, invol.
bracts slender, receptacle broad pubescent, corolla yellow, lobes of ^ glandular,
achenes obscurely silky, pappus white. B. hieracifolia, Herh. Ind. Or. H.f. Sr T.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 1-3000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke. Cachae, Keenan. MEBaui,
Gnffith.

This has quite simple stems, and is intermediate in habit between the larger forms
of hieracifolia and malabarica. It agrees in many points with De Candolle's B.
elongata (Prodr. v. 445), founded ou Wallich's Conyza elongata, Cat. 3078, of which
there is no specimen in Wallich's Herbarium, but the receptacle of that plant is
described as glabrous, and it is a native of Penang.

25. B. flexuosa, Clarke Comp. Ind. 86; tall, robust, stem tiuch branched
leafy clothed with soft spreading hairs, leaves 3-5 in. petioled elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate and pungent clothed beneath with long soft silky or spreading hairs
or glabrate acutely irregularly toothed, heads f in. in large panicled clusters
rarely separately peduncled and cymose, invol. bracts broad pubescent, receptacle
nearly pitted, corolla yellow, lobes of ^ hairy, pappus white. B. hieracifolia,
var. Thwaites Enum. 163.

Nllgheeby Mts. ; Sisparah, Wight. Ceylon ; Neuera Ellia, Gardner.

I separate this from the larger forms of B. hieracifolia with great reluctance,
especially as Thwaites united the Ceylon specimens with that plant. Both forms
have heads sometimes all pedicelled, and forming a loose open cyme, as in the follow-
ing section. The receptacle is indistinctly pubescent.

Var. zeylanica; leaves from glabrate to densely silkily villous beneath, heads
smaller.

A'ar. peninsularis ; leaves softly loosely hairy beneath.

268 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Blumea.

Sect. VI. Heads very numerous, large or small, forming narrow or broad
terminal branched corymbs or panicles. — Shrubs or small trees (except JB.
chinends and ohovata, sometimes climbing) ; leaves very large, 8-18 in. long ;
pappus white or red.

* Pappus white.

26. B. chinensis, DC. Prodr. v. 444 ; scandent, quite glabrous, leaves
shortly ;petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate glandularly subserrate coriaceous,
heads ^ in. clustered on the short distant branches of a long terminal pubescent
panicle, invol. bracts puberulous outer short obtuse, recept. densely hirsute, ^
corolla-lobes hairy, achenes strongly 10-ribbed hairy. B. riparia, DC, I.e. ;

Clarke Comp. Ind. 85. Oonyza chinensis, Linn. ; Plume Pijd. 898. C. riparia,
Plume, I.e. 899. C. longispina, Zdl. 8f Morr. Syst. Verg. 121. C serici-vestita,

Wall. Cat. 2996 B. Baccharis nitida. Wall Cat. 3043.

Eastebn Himalaya ; Sikkini and Bhotan, alt. 2-4000 ft. Assam, and Khasia Mts.,
J. D. H. ^ T. T. Penang, Wallich, &c. — Distrib. Java, S. China.

Branches terete, grooved, flexuous. Leaves green ; petiole slender, ^j in. Invo-
hicre quite unlike any other species ; the outer bracts very short, coriaceous and
obtuse ; inner long and thin. Pop^z^s white.

27. B. obovata, P>C. Prodr. v. 446; herbaceous, stem and panicle
softly densely villous, leaves narrowed into a shot't petiole obovate-lanceolate
acute or acuminate faintly or coarsely toothed membranous glabrous above
tomentose beneath, heads very few f in. diam. on simple or branched peduncles
at the end of a very long almost naked branch, invol. bracts villous very many
slender and shining, recept. with a veiy few hairs, ^ corolla lobes glandular,
achenes unripe. Conyza obovata. Wall, Cat. 3022.

NiPAL, Wallich.

Known only from "Wallich's specimens. Its herbaceous character would bring it
under the first division of the genus, but the large head habit and foliage are tlrat of
this ; pappus quite white.

28. B. sikkixnensis, Hook.f. ; branches stout glabrous, leaves 8-12 in.
-elliptic-lanceolate naiTowed into a petiole acuminate obtusely subserrate glabrous
membranous, heads § in. on slender peduncles loosely clustered at the ends of
the slender branches of a large pubescent panicle, invol. bracts puberulous very
narrow revolute in age, recept. broad glabrous, ^ corolla lobes pubescent, achenes
ribbed silky, pappus dirty w^hite.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; alt. 6000 ft., J. B. H.

Probably climbing, branches grooved as in B. chinensis.

29. B. procera, DC. Prodr. \. 445; \'illous above or tomentose, branches
long stout, leaves 5-8 in. sessile obovate-oblong or -lanceolate acuminate
coarsely irregularly toothed glabrous or hirsute beneath base cordate, heads ^ in.
in dense (rarely loose) compound clusters on the woplly branches of an elongate
panicle, invol. bracts silky outer short acute coriaceous, recept. narrow glabrous,
lobes of § corolla very hairy, achenes ribbed shortly silky, pappus very white.
Clarke Comp. Lnd. 86. B. semivestita, DC. I. c. Conyza procera and semi-
vestita, Wall. Cat. 3050, 2996 A. C. repanda, Roxh. Fl. Lnd. iii. 431.

Tkopical Himalaya ; from Nipal eastwards, ascending in Sikkim and the Khasia
Mts. to 6000 ft. Assam, Pegu, Tenassehim, Mabtaban, Bikma.

The cordate narrowed base of the large leaves is a good character of this species,
which grows to 6 ft. high. I haA-e not quoted Kurz, who (As. Soc. Journ. 1877, ii.
189) considers procera to be a var. of macrofhylla. Clarke believes that Kurz's
macro'phylla has red pappus, and that his procera is Blume's confusa.

Bhimea.'] lxxviii. composit.53. (J. D. Hooker.) 269

** Ffqjpits red. Receptacle more (rr Ipm villous or pubescent (except in B.
spectcibilis, var, longifolid).

30. B. Sookeri, Clarke mss. ; erect, puberulous, leaves 8-18 in. mem-
branous oblong-lanceolate pinnatifid acuminate narrowed into a winged petiole
lobes upcurved acuminate denticulate or lacerate, heads very many \ in. diam.
peduncled in a very large branched pubescent panicle, invol. bracts narrow rigid
puberulous, corolla lobes hispid, recept. narrow pubescent, achenes unripe.

SiKKiM HiMAXAYA., alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., Simons.
Stem stout, green, herbaceous. Leaves sometimes 7 in. broad, very membranous
and glabrous, quite unlike those of any other species.

31. B. myriocephala, DC. Prodr. v. 445; shrubby, branches very
stout glabrous or puberulous, leaves 6-10 in. glabrous oblanceolate acuminate
narrowed into an often appendaged petiole serrulate many-nerved coriaceous,
heads \-^ in subsessile or clustered on the ascending branches of a narrowly
pyramidal elongate tomentose erect panicle, invol. bracts tomentose squaiTosely
recurved in age, recept. villous or glabrate, ^ corolla-lobes glabrous or glan-
dular, achenes 10-ribbed hairy. B. sessilifolia, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 189. Conyza squarrosa, Wall. Cat. 3026. C. lanceolaria, Roxh. Fl. Ind,
iii. 432.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., J. D. H. Silhet, de Silva. Assam and'BniMA^
Griffith. Chittagong, Clarke.

Stem as thick as the forefinger. The very numerous nerves and recurved (when
dry) margins of the leaves and their small regular teeth, are unlike any other species
of this shrubby section, except the following. The name Conyza lanceolaria, Roxb.
is attached to a Calcutta Bot. Garden very narrow-leaved form of this plant in
Griffith's Herbarium.

32. B. spectabilis, DC. Ti-odr. v. 445; shrubby, branches very stout
glabrous below pubescent above, leaves 4-1 0 in. glabrous oblanceolate or elliptic
aciuninate subserrate narrowed into a long winged often appendaged petiole,
heads \ in. peduncled free or clustered along the branches of a broad bracteate
pyramidal panicle, invol. bracts slender pubescent, ^ corolla-lobes glandular,
achenes (unripe) silky, pappus red. B. myriocephala, Thioaites Enum. 163,
excl. syn. Oonyza longifolia, Herh. Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3026.

Mysore, Heyne. Tbavancore, Wight, &c. Ceylon, central province, alt. 4000 ft.

Var. longifolia; heads smaller \ in. diam. sessile on the branches of a narrow
panicle. B, longifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 446 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 125. Tullawaree
and Purdana, in Canara, Stocks, Ritchie. — Perhaps a different species, the heads not
half the size of the type, densely crowded on the branches of a much more contracted
panicle, and the receptacle is quite glabrous, but the leaves are identical and very
characteristic.

33. B. densiflora, DC. Prodr. y. 446 ; stem stout, panicle and leaves
beneath densely tomento'Se or clothed with thick white felted wool, leaves 8-18
in. broadly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate narrowed into a long winged sometimes
appendaged petiole puberulous above serrate-toothed or pinnatifid, heads ^ in.
diam. sessile in rounded clusters on a large branched panicle, invol. bracts
narrow rather rigid, recept. narrow glabrous, corolla-lobes of ^ hairy, achenes
10-ribbed pubescent, pappus red. Clarke Comp. Ind. 88. B. excisa and grandis,
DC. I.e. 446, 447. B. Milnei, Seem. Fl. Viti 141, t. 27. Conyza densiflora,
excisa awrf grandis, Wall. Cat. 2997, 3011, 3051. 0. falcigera, Wall. Cat. 2048;
ex DC. I. c. 0. dasycoma, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 56.

Tropical Himalaya ; Sikkim. Assam ; Mishmi and Naga hills, Griffith. Khasia
Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. Tavoy, Wallich. — Distrib. Malay and Fiji Islands.

270 Lxxvm. OOMPOSIT^^ (J. D. Hooker.) [Blumea.

The very woolly white undersurface of the leaves is a striking character of this
species, which however Kurz unites with halsamifera, perhaps, as Clarke thinks,
rightly, but the corolla lobes in this are hairy, and very glandular in halsamifera.

34. B. aromatica, DC. Prodr. v. 88 ; glandular, stem stout and leaves
iDeneath glabrous pubescent or loosely villous, leaves 6-12 in. membranous
obovate-oblong or -lanceolate serrate toothed orlobulate and jagged membranous
lower narrowed into a broadly winged often appendaged petiole upper sessile,
beads ^-^ in. sessile or pedimcled in clusters on the branches of a large spreading
panicle, invol. bracts slender pu\)erulous, recept. glabrous, corolla-lobes glandular,
achenes 10-ribbed hairy, pappus red. Garke Comp. Ind. 88. Conyza aromatica,
Wall. Cat. 3054.

Tropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon, alt, 1000 ft. eastwards, ascending to 5000 ft.
in Sikkim. Assam and Khasia Mts., alt. 3000 ft. Tenasserim, Kurs.

A very aromatic shrubby herb, chiefly distinguished from B. halsamifera by the
membranous foliage.

36. B. balsamifera, DC. Prodr. v. 466; tomentose or villous or silkily
woolly, stem tall corymbosely branched above, leaves 4-8 in. coriaceous elliptic
or oblong-lanceolate usually silky above serrate sometimes pinnatifid narrowed
into a usually auricled short petiole, heads |-^ in. sessile or peduncled in rounded
clusters on the stout branches of a large spreading or pyramidal panicle, invol.
bracts tomentose, recept. glabrous, achenes 10-ribbed silky, pappus red. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 89 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 189, excl. some syn. ; For. FL
ii. 82 ; Oonyza balsamifera, Linn. ; Wall. Cat. 2998 ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 427 ;
0. vestita, Wall. Cat. 2998. C. appendiculata, Blume Bijd. 895, not Lamk.

Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal and Sikkim, alt. 1-4000 ft. Assam, Khasia Mts.,
Chittagong, Pegu, Bibma and the Eastern Peninsula, to Singapore and Penang. —
DisTRiB. Java.

The most arboreous of all the species, smelling strongly of camphor.

DOUBTFUL species.

B. elongata, DC. Prodr. v. 445 (Conyza elongata, Wall. Cat. 3078) ; see under
B. Glarkei.

B.? leucanthema, BC. Prodr. v. 436 (Erigeron leucanthum, Bon Prodr. 171). It is
impossible to identify this by the meagre description of Don.

B. PUBiFLORA, BC. Prodr. v. 434; from Madras (Erigeron asteroides, Eoxh. in
Wall. Cat. 2975), is probably the Roxburghian plant referred to (see p. 254), but
there are no specimens of "Wallich's plant in his herbarium.

27. X. AGGER A, Sch. Bip.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, often rigid and decurrent.
Heads panicled or axillary, yellow (always ?), beterogamous, disciform ; outer
fl, $ , GO -seriate, fertile, filiform, mouth minutely toothed ; disk-fl. ^ , go -seriate,
fertile, tubular, limb 5-fid. Involucre campanulate ; bracts oo -seriate, narrow,
often rigid, outer shorter ; receptacle flat, naked. Anther-bases 2-lobed or
sagittate ; auricles obtuse or acute, often unequal, not tailed nor connate with
the adjoining anthers. Style-arms of ^ and pappus as in Blmnea. — Distrib.
Species 10, tropical African and Indian.

See remarks under Blumea and under B. memhranacea, var. 6.

1. Xi. flava, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 290; quite glabrous or puberulous, very
slender, leaves sharply toothed or incised lower petioled cauline oblong-cordate
l-amplexicaul, heads \ in. diam. few cymose, fl. golden yellow. Clarke Comp.
Ind. 90. Blumea flava, DC. Prodr. v. 439. Erigeron falcatum, Don Prodr.
172; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 191; excl. syn, Conyza fasciculata,
WaU. Cat. 3019 {not 3094).

Laggera,'] lxxviii. composit^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 271

Throughout Northern India ; from the Himalaya in Kumaon eastwards, ascend-
ing to 6000 ft. in SiKKiM and Bhotan ; southwards to Behar and the Golcondah
Hills, Beddorm in the west, and to Chittagong, Pbou, Tavoy and Pbnang in the
•east.

Stem 6 in. to 3 ft., simple or corymbosely branched above, grooved. Leaves 1-3
in., sometimes scaberulous, membranous. Heads on capillary peduncles ; recept.
glabrous; corolla yellow, lobes of ^ glabrous; anthers sagittate. Achenes most
minute, glabrous. Pajypus white.

2. Xi. alata, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohenach. n. 1340 ; robust, mucli
"branched; pubescent or tomentose, stem with entire -wings, leaves oblong toothed
sessile decurrent, heads f in. diam. racemed on short axillary winged branches
drooping in fruit, fl. purplish. Clarke Comp. Ind. 91. L. divaricata, Oliv. Fl.
Trop. Afr. iii. 526. Blumea alata, DC. Prodr. v. 448; Dalz. 8r Gibs.'^Bomb.
Fl. 125 ; Wight Ic. t. 1101. B. vernonioidea, DC. I. c. 4.4:7. Conyza alata,
Hoxb. Hort. Beng. 61 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 430. C. nutans, Blume Bijd. 896. 0.
cernua, Wall. Cat. 3012. Erigeron alatiun, Don Prodr. 171. Vernonia Wight-
iana. Wall. Cat. 2923 {mt of Arnott).

Tropical Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft., from Simla eastwards to Sikkim, and south-
wards in hilly districts ascending to 6000 ft. in the Nilgherry Mts., and to 7000 ft.
in Ceylon. Not found south of the Khasia Mts. and Birma in the east. — Distrib.
Java, China, Philippine Islds., Trop. Africa.

A stout, leafy herb. Leaves 1-4 in., sometimes almost entire. Inwl. bracts many,
outer short herbaceous often recurved, inner long straight. Achenes hairy ; pappus
•white.

3. Ii. pterodonta, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 290 ; much branched, glabrous
or puberulous, stem with deeply toothed lobed or interrupted wings, leaves
sessile oblanceolate toothed or pinnatifid at the base, heads § in. diam. on
(usually) slender peduncles at the ends of the branches, fl. purple. Clarke
Camp. Ind. 92. Blumea pterodouta, DC. in Wight Contrib, 16 ; Prodr. v. 448 ;
Wight Ic. t. 1100. Oonyza cernua, Wall. Cat. 3012 B. Serratula polygona,
A. Rich. Fl. Abyss, i. 437, t. 62.

Tropical Himalaya; from Simla, alt. 4000 ft. eastwards. Assam, Birma,
Nilgherry and Pulney Mts. — Distrib. Trop. Africa.

A more slender and glabrous plant than L. alata, well distinguished by the re-
markable wings of the stem, which are sometimes represented by a series of mem-
branous vertical laminae ^\ in. broad. Invol. bracts glabrous, rigid.

4. Xi. aurita, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohenack. ; rather slender, viscidly
hirsute pubescent or villous, stem not winged, leaves small sessile or petioled
oblanceolate toothed lobed cut or ^-pinnatifid, heads ^-^ in. diam. in small
lateral or terminal corymbs, flowers pink. Clarke Comp. Ind. 92. Blumea
aurita, DC. Prodr. v. 449. B. guineensis, DC. I. c. Conyza amita, Linn.f. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 428 ; Wall. Cat. 3069 ? and 3086 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 216.

Plains of India from the Punjab and Scind, eastwards and southwards to Chitta-
gong, Birma and Travancore. — Distrib. Tropical Africa.

A well-marked species. The leaves are decurrent, but very shortly only. Invol.
bracts slender, soft, villous. — The whole plant has an odour of turpentine.

28. PXiVCKEA, Cass.

Shrubs rarely herbs, tomentose or glutinous. Leaves alternate. Heads
small, in terminal leafless corymbs or large and subsolitary, heterogamous, dis-
ciform, white, yellow or lilac ; outer fl. § , oo -seriate, fertile, filiform ; disk-fl.
^ , few, sterile, tubular, limb 5-fid. Involucre ovoid or campanulate ; bracts

272 Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pluchea.

ovate, usually broad, dry, ri^id ; receptacle flat, naked. Anther-bases sagittate,
cells tailed. Style-arms of § filiform, entire or 2-fid. Achenes small, 4-5-
angled : pappus hairs slender, 1-seriate, rigid, free or many and connate in the
sterile achenes. — Distrib. About 30 species, tropical and subtropical.

1. P. indica, Less. ; DC. Prodr. v. 451 ; shrubby, glabrous or nearly so,
leaves obovate or oblanceolate subserrate narrowed into the short petiole, heads
in compound terminal corymbs, outer invol. bracts broad tips rounded. Wight
III. t. 131 {colour of Jl. lorong)', Clarke Comp. Ind. 93. P. foliolosa, DC.
Prodr. V. 451. Oonyza corymbosa, Poxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 426 ; Wall. Cat. 3009.
C. indica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 58. Baccharis indica, Linn.

Salt marshes, &c., from the Sunderbunds to Malacca and Pbnang. — Distbib.
Malay Islds., China.

A loM' shrub. Leaves 1-2 in., obtuse acute or apiculate, often gland-dotted.
Corymbs pubescent ; heads \ in. diam. ; flowers of disk ^ 3 ; of ray $ , numerous.
Achenes minute, ribbed, nearly glabrous ; pappus scanty, white, spreading.

2. P. ovalis, DC. Prodr. v. 450; shrubby, pubescent, branches winged,
leaves sessile oblong or obovate-oblong coarsely toothed, heads in compound
terminal corymbs, outer invol. bracts acute. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 328.
Baccharis ovalis, Pe)'s. Synops. ii. 424.

Punjab ; in the Salt Kange, Aitchison. — Distrib. N.- Africa.

A large shrub. Branches with broad green toothed and sinuate wings like Laqgera
pterodonta. Leaves 2-2^ by f-1 in., tips rounded. Corymbs HcahQvvloxiB ; heads \ in.
diam. Achenes (young) glabrous. — The wing may be an inconstant character. The
specimens are poor, and it may prove a form of P. tonientosa.

3. P. tomentosa, DC. in Wight Contrib. 16; Prodr. v. 457; shrubby or
tomentose, pubescent, branches not winged, leaves sessile broadly obovate base
auricled coarsely toothed, heads in compound terminal corymbs, outer invol.
bracts acute. Clarke Comp. Ind. 94. Oonyza tomentosa. Wall. Cat. 3031.

Upper Bengal, on the Granges from Futtihpore to Cawnpore. Central India,
SciND and the Deccan to Travancore.

A more or less glandular shrub, 5 ft. high {Dalzell). Leaves 1^2 in., often as
broad, acute or obtuse. Corymbs and heads as in P. ovalis. Pappus reddish.

4. P. VTallicliiana, DC Prodr. v. 451; shrubby, glandular-pubescent
and scabrid, branches not winged, leaves sessile obovate-oblong faintly toothed,
heads in compound corymbs, outer invol. bracts tomentose subacute. Dalz. 8f
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 126 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 94. Conyza sessilifolia, Wall. Cat.
3029. C. Oandolleana, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 217.

The Punjab, Falconer, Stewart. Scind, Stocks. G-uzerat (" only one specimen
seen in the whole country, perhaps not indigenous," Dalzell). — Distrib. Beluchistan.

A tall shrub. Leaves 1-2 in., variable in breadth, rigid, nerves raised on both
surfaces. Heads very similar to those of tomentosa. — Wallich gives Srinuggur in
Kamrup, as the habitat, but I suspect the specimen is one of Hamilton's and probably
western.

5. P. lanceolata, Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 329 ; shrubby, hoary-pubes-
cent, leaves sessile very coriaceous oblong or oblanceolate pungent quite entire
strongly nerved, heads in compound corymbs, invol. bracts short rounded
obtuse. Berthelotia lanceolata, DC. Prodr. v. 376; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 21;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 218. Oonyza lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 2991.

Upper Bengal, at Cawnpore, Oudh, and westward to the Punjab and Scind. —
Distrib: Affghanistan, Beluchistan, N. Africa.

Branches rather slender. Leaves 1-2 in., pale when dry, with strong very oblique

Pluchea.} Lxxviii. compositjj. (J. D. Hooker.) 273

nerves on both surfaces. Heads longer than broad; invol. contracted at the mouth,
outer bracts hoary.

6. P. argruta, Boiss. Diagn, Ser. ii. 3, p. 5 ; shrubby, glandular-pubescent,
"leaves sessile oblanceolate or obovate pungent coarsely serrate or lobulate

base auricled or not, heads peduncled solitary or few not or hardly corymbose,
invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate rigid. P. frutescens, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PL
xii. t. 116/. Oonyza odontophylla, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 217. Laggera arida,
Clarke Camp. Ind. 92.

SciND, Stocks ; Boogta hills, Vicary. Punjab, Aitchison. — Distrib. Baluchistan.

A stout branched shrub, succulent when near the sea. Leaves 1-1 1 in., very
variable in breadth, from ^-f in. Heads \-^ in. diam., quite different from those of
the preceding species, both as to structure and arrangement.

7. P. linearifolia, Clarke Comp. Ind. 95 ; annual, scaberulous, leaves
sessile very long linear rigid coriaceous margins recurved toothed, heads
clustered at the ends of the long branches of the corymb, outer invol. bracts
rounded.

Assam, Masters. Mishmi at Jingsha, on the Karam in sandy places, banks of the
Lohit below the Dihong (and ? Khasia Mts.), Griffith.

Stem apparently 2-3 ft., simple below, slender or stout, sometimes as thick as the
little finger, corymbosely branched above. Leaves 5-8 by \-^ in., sessile by a broad
base, midrib very stout, nerves very obscure. Corymb very scabrid, branches naked,
stiff, erecto- patent. Heads \ in. diam. ; invol. bracts scaberulous. Achenes not seen;
pappus snow-white. — This is a very curious plant, clearly annual, and differing wholly
in habit from the preceding but agreeing in the heads and flowers. A ticket with
"Khasia" on it is amongst Griffith's specimens, but no other collector has found it
there, and the ticket is probably misplaced.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

p. EUPATOBioiDEs, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 575 ; Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 191 ; has not
been found hitherto within the British border, it is a viscid Siamese shrub, with
petioled linear coarsely toothed leaves and corymbs of small heads with broad ovate-
lanceolate invol. bracts.

29. NAKOTKAMNUS, Thorns.

A small rigid woolly herb. Leaves alternate, acutely serrate. Heads small,
subsessile, subterminal and axillary, heterogamous, disciform ; outer fl. 1-4, $ ,
(rarely 0), filiform, 2-3-toothed, fertile; disk-fl. ^ , few, fertile, tube slender,
limb campanulate sub-2-lipped, outer lip 4-lobed, inner free to the base.
Involucre ovoid ; bracts oo -seriate, lanceolate, dry, inner sub-scarious, outer
shorter hispid ; receptacle flat, naked. Anther-hases sagittate, auricles mucro-
nate or shortly tailed. Style-arms of ^ filiform. Achenes obovoid, tip rounded,
ribs 5-8 slender ; pappus 0 or a minutely 5-toothed crown.

N". sericeus, Thoms. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 342, t. 3 ; Clarke Com^).
Ind. 96.

The CoNCAN, on dry hills, Dalzell, &c.

Root stout, fusiform, woody, annual ? Stems very many from the root, decumbent
or suberect and ascending, 6-8 in. long, pale, rigid. Leaves \-2 in., lanceolate, sessile
or contracted into a petiole, rigid, pungent and with irregular pungent teeth, strongly
nerved and reticulate. Heads \ in.j in dense clusters. — This curious plant bears some
resemblance to a Blumea of the oxyodonta group in habit and foliage.

VOL. III. T

274 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Epaltes,

30. EPAXiTSS, Cass.

Herbs. Leaves alternate, usually decurrent. Heads small, solitary or
corymbose, heterogamous, disciform ; outer fl. oo -seriate, $ , fertile, corolla
much shorter than the style, filiform, 2-3-toothed ; disk-fl. ^ , usually sterile,
tubular, Hmb 3-6-fid. Involucre broad ; bracts oo -seriate, dry, rigid ; receptacle
flat or convex or raised, naked. Anther-bases sagittate, auricles minute, con-
nate ; tails small. Style of ^ subulate, entire or 2-fid. Achenes of $
subterete, 5-10-ribbed, pappus 0; of ^ usually abortive, pappus-hairs 2-3,
caducous or 0. — Distrib. Species 9, Tropical Asiatic, African, and American.

1. E. divaricata, Cass. ; DC. in Wight Contrih. 16 ; Prodr. v. 461 ; heads
\—^ in. diam. subsolitary globose, invol. bracts finely acuminate inner longer
than the flowers. Dalz. ^■' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 126 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 96 {excl.
syn. E.pyfpnfsa) ; Wall. Cat. 2988. E. linearifolia, DC. I. c. Ethulia divari-
cata, Linn. ; Burm. Fl. Ind. 170, t. 68, f. 1.

Western Peninsula ; watery places from the Goncan southwards. Biema, at
Prome, WalUch. Ceylon, abiuidant. — Distrib. Java, China.

Glabrous, annual, 4-8 in. high, branched from the base ; branches divaricate,
winged. Leaves 1-2^ in., linear, linear-oblong or lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
toothed or entire, decurrent. Heads on winged peduncles, when ripe dull purplish,
with the invol. bracts almost pungent. Achenes ~ in., pale, obovate-oblong.

2. E. pyg-maea, DC. Prodr. v. 461 ; heads ^ in. diam., invol. bracts
broad obtuse or acute shorter than the flowers.

The Carnatic, Belanger, Wight.

This occurs in Wight's Herbarium mixed with E. divaricata, from which it widely
differs in the smaller size, the shape and size of the heads of the invol. bracts, and
more still in the achenes, which are not half the size (about ^ in.), more oblong,
black and obscurely ribbed. There is a fragment of this in Wallich's Herbarium,
collected by Bottler, and mixed with E. divaricata.

31. SPKBBXIANTKUS, Linn.

Low annuals with spreading branches. Leaves alternate, toothed, decurrent.
Heads small, in terminal solitary globose clusters, which are usually involucrate
by a few empty bracts, sessile on a common receptacle and bracteate or not,
heterogamous, disciform ; outer fl. J , few or many, fertile, slender, minutely
2-3-toothed ; disk-fl. ^ , solitary or few, fertile or sterile, tube thickened, limb
4^5-tooth8d. Involuc7'e narrow ; bracts narrow, acute, dry, unequal ; receptacle
small, naked. Anther-bases sagittate, auricles acute or tailed. Style-arms of ^
filiform or connate. Achenes oblong, subcompressed ; pappus 0. — Distrib.
Species 8, Tropical Asiatic, African and Australian.

1. S. amarantinoides, Burm.; DC. Prodr. v. 370; erect, glabrous,
branches not winged, leaves linear-oblong narrowed at the base decurrent obtuse
serrulate, clusters of heads subsessile ovoid glabrous, bracts imbricating spines-
cent. Clarke Cotnp. Ind. 96. S. zeylanicus, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3180 A.B.
Oligolepis amaranthoides, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 161 ; Ic. t.
1149.

Southern Mysore and Travancore; in rice fields, Wight. Ceylon, not un-
common.

Stem sometimes as thick as the little finger, but short, branches 8-12 in. Leaves
2-4 in. Heads ^-1 in.

Sphmranthiis.'] Lxxvm. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 275

2. S. peg^uensis, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 283; erect or decuin-
l)ent, glandular-pubescent, branches winged, leaves stmp-sliaped or linear-oblong
narrowed at the base and decurrent obtuse coarsely serrate, clusters of heads
T)roadly ovoid hirsute, bracts imbricating spinescent. Clarke Comp. Ind. 97.
S. zeylanicus, Wall. Cat. 3180 C.

BiBMA ; banks of the Irawaddi, Wallich. Pegu, Kurz.

Less robust than S. amaranthoid^s, and with the decurrent bases of the leaves
•continued throughout the nodes, and toothed ; clusters of heads shorter and hairy all
■over.

3. S. africanus, Linn. Sp. PI. 1314; glabrous or pubescent, branches
ascending winged, leaves obovate narrowed and decurrent at the bases finely
toothed, clusters of heads small globose on winged peduncles glabrous, bracts
rounded not imbricating. S. africanus and microcephaius, Willd. Sp. PI. iii.
2395. S>. microcephaius, DC. Prodr. v. 369; Clarke Comp. Ind. 97. S. indicus,
Xurz in Jmirn. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 183 ; Poxb. Hart. Beng. Q'2 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 446.
S. africanus, Wall. Cat. 3179, in part.

Plains of Bengal and Silhet, and southwards to Ceylon and Malacca, common
in swamps. — Distrib. Persia. Africa. Malay Islds. China, Philippines and
Australia.

Branches stout or slender, curved, ascending, wing entire. Leaves 1-3 in. Clusters
■of heads \-\ in. diam., very different from those of the former species, the bracts
very small not imbricating nor spinulose, do not conceal the heads. Whole plant
fragrant.

4. S. indicus, Linn. Sp. PL 1314; tomentose or villous, branches ascen-
ding with toothed wings, leaves obovate-oblong toothed or serrate, base nar-
rowed and decurrent, clusters of heads on winged peduncles globose or shortly
oblong, bracts short slender acuminate. Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 94, f. 3. S. indicus,

Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 2394. S. hirtus, WUld. I. c. 2396 ; DC. Prodr. v. 369 ; Kurz
in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 183; Clarke Co?np. Ind. 97; Wall. Cat. 3178;

Wight Ic. t. 1094. S. africanus, Wall. Cat. 3179, in part. S. mollis, Roxb.
Sort. Beng. 62; Fl. Ind. iii. 446; DC. I. c. ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. FL 123.—
Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 43.

Tropical Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft., from Kumaon to Sikkim. Assam,
SiLHET, and southwards to Ceylon and Singapore ; common in rice fields. — Distrib.
Africa, Malay Islds., Australia.

32. PTEROCAVX.ON, Elliott.

Tomentose herbs. Leaves alternate, decurrent. Heads small, collected in
globose, terminal or scattered or spicate clusters, heterogamous, disciform,
yeUow ; outer fl. 5 , many-seriate, fertile, filiform, truncate or 2-3-toothed ;
disk-fl. ^ , few or solitary, usually sterile, tubular, slender, 5-toothed. Involucre
ovoid or campanulate ; bracts narrow, few-seriate, inner deciduous with the
flowers, outer shorter ; receptacle small, naked, hirsute or with deciduous
bristles. Anther-bases sagittate ; auricles connate, tailed. Style-arms of 5
filiform, subobtuse. Achenes small, 4-5-ribbed ; pappus slender, 1-2-seriate. —
Distrib. Species 13, all tropical.

P. cylindrostachyum, Clarke Comp. Ind. 98 ; erect, densely woolly,
leaves obovate or oblong obtuse serrate rugose decurrent, clusters of heads
sessile globose. P. Billardieri, F. Muell. Descr. Papuan PL iii. 43 ; Kurz in
Joum. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 182. Monenteles spicatus, Labill. Sert. Nov. Caled. 43,
t. 43. Gnaphalium cylindrostachyum. Wall. Cat. 3931.

t2

276 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Blejpharisjpermum,

BiBMA and the Eastern Peninsula, from Pegu southwards. — Distbib. Philippine
Islds. New Caledonia. Australia.

Eobust, 1-2 ft. high; branches erect. Leaves 1-1 1 in., white beneath. Heads ^
in., sessile, horizontal ; invol. bracts shining ; disk-fl. solitary. Achenes sparingly-
hairy.

83. BZiEPKARISPBRIIXUXIK, Wight.

Glabrous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Heads small, compressed, in solitary
or crowded globose clusters which are sessile on an oblong or cylindric terminal
receptacle, heterogamous, discoid ; outer fl. $ , few, fertile, very slender, 3-4-
toothed ; disk-fl. 2-8, ^ , fertile or not, tubiiar, 5-fid. Invol. h'acts 1-2, like
the pales, but shorter : receptacle minute or cylindric, with broad rigid pales
enclosing the flowers. Anthet'-hases sagittate, auricles subcaudate. Style-arms
of 5 linear, stout, obtuse. Achenes obcompressed, black, outer on both faces
with a ciliate rib, margins ciliate ; pappus pales or bristles very unequal, or
wdth 2-3 stronger ones at the angles, or 0 in the sterile achenes. — Disteib.
2 Tropical Indian and an African species.

1. B. petiolare, DC. in Wight Contrib. 12; Prodr. v. 268; leaves
petioled ovate membranous acuminate, clusters of heads long-peduncled corym-
bose. Clarke Comp. Ind. 98 ; Arnott in Mag. Zool. ^ Hot. ii. 421 ; Wight Ic.
t. 1092 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 19, f. 1.

Teavancoke ; at Courtallam, Wight.

A glabrous shrub, branches slender. Leaves 3-7 in., acuminate ; petiole ^-f in.
Clusters of heads g-| in. diam. ; basal bracts broad ; heads 4-fld. ; 9^-2, pappus of
a few bristles ; achenes compressed, margins ciliate ; fl. $ 2 ; pappus 0 ; achenes
small, empty.

2. B. subsessile, DC. in Wight Contrib. 12 ; Frodr. v. 368 ; leaves
subsessile ovate or elliptic obtuse coriaceous finely reticulate, heads solitary
shortly peduncled. Clarke Co7np. Ind. 98 ; Wight Ic. t. 1093 ; Deless. Ic. Sel.
iv. t. 19, f. 2. Leucoblepharis subsessilis, Arn. in Mag. Zool. cS* Hot. ii. 422 ;
Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 123 ; Wall. Cat. 7524 {DC).

The CoNCAN, Canara and Mysore ; on the Ghats.

A glabrous undershrub, with a woody rootstock. Leaves 1 ^-5 by f -2^ in., shining
on both surfaces, narrowed into the petiole. Clusters of heads globose, 1-1^ in.
diam., with leafy bracts at the base, 5-10-fld. ; fl. ? 2, pappus of a few hairs,
achenes compressed almost villous with long hairs ; fl. ^ 3-8, pappus like the $ and
achenes smaller.

34. ATKBOISBXA, DC.

A viscid glabrous or pubescent annual. Leaves alternate, petioled, pinnatifid.
Heads small, in globose or ovoid terminal peduncled clusters which are sessile
on a common cylindrical receptacle, heterogamous, disciform ; outer fl. $ , very
few, filiform, 2-3-toothed, fertile ; disk-fl. §, fertile, tubular, limb campanulate
shortly 4-fid. Invol. bracts 1-2, like the pales, but shorter ; receptacle cylindric,
with broad dry pales enclosing the flowers. Anther-bases sagittate ; auricles
connate, acute. Style-arms of ^ short, flattened, very obtuse. Achenes black,
inner face flat, outer convex, margin ciliate ; pappus a short stellately spreading
fimbriate corona.

A. laciniatuxn, DC. Prodr. v. 369 ; Garke Comp. Ind. 98. Sphaer-
anthus laciniatus, Wall. Cat. 3184 {DC).

Bengal, from the Hoogly at Eajmahal, eastwards to Assam, and southwards to
BiKMA and Tenasserim. — Distrib. Java.

Filago.'] Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 277

Simple or branched from the base ; branches ascending 6-18 in., soft. Leaves few,
1-2 in. ; segments oblong, toothed. Clusters of heads ^-1^ in. long.

85. Fill AGO, Linn.

Small woolly lierbs. Leaves alternate. Heads small, sessile in crowded
terminal and axillary clusters whicli are often enclosed by floral leaves, hetero-
gamous, disciform ; outer fl. $, oo -seriate, fertile, filiform, 2- 3-toothed; disk-
fl. 5 , few, fertile or not ; limb scarcely dilated, 4-5-tootlied. Invol. h'acts 2-
00 -seriate, scarious, inner gradually passing into the pales, but shorter than
these ; receptacle cylindric, obconic or flat and constricted at the base ; pales
at the base of the outer of all the flowers, hyaline, concave. Anther-bases
sagittate ; auricles small, tails short slender. Style-arms of ^ oblong or linear,
obtuse. Achenes minute, subterete or compressed, tip rounded, not ribbed;
. pappus of inner $ and § 1-2-seriate, slender, scabrid ; of outer $ 0 or scanty.
— DiSTKiB. Species about 8, natives of the old world.

1. r. grermanica, Linn.\ DC. Prodr. vi. 247; woolly all over, branched
from the base, branches dichotomous divaricating, leaves obovate-oblong apicu-
late, clusters of heads surrounded by leafy bracts longer than themselves,
invol. bracts erect in fruit acuminate outer awned. Clarlie Comp. Ind. 99.
Gnaphalium hurdwaricum^ Wall. Cat. 2951 ; DC. I. c. 231.

Plains and Mts. of Nobth-Western India, from Cawnpore in the plains and
Kumaon in the Himalaya westward to AiFghanistan, ascending to 8000 ft. in Tibet.
— DiSTBiB. Westwards to the Canaries.

An erect or prostrate slender annual. Stems or branches 2-6 in., flexuous.
■Clusters terminal in the forks of the branches, \-^ in. diam., shorter than the leafy
bracts ; heads 6-20, §• in. long, glistening, yellowish. — The Indian specimens appear
mostly to belong to the prostrate form, F. spathulata, Presl (Boiss. FL Orient, iii.
246), including F. prostrata, Parlatore, with the leafy bracts longer than the clusters.

2. r. arvensis, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 247 ; woolly all over,
"branched from the base, branches erect with erect divisions, leaves linear-lan-
ceolate erect, clusters of heads axillary and terminal surrounded by leafy bracts
shorter than themselves, invol. bracts spreading in fruit obtuse, outer with
^carious tips. Clarke Comp. Ind. 99, exxl. syn.

North West India, Falconer. Western Tibet ; Iskardo and Dras, alt. 7-9000 ft.,
aiarJce. — Distrib. Westward to the Canaries.

There are two forms, one tall and stout, the other more slender and decumbent,
like F. germanica. It is not a common North Western plant, as supposed by Clarke,
who has confounded it with F. germanica in his " Compositse Indicae."

36. irXiOOA, Cass.

Herbs or small shruhs. Leaves alternate, small or slender, often clustered.
Heads small, solitary or clustered, sessile, forming leafy spikes, heterogamous,
disciform; outer fl. $, 1-x -seriate, fertile, very slender, obscurely toothed;
disk-fl. ^ , sterile, limb 5-toothed. Invol. bracts few ; receptacle cylindric below
or slightly elevated, top flat naked, with an outer ring of scarious pales as long
as the bracts. Anther-bases sagittate, tails very slender. Achenes glabrous, of $
fl. small, oblong, pappus 0 ; of § pappus hairs few, 1-seriate, feathery. — ^Disteib.
Species 8, one Indian, the rest N. African.

Z. Fontanesii, Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxiii. 14 ; annual, branched from
the base, branches ascending densely leafy, leaves narrowly linear spreading

278 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) lAntennaria.

acute, beads 2-3-nate nestling amongst the leaves tliroughout the length of the
branches reddish, invol. bracts scarions aristate. I. cauliflora, Clarke Comp.
Ind. 99. I. spicata, Schultz-Bip. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 248. Trichogyne
cauliflora, DC. Pi'odr. vi. 266. Gnaphalium spicatum, Vahl. G. anemophilum^
Wall. Cat. 2943.

Upper Gangetic plaiks, from Saharunpore westwards to the frontier. — Distkib*
AVestward to the Canaries.

Woolly or glabrate. Branches 4-6 in. high, 1 in. diam. across the leaves,,
densely clothed with leaves and heads. Heads ^ in. long, glistening, glabrous; invoL
bracts and pappus red.

37. ANTXSNNARIA, Gaei-tn.

Tufted perennial herbs, -woolly or tomentose. Leaves spathulate, quite
entire, radical, often rosulate. Heads solitary or in terminal corymbs, disciform,
dioecious ; fl. $ all fertile, filiform, truncate or minutely toothed ; § steiile,
tubular, limb campanulate 6- rarely 4-fid, Involucre ovoid or campanulate ;
bracts oo -seriate, scarious, innermost woolly ; recept. convex or nearly flat,
pitted, naked. Anthei'-bases sagittate, auricles connate caudate. Styles of ^
imdivided or 2-fid., tips obtuse or truncate. Achencs of J small, oblong, terete
or sub-compressed, not ribbed ; pappus-hairs of ? copious, slender, connate at
the base ; of fl. ^ fewer, crisped. — Distkib. Species about 10, mountain plants
of various countries.

The dioecious flowers are the only character that distinguishes this genus from
Anaphalis.

1. A. nana, Hook. f. ^ Thorns.-, Clarke Comp. Ind. 100; stemless,
leaves spreading |-1 in., heads subsessile solitary, invol. bracts linear-lanceolate
acute upper half and margins hyaline.

Western Tibet ; Nubra and Shayuk valleys, &c., alt. 12-14,000 ft., Thomson.

A densely tufted woolly herb, 1-3 in. high. Leaves linear spathulate or oblanceo-
late, woolly on both surfaces. Heads small, sessile amongst the leaves or shortly
peduncled, \ in. diam., dioecious. Pappus copious, white, hairs slender, tips not dilated
or bearded. — An anomalous Antennaria, the pappus of the ^ not being bearded or
dilated at the tip.

2. A. muscoides, Hook. f. 8f Thorns. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 100 ; leaver
minute densely imbricate, heads solitary sessile, invol. bracts linear-oblong
subacute almost wholly hyaline.

Sekkim Himalaya in the interior ranges ; alt. 16-18,000 ft., J. D. H.

There are two forms of this, one is quite moss-like, very compactly tufted, forming
great white cushions on the bare ground ; its leaves are about ■— in. long, closely im-
bricated with the rounded blade spreading starlike on the surface of the mass ; the
other grows more loosely, with spathulate spreading leaves ^ in. long. Pappus hairs
connate at the base, as are those of A. nana.

38. Z.SONTOPODZUXa, Br.

Perennial tufted woolly herbs, with simple leafy flowering stems. Leaves
quite entire. Heads small, sessile in involucmte clusters, disciform, unisexual
. or 2-sexual with the $ flowers outermost ; fl. $ fertile, filiform, truncate or
minutely toothed; fl. § tubular, sterile, limb campanulate 5-fid. Involucre
campanulate, bracts oo -seriate, scarious, inner acute or with a spreading petaloid
limb, outer smaller, outermost woolly ; recept. convex, naked. Anther-bases
sagittate, auricles with slender tails. Styles of § usually entire, obtuse or trun-
cate. Achenes of $ small, oblong, subterete, not ribbed : pappus hairs slender,.

Xeontopo'dium.'} lxxviii. composit-*!. (J. D. Hooker.) 279

1-seriate, sliortly bearded, bases sub -connate. — Distrib. Species 5, on the
mountains of Europe and Asia.

Zi. alpinum, Cass. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 275 ; Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 947;
•Clarke Comp. Ind. 100. L. himalayanum, DC. I. c. L. monocephalum, Edgew.
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 73. Gnaphalium pulchellum, Wall. Cat. 2946.

Alpine Himalaya and Tibet, ascending from 10,000 to nearly 18,000 ft. — Distrib.
Alps of Europe and Central Asia.

This, the Edel- Weiss of the European Alps, is very variable in habit and in the
length of foliage, amount of woolliness and size of the involucriform leaves ; the
rosulate lower leaves vary from obovate- oblong and \ in. long, to linear and 1-1^ in.
long, equally woolly on both surfaces or less so or almost glabrate above ; flowering
stem 1-8 in., erect or ascending, slender or stout, sparingly or densely leafy or woolly ;
cauline leaves sessile or ^-ampjexicaul, linear or linear-oblong, rarely obovate, obtuse
or acute ; involucriform leaves ^1 in. long, linear or dilated upwards, spreading pr
recurved, almost always densely clothed with yellowish wool, always longer than the
cluster of heads. Heads monoecious, \ in. long; invol. bracts erect, scarious, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, tipped with purple. Achenes papillose if fertile, smooth if
sterile ; pappus hairs of $ filiform, of $ thickened towards the tips.

Var. Stracheyi; stem 12 in. filiform nearly glabrous, radical leaves 0, cauline lan-
ceolate acuminate base auricled cobwebby above, snow-white and woolly beneath. —
Kumaon at Tola, alt. 11,500 ft., StfTSf Winterb. Nipal, J. Scully. This appears to
me to be a state of L. alpina, drawn up amongst rocks, but it is a very peculiar one.

89. ANAPKAIiIS, DC.

Perennial, rarely annual, erect, cottony or woolly, rarely pubescent or glabrate
herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbose, heterogamoiis with the $
fl. outermost, or unisexual or subdicecious, disciform ; fl. § numerous, filiform,
fertile, 2-4-tootlied ; fl. ^ usually sterile, tubular, limb subcampanulate 5-fid.
Involucre campanulate turbinate or sub-globose ; bracts oo -seriate, scarious,
inner with a petaloid limb, outer shorter, outermost woolW ; receptacle naked.
Anther-bases sagittate ; auricles connate, tailed. Style of ^ filiform, obtuse,
subcapitate or 2-cleft. Acheries very small, oblong; pappus hairs of $ 1-seriate,
slender, scabrid, quite free and caducous, of ^ often thickened at the tips. —
Distrib. Species about 25, chiefly temperate and mountain plants of Asia and
America.

It is difficult to conceive a more troublesome assemblage of plants to discriminate
and describe than this genus presents, 'ihe following arrangement of the Indian
species is quite artificial. I have vainly sought good characters in the number of the
flowers and of $ and ? flowers in a head ; these vary much in the same plant, and in
different plants of the same species, and I suspect that the size of head which differs
in very similar plants and which is relied on as a specific character in often only a
sexual one. In some (as A. oblovga) the disk-flowers are all- fertile, thus breaking
down the character between this genus and Gnaphalium ; in fact the differences be-
tween these genera and Helichrysum, Antennaria and Leontopodium are artificial and
hardly sufficient for practical purposes.

Series I. Heads large, ^-f in. diam. (except in A. xylorhiza and Royleand)^
more or less stellately spreading, acute or acuminate, white. — All Himalayan
and mostly Alpine.

1. A. nubig'ena, DC. Jh'odr. vi. 272; dwarf, softly woolly or cottony,
stems simple tufted 1-8 in., leaves elliptic or lanceolate or lowest obovate-spathu-
late 1-nerved acute or with a naked point or awn, base contracted, heads 1 or
few ^-1 in. diam., invol. bracts lanceolate obtuse or subacute \ to more than ^
in. long.

280 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) lAna^halis.

Alpine Himalaya and Tibet, alt. 12-16,000 ft. The following forms have very
unstable characters.

Vae. 1 . nuhigena proper ; stems 3-8 in. slender, leaves narrow and scattered usually
5^-^ in., heads solitary rarely 2-3 f-1 in. diam, A. nubigena, monocephala atid
mucronata, DC. I. c. A. nubigena and mucronata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 105, 106.
Gnaphalium nubigenum, Wall. Cat. 2935.

Var. 2. intermedia; slender, 3-8 in., leaves longer ^-f in. as in var. 1., heads
1-5 corymbose smaller often crowded. A. nubigena j8. polycephala, Clarke Cmnp.
Ind. 106. Antennaria triplinervis 7. intermedia, DC. I.e. 270. Gnaphalium inter-
medium. Wall. Cat. 2936, in part. — This passes insensibly into A. cuneifolia. There
is a great mixture of this and Var. 1 in "Wallich's Herbarium, and from the description
I suspect that De Candolle had specimens of the following under his eye when
describing A. triplinervis, var. intermedia.

2. A. cuneifolia, Hook./.-, softly woolly or cottony, stems several
ascending slender 6-12 in. often stoloniferous, leaves 1-2 in. linear-oblong or
obovate-oblong or the lower spathulate ^-amplexicaul acute and aristate, heads
^-f in. diam. corymbose, in vol. bracts ^ in. lanceolate acute or obtuse white.
Gnaphalium cuneifolium, Wall. Cat. 2934, except left-hand specimen. Anten-
naria triplinervis var. cuneifolia, DC. Prodr. vi. 270. Helichrysum stoloniferum
and ? elegans, Don Prodr. 176. Elichrysum nepalense, &preng. Syst. Veg. iii.
485.

Temperate and Alpine Himalaya ; from 8-12,000 ft. in Kashmir, and from
9-13,000 ft. in Sikkim, abundant.

It is impossible to distinguish small states of this from large ones of nubigena,
var. intermedia, though on the whole this retains its characters throughout the length
of the Himalaya.

3. A. Iloyleana, DC. Prodr. 272 ; stems many from the root 4-6 in.
•woody below leafy, leaves f-l^^ in. sessile linear or linear-oblong obtuse or acute
woolly beneath or on both surfaces l-nerved flat or margins recurved, heads \-^
in. diam. in rounded corymbs, invol. bracts ^-\ in. ovate obtuse or acute
white.

Alpine Himalaya, alt. 9-15,000 ft. ; Kunawar, Boyle, &c.

Var. 1, Poyleana proper ; leaves puberulous or scaberulous above. A. Royleana
and polylepis, DC. I. c. A. poljlepis, Clarke Comp. Ind. 104. Pangi and Werang
Pass, alt. 10-13,000 ft. — Roj'le's specimens do not show the woody base of the stem,
which is the only described difference between this and A. 'polylepis, DC, except the
size of the heads, which vary much, being sometimes as small as in A. contorta. The
invol. bracts vary in length and acuteness, and the outer have a broad thickened
coloured claw as in A. xylorkiza. A. Boyleana of Clarke (Comp. Ind. 104) is A,
Griffithii.

Var. 2, concolor; leaves uniformly clothed on both surfaces with soft white op
grey tomentum rarely apiculate. A. chionantha, Herb. Ind. Or. H. F. ^ T. Gnapha-
lium canum, Wall. Cat. 2942, in part. — Alpine Himalaya, alt. 9-13,000 ft. Kunawar,
Jacquemont, &c. Mana, Edgeworth. Sikkim, alt. 13-15,000 ft., J. D. H.

Var. 3. cana ; stems very numerous and slender, leaves l-\^ in. more or less
woolly or cottony on both surfaces very narrow margins often revolute. Antennaria
chionantha, var. cana, DC. I. c. Gnaphalium canum, Wall. Cat. 2942, in part. —
Specimens with broader leaves not revolute at the margin are with difficulty distin-
guished from forms of A. cuneifolia.

4. A. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; stems 12-18 in. erect or ascending slender
leafy, leaves beneath densely clothed with white or sub-cinnamomeous wool,
leaves 1-1 1 in. linear acute or apiculate ^-amplexicaul above white or grey
woolly or cobwebby l-nerved margins flat or revolute, heads many ^-in. diam.
in usually open corymbs, invol. bracts ^ in. ovate or elliptic-ovate subacute
white. A. Royleana, ? Herb. Ind. Or. HfSfT.; aarke Comp. Ind. 104.

AnaphaUs.'\ Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 281

East Nipal; Tambur river, alt. 6-8000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., Griffith (Kew
Dist. 3231), at Pomrang, alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. ^ T. T.

I advance this species with great hesitation ; it is intermediate between Boyleana
and cinnamomea, but is much larger than the former in all its parts and more robust,
and it differs from the latter species in its smaller foliage and larger heads with more
spreading bracts. This is certainly not A. Boyleana, DC, of which I have seen
authentic specimens since the distribution of the Indian Herbarium.

5. A. triplinervis, Clarke Comp. Ind. 105; stems rather stout often
flexuous leafy and leaves "beneathi densely clothed with white wool, leaves 3-8
in. obovate or elliptic-oblong acute amplexicaul 3-5-nerved cobwebby above,
heads |^-f in. diam. in open or close corymbs, invol. bracts \ in. long ovate-
lanceolate acute or subacute white. Antennaria triplinervis, Sims Bot. Mag. t.
2468; DC. Prodr. vi. 270, excl. var. /3 and 7; D(m Prodr. 174. Gnaphalium
perfoliatum. Wall. Cat. 2937. G. cynoglossoides, Trevir. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.
xiii. i. 200.

Temperate Himalata; alt. 6-10,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan.

A very much larger more robust plant than A. nubigena, var. intermedia, with the
leaves sometimes 3 in. diam. and strongly amplexicaul or even auricled at the base ;
but small specimens come very close to large ones of that plant.

6. A. subumbellata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 108; pubescent and glandular,
greenish brown when dry, stem 12-16 in. erect rather slender leafy, leaves 1-2
in. linear-oblong acute or apiculate ^-amplexicaul obscurely 3-nerved green
above and beneath lowest spathulate, margins flat, heads many ^-f in. diam.
in rounded or subumbeUate corymbs, invol. bracts nearly ^ in. lanceolate acute
white.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Lachoong valley, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H.
A very distinct species, rather viscid, with sweet-smelling foliage when fresh, as
in A. Hookeri, which it a good deal resembles except in the larger heads.

7. A. xylorhiza, Schvltz-Bip. mss. ; clothed with soft spreading brown
wool, root very stout woody twisted, crown divided into many densely tufted
very short stout branches clothed with membranous leaf bases and tufted linear-
«pathulate leaves ^-f in. long, flowering stems 1-3 in. scape-like with linear-
oblong sessile leaves, heads many ^ in. diam. clustered, invol. bracts about 15
I in. long ovate subacute with a broad brown claw ^ the length of the blade.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Tibetan region, alt. 10-17,000 feet., J. D. H. Bagdwar in
Kumaon, alt. 8000 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb.

A very distinct species, gathered late, and I am hence uncertain whether the
invol. bracts always spread in a flowering state, their form is more that of the next
section. The plant in Herb. Strach, & Wint. has rather larger heads and more
lanceolate invol. bracts, but is, I think, the same species.

Series II. Heads ^-^ in. diam. ; invol. bracts erect incurved or somewhat
recurved, stellately spreading only after flowering.

* Leaves Jlat, margins rarely recui'ved, ^-7 -nerved. — Usually tall, stout, leafy
species. {See A. triplinervis in Series I., A. oblonga and zeylanica in **).

8. A. cinnamomea, Clarke Comp. Ind. 104; stems 1-2 ft. usually
simple rather robust leafy and leaves beneath densely clothed with white grey
or cinnamomeous wool, leaves 2-4 in. spreading or horizontal tapering from
the middle to a ^-amplexicaul simple or auricled base and to the acute point
glabrous or woolly above 3-5-nerved, heads very many subglobose ^-^ in. diam.,
invol. bracts } in, elliptic-ovate obtuse erect or incurved white opaque. Anten-
naria cinnamomea, DC, Prodr. vi. 270. A. Timmua, Don Prodr. 174. Gna-
phalium cinnamomeum, W^all. Cat. 2944. G. Wightianum, Thwaites Enum.
im, in part {C. P. 668).

282 Lxxvm. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) lAuaphalis^

TiiMPEKATE Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 4-9000 ft. to Sikkim and Bhotan^
alt. 5-10,000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Ceylon; central province, alt.
6-8000 ft,, Thwaites. — Distrib. Upper Birma, N. China and Japan.

Very similar to the American, A. margaritacea, but the leaves are 3-nerved and
usually cinnamomeous beneath ; they vary from ^-§ in broad, and when very narrow
are only 1 -nerved, margins generally flat. Corymbs usually much branched.

9. A. Hookeri, Clarke mss. ; stem 1-2 ft. simple or corymbosely branched
glandular-pubescent leafy, leaves 2-4 in. spreading narrowly lanceolate tapering
from the auricled ^-amplexicaul base to the acuminate point 3-nerved sparsely
cobwebby or cottony and subglandular both surfaces greenish-brown when dry-
margins flat, heads very small ^ in. diam. globose in broad much-branched
corymbs, invol. bracts j^ in. long broadly ovate obtuse white opaque.

Sikkim Himalaya; Lachen andLachoong valleys, alt. 9-11,000 ft., J. D. H.
A very distinct looking species, but allied to A. subumhellata in its glandular
pubescence and habit.

10. A. adnata, DC Prodr. vi. 274; stem simple stout leafy 2-4 ft.
densely clothed with wHte silky or cottony^ wool, leaves 2-5 in. suberect
obovate oblong sub-spatbulate or lanceolate acute or obtuse leathery 1-3-nerved
narrowed to the ^-amplexicaul base, heads numerous \-^ in. diam. subglobosa
in dense roimded clusters on the stout branches of a large corymb or in a simple
terminal cluster, invol. bracts ^ in. long rounded-ovate obtuse white opaque.
Clarke Com}!. Ind. 108. Gnaphalium adnatum. Wall. Cat. 2948.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-8000 ft., from Simla eastwards to Bhotan. Khasia
Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Martaban, alt. 5-7000 ft.

In its fullest development much the largest, stoutest, and largest-leaved Indian
species, with stem as thick as the middle-finger, and obovate- spathulate 3-nerved
leaves attaining 1|- in. diam. ; it, however, grows more slender with leaves \ in. diam.
and 1 -nerved. The white woolly clothing is very uniform ; the root appears annual.

11. A. fruticosa, Hooh. f. ; shrubby, branches stout terete woody
covered below with persistent leaf-bases produced beyond the leaves into a
long slender cottony flowering branch, leaves 1-2 in. crowded spreading oblan-
ceolate obtuse narrowed from beyond the middle 3-nerved coriaceous margins
flat glabrous above beneath clothed with appressed cinnamomeous wool, heads
many ^ in. diam. campanulate in a large branched open corymb, longer invol.
bracts \ in. narrowly obovate-oblong obtuse recurved white shining. Gnapha-
lium Wightianum, Thwaites JEnum. 1Q6 (O.P. 132).

Ceylon ; Adam's Peak, Thwaites.

Apparently a very distinct species, but I have seen only one specimen ; it differs;
wholly from Wightiana in habit, form and colour of foliage, and in the campanulate
heads. The woody terete branch is nearly as thick as a goose-quill, the leaves are
widest beyond the middle and coloured underneath like A. cinnamomea, which differ*
in the globose heads with brolader shorter bracts. It is most like a very large fono.
of A. marcescens, but the large heads and bracts are quite different.

12. A. Beddoxuei, Jlook. f. ; clothed with appressed grey cottony wool,
stem stout 1-2 ft. leafy simple, leaves 2-3 in. elliptic-lanceolate from a sessile
^-amplexicaul narrowed base strongly 5- (upper 3-) nerved, heads ^ in. diam»
sessile subglobose in dense rounded corymbose clusters, invol. bracts ^ in. elliptic-
oblong obtuse white glistening.

Western Peninsula, Beddome.

A beautiful species, just received from Colonel Beddome without locality, easily
recognised by the elliptic lanceolate 5-ribbed leaves. There are about as many ? aa
hermaphrodite flowers, and it may be referable to Gnaphalium.

Anaphalis.'} Lxxvm. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 283

** Leaves 1- {ven/ i-arely Z-) nerved, ^-4 in. : margins usually Jlat, or slightly
recurved when dry, hut strongly recurved in many forms, mwe rarely in araneosa.
{See also A. contorta and zeylanica in ***.)

13. A. araneosa, DC. Prodr. vi. 109 5 stem 1-3 ft. erect usually much
branched more or less winged by the decurrent leaf-bases pubescent and glan-
dular or cottony or woolly leafy, leaves suberect or spreading 1-4 in. tapering-
from a narrow or broad ^-amplexicaul often auricled and sometimes decurrent
base to an acuminate point, margins generally recurved at the base only pu-
berulous or cottony beneath or on both surfaces 1-nerved, heads ^^ in. diam.
subglobose in subglobose clusters or in large open much branched corymbs^
invol. bracts jV/o i°- elliptic obtuse white opaque. Clarke Comp. Ind. 109.
Gnaphalium Busua, Ham. in Don Prodr. 173. G. semidecurrens, Wall. Cat.
2947 A. G. ? decurrens, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2939. ? G. viUosissima, Don
Prodr. 175.

Tempeeate Himalaya; from Marri and Simla, alt. 5-8000 ft., to Sikkim, alt.
6-10,000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-7000 ft.

I find it impossible to limit the varieties of this in respect of glabrousness or
woolliness. Koyle's specimens have a very little cottony wool, but are otherwise
puLerulous or glandular only, and the same form occurs in the Khasia ; Wallich's
semidecurrens has leaves white and cottony beneath, and others are cottony and white
all over. A Khasian form connects it with A. contorta. The glandular forms are
sweet-scented like A. subumhellata, which has never so broadly branched a corymb.

14. A. oblong'a, DC. Prodr. vi. 174; softly cottony and white, stems-
usually many ascending from the root 4-18 in. slender or stout leafy, leaves |-1^
in. erect and spreading oblong or obovate or linear-oblong acute from a broad
^-amplexicaul base rarely narrowly linear cottony on both surfaces, margins flat,
nerves 1 rarely 3 very obscure, heads turbinate ^ in. diam. sessile densely
crowded in rounded corymbose clusters, invol. bracts ^ in. linear-oblong white
or pink glistening. Clarke Comp. Ind. 112. Gnaphalium indicum, Thwaites
Enum. 166. G. subdecurrens, DC. in Wight Contrih. 21. G. semidecurrens.
Wall. Cat. 2947 B.

"Western Ghats, from the Bababooden to the Pulney Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft.,
Heyne, &c. Ceylon ; central Province, ascending to 7000 ft.

The uniform white cottony clothing and usually short broad leaves with flat mar-
gins and indistinct midrib beneath, small heads, and acuminate bracts, distinguish
this at once from the others. It is exceedingly A^ariable in habii. Gnaphalium sub-
decurrens, DC, is no doubt, as "Wight states, a state of A. oblonga with perfect disk
flowers, the styles of which are 2-fid (as indeed they are in most of the Indian species) ;
it unites Gnaphalium with Anaphalis. I find the same character in Ceylon specimens,
whence Thwaites technically referred the plant to Gnaphalium, though it is not
Linnseus's G. indicum. The globose clusters of heads are sometimes disposed in
forked cymes.

Var. elliptica ; stem stouter more leafy upwards, leaves broader sometimes 1 in.
diam. obscurely 3-5-nerved. A. ? elliptica, DC. Prodr. vi. 274 ; Wight Ic. 1. 11 18 (bad) ;
Clarke Comp. Jvd. 112. — Neilgherry Mts., Wight, &c. — I do not see how this is dis-
tinguished, except by habit, from A. oblonga. Clarke describes the invol. bracts as
yellow, but they are as often white or pink. Styles of the ^ fl. deeply cleft.

"Var. Lawii ; stout, erect, very cottony and leafy, leaves 1-3 in. linear obtuse or
acute, invol. bracts white or pale straw coloured. — Bababooden hills, Law ; Mercara,
Hohenacker.

15. A. Stoliczkai, Clarke Comp. Ind. 108; grey with thin cottony
pubescence, stem much corymbosely branched leafy, leaves 1-1^ in. linear-oblong
or ovate from a broad base acute 1-nerved, margins flat, heads \ in. diam.,.
peduncles subcampanulate forming small corymbs terminating the branches^

284 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) lAnajphalis.

invol. bracts few ^ in. linear-oblong obtuse somewhat recurved lower half hard
green upper white opaque.

Western Tibet, alt. 5-10,000 ft., StoliczJca, JaeschJee.

The only specimen I have seen is the top, 10 in. long, of a stem, which is flexuous
and gives off many slender branches terminated by the corymb. Clarke states that
its discoverer found it in many places in Tibet. Its nearest ally is A. virgata, which
differs in the narrow leaves with revolute margins and the less hardened invol. bracts ;
but I suspect it to be a state of that plant.

16. A. Thwaitesii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 110; thickly clothed except
sometimes the leaves above with dense white or buff cottony wool, stem short
stout very woody much branched below, branches 6-10 in. stout below and
densely leafy, above slender and sparsely leafy, leaves f-1 in. spreading obovate-
oblong or spathulate thick obtuse nerveless, margins flat, upper smaller, heads
^ in. diam. turbinate peduncled, invol. bracts \ in. elliptic-lanceolate acute white
rather spreading. Gnaphalium Wightii, Thwaites JEnmn. 165, in part (C.P. 528,
2048).

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 7-8000 ft.. Walker^ &c.

A handsome and very distinct species, with large white heads approaching those
of Series I.

17. A. Notoniana, DC. Prodr. vi. 273; thickly clothed with soft tawny
v^rool, subcorymbosely branched from the base, branches 4-8 in. stout uniformly
leafy throughout corymbosely branched at the top, leaves ^-| in. often imbricate
«rect and recurved oblong from a broad ^-amplexicaul base very obtuse equally
woolly above and beneath 1-nerved, heads ^ in. diam. campanulate or crowded
in branched corymbs, invol. bracts ^ in. erect and densely imbricate in many
series oblong obtuse scarious wrinkled yellow or pinkish glistening. Wight Ic.
t. 1116; Clarke Comp. Ind. 109. Helichrysum Notonianum, I)C. in Wight
Contrib. 20. Gnaphalium Notonianum, Wall. Cat. 2952. G. Sp., Wall Cat.
2933 (according to De Candolle).

NiLGHEBRY Mts., alt. 8000 ft., Noton, &c. ; at Ootacamund and Cochin, Wight.

A remarkable species ; the invol. bracts are quite unlike those of any other. The
single nerve of the leaf is seen only after removal of the thick wool ; the leaf-margins
seem never to be recurved except at the very base.

18. ? A. cutchica, Clarke Comp. Ind. Ill; thinly clothed with grey
cottony wool, branches 6-10 in. from a woody stock leafy below very slender and
nearly leafless above, leaves 1-2 in. slender gradually dilated upwards from a
narrow base acute 1-nerved, heads ^ in. long few subcorymbose oblong, invol.
bracts ^ in. few erect linear-oblong obtuse hard yellow shining.

CuTCH. Br. Stoliczka.

Very distinct from any foregoing species, but possibly not an Anaphalis, which

the involucre is very unlike ; the specimens are insufficient to determine this point.

•

*** Leaves ^-4 in., 1-nerved; margins usually strongly recurved, hut
often flat in A. contorta and zeylanica. (See also under ** A. araneosa and
oblonga.)

19. A. contorta, .Sbo^. /. ; stems 4-24 in. stout or slender, branches
prostrate or ascending leafy and leaves beneath or on both surfaces cottony,
leaves |-1 in. sessile ^-amplexicaul often very crowded spreading and twisted
narrowly linear or oblong Irom usually a broad or auricled base acute or obtuse
1-nerved, margins often revolute, heads ^ in. diam. subglobose in dense simple or
lobed contracted corymbose clusters, invol. bracts ^^ in. broadly ovate or oblong
obtuse white or yellowish, outer often purplish with broad coloured glistening

Anaj^lialis.'] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 285

A. teuella, DC. Pi'odr. vi. 273, excl. Syn. of Don-, Clarke Comp. Ind.
107. A. Falcouei'i, Clarke, I. e. 107. Antennaria contorta, Don in Bat. Reg.
t. 605; Prodr. 175; DC. Prodr. vi. 271. Gnaphalium tenellum and simplici-
caule, Wall. Cat. 2941, 2946. G. contortum, Ham. ; Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 479.

Temperate and Subalpine Himalaya, common, from 9-11,000 ft. in Kashmir to
7-13,000 ft. in Sikkim. Mishmi Hills, Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-7000 ft.

Very variable; branches usually woody below, even when slender above, with
sometimes many very short arrested leafy shoots. Leaves quite linear or narrowed
downwards, or oblong. — De Candolle's A. tenella is founded on small young specimens
of Wallich's, with linear leaves hardly auricled at the base, and coloured outer invol.
bracts ; but the usual forms of A. contorta have long strict branches clothed with
almost narrow leaves that taper from a broad cordate base ; some Kunawur specimens
have oblong obtuse leaves with crisped recurved mai^ns, quite unlike the normal
state of the plant. A very large form from Bhotan and IVlishmi approaches A. cinna-
momea, but has small heads. Some Khasian specimens have leaves somewhat decur-
rent, and appear to pass into a form of araneosa ; others have quite the habit of A.
brevifolia ; still others from the higher Himalaya resemble small-headed specimens of
A. Boyleana ; and a few forms are with difficulty distinguished from A. virgata, except
by the sessile heads. The name tenella is quite inapplicable to this plant in any of its
forms, and as De CandoUe, who first described it under that name, confounded it with
Don's Helichrysum sioloniferum, his name had better be suppressed for the very appli-
cable and generally known one of contorta, under which it is well described by Don
and De CandoUe, and figured in the Botanical Register.

20. A. virgrata, Thorns, in Clarke Comp. Ind. 107; wholly clothed with,
softly cottony wool, stems many 8-16 in. slender strict erect rigid from a woody
stock simple or corymbosely branched above, leaves 1-1^ in. spreading narrowly
linear from a broad or narrow base apiculate, margins flat or recurved, heads ^-^
in. diam. campanulate very/ numerous peduncled in open branched corymbs,
invol. "bracts ^ in. long linear-oblong Obtuse lower half rigid upper white or
yellowish.

Ktjnawub, Lahul, and "Western Tibet, alt. 8-13,000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson,
&c.

A Tery distinct species ; the leaves have usually narrow bases, and vary from -^^
in. diam., in the latter case they are flat and elliptic-lanceolate; the individual heads
are usually peduncled. A. Stoliczkai may be a form of this.

21. A. leptophylla, DC. Prodr. vi. 273 ; clothed with white cottony
wool, stems 6-18 in. very slender sparingly branched leafy, leaves 1-1^ in. sessile
linear slender apiculate cottony on both surfaces, margins strongly recurved,
heads few ^ in. diam. peduncled, invol. bracts | in. linear-lanceolate acute or
acuminate rather spreading white, flowers numerous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 111.
Helichrysum leptophyllum, DC. in Wight Contnb. 20.

NiLGHERRY Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight, &c.

The cottony white clothing, together with its very slender habit, narrow leaves,
and usually peduncled heads with spreading invol. bracts (as in Series I.), distinguish
this from all but A. brevifolia, which has shorter closer leaves.

22. A. aristata, DC. Prodr. vi. 274; stem woody below, branches 12-24
in. stout pubescent or tomentose woolly above leafy, leaves 2-4 in. spreading and
recurved narrow gradually tapering from a broad auricled |^-amplexicaul base to
a very slender recurved point puberulous or hoary above cottony or woolly be-
neath, midrib strong beneath, margins recurved, heads ^-^ in. diam. turoinate in
densely corymbose globose clusters, invol. bract linear-oblong obtuse erect white
yellowish or pink glistening. Wight Ic. t. 1119; Clarke Comp, Ind. 112.

NiLGHEBEY Mts., Wight, &c.

The leaves are described by both De CandoUe and Wight as shortly decurrent, but

286 . Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Anaphalis.

they are not so in the very numerous specimens examined. In habit, pubescence,
foliage, colour, and inflorescence this very much resembles A. Wightiana, but the
heads are quite minute turbinate and few-flowered, and the leaves usually taper to a
very fine point.

23. A. Wig'htiana, DC. Frodr. vi. 273; stems woody and branched
below, branches stout ascending leafy loosely cottony and woolly, leaves f-l|^ in.
erect and recurved broadly linear from a ^-amplexicaul base obtuse scabrid
above loosely cottony and whitish beneath, midrib strong beneath, margins
strongly recurved, heads \ in. diam. sessile turbinate densely packed in rounded
corymbose clusters, invol. bracts | in. long linear-oblong subacute white glisten-
ing. Wight le. t. 1117; Clarke Comp. Ind. Ill, Gnaphalium Wightianum,
DC. in Wight Contrih. 21 ; Wall. Cat. 2940 B.

NiiGHEBRY Mts., alt. 6-7000 ft., Wight, &c.

A good deal like A. aristata, but the heads are much larger, with numerous flowers,
and the invol. bracts are acute. Leaves usually rounded at the tip, but with some-
times a recurved awn.

24. A. zeylanica, Clarke mss.; stem 6-18 in. ascending puberulous or
glabrate below cottony above, leaves 1-1|^ in. linear-oblong from a broad ^-am-
plexicaul base obtuse or apiculate 1-3-nerved, glabrous on both surfaces or
cottony beneath rarely above, margins recurved often decurrent, heads turbinate
^-^ in. diam. sessile or peduncled, invol. bracts ^ in. spreading oblong subacute
or obtuse white opaque with a slender dark claw. A. Wightiana, Thioaites
Enum. 166 (O.P. 1763 and 668).

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 5-6000 ft,, in rocky places. Walker, Thwaites, &c.

A very variable plant ; the colour and habit is that of A. aristata, but the large
usually peduncled heads are quite different, and resemble more those of A. brevifolia.
Thwaites himself is puzzled by it, and sends it under three forms — 1, from Newera
Ellia, with usually glabrous leaves ; 2, from Pedrolatagala, with the young leaves
woolly on both surfaces, and broader more obtuse invol. bracts ; 3, a'form from Newera
Ellia, referred to G. semidecurrens, with very narrow acuminate leaves 2 in. long, cot-
tony beneath, and invol. bracts as in 2. This last Clarke inclines to regard as a form
of A. marcescens, in which the bracts are usually scarious and undulated, and the
leaves broader beyond the middle and cinnamoneous beneath ; it may be a hybrid.

25. A. marcescens, Clarke Comp. Ind. 110; stems slender woody much
branched leafy and leaves l3eneath densely clothed with fulvous cottony wool,
leaves 1-lj in. spreading recurved or reflexed very narrow linear from a narrow
base or slightly dilated upwards glabrous above 1-nerved, margins strongly re-
curved, heads ^ in. diam. turbinate sessile or peduncled in very dense rounded
subcorymbose clusters, invol. bracts |^-| in. obovate-oblong, outer with rounded
tips very membranous transversely waved glistening, inner spreading with a short
white subacute or obtuse limb. A. linearis, DC?) Schvltz-Bip. mss. in Herb.
IIohen.,n.G4:9. Gnaphalium marcescens, Wight Ic. t. 1116. G. cinnamomeum,
Schtdtz-Bip. I. c, n. 134.

NiLGHEBRY Mts., Wight, &c. Ceylon; Central Province, alt. 7-8000 ft..
Walker, &c.

The slender, woody, much branched, twiggy habit, coriaceous narrow leaves,
glabrous above, with revolute margins, and close, usually fulvous-brown cottony
tomentum, well distinguish this species. The heads of the Ceylon specimens are rather
larger than the continental. A. fruticosa may be a very large state of this.

*«•♦

Leaves ^-^ in. long, very nai'row, margins revolute.

26. A. brevifolia, DC. Prodr. vi. 273 ; clothed with white cottony. wool,
stem much branched below, branches very slender erect densely leafy, leaves

Anaplialis.'] lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 287

Tery many ^-^ in. 1-nerved and cottony on both surfaces, lower spreading
linear-oblono- obtuse with recurved margins, upper erect often imbricate narrower,
heads ^ in. diam. peduncled, invol. bracts | in. oblong-lanceolate obtuse rather
spreading and incurved white opaque. Clarke Comp. Ind. 110. Gnaphalium
brevifolium, Thiomtes Enu7n. 166, excl. syn.

Westebn Peninsula ; Anamallay hills, Wight. Ceylon ; central province, alt.
"6-7000 ft., Macrae, &c.

A very distinct plant, if not a slender very elongate var. of ^. neelgerriana (some
specimens have similar flowerless, short, leafy branches), it appears, however, to be
a,n annual, or at most a biennial, and has usually much larger heads than the last
named. A Khasian form of A. contorta resembles this a good deal.

27. A. neelg'erriana, DC. Prodr. vi. 272; wholly clothed with cottony
"wool, branches very many crowded on a stout perennial woody stock, some
very short densely leafy flowerless, others 4-10 in. long and flower-bearing,
leaves ^—^ in. narrowly linear those on the flowerless branches and base of the
:flowering most dense spreading and reflexed, on the upper part of the
flowering branches erect, all acute with recurved margins, heads ^-^ in. diam.
sessile most densely crowded or solitary or in corymbose clusters, invol. bracts
^ in. long elliptic-oblong or lanceolate obtuse or acute white opaque. Wight Ic.
t. 478 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 110. Gnaphalium neelgerrianum, DC. in Wight
dontrib. 21. G. nilagiricum, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohenack, n. 1038.

NiLGHEBHY Mts. ; alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight, &c.

Under A. hrevifolia, its only near ally, I have indicated the differences between
that plant and this, but they are far from satisfactory.

40. X.ASIOPOGON, Cass,

Minute, much branched, densely woolly annuals. Leaves alternate, quite
entire. Heads in crowded clusters, heterogamous, disciform ; fl. all fertile,
outer % , 2-seriate, filiform, toothed ; disk-fl. ^ , few or many, slender, limb
dilated 3-toothed. Involucre campanulate ; bracts few-seriate, inner subhyaline,
outer wooUy ; receptacle small, naked. Anther-bases sagittate, tails slender.
JStyle-ai-tns of § slender, truncate. ^cAewes subfusiform ; pappus-hairs 1-seriate,
separately caducous, feathery. — Distrib. Species 2, oriental and African.

Xi. lanatum, Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxv. 302; branches many from
the root filiform prostrate, leaves linear-oblong or spathulate, heads in globose
villous clusters subtended by floral leaves of their own length, invol. bracts
linear obtuse scarious. L. muscoides, DC. Prodr. vi. 246 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iii. 224. Gnaphalium muscoides, Desfont. Fl. Atlant. ii. 2Q7, t. 231.

The Punjab; Peshawur, Vicary, Aitchison. — Distbib. Westwards to Algeria and
Spain. South Africa.

Whole plant 1-2 in. diam., looking like a cluster of cottony balls on the ground,
both leaves and flowers being hidden by the woolly clothing ; the leaves are ^^-^ in.
long, and the heads about ^ in. long.

41. PKAGNAZiON, Cass.

Shrubs, cottony or woolly, rarely perennial glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate,
entire or sinuate-toothed. Heads solitary or fascicled, yellow, heterogamous,
disciform, flowers all fertile ; outer fl. 5? , oo -seriate, filiform, minutely 2-3-
toothecU 5 slender, tubular, limb hardly dilated 6-fid. Involua-e campanulate
or ovoiu ; bracts oo -seriate, dry, subulate or ovate-lanceolate, tips scarious, outer
smaller; receptacle flat, naked or pitted. Anther-bases entire or sagittate.

288 Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) [Phagnalon.

sometimes minutely tailed. Sti/le-arms of $ slender, obtuse, truncate or sub-
capitate, Achenes small, not ribbed; pappus hairs 1- seriate, slender, rigid,
persistent. — Distrib. About 14 species, Mediterranean and W. Asiatic.

P. niveum, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 68 ; branches and leaves
beneath snow-white with dense cottony wool, leaves from obovate to elliptic-
oblong or linear-oblong entire or sinuate-toothed, heads axillary. — P. denticu-
latum, Clarke Com}) Ind. 113, and Herh. Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T., not of Dene.

Western Himalaya and Western Tibet; from Garwhal to Kashmir, alt.
6-8000 ft.

Branches 4-10 in., short and leafy or slender with scattered foliage. Leaves 1-1^
in., sometimes spathulate and much narrowed into the sessile base, glabrous or cottony
above. Heads ^-\ in. diam. ; peduncles 1-3 in., slender; invol. bracts subulate,
straight, gradually narrowed to an acicular point, purplish, cottony and hoary. —
Elongated branches a good deal resemble P. acuminatum, Boiss. of Beluchistan, but
the invol. bracts are different.

42. aNAFKAX.XUl^, Linn.

Hoary or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, quite entire. Heads small, in
terminal or axillary corymbs or fascicles, heterogamous, disciform ; flowers all
fertile, outer $ , 2-oo -seriate, filiform, 3-4-tootlied ; disk-fl. ^ , fewer, slender,.
limb dilated 6-toothed. Involuc?'e ovoid or campanulate ; bracts oo -seriate,.
all scarious or with a whit« yellow or brown more or less scarious blade ; recep-
tacle naked or pitted. Anther-bases sagittate, cells with slender tails. Style-
arms of ^ trmicate or capitate. Achenes oblong or obovoid, not ribbed ; ■ pappus-
hairs 1-seriate, slender or thickened at the tip, caducous, connate at the base or
not. — Distrib. Cosmopolitan. About 100 species.

This genus is hardly distinguishable from Helichrysum and from Ana2>halis, of
which G. luteo-alhum and hypoleucum have entirely the habit.

* Heads in corymbose leafless clusters.

1. G-. lute o- album, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 224 ; woolly, stem
corymbosely branched above, leaves woolly on both surfaces oblong-spathulate
obtuse upper lanceolate acute ^^-amplexicaul, heads whitish yellow or brown
shining, invol. bracts oblong obtuse, achenes tubercled or with minute curved
bristles. Clarke Comp. Ind. 114. G. orixense and G. albo-luteum, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 425. — Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7415.

Throughout India ; from Kashmir to Birma and southwards to Martaban, ascend- *
ing to 10,000 ft. in Sikkim. — Distrib. Most hot and warm temperate counties.

A very variable annual 4-12 in. high, with leaves 1-2 in. long, rarely more than
^ in. broad, and leafless, dense corymbose clusters of glistening heads. The European
form with very pale heads does not occur east of Affghanistan ; the two following
extend eastwards to Japan.

Var. 1. multiceps ; stems usually many from the root, heads golden-yellow. — G.
multiceps, Wall. Cat. 2949 ; BC. Prodr. vi. 222. Gr. ramigerum and confusum,
DC. I. c. G-. affine, Bon Prodr. 173. G. martabanicum, Wall. Cat. 2950.— The
Himalaya and Khasia Mts., near the foot of the hills, rarer on the plains. Mar-
taban, Wallich. Mt. Aboo, King.

Var. 2. pallidum; heads pale brown. — G. pallidum, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2953»
Very common.

2. G. hypoleucum, DC. in Wight Contrib. 21 ; Prodr. vi. 222 ; stem
above and leaves beneath woolly, leaves sessile linear acuminate puberulous or
scaberulous above, base dilated l-amj^lexicaul, heads many in corymbose dense

OnajpMUum.'] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 289

clusters, invol. bracts oblong obtuse yellowish or golden glistening, acbenes
papillose. Clarke Comp. Ind. 114; Wight Ic. t. 1114.

Temperate HnrAiAVA ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 3-7000 ft. Xhasta Mts.,
alt. 3-5000 ft. Marwar, Mt. Aboo, Herb. Dalzell, King. Niigherry Mts., alt.
6-7000 ft. — DisTRiB. China, Japan, Abyssinia.

A usually taller and often stouter annual than G. luteo-album, easily distinguished
by the longer very acuminate leaves woolly beneath only, with often broadly auricled
bases. The Niigherry specimens have paler heads.

** Heads in leafy spikes.

3. G-. indlcum, Linn; DC. in Wight Contt-ib. 22; I^odr.\\. 231 ; softly
cottony, stems many from the root ascending leafy, leaves linear-obovate or
spathulate apiculate, heads ^ in. diam. in simple or branched leafy spikes or
racemose clusters, invol. bracts linear-oblong acute pale reddish-brown or
yellowish, achenes minutelv papillose, pappus-hairs not coherent at the base.
^Wall Cat. 2954; Boiss. FL Orient, iii. 225; Clarke Comp. Ind. 114; Dalz. Sf
Cribs. Bomb. Fl. 130 ; G. strictum and multicaule, Bo.vb. Fl. Ind. iii. 424, 426.
G. nilaicum, Raddi; DC. I. c. G. spathulatum, Del. Fl. Mgypt. 122, t. 44, f.
2, not of Lamk.

Throughout India on the plains, from the Punjab eastwards to Birma and Mar-
taban, ascending 1000 ft. in the Himalaya. — Distrib. Westwards to Senegal and
eastwards to China, Japan and Australia.

Branches slender, 4-6 in. -Leaves ^-1^ in. Heads ^ in. diam., sometimes crowded
and forming ovoid clusters.

G. purpfkeitm:, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 182 ; annual, sparsely cottony,
stems many from the root stout ascending, leaves spathulate tip broadly rounded,
heads \ in. diam. in spicate globose clusters, invol. bracts linear subacute
shining, achenes minutely papillose, pappus-hairs cohering at the base.

Upper Gangetic plain. Falconer. Jugulliri, Edgeworth. Meerut, Moradabad and
Bignore, Thomson, no doubt introduced. — Distrib. N. & S. America.

This closely resembles G. indicum, but is a very much larger stouter plant, with
stems 12-18 in. high, and leaves attaining 4 inches ; the heads, too, are twice as large.
Amongst a very lar 'e suite of specimens of indiciim, from all parts of India I find
none approaching this. The cohesion of the pappus hairs by their very base is a very
marked character.

4. Or. Stewartil, Clarke mss. ; cottony, stem short leafy, leaves linear
erect or recurved acute radical rosulate, heads \ in. diam. in lax or dense leafy
racemes, invol. bracts linear-oblong acute and obtuse chestnut-brown, achenes
subsilky or scabrid, pappus-hairs not cohering.

Westerx Himalaya, Stewart. Kashmir, alt. 10,000 ft., Aitchison. Western
Tibet; Karakoram, alt. 13,000 ft., Clarke.

Perennial? SteTns tufted, 2-4 in., elongating in fruit. Leaves ^1 in., very
narrow. Heads usually peduncled ; invol. bracts a dark rich brown. Flowers few.

*** Heads in rounded leafy axillary or terminal clusters.

5. G- pulvinatuxn, Delile Fl. ^gypt. 122, t. 44, i. 1 ; woolly, stems
very many spreading from the root short prostrate, leaves small spathulate,
heads minute — in. hidden amongst the bases of the crowded spreading ter-
minal leaves and immersed in wool, invol. bracts slender linear recurved green
Tvith acute hyaline tips, achenes slender minutely papillose. DC. Prodr. vi.
231 ; Boiss, Fl. Orient, iii. 225. G. crispatulum, Clarke Comp. hid. 115.
G. depressum, B.oxb. Hort. Beng. 61 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 425. G. prostratum, Roxb.
in Wall. Cat. 2^6. Filago prostrata, DC. m Wight Cmtrib. 22; Prodr. yi.
249. Evax indica, Hatn. in Wall. Cat.

TOL. ni. U

290 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gnaphalium,

Throughout the plains of India, from the Punjab and Scind to Pegu, Ava and the
Deccan. — Distrib. Egypt.

This closely resembles the G. crispatulum, Del., also a Nile Valley plant, but is
distinguished by the narrow acute invol. bracts.

6. G. Tbomsoni, Hook. f. ; softly cottony, stems rather stout erect
simple or many from the root erect leafy, leaves linear acute, heads ^ in. diam.
in sessile globose terminal clusters subtended by slender leaves, invol. bracts
linear-oblong obtuse scarious brown shining with a strong green central nerve
half way down, achenes minutely papillose, pappus-hairs not coherent at the
base. G. uliginosum, Clarke Comp. I'M. 115, not of Linn.

Western Himalaya. ; Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft., Thomson, Stewart, Brandis.

A very distinct annual? species. Stem 4-6 in. Leaves \-\\ in. Heads in pale
globose clusters an inch in diameter, subtended by spreading leaves ; flowers
numerous.

7. G-. flaccidum, Kurz in Clarke Comp. Ind. 115 ; Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 182 ; sparingly cottony, stem simple or branching from the root erect
flexuous, leaves obovate-spathulate flaccid, tips rounded, heads minute ~ in.
crowded into a terminal peduncled globose cluster subtended by leaves shorter
than itself, invol. bracts hyaline outer broadly oblong or obovate obtuse, inner
narrower yellow glistening.

Bengal ; Purwal, near Maldah, Clarke. Pegu, Kurz.

A flaccid green annual, 4-6 in. high. Leaves 1-2 in. long, very flaccid. Clusters
of heads quite globose, 1-1^ in. diam. pale yellow. Achenes immature.

43. HEX.ICKItVSV»I, Gc^-tn.

Herbs or shruhs, often woolly or tomentose. Leaves alternate (the lower
rarely opposite), quite entire. Heads solitary or corymbose, few or many fld.,
homogamous (or heterogamous with few outer $ fl.) ; flowers all fertile, or
rarely the central sterile ; $ filiform, minutely toothed ; § tubular, limb 4-5-
toothed. Involucre of various forms ; bracts oo -seriate, scarious, appressed or
loose, or with a spreading yellow red white or brown long or short scarious
limb ; receptacle various, naked or pitted or with the margins of the pits with
bristles or pales. Anther-bases sagittate, tails simple or branched. Style-arms
of 5 truncate or subcapitate. Achenes small, terete, 5-angled or subcompressed ;
pappus-hairs 1- rarely oo -seriate, free or connate below, dilated and bearded or
feathery above. — Distkib. About 260, species chiefly of temperate and sub-
tropical regions.

The Indian species are not distinguishable by habit from Anaphalis. Gnapha-
lium maxiranthum, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohenack. n. 1023 and G. chrysanthitniy
Sehultz-Bip. I.e. 1020 are both S. African Helichrysa and garden escapes. Ana-
phalis Beddomei may be a species of Helichrysum.

1. K. buddleioides, DC.in Wight Contrib.20', Prodr. vi. 201 ; shrubby,
stem robust leaves beneath and corymbs densely cottony, leaves large sessile
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate 3-9-nerved, heads subcampanulate yellow in many
globose corymbose clusters, invol. bracts oblong, inner with a short rounded
scarious blade, achenes scabrid.

Western Peninsula ; on the Grhats from Bombay to Cochin. Ceylon, alt.
7-8000 ft.

Stems 4-6 ft. high and branches as thick as a goose- or swan's-quill, tomentose,
white grey or cinnamon-brown. Leaves 2-5 by ^-1^ in,, nerves parallel, grooved
alcove. Corymbs 4-8 in. diam., the globose clusters ^-1 in. diam. ; heads campanu-

Melichrysum.'] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 291

late, ^ in. diam. Achenes distinctly scabrid as figured by Wight (not glabrous as
described both by DO. and Wight).

Vab. 1. buddkioides proper; leaves larger, nerves 5-9 very prominent beneatt,
iieads yellow. H. buddleioides, DC. I. c. ; Wight Ic. t. 1113 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 116.
<jnaphalium cynoglossoides, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohen. n. 1043, not of Trev. G.
sp., WaU, Cat. 2932. — Western Peninsula only.

Vab. 2. Hookeriana ; smaller, leaves 1^-2|^ in. 3-5-nerved more densely cottony
Tjeneath obscuring the nerves, heads paler. H. Hookerianum, DC. Prodr. vi. 201 ;
Clarke Corwp. Ind. 116. Grnaphalium Hookerianum and G. Wightianum in part,
Thwaites Enum. 126. — Travancor, at Courtallam, Wight. Ceylon ; central province,
a,lt. 6-7000 ft., Walker, &c. I can find no specific character for this plant, the
tomentum varies, as in the type from white to cinnamon brown.

2. ZZ. Wigrlitii, Clarke mss. ; shrubby, branched, all parts with thick
appressed wool, leaves sessile on the flowerless branches linear-lanceolate thick
with 5-7 thick close-set parallel nerves tips recurved, those on the flowering
iDranches smaller linear recurved, heads in subglobose corymbose clusters, invol.
l)racts oblong acute or subacute scarious.

NiLGHERKY HiLLS ; Sisparah Ghat, Wight.

I have seen but one specimen in Wight's Herbarium, it differs from H. buddleioides,
in the short leafy branches, the narrower leaves, woolly on both surfaces, the smaller
heads and very different invol. bracts.

44. CH:SUXiIA, jRoxh

A glabrous marsh-herb. Leaves alternate, serrulate. Heads in sessile,
axillary, involucrate balls, each sessile on a broad convex common receptacle,
1-fld. ', fl. tubular, limb narrowly campanulate, deeply 5-fid. Involiicral bracts
2, opposite, keeled or winged, and at length adnate to and including the achene.
Anther-bases sagittate, tails branched. Style-arms short, linear-cuneate, sub-
truncate. Achenes included in the laterally compressed bracta ; pappus 0.

C. axUlaris, Roxb. Sort. Beng. 62 ; Fl. Ind. v. 482 ; Cav. Ic. i. 64, t.
93; DC. in Wight ContHb. 11; Prodr. v. 482; Dalz. 8,- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 126;
Wight Ic. t. 1102; Wall. Cat. 3183; Clarke Coinp. Ind. 116. Meyem orien-
talis, Don Prodr. 180.

Throughout Northern India; common in rice fields, ascending to 3000 ft., from
the Punjab to Chittagong and the Deccan ; (absent in Ceylon and the Eastern
Peninsula).

Stems stout, prostrate or suberect, 6-12 in. Leaves 2-4 in., sessile, acuminate at
both ends, nerves very numerous, base dilated subauricled. Heads f in. diam. and
under.

45. INUX.A, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves radical and alternate. Heads solitary, cor^'m-
1)086 or panicled, lieterogaraous, radiate, i-arely disciform ; ray-fl. $ , 1-cx) -
seriate, fertile, ligule long short or minute, yellow or white, 3-toothed ; disk-fl.
§ , fertile, tubular, yellow, limb elongate 6-toothed. Involucre broad or rather
narrow ; bi-acts oo -seriate, inner usually rigid and narrow, outer herbaceous,
outermost often foliaceous ; receptacle flat or tumid, pitted or areolate. Anther-
bases sagittate, tails long simple or branched. Style-arms of ^^ linear, broader
upwards, obtuse. Achenes subterete, usually ribbed ; pappus hairs rather short,
1-2-seriate, few or many, smooth scabrid or bearded. — Distrib. Species about
56, European, African and Asiatic.

Sect. I. Corvisartia. Tall stout herbs. Heads large, solitary or race-

u2

292 LXXYiii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) llnula.

mose, broadly hemispheric ; outer invol. bracts broad, herbaceous, outermost
usually foliaceous.

1. X. racemosa, Hooh.f. ; stem and leaves above scabrid, leaves densely
tomentose beneath crenate, radical long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate, cauline
oblong l^-amplexicaul, heads very large l|^-2 in. diam. racemed, inner invol.
bracts linear acute. I. Royleana, Clarke Comp. Ind. 118, not of DC I..
Helenium, Hei-h. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T., not of Linn.

Western Himalaya ; on the borders of fields, &c. ; Kashmir, alt. 6-7000 ft.,.
Falconer, &c. ; Piti, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Thomson.

A tall stout herb, 1-5 ft., stem grooved. Leaves coriaceous, radical 8-18 by 5-8
in., narrowed into a petiole as long; cauline often deeply lobed at the base. Head^
many ; outer invol. bracts broad, with recurved triangular tips ; ligules slender, ^ in..
Achenes ^ in., glabrous, slender ; pappus ^ in., reddish.

2. X. Xtoyleana, DC. Prodr. v. 464 ; stem and leaves above pubescent or
villous and glandular, leaves denticulate woolly beneath, radical ovate or oblong
vnth a long winged petiole, cauline lyrate base auricled, heads 3-4 in. diam.
solitary, inner invol. bracts slender acuminate. I. Stoliczkai, Clarke Coirvp. Ind^
118. ? I. macrocephala, Kotschy in Boiss. Flw. Orient, iii. 186.

Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 7-11,000 ft., Royle, Thomson, Aitchison, &c.

A stout herb ; stem 1-2 ft., grooved. Leaves rather membranous, obtuse, glabrate
pubescent or villous above, sometimes thickly woolly beneath, radical 6-10 by 4-6 in.
exclusive of the winged petiole, cauline variable. Heads very handsome, on a stout
erect woolly or hirsute peduncle ; invol. much broader than in. /. racemosa, achenes
similar ; pappus-hairs paler. — The root is, from its similarity to that of the Kut
{Saussurea Lappa), used to adulterate that article {Ai

Sect. II. Bubonium. Herbs. Heads small, corymbose or solitary,,
hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate ; outer invol. bracts narrow, dry, rigid,
or with herbaceous or squarrose tips, or outermost narrow and foliaceous.

* Heads turbinate, terminating numerous slender branches. Achenes hairy f.
contracted into a small cup at the tip.

3. X. graveolens, Desfont. Fl. Atlant. ii. 275 ; slender, much branched,
pubescent and viscid, leaves small sessile linear acute l-nerved quite entire, heads
^ in. diam. terminating slender axiUary branchlets, invol. bracts few linear acute
or acuminate erect, outer green pubescent and glandular, ligules very shorty
achenes hairy and \iscid. JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 199 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 120.
Erigeron graveolens, Linn. ; Sibth. Fl. Gi'cec. t. 866. ? I. brahuica, Boiss. Fl.
Orimt. iii. 199.

N.W. India; Peshawur, in waste ground, Stewart. — Disteib. Westwards to
Spain.

Annual, 1-2 ft. high, stem and branches slender, often flexuous. Leaves 1-1^ by
^-^ in., spreading, midrib strong beneath. Heads rather obconic. Achenes \ in.
long, contracted at the apex with a cup-shaped tip ; pappus-hairs rather coarse^
inserted on the edge of the cup, but not united at the base.

** Heads tej-mincd, solitary or corymbose. Achenes silky or hairy,

4. X. macrospenna, Hook. /. ; stout, herbaceous, stem winged glabrous
or pubescent, leaves amplexicaul decurrent oblong-ovate acuminate puberulous,
heads 1^-2 in. diam. subcorymbose on stout erect peduncles, invol. bracts few
lanceolate subacute pubescent, achenes very large narrowly obovate-oblong
compressed strongly ribbed hispid above the middle much longer than the red
stout scabrid pappus.

Liula.] Lxxviii. COMPOSITJI. (J. D. Hooker.) 293

Alpine region of the Sikkim Himalaya, J. D. H.

I have only a fragment of this remarkable species, the smooth soft stem is as
thick as a goose-quill, smooth and shining, wings narrow membranous. Leaves, upper
alone seen, 3-4 by 1 in. long. Invol. bracts herbaceous, § in. long, spreading in fruit;
receptacle hemispheric ; ligules ^ in., deeply 3-fid. Achenes J in. long; pappus ^ in,

5. Z. polyg'onata, DC. Prodr. vi. 466 ; stem stout winged and leaves
"beneath and corymb very densely woolly, leaves sessile oblong or oblong-lan-
ceolate obtuse denticulate, heads \ in. diam. in small corymbs immersed in thick
wool, invol. bracts thick, outer oblong, inner narrow pungent, ray-fl. short
tubular. Clarke Comp. Ind. 119. Oonyza polygonata, Wcdl. Cat. 3010.

Pegu and Bibma, on dry hills, Wallich, Maclelland, Kurz.

Stems 1-2 ft., simple or branched above, very robust, leafy. Leaves 3-4 by %-\\
in., very coriaceous, glabrous or rough above, sessile but not auricled at the base.
Heads hemispheric; invol. bracts \ in., outer obtuse rigid, inner quite pungent.
Achenes ^ in., silky ; pappus-hairs ^ in., white, rather flattened.

6. X. nervosa, Wall. Cat. 2960 ; DC. Pfodr. v. 471 ; perennial, pubes-
cent hirsute or villous and glandular, stem simple or branched erect flexuous,
leaves sessile or subsessile elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute at both ends
subdentate scaberulous or scabrid above, nerves subparallel with the margin,
heads ^-1 in. solitary or corymbose peduncled, ligules white, invol. bracts linear-
lanceolate acute hirsute erect or recurved, outermost foliaceous or not, achenes
silky. Clarke Comp. Ind. excl. syn. Roxh. I. asperrima arid nitida, Edgew. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 68, 69. I. veri'ucosa, Klatt in Sitzungh. Milnch. Akad.
1875, 86.

Temperate Himalaya; alt. 4-7000 ft., from Garwhal to Bhotan, Khasia Mts. ;
^It. 3-6000 ft., Griffith, &c.

Stem 1-3 ft., strict or flexuous. Leaves 2-4 by f-l^- in., usually membranous,
teeth I'emote. Head^s very variable in size, and especially in the invol. bracts, which
are green and either appressed or squarrose, the outermost are narrow recurved and
usually leafy ; ligules rather broad, shorter than the breadth of the head. Achoies
-— in. ; pappus dirty- white.

Var. purpurascens ; invol. bracts narrow linear-lanceolate finely acuminate
straight purple glabrescent. — Khasia Mts., Lobb, Clarke. The bracts diifer much from
the Khasian specimens gathered by GrriiBfith, or from the Himalayan, but they are
always very variable in this species and its allies.

7. I. Simonsii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 121 ; hirsute with yellow glandular
hairs, leaves subsessile oblong acute base rounded denticulate rigid hirsute on
both surfaces, heads long-peduncled, invol. bracts lanceolate outer shorter
hirsute, ligules long white, achenes narrowly oblong silky, pappus white.

Assam (Bhotan ?), Dr. Simons. Bhotan, Nutfall.

I have seen no specimens of this species, which its author describes as being very
near I. nervosa, but differing in the larger heads and leaves rounded at the base.

8. I. obtusifolia, Kemer Nov. Sp. PI. Jaeschke, 18 ; stems many from a
woody stock short erect rigid and leaves beneath scabrid or hairy, leaves sessile
oblong or ovate-oblong obtuse or acute base rounded, heads 1 or few ^1| in.
4iam., inner invol. bi-acts linear or linear-lanceolate acute rigid pubescent outer-
most leafy, achenes slender silky. I. oculus Christi, var. and I. Thomsoni,
Clarke Comp. Ind. 120.

Western Tibet and Kumaon; alt. 10-14000 ft., Thomson, Jaeschke. — Distrib.
Xashgar.

Stems 6-12 in., often rigidly flexuous, leafy to the top. Leaves \\-2 in., rigid,
often scaberulous above, obscurely denticulate, nerves reticulated beneath. Heads
very variable in size, hemispheric, outer leafy ; invol. bracts 1-2, small or large, inner

294 ixxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Inula.

erect, acuminate ; ligules shorter than the diam. of the head. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus
pale reddish.

Var. Clarkei ; stems and leaves beneath shortly tomentose, heads larger, inroL
bracts more villous greener very pubescent, outer larger longer more herbaceous. —
Mustag Pass, Kashmir, 11,500 ft., Clarke ; Lahul, Jaeschke. This maybe a diflferent
species, but I think it is only a very luxuriant state of /. obtusifolia.

*** Heads terminal, solitary or corymbose ; achenes nearly glabrous.

9. Z. ZZookeri, Clarke Comp. Ind. 122 ; perennial, stem simple or branched
villous above, leaves sessile or sub-petioled elliptic-lanceolate acute at both ends-
gland-toothed membranous hairy on both surfaces, heads 1^-2 in. diam. solitary
or 2-3, invol. hemispheric villous, bracts all very slender squarrosely recurved,
achenes very small glabrous. Bot. Mag, t. 6411.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; alt. 7-10,000 ft., J. D. H. ,

Stem 1-2 ft., usually very shaggy above, but sometimes glabrescent. Leaves 3-5-
by 1-1^ in., lower narrowed almost into a petiole, upper sessile, base auricled ; nerves
slender, diverging. Heads very broad, shaggy with very long hairs ; invol. bracts
f-1 in., almost filiform ; ligules many, slender, as long as the disk is broad. Achenes^
^ in., angled; pappus ^ in., dirty -white.

10. Z. grandiflora, Willd. ; Boiss. Fl. Or. iii. 186; perennial, stem
simple hirsute or hairy above leafy throughout, leaves sessile oblong or elliptic-
lanceolate acumiiiate gland-serrate glabrescent or sparingly hairy and ciliate,^
outermost often foliaceous, achenes very small nearly glabrous.

Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 6-7000 ft., to Kumaon and Nipal, alt.
8-12,000 ft. — DiSTBiB. Westwards to the Caucasus.

A shorter stouter species than /. Hookeri, and with shorter leaves broader at the-
base, and more oblique nerves and single heads. Involucre not shaggy in the Hima-
layan examples (as they are in the Caucasian) ; bracts pubescent, rather rigid ; ligules-
longer than the disk is broad. Achenes with a very few short hairs or 0, and pappus
as in /. Hookeri. — Clarke states that his was found by Stoliczka at 14-17,000 ft>
elevation.

11. X. acuminata, BC. Prodr. v. 471 ; annual, stem strict glabrous or
pubescent above, leaves small suberect elongate hastate acuminate from a
dilated sessile cordate base obscurely toothed glabrous, heads |^-| in. diam. few
subcorymbose, invol. bracts narrow linear acuminate erect green puberulous,
achenes minute nearly glabrous. I. salicina, Ciarhe Comp. Ind. 132, not of
Linn.

Western Himalaya, Boyle, Falconer ; Kashmir, Stoliczka ; on calcareous rocks^
alt. 8000 ft., Clarke.

Usually quite Glabrous, with the habit and foliage of a Lactuca. Stem shining,.
10-14 in., sometimes branched. Leaves 1-4 in., gradually tapering from the broad
base to the very acuminate point ; ligules short, recurved. Achenes ~^ in. long, with
a few short, erect hairs ; pappus ^ in,, pale reddish.

12. I. Falconeri, Hook./.; annual, glabrous, sparsely hairy or tomentose,.
stem corymbosely branched rarely simple, lower leaves long linear or oblong or
linear-oblong gradually contracted above the amplexicaul auricled base, cauline^
oblong, heads ^-f in. diam. corymbose, invol. bracts linear acute pubescent or
tomentose erect oi' recurved green, achenes minute sparsely pubescent.

Western Tibet, Falconer ; Iskardo, alt. 7-8000 ft., Clarke.

A very variable weedy annual; stems slender, glabrous simple and 12-18 in. high,,
or stout branched and tomentose. Leaves, lower sometimes 3 by ^ in. and contracted
below, at others ^-1 in. oblong with auricled bases, nerves very obscure. Achenes:
and pappus as in /. acuminata.

Lmhi.l Lx!xviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) 295

13. X. Kalapani, Clarke Comp Ind. 123; pubescent or hirsute, stem
eimple or sparingly forked, radical leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate
obtuse or acute subdentate, cauline oblong or ovate-oblong from an amplexicaul
dilated base, heads |-1 in. diam. few corymbose, invol. bracts few linear acute
hirsute green, achenes minute glabrous.

Khasia Mts. ; Kalapani river, alt. 4-5000 ft., J D. H. ^' T.T., Clarke.

Habit of an Aster, 12-18 in. high. Leaves, radical 2-3 in. long, narrowed into
the petiole, caaline 1-1^ in., erect or spreading. Invol. bracts spreading or recurved,
outer subfoliaceoiis ; ligules short, about ^ in. Achenes — in. long ; pappus scanty,
very short, | in., reddish. .

Sect. III. SSg-optlialinus. Stemless. Heads sessile amongst the rosu-
late leaves.

14. Z. rhizocephaloides, Clarke Comp. Ind. 124 ; leaves all radical
rosulate obovate-spathulate obtuse ciliate, heads f-1 in. diam. crowded sessile,
invol. bracts linear acute erect or tips recurved, achenes glabrous ribbed.

Western Tibet, Falconer; Dras, alt. 7-9000 ft., Thomson; Ladak, alt. 12-14,000
ft., Stoliczka.

Whole plant 2-5 in. diam. Leaves horizontal, appressed to the ground, narrowed
into a broad petiole. Invol. bracts all similar ; ray-fls. very few with minute ligules
or tubular or 0. Achenes ^ in.; pappus g in., red. — This resembles closely the 7.
rhizocephala, Schrank, but the invol. bracts are narrower, less rigid, and purple, and
the rays are very different.

Sect. IY. Cappa. Shrubs. Heads small, corymbose or racemose ; invol.
bracts linear or subulate, outer gradually smaller.

15. Z. Cappa, DC. Prodr. v. 469 ; shrubby, branches leaves beneath and
corymbs densely silkily villous or woolly, leaves sessile or shortly petioled
oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute toothed pubescent or glabrescent above, heads
very many ^ in diam., invol. bracts linear rigid acuminate pubescent, achenes
silky. Clarke Comp. Ind. 124. I. Pseudo-cappa and eriophora, DC. I. c. 469,
470. I. salviodora, Schultz-Bip. in Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. Q2. Conyza lanugi-
nosa, eriophora and argentea, Wall. Cat. 2922, 3013, 3014. 0. Cappa, Ham, in
Dm Prodr. 176. Duhaldea chinensis, DC. I. c. 366.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 4-6000 ft. (ascending to
10,000^in Kumaon, 8tr. ^' Wint.). Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. Pegu and Biema.
— Distrib. Java, China.

Shrub 4-8 ft. high ; branches very stout. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2^ in., coriaceous,
acute or obtuse, base rounded or acute (in Sikkim leaves 9 by 2| in., gradually
acuminate at both ends), toothing variable. Heads very numerous ; invol. bracts
very variable in length, number and breadth, always narrow and linear or subulate ;
ligules few, very short or 0. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus ^ in., dirty-white, hairs thickened
at the ends.

16. Z. eupatorioides, DC. Prodr. v. 469; shrubby, branches stout and
leaves beneath and corymbs pubescent or subtomentose, leaves shortly petioled
elliptic-oblong or lanceolate acuminate coriaceous irregularly toothed scaberulous
above, heads numerous ^ in. diam. in terminal corymbs shortly peduncled, invol.
bracts subulate tomentose, achenes silky. Clarke Comp. I7id. 125. Conyza
eupatorioides, Wall. Cat. 2993. Amphii-aphis heterotricha, DC. I.e. 343.
Conyza and Solidago heterotricha. Wall. Cat. 3225.

Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim, J. B. H. Bhotan, Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt.
4-6000 ft. BiRMA, Griffith. Moulmein, Lobb.

Very closely allied to 7. cuspidata, but differing in the much stouter habit, shorter
stouter-petioled more rigid leaves with much-reticulated nervation beneath, narrower

296 Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) [hiula.

ligules ; achenes and pappus the same. — The Moulmein specimen has very short
elliptic leaves 3 by 1^ in., coriaceous, and soabrid above.

17. I. cuspidata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 125 ; shrubby, branches glabrous
or young pubescent, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrulate
membranous glabrous or scaberulous above, heads numerous in terminal corymbs
I in. diam. on slender peduncles, invol. bracts linear acute pale rigid, outer
subulate, achenes silky. I. polycephala, Klatt in Sitzungh. Miinch. Akad. 1878,
86. Amphiraphis cuspidata, DC. Prod?', v. 343. Solidago cuspidata, Wall.
Cat. 3244.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-7000 ft.

A nearly glabrous shrub, with rather slender branches. Leaves 3-6 in., always
acute at both ends, young softly pubescent ; petiole slender ; ligules broad revolute.
Achenes — in. ; pappus ^ in., yellowish, hairs thickened at the tip. — A Simla specimen
from Major Madden has the leaves finely tomentose beneath.

Sect. V. Xilmbarda. Heads panicled or racemed (solitary in /. gran-
tioides).

18. Z. rubricaulis, Clarke Comp. Ind. 126; shrubby, branches and
leaves glabrous, leaves sessile elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate membranous,
heads | in. diam. 3-6 together in very short axillary racemes with tomentose
peduncles and slender pedicels, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate acuminate or
aristate straight, achenes silky. Amphiraphis rubricaulis, DC. Prodr. v. 343.
Solidago rubricaulis. Wall. Cat. 3223.

StTBTROPicAL HIMALAYA ; alt. 3-6000 ft., from Kumapn to Sikkim.

Shrub 3-6 ft. ; branches long, slender, flexuous. Leaves 4-6 by l-l^- in^ nerves
almost parallel with the margin. Corymbs not \ the length of the leaves, sometimes
racemed towards the ends of the branches ; invol. bracts green or purplish ; ligules
short, broad, revolute. Achenes ^ in., slender ; pappus \ in., white, hairs not thickened
at the tip.

19. I. Griffitllii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 126 ; shrubby, branches vroody and
leaves scabrid on both surfaces, leaves very large sessile obliquely oblanceolate
acuminate denticulate, heads ^ in. diam. few in a small terminal spreading
slender sessile pubescent panicle half the length of the leaves, invol. bracts few-
linear with a subulate point straight rigid, achenes glabrous.

Bhotan ; rocks near Dairang, Griffith.

Branches as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 1 foot., membranous, curved, abruptly
acuminate, narrowed to the very base, green, nerves slender spreading. Panicle as
broad as long, compound, with curved lanceolate leafy bracts at the axils ; peduncles
very slender ; ligules 0 ? ; anther-tails very long, lacerate. Achenes unripe, ^ in. ;
pappus I in., hairs thickened a little at the tips.

20. I. grantioides, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 195; shrubby, papillose glan-
dular and hairy, branches very stout short, leaves fleshy lower long-petioled
cuneate 3-fid. upper linear entire or 3-toothed, heads 1 in. diam. solitary, invol.
bracts pubescent and viscid, outer short green obtuse, inner narrower long acute,
achenes large strongly ribbed hispid above constricted below the tip. I.
cutchica, Clarke Comp. Ind. 126.

SciND ; at Kutch, Kurachee, &c. Wuzijristan, Stewart.

A low, stout, woody shrub, with fleshy leaves and a balsamic odour. Leaves 1-2
in. long, lobing variable. Ligules few, short, yellow; lobes of disk-fl. very acuminate.
Achenes — in., narrowly oblong, ribbed as in /. macrosperma ; pappus twice as long,
reddish, scabrid. — Bentham (Gen. PI. ii. 322) refers this to Grantia Aucheri, Boiss.,
to which it bears a most deceptive similarity, differing almost solely in the pappus-
hairs being filiform to the base ; it invalidates the genus Grantia. Stock's specimens
were not gathered in Beluchistan as Boissier supposed.

Vicoa.] Lxxviii. COMPOSIT-E. (J. D. Hooker.) 297

46. VZCOA, Cass.

Annual or perennial, glabrous or hairy herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or
toothed, upper amplexicaul. Heads terminal, solitary or on leaf-opposed
peduncles, woolly, radiate and heterogamous or disciform and homogamous ;
ray fl. $ , 1-2-seriate, fertile, ligule narrow, 2-3-toothed ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile,
slender, limb hardly dilated 6-toothed. Involucre campanulate ; bracts oo -
seriate, narrow, inner scarious, outer shorter margins scarious ; receptacle flat or
subconvex, naked. Anther-bases sagittate, tails slender. Style-arms of §
flattened, Ijroader upwards, obtuse or truncate. Achenes small, hardly ribbed,
tip rounded. Pappus-hairs 5-oo , 1-seriate, smooth scabrid or bearded. — Distrib.
Species 6 ; Tropical and Western Asia and Africa.

This genus had best be united to Inula.

1. V. aurlculata, Cass. ; DC. Frodr. v. 474 ; annual, slender, pubescent
and viscid or glabrate, leaves sessile lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate from a
broad auricled base acuminate entire or serrulate often scabrid above, in vol.
bracts scarcely recurved, V. indica, DC. in Wight Contrib. 10; Prodr.l.c;

Wight Ic. t. 1148 ; Clarke Cotnp. Ind. 127 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 126. V.
aurita, DC. I. c. 474. V. appendiculata, DC. I. c. ; Clarke I. c. Inula indica,
Linn. ; Burnt. Fl. Zeyl. 124, t. 55, f. 2 ; Wall. Cat. 2964. I. auriculata and
appendiculata, Wall. Cat. 2965, 2966. Doronicum calcaratum, Roxb. Hart.
Beng. 61 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 434.

Throughout the drier parts of India, from the Punjab to Birma and southwards,
ascending the Western Himalaya to 4000 ft. and to 5000 in Ceylon (not found in the
Eastern Peninsula).

A usually much branched slender rigid leafy herb, 1-3 ft, with spreading branches.
Leaves in largest specimens 7 by 1^ in., more commonly 1-2 in. ; base always rounded ;
auricles rounded or hastate, sometimes gashe^i. Heads \-% in., on long slender spread-
ing peduncles; invol. bracts very slender; ligules revolute, as long as the involucre.
Achenes ^ in., pale, terete, sparsely hairy; pappus hairs few, slender, free at the
•base.

2. V. cemua, -DaZs. inDalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.Fl. 126; annual, slender, sparsely
pubescent, lower leaves shortly petioled elliptic acuminate serrate, upper sessile
contracted to a small auricled base, invol. bracts squarrose tips filiform re-
curved.

Hills of the Concan and Western Deccan ; Belgaum, &c , Law, Stocks, &c.

Very similar in habit to V. auriculata, but differing in the leaves and invol. bracts.
The achenes and pappus are very much alike, and I do not find the difference in the
pappus of the ray flowers which Dalzell describes.

3. V. vestita, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 335 ; woolly and softly hairy, leaves
oblong or Imear-oblong obtuse or subacute from a broad auricled base serrate,
invol. bracts squarrose tips filiform recurved, achenes subsilky. Inula vestita.

Wall. Cat. 2962 ; DC. Prodr. v. 470 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 199 ; Clarke Comj).
Ind. 119. Pentanema radiatum, Boiss. Diagn. ser. 2. iii. 14.

Drier parts of India from Mabei, Flemivg, and the Punjab, to Scind, Patna,
Behar, and the Concan; Sikkim, Treictler; Western Tibet, at Iskardo, Thomson. —
Distrib. Affghanistan.

A shorter stouter plant than the two preceding species, with more numerous nar-
rower ligules, but similar achenes and pappus.

47. PUZ.ZCARXA, Gaei-tn.

Annual or perennial, usually woolly or villous herbs. Leaves alternate,
jsessile, often amplexicaul. Heads solitary, radiate and heterogamous, or disci-

* 298 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tulicaria^

form and homogamous, yellow ; ray fl. $ , 1-2-seriate, ligules narrow, or minute
or 0; disk fl. ^ , fertile, slender; limb elongate, shortly 6-fid. Involuc7'e hemi-
spheric or obconic ; bracts in few series, narrow, acuminate or awned ; receptacle
flat or subconvex, pitted. Anther-bases sagittate ; tails capillary, simple or
branched. Style-arms of $ linear, obtuse. Achenes terete or ribbed ; pappus
double, outer of short jagged teeth, inner of smooth scabrid or bearded flliform
or flattened hairs. — Distrib. Species about 24, European, Asiatic, and African.

Sect. I. ZSupulicaria. Invol. by-acts slender. Pappus double ; outer of
a crown of short scales, inner of slender hairs.

1. P. vulg'aris, Gaertn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 204; annual, pubescent
or softly tomentose, leaves sessile oblong-lanceolate from a ^-amplexicaul base^
lower petioled, heads on short stout peduncles, invol. bracts subulate, ligulea
erect very short, pappus dirty white twice as long as the silky achenes, outer
scales lanceolate sei-rate free. DC. Prodr. v. 478; Clarke Comp. Ind. 128*
Inula Pulicaria, Linn.

Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Falconer, Thomson ; Peshawur, Jacquemonf, Stewart. —
Distrib. Central and N. Asia, Persia, and westwards to Algeria and Britain.

Erect, 6-18 in. high, copiously dichotomously subcorymbosely branched above.
Leaves ^-1 in. Heads ^-^ in. diam. ; peduncles divaricate ; invol. bracts very woolly
in the Kashmir plant, erect or with subrecurved tips ; ligules hardly exceeding the
bracts. Achenes very minute ; pappus y^ in. long.

2. P. dysinterica, Gaertn.', Boiss. Fl. Onen^. iii. 201 ; perennial, woolly
or cottony, leaves |-amplexicaul oblong-cordate waved and toothed, heads
densely woolly, invol. bracts setaceous, ligules many long, pappus dirty white
four or five times as long as the silky achenes, outer scales lanceolate free. Inula
dysinterica, Linn.

Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft.. Falconer, Thomson. — Distrib. Westwards to Algeria and
Britain.

A more robust plant than P. vidgaris, with ligules much exceeding the invol.
bracts, and much longer and more copious pappus.

3. P. foliolosa, D C. Prodr. v. 480 ; annual, pubescent or tomentose above^
leaves sessile linear-oblong or -oblanceolate from a broad or contracted ^^-amplexi-
caul base qmte entire, tips apiculate recurved, heads woolly and glandular, invoL
bracts almost setaceous, peduncles very slender, ligules 0, pappus hairs very few
white twice as long as the minute hairy achenes, scales connate below. Clarke
Comp. Lnd. 128. Blumea senecionidea, Edgeiu. Fl. Banda, 16. Conyza folio-
losa. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3281.

Upper and Lower Gtangktic Plains ; Oude, Sikkim, Terai, Maldah, and banks of
the Ganges. Central Inbia ; Sangur and Jubbulpore. Banda, Edgeworth. The-
CoNCAN, Law, &c.

Stem 1-2 ft., copiously branched. Leaves 1-6 in., lower dilated from the base
upwards, almost glabrous. Heads scattered, smaller than in P. vulgaris or c?ysm-
^crica ; ray fl. tubular, 3 -toothed.

Sect. II. Poloa. Lnvol. bracts herbaceous or leafy. Pappus of sect*
Eupulicaria.

4. P. Wig'htiana, Clarke Comp. Ind. 118 ; annual, puberulous above^
leaves sessile linear-oblong from a sub-auricled base obtuse entire or serrulate^
heads solitary, peduncles stout strict, invol. bracts herbaceous lanceolate acute,
ligules equalling the bracts, pappus at length reddish twice as long as the
glabrate achenes, outer scales united in a cup. P. hyderabadensis, DC. I, c. 480..

FuUcaria,'] Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 299

Callistephus \Mglitianu8, DC. I. c. 276 ; Wight Ic. 1. 1089 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 123. C. Heyneanus, DC. I. c. Poloa Wightiana, DC. in Wight Crniti-ib. 10»
Erigeron Wightianus, Wall. Cat. 3284. Aster indicus, Heyne; and A. hydera-
badensis, Wall. Cat. 2971, 2972.

Hilly country of the Deccan and Maisor, common from the Concan southwards.

A tall, stout, much branched, leafy herb, 12-18 in. high; branches often angled,
erect. Leaves 1-2 in., erect. Heads ^-f in. diam., peduncles swollen upwards.
Achenes ^ in., brown, shining, as are the highly coloured pappus hairs.

6. P. angrustifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 479; annual, softly pubescent,
branches erect or ascending, leaves sessile linear-oblong or obovate, base naiTow
entire or serrulate, tips obtuse or apiculate and recurved, heads small, invol.
bracts herbaceous lanceolate acuminate, ligules equalling or exceeding the
bracts, pappus white or reddish twice as long as the glabrate achenes, outer
scales laciniate. Clarke Comp. Ind. 129. P. indica, Jaub. 8f Spach. III. PL
Orient, t. 343. P. Stocksii, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 206. P. saxicola, Edgeiu. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 323. Callistephus concolor, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. \i.
344; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 123.

North-Westebn India, Royle: Delhi, Jacquemont. Bamja, Edgeworth. Scind,
Stocks. The CoNCAN, Law, &c. — Distrib. Baluchistan.

A very variable annual, with sometimes a woody stock, much smaller than P.
Wightiana, with shorter leaves, narrower at the base, more slender peduncles, and
smaller heads. The ligules are very deciduous, if indeed they are always present,
which is perhaps doubtful.

Sect. III. Francoeuria. Invol. bracts slender or subherbaceous. Pappus
hairs bearded, thickened at the tips ; outer scales connate with the hairs and
deciduous with them.

C. P. crispa, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 336 ; perennial, shrubby below,
branches and leaves beneath densely cottony, leaves sessile linear-oblong or sub-
spathulate, margins recurved toothed and crisped lower ^-amplexicaul, involucre
pubescent, bracts very slender setaceous, ligules shorter than the bracts, pappus
white three times as long as the glabrate achenes. Clarke Comp. Ind. 129.
Francceuria crispa, Cass. ; DC. Prodr. v. 475; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 206. Inula
quadrifida, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2963. Duchesnia crispa, Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat.
xiii. 646.

The Punjab, Boyle, &c. Upper Gtangetic Plain and eastwards to Behab. — Dis-
trib. Westwards to Arabia, Africa, the Canary and Cape de Verd Islands.

Stout, shrubby, 1-2 ft. high, very leafy; branches ascending. Leaves \-\^ in,,
lowest in young plants sometimes 4 in., obovate-spathulate, with flat margins; upper
very small. Heads \-^ in. diam. (ligules sometimes 0, Boissier).

7. P. grnaphalodes, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 203 ; annual, softly woolly
below, leaves sessile obovate-spathulate obtuse waved and crisped, heads very
small, invol. bracts few pubescent short oblong-lanceolate, ligules few very short,
pappus white or reddish haii's twice as long as the silky achenes. Inula gnapha-
lodes, Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 75. Strabonia gnaphalodes, DC. Prodr. v. 481.

Western Tibet ; Iskardo, Thotnson. — Distrib, Afighanistan, Persia.

Habit of P. crispa, but not cottony, usually more slender, with larger heads and
very different involucre. Thomson's specimens are very old, and have neither flowers
nor achenes ; but I do not doubt their belonging to this species.

Sect. IV. Platyclisete. Invol. bracts elliptic or linear-lanceolate, acute.
Pa2yims double ; outer a short jagged cro^vn, inner of flattened shining rigid

300 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE]. (J. D. Hooker.) \Tulicaria.

scabrid hairs. Achenes short, terete, pericarp crustaceous. — A very distinct
group in respect of both pappus and achenes.

8. P. g'laucescens, Jaub. i^- Spach. III. PL Orient, t. 349; dwarf,
shrubby, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, leaves fleshy elongate linear or dilated
upwards, margins flat or involute quite entire^ heads ^ in. diam. shortly peduncled,
invol. bracts glabrous lanceolate acute rigid, ligules 0, pappus white or yellowish
much longer than the short oblong silky achenes. Clarke Comp. Ind. 130.
Platych86te glaucescens, Boiss. ; Fl. Orient, iii. 209.

The Punjab, Saxt Range and Mabbi, Fleming. Wuzubistan, Stewart. — Dis-
TfiiB. Beluchistan, Persia.

A small saline succulent- leaved shrub, \vith pale woody stem and branches. Leaves
l-2\ in., tips usually recurved. Heads shining from the copious pale straw-coloured
pappus. The outer pappus is continuous with the pubescence of the very short
achenes.

9. P. Boissieri, Hook. f. ; dwarf, shrubby, villous with long white hairs,
leaves fleshy spathulate or elongate-spathulate quite entire or sparsely toothed
flat or complicate, heads ^ in. diam. shortly peduncled, invol. bracts lanceolate
acute rigid puberulous, ligules 0, pappus white or yellowish much longer than
the short oblong silky achenes. Platychsete villosa, Boiss. : Fl. Orient, iii,
208.

SCIND, Stocks.

Habit and heads of P. glaucescens, but softly villous, and the leaves are not more
than \-\ in. long. Boissier describes the invol. bracts as very obtuse, but they are
■quite acute in our specimens.

10. P. Stocksii, Hook. f. ; dwarf, shrubby, pubescent, leaves short
spathulate very fleshy quite entire flat or concave above, heads subsessile \ in.
■diam., invol. bracts rigid lanceolate puberulous outer obtuse inner acute, ligules
0, pappus white much longer than the short oblong silky acheiles.

SciND, Stocks.

A much shorter and more robust plant than P. Boissieri or glaucescens, blackish
when dry, with leaves \-^ in. long, not recurved at the tips.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

P. Sakkiana, Klatt. Compos. Schlagintw. 87. The description of this answers to
any of the above described species of Platychcete.

4d. CARPESIUM, Linn.

Erect branched herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads terminal or axillary, sessile
or peduncled, usually drooping, heterogamous, disciform, yellow ; outer fl. $ ,
00 -seriate, fertile, slender, 3-5-tootlied ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, slender, limb slightly
dilated 5-toothed. Involucre hemispheric or subglobose ; bracts in few series,
inner broad obtuse dry, outer with herbaceous or foliaceous tips ; receptacle flat,
naked. Anther-bases sagittate, tails slender. Style-arms linear, obtuse, connivent
till late. Achenes elongate, striate with an (often glandular) beak surmounted
by a corona ; pappus 0. — Distrib. Species 4-5, S. European and temperate and
subtropical Asiatic.

1. C. cemuum, Linn. ; pubescent, leaves shortly petioled elliptic-lanceo-
late obtuse sinuate- toothed, heads terminal drooping with broad leafy bracts,
outer invol. bracts leafy spreading. Clarke Comp. Ind. 130.

Temperate Himalaya and the Khasia and Nilghebey Mts. — Distrib. From the
Caucasus to France, Java, Japan.

CarpesiumJ\ Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 301

One of the commonest and most variable Himalayan plants, and often a pest to the
traveller from the glandular achenes adhering to the clothes ; it grows 1-3 ft, high.
The following often very distinct-looking varieties graduate into one another in the
most perplexing way, and render it very doubtful if C. trachelioides should be kept
distinct.

Vae. 1. cernuum jproper ', stem and branches pubescent often more or less cottony,
leaves subsessile elliptic, heads ^-^ in. rarely 1 in, diam. with large leafy bracts at
the base, C. cernuum, DC. Prodr. vi. 281 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii, 214; Lamk. III. t.
696, f. 1, C, nepalense. Less, in Lbmaa, vi, 234; 1)C. I.e. C. pubescens, Wall. Cat.
3199 ; BC.l. c— Himalaya and Khasia Mts.

Vab, 2. glandulosa, Herb Ind. Or. H. f. & T, ; Clarke Comp, Ind. 130; usually
hirsute or villous, lower and often cauline leaves also long petioled and ovate or cordate,
heads as in var, 1, — Himalaya and Khasia Mts,, ascending to 13,000 ft, in Sikkim, —
There is every gradation between specimens with long petioled cordate-ovate leaves
and those of var. 1.

Vae. 3. nilagiricum, Clarke Comp, Ind, 131 ; hirsute or villous, leaves subsessile
elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, heads ^-1 in. diam., involucre villous. C. nepalense,
Wight Ic. t. 1120, Oiospermum? Wightianum, BC. Prodr. vi. 11 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv.
t. 1.— Nilgherry Mts., alt, 7-8000 fl,

Vae. 4. lanata, Herb, Ind. Or. H. f . & T, ; robust, stem branches and leaves
densely woolly or cottony with white hairs, heads 1 in, diam,, involucre villous,
Clarke C(mjp. Ind. 1304, excl. .95^^.— Sikkim, alt, 4-5000 ft, ; Khasia Mts.

Var. 5. jpedunculosa, Clarke 1. c, ; glabrous or sparsely hairy, leaves large ovate
with winged petioles, heads \-^ in, diam, on very long stiff naked peduncles, invol.
bracts glabrate, C. pedunculosum, Wall. Cat. 3200; DC. Prodr. vi. 281. — Kumaon,
Blinkworth ; Simla, alt. 6-8000 ft., Thomson.

Var. 6, ciliatum ; stem and branches very slender pubescent, leaves very small |-1
in, shortly petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate sparsely hairy above pubescent beneath,
heads \ in, diam. C, ciliatum, Wall. Cat. 3214, — Travancore, Herh. Roitl.

Var. 7, Griffithii ; stem and branches tomentose, leaves petioled linear 2 by ^ in.
quite entire hirsute on both surfaces, heads 5- in, with narrow subtending leaves, invol.
bracts few inner glabrous, — Mishmi hills, Griffith (a fragment only),

2. C. trachelifolium, Less, in Linneea, vi. 233; slender, pubescent
hirsute or glabrate, lovs^er leaves long-petioled ovate-cordate sinuate-toothed or
lobulate, upper floral subsessile ovate or elliptic-lanceolate seiTate or entire^
heads very small ^^-\ in. rarely more sometimes subracemose, invol. bracts very
few glabrous. DC. Prodr. vi. 282. C. cernuum, var. trachelifolium, Clarke
Comp. Ind. 131.

Temperate Himat^aya ; from Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000 ft.

This has the leaves of C. cernuum, var. glandulosum, but has very small heads, and
is in its common state different in habit, sometimes approaching C. abrotanoides. It
holds its characters so much more constantly than do any of the varieties of cernuum,
and covers so great an area, that I keep it distinct,

3. C. abrotanoides, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Oi-ient. iii. 215 ; branches long-
slender, leaves subsessile lanceolate acuminate quite entire or serrate, heads \ in.
diam. subsessile racemosely secund along the leafy branches horizontal or nod-
ding, invol. bracts broadly oblong obtuse. BC. Prodr. vi. 282; Lamh. III. t.
696; Clarke Comp. Ind. 131. 0. racemosum, Wall. Cat. 3201, m part; DC. I.e.
Amphiraphis Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 2958. Compos., Wall. Cat. 7522.

Temperate Himai^aya; from Kashmir, alt, 5-10,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt, 8-10,000
ft, — DiSTRiB. N. Persia, to Austria. Japan, and China,

A stout herb, 2-4 ft. high, pubescent or glabrate ; branches leafy to the tips. Leaves
3-5 in,, never truly petioled. Heads inserted along the whole length of the branches,
in or above the leafy axils, or in short axillary racemes, yellow. — Used to dye silk in
Xashmir {Stewart).

302 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) ILagascea,

Tribe y. KEZiXAKTHOZDEJa:.

4S*. X.AGASCEA, Cav.

Rigid villous scabrid or subglabrous herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper
alternate. Heads in leafy balls, which are solitary terminal and peduncled or
in corymbose panicles, 1-fld. •, il. ^ , fertile, tubular, white red or yellow, tube
short, limb elongate cylindric or dilated 5-fid. Involucre tubular, of 5 connate
bracts ; receptacle minute. Anther-bases sagittate, auricles obtuse. Style-arms
elongate, acute, hairy. Achenes cuneate, compressed or 3-angled, tip rounded ;
pappus a toothed or fimbriate cup or ring, with sometimes bristles at the angles
of the achene. — Distrib. Species 7, tropical American.

Xi. mollis, Cav.; DC. Prodr. v. 91; annual, stem and branches scabrid,
leaves petioled ovate acuminate subcrenate silkily tomentose beneath, clusters of
heads solitary terminating in slender naked peduncles, flowers white, pappus very
obscure. Clarke Comp. Ind. 131. Noccsea mollis, Jacq. Fragment, t. 13.

A weed in cultivated places, in various parts of India. — Distrib. Indigenous in
Central America ; introduced in various warm countries.

Much branched, slender, young bracts villous with white hairs. Leaves 1-1 1- in.
Heads in clusters (resembling simple heads) |-1 in. diam., involucrate by elliptic
leaves, very silky.

49. ADENOCAUIiON, Hooh,

Erect annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, lower long-petioled,
white beneath. Heads small in glandular panicles, heterogamous, disciform ;
flowers all tubular ; outer 4-7, $ , fertile, rarely with imperfect achenes, limb
4-5-fid ; disk fl. 4-6, ^ , sterile. Involucre campanulate ; bracts 5, subequal,
herbaceous ; receptacle flat. Arither-bases entire or minutely 2-toothed. Style-
arms of $ short, broad ; of § connate. Achenes obovoid, obscurely ribbed,
covered with stalked glands ; pappus 0. — Distrib. Species 5, Japan, Himalaya,
N. America, and Chili.

A. bicolor, Hook. Bat. Misc. i. 19, t. 15 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 207 ; stera
simple below, panicle and leaves beneath grey with appressed cottony tomentum,
leaves orbicular subreniform or subhastate angled and toothed, petiole long
winged or not. A. himalaicum, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Sac. xx. 64 ; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 132. A. adheerescens, Maxim. Piim. Fl. Amur. 162.

Temperate Himalaya, from Simla, alt. 6-9000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 7-12,000 ft.—
Distrib. Manchuria, Japan, N. "W. America.

Root of thick fibres, perennial. Leaves 3-4 in. diam., membranous, nerves slender
reticulated ; petiole with sometimes a toothed wing. Panicle with very slender
spreading branches and viscid peduncles ; heads ^ in. Achenes much longer than the
involucre, clothed densely, like the peduncle, with large stalked glands. — I find no
material difference between the Himalayan, N. Asiatic, and N. American specimens.

60. CKRVSOGONUZa, Linn.

Herbs or under-shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire toothed or pinnate. Heads
solitary or corymbose, heterogamous, radiate, yellow; ray fl. $ , 1-seriate, fertile,
ligule entire or 2-3-toothed ; disk fl. ^ , sterile, tubular, limb elongate 6-fid.
Involucre ovoid or campanidate ; bracts few, rigid ; receptacle flat, with concave
pales at the ^ fl. Anther-bases entire or subsagittate. Style of ^ undivided,
hairy. Achenes of ray dorsally compressed, inner face often keeled or 2-3-ribbed,

Ohrysogonum.'] Lxxvra. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 303

maroons acute or winged ; pappus very short, obscure or 0.— Disteib. Species 6,
1 American, 2 Indian, and 3 Australian.

1. C heteropliylluin, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 350; leaves simple ovate
serrate or 3-lobed or pinnatifid or pinnate, segments ovate-lanceolate acutely
serrate or gashed, heads \-^ in. diam,, ligules few small, achenes obtuse or 2-3-
horned at the tip. Clarke Comp. Ind. 182. Moonia heterophylla, Arnott Pugill.
^1, DC. BWr. vii. 289.

NiLGHEREY and PuLNEY Mts., Wight. Ceylon ; central province, alt. 6-7000 ft.,
Moon, &c.

Annual, glabrous or sparsely hairy, 1-3 ft. high, branched. Leaves usually glabrous
beneath, when simple f-3^ in., narrowed into the slender petiole, when compound
usually smaller.

2. C Amottianum, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 350 ; leaves 3-pinnati8ect or
pinnatifid, segments or lobes lanceolate serrate, heads 1-1 ^ in. diam., ligules
many large. Clarke Comp. Ind. 132. Moonia Arnottiana, Wight Ic. t. 1105.

NiLGHERRY Mts., Wight.

Thwaites, regarding this as a form of heterofhyllum, refers the compound leaved
Ceylon specimens of that plant to it ; but I find no specimen of heterophyllum with
such large heads, or with so many rays as Amottianum has. Still the two are very
closely allied ; Clarke thinks them varieties, and I dare say they will prove so.

51. XANTKZUM, Linn.

Annual, coarse rough herbs, unarmed or with 3-fid spines. Leaves alternate,
toothed or lobed. Heads monoecious ( $ and § ), axillary ; ^ in the upper axils,
globose, many-fld., sterile, tubular, 6-toothed; $ 2-fld., fertile, apetalous.
Involucre of § head short ; bracts few, 1-2-seriate, narrow ; receptacle cylindric,
with hyaline pales enclosing the flowers; in vol. of 2 heads with the bracts
united into an ovoid 2-beaked herbaceous utricle with 2 1-fld. cells, clothed with
hooked bristles and with sometimes a few small fi'ee outer bracts. Filaments
monadelphous ; anthers free, bases obtuse, tips mucronate inflexed. Style of ^
slender, undivided ; of $ arms free, exserted from the involucre. Achenes en-
closed in the hardened involucral cells, bbovoid, thick; pappus 0. — Disteib.
Species about 4, probably all of American origin.

X. strumarium, Linn. ; Boiss. FL Orient, iii. 251 ; unarmed, leaves
petioled scabrid triangular-cordate or orbicular lobed and toothed, base cuneate,
heads in terminal and axillary racemes, fruiting involucl'es ovoid or oblong, beaks
erect or diverging. Clarke Comp. Ind. 132. X. indicum, DC. in Wight Con-
ti-ih. 17 ; WaU. Cat. 3181 ; Dalz. 8f^ Gibs. Bomb. FL 127 ; Bo.vb. FL Ind. iii. 601.
X. Roxburghii, discolor, and brevirostre, Wallroth) Walp. Rep. vi. 151. X.
orientale, Blume Bijd. 915.

Throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon, usually near houses ; ascending
the Western Himalaya to 6000 ft.

52. SZSGSSBBCKZA, Linn.

Glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed. Heads in leafy
panicles, heterogamous, subradiate, yellow or white ; ray fl. $ , 1 -seriate, fertile,
tube short, limb 2-3-fid ; disk fl. § , fertile, or the inner sterile, tubular, limb
campanulate and 6-fid, or narrow and 3-4-toothed. Involuci-e campanulate or
bemispheric ; bracts few, herbaceous, glandular, outer spathulate spreading,
inner enclosing the ray fl. ; receptacle small ; pales membranous, concave, often
■enclosing the flowers. Anther-bases entire. Style-arms of ^ short, flattened,

304 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) ISiegesheckia^

subacute. AcTienes obovoid-oblong, not compressed, often incurved, obtuse;-
pappus 0. — DiSTRiB. Species 2, a cosmopolitan tropical and subtropical and a
Peruvian one.

S. orientalis, Linn.-, Boiss. Fl. Onent. iii. 250; erect, pubescent vnth
crisped hairs, leaves triang-ular-ovate toothed or crenate, base incised truncate
or cuneate, outer invol. bracts equalling or exceeding the inner, outer achenes
rough. DC. Prodr. v. 495 ; Wight Ic. t. 1103 ; Wall. Cat. 3182 ; Dalz. ^ Gihs.
Bomb. FL 127. S. glutinosa. Wall. Cat. 3182. S. brachiata and orientalis ?
Bo.vh. Fl. Ind. iii, 432. Minyranthes heterophylla, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imj},
Nat. Misc. 1851, i. 181.

Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. in the Himalaya and other mountains. —
DiSTRiB. — Cosmopolitan in warm climates.

An annual, 1-3 ft., with spreading opposite lower branches. Leaves 1-4 in. long
and broad, long-petioled.

53. ENHVDRA, Lour.

Glabrous or scaberulous marsh-herbs. Leaves opposite, sessile. Heads
axiUary, subsessile, unilateral or in alternate axils, heterogamous, subradiate ;
ray fl. $ , oo -seriate, fertile, ligule minute broad 3-4-toothed ; disk fl. ^ , fertile,
or the inner sterile, tubular, limb campannlate 5-fid. Invol. bracts 4, foliaceous,
in opposite pairs, 2 outer larger ; receptacle convex or conic, pales enclosing the
flowers tipped w^ith glandular hairs. Anther-bases obtuse, entire. Style-amis
of 5 obtuse, tips hispid. Achenes oblong, enclosed in the rigid pales, outer
dorsally, inner sometimes laterally compressed; pappus 0. — Distrib. Species
about 6, tropical and subtropical.

E. fluctuans, Lour. Fl. Coch. 511 ; pubescent or glabrous, glandular,
leaves sessile linear-oblong acute or obtuse entire or subcrenate, heads axillary
and terminal sessile. DC. Prodr. v. 637. E. Heloncha, DC. I. c. Hingtsha
repens, JRoxb. Hort. Beng. 62 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 448. Megera Helongcha, Ham. in
Wall. Cat. 3195. Tetractis paludosa, Blume Bijd. 892.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Silhet. — Distrib. Sumatra, Malay, China.

Usually quite glabrous ; stems 1-2 ft., elongate, simple or divaricatingly branched^
rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1-3 in., variable in breadth, base narrowed or truncate..
Heads ^f in. diam.

54. ECXiZPTA, Linn.

Strigose or hirsute annuals. Leaves opposite. Heads small, axillary or
terminal, peduncled, heterogamous/- rayed ; ray-fl. $ , sub-2-seriate, fertile or
sterile ; ligule small, entire or 2-toothed, white rarely yellow ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile,
tubular, limb 4-5-fid. Involucre broadly campanulate ; bracts sub- 2-seriate,
herbaceous, outer large and broad ; receptacle flat, or nearly so, pales enclosing
several flowers, inner narrow or 0. Anther-bases obtuse, subentire. Style-arms
flattened, with short or triangular obtuse appendages. Achenes of ray narrow,
triquetrous, often empty ; of the disk stouter, laterally subcompressed ; top
entire, toothed or 2-aristate. — Distrib. Species 3 or 4, an Australian, a S.
American and a cosmopolitan tropical weed.

1. E. alba, Hassk.-, Clarke Comp. Ind. 134; hirsute or strigillose, leaves
sessile linear or oblong-lanceolate subentire narrowed at both ends, peduncles
1-2 axillary short or long and slender, invol.-bracts ovate obtuse or acute about
equalling or exceeding the flowers. E. erecta, Lamk. III. t. 687. E. erecta avid
alba, Dalz. 8c Gibs. Bornb. Fl. 117. E. alba and margiuata, Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iii. 249. E. erecta and prostrata, Linn. Mant. 266. Verbesina alba and pro-

Sclerocarpiis.'\ Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiK. (J. D. Hooker.) 305

strata, Linn. E. prostrata, Jtoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 438. E. prostrata, undiilata and
parviflora, Wall. Cat. 3209, 3210, 3213.

Throughout India. ; ascending to 6000 ft. in the Himalaya and other mountains.
DiSTRiB. Cosmopolitan in warm climates.

An erect or diflfuse branched, slender weed. Leaves 1-4 in. long, very variable in
form and width. Heads \-^ in. diam.

55. SCI.EROCARPUS, Jacq.

Strigose or villous herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite. Heads terminal or
in the forks, or leaf-opposed ; heterogatnous, rayed, yellow ; ray-fl. neuter,
1-seriate, ligale spreading ; disk-fl. § , fertile, tubular, limb 3-5-fid. Involucre
campanulate ; bracts few, 2-seriate, all or the tips herbaceous, outer spreading ;
receptacle convex or conic ; pales enfolding the base of the § fl. and finally
hardening round the achenes. Anther-bases subentire. Stijle-anns of ^ elon-
gate, acute obtuse or subclavate. Achenes obovoid, subcompressed, glabrous,
narrowed below, enclosed in the rugose often beaked pales ; pappus 0 or a ring.
— DisTRTB. Species about 11, tropical American, Asiatic and African.

1. S. africanus, Jacq. Ic. PI. Ear. 17, t. 176; annual, erect, hispidly
hairy, leaves opposite petioled ovate acute serrate 3-5-nerved, heads peduncled
or .sessile, achenes glabrous. DC. Prodr. v. 566 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 129;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 13^

Western Himaiata ; from Simla to Kumaon, Roi/le, &c., ascending to 5500 ft. in
fields. Punjab, Aitchison. Banda, Edgeworth. The Concan ; Joneer and highest.
hills east of Bombay, Dalzell, &c. The Circars, Gibson. — Distrib. Tropical E. & W.
Africa.

An erect herb, 1-2 ft. ; branches stiff, terete, opposite. Leaves 1^-3 in., narrowed
into the petiole. Heads ^-^ in diam. Pales enclosing the curved, gibbous, ribbed
achenes.

56. BI.AXNVIZ.Z.Z:A, Cass.

Scabrid or villous herbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, petioled,
toothed. Heads small, subsessile or peduncled, terminal or axillary, hetero-
gamous, radiate or subdisciform, yellow ; ray-fl. $ , 1-2-seriate, fertile ; ligules
small 2-3-toothed or 0 ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tubular, limb dilated 5-fid. Involucre
broadly ovoid or subglobose ; bracts few, outer herbaceous, inner passing into
the rigidly membranous concave or folded scales of the small convex receptacle.
Anthei -bases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of ^ narrow, flattened, with acute or
subobtuse appendages. Achenes truncate, of ray 3-quetrous or dorsally com-
pressed, of the disk 3-4-angled or laterally compressed ; pappns of 2-5
unequal bristles, connate at the base. — Distrib. Species about 10, all tropical.

1. B. latifolia, BC. in Wight^ Contrih. 17; Prodr. v. 492; annual,
hispidly hairy, leaves opposite or upper alternate petioled ovate crenate-serrate
3-nerved, heads peduncled, invol. bracts oblong obtuse rigid, achenes of the ray
cuneiform triquetrous curved. Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 127 ; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 135. B. rbomboidea, Cass. -, DC. I. c B. alba and hispida, Edgew. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 70. Eclipta latifolia, Linn. f. Verbesina dichotoma,
Wall. Cat. 3204, A. inpaH, B. C. D. E. V. Lavenia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 442.

Western India ; from the upper Gangetic p^ain westwards, ascending to 5000 ft.
in Kumaon in fields. Banda. Edgeworth. The Deccan and Ceylon. — Distrib.
Tropical Asia, Africa, America and Australia.

A weed, 1-2 ft., rigid ; branches terete, lower opposite, upper alternate. Leaves
2-4 in. long, base cuneate. Heads ^-^ in. diam. ; ligules yellow or whitish.
YOL. in. X

306 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Wedelia.

57. WEDEZiZA, Jacq.

Scabrid pubescent or hirsute herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite.
Heads axillary or terminal, heterogaraous, radiate, yellow ; ray-fl. ? , fertile,
ligule spreading entire or 2-to()thed ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile or the central sterile,
tubular, limb elongate 5-toothed. Invol. bracts sub-2-seriate, outer 3-5
usually herbaceous or foliaceous, inner dry ; receptacle flat or convex, pales
enclosing the flowers. Anther-base^ entire or subsagittate. Style-arms of ^
with acute hniry tips. Achenes cuneate-oblong or obovoid, thick, smooth or
tubercled, laterally compressed or the outer triquetrous, tip rounded, margins
obtuse or thickened ; pappus 0, or a toothed cup or ring, or of short scales,
with sometimes a few bristles. — Distrib. Species about 45, tropical and sub-
tropical.

1. W. calendulacea, Less. •,DC.zn Wif/ht Contrtb. 17 ; Prodr. v. 539;
procumbent, strigillose or glabrate, leaves subsessile linear-obLmg or oblanceolate
acute or obtuse entire or sub-crenate scaberulous above 1- rarely 3-nerved, heids
solitary on long slender axillary peduncles, outer invol. bracts large oblong
obtuse herbaceous much longer than the disk-fl., achenes of the ray 3-quetrous
tip truncate. Wight Ic. t. 1107 ; Am. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Maq. i. 81, t. 5;
Clarke Comp. 7n^.'l36; Balz. (^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 129. W. bengalensis ?, Rich,
in Pers. Synops. ii. 490. Verbesina calendulacea, Linn. ; Mo.vb. Fl. Ind. iii. 440 ;
Wall. Cat. 3205. Joegeria calendulacea, Spreng. Syst. iii. 590. — Burm. Fl.
Zeyl. 52, t. 22, f. 1.

In wet places, Bengat,, Assam, Silhrt, the Eastern and Western Peninsulas
and Ceylon. — Distrib. Malay Islds., China, Japan. '

Stem 6-18 in., rootfng at the lower nodes, glabrous or scabrid. Leaves 1-3 in.,
variable in breadth, hairs on both snfaces scattered, appressed, rigid, white. Heads
1-1^ in. diara ; peduncles 1-6 in., swollen below the turbinate involucre.

2. W. urticeefolia, DC. in Wight Contrib. 18; Prodr. v. 539 var. /3
only ; erect, slender, hispid or scabrid, leaves petioled ovate acuminate serrate
3-nerved, heads 1-3 peduncled, invol. bracts ovate- lanceolate acuminate exceed-
ing the disk-fl., achenes elongate-cuneate 3-quetrous tip broad truncate. Wiqht
Lc. t. 1106. WooUastonia bifl.ira, Dalz. |' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 128, excl. sijn.
Verbesina biflora, Wall. Cat. 3207 B., in part.

Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats from the Concan southwards.

Stem and branches weak, pale, grooved. Leaves 3-5 in., petiole short or long,
slender. Heads |-1 in. diam. ; invol. bracts scabrid. Pappus usually 0, rarely of
1-2 bristles. ' ^

3. W. biflora, DC. in Wight Contrib. 18 ; climbing, glabrous or scalaeru-
lou8, leaves petioled ovate acuminate serrate, heads 1-3 peduncled, invol. bracts
oblong or ovate-lanceolate often recurved equalling or exceeding the disk,
achenes shortly cuneate 3-4-angled rough tip broad truncate. W. scandens,
Clarke Comp. Lnd. 136, excl. syn. ? W. biflora, Kwz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 176. WooUastonia biflora and scabriuscula, DC. Prod?-, v. 546, 547. W.
biflora, Wt. Ic. t. 1108. Verbesina biflora, Linn. ; Wall. Cat. 3207 A., in part,
F. V. dichotoma, Wall. Cat. 3024 A., partly F. H. Eclipta scabriuscula,
Wall. Cat. 3212, chiefly. Acmella biflora, Spreng. Syst. iii. 591. — Rheede Hort.
Mai. X. t. 40.

Near the sea from Bengal and Bombay to Ceylon and Singapore. — Distrib.
Tropical shores of Eastern Asia.

Very like W. urticafolia, but less hispid, climbing, and with much shorter broader
achenes.

Wedelia.'] Lxxviir. COMPOeiT.E. (J. I>. Hooker.) 307

4. "W. Wallichii, ZfS5. in Linnfsa,\i. 162; siiberect, hispid or sca"brid,
leaves petioled ovate acuminate serrate 3-iierved sometimes softly pubescent
beneath, outer in vol. bracts oblong obtuse or acute equalling or exceeding the
dist-fl., acheues obovoid compressed or obtusely 3-angled, tip contracted. W.
urticaifolia, var. a and y, DC. Prodr. v. 540. W. scaberriraa, Wall. Cqt. 3208.
W. biflora, Clarke. Comp. Ind. 137. ? Verbesina bifiora, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 440.
V. bifiora, WaU. Cat. 3204 E., 3207 E. Eclipta scabriuscula, Wall. Cat. 321^,
partly. Ecliptacea, Wall. Cat. 3208.

Tropical Himalaya ; alt. 0-5000 ft., from Kumaon, Edgeworth, to Bhotin and
the Mishmi Mts., Griffith. Khasia Mts. and Bibma. — Distrim. Java.

58. SFZXiANTHES, Linn,

Annual herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads usually long-peduncled, axillary or'
terminal, heterogamous and radiate or homogamous and disciform, ray-fl. $ ,.
1 -seriate, fertile, ligule white or yellow, disk-fl. ^, fertile, tubular, limb
4-5-fid. Involucre ovoid' or campanulate, bracts sub-2-seriate ; receptacle
convex, eloagate, pales enclosing the flowers often connate with the ovary into
a stalk. y5(w/5/i<'r-&f/s^s truncate, entire or 2-toothed. Style-arms o^ ^ truncate.
Ackenes of ray triquetrous or dorsaliy compressed, margins and angles usually
ciliate ; pappus 0, or of 2-3 bristles. — Distrib. Species about 20, chiefly tropical
American.

1. S. Acxnella, Linn. ; erect or ascending, leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate
crenate-serrate or entire 3-nerved, heads ovoid solitary or panicled, ligules
minute. Dalz. S,- Gibs. Romb. Fl. 129 ; Clarlie Comp. Ind. 138 ; Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. 1877, ii 176. Verbesina Acmella and Pseuda-acmella, Linn. Acmella
Linn tea, Cass.

Throughout India ; ascending the Himalaya and other mountains to 5000 ft. —
Distrib. All warm comitries.

Var. 1. Acinella proper, Clarke I.e.; peduncles suhsoHtary, achenes margined
scabrid, pappus usually of 1-2 bristles. S. Acmalla, DC. Prodr. v. 623 ; Wall. Cat.
3285. S. calva, Wight Ic. t.. 1 109.— Throughout India.

Var. 2. calva, Clarke 1 c. ; peduncles subsolitary, achenes smoother, pappus
usually obsolete. S. calva, DC. Prodr. v. 625. S; Pseudo-acmella, Linn.; DC I.e.
and in Wight Contrih. 19; Wall. Cat. 3185. Cotula conica, Wall. Cat. 3185.—
Throughout India,

Var. 3. oleracea, Clarke 1. c. ; more robust and succulent, heads and leaves larger,
peduncles subsolitary, achenes as in var. 1. S. oleracea, Jacq. Hort. Vind. ii. t. 135 ;
Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 410; DC. Prodr. v. 624. Bidens fervida and fixa, Lcvmk. Did. i.
415. 416. — Cultivated in gardens.

Var. 4. paniculata, Clarke 1. c. ; taller, more branched; heads numerous panicled,
achenes strongly margined sparsely scabrid, pappus bristles 1-2. S. paniculata, DC.
1.0.625; Wall. Cat 3186.— Birma, Wallich, &c. ; Sikkim, J.'i). H.; Banda, Edge-
worth ; Madras Coll., C Thomson. I suspect this to be a cultivated form.

58*. GUXZOTZA, Cass.

Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate. Heads peduncled,
axillary and terminal, heterogamous, rayed ; ray-fl. $, 1 -seriate, fertile ; ligule
2-3-toothed, yellow ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, limb campanulate 5-fid. ; tube of both
short, woolly', embracing the top of the achene. Involucre campanulate ; bracts
sub-2-seriate, outer subfoliaceous, inner like the pales ; receptacle convex or
conic ; pales flat, scarious. Anther-bases truncate, entire. Style-arms of ^ ,
with subulate hairy tips. Achenes glabrous, dorsaliy compressed^ tip rounded- j
pappus 0.— Distrib. Species 3, tropical African.

xiJ

308 Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Guizotta.

€r, abyssynlca, Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. 69, 248 ; pubescent upwards,
leaves sessile ^-amplexicaul ovate-lanceolate or subcordate serrate, invol. bracts
6. G. oleifera, DC. in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Ge^iev. v. 7, cumlc. ; Pt'odr. v. 551 ;
D&.IZ. Sr Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 128; Wight. III. t. 132; Clarke Comji. Ind. 139.
Ilelianthus oleifera, Wall. Cat. 3194, and Bidens Ramtilla, 3191. Ramtilla
oleifera, DC. in Wight. Contrib. 18. Heliopsis platyglossa, Cass. I.e. 24, 332.
Verbesina sativa, Bot. Mag. t. 1017 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 441. Polymnia abys-
synlca, Linn.f. Suppl. 383.

Cultivated in various parts of India. A native of tropical Africa.

A stout, erect, smooth or scabrid, leafy herb, 1-3 ft, high, stem often as thick as
the little finger. Leaves 3-5 in., sessile, |-amplexicaul, linear or lanceolate-oblong,
obtuse, serrate. Heads ^1 in. diara, ; peduncles naked, 1-2 in. ; outer invol. bracts
broadly elliptic or ovate, obtuse, green ; ligules few, broad.

68**. SYNEDRXSZiXiA, Gcertn.

Annual, branched, pubescent or villous herbs. Leaves opposite, petioled,
toothed. Heads small, heterogamous, radiate ; ray-fl. 1-2-seriate, fertile, ligule
short broad 2-3-toothed yellow ; disk-ti. § , fertile, tubular, limb 4-toothed.
Involucre ovoid or oblong ; bracts few, 1-2 outer usually foliaceous, inner like
the pales ; receptacle small, pales scarious flat. Anther-bases subentire. Style-
arms of 5 with long acute tips. Achenes of ray dorsally compressed, 2-winged,
smooth, wings lacerate, of the disk few narrower compressed or triquetrous
often muricate, the angles of both terminating in spines. — Distrib. Species 2,
tropical American, one also African and Asiatic.

S. nodlflora, GcBrtn. Fi-uct. ii. 466, t. 171, f. 7 ; Hooh. Exot. Fl. t. 60 ;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 139. Verbesina nodiflora, Linn. Amoen. Acad. iv. 290.

The cultivated places, Assam, Jenkins ; Mautaban, Stoliczka ; Andaman Islds.,
K.urz. — Distrib. Tropical America.

An erect dichotomously branched herb ; stem and branches terete, glabrous.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, shortly petioled, serrate, scaberulous, 3-nerved. Heads
sessile, axillary and terminal ; inner invol. bracts linear-lanceolate, shining. Achenes
slender, black ; spines 2-3 times as long, erect, very stout.

69. aZiOSSOCARDXA, Cass.

A branched, annual, glabrous herb. Leaves alternate, slender, 1-2-pinnati-
sect. Heads small, terminal and axillary, hetorogamous, rayed, yeUow ; ray-fl.
$ , usually solitary, fertile, ligule 2-fid ; disk-fl. § , few, fertile, tubular, limb
4-tid. Involucre oblong; bracts few, inner oblong with broad membranous
margins, outer 1 -3 slender ; receptacle small, flat ; pales few, flat. Anther-
bases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of § with linear, acute, hispid tips. Achenes
narrowly oblong, dorsally much compressed, faces bearded ; pappus of 2 smooth
stiff' awns.

1. G*. linearifolia, Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xix. Q^. G. Bosvallia, DC. in
Wight Contrib. 19; P)-odr. v. 631 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1110; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
129 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 139. Verbesina Bosvallia, Linn. f. Suppl. 379. V.
BosweUia, Bo.vb. Fl. Ind. iii. 443. Pectis meifolia, Wall. Cat. 3198.

RoHiLKrND ; at Delhi, Clarke. Banda, Edgeworth. Central India and the
Deccan.

Prostrate or erect, diffusely branched from the base; branches 3-10 in. long,
strict or flexuous. Leaves ^-2 in., 2-pinnatisect, petiole long slender, blade broadly
ovate in outline, segments filiform. Heads ^ in, long, shortly peduncled ; inner invol.
bracts large, obtuse, with a striated disk and pal© margins. Achenes ^ in long. —
Odour of fennel.

Bidens.'] lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 309

60. BXDENS, Ztnn.

Annual or perennial, sometimes climbing herbs. Leaves opposite, entire
toothed gashed or 1-2-pinnate. Heads corymbosely panicled or subsolitary,
heterogamous and rayed or homogamous and disciform ; ray-fl., if present, $ or
neuter, l-seriate, ligule spreading yellow or white ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tubular,
limb cylindric 6-fid. Involucj'e campanulate or hemispheric; bracts sub-
2-seriate, bases connate, outer herbaceous short or leafy, inner membranous ;
receptacle flat or convex, pales narrow nearly flat. Anthei'-cells entire or sub-
sagittate. Style-arms of ^ hairy above, tips short acute or long and subulate.
Achenes 4-gonous or dorsally compressed, linear or cuneiform, often narrowed
but not beaked above ; pappus of 2-4 rigid, retrdsely hispid bristles or 0. —
DiSTRiB. Species about 60, chiefly American.

* Achenes cuneiform, tip ti-uncate.

1. B. cemua, Linn.) Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 250; leaves undivided serrate
bases subconnate, heads drooping, outer invol. bracts leafy, inner ovate, achenes
with 1-4 short awns or 0. Clarke Comp. Ind. 140.

Western- Himalaya ; Kashmir and Chumba, alt. 5-6000 ft., rare, Thomson. —
DiSTRiB, N. Asia, N. and mid. Europe, N. America.

Annual, &tout, erect, glabrous. Leaves 3-5 in., base sometimes auricled. Heads
i^l in. diam. ; inner invol. bracts broad, membranous, pale brown ; ligules 0 in
Indian specimens. Achenes very variable, cuneate, compressed, margins sometimes
thickened and armed with short recurved spines.

2. B. tripartita, Linn. : Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 251 ; leaves 3-lobed
3-partite or pinnatifid, segments lanceolate toothed, heads erect solitary discoid,
outer invol. bracts herbaceous, inner oblong with scarious margins, achenes with
2-3 short awns. Clarke Comp. Ind. 140. B. repens,- Dow Frodr.\SO\ DC.
Prodr. V. 595; Wall. Cat. 3187, A.; aarke Comp. Ind. 140. B. trifida, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 411. B. frondosa, Herb. Ham,

Centrai, and Western Himalaya, in marshes, alt. 3-5000 ft, from Nipal to
Kashmir. Western Tibet ; Iskardo, Thomson. — Disteib. N. Asia, Japan, and
westwards to N. Africa, W. Europe and N. America.

Stout, annual, erect, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 3-5 in. Heads f in. diam.,
peduncles long or short ; outer invol. bracts exceeding the inner. Achenes \ in.,
glabrous ; awns very short.

** Achenes long, slender, narroxced from the middle to the top.

3. B. pilOBa, Linn. ; glabrous or hairy, leaves 3-fid 3-foliolate or 1-2-
pinnatifid, achenes \-\ in.

Throughout India, ascending the Himalaya and other mountains to 6000 ft. —
DiSTRiB. All warm countries,

A very variable, erect, glabrous pilose or pubescent herb, 6-24 in high, a well-
known pest from the adhesion of its barbed achenes to the garments and body.
Leaves excessively variable. Heads on long stout peduncles, very variable in length,
with or without white or yellow rays ; invol. bracts with broad scarious margins.
Achenes black, much exceeding the involucre, very slender, with 2-4 short, stout,
spinescent awns covered with recurved hooks.

Vab. 1. pilosa proper ; leaves 3-fid or 3-6eet., segments broadly or narrowly ovate
or lanceolate serrate. B. pilosa, Li7m. ; DC. Prodr. v. 597 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 140.
B. leucantha, Willd. B. chinensis, Willd; Wall. Cat. 3189, A. B.C. B. tripartita
andB. bipinnata. Wall. Cat. 3187, B. C. D.

Vab. 2. bipinnata ; leaves bipinnatifidly compound, segments ovate lanceolate or
linear entire lobed or toothed. B. bipinnata, Linn.; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 411. B.

310 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Bidens.

chinensis, Wall Cat. 3189, D. E. F. B. Wallichii, DC. Prodr. v. 598; Dalz. cj- Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 129.

Var. 3. decomposita ; leaves decompoundly piunatifid, segments linear slender.
B. decomposita, WulL vn DC. Prodr. v. 602; Cat. 3188; Clarke Ccmy. bid. 141,
eoccl. var. /3.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

B. DECOMPOSITA, var. P hirsiitior, Clarke (Comp. Ind. 141), from 7500 ft. in the
Nilgherry Mts. I have seen no specimen of this, Avhich Clarke informs me he now
supposes to be some cultivated plant.

B. CALVA, Clarke 1. c. (Adenolepis calva, Sckultz-Bip. m Hera. Hohenack. n. 344) is
Cosmos sidjjJiureus, Cav., a cultivated plant.

61. GI.OSSOGVNE,

Perennial glabrous herhs, with almost naked stems and branches. Leaves
radical, crowded, pinnatifid or cuneate and 3-toothed, cauliue alternate or the
lower opposite, or 0. Heads small, few, corymbose, heterogamoiis and rayed, or
homogamous and disciform ; ray-fl. $ , fertile, ligules spreading yellow {or
white ?) ; disk-ii. ^ ? fertile, tubular, limb o-hd. Involucre small ; bracts 2-3-
seriate, narrow, bases connate ; receptacle flat ; pales scarious, flat or concave.
Anthei'-hases obtuse. Style-arms of ^ with long hairy tips. Achenes dorsally
compressed, linear, ovoid or almost winged, glabrous, truncate; pappus of 2
retrosely scabrid bristles. — Distrib. Species b, tropical Asiatic and Australian.

1. G-. pinnatifida, DC. in Wight Centi-ih. 19; Pt-odr. v. 682 ; branches
slender forked, leaves mostly radical pinnatifid triangular in outline, segments
linear acute. Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 129; Clarke Comp. Ind. 141. B.
rigida, Hort. Calc. Zinnia Bidens, Retz Obs. v. 28 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 435,
Bidens pinnatifida, Heyni in Wall. Cat. 3190.

Plains of "Western India ; from Jamu and Garwhal to Western Bengal and
Eehar, and -southwards to Madras.

Boot fusiform, woody. Leaves with the petiole 1-2 in. ; segments few^ often
recurved, acute, coriaceous. Flowering branches 6-12 in., strict, stiff, grooved, nearly
leafless. Heads in flower \ in. diam. ; invol. bracts linear, obtuse, '^ in. long. Achenes
\-^ in., deeply grooved, black.

62. CHRirSANTHEX.I.UZ^I, Rich.

Annual glabrous herbs. Leaves alteroate, pinnatitid, or radical toothed.
Heads small, peduncled, terminal and axillary, heterogamous, rayed ; i-ay-fl. $ ,
1-seriate, fertile, ligule spreading entire or 2-tcothed yellow; disk-fl. 5? fertile,
tube short, limb campanulate 5-fld. Involucre hemispheric ; bracts 1-2-seriate ;
receptacle flat ; pales narrow, flat, scarious. Anther-bases obtuse, entire. Style-
arrns of ^ slender, tips long subulate. Achefies linear-oblong, dorsally com-
pressed, sn^e(oth, or the outer tubercled externall}^, outer thick with obtuse
margins, inner fliit 2-winged| pappus a minute corona. — Distrib. Species 2 or
3, tropical Asia, Africa and Ameiica.

1. C. Indicum, DC. Prodr. v. 631 ; achenes all cuneate-oblong obcom-
pressed grooved smooth margins very t^ck not winged. Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t.
39 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 142, excl. syn. Bidens ? Bandanna, Wall. Cat. 3291.
ilinterpubera Kotschyi, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Schimper, n. 1630.

Upper Gtangbtic plains, Boyle, Thomson. Kumaon and Gaewhai, at Hawalbagh
and Nynee-tal, alt. 4000 ft., Madden, &c. Nagpore, Munro. — Distuib. Madaga.scar,
Tropical Africa.

Branches spreading from the root, procumbent, diffuse, leafy. Leaves succulent,
1-3 in. long, deltoid in outline, 2-pinnatifid; segments oblong or cuneiform, obtusely

Ghrysanthellam.'] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 311

lobed or cut. Heads \ in. diam. in flower, \ in. in fruit. Ackenes ^ in. long, equal-
ling the iuvol. l)rac-ts. — This has been united with the American and Senegal specifS
V)y Bentham, Clarke and others ; but the achenes are smaller and never broadly
■winged as in the American species.

62*. GAZ.ZNSOGA, Ruiz et Pav.

Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Heads small, peduncled,
subterminal and axillary, heterogamous, rayed ; ray-fl. few, $ , 1-seriate, fertile,
ligule yellow spreading ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tubular, limb 5-fid. Involucre
hemispheric ; bracts few, l-2-c;eriate, ovate, obtuse, striate ; receptacle conic or
elongate ; pales slender, serrate. Anther-bases subentire. Style-arm^ of §
acute or with an acute short tip. Achenes angled or the owter dorsally coni-
pressed ; pappus of a few scarious, entire awned or fimbriate scales, of the ray
often 0. — DiSTRiB. Species 5, tropical American.

G. parviflora, Cav. Ic. iii. 41, t. 281 ; DC. Prodr. v. 677 ; aarke
Comp. Ind. 112.

A weed in cultivated and waste places in the Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft., introduced
from America.

A weak, erect, hispid or glabrous herb, 6-12 in. high. Leaves petioled, 1-2 in.,
membranous, ovate, obtusely acuminate, 3-nerved, subserrate. Heads ^ in. diam. ;
peduncles very slender ; iuvol. bracts broad, green.

62**. TRIBAX, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, pinnatisect ; segments few, narrow.
Heads very long-peduncled, heterogamous, rayed ; ray-fi. $ , fertile, ligulate or
2-lipped, with the outer lip large 3-fid or 3-partite, the inner small 2-lobed or
-pai"ted or 0 ; disk-fi. ^ , fertile, tubular, limb elongate ^^^.^bjivoL bract}
few-seriate, outer short, broad, herbaceous ; receptacle flat or^^Hjb^^ :pale3
membranous. Anther-bases with short, acute auricles. Style-an^/m^ hairy
above, tips subulate. Achenes turbinate or oblong, silky ; pappusOT short or
long aristate, feathery bristles. — Disteib. Species 7, tropical American, of
which one is introduced into India.

T. procumbens, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. v. 679 ; procumbent, hirsute,
leaves ovate or lanceolate deeply irregularlv serrate, peduncles 2-3 times as long
as the stem. Wall. Cat. 3197 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 142.

Abundant in various parts of India, introduced from S. America.

A weak straggling herb, 1-2 ft. long, Mith few leaves 1-2 in. long, and very long
slender solitary peduncles a foot long and more. Heads f in. diam. Achenes brown ;
pappus ^ in. long, shining. V *

Tribe YL— ANTKE3^0IDE^.

63. ACHZZiXiEA, Linn.

Perennial pubescent or villous herb3. Leaves alternate, narrow, serrulate or
pinnatisect. Heads small, corymbose, heterogamous and fayed or homogamous
and disciform ; ray-fl. few, $ , rarely neuter, ligule short white pink or 3ellow ;
disk-fl. 5 f fertile, tube terete or compressed and 2-winged, base often produced
over the top of the achene, limb 6-lid. Invol. bracts in few series, ap pressed,
margins oltea scarious and black, outer shorter ; receptacle flat or elevated,
pales membranous. Anther-bases obtuse. Style-arms of § with truncate and
penicillate tips. Achenes oblong or obovoid, dorsally compressed, glabrous, with
2 cartilaginous wings j pappus 0. — Disxrib. About 50, of temp. N. regions.

312 Lxxvin. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [AcJiillea.

A. millefolium, Linn.; Botss. Fl. Orient, iii, 255; glabrous or
pubescent, leaves narrowly oblong--lanceolate 3-pinnatisect, heads corymbose
ovoid shortly peduncled. DC. Prodr. vi. 24; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1826;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 143. A. cuspidata, DC, I. c. 30 ; Wall. Cat. 3230.

Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-9000 ft. — Distrib. N.
Asia. Europe, N. America.

Boot stoloniferous. Stem ^-1^ ft., furrowed, leafy. Daves 2-f) in., radical
petioled, segments close-set acute. Heads many, ^ in. diam. ; invol. bracts oblong,
obtuse rigid; ligules many, orbicular, white pink or purple, reflexed. Achenes
shining.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

A. SQUARROSA, Ait. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 33 ; Clarke Comj). Ind. 143 ; said to hare been
introduced into the Calcutta gardens, or Assam, is not a native of India.

64. ANTKEBIXS, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, deeply toothed or pinnatisect.
Heads terminal, peduncled, rarely corymbose, heterogamous and radiate (very
rarely disciform), ray-fl. % , fertile sterile or neuter, l-serinte, tube terete or
2-winged,ligule spreading ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tube compressed or 2-vv^inged, base
usually 1-2-gibbous, limb 5-fid. Involucre hemispheric ; bracts oo -seriate, ap-
pressed, rigid, margins scarious, outer shorter ; receptacle convex or elongate ;
pales broad or narrov*^, rigid or hyaline, sometimes embracing the flowers.
Anther-bases obtuse. Style-arms of ^ with truncate penicillate tips. Achenes
oblong, gkbrous, 4-5-angled, 8-10-ribbed or niany-striate, truncate; pappus 0
or very short, paleaceous or of a membranous large or small auricle. — Disxeib.
Species about 70, European, N. & W. Asian and N. African.

1. A. Cotula, Linn.\ Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 315; annual, erect, pales of
receptacle linear or setaceous, ray-fl. usually neuter white, disk-fl. winged dilated
below, achenes caducous top naked. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. X. 1000; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 143. Maruta Ootula, DC. Prodr. vi. 13.

SciND, Stocks, ex. C. B. Clarke (probably Baluchistan). — Distrib. N. Asia, and
westwards to Britain and the Canary Islands.

A glabrous or hairy fetid herb, 8-18 in. high, corymbosely branched. Leavrs
gland-dotted, segments very narrow. Heads 1-1^ in. diam.; peduncle slender, not
thickened upwards ; invol. bracts oblong, obtuse, margins scarious ; receptacle conic.
Achenes turbinate, tubercled, tip crenulate.— I have seen no Scind specimen of this,
but have Beluchistan ones collected by Stocks.

2. A. odontostephana, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 319; dwarf, hoary-
pubescent, leaves ovate pinnatisect, segments entire or 3-5-lobed, ray-fl. $ ,
pales of receptacle subulate, achenes crowned with blunt short teeth.

The PuNJAUB, at Peshawur, Vicary, Stewart; Scind. — Distrib. Afghanistan,
Beluchistan, and Persia.

Stems many from the root. Leaves |-f in. long. Heads ^ in. diam., few-flowered ;
peduncle thickened upwards; invol. bracts hairy, oblong, obtuse; ligules oblong; re-
ceptacle conic. Achenes cylindric, ribbed, tubercled; tip of outer toothed, of inner
with a short auricle.— Stated by Clarke to being found in Scind by Stocks, but probably
from Beluchistan. It appears to me to be identical with A. scaposa, Gay.

65. AZiIiARDZA, Dene.

Perennial, diffuse or tufted alpine herbs. Leaves alternate, cuneate, 3-5-
toothed, or 2-3-pinnatisect. Heads often large, terminal, sessile or peduncled,
heterogamous, rayed; ray-fl. neuter, 1-seriate, ligule spreading entire white

Allardia.] Lxxvm. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 313

rosy or lilac ; disk-fl. ^ > fertile, tubular, limb 5-fid, Inix>lucre liemispheric ;
bracts oo -seriate ; margins scarious, lacerate, often black ; receptacle flat, nated.
Anther-basts truncate or with short connate auricles. Style-arms of § broad,
with truncate penicillate tips. Achenes of ^ 5-angled, glabrous or glandular, of
$ empty ; pappus of rigid brown or reddish wavy flattened bristles, sometimes
dilated at the tips and with split margins. — Distrib. Species 4 or 5, Himalayan
and Central Asiatic.

1. A. grlabra, Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 88, t\ 96; glabrous or sparsely
woolly, leaves cuneiform 3-fid, lobes entire or toothed, heads sessile, outer invo].
bracts woolly herbaceous with purple scarious margins, achenes glandular, pappus
of the ray-fl. scanty of the disk copious brown, bristles slender not dUated up-
wards. Clarke Coinp. Ind. 146, excl. syn. Roylei. A. tridactylites, Hook. f. Sr
Thorns. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 144. A. glabra, tridactylites, and Hugelii, Schultz-
Bip. in Pollichia, xx. 442. Waldheimia tridactylites, Kar. <^- Kir. in Bull. Soc.
Imp. Mosc. 1842, 126.

Eastern and Western Tibet, alt. 15-18,000 ft., from Ladak eastwards to the
Sikkim frontier. — Distrib. Alatau Mts.

Densely tufted, strongly scented. Leaves ^-f in. long, lobes linear subacTTte.
Heads l-lj in. diam., sessile; ligules broadly elliptic, ^ in. long, purple. Achenes
^ in. long; pappus ^ in. long; bristles unequal, flat, rigid, shining, margins here and
there split, tips acute.

2. A. vestita, Hook. f. 8r Thorns. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 145; densely thickly
clothed with buff" or whitish wool, leaves cuneiform 3-5-fid, lobes short obtuse,
heads shortly ped uncled, in vol. bracts membranous with broad pale brown deeply
timbriate margins, achenes glandular, pappus hairs with dilated tips yellowish.

Western Tibet; Takli pass, Zanskar, alt. 15-16,000 ft., Thomson.

Habit and foliage of A. glabra, but distinguished by the dense woolly clothing,
peduncled heads, which are f-1 in. diam., membranous invol. bracts, and the short
yellowish pappus, which is not \ in. long.

8. A. nivea, Hook. f. 8f Thorns. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 148 ; densely clothed
with white appressed wool, leaves cuneiform 3-lobed or -toothed, lobes short
obtuse, heads small sessile, invol. bracts woolly with narrow brown scarious
margins, achenes glandular, pappus hairs with slightly dilated tips yellowish.

Western Tibet, Falconer ; Niibra, Thomson,.

Smaller than any of the other Indian species. Leaves densely crowded, ^-\ in.
long. Heads |-| in. diam. ; ligules few, 8-10, broadly elliptic, ^ in. long. Pappus ^
in. long, very copious.

4. A . toxnentosa, Dene, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 87, t. 95 ; clothed with soft
white wool, leaves oblong or linear-oblong 1-2-pinnatifid, segments various,
heads peduncled, invol. bracts woolly, achenes glabrous, pappus bristles flattened
with purplish often dilated tips whitish or yellowish. Schultz-Bip. in Pollichia,
^x. 441 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 144.

Western Tibet and Tibetan passes of the Westebn Himalaya, from Kashmir to
Kumaon, alt 18-16,000 ft., Falconer, &c.

Loosely tufted ; branches elongate, ascending, 4-8 in. high, naked upwards. Leaves
1^-3 in. long, variable in breadth and amount of division. Heads 2-3 in. diam.;
ligules very many, linear, 1 in. long, entire. Achenes grooved and wrinkled, pale ;
pappus ^-\ in. long.

6. A. Stoliczkai, Clarke Comp. Ind. 145; glabrous, leaves 2-pinnati8ect,
segments narrow, heads peduncled, invol. bracts glabrous with black scabious
margins, pappus hairs connate below yell^iwish.

314 Lxxviir. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Allardia.

Wkstern Tibet ; Ladak, Stoliczka ;• Lahul, Jaeschke, Stewart.
Habit of A. tmiieniosa, and probably a state of that plant, but quite glabrous ; the
heads are too young to describe.

DOITBTFUL SPECIES.

A. INCANA, Klatt in Sitzimh. Munch. Akad. 1878, 88, with trilobate cano-tomentose
leaves, is possibly A. vestita or nivea, but the description is insufficient to identify it.

m. CKRVSANTHZSZKEVM, Linn.

Perennial or annual herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed
lobed or pinnatidd. Heads large, terminal, long-peduncled, or smaller and
corymbose, heterogamous, rayed (very rarely disciform) ; ray-fl. $ , 1-seriate,
fertile, ligule spreading white yellow or rosy ; disk-fl, ^ , fertile, tube terete or
2- winged, limb 4-o-lid. Involucre hemispheric or broader ; bracts x -seriate,
broad, appre^sed, inner with scarious tips, outer shorter often with scarious
coloured margins ; receptacle various, naked. Anther-bases obtuse, entire.
Style-arms of ^ with truncate penicillate tips. Achenes subterete or angled,
variously ribbed or winged; pappus 0 or short, or a cup or auricle. — DlsxRiB.
Species alx)ut 80, of N. temperate regions.

Two species of Chrysanthemum are cultivated in Indian gardens, and indeed all
over the world. One, the common garden chrysanthemum, C. indicum, Linn. {IVall.
Cat. 3227; Roxh. Fl. b^d. iii. 436 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 146. Pyrethrum indicum,
DC. Prodr. vi. 62), is a plant only known in a garden state. The other, G. corona-
rium, Linn. {DC. Prodr. vi. 64 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 147. C. RoxLnrghii, Desf. ; DC.
I.e. Pyrethrum indicum, Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 436. Matricaria oleracea, Ham. in Wall.
Cat. 3229), is also only known in India in a garden state, but is a native of the Medi-
terranean region.

I.e. tibeticuxu, Hook. f. %■ T. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 147 ; shrubby,
puberulous and viscid, branches many slender, leaves \-^ in. |-pinnatifid or 2-
pinnatitid, segments linear narrow acute or obtuse, heads long-peduncled, invol.
bracts pubescent and viscid, margins scarious and purple, outer lanceolate acute,
inner oblong obtuse, achenes subterete, pappus obscure or 0. ? Pyrethrum
Roy lei, DC. Prodr. vi. oQ.

Westekn Tibet, alt. 9-13,000 ft. ; Shayuk valley, and Indus valley at Kalatza,
Thomson.

Viscid and aromatic, 6-8 in. high; stems branching from the base; branches
woody below, stiff, leafy upwards, terminating in solitary heads |-1^ in. diam. ; re-
ceptacle small, convex ; ligules large, numerous, white or rosy, spreading, linear-oblong,
tips entire ; achenes immature. — Royle's specimens of Pyrethrum Roylei are very poor ;
they are more glabrous, the leaves are more deeply pinnatifid than Thomson's, and the
heads many sessile, but I cannot separate it satisfactorily as a species.

2. C. Stoliczkai, Clarke Comp. Ind. 147; shrubby, branched from the-
base, pubescent and viscid, leaves ^-1 in., radical petioled, cauline sessile linear
1-2-pinnatifid, segments slender linear acute, heads long-peduncled, invol. bracts
pubescent and viscid, margins scarious purple, outer lanceolate, inner oblong ob-
tuse, achenes narrow strongly 5-ribbed, pappus a large membranous dimidate or
lobed sheath.

Westerk Tibet ; Dras, alt. 9000 ft., Thomson ; Kargil, Stoliczka.

Habit of C. tibeticum, but the branches are longer, more slender, and less divided,
the leaves more divided, the receptacle broader, the outer acute invol. bracts more
numerous, and the pappus quite different, half as long as the achene. The ligules are
numerous, large, spreading, and white. — C. Griffithii, Clarke, of Affghanistan, is very
closely allied to this, and has the same pappus (which Clarke has overlooked in C,
BtoUcskai),

Chrysanthemum.] lxxviii. composite;. (J. D. Hooker.) 315

3. C. Xlicliteria, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii, 426; dwarf, laxly villous or
woolly, stock short woody much divided with many short tufted leafy branches
or stems and few 1-headed slender flowering ones naked above, radical leaves
petioled linear-oblong- 2-3-pinnatisect, pinnae short rounded, segments minute,
cauline few sessile, invol. bracts ovate-oblong obtuse, mai^ins scarious purple,
achenes subterete, pappus a coriaceous cup lobed nearly to the base. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 148. ? 0. artemisiae folium, KlaU hi Sitzunysh. Miind. Akad. 1878,
88. Richteria pyrethroide^, Kennel. 8f Kiril. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Misc. 1842,
120. Tanacetum pyrethroides, Schidtz-Bip. in PoUichia, xx. 441.

Western Tibet; I^adak and Nubra, alt. 13-17,000 ft., Falconer, Thomson, &c. —
DiSTRiB. Soongaria.

Whole plant 6-12 in., very variable in pubescence. Leaves 1-3 in. long. Heads
1-1^ in. diam. ; peduncles slender; ligules apparently -R'hite. Achenes many-ribbed.

4. C. Atkinsoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 147; herbaceous, laxly woolly up-
wards, root tuberous, leaves oblong or linear-oblong 2-3-pinnati3ect, segments
very slender linear acute divaricate, heads solitary 1-^ in. diam., invol. bracts
very many linear-oblong obtuse, disk narrow green, margins scarious purple,
ligules -short recurved purple, achenes angular with -5 strong ribs, pappus 0.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Yakla and Jongri, alt. 13-16,500 ft,, Atkinson, Clarke.

A stron ly scented herb. Boot as thick as the thnmb, short, fusiform, apparently
fleshy within. Ste77i 6-12 in., solitary, rarely 2 from the root, stout, erect, leafy, ter-
minating in a single bead. Leaves radical, 4-6 in. long, petioled, the primary segments
rather distant, ovate or round^-d, alternate acute, cauline sessile. Heads on the
thickened woolly top of the stem ; ligiiles not longer than the involucre ; receptacle
convex. Achenes ^ in. long, narrowly obconic, pale, top crenulate, pericarp lax. — This
plant very closely resembles specimens of Tanacetum lonyifolium with solitary large
beads, but is distinguished by the root, the absence of shining radical petioles, and by
the presence of the ray.

EXCgOUDEB SPECIES.

C. GRiPFiTHri. Clarke Comp. hid. 148, is an Affghan plant. It is very near C.
Stoliczkai, and may be a form of that species.

67. MATRXCAUZA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, 1-2-pinnatisect. Heads ter-
minal, peduncled, solitary or corymbose, heterogamous, rayed (rarely disciform) ;
ray-fl. $ , fertile or sterile, ligule white elongate rarely short ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile,
tube terete or 2-edged, limb 4-6-fid. Involucre liemisphenc ; bracts in few
series, appressed, margins usually scarious and brown, outer shorter ; receptacle
naked. Anther-bases obtuse, entire. Style-arms of § with truncate and peni-
cillate tips. Achenes oblong, often incurved, faces glandular or rugulose,
truncate, dorsally convex and ribbed or not, ventrally 3-5-ribbed ; pappus very
short, coroniform, dimidiate or 0. — Distrib. About 20 species, Eui'opean, N. and
S. African, iisiatic, and xVmericau.

1. IKE. Chaxuoxullla, Linn, ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 323 ; aromatic, leaves
2-pinnatifid, segments very narrow, invol. bracts with white margins, receptacle
conic, achenes ribbed ventrally only, pappus 0. M. suaveolens, Linn. ; DC.
Prodr. vi. 51 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 437 ; Lamk. III. t. 678 ; Wall. Cat. 3228 ;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 149.

Uppeb Gangetic Plain and the Punjab, Boyle, Thomson. — Distkxb. N. Asia and
westwards to the Atlantic.

Much branched. Heads ^-| in. diam., corymbose ; ligules reflexed after flowering
or 0, receptacle elongating during fruiting. Achenea small, §tey; ribs slender,
white.

316 Lxxviii. compositj:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Matricaria.

2. IMC. praBCOx, DC. Prodr. vi. 62 ; annual, j^labrous or pubescent, leaves
pinnatisect, segments short subulate, heads radiate peduncled, invol. bracts with
reddish scarious margins, receptacle conic, ligules white, achenes ribbed on both
faces crowned with a lobed cup. Clarke Comp. Ind. 149. Pyrethrum prgecox,
Bieb. JFlor. Taur. Cauc. ii. 324. Ohamgemalium praecox, Visiani', Boiss. Fl.
Onent. iii. 326. Gastrosulum praecox, Schultz-Bip. Tanac. 30. Anthemis pyg-
msea, Bertoloni Misc. ii. 237.

North-West India ; Peshawar, Vkary, Stewart. — Disteib. Persia, Asia Minor,
and the Caucasus.

So similar when dried to Anthemis odontostephana as to have caused them to be
mixed in the herbarium.

68. COTUZ.A, Linn.

Perennial or annual, often creeeping, small herbs. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid
or pinnatisect, rarely entire or toothed. Heads small, peduncled, yellow, hetero-
gamous (rarely homogamous), disciform ; outer fl. $ , 1-2-seriate, fertile, corolla
conic or 0; disk-fl. ^, fertile, tube slender or stout and 2-winged, limb 4-iid.
Involucre hemispheric or campanulate ; bracts sub-2-seriate, herbaceous or mem-
branous, margins often scarious ; receptacle naked. Anther-bases obtuse, entire.
Style-arms of ^ truncate or obtuse, styles of sterile fl. sometimes entire. Achenes
of the ray or all stipitate, compressed, nerveless or 2-4-nerved, sometimes sheathed
at the top by the base of the corolla, at others with a short ear-shaped pappus.
— Disteib. About 40 species, tropical and temperate.

Nearly allied to Cotula is Cenia, Juss., a S. African genus, of which one specimen
of one species, C. ticrbinata, Pers., was found at Hoshiapore, in the Punjab, by Dr.
Aitchison, no doubt an escape : it is a weak villous small annual, with pinnate leaves,
and branches ending in a long slender peduncle with a curious top-shaped summit.

1. C. anthexnoides, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 359; annual, hairy or
glabrate, erect or diffiiae, leaves 2-pinnatifid or 2-pinnatisect, segments decur-
rent lobed, lobes triangular-lanceolate, peduncles filiform naked, achenes of the
ray broad flat. DC. Prodr. vi. 78; Clarke Comp. Ind. 149 {excluding various
habitats). C. dichrocephala, Schultz-Bip. in A. Rich. Fl. Abyss, i. 419. Pleio-
gyne cardiosperma, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Sac. xx. 71. Artemisia nilotica,
Linn.

Gangbtic Plain, from Rajmahal and Sikkim westwards to the Punjab. — Distbib.
N. & S. Africa, China.

A weak diflfuse weed; branches 3-9 in., spreading. Leaves ^-| in., petiole 5-am-
plexicaul. Heads ^-i in. diam., solitary, terminal; fl. ^ many; invol. bracts with
scarious margins ; receptacle nearly flat, tubercled. Achenes ovate, with thick narrow
wings.

2. C. hexnisplieerlcav Wall. Cat. 3236 ; annual, erect, glabrous or villous
above, leaves pinnatisect, segments very numerous linear mucronate, heads
solitary peduncled, $ fl. minute, corolla 2-toothed or 0, achenes of the ray
minute not winged. Clarke Comp. Ind. 150, excl. remarlis. Maruta hemi-
sphaerica, DC. Prodr. vi. 140; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 50. Artemisia hemisphaerioa,
llo.vb. Fl. Ind. iii. 422.

Common in dry rice fields in Bengal, Assam, the lower and upper Gtangetic
Plains, and the Punjab ; ascending to 2500 ft. in Garwhal, — Distrib. China.

Stem 6-8 in., branched above. Leaves with gashed segments, uppermost simple.
Heads ^ in. diam., erect in flower, inclined or drooping in fruit. Achenes angled. —
The mucronate leaf-segments distinguish this at once from C. anthemoides.

3. C. aurea, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 78 ; annual, prostrate, nearly glabrous,
leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, segments setaceous entire or divided; heads peduncled

Centipeda.] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 317

axillary and terminal, fl. $ with a flattened 3-4-toothed corolla \6hed at the
base, achenes of the ray hardly winged. Clarke Comp. Ind. 150. Matricaria
aurea, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 324. Anacyclus aureus, Lamk. III. t. 700.

The Punjab ; Peshawar, Stewart. — Distrib. Persia, Syria, Malta, Algeria, Spain.

Habit of a Cotula rather than of Matricaria, and the achenes are decidedly flat-
tened. Stevis 2-4 in., decumbent from the root. Leaves 1-3 in., segments very slender.
Heads ^-^ in. diam., siibhemispheric ; invol. biMcts broadly oblong. Corolla lobed at
the base, walls very thick below, mouth shortly 4-lobed. Achenes oblong, flattened,
striated ; pericarp mucose when moistened ; pappus 0 in Indian species (a largo auricle
in European).

69. CSKTZPEDA, Lour.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads
small, sessile on the branches or racemose, heterogamous, disciform, yellow ;
outer fl, J , 00 -seriate, fertile, corolla minute obscurely lobed ; disk-fl. ^ , few,
fertile, tube short, limb campanulate 4-fid. Involucre hemispheric ; bracts 2-
seriate, spreading in fruit ; receptacle naked. Anthei'-hases obtuse, entire. Style-
arins of ^ short, truncate. Achenes 4-angled, tip obtuse, angles hairy, hairs
sometimes hooked ; pappus 0. — Distrib. Species 3, Asiatic, Australian, and 1
tropical South American.

1. C orbicularis, Lour. Fl. Coch. ; annual, prostrate, glabrous or
sparsely woolly, leaves obovate-oblong, heads globose solitary axillary subsessile,
corolla of $ fl. a very minute cylindric tube, hairs of achenes simple. 0. minuta,
Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 230 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 151. Myriogvne minuta. Less. ;
DC. Frodr. vi. 130. Cotula stern utatoria. Wall. Cat. 3259. 'O. minima, Willd.
Sp. PL iii. 2170. Dichrocephala Schmidii, Wight Ic. t. 1610. Artemisia ster-
nutatoria, Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 423. A^minima, Linn. Sphseromorphsea centi-
peda, DC. Prodr. vi. 14Q.—Burm. FVlnd. t. 58, r 3.

Throughout the plains of India and Ceylon in moist places. — Distkib. AiFghanis-
tan, Eastern tropical Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.

Stems excessively numerous, spreading from the root, 4-8 in. long, slender, leafy.
Leaves ^-^ in. long; teeth few. Heads jq—^ in. diam. — I see no reason for doubting
that Lessing's Myriogyne minuta and l>e Candolle's Sphceromorphcea centipeda should
be referred to Loureiro's Centipeda orbicularis. The genus should be placed next to
Dichrocephala.

70. SPKSSROlMEOZtPKaSA, DC.

A small perennial, pubescent with crisped hairs, with woody root and
prostrate rather woody branches. Leaves alternate, sessile, obovate. Heads
axillary, subsolitary, shortly ped uncled, heterogamous, disciform, yellow; outer
fl. 5, multiseriate, fertile, corolla elongate slender tubular inflated below; disk
fl. ^ , fewer, fertile, tubular, 4-cleft. Involucre hemispheric ; bracts many-seriate,
oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, incurved in fruit ; receptacle naked. Anthei'-hases
obtuse, entire. Style-arms of ^ and $ 2-fid. Achenes subcylindric, slender,
broadly ribbed, hairy at the base only ; pappus 0.

1. S. Russeliana, DC. Prodr. vi. 140; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 49. Centi-
peda orbicularie, Clarke Comp. Ind. 151 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 179,
not of Loureiro. Cotula Russeliana, Wall. Cat. 3240.

Westekn Peninsula ; the Cirears, Russel. — Distrib. Siam.

Eoot stout, woody, 6-10 in. long. Stem much branched from the woody stock ;
branches straggling, 6-8 in. long, flexuous, woody below. Leaves \-\ in., contracted
into a petiole, obtuse, irregularly toothed. Heads globose, ^-\ in. diam. ; invol. bracts
very coriaceous, obscurely pubescent. — This is a very rare plant ; I have seen no speci-

818 LxxviTi. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tanacetum.

men but Wallich's. Kurz is the authority for the Siam habitat. Bentham had not
seen it, or would never have confounded it with Centipeda orbkuktris (C. minuta,
Benth., Myriogyne minuta. Less.), even generically. It is, however, generically allied
to that plant and to Dlchrocephala^ near which I think that both should be placed.

71. TANACSTUM, Linn,

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves usually pinaatisect. Heads corymbose
(rarely large, long-peduncled, and solitary), heterogamous or liomogamous,
disciform, yellovs' ; outer fl. 0 or $ , 1 -seriate, fertile, terete or compressed, 2-3-
fid ; disk-fi. ^ , fertile, tube stout cylindric, limb 6-tid. Involucre usually broad
and short ; bracts go -seriate, appressed, margins often scarious and brown, outer
smaller. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anther-bases obtuse, entire^ Style-
aj'ms of § with truncate penicillate tips. ^cAew^'s compressed, 5-angled or -ribbed,
or of the ray triquetrous, truncate ; pappus annular or coroniform or 0, rarely a
dimidiate auricle. — Distrib. Species about 30, north temperate regions.

* Leaves all cauline and pinnatisect, stems or branches alljloivering.

1. T. fruticulosum, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 58 ; Ic. t. 38 ; hoary or woolly,
stems very man}' from the woody root 10-14 in. strict erect leafy upwards, leaves
^-^ in. 1-2-pinnatisect, segments spreading linear obtuse, heads many peduncled
or sessile \ in. diam., in vol. bracts broadly oblong nearly glabrous all scarious and
pale or margins faintly coloured, receptacle conic. DC. Proclr. vi. 129. Py-
rethrum Athanasia, Bess. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 353.

Western Tibet, alt. 12-16,000 ft., Thomson, &c.— Distrib. Altai Mts., Aff-
ghanistan.

Root as thick as the thumb and less ; stems rather slender. Heads numerous.
Achencs, ripe not seen. — The species is easily confounded with Artemisia fasciadata ; it
diiFers from T. artemisioides in the narrower leaf-segments and glabrous involucre,
from A, gracile in habit and the much larger heads.

2. T. artemisioides, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hook. ; hoary-pubescent,
stem 1-2 ft. slender naked below sparsely leafy ribbed simple or corymbosely
branched above, leaves |-1 in. subpalmately 1-2-pinuatisect, segments sbort
broad obtuse, heads ^ in. in small corymbs terminating very long slender
branches, invol. bracts broadly oblong concave coriaceous pubescent wholly pale,
receptacle conical. Artemisia faaciculata, He?'b. Ind. Or. H. f. ^ T.-, Clarke
Camp. Ind. 162, not of M. Bieb.

Wkstern Tibet; Balti, alt. 8-9000 ft., Thomson.

Stems sometimes simple, at others copiously branched from the base; the branches
all long, slender, and sparsely leafy, both angled and ribbed, greenish grey. Heads
sessile in a cluster, or peduncled and forming a small flat-topped or rounded corymb
rarely 1 in. diam. ; flowers about 20 ; receptacle conic. Ackenes, ripe not seen. *

3. T. grracile, Hook. f. 8r Thorns. ; hoary-pubescent, stems many from a
woody stock very slender 1-2 ft. corymbosely branched above, branches slender
spreading, leaves ^-1 in. few scattered palmately 2-pinnatisect, segments very
slender, heads ^ in. diam. in small corymbs terminating the long slender bi*anches,
invol. bracts broadly oblong scarious glabrous pale, receptacJe conical, acheues
obovoid with a terminal cupula. T. fruticulosum, Claris Comp. Ind. 153.

Western Tibet, Falconer; Ladak, alt. 11-12,000 ft., Thomson; Sutlej river, N. of
Kumaon, alt. 13,500 ft., Strach. 4'- Wlnterb.

This is very near T. artemisioides, but is much more slender, with slender leaf-
segments and much smaller heads, with glabrous invol. bracts.

4. T. nubigrenuxn, WaU. in DC. Piodr. vi. 130; hoary or woolly, stems

Tanacetum.'] lxxyiit. composite]. (J. D. Hooker.) 319

many from tbe woody root elongate densely leafy upwards, leaves \-^ in. 2-3-
pinnatisect, segments short linear subacute, heads many peduncled or sessile \-^
in, diam., invol. bracts broadly oblong disk herbaceous woolly margins broad
scarious purple-brown, receptacle hemispheric, achenes ovoid-oblong brown 5-
ribbed tip rounded. Clarke Comp. Ind. 153. T. fruticulosura, var. bracteata,
Clarke in Gard. Chron. 1877, 584. Artemisia nubigena, Wall. Cat. 3233.

Alpine Himalaya; from Kumaon, alt. 10-12,000 ft, to Sikkim, alt. U-16,000 ft.

Very closely allied to T. fruticulosum, biit the root is less woody, the stems fewer
and more robust, the leaves more dissected, the heads rather larger, and the invol.
bracts have coloured margins and herbaceous disks. Flotvers, including the achenes,
about j^2 in- long- — Clarke's var. hracteata of T. fruticulosum is only the weak culti-
vated state of this plant grown from Sikkim seeds.

6. T. tibeticuxn, ITook. f. ^ Thorns.-, Clarke Comp. Ind, 164; dwarf,
tomentose, stems very many 1-4 in. crowded on a stout stock leafy upwards,
leaves \ in. crowded palmately pinnatisect, segments short linear obtuse, heads
^-\ in. diam. capitate or corymbose, invol. bracts orbicular pubescent with broad
coloured or pale scarious margins, receptacle convex or hemispheric, achenes
5-ribbed with a minute terminal cup.

"Western Tibet; Parang and Lanak passes, alt. 15-17,000 ft., Thomson.

Very near to T. mchigemim, and perhaps a dry country form of that plant ; but the
habit is ditferent, the heads often much larger, and the receptacle never conical; the
corollas seem to be always glandular, and the whole plant is probably strongly scented
when fi'esh. Flowers, including the achenes, ^ in. long. Specimens collected by
Thomson in the Parang valley have solitary heads § in. diam.

6. T. tenuifoliuxn, Jacquem. in DC. Prodr. vi. 129; dwarf, silkily
tomentose, stems many short 2-4 in. densely leafy, leaves 2-pinnatisect, segments
linear obtuse, heads ^-\ in. corymbose, invol. bracts linear-oblong hoary margins
scarious brown, receptacle convex, achenes obovoid acutely angled. Artemisia
tenuiflora, Jacquem. Cat. 2053 ; Bess. Su^ypl. ad Tent. Abrot. 62.

Western Tibet; Keyrie Pass, Jacquemont ; Kumaon, alt. 14,000 ft., Thomson.

Very near indeed to T. tiheticum, and probably a variety of that plant, diifering
chiefly in the narrow lobes of the more silkily pubescent foliage. Flowers, including
the achenes, — in. long.

** Leaves radical and cauline ; stems many from the root., elongating and
Jiowefi'ing, the rest short and Jloicerless, or stem suhsolitary with both radical and
cauline leaves.

7. T. seneclonis, Gay in DC. Prodr. vi. 129; tomentose or woolly,
stems few or many stout long or short from a stout woody root, radical leaves

getioled 1-3 in. palmately pinnatisect, segments short or long linear obtuse,
owering stems 3-10 in. distantly leafy, heads \-\ in. diam. capitate or in woolly
corymbs, invol. bracts broadly ovate with a woolly disk and broad scarious
brown margins, receptacle convex or hemispheric, achenes obovoid tip rounded
without a cupula. T. tomentosum, DC. I. c. 130.

"Westeen Himalaya; Lahul, Kunawur, and Garwhal, alt. 11-14,000 ft., Boyle,
Jacquemont, &c.

Very variable, 4-10 in. high. In Jaoquemont's specimen the leaves are 3 in. long
and the flowering stem 8 in., but at great elevations the plant becomes dwarf and only
3-5 in. high. I have seen no quite ripe achenes, but the ripest appear to be between
obovoid and cuneate, rather compressed, angled, with rounded shoulders and no trace
of a terminal eupule (as in T. mihigenum) ; pericarp lax. I find no difference whatever
between some of Jacquemont's specimens of T. senecionis, so named by Gay, and
Royle's of tomentosum. The heads vary in wooUiness, the invol. bracts being some-

.320 Lxxviii. cOMPOsiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) iTanacetum,

times almost hidden (as in the following species), and their brown scarious edges
concealed. The flowers (with the achenes) rarely exceed ^ in. long.

8. T. robustum, if. f. ^ T.; Clarke Comp. Ind. 154; very stout, softly
tomentose, stem subsolitary from a stout woody stock robust angled, radical
leaves long-petioled ^-4 in. oblong in outline 2-pinnatisect, segments linear-
obovoid obtuse, cauline few, heads ^ in. diam. in branched corymbs with very
stout woolly and leafy branches and peduncles, invol. bracts densely woolly
oblong with very narrow scarious pale margins, receptacle convex, flowers
numerous.

Western- Himalaya ; Kunawur, below the Werang Pass, Thomson.

I doubt this being anything but a very large robust form of T. senecionis, with very
stout stem and branches of the corymbs, larger heads, and woolly bracts. Root woodv,
with a prostrate, branched crown. Leaves long-petioled, |-1 in. diam. Achenes un-
ripe, but apparently as in T. senecionis, with the coroUa \ in. long.

9. T. Falooneri, Hook. f. ; rather silkily tomentose or hoary, stem 1-2
ft. robust grooved, radical leaves 2-4 in. linear-oblong in outline 2-pinnatisect,
segments linear narrow acute, heads ^ in. diam. peduucled in branched corymbs
with linear or divided leaves, invol. bracts densely pubescent linear-oblong
margins narrowly scarious pale, receptacle convex, flowers about 20.

Western Tibet (or Kashmir), Falconer ; Kashmir, Bellew.

A very robust tall species, differing from T. robustum in the larger size, the longer
leaves more oblong in outline, with slender lobes. Achenes pale, linear-oblong, rather
dilated upwards, pericarp loose, tip truncate and lobed, with the corolla about \ in.
long. In Bellew's specimen the corymb is 6 in. diam., with long stout ascending
branches, the lower 7-8 in. long ; the heads are longer peduncled, and the leaves on
the corymb simple, slender, undivided, and 1 in. long. In Falconer's the corymbs are
much smaller and denser, with divided leaves.

10. T. longrifolium, Wall. Cat. 3231 ; laxly villous, stem single from the
root stout 6-18 in., radical-^aves 5-10 in. slender linear in outline 2-pinnatisect,
segments subfiliform, heads ^-^ in. diam. in a close woolly corymb or rounded
cluster (rarely solitary and 1 in, broad), invol. bracts narrowly oblong with a
pubescent disk and broad scarious purple margins, receptacle hemispheric, flowers
60-GO. DC. Prodr. vi. 130, excl. stjn. ; Clarke Cotnp. hid. 154.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 10-13,500 ft.

A very distinct species in foliage, though offering no characters of importance in
the head and flowers. Root as thick as the thumb, woody, crowned with the shining
base of the old petioles. Stem stout, erect, striated, not angled. Leaves very long and
finely cut. Heads sometimes reduced to one, then 1 in, diam., with very many invol.
bracts ; flowers with the achenes, \ in. long. Achenes narrowly obo void, with 5 strong
ribs; pappus 0. — The form with a large solitary head is rather an abnormal develop-
ment than a normal variety, and, except in the absence of ligules and presence of ^
the shining remains of the petioles, it resembles most closely Chrysanthemum Atkin-
soni.

11. T. nanum, Clarke Comp. Ind.. 155; hoarj^, rootstock excessively
stout branched, radical leaves ^ -1 in. ovate 2-pinnatisect, segments minute short
acute incurved, flowering stem 3 in. sparingly leafy simple, heads capitate ^ in.
diam., invol. bracts with a woolly disk and broad brown scarious margins, recep-
tacle convex.

Western Tibet; Nubra Valley, alt. 16,000 ft., Thomson.

This differs from all the other Indian species in the minute incurved segments of
the leaves, which are quite acute ; the heads resemble those of T. nubigenum, but the
habit is very different. The woody root is almost as thick as the thumb, the achenes
are immature.

Tanacetum.] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 321

*** Leaves cuneiform, ^Jid.

12. T. g-ossypinum, Hooh. f..Sr T.; Clarke Cofnp. Ind. 154; dwarf,
densely tufted, softly woolly, leafy shoots short densely compacted clothed with
short quadrate silky most densely imbricating leaves ^ in. long, flowering stems
1-2 in. stout simple densely leafy with cuneiform 3-fid leaves ^-^ in., heads ^ in.
diam. in rounded terminal woolly dense clusters, invol. bracts linear-oblong,
margins scarious purple, receptacle hemispheric.

SiKKiM Himalaya, on the Tibetan frontier, alt. 16-18,000 ft., J. D. H.

A very singular species, forming dense cushions, at the highest elevation reached
by flowering plants in Sikkim, resembling one of the moss-like Erifrickiums in habit.
The short flowerless shoots have often silvery white silky pubescence, which contrasts
with the tawny wool of the flowering branches, which are club-shaped, the dense in-
florescence forming the broad end of the club. The achenes are narrowly obovoid,
with a lax pericarp and small cupular tip, and with the corollas are ^ in. long.

72. ARTEBIXSIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, usually strong-scented. Leaves alternate, entire serrate or
1-3-pinnatisect. Heads small, solitary or fascicled, racemose or panicled, never
corymbose, heterogamous or homogamous, disciform; outer fl. $ , l-seriate, fer-
tile, very slender, 2-3-toothed ; disk fl. ^ , fertile or sterile, limb 5-fid. Involucre
ovoid, subglobose or hemispheric; bracts few-seriate, outer shorter, margins
scarious ; receptacle flat or raised, naked or hirsute. Anther-bases obtuse, entire.
Style-arms of ^ with truncate usually penicillate tips, often connate in the
sterile fl. Achenes very minute, ellipsoid oblong or suboboyoid, faintly striate ;
pappus 0. — DiSTKiB. Species about 150, in the N. temperate regions, and a few
S. American ones.

Sect. I. Dracunculus. Heads heterogamous ; outer fl. $ ; disk fl. ^ ,
sterile ; receptacle naked. Leaves glabrous or villous, neyer appressedly tomen-
tose. , 4j>'

* Perennials.

1. A. salsoloides, Willd. ; JBoiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 262 ; perennial, glabrous
or sparsely villous, stems many strict angled pale shining, leaves glaucous 2-3-
pinnatisect, segments slender obtuse or acute, upper quite entire, racemes simple
or paniculately branched, heads ^-^ in. long subsessile or pedicelled broadly
ovoid or subglobose, invol. bracts glabrous ovate or obovate-oblong obtuse pale
with broad scarious margins, achenes glabrous. DC. Prodr. vi. 94. ; Ledeh. Fl.
Ross. ii. 560 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 157.

Western Tibet, alt. 12-14,000 ft., from Rupchu(N. of Kumaon) westwards. — Dis-
TBIB. Mongolia, Siberia, Caucasus.

Root very stout, long and woody, sometimes 12 in. Leaves 1-2 in., radical many
or 0. Racemes copious. Heads shining ; flowers very few. Achenes 2-3, narrowly
ellipsoid, ^ in. long, delicately ribbed. — Clarke describes this species as biennial, but
the root appears to be perennial.

Vae. 1. salsoloides proper ; stems very numerous from the crown, racemes sub-
simple.

Vab. 2'. paniculata ; taller, stem stout branched above the root, racemes panicled.
A. Halimodendron, Ledeh. ; Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. ^ T. (not of Turczaninow, which has
much larger more ovoid heads ^ in. long, with longer hard invol. bracts, and achenes
twice as large).

2. A. Dracunculus, Linn.; DC. Prodr. vi. 97; herbaceous, perennial,
glabrous, radical leaves 3-fid or 0, cauline sessile linear or linear-oblong acute
entire or toothed, racemes panicled, heads subglobose | in. diam. sessile or pedi-

VOL. III. Y

322 Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Artemisia.

celled pale shining, invol. bracts broadly oblong with very broad scarious
margins and a very narrow green disk. Clarke Comp. Ind. 167 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross,
ii. 563.

Western Tibet, alt. 14-16,000 ft., Thomson; Lahul, Jaeschke. — Distbib. AfF-
ghanistan, W. Asia, S. and Mid Kussia.

A green erect herb 1-2 ft. high ; stems grooved and ribbed. Leaves 1-1| in., quite
entire in Indian specimens. Heads sometimes clustered in threes, horizontal or nod-
ding ; flowers rather numerous, Achenes, ripe not seen in Indian specimens. — Though
described as an annual, the roots seem to be perennial. The Affghan specimens have
rather smaller heads, and are probably Boissier's A. campestris, var. inodora.

3. A. ^\2LVLca., Pall. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 97 ; herbaceous, perennial, pubescent,
radical leaves 3-fid or 0, lobes acute, cauline sessile linear or linear-lanceolate
rarely lobed, heads subglobose ^ in. diam. in very slender lax short racemes with
capillary pedicels, invol. bracts glabrous oblong obtuse scarious with a narrow
green disk. Ledeh. FL Ross. ii. 563. A. dubia. Wall. ? Herb. Ind. Or. H. f.
8rT.

Western HimAlLAya; Kunawru and Jamu, alt. 7-9000 ft., Thomson.— Disiwb.
Siberia, Mongolia.

Very similar to A. Draxiuncultis, and distinguished by the pubescence only.

4. A. desertorum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 490 ; herbaceous, perennial, glabrous,
leaves 1-2 in. sessile entire and linear or 2-3-partite or pinnatifid with linear
acute segments, heads usually pedicelled subglobose ^ in. diam. sessile or
})eduncled, solitary and distant or in clusters of 2-3 short forming panicled
racemes, invol. bracts orbicular or oblong, outer herbaceous or with narrow
scarious margins. DC. Prodr. vi. 97; Ledeh. Fl. Ross. ii. 564; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 168. A. fcetida, Jacquem. in DC. Prodr. vi. 98. A. Jacquemontiana,
Pesser ; DC. I. c. 97.

Western Tibet and Kunawur, alt. 10-16,000 ft., Falconer, Jacquemorit, Thomson,
— DiSTRiB. Eastern Turkestan, alt. 17-18,000 ft. {Henderson); Siberia.

A suberect foetid herb ; branches grooved and ribbed. Leaves green, acute. Htads
(lark green ; outer invol. bracts often -wholly herbaceous ; flowers rather numerous.
Achenes as in A. salsoloides. — In A. Jacquemontiana the invol. bracts are more scarious,
and present a transition to A. Dracunculus, of which this is probably a variety ; it is
referred by Maximovicz (Dec. xi. 526) to parviflora, Eoxb., but I think erroneously.

6. A. parviflora, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 61; Fl. Ind. vi. 420; perennial,
herbaceous, viUous, hoary or glabrous, stems erect or ascending stout panicu-
lately branched grooved, leaves sessile linear-cuneate, tip entire or acutely 2-8-
fid or flabellately lobiilate rarely pinnatifid, upper linear entire acute, heads
^^Q-| in. diam. globose secund in elongate strict panicled racemes, invol. bracts
broadly oblong with broad scarious edges. Don Prodr. 181 ; DC. in Wight
Contrih 20 ; Prodr. vi. 100 ; Ddz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 314 ; Wall. Cat. 3298 ;«
Clarke Cotnp. Ind. 159. A. glabrata, DC. in Wight Contrib. 20 ; Prodr. vi. 100 ;
Wight Ic. t. 1111. A. cuneifolia, DC. I. c. 126.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 7-9000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 7-11,000 ft.
Khasia Mts., Ava, and Martaban, alt. 5-7000 ft. Behar ; on Parusnath, alt. 4000
ft. Western Ghats ; from the Concan southwards to the Pulney Mts. (absent in
Ceylon).

A shrubby inodorous herb 1-3 ft. high, glabrous or laxly ahIIous. Leaves very
variable, 1-2 in. long, the lowest sometimes nearly 1 in. diam., with palmately spread-
ing 3-5-fid lobes, the upper middle sometimes 1-2-pinnatifid with narrow lobes, but
usually the lower and middle cauline are simply narrowly cuneate and acutely 3-5-fid
at the broad end; all have generally a pair of stipule-like narrow lobes at the base.
Heads almost always pedicelled, greenish ; flowers 6-10. Achenes about ^ in. long,
ellipsoid, smooth, brown. — The stems are so robust as to suggest that this is often

Artemisia.] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 323

shrubby, though described as herbaceous by Roxburgh. The corolla of the ray is not
pubescent, as represented in Wight's Icories.

** Annuals, rardi/ perennials,

6. A. scoparia, Waldst. %■ Kit. PI. Ear. Hung. i. 66, t. 65; annual, or
rootstock perennial, glabrous below, hoary or \illous, radical leaves petioled
broadly ovate 1-3-pinnatisect, segments linear, cauline filiform, heads minute
J__J_ in. secimd in slender panicled racemes, invol. bracts glistening oblong ob-
tuse scarious vnth narrow green disks. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 364 ; Ledeb. Fl.
Itoss. ii. 569 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 158. A. elegans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 421 ; Wall.
Cat. 4300. A. trichophylla. Wall. Cat. 3305 ; DC. I. c. vi. 100 ; Clarke I. c.

Upper Gangetic Plain, and westwards to Scind and the Punjab. Western
HiMAiAYA; from Kashmir to Lahul, alt. 5-7000 ft. Western Tibet, alt. 7-12,000
ft., Thomson. — Disteib, Japan, Affghanistan to Central Europe.

A faintly scented very slender branched annual, 1-2 ft. high; branchlets often
almost capillary. Leaves, radical 1-3 in., long-petioled, the segments distant spreading ;
cauline setaceous. Heads sessile or on short capillary pedicels. Achenes ^ in. long
(perhaps one of the most minute fruits of any flowering plant). — Though usually
annual and described as such, some specimens, both from the plains of India and
Tibet, have very woody stocks.

7. A. stricta, Edgeio. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 73; annual, laxly villous
or glabrate, erect or branches diffusely prostrate, radical leaves petioled 1-3-
pinnatisect, segments linear or lanceolate, cauline sessile less divided or entire,
heads ^^-^ in. diam. subglobose sessile in spiked clusters or solitary suberect,
invol. bracts oblong obtuse pubescent, outer greenish with narrow scarious mar-
gins glabrous and shining in age. Clarke Camp. Lnd. 158.

Tibetan Passes of the Himaxaya; Kumaon, alt. 10-11,600 ft., Edgeworth, Strach.
4 Winterb. Sikkim, alt. 16,000 ft., J. D. H. Western Tibet, alt. 10-13,000 ft.,
Thomson.

Very variable ; from a diffuse herb with spreading prostrate branches 2-6 in. long,
to a tall branching one 2 ft. high, readily distinguished from A. scoparia by the smaller
less divided radical leaves, the shorter pinnatisect cauline ones, and the usually pubes-
cent larger heads being sessile, erect or suberect, and forming very short spikes, and
being not at all secund. The achenes are also larger than in that plant.

8. A. annua, Linn.-, £oiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 371; annual, erect, very
slender, glabrous, branches deeply grooved, leaves broad 3-pinnatisect or decom-
pound, segments serrate or lobulate, heads i^2~i^o ^^' diam. subglobose secund in
very slender panicled racemes pedicelled pendulous, invol. bracts glabrous, inner
orbicular green with scarious margins at length all scarious and shining. A.
Stewartii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 163. A. Wadei, Edgetv. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
XX. 72.

The Punjab ; Peshawur to Wnzuristan, alt. 5500 ft., Stewart. — Distrib. Siberia,
Affghanistan, and westwards to Hungary.

A very strong scented species. It has 4-pinnatifid lower leaves, 3 in. broad, and
as long, with stipuliform pinnatifid auricles at the base of the petiole, and with puljeru-
lous nerA^es beneath. Stewart's specimens are tall, strict, copiously pauiculately
branched, with fully developed leaves deltoid-ovate in outline, identical with Edge-
worth's, and both with Siberian and Caucasian specimens of A. anmia. Though
usually placed in the section Abrotanum, I find the ray flowers to be always fertile and
the disk flowers sterile.

Sect. II; Seriphidium. Heaas homogamous ; flowers all fertile, recep-
tacle naked.

9. A. maritima, Linn. ; Ledeb, FL Ross. ii. 570 ; hoary or tomentose,

y2

324 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Artemisia,

shrubby below, stems erect or ascending mucb branched from the bases, leaves
ovate 2-pin natisect, segments small spreading linear obtuse, upper simple linear,
heads 3-8-fld. ovoid or oblong suberect in spicate fascicles, invol. bracts linear-
oblong, outer herbaceous tomentose, inner scarious acute glabrous. DC. Prodr.
Ti. 102 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 159. A. bre\'ifolia, IVall. Cat. 3306 ; DC. Prodr.
vi. 103. A. fragi'ans, Willd. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 366. A. acetica, Jacq. in
Bess. Monog. Dracunc. Suppl. 86 ; DC. I. c. 105.

"Westebn HiMAiiAYA ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 7-9000 ft. Western
Tibet ; in salt plains, alt. 9-14,000 ft., abundant. — Distrib. Coasts of Europe and.
saline tracts of N. Asia.

Rootstock woody, branched; stems 6-18 in., strict, woody or wiry. Leaves ^-2 in,,
often quite white, with very many segments; petiole slender. Heads often reddish,
crowded and bracteolate by a small linear or almost setaceous leaf. — The heads are
erect in most of the Indian specimens, which refers them to the form called fragrans
of Willdenow, but Clarke mentions a variety with nodding heads which he (in mss.)
refers to A. nutans, Willd. ; and he has a var. Thomsoniana for a form with very
woolly leaves and suberect heads {A. Lehmaniana, Bge.). Wallich's A. hrevifolia in
no way differs from A. maritima.

Sect. III. Abrotanum. Heads heterogamous ; ray-fl. $ , disk-fl. ^ , all
fertile ; receptacle naked (or puberulous in A. persica).

* Annuals or biennials.

10. A. caruifolia, JTain. in Boxh. Hwt. Beng. 61; Fl. Ind. iii. 162
{hy ei-ror carnifolia) ; annual, quite glabrous, stem branched above densely leafy,
leaves sessile capillaceo-multifid, heads ^-^ in. diam. hemispheric pedicelled
secund drooping in axillary leafy racemes, invol. bracts glabrous broadly oblong,
outer herbaceous mtli narrow scarious margins, inner scarious. Wall. Cat.
3299 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 119 ; Clarke Coin]). Ind. 162. A. riparia. Herb. Ham.

Eastern Bengal, Assam, Nipax and Birma. — Distrib. China.
Stem 2-4 ft., stout, but soft and herbaceous. Leaves deep green, segments very
narrow and weak. Heads green, many-fld. ; receptacle hemispheric.

11. A. Toumefortiana, Reichb. Ic. Exot. i. 6,t. 5 ; annual, stout, erect
quite glabrous simple or thyrsoidly branched, leaves linear-oblong or ovate
pinnatisect, rachis lobulate, segments distant oblong toothed laciniate or pinnatifid,
cauline and floral sessile elongate, heads ovoid ^ in. long erect in very dense
axillary erect sessile compound thyrsoid panicles, invol. bracts glabrous erect
after flowering obovate-oblong acute scarious with a narrow green disk, recep-
tacle very small. DC. Prodr. vi. 119 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 372 ; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 163.

Western Himaxaya and Western Tibet; alt. 8-12,000 ft; Kashmir, Falconer;
KunawuT and Piti, Jacguemont, Thomson. — Distrib. Affghanistan and westward to
Armenia,

Very stout, 2-4 ft. ; stem green or purplish. Leaves green, 3-5 in. long, soft,
petiole and rachis slender. Heads clustered like the inflorescence of an Amaranthus.
Achenes larger than usual in the genus, about — in. long. — The Sikkim plant referred
to this by Clarke (1. c.) is A. biennis, which differs widely in the size, form and colour
of t-he heads, and in the broad receptacle.

12. A . biennis. Willd. ; Ledeh. Fl. Boss. iii. 693 ; green and rather succu-
lent, glabrous or pilose, leaves 2-pin natipartite, segments pinatifid or toothed,
heads many-fld. |-^ in. diam. broadly cupular suberect in short leafy panicled
racemes, invol. bracts pubescent broad green with rather narrow and brown
scarious margins, DC. Prodr. vi. 120.

Western Tibet; Milam (N. of Kumaon), alt. 11,600 ft., and Topidunga, alt.

Artemisia.] Lxxviii. cojtfPQSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 325

15,000 ft., Strach. # Wint; Potopa, alt. 11,500-12,000 ft., Hei/de. Sikkim; on the
Tibet frontier, alt. 15,000 ft., J. D. H. — Distrib. N. Asia, N. America.

A subsucculent herb, of which the specimens are not very good. Stem 6-12 in.,
very stout and soft. Leaves radical, numerous, green, petioled, cauliue subsessile,
1-2 in., linear-oblong in outline. Heads much larger than those in any of the fore-
going species. — Ledebour describes the root, which I have not seen, as creeping
jointed and scaly, the brown scarious margins of the invol. bracts are peculiar.

** Perennials with iisually small heads in often sp-eading panicled spikes or
racemes.

13. A. amygrdalina, Dene, in Jacq. Voij. Bot. 92, t. 100; stem stout
erect leafy, leaves subsessile lanceolate acuminate serrate teeth incurved gland-
tipped hoary beneath, heads — ^^' ovoid few-fld. subsecund in dense short
axillary racemes, invol. bracts oblong obtuse scarious glabrous, outer with a
green disk.

Kashmir ; Pir Punjal, Jacquemont, Stewart.

Stem deeply grooved and many-ribbed, glabrous. Leaves quite simple, 4-6 by
\-\\ in., rather membranous, glabrous above ; nerves many and midrib slender ;
base narrowed into a very short petiole with minute setaceous auricles. — I have seen
but one specimen of this very remarkable species, the leaves are like those of a willow.
It is perhaps nearest A. vulgaris ; the only other species at all like it is A. anomala,
Hance, of €hina, which has shorter, broader leaves.

14. A. vulg'aris, Linn. \ Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 371 ; tall, shrubby below,
hoary pubescent or tomentose, stems leafy paniculately branched, leaves large
ovate lobed laciniate or 1-2-pinnatipartite white-tomentose beneath rarely
hoary or green on both surfaces, lobes acute irregularly serrate or lobulate lower
petioled upper sessile or petioled with stipule-like basal lobes, uppermost linear-
lanceolate entire, heads ^-^ in. long ovoid or subglobose clustered or seriate
subsecund in short or long suberect or horizontal panicled racemes, invol. bracts
woolly or glabrate, outer small herbaceous, inner almost wholly scarious, corollas
glabrous. DC. Prodr. v. 112 ; Clarke Comp.Ind. 161 ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 420 ;
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 178. A. indica, Willd. ; DC. I. c. 114 ; Roxh.
I. c. 419 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 129 ; Wight Ic. t. 1112 ; Wall. Cat. 3293.
A. dubia. Wall. Cat. 3307; DC I.e. 110. A. myriantha, WaU. Cat. 3297;
DC. I. e. 112. A. paniculata, Roxb. I. e. 418. A. leptostachya, DC. I. e. 113.
A. grata, Wall. Cat. 3294 in part ; DC. I.e. 114. A. lavandulaefolia, DC. l.e,
110. A. affinis, Hassk. Hort. Bog&r. 102. A. parviflora, Wight Cat. 1460, not
of Roxb. ; Rheede Hort. Med. x. t. 46.

Throughout the mountainous districts of India, at elevation of 5-12,000 ft., in
the Western Himalaya ; and 5-8000 ft. in Sikkim, the Khasia, Ava, and Martaban
Mts. Mt. Aboo, in Marwae. The Western Ghats, from the Concan, southwards to
■Ceylon. — Distrib. Temperate Europe and Asia, Siam, Java.

A tall aromatic shrub-like herb, often forming thickets 6-8 ft. high in Sikkim,
with branches as thick as the thumb, and leaves 7 in. long, and broad ; the leaves
normally vary from very lobulate, like those of the garden chrysanthemum, to
pinnatilidly 2-3-sect, and from green or hoary on both surfaces to thickly clothed
with white or buif, tomentose beneath or on both surfaces; the heads, too, A^ary
gi-eatly in number, disposition, size and form, from globose to ovoid, and from sessile
to pedicelled. — I have failed to separate the following forms into varieties recognisable
by description or by locality. A. hidica was originally distinguished by its leaves
ashy beneath ; A. dubia by the more entire leaves ; A. myriantha by its floribund
branches ; A. paniculata (a Calcutta garden plant) has no distinctive characters ; A.
leptostachya should have leafless racemes, as is often the case with other forms ; A.
grata of Wallich consists of a broad leaved state of vulgaris from the Western
Peninsula, and of the same with A. Roxbwrghiana from the Calcutta Garden. The

326 Lxxviii. C0MP0SITJ3. (J. D. Hooker.) [Artemisia.

synonym of parvifolia, Wight, is probably due to a misplaced ticket. "Wight (Icones,
under t. 1112) states that he cannot recollect having seen this plant (in the Nilgherry
Mts.) except about habitations ; and the only habitat Thwaites gives for it in Ceylon
is " in or near native gardens." It is, however, abundant in the Ghats, and the heads
are sold in the Bombay Bazaar.

16. A. Xloxburg'hiana, Besser Abrot. Suppl. 57; rootstock creeping^
stem 1-2 ft. simple below ascending leafy, leaves ovate or oblong 2-3-pinnatifid^
rachis winged, segments linear or oblong acute entire or cut tomentose or gla-
brate beneath margins flat or recurved, heads |— ^ in. ovoid or hemispheric
6-10-fld. in compound pannicled racemes or spikes, invol. bracts pubescent or
tomentose, receptacle very small flat. DC. Prodr. vi. 114. A. W allichiana,.
Bessei' Ahrot. 69.

Westeen Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-10,000 ft.

Very similar in some states, in foliage and inflorescence, to A. vulgaris, but at
once distinguished by its rootstock, small size, and herbaceous habit ; the leaves, too,
are much smaller and more finely cut, the flowers are usually, if not always, purple.
The heads vary much in size and in form, from hemispheric to ovoid. A form with
large racemose heads appears to pass into A. Moorcroftiana.

Var. 1. grata; leaf segments broad white tomentose beneath, ma.rgins flat or
recurved. A. grata, Wall. Cat. 3294, A. A. hypoleuca, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
XX. 71 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 164. The stem is often purple.

Vab. 2. purpurascens ; leaves more finely cut, segments very narrow acute,
margins recurved glabrate on both surfaces. A. purpurascens, Jacqtiem. mss. Besser
I. c. 60. A. revoluta, Edgew. I. c. 72.

16. A. vestita, Wcdl. in DC. Prodr. vi. 106; Cat. 3301 ; shrubby below^
erect, hoary, paniculately branched, leaves ovate pinnatisect segments pectinately
pinnatilid green above white-tomentose beneath, rachis simple or pectinately
winged, heads 6-10-fld. hemispheric ^-^ in. subsecund long-pedicelled nodding^
in short or long compound hoary racemes, invol. bracts obovate-oblong scarious^
outer with a green disk. Clarke Comp. Ind. 160.

Western Himalaya, and the Salt Eange, alt. 7-10,000 ft., from Peshawur and
Kashmir to Kumaon. — Distrib. N. China.

Stem 1-4 ft., hoary, grooved. Leaves 1-3 in., petiole slender or 0, with or without
simple or pinnatifid basal auricles. Achenes ellipsoid, smooth, shining, brown. — The
very finely divided leaves, like those of a fern, distinguish this from A. BoxhurgManay
to which it is most closely allied.

17. A. laciniata, Willd. : DC. Prodr. vi. 110; erect, hoary, herbaceous,
leaves broadly ovate decompoundly pinnatisect, segments pectinately pinnatifid
puberulous on both surfaces, rachis simple, heads 15-20-fld. broadly hemispheric
nodding .subsecund distant in slender panicled racemes, invol. bmcts hoary
with a green disk and broad scarious margins. Ledeh. Fl. Boss. ii. 681 ; Clai'he
Comy. Ind. 161.

Western Tibet and Kumaon, alt, 8-12,000 ft., Boyle, &c. Kashmir, alt. 9500 ft.,^
Clarke. — Distrib. Siberia and Dahuria.

This is probably only a more compound leaved stq^te of A, sacrorum ; the Heada
are identical.

18. A. sacrorum, Ledeh. Fl. Alt. iv. 72 ; Fl. Boss. ii. 678 ; erect, hoary,
shrubby below, leaves long-petioled ovate pinnatisect, segments pectinately
pinnatifid hoary or green or white-pubescent on both surfaces, rachis simple or
pectinately winged, heads 16-20-fld. broadly hemispheric nodding subsecimd
distant in slender panicled racemes, invol. bracts hoary, outer with a green
disk and broad scanous margins. Beichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 310 ; Clarke Comp,

Artemisia.l LXX-vm. compositji. (J. D. Hooker.) 327

^fid. 160. A. Messerschmidiana, Bessei- Monog. ; Abrot, 27 ; DC. Prodr. vi.
107.

"Westebn Tibet, Kunawde, and the Tibetan region of Kumaon, alt. 9-17,000 ft.
— DiSTRiB. Mid. and S. Kussia, Siberia, Dahuria.

Habit of A. vestita, but the leaves are smaller and alike on both surfaces, the
heads are twice as large, and the flowers far more numerous. The outer invol. bracts
in both are sometimes linear and green.

19. A. Campbellli, Hooh.f. 8f T. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 164 (excl. locality
of W. Tibet) ; dwarf, clothed with buff tomentum, stems simple, ascending
from a creeping woody branched stock, leaves ovate pinnatisect segments 2-3-
lobed, lobes lanceolate acute tomentose on both surfaces, petiole stout, heads ^ in.
diam. hemispheric sessile clustered clusters in interrupted simple or racemose
spikes, invol. bracts densely woolly oblong, outer with narrow scarious margins,
inner scarious.

SiKKiM Himalaya; on the Tibetan passes and north of them, alt. 16-18,000 ft.,
J. B.H.

A strong scented, tufted, stout herb, less than a foot high, softly, often subsilkily
tomentose all over; rootstock stout, with stout woody descending fibres. Radical
leaves 1-1^ in. long ; petiole stout, with a sheathing base ; cauline sessile, with
auricled bases, segments with revolute margins. Heads brown, in woolly clusters ;
receptacle very small ; flowers not numerous. — Through some accident Clarke has
referred to this species a Western Tibetan plant of Falconer's, &c., and a portion of
Wallich's N. 3302 {A. vestita), from Kashmir.

*** Perennials with rather large heads in simple or sparingly branched erect
axillary and terminal racemes.

(The species 20, 21, 22 are very closely allied and closely resemble states of
16, 17 and 18, all may prove forms of one or two species.)

20. A. ZHoorcroftiana, Wall. Cat. 3296; DC. Prodr. vi. 117; hoary
or tomentose, rootstock creeping, stem simple below, leaves ovate or oblong
2-pinnatifid white-tomentose beneath, rachis pinnatifid, segments spreading
ovate or lanceolate acute, heads large ^-^ in. diam. broadly hemispheric 15-20-
fld. sessile solitary or in clusters along the long racemes, invol. bracts obovate
tomentose broadly scarious, receptacle broad hemispheric. — A. hypoleuca ?
Serb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.

Kashmir; El^ltal, alt. 9-13,000 ft., and Western Tibet, alt. 13-14,000 ft.,
Thomson. Kunawur, at Spiti, Jaeschke.

This resembles closely states of A. Roxhurghiana, var. grata, in foliage, and it has
a similar root, but the inflorescence is very peculiar, the large heads forming inter-
rupted elongated spikes or racemes, with spaces of 5— | in. between the solitary heads
or clusters of 2-3 heads. The flowers are purple, very numerous, the receptacle
totally different, and the achenes twice as large (^ in. long).

21. A. persica, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 373 ; taU, erect, perennial ?, hoary
with white tomentum, paniculately branched above, leafy, leaves small ovate or
flabellate decompoundly pinnatisect, segments minute linear or obovate obtuse
spreading, rachis simple or lobulate, heads \ in. diam. subglobose rather remote
pedicelled secund nodding in short or long axillary strict erect racemes, invol.
bracts tomentose outer linear green, inner orbicular broadly scarious, receptacle
small convex obscurely pubescent. Clarke Comp. Ind. 165.

Western Tibet, alt. 9-14,000 ft., Thomson. — Disteib. Affghanistan, S. Persia,
Kurdistan.

Described by Boissier as a perennial, but the Tibetan examples are rather like
biennials and very strongly scented. Stem 3-4 ft., grooved and ribbed, branches long

328 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Artemisia.

suberect. Leaves very finely cut, sessile or petioled. Heads numerous, yellow,
usually rather distant ; receptacle very obscurely pubescent ; corolla of § very short,
almost cupular, glabrous or pubescent. — Placed in the section Absinthium by Boissier
and Clarke, but it is most closely allied to A. Falconeri, and the pubescence of the
receptacle is totally different from the long hairs of the Absinthium section.

22. A. Falconeri, Clarke mssr, hoary tomentose, stem woody and
branched below, branches slender strict erect simple, leaves small broad short
lower 2-pinnatisect floral and upper pinnatifid equally tomentose on both surfaces,
segments small subacute pointing upwards, heads ^ in. diam. hemispheric
pedicelled nodding forming a simple terminal secund leafy raceme, invol. bracts
tomentose, outer linear green, inner oblong obtuse tomentose green, innermost
scarious, receptacle small convex.

Westebn Tibet ; Falconer.

A foot high, branches very slender but stiff, not grooved. Leaves ^-^ in. long,
and as broad, radical and lower cauline with slender petioles ; upper cauline, sessile ;
segments linear or narrowly lanceolate. Heads in perfectly simple secund strict
erect racemes terminating the erect branches. — I have seen no specimens but 3 of
Falconer's, and I have hence no idea how much this species may vary ; its very
slender, simple, erect branches and racemes are unlike any other, but it may be a
contracted form of A. Moorcroftiana.

23. A. Stracheyi, Hoohf. 8p T. ; anrhe Comp. Ind. 164; dwarf, softly
villously tomentose, branches annual simple strict erect very stout from a very
large woody branched many-headed rootstock, leaves 3-6 in. linear-oblong
2-pinnatisect subsilkily villous on both surfaces, segments close-set short linear
or lanceolate subacute, heads ^ in. diam. broadly hemispheric shortly pedi-
celled nodding forming a simple terminal secund stout leafless raceme, invol.
bracts numerous obovate tomentose with broad brown scarious margins, recep-
tacle broad, corolla densely villous.

Western Tibet; Manasarowar Lake, alt. 15,000 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb.-, Lanak
Pass and Valley above Pugha, alt. 15-17,000 ft., Thomson; Eupchu, Heyde.

A very remarkable species, with the heads of a I'anacetum, but racemed like the
Abrotanoid Absinthia. Root woody, a foot long ; rootstock of numerous short
branches as thick as the finger, clothed with sheathing bases of old petioles. Achenes
j^ in. long, cuneiform, compressed, unlike those of most Artemisia.

Sect. IV. Abslntliiuin. Heads heterogamous ; ray-flt ?, disk-fl. 5,
both fertile ; receptacle covered with long hairs.

* Perennials.

24. A. Absinthium, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 373 ; perennial, hoary-
pubescent, stems erect angular and ribbed, leaves ovate or obovate unequally
2-3-pinnatifidly cut into spreading linear or lanceolate obtuse segments hoary
on both surfaces, radical and lower cauline narrowed into winged petioles, heads
^5 in. diam. pedicelled hemispheric in drooping secund racemes terminating
the branches, outer invol. bracts oblong hoary narrowly scarious, inner orbicular
broadly scarious, receptacular hairs long straight. DC. Prodr. vi. 125. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 104 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1029. Absinthium vulgare, Qcertn.
Fruct. ii. t. 164.

Kashmib; alt. 5-7000 ft., Thomson, Falconer, &c. — Distrib. N. Asia, Affghanistan
and westward to the Atlantic.

Very aromatic, almost silkily hoary, stem 1-3 ft. Leaves 1-2 in. Heads numerous,
but hardly crowded ; fl. yellow ; ray-corolla dilated below ; anthers acuminate (not
aristate). Achenes elliptic-oblong or somewhat obovoid, ^ in. long.

Artemisia.'] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 329

25. A. minor, Jacquem. in DC. Pi'odr. vi. 124 ; dwarf, silMly tomentose,
densely tufted, stems very many short stout ascending from a stout woody root-
Stock sheathed with scarious diy petiole-bases below and clothed with imbricat-
ing leaves above, a few elongating simple and flowering, leaves small densely
imbricate and sessile on the flowerless stems flabellately 2-pinnatifid sessile or
petioled on the flowering stem uppermost pinnatifid, heads ^ in. diam. bracteate
hemispheric subsessile subsecund solitary or spicate, invol. bracts tomentose with
broad coloured scarious margins, receptacular hairs long. A. tibetica, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T. A. Sieversiana, var. tibetica, Clarke Comp. Ind. 165.

Western Tibet, alt. 15-18,000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson. Eastern Tibet, N. of
^ikkim, alt. 18,000 ft., J. D. H.

A strongly scented, densely tufted, dwarf species of the loftiest and driest regions,
with a woody root of probably great age giving off many tufts of short leafy branches,
of which few elongate and flower. Leaves \-^ in., grey ; petiole when present, rather
stout. Heads rarely more than 6, subtended by a leaf or bract that is linear or ovate,
entire or lobed, or sometimes reduced to one of the involucral series ; corollas with
pubescent lobes ; anthers acuminate.

** Annuals or biennials,

26. A. Sieversiana, Willd.; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 599; annual or
biennial, hoary-pubescent, stem erect angled and ribbed simple or paniculately
branched above, leaves mostly petioled broadly ovate 2-pinnatisect segments
obtuse and obscurely lobed hoary on both surfaces, heads \ to nearly ^ in. diam.
broadly hemispheric pedicelled secund nodding distant in lax long racemes
terminating the branches, outer invol. bracts green hoai^, inner broadly scarious,
receptacular hairs long straight. Clarke Comp. Ind. 165; excl. var. /3; DC.
Prodr. vi. 126.

"Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Lahul, alt. 8-10,000 ft. Western Tibet,
alt. 12-14,000 ft.. Falconer, &c. — Disteib. From China, westward to S. Russia.

Very similar in many respects to A. Absinthium, but annual (in the Indian speci-
mens) with much larger heads, distant on the long lax racemes, and the anthers are
aristate. — Ledebour describes the receptacle as sometimes nearly glabrous, in which
case the A. pallida could be hardly distinguished from it.

27. A. macrocepliala, Jacquem. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 125 ; annual, dwarf,
hoary-tomentose, branches many ascending from the root simple or sparingly
divided, leaves ovate 2-pinnatisect, segments linear obtuse or siibacute hoary on
both surfaces, lower stoutly petioled, heads \-^ in. diam. broadly hemispheric
shortly pedicelled secund nodding distantly racemed at the end of the branches,
outer invol. bracts green linear tomentose, inner oblong broadly scarious, recep-
tacular hairs long straight. A. Griffithiana, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 376.

KuNAwuR and Western Tibet; alt. 12-16,000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson.
Manasarowar Lake, alt. 15,500 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb. — Distrib. Affghanistan,
Central Asia.

Stem rather stout for the size of the plant, 4-8 in. long, often decumbent at the
base ; branches spreading in a circle from the root, simple, rarely suberect and again
branched. Leaves about ^ in. long, mostly sessile. Heads yellow; invol. bracts
numerous ; corollas often with hairy lobes ; anthers acuminate.

doubtful species.

A. (Abrotanum) royleana, DC. Prodr. vi. 115; "herbaceous, strict, wholly
glabrous, cauline leaves pi nnati partite from the base, pinnae pairs 7 or 9, lobes broadly
linear acute entire, branches of the panicle erect, heads racemed secund subglobose
subcernuous, invol. bracts ovate subrotund margins scarious. — A most distinct species,
leaf-lobes 10 by 1^ lines." — N.W. India, Boit/le. I cannot identify this.

A. (Abrotanum) fallens. Wall. Cat. 3302 ; a very obscure plant, procured from
4ihe Madras missionaries by Wallich, and called A. absinthii, by Heyne ; it resembles

330 Lxxviii. COMPOSITJ!. (J. D, Hooker.) [Artemisia.

A. Absinthium, but the root is clearly annual and the receptacle is glabrous ; the
specimens are very poor and also resemble A. Sieversiana ; it is properly a garden plant.

A. UEPTOPHTLiA, BoH Prodr. 182; DC. Prodr. vi. 1^ ; "silky, leaves bipinnate
linear-subulate acute rarely divided, stem ascending simple leafy, flowers unknown."
— "Alpine region of Nipal, Wallich ; very near A. pontica." — It is impossible to recog-
nise this by the description.

A. Gmelini, var. 5, Jacquemontiana, and var. |, Cashmyrica, Bess. Monog. Abrot.
Suppl. 40 & 41 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 107, may be forms of vu/garis, vestita, or Roxburghiana.

A. MOLLissiMA, Don Prodr. 182; DC. Prodr. vi. 125; " wholly clothed with white
wool, stem erect simple a span high angled, leaves 2 in. spreading elegantly sub-
3-pinnate leaflets linear-lanceolate flat quite entire mucronate, heads axillary sessile
woolly, invol. bracts linear mucronate. — Sirinagur." — This is undeterminable.

A. KOHATicA, Klati in Sitzung. Milnch. Akad. 1878, 91. The meagre description
does not even state to what section of the genus this plant belongs.

Tribe YIL— SENECZONZDXSS:.
73. TUSSIX.AGO, L.

A white, woolly, scapigerous herb, with a pereniyal stoloniferous root-stock.
Leaves all radical, coming after the flowers, orbicular-cordate, toothed. Heads
solitary, heterogamous, radiate, yellow ; ray^. $ go -seriate, fertile, ligule
narrow spreading ; disk-fl. ^ , sterile, tubular, limb elongate 5-fid. Involucre
campanulate or cylindric ; bracts 1-seriate, equal, with a few very small outer
ones ; receptacle flat, naked. Anther-bases entire or subauricled. Style-arms of
5 entire, obtuse. Achenes of $ linear, 5-10-ribbed, with slender rough pappus-
hairs ; of 5 slender, empty, pappus scanty.

1. T. Farfara, Linn.-, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 377; DC. Prodr. vi. 208;,
aarke Comp. Ind. 166. T. rupestris. Wall. Cat. 2990.

"Western Himai/ATA ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-11,000 ft., Blinkworth,
&c. — DiSTBiB. N. & W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe.

Leaves long petioled, 3-10 in. broad, cobwebby above, white-tomentose beneath.
Scapes 1 or more, 4-10 in., tomentose, scaly. Head 1-1^ in, diam., bright yellow,
drooping in bud. Pappus soft, snow-white.

74. CZIEBZANTKODZUXKC, Benth.

Perennial scapigerous herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, cordate or reniform,
toothed, rarely pinnatifid. Heads solitary on a leafless or 1-2-leaved or brac-
teate scape, always nodding or deflexed, heterogamous, radiate, yellow or pale
pink ; ray-fl. $ , 1-seriate, fertile, ligule large spreading 2-4-toothed ; disk-fl.
5 , fertile, tubular, limb cylindric 5-tid. Involuct'e campanulate or hemispheric,
bracts 1-seriate, membranous ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted. Anther-bases sub-
entire. Style-amis short or long, flattened, obtuse or acute. Achenes angled,
5-10-striate, glabrous ; pappus-hairs copious, white or reddish, slender, rough or
barbellate. — Distrib. Species 8, all Himalayan.

This genus is hardly distinguishable from Senecio, § Ligularia. The species are
probably unduly multiplied, but more specimens are required to determine their
limits; the involucral bracts vary much in most, in number, leng^ih, breadth, and in
being glabrous or pubescent ; all the species are nearly glabrous with .black or brown
pubescence at the top of the scape and base of the involucre. The style-arms differ
much in the various species. The bracts are as in Senecio, § Ligularia, 1-seriate, but
overlap in two series ; the heads are ecalyculate in all.

* Nerves of leaf radiating from the petiole.

1. C. reniforme, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1141 ; nearly glabrous,
12-18 in. high, leaves long-petioled reniform or orbicular sinuate-toothed

Oremanthodium.'l lxxviii. compositj:. (J. D. Hooker.) 331

glabrous palmately nerved, head 3 in. diam., invol. bracts oblong-lanceolate
acuminate, ligules broad entire or minutely toothed yellow, achenes cuneate,
pappus white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 167; Ligularia reniformis, Z)C. Prodr.yi.
315. Senecio reniformis, Wall. Cat. 3141.

Centbal and Eastebn Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 10-15,000 ft,,
J. D. H.

Slender. Radical leaves few; petiole 6-12 in., very slender; blade 2-4 in. diam.,
sometimes pubescent beneath, sinus broad and rounded or narrow and acute, cauline
solitary ; petiole with an inflated amplexicaul sheath. Scape sparsely hairy with black
hairs towards the tip. Invol. bracts 1 in. long, sparingly hairy; ligules sometimes
1 in. long and \ broad, tip entire or toothed, disk brown. Style-arms long, flexuous,
slender, acuminate. Achenes f in. long ; pappus-hairs minutely scabrid.

2. C. Decaisnel, Clarke Comp. Ind. 168 ; more or less pubescent, 6-10
in. high, leaves chiefly radical reniform coriaceous crenate glabrous or with
white appressed tomentum beneath, petiole stout, heads 1^-2^ in. diam., ligules
broad 3-toothed vellow, achenes slender, pappus white. Ligularia, n. 7, Hei'h.
Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.

Alpine Himalaya; from Kashmir, alt. 11,000 ft.. Falconer, Jacquemont-, and
Kumaon, alt. 15,000 ft., Strath. ^ Winterb. ; to Sikkim, alt. 14-16,000 ft., J. D. H.

A shorter and more robust plant than C. renifoTTne, with smaller leaves, shorter
stouter petioles, much broader oblong invol. bracts, and very narrow achenes. Style-
arms linear, ^-cylindric, slightly dilated at the obtuse tip.

3. C. Thomsoni, Clarke C&mp. Ind. 169 ; ne^ly glabrous, 6-8 in. high,
leaves all subradical reniform broadly crenate, head 1-1^ in. diam., invol. bracts
acuminate, ligules broad deeply 3-fid. yellow, achenes linear-oblong, pappus red-
brown. Ligularia, n. 14, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8^ T.

SncKiM Himalaya ; Kankola valley, alt. 13-14,000 ft., J. B. H.

A much smaller plant than C. reniforme; leaves 1-1^ in. diam., more crenate
than toothed ; invol. bracts \ in., oblong-lanceolate ; ligules |-1 in. ; style-arms
linear, ^-cylindric, long, subacute ; achenes ^-^ in.

4. C Sookeri, Clarke Comp. Ind. 169; nearly glabrous, 6-8 in. high,
leaves chiefly cauline reniform denticulate, petiole short with long narrow
sheaths, heads 1 in. diam., involucre campanulate, ligules very slender yellow,
achenes narrowly oblong, pappus reddish. Ligularia, n. 16, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f.
8f T.

Sikkim Himalaya; Yeumtong, alt. 13-15,000 ft., J. D. H.

This differs from C. Thomsoni in the cauline leaves with shorter petioles and
minute teeth, the smaller heads more campanulate ; involucre with linear bracts, and
very slender ligules. Style-arms linear, ^-cylindric, ratner long, subacute.

6. C. palmatum, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1142 ; slender, hairy, 4-7 in.
high, leaves reniform acutely palmately 6-10-lobed to near the middle, heads
1^2^ in. diam., ligules very broad pink 2-4-fid, achenes short, pappus white.
Clarke Comp. Ind. 168. Ligularia palmata, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.

Sikkim Himalaya; Kankola valley, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. B. H., Elwes.

An elegant species, with very large heads for the size of the plant, and broad pale
pink rays that do not stand horizontally, but are erecto-patent, giving the head, which
is sharply deflexed with a narrow base to the involucre, a triangular profile. Style
hispid far below the arms, which are linear, ^-cylindric, vdth rounded tips. The
achenes are too young to ascertain their form and size.

** Nerves of leaf pinnate,

6. C. oblong'atum, Clarke Comp. Ind. 168, exd. var. /3 ; glabrous, 4-8
in. high, leaves chiefly radical orbicular or orbicular-oblong, base rounded or

332 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cremanthodium.

reniform toothed coriaceous pinnately nerved, heads 1^ in. diam., ligules broad
3-toothed or 6-fid, yellow, achenes slender, pappus white. Ligularia arnicoides,
TFull. Cat 3138, in part; DC. Prodr. vi. 314, in part.

NiPAL, Wallich. Sulkim Himalaya, near the Tibetan frontier, alt. 12-16,000 ft.,
J, D, H.

Usually a robust species. Leaves 2-2| in. diam., pale beneath, with coarsely reti-
culated nerves ; petiole stout, 1-2 in. long, not inflated at the base. Scape with often
many oblong bracteal leaves. Invol. bracts glabrous or pubescent, oblong or linear-
oblong ; ligules ^-f in. long. Style-ar'ins very short, with dilated acute tips. Achenes
\ in. long. — The alternate nerves of the leaf distinguish this from all others but C.
pinnatifidum.

7. C. pinnatifidum, Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. 1. 1142 ; 4-6 in. high, leaves
chiefly radical oblong pinnatifid, lobes oblong acute 1-toothed on the lower mar-
gin or entire, petiole short, scape naked or with 1 sheath, head 1^-2 in. diam.,
ligules broad 2-4-toothed yellow, achenes small, pappus white. Clarke Comp.
Ind. 167. Ligularia pinnatifida, Herh. Ind. Or. Hook.f. %■ T.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Kankola valley, Lachoong, and Yeumtong, alt. 13-15,000 ft.,
J. D. H., Elwes.

A very elegant species, remarkable for the pinnatifid leaves, almost naked scape,
and large deflexed tiead with the ligules suberect as in C. palmatum. The invol.
bracts vary greatly in number, length, and breadth. Style-arms rather short, semi-
cylindric, subacute.

75, DOXtONICVBI, Unn.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, radical long-petioled ; cauline distant,
often amplexicaul. Heads large, long-peduncled, heterogamous, radiate, yeUow ;
ray-fl. $ , 1-seriate, fertile, ligule elongate entire or 2-3-toothed ; disk-fl. § ,
fertile, tubular, limb 6-fid. Lnvolucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric ;
bracts 2-seriate, subequal, herbaceous, acuminate ; receptacle hemispheric, naked.
Anther-bases entire or suWiricled. Style-arins of ^ linear, tip rounded or trun-
cate and penicillate. Achenes of ^ oblong-turbinate, lO-oo -ribbed ; pappus
hairs copious, short or long, rigid ; of $ (rarely of all) often 0. — Distrib. Species
about 10, temperate Europe and Asia.

1. D. Roylei, DC. Prodr. vi. 321 ; corymbosely branched above, sparsely
hairy or villous, leaves broadly ovate sinuate-toothed, radical long-petioled, upper
cauline amplexicaul, heads many glandular-pubescent base turbinate, achenes of
the ray epappose, of the disk pappose. Clarke Comp. Ind. 169. Fullaronia
kumaonensis, DC. I. c. v. 281.

Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir, Boyle, Falconer, to Garwhal, alt. 10,000 ft.,
Strach. ^ Winterb.

Herbaceous, erect, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves 4- 5 in. long, base acute rounded or cor-
date ; petiole 4-6 in. Heads few or numerous, 1-2 in. diam., on slender peduncles
that swell at the tip, forming a turbinate base to the head ; invol. bracts ^-f in. long,
finely acuminate ; ligules nearly as long. Achenes deeply grooved, all glabrous, or the
outer sparsely hairy ; pappus short, reddish. — Very closely allied to I>. Pardalianches,
L., of Europe.

Vab. epapposa; heads smaller, pappus 0. — Kashmir, Falconer. Possibly a dis-
tinct species, but the specimens are very imperfect, the achenes are rather more
■cylindric, and the ribs more regular.

2. D. Kookeri, Clarke mss. ; stem subsimple sparsely softly villous, leaves
aU narrowed into short ^-anjplexicaul petioles oblong or elliptic-lanceolate obtuse
or acute entire or irregularly toothed, heads 1-2 glandular-pubescent bas6 trun-
•cate, achenes all pappose. D. scorpioides, Clarke Comp. Ind. 169, in vart.

Boronicum.'] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 333-

SiKKir G. nudt^'A.; Lachen and Tun^, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. D. H.

A xchiina of aii^l-2 ft. high ; radical leaves 0 or soon -withering ; cauline 4-6 by 1-2
in., often unequal-sided. Heads 2^ in. diam. ; invol. bracts ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; ligules about as long. Ackenes (ripe not seen) ; pappus short, reddish.

3. D. Palconeri, Clarke mss. ; stem simple puberulous or glabrate, leaves
all petioled obovate or spathulate obscurely tootbed, heads 1-2 glandular- villous
base turbinate, acbenes of tbe ray epappose, of the disk pappose. D. scorpioides,
Clarke Cornp. Ind. 169, in part.

K4.SKMIR, alt. 13,000 ft., Falconer, Clarke. Western Tibet; Karakoram, alt.
14,000 ft., Clarke.

A stout herb, 1-1 1- ft. high, stem nearly naked above. Leaves, including the petiole,
5-6 in. long, variable in breadth. Heads 2-3 in. diam. ; invol. bracts linear-lanceolate ;
ligules very numerous, longer than the bracts. Ackenes very immature ; pappus
short.

76. GVNURA, Cass.

Succulent herbs, rarely undershrubs, glabrous or hispid. Leaves alternate,
entire toothed or pinnatisect. Heads solitary or corymbose, bracteolate at the
base, homogamous, disciform, yeUow or purplish ; fl. all § , fertile, tubular, with
rarely a few more slender outer § ones, limb 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric or
subcampanulate ; bracts 10-12, 1-seriate, narrow, equal, margins scarious; re-
ceptacle flat, pitted or shortly fimbrillate. Anther-hoses entire or subauricled.
Style-arms slender ; tips long, subulate, hispid. Ackenes narrow, many-ribbed ;
pappus hairs copious, 00 -seriate, slender, white. — Distrib. Species about 20,
warm regions of Asia, Africa, and Australia.

The species of this genus are much confused in De Candolle's Prodromus, and there
are probably fewer in India than are here described.

* Stem erect.

1. G-. nitida, DC. in Wight Cmvtrih. 24; Frodr. vi. 299; glabrous except
the puberulous pedicels, stem robust branched below, branches simple, leaves
crowded towards the bases of the branches obovate or oblanceolate acute or ob-
tuse succulent remotely serrate, base narrowed auricled or not, uppermost sessile,
heads with fleshy turbinate pubescent bases, invol. bracts glabrous, achenes
hispid. Wight Ic. t. 1121 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 171. G. simplex, Dalz. ^ Gibs.
JBomb. Fl. 130. Cacalia incana, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3158.

NiLGHERBY and PuLNEY Mts., Wight, &c.

There are two forms of this in "Wight's Herbarium, one a very robust plant from
the Nilgherry mountains, with a long stout stem and broadly oblong auricled upper
cauline leaves (as figured in Wight's Icones) ; the other has short branches, with
narrow, more petioled leaves ; both have hispid achenes. The former of these closely
resembles in habit G. angulosa, and the latter G. pseudo-ckina.

2. G-. nepalensis, DC. Prodr. vi. 3(X); tall, shrubby below and corym-
bosely branched above, hoarily pubescent or subtomentose, leafy, leaves obovate
oblong or lanceolate the lower narrowed into a petiole entire sinuate-toothed or
base subpinnatifid, heads many, invol. bracts hoary-villous, achenes glabrous or
sparsely pubescent. Clarke Cotnp. Ind. 171. G. fee tens, DC. /.c. Oacalia auran-
tiaca and foetens. Wall. Cat. 3146, 3156. 0. flava. Herb. Ham.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 2-5000 ft. Martaban ;
mountains near Moulmein, alt. 4-5000 ft., Parisk. Ava, Wallick. — Distrib. Java ?

A tall handsome species ; stem below as thick as the little finger. Leaves 3-7 in.,
acuminate, usually irregularly coarsely toothed, hoary-pubescent on both surfaces.
Corymbs often large and broad ; heads |-1 in. long. — The Javanese G. aurantiaca
hardly differs from this, but its hairs are not white.

334 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [_Gynura.

3. G-. lycopersidfolia, DC. Prodr. vi. 300; glabroU-, Hguifcary-pubes-
cent, stem simple erect, leaves irregularly deeply laciniately plaria arniv^r lyrate,
base auricled, lobes or segments very various obtuse or acute entire or toothed,
invol. bracts glabrous, achenes deeply furrowed hispid. Clarke Comp. Ind. 172.
Cacalia laciniata, Wall. Cat. 3153. 0. pinnatifida, Pers. ; Herh. Wight.

SoTJTHEBN Maisob; Dindygttl hills and Courtallam, Heyne, Wight. Ceyix)n,
abundant up to 5000 ft., Walker, Thwaites, &c.

Stern 6 in. to 2 ft., erect. Leaves 3-5 in. ; terminal lobe ovate-oblong or subeor-
date, or narrow and lobed ; lateral spreading, sometimes reduced to auricles on the
rachis or petiole, at others 1-2 in. long and spreading, sometimes hoary with white
hispid pubescence ; basal auricles large, small or 0. Heads ^§ in. long, usually rather
numerous and panicled, — I have seen no specimen of Clarke's var. iS Andersoni from
Upper Birma, which is beyond British India.

4. G-. angrulosa, DC. Frodr. vi. 298 ; robust, quite glabrous, corymbosely
branched, leaves large sessile obovate oblanceolate or oblong acuminate irregu-
larly toothed, base contracted simple or auricled, upper oblong sessile with broad
auricled bases, heads many large, peduncles invol. bracts and achenes quite
glabrous or papillose between the ribs. Clarke Comp. Ind. 170. G. simplex,
Dalz. 8r Gibs. Bomh. Fl. 130. ^ Oacalia angiilosa. Wall. Cat. 3162. C. Cusimbua,
Don Prodr. 179. Kleinia Cusimbua, Less, in Linncea, 1831, 133. Porophyllum
Cusimbua, DC. I. c. v. 650.

Temperate Himalaya; from Garwhal to Mishmi, alt. 4-7000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-6000 ft. Hills of the Concan and Deccan ; Jooner and Belgaum jungles, Stocks,
Ritchie. Martaban ; hills near Moulmein, Parish.

Stem 3-10 ft. and upwards, as thick as the little finger below. Leaves 6-12 in.,
the basal sometimes 2 ft. long. Heads |-1 in. long. — Don describes the leaves as
pubescent beneath, Lessing as glabrous, which they are in all specimens I have seen
except in a young and a doubtful specimen from Mishmi (Griffith), in which they are
puberulous on both surfaces ; but as Griffith notes his plant to be subscandent, it may
be a different species. The Sikkim people have a native name for this plant much re-
sembling that which Don gives it of Ctcsimbua, and I have no hesitation in referring
his plant to anguhsa. In the Bombay Plora G. simplex is described as having a tall
erect unbranehed stem, but the specimens from the Concan are branched corymbosely
above, as in the Nipal state.

Var. petiolata ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate less toothed distinctly petioled. — Sikkim
and Khasia Mts.

6. G-. Pseudo-china, DC. Prodr. vi. 299; glabrous or pubescent, stem
very short, leaves all subradical obovate narrowed into the petiole sinuate- or
subpinnatifidly lobed, scapes long nearly leafless, heads few, invol. bracts and
achenes glabrous or sparsely villous. G. sinuata, DC. I.e. 301 ; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 173 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soe. 1877, ii. 194. G. nudicaulis, Am. Pugill.
33; DC. I. c. 301. Cacalia bicolor 13, Wall. Cat. 3148. C. sagittaria, Segne in
Wall. Cat. 3169. C. bulbosa, Lour. Fl. Coch. ^85.— Dill. Kort. Elth. 345,
t. 258.

Madras Presidency (Dillenius); Courtallam, Wight. Sikkim Himalaya, alt,
2-4000 ft., J. D. H, Clarke. Pegu and Martaban, Kurz. Ceylon; at Galagama,
alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites. — Distrib. Java, China?

Root tuberous; stem very short. Leaves 2-7 in. long, very variable in form.
Heads i-| in. long, — This I think must be the " Pseudo- china " of Dillenius, of which
that author gives an excellent figure from a plant cultivated in his garden at Eltham.
and which he states was a native of the Madras Presidency. It may well be doubted
if this is anything more than a state of a common Eastern plant represented by G
angulosa in the Himalaya, and nitida in the Deccan. Kurz remarks of it that when
young it looks scapigerous and has smaller and simpler leaves, but that as the tuberous
roots enlarge it grows more robust and large, and branches from the base, with leaves

Oynwra.'] Lxxviii. composit^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 336

"7 in. long. G. nudicaulis is a very small state of the plant. For remarks on the
Pseudo-china of authors, see end of the genus under G. hieracioides.

Vab. hispida, Thwaites Enum. 166 ; hispidly pubescent, stem simple or sparingly
branched leafy below, leaves obovate-lanceolate sinuate-toothed lower narrowed into a
petiole, invol. bracts sparsely villous or glabrate, achenes glabrous. G. hispida,
Thwaites Enum. 166; Clarke Comp. Ind, 172. — Ceylon; central province, on damp
rocks, alt. 5-7000 ft., Thwaites. Stem 1-3 ft. Leaves 2-6 by f-l^ in. ; heads 3-6,
long-peduncled ; bracteoles many ; flowers orange-yellow. — The only specimen I have
seen is very poor, and adds nothing to the character given by Thwaites, who observes
that it is very closely allied to G. aurantiaea, and that it is perhaps a form of G.
sinuata (that is, of Pseudo-china).

6. G-. bicolor, DC. Prodr. vi. 299; glabrous, erect, stem branched, leaves
obovate or oblanceolate narrowed into a winged petiole toothed or runcinately
pinnatifid/ lobes or teeth acute, cauline sessile deeply auricled, heads many, base
veiy narrow, pedmicles with scattered filiform bracteoles, invol. bracts quite
glabrous, achenes (immature) glabrous. Cacalia bicolor, JRoib. Fl. Ind. iii. 412 ;
Sulisb. Hort. Parnd. t. 25 ; Bat. Reg. t. 110.

Malacca, Griffith. — Distrib. Moluccas.

Apparently shrubby at the base, 1-2 ft. high, rather slender, with a few scattered
hairs at the base of the leaves and stem. Leaves 2-4 in. long, bases not auricled,
teeth or lobes always recurved, entire or sparingly toothed. Heads | in. long ; base
•of involucre very narrow. — I have seen no authentic specimen of G. bicolor.

** Stem climhing.

7. G-. sarmentosa, DC. Prodr. vi. 298 ; glabrous except the puberulous
peduncles, climbing, leaves petioled or the uppermost sessile ovate elliptic or
lanceolate acute or acuminate subentire or sinuate-toothed, heads narrow, invol.
Ijracts glabrous, achenes glabrous. G. Finlaysoniana, DC. I. c. 299; Deless. Ic.
Sel. iv. t. 55. Cacalia cylindriflora, reclinata and Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat.
3150, 3151, 3162. Sonchus volubilis, Ru7nph. Herh. Amh. v. t. 103, f. 2.

Malacca and Penang, Wallich, &c. — Distrib. Siam, Java, Philippine Islands.

Stem and branches loosely twining, petioles and pedicels slender. Leaves 1^-2A
in. ; nerves obscure. Heads panicled ; bracteoles few, small ; invol. bracts ^ in. and
under. Acheiies ^ in., ribs very close and slender.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

Gr. AURicuxATA, Cass. Opusc. Phyt. iii. 100 ; DC. Prodr.xi. 300. (Cacalia hieracioides)
Eoxb. Hart. Beng. 61 ; Wall. Cat. 3154. Gynura Pseudo-china, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 299,
not of BC, nor of Benth. Fl. Austral. G. auriculata and glabrata, Clarke Comp. Ind.
172). — This is a Chinese plant, cultivated in Calcutta and the Mauritius Bot. Gardens,
distinguishable (at once in the glabrous forms and after maceration in the pubescent
ones) from all Indian species by the fine elongated reticulation of the nerves of the
leaf. Whether it is Willdenow's Cacalia hieracioides is doubtful. Of Clarke's G.
auriculata, fi puberula, and 7 villosa I know nothing.

G. PURPURASCENS, BC. Prodr. vi. 299 ; Beless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 56 (Cacalia purpuras-
cens. Wall. Cat. 3157) ; this is founded on a plant cultivated in the Calcutta Gardens,
and said to have been introduced from Nipal ; it is not, however, in Wallich's Herba-
rium, and is, judging from the description, probably G. bicolor.

77. SBIIXiXA. Cass.

Annual or perennial herbs, often glaucous, glabrous or hairy. Leaves, radical
crowded, petioled, entire toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid ; cauline few, stem-clasping.
Heads long-peduncled, solitary or loosely corymbose, without bracteoles at the
base, homogamous, discoid, yellow or red ; fl. all ^ , fertile, tubular, limb elon-
gate 5-toothed. Involucre cylindric ; bracts 1-seriate, equal, free or cohering

336 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE]. (J. D. Hooker.) [Emilia,

striate ; receptacle flat, naked. Style-amis subterete, tip short obtuse or long
and acute. Achenes subterete or angled and 6-ribbed ; pappus hairs copious,
white, soft, slender. — Uistrib. Species 4 or 5, Indian and tropical African.

1. B. sonchifolla, DC. in Wight Contrih. 24; Prodr. vi. 302 ; glabrous,
scabrid or puberuloiis, erect or diffuse, invol. bracts about equalling the purple
flowers, achenes 6-ribbed scabrid, style-arms ^-cylindric tip conic.

Common throughout India from the Punjab to Tenasserim and Ceylon, ascending
to 4000 ft. in the hills (no specimen seen from the Malay Peninsula). — Distbib. Asia,.
Africa (America, introduced ?).

A very variable weed, 4-10 in. high.

Var. 1. sonchifolki proper; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or sinuate- toothed
puberulous or glabrous, flowering branches leafy. E. sonchifolia, DC. in Wight Con-
trih. 24; Prodr. vi. 302. E. sonchifolia, vars. a and i8, Clarke Comp. Ind. 174.
Cacalia sonchifolia, Linn.; Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 413; Bon Prodr. 180; Wall. Cat. 3144.
C. glabra, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3145. Gynura ecalyculata, DC. I.e. 298. Prenanthes
Barmentosa, Wall. Cat. 3262, E. ; Rheede Hort. Mal. x. t. 68. — Common in most parts
of India, ascending to 4000 ft. in the hills.

Vab 2. scabra ; leaves all radical scaberulous, flowering stems naked. E. scabra,
DC. Prodr. vi. 303 ; Wight Ic. t. 1123.— The Deccan and Khasia Mts.

Var. 3. onucronata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 175 ; lower leaves elliptic acute at both ends
upper sessile, base auricled. E. mucronata, Wall. Cat. 316.

2. E. flammea, Cass, in Diet. So. Nat. xiv. 406, t. 5; Ojmsc. Phyt. 1, t.
6 ; erect, glabrous or scabrid, lower leaves petioled obovate or subspathulate
entire or toothed, upper large oblong or ovate-oblong deeply sagittately auricled,
invol. bracts much shorter than the scarlet flowers, achenes 5-ribbed scabrid,
style-arms ^-cylindric tip conic. E. sagittata, DC. Prodr. vi. 302 ; Dalz. <f
Gihs. Bomb. FL Suppl. 46. E. sonchifolia, var. sagittata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 175
{exel. habitat). Cacalia sagittata, Vahl Symb. iii. 91. Cacalia mucronata,
Heyne in Wdl. Cat. 3161. C. coccinea, Bot. Mag. t, 564.

The CoNCAN, Stocks (indigenous?). — Distrib. Philippine Islands {DC).

This approaches the larger form of E. sonchifolia, but the lower leaves seem to be
always entire, and the scarlet heads are broader. The Concan specimens are very
glaucous. I suspect that this very commonly cultivated plant is not a native of
India.

3. E. prenantlioidea, DC. Prodr. vi. 303 ; erect, glabrous, rarely
scabrid, slender, lowest leaves small ovate petioled or 0, all or upper sessile
linear-oblong obtuse or acute nearly entire deeply sagitt?itely or broadly auricled
at the base, invol. bracts shorter than the scarlet flowers, style-arms dilated at
the tip, achenes glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 176. E, angustifolia, DC. I. c.
Cacalia angustifolia and teres, Wdl. Cat. 3163, 3164.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. ; common.
— ^Distrib. Upper Birma.

A very slender species, 1-3 ft. high, with much the habit of E. flammea, but with
few or 0 radical leaves, and with glabrous achenes. I have seen but two specimens of
the scabrid form ; they were found by Dr. Thomson and myself near the Ongot river
in Khasia.

4. E. zeylanica, Clarke Comp. Ind. 176 ; erect, glabrous or leaves
pubescent, slender, lowest leaves smaU petioled. or 0, cauline sessile narrowly
linear-oblong obtuse or acute entire base deeply sagittately or broadly auricled,
invol. bracts shorter than the flowers, style-arms slender tips conic, achenes
scabrid. E. prenanthoidea, Thwaites Enum. 167, in part.

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 6-8000 ft., Thwaites.

This very closely resembles E. prenanthoidea in all but the achenes and style-arms.

Smilia.] Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hook6r.) 337

Thwaites describes the flowers as purple, but as he does not distinguish the following,
I have not taken that character into account.

5. Zi. Walkerl, Hook. f. ; erect, robust, quite glabrous, cauline leaves
many large upper half deltoid or ovate suddenly contracted into a broad linear
oblong lower half entire or sinuate-toothed, base deeply broadly auricled, heads
broad, invol. bracts shorter than the flov^^ers, style-arms dilated towards the
short conic tips, achenes scabrid. E. prenanthoidea, Thivaites JEnum. 167, in
part.

Cbtlon ; Central Province, Kamboddie and Newera Ellia, Walker, Thwaites, &c.

This is a much larger plant than any of the preceding, with a stout polished often
flexuous leafy stem, and branches 2-3 ft. high, leathery leaves, and the heads and
invol. bracts broader ; the achenes too are much larger than in E. zeylanica.

78. NOTONZA, DC.

Fleshy glabrous undershrubs. Leaves alternate, obovate or lanceolate, quite
entire or crenulate. Heads large, long-peduncled, corymbose, bracteolate or not,
homogamous, discoid, yellow ; flowers ^ , all fertile, slender, limb elongate 5-fid.
Invohiere cylindric ; bracts 1-seriate, equal ; receptacle flat, naked. Anther-
bases entire. Style-arms elongate ; tips short, ovate, thick, papillose or hispid.
Achenes long, subterete, 10-striate ; pappus hairs copious, slender. — Distrib.
Species 4 or 5, all Indian.

1. N. grandiflora, BC. in Wight Contrib.24,', Prodr. vi. 442; branches
short very stout, leaves obovate or elliptic-lanceolate or suborbicular quite entire
very fleshy, heads f-1 in. long, achenes glabrous, pappus hairs very slender
terete. Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 61 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 132 ; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 176. N. corymbosa, DC. I.e. ; Wight Ic. t. 484. N. crassissima, SchtUtz-
Bip. in PI. Hohenack. n. 1027, not of DC. Oacalia grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 3147 j
0. Kleinia, Herb. Madras.

Hilly districts of the Western PEmNSUxA ; from the Concan southwards. Ceylon ;
in the Batticaloa district.

A small slirub, 2-3 ft. high, very fleshy. Leaves 3-5 by 1-3 in., subsessile or
petioled. Flowering peduncles 6-12 in. long, stout, strict, naked; corymb of few or
many heads, which are f-1 in. long. Achenes |- in. long. — I cannot distinguish N.
corymbosa. from grandiflora by any characters.

2. N. balsaznica, Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 133 ; branches short very
stout, leaves oblong ovate-oblong or oblanceolate quite entire, heads f-1 in. long,
achenes glabrous, pappus hairs stiff" flattened. Oacalia Kleinia, Grah. Cat. Bonib.
PL 98, not of Sprengel.

The CoNCAN and Dbccan ; in the inland ghats rare, Graham, Dalzell, &c.

Very similar to N. grandiflora, but at once distinguishable by the pappus. DalzeU,
in the Bombay Flora, refers Graham's Cacalia Kleinia to N. grandiflora, but in Wight's
Herbarium there is a specimen of balsamica from Grahaai with the name attached to
it by himself.

3. XT. Walkeri, Clarke Comp. Ind. 176 ; branches long, leaves long-
petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate quite entire or crenulate or gland-serrulate,
heads ^ in. long in very large compound corymbs, achenes sparsely hairy, pappus
hairs very slender terete. Gynura Walkeri, Wight Ic. t. 1122. Senecio
Walkeri, Thwaites Enum. 167. S. nilagerensis, ScJiultzrBip. PI. Hohenack. n.
1363.

NiLGHEBRY Mts. ; in woods, alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight. Ceylon; Central Province,
alt. 7-8000 ft.. Walker, &c.

Shrubby, 6-7 ft.; stems naked below, often 1 in. diam. Leaves 4-7 by 1-1^ in.,
not so fleshy as in the preceding species ; petiole 1-2 in. Pedicels with usually many
VOL. ni. z

338 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio.

small bracts. — This has more the habit of a Senecio than of a Notonia, but the styles
are characteristic of the latter genus. Thwaites describes the flowers as pale yellow
in Ceylon, and Wight as white in the Nilgherries.

DOTJBTFDX SPECIES.

N. CBASsissiMA, DC. Prod/r. vi. 442 ; Kurz in Journ. As. 8oc. 1877, ii. 194 (Cacalia
crassissima. Wall. Cat. 3155); Wallich's specimen of this (from the Segaen hills, Ava)
has no flowers, and the branches and leaves do not differ from those of N. grandiflora.
Kurz, who keeps it up, gives "Wallich's habitat, and quotes Griffith's Ic. PI. Asiat. t.
470, as the same plant ; but that figure is utterly unlike any known plant. So many
Deccan plants are A van, that this is probably K grandiflora.

79. SSNECZO, Unn.

Herbs, undersbrubs or shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate, entire or
variously divided. Heads solitary corymbose or racemose, heterogamous
(rarely homogamous) usually yellow ; ray-fl. $ , fertile, ligulate (or 0) ; disk-fl.
5 , fertile, tubular, 5-fid. Involucre various, bracts 1 or sub-2-8eriate, equal,
erect, free or connate at tbe base, with few or many very short outer ones (heads
bracteolate) ; receptacle flat or convex, naked, pitted or fimbrillate. Anther-bases
obtuse, or auricled, or minutely tailed. Style-amis of ^ recurved, tips truncate
and penicillate, rarely rounded or with a short narrow point. Achenes subterete
or outer dorsally compressed, 5-10-ribbed ; pappus-hairs copious or sparse, soft,
white, smooth, scabrid or barbellate. — Distrib. About 900 species, chiefly in
temperate climates and mountains of the tropics.

I have refrained from regarding various Indian species of the section JacobcBa as
forms or varieties of North Asiatic and European, the limits of these being so badly
defined that a study of the whole genus would be necessary to do so with confidence ;
of the other sections the species are certainly almost all South Asiatic. Amongst the
Indian anomalous species are those of the group of Madaractis, hitherto referred to
Doronicum, whose pappus is usually red and rigid; amongst these the most remarkable
are 8. Grahami with paleaceous pappus, and S. belgaumensis with none at all. The
many-seriate, imbricating, involucral bracts of 8. lavandulcefolizts in its ordinary
state are altogether unlike those of the genus, and the species is referable to 8enecio
only on the (tenable) hypothesis of the bracteoles being very numerous and appressed
to the involucral bracts.

Series A. Anther-cells obtuse at the base, not produced downwards into
tails.

Sect. I. Jacobaea. Erect herbs. Heads usually campanulate ; invol.
bracts 1-seriate, subequal ; ligules usually conspicuous, rarely minute, 0 in 16.
dubius. Achenes all pappose (except forms of 2. chrysanthemoides and 5. diversi-
folius) ; pappus longer than the achenes, of soft white (rarely red) equal hairs.

* Annuals or biennials. Disk.-Jl. \mth a funnd-shaped or campanulate limhi
Leaves h'oad or narrow, entire toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid.

1. S. gfracillflorus, DC. Frodr. vi. '6^h ; glabrous, erect, stem flexuous
terete or nearly so, leaves large petioled pinnatifid, lobes 6-8 pair ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate acuminate coarsely unequally serrate, petiole not auricled,
heads \ in. many narrow bracteolate 5-8-fld. in much branched corymbs or
panicles, invol. bracts 6-7 linear obtuse glabrous, ligules 3-6, achenes ribbed
glabrous all pappose. Clarke Comp. Ind. 189. S. Royleanus, DC. I. c. 367.
S. tanacetoides, Kunth 8f BouchS Ind. Se?n. Hort. Berd. 1845, 12. Oacalia
graciliflora. Wall. Cat. 3149.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 8-13,000 ft.

Stem 2-6 ft., sometimes angled and grooved. Leaves 4-6 by 2-4 in., membranous,

.Senecio.'] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 339

•petiole not auricled. Corymb with filiform bracts ; heads erect or drooping. Involucre
cylindric. Achcnes ribbed, ^^ in. ; pappus white. — The var. Hookeri, Clarke 1. c,

•differs only in the rather broader heads with more developed ligules ; var. pubescens,
from Chumba, has hairs on the leaf-nerves beneath.

2. S. chrysantlieinoides, DC. Prodr. vi. 365-, glabrous below,
pubescent above, stem erect usually much corymbosely branched, leaves glabrous
rarely hoary beneath, lower lyrate-pinnatifid with au auricled petiole and large
gashed terminal lobe, upper sessile broadly amplexicaul pinnatifid, the lobes
often very large, auricle gashed and toothed, heads ^ in. diam. numerous brac-
teolate corymbose mauy-fld., invol. bracts 10-12 oblong acute, ligules 8-12,
achenes glabrous or puberulous all with white pappus or the ray without
pappus.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 8-13,000 ft. Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4-5000 ft.

The commonest Senecio of the Himalaya, simulating the European 8. chrysanthe-
mifolius, but with glabrous achenes. Stem 2-6 ft., robust, striate. Leaves, lower
•sometimes reduced to an ovate or oblong crenate blade, at others lyrate with a large
terminal and few or many small lateral lobes, always less acutely cut than the upper,
and narrowed into a long or short winged petiole ; upper leaves 1-9 by |-4 in., with
always broadly auricled toothed bases ; rarely all the leaves are lyrate-pinnatifid ;
terminal lobes ovate, oblong or deltoid. Corymb in ordinary states much branched
with auricled forks and stout peduncles with filiform bracts ; invol. bracts \-\ in.,
thickened at the bases. Achenes ~ in., strongly ribbed.

Var. 1. chrysanthemoides proper; lower leaves glabrous lyrate-pinnatifid, upper
•sessile amplexicaul, heads many glabrescent, achenes glabrous all pappose. S. chry-
santhemoides, DC. I.e. S. laciniatus and stipulatus, Wall. Cat. 3124, 3126. S. Isetus,
Edgew. in Trans, Linn. Soc. xx. 74. S. Jacobaea, Bon Prodr. 179. — Common.

Var. 2. sisymbriiformis ; puberulous, all the leaves lyrate with a large terminal
•ovate toothed lobe, heads pubescent, achenes all pappose. S. sisymbriiformis, DC.
Prodr. vi. 366; Clarke Comp. Ind. 190. — N.W. India, Boyle; Kashmir, Falconer;
Marri, Fleming.

Var. 3. spectabilis; foliage, &c., of var. 1, but ray flowers without pappus.
•S. spectabilis. Wall. Cat. 3127, a.c; DC. I.e.

Var. 4. khasiana; foliage and heads of var. 1, but achenes puberulous, pappus of
ray-fl. scanty or 0, of the disk white or reddish. S. spectabilis, Wall. Cat, 3127 B;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 190, in part. S. pallens, var. khasianus, Clarke I.e. 192. — Khasia
Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. This unites S. diversifolius with chrysanthemoides.

Var. 5. analogus; leaves smaller cob webb}' beneath all lyrate-pinnatifid, heads
usually smaller glabrescent or hoary, achenes all pappose. — S. analogus, DC. I. c.
N.W. India, Royle ; Kashmir, Falconer, Thomson ; Marri, Fleming.

3. S. bracteolatus, Hook. f. \ dwarf, simple, 4-6 in. high, stem above
and leaves beneath tomentose, radical-leaves long petioled elliptic obtuse toothed
•or lobulate, cauline sessile with shorter petioles pinnatifidly lobed, heads 1-3
I in. diam. many-fld., bracteoles many subulate-lanceolate half as long as and
oppressed to the similar purplish invol. bracts, ligules 10-12 longer than the
involucre 4-nerved, achenes glabrous, pappus white. S. alpinus, Clarke Comp,
Ind. 190, not of Scopoli.

SiKKiM Himalaya; alt. 15-16,000 ft,, J. D. H.

I at first supposed this to be an alpine dwarf form of S. chrysanthemoides, but the
many long bracteoles of the involucre are very diflferent from what any form of that
plant presents. I found it but once, at an early season for the lofty elevation it
inhabits, and the ticket was lost with many of my specimens from that region. It is
a high Alpine form, and hence specimens from other localities would show much
variation from those described. It differs from S, alpinus notably in the bracteolate
heads.

z2

340 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio.

4. S. tibetlcus, Hook. f. ; dwarf, simple, 4-7 in. high, stem petioles and
young leaves beneath white cottony, leaves hoary, radical long-petioled oblan-
ceolate lyrate-pinnatifid, terminal lobe ovate-lanceolate erose, lower lobes short
variously cut, cauline leaves elongate narrow irregularly subpinnatifid base
auricled, heads few f in. diam. campanulate many-fld. bracteolate on long stout
peduncles with scattered subulate bracts, invol. bracts linear-lanceolate acumi-
nate cottony, ligules 16-20 re volute 4-nerved longer than the involucre, achenes
(young) glabrous, pappus white.

Western Tibet ; Karakoram, near Ashkoley, alt. 10,700 ft., Clarke.
This differs from any form of 8. chrysanthemoides in the few and much larger
more campanulate heads, as well as in the habit and few long peduncles.

5. S. diversifolius, Wall. Cat. 3127 ; very robust, glabrous, leaves
pinnatifid or lyrate-pinnatifid with broad auricled bases and oblong gashed lobes,
heads many ^| in, diam. broadly campanulate or hemispheric bracteolate many-
fld., invol. bracts 10-16 oblong acute, ligules 10-16, achenes glabrous, pappus
of the ray-fl. 0, of the disk red. DC. Prodr. vi. 366 ; Clarke Camp. Ind. 191.
S. raphanifoUus, Wall. Cat. 3125; DC. I.e.

Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 10-14000 ft.,
J. D.H.

Usually much 8tou^e^ than 8. chrysanthemoides, with broader heads and more
flexuous, and at once distinguished by the red pappus at all ages, from all forms of
that plant but var. 4.

6. S. nudicaulis, Ham. in Don Prodr. 179 ; glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, radical leaves often rosulate sessile or narrowed into a petiole obovate
or linear- or obovate-oblong or spathulate obtuse obtusely crenate, cauline
sessile linear-oblong or obovate iiTegularly crenate lobulate or toothed base
contracted or dilated and auricled, heads many ^ in. diam. bracteolate broadly
campanulate many-fld., invol. bracts 10-14 oblong acute 3-nerved, achenes
puberulous all with whitish pappus. S. pallens. Wall. Cat. 3132 : DC. Prodr.
vi. 367 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 191, excl. var. y. S. violaceus and truncatus. Wall.
Cat. 3134, 3137 ; DC. I. c. S. denudatus, Don Prodr. 179.

Temperate Himalaya; alt. 5-10,000 ft., from Wuzuristan, Stewart; to Sikkim,
J. D. H.

The prevalent scapigerous habit and obovate more entire leaves and the 3-nerved
invol. bracts distinguish this from all forms of 8. chrysanthemoides and diversifolius,
but it is very variable in height, from 6 in. to 3 ft., and the cauline leaves especially
vary from 2-3 in. and oblong contracted at the base to 6-7 in. with very dilated
auricled bases. Limb of disk-fl. campanulate.

7. S. obtusatus, Wall. Cat. 3183; glabrous, stem or scape very slender
almost naked, radical-leaves few elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute denticulate,
cauline similar or the uppermost linear-oblong, heads few or many \—^ in. long
20-30-fld. campanulate bracteolate in lax corymbs with long slender branches
and peduncles, invol. bracts oblong acute obscurely 3-nerved, ligules 8-10,
achenes papillose all with white pappus. DC. Prodr. vi. 367 ; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 192.

Khasia and Jyntea Mts ; alt. 4-6000 ft., Be 8ilva, &c.— Distrib. Khakyen hills,
east of Bhamo, in Birma,

A very distinct species, allied to 8. pallens, but differing in the foliage, very slender
habit, and small heads ; limb of disk-fl. campanulate.

8. S. zeylanicus, DC. Prodr. vi. 365 ; very slender, puberulous, leaves
very long narrow linear or dilated upwards acute or obtuse margins recurved
entire or obscurely toothed, cauline few distant linear, heads very few often
^-^ in. diam. many fld. bracteolate campanulate very long peduncled in very

Senecio.'] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 341

loose open corymbs, invol. bracts 16-20 linear-oblong l-S-neryed suddenly-
ending in long points, ligules 16-20, achenes strongly ribbed glabrous all with
white pappus. S. gracilis. Am. Pugill. 31.

Travancore ; Pulney Mts., Wight. Ceylon ; elevated districts amongst high
grass, alt. 7000 ft.

Root woody. Stem 1-2 ft., terete. Leaves lower 4-6 by |-^ in., rather thick,
l-nerved. Peduncles of heads erect, very slender, with setaceous bracts; limb of
disk-fl. campanulate. Achenes slender, almost black, most minutely scabrid.

9. S. nilg-heryanus, DC. in Wight Contrib. 23 ; Prodr. vi. 368 ;
glabrous pubescent or sparsely cottony, stem strongly ribbed and angled leafy,
lower leaves oblanceolate obtuse or 0, cauline sessile linear-oblong from a narrow
or dilated auricled base margins flat or recurved toothed or sinuately-pinnatifid
l-nerved, heads not numerous ^-^ in. diam. 30-40-fld. bracteolate campanulate
very long peduncled in very loose open corymbs, invol. bracts 30-40 oblong
subacute, ligules 10-15, achenes most minutely scabrid all with white pappus.
Wight Ic. t. 1132 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 198. S. Arnottianus, DC. I.e. 357.

NiLGHERRY Mxs. ; alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight, &c.

Green or white with cottony pubescence. Stem 12-18 in., stout or slender.
Leaves 3-5 in., very A^ariable in width and in depth of cutting, sometimes rigid,
scaberulous above. — Specimens from " about Avalanche " (Mclvor), have densely
crowded leaves, grey above and quite white beneath, as are the stems and corymbs,
but not the involucre, limb of disk-fl. campanulate. Achenes as in zeylanicus.

** Perennials, with a woody root stock or branches. Dish-Ji. loith campanu-
late or funnel-shaped limb. Leaves narroio.

10. S. Grlffithil, Hook.f. ^ Thorns. ; glabrous or pubescent, stem slender
woody erect simple densely leafy below, leaves elongate crowded very narrow
linear acute margins revolute upper shorter, heads 1-3 long peduncled ^-1 in.
diam. many-fld. bracteolate, invol. bracts 12-18 linear-oblor.g acute l-nerved,
ligules 8-14, achenes papillose or scabrid all with white or yellowish pappus.
Clarke Comp. Ind. 194.

Khasia Mts., ; alt. 5-7000 ft., Griffith, &c.

Stem 6-12 in. erect, or ascending from a woody stock, rarely forked. Leaves
1-2^ by ^-^ in., rarely dilated a little upwards, glabrous above, margins almost
meeting beneath at the prominent midrib. Peduncles continuations of the stem, with
scattered, small, erect, subulate leaves ; ligules longer than the invol. bracts, bright
yellow ; disk-fl. with a narrow funnel-shaped limb.

11. S. XLurzii, Clarke mss. ; dwarf, pubescent, rootstock and numerous
stout short leafy branches woody, leaves crowded spreading and recurved linear
obtuse or apiculate scaberulous, margins recurved, heads ^ in. diam. solitary
terminal many-fld. with 15-20 long linear-oblong acute nearly glabrous brac-
teoles, ligules 15-20, achenes scabrid all v^dth white pappus. S. Griffithii, var.
Kurzii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 194.

Martaban; granite rocks on the top of Moolee, Parish; and of Thoung-gyun,
Lobb.

A singular little almost shrubby rigid species, 2-5 in. high. Leaves \-l^ in. long.
Bracteoles half as long as the involucre and more, very slender.

*** Annimls. Disk-Jl. vefi'y slender. Leaves pinnatifid in all or entire in
S. dubius.

12. S. coronopifolius, Desf. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 390 •, annual,
glabrous, slender, often much branched, leaves all cauline rather small and
fleshy narrow pinnatifid, lower petioled, upper amplexicaul and auricled, heads
few I in. diam. many fld. long peduncled minutely bracteolate in lax corymbs,
invol. bracts 15-20 narrow acute, ligules 8-12 revolute, disk corollas very slender,

342 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio..

achenes scabrid, pappus white. DC. Frodr. vi. 344 ; Clarke Cmnp. Ind. 194..
S. subdeiitatus, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 493, f. 2. S. chrysanthemifolius, BC,
Prodr. vi. 346.

Western Himalaya ; Northern Kashmir and Kunawer, alt. 8-17,000 ft., Thomson.
&c. — DiSTBiB. Affghanistan and westwards to Spain.

Kather slender, stems often very many from the root, 6-18 in., branches erect or
divaricating, leaves scattered, 1-2 in., rarely more.

13. S. ramosus, Wall. Cat. 3129 A.: annual, glabrous, stem simple or
branched angled and grooved, leaves all cauline sessile linear-oblong pinnatifid,
lobes obtuse bases simple or ^ amplexicaul and dilated, heads many ^-\ in.
diam. campanulate raany-fld. subebracteolate long-peduncled in loose terminal
cor}Tiibs, in vol. bracts 12-15 slender acuminate margins scarious, ligules OS
minute, achenes slender hairy. DC. Fi'odr. vi. 365 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 195.

SiKKiM Terai, Assam, Silhet and Mishmi ; Roxburgh, &c.

Stem 10-24 in. Leaves 1-3 in. Heads very small. — Clarke suggests that this
may be a tropical form of S. vulgaris, but the small heads and the invol. bracts and
achenes are very different. It is not described in Eoxburgh, but there is in the
Benthamian Herbarium a specimen communicated by that botanist to Dr. Forsyth.
— S. vulgaris in Wight's Herbarium from the Nilgherry Mts. is no doubt an escape,
and Thomson has garden specimens from Moradabad.

14. S. pedunculatus, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 74; annual,,
dwarf, glabrous, stem and branches slender terete, leaves all cauline pinnatifid
lobes linear divaricate base simple or dilated and ^-amplexicaul, heads ^ in.
diam. many-fld. narrowly campanulate subebracteolate long peduncled in loose
irregular corymbs, invol. bracts 10-16 linear acuminate, ligules very short,
achenes slender glabrous or nearly so, pappus white. Clarke Comp. Ind. 195.
S. pedunculatus and dubius, Herh. Ind. Or. H.f. iif T.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 9-12,000 it., JacqueTnont,
&c. Western Tibet; alt. 9-13,000 ft., Thomson, &c.

Usually 6-18 in. high, slender and very much branched from the base, with slender
spreading leaf-lobes and small laxly corymbose heads. The roughness of the achenes
requires a very high power to render it visible. Clarke suggests (I.e. 196) that 8.
peduncvlafus arid dubius msy perhaps be referable to coronopifolius, but they appear
to me to differ no less in the heads than in the habit and foliage.

15. S. dubius, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 112; annual, dwarf, glabrous, branched
from the base, leaves sessile or the upper auricled linear entire or sparingly
pinnatifidly lobed, heads ^ in. diam. many-fld. subcampanulate bracteolate sub-
corymbose, invol. bracts 12-16 linear-oblong green with acute purple tips and
white margins, ligules 0, achenes hoary, pappus white. DC. Frodr. vi. 341 ;.
Clarke Comp. Ind. 195.

Western Himalaya ; northern Kashmir, alt. 9-13,000 ft., Stoliczka. Western ,
Tibet; Parang Pass, alt. 15-17,000 ft., Thomson. Eakas Thai, alt. 16,000 ft.
H. Strachey.

Two to six inches high, with leaves often half the length of the plant.

16. S. tetrandus, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3129 B. ; annual, slender, gla-
brous, stem sub-angular or terete sometimes winged, leaves narrowdy oblong
from an auricled sometimes decurrent base irregularly pinnatifidly lobed, lobes
subacute irregularly sparingly toothed, heads \ in. diam. many-fld. subcampanu-
late bracteolate subcorymbose, invol. bracts linear-lanceolate acuminate green
with white margins glabrous, ligules ovei-topping the involucre, achenes scabrid,
pappus white. DC. Rrodr. vi. 365.

SiKKiM ; plains at the foot of the hills, Hamilton, Clarke.

A weak usually straggling weed 4-8 in. high, flexuous, simple or branched, very

lo.] Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) ' 343

like 8. vulgaris, but the heads are erect, and are not conical by the inflexion of the
invol. bracts after flowering. It is very near S. ramosus, but the heads are rather
larger and ligules longer. Perhaps both these are vars. of 8. agyptius, L.

Sect. II. Pseudo-ja'Cobaea. Heads radiate, bracteolate; invol. bracts
many-seriate, imbricate; fl. all pappose; anther- cells not tailed. — The habit
and involucre of the species are peculiar ; the flowers are those of S. Jacobsea.

17. S. lavandulsefolius, DC. in Wight Cmtrib. 23 ; Frodr. vi. 368 ;
woolly, stems stout woody erect densely leafy unbranched, leaves 1 in. densely
imbricate linear-oblong from a broad subauricled base obtuse, margins strongly
recurved entire rarely toothed or 3-fid, heads ^ in. diam. campanulate in dense
or open corymbs, invol. bracts 20-40 many-seriate closely imbricate, outer
subulate or lanceolate acuminate, ligules 10-16 short, achenes slender glabrous
shorter than the soft white pappus. Wight. Ic. 1. 1133 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 193.

NiLGHEREY Mts. ; in pastures, alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight, &c.

8tems from a woody stock, 6-12 in., very strict. Leaves thickly woolly, especially
beneath, uniformly smaller upwards. Corymbs with stout erect branches and
peduncles ; heads glabrate or woolly. — This is a very anomalous plant, on account of
the numerous many-seriate invol. bracts, in some heads about 20, all narrowly
lanceolate, glabrate ; in others up to 40 and tomentose, the inner broadly oblong ;
between these states there are all intermediates. One of Wight's specimens had been
injured by an insect, and the leaves on the lower part of its stem are flat and
irregularly cut, or even deeply trifid with acute spreading lobes ; the uppermost are,
however, as in all the numerous other specimens from 7 collectors, linear-oblong,
quite entire, with strongly recurved margins, and are densely imbricate.

Sect. III. Bladaractis. Heads turbinate or obconic, all radiate, usually
bracteolate ; invol. bracts 1-seriate ; ligules broad and long, usually 4-nerved ;
anther-cells not tailed ; ray-fl. (all in S. belgaumensis) epappose ; pappus often
shorter than the achenes, rigid, scabrid, often reddish, unequal, sometimes sub-
biseriate, the outer hairs very short (pappus paleaceous below in S. Grahami).
(See also S. chrysanthemifolius, var. spectabilis and *S'. divei'sifolius, both with ,
epappose ray-fl.).

* Leaves not white and cottony beneath, rarely pinnatijid.

18. S. linifolius, Clarke Comp. Ind. 202 ; glabrous, stem herbaceous
erect or ascending fastigiately leafy, leaves sessile elongate-linear subacute entire
or distantly serrate ba3e contracted not auricled 1-nerved, heads few bracteolate
long-peduncled in lax coiymbs, invol. bracts 15-20 ^ in. long linear-oblong
acuminate, achenes slender glabrous equalling the red pappus. Doronicum
linifolium, DC. Prodr. vi. 322. Aster odontophyllus and linifolius, Wall. Cat.
3285, 3287. Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7132.

Khasia Mts. ; on rocky banks of streams, alt. 4-7000 ft.

Boot perennial. Stems 8-18 in., often branched from the base, very smooth.
Leaves 3-6 by ^-\ in., green when dry, suberect and spreading, usually numerous and
close set, having a fastigiate appearance, occasionally pinnatifidly lobed. Ligules
10-12, elliptic-oblong, longer than the invol. bracts. Achenes ^ in.; pappus not
much longer, hairs slender, subequal, not cohering at the base.

19. S. Crardneri, Thwaites Enum. 167 ; glabrous, stem herbaceous erect
or ascending subsimple, leaves sessile elongate-linear distantly serrate base
contracted not auricled 1-nerved, heads few bracteolate long peduncled in lax-
corymbs, invol. bracts 10-15 ^-^ in. long linear-oblong acuminate glabrous,
ligules 8-10 narrow, achenes short linear pubescent equalling the whitish or
yellowish pappus. Doronicum Gardner!, Clarke Comp. Ind. 202.

344 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio.

Ceylon ; Arabagamowa district, alt. 3-6000 ft,, Macrae, Thwaites.
The habit, foliage and inflorescence of this are entirely that of 8. linifolius and
the pappus is the same, but the achenes are very much smaller and pubescent.

20. S. saxatilis, Wall. Cat. 3131 ; slender, pubescent, hirsute or glabrate,
leaves sessile base auricled linear linear-oblong or elliptic-oblong acute or acumi-
nate 1-nerved serrate, heads few ebracteolate long peduncled subcorymbose,
invol. bracts 16-20 ^ in. long oblong lanceolate acuminate, ligules 8-12, achenes
linear slender glabrous longer than the whitish or reddish pappus. DC. Prodr.
vi. 367. S. Rabani and pilosiusculus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 202, 203. S. Wightii,
Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 248 ; Clarke Comjh Ind. 197. Doronicum Wightii, DC.
in Wight Contrih. 23 ; Prodr. vi. 322 : Wight Ic. t. 1124. Madaractis glabra,
DC. Prodr. vi. 440. M. Metziana, Schultz-Bip. in Herh. Hohenack. n. 1011.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4 7000 ft. Nilgherry Mts. ; in moist pastures; Wight, &c.

A much more variable plant than 8. linifolius, both as to foliage and hairiness,
but always distinguishable from it by the auricled upper leaf-bases. Of the Khasian
specimens, one form from river banks closely resembles linifolius in all other respects;
another growing in drier places is very hispid and has broader leaves, both these have
linear leaves 4-7 in. long and ^^ in. broad ; a third very slender hispid form has
short elliptic-lanceolate acute leaves, the lower only 1^ in. long contracted into an
auricled petiole. The whole plant smells of sweetbriar when bruised. Of the
Nilgherry specimens the two most divergent forms are a tall stout coarse glabrous
one 2-3 ft. high, much corymbosely branched above, with petioled toothed elliptic-
lanceolate lower leaves and coarsely-toothed cauline leaves with broad auricled bases ;
and a more slender simpler one, with all the leaves smaller and regularly crenate-
toothed and elliptic-lanceolate. Between these there are all intermediates, and each
has subsidiary varieties which imitate the Khasian ones in greater or less degree.
The pappus-hairs are all long and rather slender in this species.

?21. S. Zmishmi, Clarke Comp. Ind. 203 ; stem glabrous angular, leaves
sessile with broad amplexicaul bases produced backwards broadly oblong acute
glandular-pubescent on both surfaces denticulate or subentire, heads large
almost glabrous in long angular bracteolate peduncles, invol. bracts 10-14
narrowly oblong acute margins white, ligules long flat, achenes narrowly oblong
5-angled glabrous much shorter than the slender white pappus.

Upper Assam ; Mishmi hills, Griffith.

I have seen no specimens of this, which is described from a fragment a foot long
in the Calcutta Herbarium, and Mr. Clarke has no further information to give re-
specting it ; its tailless anther-cells and epappose ray-fl. place it in this section.

22. S. polycephalus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 197 ; herbaceous, pubescent
hispid or scabrid, leaves all sessile obovate-oblong or linear or lanceolate regularly
crenately serrate, lower 3-6-nerved upper with dilated auricled bases, heads few
or many bracteolate long-ped uncled corymbose, invol. bracts 10-15 \ in. long
linear-oblong acuminate glabrous or pubescent, ligules 8-10, achenes linear
glabrous or scabrid nearly equalling the red pappus. Madaractis polycephala,
DC. Prodr. vi. 440. Doronicum Arnottii, DC. in Wight Contrih. 23; Prodr.
/.c. 322; Wight Id. 1125.

Nilgherry Mts. ; alt. 6-7500 ft., on the northern slopes, Wight, &c.

A coarse herb 10-18 in., often branched corymbosely from the very base, with
stout branches and thickish leaves, very brown when dry, Leaves 1-3 in., usually
regularly crenate-toothed with rather thickened margins. Ligtdes very broadly
oblong, equalling the invol. bracts. Achenes slender, often ^ in. long, from quite
glabrous to very scabrid, as in "Wight's figure.

23. S. Iiessing'ianus, Clarke Cojnp. Ind. 198; herbaceous, hispidly
pubescent, leaves all sessile and auricled linear-oblong deeply acutely serrate or

Senecio.2 Lxxviii. cOMPOSTTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 345

ixDothed, heads |-1 in. diam. many-fld. turbinate long-peduncled bracteolate,
invol. bracts 10-16 | in. long linear-oblong acuminate hispid, ligules 8-10 very
broad, achenes linear scabrid equalling the red pappus. Doronicum Lessingi-
AEiim, Wight ^ Am. in Am. Pugill. 106 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 322 ; Wight Ic. t.
1126. Madaractis scabra, DC. I. c. 439.

NiLGHEREY Mts. ; alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight, &c.

Closely allied to S. pol^cephaltis and as coarse, always hispid, with more numerous
more renifonn leaves which are very deeply toothed.

** Leaves not white and cottony beneath, pinnatifid,

24. S. ludens, Clarke Conip. Ind. 199 ; herbaceous, hirsute puberulous
scaberulous or glabrate, stem strict or slender, leaves polymorphous simple or
more often lyrate-pinnatifid with broadly auricled bases or petioles, terminal
lobe ovate or orbicular-ovate or -cordate lobulate and toothed lateral small
gashed or 0, heads ecalyculate irregularly corymbose on stout or slender ped-
uncles, invol. bracts 12-16 ^ in. long linear-oblong acuminate usually glabrous,
ligules 8-10 broadly oblong, achenes quite or nearly glabrous or hispid slender
equalling the dirty- white pappus. Doronicum WaLkeri, Ai-n. Pugill. 32; DC.
Pi'odr. vi. 322 ; Thwaites JEnum. 167.

The CoNCAN ; Bababoodan and Wattikely hills, alt. 5000 ft., Law, &c. CEyxoN ;
■central province, alt. 5-7000 ft., Walker, &c.

A most sportive plant ; some of the Concan specimens are very stout, a foot high
with a much branched stem as thick below as the little finger and leaves with the
terminal lobe 2^ in. diam. ; others have flexuous leafy unbranched stems with long
petioled leaves reduced to the terminal lobe, others have oblong leaves 4-5 by 1 in.,
•uniformly pinnatifid with oblong ascending toothed lobes. The Ceylon forms are
often as stout, but more often slender, less branched and less leafy than the Concan
•ones, with sometimes a very few small elliptic petioled toothed leaves |-1 in. long,
without auricled bases, and the stem produced into a very slender forked scape bear-
ing 2-4 subcorymbose heads, on filiform peduncles. A very singular small apparently
prostrate Ceylon form, probably growing in water, has slender stems emitting long
roots, and rather reciu-ved rhomboid petioled toothed leaves \-^ in. long, and single
or but few heads. The achenes are rarely as described by Clarke villously hairy ; I
can sometimes detect only minute hairs, at others short spreading ones, and at others
none at all ; they are about ^o ^^- long and contracted Lelow the top. Clarke's name
is a very applicable one, but that of Walkeri should have been retained.

25. S. Kobenackeri, Hook. /. ; glabrous puberulous or scabrid, stem
vroody very stout and much branched below, branches short ascending herbaceous
above leafy, petiole not auricled, leaves small deeply pinnatifid segments few
«hort acute toothed or lobed margins recurved, heads long-peduncled bracteo-
late, invol. bracts 10-15 ^ in. long lanceolate acuminate rigid glabrous or sca-
brid, ligules 6-10, achenes slender more or less scabrid nearly equalling the red
pappus. S. pinnatifidus, Clarke Conip. Ind. 198. Madaractis pinnatifida, DC,
Prodr. vi. 439. Doronicum Candolleanum, Wight ^' Ai-n. in Arn. Pugill. 108 ;
DC. Prodr. vi. 322 ; Wight Ic. t. 1127. D. rupestre, Wight Ic. t. 1128.

NiLGHEERY and Shevagherey Mts. ; alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight, &c., in pastures.

Boot and stout branched stock as thick as the little finger ; branches rather
slender very many 3-6 in. Leaves \-\ in. ; petiole short, slender or 0. Acheves
j^ in. ; pappus hairs all long or with a few short ones.

26. S. tenuifolius, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 60, f. 4; annual, slender, herba-
ceous, glabrous, much branched, leaves sessile pinnatifid or sub-2-pinnatifid,
lobes very slender spreading obtuse, heads few long-peduncled ebracteolate in
divaricating corymbs, invol. bracts 10-12 ^ in. long obovate-oblong acute mem-,
branous glabrous, ligxdes 6-10, achenes broader upwards scabrid equalling the

346 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Seiiecio^

reddish or yellowisli pappus. S. multifidus, Willd: Sp. PL iii. 1986 ; DC.
Prodr. vi. 365 ; Wall, Cat. 3135 ; aarke Comp. Ind. 198. S. laciniosus, Ai-n.
Puffill. Doronicum tenuifolium, JVight Ic. t. 1129.

Western Peninsula ; on the dry hills of the Western Ghats, from the Concan
southwards. — Distrib. Jaja.

A slender much branched annual, or like most annuals reduced to a single weedy
stem. Achenes -^ in. — This has more of the habit of sect. Jacoboea than the others
of this section. Wight suspects that this and 8. Hohenackeri are varieties of one
species, but the achenes and invol. bracts are quite different, besides this being an
annual.

27. S. hewrensis, Hook. f. ; annual, dwarf, puberulous or scaberulous,
leafy, leaves sessile or shortly petioled base auricled lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late obtuse obtusely coarsely irregularly toothed or subpinnatifid membranous,
heads ebracteolate on capillary axillary and subcorymbose peduncles, invol.
bracts 8-10 ^ in. long narrowly oblong rather dilated upwards acuminate
glabrous, ligules 3, achenes broader upwards scabrid equalling the dirty-white
pappus. Doronicum hewrense. Dalz. in Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 130.

The Concan ; rocky places near Jooneer, common, JDalzell.

A remarkable little species, differing in habit from its allies, the heads with
capillary peduncles being as often axillary and solitary as corymbose, the invol. bracts
very few, and ligules (constantly according to Dalzell) only 3. Achenes, as in 8.
tenuifolius, ^ in. long, slender; pappus hairs all long and slender.

*** Leaves more or less white with cottony tomentum beneath.

28. S. ZSdg-eworthii, Hook. /. ; herbaceous, stem leaves beneath and
corymbs white with dense cottony pubescence, leaves petioled cordate or
rhomboid or ovate-lanceolate obtuse or acute irregularly toothed lobulate or
crenate many-nerved glabrous or scabrid above margins more or less recurved,
petiole auricled, heads on short or long naked peduncles turbinate bracteolate
corymbose, invol. bracts ^-| in. oblanceolate acuminate cottony, ligules 10-14,
achenes elongate turbinate scabrid about equalling the white pappus. S.
tomentosus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 200. Madaractis lanuginosa, Edgew. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xx. 75. Doronicum tomentosum, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist,
vii. 165; ic. t. 1151.

Central India, Jacqiiemont ; rocks at Mandu on the Vindhya range, Edgeworth.
Can ABA ; Bababooden hills, Law, Dalzell, &c. Nilghebby Mts. ; on the N.W.
slopes, Wight.

The Canara and Nilgherry specimens are stout erect leafy with stiff grooved
stems from a stout woody perennial stock, and have shortly petioled angular stiff
coriaceous leaves 1-1^ in, long, with scabrid upper surface and prominent nerves
beneath ; the heads are very many-fld,, and the cottony bracts are dilated upwards
with very broad membranous margins. Edgeworth's specimens, which are very
imperfect, are very slender, with naked shining stems, much more membranous leaves
with longer more slender petioles and smaller heads with much narrower invol.
bracts. Jacquemont's specimens have the habit of the Concan ones, but the narrow
invol. bracts of Edgeworth's, and the deeply cordate leaves are unlike either of the
others. The achenes in all are about ^ in., ribbed and scabrid ; pappus-hairs slender,
most of them subequal and long with a few intermixed much shorter ones.

29. S. Dalzellii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 201 ; herbaceous, erect, much,
branched, branches and leaves beneath more or less cottony, leaves sessile
linear or lanceolate apiculate base contracted or dilated and auricled coriaceous
1-nerved margins recurved entire or rarely denticulate, heads bracteolate long-
peduncled in dichotomous corymbs, invol. bracts 10-12 ^ in. long oblanceolate

SeTiecio.] lxxviii. coMPOSixiE. (J. D, Hooker.) . 347

acuminate scabrid without white mai^ns, ligules 10-15 narrow, achenes small
scabrid about equalling the white rigid subbiseriate pappus.

The CoNCAN ; Bababooden hills, Law, Dalzell.

Stem 1-2 ft., rigid, angled and grooved, branches erect. Leaves 2-3| in., the
broadest ^ in. diam., narrowed to both ends, atiricles rounded or 0, very leathery,
smooth or scabrid above. Heads numerous ; peduncles with a few minute bracts.
Achenes (immature) ^ in., turbinate; pappus-hairs very rigid, scabrid, some very
short.

30. S. Ziawll, Clarke Comp. Ind. 201; very slender, excessively branched,
stem branches and leaves beneath more or less white and cottony, leaves lower
or most petioled lanceolate irregularly coarsely toothed with the petiole not
auricled, upper or most sessile linear entire or obscm-ely toothed with an auricled
base, heads bracteolate turbinate or capillary axillary and solitary or terminal
and subcorymbose peduncles, invol. bracts 12-15 ^o in- long obovate acuminate
puberidous, ligules 8-10, achenes small scabrid equalling the white subbiseriate
pappus.

Hills of the Concan (or Mysore ?) ; Severndroog talooka, Balzell, &c.

Very closely allied to 8. Dalzellii, but much more slender, with capillary peduncles
to the smaller heads. I suspect, however, that these characters will not prove con-
stant, the achenes and pappus being identical. The only "Severndroog talooka" I
can find is in Mysore (W. of Hydrabad), where I doubt Dalzell having ever been.

31. S. Graliaini, Hook. f. ; erect, much branched, slender, branches
glabrous or scaberulous, leaves rhombic-ovate narrowed suddenly into a short
simple or lobulate petiole irregularly coarsely toothed white and cottony beneath
with broad green veins, heads solitary and axillary or subcorymbose on very
slender peduncles bracteolate, invol. bracts 12-18 ^ in. long obovate- oblong
acuminate pubescent, ligules 10-12 elongate, achenes obconic scabrid equalling
the double white pappus of long paleaceous and short setaceous hairs. S.
reticulatus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 199. Doronicum reticulatum, Wight in Calc.
Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 156; Ic, t. 1151, B. Madaractis arachnoidea, Herb.
Calc.

Bombay ; Tanna district ; Graham, Law, &c.

Herbaceous, 2-3 ft. Leaves 1-2|- in. long, 5-nerved at the base ; petiole of lower
often as long, slender, exauricled, of the upper shorter, often broadly winged, auricled,
Peduncles with setaceous bracts. Ligules ^ in., linear. Invol. bracts without white
margins. Achenes of the ray curved, linear, compressed, smooth, of the disk ^ in.
long, turbinate, angled, ribbed and strigose, much longer than the pappus, the long
rigid hairs of which are flattened and taper from a broad base. — Nothing can be more
foreign to the character of Senecio than the pappus of this plant, which is however
clearly related closely to 8. Lawii and 8. belgaumensis, &c.

32. S. G-ibsoni, Hook. f. ; erect, much branched, branches slender
scaberulous, leaves ovate-lanceolate or subrhomboid apiculate sessile or narrowed
into a broadly winged auricled petiole sinuate-toothed glabrous or scaberulous
above grey beneath with appressed cottony down nerves slender, heads ecalycu-
late on very slender peduncles in lax dichotomously branched corymbs, invol.
bracts 15-18 j\ in, long obovate-oblong acuminate puberulous, ligules 8-10 long
narrow, achenes obconic glabrous longer than the scanty whitish pappus of
rigid scabrid long and short hairs.

The CoNCAN and Canara ; Bababooden hills. Law, Balzell.

This very much resembles >S. Grahami, but the leaves are narrower, more mem-
branous, with much shorter petioles and are not white beneath, the heads are much
smaller and the achenes though of the same form and length are glabrous, and the
pappus-hairs are not at all paleaceous.

348 Lxxvm. composite]. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio,

33. S. belgraumensis, Garke Comp. Ind. 200; erect, much branched,
branches slender glabrous or pubescent, leaves rhombic-ovate narrowed into a
broad auricled petiole acute coarsely toothed or gashed white and cottony
beneath except the nerves, heads ecalyculate on long capillary loosely irregularly
corymbose peduncles, invol. bracts 12-18 ~ in. long obovate-oblong acuminate
pubescent, ligules 8-10, achenes turbinate ribbed scabrid epappose. Madacarpus
belgaumensis, Wight in Cede. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 157 ; Ic. t. 1162 ; Dah. 8f
Gibs. Bomb. Fl, 130. ? Doronicum reticulatum, Dcdz. 8f Gibs. I. c.

The Deccan; Belgaum, Law, Balzell, colouring the walls of the fort (at Jilwan?)
yellow, Ritchie.

So similar to S. Grahami in habit and foliage that Clarke (Comp. Ind.) suggests
its being an epappose state of that plant, which suggestion, he informs me, he with-
draws in favour of its nearer afl&nity to 3. Edgeworthii, From Grahami, it differs
chiefly in the much smaller involucral bracts, only i in. long, and more capillary
peduncles, as well as the absence of pappus, and from the Concan and Nilgherry form
of S. Edgeworthii it differs in being apparently annual, in its slender habit, in the
shape texture and clothing of the undersurface of the leaves, in the much smaller
invol. bracts without broad membranous margins, and in the shorter more turbinate
achenes ; but it approaches more Edgeworth's very imperfect specimen from Mandu.
Some of Dalzell's specimens of 8. belgaumensis with a tall erect stem 4-6 ft. high,
furnished throughout with short spreading branches bearing lax corymbose heads,
differ wholly in habit from the genus. In Dalzell and Gibson's Flora Doronicum
reticulatum {S. Grahami, nob.), is described as having no pappus, which obliges me to
quote it under this species, but I suspect this is a blunder, specimens from the habitat
ascribed to their D. reticulatum, " Island of Caranjah " (in Bombay harbour) would
clear up this point.

Sect. IV. Ziig'ularia. Perennial herbs with long petioled very broad
orbicular reniform or palmate radical leaves, and cauline leaves with large
sheaths. Heads large, nodding or deflexed, racemose or corymbose ; invol.
bracts 1 -seriate in insertion, of two forms, the nari'ower outer overlapping both
margins of the broader inner. Achenes glabrous, usually equalling or exceeding
the pappus, all pappose. The Indian species are all Himalayan with one
Khasian (see also genus Cremanthodiuni).

* Leaves not palmately lobed; heads many, corymbose or in corymbose
racemes.

34. S. amplezicaulis, Wall. Cat. 3139 ; very robust, nearly glabrous,
leaves orbicular-reniform cordate or subhastate toothed, petiole of lower long
simple or interruptedly winged, of upper with a broad sheathing wing, heads
many-fld. corymbose or in corymbose racemes base broad, invol. bracts about
8 connate below oblong acute glabrous, ligules 5-6 very long, achenes narrow
shorter than the rufous pappus. Clarke Comp. Ind. 204. S. Yakla, Clarke I. c.
Ligularia amplexicaulis and corymbosa, DC. Prodr. vi. 314.

Westekn Himalaya ; alt. 9-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to Garwhal. Sikkim ; at
Yakla, alt. 16,000 ft., Clarke.

Stem 2-4 ft., as thick as the thumb below. Leaves 1 ft. diam. and less, teeth
regular and alternately smaller. Heads drooping, campanulate, corymbose in flower,
racemed after flowering, branches of corymb pubescent ; invol. bracts \-^ in. ; ligules
i-f in., slender ; disk-fl. with slender tube longer than the short campanulate limb.
Achenes \ in. long, glabrous. — The Sikkim specimens are smaller than the N. Western
and the disk corollas have a much shorter tube in proportion to the limb.

35. S. Thomson!, Clarke Comp. Ind. 205; robust, glabrous below,
above glabrous or cottony, leaves orbicular hastate or cordate toothed, petiole
of lower not winged slender, heads 5-6-fld. corymbose or in subpanicled corymbs

SenQcio.] Lxxviii. composit^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 34^

base narrow, invol. bracts 6-6 linear-oblong free acute glabrous, ligiiles 1-2
very long, achenes narrow equalling the white pappus.

Westkrn Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 7-10,000 ft., Thomson, Watt.

Stem 3-4 ft., more slender than in S. amplexicaulis. Leaves 10 in. diam. and
under, orbicular and deeply cordate with rounded lobes, or more often hastate with
decurved or spreading lobes. Corymbs very variable, axils with long linear bracts.
Heads suberect and drooping ; bracteoles linear or filiform ; invol. bracts ^ in. long ;
ligules f in. Achetus \ in. long, glabrous.

36. S. pachycarpus, Clarke niss. ; stout, erect, nearly glabrous, pubes-
cent aboA-e, leaves ovate-cordate toothed, petiole of radical long winged wing
toothed, cauline -vN^th a dilated sheath, heads many-fld. drooping base broad,
invol. bracts 10-12 oblong connate at the base, ligules very long, achenes short
broad equalling the reddish pappus. S. corymbosus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 205,
not of DC.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; alt. 10-14,000 ft., Clarke.

The only specimen I have seen is very mutilated ; its heads are smaller than in
8. amplexicaulis, which is apparently its nearest ally, and from which it is best dis-
tinguished by its small heads and small broadly obovate-oblong achenes ^5 in. long,
and short pappus.

** Leaves pnlmately lohed, heads corymbose.

37. S. macrantlius, Clarke Comp. Ind. 205; verj^ robust, nearly
glabrous, leaves palmately or subpedately 7-9-lobed to near the base, lobes
oblong gashed and toothed, petiole of radical long not winged, of cauline
with a basal sheath, heads very few and large corymbose on long naked
peduncles many-fld., base broad ebracteolate, invol. bracts 6-10 very unequal
and irregularly connate, ligules very long narrow, achenes narrow glabrous
nearly equalling the red pappus.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 5-7000 ft., J. D. H. ^ T. T.

Stem 3-0 ft., as thick as the thumb below. Leaves reniform in outline, 12-18 in.
diam. Heads campanulate, ebracteolate ; invol. bracts |-1 in., some lanceolate
acuminate, others broadly ovate obtuse or acute, with membranous overlapped
margins ; ligules 2 in. long ; disk-fl. with a long slender tube and short limb.
Acheiies ^ in.

38. S. Mortoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 208 ; stem above and corymb pube-
rulous, leaves palmately 6-11-lobed lobes gashed and toothed, petiole of the
radical long not winged, of the cauline with a basal sheath, heads many large
narrow 5-6-fld. bracteolate base very narrow, invol. bracts 3-5 linear-oblong
acute or obtuse free to the base, ligules 0, achenes narrow glabrous equalling or
exceeding the red pappus.

Eastern Himalaya; E. Nipal, Sikkim and W. Bhotan, alt. 9-12,000 ft, J. B. H.,
Clarke.

Stem 3-4 ft. Leaves reniform in outline, 18 in. diam. and under. Corymbs much
branched, very broad; heads erect, fascicled; bracteoles linear, levolute ; invol.
bracts \ in. long, 2-seriate, outer narrower, inner broader with wide membranous
borders ; tubes of disk-corollas about equalling the campanulate limb. Achenes ^-^
in., smooth. — The campanulate limb of the disk-corolla is not, as Clarke describes,
much shorter than the tube, nor are the achenes ^ in. long. It is named after a
grandson of the illustrious Roxburgh, Depy. Comm. of Sikkim in 1870.

**♦

Leaves not lobed. Heads in simple or rarely branched racemes o?' solitary.

39. S- Ziig'ularia, Hook. f. ; glabrous, or cottony above, stout, erect,
leaves cordate-sagittate or subdeltoid or reniform obtuse or acute coarsely
toothed, petiole of the lower long simple, of the upper winged and sheathing,

360 Lxxviii. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio.

lieads many-fld. subsecund in a solitary terminal simple raceme pendulous, base
narrow, invol. bracts oblong acute free to the base, ligules several very long,
achenes narrow longer than the reddish pappus. S, sibiricus, Ledeb. Fl. Ross.
vi. 238 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 206, not of Linn. S. racemosus. Wall. Cat, 3140.
Ligularia sibirica, Cass, in DC. Prodr. vi. 315. L. racemosa, DC. I.e. 314,

Temperate and Sdbalpine Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 9-12,000 ft.
— DisTRiB. Siberia, Dahuria, Japan.

Very variable ; stem sometimes as thick as the thumb, usually less. Leaves 1 ft.
diam. and under, lateral lobes produced outwards and subtriangular or rounded off,
basal sinus shallow or deep. Heads numerous, bracteolate or not; bracts at the
bases of the peduncles small or large and leafy; invol. bracts 8-10, outer narrow
acute, inner broad with broad overlapped membranous margins ; ligules |-| in., tube
of disk-fl. equalling the campanulate limb. Achenes ^ in. long. — Described by
Ledebour as very variable, the heads being soraietimes small with very few flowers in
Siberian specimens. I have adopted the subgeneric name for this species, it being
the most widely distributed of the old genus Lig^daria.

Vab. Atkinsoni ; heads smaller, bracts at the base of the peduncles filiform,
ligules very short, pappus dirty-white. S. Atkinsoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 207.
— Sikkim, at Yakla, alt. 12,000 ft., Clarke. The specimen of this is a very poor one.

40. S. Jacquemontianus, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 449 ; glabrous,
robust, leaves broadly ovate-cordate or subhastate obtuse toothed sinus open,
petiole of lower stout winged, of cauline sheathing, heads numerous peduncled
m a conical raceme broadly campanulate, invol. bracts 8-12 oblong acute bases
subconnate, ligules many long and broad, achenes linear-oblong, pappus very
short coroniform. Clarke Comp. Ind. 208. Senecillis Jacquemontiana, Dene,
in Jacq. Voy. Bat. 90, t. 98.

Western Himalaya ; Kashmir, alt. 10-13,000 ft., Falconer, Jacquemont.

Stem stout, 3-5 ft. Leaves 1 ft. broad and under, tip acute or rounded ; petiole
5-15 in., wing narrow or broad and gashed or toothed. Eacemes 4-8 in., elongating
in fruit; heads not secund; peduncles curved, 1-2^ in., lower with oblong leafy bracts
at the base ; bracteoles under the heads few, filiform ; heads 1^-2 in. across the
ligules; invol. bracts ^ in. glabrous; ligules 12-15, ^-f in. long, 5-9-nerved, tip
entire or toothed ; tube of disk-corollas shorter than the limb. Achenes ^ in. long,
deeply grooved ; pappus-hairs ^ in., unequal, united at the base.

41. S. retusus, Wall. Cat. 3142; stem short glabrous puberulous above,
leaves reniform or nearly orbicular toothed, petiole of lower stout not winged,
middle cauline with a broad sheath uppermost cauline small oblong-lanceolate
sessile, heads solitary or 2-8 in a simple terminal raceme many-fld. nodding
base broad usually ebracteolate, invol. bracts 10-12 oblong acute or obtuse,
ligules many short broad 3-toothed, achenes linear smooth shorter than the
whitish pappus. Clarke Comp. Ind. 206. Ligularia retusa,i)C P/Wr. vi. 314.

Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 12-15,000 ft.,
J. B. H., &c.

Stem 12-18 in., stout or slender. Leaves 8 in. diam. and under, tip rounded or
retuse, sinus deep or shallow, middle cauline sometimes ovate-cordate. Heads broad
and short, 1^ in. diam. ; tube of corolla of disk-fi. very short. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus
rather scanty, fugaceous.

42. S. caltliaefolius, Hook. f. ; slender, glabrous, leaves reniform or
broadly ovate-cordate toothed, sinus deep, petiole of lower very slender not
winged of middle cauline with a narrow sheath, uppermost cauline small sessile
oblong-lanceolate, heads solitary or 2-5 in simple terminal racemes many-fld.
base broad, invol. bracts 8-10 oblong obtuse bases connate, ligules many slender,
achenes unripe smooth shorter than the reddish pappus.

■Senecio.] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 351

SiKKiM Himalaya; at Kongra-Lama, alt. 14-15,000 ft., J. B. H.

A very slender species, 10-18 in. high; root with copious long erect fastigiate
fibrous remains of old leaves 2-3 in. long. Leaves 3 in. diam. and less ; petiole of
lower often as long as the stem, very slender. Heads with 1-2 linear bracteoles;
invol. bracts ^^ in., rather membranous when dry ; ligules | in. long, tip entire or
minutely toothed ; tube of disk-corolla equalling the limb. Achems unripe, ^ in. — A
very distinct species, but looks as if drawn up amongst grass. &c.

43. S. amicoldes, Wall. Cat. 3138, in paH; stout, erect, glabrous or
sparingly cottony above, leaves oblong ovate or elliptic obtuse toothed, lower
narrowed into the stout petiole which is winged above, cauline sessile amplexi-
caul or with a sheathing petiole, heads solitary or 2 or more in simple or branched
Tacemes large broad many-fld. drooping base very broad, invol. bracts 14-16
oblong acute bases connate, ligules many short broad, achenes shorter than the
whitish pappus. Clarke Comp. Ind. 207. Ligularia arnicoides, DC. Frodr. vi.
•314; Eoi/lelU.t. 60, 1 2.

Central amd Western Himalaya, alt. 12-14,000 ft.; Nipal, Wallich; Garwhal,
Falconer, &c. ; Kunawer and Lahul ? Thomson.

Stem stout, 12-18 in. Leaves variable, largest 8 by 5 in,, coriaceous. Heads sometimes
2^ in. diam., broadly carapanulate; invol. bracts | in. long, 12-14; ligules 15-30, f
in. long, 7-11-nerved, tips entire or minutely toothed; tube of disk-corollas shorter
than the narrow limb. Achenes ^ in., broader upwards ; pappus rather scanty. —
Specimens with single head approach Werneria Ellisii very much, in which, however,
the heads are erect and the bracts connate to above the middle.

Vab. frigida; dwarf, 6-10 in., very stout, leaves chiefly radical very coriaceous,
heads solitary, invol. bracts glabrous or tomentose. Ligularia frigida, Schultz-Bip. in
Herb. Hook. — Kunawer and Western Tibet; Nubra, Ladak, &c., alt. 15-17,000 ft.

Series B. Anther-cells tailed ; tails contiguous or connate.

Sect. V. Ssmotis. Heads few or many-fld ; flowers all pappose ; invol.
I)ract8 1-seriate.

* Clhribing, leafy shrvhs or undershrubs.

44. S. araneosus, DC. Prodr. vi. 364 ; climbing, glabrous or sparsely
cottony, leaves petioled cordate acuminate entire or 8ub-3-lobed toothed oV
sinuate-toothed 5-7-nerved, petiole not auricled, heads ^-| in. long bracteolate
in open axillary and terminal rounded corymbs, invol. bracts 8, ligules 0, acbenes
glabrous striate. Clarke Comp. Ind. 181, excl. some syns. S. arachnoideus,
Wall. Cat. 3163. S. Walkeri, Am. Pugill. n. 103 ; DC. I. c. ; Wight Ic. 1. 1131.
S. corymbosus, var. j3, Thwaites Enwn. 167. Oissampelopsis volubilis, Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 103. Cacalia ? volubilis, Blume, DC. I. c. 331.

Western Himalaya ; from Sikkim to Mishmi, alt. 5-7000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt.
^_5000 ft. Nilgherby Mts., Wight. Ceylon; Central Province, alt. 7-8000 ft..
Walker, &c. — Distrib. Java.

An extensive climber ; branches grooved. Leaves 3-7 by 2-5 in., coriaceous or
membranous, finely reticulated. Invol. bracts linear-oblong, subacute, with a thick-
ened mesial Isand and pale margins. Pappus white. — Very variable in foliage. I find
no difference between the South Indian and some Sikkim specimens ; the Khasian have
often much larger more lobed leaves.

45. S. corymbosus, Wall. Cat. 3121 ; climbing, leaves petioled orbicular-
or ovate-cordate acute denticulate 5-7-nerved glabrous above densely cinnamo-
meous-tomentose beneath, petiole not auricled, beads ^^ in. long in dense
axillary and terminal roimded corymbs, invol. bracts 8, ligules 0, achenes glabrouj
striate. DC. in Wight Contrib. 22; Prodr. 364; Wight Ic. t. 1130,

Nilgherby Mrs., Noton, Wight, &c. Cbylon; Central Province, alt. 7-8000 ft.,
Walker, &c.

352 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio.

Both Thwaites and Clarke consider this and S. araneosus to be co-specific, but I
find no intermediate states ; the leaves of this are smaller, more rounded and coria-
ceous, less acuminate, and thickly tomentose beneath ; the heads are dense, and anther-
tails usually shorter.

46. S. Bulmalia, Ham. in Don Prodr. 178 ; climbing, branches leaves
beneath and inflorescence cottony, leaves petioled ovate-cordate acuminate
sinuate-toothed or entire 3-5-nerved, petiole not auricled, heads ^-| in. long
bracteolate few in axillary rounded corymbs, invol. bracts about 8 linear-oblong,
ligules fev^r, achenes glabrous. DC. Prodr. vi. 369; Clarke Comp. Ind. 182. S.
scandens. Wall. Cat. 3120. Cacalia volubUis, H^'h. Ham.

Central and Easterit Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 5-6000 ft.,
J. B. R.

Branches gvooved. Leaves Z-b by 2-3 in., glabrous above. Invol. bracts linear-
oblong, with a thickened tomentose mesial band, and thin glabrous borders. Ligules
short, yellow. Achenes ^ in., slender, angled ; pappus ^ in., white.

47. S. scandens, Don Prodr. 178; climbing, glabrous or branches and
leaves beneath slightly pubescent, leaves hastate or ovate-hastate acuminate en-
tire crenate or toothed, petiole short auricled, heads ^ in. long in lax divaricate
rounded corymbs, invol. bracts 10-12 linear-oblong acute, ligules few or many.
S. campylodes, DC. Prodr. vi. 370; Wall. Cat. 3170; Clarke Comp. Ind. 183.
S. stipulatus and Wightianus, DC. I. c. ; Wight Ic. t. 1136. S. intermedius,
Wight Ic. t. 1135. S. flexicaulis, JEdgeio. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 74. S. flexu-
osus, Wall. Cat. 3110. S. chinensis, DC. I. c. 363. S. Hindsei, Benth. in Hook.
Joum. Bot. i. 488. Cineraria repanda, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 501. C. chinensis,
Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 649.

Temperate Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 6-7000 ft., Edgeworth ; Nipal, Wallich.
Sikkim, alt. 6-10,000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. Pulney and Nil-
GHEBRY Mts., alt. 7500 ft., Wight, &c. Ceylon ; Central Province, Walker, &c. —
DiSTRiB. Yunan, China.

Branches zig-zag, grooved or ribbed. Leaves 3-4 by f-1^ in., usually membranous,
sometimes pinnate below in Ceylon specimens ; auricles of petiole very variable.
Invol. bracts with thin margins. Achenes ^ in., slender, 4-angled or -ribbed; ribs
hairy or glabrous, outer compressed curved.

48. S. candicans, DC. in Wight Contrib. 22 ; Prodr. vi. 369 ; branches
angled and leaves beneath densely white-tomentose, leaves ovate-cordate or
-hastate acuminate toothed glabrous or cottony above, petiole short auricled,.
heads | in. long bracteolate in axillary and terminal rounded corymbs or lax
panicles, invol. bracts linear acute tomentose, ligules few, achenes pubescent.
Wight Ic. t. 1134; Wall. Cat. 3123. S. campylodes, var. candicans, Clarke
Comp. Ind. 184. Cacalia sarmentosa, Lesch. mss,

Nilgherry Mts., alt. 4-7000 ft., Wight, &c.

Very near S. scandens, and united with it by Clarke ; but, besides the wooll^r
covering, the branches are more uniformly angled and ribbed, the leaves more coria-
ceous, and the achenes smaller and more pubescent. I have seen no intermediates.

49. S. tetranthus, DC. Prodr. vi. 370; climbing, nearly glabrous, leaves
ovate-cordate or -lanceolate acuminate serrate membranous, petiole pubescent not
auricled, heads ^^ in. long in bracteolate axillary and terminal thyrsiform
panicles 4-fld., invol. bracts 6-6 short oblong obtuse glabrous, ligules 2, achenes
glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 186. S. cordatus. Wall. Cat. 3109.

Temperate Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 7-8000 ft., J. D. H.

Branches terete. Leaves 5-7 by 1|— 3 in., often caudate-acuminate, sometimes
orbicular-cordate and 4 in. diam. Heads shortly peduncled. Achenes^ in.; pappus
white or reddish, much shorter than the tubular corollas.

Senecio.] lxxviii. cOMPOSiTJi, (J. D. Hooker.) 353

** Herbs or under shrvha with large radical or subradical or cauline leaves,
jiexucms scapes or stems, and panicled racemose or thyrsoid {not corymbose) in-
Jlorescence.

50. S. "Wallicllil, DC. Prodr. vi. 364; sparsely pubescent, leaves radical
long-petioled broadly ovate-cordate acuminate sinuate-toothed membranous,
scape almost leafless pubescent or woolly above, heads ^ in. long bracteolate
narrow 5-fld., invol. bracts 5 oblong obtuse, ligules 2, achenes glabrous. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 184. S. dentatus, Wall. Cat. 3112.

Cbntkal and Eastern Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000 ft.,
J. D. H., &c.

Stem 2-3 in., woody, slender. Leaves 8-10, 3-7 by 2-4 in. ; petiole slender, 4-6
in. Scape 12-24 in., with a few small leaves near the base or 0, flowering at the top
only. Heads in thyrsoid corymbs, shortly pedicelled. Achenes slender, ~ in. long ;
pappus white, much shorter than the tubular corollas,

51. S. alatus, Wall. Cat. 3114; glabrous pubescent or cottony, stem short
or long simple stout, leaves ovate-cordate or -lanceolate acuminate serrate mem-
branous, petiole long with broad toothed wings, stem beyond the leaves elongate
simple or branched, heads ^ in. long ebracteolate about 6-fld. in very large
branched thyrsoid panicles, invol. bracts 4r-7 linear obtuse pubescent, ligules 2,
achenes glabrous or puberulous. DC. Prodr. vi. 368 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 185.

Temperate Himalaya; from Simla, alt. 6-9000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 7-13,000 ft.

Whole plant 1-2 ft. or more ; stem below sometimes as thick as a swan's quill and
shaggy, either very short with subradical leaves, or elongate with alternate leaves,
rarely branched, ending in a pubescent or cottony erect often widely branching flower-
scape. Leaves 5-12 by 4-6 in. ; petiole short or long, its wing dilated in the middle
or sometimes at the base, where it is broadly auricled. Heads shortly pedicelled.
Achenes ~ in., slender, and pappus much as in S. Wallichii.

52. S. Candolleanus, Wall. Ca^. 3119; stem slender flexuous glandular-
pubescent simple or branched, leaves long-petioled ovate acute coarsely toothed
white-tomentose beneath, heads \ in. long 6-7-fld. narrow ebracteolate in ter-
minal peduncled panicles invol. bracts 5 linear-oblong membranous glabrous,
ligules 0, achenes pubescent. DC. Prodr. vi. 364; Clarke Comp. Ind. 137.

Western Himalaya; 'KmaBuon, Blinkworth; Pindari, alt. 11,600 ft., Strach. ^
Winterb.

Stem 12-18 in., or branches terminating in a peduncled panicle, flexuous, and red.
Leaves 1-2 by ^-1 in., glabrous above ; petiole slender. Achenes (ripe not seen) ;
pappus much shorter than the tubular corollas. — This species has the inflorescence and
flowers of S. Levingii and alatus, with the leafy stem and foliage of S. Kunthianus.

53. S. Zieving*!!, Clarke Comp. Ind. 301 ; glabrous, tall, leafy, leaves
deltoid angles acuminate toothed membranous suddenly contracted into a broad
short cuneate petiole, heads | in. bracteolate 5-fld. in long peduncled axiUary or
terminal secund panicled racemes, invol. bracts 5 narrow-linear acute glabrous,
ligules 0, achenes glabrous.

Western Himalaya; Kashmir, alt. 8-10,000 ft.. Falconer, Thomson, Levinge.

A very handsome species, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves 4-7 in. across the angles, very
membranous. Heads sessile or peduncled and drooping, flowers three times as long as
the involucre ; anthers far exserted, Achenes sometimes as long as the involucre ;
pappus much shorter than the corollas, white. — Habit of section Ligularia, and near
the Siberian (S. Aas^a^wi- (Cacalia hastata, L.), which has long-tailed anthers.

54. S. quinquelobus, Hook, f. 8f T.; herbaceous, glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, stem simple long slender erect flexuous, leaves petioled membranous

VOL. III. ^ A A

364 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J, D. Hooker.) [8&necio,

cordate or subreniform and 3-7-angled or palmately lobed, angles or lobes
coarsely sinuate-toothed and teeth acute and apiculate, petiole slender not
auricled, heads narrow 6-6-fld. bracteolate long-peduncled drooping in simple or
branched long slender racemes, in vol. bracts 5-6 linear membranous, ligules 0,
achenes slender glabrous shorter than the scanty white pappus. Clarke Comp.
Ind. 209. Prenanthes ? quinqueloba, Wall. Cat. 3261 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 196.

Tbmpbratb Himalaya; from G-arwhal to Bhotan, alt. 10-12,000 ft.

Boot perennial ; stem grooved, 2-3 ft., naked below. Leaves 2-4 in., sometimes as
broad as long or even broader, rather glaucous beneath, uppermost not cordate.
Racemes a foot long and less, very slender, sometimes quite simple with secund brac-
teate peduncles bearing solitary terminal heads and bulb-like leaf-buds in the axils ;
or the peduncle becomes an elongated branch bearing many bulbils. Invol. bracts
obtuse or acute, green ; corolla large, tube shorter than the campanulate limb ; anthers
exserted, with very short tails. Achenes ^ in., tip dilated.

56. S. chenopodifolius, DC. Prodr. vi. 364; herbaceous, finely pubes-
cent above, stem branched naked below, leaves membranous triangular-cordate
or obscurely 3-lobed acuminate irregularly sinuate-toothed angles and teeth
apiculate, petiole slender base broadly auricled, heads small numerous subsecund
3-fld. fascicled on the slender branches of panicled racemes, invol. bracts 3-5
minute, ligules 0, achenes glabrous shorter than the copious brown pappus.
Clarke Comp. Ind. 209, Mikania chenopodioides, Wall. Cat. 3175.

Central and "Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 7000 ft.. Falconer, Stewart,
to Nipal, Wallich.

Stem 2-4 ft., rather stout, but soft, terete, often flexuous. Leaves 3-5 in. long and
often as broad, base truncate or cordate, subglaucous beneath. Racemes very slender,
panicled; heads \ in. long, very shortly peduncled, drooping; invol. bracts ^ in.,
oblong, pubescent, much smaller than the corollas, the slender tube of which equals in
length the inflated limb ; anthers hardly exserted. Achenes turbinate, unripe ^ in.
long.

*** Erect herbs with leafy stems or branches and terminal broad corymbs,

56. S. KiUntbianus, Wall. Cat. 3118; stem erect glabrous orpuberulous
leafy simple or corymbosely branched above, leaves short-petioled ovate- or
elliptic-lanceolate acute coarsely toothed white-tomentose beneath, heads ^ in.
long many-fld. bracteolate campanulate in broad terminal corymbs, invol. bracts
5-8 narrow acute glabrescent, ligules 5-7, achenes pubescent. DC. Prodr. vi.
369 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 186.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 10-14,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 12,000 ft.

Stem stout, often glandular, red when dry. Leaves 1^3 by ^-1 in., smooth and
glabrous above, snowy-white beneath. Heads peduncleS. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus
copious, white, as long as the tubular corollas, '

57. S. acuxninatus, Wall. Cat, 3107; pubescent above, stem corym-
bosely branched, leaves shortly petioled elongate-lanceolate cauiate-acuminate
finely serrate glabrous on both surfaces, nerves reticulate, heads ^ in. long 2-3-
fld. bracteolate narrow in terminal and axillary long-peduncled corymbs, invol.
bracts 3-5 linear-oblong obtuse glabrous, ligule solitary minute, achenes glabrous.
DC. Prodr. vi. 368 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 187.

Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft.,
J. D. H.

An erect herb, 2-3 ft, ; stem rather flexuous, obtusely angled. Leaves 5-7 by f-H
in,, rather thin, base acute. Heads very numerous; flowers twice as long as the in-
volucre. Pappus reddish, equalling the tubular corollas.

Senecio.'] lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 355

**** Shruhby, heads in axillary and terminal corymbs.

68. S. densiflorus, Wall, in DC. Prodr. vi. 369; shrubby, branches
leaves beneath and corymbs clothed with appressed white rarely ^'ey cottony
wool, leaves large petioled narrowly or broadly elliptic- or obovate-lanceolate
acuminate toothed, head* ^ in. long many-fld. bracteolate in axillary peduncled
and terminal branched subpajiicled corymbs, invol. bracts 8-12 linear acute
tomentose, ligules 8-10, achenes glabrous. Clarke Comp. Ind. 185. S. unci-
nellus, densiflorus, and angulosus, DC. I. c. 368, 369. S. aureus and angulosus,
IVall. Cat. 3113, 3117. Solidago densiflorus. Wall. Cat. 1821.

Centbal and Western Himalaya ; from Nipal to Bhotan, air. 5-7000 ft. Khasia
Mrs., alt. 4-6000 ft. Birma, Parish.

Branches stout. Leaves 5-9 by 1-3^ in., glabrous or cottony above, teeth often
hooked ; petiole |-1 in., with often small broad toothed auricles. Heads campanulate,
shortly peduncled ; invol. bracts white, opaque ; receptacle pitted and bristly ; ligules
very short. Achenes i in. ; pappus equalling or shorter than the tubular corollas,
white.

Var. Parishii ; corymbs panicled on a stout prolongation of the branch none axil-
lary.— Birma, Nat Toungin, Parish.

Vab. ? Lohbii ; nerves of leaves beneath with red-brown tomentum (as in S. rufi-
nervis), heads panicled as in var. Parishii but larger with longer ligules. — Martaban,
Thoung Gyne, alt. 5000 ft., Lobb.

Vab. ? mishmiensis ; softly cottony, branches angled, leaves as in the type, heads
fewer broader on longer peduncles, invol. bracts longer. — Mishmi hills, Griffith. —
Specimens very imperfect.

59. S. rufinervis, DC. Prodr. vi. 369; shrubby, branches leaves beneath
and corymbs clothed with appressed white cottony wool, leaves petioled oblong-
ovate or elliptic acute or acuminate sharply toothed, base rounded cordate or
acute, nerves beneath with red tomentum, heads ^ in. long many bracteolate
8-10-fld. in lax branched panicled corymbs, invol. bracts 5-8 oblong acute verj-
much shorter than the flowers, ligules 4-5 short, achenes glabrous.

Western Himalaya ; from Simla to Kumaon, alt. 6-8000 ft.

Habit of iS. densiflorus, and foliage as large, but nen^es red beneath, base often
rounded or even cordate, petiole usually much longer, heads much narrower, with very
few flowers and very short glabrous or pubescent broader invol. bracts that are not ^
the length of the expanded corolla, and receptacle very narrow.

60. S. Bbot, Clarke Comp. Ind. 187 ; shrubby, stem strongly ribbed and
angled, branches and corymbs loosely cottony, leaves sessile lanceolate acuminate
sharply toothed or serrate nearly glabrous, heads ^ in. diam. many-fld. in axil-
lary and terminal subsessile corymbs with stout angled and ribbed divaricate
branches, invol. bracts 8-10 linear-oblong acute green glabrous, ligules 9-14,
achenes large ribbed glabrous.

Bhotan, Griffith.

Branches with very prominent angles and ribs. Leaves (upper alone seen) 3-6 by
1-1^ in., rather membranous, base narrowed rounded. Corymbs with singularly stout
ribbed divaricate branches and peduncles ; invol. bracts rigid, with a few basal green
rather large and broad bracteoles ; receptacle smooth, convex ; ligules very short.
Achenes j^ in. and upwards ; pappus white. — A very singul««r species ; the specimens
are past flower, and the exact number of ligules is not ascertainable.

61. S. vag'ans, Wall. Cat. 3108; quite glabrous, stem and branches long
slender, leaves petioled ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate more or less toothed, heads
^ in. very narrow ebracteblate in very loose axillary and terminal few-flowered
corymbs with long filiform branches and peduncles, invol. bracts about 8 linear-

A a2

856 Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Senecio.

oblong acute or obtuse glabrous, ligules 3-5, achenes glabrous. DC. Prodr. vi.
368. S. yagans, var. ^. Clarke Comp. Ind. 188.

NiPALESE Himalaya ; central region, Wallich ; eastern region, Tambur river, alt.
6-8000 ft., J. D. H.

One of the few perfectly glabrous Indian species of the section. Branches below
terete, above often ribbed or angled. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., thin, with slender
nerves, base narrowed into the short petiole. Heads on almost capillary peduncles,
drooping ; bracts at the forks of the corymbs setaceous ; invol. bracts much shorter
than the flowers. Achenes | in., very slender.

62. S. trillg-ulatus, Ham. in Dm Prodr. 178 ; glabrous except some-
times the corymbs, stem and. branches long and slender, leaves petioled ovate-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate more or less serrate membranous, heads ^ in. long
few-fld. ebracteolate in rounded axillary and terminal mucli branched corymbs
with short slender branches and peduncles, invol. bracts 8 short linear-oblong
obtuse, ligules 3-4, achenes glabrous. DC. Prodr. vi. 368. S. vagans, var. a,
Clarke Comp. Ind. 188. Solidago floribundus, Wall. Cat. 3111.

Central and Easteen Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 6-7000 ft., J. D. H. ,
&c. ; Bhotan and Mishmi, Griffith. — Distrib. Birma.

Habit of 8. vagans, but corymbs very different, rounded with shorter branches and
peduncles, and heads much shorter, leaves with longer points.

63. S> Simonsii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 188; glabrous, branches flexuous
terete, leaves shortly petioled broadly elliptic acute toothed glabrous shining
beautifully reticulated, heads small ebracteolate 8-16-fld. in axillary corymbs
and a terminal leafy panicle, invol. bracts 7-10 oblong subacute glabrous, ligules
0, achenes 5-angled glabrous, pappus white.

Assam, Simons.

I have seen no specimen ; Clarke describes it as a very handsome plant with leaves
4-5 in. long.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

S. ? PEGUANUS, BC. Prodr. vi. 365 ; an altogether doubtful plant, which cannot be
determined without a reference to the Candollean Herbarium.

S. Andersoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 104, does not occur near the limits of British
India.

80. OTKONNOPSIS, Jauh. 8^ Spach.

Glabrous leafy undershrubs. Leaves alternate, sessile, fleshy. Heads
peduncled, solitary or panicled on the shortened leafy branches, heterogamous,
radiate or disciform, yellow; outer fl. $, 1-seriate, fertile, ligule entire or 3-
toothed or 0 ; disk-fl. ^ , sterile, tubular, limb 6-fid. Involucre ovoid or cam-
panulate; bracts 1-seriate, oblong, bases subconnate; receptacle flat, naked,.
Anther-bases entire. Style-arms of ^ linear, tip truncate penicillate. Achenes
of $ oblong, obscurely 6-10-ribbed, pubescent or villous ; of § slender, empty,
glabrous ; pappus hairs of $ copious, oo -seriate, slender, white ; of § scanty. —
Distrib. Species 8, N. and S. Africa, and S. W. Asia.

1. O. intermedia, Boiss. Ft. Oiient. iii. 414; branches strict erect, leaves
oblong elliptic or linear- oblong rarely subspathulate obtuse or acute quite entire,,
heads subsolitary long-peduncled, invol. bracts elliptic or lanceolate shorter than
the ligules, achenes pubescent. Clarke Comp. Ind. 210.

Wuzaristan, alt. 6-7000 ft., Stewart. — Distrib. "Westward to Persia.

A shrub, 1-3 ft. high, with woody erect leafy branches and white bark. Leaves
1-2^ in., obscurely 3-nerved, coriaceous when dry. Heads numerous, f-1 in. diam. ;
peduncles 1-3 in , stout, terminal and sublateral, erect, naked, a little swollen below

Werneria.] Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 357

the subturbinate base of the involucre ; brads variable in width ; ligules yellow, —
This is not a native of Scind, as stated in the Grenera Plantarum, Stock's specimens
being collected in Beluchistan.

81. WERNERIA, H. B. 8^ K.

Characters of Seneaio, but heads (of the Indian species) without outer basal
bracts, and the invol. bracts connate below into a cup. — Distrib. Species about
17 Andean, and 1 Abyssinian.

1. W. nana, Benth. in Gen. PL 451 ; leaves small elliptic-ovate or orbicular
obtuse quite entire, ligules not much exceeding the densely woolly involucre.
Ligularia nana, Dene in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 91, t. 99 ; Clarke Comp. Incl. 210.

Western Tibet ; Kiobrung Ghat, Jacquemont ; Rajhote (N. of Kumaon), alt. 16,000
ft., Strach. ^ Wint.

Stem simple, stout, 4-6 in. high from a creeping rootstock, base with a membra-
nous sheath. Radical leaves ^1 in., broadly oblong or suborbicular, on long stout
petioles, thick, quite entire, nerves very obscure ; cauline 2-3, ^-amplexicaul, concave
and sheathing below. Head solitary, erect, 1-li in. diam., subhemi spheric ; peduncle
stout; involucre very densely woolly; bracts about 16, united halfway up, obtuse,
glabrous and veined within ; ligules yellow, 3-nerved ; style-arms linear, ^^-cylindric,
obtuse. Achenes glabrous ; pappus rather scanty, \ in. long, white.

2. W. Ellisii, Hook. f. ; leaves large elliptic obtuse toothed, ligules twice
as long as the woolly and hairy involucre.

Western Himalaya ; Chumba, R. Ellis.

Root tuberous with very thick fibres. Leaves very coriaceous, 3-5 by 2-2^ in.,
-quite glabrous ; nerves numerous, spreading ; base narrowed into the very stout flexu-
ous petiole 2-3 in. long. Scape with 2-3 shorter-petioled smaller leaves, tomentose,
and, like the broad involucre, densely villous with black cellular curly hairs ; head 2^
in. diam. ; invol. bracts about 16, connate to above the middle, ovate-lanceolate, acute ;
ligules 1 in. Style-arms with broad conical tips. Achenes glabrous; pappus copious,
\ in., white, reddish at the base. — In the connate invol. bracts this and W. nana tech-
nically accord with the genus Werneria, but in many respects they seem to approach
both to Senecio, sect. Ligularia, and to Cremanthodiumy differing from the former in
foliage, and from the latter in the erect heads.

TbibeVIII. CAZiENDUIiACEJO:.
82. CAZiENDUIiA, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or sinuate-toothed.
Meads terminal, peduncled, heterogamous, rayed, yellow or orange ; ray-fl. $ ,
1-2-seriate, fertile, ligules entire or 3-toothed ; disk-fl. § , sterile, tubular, limb
dilated shortly 5-fid. Involucre broad ; bracts 1-2-seriate, linear, acuminate,
subequal, margin often scarious ; receptacle flat, naked. Anther-bases sagittate,
auricles acuminate or tailed. Style-arms of ^ undivided. Achenes glabrous, of
the ray incurved, 2-3-seriate, lieteromorphous, outermost often empty, the next
broader often winged, inner shorter ; of the disk slender, empty ; pappus 0. —
Distrib. Species about 10, S. Europe, N. Africa, and W. Asia.

1. C. officinalis, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 451 ; annual, erect, hispidly
pubescent, lower leaves spathulate quite entire, upper lanceolate base cordate-
amplexicaul toothed or subentire, achenes all curved boat-shaped dorsally muri-
cate not beaked, outer larger ventrally crested scarcely beaked. Clarke Comp.
Ind. 210 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3204.

Fields in the Punjab and Scind, scarcely indigenous; Peshawur, Aitchison. — Dis-
TBiB. AfFghanistan, and westward to S. Europe.

358 Lxxvin. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Calendula.

Stem 12-18 in., corymbosely branched above. Leaves 1-3 in., acute, often hispid
on both surfaces. Heads terminal, 2 in. diam. and under ; invol. bracts ^ in., incurved
and appressed to the ripe achenes ; ligules many, bright orange yellow, 3-toothjed, tube
hairy. Achenes longer than the involucre.

2. C. arvensis, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 418 ; annual, pubescent^
radical leaves subspathulate entire, cauline lanceolate cordate-amplexicaul sub-
entire or toothed, achenes all curved marginal doi-sally echinate beaked, inner
dorsally muricate. DC. Frodr. vi. 462 ; Sibth. Fl. Grcec. t. 920.

Kashmir, Stoliczka. — ^Distkib. S. Europe, W. Asia.

Habit of C. officinalis, but differing in the sulphur-coloured ligules and beaked
achenes.— A doubtful native of India.

Tbibeix. cvnaroidss:.

83. ECKXNOPS, Linn.

Thistle-like herbs, with white tomentum. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid,
spinous. Heads in globose involucrate balls, blue or white, sessife or shortly
stipitate on a common receptacle, 1-fld. ; fl. § , all fertile, tube slender, limb with
5 slender segments. Involucre oblong ; bracts oo -seriate, rigid, pungent or some
spinescent, outer shorter, inner spatbulate, innermost linear or lanceolate, some-
times all connate into a tube with one long rigid spine on the outer side ; recep-
tacle minute. Filaments glabrous ; anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails
short entire or fimbriate. Style-arms thick, and with a thick basal ring, at
length spreading. Achenes elongate, usually villous ; pappus crown of many
short free or connate bristles. — Distkib. Species about 70, S. Europe, tropical
and N. Africa, and Asia to Japan.

1. S. «ohlnatus, DC. in Wight Contrih. 24; Frodr. vi. 626; stem
branched from the base, branches wide-spreading and leaves beneath white with
cottony wool, leaves sessile oblong pinnatifid, lobes triangular or oblong sinuate
and spinescent, involucre surrounded by strong white bristles glabrous scaberu-
lous villous or cobwebby above, balls 1-1^ in. diam. with many stout spines,
outer invol. bracts 6-8 oblanceolate glabrous pungent one often spinescent, inner
^ in. long connate tips ciliate, achenes ^ in. long. Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 647 ; Wdl.
Cat. 2985 ; Dah. 8f^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 131 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 211. ? E. Grif-
fithianus, Boiss. Diagn. 3, ii. 39 ; Fl. Orient, iii. 434.

Upper Gtangetic Plain, North Western Himalaya, and the Punjab, from Benares
westward, ascending to 5000 ft. in Sirmore. Behar, Scind, and the Deccan. — Dis-
TRiB. Affghanistan.

A much branched spreading rigid annual, 1-2 ft. high, branched from the base.
Leaves 3-5 in. long; spines often 1^ in. Balls of heads white. Livolucre ^ in. long,'
inner hardening around the obconic silkily villous achene.

2. ZS. cornig'erus, DC. Frodr. vi. 626; stem erect simple, branches stout
and leaves beneath densely cottony, leaves ovate-oblong or oblong pinnatifid or
pinnate cobwebby above, segments deeply lobulate, lobules spinescent, balls 2|-3
in. diam. with or without projecting spines, outer invol. bracts narrowly oblan-
ceolate glabrous sui'rounded by bristles 1 in. long, inner connate when ripe § in.
long, achenes villous narrowlj^ obconic ^ in. long. Clarke Cmnp. Ind. 211. E.
coriarius, Clarke I. c. 212.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 6-9000 ft., Bogle, &c.
Western Tibet, alt. 9-13,000 ft., Falconer, Thomson.

Stem very leafy. Leaves 4-8 in. Balls stoutly peduncled, often without spines. —

Echinops.'\ Lxxviii. composit5i. (J. D. Hooker.) 859

The erect habit and very large balls and involucres distinguish this at once from E,
echinatus.

3. S. niveus, Wall. Cat. 2986 ; stem erect simple, branches and leaves
beneath densely cottony, leaves bipinnatifid, segments narrow with long spines
and revolute spinulose margins, balls 3 in. diam. spines usually included, outer
invol. bracts oblanceolate spinescent, inner connate when ripe nearly 1 in. long.
DC. Prodr. vi. 626; Royle III. t. 66, f. 1 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 212.

North Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 4-8000 ft.
The numerous very narrow much divided leaves, which are often recurved, best
distinguish this from E. comigerus.

84. AaCTZXTlH, Linn.

Tall coarse erect branched herbs. Leaves alternate or radical, broad, un-
divided. Heads terminal, sessile, solitary or fascicled, homogamous; fl. all
similar, ^ , fertile, tubular, purplish, limb cylindric 6-fid. Involuci'e subglobose ;
bracts oo -seriate, appressed, tips subulate spreading glochidiate ; receptacle fiat,
densely bristly. Filaments glabrous ; anther-bases ' sagittate ; auricles small,
tails setaceous. Style-arms linear with a basal pencil of hairs, or style pubescent
below the arms. Achenes oblong, sub-3-quetrous, oo -ribbed, glabrous, shining,
truncate, base subequal ; pappus hairs short, copious, serrulate, deciduous sepa-
rately.— DiSTRiB. Species 3 or 4, in tempei-ate Asia and Europe.

1. A. liappa, Linn. ; leaves petioled ovate-cordate margins sinuate beneath
hoary or glabrate, heads subcorymbose glabrous or cottony, invol. bracts subulate
hooked, achenes angled and ribbed grey mottled with black. Wall. Cat. 2928 ;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 212. Lappa major, Gaertn., and minor, Schkuhr ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iii. 467. L. tomentosa, Lamk.

Western Himalaya ; Kashmir to Simla, alt. 6-8000 ft., Falconer, &c. Western
Tibet, alt. 11-13,000 ft., Thomsm, &c.— Distrib. Westwards to the Atlantic.

A tall coarse herb, 2-4 ft. Leaves often 1 ft., usually cottony beneath. Heads
\-\\ in. diam., stoutly peduncled ; invol. bracts slender, rigid, angled, spreading;
corolla and stamens purple, styles white.

86. COVSZNIA, Cass.

Thistle-like herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed lobed or pinnatisect, spinescent.
Heads solitary or crowded, rarely corymbose, homogamous ; flowers all similar,
5 (outer rarely neuter), tubular, yellowish white or purple ; limb cylindric,
slender, usually unequal, 5-fid. Involucre globose ovoid or oblong ; bracts
00 -seriate, appressed with long erect spreading or recurved spinous tips, inner
erect slender scarious; receptacle flat, densely bristly. Filaments glabrous;
anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails branched or villous. Style-arms
narrow, short or long. Achenes glabrous, obovate oblong or obpyramidal, 5-oo -
ribbed, compressed, basal areole straight; pappus hairs 1-seriate, slender or
flattened, simple, free, caducous, rarely 0. — Distrib. Species about 120, Central
and Western Asiatic.

* Bristles of the rec^tacle qvdte smooth.

1. C. xninuta, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 489; dwarf, annual, branches spread-
ing usually decumbent, leaves sessile membranous hoary and cobwebby oblong
or lanceolate sinuate-pinnatifid sparingly spinescent, heads smaU terminal and
in the forks globose, receptacular bristles smooth, invol. bracts 16-20 triangular-
lanceolate stout spreading and recurved, flowers yellow, achenes obovoid com-
pressed 6-7-angled truncate with a crenulate ring, angles subcrenate. 0.

360 LXKViii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cousinia.

calcitrapiformis, Jauh. ^' Spach. III. PL Or. li. 157, t. 158 ; Clarke Comp. Lid,
213. C. avalensis, Bunge PL Lehm. 352.

The Punjab, at Hazara, Stewart, &c. — Distbib. AfFghanistan, Beluchistan, and
Persia.

A small rigid herb, with spreading branches. Leaves cobwebby on both surfaces.
Heads small, numerous ; invol. bracts stellately spreading. Pappus very deciduous,
hairs scabrid.

** Bristles of the receptacle more or less rough.

2. C. Thomsoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 213 ; tall, stout, erect, cottony, stem
not winged, branched, radical leaves petioled linear deeply interruptedly pinna-
tifid cobwebby above densely white-tomentose beneath, segments horizontal
triangular with a stout nerve and rigid long spine, cauline ovate-lanceolate sessile
or auricled, heads 1^-2 in. diam. terminal peduncled, invol. bracts wooUy nume-
rous ^-If in. long triangular-lanceolate ending in a stiff spreading or recurved
spine, inner linear scarious shining aristate, tip woolly, recept. hairs scabrid above,
pappus scabrid. 0. Brandisii, Clarke l. c. 215.

Western Hima-laya; from Lahul to Kumaon, alt. 10-14,000 ft., Falconer, &c.

Probably biennial ; stem cottony all over, not shining. Radical leaves 6-10 by
|-1^ in. ; segments sometimes forked or 3-sect at the base, with the lobes divaricating;
midrib very stout and glossy. Heads suberect or nodding ; invol. bracts variable in
length and stoutness, very rigid ; receptacular bristles § in. ; corolla glabrous, ^-§ in.
long (1 in Clarke). Achenes obovoid, glabrous.

3. C. Palconeri, Hook. f. ; stout, erect, cottony, stem not winged
branched, radical leaves petioled pinnatifid or |-pinnatifid cobwebby above
densely white-tomentose beneath, segments horizontal triangular or lanceolate
simple or lobulate, tip and lobes spinescent, heads ^-2|^ in. diam, sessile or sub-
sessile solitary or fascicled, invol. bracts numerous woolly 1-1|^ in. long subulate-
lanceolate ending in a stiff erect or spreading spine, inner linear aristate scarious
shining, recept. hairs scabrid above. Cirsium, sp. 15, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f.

Western Tibet, Falconer. Kishtwar, alt. 1 1 ,000 ft. Thomson.

This is very near C. Thomsoni, but differs in the fascicled heads with straight
invol. bracts, and in the broader usually less pinnatifid leaves with longer lobed seg-
ments.

4. C. auriculata, Boiss. *FL Orient, iii. 602 ; cottony, stem corymbosely
branched not winged, leaves glabrous or cobwebby above densely cottony be-
neath, radical oblong-ovate obtuse serrulate, cauline ovate or ovate-lanceolate
sinuate or pinnatifid, tip .and lobes strongly spinescent, heads 1-2 in. solitary
peduncled, invol. bracts f-1^ in. base very small concave, spines very long stout
spreading and recurved keeled deeply channelled above, inner scarious erect*
shining narrowly oblanceolate aristate margin above serrulate, receptacular
bristles slender scabrid above twisted below.

Trans-Indus Plains, alt, 6000 ft., and Kashmir valley (scarce), Stewart. — Distrib.
Affghanistan.

The specimens are very imperfect, as are Griffith's, from which Boissier's descrip-
tion is taken. The pappus is, I think, very short or 0.

5. C. microcarpa, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 496; biennial, sparsely cottony,
stem rather slender dichotomously corymbosely branched and branches spinu-
ously winged, leaves glabrate above cottony beneath, radical lyrate runcinate-
pinnatifid segments toothed, cauline sessile linear-oblong irregularly pinnatifid
and toothed, lobes and teeth spinescent, heads 1 in. diam. peduncled globose,

■Cardutis.] lxxviii. compositje. (J. D. Hooker.) 361

invol. bracts cobwebby triangular-lanceolate ^ in. long ending in very stout
spreading flat keeled spines, innermost narrowly spathulate scarious shining
apiculate serrate above, receptacular bristles scabrid, pappus 0. C. ? Hystrix,
Clarke Comp. Ind. 214, not of C. A. Meyer.

Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Falconer, Thomson. — Distrib. Affghanistan, Persia.

A slender species, well characterised by the runcinate radical leaves, winged steins,
and absence of pappus.

86. CARDUUS, Linn.

Erect thistles. Leaves alternate, often decurrent, serrate-toothed or pinnati-
fid, spineseent. Heads solitary and long-peduncled or subsessile, scattered or
crowded, homogamous ; fl. all ^ and fertile (rarely dioecious), white yellow or
red, tube slender, limb equal or oblique 5-fid. Involucre ovoid hemispheric or
globose ; bracts oo -seriate, appressed, erect spreading or recurved and spineseent
or with a spineseent appendage ; receptacle flat or convex, densely bristly.
FUam&nts hairy or glabrous. Anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails
slender. Style-arms short, rarely filiform, obtuse. Achenes glabrous, obovoid,
obtusely 4-angled, smooth or 5-10-ribbed, truncate or the top umbonate, basal
areole nearly straight ; pappus copious, hairs od -seriate, rigid, simple or barbel-
late, deciduous with a basal ring. — Distrib. Species about 30 ; temp. Europe,
N. Africa and Asia.

1. C. nutans, L. ; JSoiss. Fl. Chient. iii. 616 ; biennial, cobwebby, tall,
stem interruptedly winged, wings spinulous, leaves entire 1-2-pinnatifid waved
spinous, heads |-1^ in. diam. solitary or fascicled hemispheric or subcampanu-
late inclined or drooping, invol. bracts subulate-lanceolate outer or all terminat-
ing in a spreading erect or reflexed spine, flowers crimson. DC. Prodr. vi.
621 ; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. 146 : Clarke Comp. Ind. 215. C. lucidus, Wall. Cat.
2896.

"Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Simla, alt. 6-12,000 ft. ; and Hazara, in
the Punjab. "Western Tibet; Nubra, alt. 13,000 ft., Thomson. — Distrib. N. Asia,
and westward to N. Africa and "W, Europe.

A tall stout thistle ; stem 1-3 ft., usually simple, grooved, wing sinuous. Leaves
6-12 in., variable. Achenes pale brown, glabrous, granulate. — Thomson, as quoted
by Clarke, remarks that the Himalayan plant is intermediate between C. nutans and
C. crispus, L. (C. acanihoides, Sm.), which has smaller more erect fascicled heads: the
fact is that the Indian specimens show every transition between the large stout form
of C. nutans with subsolitary heads 1^ in. diam., -vj^hich is its typical European state,
and a more slender form with fascicled or solitary or subracemose or panicl^d heads
|-1 in. diam. The invol. bracts are erect or recurved, though not so strongly as in
most Western forms. A specimen collected by Jaeschke in Lahul has fascicled globose
heads 1 in. diam., with the invol. bracts all short and very strongly recurved. Most
of the Indian specimens exactly accord with a supposed hybrid between C. nutans and
crispus found near Munich, and called C. acanthoides-nutans.

2. C. Thomsoni, Hook, f; short, very robust, cottony or cobwebby above,
leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate from a broadl}^ auricled sessile base subpinna-
tifidly lobed strongly spinous very coriaceous shining, heads 2-3 in. diam. few
fascicled or s. bcorymbose inclined densely woolly, invol. bracts short wdth a
long strong spreading or recurved spine. Carduus ?, Clarke Comp. Ind. 215.

"Western Tibet; Ladak, alt. 12-13,000 ft., Thomson.

Annual; 12-18 in. high, leafy; stem simple, strongly ribbed. Leaves 6-8 in.,
lowest narrowed at the base, upper dilated, spines very strong horizontal. Invol.
bracts I in. long, outer with spinulose margins ; recept. bristles very dense, \ in. long;
corolla very slender, glabrous, 1^ in, ; filaments quite glabrous ; anther-bracts very
long, laciniate. Achenes nearly \ in., glabrous; pappus hairs stiff, very unequal,
flongest 1^ in.

362 Lxxvm. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gnicus,.

87. CNXCVS, Linn.

Characters of Carduus, but outer invol. bracts foliaceous and pappus hairs
feathery (unequal with the longer clavellate in all the Indian species). — Distrib.
Species about 160, all N. temperate regions.

Sect. I. Heads dioecious. Corolla-limh 6-partite. Achenes linear-oblong,,
compressed.

1. C. arvensis, Hoffm. ; stem not winged cobwebby tomentose above,
leaves sessile sinuate or piunatifid, lobes divergent and tips spinescent tomentose
beneath, heads solitary fascicled or corymbose, invol. bracts glabrate or cobwebby
outermost short ovate or triangular-ovate ending in a short spine, inner gradu-
ally longer with undulate often recurved tips, innermost narrow linear-lanceolate
scarious. Clarke Comp. Ind. 216. C. candicans, Wall. Cat. 2893, B, E. F.
Oirsium arvense, Scop.) DC. Prodi-, vi. 643; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 652. C.
Stocksii, Boiss. Diagn. 2, iii. 40. Oarduus lanatus, Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 408.
Aplotaxis cirsioides and A. ? pungens, DC. I. e. 640, 639.

Bengal and G-angetic Pjlains, from the Sonderbunds north-westward to the Pun-
jab. "Westbbn Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon. Western Tibet, alt. 1 1-1 3,000
ft. — DiSTBiB. N. Asia and westward to the Atlantic.

Erect ; stems many from the perennial creeping roots, usually simple, leafy, 2-3
ft., the sexes forming separate tufts. Leaves 3-5 in., more or less woolly beneath.
Heads variable or shortly peduncled, S globose, ^1 in. diam,, ? much longer, more
eampanulate, with more lax invol. bracts ; coroUa dingy purple. Achenes smooth,
shining; pappus brownish white. — A pest in English fields.

Sect. II. Heads bisexual. Corolla-limh 6-lobed. Achenes shortly oblong,
compressed.

* Invol. bracts all spinulose, inner not dilated at the tip,

2. C. involucratus, DC. Prodr. vi. 639 (Oirsium), excl. syn. ; tall, stout,
erect, leaves setulose above white-tomentose beneath teeth and lobes spinescent,
radical petioled pinnate, segments lanceolate sinuate-lobed or -toothed, cauline
broader cordate-amplexicaul ovate or lanceolate pinnatifid, heads l|^-2^ in. diam.
solitary or fascicled involucrate, invol. bracts glabrate all ending in slender erect
or subrecurved spines or a few innermost linear acuminate, corolla 1 in. long.
0. Eriophorus, var. involucratus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 217.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 8-12,000 ft.

Stem as thick below as the little finger, 2-6 ft. high, branched above. Leaves,
radical a foot long, pinnatifid to the middle or deeper, or to the base with distant
lobes. Heads inclined ; corolla glabrous. Achenes \ in. long, obovoid-oblong, mar-
gins obtuse ; pappus § in., brown. — Western specimens of this have more rigid leaves,
spinescent above, and longer stronger invol. spines than the Sikkim ones have. De,
Candolle describes the corollas as purple, which they appear to be when dry, but they
are pale yellow-white when fresh. I have gathered in E. Nipal withered specimens of
a plant like this, but with the leaves quite glabrous above and many rows of inner
invol. bracts with soft reflexed flat wrinkled tips. I have also seen in Sikkim and the
Khasia leaves supposed to belong to this species that are quite glabrous above.

Vae. horrida ; more rigid, leaves more densely setulose above and spines much
stronger.— Khasia Mts., alt. 5-7000 ft. ; Kumaon, alt. 9000 ft., Strach. ^ Winter.

3. C. arg'yracantlius, DC. Prodr. 640 (Oirsium) ; stem cottony,
leaves glabrous above cottony or glabrate beneath lobes and teeth strongly
spinescent, radical petioled pinnatifid lobes rounded, cauline broader cordate^
amplexicaul, heads f-1 in. diam. sessile densely fascicled involucrate, invol.
bracts with woolly margins and long strong erect or spreading spines, innermost

Chiimis.'] Lxxviii. compositj:. (J. D. Hooker.) 363

linear acuminate, corolla ^ in. white. Clarke Ccnnp. Ind. 218, excl. var. ^, C.
verutus, Don Prod?-. 167 ? Carduus argyracanthus, Wall. Cat. 2903.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-9000 ft., from Mmree to Bhotan (excl. Sikkim).

A more slender plant than C. involucratus, with the leaves always glabrous above^
and much more numerous smaller and densely fascicled heads. Achenes i in. long ;
pappus ^ in., nearly white.

4. C. Falconerl, Hook. f. ; tall, very robust, stem villous, leaves mem-
branous setose and spinescent above appressed cottony beneath teeth and lobes
spinescent, cauline large broad ovate or ovate-lanceolate sinuate-lobed or sub-
pinnatifid, head 2^-3 in. diam. subsolitary globose drooping densely w^oolly,
invol. bracts very many lanceolate all ending in a long slender flexuous spine,.
coroUa 1 in. 0. horridus, Clarke Comp. Ind. 220, not of Bieh.

Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir, Falconer, to Kunawar, Jacquemo7it.
A very fine species, of which I have seen no radical leaves. The heads resemble
those of C. Itriophor'us, but the weak spines of the invol. bracts at once distinguish it.

6. C. eriophoroides, ITook. f. ; tall, stout, stem sparsely villous or
cottony, leaves membranous glabrous cobvrebby or setulose above cottony or
glabrate beneath, lobes and teeth spinescent, radical petioled pinnatifid lobes
broad lobulate, cauline large broad ovate or ovate-lanceolate sinuate-lobed,
heads 2-3 in. diam. solitary or clustered densely woolly, invol. bracts lanceolate
ending in soft long spines inner numerous linear acuminate, corolla 2| in. 0.
Eriophorus, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. ^' T. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 217.

Sikkim Himalaya ; alt. 10-14,000 ft., J. D. H.

Very similar to C. Falconeri, but the heads are less globose, the invol. bracts
fewer and many of the inner are soft linear and not spinescent, the corollas are
longer. Achenes and pappus as in C. involucratus.

6. C. G-riffithii, Hook. f. ; robust, stem cottony, cauline leaves sessile or
base auricled pinnatifid, lobes lanceolate acute spinescent setulose above white
appressed-tomentose beneath, heads 2 in. diam. crowded glabrous, outermost
invol. bracts short with acicular points, the rest linear wavy aristate or acumi-
nate, corolla 1^ in. long.

Upper Assam ; Mishmi hills, Griffith.

This differs from all the previous described species in the long soft invol. bracts,
which are extremely numerous, quite glabrous, none really spinescent, the points of
the outermost being merely needle-like. The pappus is longer, fully I in. long.
The achenes are as in C. involucratus.

** Inner invol. bracts with dilated tips.

7. C Wallichii, DC. Prodr. vi. 643 (Cirsium) ; stem pubescent leafy,
leaves sessile sinuate-pinnatifid lobes spinescent lobulate spines very long and
strong glabrous above and beneath or cottony or tomentose beneath, heads |-1^
in. solitary and on naked peduncles or sessile fascicled and involucrate, outer
invol. bracts lanceolate ending in appressed erect or recurved spines, inner with
spreading or recurved more or less dilated, lanceolate or ovate spreading or
recurved scarious serrulate acute or spinescent tips, coroUa f in, long. 0.
carlinoides, Cass. var. ^, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. ^ T.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Marri to Bhotan, alt. 6-12,000 ft. Nilghbrry
Mts., alt. 6000 ft.

An extremely variable plant, 4-10 ft. high, with spreading branches, which passes
into C. argyracanthus through var. Wightiana in the Eastern Himalayas and the
Nilgherries. The following varieties pass into one another in the most perplexing
way. Corolla white, yellow or red (according to Clarke).

364 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cniais.

Vab. 1. nepalensis ; leaves white-tomentose beneath, heads peduncled, inner invol.
"bracts with broadly dilated scarious reflexed tips in many series more numerous
than the outer spiniferous ones, sometimes occupying two thirds of the head. Cnicus
arachnoides, Wall. Cat. 2891. C. Wallichii, Clarke Comp. Ind. 219. Cirsium
nepalense, DC. Frodr. vi. 642.

Vae. 2. cerntia ; more slender, leaves white-tomentose beneath, heads peduncled,
inner invol. bracts in few series with narrowly dilated erect or reflexed tips, much
fewer than the outer spiniferous ones and occupying nearly the whole head. C
4irgyracanthus, var. /3, Clarke Comp. Ind. 218. C. cernuus, Wall. Cat. 2892. Cirsium
Wallichii, DC. Prodr. vi. 643.

Vab. 3. glabrata ; usually larger with more membranous leaves which are quite
or nearly glabrous beneath, heads large fascicled or peduncled, inner invol. bracts
numerous with long lanceolate or ovate spinescent tips.

Vab. 4. fasciculata ; very spinous, leaves white-tomentose or cottony beneath,
heads fascicled, inner invol. bracts with long lanceolate dilated spinescent tips.

Vab, 5. platylepis; very spinous, leaves sessile tomentose or glabrous beneath,
heads usually fascicled, invol. bracts almost all short with broadly ovate spinescent
tips. — Kashmir and Dras.

Vab. 6. Wightii ; tall, much branched, leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath, heads
large usually fascicled, inner row of bracts with dilated or hardly dilated lanceolate
recurved tips. Cirsium argyracanthum, Wight Ic. t. 1137-8. C. macracanthum,
Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hohenack. No. 1019.— From Simla to Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft.,
and Bhotan. This passes into C. argyracanthum. One Sikkim specimen has no
obvious dilatation to the inner invol. bracts.

*** Outer invol. bracts spinulose, inner linear with injlexed acute {not dilated)
tips.

8. C sinensis, Oard. et Champ, in Hook. Kew Journ. 1323 (Cirsium) ;
stem slender strict fastigiately branched above, branches slender erect, leaves
narrow sessile linear-oblong or -lanceolate ciliate and spinescent smooth or
scaherulous above white-tomentose beneath, heads solitary long-ped uncled erect
1 in. diam. glabrous or cottony, outer invol. bracts appressed oblong obtuse or
tips spinulose inner linear with inflexed acute tips, corolla f in. purple. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 219.

Khasia Mts. ; in marshy places, alt. 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. — Distbib. Upper
Birma, China.

Stem 3-6 ft., stiff, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves numerous, 2-5 in., the
larger and longer sinuate-lobed, the lobes bearing 2-3 spines, the sinus spinulose,
margins of the smaller leaves recurved, upper very small. Invol. bracts very nume-
rous and appressed, imbricate in many series. Achenes ^ in. ; pappus ^ in.

88. SIXiVBUM, Gmrtn,

An erect glabrous thistle. Leaves alternate, sinuate-lobed, spinescent,
naarbled with white. Heads large, solitary, terminal, nodding, homogamous;*
flowers all ^ , similar and fertile, purple, tube slender, limb dilated below 5-fid.
Involucre subglobose ; bracts oo -seriate, broad and fimbriated with spines below
above terminating in a spreading rigid spine, inner lanceolate erect pungent ; re-
ceptacle flat, densely bristly. Filaments glabrous, united in a sheath below ;
anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate mucronate or shortly tailed. Style
subentire, _ ring below the hairs not prominent. Achenes glabrous, obovoid-
oblong, compressed, basal areole straight ; pappus-hairs oo -seriate, unequal,
subpaleaceous, united at the base in a deciduous ring.

S. XKEarianum, Gaertn, ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 556 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 616;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 220; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 151. Carduus Marianus,
Xinn.

Silyhum.'] lxxviii. compositji. (J. D. Hooker.) 365-

Punjab and N. W. Him aiata ; Peshawur, Hazara, and from Kashmir to Jamu,
alt. 6-8000 ft. — DiSTBiB. Westwards to N. Africa and Europe.

Annual or biennial, shining ; stem 1-4 ft., grooved, not winged. Leaves lari^e,.
with strong spines. Heads 1-2 in. diam., base intruded ; invol. bracts coriaceous,
with a spine -^-f in. long, outermost mucronate ; receptacle fleshy, flowers rose-
purple. Achenes \ in., transversely wrinkled, black or gray ; pappus white.

89. SAUSSVREA, DC.

Annual, biennial or perennial, glabrous or tomentose herbs of various habit.
Leaves unarmed, alternate, entire toothed pinnatifid or pinnatisect. Heads
narrow or broad, sometimes crowded on the dilated top of a simple stem,
peduncled or sessile, solitary corymbose or panicled, homogamous; flowers
purple or blueish, all ^ ^-^d similar, tube slender, limb narrow 5-fid. Involucre
ovoid oblong globose or hemispheric ; bracts ao -seriate, appressed, not spinescent,.
inner longer narrower ; receptacle flat or convex, densely bristly, rarely naked.
Filaments free, glabrous ; anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails usually
long entire ciliate or woolly. Style-arms linear. Achenes glabrous, oblong,
4-ribbed, smooth or rugose; top truncate and cupular, or crowned with a
thickened disk and the persistent base of the style ; basal areole straight ;
pappus-hairs 1-2-seriate, inner feathery, base thickened and connate into a
deciduous ring, outer usually of rigid scabrid bristles rarely feathery or 0. —
DiSTKiB. Species about 60, northern temp, and mountain plant.

Saussurea finds its maximum development in the Himalaya, and is protean in
habit, foliage, inflorescence, and all its organs. It presents two very distinct groups,
of which that designated Eriocoryne is as well deserving of generic recognition as any
in the Order. For the subordinate divisions I have been compelled to have recourse
to characters of habit and foliage. Little dependence can be placed on the size of the
head, nor on the number, form and texture of the invol. bracts (of which 8. deltoides
is a most conspicuous example) ; nor on the absolute length of the recept. bristles,
though their relative length is a fair guide. The achenes often vary extremely in the
same species, in length, amount of compression, smoothness or roughness, and in the
form of the top ; and the outer pappus, which is alwaj^s, when present, caducous, is
sometimes absent or present in the same species.

Stjbgen. I. XSusaussurea. Glabrous, woolly or cottony, rarely villous
herbs. Stem 0 or simple or branched above. Heads sessile or peduncled.
Achenes truncate or crowned with a rim or cup on which the outer pappus, if
present, is inserted. J-- ,; /- A'

Sect. 1. Stem simple, leafy. Heads more or less enclosed in the inflated
bladdery, membranous, veined uppermost leaves. (See also aS^. glandulifera.)

1. S. obvallata, Wall. Cat. {under 2906) ; stem stout simple pubescent
or glabrate, leaves 4-8 in. glabrous obtuse toothed lower petioled elongate-
obovate, cauline sessile ^-amplexicaul oblong concave, floral cymbiform mem-
branous enclosing 2-6 sessile or shortly peduncled glabrous heads, invol. bracts
lanceolate, pappus brown, outer bristles scabrid or 0. Clarke Comp. Ind. 223.
Oarduus obvallatus and 0. tectus, Wall. Cat. 2095, 2906. Aplotaxis obvallata,
DC Prodr. vi. 541 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 69 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 673
(Haplotaxis).

Western Himatata ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 10-15,000 ft,, Blinkwortk,
&c. — DisTRiB. Altai Mts.

Root very thick, crowned with blackened remains of petioles, &c. Siem 6-18 in.,
as thick as a little finger or less, terminated by the incurved bladdery veined translu-
cent leaves which form a pale head 3-6 in. diam. Heads ^-| in. diam., hemispheric ;
invol. bracts tipped and often margined with black; corolla ^ in.; anther-tails very

366 Lxxviil. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sausmrea.

short, laciniate. Achenes obovoid, flattened, glabrous, ribbed; pappus ^ in., pale
brown with sometimes a few outer rough bristles. — There is no specimen of C. tectus
in Wallich's Herbarium, and I follow DC. in citing it as a synonym.

2. S. uniflora, Wall. Cat. 2916; stem simple laxly villous, leaves 4-8 in.
glabrous obtuse toothed, lower long-petioled linear-oblong or -obovate, cauline
sessile |^-amplexicaul often acuminate, floral usually cymbiform membranous
often enclosing the large usually solitary subsilky head, peduncle stout silldly
woolly, invol. bracts ovate-lanceolate, pappus brown outer bristles scabrid.

Centbal and Eastebn Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 10-15,000 ft.,
J. D. H., &c.

Stem 1-2 ft., more slender than in 8. obvallata. Radical leaves with the blade
4-7 in., and the petiole as long; involucriform leaves purple, quite^ entire, sometimes
small and enclosing only the very young head, at others reduced, elliptic, acuminate,
silkily villous on both surfaces. Head very variable in size, rarely two, 1-2 in.
diam., eampanulate ; invol. bracts with long narrow tips ; corolla ^ in. long; anther-
tails laciniate. Achenes ^ in., glabrous ; pappus as in 8. obvallata, but longer, \ in.

Var. conica ; heads many. S. conica, Clarke Corrvp. Ind. 224, — Sikkim, Singalelah.
alt. 10.000 ft., Clarke. I find no character whatever, except the number of heads,
to separate this from 8. unijlora, which is an unfortunate name.

3. S. Schultzii, Hook. f. ; glabrous or puberulous, stem stout simple,
leaves toothed radical narrowed into a very stout petiole linear-oblong acute
midrib very thick, cauline ^-amplexicaul acuminate, floral short cymbiform
membranous partially enclosing the numerous crowded silkily villous heads,
invol. bracts blackish lanceolate acuminate, pappus brown outer bristles
scabrid.

Western Tibet; from N. Kashmir to the Karakoram Mts., alt. 14-17,000 ft.,
Thomson, &c.

Root very stout ; crown clothed with the stout recurved remains of the old
petioles ; stem 6-16 in., often coloured. Leaves 3-5 by ^1^ in., leathery, coarsely
toothed ; floral 1-2 in. long, often as broad and rosy. Heads ^-1 in. diam. ; peduncles
short, stout, densely woolly ; invol. bracts with very slender tips, corolla ^ in, ;
anther-tails short woolly. Achenes glabrous, ripe not seen ; pappus whiter than in 8.
obvallata. — The late Prof. Schultz proposed (in mss.) the name of setifolia for this, but
I cannot see how it applies in any sense. It may be only a large form of the following.

4. S. bract© ata, Done, in Jacq. Voy. JBot. 94, t. 102 ; dwarf, scaberulous
or puberulous, stem 3-6 in. very stout, leaves linear-lanceolate or narrowly
elliptic acute coarsely toothed, lower narrowed into a very short petiole, upper
sessile, floral short cymbiform membranous coloured partly enclosing the solitary
large sessile subsilky head, invol. bracts blackish lanceolate acuminate, pappus
white, outer bristles scabrid. Clarke Comp. Ind. 224. ? S. Schlagintweitii,
Klatt in Sitzung. Miinch. Akad. 1878, 94. ,

Western Tibet ; from Ladak and Nubra eastwards to the Balch Pass (N. of
Kumaon), alt, 14-18,000 ft., Jacqimmont, &c.

This much resembles a diminutive form of 8. 8chultzii with one or two stems
from the root, shorter petioles, and much larger heads in proportion, varying from
\-\^ in. diam. ; the achenes are similar, and the pappus is white \ in. long.

Sect. 2. Acaules.. Stem very short or obsolete (or elongate in >S'.
Suyhoo). Heads solitary or few, sessile or subsessile amongst the leaves. (See
also sessile-headed forms of species in sect. 3.) ' _. // •

* Fappus double, hairs of both feathery. Densely tufted dwarf herb, leaves
not pinnati/ld.

5. S. Thoxnsoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 227 ; dwarf, stemless, glabrous,

r

.8ati88urea.'\ lxxviii. composite;. (J. D. Hooker.) 367

leaves small ^-1^ in. sessile or naiTOwed into a shoi*t thick petiole obovate or
oblong obtuse quite entire or obtusely toothed densely coriaceous nerveless,
uppermost orbicular sheathing the involucre, heads one or more sessile crowded
subglobose, invol. bracts obovate-oblong obtuse glabrous, receptacle fimbrillate,
pappus double both feathery. S. acaulis, Klatt in Sitzung. Munch. Akad. 1878,
91.

Western Tibet ; Nubra, alt. 17-18,000 ft, Thomson; Schlagintwdt.

Root fusiform, crown very short. Leaves variable, always thickly coriaceous, in a
flowerless specimen 2^ in. long and narrowly spathulate, in most others spreading
obovate, midrib very indistinct. Heads ^ in. diam., densely clustered, sheathed by
rounded floral leaves which are much shorter than the involucre; invol. bracts
purplish ; corolla \ in. long. ; anther-tails short, entire. Achenes ^ in., glabrous, ripe
not seen ; pappus ^ in., brown, all the hairs softly feathery.

6. S. wemerioides, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hook. ; dwarf, densely tufted,
leaves \-^ in. naiTowed into densely imbricating sheathing petioles lanceolate
coriaceous glabrous above densely tomentose beneath, tip subulate, margins
toothed revolute often to the midrib, heads solitary sessile amongst the leaves
\-^ in. diam., invol. bracts lanceolate acuminate rigid or broad and concave,
receptacle bristly, pappus double both feathery. S. subulata, Clarke Comp.
Ind. 226, in part.

SiKKiM Himalaya; on the Tibetan frontier, alt. 16-18,000 ft., J. D. H.

Root a foot long ; crown dividing into numerous densely tufted branches |-1 in.
long, together forming cushions. Leaves erect or spreading, very coriaceous, rather
glossy above. Invol. bracts very variable, often purple, glabrous or sparsely woolly,
sometimes lanceolate acuminate, at others apparently replaced by the short concave,
coriaceous sheaths of the uppermost leaves; reeept. bristles (overlooked in Clarke's
description) rigid, scabrous ; corolla |^ in. ; anther-tails long, woolly. Achenes very
small (not ripe).

** Older pappus of scabrid bristles or 0 ; leaves entire or pinnatifid.

7. S. subulata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 226, in part ; dwarf, densely tufted,
below densely clothed with imbricating sheathing petioles, leaves ^-1^ in. very
laxly hairy or glabrate sparsely woolly towards the base linear-lanceolate or
subulate narrowed into the sheathing petiole, tip subulate, margin quite entire
revolute to the midrib, heads |-1 in. diam. solitary sessile amongst the leaves,
invol. bracts oblong-lanceolate acuminate rigid, receptacle fimbrillate, outer
pappus bristles scabrid. S. setifolia, Klatt in Sitzung. Miinch. Akad. 1878, 95.

Western Tibet; Nubra, alt. 15-18,000 ft., Thomson. — Distreb. Yarkand.

Habit of S. wernerioides, but the leaf bases are woolly, the leaves much narrower,
not at all toothed, and less coriaceous, the heads are larger, the receptacle fimbrilli-
ferous, and the few outer pappus bristles are scabrid. It may be a dwarf high alpine
form of S. glandulifera ; the anther-tails are short and bearded.

8. S. Atkinsoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 224; stemless, glabrous or midrib
and nerves of leaves beneath pubescent, leaves 3-6 petioled or sessile spreading
from the root broadly obovate or elliptic membranous toothed reticulate, head
sessile solitary, inner invol. bracts linear oblong scarious, receptacle naked or

ntire, outer pappus bristles few scabrid.

Western Hialaxaya ; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 10-13,000 ft., Falconer, &c.

Root-stock undivided. Leaves 2^4 by 1^-3 in., spreading flat on the ground.
Head |-1 in. long ; outer invol. bracts very variable, ovate-lanceolate, erect or re-
curved, glabrous or margins pubescent ; corolla upwards of \ in. ; anther-cells shortly
fimbriate. Achenes glabrous ; pappus | in., brown. — See remarks under 8. Clarkei in
reference to this species.

368 LXXTiiT. COMPOSITE]. (J. D. Hooker.) [Saussiirea.

9. S. Stoliczkai, Clarke Comp. Ind. 225; dwarf, densely tufted, white
witli cottony wool, leaves obovate-oblong- or oblanceolate lyrate or sinuate-
pinnatifid cottony beneath or on both surfaces, lobes acute or obtuse short very
irregular terminal ovate, head j-l in. diain. sessile, invol. bracts linear-lanceolate
outer with broad bases inner narrower membranous with dark tips, receptacle
densely bristly, outer pappus bristles few scabrid.

Western Tibet and Kunawdr; alt. 13-16,000 ft., Thomson, Stoliczka.

Root stout; branches of stock often as thick as the little finger, crown divided
into very stout short 1 -headed branches clothed with brown scarious leaf-sheaths.
Leaves 1-2 in., usually snow white, lobes sometimes a little recurved, obtuse or
acute. Invol. bracts f in. long, sheathed by the bases of the uppermost leaves ;
corolla upwards of ^ in. ; anther- tails short woolly. Achenes glabrous, ^ in. long ;
pappus \ in. brown.

10. S. Sugrboo, Clarke Comp. Ind. 225 ; dwarf, stem 0 or 4-6 in., leaves
oblong-obovate or oblanceolate acute very coriaceous narrowed into the petiole
coarsely toothed or runcinately pinnatifid with the teeth and lobes apiculate
Bcaberulous above white-tomentose beneath, heads | in. diam. solitary sessile or
2-3 shortly peduncled glabrous or puberulous, outer invol. bracts lanceolate
from an ovate base coriaceous inner linear acuminate scarious, receptacle* bristly,,
outer pappus-bristles scabrid or 0.

SiKKiM Himalaya; towards the Tibetan frontier, alt. 12-16,000 ft., J. D. H., T.
Anderson.

Yevj variable, smaller specimens have a divided root-stock ^-1 in. long and one
sessile head, larger have an undivided stock and an elongating leafy stem 6 in. high
with 2 or more peduncled heads. Leaves coriaceous in the larger specimens, 3 in.
long with a slender petiole 1-1^ in., in smaller the leaves are shorter petioled or
subsessile, upper surface reticulated. Invol. bracts above margined and tipped with
dark purple ; corolla more than ^ in. ; anther-tails short, woolly. Achenes muricate
and sparsely villous ; pappus ^ in. pale brown.

11. S. TTalcla, Clarke Comp. Ind. 227 ; dwarf, stemless, leaves sessile or
petioled spreading large short or long linear-oblong pinnate or pinnatifid mem-
branous puberulous above white-tomentose beneath, lobes or segments broadly
ovate or subtriangular sinuate-toothed tips and teeth mucronate, heads 1-3 very
large 1-3 in. diam. sessile pubescent or glabrate, invol. bracts narrowly lanceo-
late acuminate rather membranous pale, recept. bristles long, anther-tails laciniate,.
achenes 4-gonous muricate, outer pappus-hairs 0.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Yeumtong and Chola, alt. 11-12,000 ft., J. D. H. Yakla, alt.
16,000 ft., Clarke.

Root-stock woody, undivided. Leaves very flaccid in specimens from 11-12,000 ft.,
10-15 by 2-2^ in., in those from 16,000 ft. 3-4 in. by 2-3 in. Heads very variable ;
invol. bracts erect; corolla nearly 1 in. long. Achenes^ in., angled; angles
muricate, crown strongly cupped; pappus | in., brown. — Habit of a BolomiSa
{Jurinaa).

Sect. 3. Caulescentes. Heads solitary, rarely 2-3 on an erect elongate
quite simple stem or leafy peduncle 1-6 in. high. Leaves both radical and
cauline. (Heads sometimes sessile, see also forms of species in sect. 2.)

* Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, white beneath. "

12. S. taraxicifolia, Wall. Cat. 2914 ; stem 0 or 1-6 in. glabrous or
cottony, leaves petioled spreading linear elongate runcinate-pinnatifid glabrous
or nearly so above white-tomentose beneath, lobes numerous oblong or obtusely
triangular rarely toothed or lobulate, tips and teeth mucronate, head solitary
1-1^ in. diam. glabrous or sparsely cottony, invol. bracts lanceolate, receptacle

Saussiwea,'] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 369

densely bristly, anther-tails short woolly, achenes glabrous, outer pappus-hairs
few scabrid. DC. Prodr. vi. 632; Clarke Comp. Ind. 228. S. c^spitosa, Wall.
Cat. 2913 ; Clarke I. c. Aplo taxis caespitosa, DC. I. c. 539. Cyathidium taraxi-
cifolium, Lindl. in JHoi/le III. 251, t. 5G, f. 2.

Alpine Himalaya; from Kunawur to Sikkim, alt. 12-15,000 ft. Westben
Tibet ; Eupchu, alt. 16,000 ft., Heyde.

Very variable ; stock stout, clothed with the black remains of -withered petioles,
simple or divided ; stem rarely 6 in., rather slender. Heads very variable in breadth
and shape, and the bracts in breadth, outer sometimes with recurved tips; corolla
upwards of ^ in. Papiyus pale brown, ^ in.

Var. depressa; dwarf, stcmless, leaves 2-3 in. moi*e regularly and closely pinnati-
fid with recurved short lobes. — Garwhal to Sikkim. alt. 12-15,000 ft.

13. S. Kuntliiana, Clarke Comp. Ind. 225; dwarf, stemless, leaves
petioled spreidiug linear-elongate pinnatifid or runcinate glabrous or pubescent
above white-tomentose beneath, lobes quadrate semi-circular or oblong entire or
lobulate and toothed, tip teeth and lobes apiculate or mucronate, head solitary
sessile 1-1 1- in. diam.,invol. bracts lanceolate inner often with subsquarrose tips,
anther-tails short woolly, receptacle bristh'-, achenes muricate, outer pappus-
hairs few scabrid. Leontodon ? Kunthianum, Wall. Cat. 3292. Aplotaxis
leontodontoides, DC. Prodr. vi. 539.

Alpine Himalaya; from Kashmir to Sikkim, and Western Tibet, alt. 14-
16,000 ft.

Very similar iudeed to var. depressa of S. taraxicifoUa, from which the muricate
achenes at once distinguish it, the lobes of the leaf are \-^ in. long, usually broader,
more square and lobulate, and their upper surface is never glabrous.

Var. major; larger in all its parts, leaves sometimes pinnatisect, lobes ^-^ in.
less recurved broadly oblong or ovate sinuate or subpinnatitid scabrid above, invol.
bracts glabrous more coriaceous, anther tails more conspicuously woolly. — Sikkim,
interior ranges, alt. 13-16,000 it.

Var. filicifolia ; leaA'es pinnatifid nearly to the midrib, lobes regular oblong or
linear-oblong entire or auricled at the base of the upper margin obtuse or apiculate.
— Sikkim, Jongri and Yakla, alt. 13,000 ft., Clarke. Habit of a small Folypodium.

14. S. polysticlioides, Hook. f. ; dwarf, stemless, leaves petioled
spreading linear-elongate pinnatisect glabrous above white-tomentose beneath,
segments rounded ovate or subquadrate spinulous-toothed, heads ^-1 in. sessile
or peduncled glabrous, invol. bracts lanceolate acuminate erect or subsquarrosely
recurved, antber- tails short woolly, receptacle naked, achenes muricate, outer
pappus-hairs few scabrid.

Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 13-16,000 ft., J. B. H., Elwes, Clarke.
Very closely allied indeed to 8. Kunthiana, but the leaves are pinnate and the
receptacle without bristles ; the leaf segments are horizontal and slightly recurved.

15. S. Falconer!, Hook./. ; stem very stout short or long cottony or
woolly, leaves petioled linear-elongate cottony above and more so beneath
irregularly sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed, lobes or teeth distant spreading or
recurved broadly triangular acute, heads 1-2 in. diam., invol. bracts linear-
lanceolate cottony, recept. bristles shorter than the smooth achenes, anther-tails
short woolly, pappus double or single.

"Western Tibet; Ivarakoram, alt. 14,500 ft., Falconer, Clarke. Kashmir, alt.
13,000 ft. Clarke.

Very similar to S. faraxicifoUa, but distinguished by the woolly habit and very

stout stem or peduncle. Stock stout or slender, sometimes very thickly clothed with

the black shining remains of the old petioles. Stem 1-6 in., nearly ^ in. diam.,

sparingly leafy. Leaves 3-6 by \-\ in. Invd. bracts pale, erect, corolla \\ in.

YOI. III. B B

370 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE}. (J. D. Hooker.) ISaussurea.

JPcqjpus more than | in., pale brown. — I can find no difference whatever between the
tAvo following forms except that of the pappns.

Vak. 1. Outer pappus of plumose bristles. — Kashmir.

Var. 2. Outer pappus of scabrid bristles or 0. — Western Tibet and Kashmir.

* * Leaves pinnati^d, fjlahrous on both surfaces.

1(3. S. Andersoni, Clarke Comp. Ind. 22(j', perfectly glabrous, stem 0
or o-G in., leases spreading linear-elongate sessile or petioled membranous pale
beneath runciuate-pinnatifid, lobes distant small short ovate and acute or
subulate, heads solitary ^-1 in., invol.-bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate with
dark borders, recept. bristles few, anther-tails woolly, achenes muricate, pappus
dark brown outer 0.

SiKKiM Hiaialaya; Lachen, alt. 10-12,000 ii.,J.D.H.; Jongri, alt. 13,000 ft.,
Clarke.

This much resembles »?. iaraxicifolia, but is perfectly glabrous, with very short
distant leaf-lobes or -teeth, between which the rachis is linear, the invol. bracts are
much broader and highly coloured, the achenes and pappus are very different.

17. S. eriostemon, Wall, Cat. 2912 ; nearly glabrous, stem stout
elongate 6-12 in. 1-leaved, leaves membranous almost all radical linear pinnati-
fidly lobed and toothed, lobes and teeth short broad acute and aristate, head
solitary 1-1 2" in. diam.,. invol. bracts lanceolate subsquarrose, recept. bristles
long, anther-tails fimbriate, achenes smooth 4-angled, outer pappus 0. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 229. Aplotaxis nepalensis, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 380 ; Deless. Ic.
Sel. iv. t. 67; DC. Frodr. vi. 529. Centaurea taraxicifolia, Don Prodr. 167;
Less. in. Linn^a, vi. 88. Eriostemon taraxicifolium, Less. Sgnops. 12.

NiPAT., Wallich.

The foliage of this resembles strongly that of >S'. Andcrsoni, but the achenes are
very different.

*** Leaves entire or nearly so, tomentose villous or ^coolly beneath^ or on both
surfaces^ glandular-pubescent in S. glanduligera.

18. S. Roylei, Clarke Comp. Ind. 229, excl. syn. ; stem stout 6-18 in.
glabrate or cottony, radical leaves 3-10 in. petioled erect elongate-lanceolate
acuminate quite entire or sinuate or pinnatifid towards the base only, cauline
few sessile ^-amplexicaul, heads large 1^-2 in. usually bracteate tomentose,
invol. bracts lanceolate, recept. bristles equalling the long smooth achenes,
anther-tails woolly, outer pappus bristles scabrid. S. uniflora, Clarke I. c. 229,
not of Wallich. Aplotaxis Roylei, DC. Prodr. vi. 539.

AVestern Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kunawur, alt. 11-14,000 ft., Falconer, &c.

Boot-stock stout, usually simple, clothed witli the remains of broad petiolar
sheaths. Steon usually very stout and thickened under the head. Leaves very
variable in length and breadth, much narrowed at both ends, sometimes runcinate or
lyrate-pinnatifid, sometimes snow-white beneath, nearly glabrous in a specimen from
Munro, nearly 2 in. broad in some of Thomson's from the Werang Pass. Invol. bracts
long, straight ; corolla short for the size of the head, about \ in. long. Achenes \\\\.
and upwards, narrow, angled and delicately ribbed ; pappus ^ in., pale brown, outer
bristles numerous, sometimes unilateral.

19. S. fframinifolia, Wall. Cat. 2911; stem 6-10 in. very stout much
thickened upwards leafy densely silkily woolly and shining, rarely glabrate,
leaves very slender narrowly linear from a dilated shining scarious base fiexuous
tomentose beneath, margins quite entire recurved, head solitary 1-1 ^ in. diam.
densely silkily woolly bracteate by many spreading or reflexed or linear leaves,

Saussiirea.'] lxxviii, coiirosiTj;. (J. D. Hooker.) 371

iuvol. bracts narrow lanceolate, recept. bristles short, aclienes (unripe) short
smooth, outer pappus bristles many short scabrid.

Wkstkrn Himalaya; Kumaon, Blinkworth, alt. 12,000 ft., Edgcworth. "Westekk
Tibet; Salt Marshes, Ladak and below the Ladak Pass, alt. 15-16,000 ft., Thomson.
Barji Kang, alt. 13,500 ft., Strach. ^' Winterb.

Hoot long, stout ; crown divided. Leaves 2-5 by ^o-e i°* 5 sheathing petioles
ncnibranous, 1 in., glabrous except at the margins, contrasting with the silky wool of
the stem, which is ^ in. thick round the base of the head. Invol. brads membranous ;
corolla not ^ in. long; anther-tails fimbriate. Achcnes (unripe) small, ^^(j in. long ;
pappus pale brown. — A very distinct species.

Var. glabrata ; sparsely woolly, more slender, leaves more erect, invol. bracts
shorter and straighter not hidden below in silky wool, aclienes longer pale shining
4-angled. — "Western Tibet, Though diflfering so much in the involucre and in woolli-
ness from the type, I can hardly doubt this being a form of S. graminifoUa.

20. S. ZIookerl, Clarke Comp. Lid. 230; stem 4-6 in. stout much
thickened (and hollow) upwards sillaly woolly, leaves slender narrowly linear
from a dilated scarious base curved tomentose beneath margins quite entire
recurved, head solitary 1-1|- in. bracteate by broad obtuse short appressed
leaves, invol. bracts broadly lanceolate or ovate, recept. bristles long dense,
achenes short, outer pappus bristles short scabrid.

Alpine Himalaya; Tibetan frontier of Kumaon, Balch Pass, alt. 16,000 ft.,
Strach. ^ Wi?iterb. ; and of Sikkim, alt. 17,000 ft., J. D. H., Elwes.

Rootstock stout, simple or divided, clothed with black scarious dried petiolar
sheaths ; stem shorter stouter and more leafy than in S. graminifoUa ; leaves rather
broader, more coriaceous, floral usually short and broad, but very variable ; corolla
nearly ^ in. ; achenes unripe very small, pappus very pale ^ in.

21. S. hieracioides, Hooh. f. ; softly villous, stem 4-8 in. slender,
i*adical leaves petioled elliptic acute villous on both surfaces quite entire or
obscurely toothed nerves spreading, cauline few linear-oblong, heads 1-1 j io.
diam. solitary woolly at the base, invol. bracts ovate-lanceolate erect coloured,
recept. bristles short, achenes very short smooth, outer pappus bristles scabrid.

Sikkim Himalaya; Tungu, near the Tibetan frontier, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. D. H.

Habit of Hieracium alphmm, uniformly villous with soft spreading hairs. Stock
short, stout, simple, clothed with scarious dark petiolar remains. Leaves few, radical
li-2^ by f-l^- in., green ; petiole variable, slender. Invol. bracts wholly or margined
with purple, inner glabrous ; corolla l^- in. ; anther-tails short, very woolly. Achenes
(unripe) -^^ in., very broad ; pappus ^ in. pale.

22. S. g^landuligrera, Schultz-Bip. in Herb. Hook. ; stem 4-8 in. and
leaves on both surfaces glandular-pubescent or -puberulous, leaves narrowly
linear-lanceolate irregularly sinuate toothed, petiole dilated into a narrow
glabrous sheath with often woolly base and margins, cauline subsimilar, heads
solitary 1-1|- in. usually bracteate by linear leaves, invol. bracts lanceolate green
erect pubescent or woolly, recept. bristles long, achenes 4-angled scaberulous,
outer pappus bristles short scabrid.

Western Tibet; Ladak, alt. 14-16,000 ft., Thomson, Heyde; Lahoul, Hay.

Root very stout ; stock branched. Leaves 2-4 in. (larger in var. major), pale
green ; petiolar sheaths of radical, very conspicuous pale chestnut brown, ribbed, with
soft white silky wool at the bases of the younger. Invol. bracts pale, not numerous;
corolla nearly | in. ; anther-tails short woolly. Achenes ^ in. long, pale, much cupped
at the top ; pappus-hairs ^ in., pale brown or blueish.

Var. major-, taller, leaves large and broader 8-10 by f-2 in. puberulous only,
heads 1-3, corolla f in. — Piti, alt. 14-17,000, Thomson. Tibet north of Kumaon,
alt. 16,000 ft., Strach. ^ Wmterb. This approaches S. hracteata.

BB 2

372 Lxxviii. coMrosn.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Saussurca.

Sect. IV. Cor3rxnbifer8e. Stem 1-3 ft., simple, leafy. Leaves not
pinnatitid or lobed, radical 0, caiiliue large sessile or petioled. Heads rather
small, ^-§ in., in terminal dense corymbs ; receptacle small. Achenes smooth,
angled ; outer pappus bristles few or many, scabrid.

23. S. Candolleana, Wall. Cat. 3289; stem 1-3 ft. more or less
winged by the decurrent petioles or leaf bases, leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate
acute or acuminate denticulate glabrous above cobwebby or cottony beneath,,
base rounded or abruptly or gradually narrowed decurrent, heads ^-f in. diam.
or in dense terminal corymbs, invol. bracts ovate obtuse or acute glabrous or
silky, receptacle small bristles longer than the narrow smooth 4-5-angled
achenes, outer pappus bristles short scabrid. S. pterocaulon. Dene, in Jacq.

Voy. Bot. 95, t. 103. Aplotaxis Candolleana, DC. Prodr. vi, 541. Jurinea
adenocarpa, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 765 : Schrenlc. Enum. PI. Nov. i. 46.

Tkmperatb Himalaya; from Kashmir, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Falconer, &c., to Sikkim,
alt. 11-13,000 ft., J. D. /f.— DisTRiR. Soongaria.

Stem stout, deeply grooved. Leaves 3-6 by 1-3| in., oblong and sessile but
nerveless, abruptly narrowed below the middle, membranous, rarely quite glabrous
beneath. Heads shortly pedunded ; corolla \-^ in. ; antlier-tails fimbriate. Achenes
~ in., long, narrow, shining ; pappus ^ in. long, pale brown.

24. S. piptathera, Edyew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 76; stem 1-3 R.
not winged, leaves oblong or ovate-oblong with a contracted or dilated |-am-
plexicaul auricled base sharply toothed glabrous above cottony rarely glabrate
beneath, heads ^ in. in a crowded dense corymb, invol. bracts glabrate or silky
outer ovate obtuse, inner lanceolate acute, recept. bristles longer than the
achenes, outer pappus bristles short scabrid. Aplotaxis discolor, DC. Pfod)\
vi. 541.

Western Himalaya ; from Chumba to Kumaon, alt. 9-12,000 ft., Poyle, &c.

Very similar to S. Candolleana in the head, flowers, achenes, &c., but at oneo
distinguished by the stem not being winged, and by the leaf-base. Specimens from
Herb. Falconer (without locality) have the leaves quite ghibrous on both surfaces.

25. S. Clarkei, Hook./.; stem 4-6 in. stout pubescent, leaves 4-5 ii?.
obovate acute sessile or contracted into a winged petiole sharply toothed
membranous puberulous above cottony or glabrate beneath, heads g in. diam. in a
dense terminal cluster, invol. bracts glabrous or cottony outer ovate acute inneB"
lanceolate acuminate, recept. bristles longer than the achanes. S. Candolleana,
Clarke Comp. Lnd. 230, not of Wdlich.

Kashmir, Falconer ; Tilail, alt, 13-14,000 ft., Clarke.

This is in habit intermediate between S. pterocaulon and S. Atkinsoni, agreeing
with the former in the heads, flowers, &c., but diifering in the f^^mall size, peculiar
habit and leaf-base; and from the latter (which it resembles in the foliage) in the
stout stem, small crowded heads, and recept. bristles. Paj)pus brown.

26. S* elliptica, Clarke inss. ; stem 4-6 in. slender cottony, leaves 8-4
in. long-petioled elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate acute irregularly toothed thinly
cottony on both surfaces, heads ^ in. diam. in a small rather lax terminal
corymb, invol. bracts lanceolate acuminate subsilkily villous, receptacle naked,
outer pappus bristles numerous scabrid.

Western Tibet ; Karakoram, alt. 14,000 ft., Clarke.

I have seen only three specimens of thife very distinct species. Grey-green when
dry ; stem ascending from a slender simple or divided stock, curved. Leaves flaccid,
narrowed into a very slender cottony petiole. Corolla nearly \ in.; anther-tail:*
laciniate, hardly woolly. Achenes immature ; pappus white, except towards the base.
— Closely allied to S. ovata, Eenth. (in "Henderson's Yarkand," p. 325), from Eastern
Turkistan, but differing in tlie form of the leaves.

Saussurca.^ Lxxviii. coMrosrr.E. (J, D. Hooker.) 373

Sect. V. Slatse. Stems tall, leafy, simple 1>elow, cor3-mlx)3ely bmnched
above. Leaves all cauliue or i-adical and cauline. llcaih erect or suberect
numerous in branched corymbs all pedimcled ; invol. bracts rigid, anther-tails
fimbriate or.subentii'e. Pappus very blender, outer bristles 0.

* Leaves hjrate-pimmtifid, cottony beneath ; heach broad erect or suberect.

27. S. affinis, S/Ji-en//. mss. in DC. Frodr. vi. o40; stem 2-8 ft. simple
below and inflorescence glabrous, leaves lyrate-pinnatifid cottony beneath
radical petioled cauline sessile uppermost sinuate-lobed or entire, heads long-
peduncled in large open panicled corymbs, inA'ol. bracts glabrate outer ovate
obtuse or acute inner lanceolate acuminate, recept. bristles long, aclienes smooth
10-ribbed, outer pappus 0. Clarke Comp. Ind. 232. Aplotaxis multicaulis,
DC. in Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. GS; Frodr. vi. 540. A. carthamoides, JIain. in
DC. I. c. A. Bungei, DC. I. c. 539. Ilemistepha Ivrata, Jhinr/e in Fisch. et
Mey. Lnd. Sem. ii. 1835, 38. Serratula multicaulis, IFall. Cat.'2Sd7. S. car-
thamoides, Fo.vb. Hart. Beng. GO ; Fl. Lnd. iii. 407. Cnicus cartha^ioides,
Wall. Cat. 2896. Cirsium lyratum, Bunge Enum. PL Chin. 3G.

Bexgal ; from Silhet to the foot of the Nipal Hills. Eirma ; Saluen River,
Wallich. — DisTBiB. China, Japan. ,

Annual, stem sometimes as thick as the little finger, and peduncles grooved.
Leaves, radical 4-8 in., membranous, glabrous or puLerulous above. Heads 1 in. diam.
or less; invol. bracts pale, rarely a little cottony; corolla ^ in. long, very slender,
pale red; anther-tails short, fimbriate. Achcncs ^^ in., oibovoid, tip contracted;
pappus hairs g- in., very slender, white.

2S. S. candicans, Clarke Comp. Lnd. 232; stem 2-5 ft. simple below
and inflorescence cottony., leaves oblong or obovate-oblong entire or sinuate-
toothed or lobulate at the base or lyrate-pinnatifid glabrous or pubescent above
cottony or white tomentose rarely glabrous beneath, heads long-ped uncled in
large open panicled corymbs, invol. bracts cottony or pubescent lanceolate
acuminate, recept. bristles long, achenes 5-angled muricate, outer pappus 0.
8. brahuica, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 500. Aplotaxis candicans, DC. Frodr. vi.
540. A. scaposa, Edyew. in Trans. Linn. So", xx. 76. Cnicus candicans,
Wall. Cat. 2893 A. C. D. Cirsium heteromallum, Sjn'cny. Syst. iii. 372.
('arduus heteromallus, Don Frodr. 166, e.vcl. syn. Foxb.

Subtropical and Tkmperate Westerx India and the Himalaya ; from the Salt
Range, Hazara and Kashmir to Ehotan, alt. 2-7000 ft. — Distrip. Affghanistan.

A more robust plant than S. affinis, with less divided leaves, larger heads, and
very different achenes. Leaves sometimes 18 by 5 in. Heads 1-1^ in. diam.; corolla
upwards of ^ in. long; anther-tailj lacerate. Achenes I in., top cupilar, very variable
as to rugosity; pappus-hairs very slender, white, equalling the corolla. — Small speci-
mens are scapose and even 1 -headed.

29. S. foliosa, Edyew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 77 (Aplotaxis) ; stem
1-2 ft. copiously branched leafy and inflorescence pubescent, leaves 3-4 in.
lyrate-pinnatifid puberulous above cottony beneath lobes rounded, heads small
^ in. on slender long axillary and terminal peduncles, invol. bracts very slender
with acicular points, recept. bristles long, achenes obtusely 4-angled smooth or
somewhat tubercled, outer pappus 0.

Western Himalaya ; Garwhal and Kumaon, alt. 7-8000 ft., Edgeworth, S'rach. ^•
Winterb.

Referred by Clarke to S. candicans, but I think quite distinct in habit, and
especially in the small heads with almost subulate bracts, the very small corollas, and
short pappus, neither of which exceed \ in.

374 LXXYiu. COMPOSITE, (J. B. Hooker.) [Saussurea.

** Leaves entire or suhinnnati/id, cottony or tomentose beneath : heads narrow y
erect.

30. S. albescens, Hooh. f. ^ T. in Oarhe Comp. Ind. 233; stem 6-10
ft. simple below and leaves beneath densely or laxly cottony or tomentose,
leaves 4-12 in. acute or acuminate entire or sinuate-lobed or subpinnatifid
glabrous scabrid or cobwebby above with slender branching nerves^ lower
narrowly oblong petioled, upper sessile ovate or linear or oblong-ovate, heads
narrow ^-f in. long in copious long peduncled terminal and axillary ilat-topped
corymbs, invol. bracts erect glabrous rarely cottony rigid purplish outer ovate
acute, inner lanceolate, recept. bristles long, achenes narrow 4-angled muricate
above, outer pappus 0. ? S. chenopodifolia, Klatt in Sitzunqsb. MUnch. Akad.
1878, 92. Serratula albescens, Wall Cat. 2918. Aplotaxis albescens, DC.
Prodr. vi. 540.

Western and Central Himalaya ; from Murrce to Nipal, alt. 6-10,000 fr.

Stem strict, erect, slender for the height of the plant. Leaves very variable in
length and breadth, tip and teeth apiculate. Heads peduncled, erect ; receptacle very
narrow, bristles longer than the achenes ; corolla ^ in. ; anther-cells fimlmate.
Achenes --} in. long, top much cupped ; pappus -white, g— ^ in.

Vae. brachycephala ; leaves very scabrid above, heads h in. long fewer on shorter
branches more rounded at the base, invol. bracts shorter inner more OA'ate, corolla and
pappus-hairs ^ in. — Kashmir, Stewart; MozufFerabad, at the foot of the Kashmir
hills. Falconer. The few short broad flat heads of this look different from those of
S. albescens, but there are many intermediate forms. I have seen no achenes.

*** Leaves lyrate-pinnatijid, cottony or tomentose beneath; heads inclined
nodding ; recept. bristles very long.

31. S. bypoleuca, Spreng. mss. in DC. Prodr. vi. 541 ; stem simple or
branched above leaf)^, leaves lyrate or lyrate-pinnatifid sinuate-toothed glabrous
above cottony or white beneath membranous terminal lobe large deltoid acute
lateral generally one pair triangular acute, heads 1 1-2 in. diam. globose nodding,
invol. veiy broad and open bracts lanceolate acuminate ciliate, recept. bristles
exceeding the clavellate pappus, achenes short 4-angled tubercled, pappus single.
Clarke Comp. Ind. 234. Carduus auriculatus. Wall. Cat. 2899. Aplotaxis
auriculata, DC. I. c.

Tempebate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 7-13,000.

Stem rather slender, 2-5 ft., glabrous or puberulons. Leaves 3-8 in., variable in
breadth, petioled or sessile, petiole auricled at the base or not, terminal lobe sometimes
5 in. diam. Meads long-peduncled, inclined or nodding, very many-fld., base often
intruded; invol. bracts often recurved; corolla ^ in., limb as long as the tube;
anther-tails long, subulate, quite entire or split near the tip. Achenes ^ in. long,
almost cubical, with obtuse angles, black, strongly tubercled, tip contracted with a
terminal toothed cup ; pappus ^ in. brown.— This and the following are quite imlike,
any other Indian species, and are the only ones with decidedly nodding heads.

32. S. deltoidea, Clarke Comp. Ind. 23o, var. a and /3 ; stem tall simple
below branched above, leaves petioled membranous sinuate-toothed above
glabrous or scal3erulous beneath Avhite-tomentose or cottony, lower lyrate-pin-
natifid terminal lobe very large deltoid lateral variable, upper triangular ovate
or deltoid, heads ^-1^ in. very broad nodding panicled or racemose on the branches
of a terminal leafy panicle, invol. bracts hoary short ovate obtuse or long and
lanceolate tips and margins purple, recept. bristles shorter than the pappus,
achenes short 4-5-angled smooth tubercled or scaly, pappus single. Kwz in
Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 204. Aplotaxis deltoides, DC. Frodr. vi. 541.

Central and Eastern Himalaya; from Garwhal to Bhotan, alt. 6-11,500 ft.
ZMartaban, or the Xattoung hills, F. Mason.

Saussurea.'] Lxxvm. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 375

Stem 4-8 ft., sometimes as thick as the thumb Lelow, grooved, glabrous pubescent
or cottony. Leaves 2-18 in. long, white or buff beneath, terminal lobe sometimes 10
in. broad. Heads extremely variable, sessile or peduncled, scattered or fascicled ;
invol. bracts glabrous or cottony, all narrow or the outer broad and obtuse, erect or
recurved, often tipped and margined with purple ; corolla ^-5 in., tube rather longer
than the limb; anther-tails subulate, nearly entire. Acheyies ^-^ in., very variable in
breadth, always 4-5, 4-angled with a terminal entire or toothed cup, black, perfectly
smooth or tubercled on the angles or all over, or covered with broad adnate scales ;
pappus equalling the corolla, white.

Vak. nivea ; heads smaller sul)globose clustered subsessile or shortly peduncled,
invol. bracts shortly ovate obtuse hoary, corolla and pappus \ in., achenes variable as
in the typo. S. deltoidea, var. polycephala, Clarke Comp. Lid. 236. Aplotaxis nivea,
DC. Frodr. vi. 541, Cnicus niveus, Wall. Cat. 2898. Synanthera, Wall. Cat. 7135.—
Nipal, Sikkim, and the Ilhasia mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Martaban, alt. 6-7000 ft., Kur-.
— It is difficult to believe that this is a variety of 8. deltoidea, but the intermediate
forms are too numerous to render it doubtful. No other Indian species is so variable
in the involucre and achenes.

? Var. peguensis ; leaves pubescent or cobwebby above, heads shortly pedicelled sub-
racemose, invol. bracts linear-lanceolate acute erect outer woolly inner villous, achenes
oblong cylindric striate smooth. S. peguensis, Clarke Comp. Lid. 235. — Karen hills,
Birma, liiley. — I know nothing of this plant, which Clarke says is perhaps a variety
of the Khasian form (var. nivea) of S. deltoidea. If the description of the achenes is
correct, it must be different, for in all the varieties in 8. deltoidea the 4-5-angled
shape of the achene is constant.

33. S. Jacea, Clarhe Com}). Ind. 223 ; stem 1-4 ft. simple below branched
above, leaves uniform, sessile ^-amplexicaiil ovate or oblong obtuse or acute quite
entire scaberulous on both surfaces, beads ^-| in. diam. solitaiy and terminating
the branches or in terminal corymbs, invol. bracts few rigid broad outer
ovate obtuse or acute inner lanceolate, receptacle narrow bristles flattened ex-
ceeding the involucre, achenes unripe narrow smooth, pappus double hairs Jill
feathery. Aplotaxis Jacea, Klotzsch in Reise Pr. Wald. Bot. 79, t. 79.

Kashmir, Kunawur, and Western Tibet, alt. 9-15,000 ft.. Falconer, Tkomson.

Stem rigid, puberulous, terete, not grooved, and branches very leafy. Leaves 3-4
by H-2|- in., rigid, base usually rounded. Heads on strict rather slender peduncles,
invob bracts appressed, hard, margins purple ; receptacle very narrow ; bristles curved,
gradually narrowed from the flattened base, rigid ; corolla § iiJ. ; anther-tails subulate,
entire. Achenes (unripe) \ in. long, smooth, shining, ribs slender, top truncdte ; pappus
more than 5 in., brown.

34. S. denticulata, Wall. Cat. 2917; stem simple below erect stout
leafy, leaves uniform sessile oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate
linely toothed cottony or glabrous beneath, heads broad solitary and terminal or
terminating branches on long peduncles, invol. bracts glabrous rigid obtuse outer
ovate inner linear-oblong margins scarious lacerate purple, receptacular bristles
flattened exceeding the involucre, achenes compressed smooth many-ribbed,
pappus double, hairs all feathery. Clarke Comp. Ind. 234. Aplotaxis denticu-
lata, DC. Prodr. vi. 539. A. fastuosa, Dene in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 97, t. 105.

Central and Eastern Himalaya; from Garwhal to Sikkim, alt. 7-11,000 ft.

Stem 1-3 ft., glabrous or cottony, simple and 1 -headed or branched above, each
branch with a head. Leaves 3-9 by 1-2^ in,, thinly coriaceous, nerves very numerous
and slender. Heads usually subtended by a small leaf; peduncle sometimes 6 in., very
stout and stiff ; receptacle broader than in 8. Jacea; bristles similar; corolla ^ in.;
anther-tails short, subulate, perfectly entire. Achenes }, in., narrowly obovoid, strongly
many -ribbed, pale, shining, tip oblique rather contracted; pappus ^ in., pale brown.
— The inner invol. bracts are almost appendaged by the broad scarious margins ; the
quite entire short anther-tails are peculiar.

376 Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Saussurea,

Sect. VI. Ziappa. Tall, yery stout herbs; stem 4-10 ft., simple belo\y.
Heads corymbose or fascicled or solitary and terminal or axillary ; outer inyol.
bracts broad, rigid ; recept. bristles very long, sometimes exceeding the inyolucre.
Pappus double, outer hairs feathery.

35. S. Iiappa, Clarice Comp. Ind. 233; stem tall yery robust simple
pubescent aboye, leayes membranous scaberulous aboye glabrate beneath irregu-
larly toothed, radical yery large triangular with a long lobately-winged petiole,
cauline shorter petioled or sessile %yith an auricled ^-amplexicaid base, heads
subglobose l-H in. diara. sessile axillary or in a terminal cluster of 2-5, invol.
bracts yery many oyate-lanceolate acuminate rigid squarrosely recurved glabrous,
recept. bristles yery long, achenes compressed tip narrowed, pappus double hairs
all feathery. Aplotaxis Lappa, Dene iyi Jacq. Votj. Bot. 96, 1. 104. Aucklandia
Costus, Falconer in Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. 23.

Kashmir, alt. 8-12,0Q0 ft., Fakoner, &c.
Stein 6-7 ft., as thick as the little finger below. Radical leaves with the petiole 2-3
ft. long, terminal lobe often a foot in diameter; cauline 6-12 in, long with the petiole.
Heads very hard ; invol. bracts numerous, purple, young pubescent ; recept. bristles f
in. ; corolla dark purple, | in. long; anther-tails fimbriate. Achenes upwards of ^in.,
curved, compressed, with thickened margins and one rib on each face, top contracted
and cupped ; pappus hairs § in., brown. — Supposed to be the Costus of the ancients,
and used largely as a medicine in India, but its properties have never been investi-
gated.

SuBGEX. II. XSriocoryne. Densely woolly herbs. Stems simple, clayate.
Heads yery numerous, sessile and densely crowded on the flat usually hollow
dilated top of the stem, often concealed by woolly floral leayes. Achenes crowned
by the hardened disk and base of the style.

36. S. g-ossypipliora, Don Prodr. 168; densely clothed with long
white or yellowish matted wool, stem 6-12 in. simple clayate leafy, leayes sessile
linear remotely toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid usually glabrous aboye glabrous
or woolly beneath, heads concealed, inyol. bracts linear-oblong shining, achenes
^ in. narrow 4-5-angled and compressed, outer pappus hairs few scabrid numerous
or 0. Wall. Cat. 2920 A. S. gossypina. Wall. PI. As. Par. ii. 32, t. 138 ;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 228 {excl. syn.). Aplotaxis gossypina, DC. Prodr. yi. 541.
Eriocoryne nidularis, Wall. mss.

Alpine IIimaliya; from Garwhal to Sikkim, alt. 14-17,000 ft.

Boot perennial (or biennial?), spongy, fusiform, simple or forked. Stem hollow
throughout, often 4 in. broad at the truncate top, base clothed with membranous black
shining remains of leaf-bases, leafy throughout and covered often 1 in. thick with
wool. Leaves 1-6 by ^-| in., sometimes 2-pinnatifid ; lobes or teeth distant. Heads
very many, ^-1 in. long, cylindric ; invol. bracts short, erect, pubescent or woolly
above or glabrous and shining throughout; receptacle pitted, bristles about equalling*
the achenes ; corolla ^-| iu., straight, limb equalling the tube, lobes short ; anthers
half included, tails slender, nearly entire. AcJienes ^ in. long, narrowly obovoid, com-
pressed, brown, crowned with a tumid hardened disk and beaked by the style-base. —
One of the most singular Himalayan plants, with the habit of Crcpis glomerata.
Wallich (in Plant. Asiat.) changed Don's clumsy name for the more euphonious gossy-
pina, but having adopted the former in his catalogue, I feel obliged to retain it.

37. S. sacra, Edyew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 76; densely woolly, stem
4-6 in. simple clayate, leaves sessile linear pinnatifid, heads exposed, inyol.
bracts lanceolate, achenes ^^-^ in. 4-5-angled smooth or warted, outer pappus
hairs scabrid few numerous or 0. S. gossypiphora, Wall. Cat. 2910 B.

Alpine Himalaya; from Garwhal to Sikkim, alt. 14-18,000 ft.

I greatly doubt this being specifically distinct from G. gossypiphora, with which

Satissurea.y Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 377

Wallich (doubtfully) and Clarke have united it ; it is, however, a much smaller plant,
with exposed heads, narrower involucre bracts, inner pappus hairs united higher up
and only \ in. long ; and the small achenes are more obconic, ^^ in. long, and often
warted or wrinkled. The wool is pink in Sikkim specimens.

38. S. tridactyla, Sc-hultz-Bip. in Ilerh. Ilooli. ; densely clothed with
matted wool, stem 3-G in. simple clavate leafy, leaves linear or linear-obovate
or spatliulate obtuse entire or obtusely 3-G-lobed at the apex densely woolly on
both surfaces, heads partially exposed, invol. bracts linear-oblonp: acute shining,
achenes narrow 5-angled, outer pappus 0 or of a very few scabrid bristles.

Sikkim Himalaya; on the Tibetan frontier, alt. 16-18,000 ft., J. D. H.

A much more woody-rooted plant than 8. gossypiphora , with a woody stock, more
densely leafy, and the leaves, which are covered with the same long matted wool as
the stem, are quite entire or lobulate only towards the apex. The heads and flowers
resemble closely those of S. (/ossypiphora , but the pnppus, which is pale brown, is
almost invariably single.

39. S. sorocephala, Ilooh.f. Sf T. in Clarice Comp. Jnil. 22G; dwarf,

densely tufted, stem 0 or very short thickly woolly or cottony, leaves ^-\ in.
olDovate-lanceolate or oblong-obovate subacute entire or obscurely toothed,
heads exposed, invol. bracts lanceolate silky, achenes narrow 5-angled, outer
pappus hairs scabrid many few or 0. Aplotaxis gnaphnlodes, Boyle 111. 259,
t. 59 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 542. A. andryakides, DC. I. c. Ilaplotaxis sorocephala,
Schrenk Enum. PI. Nov. i. 43 ; Lecleb. Fl. Boss. ii. 673.

Western Tibet, Kunawur, and Laiiul, alt. 14-18,000 ft.; from Kubra to the
north of Kumaon, Falconer, &c. — Distrib. Altai Mts.

A much smaller plant than any of the foregoing species of Eriocoryne, of tufted
habit, the rootstock branching repeatedly ; the leaves A-ary greatly in length and form ;
the flowering stem, when produced, is hollow at the top which is much dilated under
the heads, as in its allies ; the heads do not differ materially from those of S. gossy-
piphora, but the bracts are very membranous and glabrous, or silky at the tips ; the
pappus is pale brown or dull blue ; achenes not ripe.

Var.? glabrata; stem 1-2 in., leaves longer narrower toothed, cauline glabrous,
floral woolly, outer pappus hairs 0 or deflexed on the achenc. — Western Tibet, alt.
15-18,000 ft., H. Strachey; Sassar, Thomson.

90. GONZOCAUZ.ON, Ca&s.

An erect glabrous branched annual; stem acutely 4-8-angled. Leaves nar-
row, alternate, toothed. Heads narrow, fascicled and corymbose, homogamous :
flowers few, all ^ , fertile and similar, tube slender ; limb longer, cyliudric, 5-fid
to tlie middle or lower. Involuo'e oblong, base very narrow ; bracts go -seriate,
pale, very narrow, rigid, acute, erect, not spmescent, outer gradually shorter ;
receptacle very narrow, paleaceous. Filaments hairy ; anther-bases sagittate,
connate, tails short. Style-arms filiform. Achenes glabrous, oblong, subcylin-
dric, about 20-ribbed, basal areole straight ; pappus scales oo -seriate, very
unequal.

1. G-. g-labruxn, Cass, in Bull. Soc. Phil. 1818, and in Diet. So. Kat. xix.
201. G. indicum, Clarlie Comp. Ind. 23G. Amberboa indica, DC. I^rodr. vi.
558 ; Wight Ic. t. 479 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 131. A. Goniocaulon, DC. I. c.
Athanasia indica, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 417; Wall. Cat. 2919. Serratula indica,
Wall. Cat. 2919.

Central India and the Deccan ; from Eanda and ludore, Edgeworth, southwards,
especially in high lands lately under cultivation, Eoxhurgh.

Stem 1-3 ft., strict, erect, ribbed on and betM'cen the angles, with a straight tap

378 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Jurinea,

root, branched or simple below, corymbose above. Leaves 2-4 in., sessile, ^-amplexi-
caul, linear-obovate or subspathulate, toothed, base narrowed. Heads \-^ in., narrow,
pedicelled, fascicled in compound corymbs, erect, pale ; corollas about 5, rose-purple. —
Koxburgh observes that it is not uncommon to see -fields of this as thick as if the
plants were sown by a careful farmer.

91. JURXNEA, Cms.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire toothed or piunatifid, rarely
armed, more or less tomentose. Heads homogamous ; flowers all ^ , similar,
piu'ple ; tube slender, limb elongate 5-fid to the middle or lower. Invol. bracts
CO -seriate, imbricate, innermost narrow erect, outer shorter; receptacle flat,
densely bristly. Filaments free, glabrous ; anther-bases sagittate, auricles
usually connate, tails elongate. Style-arms short. Achenes glabrous, 4-5-angled,
rarely compressed, smooth or 1-3-ribbed between the angles, basal areole nearly
straight; pappus hairs oo -seriate, very unequal, rigid, simple barbellate or
featheiy, persistent or deciduous. — Distkib. About 40 species, Europe, and W.
and Central Asia.

1. J. ceratocarpa, Benth. in Gen. Plant, ii. 474; scaberulous, stemless
or stem erect much branched, leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate entire or pinna-
tifid green on both surfaces or white-tomentose beneath, heads sessile or termi-
nating the branches l-l^^ in. diam. bracteate by linear leaves, invol. bracts
lanceolate acuminate, recept. bristles longer than the achenes, anther-tails long
laciniate, achenes 4-5-angled, angles thickened ending in erect spines. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 236. Saussurea ceratocarpa, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy.J3ot.d3,t. 101.
? S. stemmaphora, Klatt in Sitzungsb. Miinch. Akad. 1878, 93.

Kashmir, alt. 9-15,000 ft., Falconer, &c.

Stem 0-2 ft., or plant branched from the base in the larger forms, branches very
stout leafy. Leaves 2-5 in., radical and lower cauline usually runcinate, petiolcd ;
upper sessile, base auricled. Heads stoutly pedicelled ; outer invol. bracts linear,
green ; inner very slender, erect or recurved ; corolla ^ in. Achenes ^ in., rough, brown ;
outer pappus bristles few scabrid, inner very slender, ^ in., white.

Var. depressa, Clarke mss. ; stemless or nearly so. Saussurea acanthocarpa,
SchuUz-Bip. mss. — Western Tibet and Kashmir, alt. 13-15,000 ft., abundant; Gar-
whal, at G-othing, alt. 13,500 ft., Strach. ^ Winterh.

2. J. xnacrocephala, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 474 ; stemless, leaves oblong-
lanceolate pinnate or pinnatifld lobes broad lobulate or pinnatifid denticulate
cobwebby or cottony above thickly white-tomentose beneath, heads many |-1
in. diam. sessile or shortly peduncled, outer invol. bracts ovate-lanceolate inner
elhptic-lanceolate long-acuminate, recept. bristles united into laciniate cups,
anther-tails lacerate, achenes large cuneate-obovate angled tubercled. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 237. Dolomsea macrocephala, Z>C in Guill. Arch. Bot. ii. 330;'
Prodr. vi. 642; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 70; Royle III. 251, t. 57. Serratula
maerocephala, Wcdl. Cat. 2904.

Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 11-14,000 ft.

Boot woody, perennial. Leaves spreading, 6-18 by \\-1 in., long- or short-petioled,
lobes or segments contiguous broad sometimes crisj)cd, teeth acute or mucronate.
Heads 3-30 ; peduncles stout, tomentose often cottony at the base ; invol. bracts f-1^
in., scabrid or smooth, erect, scarious ; recept. bristles very rigid, much shorter than
the achenes; corolla 1-1^ in. Achenes \-^ in, curved, compressed, unequally 4-5-
angled, truncate, ashy grey; pappus copious, 1 in., brown, hairs cohering at the base.
" The roots, called Dhup, are collected and used by Hindoos as incense." Aitchison.

3. J. modesta, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 584; annual, cobwebby, stem
branched from the base, branches short ascending ending in very long leafless

Jurinea.'] Lxxviii. composit.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 370

slender 1-headed cottony peduncles, leaves sessile deciu-rent lanceolate acute
quite entire or sinuate-toothed, heads 1 in. diam., invol. bracts appressed, outer
ovate acuminate lanceolate j^reen with scarious margins, inner elongate, recept.
bristles half as long as the involucre, anther-tails suhentire, achenes ohconic
compressed angles thickened pale smooth shining, pappus hairs many-seriate very
unequal rough persistent.

Western Punjab ; Peshawur, Vicary. — Disteib. Affghanistan.

Whole plant 6-12 in. high. Leaves 2-3 in. Heads pale; invol. bracts sparsely
cottony, inner sometimes red ; corolla ^ in. ; tube very slender, limb inclined. Achenes
i in., crowned with the stout thickened base of the style ; pappus ^ in., white, shining,
innermost hairs very stiff, two much longer than the others and flattened. — IBoissier's
description is drawn up from very imperfect materials. The basal areola of the acheno
refers this plant to Jtirincea, but it is a Serratida in habit.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

J. EOSULATA, Klatt in Sitzungsh. MiincJi. AJcacl. 1878, 96; from the Punjab and
Kashmir. — The few words of description does not enable me to say whether this is a
Jurinea or not ; the appendaged invol. bracts produced into a long spine are unlike
those of any Indian species.

J. GNAPHALioiDES, Klatt I. c. ; also from the Punjab. — This also is undeterminable
from the meagre description.

02. SERRATUXiA, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads corymbose,
subsolitary, homogamous ; flowers all ^ , similar, purple violet or white, all sub-
oblique or regular, tube slender, limb elongate 5-fid. Involucre ovoid or globose ;
bracts oo -seriate, inner narrow elongate, outer shorter broader acute or awned
not spinescent rarely obtuse or with a lanceolate appendage ; receptacle bristly.
Filaments glabrous ; anther-bases sagittate ; auricles connate, shortly mucronatja
or tailed. Style hairy or with a hairy ring below the slender arms. Achenes
glabrous, oblong, subterete or obtusely angled, basal areole very oblique ; pappus
bristles cx) -seriate, rigid, serrulate, unequal, outer often very short.— Disteib.
About 30 species, Europe, N. Africa, West Central and Alpine Asia.

1. S. pallida, DC. Trodr. vi. 670; glabrous or scaberulous, stem simple
or divided below, branches ending in long leafless 1-headed peduncles, leaves
polymorphous from broadly ovate or oblong and toothed to linear and deeply
runcinate pinnatifid, heads 1-1^ in. diam., invol. bracts appressed, outer ovate
acute, inner linear-oblong with scarious obtuse tips, recept. bristles longer than
the obovate obcompressed smooth pale achenes. Clarhe Comp. Ind. 237. Oen-
taurea pallida, Wall. Cat. 2083.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-8000 ft.

Stem 1-3 ft., simple or sparingly branched from the tomentose base, stout or slen-
der, usually scaberulous or puberulous. Leaves glabrous or young pubescent, radical
with long slender petioles, in the hygt^st forms 8-12 by 5-6 in., acute or obtuse,
sharply toothed, base entire cordate rounded acute or cut into short lobes ; in moro
ordinary forms 4-6 by 1-2^ in., deeply pinnatifid or runcinate, with a toothed termi-
nal and oblong or triangular acute entire or toothed lateral lobes ; in smallest forms
^-1 in. long. Heads broad; peduncle stout or slender, often 18 in.; invol. bracts
glabrous; corolla f in.; anther-tails short, entire. Achenes } in., obovoid-oblong,
broad, flattened, pale, quite smooth, obscurely ribbed ; pappus hairs rigid, ^ in.,
brown.

03. TRXCKOX.EPZS, DC

Annual or perennial branched unarmed herbs. Leaves entire toothed or the
lower pinnatifid, often with raised dots on the surfaces. Heads terminal, soli-

380 Lxxviii. coMrosiT/E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tricholejns.

taiy, peduDcled, liomog-amous ; flowers all ^ > similar, fertile, yellow red or
purple, regular or suboblique, tube slender, limb 5-cleft to the middle. Involucre
ovoid or broader ; bracts go -seriate, very narrow, usually witb long recurved
hair-points or mucronate, the outer shorter ; receptacle densely bristly. Fihr-
merits papillose ; anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails slender lacerate.
Style-arms slender. Achenes glabrous, oblong or obovoid, smooth, ribbed, basal
areole lateral, terminal areole small or broad ; pappus bristles oo -seriate and
very unequal, serrulate barbellate or feathery, long and slender or short and
paleaceous, or 0. — Distrib. Species 7, all Indian or AfFghan.

* Pappus hairs scabrid, connate, not or sligJiily ^flattened heloiv ; corolla yelloiv.

1. T. XLarensium, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 318, 1877, ii. 202 ;

tall, erect, woody, villous above Avith 1-3 heads, upper leaves 3-4 in. lanceolate
entire or denticulate puberulous or cottony beneath, heads 2-^ in. diam. very
large bracteate by the upper leaves, invol. bracts innumerable elongate-subulate
spreading and incurved rigid white, recept. bristles linear equalling the feathery
pappus, achenes oblong 4-5-ribbed smooth, pappus hairs barbellate connate at
the base, outer short. Clarice Comp. Ind. 238 (7". Karensis).

BiEMA ; Karen hills, O'Eiley ^' Mason.

Much the largest Indian species. I have seen only a very imperfect specimen,
and have taken the characters chiefly from Clarke : the invol. bracts are quite acieular,
in very many series, the inner gradually longer, innermost H in., outermost ^ in.,
all rigid but not pungent, densely ciliate with spreading hairs.

2. T. fiircata, DC. Prodr. vi. 563; glabrous or puberulous, branched
from the base, branches elongate ending in a long-peduncled head, leaves shortly
petioled elliptic or lanceolate acute or acuminate denticulate covered with raised
points or scaberulous above and beneath or pubescent beneath, heads 1| in.
nodding ebracteate, invol. bracts acieular or filiform from a lanceolate base re-
curved ciliate tips black, recept. bristles shorter than the narrowly oblong ribbed
smooth achenes, pappus hairs scabrid connate at the base, outer shorter. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 238. T. nigrescens, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 77. Oarduus
trichocephalus, Wall. Cat. 2901.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 5-10,000 ft.

Stem 2-6 ft., slender. Leaves 2-6 by H-2^- in., smooth or scaberulous above.
Invol. bracts very spreading in fruit; corolla f-1 in , nearly straight, yellow; anther-
tails subentire. Achenes I in., pale, compressed; pappus hairs very slender, soft, inner
1 in., white. — I can detect no character whereby to separate 7\ nigrescens; the amount
of ciliation of the bracts varies greatly.

3. T. Stewartei, Clarke 7nss. ; branches rigid leafy, leaves sessile lanceo-
late acuminate minutely toothed quite glabrous veins indistinct, heads shortly
peduncled 1 in. diam., invol. bracts acieular from an ovate woolly base pale,
recept. bristles longer than the achenes, pappus rigid.

Punjab ; in the Jhelura valle}', Stewart.

Apparently a very distinct species, of which I have seen only tips of branches with
imperfect flowers. Leaves Ij in., rather coriaceous. Invol. bracts yellowish when
dry, inner f in. long. Pappus ^ in, long, pale, brown.

4. T.. elong'ata, DC. Prodr. vi. 5G3; pubescent or scaberulous, stem and
branches strict, leaves sessile linear oblong-lanceolate elliptic or obovate acute
or obtuse toothed serrate or distantly runcinate, heads |-1 in. diam., invol. bracts
acieular from an ovate base ciliate tips black or not, recept. bristles longer than
the 6-angled smooth pale achenes, pappus hairs in many rows short, inner flat-
tened below. Clarke Comp. Ind. 239. Carduus elongatus, Wall. Cat. 2900,
2909. T. lanuginosa, Klotzsch in Peise Pr. Wald. Bat. 79, t. 81.

Tricliole;pis.'] Lxxviu. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 381

Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-8000 ft.

Stem, 2-5 ft., sparingly branched. Leaves very variable, surface covered with
raised points or scaberuloiis or pubescent, in the largest specimens 4 by 1^ in., toothed
and pinnatifid at the base as in the largest leaved, form of Saiissurea pallida ; in
others 2 oy 5 in., obhmceolate and regularly coarsely serrate ; in others linear and
pinnatifid or serrate above and pinnatifid towards the base. Heads erect or suberect,
like those of T. furcata ; corolla ^-§ in,, yellow. Achencs i in,, acutely angled,
narrowly oblong, slightly broader upwards, truncate ; pappus \ in,, copious, pale
brown, shining.

*• Pappus-hairs scabrid, not connate at the base, flattened below, or scanty or
0 ; corolla red or lilac.

5. T. radicans, DC. Prodr. yi. 684 ; slender, glabrous, smooth or sea-
berulous, much branched from the base, branches decumbent or erect, leaves
covered with raised points sessile ^-amplexicaul linear obovate oblong or spathu-
late remotely irregularly toothed or pinnatifid, heads |-§ in. on slender naked
glabrous peduncles, outer invol. bracts acicular from an ovate base recurved,
inner more lanceolate, recept. bristles longer than the oblong compressed smooth
achenes which are longer than the very short flattened pappus-hairs. Clarke
Comp. Ind. 239 ; Dalz. ^- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 131. Oarduus radicans, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ill. 408 ; Wall. Cat. 2907.

"Westebx Peninsula ; from the Circars and Bombay southwards.

Annual, 6-18 in. high, branches angular, rarely erect and stout. Leaves 1-3 in.^
membranous, teeth mucronatc or bristle-pointed. Heads on very slender peduncles,
erect ; corolla ^ in., lilac. Achenes ^ in., obovoid or oblong, compressed, truncate,
sides rounded, faces with very many slender ribs, pale, shining, almost twice as long
as the scabrid flattened hairs of the pale brown pappus,

6. T. axnplexicaulis, Clarke Comp. Ind. 240; quite glabrous, erect,
rigid, stem stout and branches angled and ribbed quite smooth, leaves linear-
oblong from a dilated auricled toothed ^-amplexicaul base finely toothed or
ciliate covered with raised points, heads f-1 in, on short stout angular peduncles
glabrous or puberulous bracteate by linear leaves, invol. bracts acicular from a
linear base recurved, recept. scales much longer than the broadly oblong smooth
achenes, pappus 0 or of a few bristles.

AVestern Peninsula ; Canara and Mysore, Dalzell, Laiv.

Annual, very stout, 3-5 ft. ; stem and branches shining. Leaves 3-5 by -^-1^ in.,
rigid, quite glabrous, jiale when dry. Invol. bract's often tipped with black ; corolla
^-| in. Achenes ~ in. long, compressed, perfectly smooth, glossy, pale brown, sides'
rounded, top rounded Avith a very small apical areole, basal areole broad, very
oblique.

Vab. i3, leaves 2-H i".- elliptic, obovate acute denticulate teeth mucronate. —
Concan, Dahell.

7. T. g'laberrima, DC. Prodr. vi. 564; quite glabrous, erect, rigid,
stem slender and branches angled and ribbed quite smooth, leaves sessile linear-
oblong or -lanceolate acute entire or serrate scaberulous and covered with
raised points base simple or auricled, heads small ^-^ in. diam., invol. bracts
subulate from a lanceolate base erect, recept. bristles exceeding the pappus,
achenes oblong faintly ribbed, twice as long as the pappus. Clarlte Comp. Ind.
240; Dak. 8,- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 131 ; Dene, in Jacq. Voij. Bot. 98, t, 106. ? Ser-
ratula indica, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 1G42.

Central India ; Indoro, Edgeicorih. Marw'AR ; Mt. Aboo, King. The Concan'
and Deccan, common, Dalzell, &:c.

Habit of T. ainplexicaiiUs, but more slender, with much smaller heads, straight

3821 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) \_TricIiolepis.

more subulate shorter invol. bracts, distantly ribbed aclienes, and conspicuous
though short pappus ; the leaves also are more eutire and have stronger nerves.

8. T. ang'ustifolia, DC. Prodr, vi. 564, excl. syn. ; quite glabrous, very
slender, branches spreading angled quite smooth, leaves sessile but not amplexi-
caul lower obovate upper linear-oblong all entire or subsermte covered with
raised points, heads small ^-|- in. diam. ovoid on slender peduncles, invol. bracts
acicular from a lanceolate base recurved glabrous, recept. bristles longer than
the oblong smooth faintly ribbed achenes, pappus 0. Clarke Com-p. Ind, 240.

"Western Peninsula ; Travancore, Klein ; Mangalore, HohenacJcer ; Canara,
TJiomson.

A very slender species, at times resembling in liabit T. radicans, at others more
erect with longer straighter branches, small heads, and aclienes like those of T,
amplexicaulis, but only ^ in. long.

9. T. tibetica, Hook. f. ^- T. in Clarke Camp. Ind. 241 ; woody below,
quite glabrous, branches erect cylindric quite smooth, leaves small sessile
coriaceous scattered without raised points, lower distantly pinnatifid upper
ovate linear entire base simple, heads |^-f in. diam. scaberulous, outer invol.
bracts ovate-subulate inner subulate-lanceolate rigid suberect, recept. bristles
longer than the linear-oblong silvery truncate achenes, pappus a brush of com-
pressed bristles twice as long as the achenes.

"Western Tibet and Northeen Kashmir; alt. 8-12,000 'ft., Falconer, &c.—
DiSTEiB. AfFghanistan,

A corymbosely branched undershrub, about a foot high, naked below ; branches
slender, virgate, terminating in a strict peduncle with a small erect head. Leaves
1-3 in. long, very narrow, obtuse, lobes of the pinnatifid ones few spreading or
recur^-ed triangular or oblong acute, upper |-1 in., -^^ in. diam., subacute. Invol.
bracts appressed, minutely scabrid, inner §• in. long ; corolla red, more than | in. long.
Aclienes (unripe) ^ in., obscurely ribbed, top with a distinct broad rim to which tlio
pappus is attached, basal areole very ol)lique ; pappus-hairs ^ in. long, nearly white,
one or two of the innermost often much longer than the rest, and flattened as in
Jurinea modesta and Volutarella divaricata. — This has the habit, truncate achene,
and pappus of Jurinea chatolepis, Boiss., from AiFghanistan (Tricholepis spartoides,
Clarke Com]). Ind. 241), which has the involucre of a Tricholepis, and the oblique
basal areole of the achene, and is rightly referred to the latter genus by Clarke.

* * * Papims-hairs feathery.

10. T. stictopbylluxn, Clarke Comp. Ind. 241 ; quite glabrous, stem 0
or 6-12 in. sparingly branched from the base, branches angular grooved leafy
below, leaves sessile ^-amplexicaul linear or ligulate quite entire or obscurely
toothed acute covered with obscure raised points, nerves parallel to the midrib,
heads 1-1| in. diam. at the naked ends of the branches glabrous, invol. bracts
appressed glabrous outer ovate acuminate inner linear-lanceolate with erect
flexuous tips, recept. bristles longer than the linear-oblong compressed many-
ribbed truncate achenes, pappus copious of slender feathery hairs. Stictophyllum
^labrum. Edgeio. in Trans Linn. Soc, xx. 78. Onicus angustifolius, JFall. Cat.
2915.

Western Himalaya; Garwhal at Kansrow Ghat, Falconer; Subsiwalik hills, in
grassy places, Edgeworth. Central Inbia (probably Saugur), Jerdon.

Boot perennial ? ; habit subscapigerous. Leaves 3-5 by \-^ in., flat, quite smooth ;
midrib slender. Heads rarely 2 together ; invol. bracts ^-| in. ; corolla fin., straight.
Achenes ^ in. long, pale, margins rounded, basal areole very oblique, top rather
dilated, as in T. tibetica ; pappus ^ in. long, soft, silvery brown, hairs slightly united
at the base. — An anomalous plant, with the habit and involucre of Se)'ratula, and the
pappus of Jurinea; the achene is, however, quite that of Tricholepis tibetica, and

Trichole^pis.'] lxxviii. composit.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 383

different from that of other species of the genus, with -which, however, it agrees in
the leaves having raised points (whence the name Stictophyllum, Edgeworth).
Wallich's specimen, from Herb. Hamilton, has no habitat.

DOUBTFUL AND IMPEEFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

T. MONTANA, Dalz. ^- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 131 ; "a coarser species (than T. glaherrlma),
leaves obovate-oblong very coarsely toothed or sometimes pinnatifid ; differs from T.
angiistifolia also in having long slender stigmas." — The Ghats. I know nothing of
this species.

T. EoYLET, Hook. f. ; shrubby, branches petioles and leaves beneath densely
clothed with cottony tomentum, leaves 3 by 1^ in. elliptic or ovate subacute toothed
glabrate above with raised points, petiole ^ in., head solitary terminal lai'ge erect

2 in. diam., peduncle stout, iuvol. broadly campanulate cottony, bracts very numerous
outer appressed small ovate with appressed spinous points, innermost linear-lanceo-
late 1 in. long with softer subrecurved points, filaments papillose, anther-tails toothed,
achenes?, pappus ^ in. scabrid pale yellow red. Jurinea? Tricholepis, DC. Prodr. vi.
678. — N.W. India, Boyle. I have seen very imperfect specimens of this very distinct
species, which though referred by De CandoUe doubtfully to Jurinea is, as far as can
be judged in the absence of achenes, clearly a Tricholepis.

94. VOX.UTAXlZ:Z.Z.A, Cass.

Annuals. Leaves alternate. Heads heterogamous, purple violet or blue ;
outer fl. 1-seriate, neuter ; disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tube slender short, limb cylindric
6-fid. Involucre ovoid or globose ; bracts oo -seriate, innermost narrow acute ;
outer shorter, acute, awned or spinescent ; receptacle flat, densely bristly.
Filaments glabrous or hoxry ; anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate shortly
tailed. Style filiform, arms free or connate. Achenes obovoid or oblong, subu-
late or angled, 6-lo-ribbed, often striate and pitted between the ribs ; basal
areole oblique or lateral ; pappus bristles oo -seriate, outermost gradually shorter,
innermost 2-4 dilated and flattened. — Distrib. Species 4 or 5, S. Europe, N.
Africa, W. Asia and India.

V. divaricata, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 476, excl. some syns. ; dichoto-
mously branched, spreading, leaves oblong or obovate entire toothed or pinnati-
fid, lobes mucronate often undulate or crisped, heads ^-in. diam., invol. bracts
ovate with a long spreading or recurved spinescent awn, achenes 4-6-angled
striate and punctate. Clarke Comp. Ind. 242; excl. syns. Tricholepis pro-
cumbens, Wight Ic. t. 1139; Dah. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 131. T. Candolleana,
Wight in Hooh. Comp. Bat. Mag. i. 81, t. 4. Microlonchus divaricatus, DC.
Prodr. vi. 5G2. Centaurea divaricata. Wall. Cat, 2984. Carduus ramosus,
Ito.xh. Fl. Ind. iii. 407.

Central, Western and Southern India; from Eehar and the upper Gangetic
plains to Lahore ; and from Scind to Mysore and the Deccan ; ascending to 3000 ft.
in the N.W. Himalaya. — Distrib. Affghanistan, Beluchistan.

An annual straggling stiff weed, troublesome from its hard head with spiny
invol. bracts ; branches 1-2 ft. long, angled, smooth or scabrid. Leaves very variable
1-2 by ^-| in., rarely 6 by 3 in , sessile, base simple, lobes rounded. Invol. bracts
glabrate reddish, spines \-^ in. smooth; receptacular bristles short; corolla ^ in.,
straight, pale purple. Achates | in., narrow, acuttJly angled, grooved and punctate
between the angles, base narrow ; areole small lateral deeply excavated, top broad
truncate ; pappus spiny of many unequal scabcrulous hairs .^ in. long, silvery brown,

3 or 4 innermost flattened and long, — In the Genera Plantarum, Centaurea patula,
DC, and Serratula divaricata, Fisch. & Mey,, arc erroneously (as Boissier has pointed
out, Fl. Orient, iii. 605, 701) referred to this.

384 LXXYiil. cOMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Zoegia,

94^ ZOSGZA, Linn.

Slender erect branched annuals. Leaves, radical pinnatifid, cauline entire.
Heads long-peduncled, heterogamous ; flowers purple, outer 1-seriate, neuter ;
disk-fl. ^ , fertile, tube slender, limb 6-fid to or below tbe middle. Involuci'e
ovoid or globose ; bracts membranous, oo -seriate, outer shorter pectinately
ciliate, inner entire tips ciliate violet; receptacle densely bristly. Filaments
glabrous; anther-bases sagittate, auricles minute connate. Style entire oV
emarginate. Aehenes obovoid, compressed, shining, obscurely ribbed, basal
areole lateral, top truncate crowned with 1-4 concentric ridges ; pappus double
or triple, outermost, if present, of short chafiy scales, middle one of long smooth
bristles, inner of short bristles. — Distrib. 2-4, Mediterranean and Oriental.

1. Z. purpurea, Fresen. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 698 ; 8-12 in., glabrous or
puberulous, very slender, invol. bracts deeply pectinately ciliate, inner with long
hair points, outer pappus of oblong chaffy scales, middle white longer than the
glabrous achene, inner short subulate. Z. aristata, DC. Prodr. vi. 502.

North West India ; between Kashmir and "Wuzuristan, Stewart. — Distrib.
Westward to Persia, Arabia and Egypt.

The specimens are small and withered, but I think referable to Z. 'purpurea. The
oiiter chafiy pappus of this species is nowhere described. A very elegant plant, with
bright purple tips to the invol. bracts. '

05. CEMTAVREA, Linn.

Herbs, often rigid. Leaves radical and alternate, entire toothed or pinnatifid.
Heads solitary corymbose or panicled, heterogamous (rarely homogamous),
purple, \Tiolet, blue, white or yellow ; outer-fl. 1-S3riate, neuter ; disk-fl. $ ,
fertile, tube slender, limb straight or oblique 5-fid to the middle or lower, of
neuter fl. often larger with a spreading limb. Involuci'e ovoid or globose ;
bracts oo -seriate, imbricate, appressed, margins scarious or coriaceous, or ending
in a simple or palmately divided spine or a pectinate appendage ; receptacle flat,
densely bristly. Aiither-bases sagittate : auricles comiate, tails long or short
entire or lacerate. Style-arms with a thickened hairy basal ring, erect and con-
nate or shortly spreading. Aehenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or obtusely
4-angled, often shining, basal areole oblique or lateral ; pappus very various,
bristles rigid or paleaceous, oo -seriate, entire serrulate bearded or feathery,
rarely 0. — Distrib. Species about 320, European and W. Asiatic, with a few
N. & S. American and one Australian.

The Ccntaurcas are immigrants from the west into India, and except perhaps C.
iberica and C. phylloccphala, are visitors rather than even denizens,

1. C. Cyanus, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 034; annual or biennial,
erect, slender, cottony, leaves narrow radical entire or lyrate-pinnatifid caulinQ
linear, heads ovoid, invol. bracts oblong obtuse cottony, tip broad witli brown
scarious toothed margins which are decurrent on the sides of the bract teeth
triangular, ray-6owers large spreading blue, aehenes grey silky longer than the
middle row of pappus-hairs. L>C. Prodr. vi. 678; Clarke Comp, Ind. 242.
C. lanata, Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 044.

In corn fields and cultivated places of N.W. Ixdia ; sporadic. — Distrih. The
Caucasus and westward to the Atlantic.
The common corn-cockle of England.

* The genus Zoegia is omitted in the conspectus of genera, p. 225, where its
diagnostic character would be aehenes with concentric ridges below the top. It is
doubtful whether it was found within the Eritish border.

Centaurea.] lxxvjii. composit.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 385

2. C. depressa, M. Bieh. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii, Qi^o ; annual, appressed-
tomentose or hoary, stem simple or branched, lower leaves petioled entire or
pinuatitid, cauline linear-lanceolate, heads ovoid, invol. bracts glabrous margins
scarious white or brown toothed, teeth lanceolate} white, ray-flowers large
spreading blue, achenes shining pubarulous eq[ nailing or shorter than the middle
row of pappus-hairs, basal areole bearded. DC. Prodr. vi. 578 ; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 243.

NoKTH West Ixdia, Boyle. Westeex Tibet, ; Ladak, Sloliccka, sporadic. —
DisTREB. AfFghanistan and westward to Asia Minor.

Heads larger than C. Cyanus, and leaves broader.

'^ 3. C. melitensis, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 68G; pubescent tomentose
or glabrate, erect, branches strict rigid narrowly winged, radical leaves lyrate-
pinuatifid cauline linear decurrent, heads small ovoid, invol. bracts ending in a
spreading and recurved spine margins spinulose, flowers yellow, achenes minute
puberulous produced below the basal areole. DC. Prodr. vi. 593 ; Clarke Comp.
Ind. 243.

NiLGHERRY Mts. ; alt. 6-7000 ft., sporadic. — Distrib. Westwards to the Atlantic.

4. C. Calcitrapa, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. G89 ; branches angular
spreading froiji the base, leaves spreading pubescent radical pinnatifid or pinnate,
lobes linear toothed cauline sessile uppermost entire, heads ovoid lateral and
terminal sessile or peduncled, invol. bracts with narrow membranous margins
terminating in a long strong spreafling spine with short lateral ones at its base,
flowers purple, achenes small white, pappus 0. DC. Prodr. vi. 597 ; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 243.

North Westerx Ixdia; the Punjab and Kashmir, ascending to 3500 ft. Mysore ;
sporadic. — Distrib. Western Asia and Europe, introduced in most parts of the
■world.

Cottony or glabrous, rigid. Branches 1-2 ft. long. Heads ^-§ in. diam. exclusive
of the yellow spines. Ache^ics mottled.

5. C. iberica, Stev. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. G90 ; characters of C. Cald-
trapa, but heads smaller, flowers paler and achenes with a very short pappus.

Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Thomson. — Distrib. Westward to the Atlantic.

C. C. phyllocephala, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. G84; glabrous or hispid,
branches wide-spreading cyliudric white, leaves small sessile lower lanceolate
entire or pinnatifid margins spinulose-toothed and scabrid, cauline with am-
plexicaul cordate bases, heads small terminal, outer invol. bracts ending in oblong
pectinately ciliate leaves, inner entire white ending in a long strong spine,
innermost acuminate, achenes minute longer than the paleaceous pappus.
Clarke Comp. Ind. 24A. Tetramorphiea Bruguiseriana and Belangeriana, DC.
Prodr. vi. 609.

The Punjab, Falconer; Peshawur, Stewart. — Distrib. Wcstwai'ds to Asia Minor.

A very pretty species, easily recognised by the white terete branches and green
outer invol. bracts.

96. CARTHAMUS, Linn,

Thistle-like herbs. Leaves alternate, rigid, spinescent. Heads usually homo-
gamous; fl. all 5, fertile (rarely a few marginal $ or neuter) and similar,
yellow white or purplish, tube slender; limb oblong, dilated at the base, 6-cleft
(or 0 in $ fl.). Involucre ovoid or subglobose ; bracts oo -seriate, inner dry
entire or with a short fimbriate appendage, outer with a foliaceous toothed or
fpinescent appendage (sometimes absent in cultivated specimens) ; receptacle
fhit, densely bristly. Filaments usually hairy in the middle ; anther-bases sagit-

VOL. III. ' C C

386 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J, D. Hooker.) [Garthamus,

tate, auricles connate, tails short -fimbriate. Style-arms short or long. Achenes
glabrous, obovoid, 4-angled or compressed, basal areole oblique or lateral, all or
tlie outer only without pappus, or all or the inner only with paleaceous oo -seriate
pappus. — DisTRiB. Species about 20, of the Mediterranean region extending into
Asia.

1. C. tinctorius, Linn.-, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 709; glabrous or pubescent,
leaves entire and unarmed or spiniilose-serrate, outer invol. bracts ovate-oblong
constricted above the base green spinous or not, inner ovate-oblong acute, flowers
orange-red, achenes (often deformed) obovoid 4-angled truncate at the top with
4 bosses, pappus 0. DC. Proclr. vi. 612; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 746; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 409 ; Wall. Cat. 2959 ; Clarke Comix Ind. 244.

Cultivated throughout India, — The Safflower.

2. C. oxyacantha, Bieb. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 709 ; puberulous, stem
and branches white, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate lower shortly spinuloses
toothed upper ^-amplexicaul very spinous, outer invol. bracts exceeding the
head white below the contracted portion green above it with yellow spines,
flowers orange-yellow, achenes obovoid 4-angled smooth shining truncate at the
top with 4 bosses, pappus 0. DC. Prodr. yi. 612 ; Clarhe Comp. Ind. 24:4:.

The Punjab ; from Lahore westward, Royle, &c.— Disteib. Westward to the
Caucasus,

Perhaps the wild form of the Safflower, C. tinctorius (Clarke).

3. C. lanatus, Zm?2. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 706; very rigid, cobwebby
cottony or glabrate, stem strict erect, leaves hispid or scaberulous, radical lyrate-
pinnatifid, cauline ovate ^-amplexicaul with an auricled toothed base strongly
3-nerved spinescent, heads large, outer invol. bracts large far exceeding the
flowers lanceolate leafy spinescent on the sides, inner entire, flowers pale yellow,'
achenes thick very broad turbinate obtusely 4-angled smooth pitted above, pap-
pus longer than the achenes of narrow linear acute shining elastic pales. Bot,
Mag. t. 2142; Clarke Comp. Ind. 707. Kentrophyllum lanatum, i>C. Prodr.
vi. 610. Carduncellus lanatus, Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 746.

Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Falconer, &c. — Distbib. Westward to the Atlantic.

Stem Q-\% in. terete. Leaves ^-\^ in., spreading, hard, green. Heads 1-1^ in.
diam. ; outer bracts 1-2 in., spreading ; lower linear, scariously coriaceous, brown, tip
spinescent ; recept. bristles very long. Achenes \ in., pale yellowish or grey, pericarp
orustaceous ; pappus pales narrowly sword-shaped, unequal, very beautiful, silvery or
rich bronze-colourod.

Tribe X. l^UTISZACESS.

97. IiEUCOBIERZS, Don,

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, broad, quite entire. Heads corym- •
bose, homogamous, discoid, 4-8-fld., white ; fl. all ^ , similar and fertile, tubular,
segments 5 narrow revolute. Involucre much shorter than the flowers, ovoid ;
bracts oo -seriate, ovate or lanceolate, coriaceous or dry, outer smaller; receptacle
flat, naked. Anther-bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails ciliate. AS'i(y//e filiform,
obtuse, 2-fid. Achenes oblong, subterete, 6-ribbed, silky ; pappus copious, hairs
very slender, scabrid, outer shorter. — Distrib. 2 Indian species.

1. Zi. spectabilis, Don Prodr. 170; leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate
densely velvetty-tomentose beneath, invol. bracts few linear-oblong obtuse or
acute glabrous, pappus pale. Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 8, t. 3 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 25 ;
Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 78; Clarke Comp. Ind. 245. L. macrophylla, DC. I. c,
Eupatorium candicans, Wall. Cat. 2999. E. spectabile. Sprang. Syst. iii. 410.

Leiicomeris.'] lxxviii. cOMrosiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 387

Gocliiiatia spectaMliS; Less, in Linncea, \. 20. Conyza candicauS; Wall. Cat.
2990.

Western Himalaya; Garwlial to Nipal, alt. 2-5000 ft.

Branches stout, grooved. Leaves 4-14 by 1^4 in., narrowed at Loth ends, coria-
ceous, glabrous above ; petiole very short. Corymbs 4-8 in. diam., rounded, sessile ;
peduncles densely tomentose, Lracteolate. Heads |-1 in. ; invol. bracts about 10,
nearly flat; corolla ^ in. Achenes ^-\ in., slender, densely silky; pappus i in., hairs
often contracted at the base.

2. Xi. decora, Kurz in Jouni. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 317 ; 1877, ii. 204 ; For.
Fl. ii. 78 ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate glabrous on both surfaces, invol.
bracts very many woolly, outer very short-imbricating along the whole peduncle,
pappus reddish. Clarke Comp. Ind. 245.

Pegu ; dry forests of Prome, Kurz.

A small tree, leafless in the hot season; shoots tomentose. Leaves 5-7 in., base
unequal ; petiole ^-1 in. Corymbs rounded, almost capitate, the heads very nearly
fcssile from the inA'ol. bracts passing into the bracteoles of the peduncle; iuuer
bracts as in L. spectabilis, but woolly at the base; corolla nearly 1 in., fragrant.
Achenes ^ in. (Kurz), pappus as long.

08. DZC03MCA, Cass.

Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves alternate. ILeacls subsessile on the branches,
rarely corymbose, white or purple, homogamous, discoid ; fl. all ^ , or heteroga-
mous with, the outer fl. $ and all fertile, or the innermost sterile, tubular, limb
o-partite, segments erect or revolute, $ if present slender with a short ligule.
Invol. bracts oo -seriate, ovate-lanceolate or linear, acuminate or spinescent, outer
shorter ; receptacle flat, naked, often pitted. Anther-bases sagittate, tails long,
bearded. Style-arms short, erect, obtuse. Achenes turbinate, densely silkily
villous, 5-10-ribbed ; pappus hairs oo -seriate, inner or all flat, scabrid bearded^
or feathery ; outer shorter, paleaceous or of slender bristles. — Disteib. Species
13, tropical and S. African and Indian.

i. D. tomentosa, Cass.) DC. JFV-ofZr. vii. 30; erect, branched, clothed
with white cottony wool, leaves sessile linear or linear-obovate obtuse or acute
quite entire, heads subaxillary, invol. bracts |^-f in. subulate spinescent straight
glabrous shining, outer pappus bristles slender, inner narrowly subulate-lanceo-
late strongly ribbed, margins undulate. ClarTie Comp. Inch 245. D. lanuginosa,
DC. in Wif/ht Contrib. 20; Prodr. vii. 30; Wight Ic. t. 1140; Dalz. Sf Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 132. Xeropappus lanuginosus, Wall. Cat. 2080. Acilepis lanata,.
Spremj. mss. Onopordon lauatum, Herb. Madr.

NoETH West India, Boyle ; Dhaulpoor, Jameson. AvA, Wallich. Scind, StocJiS.
Western Peninsula; from the Concan southwards, in gravelly places. — Distrih.
Tropical Africa.

Annual, 10-18 in. high, much branched; branches terete. Leaves 1-3 in., usually
narrow, glabrate or cottony above, nerves obscure. Heads glabrous ; spines of invol.
bracts yellowish, shining ; corolla \ in. Achenes broad and short, ^ in. long, turbinate,,
densely silky ; pappus shining, elastic ; inner membranous nnd hyaline with a rigid
midrib, pale brown, ^ in. long.

09. KOCKSTZSTTEZtZA, DC.

A rigid branched perennial herb. Leaves alternate. Heads solitary', termi-
nal, homogamous, discoid, yellow; fl. all ^, similar and fertile, tubular, limb
elongate 5-partite, segments revolute. Involucre subhemispheric ; bracts cxd-
seriate, subulatCj outermost few foliaceous; receptacle convex, pitted, margins

c c 2

388 Lxxviii. cOMrosiTvE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hochstetferia.

of pits often sliortly paleaceous. Anther-hases sagittate, tails long, lanceolate.
Style-anna linear, obtuse. Acheries turbinate, villous ; pappus of 10 stellately
spreading slender pales, margins below hyaline, above slender and barbellate.

1. H. Schimperi, IJC. Coll Mem. ix. t. G; Prod)-, vii. 287; Soiss. FL
On'ent in. 219; Clarke Coinp. Lid. 24G.

SciND, Balzcll. — DiSTRiB, Arabia, Nubia.

Nearly glabrous, 1-2 ft. ; branches slender, erect or ascending, nearly smooth, fur-
rowed. Leaves shortly petioled, ovate or elliptic, acute, serrulate ; uerves very slender.
Heads ^-f in. diam., involuerate by 1-2 small leaves ; invol. bracts straight, very
rigid, 1-nerved ; corolla \ in. Achenes ~ in., turbinate, covered with long bi-own silky
hairs; pappus pales narrowly subulate-lanceolate, incurved, membranous, hyaline, un-
dulate with a strong midrib.

100. aznsz.is:a, bc,

Suhscapigerous, erect, perennial, simple or branched herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, chiefly radical. Heads small, sessile or peduncled, solitary fascicled racemed
panicled or spicate, on a single strict slender flowering stem, often pendulous,
homogamous, discoid, white or purplish, 1 -4-fld ; fi. ^ , all fertile, slender ; limb
not dilated, unequally 5-partite. Lwolua'e narrow ; bracts oo -seriate, laxly im-
bricate, rigid, inner elongate, outer shorter. Anther-hases sagittate ; tails long,
bearded. Style-arms narrowly cuneate, tips spreading rounded. Achenes ob-
lanceolate, subcompressed, ribs 0 or 6-10, hairy; pappus bristles 1-seriate,
feathery. — Distrib. Species 10, Himalayan, Chinese, and Japanese.

1. A. pteropoda, L)C. Prodr. vii. 14; more or less tomentose cottony or
hairy, leaves ovate or cordate acute or acuminate suddenly narrowed into
a broadly winged petiole, heads in tffll strict spikes or lax elongate panicled
racemes, achenes 10-ribbed. Clarke Comp. Lid. 24G. A. silhetensis, Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 411; Kurz in Journ. As. Soe. 1877, ii. 20o. Yeruonia
lobelioides, JVall. Cat. 2927. Liatris lobelioides. Wall. mss. Perdicium tritio-
rum. Ham. mss. Prenanthes ? Candolleana, Wall. Cat. 3280, in jyart.

Temperate Himalaya: from Simla to Bhotan and the Mishmi hills, alt. 5-8000
ft. Khasia Mrs., alt. 5-7000 ft. Mart^uban and Tenasserim, Kurz; top of Moolee,
alt. 7000 ft.. Parish.

Leaves 2-5 by 1^-3 in., membranous or rather thick, sparsely hairy glabrate or
•white-tomentose beneath, obscurely crenate ; petiole as long as the blade. Flowering
stem 1-3 ft., with few small lanceolate leaves, cobwebby cottony or glabrous, rarely
branched or forked at the base ; heads \ in. long, solitary or fascicled on the stem or
on alternate short spreading lateral branches, 3-fld. ; invol. bracts lanceolate. Achenes
i in., oblanceolate, softly silky ; pappus g- in., pale brown.

2. A. ang'ustifolia, Hook. f. 8)- Thorns, mss. ; sparsely hairy, leaves ob- >
lanceolate acute narrowed into a long petiole obscurely toothed, cauline sessile,
heads racemed on the short branches of a long slender panicle, achenes obscurely
ribbed. Clarke iri Journ. Limi. Soe. xiv. 412; Comp. Lid. 247. A. glumacea,
Klatt in Sitzunysb. Mi'mch. Akad. 1878, 97. Prenanthes ? Candolleana, Wall.
Cat. 3280, in i^rt.

Khasia Mrs., alt. 3-5000 ft., Pe Silva, &c.

A smaller and more delicate plant than A. pteropoda, with narrower leaves, never
abruptlv narrowed nor tomentose beneath ; heads much smaller, \-^ in. long ; peduncles
and pedicels very slender; achenes ^ in,, silky; pappus as long, brown.

3. A. aptera, L)C. Prodr. vii. 14; villous pubescent or glabrate, leaves
long-petioled triangular- or orbicular-cordate acute sinuate-lobed or -toothed,

Ainsl'cea.l Lxxviii. coiirosir^. (J. D. Hooker.) 381)

heads in inten'upted spikes or spreading branched panicles, achenes ohscurely
ribbed. Clai'he Comp. Ind. 247.

Temprrate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 5-8000 ft., ascending to
10,000 in Sikkim. Kiiasia Mrs., alt. 4-5000 ft , J. D. H. ^^ T. T.

Usually a more robust plant than either of the preceding. Leaves sometimes 7
in. long and broad, glabroiis villous or densely silkily villous; petiole 3-7 in., glabrous
or villous. Flowering stem 1-3 ft., generally stout and red-brown. Heads ^-f in. long,
subsessile or on strict stiff slender peduncles, usually glabrous ; bracts sometimes
numerous, the outer small and imbricating along the peduncle ; corolla ^ in. Achenes
^ in , like those of A. pteropocla, but less distinctly ribbed ; pappus as long, brown. —
Very variable in the number, length and breadth of the invol. bracts.

4. A. Brandisiana, Knrz in Journ. As. Soc. 1872, ii. 318 ; 1877, ii. 205 ;

more or less hirsute, leaves petioled oblong- acute quite entire base cordate
margins villously fringed, heads in open branched panicles. Clarke Com}]. Ind.
247.

LowRK Birma; Karen bills, alt. 2-4000 ft., Kiirz.

Leaves 2^-4^ by 1-2 in., sparsely pubescent or glabrous above, sparsely hirsute
beneath, densely so along the margins with curled liaiis, base shortly cordate with
rounded lobes and a very close sinus; petiole 1-2 in., stout, hirsute. Flowering sterns
12-18 in., pubescent or scabrid; heads long-pcduncled, 5-^ in. long; corolla ^ in.
Achenes unripe, silky.

101. CATABIIXZS, Tlwms.

An erect undershrub. Leaves alternate, petioled, obovate or oblong, obtusely
serrate. Heads small, narrow, in a broad terminal corymb, yellow ?, homoga-
mous, few-ild. ; fl. all ^ , similar, ligulate and fertile. Involucre oblong ; bracts
few, 00 -seriate, lanceolate, acute, outer shorter ; receptacle small, naked. AntJier-
hases sagittate, tails elongate barbellate. Sti/le iiliform, obtuse ; arms very
short, erect. Achenes narrowly turbinate, silkily villous ; pappus hairs sub-2-
seriate, slender, scabrid, outer shorter.

1. C. bacc

Comp. Ind. 248.

"Western HnrALAVA ; Garwhal, on the Sewalik hills, Boyle.

Branches subsilkily pubescent. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1^ in., coriaceous, narrowed into
the short petiole, ^-amplexicaul, glabrous ; nerves prominent on both surfaces when
dry. Corymbs dichotomously l>ranched ; branches slender, puberulous, suberect ;
heads \ in. long; ligules spreading; involucre much shorter than the flowers; corolla
i in. Achenes ~ in. long; pappus ^ in., white.

102. CZSBBZSRA, Gronov.

Scapigerous herbs. Leaves radical. Scape naked or scaly. Heads solitary,
heterogamous, radiate, rarely homogamous and discoid, yellow pink or white;
ray-11. , if present, 1-2-seriate, $ and fertile; disk-fl. § , fertile; both 2-lipped, outer
lip of ray-fl. with a 3-toothed ligule, inner 2-partite; tips of disk-fl. more equal,
outer 3-4-lid, inner entire or 2-partite. Involucre turbinate or broadly cam panulate ;
bracts 2-x -seriate, narrow, acute, outer shorter; receptacle flat. Anther-bases
sagittate, tails long. Style-arms of ^ linear, obtuse. Achenes compressed, 5-ribbed,
papillose, tip contracted or beaked; pappus copious, hairs slender, smooth or scabrid.
— DiSTRiB. About 20 species, African and Asiatic, temperate or mountain.

* Heads rayed.

1. G-. piloselloides, Cass. ; DC. Prodr. vii. 10 ; leaves shortly petioled
• elliptic or obovate-oblong obtuse quite entire villously hirsute beneath, scape

390 Lxxviii. co3irosiT.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gerlera.

villous ebracteate, heads rayed, invol. bracts cottony, acbenes long ^yitll a lon^,'
slender beak scaly, pappus red. Oreoseris ovalifolia, TFalL Cat. 2930. G. ovali-
folia, DC. I.e. 17; Clarhc Comp. Ind. 249. Arnica piloselloides, Xmw. Aman.
Acad. vi. 103.

Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nipal, WcdJkh ; Sikkim, alt. 7000 ft., J. 1). H.
Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft., Griffith, &c. Lower Birma; Karen hills, Mason. — Dis-
TUiB. China, S. Africa.

Crown and young leaves densely woolly. Leaves 2-5 by 1-2 in., narrowed into tlie
stout short petiole, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, usually white beneath. Scape
12-20 in., stout. Head 1-1^ in. diam. ; invol. bracts linear- lanceolate, suberect ; ligules
^ in. long. Ackcncs l in., very slender; pappus about as long.

2. Gr. lanugrinosa, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 497 ; leaves obovate or oblan-
ceolate acute or acuminate lobulate towards the base or lyrate-pimiatifid or
petiole auricled rarely entire glabrous and shining above densely cottony beneath,
scape cottony ebracteate, heads rayed, invol. bracts cottony, achenes slender
hardly beaked subpapillose, pappus w*hite. Clarice Comp. Ind. 249, excl. syn. O.
jyusilla. Oreoseris lanuginosa, DC. Prodr. yii. 17; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 76.
Oreoseris lanuginosa; Wall. Cat. 2929 A. C. Chaptalia gossvpina, Poyle 111.
251, t. 69, f. 2.

Westerk- Himalaya ; from Murree, Flcmwq, to Ivumaon, alt. 4-8000 ft.

Crown and young leaves silkily woolly. Leaves 2-5 by ^-1^ in. (exceptionally
7-10 by 3-3^ in.), petiole long or short, usually siniiately-pinnatifid at the base only,
lobes rounded, rarely entire or pinnatifidly lobed throughout. Scape 4-12 in., cottony,
slender. Head 1-2^ in., cotton j; outer invol. bracts ovate; inner linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, suberect; ligules ^ in. long. Achenes \ in., ribbed; pappus f in.

Var. piisilia ; leaves A-1 in., terminal lobe rounded or ovate obtuse or acute, scape
^-6 in., heads ^ in. diam. Oreoseris pusilla, DC. Prodr. vii. 17. 0. lanuginosa, Wall.
Cat. 2929 B. — Nipal, iVaUich ; Kumaon and Garwhal, Jamieson, Thomson. This has
all the appearance of being a starved state of G. lanuginosa.

3. Cr, nivea, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 497 : leaves obovate or obovate -spathu-
late tip rounded pinnatifidly lobed throughout their length, lobes rounded
obscurely toothed, sinus acute or obtuse glabrous above densely cottony beneath,
scape cotton}' ebracteate, invol. bracts ovate-lanceolate long-acuminate cottony,
iimer large and broad, achenes not seen. Oreoseris ? nivea, DC. Prodr. vii. 17.
Senecio niveus, Wall. Cat. 3143. Arnica nivea, Wall. I. c.

NiPAL, Wallich.

Leaves petioled, 2-3^ by 1-1 1, gradually narrowed from the rounded tip down-
wards to the short petiole, coriaceous, glabrous above. Scape very slender, cottony,
longer than the leaves. Heads drooping, 1^ in. diam. ; invol. bracts with long points,
glabrate. Flowers too young for examination.

4. G-. XLunzeana, Braun ^* Aschers. in Ajyp. Plant, nov. ad Cat. Sent. Ilort.
Bcrol. 1871, 3 ; dioecious, leaves oblong or ovate acute or mucronate subentire or
margins lobulate or lyrate-pinnatifid or petiole winged glabrous above densely
cottony beneath, lobes apiculate, scape glabrous or cottony above with scattered
filiform bracts, invol. bracts glabrous membranous outer ovate, inner broadly
lanceolate acuminate, achenes slender hardly beaked scabrid ribbed, pappus
chestnut-brown. G. nivea, Clarke Comp. Ind. 249. Cleistanthium nepalense,
Kunze in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 350.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Bliotan, alt. 7-12,000 ft.

Similar in habit and foliage to G. lanuginosa, but with different invol. bracts and
pappus, and at once distinguished from it and all others of the genus by the filiform
bracts on the scape. It is most closelj' allied to tlie Chinese G. anandria, Schultz-
Bip. mss. {Anandria Bcllidiastriim, DC.), which differs in the cottony obtuse invol.

Gerhera.'] lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 391

bracts, quite glabrous achenes, and pale pappus. Clarke observes that the female
plant produces strictly cleistauthous heads "with minute filiform corollas ou shorter
later peduncles. Not distinguished by Eentham {Gen. PL ii. 498) from Wallich's
Arnica nivea, which is &. nivea, Benth.

** Ugules 0.

5. G-. macropliylla, Benth. in Gen. Plant, ii. 497 ; leaves large long-
petioled sagittate abruptly acuminate denticulate appressedly cottony (rarely
glabrous) beneath sometimes pinnatifid at the base, scape cottony ebracteate,
iuvol. bracts acute glabrous, outer ovate, inner linear-lanceolate, achenes slender
beaked almost glabrous, pappus white. Clarlie Comp. Ind. 250. Ohaptalia
maxima, Don Prodr. 166. Bernieria uepalensis, DC. Prodr. vii. 18; Deless. Ic.
Sel. iv. t. 77. Tussilago macrophylla, Wcdl. Cat. 2989. Perdicium semifloscu-
lare, Ham. mss. in Don Prodr.

Temperate Himalaya; from Garwhal to Bhotan, alt. 6-7000 ft. (to 10,000,
Clarke). Khasia Mts, ; alt. 4-6000 ft.

Crown of rootstock and young leaves wooll}'. Leaves 5-12 by 2^-7 in.; base
truncate or cordate, angles acute obtuse or rounded, when pinnatifid lobes irregular,
rarely more than 1 or 2 pairs, oblong, reaching as far as the margin of the terminal
lobe, horizontal or dcflexed, sometimes remote from the blade; petiole 3-12 in.,
cottony. Scape 6-18 in. Heads 1-1 1 in, diam. ; invol. bracts pale or coloured;
corolla ^-§ in. long, Achenes ^-^ in., obscurely puberulous, strongly ribbed ; pappus
dirty-white or reddish, nearly § in, long.

Var. glahrata ; leaves glabrous beneath. — Sikkim and Khasia.

Tbibe XL— cxckorxaces:.

103. CICKORIVBZ, Linn.

Erect, glabrous or hispid herbs with divaricate sometimes spinescent branches.
Leaves, upper subentire, lower pinnatifid. Heads sessile on the branches or on
thickened peduncles, homogamous, blue ; fi. all ligulate. Invol. bracts, inner
1-seriate, at length concave at the base with the outer flowers in the concavity,
outer few shorter ; receptacle flat, naked or subfimbrillate. Achenes glabrous,
sub-5-angled, or the outer subcompressed and go -ribbed or striate, base con-
tracted, tip truncate or the margin slightly produced ; pappus pales short, 2-3-
seriate. — JDistrib. Species 3 ; temperate regions of the old world.

1. C Zntybus, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 715 : perennial, stem and leaf-
neryes beneath hispid, leaves runcinate, heads solitary and terminal and axillary
clustered, invol. bracts glandular-hispid much shorter than the corolla, pappus
pale obtuse very short. DC. Prodr. yii. 84; Clarke Comjy. Ind. 250. 0. Cosnia,
Main in Wall. "Cat. 3241.

North Western India; Kumaon (cult, or an escape?). — Distrib. "Westward to
the Atlantic.

Boot fleshy, tapering. Stem 1-3 ft., angled and grooved ; brandies rigid, spread-
ing. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, upper cordate-amplexicaul. Heads 1-1^ in. diam.,
peduncle thickened in the middle ; invol. bracts herbaceous ; ligules bright blue,
rarely white or pink, truncate, 5-toothed. Achenes angled, pale, mottled. — The
specimens are very indifferent and include some of the cultivated variety C. Endivia
(the garden Endive), which is more glabrous.

104. X.APSANA, Linn.

Erect herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed or the lower pinnatifid. Heads
small, loosely corymbose or panicled, yellow, homogamous; fl. all ligulate.

392 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) lLa2)sa7ia.

Involucre cylindric-campanulate ; inner bractj subequal, herbaceous, fruiting'
harder and more convex or keeled, erect, outer few small; receptacle flat,
naked. Achenes oblanceolate, curved subterete, 20-30-ribbed, ribs slender,
base narrowed, top rounded ; pappus 0. — Distrib. Species 3-4, European and
Asiatic.

1. Xi. communis, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 720; annual, glabrous or
hispid below, stem paniculately branched leafy, lower leaves petioled lyrate,
cauline ovate uppermost linear entire, heads corymbose ^ in. long glabrous, DC.
Proilr. vii. 7G ; JReichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. xix. t. 1352 ; Clarke Comp. Intl. 250.

Kashmir ; alt. 5-6000 ft— Disteid. N. & W. Asia, Europe, N. Africa.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves membranous, terminal lobe of radical simiate-toothed,
lateral small. Heads many; peduncle short, slender, naked; invol. bracts 8-10,
linear, rigid, keeled, obtuse, glabrous or glandular, Achenes ^ in., pale, shining.

105. K<EX.PZNZA, Fall.

A glabrous or puberulous weak annual. Leaves chiefly radical, linear, quite
entire. Heads siiiall, peduncled, yellow, homogamous ; fl. all ligulate.
Involud'e cylindric; bracts 5-7, narrow, subequal, thin, base at length keeled,
outer very few, small ; receptacle naked. Achenes very long, much exceeding
the bracts, spreading and incurved, narrowly linear, ribbed, dorsal ribs with
rows of glochidiate spines.

1. K. linearis, Fall-, Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 721 ; I)C. Frodr. vii. 78;
Jauh. Sf Spach. III. VI. Orient, t. 286 ; Clarke Comp. lad. 721. Rhagadiolus
Koelpinia, Willd. Laps ana Koelpinia, Linn.

The Punjab, Kashmir and "\Yestp:rn Tibet; alt. 2-14,000 ft., Jacqucmont, &e. —
Distrib. Central and Western Asia, N. Africa, S. Eussia.

Boot slender. Stem 6-12 in., erect or decumbent, simple or branched, leafy.
Leaves 2-6 by ^^^^ in., gradually narrowed at both ends. Heads \~\ in. Achcms
^-| in., incurved like birds' claws, puberulous, terminal spines stellate. — In scmo
Affghan specimens tlie dorsal spines are almost suppressed.

IOC. ZIKAGADXOZ.US, Jnss.

Annual. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Heads small, axillary in the forks
or terminal, yellow, homogamous, fl. all ligulate. Involucre subcampanulate ;
bracts 1-seriate, at lecgtli keeled and embracing the outer achenes ; receptacle
naked. Achenes very long, much exceeding the bracts, incurved, narrow,
smooth, beaked, outer with a short pappus, inner with a paleaceous pappus. —
DiSTEiB. Species 5, Mediterranean and Oriental.

1. R. Hedypnois, Fisch S,- Mey. Ind. iv. Sem. Ilort. Fetrop. 48; glabrous*
or sparsely hispid, diffiise, leaves obovate-oblong, stem and peduncles thickened
in fruit, achenes glabrous. DC. Frodr. vii. 78. Gastradiohis Iledypnois and
angulosus, Jaub. iy Spach 111. Fl. Orient, iii. t. 2C4, 205; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii.
723.

Kashmir, Falconer. — Distrib. Westwards to Asia jMinor.

Branches 2-8 in., all spreading from the root. Leaves 1-3 in., narrowed into the
petiole. Heads \-^ in. ; invol. bracts small, subspinuloso or smooth in fruit. Achenes
\-^ in,, narrowed from the base to the incurved tip, terete, smooth.

107. PZCZIZS, Linn.

Erect, branched, hispid herbs. leaves alternate or radical, entire toothed or
pinnatifid. Heads terminal, long-peduncled, homogamous, yellow ; fl. all ligu-

Picris.] LxxYiii. coMrosiT,^^:. (J. D. Hooker.) 393

late. Involuci-e subiirceolate or campaniilate ; inner bracts 1-seriate, subequal ;
outer 00 -seriate, herbaceous, narrow, or the outermost broad and foliaceoua ;
receptacle flat. Anther-hases sagittate, acute or shortly setaceous. Style-arms
slender. Achenes narrow, incurved, subterete compressed or angled, glabrous,
o-10-ribbed, ribs transversely rugose, beak short or long, all similar or the
outer with a shorter beak and no pappus ; pappus copious, of 1 series of soft
feathery hairs, or of fewer rigid hairs dilated at the base, with sometimes a few
outer short hairs. — Distkib. Species about 24, Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia and
one cosmopolitan.

P. liieracioides, Linn. ; Z?o?5s. Fl. Orient, iii. 734 ; tall, corymbosely
branched, radical leaves sinuate-toothed, cauline cordate ^-amplexicaul, pe-
duncles not thickened in fruit, achenes narrowly ellipsoid shortly beaked com-
pressed, all with feathery deciduous pappus. DC. Proclr. vii. 128; Clarke.
Comp. Ind. 251. P. hieracioides, var. indica, Wiqht Ic. t. 1143. P. hamulosa.
Wall. Cat. 3255; DC. I.e. 129. P. strigosa. Wall. Cat. 325G.

Temperate Himalaya; from Miirrce to lihotan, alt. 6-8000 ft., ascending to
10,000 ft. in Sikkim. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4-6000 ft. Nilgherry Mrs. ; alt. 5-8000
ft. — DisTRiB. N. Asia to Japan, W. Asia, lOurope, N. Africa.

A coarse herb, 1-4 ft. ; hairs straight or hooked. Leaves 2-5 in. Heads ^-| in.
long ; invol. bracts glabrous or hispid. Achenes ^ in., narrowed at both ends, slightly
curved, brown ; pappus very white, { in.

108. CaSPXS, Linn.

Annual or perennial glabrous or hairy herbs, hairs never stellate. Loaves
radical or alternate, cauline often stem-clasping, entire toothed or pinnatifid.
Lleads peduccled, solitary fascicled or' corymbose, yellow or red, homogamous ;
fl. all ligulate. hivolucre cylindric or campanulate ; invol. bracts either
oc -seriate and regularly imbricate, or the outer small or very much shorter than
the linear 1-seriate inner ; base or midrib thickened after flowering or not ;
receptacle flat, rarely concave, naked or shortly fimbrillate. Achenes morj or
less fusiform or oblong, rarely short and cylindric, often slender, glabrous or
scaberulous, 10-20-ribbed, tip narrowed or beaked ; pappus short or long,
usually copious, hairs usually silvery, simple and soft, rarely brownish and stifl'
or brittle.' — Disteib. Species 130, chiefly in N. temp, region of the old world,
none in S. temperate.

It is impossible to draw a line between this genus and Lacivca, Hieracium, Laxinmt
or even Prena7iikcs. As a rule the Indian spocies here included have terete or only
slightly compressed achenes, narrowed from above the middle to the tip in all but the
last section; and they are truly beaked in section BarJchaitsia alono.

Sect. I. Barkhausia. Inner or all the achenes with long slender beaks ;
pappus soft.

1. C. foetida, Linn.; Poiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 851; hispid, lower leaves
lyrate-pinnatifld or sinuate-toothed, catdine cordate base ^-amplexicaul, heads
drooping in bud, invol. bracts hispid and glandular, outer Tianlened and keeled
at the base, outer achenes shorter than the bracts acute, inner long-beaked
scabrid striate. Clarke Comp. Lnd. 252. C Kotschyana, Clarke I. c. not of
Boissier. Barkhausia fcetida, DC. Frodr. vii. 158.

The Punjab and Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, in fields, alt.
6-8000 ft.— DiSTRiB. Westward to the Atlantic.

Annual ; branches suberect or spreading from the root, 6-18 in., stout, corymbosely
branched. Leaves 2-6 in. Heads, flowering ^ in., fruiting f in, and as broad ; invol.
bracts hispid. Outer achenes \ in., curved, pale, dorsally thickened ; inner ^| in. ;

S94 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) ICrejpis.

straight, many- ribbed, red-ljrown, beak very slender as long as the body; pappus
^ in., dirty-white.

Sect. II. Soyeria. Perennials. Heads large, broad, usually hirsute ;
invol. bracts imbricating, all long or outer broad or naiTOw, gradually passing
into the inner. Achenes long, narrowed gradually upwards or to both ends ;
pappus soft, white.

2. C. sibirica, Linn. ; Lecleb. Fl. Boss. ii. 828 ; stout, erect, more or less
hispid, radical and lower leaves ohlanceolate acuminate sinuate-toothed or
lyrate-pinnatifid, lohes rounded denticulate, cauline cordate ^-amplexicaul,
heads 1 in. diam. few subcorymbose peduncled, invol. bracts obtuse ciliate and
pubescent, outer broadly ovate, inner linear, achenes ^ in. slender ribbed smooth
gradually narrowed upwards, pappus short. DC. Prodr. vii. 167 ; Reichh. Ic.
Fl. Germ. t. 1458. Clarke Comp Ind. 252. Hieracium sibiricum, Gmel.
Soyeria sibirica, Monnier Hiei'acium, 177.

AVestern Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, Falconer, &c., alt. 6-10,000. —
DiSTRiB. Siberia, S. Europe to Austria.

Eoot fusiform, very stoiit. Stem 6-18 in., simple or sparingly branched. Leaves
6-12 in., lowest petioled, scaberulous or glabrate above. Achenes pale brown, quite
smooth ; pappus | in., rather scanty, hairs singly deciduous. — I have not quoted
Boissier who (iii. 833) describes the achenes as 20-30-ribbed, the ribs transversely
rugulose and scaberulous.

3. C. blattarioides, Vill. ; DC. Prodr. vii. 167 ; hispid, villous and
glandular above, stem simple subcorymboselj'- branched above, leaves entire or
sinuate-toothed radical obovate-oblong petioled, cauline few large sessile, heads
1 in. diam. few erect, peduncles long strict naked, invol. bracts 2-3-seriate all
long lanceolate acute villous, achenes ^ in. slender narrowed at both ends ribbed
smooth longer than the white shining pappus. ReicJib. Lc. Fl. Germ. t. 1461.
C. austriaca, Jacq. Fl. Aust. v. t. 441. Hieracium blattarioides, Linn. Soyeria
blattarioides, Monnier Tarax. 76.

Kashmir; Sonamurg, alt. 11,500 ft., Clarke. — Distrib. Mid. & AVest Europe.

Stem 1-2 ft., rather stout. Leaves, radical, 2-4 by 1-2 in., cauline as broad or
broader. Heads 4-8, rarely more ; peduncle swollen at the base ; invol. bracts
20-30, |- in. long, blackish when dry, acuminate, with rarely a slender shorter basal
one. Achenes red- brown, outer curved, ribs strong; pappus \ in. long, rather
persistent.

Sect. III. Voung'ia. Heads small, narrow ; outer invol. bracts very
sbort, inner linear 1-seriate. Achenes small, narrowed at both ends, slightly
flattened, ribbed, hardly beaked ; pappus soft white or grey.

* Stems orjloiceriny branches onuch dichotojnously branched, slender, virgate^

4. C. g'lauca, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 615 ; annual, quite glabrous, stems
very numerous from the root dichotomously divaricatingly excessively branched,
radical leaves long-petioled obovate-spathulate sinuate-toothed pinnatifid or
pinnate, lobes variously acutely cut, cauline sessile linear entire, heads ^-^ in.
narrow, outer invol. bracts minute inner 6-8 linear glabrous, achenes very
slender ribbed to the tip longer than the white pappus. C. flexuosa, Clarke
Comp. Lnd. 254 {not of Ledeh.). Barkhausia flexuosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 155.
Youngia glauca, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 79.

Westerx Tibet, and the Tibetan regions of Lahul and Kumaon, alt. 8-17,000 ft..
Falconer, &c.

A most densely corymbosely branched herb, forming an obconical mass 6-12 in.
high, and as broad at the truncate top, of forking spreading rigid slender branches

Cre^is.'\ Lxxviii. cOMPOSmE. (J. D. Hooker.) 395

terminated by small yellow heads. Leaves few, radical goon disappearing. Heads
terminal and suLlateral, few fld. ; pedurcles naked, slender. Achencs i in, long, very
slender, pale, obscurely scabrid, hardly beaked ; pappus white. — Bentham sugfrests
that this and You7igia flexuosa of the Altai are varieties ; Clarke also points out they
are altogether similar, except in that the Altai plant has a distinct beak to the
achenes.

5. C. tenuifolia, Willd. Sp. PI. ill. 1606 ; perennial, quite glabrous,
stems very many from tlie root-stock stout muck branched stiff, radical leaves
long-petioled pinnatifid, lobes distant spreading very unequal slender acuminate
sparingly toothed or entire, rachis winged, heads corymbose ^ in. long, invol.
bracts hoary outer very small inner linear subacute, tips often clawed, achenes
narrowly fusiform shortly beaked compressed ribbed minutely scabrid about
equalling the soft silvery pappus. Clarke Cojnj). Ind. 254. Barkhausia tenui-
folia, DC. Frodr. vii. 155. Youngia diversifolia, Ledeh. Fl. lioss. ii. 837.
Prenanthes diversifolia, Ledeh. Lc. Fl. Alt. t. 152. Lagoseris tenuifolia, Iteichh.
Fc. Crit. i. t. X.

NoRTHEKN Kashmir and Western Tibet; alt. 12-15,000 ft., Falconer, &c. —
DisTRiB. Dahuria, Siberia, Mongolia.

Root woody. Stem often branching from the base, 6-18 in. high, stiff. Leaves
4-8 in., narrow, radical rarely linear and entire, cauline usually so. Heads numerous;
peduncles bracteate, sometimes sparsely pubescent. Achenes ~ in., red-brown, slightl}'
compressed ; pappus-hairs rather deciduous.

6. C japonica, Benth. Fl. Hcnigh. 194; annual, glabrous or puberulous,
radical leaves obovate sinuate-toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid, flowering-stems
slender erect nearly naked, heads \-\ in. on slender bracteolate peduncles, invol.
bracts 0-8 narrowly oblong glabrous fruiting with a strong basal midrib,
achenes narrowly fusiform hardly beaked compressed ribbed equalling or shorter
than the white soft pappus. 0. lyrata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 253. Youngia
lyrata, Cass. ; Thic. Enum. 1G8. Y. Thunbergiana, runcinata, napifolia,
Poosia, ambigua, fastigiata and striata, DC. Frodr. vii. 192, 193. Y. napifolia,
Wight lc. t. 1147. Lactuca napifolia, DC. in Wight Contrih. ^7. Ohondrilla
runcinata, Wall. Cat. 3272. Prenanthes Poosia and napifolia. Wall. Cat. 3265,
3277. P. japonica, Linn. Mant. 107. P. striata, HI. Bijd. 885.

Throughout India and Ceylon; ascending to 10,000 ft., in the Himalaya. —
DiSTRiB. Malay Peninsula, China, Japan, Affghanistan, Mauritius.

Leaves rosulate, 2-6 in., membranous. Flowering stems 1 or many from the root,
6-18 in., soft, strict, corymbosely branched at the top; branches slender, spreading.
Invol. bracts with hyaline margins, erect green. Achenes -^ in., distinctly contracted
but not beaked at the top, many-ribbed, ribs smooth, red-brown. — Wight suggests
that this should be placed in the Brachyramphus section of Lactuca, and Clarke says
that the subgenus Youngia would be better placed under Lactuca. The fact is that it
will go with either Crcjns or Lactuca, but has rather the habit of the former according
to Bentham's and my view of the limitation of these very artificial genera.

7. C. fuscipappa, Benth. in Gen. Fl. ii. 574; annual, glabrous orne'arly
so, stem erect slender simple or sparingly forked, radical leaves petioled elongate
obovate or oblanceolate obtuse acute or acuminate sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid,
cauline linear or lanceolate base narrow, heads few corymbose ^ in. long,
peduncles slender naked, outer invol. bracts very small, inner linear subacute
glabrous fruiting not ribbed at the base, achenes narrowly fusiform hardly
beaked compressed ribbed minutely scabrid about equalling the soft grey pappus.
Clarke Com}). Ind. 254. C. gracilis. Hook. f. Sf T. mss. ; Clarke Comp. Fid.
254. 0. primulifolia. Herb. Ind. Or. II. f. 8r T. Youngia fuscipappa, Th^caites
Enum. 168.

396 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Grepis.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Laclien, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts. ; alt.
4-5000 ft., Wallich, &c. Ceylon ; central province, alt. 5000 fr., Walker, &c.

Radical leaves 5-10 by^l^ in., caulinein Khasian and Sikkim specimens 2-3 in.,
petioled or narrowed .at the base. Stem 1-3 ft., very slender, rarely divided. Heads
few and small for the size of the plant. Ackenes ^ in., red-brown. — I find no material
difference between tlie achenes of this and L.japonica which would warrant separating
them generically ; the Barae ftcscipappa is hardly merited, the pappus being not at all
brown, but of an inky grey or nearly white.

8. C. acaulis, Hook. f. ; perennial, dwarf, quite glabrous, radical leaves
very narrowly obovate-spatliulate linear or lanceolate obtuse or acute quite
entire or sinuate-toothed or subpinnatifid, flowering stem shorter or longer
than the leaves, heads few 1 in. long 10-12-fld., peduncle bracteolate, outer
invol. bracts very small, inner linear, achenes ellipsoid narrowed at both
ends subcompressed strongly ribbed shorter than the soft silvery pappus.^
Microrhynchus glabra, Wic/ht Ic. t. 1145. M. acaulis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, ii. 208. Lactuca .glabra, DC. in Wight Contrib. 20: Prodr. 135; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 272. L. rigida, DC. I.e. Youngia acaulis, DC. Prodr. vii. 193.
Prenanthes acaulis, Roih. Ft. Ind. iii. 403. P. glabra, Ileyne, and P. rigida,
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3204, 3203. Prenanthes sp. Griff. Noiul. iv. 251 ; Ic. PI.
Asiat. t. 409. Soncbus Metzianus, Sckultz-Bip. in Plant. Ilohenack. n. 522 and
1359.

Subtropical Himalaya; from Jamu to Bhotan. Lower Gangetic Plain";
Maldah, Dinagepore, &c.. Central India. "Western Peninsula; Canara and
Nilgherry Mts. ; common, Hohcnackcr. Birma, common, Kurz.

Root woody, straight, cylindric, sometimes a foot or more long and ^ in. diam.
Leaves chiefly radical, 2-12 by ^-1 in,, nerves faint spreading. Flowering-stems 3-10
in., sometimes very numerous, simple or dichotomously branched, Achenes \ in,,
hardly beaked, with about 6 very thick smooth ribs and more slender intermediate
ones.

9. C. Stoliczkai, Garke Comp. Ind. 255; perennial ?, stemless, Hrsutely
pubescent, leaves all radical long-petioled narrowly obovate-spathulate sinuate-
toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid, flowering stem erect naked sparingly corymbosely
branched and glandular above, heads ^ in. long cylindric puberulous, outer
iiiYol. bracts minute, inner linear obtuse not thickened in fruit, achenes very
narrowly fusiform not Leaked finely ribbed rather longer than the soft white
pappus.

Western Himalaya; Kashmir, Tilail, alt. 12,000 ft., Clarke; Lahul, alt. 9500-
13,000 ft,, Stoliczka. Western Tibet ; Karakoram, alt, M,000 ft., Clarke.

Leaves very few and narrow, 2-5 in, long, obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces.
Flowering stetns C-12 in,, rather stout but soft, often copiously glandular above ;
peduncles usually short, naked, with a subulate brjictat the base; invol, bracts 8-10,
green, with fainter margins. Ackenes ^ in., very slender, distinctly narrowed up\Vards
from the middle, red-brown ; pappus persistent but easily removed. — Clarke compares
this with C. pr(Emorsa,'£vo^i\ , i\.ndi C. multicaidis,'Le.deh.; and lie further suggests
that it may be Barkhausia Roylei, DC. (Prodr. vii. 157), I'-ut it has not the beaked
achenes of that genus, nor are the leaves sessile.

*** Floicenng stem 0, or veiy short ; heads few, suhsessile amongst the leaves.

10. C. gracilipes, Hook./.-, perennial, dwarf, glabrous, leaves all radical
elongate obovate or spathulate sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid lobes obtuse entire,
heads ^ in. long solitary on short slender l-bracteate scapes, outer invol. bracts
very small, inner linear subacute, achenes (unripe) much shorter than the soft
silvery pappus. Lactuca, Sect. CJhorisma, sp. ined., Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 520.

Sikkim Himalaya ; alpine region, J. B. H.

Cre;pis.'] i.xxviii. composit.?:. (J. D, Hooker.) 397

Root-stock long, creeping-, sometimes divided. Leaves ^-1h in., rather succulent,
tip broad rounded or acute. Scapes or pediwcles shorter than the leaves, pubescent
or gltibrate. Heads quite glabrous, 20-30-fld. ; inner invtl. bracts 10-12, green, or
the overlapped edges pale. Closely allied to C. deprcssa.

11. C. depressa, Hook. f. Sj- Thorns.; perennial, stemless, puberulous,
leaves rosulate very stoutly petioled ovate or rounded obscurely toothed or
sinuate-toothed 5-nerved from near the base, heads crowded amongst the radical
leaves i in. loug-peduncled bracteolate, in vol. bracts strap-shaped obtuse or sub-
acute nearly glabrous, acbenes very slender fusiform beaked ribbed quite smooth
shorter than the white smooth pappus. C. glomerata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 255,
excl. syn.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; near the Tibetan frontier, alt. 15-17,000 ft, J. I). H.

Root as thick as the little linger and crown woody. Leaves 1-2 in. long, rather
fleshy, base rounded; petiole as long or shorter, very thick. Heads very numerous,
"invol. bracts green, inner with scarious margins, base rather thickened in fruit,
glabrous or with a few hispid hairs. Achcncs |^ in., dark brown with a pale beak;
pappus ^-\ in.

Sect. IV. Sieracioides. Heads rather broad, panicled or racemose ;
outer invol. bracts very short, inner linear 1-seriate. Ac/ienes small, slender,
narrowed at both ends ; pappus hairs brownish, rigid, brittle.

12. C. silhetensis, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, radical leaves persistent
linear-lanceolate finely acuminate narrowed into a short petiole quite entire or
obscurely toothed, flowering stem sparingly dichotomously branched, branches
slender erect, heads numerous panicled ^ in. diam., peduncles slender, outer
invol. bracts very small, inner linear subacute, achenos slender glabrous narrowed
upwards ribbed about equalling the brown rigid pappus. Ilieracium silhetense,
'DC. Prodr. vii. 218; Clarke Comp. Ind. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 411, 257.
Prenanthes ? Candolleana, JFall. Cat. 3280, in part. Conyza foliolosa, JFall. Cat.
3281, in part.

Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., common. Birma and Tbnassebim, Kur^.

Perennial; rootstock stout, woody. Leaves 6-12 by ^-1^ in., very much narrowed
at both ends. Flowering stems often twice as long as the leaves, slender, with small
leaves at the forks. Heads yellow, panicled, peduncles with usually a small bract.
Achenes ^o in-, pale brown ; pappus rather scanty. — A very anomalous plant, with the
habit, absence of stellate haii's, and the achenes of Crepis, but with the brittle brown
pappus of Hieracium.

13. C. racemifera, Hook. f. ; perennial, glabrous or puberulous above,
stem strict simple or branches erect, leaves scattered petioled ovate or ovate-
lanceolate sinuate-toothed, petiole winged, heads in unilateral racemes, achenes
much shorter than the pappus. Crepis, No. G, Herb. Irid. Or. H. f. ^' T.

SiKKiTii Himalaya ; towards the Tibetan frontier, alt. 8-14,000 ft., J. D. H
Stem 6-18 in., very slender, from a small perennial rootstock. Leaves few, 1-2^-
in , acute, membranous, lower and middle cauline long-petioled, petiole not auricled at
the base, upper sessile. Baconcs strict, nearly leafless, with minute bracts at the base
of the peduncles, which- are erect, curved at the top. and usually 1-2-bracteolate ;
heads campanulate, r^-^ in. diam., horizontal or drooping; outer invol. bracts very
«mall, inner 6-10 linear acute glabrous, all green, blackish when dry; ligules yellow.
Achenes quite immature, apparently short and not beaked ; pappus not exceeding the
involucre, pale brown, brittle. — A very remarkable species, whose affinity is doubtful,
but I think very near //. siUietctisis, though differing in habit and inflorescence.

Sect. V. G-loxneratae. Heads very numerous and densely crowded,
sessile or shortly pedimcled oa the dilated top of a simple villous club-shaped
stem.

398 Lxxviii. composite;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Crejns

14. C grlomerata, Dcjie. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 99, 1. 107 (Prenanthes), »io;^
of Clarke ; pubescent or villous, stem sliort soft simple clavate leafy, leaves obo-
vate or linear-oblong entire sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid, heads cylindric, outer
invol. bracts 0 or 1-2 filiform, inner 3-G linear- or broadly oblong obtuse, achenes
cylindric-oblong obscurely constricted below the shining white reddish or blue-
grey rigid pappus. 0. Ilookeriana, Clarice Comp. Ind. 255.

Western Tibet, Ja(7g'?(e/;io;^/ ; Lahiil, Captain Hay; Barji-kang (N. of Kumaon),
alt. 14,000 ft., Strach. ^-^ Winterb. Sikkim; common near the Tibetan passes, alt,
13-17,000 ft., J. D. H.

Stem 1-6 in., densely or laxly villous, tapering into a fusiform root a foot long,
soft, often 1 J-2 in. diam. at the truncate top. Leaves very variable, 1-5 by \-\ in.,
flaccid. Heads 50-100, forming a dense hemispheric mass mixed with filiform bracts
which arise from the base of the very short peduncle, few-fld. ; invol. bracts \-^ in.,
variable in breadth, glabrous or villous, margins membranous; ligules yellow.
Achenes ^ in., many-ribbed, shining, brown ; pappus ^ in. long, deciduous, hairs very
variable in colour. — This is a very singular plant, the analogue of Saussurea gossypi-
phora, which it entirely resembles in habit.

DOUBTFTJL SPECIES.

Crepis POREiFOLiA, BoH Troclv. 164; Barkhausia porrifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 157 ;
and Barkhausia Roylei, DC. I. c, are very doubtful plants (see under Fterothc'ca
Falconeri and Crepis Stoliczkai).

109. PKHSCASXUnX, Cass.

Annual or perennial erect hispid herbs. Radical leaves lyrate. Heads small ^
yellow, homogamous; fl. all ligulate. Involucre cylindric, calyculate, bracta
l-seriate, fruiting with the midrib thickened below; receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes terete with a broad base, finely striate, narrowed at the tip or beaked ;•
pappus copious, deciduous, or of the outer achenes scanty. — Disteie. Species 2
or 3, European and Oriental.

1. P. laxnpsanoides, Cass, in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxix. 387 ; annual, hispid
or glabrate, leaves rosulate runcinate-pinnatifid, cauline few, base simple or
sagittate, flowering stem corymbosely or paniculately branched, heads ^ in. long,
invol. bracts narrowly lanceolate glabrous fruiting rigid, achenes very slender
curved subterete pale smooth rather larger than the very soft white pappus. P.
pulchrum, Iteichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1431. Orepis pulchra, Linn. ; DC. Prodr.
vii. 160 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 84G. C. youugiformis, Koch in LinncBa, xxiii.
690. Chondrilla pulchra, Lamh. Encycl. ii. 77. Youngia Kochiana, Ledeh. FL
Boss. ii. 837.

Western Himalaya; Kashmir to Lahul, alt. 7-8000 ft., Clarke, Watt. — Distrib.
Westwards to the Atlantic.

Stem 1 or many from the root, 12-18 in. high. Leaves very variable. Heada on
slender divaricating peduncles ; fruiting invol. bracts pale, incurved. Achenes \ in.
long. — This genus would be better reunited with Crepis as a section.

110. PTEROTKXSCA, Cass.

Annual subscapigerous hispid or glabrous herbs. Leaves all radical, toothed
or sinuate-pinnatifid. Heads subcorymbose, homogamous, yellow or red, all
ligulate. Involucre tubular-campanulate ; inner bracts 1-2-seriate, equal, nar-
row, herbaceous, at length concave with the keel thickened, outer few small ;
receptacle with long hairs or bristles. Anther-bases sagittate, auricles acute or
setaceous. Style-arms slender. Achenes slender, all subterete or the outer com-
pressed, 8-10-ribbed, narrowed at both ends, glabrous, strongly 3-ribbed or

Pterotheca.'l lxxyiit. COMPOSiXis. (J, D. Hooker.) 399

winged on the inner face ; pappus short, hairs very slender, simple, -white, sub-
connate, deciduous or persistent. — Distkib. Species 4 or 5, Mediterranean and
W. Asiatic.

1. P. Falconer!, Hook.f. ; hispid or glandular ahove or glahrate, radical
leaves subsessile obovate or elongate-spathulate sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid,
flowering stems leafless subcorymbosely branched above, heads ^ in. long broadly
cylindric hispid or glabrate, outer invol. bracts very small ovate, inner 8-10
linear acute midrib thickened in fruit, achenes very slender straight all terete
narrowed above 8-10-ribbed, outer scaberulous, inner smooth longer than the
very soft white pappus. P. bifida, Clarke Comp. Ind., 256, not of F. Sf M..

"VVesteen Himaiaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 3-9000 ft. to Kimawur, Falconer, &c.
— DiSTitiB. AiFghanistan.

Annual. Eadical leaves 2-8 in., very variable. Flowering stem 6-18 in., slender
or stout, corymbosely or paniculately branched above, with minute bracts at the forks
or 0 ; branches spreading, usually -with hispid gland-tipped hairs ; peduncles naked ;
recept. hairs very slender, flexuous. Achenes ^ in., outer sometimes imperfect white
and flattened, perfect terete many-ribbed red-brown ; pappus ^ in., hairs all rather
persistent. — I advance this species with much hesitation, for though differing in the
achenes being all terete and uniformly ribbed from P. bifida, I find so much variety in
the outer achenes of that plant that I suspect this may prove to be a form of it.
Clarke refers De CandoUe's Barkhausia porrifolia and Boylei to this, but besides the
achenes being in no sense beaked, JB. porrifolia is founded by Don on a plant of "Wal-
lich's from Nipal (where P. Falconeri does not occur) which is quite glabrous and
glaucous ; and with regard to P. Boylei the description is not sufficient to identify it ;
P. Falconeri does not occur in Eoyle's Herbarium. The genus sboidd be merged in
Crepis.

111. KZERACZVM, Ziim.

Perennial, leafy, erect or scapigerous herbs, with simple and stellate hairs.
Leaves entire or toothed, very rarely pinnatifid. Heads often with black glan-
dular hairs, solitary and long-peduncled or narrowly panicled or corymbose,
homogamous, yellow, rarely orange or red ; fl. all ligulate. Involucre tubular-
campanulate or broad ; bracts narrow, herbaceous, inner subequal or not, outer
usually smaller, unchanged after flowering ; receptacle flat, naked or shortly
fimbrillate. Achenes oblong-cylindric, 10-15 ribbed, terete or angled, base shortly
contracted, top truncate ; pappus copious, hairs 1-2-seriate, simple, rigid, fragile,
persistent, usually dbty white or brown. — Disteib. Species about 150, chiefly
Western European, a few Asiatic, N", American, Andean, and S. African.

The Indian Hierada have been referred by Mr. Baker to European species, and I
have followed his identifications, but described them from the Indian examples. The
species seem as variable and difficult to define in the East as in the West, and there
are several forms from the Himalaya which do not appear referable to any of the
following, but are too imperfect for description. The genus wants careful study in
the Himalaya.

1. K. vulg'd'tuxu, Koch ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 871 ; hirsute or glabrate,.
radical leaves persistent petioled narrowed at both ends coarsely toothed, lower
cauline petioled upper sessile, heads many, peduncles straight glandular, invol.
cylindric in bud floccose and with gland-tipped hairs, bracts equal alternate sub-
acute. Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. xix. 1. 1526. H. sylvaticum, Lamk. H. murorum,
Clarke Comp. Ind. 256.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 6-10,000 ft. — Disteib. N.
Asia, Europe, Arctic America.

Stolons 0. Leaves 3-5 in., often spotted with black in Europe. Stem 1-2 ft..

400 Lxxviii. COMPOSIT-E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hieraciam.

stout or slender, paniculntel}' or corymbosely Lrancbccl. Heads i-^ in. diam. Achenis
^^ in.,Llaek; pappus as long.

2. H. crocatum, Frifs. ; <rlaljrous or hirsute, stem leafy simple oi"
liiranched above, radical leaves 0, caiiline sessile elliptic linear-oblong or lanceo-
late glaucous beneath base rounded truncate or cordate entire or toothed, heads
few or many and erect, peduncles downy glabrous or hirsute, invol. bracts
glabrous appressed obtuse, outer often slender and recurved.

Western Himalaya; Kashmir to Dalliousie, alt. 6-8000 ft., Thomson, Clarke
Western Tibet, Falconer, Hcyclc. — Distrib. Middle and N. Europe,

Stem 1-2 ft., strict. Leaves 1-5 in., very variable in shape. Heads | in. diam.
Achates ^ in., cylindric, faintly ribbed, black, shining.

3. K. prenantboides, Villars; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii, 878 ; glabrous or
hirsute, glandular above, stem leafy with spreading branches, radical leaves 0,
cauline oblong or ovate or linear-oblong entire or denticulate glaucous beneath,
uppermost cordate, heads in branched leafy panicled corymbs floccose and
with gland-tipped hairs, invol. bracts pubescent. Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. xix. t.
1512.

Northern Kashmir, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Clarke. — Distrib. N. Asia, the Caucasus,
and N. and Mid. Europe.

Stolons 0. Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 1-3 in., rather membranous, ciliate. Heads 1 in.
diam. Achenes nearly ^ in., strongly ribbed, red-brown.

4. H. uxnbellatum, Linn. : Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii, 877 ; glabrous or hir-
sute below, eglandular, stem leafy, radical leaves 0, cauline sessile linear
or linear-oblong narrowed at the base toothed, heads glabrous or with the brac-
teolate peduncles stellately downy, invol. bracts many outer small recurved.
Clarke Coinj). Ind. 257, eA'cl. syn. and var. y; Reichh. Ic. Fl. Gei-m. t. 1531.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Garwhal, alt. 5-10,000 ft. — Disteib. X.
Asia to Japan, N. Persia, the Caucasu.s, N. and Mid. Europe, N. America.

Stolons 0. Stem 1-2 ft., wiry. I^eaves 1-3 in,, usually narrow and contracted at
the base. Achenes as in H. crocatam, from which it appears to me very difficult to
distinguish this in the Himalaya.

Vak. lanceolata ; smaller, more slender, heads 1-3. H. lanceolatum, Royle mss. —
Kashmir, alt. 7-8000 ft., Clarke. Baker regards this as a starA'ed state of H, timhcl-
iatiim ; it is very like H. lanceolaium of Yillars.

6. K. virosum, Poll. ; Lecleh. Fl. Ross. ii. 856 ; glabrous or very sparsely
hirsute, glaucous, stem stout leafy, leaves sessile short coriaceous oblong-ovate
base cordate toothed glaucous beneath, heads numerous in short terminal brac-
teate umbellate corymbs, peduncles short stout bracteolate, invol, bracts glabrous
outermost small spreading. Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. xix. t, 1536. H. umbella-
tum, var. y rigidum, Clarke Comp. Ind. 258. II, corymbosum, Pers. Synops,
ii. 374.

Kashmir, Falconer; Srinuggur, alt. 7-rOOO ft., Clarke. — Distrib, N, Asia from
Dahuria westwards to Mid. Europe,

Stolons 0. Stem very stout, stiff. Leaves 1-3 in,, crowded, gradually diminishing
tipwards, glabrous above, sparsely ciliate on the margins and beneath. Corymbs with
ascending short stiiF branches. Heads § in, diam, Achenes —^ in , red-brown.

111.* HTrPOCHHSRlS, im«.

Perennial, rarely annual, scapigerous herbs. Leaves rosulate, entire toothed
or pinnatitid. Heads long-peduncled, solitary, yellow, homogamous ; 11. all
iigulate. Involucre cylindric-oblong or campanulate; bracts ao -seriate, ap-

Eypocliceris.'] Lxxviir. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 401

pressed, unchan<?ed after flowering, outer smaller ; receptacle flat, pales narrow,
usually hyaline. Achenes linear or oblong, terete or compressed, lO-ribbed, ribs
scabrous or ciliolate, beaked or not ; pappus of 1 series of featbery hairs with a
few shorter simple outer or alternating ones. — Distrib. Species about 3, tem-
perate and mountain plants of Northern regions, 2 widely diffused through
cultivation.

II. GLABRA, Linn. : Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 783 ; annual, radical leaves sub-
sessile obovate or elongate spathulate sinuate-toothed glabrous or scabrous,
flowering stems many stout simple or branched grooved, peduncles bracteolate
thickened at the top, heads | in. long, invol. bracts equalling the ligules erect
obtuse or acute, outer achenes truncate inner with a long slender beak. DC.
Pi'odr. vii. 90 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 47 } aarke Comp. Ind. 258.

NiLGHERRT Mxs., alt. 7-8000 ft., introduced. — Distrib. Europe.

Leaves 2— i in., I'arely pinnatifid. Flowering stems 6-12 in., naked or 1-2-bracteo-
late ; invol. bracts few, unequal. Achenes, outer ^ in., shorter than the pappus ; inner
^ in., beak longer than the body, very slender ; pappus as long, scanty.

112. TARAXACUZ^, Hall.

Scapigerous milky herbs. I^eai'es radical, entire sinuate- or runcinate-pinna-
tifid. Heads solitary on leafless scapes, yellow, homogamous ; fl. all ligulate.
Lnvolucre campanulate or oblong ; bracts herbaceous, innermost 1-seriate, erect,
subequal, sometimes connate below, unchanged after flowering ; outer shorter,
00 -seriate, often recurved ; receptacle flat, naked. Achenes oblong obovoid or
narrow, 4-5-angled, or the outer dorsally compressed, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed,.
ribs often muricate or echinate above, beak often very long and slender ; pappus
copious, hairs simple, slender, unequal. — Distrib. Species about 6, temperate
and cold regions.

1. T. officinale, Wigg. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 787 ; glabrous, or crown
and scape woolly, root vertical, leaves sessile oblanceolate or linear entire toothed
pinnatifid or runcinate, lobes acute more or less denticulate, heads solitary, inner
invol. bracts linear often thickened or clawed at the tip, outer ovate or linear
appressed or the outer reflexed, achenes narrowly obovoid ribbed, ribs muricate
or echinate above the middle suddenly contracted into a very slender beak equal-
ling or exceeding the body. Clarke Comp. Ind. 258.

Throughout the Himai.aya and Western Tibet, from 1-18,000 ft. Mishmi Mts,,
Grifith. — Distrib. Temperate and cold regions of the N. and S. hemisphere.

One of the most variable of the order. The following are the principal Himalayan
forms ; I am unable to distinguish them in all their states. It is remarkable that this
common Himalayan plant should not be found in the Khasia or Nilghorry mountains,
even as a garden escape.

Var. fi/pica ; leaves deeply runcinate, outer invol. bracts reflexed. Reichh. Ic. Fl.
Germ. t. 1404.— Ascends to 12,000 ft.

Var. g/aucescem ; leaves glaucous runcinate, outer invol. bracts reflexed. T. Wal-
lichii, DC. Prodr. vii. 147. Leontodon glaucescens, M. Bieb. ; Wall. Cat. 3246.

Var. eriopoda ; crown densely woolly at the bases of the scape and leaves, leaves
runcinate, outer invol. bracts usually reflexed. T. eriopodum, BC. Prodr, vii. 147.
Leontodon eriopodum, Bon in Mem. Wern. Sac. iii. 413 ; Prodr. 163 ; WaJ,l. Cat. 3245.
L. eriopus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 658.

Var. parvula ; dwarf, leaves narrow runcinate or entire sometimes linear, invol.
bracts with broad or narrow white membranous margins, beak sometimes shorter than
the body of the achene. Leontodon parvulum. Wall. Cat. 3247. — Throughout the
Himalaya from 10-18,000 ft. — This includes the forms Uvidum, salinum, -dnd lepto-
cephakan figured in Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1406.

VOL. III. D D

402 Lxxviii. C0MP0S1TJ3. (J. D. Hooker.) ITaraxacum.

2. T. Wattii, ITooJc. f. ; crown woolly, leaves rimcinate-pinnatifid gla-
brous, scapes numerous pubescent above, beads broadly campanulate glabrous,
outer invol. bracts few suberect or recurved, aclienes white compressed acutely
ribbed, ribs sparingly ecbinate, beak stout shorter than the body, base conical.

Western Himalaya; Pangi, at Silundi, alt. 13,000 ft., Watt.

Habit of a large specimen of T. officinale. Heads broad, 1 ^n. diam. without tlie
ligules. Invol. bracts black when dry, inner § in. long, hardly clawed at the tip.
Achenes not quite ripe, ^ in. long, silvery white; pappus | in. — I have seen but one
specimen of this remarkable species.

113. CKONDRZX.Z.A, Liim,

Perennial herbs. Stem usually branched from the base ; branches slender,
cylindric, rigid or virgate. Leaves, radical pinnatifid, cauline often entire.
Heads terminal, homogamous ; fl. all ligulate, yellow. Involucre cylindric ;
bi-acts 00 -seriate, outer usually very small, inner linear ; receptacle flal, naked.
Achenes oblong, subterete, many-ribbed, toothed, or with a toothed ring below
the beak, beak long and slender or short and stout ; pappus hairs very slender,
white, many-seriate, persistent or deciduous separately, — Distkib. Species about
15, European and Oriental.

1. C. graminea, M. Bieb.; Ledeb. Fl. JRoss. ii. 809; Ic. t. 177; quite
glabrous, branches many from the base very slender, cauline leaves filiform,
heads ^ in. about 8-fld. hoary, invol. cylindric, outer bracts minute, inner narrow
with white membranous margins, achenes slender obscurely toothed or quite
smooth below the very slender beak which about equals the body. DC. Prod?'.
vii. 142.

"Western Tibet; Karakoram mts., alt. 8-11,000 ft., Clarke. — Distrib, Siberia.

Stems 2-3 ft. from a woody stock, dichotomously branched. Leaves, radical not '
seen, cauline 2-3 by — in., flexuous, quite entire. Heads subcorymbose, peduncled.
Achenes ^ in. long, ribbed, sometimes quite smooth where contracted into the beak ;
pappus as long as the achenes, persistent, silvery.

Var. kashyniriana ; leaves rather broader. — S. Kashmir at Eamoo, alt. 6000 ft.,
Clarke.

2. C. setulosa, Clarke mss. ; quite glabrous, much branched from the
base, branches very slender, cauline leaves linear very narrow, margins naked
with here and there a minute spine, heads ^ in. about 8-fld. hoary, involucre
cylindric, outer bracts minute, inner narrow with a stout spinulose midrib
thickening in fruit, achenes slender strongly toothed below the very slender beak
which about equals the body.

Baltistan ; at Shigar, alt. 8000 ft., Clarke.

Habit of C. graminea, differing in the spinules on the midrib of the invol. bracts,
and the muricate and toothed achenes.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

C. sp. ? ; much dichotomously branched, branches stout, leaves 1-2 in. linear-
oblong obtuse obscurely denticulate, heads \ in., base corky in fruit, invol. bracts
with a thickened midrib which is here and there spinous. — Western Tibet, Shayuk
valley, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Thomson. This may be a var. of C. setidosa, but there are
no ripe achenes; it also closely resembles C.jtmcea, L.

114. ZiACTUCA, Linn.

Glabrous or hispid milky herbs. Leaves radical and alternate, entire toothed
pinnatifid or pinnate, cauline often stem-clasping and auricled. Heads sessile or
peduncled, panicled corymbose racemose or subspicate, homogamous, yellow
purple or blue ; fl. all ligulate. liivolucre usually narrow ; bracts few- (rarely
many-) seriate, thinly herbaceous, margins often membranous, fruiting unchanged

Lactuca.'] lxxviii. composit.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 403

(exbept in Sect. I.) iuuer slender subequal, outer often very sliort ; receptacle
tlat, naked. Achenes compressed or flattened, ovoid oblono; or narrow, beaked,
faces 3-GO -ribbed ; ribs slender or strong, smooth or rugose, the middle one
often strongest ; beak slender or short and cylindric, dilated into an entire or
toothed pappiferous disk ; pappus copious, hairs very slender, simple, usually
soft and white, but very variable, persistent or separately-deciduous, sometimes
with a minnte outer ring. — Disteib. Species about 60, N. temperate regions.

The species here brought together under Laciuca differ greatly in habit, some
approaching in this respect to species of Launcea, others to Prenanthes, and others
again to Crepis. I have found it impossible to group them by the achenes or pappus,
and I have had recourse to characters of habit.

Sect. I. Herbs (habit of Launcea) with radical leaves and spicate or race- •
mose heads on long strict flowering branches. Heads erect or spreading, narrow,
cylindric, pedimcles bracteolate ; invol. bracts with broad membranous margins,
outer very small ; ligules yellow. Achenes with muricate ribs ; pappus silky,
persistent. (Beach ykamphus, DC.)

1. Zi. Seyneana, DC. Prodr. vii. 140; tall, glabrous, leaves runcinate-
pinnatitid finely spinulose or ciliate-toothed membranous radical narrowed at
the base, cauline |-amplexicaul auricled, flowerirg stems slender, branches
erect, heads | in. long solitary or fascicled, fascicles distant spiked or subrace-
mose, achenes shortly beaked muricate black half the length of the flexuous
silvery persistent pappus. Clarhe Comp. Ind. 2G1, exd. some syns. L. runcinata,
DC, in Wight Contrih. 26. Brachyramphus HejTieana, Wight Ic. t. 1146;
Dak. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 132. B. sonchifolius, Th^vaites Enum. 168, not of DC.
B. taraxacoides, DC. I. c. 177; Wall. Cat. 3279. Prenanthes racemosa, '^o.r6.
Fl. Ind. iii. 405. P. sonchifolia, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3266. P. patens, Wall.
Cat. 3258, in part. Microrhynchus patens, DC. I. C.-181. Ohondrilla racemosa,
Poir. Encyl. Suppl. ii. 330, in part. Sonchus calyculatus, Roxb. mss.

NoKTH Westerx India ; Boyle, Stewart. Banda; Edgeworth. AVesteen Penin-
sula ; common in fields. Ceylon ; Galle, Gardner.

Annual or biennial, 1-4 ft. high ; stem hollow below, often very stout and much
branched. Radical leaves G-12 in., very irregularly pinnatifid, teeth more cartilagi-
nous. Heads rarely peduncled, bracteolate ; inner invol. bracts with thickened ribs
in fruit. Achenes — in., oblanceolate, then suddenly contracted, — I have seen no
Ceylon specimens, nor any of Wallich's Prenanthes taraxacoides, which is not in his
Herbarium.

2. Zi. remotiflora, DC. in Wight Contrib. 26; glabrous, radical leaves
obovate or obovate-spathulate or orbicular finely spinulose Or ciliate-toothed
membranous, radical narrowed at the base, cauline ^-amplexicaul and auricled,
flowering-stems very slender, branches erect, heads ^ in. long few racemose
long-peduncle d, achenes shortly beaked muricate black nearly as long as the
soft silvery persistent pappus. L. Schimperi, Jaid). 8f Spach. III. PL Orient, t.
281. Brachyramphus sonchifolius, DC. Prodr. vii. 177 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 132. Cacalia sonchifolia, Wall. Cat, 3144 D.

Banda ; Edgeivorth. Scind ; Stocks. — Disteib. Arabia.

A smaller and more delicate plant than L. Heyoieana, with nearly entire (rarely
sinuate-pinnatifid) smaller leaves, less branched flowering stems, heads solitary with
peduncles as long as themselves, and achenes ^ in. long.

Sect. H. Herbs with intricate dichotomous stiff" sometimes spinescent
branches and small cauline leaves. Heads sessile, in spiked fascicles or solitary,
erect, narrowly cylindric ; invol. bracts with broad membranous margins ; ligules
yellow. Achenes indistinctly beaked, smooth ; pappus silvery. (Ph(Enixopus,
Cass.)

DD 2

404 Lxxviii, COMPOSILE. (J. D. Ilooker.) ILactuca,

3. Zi. orientalis, IJotss. Fl. Orient, iii. 810; pereunial, glabrous, braiiijlics
white "with green wings, leaves small decurrent, lower pinuatiiid with spreading
or incurved triangular acute entire or toothed lobes, upper linear entire elliptic;
or oblanceolate, heads ^ in. long in spiked fascicles sessile, achenes narrow
equalling the silvery deciduous pappus. L. viminea, Clcwke Comp. Ind. 2G2,
not of Schultz-Bip. Phenopus orientalis, Boiss. Voy. en Esp. 390, in note.

Western Tibet; alt. 10-14,000 ft., Falconer, &c. — Distrib. Westward to Syria
and Armenia.

A much intricately branched shrubby herb, the branches often spinescent, con-
spicuous from the silvery white branches being winged by the decurrent bases of tlie
leaves, the blades of most of which are undeveloped. Leaves 1-2 in., bright green.
Heads solitary or in fascicles of 2-5. Achenes i^ in., narrowed to both ends from the
middle or a little above it, pale. — Affglian specimens have smaller heads and achenes
than the Tibetan. The habit is that of L.rajiwsissima, Gren. & Godr. (Eeichb. le.
Fl. Germ. 1419), but the achene is very different.

Sect. III. Herbs with radical leaves and er^ct rarely spreading (i. Clarheiy
leafy flowering-stems. Heads panicled, erect, rarely fascicled or drooping ;
peduncle bracteate ; outer invol. bracts gradually passing into the inner ; ligules
yellow blue or purple. Achems beaked ; pappus silvery. (Sc.vriola.)

* Beak of achene capillary, white.

4. Xb. Scariola, Linn. ; Boiss. FL Orient, iii. 809 ; annual or biennial,
glabrous, tall, erect, very leafy, corymbosely or paniculately branched above,
leaves suberect sessile runcinate-pinnatitid spinulose-toothed midrib prickly
beneath, cauline ^-amplexicaul sagittate, heads ^ in. long erect cylindric few-fld.
panicled glabrous, outer invol. bracts triaugular inner linear, achenes oblanceo-
late many-ribbed ribs scabrid beak capillary about equalling the body. DC
Prodr. vii. 137; Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. t.l\'2\.

Western Himalaya. ; from Marri to Kunawur, alt. 6-11 ,000 ft. Western Tibet;
alt. 9-12,000 ft. — Distrib. Siberia and westwards to the British Isles and Canaries.

Stem 2-5 ft., somewhat prickly. Leaves 5-7 in., smooth except the midrib and
nerves beneath. Inflorescence variable, sometimes 12 in. diam., with incurved ascend-
ing corymbose branches, at others laxly paniculate; branches and peduncles whitt.%
with many appressed green cordate bracts. Invol. hracU ovate, inner linear ; ligules
yellow or dull-reddish outside. Achenes \ in., including the very slender beak,
ribbed, pale ; pappus }, i"- — ^ot a Nipal plant, as stated by Clarke. I have seen no
specimen from east of the Sutlej.

Var. sativa; more succulent, quite smooth, leaves spreading pinnatifid or entire,
branches of panicle shorter w^ith more numerous bract", achenes black. Clarke
Comp. Lid. 263. L. sativa Linn.; DC. Prodr. vii. 138; Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 403;
Ikichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, t. 1421. L. bracteata and sativa, Wall. Cat. 3243, 3244 B.
— The garden lettuce, cultivated throughout India.

• 5. Iji. undulBLts., Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 150; Ic. FL Boss. t. 129; annual,
glabrous or glaucous, stem short dichotomously branched from the base leafy,
radical leaves sessile pinnatitid lobes entire or sparingly toothed, cauline |-am-
plexicaul base dilated or auricled, heads 1 in. long narrow erect peduncled
cylindric few-fld., outermost invol. bracts small inner unequal yery slender
obtuse, achenes oblanceolate transversely rugose margins scabrid, beak capillary
3-4 times as long as the bodv. Boiss. FL Orient, iii. 813 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 135 ;
Clarke Comp. Ind. 203.

Western Tibet; alt. 9-12,000 ft., Thomson. Salt Eange; Fleming. — Distrib.
Siberia, Soongaria, and -westwards to Arabia.

Habit of a Senecio of the Jacolxea section, 6-10 in. high, succulent. Leaves 2-3
in., dark green. Heads subcorymbcse or terminal on the branches ; ligules white
pink or blueish. Achenes including the capillary beak },-'- in. long, much compressed

Laduca.] lxxviii. C0iiP0SiT.E. (J. D. Hooker.) 405

pale, margins thickened scuLrid, tip cleft embracing the base of the beak ; pappus
} in. long, quite white.

6. Zi. dissecta, Don Prodr. 104 ; annual, glatrous or sparsely pu"bescent,
stem dichotomously branched from the base, branches slender leafy, leaves
entire or lyrate or runcinate-pinnatifid lobes entire or sparingly toothed lower
petioled cauline ^-amplexicaul base auricled or sagittate, uppermost linear, heads
^-h in. erect narrow cylindric few-fid., outermost invol. bracts minute ovate
innermost narrowly linear, achenes oblanceolate transversely rugose faces
o-ribbed, beak capillary twice as long as the bodv. DC. Prodi-, vii. 135 ; Boias.
Fl. Orient, iii. 814 ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 2G4. L. Stocksii, Boiss. Diafjn. Ser. 2,
iii. 96. L. arvensis, Edgetv. in Trans. Linn. Sac. xx. 79. Chondrilla auiiculata,
TFall. Cat. 3269.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 4-8000 ft. Western
Tibet; Iskardo, alt. 8000 ft,, Clarke. Salt Eaxge ; Aitchison. — Distrib. Affghani-
stan and Beluchistan.

This, like L. undidata, is senecionoiJ in habit and very variable. Stem 3-18 in.
high, sometimes simple and leafless below, branching upwards ; at others numerous
corymbosely branched flowering stems start from the crown which bears a profusion
of rosuLite leaves. Leaves 1-4 in., very variable indeed in lobation, sometimes almost
bipinnatifid. Heads corymbose, on very slender peduncles, erect ; ligules blue.
Achenes including the capillary beak \ in. long, much compressed, dull, margins most
minutely scabrid, tip cleft as in L. undulaia ; pappus ^ in. long, white.

7. Xi. long'ifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 135 ; annual or biennial, glabrous, tall,
erect, paniculately branched above, sometimes hispid at the base, leaves sessile
very long lanceolate or linear-lanceohite acuminate entire or sparingly ^-pinna-
tirid lobes very few distant acute base sagittate, heads ^ in. long erect peduncled
12-20-fld., outer invol. bracts few ovate, inner linear-oblong, achenes elliptic or
oblanceolate nearly smooth faces 3-5-nerved, beak capillary equalling or shorter
than the body. Clarke Comp. Lnd. 204. Chondrilla longifolia, Wall. Cat. 3273.
Mulgedium sagittatum, Poijle Lll. 252, t. 01, f. 2 {achene bad) ; DC. I. c. 250.

Western and Central Himalaya; from Kashmir to Nipal, alt. 4-9000 ft.,
WaUich, &c.

Stern 3-6 ft., strict, always simple below. Leaves 3-6 by \-^ in. or more across
the lobes when |-pinnatifid, in which case the lobes are very few, membranous, almost
nerveless ; auricles deflexed, acute, appressed to the stem. Heads in broad or narrow
panicles, erect; peduncles slender with few bracts; invol. bracts pale green, unequal;
ligules blue. Achenes \ in. including the beak, dark brown, much compressed, young
with thickened margins, faces obscurely rough and most minutely scaberulous ;
pappus \ in., white.

8. Z«. brevirostris, Champ, in Hook. Keiv Journ. iv. 237 ; annual,
glabrous, stem tall erect paniculately branched above, leaves very long linear or
linear-lanceolate acuminate quite entire or toothed base simple or shortly
auricled, heads ^ in. long erect peduncled i2-20-fld., outer invol. bracts few
ovate inner linear-oblong, achenes ellipsoid mucb compressed smooth black beak
capillary shorter than the body. Clarke Comp. Lnd. 205. L. bialata, Griff.
Notul. iv. 247 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 200. L. sqiiarrosa, Miguel
Prod. Fl. Jap. 121, 302. L. amurensis, Eec/el. Lnd. Sem. LLort. Petrop. 1859, 42.
Prenanthes squarrosa, Thunh. Fl. Jap. 303.

SiKKiM HiMAiAYA ; Euugect valley, Anderson, Clarke. Khasia Mts. ; all. 4-6000
ft., J. D. H. ^ T. T. Assam, Jenkins ; Suddya, Griffith. — Distrib. Japan, China,
Philippine Islds.

Habit of L. longifolia and as tall, but the leaves are never pinnatifid and want
the sagittate base; the achenes are quite diflferent, very flat, black, \ in. long, includ-
ing the beak, with one strong median rib on each face and 4 more slender lateral ones

406 Lxxviii. coMrosiTJE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lactiica,

on each side of the dorsal face ; the base of the beak is black in this (white in lojiffi-
folia); the pappus is dirty-white or yellowish. Ligules pale yellow within, purplish
outside in Assam (Griffith), sulphur yellow in China (Hancc in litt.).

* * BeaJc rather stout, coloured.

0. Xi. Clarkei, Hooh. f. ; annual, glabrous, stem erect with lateral widt?
spreading branches from the base and upwards, leaves coriaceous radical linear
runcinate-pinnatifid terminal lobe long-acuminate lateral triangular acute denti-
culate or quite entire, cauline lanceolate entire or sinuate-toothed finely acumi-
nate sessile base simple or ^-amplexicaul not auricled, heads ^ in. long suberect
numerous in ped uncled clusters along the branches, peduncles bracteolate, outer
invol. bracts all green ovate or oblong-ovate, inner 5-6 linear-oblong with
narrow pale margins, achenes slender fusiform gradually narrowed into a cylindric
beak strongly ribbed smooth black, pappus twice as long as the achenes silvery.

Western Tibet; Iskardo, alt. 8000 ft., Clarke.

Habit of Sect. I., but evidently most closely to L. taiarica in the foliage heads and
achenes. Sfem 6-12 in,, flexuous, and branches rather rigid. Badical leaves 2-4 in.,
sparingly toothed or lobed, stiff when dry and dull dark green, the points of the lobes
and the tip being almost pungent. Heads neither cor^mibose nor panicled but clustered
on short branches ; invol. bracts quite smooth, acute, pale green ; ligules blue.
Achenes I in., beak pale at the tip; pappus ^ in., deciduous, white.

10. Ii. tatarica, C. A. Meyer, Enum. PL Cauc. 56 ; var. tihetiea (aclieno
shortly beaked) ; perennial ? glabrous, stem stout erect leafy paniculately
branched above, leaves coriaceous radical and lower sinuate-tootbed or runci-
nate-pinnatifid and sliarply toothed, cauline similar or less lobed base simple or
auricled, heads erect f in. panicled peduncled solitary or clustered, peduncles
bracteolate, outer invol. bracts all green ovate or oblong-ovate, inner 5-6 linear-
oblong, achenes narrowly oblong strongly ribbed quite smooth suddenly con-
tracted beneath the pappus into a very short cylindric beak^ pappus twice as
long as the achenes silvery. Clarke Comp. Ind. 267.

AVestern Tibet; Nubra, Hanli, &c., alt. 12-16,000 ft., Thomson, StoUc-la.—
DiSTRiB. of L. tatarica, Central Asia and Siberia.

This so strongly resembles L. taiarica, a native of Affghanistan, that, except for
tlie achenes, I do not see how it can be separated; these are however of a different
form, and not very like those of any other Lactuca ; they are narrowly linear \ in. long,
with a very inconspicuous l)eak, remarkably strong ribs, of which the median ventral
one is the most prominent. The tips of the leaves and their lobes are almost pungent.

Sect. IV. Perennial usually tall leafy herbs (habit of Prenanthes), with
large tuberous or fusiform roots, and more or less pinnatifid or pinnate and
sharply toothed leaves. Heads very numerous, drooping or pendulous, in large
terminal panicles or paniculate racemes ; outer invol. bracts usually very short,
inner few long narrow often with dilated tips ; ligules blue violet or purpla
Achenes smooth ; pappus deciduous.

11. Zi. graciliflora, DC. Prodr. vii. 139 ; glabrous or leaves puberulous,
tall, leafy ^ipaniculately branched above, lower leaves petioled pinnate or pinna-
tifid terminal lobe large deltoid or triangular-ovate acute irregularly toothed,
pinnies 1-pair, middle upper leaves like the terminal lobe of the lower, upper-
most sessile ovate or lanceolate, heads very many narrow \-^ in. long 3-4-fld.
in large open panicles glabrous drooping, peduncles slender, outer invol. bracts
minute inner 5-6 very narrow with dilated tips, achenes narrowly oblong or
oblanceolate smooth, margins thickened constricted at the top into a short
thick beak, pappus dirty white. L. Brunoniana, Clarke Comp. Ind. 226, mainly,
not of Wall. Prenanthes graciliflora. Wall. Cat. ?>2Q,<d. V. I'oatY&ta, PL Ptj'd.
8-;>6.: DC. L c. Mulgedium rostratum, Schultz-Pip. in Mig. Fl. Ind. Pat. ii. 115.

LarMca.^ Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) 407

Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich. Sikkim; alt. 6-12,000 ft.,
J. B. H., &c.-- DisTRiB. Java, Sumatra.

Stem 2-6 ft., sometimes very stout' at the base. Leaves 3-4 in., membranous,
terminal lobe of the lower 2-4 by 2-2^ in,, base truncate hastate cordate or suddenly
narrowed into the very slender petiole, not auricled ; leaves of young specimens
sometimes pinnatifid throughout. Panicles often very large, 1-2 ft. long and almost
as broad; inner inrol. bracts with often spathulate tips, outer very short. Achenes
I in., brown, ribs often obscure ; pappus \ in., deciduous, outer very obscure. — The
absence of this in the Khasia Mts. is remarkable, if, as I suppose, it is identical with
the Malay Isld. plant.

12. Zi. rapunculoides, Clarke Coinp. Ind. 268 ; glabrous or sparsely
'Setose above, erect, simple or paniciilately branched above, leafy, lower leaves
long-petioled hastate cordate or deltoid with margins incurved entire or variously
toothed, upper middle with broadly winged petioles sagittately auricled at the
base, uppermost subsessile often lanceolate, heads very narrow ^-f in. 6-8-fld.
drooping, outer invol. bracts very small, inner few very narrow with dilated
tips, achenes very slender elongate-fusiform slightly compressed smooth striate
narrowed into a brown beak. Mulgedium rapunciiloides, DC. Prodr. vii. 2-49.

Western Himalaya; alt. 9-12,000 ft., Kashmir and Lahul, Tliomson, Clarke;
Kumaou, Strach. ^ Winterh. ; Nipal, Wallich.
\ A smaller plant (2-3 ft.) than L. graciliflora, with longer and sometimes sparsely
hispid heads of the same shape which have also like it often spathulate tips, but
differing in the leaves, which are never pinnate or pinnatifid, but often hastate, with
wide spreading lateral and a produced mid-lobe, and very different achenes, -3- in. long,
very narrow, slightly compressed, with rounded sides and faces, all equally striated,
ribs slender; pappus very caducous, dirty white, rather shorter than the achenes. —
This has the achenes of a Prenantlies, but is too closely allied to L. graciliflora, to bo
dissociated from it.

13. Xi. decipiens, Clarke Comp. Ind. 2G6 ; glabrous, stem tall panicu-
lately branched above, lower leaves (rarely entire) runcinate-pinnatifid with a
broad hastate terminal lobe coarsely toothed, cauline with long winged petioles
dilated and aiu-icled at the base, uppermost lanceolate, heads § in. long 6-8-f]d.
cylindric peduncled glabrous drooping, outer invol. bracts oblong-ovate obtuse
half the length of the 5-6 linear-oblong inner which are glabrous or dorsally
setose, achenes oblanceolate narrowed into a short dark beak smooth faces
ribbed. Mulgedium decipiens, Ilerh. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T.

Western Himalaya ; Kashmir and Dras, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Thomson, Clarke.

Very similar to L. rapunculoides, but the heads are larger, and the outer invol.
bracts much longer, the lower leaves are not hastate nor the upper sagittately auricled ;
and the achenes are very different. Ligides blue. Achenes -^ to nearly ^ in. long, com-
pressed, rather suddenly contracted into the beak, which is ^ the length of the body,
dorsal face with many equal ribs, ventral with a strong midrib and lateral fainter
ones ; pappus \ in., dirty white.

Yar. muUifida; stem 1-1 5 ft., leaves crowded at the base of the stem all pinna-
tifid with narrow coarsely toothed and cut lobes, heads larger, achenes nearly ^ in.
with rather longer beaks, the upper half of which is white. — Kashmir, Thomson,
. Clarke.

14. Zi. hastata, BC. Prodr. vii. 139 ; glabrous pubescent or hispidly
hairy above, tall, erect, often very robust, paniculately branched above, leaves
large polymorphous usually pinnatifid or pinnate with a hastate deltoid or ovate
coarsely toothed acuminate terminal lobe, pinnules or lobes few or many, petiole
slender and simple or dilated at the base or winged lobulate and auricled, heads
f in. long subcampanulate 10-30-fld., peduncles nodding, outer invol. bracts
oblong-ovate half as long as the 8-10 linear-oblong glabrous or setose inner,
achenes obovate or elliptic flat, beak slender pale equalling the body. Clarke

408 Lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Laduca.

Comp. Incl 267. Cliondrilla liastata, IJ'all. Cat. 3217. Soiiclius robustus and
hastatus, JFall. Cat. 3240, .3250. S. Oyaniis, Bon Prodr. 164. Mulgedium
cyaneuin and robustum, DC. I. c. 249, 250. M. nilgberryense, JViff/it Ic. t. 1144.
Melanoseris paniculata, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 80.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 4-12,000 ft. IvhasiaMts. ;
alt. 5-6000 ft. NiLGiiERRY Mts.

One of the tallest and most robust species, 4-7 ft. high, but occurring in dwarf
and slender forms, from perfectly glabrous to glandular-hispid all over, the latter in
western specimens. Leaves sometimes a foot long and 4-6 in. broad, of various shapes,
rarely large and runcinate-pinnatifid, petiole sometimes a foot long. Iiijlorescence very
various; the heads usually subracemose or the branches of contracted or spreading
panicles, sometimes as narrow as in L. graciliflo7'a, but this is rare ; ligules blue
purple or dark red. Achenes very uniform, ^ in. long including the beak, quite flat,
irregularly ribbed, dark brown, suddenly contracted into a brown cleft tip in which
the white beak is seated; pappus ^ in., very deciduous, dirty-white, outer ring of
bristles distinct.

Sect. V. Perennial tuberous rooted herbs, witli soft ascending stems and
branches and very membranous pinnate or pinnatifid leaves that are scarcely, if
at all, toothed. Heads terminating the branches, pendulous, narrow ; peduncles
ebracteate ; invol. bracts few, outer gradually longer : ligules blue or purple.
Ache7ies smooth ; pappus .deciduous.

15. Zi. macrorhiza, Hool-. f. ; glabrous or sparsely villous, branche.'s
many from the root ascending long or short (sometimes reduced to a 1 -headed
scape) soft terete leafy irregularly divided above, leaves membranous linear or
elongate obovate pinnatifid or pinnate upper sometimes entire, pinnules or lobes
usually numerous oblong-orbicular quite entire, petiole quite simple or dilated
or winged with a very broad orbicular entire or toothed auricle, heads ^-f. in.
long terminating the branches peduncled drooping or inclined 6-16-fld., outer
invol. bracts lanceolate very much shorter than the 6-10 linear-oblong inner,
achenes flat elliptic-lanceolate smooth narrowed into a white beak § the length
of the body, pappus silky white. L. Icevigata, Clarke Comp. Ind. 269. L. Hoff-
meisteri, Klotzsch in JReise Pr. Waldem. Pot. 81, t. 80. Mulgedium Isevigatura,
nC. Prodr. vii. 249. M. macrorhizum, Bogle III. 251, t. 61 ; DC. Prodr. vii.
251. Prenanthes laevigata, IJ'all. Cat. 3259. Melanoseris saxatilis, Edge^v. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 72.

Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 6-16,000 ft.

Prom 3 in. to 3 ft. high, in some Alpine forms reduced to a few leaves 2-3 in. long
and one or more 1- or few-headed scapes ; in its largest state the stems are as thick
as a goose quill. Leaves excessively variable, usually narrow and pinnate with a
slender rachis, sometimes reduced to a single orbicular oblong ovate cordate or hastate
lobe, upper sessile with auricled bases, lower petioled ; petiole simple and slender or
winged, the wing sheathing at the base or dilated into a largo orbicular toothed lobe
clasping the stem. Heads from plabrous to densely villous, irrespective of the altitude
at which the plant grows or its other characters; ligules blue or purple, large for the
size of the head. Achenes ^-\ in. including the slender beak, about 5-ribbed on either
face, almost black ; pappus equalling the achene, deciduous, outer inconspicuous.

16. Xi. Ziessertiana, Clarke Comp. Ind. 270; perennial, glabrous or
laxly villous, stem short stout (or 0) leafy simple or branched from the base,
leaves very variable elongate oblanceolate and entire or shorter sinuate-toothed
or pinnatifid acute, margins and lobes subentire, petiole 0 or simple at the base,
heads f in. long subcylindric or campanulate 12-24-fld. terminating the branches
or subpaniculate erect or drooping black glabrous or villous, outer invol. bracts
few linear or 0, inner linear-oblong obtuse, achenes flattened elliptic or oblanceo-
late suddenly narrowed into a stout pale beak, pappus shorter than the achene.

Laduca.'] lxxviii. compositj:. (J. D. Hooker.) 400

Mulgedium ? Lessertianum, DC. Prodr. vii. 251. Ilieraciiim Les^erliamim, Wall.
Cat. 3254. Melanoseris lyrata, Dene, hi Hot. Jacq. Voy. 101, t. 109.

Temperate and Alpine IlniAi-ArA ; from Kashmir, alt. 8-13,000 ft., to Sikkim,
alt. 9-16,000 ft.

Stem 0-12 in., sometimes stout with many erect lateral flowering branches, at others
slender and nearly simple. Leaves always membranous, with nearly entire marf^ins,
in one extreme form 6-8 Ly 1 in , very narrowly oblanceolate, quite entire, obtuse, nar-
rowed into a long petiole ; in another as long but broader, pinnatifidly lobed ; in others
1-2 in., entire or runcinato. Heads on long cr short flaccid peduncles; blackish,
sometimes densely villous with long hairs; ligules blue. Achencs \ in. including tho
stout beak, black, strongly ribbed; pappus white or yellowish, very deciduous. — This
is nearly related to i. ',nacrorJii-a, though diffcr'ng a good deal in habit and in the.
achene.

Sect. YI. Pereninal tall branched leafy herbs. Heads loosely panicled,
large, nodding or penduhni.s ; peduncle ebraeteolate ; invol. bracts broad, many-
seriate, outer gradually larger, all regularly inibiieatc; ligules blue. Acheries"
long, narrow ; pappus white or yellowish, brittle.

17. ti, macrantha, Clarhe Comp. Ind. 207 ; glabrous or pubescent above,
tall, stout, branched above, leafy, leaves large glabrous sessile oblong pinnatifid
acutely irregularly toothed base with broad-toothed auricles, heads few 1-1^ in
diam. campauulate peduncled terminating the branches inclined or nodding, invol.
bracts broadly ovate regularly imbricate ciliate inner oblong subacute, achenes
equalling the brown fugacious pappus flattened oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic
ribbed smooth narrowed into a stout paler beak much shorter than the body.
Mulgedium macranthum, Ilerh. Ind. Or. H.f. Sj- T.

Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 10-14,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.

Stem 1-2 ft., usually very stout, smooth. Leaves 3-9 by 1-3 in., glaucous beneath,
terminal lobe usually triangular-ovate. Heads blackish when dry ; peduncles curved,
usually pubescent ; ligules blue. Achenes ^-\ in. ; pappus rigid, briLtle.

18. Zi. bracteata, Hooh. f. Sf T. in Clarke Comp. Lid. 270 ; hispid, tall,
simple or paniculately branched above, leaf}^, leaves sessile ovate or oblong-ovate
acute acutely toothed abruptly cordate or contracted into a cordate auricled
i-amplexicaul base, heads ^-I in. broad many-fld. campanulate in open leafy
panicles with long slender branches and peduncles or in leafy racemes inclined
or drooping, invol. bracts membranous broadly ovate subacute imbricate inner
oblong obtuse, achenes oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic smooth ribbed flattened
gradually narrowed into a slender white beak as long as the body longer than the
Avhite pappus. Melanoseris bracteata. Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. (S* T.

Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachoong Valley, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H.

Stem slender, 1-3 ft. Leaves tolerably uniform, 3-6 by 1^-2^ in., membranous :
those in the inflorescence lanceolate, acuminate. Heads rather numerous ; invol. bracts
•without white margins, reticulated, speckled with red; ligules blue. Achenes i in.
including the very slender beak; pappus brittle. — This is somewhat intermediate bc-
t ween this section and Sect. IV.

Sect. VII. A perennial robust simple or sparingly branched leafy hispid
herb. Heads loosely panicled, large, nodding, clothed with black glandular hairs ;
peduncle ebraeteolate ; outer invol. bracts few, narrow ; ligules yellow. Achenes
long, narrow; pappus white, persistent. (DuBYiEA, DC.)

19. Zi. Dubyeea, Ciarke Co7up. Ind. 271 ; leaves simple or the lower
lobed at the base or pinnatifid, radical 0 or petioled, cauline ovate hastate or
oblong-ovate sinuate-toothed, petiole winged, base ^-amplexicaul, upper sessile
oblong or cordate base broadly auricled, heads 1 in. diam. fv3w peduncled nodding

410 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Laduca.

or drooping many-fld. and peduncles hispid with black glandular hairs, outer
in vol. bracts few linear or subulate, inner 12-15 linear-oblong acute, achenes
slender slightl)^ compressed rather longer than the white pappus narrowed
gradually into pale slender beak. Dubysea hispida, DC. Prodr. vii. 247 ;
Wdl. Cat. 3253. Hieracium heteranthum, Wall. Cat. 3253. H. hispidum,
Don Prodr. 165.

Central Himalaya ; from Kuniaon, alt. 9000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 11-14,000 ft.

Eoot fusiform. Stem 6-18 in. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., more or less hispid on both
surfaces. Heads broadly campanulate, black when dry; peduncles curved, stout.
Achenes ^ in. long, nearly black except the pale beak, ribbed ; pappus more persistent
than in the two preceding sections.

Sect. YIII. Herbs with radical long-petioled leaves, and one or more coryni-
"t'C-sely branched erect flowering stems. Heads small, numerous, erect ; peduncles
-'oiider, ebracteate; outer invol. bracts minute, inner all equal, linear, green ;
ligules yellow. Achenes small, smooth ; pappus silvery or yellowish. (Ixeus,
Cass.)

20. Za. sagrittarioides, Clarke Comp. Ind. 265; biennial?, glabrous,
leaves all radical long-petioled sagittate acute or obtuse entire or denticulate,
flowering stems erect naked corymbosely branched above, heads ^ in. long,
achenes as long as the white pappus elliptic-lanceolate gradually narrowed into
the slender white beak. L. sagittata. Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. Sf T. Chondrilla
sagittata, Wall. Cat. 3270.

Western and Central. Himalaya ; from Bharmsala to Nipal, alt. 5-6000 ft. —
DiSTRiB. Upper Birma.

Leaves 2-3 in. long and as broad, lateral lobes horizontal or depressed, sometimes
obsolete when the leaf is lanceolate, more rarely in pairs on each side ; petiole 6-10
in., with a coriaceous entire wing that narrows downwards. Flowering stems 6-18 in.,
slender, sometimes sparsely hairy above, bracts at the forks minute. Heads erect ;
outer invol. bracts very small, inner 6-10, linear-oblong; ligules yellow. Achenes ~
in. including the beak, which is much shorter than the body.

21. Zi. polycephala, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 526; ammal, glabrous, slen-
der, radical leaves petioled very long narrow linear or lanceolate flaccid entire
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid base narrowed, cauline sessile oblong or lanceolate
base sagittate auricles acute, flowering stems simple or branched, heads ^-^ in.
diam. many-fld. in dichotomous or subumbellate corymbs or panicles, achenes as
long as the silvery pappus elliptic-lanceolate strongly ribbed narrowed into a
short slender brown beak. Clarke Comp. Ind. 272. Ixeris polycephala, Cass. ;
and I, fontinalis, DC. Prodr. vii. 151. Chondrilla fontinalis. Wall. Cat. 3268.
C. tenuis, Ham., and longifolia. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3274.

Northern India; in wet places from Kashmir and the Gangetic plain to Sikkim,
the Khasia mts., Bengal, Assam, and Birma, ascending the Himalaya to 6000 ft. —
DiSTRiB. Aifghanistan.

A flaccid annual, 6-18 in., with long membranous leaves 3-10 by \-%, rarely
pinnatifid, when the lobes are usually few, slender and horizontal; cauline often
broader than the radical, finely acuminate, with sometimes forked auricles. Heads
10-20-fld., erect ; outer invol. bracts minute; inner 6-10, linear-oblong, green ; ligules
yellow. Achenes ^ in., red-brown, hardly compressed, smooth, with about 10 very
strong smooth ribs. — The subumbellate character of the inflorescence is very excep-
tional in the genus.

22. X<. gracilis, DC. Prodr. vii. 140 ; glabrous, slender, radical leaves
very long linear or linear-lanceolate acuminate quite entire rarely toothed or
ciliate, cauline sessile base often ciliate not auricled, flowering stems slender
simple or forked, heads ^-\ in. long few-fld. narrow in open often excessively
branched corymbs, achenes about equalling the dirty white pappus compressed

Laduca.'] Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 411

narrowly elliptic-lanceolate narrowed into a brown lieak ^-\ as long as the body.
aarke Comj). Inch 271. Cliondrilla (Crepis?) gracilis, Wall. Cat. 3267.

NiPAL, Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., De Silva, &c. Bhotan, Griffith.

A flaccid annual ? Leaves 4-6 by ^-\ in., erect, usually quite entire. Flowering
stems 6-18 in., few solitary or many from the root. Heads 3-8-fld., erect ; outer invol.
bracts minute, inner 4-8 linear ; ligules yellow. Achenes ^^ in. including the slender
beak, pale red, much compressed, many-ribbed ; pappus deciduous, more scanty, brittle,
and coarser than in L. sagittarioides and polyceplmla. — The small heads, pappus, and
cauline leaves simple at the base, at once distinguish tliis from L. jpolycephala, than
•which this has usually far more heads. It appears closely allied to a Java plant of
Horsfield's named by Miquel Aracium IcBvigaPum, which is the Vrenanthes IcBvigata of
Blume (not of Wallich), and Lactuca lavigata, DC.

Vab. Masia?ia, Clarke mss. ; heads 5 in. long, achenes ^ in. beak shorter. — Khasia
mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., J. B. H. ^- T. T.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

L. Benthamii, Clarice Comp. Ind. 273, from Kashmir (Kavang and Karnag, alt.
12-15,000 ft., StoliczJca) is unknown to me. Clarke describes it as a glaucous herb,
■with dichotomous scapes 4-6 in. high, spathulate oblong entire or obscurely tootlied
3-nerved leaves, cylindric heads with many purple flowers, 8 equal oblong inner
invol. bracts, small outer, and a 1 -seriate dirty-white pappus. — It is not Bentham's
new species of Chorisma, which is Crepis gracilifes (p. 396).

115. PRSNANTKES, Lhm.

Glabrous or hispid milky herbs, often tall and slender, sometimes subscau-
dent. Leaves alternate, usually petioled, sagittate or cordate, pinnatifid or Ip-ate,
membranous, petiole often winged, upper narrow sessile or stem-clasping. Heads
small (slender pendulous and few-fid. in the Indian species), loosely panicled or
racemed, of various colours, homogamous ; fl. all ligulate. Involucre cylindric ;
inner bracts long and narrow, 1-2-seriate, equal, thinly herbaceous, unchanged
after flowering, outer few small ; receptacle flat, naked. Achenes narrowly ob-
long or contracted at both ends, slightly compressed or 3-5-angled, usually ribbed,
tip with a pappiferous disk ; pappus hairs 2-3-seriate, simple, slender or rigid,
separately deciduous. — Distkib. Species about 16, N. temperate regions.

The Indian species referred here to Vrenanthes by Bentham (in Gen. Plant.) and
Clarke (Comp. Ind.) are identical in habit with Section V. of Lactuca, from which
they are distinguishable only by the achene less suddenly contracted at the tip, and
less flattened. L. rapunculoides (p. 407) is perhaps a Prcnanthes.

1. P. Kihasiana, Clarke Comp. Ind. 275; slender, erect, glabrous or
sparsely hairy, leaves long-peduncled, radical deltoid base cordate lower pinnate,
lateral pinnules petioled terminal simple or 3-lobed, panicle elongate branches
Tery slender, heads narrow pendulous cylindric glabrous, flowers 1-4 blueisli
purple, achenes contracted slightly above and below, pappus brown brittle.

Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., Griffith, &c.

Stem 1 -4 ft. Leaves membranous, ciliate-toothed, lower 8-10 by 3-4 in. ; pinnules
2-3 pair, alternate, oblong or ovate-cordate, base equal or very oblique, acute and
apiculate ; terminal lobe ovate or deltoid, base cordate or hastate ; upper pinnatifid ;
petiole of the radical leaves very slender, 4-8 in., of cauline shorter. Panicles 1-2 ft.,
strict; branches erect, ultimate and peduncles filiform with few small bracts. Heads
^-§ in. long; outer invol. bracts minute, inner 3-4 linear obtuse. Ache^ies very nar-
row, I in., compressed, truncate, brown, ribbed, equalling the scanty pappus. — Habit
of Lactuca graciliflora.

2. P. Brunoniana, Wcdl. Cat. 3278 ; erect, subhispid or glabrous, leaves
polymorphous simple lobed pinnatifid or pinnate ovate or cordate or deltoid or

412 Lxxviir. C0MP0sn\E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Prenanthes.

o"blong toothed or serrate, petiole wincretT or not, panicle erect elongate branches
stout or slender, heads fascicled narrow glabrous, flowers 3-5 rose-purple,
achenes narrowed downwards, pappus nearly white. P. hispid ula, DC. Prodi:
vii. 105 ; Clarke Comp. Incl. 27'6. P. Brunoiiiana alliariiefolia and raphanifolia,
Dale.

Westebx Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. G-9000 ft.

Ston 1-4 ft., from glabrous to hispid with long spreading hairs, simple or branched.
Leaves so variable that it is difficult to arrange their forms under any system ; 1 [allia-
rifpfolia), leaves entire, cordate or ovate or oblong, with the base truncate or cordate
obtuse or acute, petiole simple slender auricled at the base ; 2 {raphanifolia), leaves
more or less pinnatifid with a terminal ovate lanceolate or deltoid acute terminal lobe
to which the leaf is sometimes reduced, petiole broadly winged dilated or not at the
base; 3, leaves orbicular or broadly oblong, palmately 3-lobed, lobes cut and toothed,
petiole simple or toothed (when the leaf becomes pinnatifid). Heads |-§ in. ; outer
invol. bracts ^-^ the length of the inner. Achems l-^ in., narrow, compressed, slightly
contracted at the tip; pappus scanty, brittle, white or pale brownish.

3. P. violSBfolia, Bene, in Bot. Jacq. Toy. 100, 1. 108 ; stem very slender
simple quite glabrous or with soft hairs at the top of the petiole, leaves long-
petioled ovate-cordate deltoid or hastate tip and auricles obtuse or acute entire
or obscurely sinuate-toothed glaucous beneath, petiole simple or winged or
dilated at the base, heads racemose or subpaniculate narrow pendulous long-
peduncled 5-8-fld., achenes ellipsoid shorter than the white pappu.=^. Lactuca
violae folia, Clarke Comp. Ind. 269.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 9-12,000 ft.

A small very slender species, a foot high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves
1-2 in. long and broad ; petiole of the lower 3-8 in., simple or dilated at the base,
sometimes into a foliaceous orbicular toothed auricle, rarely with a i)air of oblong
pinnules below the blade, nerves radiating from the tip of the petiole. Heads few,
subsolitary, pendulous ; invol. bracts ^ in., outer very small, inner linear obtuse.
Achenes ^ in., contracted at both ends, but not beaked.

4. P. SZookeri, Clarlie mss. ; stem simple or branched, glabrous except
the petiole and leaf-nerves beneath which are often setose, leayes hastate or
cordate obtuse quite entire rarely sinuate uppermost ovate or oblong, petiole not
longer than the blade with a broad |-amplexicaul wing dilated downwards and
auricled at the base, heads 3-(j-fld. racemose or panicled narrow pendulous,
peduncle long, achenes narrowly elliptic compressed contracted towards both,
ends about equalling the white pappus. P. alata, JLer-b. Ilook.f. ^- T. ; Clarke
Comp. Ind. 274 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 207.

Khasia Mts. ; in marshy places, alt. 4-GOOO ft. Maetaban Mts. ; dry hills, alt.
5-6000 ft., Kurz.

Stem 1-3 ft., quite glabrous, simple and slender or stout and much branched.
Leaves 1-2 in. long and broad, basal lobes spreading or deflexed ; petiole with flexu-
ous hairs underneath and towards the top only, wing gradually narrowed to the
insertion of the leaf-blade or below it. Flowers blue purple. Achenes ^ in., broader
and darker than in P. violafolia, from which this differs conspicuously in the short
petioles. — Clarke suggests the alteration of the name from alata, which should be re-
tained for the P. (Nabalus) alata, Hook, f., N. America. Clarke describes the achenes
as cylindric, but I find all to be flattened. I have seen no Martaban specimens.

5. P. sikkiiuensis, Jlook. f. ; quite glabrous, stem elongate very slender
flexuous branched, leaves very membranous quite entire "with slender petioles
winged towards the base simple (not auricled) deltoid with rounded tip and
lobes or with a pair of pinnules on the petiole, heads panicled solitary long-
peduncled pendulous 5-6-fld., achenes large fusiform compressed equalling the
white pappus.

Frenanthes."] lxxyiii. compositj;. (J. D. Hooker.) 413

SiKKiM Himalaya; Lachen valley, alt. 9000 ft., J. D. H.

A very slender branched .species, 3— i ft. high, with membranous leaves 1-1^ in.
diam., very glaucous beneath, and heads as in the other species, but achenes \ in. long-,
narrowed towards both ends.

6. P. scandens, Ilooh. f. Sf T. ; Clarke Comp. Ind. 274 ; scandent,
glabrous puberuloiis or pubescent, branched, fiexuous, leaves ovate or triangular-
ovate acuminate ciliate base truncate cordate or hastate, petiole shorter than the
blade quite simple, heads in axillary and terminal panicles with divaricating
branches shortly peduncled pendulous glabrous, achenes very slender almost
beaked shorter than the w^hitish pappus.

SiKKJM Himalaya, alt. 4-9000 ft., common. Upper Assam; Mishmi Mts^
Griffith.

A tall flaccid rambling climber, -with zig-zag stem and branches. Leaves nearly
glabrous in Sikkim, pubescent with crisped hairs in Mishmi. Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in.,
glaucous beneath, margins with strong projecting remote cilia ; petiole ^-1^ in. Heads
^ in. long ; ligules rose-purple. Achenes \ in., much more slender than in any of th«
preceding species and more nearly beaked, being much attenuated from above the
middle ; pappus nearly Avhite.

lie. PZCRZZ>XU2^, Desf.

Perennial or annual glabrous milky herbs. Leaves radical or alternate, toothed
or pinnatifid, lobes often crisped and toothed or spinulose. Heads campanulate,
yellow, homogamous ; fl. all ligulate. Involucre campanulate ; bracts x -seriate,
thinly herbaceous, innermost subequal lanceolate unchanged in fruit, outer
shorter broader with scarious margins ; receptacle flat, naked. Achenes oblong,
truncate at both ends, constricted atj.he tip ; ribs 4-5, thick, transversely rugose ;
pappus hairs oo -seriate, slender, simple, soft, white, connate at the base into a
deciduous ring. — Distrib. Species 5 or 6, lilurope, N. Africa, AV. Asia.

P. ting'itanuxn, Desf. , Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 827 ; annual, stem stout,
radical leaves elongate-obovate or spathulate obtuse sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid
denticulate, cauline ^^-amplexicaul auricled, peduncle thickened under the head,
invol. bracts cordate with very broad membranous margins and thickened tips,
inner oblong, achenes 4-angled or of 4 moniliform ribs. FC. Prodr. vii. 182;
ClarTie Comp, Ind. 27 o. P. orientale, FC I. c. Scorzonera tingitana and o^iqu-
talis, Linn.

The Punjab, Jacqxiemoni ; Futtohgurh, Edgeworth ; Tilla rocks and Byree, common,
Aitchison. — Dlstrib. Affghan and Eeluchistan, Persia, Arabia, and N. Africa to tho
Canaries, S. Europe.

Stem G-18 in., glabrous. Leaves 1-5 in., variable in breadth. Heads \^ in. diam.
Achenes y^ in. long, pale, corky ; pappus \ in., very soft and white.

Vab. suh'miegra, Boiss. I.e. 828; tall, robust, cauline leaves 3-4 in. linear-oblong
quite entire or obscurely denticulate. — Ajmir, Jacquemont. This looks a very different
plant, except in the head, from P. tingitaniim, being tall, with the stem as thick as
a goose-quill and quite entire oblong leaves; it is probably a state growing in rich
soil.

117. SONCKUS, Linn.

Annual or perennial milky herbs. Leaves radical or alternate, cauline often
stem-clasping, entire toothed or pinnatifid, segments often spinulose-toothed.
Heads terminal, irregularly subcorymbose umbellate or panicled, yellow, homo-
gamous ; fl. all ligulate. Involucre ovoid campanulate or cylindric, often dilated
thickened and conic at the base ; bracts go -seriate, herbaceous, outer smaller :
receptacle flat, naked. Achenes ovoid obovoid or ellipsoid, compressed, not
beaked, ribbed, ribs smooth or transversely rugose ; pappus copious, hairs oc -
seriate, very slender, simple, usually white and united at the base into a deciduous

414 Lxxviii. coMPOSiTiE. (J. D. Hooker.) ISonchus.

ring. — DiSTRiB. Species about 24, N. temp, regions and Central Asia, a few
spread over the world with cultivation.

1. S. asper, VilL; Boiss. Fl. Orient, ui. 796 ; annual, glabrous or sparsely
glandular above, subumbellately branched, leaves lanceolate ^-amplexicaul with
rounded auricles entire or pinnatifidly toothed, heads crowded, achenes com-
pressed, faces 3-ribbed obscurely muricate between the ribs. Reichb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. t. 1410 ; Clarhc Comp, Incl. 275. S. ferox, Wall. Cat. 3248. S. oleraceus.
Wall. Cat. 3252 F.

Throughout India; in fields and cultivated places, ascending to 12,000 ft. in the
Himalaya. — Disteib. All temperate and many tropical countries, "wild or introduced.

By many considered a subspecies of ;S^. oleracetis. Clarke remarks that in India
this flowers from December to April, and S. oleraceus from April to May.

2. S. oleraceus, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 795; annual, glabrous or
sparsely glandular-hispid, subumbellately branched above, leaves lanceolate
^-amplexicaul with acute auricles entire or pinnatifid, heads crowded, achenes
compressed, faces 3-ribbed and muricate between the ribs. Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 1410, f. 1; Clarke Comp. Inch 275. S. ciliatus, iam^. ; Wight Ic. t. 1141.
S. Koyleanus, Wall. Cat. 3252 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 184.

Throughout India ; in fields and cultivated places, ascending to 8000 ft. in the
Himalaya. — Distrib. of S. asper.

3. S. arvensis, Linn.-., Boiss. Fl. Orieiit. iii. 798; rootstock creeping,
stem glabrous tall umbellately branched above, leaves runcinate-pinnatifid
spinous-toothed cauline ^-amplexicaul with appressed rounded auricles upper-
most linear, heads and peduncles glandular-hispid, achenes narrow subcom-
pressed with thick regular ribs on each face. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1412 ;
aarke Comp. Incl. 276. S. Wightianus, DC. Prodr. vii. 187 ; Wif/ht Ic. t.
1142. S. orixensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 402. S. Wallichiana, DC. I. c. 185. S.
longifoHus, Wall. Cat. 3251.

Throughout India ; wild and in cultivated places, scarce in the x^lains, common in
the Khasiaand Himalaya, ascending to 8000 ft. —Distrib. of S. asper.

4. S. maritimus, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 797 ; perennial, glabrous,
glaucous, rootstock creeping, stem sparingly branched above, leaves linear-
oblong quite entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed, cauline ^amplexicaul with
acute auricles, heads few peduucled glabrous, achenes ellipsoid subcompressed
margins thickened faces with a thick middle rib and 2 more slender lateral ones.
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1413 ? S. arvensis, ^, Clarke Comp. Ind. 270.

The Punjab ; Pesha-wnir, Stewart. — Distrib. Westwards to the Atlantic.

118. ZiAVNJSSA, Cass.

(MiCROEHYNCHFS, LeSS.)

Perennial glabrous herbs, with yellow (always?) juice. Leaves cliiefly
radical, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, margins often spinulose-toothed. Heads
pedimcled or lateral and sessile on the branches, racemose or paniculate, or
solitary or fascicled, yellow, homogamous"; fl. all ligulate. Involucre campanu-
late or cyliudric ; bracts go -seriate, herbaceous, margins often membranous, inner
subequal, outer various, keel often thickened in fruit ; receptacle flat, naked.
Anther-bases sagittate, auricles setaceous. Style-arms slender. Achenes narrow,
subterete angled or slightly flattened, rarely winged, truncate at both ends or
rarely emarginate ; ribs 4-5 very stout, close-set, smooth papillose or narrowly
winged or 2-grooved, truncate at each end ; pappus copious, hairs oc -seriate

^ J Launcea.'] lxxviii. composit.e. (J. D. Hooker.) 415

simple, very slender, white, a few inner sometimes longer and stronger, all
connate at the base into a deciduous ring. — Distkib. About 20 species,
European, African and W. Asian,

* Achenes not winged.

t Heads terminal on the paniculately branched Jloiverinf/ stems.

1. Xi. aspleniifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 181 (Microrhynchus) ; biennial or
perennial, glabrous, radical leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, cauline few,
liowering stems many from the root, branches dichotomous divaricating, heads
^ in. terminal paniculate peduncles bracteate, outer invol. bracts small inner
linear margins membranous, achenes minute columnar angled and ribbed, ribs
rough much shorter than the very soft straight white pappus. Microrhynchus
aspleniifolius, DC.', Clarke Comj). Ind. 276. Prenanthes dichotoma. Wall. Cat.
5275. P. aspleniifolia, Willd. ? ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. iii. 404.

Plains of India ; from the Punjab to Assam and southwards to the Soonderbunds,
Circars, Andamans, Birma and Tenasserira.

Leaves 3-6 in., sessile or shortly petioled, narrowly obovate, lobes minutely toothed.
Flowering stems ascending, almost naked, 6-18 in. long; peduncles with usually one
or two subulate bracts; invol. bracts quite glabrous. Achenes ~ in., pale, very
narrow ; pappus ^ in., deciduous, hairs of about equal length, with no stronger inner
ones. — De Candolle quotes Hicracium dichotomtmi of Roxb. FL Ind. under this, but no
such name is published by Roxburgh, though he gave it in mss. Roxburgh describes
this as perennial or biennial and stoloniferous, which latter I have never seen it to be.

2. Xi. chondrilloides, DC. Prodr. vii. 183 (Zollikoferia) ; perennial,
glabrous, erect, radical leaves rosulate runcinate-pinnatifid lobes numerous very
unequal much irregularly acutely toothed, cauline sessile auricled irregularly
toothed or pinnatifid, flowering stems few or many stout dichotomously branched,
heads terminal |-1 in. long, peduncles bracteate, invol. bracts glabrous outer
ovate-lanceolate intermediate equalling the oblong-lanceolate inner, achenes
slender columnar strongly ribbed, ribs scaberulous rather shorter than the soft
white pappus. Microrhynchus chondrilloides, Clarke Comp. Ind. 211 , Sonchus
Candolleanus, Jauh. ^ Spach III. PL Orient, iii. t. 279. Zollikoferia mucronata,
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 822.

The Punjab ; Mooltan, Edgcworth, low hills at Rawul Pindee, Aitchiso7i. Scind,
Stocks, Dalzell, &c. — Distbib. Affghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Egypt.

Leaves 3-5 in., narrow, subsessile. Flowering bran'ches 6-18 in., often stout,
leafy at the axils; peduncles stout, thin, bracteoles ovate toothed; invol. bracts
without membranous white edges, bases at length thickened. Achenes \ in. pale ;
outer pappus hairs numerous, excessively slender, very soft, inner few much longer
nearly ^ in. rigid much stouter but quite smooth.

3. Ii. xnicrocephala, Ilook.f. ; annual, small and very slender, sparsely
villous, radical leaves obovate-spathulate entu-e or sinuate-lobed, flowering
stems filiform dichotomously branched, heads \ in. long cylindric, peduncles
capillary ebracteolate, invol. bracts glabrous or puberulous outer minute inner
linear midrib thickened in fruit, achenes slender linear truncate at both ends,
striate, much longer than the scanty white pappus. Crepis microcephala,
Clarke mss.

Western Tibet ; Iskardo, alt. 9000 ft., Clarke.

Boot very slender. Radical leaves ^-1 in., petioled, sparsely pubescent with
spreading hairs. Flowering stems several, erect 2-7 in., pubescent below, with sessile
oblong leaves at the lower forks, the upper naked ; invol. bracts 6-8 with narrow
white margins, hardened in fruit. Ache7ies ^ in., dark brown when ripe, outer
slightly curved ; pappus ^ in. very soft, white, persistent, — I refer this to Lamaa

416 Lxxviii. COMPOSITE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Launcea.

(with some hesitation, and against Mr. Clarke's opinion), because, the aehenes are not
at all contracted at either end, and appear to me to differ from those of any Indian
Crepis. The hahit is very close to that of small forms of Cre^ns japonica, but the
aehenes are entirely different.

tt Heads more or less racemose on the flowering stem or its branches.

4. Zi. secunda, Clarke Comp. Inch 27'(Microrhynchus), excl. si/n.; gla-
brous or sparsely hispid, radical leaves sessile runcinate- or lyrate-pinnatifid
lobes rounded irregularly lobulate and sharply toothed, cauline 0 or very few,
flowering stems subsolitary tall strict simple or sparingly forked, heads ^ in.
long narrow in subsessile racemed subsecund clusters, invol. bracts with white
membranous margins, outer small ovate inner linear midrib much thickened in
fruit, aehenes columnar angled and strongly ribbed as long as the very soft
white pappus. Ohondrilla secunda, Royle mss.

Westebn Himalaya; from Hazara to Kumaon, alt. 4-8000 ft., Eot/Ic, &c.

Annual? Eadical leaves 4-8 by 1-2 in. obovate or elongate- obovate, with many
lobes, coriaceous. Flowering stems 1-3 ft., terete, strict; branches erect, racemose, 1
foot and under, quite erect. Tnvol. bracts with scarious white edges, hard and con-
nivent in fruit with soft green tips overtopping the pappus, midrib much thickened.
Aehenes \ in., pale, smooth, many ribbed, slightly thicker in the middle ; pappus
excessively soft, with a few rigid rather longer hairs.

5. Xi. nudicaulis, Less. Synops. 139 (Microrhynchus) ; glabrous, leaves
sinuate-lobed pinnatifid or runcinate lobes irregularly lobulate and sharply
toothed teeth often w^hite and cartilaginous, flowering stems decumbent or
spreading irregularly branched, heads |-f in. long narrow sessile solitary or
clustered subracemose and terminal, invol. bracts with white membranous mar-
gins, outer very short ovate, inner long linear midrib thickened in fruit, aehenes
columnar very thickly ribbed outer compressed, much shorter than the soft
straight white pappus. Microrliynchus nudicaulis, Less. ; DC. Prodr. vii. 180.
M. fallax, Jaub. 8f Spdch III. PI. Orient, t. 276. ZoUikoferia nudicaulis, Boiss.
Fl. Orient, iii. 824. Ohondrilla nudicaulis, Linn. Mant. 273. Lactuca nudi-
caulis, Murray. L. obtusa, Clarke Comp. Ind. 261. Prenanthes patens and
P. dichotoma, TFall. Cat. 3258, 3275, F. P. obtusa, ^«;«. in Wall. Cat. 3276.
P. procumbens, Poxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 406. Brachyramphus obtusus, DC. Prodr.
vii. 177 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 96.

Plains of India ; from Bengal and Behar to the Punjab, ascending the Western
Himalaya to 8000 ft. in Kumaon. SciNDis and the Deccan. — Disteib. Affghanistan
and westwards to the Atlantic.

Boot perennial? with yellow juice. Leaves 2-10 by 1-3 in., usually sessile.
Floviering stems usually very numerous, 6-24 in. long, spreading on all sides, stout
or slender, simple or branched. Heads sometimes 6-10 in a cluster; invol. bracts
overtopping the pappus. Aehenes ~ in., very pale, polymorphous, inner sometimes as
if composed of 4 thick ribs, outer slightly curved and flattened with a thick ventral
and several thick dorsal ribs, all smooth or obscurely uneven ; pappus ^-^ in., very
deciduous, hairs very straight soft and of nearly equal length.

ttt Heads solitary or fascicled at the nodes of the flagelliform rooting flower-
ing stem.

6. Ii. pinnatifida, Cass, in Ann. Sc. Nat. xxiii. 85 ; glabrous, leaves
runcinate-pinnatifid or sinuate-toothed or lobed, flowering stems procumbent
long flagelliform rooting and leafing at the nodes, heads at the nodes solitary or
clustered ^ in. long usually with bracteate peduncles, invol. bracts with white
membranous margins, outer short, intermediate longer, inner linear midrib at
the base hardening in fruit, aehenes columnar very thickly ribbed much shorter
than the soft straight white pappus. Microrliynchus sarmentosus, DC. Prodr.

Launcea.'] lxxviii. composite:. (J. D. Hooker.) 417

vii. 181; Wight. III. t. 133; Clarke Comp. Ind. 277. Prenantlies sarmentosa,
WUld. Sp. PL iii. 1540 ; Wall. Cat. 32G2, A. B. C. Lactuca sarmeutosa, DC.
in Wight Cmdrib. 27.

Sandy coasts of India ; from Bengal to Ceylon, Penang, Madras and Malabar. —
DiSTRiB. Mauritius, l^gypt, E. African coast.

leaves 1-3 in., raruly more, teeth rarely white and cirtilaginous (as in. L. nudi-
oanlis). Flowering stems slender, 1-3 ft. long, arching from node to node, Invol.
bracts almost 3-seriate, as in L. nndicaulis. Ackencs ~ in , pale, thick with few very
thick rounded ribs, usually obtusely 4-gonous ; pappus \ in., deciduous, hairs very
slender, white and of nearly equal length.

** Achenea winged ; invol. bracts 3-seriate, outer very broad, all with
broad membranous margins. (LoiiATOLEns, Cass.)

7. Xi. g'lomerata, Cassini in Diet. So. Nat. xlviii. 422 (Lomatolepis) ;
glabrous, leaves sessile sinuate-lobed pinnatifid or nmcinate, lobes usually short
rounded toothed, teeth cartilaginous white, flowering - branches spreading
sparingly dichotomously branched, heads ^-f in. campanulate clustered at the
ends of the branches, invol. bracts with very broad membranous margins outer
large broadly ovate, inner oblong, base hardened in fruit, achenes corky thickly
ribbed outer 2-winged inner columnar shorter than the soft straight white
pappus. Lomatolepis glomerala, Cass. ; DC. Prodr. vii. 180. Microrhynchus
glomeratus, Jaub. ^- Spach III. PL Orient, iii. t. 275. Zollikoferia glomerata,
JSoiss. FL Orient, iii. 82G. Sonchus capitatus^ iSpr. Sgst. Voy. iii. 050.

The Punjab; Stewart. Scinde ; Stocks. — Disxiiin. Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Algiers.

Perennial? Leaves 3-5 by 1-1^ in., lobes or pinnules numerous, close set.
Flowering branches stout, strict, usually not exceeding the leaves, naked. Heads
broader than in other Indian species, with broader 3-seriate more obtuse i u vol, l-r acts,
^md more numerous flowers; peduncles short, braeteolate. Achenes ^ in., pile yellow;
outer slightly curved, linear-oblong, emarginate at both ends, wings each as broad
or broader than the nucleus, which is ventrally and dorsally 5-6-ribbed, wings and
ribs minutely crenulate ; inner achenes often narrower and imperfect ; pappus \ in.
long, deciduous, hairs subequal with no inner stronger ones.

119. TRAG-OPOaON, Linn.

Biennial or perennial milky-juiced herbs. Leaves alternate, stem-clasping,
narrow, quite entire. Heads terminal; long-ped uncled, large, homogamous,
yellow blue or purple ; fl. all ligulate. Involucre cylindric or narrowly cam-
panulate ; bracts 1-seriate longer or shorter than the flowers, herbaceous, acu-
minate, bases sometimes connate, outer 0 ; receptacle flat or convex, pitted,
margins of the pits often cartilaginous. Achenes slender, terete, 5-angled,
o-l^ribbed, ribs smooth or muricate, basal areole broad concave, inner usually
with a slender beak ; pappus hairs numerous, 1-seriate, feathery, connate into a
basal ring, 5-10 longer than the rest with simple (not feathery ") tips, those of
the outer achenes often fewer, subpaleaceous, free at the base, simple or feathery
Ijelow. — DiSTRiB. Species about 20, Europe", N. Africa, temp, and subtrop.
Asia.

1. T. gracile, Don in Mem. Went. Svc. iii. 407 ; Prodr. 1G2 ; quito
^^labrous, leaves very narrow linear keeled flexuous, radical often equalling the
scape, invol. bracts 5-8 shorter than the yellow ligules, achenes ^ in. smooth
beak not conspicuous. T. junceum, Wall. Cat. 3257; DC. Pro.lr. \n. 115;
Oarke Comjh Ind. 278.

Central and "WfisiBiN Himalaya; from Hizara to Nipal, alt. 6 10,000 ft , as-
cending to 13,000 ft. in Piti and Kunawur, .

TOL. III. E E

418 Lxxviii. C0MP0S1T.E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Trago^ogon,

Leaves 3-10 by ^-} in., base dilated. Scape 1- rarely 2-3-fld , not thickened under
the head. Invol. bracts |-li in. long. Achencs beak not long nor slender.

2. T. pratense, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 747 ; glabrous, stem usually
branched and leafy, leaves gradually narrowed from a broad sheathing base,
peduncle hardly thickened under the head, invol. bracts about 8 equalling or
exceeding the yellow ligules, aclienes long-beaked muricate. DC, Pt'odr. vii.
113. '^ ^ - '

Western Himalaya and Western Tibet; alt. 12-14,000 ft., Thomson, &c. —
DisTRiB. Westward to the Atlantic.

Stem 6-24 in., leafy, often stout. Leaves ^-^ in. diam. about the middle. Invol,
bracts |-3 in. long. Achenes | to nearly 1 in., beak equalling or shorter than the
bod}--, very slender.

3. T. porrifoliuxn, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 74o ; glabrous or
cottony, stem usually branched and leafy, leaves gradually narrowed from a
very broad sheathing base, peduncle much inflated under the head, invol. bracts
about 8 exceeding the purple ligules, achenes long-beaked muricate. DC.
Frodr. vu. 113.

Western Tibet ; FalcoJier. Simla ; in cultivated places, Tho77ison. — Distrib.
West-wards to the Mediterranean.

Habit of T. pratense, distinguished by the swollen peduncle and purple ligules ;
the achenes are 1 in. long in Tibetan specimens and much muricated.

120. SCORZONERA, Linn.

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Leaves alternate or radical, entire lobed or
pinnatisect. Lleads large, loug-peduncled, yellow, homogamous; fl. all ligulate.
Involucre cylindric or campanulate ; bracts go -seriate, thinly herbaceous, acute
or the inner acuminate, outer gradually (rarely suddenly) smaller ; receptacle
naked or pitted, rarely villous. Achenes linear, subterete or the outer angled,
oo -ribbed, rarely 2-3-winged, basal areole broad, hollowed ; pappus hairs
CO -seriate, unequal, serrulate or feathery, 5-10 usually longer and with simple
(not feathery) tips. — Distrib. Species about 100, Europe, N. Africa, W. and
Oentr. Asia.

Sect. I. £u Scorzonera. Achenes terete or angled, not winged.

1. S. divaricata, Turcz., DC. J^-odr. vii. 125; glabrous, stem slender
simple or branched, leaves slender curved, heads cylindric, invol. bracts 4-8
3-4-seriate glabrous or pubescent, ligules yellow, achenes f in. very slender
longer than the pappus smooth. Clarke Camp. Ind. 278. S. virgata, DC. I. c,f
S.Roylei,DC. I.e.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kunawur ; and Western Tibet; alt.
9-15,000 ft., Falconer, &c. — Distrib. Mongolia.

Boot woody. Stem branched from the base or above only, rarely simple, grooved,
branches divaricate. Leaves 2-6 by ^\j-^ in., margins incurved. Heads 1-1^ in.;
5-8-fld. ; outer invol. bracts short, broad, inner long linear. Achenes pale, smooth,
striate ; pappus hairs feathery below.

2. S. purpurea, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 7G8; glabrous or sparsely-
woolly, stem slender, leaves narrowly linear shorter than the stem, heads few
large cylindric, invol. bracts imbricate pubescent outermost ovate inner lanceo-
late shorter than the purple ligules, achenes angled shorter than the pappus,
ribs rugose.

Kashmir ; Banahal, alt. 8000 ft., Thomson. — Distrib. Asia Minor.

I have seen only 2 specimens, from Kashmir, which want the tufts of fibrea at the

Scorzonem.'\ Lxxviii. composite. (J. D. Hooker.) 410

crown, and have unripe achenes ; they however entirely resomblo Caucasian ones of
S. purpurea.

Sect. II. Pteracheenia, Benth. in Gen. Plant, ii. 5^2. Achenes 2-3-
winged.

3. S. Stewartii, Hook. /.-, steraless, scapigerous. leaves linear or slightly-
dilated beyond the middle woolly or glabrate below, scapes usually shorter than
the leaves naked, heads solitar}' tomentose or glabrate, outer invol. bracts ovate
acute inner oblong-lanceolate, achenes linear-oblong with 2 broad or 3 narrower
white wings, ribs echinate.

The Punjab ; Peshawur, Stewart ; low hills at Hurroo, Aitchison.

Annual. Leaves 3-8 by —-'^ in., grassy, 3-nerved, subacute. Scape stout, erect
or decumbent, ribbed. Heads \-\ in. long ; invol. bracts variable in length and
breadth, shorter than the yellow ligules. Achenes linear or linear-oblong, ^ in. long,
wings entire or toothed equalling or broader than the very narrow strongly ribbed
dark body of the achenes ; ribs with an irregular row of horizontal spinules ; pappus
reddish, as long as the achenes.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

S. BUPLEUEOiDES, Bon Prodr. 162 ; " root fusiform, stem simple erect 1-fld. nearly
1 foot high terete glabrous, leaves linear-lanceolate acute flat glabrous villous at the'
base shorter than the stem, invol. bracts longer than the yellow striate ligules, pappus
unequal scabrid." — Alps of Nipal, Wallich. — I have no idea what this can be.

121. EPXX.ASZA, Bunge.

Annual low herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, quite entire. Peduncles usually
thickened and hollow. Heads terminal, homogamous ; fl. all ligulate. Invo-
lucre campaniilate or ovoid ; bracts few, inner sub-2-seriate, outer 3-G, leafy erect
or spreading ; receptacle flat, naked. Achenes short, cylindric or subtarbinate,
10-20-ribbed, glabrous, base not contracted, areole hollowed, tip truncate and
raised and dome-shaped within the pappus ; pappus dark brown, most densely
many-seriate, silky, hairs feathery a few longer the others with simple (not
feathery) tips. — Distrib. Species 5, Western and Central Asia.

E. ammopliila, Bge. in Reliq. Lehm. 202 ; annual, glabrous, leaves
very narrowly linear or dilated about the middle 3-nerved quite entire or
obscurely serrulate, outer invol. bracts leafy spreading often much longer than,
the ligules inner ovate-lanceolate obtuse, achenes closely ribbed. E. Bungei,
Clarke Comp. Ind. 279.

The Punjab ; Peshawur, Vicari/, Stewart. Salt Eange, Fleming ; low hills at
Eawul Pindee, Aitchison. — Distrib. Beluchistan, Aifghanistan, Turkistan.

Stemless or with a rather stout leafy stem 6 in, high. Leaves 1-4 by ^-^ in., tip
obtuse cartilaginous. Scapes 1 or more, 2-6 in., stout, naked. Heads solitary ^-\
in., campanuldte ; outer invol. bracts very variable in length and breadth, sometimes
2i in. long and slender, at others short and broad, 3-nerved with cartilaginous tips ;
ligules blueish. Achenes \ in. long, sometimes nearly as broad and then connate in
pairs, about 20-ribbed, ribs obscurely crenulate. — Bunge describes the achene as-
rctrorsely scabrid, which is hardly the case iu the Indian specimens.

Order LXXVIII.* STVIiZDZEK. (By 0. B. Clarke.)

Herbs, rarely imdershrubs. Leaves alternate or falsely whorled, entire.
Flo^oei's in racemose cymes, panicles or corymbs ; hermaphrodite or unisexual.
Calg.v adnate to the ovary ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 3-, lower 2-lobed. Corolla

* The numbering of the five preceding Orders, pp. 1, 17, 210, 215, 210, should be
respectively 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,

X£ 2

420 LxxTiii. STiLiDiEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Shjh'du(m.

gamopetalous, rarelv regular. Stamens 2 ; filairenta connate with the style into
a column ; anther-cells ultimately suhconfluent. Ovary inferior, 2-celled. Stir/ma
at the apex of the column. Ovules in each cell go , on the middle of the dis-
sepiment. Capsule 1- 2-celled, 2-Yalved, the two valves cohering at the base,
or at the hase and top. Seeds numerous, minute, albuminous ; embryo minute,
next the hilum. — Species 100, Australian, with a few in S. E. Asia, N. Zealand,
and Antarctic America.

]. STirXiIDIUlUC, S2ca)'tz.

Corolla irregularly 5-lobed ; lobes 4, suberect in pairs, and 1 smaller re-
curved. Column of stamens elongate, apex at first deflexed, elastically reflexed
when irritated. — Species 86 Australian, and 3 Indian.

1. S. BLuntliii, Wall. Cat. 3759 ; stems short stout usually pubescent
when young, leaves terminal subrosulate obovate-orbicular, peduncles 1 or more
leafless dichotomous, corolla white. DC. Prodr. vii. 335; //./. 8/- T. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 8. S. Brunonis, Griff. Aotul. iv. 275. S. uliginosum, Kin-z in
Flora, 1872, 303, and in Jowm. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 212.

Throughoiit Eastern Bengal and British Birma ; in grassy flats, from the Sikkiin
and Khasia Terai to Chittagong, H.f. ^ T., and Mergui, Griffith.

Height 1-8 in. Eosidate leaves ^-^ in., often petioled, with scattered smaller ones
below them. Bracts usually 2, opposite at the forks of the peduncle, -^—^ in., liiienr-
oblong. i^Zot:;er5 sessile at the forks, minute. CopswZe^-^ in., linear; valves dehiscing
from the top, recurved.

2. S. ulig'inosuxn, Sicartz in Gesellsch. Nat. Berlin Mag. 1807, 52, t. 2,
fig. 4; stem hardly any, leaves subrosulate obovate-orbicular, peduncles 1 or
more leafless dichotomous, corolla white. DC. Prodr. vii. S3G; //. /. 4' P. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 8. S. sinicum, Ilance in Walp. Ann. ii. 1030.

Ceylon; in moist places, Walker; near Colombo, CAar/i^jzow, Thwaites. Malacca,
fide H.f. 4- r.— Distrib. South China, North Australia.

Glabrous, 1-8 in, — Closely resembling S. Kunthii, and united therewith by Kurz.

3. S. tenellum, Sicartz in Gesellsch. Nat. Berlin Mag. 1807, 51, t. 2, fig.
3, not of Br. ; stem simple erect leafy, leaves scattered oblong or oblong-obovate
gradually smaller upwards, corolla rosy or purplish. //./. 4" T. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ii. 8; Ku7-z in Flora, 1872, 304. S. roseum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1876,
pt. ii. 137 -, 1877, pt. ii. 212.

Dacca; ia swamps, Clarice. Chittagong, Kurz. Mergui, Griffith (Kew Dis-
trib. n. 3450). Malacca, fide Swartz.

Stem glabrous, 4-8 in., dichotomous. Lower leaves ^ in., narrowed to the base;
upper passing gradually into bracts. Bracts ^ in., linear, mostly solitary at each foi-k
of the cyme. Flowers sessile. Capside \-% in., linear ; valves united at the top and
base.

\a.^. minima.', stems 12 in., 1-4-flowered. — Chota Nagpore, at Hazaribagh, alt.
2000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Order LXXIX. aOODBN-OVZE^. (By 0. B. Clarke.)

Shrubs or herbs; juice not milk3\ Leaves alternate or radical, very rarely
opposite ; stipules 0. Flozvers axillary or terminal, racemose or panicled, irre-
gular or regular. Calyx-tuhe adnate to the ovary ; limb 5-fid or nearly obsolete.
Corolla-lohes 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla,
alternate with its lobes ; anthers free or connate in a ring round the style.
Ovary 1-2- celled. Style simple, with a cup-shaped indusium including the

SccBvola.] Lxxix. (jooDENOviEJi. (C. B. Clarke.) 421

stigma. Ovules in each cell 1 or many, on the dissepiment. F/^it a drupe or
capsule. Seeds albuminous ; embryo next the hilura. — Species 200, Australian ;
a few in temp. America, New Zealand, and S. E. Asia.

1. SCJXSVOXiA, Lmn.

Leaves entire or toothed. Floicers axillary, in short cymes or solitary.
CoroUa oblique, split to the base behind. Anthers free. Ovary 2-1-celled, with
2 erect ovules. Fruit a drupe. — Species 60, 50 Australian, 8 Polynesian, 2
Asiatic.

1. S. ILoenig*!!, Vahl Sijmb. iii. 36 ; leaves petioled obovate-oblong obtuse
herbaceous, calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate enlarged • in fruit. Lanik. III. t. 124,
tig. 2; DC. Prodr. vii. 505; //. /. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soo. ii. 8; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 212. S. sericea. Foist. -,1)0.1. c. 606. S. Taccada,
Ho.vb. Hort. Beng. 15, and Fl. Ind. i. 527 : ILun. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 250 •,
Wall. Cat. 1314 ; Wight 111. t. 137 ; DC. I. c. 505 ; Dah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 134.
S. Lobelia, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 250 ; De Vriese Goodenov. 20-26,
and in Ned. Kniidk. Arch, ii, 20, not of Linn. S. Plumieri, Blumc Bijd. 730,
not of Vahl. S. montana. Lab. Sei-t. Austr. Caled. 41, t. 42. S. velutina, Presl.
in Bel. Hcench. ii. 57. S. Bela-Modagam, Boem. 8^ Sch. Syst. v. 163; DC. I.e.
605. S. Leschenaultiana, DC. I. e. 506. S. macrocalvx, DeJFriese Gooden. 26,
t. 3, fig. 1-4. S. cblorantha and Lambert iaua, De Vricse'~Trc727 , 28. S. lati-
vaga, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 10541 Lo belia frutescens, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 148.
L. Taccada, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 119, t. 25. L. Plumieri, Burm. Fl. Ind. 186, not
of Linn. Cerbera salutaris, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 136. — Bumjjh. Herb. Amb. iv.
t. 54; BJieede Hort. Mai. iv. t. 59.

Sea shores of Ixdia ; from Scinde to Ceylon, and from Birma to Malacca. — Distrib.
Tropical E, Asia, Australia, and Polynesia.

A shrub ; stem and branches stout. Leaves 3-5 in., alternate, entire or rarely ob-
scurely crenate, silky or glabrescent, tufted in the asjls. Cymes axillary, much shorter
than the leaves ; bracts sn^all. Calyx-lobes g-J- in. ; fruiting often much longer
and obtuse. Corolla-tube f in , narrow, pubescent ; lobes \-^ in., lanceolate. Indu-
sium of the sfijiua ciliate. Drupe ^^ in., subspherical, very succulent ; endocarp
bony.

2. S. Iiobelia, Linn. ; Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 462 ; leaves petioled
elliptic obtuse lleshy, calyx-lobes very short obtuse or subobsolete. S. Plumieri,
Vahl Symb. ii. 36 ; Lamh. III. t. 124, fig. 1 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 506 ; H.f. S^- T. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 8. S. senegalensis, Presl Bel. Ilccnch. ii. 59 ; DC. I. c. 607.
S. uvifera. Stocks-, Wight Ic. t. 1613. S. Thunbergi, Ecld. ^- Zeyh.-, DC. I.e.
S. Macrjei and Sieberi, De Vriese Goodenov. 31, 33. Lobelia Plumieri, Linn.
Sp. PI. 1317; Jac(i. Amer. 219, t. 179, fig. 88, not of Burm.— Plum. PI. Amer.
t. 165, fig. 1.

Seashores of Ceylon and the South Deccan ; Scind. — Distrib. Warm shores of
both hemispheres.

Closely resembles S. Kocnigii, except in the points stated; the leaves are smaller,
2-3 in. long.

^ Obber LXXX. CAMPANUXiACSJS:. (By 0. B. Clarke.)

Herbs or undershrubs, sometimes twining, often with milky juice. Leaves
alternate or opposite, entire toothed or rarely Iftbed ; stipules 0. Inflorescence
axiUary or terminal, solitary subpaniculate or racemose ; uppermost leaves re-
duced to small bracts; bracteoles 0 (except in Sphenoclea). Cb/y.r inferior or
superior ; limb 4-6-partite, usually persistent. Corolla always superior, regular

422 Lxxx. CAMPANULACE.^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Pratia.

or irregular, tubular, rotate or campanulate ; lobes valvate in bud. Stamens
4-6, alternating witli the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla on the margin
of the epigynous disk (in Sphenoclea on the corolla-tube) ; anthers free or united
in a tube. Oiwy 2- 6-celled ; placentas in the inner angle of the cell, many-
ovuled. Style cylindric ; stigma-lobes as many as o^ary-cells. Fruit capsular,
baccate or dry (in Sphenoclea spuriously circumsciss). Seeds very many, small,
ellipsoid, albuminous; embryo erect, radicle next the hilum. — Species 1000,
scattered throughout the globe.

Tkibe I. Xiobelieae. Corolla 2-lipped, cleft dorsally to the base. Anthers
connate.

Berry indehiscent 1. Pkatia.

Capsule 2-Talved at the crown 2. Lobelia.

Teibe II. Campanuleae. Corolla regular. Anthers free or imperfectly
connate.

* Capsule loculicidal zvithin the calyx-teeth.

Small herbs; corolla very small stellately 5-partite; capsule ^j

in. diam 3. Cephalostigma.

Corolla campanulate ; capsule altogether inferior, A-i in. . . . 4. Wahlenbebgia.

Corolla tubular inflated upwards ; capsule with a conical superior

beak 5. Leptocodon.

Corolla campanulate; capsule with a conical superior beak . . 6. Codonopsis.

Capsule consisting of the conical beak, enclosed in the calyx-tube 7. Cyananthus.

** Fruit indehiscent or membranous, breaking up irregularly.

Berry fleshy, crowned by a flat disk 8. Campantjm.i-;a.

Slender prostrate herb ; flowers very small ; fruit small inferior,

membranous 9. Peracarpa.

Leaves large succulent ; flowers 2-ranked in a dense scorpioid

spike 10. Pentaphragma.

Flowers in a dense cylindric spike, capsule circumsciss . . . .11. Sphekoclea.

*** Capsule dehiscent at the base or sides below the calyx-teeth.

Corolla rotate, ovary 2-celled . • 12. Phyteuma.

Corolla campanulate rarely rotate, ovary 3-5-eelled 13. Campanula.

1. PR ATX A, Gaud.

Herbs. Leaves alternate, toothed. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Calyx
inferior, limb 5-partite. Corolla oblique, 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-partite, lower 3-
lobed. Staminal tube free or nearly so ; 2 lower anthers with 1 or more terminal
bristles, 3 upper naked. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; placentae hemispheric ; stigma
2-lobed or emarginate. Berry ellipsoid, crowned with the calyx-teeth. Seeds
very many, minute. — Species 16, S. E. Asia, Australia, N. Zealand, and S.
America.

1. P. beg'onifolia, Lindl. in Pot. Peg. t. 1373; small, creeping, rooting,
pubescent, leaves petioled cordate-ovate. P. zeylanica, Hassh. Cat. Pogor. 106.
P. Nummularia, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 210. Lobelia Nummularia,
Lamk. Diet. iii. 589. L. begonisefolia. Wall. Cat. 1306 ; in As. Pes. xiii. 377 ;
in Poxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 115, L. Ilorsfieldiana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
ii. 577. Piddingtonia Nummularia, PC. Prodr. vii. 341 ; H. f. 8f T. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 28. Rapuntium Nummularium, Presl Prodr. Lob. 30.

NiPAL, SiKKiM, Bhotan, Assam, Khasia Mts., and Pegu, alt. 2-7000 ft., frequent.
— DiSTRiB. Malaya, S. China.

Pratia.^ lxxx. CAMPANULACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 423

Leaves ^-^ in. diam., denticulate. Peduncles ^-H in., distant, none from the nppcr
axils. Calyx-teeth ^ in., linear. Corolla green -with pink marks. Anthers 5, nearly
black ; 2 surmounted by 1 bristle each, 3 puberulous. Berry ^ in., shortly ellipsoid,
finally smooth, black. Seeds compressed, ellipsoid, smooth.

2. P. montana, Ha^sh. Cat. Bor/or. 106 ; glabrous, branches long, leaves
petioled lanceolate tapering at both ends. Lobelia montana, Reinw. ; Bliime
Bijd. 728 ; DC. P)'odr. vii. 386. Speirema montanum, H. f. 8f T. in Journ.
Linn. Sac. ii. 27. Piddingtonia patens and montana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.
573.

Tempeeatb Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; from Nipal to Mislimi, common. Upper
Assam; Patkoy Mts., Griffith. — Distrib. Java.

A tall, rambling herb. Leaves Ah by Ij in., finely serrate. Peduncles 1-2 in.,
often 1 from every axil, nearly to the ends of the branches. Calyx-teeth ^-\ in., linear.
Corolla green with purple marks, hairy within. Anthers 5, yellow ; 2 surmounted by
several bristles, 3 puberulous. Berry ^-}^ in., globose, black-purple, Seeds com-
pressed, ellipsoid, smooth.

2. I.OBEI.IA, Lin7i.

Herbs, often tall, or (non-Indian species) shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed,
rarely subentire. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, sometimes subracemose.
Calyx superior, limb 5- partite. Corolla oblique, 2-lipped; upper lip 2-partite,
lower 3-lobed. Staminal tube free or nearly so ; anthers tipped •with bristles, 3
upper naked. Omry inferior, 2-celled ; placentae hemispheric ; ovules nume-
rous ; stigma shortly bifid. Cajjsule loculicidally 2-valved within the calyx-
teeth. Seeds very many, minute, ellipsoid, compressed or trigonous. — Species
200, rare in Europe and W. Asia.

L. chenopodifolia, Wall. Cat. 1312 {L. Cliffortiana, Linn. Hort. Cliff, t. 2" ; DC.
Prodr. vii. 372), cultivated from Eoxburgh's time in the Calcutta Botanic Garden, is
not indigenous in India.

Sect. I. Kolopog'on, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 652 (char, narrowed to the
Indian species). Small herbs. Leaves \-\^ in. Corolla small ; lobes unequal.
Anthers all barbate on the apex nearly equally.

t Seeds distinctly trigonous.

1. If. trig'Ona, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 506; glabrous, leaves ovate subsessile,
pedicels mostly longer than the leaves. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 359 ; Wight Ic. t. 1170 ;
J£, f. Sf T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 27, jKirtly ; Dalz. 8^ Gibs. Bonib. Fl. 133, excl.
syn. L. triangulata, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 16. L. stipularis, Both Nov. Sp. 144 ;
Wall. Cat. 1309. L. gratioloides, Boxb. , A. DC. I. c. 387. Lobelia sp., Grif.
Notul. iv. 281.

The Deccan and Ceylon, alt. 0-6000 ft., common. Assam, Simons. Bengal ;
Dacca, Clarice. Mergui, Griffith, n. 429. Pegu, M'Lelland.

Annual; branches 6-12 in., ascending, rooting only near the base, more or less
3-angled. Leaves ^-f in. diam., denticulate. Corolla ^-\ in. Capsule q hj ^ in.,
ellipsoid, not tapering acutely to the pedicel. Seeds ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends,
distinctly trigonous. — Roth says that his L. stipularis was Hcyne's L. zeylanica, of
which the authentic examples, both at Kow and the British Museum, are L. trigona ;
and Wallich (Cat. 1309) agrees. But Hoth's description of L. stipularis fits the Ceylon
plant called below L. zeylanica, var. Walkeri ; and it is quite possible that Heyne may
have sent this to Roth. Benth. (Fl. Hongk. 196) unites with L. trigona (doubtingly)
L. chinensis, Lour., which is its nearest ally, but has narrower leaves and more divari-
cate branches.

424 Lxxx. CAJirANULACE.E. (C. B. Clarke.) ILohella.

2. Zi. affinis, IFall. Cot. 1311 ; prostrate, often rooting, leaves petioled
ovate iiiiuutely pilose on the nerves beneath, pedicels mostly longer than the
leaves, calyx-teeth pilose. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 360 ; Ilooh.f. 8f T. injourn. Linn.
Soc. ii. 27. L. zeylanica, Wall, in Ho.ib. Fl Ind. ed. Carey <^ Wall. ii. 113;
Kurz in Journ. As. 6'oc. 1877, ii. 211, not of Linn. L. subciineata, Miq. Fl.
Iml. Bat. ii. 574.

From SiKKiM, Bengal and Assam to Malacca and Ckylon; alt. 0-4000 ft.,
common. — Distbib. Malaya, S. China.

Stems 6-24 in., much branched, pubescent or glabrate, more or less 3-angled.
Leaves \-^ in. diam., denticulate. Corolla ^-\ in. Capsule ^-\ by ^-^ in., not
tapering to the pedicel. JSeeds ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, distinctly trigonous.
— The Ceylon examples are L. hirta, Wight mss., and agree closely with the Javan ;
they are mixed by collectors with L. zeylanica, var. Walkeri, which they somewhat
resemble ; but the leaves are distinctly pubescent and seeds different.

Vae. Lohhiana (sp.), H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 28 ; leaves 2 in., corolla
\ in. — Khasia Mts., Lohb. The fragment on Avhich this species is founded has the
leaf hardly longer than in some examples of L. affinis, but the corolla is much largei*,
and may indicate a distinct species.

3. Xi. termlnalis, Clarke-, pubescent, ascending, leaves short-petiolcd
ovate upper narrower sharply toothed almost bracteiform, pedicels very long
slender.

North Bengal ; near the foot of the hills ; Bhyadanga in Mymensingh,
Clarke.

A slender, suberect, annual, 6-10 in., branching, not rooting. Leaves |-| in. diam.,
denticulate ; upper oblong, incised. Pidtcds, mostly from the upper axils, 3-5 times
as long as the bractiform leaves, so that the inflorescence appears as a lax terminal
corymb. Corolla ^ in. Capsule ^ by ^ in., not tapering to the pedicel. Seeds sub-
spherical, distinctly trigonous.

Var. minuia ; 1-2 in. high, leaves and flowers smaller. — Sikkim Terai ; Phansi-
dowa, Clarke. Both L. tci-minalis and its var. minuia have probably been passed
by collectors for Cep/ialostiyma, which they simulate clostly.

4. Xi. G-riffithii, //. f. ^- 7\ in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 28 ; glabrous, erect,
leaves few small oblong sessile, pedicels longer than the leaves. Kwz in Journ.
As. Soc. 1877, ii. 211. L. dopatrioides, Kurz in Flora, 1872, 302; in J<Mrn.
As. Soc. 1870, 77, e.vcl. .sijn. Grif.

Bikma; Mergui, Griffith; Tavoy, Parish; Ma.Tta.ha.n, Braiidis ; Avraea.n, Kur:;.

Stems annual, 3-12 in., weak, thickened below, divided upwards, sparingly leafy
or nearly naked. Leaves ^ by g- in., entire or sparingly toothed. Corolla ^-^ in.
Capstile ^-^ in., nearly orbicular. Seeds ellipsoid, distinctly trigonous. — Kurz's notes
on this plant are misleading. lie a.'^sumes from its locality that it must have been
Griffith's n. 429 (Notul. iv. 281), and hence tries to make iiis dingnosis square with
Griffith's description which refers to L. trigona, Eoxb.

5. Xi. microcarpa, Clarke ; glabrous, erect, leaves elliptic-oblong sub-
orbicular sessile lower ovate upper linear, pedicels longer than the leaves,
capsule small, calyx-teeth filiform. **

Tenasseeim or Andamans; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3447). Moulmein; Lohb.
Distbib. Java.

Annual, 3-5 in. high, branching. Lower leaves \-^ in. diam., crenate-dentate ;
upper leaves \ in., linear, bracteiform. Pedicels i-| in. Corolla less than ^ in. Cap-
sule — in., subspherical. Seeds subspherical, distinctly trigonous. — Near L. ckinensis,
Lour., which has a longer capsule with broader cal3'x-teeth, and the upper leaves much
less reduced.

Lolelia.'} Lxxx. campanulacej:. (C. 13. Claike.) 425

tt ^Secds ellipsoid, more or less coinpressed,

C. Xi. trialata, Ham. in Don Prodr. 157 ;' glabrous, stem suberect
branched, leaves subsessile ovate or elliptic, pedicels mostlv equalling the leaves,
seeds obtuse compressed. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 3G0. L. micrantha, Hook. Exot,
Fl. i. t. 44, not of Kunth. L. subincisa, Wcdl. Cat. 1310; A. DC. I.e. 367.
L. arenarioides, A. DC. I.e. L. subracemosa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.- 576. L.
trigona, H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 27, partly ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc-,
1^77, pt. ii. 211, not of Roxh. L. umbrosa, Hochst. ; Hemsl. in Olio. Fl. Trop.
Afr. iii. 46S. Eapuntium trialatum and arenarioides, Prcsl Prodr. Lobel. 13,
17.

NoRTHEKX IxniA ; from Chumba aad Bombay to Bliotan and Pegu, alt. 0-5000 ft.,
very common. — Distrib. Mts. of Ava, Java, Abyssinia.

Stems 6-15 in., trigonous, often trialate. Leaves \-\ in , subrhomboidal, narrowed
at the base, the lower sometimes petioled, crenate or denticulate. Corolla ^ in.
Capsule \-\ in., much narrowed into the pedicel. — This has been much confused with
L. trigona, Eoxb., from which it essentially differs in the seeds ; it can be generally
recognised by the capsules being lanceolate- trianpjular (not ovate) at the ba«;e.

Var. lamiifoUa ; leaves incise-dentate somewhat petioled.— Deccan, Wight. — This
was marked L. trialata by Wight, and it appears to be a Deccan form of that species;
but from ths deeply incised leaves it looks very different and resembles the allied
Tropical African species.

7. Zi. zeylanica, Linn. Sp. PI. 1323, not of Wall. ; stems elongate,
leaves oblong or narrowly rhomboid narrowed at the base sessile subdecurrent,
pedicels about as long as the leaves, seeds obtuse scarcely compressed. L.
decurrens, Poth Nov. Sj). 145. L. Ileyniana, Poem, i^- Sch. Syst. v. 50. L.
dichotoma, Miq. Fl. Ind. Pat. ii. 570. L. trigona, IVnvaites Enum. 169, chiefly.
L. alata, Jleyne in Herb. Bottler. L. Seba3, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 386.

IVEalabar ; from Bombay to Travancore, Ceylox, apparently common.

Stc7ns weak, usually elongate, 9-15 in., little branched, bialale or somewhat
trigonous. Leaves \\ by ^ in., denticulate or crenate. Corolla \-^ in. Capsule | by
^ in.,\)ase not acute,— Linnaeus' excellent specimen of this species is named L. zcyla-
niea by his own hand ; but the name has been altered (erroneously) by Sir J. E.
Smith to L. anceps, an Australian species. The stems, leaves and calyx-teeth are
glabrous or obscurely ciliate ; but in a fine specimen collected by Beddome in Travan-
core, the leaves glisten with needle-like hairs beneath. A. DC-, says that KxsL.Sehce,
from Ceylon, is not L. zeylanica, Linn. ; but tlie picture (Seba Thes. t. 22J'1ffg."T¥jr
wliich is the only authority for the species, suits- some of the examples of Z. zeylanica
cas well as can be expected.

Var. WaUceri ; leaves petioled ovate ghibrous. — Ceylon, Walter, Wight. — Thi3
looks distinct from L. zeylanica, but the flowers and seeds are exactly similar.

Sect. II. Zsolobus. Small herbs. Corolla 2-lipped, lobes nearly equal
in length. Anthers 5, 2 lower bearded on the apex, 3 uppsr naked.

8. Ii. radlcans, Thunh. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 330 ; procumbent, gla-
brous, leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate remotely toothed or subentire, pedicels
equalling or longer than the leaves. Boxb^ILort. Beng. 16, aiul Fl. Ind. i. 507 ;
Wall. Cat. 1308. L. campanuloides, Tnunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 331. L.
ccDspitosa, Blume Bijd. 729 ; A. DC. Prodr. vii. 366. Rapuntium caespitosiim,
radicans and campanuloides, Prcsl Prodr. Lobel. 13, 14. Isolobus campanu-
loides and radicans, A. DC. I. c. 353. I. Roxburghianus, A. DC. I. c. 353 ;
//./. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 27. Pratia radicans rtwc^Thunbergii, G. Don
Gen. Syst. iii. 700.

Khasia Mts ; alt. 3-5000 ft. — Distrib. Java, S. China, Japan.

Leaves \-\ by ^^ in., sessile, often bifarious. Corolla ^-\ in., tube glabrous or

426 Lxxx. CAMPANULACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) ^, [Lobelia.

obscurely pubescent, green with pink marks, a green gland on each side the central
lobe at its base. Two lower filaments hairy. Capsule \ by ~ in., base acute. Seeds
ellipsoid, slightly compressed. — The lobes of the corolla are subequal, but its structure
differs in nowise from that of the section Holopogon, in which Benth. (in Gen. PI. ii.
553) appears to include this species.

Sect. III. Rbyncopetalum. Tall, sometimes very tall, herbs. Leaves
2-12 in. Floicers in terminal racemes, the upper leaves reduced bracteiform.
Anthers 5, 2 lower usually bearded, 3 upper usually naked.

* Species of North India,

9. Ii. colorata. Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 42, not of Sioeet ; stem simple
above or with a few long ascending branches, raceme lax rhachis subglabrous,
cauline leaves linear-lanceolate glabrous beneath. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 380 ; H.f.
^' T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 28. L. purpui-ascens. Wall. Cat. 1307, not of R,
Br. L. Wallichii, Steud. Rapuntium coloratum, Presl Prodr. Lobel. 24.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-5500 ft.-, common.

Erect, 1-3 ft., nearly glabrous. Eadical leaves elliptic, petioled, pilose above at
least when young ; cauline 4-5 by ^ in., narrowed at base, gland-crenulate, glabrous
or nearly so. Peduncles \ in. nearly glabrous. Calyx-teeth sublinear, minutely
gland-toothed, sometimes \ in., sometimes even shorter than in the next species.
Corolla f in., purple, sometimes white. Anthers sparsely pilose on the backs, 2 lower
bearded at the tips. Capsule \ in., subglobose, glabrous. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed,
not margined.

10. Xi. erecta, H.f ^' T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 28; stem simple above,
leaves elliptic or oblong narrowed at both ends pubescent beneath on the
nerves, raceme somewhat rigid, rhachis with many deflexed white hairs.

Alpine Sikxim; alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H., C. B. Clarice.

Stem 1-3 ft,, always simple, somewhat rigid. Leaves 4 by 1^ in., subpetioled,
obscurely crenate-toothed. Peduncles ^ va.., hairy. Ca/ycr-^e^^^^ in., linear-lanceolate,
minutely gland-toothed. Corolla |— f in., purple. Anthers obscurely pilose on the
backs, 2 lower bearded at the tips. Capstde ^ in., subglobose, pilose or finally gla-
brescent. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed, not margined. — Closely allied to L. colorata.

11. li. misliinica, Clarke ; stem much branclied upwards, upper leaves
elliptic subpetioled pilose on both surfaces, racemes elongate leafy pilose.
Lobelia sp.. Griff. Journ. 39.

MisHMi Mts. ; at Premsong's, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3446).

Inflorescence (the only part seen) 15 in., much paniculately branched, branches
long-racemed with capsules. Leaves (of inflorescence alone seen) 1 by ^-| in., ob-
scurely crenate-dentate (the lower were doubtless much larger). Peduncles ^ in.,
hairy. Calyx-teeth ^-^ in., linear-lanceolate, minutely gland-toothed. Corolla
purple-red (Grriflith). Capsule ^ in., subglobose, hairy. Seeds ellipsoid, somewhat
compressed, minute, not margined. — The material is imperfect, but evidently repre-
sents a new species.

12. Ii. pyraxnidalis, Wall^0 As. Research xiii. 376; stem widely
branched upwards glabrous, leaves Tmear-lanceolate finely serrulate glabrous
above, racemes many-flowered dense upwards. Wall. Cat. 1302, arid in Roxh.
Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 113 ; Bon Prodr. 157 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2387 ; A. DC.
Prodr. vii. 381; H.f 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 29. L. Wallichiana, H.f
^■' T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 29; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 211.
Rapuntium pyramidale and Wallichianum, Presl Prodr. Lobel. 23, 24.

Himalaya ; common from Gurwhal, eastward, alt, 3-9000 ft. ; Khasia Mts. and
Pegu. — Distrib. N. Birma, S. China.

^Xobelia.] lxxx. campaxulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 427

Stem 2-7 ft. Leaves 6 by 1| in., upper sessile, beneath glabrous or pubescent on
the nerves. Peduncles \-\ in., glabrous or shortly pubescent. Calyx-teeth \-% in.,
linear, glabrous or pubescent. Corolla f-1 in., purple-rose, sometimes nearly white.
Anthers pilose on the back, rarely nearly glabrous, 2 lower usually with 1 or more
bristles on the tips. Capsule \-^ in. diam., subglobose, glabrous or pubescent.
Seeds ellipsoid, compressed, margined on one side.

13. Ii. rosea, Wall. PL As. Bar. ii. 42, t. 152; stem with horizontal
branches upwards softly pilose, leaves narrowly lanceolate velvety above,
peduncles crowded racemose scarcely longer than the capsules. Wall. Cat.
1303, and in Ro.vh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 116; A. DC. Prodr. vii. 381;
Il.f. Sf T. in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 29, excl. syn. ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 212.

Subtropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Bhotan and the Khasia Mts., alt.
0-4000 ft., abundant in the Terai of North Bengal and Assam. Mabtabak, Kurz. —
DisTRiB. Ava.

Stem 4-12 ft., suberect, branches short, horizontal with drooping tips ; flowers
crowded. Leaves 6 by 1 in., narrowed at both en'ds, subsessile, minutely toothed.
Peduncles \ in., rarely ^ in., softly pilose, often recurved. Calyx-tube pilose, teeth
linear minutely toothed.'* Corolla | in., rose or white. Anthers usually very hairy on
the backs, tips of 2 lower bearded. Capsule ^ in. diam., subglobose. Seeds ellipsoid,
compressed, not (or most obscurely) mai'gincd. — The Deccan plants formerly referred
here have the leaves glabrous above, the peduncles 2-4 times as long as the capsules.

** Species of the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.

14. Xi. nicotiansefolia, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 143 ; stem tall usually
branched upwards somewhat pubescent or glabrate, leaves lanceolate sparingly
pilose or glabrescent, anthers glabrous on the back rarely a little hairy. Wall.
Cat. 1304, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey S>- Wall. ii. 110\ A. DC. Prodr. vii.
381 ; Wight 111. t. 135; Dalz. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 133; H.f. 8f T. in. Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 29. Kapuntium nicotiante folium, Presl Prodr. Lobel. 24.

Malabar ; on the Ghats, alt. 3-7000 ft , from Bombay to TraA'ancore, frequent,
and in Ceylon.

Stem 5-12 ft., erect, thick, hollow below, usually branched at the top or the inflo-
rescence compound, glabrescent below, more or less pilose upwards. Leaves narrowly
obovate-lanceolate, lower often 12 by 2 in,, upper gradually smaller, subsessile, serru-
late, herbaceous, glabrous or nearly so above, pilose or glabrous beneath. Eacemes
dense, more or less pubescent ; peduncles ^-1 in. and upwards. Calyx-tube glabrous
or pubescent; teeth ^ in., linear, gland-denticulate. Corolla f-lj in., glabrous or
pubescent. Capsule'^ in. diam., subglobose. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed, not
margined.

Vab. trichandra ; anthers with many white haii's spreading; from their backs. L.
trichandra, Wight Ic. t. 1171. — Nilgherry Mts., fF?]^'^^.— Usually more slender, more
glabrous, and with thinner racemes than X. nicotianafolia ; but Wight could not dis-
tinguish it, still less can Thwaites, who (P]num. PI. Zeyl. 170) further imites L.
ecccelsa.

16. Zi. excelsa, Leschen. ; Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 4' Wall. ii.
114, not of Bonpl. ; stem tall usually sii4|hfe softly villous upwards, leaves lan-
ceolate villous rugose, spike dense, anthers usually glabrous on the back. Wall.
Cat. 1306, and PI. As. Bar. ii. 42 ] A. DC. Prodr. vii. 381 ; Wight Ic. tt.
1173-4; H. f. 8) T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 29. L. aromatica, Moon Cat. PI.
Ceyl. 14; Wight. Ic. t. 1172 ; H.f ^' T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 29. Eapuu-
tium Leschenaultianum, Presl Prodr. Lobel. 24.

Mts. of Southern India and Ceylon ; alt. 3-8000 ft., common.
Very near L. nicotiancefolia, and regarded as a form of it by Thwaites. From the
biennial dense tuft of radical leaves a foot long rises the stout coarse flowering stem,

428 Lxxx, CAMPANULACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Lohelia.

often 15 ft. long, ending in a dense hairy spike, nsually simple, though sometimes
divided. The leaves are thicker, more villous than those of L. nicotiancefolia, the
corolla often very hairy without. The milk of both species is intensely acrid.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

16. L, ?PUMiLA, A. DC. Prodr. vii. 360 ; founded entirely on Burm. Fl. Ind. 186,
t. 60, fig. 3, a small Lobelia-like plant, from Coromandel, but with opposite lanceolate
leaves,

8. CEPKAZaOSTZGZIXA, A. DC. '

Small, erect, branched herbs, sparsely patently hairy. Leaves alternate,
subsessile, margin thickened entire waved or crisped. Floioers small, racemed
or panicled ; upper bracts often very small and pedicels filiform. Calyx
superior ; limb 5-partite. Corolla deeply 5-fid ; segments linear-lanceolate,
spreading stellately, blue or whitish. Ovary subglobose, 2-3-celled. Style
cylindric ; stigma shortly obtusely 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidally 2-3-valved
within the persistent calyx-teeth. Seeds very many, small, ellipsoid, compressed
or trigonous. — Species 9, 6 Indian, 3 Tropical African, 1 Brazilian.

* Seeds ohlong-ellijpsoid, compressed, not trigonous.

I.e. Scliixnperi, Hochst. ; A. RicJi. Fl. Abyss, ii. 2 ; stem erect with
numerous horizontal branches above, leaves oblong and elliptic acute margins
undulate crisped recurved. C. hirsutum, //./. 4' T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 9,
partly ; Dalz. ^- Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 133 ; Vathe in Linncsa, xxxviii. (1874), 699 ;
Ilemsl. in Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 472, not of Edgeio. Wahlenbergia peroti-
folia, W. ^- A. Prodr. 405 ; A. DC. Prodr. vii. 434 ; Wight Ic. t. 842. Dentella
erecta. Roth Nov. Sp. 140.

Throughout the Deccan; from Ceylon toKajpootana and ChotaNagpore ; common.
KuAsiA. and Jaintea ; alt. 2-5000 ft., common. Ceylon. — Distbib. E. Africa.

Erect 4-15 in., patently pilose, the main stem simple nearly to the top of the
plant. Leaves f by \-^ in., narrowed at both ends, subsessile, sparsely patently
pilose or glabrescent. Pedicels ^-| in,, rarely longer. Calyx-tube patently pilose,
lobes j2 in., linear-lanceolate, nearly glabrous. Corolla ^ in., blueish. Capsule join,
diam., subglobose or obovoid. iSeeds much longer than bread.

2. C. flexuosum, //. /. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 9 ; stem erect
flexuose repeatedly dichotomous with ascending branches, leaves sessile ovate
and elliptic narrowed at both ends subobtuse thin. Dah. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
133.

Malabar; Cowcan, Balcell, Stocks. Bababoodun hills, irtii>.

Very closely allied to C. Schimperi, but instead of the rigid crisped habit, it is
flexuose with thin leaves and much longer capillary pedicels, as though it were C.
Schimperi growing in a moist shady place; calyx-teeth larger, ^-^ in.

** Seeds trigonous.

3. C. paniculatum, A. DC. Prodr. vii. 421 ; stem repeatedly dividing
upwards, leaves oblong narrowed at both ends, panicles loose, pedipels capillary,
calyx glabrous, teeth linear. H. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 9 ; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 210. Campanula paniculata, Wall. Cat. 1295 A. B.

Bikma; Prome, Wallich.

Stem 15 in., sparsely pubescent. Leaves 2 by f in., sessile, obscurely crenate,.
nearly glabrous. Panicle nearly naked ; upper bracts linear, minute. Calyx-teeth
^ in. Corolla ^-\ in., bright blue. Capsule ^ in., shortly obconic, valves forming
a cone as long as the inferior portion of the capsule. Seeds lanceolate-ellipsoid,
distinctly trigonous.

Ct'^lialostlgma.'] Lxxx. campanulace^e. (C. B. Clarke.) 429

4. C. birsutum, Eilyeic. in Tram. Linn. Soc. xx. 81 ; stem erect divided
upwards, leaves elliptic Barrowed at both euds, calyx patently pilose, teetli lan-
ceolate-linear. //./. <.y T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. u. 9, in part, e.rcl. all st/n. 0.
anagalloides, 2^oi/le Lll. 2o3, name only. CJ. paniciilata, Wall. Cat. 1295 0.

"\V>STKKX Himalaya; nit. 2-5000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon, frequent,
Falconer, Edgeworth, &c. Behak ; .Parasnath, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H., Knr;:.

Stem 1-5 in., somewhat rigid, piiter.t'y pilose, the branches ascending. Leaves
h~^ by ^-\ in., margin crisped waved or .subci-enulate, patently pilose. Panicle sm^W;
upper bracts very small ; pedicels ^-\ in. Calyx-teeth j^^ in., pilose. Corolla ^ in.,
blue. Capsule -— in. diam., subglobose. Seeds thnrtly ellipsoid, trigonous. — A much
smaller, more rigid and hairy plant than C. jyaniculatum, with smaller flowers ; but
perhaps not specifically distinct. It is readily separated from C. Schimperi by the
seeds, which Kurz coiild not have compared when he suggested {Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 210) that H. f. & T. were in error. Wallich's n. 1295 C. was not collected in
Birraa with the rest of n. 1295, but came from Herb. "Wi :ht.

5. C. Kooksri, Clarhe ; stem erect dichotomou.'=ly branched upwards,
leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends, calyx-teeth shortly triangidar glabrous.
Cephalostigraa no v. sp., Ilorh. Lnd. Or. II. f. &- T.

Behar ; Parasnath, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke, Watt. Ivil\sia Mts. ; from
the Garos to the Nagas, alt. 4000 ft., very common.

Stem 3-8 in., patently pilose. Leaves f-^ in., hardly acute, often minutely cre-
nate, sometimes subpetioled, sparsely pilose. Panicles terminal, often nearly naked ;
bracts most minnte, linear. CWy a: nearly glabrous ; teeth yg in. long. Corolla ^^m.,
blue. Capsule ^^ in. diam., subglobose. Seeds shortly ellipsoid. — The Parasnath
examples have the stem erect, simple, with some larger leaves clustered almost in a
whorl at the base of the punicle. The Khasian examples have the stem stouter,
flexuose, more hairy, branched from the base, and the leaves have no tendency to a
whorl.

4. WAKZ.BNB£:RaZA, Schracl.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite. Peduncles terminal
or leaf-opposed, panicled. Calyx superior, limb 5-partite. Corolla campanu-
late, 5-lobed, sometimes to the base. Stamens free from the corolla ; filaments
often dilated near the base ; anthers oblong, free. Ovary turbinate, 2-3-celled.
Style cyliudric ; stigma (in the Indian species) of 3 narrow lobes. Capsule
erect, 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3 valved within the persistent calyx-teeth. Seeds
very many, small. — Distrib. Species 80, chiefly in the southern hemisphere, a
few tropical, 1 European.

1. W. gracilis, DC. Prodr. vii. 433, 7iot of U. Meyer ; leaves from linear
to obovate-oblong more or less toothed, peduncles terminal subpanicled, calyx-
teeth short linear erect in fruit. Kiirz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 209. \V.
agrestis, A. DC. Prodr. vii. 434 ; JFiyht Ic. t. 1175; //./. ^- T. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ii. 21 ; Dalz. f Gibs. Bomh. Fl. 134. W. indica, A. DC. I.e. ; Wight Ic.
t. 1176. W. dehiscens, Sieberi, marginata, lavandulsefolia and quadrifida,
A. DC. Prodr. vii. 433, 434. Campanula agrestis. Wall. Cat. 1292, and in
Poxh. Fl. lnd. ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 97. 0. dehiscens, Poxh. Hort. Peng. 85,
andFl.Ind.i. 504; Wall. Cat. 1294, and in As. Research, xii. 571, imth fg.
Xj. marginata, Thunh. Fl. Jap. 89, and PI. Jap. Dec. iii. Ic. 4. C. lavandulae-
folia, Peimv. in Plume Pijd. 725. Lightfootia gracilis, Miq. Fl. lnd. Bat. ii. 567.

Throughout India ; alt. 0-7000 ft., a common weed. — Distrib. E. Asia, Australia,
Kew Zealand, S. Africa.

Erect or decumbent, simple or divaricatel3ybranched from the base, 4-24 in. high,
glabrous or hairy, or more hairy below, glabrous above. Leaves \-2,\ by ^^-\ in.,
margin often thickened or undulate. Peduncles 1-8 in., glabrous or nearly so; upper
bracts linear, small. Calyx-teeth j\-^ in., linear from a triangular base, glabrous.

430 Lxxx. CAMPANULACE^. (C.B.Clarke.) IWaJilenhergia.

Corolla ^-^ in., campanulate, deeply divided into broad oblong lobes, blue. Ca])sule
\ in., tapering into the peduncle. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed, sublenticular, smooth.
— W. agrestis is nearly glabrous with linear leaves '; W. inclica has even the uppermost
leaves very hairy ; W. dehiscens is a weak small annual with broad obovate petioled
thin leaves ; W. marginata has the leaves with white thickened margins and a rigid
habit. Some examples (in flower) are of the first year ; other examples have a very
woody base whence spring numerous annual shoots.

2. W. peduncularis, H. f. 4'* T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 22 ; glabrous,
leaves elliptic subentire, peduncles solitary axillary leaf-opposed, calyx-teeth
oWong herbaceous lax in fruit. Campanula ? peduncularis, Wall. Cat. 7139 ;
A. DC. Prodr. vii. 483.

Kumaon; BlinJcworth ', Chaur, alt. 6700 ft., Strachey cf- Winterhoitom.

Stems 3-8 in., weak, little divided. Leaves opposite or (especially the upper) alter-
nate, ^-| by \ in., shortly petioled. Peduncles ^-2 in. Corolla^ in., divided nearly to
the base into narrow-oblong segments. Filaments dilated, pilose below. Stigmas 3,
linear-oblong. Capsule ^ in., tapering into the peduncle. Calyx-teeth ^-^ in., oblong
from a triangular base. Seeds ellipsoid, slightly compressed, smooth. — The leaves
beneath and the calyx-tube are somewhat glaucous.

3. W. ? dicentrifolia, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves ovate subentire, pe-
duncles terminal, calyx-teeth linear erect on the fruit.

Sikkim; Phulloot, alt. 11,000 ft., Clarice.

Erect, 1 ft., much and patently branched. Leaves ^-^ in. diam., glaucous beneath ;
petiole ^ in. Peduncles 1 in., thickened upwards in fruit. Calyx-teeth \-^ by ^o i"-
StaTTiens 5, free; filaments dilated at the base. Capsule ^ by ^ in., horizontal or
cernuous, elongate-obconic, tapering into the peduncle, 3-celled, prominently 10-ribbed;
conical superior beak \ in., loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid much com-
pressed, without a trace of the reticulation of the testa seen in Codonopsis. — The
examples are good, but in late fruit ; the corolla appears to have been lobcd nearly to
the base. The species is exceedingly like Codonopsis thalictrifolia, Wall., and the long
superior conical beak of the capsule also is very like Codonopsis, but the elongate
obconic capsule and the seeds are very different.

6. XiBPTOCODON, H.f. ^ T. (not of Sand.).

A slender, glabrous twiner. Leaves alternate and opposite, loag-petioled,
ovate, membranous. Peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed, slender, 1-flowered.
Calyx ^-inferior ; limb 5-lobed to the base. Corolla tubular, curved, inflated
upwards, truncate, shortly 5-lobed, blue. Stamens 5, free from the corolla,
alternate with 5 clavate epigynous glands ; filaments dilated at the base ;
anthers oblong, free. Ovary ^-inferior, obconic, 3-celled, conical upwards.
Style long, cylindric ; stigma ovate, hairy, of 3 suberect oblong lobes. Capside
a double cone ; the upper free cone elongate, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds few,
oblong-ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, smooth, shining black.

1. Xi. gracilis, H. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc, ii. 17. Codonopsis gra-
cilis, HooU.f. III. Him. PI. t. 16, fig. A.

SiKKiM ; Lachen and Lachoong, alt. 6-9000 ft., J. D. H.

Leaves \-% in. diam., undulate-crenate ; petiole -^—1 in. Calyx-lohes ^ in., linear-
oblong, herbaceous. Corolla 1-1^ in., mouth ^-| in. diam. Capsule | by 5- in. ; the
superior portion longer than the inferior.

6. CODONOPSIS, Wall.

Perennial herbs ; twiners from a tuberous root, or suberect from a fibrous
root. Leaves alternate or subopposite, petioled. Peduncles axillary or terminal,
1-flowered. Flowers conspicuous, green, blue, yellowish or lurid, often purple-

Codonopsis.'] Lxxx. campanulace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 431

Teined, 5- rarely 4-6-meroiis. Cali/.v superior ; lobes 5, long, foliaceous. Corolla
campanulate, shortly 5-lol)ed. Stamens 5, free, inserted on the margin of an
epigynous disc ; filaments somewhat dilated at the base ; anthers oblong, free.
Ovary at first inferior, turbinate, with a short conic superior vertex, 3-celled ;
style cylindric, stigma of 3 ovate or oblong lobes. Capsule somewhat fleshy,
ultimately dry ; beak elongated in fruit, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds very many,
small, ellipsoid, slightly compressed, smooth, brown. — Species 12, in the Hima-
laya, Yunan, Mantschuria, and Japan.

In the Genera Plantarum the ovary and stigma-lobes are described as sometimes
5-4, of which no instances have been found in the Indian species.

1. C. viridis, Wall. Cat. 1298, and in Roxh. FL Ind. ed. Carey S,- Wall.
ii. 103 ; stem twining, leaves elliptic-oblong from a rhomboidal or truncate base
densely pilose beneath, peduncles axillary minutely puberous, calyx-teeth distant
linear, corolla in bud densely pilose. H. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 12.
Wahleubergia viridis, A. DC. Prodr. vii. 424. Oampauula viridis, Spreng. Cura
post. 78.

NiPAL and Kumaon, alt. 7000 ft, Wallich, &c.

Leaves 2-3 by f-la in., opposite and alternate, base obtuse or slightly rounded but
not cordate, subentire, minutely pilose above, at least when young; petiole ^ in.
Peduncles 2 in. Calyx-teeth |-| by ^ in., not (or very obscurely) widened upwards,
pilose on both surfaces. Corolla 1 by | in., lurid yellow. Capsicle hemispheric, |— f-
in. broad ; beak | in. long. Testa with very small and obscure reticulations, even
under the microscope, so that the seed does not " glisten " under an ordinary pocket-
lens. ,

2. C. G-riffithii, Clarhe; stem twining, leaves elliptic-oblong from a
rhomboidal or truncate base densely pilose beneath, calyx-teeth distant linear
broader upwards, peduncles axillary patently pubescent, corolla in bud glaucous,
Codonopsis sp. 3, Onff. Notul. iv. 281, Lc. PI. Asiat. t. 482.

Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., Griffith, fecT"

Altogether resembling C. viridis, under which it is included by H. f. & T., and of
■which it may be a geographic variety. The leaves are more hairy, the petioles have
crisped or patent hairs, while the young corolla without is glabrous or with a few long
white hairs near the top ; the testa is much more coarsely and prominently reticulate,
so that the seeds glisten under a pocket-lens,

3. C. affinis, L£. f. ^- T. in Journ. Lirm. Soc. ii. 12 ; stem twining, leaves
ovate-oblong from a deeply cordate base villous beneath, peduncles axillary and
terminal, calyx-teeth distant narrowly oblong.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 11,000 ft., J. B. H., Clarice.

Leaves 2-4 by 1-2| in., opposite and alternate, subentire, sparsely pilose above, at
least when young ; petiole |-2 in. Peduncles 1-5 in., often dichotomous with a bracti-
form leaf, so that the inflorescence appears of few-flowered racemes. Calyx-teeth ^ by
■| in., narrower upwards, pilose on both surfaces. Corolla -f in, long and broad, green
with purple marks. Capside hemispheric, \ in. broad ; beak ^ in. long. Seeds not
glistening under the lens, i.e. the reticulations of the testa are very small, not pro-
minent.

Var, birmanica ; leaves sparsely pilose beneath, calyx-lobes elliptic-acute. — Birma,
Griffith (Kew Distrib, n, 3439).— An imperfect fruiting example, referred by H. f. &
T. doubtfully to C. affinis, which the calyx-lobes hardly admit. It is probably a new
species.

4. C. purpurea, Wall. Cat. 1299, and in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall,
ii. 105; glabrous, stem diffuse, leaves opposite elliptic-oblong subentire base
rhomboid or truncate, peduncles axillary and terminal, calyx-teeth approximate

432 Lxxx. CAMPANULACEJB. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Godonopsis.

triangular ovate. H. f. 4'- T. in Joiini. Linn. Soc. ii. l^. Walileriberr^ia pur-
purea, A. DC. Trodr, vii. 425. Campanula purpurea, Spreng. Cur a post. 78.

NiPAL ; Gossain-tlian, Wallich. Kcmaon; Lohulliat, alt. 6000 ft., Strachey ^•
Winterhotiom.

RamLling or suLscandcnt, not twining. Leaves 2^ by 1-1^ in., all opposite or
peduncle-opposed, sometimes obscurely rounded at the base, never cordate, glaucous
beneath ; petiole \ in. Peduncles ^-2 in. Calyx-teeth ^ by ^ in , subacute, glaucous.
Corolla 1 by f in., purple. Capsule-ohcQnXc or subhemisplieric, g- in. broacl ; beak \ in.
long. Seeds not glistening, i.e. testa very minutely reticulated.

6. C. rotundifolia, Benth. in Ltoyle III. 264:, t. G2; stem twining, leaves
ovate from a rounded base crenate glabrous or sparsely pilose, calyx-teeth ap-
proximate elliptic, corolla widely campanulate, seeds ~ in. oblong-ellipsoid.
JSot. May. tt. 4942, 6018 ; //. /. 4' T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 14. Wahlenbergia
rotundifolia, A. DC. Prodr. vii. 425.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 7-11,000 ft., common.

Leaves alternate, often 2 by ^ in., very variable in size ; petiole \ in. Peduncles
1-6 in., axillary and terminal. Calyx-lobes f by }-^ in., often crenate or toothed.
Corolla -f-li by f in., purple or lurid grey-blue. Capsule hemispheric, ^-f in. broad ;
beak ^ in. Seeds minutely reticulate, not glistening, more than twice as largo as those
of C. Benthami and its allies.

6. C. Benthami, II. f. ^' T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 14; rambling or sub-
scandent, leaves rhomboid-elliptic crenate pilose on both surfaces, calyx-teeth
approximate ovate acute, corolla narrowly campanulate somewhat constricted in
the middle, seeds short ellipsoid scarcely /^ in. long.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Lachcn, alt. 9000-11,000 ft., J. D. H.; Yakla, alt. 11,000 ft.,
Clarke.

Not twining. Leaves nearly as of C. rotundifolia, but less rounded at the base.
Corolla |-1 by \ in., lurid purple-yellow. Capsule hemispheric, ^\ in. broad ; beak
nearly \ in. long. Seeds not glistening. — Separable from G. rotundifolia by the more
woody, rambling, but not twining, stem, and by the seeds, which are less than ^th the
volume.

7. C. subsimplez, //./. c^- T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. IG ; suberect, leaves
v/ » ate from a rounded base crenate sparsely pilose, calyx-lobes approximate ovate,
corolla broadly campanulate, seeds — in. ellipsoid.

Alpine Sikkim; Lachen and Yeumtung, alt. 12-13,000 ft., J. D. H. ; ridge be-
tween Sikkim and Nipal, alt. 11,000 ft., Clarke.

Stem 1-2 ft., branched. Leaves l-i--2 by |-1 in., alternate and opposite, closely
resembling those of C rotundifolia ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles 1-4 in., terminal.
Calyx-lobes ^ by j-^ in., entire or slightly toothed. Corolla | in. long and nearly as
broad, lurid pale-blue. Capsule hemispheric, ^ in. broad ; beak ^-|- in. long. Seeds
not glistening, about i the volume of those of C. rotundifolia, twice as large as those
of C. Benthami. — This dilFers from C. Benthami chiefly by the shorter much broader
corolla.

8. C. thalictrifolia, Wall, in Bo.vb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. lOG;
leaves small ovate or reniform pilose, peduncles long, calyx-lobes oblong, corolla
narrow tubular with a widened mouth. Benth. in ltoyle III. 253 ; II. f. ^ T. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. IG. Glossocomia thalictrifolia, Wall. Cat. 1297. G. tenera,
Don Prodr. 158. Wahlenbergia thalictrifolia, DC. Frodr. vii. 425. Campanula
tbalictrifolia, Spreng. Curajyost. 77.

Nipal; Gossaiu Than, Wallich.

Ste7ns flexuose. Leaves ^-^ in. diam., alternate and opposite, subentire, pilose on
both surfaces ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles 2-6 in., terminal, laxly pubescent or glabrous.

o\

Codonopsis.] Lxxx. campanulacej!. (C. B. Clarke.) 433

Calyx-lobes \ by ^o ^"-j somewhat distant, minutely pubescent. Corolla 1 in. long,
tube \ in. diam., mouth ^ in. diam. Cap&uJe subhemispheric. — This should perhaps
be removed to Lejptocodon.

9. C. foetens, //. /. 8f T. in Joiirn. Linn. Soc. ii. 16 ; leaves small ovate
or reniform pilose, peduncles long, calyx-lobes elliptic-obloug", corolla globose-
campanulate.

Alpine Sikkim; Samdong, Lachen, and Kangra Lama, alt. 14-16,000 ft., J". 2>. //.

Closely resembling C. thalictrifolia except as to the corolla. Stems 6 in., flexuose.
Leaves ^-^ in. diam. Peduncles 3-6 in., terminal. Calyx-lobes ^ by ^ in., approxi-
mate at base, minutely pilose. Corolla 1 by | in. Capsule depressed obconic, ^ in.
broad ; beak nearly ^ in. long, more than double the length of the portion of the cap-
sule below it. Seeds ellipsoid, not glistening. — Separated doubtingly from C. thalic-
trifolia by H. f. & T., but the corolla is very different, and the calyx-teeth much
broader at the base. It scarcely differs from C. ovata by the smaller leaves, more
globose corolla (which from the dried example seems to have been lurid purple, not
sky-blue), and smaller seeds.

10. C. ovata, Benth. in Hoyle 111. 253, t. 69, fig. 3 ; leaves ovate hairy on
both surfaces, peduncles long, calyx-lobes elliptic-oblong, corolla broadly cam-
panulate, seeds narrowly ellipsoid ~^ in. long. LimU. in Gard. Chron. 1856, 468,
with jig. \, H. f. 8f T. in Jowm. Linn. Soc. ii. 15. Wahlenbergia Roylei, i)C.
Prodr. vii. 425.

Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Gurwhal, alt. 8-12,000 ft., common.

Boot woody, fusiform, largo. Stein 6-12 in., decumbent, then erect. Leaves 4-|
by ^-^ in., alternate and opposite, obtuse or acute ; petiole ^^ in. Peduncles 3-6 in.,
terminal. Calyx-lobes 5 by § in., approximate at base, minutely pilose. Corolla l-lj-
by ^-| in., widened upwards, sky-blue. Capstde depressed obconic, ^-^ in. broad ;
beak |- in. long. Seeds much longer than those of C. foetens, not glistening, — C. clema-
iidea, Schrenck (Glossocomia clematidea, Fisch. in Regel Gartenfl. 1856, 226, t. 167,
fig. 2), has larger, subglabrous leaves, but is probably only a form of C. ovata.

7. CVAKANTKUS, Wall

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Floivei's ter-
minal, blue, pedimcled or sessile. Calyx nearly inferior, usually shaggy when
young ; tube ovate or cylindric ; lobes 5, lanceolate or triangular. Corolla
tubular or funnel-shaped ; lobes 6, induplicate-valvate. Stamens free from the
corolla ; anthers ovate, adpressed round the base of the style, free or coherent.
Ovary nearly superior, conoid, tapering upwards, 3-5-celled ; style cylindric from
a conic base, stigma 3-5-lobed lobes short, soon recurved. Capsule nearly or
quite included in the persistent calyx-tube, ovoid-conoid, loculicidally 5-4-
(rarely 3-) valved from the apex. Seeds minute, narrowly oblong-ellipsoid or
shortly ellipsoid, smooth, brown ; testa not (or most obscurely) reticulated. —
Species 7, all Himalayan.

* Boot perennial ; stems suhsimple, \-jlo\vered, the lateral branches few ^ weak,
notjlowei'ing.

1. C. lobatus, Wall. Cat. 1473; leaves subpetioled obovate-oblong lobed
often 3-fingered sparingly pilose, peduncles solitary and calyx with black spread-
ing hairs. Benth. in Boyle Lll. 309, t. 69, fig. 1*; Bot. Beg. 1847, t. 6; Begel
Gartenjl. 1877, t. 888 : H. f. 8^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 19 ; Bot. Mag. t.
6486.

Alpine Himalaya; from Gurwhal to Sikkim, alt. 11-14,000 ft., common.
Stems 4-16 in., somewhat stout, glabrous below, hirsute upwards, simple or with
vol. III. F P

434) Lxxx. CAMPANULACPL«. (C. B. Clarke.) IGyanantJms.

a few short weak branches near the base. Leaves |-1 by ^ in., laxly pilose, ultimately
nearly glabrous. Cali/x ^-| in., ovate, lobed subacutely | its length. Corolla some-
times 1^ by 1 in. diam. at the mouth (usually much smaller), tubular-funnel-shaped;
lobes ovate, somewhat spreading, hairy at least in the throat. Capsule yk in., ovoid-
conoid, superior for § its length ; calyx in fruit unaltered, densely black hirsute. Seeds
^ in., narrowly oblong-ellipsoid.

2. C. Integrer, Wall. Cat. 1472 ; leaves siibsessile entire or crenate-toothed
broadly or narrowly oblong shortly closely scabrid-pilose on both surfaces^ flowers
subsessile, calyx black-hirsute unaltered in fruit. Benth. in Royle III. 309, t.
69, tig. 2 ; H.f. S,- T. in Journ.Linn. Sac. ii. 19. C. barbatus, Edgew. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xx. 82.

KuMAOx, Wallich; alt. 11,000 ft., Strachey iSf Wi7iterhottom. Gv rw a al, Falconer,
Edgeworth. Sirmore, Vicarg.

Stems 4-12 in., many or few from the root, simple, hairy or finally nearly glabrous.
Leaves 1 by ^ in. in Wallich's type, crenate-dentate ; often much smaller, narrower,
subentire; in Falconer's examples larger, broad-elliptic, subpetiolate. Calyx ^-'^\xx.,
ovoid, lobed subacutely ^ its length. Corolla 1 by ^ in., tubular-funnel-shaped; lobes
ovate, somewhat spreading, hairy at least in the throat within. Capsule ^ in., ovoid-
conic, superior for | its length. Seeds ^ in., narrowly oblong-ellipsoid.

3. C. linifolius, TFall. Cat. 3722 ; leaves sessile small oblong entire
glabrous above closely scabrid-pilose beneath, flowers subsessile, calyx black-
hirsute unaltered in fruit. I£. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 20, in part. C.
microphyllus, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 81.

Kumaon; BUnJcworth; Mana, Edgeworth; Ealam Eiver, alt. 11,000 ft., Strachey
^ Winterhottom. Gurwhal ; Falconer.

Stems 3-10 in., very many from the root, simple, hairy or nearly glabrous. Leaves
3~2 ^y F~6 ^°-' usually narrowly oblong, sometimes ovate, margins often recurved.
Ccdyx \ in., cylindric, lobed acutely about ^ its length. Corolla f by ^ in,, densely
hairy in the throat within. Capsule and seeds nearly as in C. integer. — Hardly
separable from C. integer; the stems are usually more hairy, the leaves smaller and
narrower, glabrous on the upper surface, the calyx is rather shorter and more
deeply divided, and the flowers somewhat smaller.

4. C. pedunculatus, Clarice; leaves sessile oblong entire scabrid-pilose
on both surfaces, peduncles ^-1^ in. patently black-hirsute as is the calyx. C.
linifolius, //./. S,- T. in Jouni. Linn. Soc. ii. 20, in part.

Alpine Sikkim ; Lachooug and Samdong, alt. 12-16,000 ft., J. D. H.^ Elwes.
Yakla, alt. 14-16,000 ft., Clarke.

Stem 3-8 in., simple or -with weak barren branches near the base, glabrescent
below, hairy upwards. Leaves ^-| by ^-\ in. Calyx ^ in., cylindric, lobed acutely
to the middle, unaltered in fruitr Corolla 1 by \ in.,' tubular-funnel-shaped, glabrous
in the throat or very nearly so. Capsule and seeds nearly as in C. itiieger. —Th\s Vas
included by H. f. & T. under C. linifolius, from which it differs in the pilose upper
surface of the leaves, tlie peduncled flowers and the glabrous corolla-throat.

5. C. incanus, H. f. ^- T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 20 ; leaves oblong
hispid-pilose on both surfaces, flowers subsessile, calyx fulvous hirsute in fruit
subinflated reticulately veined finally glabrescent.

Alpine Sikkim ; Lachen, Tungu and Ycumtong, alt. 12-16,000 ft., J. B. H.,
Elwes.

Stem 3-4 in., many from one root, wiry, simple, patently hispid. Leaves \-^ by
^-^ in., nearly entire, subsessilp. Calyx ^ in., broadly cylindric,- acutely lobed half
its length, when young more or less hairy or glabrous. Corolla §-1 in., oblong-
funnel-shaped, throat densely hairy, lobes somewhat spreading. Ca/pstde \ in., OA'oid-
conic, superior for | its length, loose within the much enlarged inflated calyx. Seeds

Cyanantlms.'] ixxx. CAMPANULACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 4^5

scarcely g^j in., ellipsoid. — This species by its inflated fruiting-calyx and minute seeds
differs considerably from all the preceding species, and approaches the next section.

** Root annual ; stems branched, lateral branches often Jlotcering.

G. C inflatus, II. f. S^ T. in Journ. Linn, Sac. ii. 21 ; stem procumbent
loosely branched, leaves petioled round, flowers subsessile, calyx in fruit globose-
conic.

Alpine Sikkim ; alt. 11-16,000 ft., general. Bhotan; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.
3434).

Stetns 6-30 in., with long branches, patently pilose or at length glabrate. Leaves
^ in. diam., margin more or less sinuate, hairy on both surfaces or nearly glabrous ;
petiole \~^ in. Calyx ^ in., ovate, lobed less than i its length, hairy ; in fruit much
widened at the base, membranous, often conspicuously nerved, ultimately nearly gla-
brous. Corolla ^ in., tubular, hardly widened at the mouth. Capsule |-| in., oblong-
conic; valves often far exceeding the narrow calyx-mouth. Seeds scarcely ^^ in.,
ellipsoid.

7. C Kookeri, Clarke ; stems ascending rigid with short lateral flower-
ing branches, leaves petioled ovate, calyx in fruit ellipsoid closely embracing
the capsule. Oyauanthus sp. n. 6, H.f. 4* T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 21.

East Nipal; Wallanchoon, alt. 13,000 ft., J. D. H.

Stems 3--8 in. (or more), many from one root, wiry, tdtimately glabrescent; lateral
branches ^-1 in. Leaves ^-\ in., hirsute; petiole ^-^ in. Cali/x in fruit }-{ by ^
in., patently fulvous-hirsute, lobed acutely half its length. Capsule I by ^ in., ellip-
soid, 3-5 (mostly 4-) valved, included in the calyx. Seeds ~ in., ellipsoid. — The
specimens are in ripe fruit only, but the species is evidently distinct from all the
others ; the calyx and capsule are very much smaller.

8. CAMPANUMSSA, Llume.

Perennial herbs ; root tuberous ; stem twining or rambling with long straight
branches. Leaves opposite or alternate, short- or long-petioled, entire crenate
or serrate. Flotvei's peduncled, solitary, lateral or terminal. Calyx inferior or
superior ; lobes 4-G, long, broad or narrow, persistent. Corolla epigynous,
campanulate, white with a short tube, or lurid large with a long tube ; lobes
4-6. Stamens 4-6, inserted round the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-6-
celled; style cylindric, stigma of 4-6 short lobes. Fruit indehiscent, truncate.
Seeds very many, small, ellipsoid. — Species 6-6, Himalaya, Malaya, S, China,
Japan.

Sect. I. ZSucampanumaBa. Stem twining; inflorescence lateral.
Calyx-lobes broad, herbaceous. Corolla campanulate, large, lurid purple. Seeds
ellipsoid, prominently reticulated. — Differs from Codonojnis only in the baccate
truncate fruit. ^

1. C. javanica, Blume Bijd. 727 ; leaves ovate-cordate glabrous, calyx
nearly free from the hemisj^heric berry. DC. Prodr. vii. 423 ; Fl. des Se^-res, t.
1264 ; //./. 4'- T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 9; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt.
ii. 209. (J. javanica, Hooh.f. 111. Him. Fl. t. 16, B. C. cordata, Bot. May.
t. 5372, not of Ifassk. Codonopsis, sp. 2, Griff. Notul. iv. 280.

Sikkim, Buotax and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-7000 ft., frequent. Eirma ; Karen
Hills, Kurz. — Distrib. Java.

Leaves opposite or nearly all alternate, 2 by 1 in., acute, deeply cordate, entire or
crenate-serrate, glaucous beneath ; petiole \-\ in. Peduncles solitary, axillary or leaf-
opposed, ^s long as the petioles. Calyx-tube very short, adnata to the base of the

FF 2

436 Lxxx. CAMPANULACEiB. (C. B. Clarke.) ICampanumcea.

ovary; lobes ^-f by ^ in., ovate-lanceolate, approximate, glabrous. Corolla |-1J by
^-1 in., lurid yellow with purple veins. Ovart/ 5-4- (rarely 3-) celled. Berry ^-1
in. diara., hemispheric, broader than long, glaucous, black-purple, the persistent
somewhat enlarged calyx-lobes spreading from near its base. — Codonopsis cordata
(Hassk. in Retzia, i. 9) may be only a var. of this, as Kurz states ; but Hasskarl's
examples differ in the leaves being sparsely hairy above with much spreading hairs on
the nerves beneath, a state unknown in India.

2. C. inflata, Clarke ; leaves ovate-cordate nearly glabrous, calyx adnate
nearly to the summit of the ellipsoid berry. Codonopsis inflata, Hook. f. III.
Him. PI. t. 16, C. ; H.f.Sr T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 13.

SiKKiM and Bhotan ; alt. 5-8000 ft., common.

Leaves alternate sometimes opposite, 3 by If in., acute, deeply cordate, entire or
crenate-dentate, glaucous beneath, glabrous or sparsely pilose above ; petiole ^-2 in.
Peduncles mostly leaf-opposed, as long as the petioles. Calyx-lohes \-\ by \ in.,
ovate-lanceolate, approximate, glabrous or nearly so. Corolla 1:|- by | in., lurid
yellow with purple veins. Ovary 3-celled. Berry %-\ in., cylindric from a hemi-
spheric base, usually at least as long as broad, glaucous, black-purple, crowned by a
flat pentagonal disc.

Sect. II. Cyclocodon (Gen. Oriffith). Perennial, erect herbs, with
long spreading branches. Leaves opposite. Infiorescence terminal. Calyx-lohes
narrow. Corolla small, with a very short tube, white. Seeds ovoid, testa not
reticulated.

3. C celeblca, Blume Bijd. 727 ; leaves short-petioled lanceolate serrate,
calyx-tube adnate to the 6-celled ovary. 0. truncata, Endl. Gen. Plant, i. 515.
Codonopsis truncata, Wall. Cat. 1301 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 423. C. celebica and
leucocarpa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 665, 566. C. albiflora, Grif. Notul. iv. 279.
Cyclocodon lancifolium, Kwz in Flora, 1872, 303, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 210, partly. C. truncatum, H.f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 18. C. adnatus,
Grif. ; JBenth. in Gen. PI. ii. 658. Campanula lancifolia, Poxh. Fl. Ind. i.
605; A. DC. Prodr. vii. 485.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; alt. 4-6000 ft., frequent. Chittagong and Biema ; alt.
0-3000 ft., frequent. — Distrib. Malaya, Ava, S. China.

Erect, 3-4 ft. high with horizontal long and drooping branches. Leaves 3 by 1 in.,
base cuneate or rounded, teeth sometimes obscure, glabrous or with scattered hairs,
often glaucous beneath ; petiole |-^ in. Flowers solitary, terminal, and in the forks
of a dichotomous cyme; peduncle ^ in. Calyx in bud very shortly adnate to the ovarj',
in fruit adnate shortly or half way up, sometimes nearly to the base of the corolla ;
teeth ^-^ in., linear-lanceolate, usually serrate. Corolla |-| by \ in., epigynous,
very shortly campanulate, white, fading somewhat into yellow, but not at all lurid
glaucous as in sect. Eucampanumea. Ovary 5-6-celled. Berry ^ in, diam., globose,
white, little succulent, ultimately dry and breaking up irregularly. — The Amoy
species admitted by Bentham (Gen. PI. ii. 558) as having a 6-merous corolla, does not
differ from the 6-merous Pegu plant. *

4. C. parviflora, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 558; leaves shortly petioied lan-
ceolate caudate-serrate, calyx free from the 4- celled ovary. Codonopsis parvi-
flora, Wall. Cat. 1300 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 423. Cyclocodon distans. Griff. JVotid.
iv. 277 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 481. 0. parviflorum, H.f. Sj- T. in Jom-n. Linn. Soc.
ii. 18 {exclud. syn. Campanumaea celebica). C. lancifolium, Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. 1877, ii. 210, partly.

SiKKiM, Bhotan and Khasia Mts. ; alt. 1-5000 ft., common.

Closely resembling C. celebica, and united with it by Kurz, but the calyx is
entirely free, and ^-^ in. below the fruit. This degree of adherence of the calyx is,
however, so very variable in C. celebica, that Kurz does not distinguish this species by

Campanumma.'] Lxxx. campanulaceje. (0. B. Clarke.) 437

it. The flowers in C. parviflora are not always smaller than in C. celebica, but they
seem always 4-merous, while the flowers of C. celebica appear invariably 5-6-merous ;
a character of little weight in Campanulacece.

PBXIACARPA, H.f. 8f T.

A slender prostrate herb. Leaves alternate and opposite, petioled, ovate.
Pedicels axillary, l-flowered, clustered or solitary. Flowers small, purple or
white. Cdyx superior ; teeth 5, oblono--linear, persistent. Corolla campanu-
late, 6-lobed. Stamens 5, free from tbe corolla. Ovary inferior, S-celled.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, white, membranous, 3- (or 2-1-) celled, 6-30-seeded.
Seeds fusiform-ellipsoid, dai*k brown, smooth.

1. P. camosa, H.f- 4* T. in Joui^. Linn. Soc. ii. 26. Campanula
carnosa. Wall. Cat. 1282, and in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 102;
DC. Prodr. vii. 474.

KuMAON to Bhotan ; alt. 5-11,000 ft., in wet places frequent. Khasia Mts. ;
alt. 5-6000 ft., K/.# T.

A very weak, succulent herb, 3-8 in., branching. Leaves \-^ in., obtuse or acute,
entire or crenate, glabrous or scabrid ; petiole ^-^ in. Pedicels sometimes 1 in. soli-
tary, sometimes clustered and less than ^ in. Calyx-teeth ^^ in. Corolla ^-^ in.
Fruit ^-\ by ^-^ in,, sack-like, often unsymmetric by the suppression of one cell.

10. PZSMTAPKRAGMA, Wall.

Perennial herbs ; stem short, sparingly branched. Leaves alternate, large,
often very unequal at the base. Spikes dense, scorpioid, shortly peduncled ;
flowers in two ranks ; bracts membranous, short. Calyx superior ; lobes 5,
long, obtuse, persistent. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, white. Stamens 5,
epigynous, free ; anthers ovate. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled ; style short, cylin-
dric, stigma peltate obscurely 3-5-lobed. Bei'ry inferior. Seeds very many,
small, testa prominently reticulated. — Species 3, Malayan.

1. P. begroniaefolluxn, Wall. Cat. 1313 ; leaves ovate serrate, calyx-teeth
^ in. subquadrate-oblong obtuse, fruit \-^ in. turbinate ellipsoid, A. DC. Prodr.
vii. 496; H.f. 4* T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 26 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
ii. 201. Phyteuma begonifolium, Poxb. Hort. Beng. 85 ; Fl. Ind. i. 605 ; Jack
in Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 276, t. 67.

Mebgtji, Griffith. Penang and Singapore, Roxburgh, &c.

Stem 6-12 in,, succulent, scabrous-villous. Leaves 6-8 by 4-5 in. ovate with the
base excised on one side, cordate and auricled on the other ; or oblong base equal and
cuneate ; scabrous-pilose on the nerves beneath, otherwise nearly glabrous ; petiole
\-\ in. Peduncle \-\ in,, lateral near the summit of the stem, carrying 1-3 ovate
alternate sessile bracts ^ in. diam. SpiJce 1-4 in, ; bracts 2-ranked, obovate or
elliptic, \ in. long ; bracts ovary and calyx weakly villous. Corolla ^-^ in. long and
broad, lobes deep, broad, obtuse, — This genus is unlike other Campanulacea in habit ;
and P. begoniafolium so simulates Epithema {Cyrtandracece) in leaves and inflore-
scence, that these plants are mixed under Wall. Cat. 1313.

11. SPKENOCXiEA, Gaertn.

An annual, erect herb. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire. Spikes lateral
and terminal, peduncled, cylindric", d6Sse-fld., apex conical. Floivej's small,
sessile; bracteate and 2-bracteolate. Calyx ^-inferior ; limb 5-fid, segments
ovate. Corolla campanulate, epigynous, 5-lobed. Stamens 6, on the corolla,

438 Lxxx. CA^iPANULACEiB. (C, B. Clarke.) ISpJienoclea.

alternate witli its segments, filaments short linear ; anthers ovate. Ovary at
first inferior, 2-celled ; ovules very many on stalked placentas ; style short,
stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule ^-inferior, membranous ' below ; crown
superior, depressed, conical, circumsciss, hard. Seeds very many, narrowly
oblong ; testa somewhat lax.

1. S. zeylanlca, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 113, t. 24, fig. 5 ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 607;
Wall. Cat. 1516 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 209. S. Pongatium, A. DC.
Prodr. vii. 548 ; Wight III. t. 138 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 963. Pongatium
indicum, Laink. III. ii. 444. Gaertnera Pangati, Retz Ohs. vi. 24. Rapinia
herbacea, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. {ed. Willd.) i. 167. Sphenoclea, Griff^. Kotul. iv.
27Q.—Rheede Hort. Mai. xi. t. 24.

Throughout India ; in swamps. — Distkib. In both hemispheres in warm regions.

Stem 12-24 in. Leaves 2-3 by \-\ in., narrowed at both ends, sometimes shortly
petioled. Peduncles ^-1 in. ; spikes g-l^ in., dense both in flower and fruit. Calyx-
lobes -^ in. ; in fruit somewhat enlarged, — in., triangular, closely inflexed over the
disc. Corolla ^ in., lobes short, valvate in bud (Griffith says imbricate). Frnit ^ in.
diam. Seeds minute, scabrous from microscopic papillae or scales.

12. PKVTXSUMA, Liim.

Perennial herbs. Eadical leaves petioled, cauline alternate. Floivers capi-
tate, spicate, or (in all the Indian species) panicled. Calyx-tube adnate, ob-
conic; limb 5-partite. Corolla rotate, 6-lobed nearly to the base, segments 5
narrow. Stamens free from the corolla, filaments widely dilated at the base ;
anthers free. Ovary 2-celled (in the Indian species) ; ovules very many in each
cell. Style cyliudric •, stigma 2-fid. Capsule dehiscing by small valves on the
sides. Seeds minute, ellipsoid. — Species 50, Europe, N. Africa and Temp.
Asia.

The Indian species belongs to the sub-genus Vodanthiis, G. Don, referred by
Boissier on account of the lax inflorescence to Campanula : retained by Bentham in
Phytenma on account of the shape of the corolla.

P. Thoxnsoni, Clarke ; nearly glabrous, erect, cauline leaves petioled
ovate-lanceolate, flowers numerous laxly panicled, corolla segments linear-
oblong, ovary 2-celled, stigma 2-lobed. Campanula Thomsoni, H.f. ^ T. in
Journ. Linn! Soc. ii. 26. Symphyandra stylosa, Royle III. 263.

North-West Himalaya; alt. 6-8000 ft., Thomson. Kashmir, Jacquemont, Hen-
derson, AitchiesoJi.

Root long, woody. Stems ^-4 ft. Cauline leaves 3 by 1^ in., obscurely creuate ;
loAver leaves suborbicular, petioled. Panicle with many branches 6-12 in., naked,
weak, flowering at the tops ; sometimes reduced to a simple terminal cluster. Pedicels
^-i- in. Calyx-teeth ^ in., subulate. Corolla-lobes \-^ by ^-'^ in., blue. Filaments
very short, pubescent, connivent ; anthers large, oblong, at first forming a cylinder
round the style, but quite free. Fruit unknown. — The deeply partite corolla and
2-celled ovary refer this plant to Phyteuma, though, the lax inflorescence is campanula-
like.

13. CABSPANUZiA, Linn.

Perennial or annual herbs, erect or decumbent. Leaves alternate, or the
radical subrosulate, from ovate to linear. Flo^vei's peduncled or subsessile,
axillary or terminal, panicled spicate or subcapitate, purple or white. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, turbinate ; limb deeply 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla
campanulate, 5-fid (in C.fulgens 5-partite). Stame^u 6, free, filaments dilated
at the base ; anthers free. Ovary inferior, 3- (rarely 4-6-) celled ; ovules very

Campanula.'] lxxx. CAMPANULACEiE. (C.B.Clarke.) 439

many in eacli cell ; style cylindric, stigma shortly 3-5-lobed. Capsule obovoid
or elongate, truncate, dehiscing by small valves at the base or on the sides out-
side the calyx-lobes. Seeds very many, minute, ellipsoid or small compressed
margined. — Species 230, natives chiefly of the north temperate hemisphere.

Sect. I. Capsule dehiscing by valves at the base.

* Tall erect herbs ; cavline leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate ; seeds {large for
Campanula) mv£h comjyressed, morr/ined.

I.e. latlfolia, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. vii. 4(39 ; cauline leaves ovate or
broadly lanceolate somewhat pubescent, flowers suberect large, calyx-teeth lan-
ceolate subentire. Bot. May, t. 2563 ; H. f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Sac. ii. 22 ;
Baiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 921. C. Brunonis, Wall. Cat. 1285. C. macrantha, Bot.
Mag. t. 3347. 0. eriocarpa, Bieh. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i. 149.

Western Himalaya; alt. 8-11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon, frequent. —
DisTRiB. N. & W. Asia, Europe.

Erect, 2-6 ft., corymbose upwards, branches ascending. Upper leaves 3 by 1-2 in.,
subsessile, cuneate or rounded at the base, crenate-serrate, herbaceous. Pedicels
\-\ in., recurved in fruit. Calyx-teeth ^ in., minutely pilose. Corolla \\ by 1 in.,
purple. Capsule i by \-^ in , glabrous or very nearly so. Seeds ^-^ in.

2. C. khasiana, H.f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 25; cauline leaves
ovate or broadly lanceolate hispid, flowers nodding, calyx-teeth narrowly lan-
ceolate sharply seiTate.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4-6000 ft., plentiful.

Erect, 1-4 ft., sparingly corymbose upwards, branches ascending. Upper leaves
l|-2 by i-f in., sessile, base obtuse, crenate-serrate, rigid, nerves beneath elevated.
Pedicels l-^- in., lower apparently often elongated, 2-3 in., with small bracts near the
summit whence may rise flowers. Calyx-teeth ^ in., glabrous or nearly so, serratures
few very sharp. Corolla ^-f in., and nearly as wide at the mouth, funnel-shaped
rather than campanulate, purple. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ^ by :|- in., ellipsoid,
narrowed upwards, glabrous. Seeds iV"ii i"-

** Erect herbs, with slender straight stems ; seeds minute, ellipsoid, little com-
pressed.

3. C. sylvatica, Wall. Cat. 1293, and in Ro.xb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f
Wall. ii. 97 ; leaves linear pilose, calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate \-^ in. A. DC.
Prodr. vii. 471 ; H.f.Sf T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 22. C. stricta, Wall, in As.
Research, xiii. 374, not of Linn. 0. integerrima, Don Prodr. 155. C. capero-
nioides, Klotzsch in Reis. Pr. Waldem. Bot. 73, t. 78, fig. 1.

Temperate Himalaya ; Gurwhal to Nipal, alt. 5-9000 ft., Wallich, Thomson^
Edgewo^'th, Strach. ^ Winterb. ; Bhotan, Griffith.

Stems 8-12 in., pilose, Leaves 2 by ^g in., in Grriffith's Bhotan example 2 by \ in.
Panicle lax, few-flowered ; pedicels ^-f in., puberulous. Corolla ^—^ by ^ in., shortly
5-lobed. Capstde ^ in. long and broad, obconic, finally glabrous, crowned by the
somewhat elongated calyx-teeth.

4. C. canescens, Wall. Cat. 1289 ; hairy, leaves oblong or lanceolate
crenate, calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate ^^l in. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 473 ; JLf. % T.
in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 23 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 209 ; Boiss. Fl.

Orient, iii. 934. C. Benthamii, Wail. Cat. 1290. Cephalostigma spathulatum,

TMoaites Enum. 422.

Throughout Northern India ; alt. 0-5000 ft., from the Himalaya to Central India
and Pegu, very common. Ceylon, Thwaites.

Stems 6-24 in. Leaves 1 by \-^ in. Flowers numerous, clustered in panicles,

440 Lxxx. CAMPANULACE^;. (0. B. Clarke.) [Campanula,

dimorphic ("both forms frequently on one stem) ; one form complete, the other very
much smaller without corolla or stamens. Calyx-teeth i in. in the perfect flower, often
scarcely jg in. in the imperfect. Corolla |^ by i in., broadly campanulate, shortly
lobed, grey-purple. Ovary 3-celled, or in large hill examples 5-celled. Capsule \-\
in. in diam. ; or in the imperfect flowers often scarcely ^ in., producing perfect seeds.
Seeds very minute.

*** Herhs, much branched or loithjlexuose stems ; seeds minute, ellipsoid, little
comp)ressed. (The species are closely allied and hardly separable.)

6. C. colorata, Wall. Cat. 1287, and in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall.
ii. 101 ; stem terete patently hairj^, leaves subremote lanceolate repand-dentate
softly pilose on both surfaces, calyx-teeth lanceolate, corolla ^^ by ^ in. laxly
pilose without. A. DC Prodr. vii. 473 ; H.f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 23.
C. Moorcroftiana, IVall. Cat. 1288. C. ramiilosa, Wall. Cat. 1286, and inRoxb.
Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 100; A. DC. I. c. ; Wight Ic. t. 1178 ; Boiss. Fl.
Onent. iii. 934. 0. nervosa, Royle III. 253. C. pallida, Wall, in As. Research.
xiii. 375, and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 100; DcmRrodr. 156;
A. DC. I.e. C. Hoffmeisteri and himalayensis, Klotzsch in Reis. Pr. Waldem.
Rot. 73, 74, t. 77, and t. 78, fig. 2.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 3-10,000 fl. ; from Kashmir to Khasia, very common.
Western Ghats, alt. 5-7000 ft. — Distrib. Cabul.

Stem 6-24 in., suberect, flexuose or very much branched. Leaves 1 by ^-^ in.,
often spathulate or subpetioled. Pedicels sometimes 1-2 in., slender, sometimes short
rigid. Calyx-teeth ^-^ in,, lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, entire or toothed.
Corolla purple or grey-purple, lobed from ^-J its length ; as in C. canescens, flowers
without corolla or stamens occur, in which the calyx and the fruit are much smaller.
Capsule ^\ in. long and broad, obconic, cernuous, obviously inferior. Seeds ellipsoid,
very small.

Var. tihetica, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 23 ; calyx-teeth wide overlapping
at the base, lower portion of the capsule shortened so that it appears only half-inferior.
— North Kashmir and West Tibet, alt. 8-12,000 ft, frequent. — This is considered a
var. by H. f. & T,, but it seems as remarkable a form of C. colorata as some others
admitted by them as species. The var, anomala, H. f. & T, 1. c, is the extreme form
of var. tihetica, having the calyx-lobes (in fruit) nearly | by ^ in,, almost cordate at
the base, the calyx-tube only shortly adnate.

6. C. Alphonsii, Wall. Cat. 1296; stems wiry angular densely leafy,
leaves small oblong repand-dentate pilose on both surfaces and somewhat tomen-
tose beneath, calyx-teeth broadly lanceolate entire or slightly toothed, corolla \
by ^ in. laxlv pilose without. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 473 ; Wight Spic. Neilgh. ii.
22, t. 125; Ic. t. 1177 : H.f.^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 24.

NiLGHERRY Mts,, alt. 6-8000 ft., frequent.

Leaves (in the typical form) ^ by ^ in., very closely placed on the stem ; but in
Dalzell's example (? from the Concan) the leaves are larger, more scattered, and the
plant approaches C colorata. H. f. & T. suggest that T. Alphonsii may be a var. of
C. carta.

7. C. cana, Wall. Cat. 1284; stems patently hispid, leaves oblong toothed
scabrous-pUose above somewhat tomentose beneath, calyx-tube hirsute, teeth
broadly lanceolate coarsely toothed, corolla i by ^ in. hairy without. Wall, in
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 101 ; A. DC. Prodr. vii. 472 ; ILf. ^' T. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 22, var. /3 only.

Western Himalaya ; from Kumaon, alt. 7500 ft,, to Nipal, Wallich. Mishmi
Hills, Grijfith (Kew Distrib. n. 3431, 3432).

Leaves ^ by ^ in. in Wallich's plant ; twice as large in Edgeworth's, in which also

Campanula.'] lxxx. CAMPANULACEiE. (0. B. Clarke.) 441

the corolla is I by |^ in. — Wallich's cana is here described ; his description (and A.
DCs taken therefrom) probably includes C. alsinoides (and C. argyrotricha'i). These
species ought perhaps to be included under cana. But the fine large blue Campanula
described as G. cana by H. f. & T. is a Kashmir and West Tibet plant, which it is not
likely that Wallich ever saw.

8. C. alsinoides, H. f. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 24 ; stems slender
patently hairy, leaves oblong-ovate subpetioled obscurely toothed pilose on both
surfaces, capsule small subglobose, calyx-teeth small nan'owly lanceolate.

North -West Himalaya, alt. 8-10,000 ft. ; Piti, Kunawur, Tarkiti, and Kishtwar,
Thomson ; Grurwhal, Falconer.

Several times collected, but always in fruit. Stems 4-8 in., exceedingly numerous
from a woody root. Leaves |-f by \-^ in., thin, herbaceous. Peduncles ^-1 in., slen-
der. Flowers unknown. Calyx-teeth (on the fruit) ~-|- in., entire or somewhat
toothed. Capsule ^ in. diam., rounded at the base. — H. f. & T. suggest that this may
be an apetalous form of C. colorata (or of a closely allied plant), but the shape of the
capsule, and the small weak calyx-teeth differ from all these ; it may be more nearly
allied to C. argyrotricha.

9. C. argryrotricba, Wall. Cat. 7138 ; softly pilose and with spreading
white needle-like hairs on the stems and leaves, leaves ovate entire or toothed,
calyx-teeth elliptic-oblong, corolla ^ by ^ in. sparingly pilose without. A. DC.
Prodr. Tii. 473 ; Jf.f.Sr T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 24.

North- West Himalaya, alt. 8-11,500 ft. ; from East Kashmir to Kumaon, Wal-
lich, Jacquemont, Falconer, &c.

Stems numerous, 4-8 in., weak, curved, procumbent. Leaves ^ by ^ in., often sub-
petioled, thin, herbaceous. Pedicels \-\\ in. Calyx-teeth ^-\ in., entire, rarely with
few teeth. Capsule i in. diam., base rounded.

10. C. cashzniriana, Royle 111. i. 254, t. Q2, fig. 1 ; stem terete villous,
leaves oblong closely villous or hoary tomentose on both surfaces, calyx-teeth
ovate-lanceolate subentire, corolla |-1 by |^-f in. broadly campanulate bright-
blue. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 473 ; IT./. ^ T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 24. 0. cana,
H.f. 8f T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 22, var. a only.

West Tibet and Kashmir, alt. 6-11,000 ft., common.

In the large form, stems rigid, zigzag, hoary villous or tomentose. Leaves 1 by ^—4
in., thick, entire or sparingly crenate, woolly and often nerved beneath. Calyx-teeth,
\-^ in., hoary or closely villous, wide, sometimes overlapping at base. Capsule i in.,
broader than long, half- (or more than half-) superior. — The fully developed form of
this species, with zigzag stems and very large brilliant flowers, is C. cana, H. f. & T.,
var. a ; the middle form, with flexuose stems and medium flowers, is C. cashyniriana,
Eoyle type ; the weak form, with smaller flowers, ^ by | in., less hairy without, is C.
evolmdacea, Eoyle.

Vab. evolvulacea ; leaves smaller, calyx-teeth lanceolate not greatly widened at the
base, capsule inferior or less than half inferior. C. evolvulacea, i?o^Zc TZA 253 ; A. DC.
Prodr. vii. 473. — Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-10,000 ft.,
common. — Griffith's n. 2208 from Mishmi, referred by H. f. & T. to C. cashmiriana,
has patently hispid stems and hispid calyx-teeth, and is hence referred by me to C.
cana.

Sect. II. Capsule dehiscing by valves on the sides or towards the top.

11. C. aristata, Wall. Cat. 1291, and in Boxh. Fl. Lnd. ed. Carey ^ Wall.
ii. 98 ; glabrous, cauline leaves Hnear, calyx-teeth ^ in. linear, capsule f by ^
in. dehiscing close to the summit. A. DC. P7'odr. vii. 483; If./. ^* T. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 24.

Alpine Himalaya, alt. 11-16,000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Sikkim, frequent.

44^ Lxxx. CAMPANULACE^. (0. B. Clarke.) ICampanula.

Stems 8-24 in., erect, simple. Badical leaves elliptic, long-petioled, subentire ;
cauline leaves 1^ by -l^-l in. Flowers solitary ; peduncle ^-10 in. Corolla ^ in. long
and broad, conic, lobed. half-way down, deep blue. Capsule narrowly oblong or sub-
linear, contracted near the summit. Seeds very small, ellipsoid.

12. C xnodesta, IT./. ^* T. in Journ. Linn. Son. ii. 24 ; glabrous, cauline
leaves linear-oblong, calyx*-teeth ^ in. linear, capsule f by ^ in. dehiscing near
the summit.

Alpine Sikkim, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. B. H.

Stems 2-7 in., erect, simple. Radical leaves long-petioled, ovate, sxibentire ; cauline
^ by ^ in., sessile, sparingly toothed. Flowers solitary; peduncle \-li in. Corolla
^ in. long and broad, conic, lobed half-way down, deep blue. Capsule obovoid, long
attenuate at the base, contracted near the summit. Seeds very small, ellipsoid.- — This
is evidently an ally of C. aristata, but distinct specifically by the widely turbinate-
clavate capsule.

13. C. fiilg'ens, Wall. Cat. 1283, and in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall.
ii. 99 ; leaves lanceolate pilose or glabrous, flowers subsessile in an interrupted
spike or subcapitate, calyx-teeth linear. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 477; Wight Ic.
t. 1179; III. t. 136 ; H.f. 8f T. in Joujyi. Linn. Sac. ii. 24.

NiPAL, Sikkim, and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-7000 ft., frequent. Malabar and Ceylon,
alt. 4-8000 ft., frequent.

Stems 8-30 in., suberect, sparingly branched. Radical leaves petioled, 2 by f in.,
narrowed at both ends, crenate ; cauline similar but sessile, or wider at the base, or
(in the Malabar examples) 0. Calyx-teeth \-\ in. Corolla deeply divided with lan-
ceolate segments in the Deccan examples, almost to the base with very narrow segments
in the North Indian. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule from ellipsoid \ in. to narrow turbi-
nate ^ in. — This Campanula, having spicate inflorescence with a deeply-lobed corolla,
might be removed to Phyteuma, and some of the Indian examples are indeed difficult
to distinguish specifically from Phyteuma campanuloides, Bieb. (Bot. Mag. t. 1015).

Obdee LXXXI. V.A.CCXNZAC£H:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Shrubs or small trees ; sometimes epiphytes with the stems greatly
thickened at the base. Leaves alternate or falsely whorled, entire or serrate ;
stipules 0. Floiuers racemose or axiUary and solitary ; pedicels 1-bracteate and
often 2-bracteolate, often thickened and articulate beneath the ovary. Calyx^
tube ovoid, adnate to the ovary ; limb 6-fid, usually persistent. Corolla tubular
and 5-toothed, or shortly campanulate with 5 long segments, deciduous. Sta-
mens 10, epigynous, free ; anthers opening by apical pores, often produced upwards
into 2 tubes opening by slits from the apex. Ovary inferior, 6-celled, or falsely
10-celled ; style cylindric, stigma simple ; ovules many (rarely few) at the inner
angle of each cell. Fi'uit a berry, rarely dry, 6- or falsely 10-celled. Seeds many
or several (rarely 1) in each cell, small, compressed, albuminous ; radicle next
the hilum. — Species 320, natives chiefly of cold and temperate regions.

Teibe I. Tliibaudiese. Corolla long and tubular, or shortly campanulate
with very long segments.

Calyx -tube terete. Seed with a loose outer coat 1. Agapetks.

Calyx-tube 5-winged or 6-ribbed 2. Pentaptertgium.

Tribe II. ZSuvaccinieae. Corolla small, campanulate or ovoid, with
short teeth.

Racemes axillary. Testa of the seed close 3. Vaccinium.

Pedicels corymbose on axillary short peduncles . , . . . . 4. Corallobotbys.

AgajpetesJ] Lxxxi. vacciniacej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 443

I. AGAPETZSS, D. Don.

Shrubs, often epiphytic ; stems often greatly thickened at the base. Leaves
alternate, sometimes falsely whorled, from linear to elliptic, entire or toothed,
sessile or shortly petioled, often with glands at the apex of the petiole, usually
coriaceous. Floivers axillary, corymbose fascicled or solitary; pedicel often
thickened or articulate imder the ovary ; bracts small. Calyx-tube globose ;
limb 5-lid or 5-partite, persistent. Corolla tubular or campanulate, shortly or
deeply 6-lobed, red, often with transverse marks, or the lobes greenish-white.
Stamens 10, filaments usually short ; anthers elliptic, produced upwards in 2
long beaks opening by apical pores or slits, often spurred behind. Ovary 5-
celled, or spuriously 10-celled ; style cylindric, stigma capitate ; ovules very
many. Berry globose, succulent or nearly dry, 5-celled or spuriously 10-celled,
often opening by 10 pores round the disk within the calyx-teeth. Seeds very
many, ellipsoid, outer coat very lax. — Species 30, from Nipal and Bhotan to
Borneo ; 1 in Fiji.

Sect. I. Corolla elongate, lobed less than half its length, curved at the apex.
Atithei's not spurred on the back. Corymbs peduncled.

1. A. setig'era, Z>. Don; G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 862 ; leaves oblong or obo-
vate-lanceolate narrowed suddenly into the very short petiole, pedicels and calyx
more or less hirsute, filaments ^ in. DC. Frodr. vii. 554. A. variegata, DC.
Prodr. vii. 554, as to descr. only, not of D. Don. A. hirsuta, Klotzsch in Linncea,
xxiv. 38. Thibaudia setigera. Wall. Cat. 752. Yaccinium hirsutum, Wiyht Ic.
t. 1182. V. verticillatum, Wight Ic. t. 1181 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1873,
ii. 83, and 1877, ii. 213 {exclud. var. ^ and y) ; For. Fl. ii. 87, var. 1.

Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft., common ; extending thence to Tavot.

Branches round, glabrous or patently hirsute. Leaves 4^ by ] f in., often falsely
whorled, coriaceous, entire or slightly toothed, glabrous, outer nerve nearly marginal
or obscure. Peduncles f in., arising mostly from the nodes with the whorls of leaves ;
pedicels ^-1 in., widely dilated at the apex in fruit; bracts scarcely ~^'^- ! calyx-teeth
^ in. long, lanceolate. Corolla f by :|^ in., hirsute or pubescent, without rarely glabrous,
deep red, the transverse V-shaped bars on the tube obscure. Filaments pilose or
glabrous ; anther-cells granular- scabrid. Fruit -g- in., subglobose, ultimately nearly
dry, usually hirsute even when ripe, seeds escaping by 10 pores round the disc ; calyx-
teeth in fruit enlarged, half as long as the fruit or longer.

Vab. verticillata ; leaves narrowed sometimes attenuated into the petiole. A. ver-
ticillata, D. Don ; G. Don Ge7i. Syst. iii. 862 ; DO. Prodr. vii. 544. A. Wallichiana,
Klotzsch in Linncea, xxiv. 38. Thibaudia verticillata. Wall. Cat. 753. T. obliqua.
Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 515. Vaccinium Wallichianum, Wight Ic. t. 1180. — Khasia
Mts., alt. 4000 ft.

Vae, Boylei ; leaves suddenly narrowed into the petiole, pedicels and calyx gla-
brous. Vaccinium Roylei, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 214. V. variegatum,
fi parviflorum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 84. Thibaudia variegata, Boyle
III. 257, t. 79, fig. 1, exclud. all syn. Agapetes variegata, Boole, f. in Gen. PL u. 571,
not of Don. — Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., extending to lower Birma. — The t^-pe example
of Wallich's Thibaudia variegata, n. 751, is the true Ceraiostemma variegatum of Roxb. ;
but some of Wallich's duplicates issued as n, 751 are Agapetes setigera, whence has
arisen some confusion in the names adopted by Sir J. D. Hooker and by Kurz.

2. A. macrosteznon, Clai-he) leaves oblong subsessile rounded at the
base, pedicels and calyx glabrous, filaments ^-|- in. Vaccinium macrostemon,
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 85 ; 1877, ii. 213 ; For. Fl. ii. 87.

BnrriSH Bikma ; Martaban, alt. 4-6,000 ft., Kurz.

An epiphytic shrub, 2-4 ft. Lranches thick, angular upwards. Leaves 6 by 2 in.,

444 Lxxxi. VACCmuCEiE. (0. B. Clarke.) [Aga-petes.

entire, coriaceous, glabrous, often falsely 'wliorled, marginal nerve obscure. Corymbs
3 in., with 12-15 flowers; peduncle | in., pedicels ^ in.; bracts \ in., narrowly lan-
ceolate. Calyx-limb 5-fid about half its length ; teeth ^-^ in., lanceolate, subobtuse.
Corolla IJ by ^ in., distinctly curved at the apex, deep red, the transverse V-shaped
bars on the tube obscure. Filaments glabrous ; anther-cells granular-scabrous, some-
what connate into a tube. Berry fusiform -ovoid, narrowed at the apex and crowned
with the cup-shaped limb of the calyx {Kurz).

Sect. II. Corolla tubular, elongate, lobed less than half its length, straight
at the apex. Flowers in corymbs.

* Corymbs distinctly peduncled ; anthers granular, not spurred. (See also A.
loranthijiora, n. 12.)

3. A. auriculat a, .000^. /. in Gen. PI. ii. 571; leaves large sessile
oblong-lanceolate from a rounded base, corymbs glabrescent, calyx-teeth \ in.
narrowly lanceolate, corolla | in. Vaccinium auriculatum, Kwz in Journ. As.
Soc. 1877, ii. 214 ; For. Fl. ii. 89. Thibaudia auriculata, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat.
t. 608.

Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim, J. D. H.; and Bhotan, Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt.
3-5000 ft., Griffith. Martaban, alt. 4000 ft., Brandis (fide Kurz).

Branches stout, glabrous, often angular upwards. Leaves 7 by 25- in., glabrous,
nearly entire, coriaceous, often falsely whorled, marginal nerve distinctly continuous.
Peduncles \-l\ in., stout, mostly proceeding from the whorls of leaves; pedicels 1 in.,
stout, much dilated and cup-shaped at apex ; bracts — i^- Corolla-tube narrowing
upwards, pubescent without at least when young, bright red, transverse V-shaped bars
obscure; teeth ^^ in. Fruit \ in., ovoid, nearly dry, bright red; calyx-teeth \ in.,
broad-lanceolate, striate, connivent, forming a cone as long as the fruit.

4. A. g'labra, Clarke; leaves sessile oblong-lanceolate from a rounded
base, corymbs pubescent or cinereous almost tomentose, calyx-teeth ^ in.
triangular-lanceolate, corolla f in. Thibaudia glabra. Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t.
614.

Bhotah and Khasia, alt. 3-5000 ft., Griffith, J. B. H., &c., not infrequent.

Branches round, glabrous. Leaves 5 by If in., sometimes elliptic or ovate, glabrous,
obscurely crenate, often whorled, marginal nerve obscure. Peduncles ^-1^ in., mostly
proceeding from the leaf- whorls, often many-flowered ; pedicels \-'% in., slightly dilated
upwards ; bracts -^ in. Corolla-tuhe narrowed upwards, pubescent, green upwards,
below white with rose-coloured V-shaped transverse bars or nearly colourless ; teeth
^-^ in. Fruit nearly \ in., globose, ultimately nearly dry, seeds escaping by 10 pores
round the disk ; calyx-teeth very much shorter than the fruit, distant. — In Griffith's
figure several of the leaves are shown hairy, but the leaves in Griffith's own n. 1218
are quite glabrous, as they are in all the other numerous examples.

6. A. saligrna, Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 671; leaves shortly petioled lan-
ceolate acuminate from a cuneate base, corymbs glabrous, calyx-teeth ^^ in.
lanceolate acute, corolla 1 in. Vaccinium salignum, Hook.f. III. Him. PI. 1. 15,
fig. A.

Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 7000 ft., frequent, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. n. 3467), J B. H., &c. Moulmein; Thoung-gyun, alt. 5000 ft., Lobb.

Branches not thick, scarcely angular. Leaves 3 by f-1 in., scattered, entire,
glabrous, coriaceous, marginal nerve obscure. Peduncles ^-\ in. ; pedicels 1 in.,
gradually thickened upwards especially in fruit, cup at the apex hardly wider than
the pedicel ; bracts ^^ i''^* Corolla-tube somewhat widened upwards, glabrous, bright-
red with obscure transverse V-shaped bars ; lobes \-^ in. Fruit ^ in., subglobose,
scarlet (as are the fruiting pedicels), subbaccate ; calyx-teeth scarcely altered, much
shorter than the fruit. — Stems sometimes greatly thickened at the very base.

Agapetes.'] lxxxi. vacciniacej). (C. B. Clarke.) 445

Vak. cordifolia; leaves rounded at the base nearly sessile. — Duphla Hills,
Lister.

6. A. salicifolla, Clarke ; leaves sessile narrowly lanceolate at-
tenuate at both ends, corymbs glabrous, calyx-teeth ^ in. oblong acute, corolla
fin.

MisHMi Mts. ; Koond Rocks, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3477).

Branches scarcely angular, glabrous. Leaves 4 by ^-§ in,, entire, coriaceous, often
clustered, imperfectly whorled. Peduncle ^ in. ; pedicels \-\ in. ; bracts ^g in.
Calyces, with the peduncles, vermilion (Griffith). Corolla scarcely widened in the
middle, vermilion with green lobes (Griffith) ; lobes scarcely ^ in., triangular. Fruit
not seen.

7. A. miniata, Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 571 ; leaves subsessile elliptic-
lanceolate serrate, corymbs glabrous, calyx-teeth | in. narrow-lanceolate, corolla
1^ in. Oeratostemma miniatum, Grif. Notul. iv. 302 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 604.
Vaccinium miniatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 85; 1877, ii. 214; For.
Fl. ii. 88.

Patkoy Mts., south-east of Assam, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3475). Khasia Mts.,
alt. 4000 ft. ; Monai, Clarke.

Branches round, stout, smooth. Leaves 6 by 2|- in., acute, falsely whorled, re-
motely shallowly serrate, base cuneate or rounded ; petiole 0-^ in. Peduncle -|-i in.,
densely covered with bracts ; pedicels ^-1 in. ; bracts ^ in., lanceolate. Corolla slightly
wider in the middle, vermilion (Griffith), no transverse bars visible in the dried
plants nor suggested in Griffith's picture ; lobes ^ in., triangular. Fruit not seen.

8. A. macropliylla, Clarke ; leaves petioled broadly lanceolate, corymbs
glabrous, calyx-teeth ^ in. narrowly lanceolate, corolla 1^ in.

KiiAsiA Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3476).

Branches thick, rounded, smooth. Leaves 11 by 3^ in., acuminate, cuneate or
rounded at the base, remotely obscurely crenate-toothed, coriaceous ; petiole ^ in.,
exceedingly thick. Peduncle \-2 in. ; pedicels J-1^ in. ; bracts \ in., lanceolate-
linear. Corolla tubular, 5-angled, red, with transverse V-shaped bars ; lobes ^-^ in. ;
triangular. Fruit not seen. — This seems closely allied to A. miniata, but the petioles,
peduncles and calyx-teeth are much longer.

9. A. Nuttallii, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves petioled obovate shortly acu-
minate entire, calyx-teeth | in. triangular-lanceolate, corolla 1 in.

Bhotan ; yuttall.

Branches round, stout. Leaves 5^ by 3 in., suddenly narrowed at the apex into a
short point, narrowed into the petiole, very coriaceous, nerves coarse deeply impressed
on the upper surface ; petiole j in. Peduncle from below the leaves H in. ; pedicels
I in. ; apex conspicuously cupped ; bracts ^^^ in. ; corymb erect, lax, whole height
4 in. Corolla narrowly tubular, straight ; lobes ^ in., linear-lanceolate (appears in
the dried state to have been red without transverse bars). Fruit not seen.

10. A. Parishii, Clarke ; leaves petioled narrowly lanceolate, corymbs
glabrous, calyx-teeth ^-^ in. triangular-lanceolate, corolla f-1 in.

BiRMA ; Nat-toung expedition. Parish ; Thoung-gyen, alt. 5000 ft., Lobb.

Branches not thick, round or scarcely angular. Leaves 5 by 1^ in., narrowed at
both ends, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, marginal nerve well defined; petiole ^-\ in.
Peduncle i-^ in. ; pedicels ^-^ in., thickened upwards, cup little broader than the
pedicel ; bracts ^ in. Corolla cylindric, slightly campanulate upwards, bright red,
transverse bars very obscure in the dried examples ; teeth ^-\ in., triangular. Fruit
not seen. — Near A. salicifolia (n. 6), but the leaves are distinctly petioled and wider,
the pedicels longer, the flowers larger.

446 LxxxT. VACCiNiACEJE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Agapetes.

** Corpnhs subsessile or the pedicels fascicled 07' solitary; anthers granular,
spurred on the beak (except in A. macrantha).

11. A. variegrata, D. Don; G. Don Gen. Si/st. iii. 862, not of DC. nor
of Hook. f. ; leaves shortly petioled lanceolate narrowed at both ends, calyx-
teeth ^-^ in. triangular-lanceolate glabrous, corolla f-1 in. A. pulcherrima
and odontocera, Hook.f in Gen. PL ii. 571. Thibaudia variegata. Wall. Cat.
751. T. pulcherrima, Hook, in Bat. Mag. t. 4303. Vaccinium odontocerum,
Wight Ic. t. 1187. V. variegatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 84 (as to
spec, descr. only) ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 214 ; For. Fl. ii. 89.
Caligula pulcherrima and odontocera, Klotzsch in LimicBa, xxiv. 28.

Khasia. Mts. ; alt. 3-5000 ft., common. Cachar, Keenan. Chittagong Hills.
British Birma.

Branches thick, round, often covered with flowers for a great space below the
leaves. Leaves towards the end of the branches, alternate, usually without flowers
among them, 4-7 by 1-2 in., entire or toothed, glabrous, somewhat coriaceous ; petiole
0-^ in. (on the same branch). Pedicels f in., usually densely fascicled on very short
spurs, thickened upwards in fruit, terminal cup scarcely wider than the pedicel.
Corolla rose-purple, with very strongly marked V-shaped transverse bands ; lobes
\ in., lanceolate, green. Anthers with spurs on their beaks. Fruit \-^ in. diam.,
very succulent, reel to purple-black.

12. A. macrantha, Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 571 ; leaves shortly pe-
tioled lanceolate narrowed at both ends, calyx-teeth ^-^ in. broadly lanceolate
glabrous, corolla If in. Oeratostema variegatum, Poxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 413, not of
Griff. Vaccinium variegatum, Ku7'z in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 84, var.
macrantha only. Thibaudia macrantha, Hook, in Bot. Mag. t. 4566.

Khasia and Chittagoxg Hills ; Poxhurgh. Moulmein ; Kola Mts., Lohb.

Resembling the common A. variegata, and, according to Kurz 1. c, only a var.
thereof, but with much larger flowers, the corolla If by ^-| in. in Lobb's example,
and 2 in. long in Roxburgh's description and (unpublished) drawings. The anthers
have no spurs on the beak (as noticed by Hooker) ; these are always present in A.
variegata and in A. grand iflora.

13. A. loranthiflora, D. Don; G. Don Gen. Sgst. iii. 862; leaves
nearly sessile very narrowly obovate-oblong, calyx-teeth ^-^ in. lanceolate
hispid, corolla 1^ in. Thibaudia loranthiflora, Wall. Cat. 754. Vaccinium
lorantliiflorum, DC. Prodr. vii. 554. V. verticillatum, /3 elegans, Xurz in Journ.
As. Soc. 1877, ii. 214.

Tavoy; Wallich. Pegu; Yomah, alt. 3200 ft., .K'wr^'. Prome Hills; Maingay,
n. 703.

Branches round, smooth. Leaves 5 by :j^ in., entire, approximate towards the ends
of the branches ; petiole 0-^ in. Pedicels f in., hispid, rising among the terminal
leaves, solitary or few and fascicled or very shortly corymbose. Corolla tubular, deep-
red; teeth ^ in., lanceolate, greenish. Anthers yf'xth. spurs on the beak. Fniit \-^
in. diam., subglobose, hirsute; calyx-teeth ultimately wide-triangular.

Var. glahrata; pedicels and calyx-teeth nearly or quite glabrous. — Tenasserim,
Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3477); Moulmein, Lohb.

14. A. grandiflora, Hook, f in Gen. Pi. ii. 571 ; leaves subsessile
oblong-lanceolate suddenly narrowed at the base, calyx-teeth ^ in. triangular
glabrous, corolla 2-2^ in. Ceratostema variegatum, Grif. Notul. iv. 302 ; Ic.
PI. Asiat. t. 502 (not good).

MisHMi Mts. and Naga Hills (south-east of Assam), Griffith.
Branches stout, round, smooth, leafy at the ends, flowering below the leaves. Leaves
nearly sessile, 7 by 2 in., entire, glabrous, marginal nerve subprominent ; base rounded.

Agapetes.'] lxxxi. vacciniace^. (C. B. Clarte.) 447

Pedicels 1 in., stout, thickened upwards, cupped top prominent, in fascicles of 1-4 on the
thick part of the branches. Corolla tubular, little widened upwards, red with trans-
verse bars ; teeth ^ in., long-lanceolate. Anthers with spurs on the beak. Fruit not
seen. — Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 214 unites this with A. macrantha (n. 11).
Griffith's figure, though apparently taken from a specimen now at Kew, is not accurate
as regards the leaf-base and petiole.

15. A. angrulata, Hook.f. in Gen. PL ii. 571 ; leaves lanceolate acumi-
nate narrowed to a short petiole, calyx-teeth ^^ in. shortly triangular glabrous,
corolla 1 in. Ceratostema angulatum, Griff. Notul. iv. 302 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t.
503. Vaccinium odontocerum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 214, not of
Wight. y ^ J

Patkot Mts., south-east of Assam, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3471).

Very closely allied to A. variegata ; the branches are more quadrangular ; tlie
leaves inflorescence and corolla undistinguishable ; but the calyx-teeth are mucli
shorter and more obtuse than in any of the examples of A. variegata.

Sect. III. Coi'olla tubular, loted less than half its length, straight. Pe-
duncles axillary, solitary, 1- (or 2-) flowered. Leaves small.

16. A. obovata, Hook.f. in Gen. PI. ii. 672; leaves less than ^ in.
obovate obtuse entire, peduncles 1-flowered, corolla \ in. Vaccinium Sprengelii,
Wall. Cat. 6296. V. obovatum, Wight. Ic. t. 1193. Vaccinii sp., Grif. Notul.
iv. 300 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 517. Epigynium obovatum, Klotzsch in Linncea, xxiv.
51.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent, Griffith, H.f. ^- T., &c.

A small dense shrub. Branches rigid, terete, glabrous or patently hispid, densely
leafy. Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, margins recurved. Peduncles \-% in., sciittered
among the leaves, scarcely dilated at the apex. Calyx-teeth ^ in., triangular-lanceo-
late, glabrous. Corolla acutely conical in the bud, deep-red, ultimately wide tubular,
lobed nearly half its length. Anther-beaks spurred. Capsule ^ in. diam., globose,
ultimately dry. Seeds with the outer coat lax. — Resembling in habit and leaves the
small-leaved. Vacciniums ; but the corolla (and the seeds) are of Agapetes.

17. A. buxlfolia, Nutt. ; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5012 : leaves 1 in.
elliptic crenate, peduncles 1-flowered, corolla | in.

Bhotan ; Duphla hills, ISuttall ; Yeorsi, alt. 4500 ft.. Lister.

A shrub, 3-4 ft. Branches virgate, round, pilose. Leaves obtuse, narrowed at
the base, glabrous. Peduncles ^ in., scattered among the leaves, pilose, little dilated
at the apex. Calyx-teeth |-^ in., lanceolate, softly pilose. Corolla tubular, little
widened upwards, bright -red ; lobes \ in., lanceolate, paler or greenish. Anthers
without spurs ; filaments longer than usual in Agapetes. Fruit not seen.

18. A. xuitrarloides, Hook.f. ms. ; leaves ^-f in. ovate toothed shining,
peduncles 2-flowered, corolla f-1 in.

MiSHMi Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib, n. 3466).

A small, much branched epiphyte. Branches rigid but slender, flexuous, round,
hispid- pilose. Leaves hard, shining on both surfaces, acute, narrowed at the base,
subpetioled; teeth rigid but few, shallow. Peduncles ^ in., axillary, scattered, few,
lax, pendent, minutely pilose or glabrous, bifurcate into 2 pedicels | in. each; bracts
inconspicuous. Calyx-teeth ^ in., lanceolate, glabrous or most minutely pilose.
Corolla tubular, hardly at all widened upwards, bright-red ; lobes ^-\ in., triangular.
Anthers not spurred. — A species remote in habit from all others of the genus.

Sect. IV. Cm'olla straight, divided half way down or lower. Flowers
corymbose or subfascicled.

448 Lxxxi. VACCiNiACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Agapetes.

19. A. nana, Hooh.f. in Gen. PI. ii. 571 ; leaves shortly petioled narrowly
lanceolate, entire, cup at the apex of the pedicel deeply lobed, corolla \-^ in.
lobed nearly to the base. Ceratostema nanuni, Griff. Notul. iv. 303 ; Ic. PI.
Asiat. t. 105.

Naga Hills ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3473).

Branches thick, round, glabrous. Leaves 3^ by 1 in., narrowed at both ends,
glabrous, very coriaceous ; petiole 0-\ in. Peduncle ^-\ in. ; pedicels, \-^ in.,
glabrous, cup at their apex irregularly 8-12-toothed; bracts minute. Calyx-teeth
I in., lanceolate, glabrous. — The enlarged base of the stem, shewn in Griffith's
drawing, occurs in many of the species of Sects. I., II.

20. jBi . ZiObbil, Clarke ; leaves petioled lanceolate caudate-acuminate,
corymbs 4 in. glabrous, corolla f-1 in. lobed much more than half-way down.

MoTJLMEiN ; Thoung-gyun, alt. 5000 ft., Lohb.

Branches round, glabrous, leafy. Leaves 3^ by 1 in., narrowed at the base, entire,
coriaceous ; petiole ^-\ in. Corymbs from the axils of the leaves, numerous, large,
lax, glabrous ; peduncle \-^ in. ; pedicels \-^ in., cup at the apex entire not large ;
bracts — in. Calyx-teeth ^ in., lanceolate-subulate, glabrous. Corolla narrowly-tubular
in bud, crimson with a white top (Lobb), lobes ^\ in., linear. Anthers not spurred.
Fruit not seen. — Much resembling A. saliyna (n. 5) in the leaves and corymbs; the
deeply divided corolla entirely differing.

21. A. pilifera, Jlook. f. ms. ; leaves short-petioled elliptic caudate-
acuminate, pedicels subfascicled hairy, corolla \ in.

Khasia Mts. ; Pomraug, alt. 4000 ft., H. f. 4^ T. Mishmi Mts.. alt. 4000 ft.,
Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3455).

Branches round, slender, sparsely hairy. Leaves 3 by 1|- in., suddenly narrowed
into the caudate point, base rounded, entire, membranous, glabrous or with scattered
hairs ; petiole ^ in., hairy. Pedicels 1-4 fascicled in the axils, 1 in., hairy, scarcely
thickened upwards. Calyx of 5 ovate short acute lobes. Corolla tubular, lobes
oblong acute. Anthers spurred on the beak. Fruit not seen.

22. A. bracteata, Hooh.f. ms. ; leaves shortly petioled elliptic caudate-
acuminate, corymbs lax, pedicel with leaf-like bracts ^-^ in., corolla ^-^ in.

MouLjiEiN ; Thoung-gyun, alt. 5000 fc, Lobb, Parish.

Bra7iches slender, round or somewhat angular, glabrous, pilose towards the tips.
Leaves 2 by | in., broadly cuneate or almost rounded at the base, entire, coriaceous,
glabrous ; petiole ^ in., hairy. Corymb 2 in., peduncle \ in; ; pedicels |-^, hairy,
scarcely thickened upwards ; bracts broadly lanceolate, usually longer than the
pedicels. Calyx-teeth \ in., lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so. Corolla narrowly
tubular-conic in bud, white and purple (Lobb), lobed more than half way down ;
lobes recurved, apparently linear. Anthers spurred on their beaks. Fruit not
seen.

23. A. discolor, Clarke \ glabrous, leaves subpetioled oblong narrowed
at both ends toothed white beneath, calyx-limb campanulate, lobes \ in. ovate-
lanceolate, corolla scarcely \ in. divided nearly to the base.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Teniv Lampa, alt. 3500 ft.. King. Patkoy Mts. ; Griffith
(Kew Distrib. n. 3463). Buotan; Duphla Hills, Nuttall.

Branches round, somewhat slender, uniformly leafy. Leaves If by ^-| in., acute,
tapering at the base, coriaceous. Peduncles \ in., axillary ; pedicels ^ in., thickened
upwards, top cupped. Calyx-tube at base very much wider than the corolla (at flower-
ing time). Corolla exceedingly narrowed upwards, the reflexed lobes linear. Anthers
not spurred. Fruit \ in. diam., globose, narrower upwards; the long calyx -teeth
erect.

Agapetea,'] Lxxxi. vacciniacej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 449

Sect. V. Corolla widely campanulate, straight, loted much less tlian half
its length. Corymbs shortly peduncled.

24. A. campanulata, Clarke; leaves suhsessile elliptic narrowed at
both ends, calyx-limb shallowly Srlobed, corolla | by ^ in. Vaccinium cam-
panulatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 85, 1877, ii. 214, and For. Fl.
ii. 89.

Martaban ; Nattoung, alt. 7000 ft., Kurz. Motjlmein ; Parish.

Branches thick, round, glabrous, tips leafy. Leaves 3^ by 1^-1^ in., acute not
acuminate, entire, glnbrous, coriaceous. Corymbs from the naked branches, glabrous;
peduncles \ in. ; pedicels ^ in., thickened upwards ; bracts j\- in. Calyx-lirab lobed
hardly half way down. Corolla gradually widened upwards from a campanulate base,
deep scarlet ; lobes ^-\ in., broadly triangular, acute. Anthers spurred on their beaks.
Fruit not seen.

SPECIES IMPERFECTLY KNOWN. v

25. A. LiNEARiFOLiA, ClarJce ; glabrous, leaves long linear entire petioled, corymbs
peduncled, calyx-teeth | in. lanceolate.

MiSHMi ; Thumath summit, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3480).

Griffith's fragments are without flowers. Branches round, uniformly leafy.
^.eaves 6 by \-^ in., entire, coriaceous ; petiole ^-~ in. Peduncles ^-f in. ; pedicels .
<J-8 or more, ^ in., thickened upwards, top cupped. — Peduncles, pedicels and calyces
fleshy, rose-coloured (Grriffith).

26. A. GrRiFFiTHii, Clarke; glabr.ius, leaves petioled oblong suddenly caudate
acuminate entire, peduncles long axillary, calyx-teeth ^ in. ovate acute.

MisHMi or Patkoye Mts., Griffith.

Griffith's example is in young bud. Branches round, uniformly leafy. Leaves 6^
by 1| in., with parallel sides, suddenly narrowed into a short tail at the apex, base
cuneate, coriaceous ; petiole \ in. Peduncle 1 in., axillar}"^ ; pedicels ^-f in., thickened
upwards, articulate under the flowers ; bracts i in.

2. FENTAFTZSRirGIUlM, Klotzsch.

Shrubs often epiphytic, stems often greatly thickened at the base. Leaves
alternate, ovate or lanceolate, toothed or subentire, coriaceous, often with sriands
at the apex of the petiole. Flowers axillary, corymbose, fascicled or solitary ;
pedicels thickened upwards, cupped and articulate under the ovary; bracts
small. Calyx-tube 5-angled or -winged; lobes 5, enlarged in fruit. Corolla
tubular, shortly 6- lobed, rose or red with transverse marks, or yellow. Stamens
10, epigynous, filaments short ; anthers elliptic, produced upwards in 2 long
beaks opening by terminal pores or slits, beaks often 2-spurred behind. Ovary
6-celled or spuriously 10-celled ; style cylindric, stigma subcapitate ; ovules
very many. Berry 6-winged, or distinctly 6-ribbed, 5-celled or spuriously
'10-celled. Seieds very many, ellipsoid, outer coat very lax. — Species 5, of the
Eastern Himalaya and Khasia.

* Leaves less than f in., pedicels suhsolitary, anthers without spurs on their
beaks.

1. P. serpens, Klotzsch in Linncsa, xxiv. 47 ; leaves elliptic-oblong sub-
entire. Vaccinium serpens, Wight III. t. 141, D, fig. 2 and Ic. t. 1183; Hook,
f. III. Him. PI. t. 15, B. Thibaudia myrtifolia. Griff. Notul. iv. 301, and
/c. PI. Asiat. t. 510.

SiKKTM and Bhotan; alt. 3-8000 ft., Griffith, J. D. H., &c.

Branches pendulous, hispid, densely leafy. Leaves subsessile, bifarious, f by i in.,
acute, rounded at the base, coriaceous, glabrous, margins recurved. Pedicels \-\ in.,
yOL. III. G G

450 LXXXI. \ iCClNiACEJE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Penta^terygium.

with patent glandular hairs. Calyx-teeth ^ in., lanceolate, subobtuse, glandular-
hairy, enlarged in fruit. Corolla f by \ in., tubular, shortly lobed, hairy without, bright-
red with transverse V-shaped marks. Fruit \ in. diara , turbinate-globose, con-
spicuously 5- winged.

** Leaves 2-6 in., pedicels fascicled or corymbose. Anthers spurred on their
heaks.

2. P. rugrosum, Hook.f. in Bat. Mag. t. 5198; leaves lanceolate serrate
glabrous, corymbe short-peduncled few- flowered, corolla rose-red transversely
marked. Gaylussaccia sp., Gi'iff. Itin. N^tes, 84, n. 1217. G. incurvata,
Grif. Ic. PL Asiat. t. 506. G. serrata, Griff. Itin. Notes, 37, and n. 604 in
Herb., not G. serrata, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 507.

Bhotan and Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-7000 ft., Griffith, H.f. ^ T., &c.

Branches stout, hirsute towards the extremities. Leaves subsessile, 4 by I5 in.,
acute, base obtuse or rounded, coriaceous, rugose with impressed nerves, margins
often recurved. Peduncle \ in. ; pedicels i-l| in., hairy or glabrescent; bracts ^^'\n.
Calyx-lobes in early flower i in., lanceolate or scarcely triangular; in early fruit
enlarged, elliptic or ovate, foliaceous, overlapping at the margins, appearing decurrent
down the young fruit and produced beneath it ; in ripe fruit again less prominent,
triangular, scarcely overlapping. Corolla f by ^ in., tubular, shortly lobed, glabrous,
white or rose, with red transverse V-shaped marks. Berry ^ in. and more, widely
hemispheric, 5-ribbed, hardly 5-gonal.

3. P. Ziisterl, King ms. ; leaves elliptie-oblong acute subentire glabrous
not rugose beneath, corymbs small very short-peduncled, corolla small rose-red.

Bhotan ; Duphla Hills, alt. 7000 ft.. Lister.

Branches stout, angular towards the extremities. Leaves subsessile S^- by 1^ in.,
obtuse, shortly cordate at the base, nerves (primary and secondary) elevated on the
upper surface. Peduncles from beneath the leaves, ^-^ in. ; pedicels 2-3, \ in. ;
bracts ^ in. Calyx-lohes ^ in., broadly elliptic, obtuse iu bud. Corolla (in bud) ^-^
in long. — Closely allied to P. rugosum and as though a starved form of it with
depauperated corymbs and small flowers ; but the texture and nervation of the leaves
give it a widely different appearance.

4. P. flavum, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 4910; leaves elliptic acute sub'
entire or slightly crenate glabrous or silky on the midrib beneath, pedicels
densely fascicled hardly corymbose, corolla yellow.

Bhotan ; Duphla Hills, Nuttall.

Branches round, pubescent towards the extremity. Leaves 3|- by 1^ in., rounded
at the base, coriaceous, rugose, obscurely crenate ; petiole ^^ in. Pedicels f in.,
pilose, thickened upwards, densely fascicled on very short spurs ; bracts g- in., lanceo-
late ; pedicels and calyx-tube corolloid, yellowish (in the Kew picture). Calyx-lobes
in flower J- in., elliptic-lanceolate, striate, pilose. Corolla | by g^ in., tubular,
inflated in the middle, shortly lobed, pubescent without, yellow. Berry ^ in. diam.
and upwards, crowned by the spreading narrowly lanceolate acute calyx-teeth.

5. P, Kookeri, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acute crenate or serrate gla-
brous or hairy on the midrib beneath, pedicels fascicled or hardly corymbose,
corolla yellow.

SiKKiM ; alt. 5-8000 ft., J. D. H., Treutler, &c., frequent. Bhotan ; Nuttall.

Intermediate between P. rugosum and P.Jlavum ; the dried examples are (from the
serrated leaves) always arranged under P. rugosum, but the corolla is a clear yellow
or (when young) a greenish-yellow. The calyx lobes in the buds are larger and more
obtuse than in any flowering or fruiting example of P. rugosum; the pedicels are
subfascicled ; nevertheless, it appears really more allied to P. rugosum than to P.
Jlavum.

Vaccinium.l Lxxxi. vaccinuceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 451

a VACCZNIUBX, Linn.

Shrubs, sometimes epiphytic. Leaves alternate, from lanceolate to ovate,
entire or serrate, sometimes falsely -whorled. Flowers usually small, axillary or
terminal, racemed fascicled or corymbose rarely solitary, usually bracteate and
2-bracteolate. Colyx-tube globose ; teeth 6, small. Corolla tubular or ovoid,
5-lobed, white, rose or yellow-green. Stamens 10, epigynous, free; anthers
oblong, produced at the apex into 2 cyliudric tubes with terminal slits or spurs
(tubes very short in V. bancanum). Ovary .'^-celled, or falsely 10-celled ; style
cylindric, stigma simple ; ovules few or several in each cell. Ben-y globose,
crowned by the calyx-teeth ; 5- (apparently 10-)celled. Seeds 1 or more in each
cell, ellipsoid, compressed ; testa iirm, smooth. — Species 100, natives of the
N. hemisphere and tropical mountains.

The Indian species all belong to the subgenus Efigynium (genus Klotzsch), and
the foregoing generic character does not include some non-Indian subgenera.

* Leaves small, 1^ in. or less (see also V. Griffithianum, n, 15).

1. V. Nummularia, H. f. 8f T. ms.\ leaves \ in. broadly elliptic
obtuse subentire, racemes often clustered, calyx-teeth very short obtusely
triangular.

SiKKiM and Bhotan; alt. 8-10,000 ft., Griffith, J. D. H., &c.

A small, rigid epiphyte ; branches pendent, densely hirsute, almost bristly.
Leaves subsessile, coriaceous, glabrous, margins recurved. Racemes 1-2 in., rose-
coloured ; rachis hairy ; pedicels \ in., glabrous ; bracts \ in., elliptic, caducous.
Corolla \ by ^^ in., tubular, shortly lobed, glabrous, rosy. Filaments with long hairs;
anthers dehiscing by slits below the apex, dorsal spurs very large. Bruit \ in. diam.,
subglobose, crowned by the obscurely toothed calyx-limb.

2. V. retusum, Hooh. f. 7ns.', leaves 1 in. obovate-oblong obtuse entire,
racemes solitary or clustered, calyx-teeth very short obtusely triangular.
Thibaudia retusa, Grif. Notul. iv. uOO, and Ic. PL Asiat. t. 509.

SiKKiM and Bhotan ; alt. 7-9000 ft., Griffith, J. B. H., &cc.

A small epiphyte ; branches pendent, pubescent upwards. Leaves often obtuse or
eraarginate, base attenuate, scarcely petioled, coriaceous, glabrous, margins recurved.
Eacemes white, 1-2 in., glabrous or the rachis pilose ; pedicels ^-^ in. ; bracts \-^
in., elliptic, caducous. Corolla | by g-j^, in., ovoid- tubular, shortly lobed, glabrous,
white with 5 red stripes. Filaments with long hairs ; anthers dehiscing by slits be-
low the apex, dorsal spurs very large. Frwit g in. diara., subglobose, crowned by the
obscurely-toothed calyx-limb.

3. V. sikkixnense, Clarke-, leaves 1 in. obovate-oblong acute serru-
late, racemes short solitary or clustered, calyx-teeth very short obtuse nearly
glabrous.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Lachen, alt. 13,000 ft., J. D. H.

A rigid, small shrub ; branches pubescent upwards. Leaves subsessile, coria-
ceous, glabrous, margins recurved. Racemes only seen in bud; bracts ^ in., elliptic,
caducous. Corolla i in., lobed deeply. Filaments hairy; anthers dehiscing by long
slits below the apex, not spurred. Fmit not seen.

4. V. puxnlluxn, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, ii. 85 ; leaves f-1 in.
elliptic naiTOwed at both ends obtuse, racemes solitary pubescent, calyx-teeth
lanceolate pubescent. Ku7'z in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 214, and For. Fl. ii. 90.

BiBMA : Martaban Hills, alt, 4-6000 ft., Kurz, Brandis.

A small, much-branched epiphyte ; branches pubescent upwards. Leaves subses-
sile, obscurely crenate-serrate, coriaceous, glabrous, margins recurved. RaccTnea 1-2

OQ 2

452 Lxxxi. VACCiNlACEiE. (C B. Clarke.) [Vaccinium.

in., pubescent-pilose; pedicels ^-^ in.; bracts elliptic, white, caducous. Calyx-tuhe
pilose, teeth ^ in. Corolla \ m., oblong-urceolate, shortly lobed, glabrous without,
rose-coloured. Filaments pilose ; anthers spurred. Berries small, purple.

** Leaves 1^-8 in.

t Racemes axiUary, solitary or suhumhellate from whorls of leaves,

5. V. serratuxn, Wight Ic. t 1184; branchlets glabrous, leaves lanceo-
late serrate often whorled, peduncles mostly terminal umbelled not clothed with
broad bracts at their bases, corolla glabrous without. Thibaudia serrata. Wall.
Cat. 6299. Ceratostemma vacciniaceum, Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 412. Gaylussaccia
serrata, Lindl. in Royle III. 257, t. 79, fig. 2, DC. Prodr. vii. 658. Agapetes
serrata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 862. Epigynium serratum, Klotzsch in Linncea^
xxiv. 50.

SiKKiM, Bhotan and Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-7000 ft., frequent.

A stout epiphyte ; branches often greatly thickened at their base. Leaves subses-
sile, 2\ by f in., acute, remotely crenate-serrate nearly to the base, glabrous. Racemes
2 in., often 3-4 springing umbellately from the terminal whorl of leaves, glabrous or
nearly so ; bracts — in., lanceolate, serrate, those at the base of the peduncles hardly
larger. Calyx-tuhe smooth ; teeth minute, triangular. Corolla ^ by ^ in., tubular, very
shortly lobed, yellow-green. Filaments glabrous ; anthers not spurred, dehiscing by
long slits from below the apex. Berry i in. diam., globose, glistening, white or
yellowish.

Var. leucohotrys ', leaves elliptic acute from a broad or almost rounded base.
Epigynium leucohotrys, Nutt. ; Bot. Mag. t. 6103. — Bhotan; Duphla Hills, Nuttall. '

Var. Nuttallii ; leaves 7 by 2\ in. crenate (not serrate) rugose with nerves im-
pressed on the upper surface. — Bhotan, Nuttall. — This may be specifically distinct, the
leaves differing very much both in size and texture.

6. V. venosuxn, Wight Id. 1185 ; branchlets glabrous, leaves lanceolate
crenate-serrate, peduncles mostly terminal umbelled clothed with numerous
imbricated elliptic bracts at their bases, corolla puberulous without. Epigynium
venosum, Klotzsch in LinruBa, xxiv. 50.

Mishmee; Thumatha summit, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3461). Khasia Mts.;
Griffith.

A stout, glabrous epiphyte ; branches round. Leaves Z\ by f-1 in., acute, sud-
denly narrowed to the A^ery short petiole, remotely crenate-serrate nearly to the base,
coriaceous. Racemes 2-3 in. ; pedicels ^-\ in. ; bracts as long as the pedicels,
elliptic, caducous, the lowest persistent. Calyx-tuhe roMgh with circular glands ; teeth
small, acute. Corolla \ by y^ in., ovoid-conic. Filaments glabrous ; anthers without
spurs, dehiscing by long slits below the subentire apex. Fruit not seen.

Var. hispida ; branchlets hispid-pilose upwards, leaves often smaller. Gaylus-
saccia serrata, Griffi. Ic.^Pl. Asiat. t. 507, not of Lindl. — Sikkim and Bhotan, alt.
4-7000 ft., frequent, Griffith, J. D. H., &c., frequent. — Leaves varying much in size
and texture, in the Alpine examples only 1^ in. long, in Nuttall's examples herba-
ceous, little coriaceous, in Griffith's examples greatly resembling those of V. serrat^im.
Berries ^ in. diam., globose.

7. V. ardisioides, Hook, f ms. ; glabrous, leaves sessile elliptic acumi-*
nate entirej peduncles umbelled in the terminal whorl of leaves without
imbricate bracts at their base, corolla glabrous without.

Moulmein; Thoung-gyun, alt. 6000 ft., T. Lobh; Nattoung expedition, Parish.

Branches 2 ft., naked, with terminal whorls of leaves. Leaves closely sessile, 4^
by l\ in., rounded at the base, coriaceous. Bacemes coloured, 2-3 in. ; pedicels \-\
in., thickened upwards ; bracts | in., linear-lanceolate. Calyx glabrous, limb shortly
campanulate, obscurely 5 -pointed. Corolla i by ^ in., ovoid- conic, deeply lobed.
Filaments glabrous ; anthers spurred, opening by long slits from the subentire apex.
Frtdt not seen.

{

Vaccinium.] Lxxxi. VACCINUCE^. (C. B. Clarke.) 453

8. V. Dunalianuzn, Wight Ic. t. 1194; glabrous, leaves subpetioled
oblong-lanceolate caudate-acuminate entire, racemes axillary solitary, corolla
glabrous without. Epigynium Dunalianum, Klotzsch in Linncea, xxiv. 31.
Thibauuia revoluta, Crr^, Ic. PI, Asiat. t. 613. — Thibaudiacea, Griff. Itin.
Notes 152, n. 752.

SiKKiM, Bhotan and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-8000 ft., frequent.

A large, erect shrub ; branches angular, uniformly leafy. Leaves 4 by 1-1|- in.,
the linear point often nearly 1 in., base cuneate, coriaceous, margins recurved.
Racemes 1-3 in. ; pedicels ^-\ in. ; bracts rouud-ovate, margins scarious, densely
imbricate, a few persistent at flowering-time, usually deciduous before fruiting. Calyx-
teeth small, triangular. Corolla \ in., ovoid-conic. Filaments glabrous ; anthers
spurred, dehiscing by slits at their subentire apex. Berry ^ in. diam., globose.

0. V. g'ualtherisefolium, Hook. f. ms. ; glabrous, leaves large shortly
petioled elliptic acute remotely crenate-serrate, racemes axillary solitary. Thi-
baudia gualtheriaefolia, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 612. — Thibaudiacea, Griff. Itin.
Notes, 136, n. 590.

Bhotan; banks of the Koollong, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3468/1). Sikkim ;
Catsuperri Lake, alt. 7000 ft,, J. D. H.

A shrub, 8 ft. high ; branches compressed. Leaves 4^ by 2 in., rhomboid or
rounded at the base, coriaceous, nerves impressed above, glaucous-white beneath ;
petiole f-^ in. Bacemes 2-3 in.; pedicels ^ in. Berries \—^ in. diam., globose, blue-
black. — Griffith's examples are in advanced fruit, showing no trace of bracts ; corolla
unknown.

10. V. grlauoo-albumy Hooh. f. ms. ; glabrous, leaves obovate-oblong
acute closely mucronate-serrate, racemes axillary dense with large white sub-
persistent bracts and bracteoles. — Thibaudia, Griff, Itin. Notes, 164, n. 762.

Sikkim Himalaya; Lachen and Laehoong, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. B. H. Bhotan;
Tongsa, alt. 7500 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3478).

A shrub ; branches angular. Leaves 2^ by 1-1^ in., not acuminate, base cuneate,
coriaceous, nerves impressed above, white beneath ; petiole 0-^ in. Racemes 2-3-in. ;
pedicels ^-^ in. ; bracts \-% by ^-^ in., extending to the top of the raceme, and often
persistent till the fruit is ripe ; bracteoles 2-1 on each pedicel, ^-^ in., linear-lanceo-
late, resembling the bracts. Calyx-teeth minute, triangular. Corolla |-| in., ovoid-
conic, white tinged pink (J. D. H.). Filaments densely hairy ; anthers long-spurred,
dehiscing by long slits from the subentire apex. Berry i in. diam., globose.

11. V. arbutoides, Clarke', leaves large ovate acuminate entire gla-
brous, racemes axillary solitary pilose, calyx-teeth ^ in. lanceolate pilose.

South-east Assam ; Patkoy Mts. ; Griffith (Kew JJistrib. n. 3469).

A stout shrub ; branches glabrous. Leaves 5 by 2 J in., suddenly acuminate, base
rhomboid or rounded, very coriaceous ; petiole |-i in., very stout. Racemes 2^ in. ;
pedicels ^ in. ; bracts caducous. Calyx-tube subglobose, densely pilose ; teeth erect,
somewhat striate. — Neither corolla nor fruit seen ; unmistakeable as a species, and,
(almost without doubt) of this genus.

tt Racemes alternate, corymbose or subcorymboae towards the ends of the
hranchlets.

12. V. Donianuxn, Wight Ic t. 1191 ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate or
oblong acuminate, bracts linear or very narrowly lanceolate caducous, pedicels
and calyx glabrous, anthers spurred. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 215
(exclud. var. ^) and For. Fl. ii. 91. V. affine, Wight Ic. t. 1190. Thibaudia
Sprengelii, Wall. Cat. 6298. Agapetes Sprengelii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 862 ;
DC. Prodr. vii. 565. Epigynium Donianum, Sprengelii and affine, Klotzsch in
Linncsaf xxiv. 51, 50.

'454 Lxxxi. vACCiNiACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Yacdnium.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-5000 ft., common. Pegu ; alt. 3-6000 ft., frequent.

An erect shrub ; branches round, not thick. Leaves 2^ by \-\ in., subsessile,
narrowed at both ends, minutely crenate-serrate, nerves distinct beneath. Racemes
1-4 in. ; pedicels ^-^ in. ; bracts \ by ~ in. (or narrower), usually caducous ; brac-
teoles linear, caducous. Calyx-teeth small, triangular. Corolla | by ^ in., tubular,
glabrous without. Filaments hairy ; anthers opening by short slits from the crenu-
lated apex. Berry \ in. diam., globose or broader than long.

13. V. malaccense, Wight Ic. t. 1186; leaves shortly petioled lanceo-
late or elliptic narrowed at both ends, bracts linear or lanceolate caducous,
pedicels and calyx pubescent, anther-spurs most minute. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Suppl. 687. Epigynium malaccense, Klotzsch in LinncBa, xxiv. 60.

Malacca; Griffith, Lobh, Maingay. Singapore; Schomhurgk. — Distrib. Java,
Bangka.

An erect shrub; branchlets glabrous, angular, not thick. Leaves 2\ by f-1 in.,
minutely crenate-serrate, nerves distinct beneath. Racemes 2-3 in., pubescent;
pedicels \-\ in. ; bracts \-\ by ^-^ in., caducous. Calyx-teeth minute, triangular.
Corolla I by ^ in., ovoid-tubular, pubescent without. Filaments longer than in
preceding species, glabrous in Wight's figure, with lax hairs in our examples ; anthers
with terminal crenate-serrate pores ; spurs most minute in Wight's examples, wanting
in some others. Berry \ in. diam., globose.

Var. Lobbii ; racemes calyx and corolla glabrous, corolla rather larger. V.
Donianum, var. )8, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 215.— Moulmein; Thoung-gyun,
alt. 6000 ft., Lobb.

14. V. bancanuzn, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. /Suppl. 587 ; leaves elliptic
narrowed at both ends entire, racemes glabrous or minutely pubescent, anther-
beaks very short or 0. V. exaristatum, Kurz in Jown. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii.
86, 1877, pt. ii. 215, and F(yr. Fl. ii. 91.

Martaban; Kurz. Malacca; Mt. Ophir, Maingay (n. 699). — Distrib. Bangka.

An erect shrub ; branches glabrous or minutely pubescent upwards. Leaves 2 by
1 in., obtusely acuminate, base cuneate almost petioled, coriaceous, glabrous, nerves
beneath obscure. Racemes 1-3 in. ; pedicels ^ in. ; bracts narrow, caducous, Calyx-
tube (in the Mt. Ophir plant) densely pilose ; teeth minute, obtuse. Corolla ^ by ^
in., glabrous without i-r nearly so ; style much exserted. Filaments rather long, and
(with the disk) very hairy ; anther-cells oblong, opening by apical pores, hardly
beaked. Fruit not seen. — The Bangka plant has the calyx-tube glabrescent. Some
of the Mt. Ophir examples have much smaller and narrower leaves, 1|^ by ^ in. only.

15. V. G-riffithianuxn, Wight Ic. t. 1192; leaves small oblong acute at
l)oth ends serrulate glabrous, racemes minutely pubescent, bracts leaf-like sub-
persistent, calyx sparsely minutely pilose teeth ovate acute dentate, corolla
glabrous without. Epigynium Griffithianum, Klotzsch in Linvesa, xxiv. 61.
Thibaudia camelifolia, Griff^. Notvl. iv. 301, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 616.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-5500 ft., frequent. — Distrib. South China.

An erect shrub, 6 ft. high ; branches glabrous, pubescent towards the extremities.
Leaves \\ by \-^ in., minutely acutely serrulate ; petiole very short, often pubescent.
Pedicels \-\ in. ; bracts \~ in., some of the upper often persistent in fruit. Calyx-
teeth ^ in., often glandular- denticulate. Corolla | by yg in. Filaments hairy ; anthers
dehiscing by short apical slits, beaks spurred. Berry \ in. diam., globose.

Var. glabrata, H. f. & T. ; innovations raceme and calyx glabrous or nearly so. —
Khasia Mts. — This is, of all the Indian forms, that most like V. bracteatum, Thunb.,
with which Mr. Bentham has suggested {Fl. HongJc. 200) that perhaps V. Donianum,
Griffithianum and nilgherrense might all be united.

16. V. nilg'herrense, Wight Ic. t. 1189; leaves lanceolate acute at
both ends crenate glabrous, bracts leaf-like subpersistent, calyx closely cinereous-

Vaccinium.] Lxxxi. vACCniiACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 455

pu'bescent, teeth triangular acute entire, corolla pubescent without. Epigynium
iieilgherrense, Klotzsch in Linncea^ xxiv. 50.

NiLGHEBBY Mts. *, alt. 4-8000 ft., frequent.

Closely resembling V. Griffithianum, differing in the points stated and in the
larger leaves, 2^3 by ^-§ in. V. chinense, Champ, in Hook. Kew Joum. iv. 297,
does not appear to differ except by the wider ovate or oblong leaves.

17. V. Zieschenaultil, WigM Ic. 1. 1188 ; leaves ovate or oblong acute
or obtuse minutely toothed glabrous, racemes pubescent, bracts caducous, anthers
spurred. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. ^277. Andromeda symplocifolia. Wall. Cat. 1522.
Agapetes symplocifolia, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 862 ; DC. Pi'odr. vii. 555. A.
? arborea, DC. Prodr. vii. 555. Epigynium Leschenaultii, Klotzsch m Linnesa,
xxiv. 50.

Mts. of SouTHEBN India and Ceylon ; alt. 4-8000 ft., common.

The typical form of this species hardly differs from V. Donianum, n. 12, but by
the pubescent innovations and racemes ; the flowers and berries are rather larger.
The leaves are 2-3 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate. The following varieties differ however
considerably in general aspect.

Vae. arborea, Leschenault ; arboreous, brauchlets and racemes very stout nearly
glabrous, pedicels \ in., berries ^ in. diam. and upwards.

Var. rotundifolia; leaves 1-1^ in. diam. orbicular obtuse sometimes retuse. V.
rotundifolia, Wight 111. t. 139 ; Bedd. For. Man. p. 136.— Ceylon.

Vab. zeylanica; bracts large leaf-like and as persistent as the leaves,, so that the
pedicels are axillary solitary. — Ceylon, Thwaites, &c. This remarkable plant appears
to be a form of the var. arborea; the bracts (in Thwaites. n. 270) attain 1^ by | in.
and are coriaceous ; pedicels ^ in., stout, recurved in fruit ; berries large. It is
connected with V. Leschenaultii by intermediate forms having large but membranous
subcaducous bracts.

4. CORAZ.I.OBOTRVS, Hooh.f.

An epiphytic shrub; branches round, iertyeg- alternate, petioled, lanceolate,
acuminate, obtusely serrate, coriaceous, base 2-glandular. Peduncles axillary,
from below the leaves ; flowers corymbose ; pedicels thickened upwards, articu-
lated and cup-shaped under the ovary ; bracts very small. Calyx-tube hemi-
spheric; lobes 5, small, triangular, persiste'nt. Corolla small, globose-campanu-
late, red; teeth 5, small, recurved. Stamens 10, epigynous, free; anthers
oblong, produced into 2 short tubes upwards, dehiscing by short terminal slits.
Ovary 5-celled ; style cylindric, somewhat thickened in the middle, stigma
capitate ; ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit unknown.

C. acuminata, Nook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 575. Thibaudia acuminata, Wall.
Cat. 6297. Agapetes acuminata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iii. 862; DC. Prodr. vii.
554. Epigynium acuminatum, Klotzsch in Zinnia, xxiv. 51 ; Pot. Mag. t.
5010. Vaccinium acuminatum, Kurz in Joum^ As.. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 214, and
For. Fl. ii. 90.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-4000 ft., Wallich, Griffith, H.f. ^ T., &c. Bhotan, Nuttall.
?Pegu, Griffith.

A shrub, 2-4 ft.; branches thick. Leaves 5 by 1^ in., sometimes 10 by 2f in. ;
base cuneate, glabrous; petiole ^-| in. Corymbs red; peduncle ^-^ in.; pedicels
\ in. ; bracts ^ in. Calyx-tube cinereous pubescent or glabrous ; teeth ^ in. Corolla
i by ^ in., glabrous or glandular-puberulous without. Filaments short, sparsely
pilose ; anther-cells glandular-fccabrid.

456. Lxxxii. ERiCACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Gaultheria.

Order LXXXII. BRZCACBH:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Shrubs, trees or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or apparently whorled,
entire or serrate ; stipules 0. Flowers racemed, clustered or solitary ; pedicels
bracteate and often 2-bracteolate. Flowers regular, or in Rhododendron some-
times irregular, sometimes dimorphic. Calyx free (or in Diplycosia sometimes
much adnate to the ovary), 5- (rarely 4-6-)tid or 5-partite. Corolla hypogynous,
often campanulate or urceolate, sometimes deeply lobed or (in Pyrola) petals
free ; lobes 5-20. Stamens 10, vary 5, 8 or 20, hypogynous or slightly attached
to the base of the corolla (in Diplycosia sometimes epigynous) ; filaments free ;
anthers oblong, opening by pores or slits at the apex (in Diplarche by longi-
tudinal slits), the cells often produced upwards into tubes, sometimes dorsally
spurred. Ovary 5- (or 4-16-)celled ; style cylindric ; stigma simple or shortly
lobed ; ovules many in the inner angles of the cells, or placenta often pen-
dulous from the upper angle. Fruit capsular, loculicidally or septicidally
5-valved ; in Gaultheria and Diplycosia enclosed by the enlarged succulent
calyx, appearing baccate. Seeds many (rarely few) in each cell, albuminous;
testa close or loose or produced. — Species 1000, in all parts of the globe.

Tribe I. Andromedeee. Corolla gamopetalous. Capsule loculicidally
6-valved.

* Calyx in fruit succulent , suii'ounding the capsule.

Anthers with 2 horns on their back 1. Gaultheria.

Anthers without horns on their back 2. Diplycosia.

* Calyx infi'uit unaltered.

t Flowers fascicled or solitary.

Leaves very small, densely imbricated, adpressed to the stem . 3. Cassiope.
Leaves petioled, clustered at the ends of the branches .... 6. Enkianthus.

t Flowers racemed.

Seeds linear-oblong, not margined 5. Pieris.

Seeds orbicular-compressed margined 4. Leucothob.

Tribe II. Rliodoreae. CoroUa gamopetalous. Capsule septicidal.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits 7. Diplarche.

Anthers opening by terminal pores 8. Khododendron.

Tribe HI. Pyroleee. Coi'olla polypetalous. Herbs.
Flowers racemose. Capsule loculicidal, dehiscing from the base . 9. Pyrola.

1. GAUXiTHSRIA, Linn.

Shrubs, erect or procumbent. Leaves persistent, alternate, serrulate.
Floivers small, sometimes dimorphic ; racemose or axillary and solitary ; brac-
teate and 2-bracteolate. Calyx ovoid, 5-fid, in fruit enlarged coloured succulent
and enclosing the capsule. CoroUa ovoid-tubular, greenish-white or reddish ;
teeth small, recurved. Stamens 10 ; filaments more or less dilated, pilose ;
anther-ceUs more or less produced upwards, dorsally 1-2-horned ; in the di-
morphic flowers the stamens are small with simple anthers. Ovary 5-celled ;
style cyhndric, stigma simple ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule 6-celled,
loculicidally 6-valved from the apex. Seeds many, minute, subglobose, obtusely
angled. — Species 90, mostly American, a few in New Zealand, Australia,
Malaya and Eastern Asia.

GauUJieria.l lxxxii. ericacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) - 457

* Small, procumbent, leaves less than | in. long, flowers axillary solitary.

1. G. nummularioides, Don Prodr. 150; stem prostrate hirsute,
leaves ovate from a roimded base, anther-cells shortly produced 2-horned at
the apex. Wall. Cat. 1524 ; Royle III. 260, t. 63, fig. 2. G. repens, Blume
Bijd. 857 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 693. G. Nummularise, DC. Prodr. vii. 592. Gaul-
th'eria sp., GHff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 618, fig. 2. Pernettya repens, ZoU. ; Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 1054.

Throughout the Himalaya; alt. 6-9000 ft.; and Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.
frequent. — Distrib. Java.

Covering banks closely with its much-branched, densely leafy stems. Leaves ^ by
^ in., acute, minutely petioled, subentire, glabrous above, setulose beneath and fre-
quently on the margin. Pedicels 3% in., densely clothed with coriaceous glabrous
ovate-oblong bracts ^ in. long. Calyx-teeth \ in., lanceolate. Corolla ^ by ^ in,,
■wide, tubular, reddish or nearly white, lobes minute. Capsule ^ in. diam., succulent j
calyx blue-black.

2. G-. tricbopliylla, Bmjle III. 260, t. 63, fig, 3 ; stems prostrate more or
less hirsute upwards, leaves oblong from a cuneate base, anther-cells not pro-
duced upvirards, v^ith a spreading spur below the pore. DC. Pi'odr. vii. 592.

Alpine Himalaya ; alt. 10-13,000 ft. ; from Lahul, Jaeschke, to Sikkim,
J. D.H.

Stems wiry, much branched, 6-12 in. Leaves 5^ by ^ in., subsessile, entire or ob-
scurely crenulate, glabrous on both surfaces, margins usually long-ciliate. Pedicels
^ in., densely clothed by ovate bracts ^^^ in. long. Calyx-teeth ^ in., ovate-oblong.
Corolla I in. long and broad, wide campanulate, red or nearly white. Cajpsule \ in.
diam. ; succulent calyx blue-black.

** Erect shruhs, leaves large {except G. pyrolsefolia), powers racemed.

3. G-. pyroleefolia, Hooh. f. ms. ; glabrous or the pedicels minutely
pilose, leaves elliptic-obovate obtuse, anther-cells 2-horned at the apex.

Sikkim; alt. 13,000 ft.; Lachen, J. D. H.; Mon Lepcha and Jongri, J. B. H.,
Clarke.

Stems woody, suberect, 4-8 in. high. Leaves \\ by |-1 in., narrowed at the base,
crenate, glabrous or with few minute bristles. Racemes \\ in., 2-5-flowered; pedicels
^-^ in., lowest much the longest; bracts - in. elliptic; bracteoles \ in., lanceolate,
about the middle of the pedicel. Calyx-teeth very small, triangular. Corolla | by ^
in., ovoid. Fruit \ in. diam. ; succulent calyx blue-black.

4. G. firagrrantisslma, Wall, in As. Research, xiii. 397, ivith flg. ;
branches glabrous, leaves lanceolate to ovate not acuminate, racemes more or
less pubescent, bracteoles on the upper part of the pedicel, calyx-teeth ovate-
lanceolate subacute, DC. P'odr. vii. 593; Wall. Cat. 765 ; Wight Ic. 1. 1196;
Bot. Mag. t. 5984; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. PI. xix. fig. 1. G. fragrans, Don
Prodr. 151. G. punctata, Blume Bijd. 856; DC. I.e. 693; Kurz in Joum.
As. Soc. 1877, ii. 215 and For. Fl. ii. 92. G. ovalifoUa, Wall. Cat. 1523. G.
Leschenaultii, DC. I. c. 593 ; Wight III. 1. 141, C. and Ic. X. 1195. Andromeda
flexuosa, Moon Cat. PI. Ceyl. 35. A. katagherensis. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 246.
Leucothoe ? katagherensis, DC. I.e. 606.

From NiPAL to Bhotan ; alt. 6-8000 ft., frequent. Khasia Mts. ; Mts. of .
British Birma, South India and Ceylon, common. — Distrib, Malay Ind.

A stout shrub ; branches more or less trigonous. Leaves 3 by 1-1^ in., shortly
acute or subobtuse, base rhomboid, crenate-serrate, coriaceous, glabrous or sparingly
hirsute from the punctations of the under surface ; petiole ^-^ in. RaceTnes 1-3 in. ;

458 ixxxii. ERTCACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Qaultheria.

pedicels 0-^ in. ; bracts ^ in., and bractpoles ^ in,, ovate-lanceolate, the latter close
to the ovary or more distant in the lower longer pedicels. Calyx-teeth ^-^ in., usually
acute in fruit. Corolla | by ^ in., widely tubular, nearly glabrous without, green,
green-yellow or whitish. Anther-cells each with 2 terminal bristles. Fruit \ in.
diam,, brown hairy, surrounded by the deep-blue enlarged calyx. — Dimorphic flowers
occur, with short stamens and anthers not produced upwards nor horned ; see Wight's
figures quoted above.

Vab. racemosa, Hook. f. ; leaves lanceolate narrowed at both ends, racemes
numerous 4-5 in. flexuose. — Sikkim, J. D. H. — Leaves 4^ by \ in., racemes very
narrow, the uppermost pedicels ^ in. with the bracteoles hardly above the middle.

Vab. hirsuta, Gardner ms. (sp.) ; branches bristly, leaves elliptic obtuse or
rounded at both ends often bristly beneath. — Ceylon, alt. 6-7000 ft. ; Gardner,
Thwaites, &c.

6. Gr, ZIookerl, Clm-he ; branches hispid, leaves elliptic not acuminate,
racemes pubescent, bracts large, calyx-teeth ovate not acute.

Sikkim; alt. 8-11.000 ft., Lachen and Chootgtam, J. D. H.

A shrub, 6 ft. Leaves 2 by 1 in., suddenly or shortly acute, base usually rounded,
serrate, punctate and usually bristly beneath ; petiole 0-^ in. Racemes 1-2 in. ;
pedicels | in. ; bracts often -^ in., elliptic ; bracteoles ^ in., elliptic, usually about the
middle of the pedicel. Calyx nearly or quite glabrous. Corolla and fndt as in G.
fragrantissima (Hooker, however, denotes the flowers as "pink and white"). — This
may be an alpine form of G. fragrantissima, analogous to var. hirsuta, of that species ;
but the bracteate racemes give it a different aspect.

Var. angustifolia ; leaves lanceolate 2j by | in. narrowed at both ends. — Sikkim;
Yakla, alt. 9-10,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

6. Cr. G-riffithiana, Wight Ic. t. 1197; branches glabrous, leaves oblong
and elliptic caudate-acuminate closely serrulate, racemes pubescent, bracteoles
often remote from the ovary, calyx-teeth ovate-oblong not acute on the fruit.

Sikkim and Bhotan ; alt. 6-9000 ft. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 5-6000 ft., Griffith,
J. D. H., &c.

A stout shrub, branches round. Leaves 5 by 1 1 in., base rhomboid, coriaceous,
glabrous rarely sparsely hirsute from the punctations of the under surface ; petiole
\ in. Racemes 2-3 in. ; pedicels \ in. ; bracts |-i in., ovate ; bracteoles y\ i"-) ovate,
often below the middle of the pedicels. Calyx-teeth usually obtuse, always less acute
than in G. fragrantissima. Corolla, stamens &nd fruit as in G. fragrantissima.

2. DXFZ.VCOSZA, Blume.

Anther-cells without apical horns. Otherwise as Gavltheria. — Distrib.
Species 10, Malayan.

The calyx is sometimes adnate more or less to the ovary ; and in D. semi-infera
(provisionally attached to the genus here) is at least semi-adnate in the young
flower.

1. X>. xuicropliylla, Beccari Malesia, 212 ; leaves ^-\ in. ovate sub-
entire, pedicels axillary solitary 1-flowered. Vaccinium microphyllum, Blume
Bijd. 851.

Malacca; Griffith, Lohb; Mt. Ophir, Maingay. — Distbib. Malay Ids., Borneo,
Philippines.

Habit of Gaultheria nummularioides. Branches hirsute. Leaves obtuse, base
cuneate or round, coriaceous, sometimes 3-nerved, glabrous or sparsely hirsute
beneath ; petiole j^ in. Pedicels ~-\ in., glabrous ; bracteoles connate under the
ovary. Calyx free, widely campanulate ; lobes wide-triangular, subobtuse. Corolla
i by i-| in., broadly tubular, red. Anther-cells produced upwards into tubes. Frtiit
not seen.

Dijplycosia.'} Lxxxii. ericacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 459

2. I>. discolor, Clarke ; Ijranclilets scabrid-pilose, leave8 ovate or
elliptic narrowed at both ends serrate very white beneath, racemes pubescent,
calyx-teeth ovate acute, Gaultheria discolor, 2\iutt. in Bot. Mag. t. 6034 ;
Belg. Hortic. viii. (1858) 193, t. 52, fig. 2.

Bhotan; Duphla Hills, Nuttall. Moulmein ; Nattoung expedition, Parish.

Habit of Gaultheria fragrantissima. Leaves 2 by f-l^ in., glabrous, often
3-nerved to near the apex ; petiole ^ in. Racemes 2 in. ; pedicels ^ in. ; bracts ^ in.,
ovate-lanceolate, caducous; bracteoles | in., lanceolate, usually close to the ovary,
caducous. Corolla ^ by ^ in., ovoid, white, mouth red within. Anther-cells oblong,
not produced at the apex, muticous or with 1 or 2 most minute points. Fruit nearly
as of G. fragrantissima but rather smaller ; calyx sometimes enlarged, tlue-black,
with ovate lobes ; sometimes (in the same branch with ripe seeds) hardly altered, of 5
ovate spreading lobes, below and much shorter than the fruit.

3. D.7 sexnl-infera, Clarke; branches scabrid, leaves oblong or ovate
not acuminate, racemes pubescent, ovary half-inferior, calyx succulent closed
over the fruit with erect linear teeth from the centre. — Vaccinioid. Griff. Itin.
Notes, 127, nn. 484, 485.

Bhotan; alt. 7-9000 ft, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3482).

A stout shrub. Leaves 1^ by ^-| in., base cuneate or rounded, crenate-serrate,
coriaceous, glabrous, punctate beneath; petiole 0-| in. Racemes 1-2 in., sometimes
dense ; pedicels jg-g in* ; bracteoles small, ubuall}^ close under the ovary. Corolla
i in., ovoid-conic. Stamens (in 2 of the few available flowers examined) small,
irregular, imperfect, apparently corresponding to the stamens of the dimorphic
flowers of Gaultheria fragrantissima. Ovary in the bud fully half-inferior ; upper
half conoidal, 5-ribbed, densely adpressed-pilose, containing the ovules. Berry |-;|-in.
diam., globose, almost inferior ; the depressed conical vertex opening by 5 hairy valves
loculicidally. Seeds angular, as of Gaultheria. — This berry is quite unlike the fruit
of Gaultheria and Dipli/coda and probably indicates a new genus, which cannot be
founded without better flowers for examination.

3. CASSXOPE, D. Ban.

Small, fastiglate shrubs. Leaves small, rigid, densely imbricate, adpressed to
the branches, entire or ciliate. Pedicels axillary, bracteate at the base only,
curved in flower, erect in fruit. Sepals 5, free, thickened at the base, imbricate
in bud ; spreading and unaltered in fruit. Corolla campanulate, white or pink ;
lobes 5, short, recurved. Stamens 10 (or 8-12), slightly attached to the base
of the corolla, filaments linear; anthers ovoid, truncate, with 1-2 horns divari-
cate from beneath the summit of each cell. Ovary 5-celled ; style cylindric,
stigma simple; ovules many in each cell. Capsule globose, apex depressed,
loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds minute, long-ellipsoid, somewhat curved ; outer
coat of long, somewhat loose cells. — Species 10, in the frigid regions of the
N. hemisphere.

1. C fastlgriata, D. Don in Edinh. Phil. Journ. xvii. (1834) 158; leaves
I in. ovate-oblong, pedicels 0-^ in. woolly. DC. Prodr. yi\. 611 ; Bot. Mag. t.
4796. Andromeda fastigiata. Wall. Cat. 764, and in Asiat. Research, xiii, 394
and PI. As. Bar. 51, t. 284 ; Boyle III. 260, t. 63, fig. 1. A. cupressiformis,
Wall.', D. Don in. Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. 411, and Prodr. 150.

Alpine Himalaya; alt. 10-14,000 ft., common from Kashmir to Bhotan.

Forming dense tufts 6-12 in. high. Leaves somewhat 4-fariously imbricate,
thickened on the back, ciliate. Pedicels 2-4-nate or solitary. Sepals ~-^ in.,
elliptic, acute, nearly glabrous ; margins scarious, often toothed. Corolla ^—^ in.,
widely campanulate, white. Filaments glabrous or sparingly pilose ; anthers truncate,
each cell l-horned. — "Heather" (of English travellers).

460 Lxxxii. ERicACE^. (C B. Clarke.) \_Cas8iope.

2. C. selag-inoides, H.f. ^ T. in Hook. Kew Joum. vii. (1856) 126, t.
4 ; leaves ^-^ in. elliptic-oblong, pedicels ^1^ in. woolly.

Alpine Sikkim ; alt. 10-13,000 ft. ; Lachen, J. D. H. ; Jongri, C. B. Clarke.

Closely allied to C. fastigiata and hardly to be diagnosed by any technical cha-
racter ; but readily distinguishable by its much more slender stems and more elongate
pedicels.

4. ZiEUCOTKOE, D. Don.

Glabrous shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, oblong or lanceolate. Racemes
axillary and solitary or terminal and corymbose ; pedicels bracteate and 1-2-
bracteolate. Calyx 5-fid or -partite ; segments open or imbricate in bud.
Corolla urceolate, 5-fid, white. Stamens 10 ; anthers oblong, not horned on the
back, sometimes aristate at the apex. Ovai-y 5-celled ; style cylindric, stigma
simple ; ovules many. Capsule depressed-globose, loculicidally 5-valved.
Seeds many, compressed, narrowly winged ; testa laxly reticulate.— Species 7,
North American, with 1 Japanese, 1 Himalayan.

Zi. G-riffitliiana, Clarke ; leaves lanceolate acuminate at both ends
subentire coriaceous, calyx-teeth triangular. Gaultheria sp., Griff. Itin. Notes,
138, n. 606 Pieris Griffithiana, Hook.f. in Rei'h.

Bhotan ; towards Sanah, alt. 6800 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3485).

A shrub ; with lax, flexuose, pendent branches, and black-green leaves (Griffith).
Griffith's examples (in late fruit) are altogether glabrous. Leaves 5^ by If in., some-
times almost caudate-acuminace, entire or minutely acutely serrulate upwards,
punctate beneath ; petiole ^ in. Racemes 3-5 in., axillary and corymbose at the ends
of the branches, dense ; pedicels i in. Calyx-teeth xg-jV in., subobtuse, united at the
base. Fruit \ in. diam., depressed-globose, glabrous. Seeds ^^ in. diam., orbicular,
much compressed, outer coat white, margined by closely-placed long glistening scale-
like papillae. — Though the flowers are unknown, this plant (from the capsule and
seeds) can belong to no known genus except Letwothoe.

5. PZERXS, D. Don.

Trees or shrubs; branches terete. Leaves alternate, petioled, persistent,
entire or serrulate. Bacemes axillary or panicled at the ends of the branches ;
pedicels bracteate and 1-2-bracteolate. Calyx 5-fid or -partite ; segments open
or valvate in the bud. Corolla ovoid ; lobes 5, short, recurved. Stamens 10 ;
filament with 2 horns divaricate from its apex (0 in P. villosa) ; anther-cells
ovoid, truncate. Ovary globose, 6-celled ; style cylindric, stigma capitellate ;
ovules very many in each cell. Capsule globose, loculicidally 6-valved. Seeds
many, linear-oblong, falcate, not winged ; testa loose. — Species 10 ; Himalaya,
Birma, Japan and N.E. America.

1. P. ovalifolia, D. Don in Edinh, Phil. Joum. xvii. (1834) 169 ; leaves
ovate or elliptic acute entire, calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, corolla pubescent
without, filament 2-horned at the apex. DC. Prodr. vii. 599 ; Loud. Arb. Brit.
570, fig. 1070. Andromeda ovalifolia, Wall. Cat, 763 and in Asiat. Research, xiii.
391, idth Jig. ; Don Prodr. 148 ; Wight Ic. t. 1199 ; Cleghorn in Agri-Hort.
Soc. Calc. Joum, xvi. 260, loith Jig. ; Brand. For. Fl. 280 ; Kurz in Joum. As.
Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 216 and For. Fl. ii. 92. A. elliptica, Sieh. ^ Zucc. Fl. Jap.
Fam. Nat. ii. 126.— Thibaudia, Griff. 2c. PI. Asiat. t, 514,

Tempebatb Himalaya; alt. 3-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, common.
Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-5000 ft., common. British Bibma. — Disteib. Japan.

A tree, 20-40 ft., or shrub. Leaves 3-7 by 1-4 in., rounded at the base, glabrous
or pilose beneath ; petiole ^-^ in, Bacemes 4-!0 in., simple, rarely (by the suppression
of leaves towards the ends of the branches) appearing panicled, more or less pubea-

Pieris.'] Lxxxii. ericace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 461

cent ; pedicels |-^ in. ; bracts | in., lanceolate or linear. Calyx-teeth ^^-1 in., connate
at the base. CoroUa ^-^ in., elongate-ovoid, white. Capsule \ in. diam., globose,
glabrous. Seeds small, linear-oblong.

Vak. lanceolata ; leaves narrower cuneate or sometimes almost acuminate at the
base. P. lanceolata, Z>. Don in Edinb. Phil. Journ. xvii. (1834) 159 ; DC. Prodr. vii.
599. Andromeda lanceolata, Wall, in Asiat. Research, xiii. 390, with fig. ; Wight Ic.
t. 1198. A. squamulosa, D. Don. Prodr. 149. — Himalaya and Khasia.

2. P. villosa, Hook. f. nis. ; leaves elliptic subobtuse entire villous
beneath, calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, corolla pubescent without, filaments
without horns at the apex. Andromeda villosa, Wall. Cat. 762.

Alpine Himalaya; Gubwhal ; alt. 10,000 ft., near Eogila, Strach. ^ Winterb.
Nipal; Wallich. Bikkim; alt. 10-13,000 ft., Lachen and Tonglo, J. D. H.; Yakla,
C. B. Clarke.

A small tree, closely resembling P. ovalifolia in leaves, flowers and fruit. The
leaves are hardly more villous beneath than in some forms of P. ovalifolia ; the calyx-
teeth are very narrow downwards, only shortly connate ; the corolla is rather wider ;
but it is definitely separated by the absence of horns at the apex of the filament.

3. P. forxnosa, D. Don in Edinb. Phil. Journ. xvii. (1834) 159 ; leaves
lanceolate serrate glabrous, racemes panicled, calyx-teeth broadly lanceolate,
corolla scarcely pubescent without. I) C. Prodr. vii. 699. Andromeda formosa,
Wall. Cat. 761 and in Asiat. Research, xiii. 395 ; Don Prodr. 149.; Wight Ic. t.
1200; Brand. For. Fl. 280.— Gaultheria sp., Griff. Itin. Notes, 125 (n. 430),
and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 617.

Easteen Himalaya from Nipal to Bhotan; alt. 6-10,000 ft., Wallich, Griffith,
J. D. H., &c. Assam; G-hombunda Hills, Simons.

An evergreen, small, glabrous tree, 12 ft. Leaves 4 by l-lj in , acuminate,
attenuated at base; petiole ^ in. Racemes 2-4 in. ; pedicels ^-5- in. ; bracts ^ in.,
linear-oblong, caducous. Calyx-teeth ^-^ in., acute, very coriaceous, valvate in bud.
Corolla i by ^ in. ovoid, white. Filaments with 2 horns at the apex. Capsule j
in. diam., ovoid-globose, glabrous. Seeds many, linear-fusiform, subtriquetrous, testa
very lax.

6. ENKZitNTKUS, Lour.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves petioled, entire or serrulate. Flowers ter-
minal, umbelled or subcorymbose, pendulous or cemuous. Calyx free, 5-lobed.
Corolla broadly campanulate ; lobes 5, short, imbricated in bud, entire or
laciniate. Stamens 10 ; anthers oblong, cells aristate on the back, dehiscing by
very short slits in front. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled ; style columnar, stigma simple ;
placentas pendent from the upper inner angles of the cells, many-ovuled.
Capsule ovoid or oblong, woody or coriaceous, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved.
Seeds few perfect (and often many imperfect) in each cell ; testa crisped, mem-
branous.— Species 5 ; E. Himalaya, China, Japan.

E. himalaicus, H. f. 8r T. in Hook. Keio Journ. vii. (1856) 126, t.
3 ; leaves ovate or elliptic serrulate, pedicels umbelled, corolla widely campanu-
late lobes entire, capsules cernuous. Bat. Mag. t. 6460. — Rhodoracese, Gr'ff.
Itin. Notes, 148, n. 717. Rhodora deflexa, Grif. Itin. Notes, 187, n. 969.

East Nipal, Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 8-11,000 ft., Griffith, J. D. H., &c.

A small tree, sometimes 20 ft., or a bush. Leaves mostly in terminal clusters,
I4 hy |-1 in., narrowed at both ends, acute or obtuse, pubescent beneath, at least
when young; petiole ^-^ in. Peduncles about 10, 1-2 in., 1- (rarely '2-)flowered,
hairy. Calyx-teeth ^-\ in., lanceolate, scarcely pubescent. Corolla ^ by 5 in., base
not gibbous, red-orange. Anther-cells oblong, each awned. Capstde ^ in. diam.,
globose, somewhat pentagonal, glabrous. Seeds large, ^ in., ellipsoid, subtrigonous ;
testa very lax crisped and honeycombed. .

462 Lxxxii. EEiCACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [BijylarcUe.

7. DZPZ.AZICKE, H.f. ^ T.

Small low shrubs. Leaves small, sessile, crowded, linear-oblong, coriaceous,
serrate or long-ciliate, subacute or ending in a gland. Floivers small, rose-
coloured, subcapitate, terminal ; bract ciliate, ovate ; bracteoles lateral, linear,
shorter than the sepals. Sepals 5, coriaceous, ciliate. Corolla deciduous ; tube
cylindric ; lobes 5, obovate, patent. Stamens 10, included ; 5 inserted high on
the corolla, alternate with its lobes ; 6 alternate basal or hypogynous ;
anthers elliptic, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 5-celled ; style short, stigma
capitate 5-lobed ; ovules numerous in each cell. Cfe/jsw/e globose, enclosed by the
calyx, 5-celled, septicidally 6-valved ; the wall of the cells splitting into two
layers, the outer of which breaks up in appearance loculicidally. Seeds very
many, obovate-cuneate, compressed; testa of lax tissue. — Species 2, Himalayan.

1. D. xnultlflora, H.f. 8f T. in Hook. Kew Journ. vi. (1854) 383, t. 11,
fig. A ; branches glandular-pubescent, flowers many densely capitate, sepals
linear-oblong subacute, lower 5 stamens attached to the corolla.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Lachen, alt 11,000 ft., J. D. H.

Leaves ^ by ~ in. Flowers 8-20 forming a globose head ^ in. diam. Peduncle
in fruit elongate, pubescent ; capsules ^ in. diam., spicate.

2. D. pauciflora, H. f. ^ T. in Hook. Kew Journ. vi. (1854) 383, t. 11,
fig. B ; branches glabrous or nearly so, flowers terminal few, sepals ovate-oblong
obtuse, lower 6 stamens free from the corolla.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Kankola, alt. 15,000, J. D. H.

Closely resembling D. multijiora, but smaller in all its parts. Leaves ^\ in.
Flowers 2-6 at the apex of the branch. Stamevs of the lower series often left sur-
rounding the capsule after the corolla has fallen.

8. RHODODEZfDRON, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes very small; often scaly or aromatic. Leaves
alternate, often clustered towards the ends of the branches, rarely subopposite
or falsely whorled, entire, coriaceous. Floivers fascicled or subcorymbose,
terminal, rarely solitary or axillary ; bracts broad, generally caducous ; bracteoles
linear. Calyx 5-lobed, sometimes small or obsolete, rarely saucer-shaped, per-
sistent. Corolla campanulate, widely funnel-shaped or cylindric, tube long or
short, lobes 5-10. Stamens 6-18, usually 10 ; anthers oblong, dehiscing by
terminal pores. Ovary 5-20-celled ; style long or short, stigma capitate ; ovules
very many in each cell. Capsule short woody, or elongate thinner, 4-20-celIed,
septicidally 4-20-valved from the apex, valves breaking away from the placentas.
Seeds very many, ellipsoid, albuminous ; testa close or loose, often shortly
crested, or tailed at one or both ends. — Species 130, in the Mts. of Europe,
Asia, Malaya and N. America.

Subgenus I. Vireya {Gen. Blume Bijd. 854). Capsule elongate, acute;
valves twisting after dehiscence, not woody ; placentae separating (leaving a
slender central axis) as five filiform ribs, attach^ at the apex. Seeds very long-
tailed at both ends, the tails many times longer than the seed. — Malayan
large shrubs ; leaves subopposite or almost whorled ; fiowers in sessile terminal
umbels ; bracts caducous ; exocarp often separating from the endocarp, dehiscing
irregularly or somewhat loculicidally.

* Leaves sprinkled beneath with sessile round glandular scales.

1. Xl. malayanum, Ja<:k in Mai. Misc. ii. n. 7, 17 ; leaves lanceolate
acute glabrous glandular-scaly beneath, corolla red, tube cylindric twice as long

Bhododendron.] lxxxii. ericace^:. (C B. Clarke.) 463

as the rouud patent lobes. ITook. Joum. Bot. i. 369 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 725 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 6045 ; Becc. Mcdesia, i. 205. R. tubiflorum and celebicum, DC.
Prod?', vii. 725 ; Miq. in Ann. Mm. Lugd. Bat. i. 44, t. 2, A, B. R. 1am-
pouo;um, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 585. Vireya tubiflora and celebica, Blume
Bijd. 855, 854.

Malacca; Mt. Ophir, alt. 4000 ft., Griffith, &c. — Disteib. Sumatra, Java,
Celebes.

A large shrub, all parts more or less glandular and scaly. Leaves 3^ by \ in.,
base cuneate; petiole ^-^ in. Umbels terminal, 2-6-flowered; pedicels ^-^ in.
Ca^y;r very small. Corolla- tiibe ^hy ^ in. Stamens 10; filaments gliibrous. Ovary
5-celled; stigma clavate not peltate. Capsule 1-1 j by \-\ in., acute; valves re-
curved to the base, twisted.

2. R. jasminiflorum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4524 ; leaves elliptic obtuse
very coriaceous glabrous glandular-scaly beneath, corolla white tube cylindric
thrice as long as the obovate patent lobes. Lemaire Jard. Fleur. t. 41 ; Illmtr.
HoHic. (1859) t. 203.

Malacca ; Mt. Ophir, Griffith, Maingay, — Distrif. Java.

A small shrub. Leaves 2^ by l-\^ in., obtuse, base rounded or cordate; petiole
i in. Umbels S-S-flowered ; pedicels ^ in., pubescent. Calyx-lobes hardly any.
Corolla-tube 1^ by | in., sparsely glandular-scaly or glabrous without. Stamens 10 ;
filaments minutely pilose. Ovary 5-celled, glandular scaly ; style glandular, stigma
subclavale. Capsule 1 by i in., acute, glandular-scabrous ; valves recurved to the
base, twisted.

** Leaves eglandular beneath.

3. R. javanicum, Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 85, t. 19; leaves lanceolate
narrowed at both ends glabrous eglandular, corymbs many-fiowered, corolla large
orange-red wide-funnel-shaped from a tubular base. DC. Prodr. vii. 721 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 4336 ; Fl. des Serres (1847), t. 293 ; Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i.
42, t. 1, B. Vireya javanica, Blume Bijd. ii. 854.

Malay Peninsula ; Lobb. — Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Celebes.

A large shrub. Leaves 6 by 1^ in., primary nerves either oblique to or at right
angles with the midrib, sometimes obscurely punctate beneath ; petiole ^ in. Umbels
solitary; pedicels 3-12, 1-2 in., nearly glabrous; bracts 1^ in., linear-oblong. Calyx
obsolete. CoroUa 2 in. long, and as much in diam., rose orange or brick-red,
glabrous without ; lobes 5, round. Stamens 10 ; filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous
or glandular-scaly; style usually glabrous ; stigma large, peltate. Capsule 1 by i in.,
acute.

4. R. moulmalnense, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4904; leaves lanceolate
acute at both ends glabrous eglandular, pedicels 3-4 clustered on short axillary
spurs close below the terminal bud, corolla rose-red, lobes elliptic acute much
longer than the cylindric tube. Kwz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877 ii. 216, and For.
Fl. ii. 94.

Moulmein ; Thoung-gyrai, alt. 5000 ft., Lobb ; Nattoung Expedition, Parish.

A stout shrub. Leaves 4 by 1| in. ; petiole \ in. Umbels 1-4 together, so that
the inflorescence appears a 2-10-flowered lateral or pseudo-terminal umbel; pedicels
1 in., glabrous; bracts 1 in., elliptic, acute, glabrous; bracteoles ^ in., linear, hairy.
Calyx-lobes minute. Corolla-tube ^ in., slightly wider upwards ; lobes 5, f-1 by ^in.,
subacute, erect-patent. Stamens 10, glabrous. Ovary 5-celled, glabrous; stigma
peltate. Capsule narrow, acute (not ripe). — Kurz failed to distinguish this from B.
javanicum ; but the inflorescence is so totally different that according to Maximowicz's
views its aflSnity is with B. Keysii.

6. R. Teysmannl, Miq. FL Ind. Bat. Suppl. 586 ; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate acute eglandular often whorled, umbels terminal many-fiowered; corolla

464 Lxxxii. ERICACE^. (C.B.Clarke.) \_Eliododendron.

yellow tube cylindric below widely funnel-shaped upwards. Miq. in Ann.
Mus. Lugd, Bat. i. 42, t. 1, A. '

Penang; Maingay, n. 1099. — Distrib. Sumatra.

A large shrub. Leaves 7 by 2^ in., shortly acute at both ends ; petiole ^ in.
Pedicels 2-7, 1 in., pubescent. Calyx-lobes obsolete. Corolla 1| in. long, and broad;
lobes 5, large, round, erecto-patent. Stamens 10 ; filaments densely hairy down-
wards. Ovary 5 -celled, densely hairy ; style glabrous , stigma small, clavate. Cap-
sule 1^ by ^ in., acute, closely pubescent ; exocarp separating half-way down ;
endocarp dehiscing loculicidally, about ^ its length twisting up. — Closely allied to R.
javatiicnm, and perhaps not really separable by the colour of the corolla ; but larger
in all its parts and having a densely hairy ovary.

Subgenus II. Pseudovireya. Characters of Vireya, but valves of the
capsule recurved, not twisting after dehiscence.

6. XI. vaccinioides, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Hhnal. pt. ii. p. 3 ; leaves
scattered small dbovate-oblong' obtuse glabrous glandular-scaly beneath, flowers
solitary, corolla white or pinkish tube short broadly cylindric lobes wide-spread-
ing. Hook.f. in Journ. Hortie. Sac. Land. vii. 81, 96.

Sikkim Himalaya ; alt. 6-8000 ft. ; Lachen and DarjeeUng, J. D. H., Gamble, &e.

A shrub, 1-3 ft., sometimes epiphytic ; branches scabrous. Leaves | by ^ in. ;
base attenuate, scarcely petioled. Pedicels ^ in., glandular; bracts ^ in., closely
sheathing their base even in fruit. Calyx-lobes ^g in,, ovate-oblong. Corolla-tube
^-^ in.; lobes 5, ^-^ in., round or obovate, entire Stam-ens 10, filaments densely
hairy. Ovary 5-celled, scaly, not hairy ; stigma clavate. Capsule 1 by i in., acute ;
valves recurved to their base.

Subgenus III. ZSurhododendron. Capsule ovoid cylindric or oblong ;
valves woody ; placentae remaining attached to the central axis. Seeds without
tails, or tail shorter than the seed. — Inflorescence terminal, or pedicels clus-
tered, axillary or pseudo-terminal.

Series A. Leaves beneath glabrous or tomentose without glandular scales.
Corolla widely funnel-shaped or campanulate. — Large shrubs or trees.

* Corymbs many-flowered. Calyx-lobes small or obsolete.

t Corolla-lobes more than 5, stamens 12-18.

7. R. grande, Wight Ic. t. 1202; leaves long-petioled oblong- lanceolate
glabrous silvery beneath, corolla white. R. argenteum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim
Himal. t. 9 and in Journ. Hort. Sac. Lond. vii. 76, 91 ; Ft. des Serres, v. (1849)
t. 473-476 : Bot. Mag. 5054. Rhododendron, Grif. Itin. Notes, 139, n. 618.
R. longifolium, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Jown. v. (1853) 365. R. Windsorii, var.
y, Nutt. I. c. 357, 358. Waldemaria argentea, Klotzsch in Rets. Pr. Walde^n.
Bot. 99, t. 53-4.

Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 7-11,000 ft., frequent, J. B. H., &e. Bhotan ; alt. 7000
ft. ; Griffith, Booth.

A tree, 30 ft. Leaves 9 by 3 in., tapering at the base, primary nerves prominent
and parallel ; petiole f-l^ in. Heads many-flowered, dense ; outermost empty bracts
glabrescent ; flower-bracts 1 by |-f in., densely hairy. Calyx very short, lobes
obscure. Corolla 2-3 by 2-2\ in. (in Griffith's examples much smaller), 5-8-lobed,
sometimes pinkish when young. Stamens 10-16; filaments pilose or glabrous.
Ovary glandular, scarcely pubescent, 10-16-celled; stigma very large. Capsule \\
by ^ in., more or less tomentose, curved. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed, margined.

8. Xt, XXodg'Soni, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim. Himal. t. 16 : leaves long-
petioled narrowly obovate-oblong cinnamoneous or whitish subtomentose be-
neath, corolla brightnrose or purplish. Hook.f. in Journ. Hort. Sac. Lond, vii.

Rhododendron.'] Lxxxii. ERiCACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 465

76, 07; Bot. Mag. t. 5552; Rev. HoHic. 1855, 421, t. 22.— Rhododendron,
Griff. Notid. iv. 803 and Ic. Pi. Asiat. t. 521.

Eastern Himalaya; from Nipal to Bhotan, alt. 10-12,000, abundant, Griffith,
J. D. H., &c.

A broad, round shrub, 10-20 ft. Leaves 10 by 4 in., obtuse, cuneate or rounded
at the base; petiole f-l| in. Heads many-flowered, dense; bracts 1^ by |— ^ in.,
silky; pedicels 1-2 in., hairy. Calyx subobsolete. Corolla 1|- by 1 in., 6-10-lobed.
Stamens 14-18; filaments glabrous or nearly so. Ovary glandular, scarcely pubes-
cent, 10-12-eelled. Capsule 1| by ^ in., narrowly cylindric, curved, furfuraceous or
subtomentose. Seeds narrowly oblong ; testa hardly lax or produced except at the
end.

9. R. Falconer!, Hook. f. Rhod. Sihidm. Himal. t. 10; leaves large
long-petioled elliptic obtuse ferruginous-tomentose beneath, very coriaceous,
corolla white or yellowish with purple spots at the base within. Hook. f. in
Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. vii. 76, 97; Fl. des Serves, v. (1849) t. 477-80;
xi. t. 1166-7; Regel Gartenjl. t. 658. R. eximium and venosum, Nutt.
in Hook. Kew Joum. v. 364, 365. — Rhododendi'on, Griff. Itin. Notes, 140,
n. 654.

From East Nipal to Bhotan; alt. 9-13,000 ft., abundant, Griffith, J. D. H., &c.

A tree, 30 ft. ; or frequently a large gregarious shrub. Leaves 9 by 3-4 in., base
obtuse or subcordate, rugose by impressed nerves above; petiole f-lg in. Heads
many -flowered, dense; bracts large, densely hairy; pedicels 1-2 in., ferruginous-
tomentose. Calyx .subobsolete. Corolla 1-2 by |-1^ in.. 7-lO-lobed, usually white,
sometimes yellow even when young. Stamens 12-16 ; filaments slightly hairy belo-w.
Ovary densely ferruginous-woolly, 10-16-celled ; style glabrous; stigma very large.
Capsule 1-2 by ^-1 in., more or less tomentose and curved. Seeds ellipsoid, com-
pressed margined.

ft Corolla-lohes 6, entire or emarginnte, stamens 10.
(a) Corolla pwple, rose or white.

10. R. arboreum, Sm. Exot. Bot, t. 6; leaves lanceolate or oblong
narrowed at both ends rugose-veined on both surfaces silvery or with rusty
tomentum beneath, corolla campanulate red pink or nearly white. Hook. Exot.
Fl. 1. 168 ; Bot. Reg. tt. 890, 1240, 1982 ; Wall Cat. 755, and PI. As. Rar. ii. 23,
t. 123 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 720 ; Hook. f. in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. vii. 78, 92 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 5311 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.'228 ; Brand For. Fl. 281 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 93 ; in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 216. R. puniceum, Roxb. Hort. Benq.
33, and Fl. Ind. ii. 409. R. cinnamomeum, Wall. Cat. 760 ; G. Don Gen. Sy'st.
ill. 844. R. album, Siveet Brit. Fl. Gard. v. (1838) t. 148. R. Oampbellia^,
Hook.f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t, 6. R. Windsorii, Nutt. in Hook. Keio Joum.
V. 1853, 357, var. j3 included {not var. y). — Bourans, Hardwicke in Asiat. Re-
search, vi. 359.

Temperate Himalaya ; alt. 5-10,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, very common.
Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4-6000 ft., common. Birma; Karen Hill.«, Kurz.

A tree. 25 fr. Leaves 5 by \\ in., acute, rarely shortly so. base cuneate, tomentum
beneath usually hard white, sometimes cinnamoneous or more woolly; petiole y-^ in.
Heads many-flowered, dense ; pedicels 0-\ in., hairy ; br;icts densely hairy. Calyx-
lobes sometimes ^ in., widely ovate, sometimes very obscure. Corolla i-i^ by |-1 in.,
5-lobed, usually red, sometimes pink nearly white a;^ depictnc I'y Walbch. Stamens
10; filaments glabrous or nearly so. Ovary mealy or ferruginous woolly, usually
7-9-celled. Capsule 1 by ^ in., cylindric, curved, fui-furaceous. Seeds elliisoid,
testa scarcely lax except produced at the end. — In R. Cami>hi'lli(B the leaves are 9 by
2^ in., with petiole | in. In R. Windsori, in all the numerous examphs collecte<l by
Booth, the calyx is, as Nuttall describes, minute; but, in the culrivated pant (Bot.
Mag. t. 5008), they are ovate-lanceolate acuminate.

VOL. III. H H

466 Lxxxii. ERiCACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) IBJiododendron.

Var. nilagirica ; leaves elliptic or oblong subobtuse, the base rhomboid or often
■rounded. K. nilagirica, Zenk. PL hid. t. 15. R. arboreum, var. Wight III. t. 140, and
U. t. 1201. R. nobile, Wall. Cat. 1521, B.— Mts. of South India and Ceylon, alt.
5-8000 ft., very common.— The whole of the Deccan material at Kew is very homo-
geneous, and unlike the Himalayan ; Beddome's figure {Fl. Sylv. t. 228) from fresh
Nilgherry specimens exhibits however nearly the Himalayan form.

11 . R. niveuxn, Hook. f. Rhod, Sikkim Himal., Conspect. p. 4 ; leaves
lanceolate narrowed at both ends mealy-tomentose beneath not rugose, corolla
campanulate lilac. Hook. f. in Jown. Hort. Sac. Land. vii. 78, 93 ; Bot. Mag.
t. 4730; Lemaire Jard. Fleur. iv. t. 421. Rhododendron sp., Griff. Itin. Notes,
185, n. 947. R. Blumei, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. (1853) 366 ?.

Sikkim Himalaya ; alt. 10-12,000 ft., frequent, J. D. H., Clarke.

•Closely allied to R. arboreum, but distinct. The leaves do not exhibit the nerves
impressed on the upper surface nor is the under surface so softly and opaquely tomen-
tose; and lilac flowers are unknown in R. arboreum. The seeds of R. niveum are
narrow, oblong with a very lax testa, much produced at both ends, and appearing as a
margin on both sides, differing from the seeds of B. arboreum. The pedicels are
longer, often f in. The capsule, which has been supposed different from that of R.
arboreum, is nearly the same, usually a little smaller.

12. R. campanulatum, Don m Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. 410; leaves
elliptic subobtuse at both ends with a close cinnamoneous tomentum concealing
the nervation beneath, corolla campanulate purple, ovary and capsule glabrous
<H' nearlv so. Wall. Cat. 756 ; Don Prodr. 153 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1944 ;
Siveet Brit. Fl. Gard. vi. (1838) t. 241 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 721 ; Loud. Arh. Brit.
589, t. 1 114 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3759 ; Hook. f. in Journ. Hort. Soc. Bond. vii. 78,
100 ; Brand. For. Fl. 281. R. seruginosum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t.
22. R. nobile, Wall. Cat. 1521, A, chiefly. R. Edgarii, Gamble Darjeeling
List. 52.

Alpine Himalaya; alt. 9-14,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, plentiful.

A large shrub, 6-16 ft. Leaves 5 by 2^ in., often mucronate, glabrous, very
closely minutely reticulated above ; tomentum beneath sometimes more lax woolly,
sometimes flocculose and deciduous; petiole |-1 in. Pedicels f-lj in., glabrous;
bracts 1 in., broad-oblong, silky. Calyx-teeth scarcely ^2 ^^•■> broadly triangular.
Corolla 1-1^ by f-1 in., 5-lobed. Stamens 10; filaments glabrous. Ovary 5-9-
celled. Capsule |-1^ by \-^ in. cylindric, more or less curved. Seeds linear-oblong,
compressed ; testa scarcely produced except at the end.

Vae. Wallichii, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic or oblong tomentum beneath lax often
caducous, petiole densely -woolly. R. Walliohii, Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 5. R.
planifolium, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. (1853) 365. R. Batemani, Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 5387.— Sikkim ; alt. 10-12,000 £t., Jl D. H, &c. Bhotan ; Booth. Leaves
sometimes 5 by 2 in.

13. R. fulg'ens, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 25 ; leaves elliptic
base rounded cinnamoneous tomentose beneath, heads dense, calyx-teeth sub-
obsolete, corolla campanulate scarlet, ovary and capsule glabrous. Hook.f. in
Journ. Hm-t. Soc. Lmd. vii. 79, 100 ; Fl. des Seires, viii. (1862-3) t. 789. R.
nobile, Wall. Cat. 1521, in part.

Nipal ; Wallich. Sikkim ; alt. 10-14,000 ft., J. D. H., &c.

Similar to R. campanulatum, except as to the points mentioned in the diagnosis ;
the leaves are often subcordate at the base. In flower it is at once recognised by its
unequalled brilliant colour.

14. B.. XLendrlckil, Nutt. in Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, xii. (1853) 10 ; leaves
very narrowly lanceolate acuminate glabrous, heads dense many-flowered, calyx
minutely lobed, corolla campanulate bright-red, ovary strigose. Nvtt. in Hook.

Rhododendron.'] Lxxxri. ericace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 467

Ke^o Joum. v. ]863, 358; Bot. Mag. t. 5129.— Rhododendron sp., Grif. Itin.
Notes, 141, n. 656.

Bhotak ; Duphla Hills, alt. 7000 ft., Griffith, Booth.

A large shrub. Leaves 6^ by 1-1?^ in.; base cuneate or obtuse; petiole ^ in.
Heads closely packed ; rachis brown-villous ; pedicels \ in., nearly glabrous ; bracts
# in., broadly oblong, villous. Corolla 1^ in., 5-lobed. Stamens 10, Capsule J by
\ in., curved, nearly glabrous. Seeds oblong, compressed ; testa somewhat lax, pro-
duced at both eiids. — This seems allied to B. arhoreum as Nuttall suggests, differing
by the very narrow capsule. The leaves are described above from the Bhotan ex-
amples; in Bot. Mag. t. 5129, taken from a plant grown in England, and called var.
latifolia, the leaves are not narrower than in the North Indian R. arhoreum.

15. R. Shepherdii, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Joum. v. (1853) 3G0 ; leaves
linear-oblong acute glabrous, heads dense many-flowered, calyx small 5r-lobed,
corolla campanulate bright-red, ovary glabrous, Bot. Mag. t. 5125.

Bhotan ; Oola Mts., Booth.

Nothing is known of this at Kew except the drawing of Mr. Holden, commu-
nicated and figured in Bot. Mag. t. 5125. It differs from R. Kendrickii, var. latifolia,
in the glabrous ovary, the more developed more distinctly lobed calyx. On the faith
of the larger calyx it has been (by Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 600) removed to the next
section and placed next R. Thomsoni.

(b) Corolla yellow,

16. Xt. IXTig'lltil, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 27 ; leaves narrowly
obovate-oblong rhomboid at the base closely cinnamoneous tomentose beneath,
heads many-flowered somewhat lax, corolla campanulate yellow, ovary ferrugi-
nous woolly. Hook. f. in Joum. Hoi^t. Soc. Bond. vii. 79, 99. ; Fl. des SerreH,
viii. (1852-3) t. 792-8.

East Nipal and Sikkim; alt. lU-1 4,000 ft., J. J). H., &c.

A shrub, 6-14 ft. Leaves 7 by 2^ in., mucronate, hardly acute, above glabrous,
minutely closely reticulate, beneath adpressed-tomentose ; petiole ^ in., more or less
tomentose, not hirsute. Pedicels 10 20, ^-1.^ in., hairy, sometimes glandular or
ferruginous; bracts 1^ in , spathulate-oblong, silky. Cali/x-lobes subobsolete. Corolla
1^ by 1 in., 5-lobed. Stamens 10; filaments scaly-woolly at the base. Ova.ry 10-
celled. Capsule 1| by ^ in., cylindric, curved, ultimately glabrescent. Seeds linear-
oblong, large for Rhododendron, compressed ; testa close, produced at one end.

17. R. lanatuxn, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 10 : leaves narrowly
obovate-elliptic cuneate at the base cinnamoneous and woolly beneath, heads
few-flowered lax, corolla campanulate yellow, fruit ferruginous-ianate. Hook. f.
in Joum. Hort. Soc. Bond. vii. 79, 100 ; Fl. des Serres, vii. (1851-2) t. 684 ;
Rev. Hortic. 1855, t. 9.

Sikkim Himalaya; Jongri, alt. 12-13,000 ft., J. D. H, &c.

Branchlets upwards densely woolly. Leaves 4 by 1^ in., subobtuse, more or less
lanate or ultimately glabrescent above except the midrib ; petiole densely woolly, not
hirsute. Flowers 5-7 in a head, nodding. Capsule ^-f by \-\ in. Seeds smaller
than those of R. Wightii, -vfhich this species resembles e::fcept in the points
mentioned.

18. It. caxnpylocarpum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 30 ; leaves
elliptic obtuse at the base glabrous on both surfaces, heads somewhat lax,
corolla campanulate yellow, ovarv sparsely covered with stalked glands. Hook,
f. in Joum Hort. Soc. Bond. vii. 79, 101 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4968.

East Nipal and Sikkim; alt. 11-14,000 ft., J. B. H., &c.

A shrub, 4-8 ft. Leaves 2i-3 by }| in., obtuse, base rounded sometimes subcor-
date, rarely rhomboid, minutely reticulated on both surfaces ; petiole ^-| in,, with

hh2

468 Lxxxii. ERTCACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [BJtododendron.

scattered stalked glands or glabrescent. Flowers few or many in the head ; pedicels
1-1^ in., very glandular upwards; bracts 1 in., spathulate -oblong, hairy. Corolla
1^ by 1 in. Stamens 10; filaments glabrous. Ovary o-celled. Capsule f by i in.,
subcylindric, much curved, with scattered stalked gland.** or ultimately nearly glabrous
and shining. Seeds oblong, compressed ; testa close, produced at one end.

** Calyx deeply-lohed or dilated.

t Bj-anchlets not woolly.

19. R. G-riffithianum, Wight Ic. t. 1203 ; leaves oblong subacute gla-
l)rou8, calyx widely saucershaped margin subentire, corolla white. Hook. f. in
Journ. Hort. Soe. Lond. vii. 1Q, 93 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5065. R. Aucklandii, Hook,
f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 11 ; Rev. Hortic. 1855, t. 6 ; Regel Gartenjl. (1866)
t. 517. R. oblongum, Grif. Ic. PI. Asiat.. t. 523. — Rhododendron sp., Griff.
Itin. Notes, 192, n. 1045.

Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 7-9000 ft., Griffith, J. D. K, &c.

A tree, 40 ft. ; also (as most of the other Rhododendron trees) not rarely flowering
as a shrub 4-8 ft. Leaves 7 by 2 in., exactly oblong with subparallel sides, rounded
or cuneate at the base ; petiole 1 in. Pedicels 2-5, 1-2 in., with large flowers, or
numerous si^bpanicled with smaller flowers ; bracts 1^ in,, linear-oblong villose.
Calyx in flower ^ in. diam,, patent ; in fruit often enlarged, unequal, or torn. Corolla
1^2| in., widely futinel- shaped, often spotted pink. Stamens 12-18; filaments
glabrous or nearly so. Ovary 12-celled, glandular-pubescent. Capsule Ij by § in.,
short-cylindric, very woody, at length glabrous. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed ; testa
lax, appearing as a margin completely (or nearly) surrounding the seed.

20. XL. Thoxnsoni, Hook.f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 12 ; leaves broadly
elliptic obtuse at both ends, calyx cup-shaped obscurely unequally lobed,
corolla deep crimson. Hook. f. in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. vii. 77, 99 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 4997 ; Fl. des Serres, viii. (1851-2) t. 688-90 ; Morr. Belg. Hortic. viii.
33, t. 10 ; Rev. Hortic. 1855, t. 7.

East Nipal and Sikkim ; alt. 11-13,000 ft., common, J. D. H., &c.

A large shrub, 6-15 ft. Leaves 3 by 1| in., often cordate at the base, glaucous
beneath, finely reticulated ; petiole |--f in. Pedicels ^-\ in., glabrous or nearly so;
bracts 1-1^ in., spathulate oblong, hairy. Calyx m flower ^ in., in fruit enlarged,
often very unequal on one side, more or less lobed or lacerate, glaucous, glabrous.
Corolla l-l^ in., wide-funnelshaped. Stamens 10. Ovary glabrous, 6-10-celled.
Capsule f by ^ in., glaucous purple. Seeds linear-oblong compressed ; testa produced
at each end, otherwise scarcely lax.

Var. Candelabrum, Hook. f. ; calyx shorter and with the ovary sparingly stalked-
glandular. R. Candelabra, Hook.f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 29. — Sikkim, J. D. H.

Var. flocculosa; leaves beneath cinnamoneous flocculose or furfuraceous. — Sikkim,
Clarke.

21. R. Kookerl, Nutt. in Hook. Keio Journ. v. (1853) ; leaves oblong
obtuse at both ends squamulose on the nerves beneath, calyx cupshaped ob-
scurely unequally lobed glabrous. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4926.

Ehotan; Oola Mts., alt. 7-8000 ft., Booth.

Leaves 4-5 by 1^-2 in. ; petiole 1 in., otherwise as R. Thomsoni, of which it may
be a var. The leaves are not so furfuraceous beneath as in R. Thomsoni, var. floccu-
losa, but they are much longer than in any of the numerous examples of R. Thomsoni
itself.

22. It. barbatum, Wall. Cat. 757 ; leaves oblong acute glabrous the
midrib beneath and petiole often coarsely bristly, heads many-flowered dense,
calyx-lobes large elliptic, corolla campanulate deep red. G. Bon Gen. Syst. iii.
844 ', DC. Pt odr. vii. 721 ; Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 3 and in Journ. Hort.
&0C. Lond. vii. 77,, 91 j. Fh des. Serres, v. (1849) t. 469-72 ; Morr. Belg. Hortic.

BJwdodendron.] Lxxxii. ericace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 469

ix. 186, t. 17. R. nobile, Wall. Cat 1521, pai'tlt/. R. lancifolium, Hook. f.
Rhod. Sikkirn I£i?nal. t. 4.

Temperate Himalaya ; alt. 8-12,000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Bhotan; common in
Sikkim.

A tree, 30-40 ft. Leaves 6 by 1^-2 in., base rounded, reticulated beneath ; petiole
^-^ in., with bristles ^-5- in. long, or (on the same branch) smooth. Pedicels ^^ in.,
glabrous ; bracts f in., oblong, hairy. Calyx-lobes 4 by | in., glabrous. Corolla 1-1^
in. widefunnelshaped. Stamens 10. Ovary 5 9-celled, hairy. Capstde § by |- in.,
hirsute. Seeds oblong, compressed ; testa lax, produced at both ends, and often
appearing as a margin round the seed. — The type form of this plant from Nipal and
West, Sikkim has the leaves generally glabrous ; they are sometimes setose beneath
and closely ciliate on the margin.

Var. Smithii ; leaves furfuraceous subtomentose beneath. R. Smithii, Nutt. ms. ;
Bot. Mag. t. 5120. Rhododendron sp., Griff. Itin. Notes, 145, n. 693 and 159, n. 813
a.— East Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 8-12,000 ft., frequent.

tt JSranchlets densely woolly.

23. Br. Edg'eworthii, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 21 ; leaves
elliptic subacute strongly rugose-veined above, corolla very large broadly funnel-
shaped. Hook. f. in Joum. Hortic. Soc. Lond. vii. 77, 94 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4936 ;
Regel. Gartenjl. v. t. 170 ; Fl. des Serres, viii. (1862-3) t. 797-8.— Ericinea,
Gj-if. Itin. Notes, 165, n. 770.

Sikkim Himalaya ; alt. 7-9000 ft., J. D. H., &e. Bhotan ; Griffith, Booth.

A shrub, 4-6 ft., terrestrial and erect or epiphytic. Leaves 4 by If in., base
rhomboid, densely ferruginous, woolly beneath ; petiole |-^ in. Pedicels 5-I in.,
densely woolly. Calyx-lobes 5 by | in,, obtuse, unequal. Corolla 2-3 in., 5-lobed
about half-way down. Ovary and style below woolly. Capsule f by ^ in., densely
ferruginous- woolly. Seeds linear; testa shortly tailed at each end. — There are round
glandular scales beneath the wool of the leaves ; the species might be arranged in
Series B.

24. R. pendulum, Hook. f. Rhod, Sikkim Himal. t. 13; leaves elliptic-
oblong glabrous or thinly floccose above, corolla small shortly broadly funnel-
shaped. Hook. f. in Hortic. Soc. Lond. vii. 80, 103; Fl. des Sea-res, vii.
(1851-2) t. 662. '

Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 9-11,000 ft. ; Lachen, J. D. H.; Jongri and Dikchoo,
Clarke.

Epiphytic ; branches pendulous, 2-4 ft. Leaves 1^ by | in., obtusely rhomboid at
both onds, rusty-woolly beneath ; petiole ^\ in. Pedicels \ in., rusty- woolly. Calyx-
lobes ^ by 1^ in., obtuse, rose-coloured. Corolla | in,, 5-lobed about half-way aown,
glandular without. Capsule ^ by ^ in., hirsute. Seeds linear-oblong ; testa shortly
tailed at each end.

Series B. Leaves sprinkled beneath with sessile round glandular scales
(which in R. Anthopogon coalesce, forming apparently a tomentum). Large
or small shrubs.

* Calyx prominently lohed, lobes longer than broad.

25. B. Dalliousiee, Hook./. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. tt. 1, 2; leaves obovate-
oblong cuneate at the base glabrous, pedicels 2-5 clustered, calyx-lobes elliptic
obtuse, corolla very large campanulate white. Hook, in Joum. Hortic. Soc.
Lond. vii. 77, 93; Bot. Mag. t. 4718 ; Fl. des Setres, v. (1849) t. 460-8. R.
macrocarpos, Gri^. Itin, Notes, 138.

Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 6-9000 ft., frequent, J. B. H., &c. Bhotan ; alt. 6800 ft.,
Griffith, Booth.

A laxly branched shrub, often epiphytic. Leaves 4-5 by 1^-2 in,, obtuse or sub-

470 Lxxxii. EEiCACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [^Rhododendron.

acute, sometimes ciliate ; petiole ^-^ in., sometimes pilose. Pedicels ^-| in., pubes-
cent or pilose; bracts 2 in., oblong, hairy. Calyx-lobes ^ by ;^ in., glabrous, usually
pilose at the base, frequently ciliate on the margin. Corolla 2^-4 in., often tinged
yello\r, green or pink, fragrant; lobes 5, subentire. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled,
scaly-glandular. Capsule I5 by \~ in., straight, glabrescent. Seeds linear-oblong,
compressed, margined and shortly tailed ; testa close.

26. It. Nuttallii, Booth ; Nutt. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. (1853) 355 ;
leaves elliptic base rounded glabrous, pedicels 2-5 clustered calyx-lobes oblong-
oval obtuse, corolla very large white. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5146 ; Fl. des Ser?'es,
xiii. (1858) t. 1326 ; Illustr. Hortic. (1859) t. 208.

Bhotan ; Duphla Hills, alt. 4-6000 ft.. Booth.

A tree, 30 feet; or a straggling epiphyte. Leaves 8 by 4 in., obtuse, coriaceous,
rugose by impressed nerves above ; petiole f in. Pedicels 1-2 in., exceedingly thick in
fruit. Calyx-lohes f by J in., glabrous or slightly ciliated, rose-coloured. Corolla
4r-o in., campamilate, tinged yellow at the base, pink at the mouth, fragrant; lobes
5, subentire. Stamens 10; filaments hairy below. Ot'rtry 5-celled, scaly-glandular.
Capsule If by I in., straight, glabrescent. Seeds oblong, compressed, widely mar-
gined; testa close. — Nuttall says that the calyx, caps^ule and seeds in this species
are wholly different from those of B. Dalhousia ; but there appears little difference
except in size.

27. R. Boothil, Nutt. in Hook. Keiv Journ. Bot. v. (1853) 356 ; leaves
rhomboid-elliptic acuminate ciliate and villose on the margin, corymbs dense
many-flowered, calvx-lobes elliptic obtuse, corolla campanulate yellow. Illustr.
Hm-tic. (1858) t. 174.

Bhotan ; Gascherong Hills, Booth.

A straggling epiphyte, 5-6 ft. Leaves 4-5 by 2^ in., shortly acuminate, base
rhomboid, young sprinkled with long lax ferruginous hairs, adult glabrous except the
margins ; petiole j in., woolly. Pedicels f in., slightly hairy. Calyx-lobes ^ by i in.,
glabrous veined in fruit. Corolla 1 ^ in., 5-lobed ; stamens 10, with hairy filaments
(fide Illustr. Hortic). Capsule | by ^ in., rugose, furfuraceous. Seeds linear, com-
pressed, tailed at both ends ; testa close.

28* Xt. ciliatum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 24 ; branchlets leaves
and pedicels with scattered bristles, leaves elliptic acute, pedicels 2-6-nate,
calyx-lobes elliptic obtuse, corolla broadly funnel-shaped white or pale-rosy.
Hook. f. in Journ. Hortic. Soc. Lond. vii. 77, 95 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4648 ;
Lindl. 8f Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 83 ; Lemaire Jard. Fleur. iii. t. 312 ; Fl. des
Serres, viii. (1852-3) t. 766 ; Regel GaHenJl. t. 563.

SiKKTM Himataya; Lachen, alt. 9000 ft., J. D. H.; Chola and Dikchoo, alt.
9-10,000 ft., Clarke.

A shrub, 2-4 ft., often spread over rocks. Leaves 2| by 1|- in., base obtuse or
rounded, glabrous beneath or midrib bristly ; petiole \ in. Pedicels \-i^ in. ; bracts
ovate, glabrous. Calyx-lobes j by ^ in., glabious, ciliate. Corolla \~ in. ; lobes 5,
emarginate. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, scaly-glandular. Capsule ^ by ^-^ in.,
scaly. Seeds linear ; testa close, crested at one end. — The wild plant has the flowers
white, slightly tinged with rose, fading a deeper rose. Sir J. D. Hooker sketched
his species in Sikkim {Rhod. Sikkim, t. 24) from a plant "past flower;" hence with
too purple a corolla.

29. B» camellieeflorum, Hook.f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 28; leaves

oblong or elliptic glabrous densely ferruginous scaly beneath, pedicels 1-4-nate,
calyx-lobes elliptic obtuse, corolla white tube cylindric lobes widely spreading.
Hook. f. in Journ. Hortic. Soc. Bond. vii. 80, 103 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4932 ;
Regel. Gartenjl. (1865) t. 460, fig. 1-3. B. sparsiflorum, Nutt. in Hook, Kew
Journ. V. (1863) 363.

BJwdodendron.'] Lxxxii. ERIC ace j:. (C. B. Clarke.) 471

Eastern Himalaya ; from E. Nipal to Bhotan, alt. 9-13,000 ft., J. B. H., &c.

A shrub, 2-6 ft. Leaves 3^ by 1;^ in., or 2^ by \\ in., obtuse or acute, base obtuse
or rhomboid ; petiole ^-\ in. Pedicels ^ in., scaly, rugose. Calyx-lohes f by ^ in.,
glabrous or nearly so. Corolla-tube ^ by ^-^ in., lobes ^-\ in. diara., orbicular,
entire. Stamens 12-16. Ovary 10-celled. Capsule \hy ^ in., ellipsoid or sometimes
ovoid, rough with scales. Seeds linear-lanceolate, produced acutely at both ends;
testa close.

30. R. leptocarpuxn, Nutt. ms. ; leaves elliptic-oblong base narrowed
glabrous, corymbs many-flowered, calyx-lobes broadly elliptic obtuse, capsule
narrow curved. R. pumilum, Nutt. in Hook. Keio Journ. v. (1853) 354, not of
Hook. f.

Bhotan ; Oola Mts., alt. 7-8000 ft., Booth.

A slender, alpine, branching shrub, l'^-2 ft. Leaves 3 by \-\\ in., subobtuse,
mucronate, finely reticulated above ; petiole ^ in., ru&ty-scaly. Corymbs 7-10-flowered ;
pedicels (in fruit) 1-lf in,, slender, glabrous, scaly. Calyx-lobes (in fruit) \ in. long
and broad, glabrous. Corolla not seen. Capsule | by i in., rough with scales.
Seeds linear-lanceolate ; testa close, produced acutely at both ends. — The calyx and
leaves are exceedingly like those of B. camelliatjiorum, but the scales beneath are not
so close, and the narrow capsule is very different.

31. R. g'laucuxn, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 17 ; leaves oblong
glabrous glaucous beneath scaly above, corymbs 4-10-flowered, calyx-lobes
ovate subacute scaly, corolla campanulate dull rose. Hook. f. in Journ. Hort.
Soc. Lond. vii. 78, 102 ; Hook. JBot. Mag. t. 4721 ; Fl. des Serves (1851-2) t,
^7^ ; Rev. Hortic. (1855) t. 11. — Rhododendron sp., Grif. Itin Notes, 144, n.
691.

Sikkim and Bhotan ; alt. 10-12,000 ft., Griffith, J. D. H., &c.

A small shrub, 2 ft. Leaves 3 by 1|- in. (those on barren shoots often much
larger), subobtuse, mucronate, base rhomboid, lower surface with scattered glandu'ar
scales ; petiole ^-\ in. Pedicels ^-1 in., scaly ; bracts ^ in., ovate, scaly, caducous.
Calyx-lobes |-^ by i in. Corolla ^-| in. ; lobes 5, emarginate. Stamens 10, filaments
woolly below. Ovary 5-celled, scaly. Capsule ^ by ^ in., shortly ellipsoid. Seeds
minute, lanceolate ; testa closely, shortly produced at one end.

32. It. puxnilum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 14, not of Nutt. -,
leaves small elliptic obtuse glabrous, pedicels 1-3 together long^ calyx-lobes
ovate-oblong obtuse,- corolla widely funnel-shaped tube longer than the lobes
rose-coloured hairy without. Jiook. f. in Journ. Hortic. Soc Lond. vii. 78, 102;
Fl. des Serves, vii. (1851-2) t. 667.

Sikkim Himalaya; Lachen, alt. 12-14,000 ft, J. B. H.

A shrub, 3-8 in. Leaves ^ by ^ in., often mucronate, rhomboid at the base, above
glabrous and naked, beneath with scattered scales ; petiole hardly any. Pedicels
1-2^ in., glandular, erect. Calyx-lobes j^-^ in., in fruit \ in., sometimes glandular-
scaly. Corolla I in., shortly 5-lobed. Stamens 10; filaments hairy below. Ovary
5-celled, scaly. Capsule \ by \-^ in., ovate-oblong, erect on the erect pedicel.

33. R. lepidotuxn, Wall. Cat. 758 ; leaves from obovate to lanceolate
glabrous not setose, pedicels 1-3 together long, calyx-lobes elliptic obtuse,
corolla yellow or dull purple tube short globose, lobes round wide spreading,
Royle lU. 260, t. 64, fig. 1 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 724 ; Bot. Mag. tt. 4657, 4802,
6450 ; Lemaire Jard. Fleur. iv. 343 ; Hook, in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. vii. 81 ,
104 ; Brand. For. Fl. 282. R. salignum and elseagnoides. Hook. f. Rhod.
Sikkim Himal. t. 23, A, B. R. obovatum. Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal.
Conspect. p. 6.

Temperate and Alpine Himalaya; alt. 8-15,000 ft.; from Kashmir to Bhotan,
common.

472 Lxxxii. ERiCACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ehododendron.

A shrub, more or less scaly-glandular throughout, 1-6 ft. ; branchlets very scabrid
glandular. Leaves |-li in., obovate and obtuse or lanceolate and subacute, base
narrowed ; petiole scarcely any. Pedicels ^-l^in., very scabrous. Calyx-lohes -^ in.
Corolla-tube ^ in.; lobes ^ in. Stamens 8, very rarely 10; filaments hairy below.
Ovan/ 5-celled. Capsule ^-^ by ^-^ in., erect. Seeds oblong, acute ; testa close,
hardly produced at the ends.

34. R. setosum, D. Don in Ti-ans. Wem. Sac. iii. 408, Prodr. 152;
branchlets bristly, leaves elliptic-obovate obtuse scaly on both surfaces and often
bristly beneath, pedicels 3-8 clustered short, calyx lobes elliptic, corolla red
tube very short, lobes oblong spreading. DC. Fiodr. vii. 724; Hooh.f. Rhod.
Sikkim Hirnal, t. 20, and in Jown. Hortic. Sac. Lond. vii. 8] , 106. R. Antho-
pogon, Wall. Cat. 7 ^Q, partly.

Nipal; Wallich. Sikkim; alt. 13-16,000 ft., J. D. H., &c.

A small shrub, 1 foot. Leaves ^ by |- in. ; petiole very short, usually bristly.
Pedicels ^ in., glandular-scaly, Calyx-lohes ^— ^ by ^-^ in., obtuse, glandular-scaly.
Corolla-tube ^ in. ; lobes ^ by |^ in. Stamens 8, sometimes 10 ; filaments hairy below.
Ovary 5-celled, glandular-scaly. Capsttle 5 by J in., ovoid, hardly larger than the
calyx-lobes. Seeds ellipsoid, subacute at the ends ; testa close, not produced.

35. R. nivale, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himol. t. 2Q ; prostrate, leaves
small elliptic, flowers solitary subsessile, corolla rose-red, tube short, lobes
obovate-elliptic spreading. Hook.f. inJoum. Hortic. Soc. Lond. vii. 81, 105.

Sikkim; alt. 13-16,000 ft., Phullong and Kinehinjhow, J. B. H.

A dense, small bush ; hardly rising 2 in. from the ground. Leaves \-\ in., obtuse,
glabrous, scaly on both surfaces. Calyx-lobes — in., elliptic, obtuse, unequal. Corolla-
tube ^ iu. ; lobes 1^ in., round-obovate ; hairy in the throat. Stamens S or 10; fila-
ments hairy below. Ovary 5-celled, scaly. Capsule ^ in. long, ovoid. Seeds
ellipsoid, compressed, subacute ; testa close, not produced.

,36. R. Anthopog'on, D. Don in Mem. Weim. Soc. iii. 409, and Prodr.
153 ; leaves petioled elliptic subobtuse at both ends glabrous above densely
scaly beneath, pedicels short numerous fascicled terminal, corolla yellow, tube
cylindric, lobes wide-spreading, Wall. Cat. 759, chiefly ; Royle 111. 260, t. 64,
fig. 2; Loud. Arb. Brit. 590, t. 1115; DC. P-odr. vii. 725; Hook. f. Rhod.
Sikkim Himal. Conspect. 7, and in Jown. Hort. Soc. Lond. vii. 82 ; Hook. Rot.
Mag. t. 3947 ; Brandis For. FL 282. R. aromaticum, WaU. Cat. 1520 {Jlde
Hook. /., scanting in Herb. Wall. R. palu3tre, Turcz.; DC. Prodr. vii. 715.
R. parvifolium, Adams in Mem. Soc. Mosc. ix. 237. R. parviflorum, F.
Schmidt Reis. in Amurl. 158 {Jide Maxim.'). R. fragrans and micranthum,
Maxim. Rhod. As. Orient. 16, 18, t. 4, fig. 1-10. Azalea fragrans, Adams ;
Roem. et Sch. Syst. iv. 379. A. lapponica. Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 52, t. 70, fig. 1, A,
B. Osmotbamnus fragrans and pallidus, DC. Prodr. vii. 715.

Alpine Himalaya; alt. 11-16,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, common. — Dis-
TBiB. Central and Northern Asia.

A small shrub, 1 ft. ; branchlets scabrous and densely scaly. Leaves H by f in.,
cinnamoneous beneath and as it were tomentose from the layer of glands ; petiole
^-~ in. Pedicels 4-12, ^-\ in., glabrous; bracts \ in., ovate, hairy. Calyx-lobes
"l^-i in., elliptic, obtuse, margin villous. Corolla-tube i in., throat hairy ; lobes \ in.,
elliptic-obovate, obtuse, entire. Stamens 6-8, included. Ovary 5-4-celled, scaly ;
style ^-^ in. ; 4-5 stigmatic points rising above the widened truncate summit of the
style. Capsule | in., ovoid. Seeds oblong, subacute ; testa lax, not produced even at
the ends.

** Calyx very shortly, or obsoletely lobed.

37. R. lHaddenl, Hook.f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 18; leaves oblong or
elliptic acute glabrous densely scaly beneath, corymbs 4-12-flowered, calyx-

Ehododeadron.'] Lxxxii. ericace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 473

teeth oblong, corolla very large white, mouth widely funnel-shaped. Hook. f.
in Jaum. Hortic. Soc. Land. vii. 79, 95 •, Hook. Bot. May. t. 4805 ; Fl. des
Sevres (1853-4), t. 912; Mev. Hortic. (1855) t. 16; Illustr. Hoi-tic. (1857) t.
140. R. Jenkinsii, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Joui-n. v. (1853) 361 ; Eegel Gartenji.
ix. 277.

SiKKiM and Bhotan ; alt. 6000 ft., J. D. H., Booth.

A shrub, 6-8 ft. Leaves 6-6 by 1^-2^ in., base rhomboid or rounded; petiole
i-| in. Pedicels |-| in., scaly. CaJyx-lobes i in., in fruit nearly \ in., triangular-
oblong, glabrous, membranous. Corolla 3-4 in.; lobes 5, rounded. Stamens 18;
filaments glabnms. Omry iO-celled, scaly. Capsule 1 by ^ in., ellipsoid. Seeds
linear-lanceolate, caudate, large for the genus; testa close, produced at the ends.

Var. calophylla ; calyx-lobes shorter sometimes ovate obtuse, capsule much
smaller. R. cnlophylla, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. 362 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6002 ; Fl.
des Serves, t. 2340; Bcgel Gartevfl. t. 460, fig. 4, 6; t. 677. R. macranthum. Griff.
Ic. PL Asiat. t. 620, not R. macranthum, Griff. Itin. Notes, 144, n. 690. Rhododen-
dron sp.. Griff Itin. Notes, 198, n. 1134.— Bhotan, alt. 4000 ft., Griffith, Booth.—
The capsules in Griffith's and Booth's (numerous) examples hardly average one half
the size of those of R. Maddeni ; the largest capsule in R. calophylla is hardly | by
^ in., and its calyx-lobes are not at all enlarged in fruit. The leaves in the two
varieties (or species?) are exactly alike.

38. It. formosum, Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 3, t. 207; leaves obovate-
lanceolate acute glabrous or setose-ciliate, corymbs 2-5-fiowered, calyx-teeth
small, corolla large white widely funnel-shaped. DC. Prodr. vii. 721 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 4457 ; Xurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 216, and For. Fl. ii. 94. R.
Gibsonii, Paxt. Mag. Bot. viii. t. 217 ; Fl. des Serres, i. t. 18.

Bhotan ; Griffith, Booth. Kuasia Mrs. ; alt. 3-6000 ft., common. Maetaban ;
Nattoung, alt. 7200 ft., Kurz.

A shrub, 8 ft. ; branchlets glabrous, rarely ferruginous-bristly. Leaves 1-2| in.,
variable in size, usually broadest above the middle, shortly acute, long attenuate to
the base, glands beneath numerous (but not approximate as in R. Maddeni) ; petiole
^-^ in. Pedicels \ in., glandular-scaly; bracts \ in., ovate, glabrous, ciliate. Calyx-
lobes obtuse, hirsute or glabrous. Corolla 1^-2 in. long and broad ; lobes about as
long as the tube, round, entire or slightly crenate, sometimes with pink marks.
Stamens 10; filaments sparsely pilose. Oi'rtrj/ 6- celled, scaly. Capsule | by ^^ in.,
erect, symmetric. Seeds elliptic, acute; testa close, hardly produced at the ends.

Vae. salicifolia ; leaves very narrowly lanceolate, sometimes 3 by less than ^ in.
— Khasia, frequent.

Var. ineequalis ; capsule f by ^ in., ovoid, unsymmetric from a very unequal base.
— Khasia; KoUong rock, alt. 6000 ft., H.f. 6f 2\ — This has been considered a dis-
tinct species, and may be so, but the flowers are unknown. Branches often hirsute-
setose ; leaves entirely without the setose ciliee common (but sometimes wanting) io
R. formosum. Capsules (of -which there are numerous examples) more unsymmetric
than in any other Indian Rhododendron,

39. R. Veitchianuxn, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4992 ; leaves obovate-lanceo-
late acute glabrous glandular-scaly beneath, corolla large white or pink wide-
funnel-shaped. Fl. des Serres, xiv. t. 1416, xv. t. 1519-20. R. formosum, var.
/3, Kurz in Jomm. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 216.

MouLMEiN ; alt. 7000 ft., Moolee, Parish, Kurz.

A shrub, 8 ft. ; sometimes epiphytic ; branchlets glabrous or (in Kurz's example)
hirsute. Leaves 3| by 1-1^ in., base cuneate; petiole J in., sometimes hirsute.
Umbels terminal, 3-8-flowered; pedicels ^ in., glandular-tcaly ; bracts 1 by ^ in.,
acute, villous below. Calyx-lobes small, unequal, sometimes hirsute. Corolla 2-2^
in. long, and broad, glandular-scaly -without or nearly glabrous; lobes 5, round,
crisped-crenulate. Stamens 12-14; filaments hairy below. Ovary and base of the
style densely glandular-scaly ; stigma large, peltate. Capsule not seen. — This hardly

474 Lxxxii. ERICACEAE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Rhododendron.

differs from some large-flowered glabrous examples of B. formosum, except by the
crisped-crenulate margin of the corolla.

40. R. clnnabarinuxn, Hook. /. Rhod. Sikkhn llimal. t. 8; leaves
oblong or elliptic glabrous, pedicels terminal clustered, calyx-lobes small
unequal or obsolete, corolla-tube long narrow campanulate, lobes ovate,
flowers orange rose or brick-red. Hook. f. in Joui-n. Hortic. Soc. Lond. vii. 80,
101 : Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4788. R. Roylei, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 7.
R. biandfordiseflorum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4930 ; Fl. des Serves (1856), t. 1173;
Gard. Chron. 1856, 548, with fig.; 1871, 236, t. 63; Illustr. Hortic. ser. iii. t.
112.— Rhododendron sp.. Griff. Itin. Notes, 194, n. 1072.

SmKiM; alt. 10-12,000 ft.,, J. B. H.. &c. Bhotan ; alt. 10,000 ft., Griffith.

A shrub, 4-8 ft. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1| in., acute or obtuse, beneath mealy white or
einnamoneous with scattered glandular scales ; petioles ^-^ in. Pedicels \-^ in.,
squamose or glabrous; bracts glabrous with ciliate margins. Corolla \\ hy \ in.,
pendulous. Stamens 10; filaments pilose at the base. Ovary 5-celled, glandular-
scaly. Capsule ^-^ by \ in. Seeds ovoid or trigonous ; testa close, hardly produced
at all. — A most variable plant.

41. It. XLeysil, Nutt. in Hook. Keio Journ. v. (1863) 353; leaves lanceo-
late narrowed at both ends glabrous, pedicels pseudo-terminal clustered on short
axillary spurs, calyx-lobes minute, corolla-tube long cyiindric lobes ovate,
flowers pale brick-red whiter at the mouth. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4875 ; Fl. de.<i
Serves (1866), t. 1110; Regel Gnrtenjl. (1863) t. 415.— Rhododendron sp..
Griff. Itin. Notes, 141, n. 655 and 190, n. 1010 and Ic. PL Asiat. t. 618.

Bhotan; alt. 8-10,000 ft., Griffith, Booth.

A shrub, 2 6 ft. Leaves 3^ by 1 in., acute, base cuneate, beneath einnamoneous
with scattered glandular scales; petiole -^-l in. Pedicels I in., scaly; bracts f in.,
hairy. Corolla^ by j in., pendulous; lobes hardly spreading. Stamens 10; fila-
ments woolly below. Ovary 6-celled, glandular-scaly. Seeds oblong; testa close,
produced as a crest at one end.

42. It. triflorum, Hook. f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 19 ; leaves elliptic
acute glabrous closely minutely scaly beneath, pedicels 1-5 fascicled terminal,
corolla yellow, tube short campanulate, lobes ovate obtuse erect-patent. Fl. des
Serres, vii. t. 673. R. virgatum var.. Hook. f. in Journ. Hortic. Soc. Lond.
vii. 96. R. deflexum, Grff. Ic. PL Asiat. t. 619. — Rhodoracea, Gtiff. Itin.
Notes, 192, n. 1046.

Sikkim and Bhotan ; alt. 7-8000 ft., Griffith, J. B. H., &c.

A shrub, 4-8 ft. Leaves 2^ by 1 in., obtuse at the base ; petiole \ in. Pedicels
^-^ in., scaly; bracts ^-f in., obovate, scaly, ciliate; bracteoles ^ in., linear. Calyx-
lobes subobsolete. Corolla-tube i in., lobes | in , often scaly without. Stamens 10 or
8 ; filaments densely woolly near the base. Ovary 5-celled, scaly ; style glabrous.
Capsule I by I in. Seeds oblong, acute ; testa close.

Subgenus IV. Rhodorastrum (Sect. Ma.xim. Rhod. As. Orient. 15).
As Eurhododendron ; but pedicels axillary, solitary, each sheathed at the base
by several large caducous bracts.

43. It. virg'atuxn, Hook, f. Rhod. Sikkim Himal. t. 26, A ; leaves
narrowly oblong acute glabrous glandular-scaly beneath, calyx-lobes small ovate
obtuse, corolla purple, lobes 6 ovate entire spreading as long as the campanulate
tube. Hook. f. in Journ. Hortic. Soc. Lond. vii. 81, 95 (excl. syn. R. triflorum);
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6060.— Azalea, Griff. Itin. Notes, 155, n. 776.

Sikkim ; Choongtam, alt. 7-9000 ft., J. B. H. Bhotan; alt. 7000 ft., Griffith.

BJiododendron.'] Lxxxii. ericace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 475

A shrub, 4 ft.., branchlets scaly. Leaves 2^ by | in., base broadly rhomboid,
obscurely glandular -punctate above ; petiole ^ in. Pedicels ^-i in, ; bracts \ in.,
ovate, pubescent. Corolla-tube \ in. Stamens 10 or 8; filaments sparsely pilose.
Ovary 6-celled, scaly as is the lower portion of the style. Capsule ^hy \ in. Seeds
oblong ; testa produced into a tail at each end shorter than the seed.

SPECIES IMPEEFECTI-Y KNOWN.

44. E. BHOTANicuM, Clarke; leaves oblong or elliptic obtuse with a mucro or
acute glabrous sparsely scaly beneath, flowers and fruit unknown.

Bhotan ; Booth.

Leaves 5 by 1^ in., base cuneate or rhomboid, much resembling those of R.
Maddeni but the glands beneath are sparsely scattered. Flower-scales in large ter-
minal cones, very much larger than those of B. cinnabar in um or E. Keysii, broadly
obovate, glabrous, scarcely scarious towards the margin, but fringed densely with
brilliantly white soft hairs ; in R. Maddeni the flower-scales have the margins
scarious not fringed. — These shoots represent possibly the species referred to by Nuttall
(in Hook. Kew Journ. v. (1853) 363) as a second variety of R. camelliceflorum "with
foliage almost as robust as R. Jenkinsii."

45. R. Parishii, Clarke ; leaves elliptic narrowed at the base glabrous finely
reticulated beneath without glands, petioles with loose ferruginous wool sometimes
continued up the midrib beneath.

MouLMEiN ; Moolee, alt. 6000 ft.. Parish, n. 1021.

Branchlet stout with some ferruginous wool towards the extremity. Leaves Z\ by
\^ in., subobtuse with a very short point, of a rich brown colour; petiole ^-f in.
Flowers and capsules unknown.

46. R. LUCTDUM, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Journ. v. (1853) 363; shrubby, leaves
short-petioled obhtng-lanoeolate acute shining base cuneate glaucous and scaly be-
neath, flowers subsolitary, calyx-lobes somewhat large oblong-ovate obtuse glabrous,
capsules ovate acute 5-8-celled.

Mrs. of Ehotan ; beyond the Bhorelli, Booth.

Hardly distinguishable from R. Jenkinsii by the leaves, though very distinct in
the inflorescence, which approaches nearer that of R. camelliceflorum. Flowers not seen
(Nuttall).

9. FVROX.A, Linn.

Perennial, glabrous herbs, with short leaiy stems and erect annual simple
scapes. Leaves alternate, long^petioled, persistent, entire or nearly so. Flowers
in simple racemes, cemuous, white or rose ; pedicels 1-bracteate. Calyx deeply
5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, concave, sessile, deciduous. Stamens 10, hypogy-
nous : filaments subulate, glabrous ; anthers incompletely 4-celled, dehiscing by
2 terminal pores. Ovary subglobose, 5-celled ; style straight declinate or curved,
linear or thickened upw^ards, top truncate with a 6-lobed stigma ; ovules very
many in each cell. Capsule subglobose, depressed, pent-agonal, 6-celled, loculi-
cidally 5-valved from the base, crowned by the persistent style. Seeds minute ;
testa lax, produced at both ends. — Species 15, in temperate northern regions.

P. rotundifolia, Linn. ; leaves orbicular or broadly-ovate or -obovate
or elliptic, petiole about equalling the blade, calyx-segments broadly ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, style equalling or longer than the petals declinate, stigmatic
lobes erect or spreading.

NoKTH- Western and Eastern Himalaya, and the Khasia Mts. — Distrib. Europe,
N. Asia and N. America.

Glabrous. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., narrowed into the petiole, quite or nearly entire,
coriaceous, obtuse or subacute. Scape 6-Siu.; raceme many-fld. ^Stew^ns ascending,

476 Lxxxiii. MONOTROPE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Monotropa,

shorter than the styles. Flowers drooping about ^ in. diam., bracts ^ in., lanceolate,
amplexicaul ; floral lanceolate, about equalling the pedicels. Petals \ in. long, orbi-
cular or obovate, white and pink. Anther-bases obtuse or mucronate. Capsule \-^
in. diam.

Var. rotundifolia proper ; calyx-segments ovate- or oblong-lanceolate. P. rotun-
difolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 772.— Kashmir, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Falconer, Thomso7i, Clarke.

Var. asarifolia; calyx-segments triangular-ovate, leaves usually more obovate.
P. asarifolia, Mich. ; DC. Prodr. vii. 773. Oliimaphila sp. Griff. Itin. Notes. 134, n.
560.— Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 9-11,000 ft,, J. D. H., Anderson. Bhotan, alt. 6800 ft.,
Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6500 ft., H.f. ^ T., Lohb. — A Japanese and American
form.

Order LXXXIII. ZVIONOTROFXSS:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Parasitic, brown or yellowish leafless herbs. Stem erect, with leafy scales.
Flowers solitary or racemose, regular. Sepals (^sometimes like the scales) 2-6,
deciduous, imbricate. Petals 3-6 (in the Indian species). Stamens 6-12,
hypogynous; filaments linear. Ovary free, globose or fusiform, 1-6-celled;
style cylindric, stigma peltate ; ovul9s very numerous on axile or parietal pla-
centae. Capsule loculicidally 4-6-Yalve(i. Seeds very many, minute ; testa often
loose, produced, saccate ; embryo piinute, undivided. — Species 10-12, in the
forests of the N. hemisphere.

* Anthers peltate, ovary ovoid, placentas a.vile.

Flowers solitary. Petals hardly saccate at base 1. Monotropa.

Plowers racemose. Petals saccate at base 2. Hypopithys.

** Anthers oblong, ovary fusiform, placentas parietal.

Scape 1-3-flowered. Petals 3, narrow 3. Cheilotheca.

1. IMEONOTROPA, Linn.

Stem 1-flowered. Sepals 4, resembling gcales. Petals 5-6, obovate-oblong,
scarcely saccate at base, at length deciduoufj, Stamens 10-12 ; anthers peltate,
horizontal, dehiscing by transverse slits. Ovary 6-celled ; ovules very many on
axile placentae. Capsule 6-celled, 6-valved. — Species 1 or 2, American and
Himalayan.

Hft. uniflora, Linn. ; DC. P)-odr. vii. 78 J ; LamJc. III. t. 362, fig. 1 ; Bon
Prodr. 151 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 85 ; Maxim. Mel. Biol. Dec. xii. 626. M.
Morisoniana, Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 266; DC. l.c.x J)on Prodr. 152. Mono-
tropa, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 523.

Temperate Himalaya ; alt. 6-8000 ft. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4-6000 ft., frequent.
DisTRiB. Corea, Japan, N. America.

Glabrous, 6-15 in. Scales f in., ovate-lanceolate. Flower nodding. Petals f in. ;
stamens and stigma nearly level with their summits. Ovary and capsule globose.
Style at first short, in fruit often ^ in, Filaments pilose below. Fruit erect.

2. KVPOPZTIIVS, Scop,

Flowei's in a terminal raceme ; bracts scaly. Sepals 4-5, obovate-lanceo-
late, hyaline, deciduous. Petals 4-5, obovate-oblong, saccate at the base,
deciduous. Stamens 8-10 ; anthers peltate, horizontal, dehiscing by transverse
slits. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules on axile placentae. Capsule 4-5-celled, locuK-
cidally 4-5-valved — Species 2 (or 1) ; throughout the N. hemisphere.

K. lanugrinosa, Nutt. Gen. Am. i. 271 ; stem raceme and flowers
pubescent, petals densely hairy within. DC. Prodr. vii. 781.

Lettcopogon.] Lxxxiv. epacride^. (C. B. Clarke.) 477

Kashmir ; alt. 8500 ft., Aitchison, C. B. Clarke. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4-5000 ft.,
H.f. 4" T., &c. — DiSTRiB. Amurland, Japan, N. America.

Scapes 6-18 in. Scales f in., ovate-oblong. Pedicels |-li in. Petals ^ in.,
yellow or white ; stamens and stigma nearly level with their summits. Ovary and
capsule globose. — This only diffVrs from the European species (Monotropa Hypopitys,
Linn.) by its hairiness ; and is considered a variety thereof by Maximowicz.

3. CKEXZiOTHBCA, Kook.f.

Stem erect, simple or forked ; branches 1-flowered. Sepals 3-4, oblong-lan-
ceolate. Petals 3, erect, linear-oblong, obtuse, base not saccate. Stamens 6 •,
anthers linear-oblong, erect, dehiscing on the sides by longitudinal slits. Ovary
fusiform, 1 -celled, narrowed into the short cylindric style; stigma globose-
conical ; pLacentae 6, parietal, bifid, the long branches covered on all sides by
numerous ovules. Fruit unknown.

C kbasiana, Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 608.

Khasia Mts. ; Mushai, near River Oongkot, alt. 3500 ft., H.f. 4' T.
Stem 4-6 in. Scales 1 by j in., lanceolate, acute, densely imbricate. Petals 1 in.,
yellow-red. Stamens as long as the petals, brown. Pistil f by ^ in., glabrous.

Order LXXXIV. SPACXtlDES:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Shrubs or small trees. Leaver alternate, articulated with the branch,
coriaceous, entire, longitudinally nerved. Flowers solitary or racemose, axillary
or terminal, usually bracteolate. Calyx 5-4-partite ; segments coriaceous, striate,
imbricate, persistent. Corolla 5-4-tid. Stamens 5-4, usually on the corolla-
tube ; anthers oblong, 1-celled (spuriously 2-celled), dehiscing along their whole
length by a single slit. Ovary globose, 1-10-celled ; style terminal, cylindric,
stigma siibcapitate ; ovules in each, cell 1 or many. Fi'uit drupaceous with 2-5
1-seeded pyrenes, or a many-seeded capsule. Seeds small, albuminous. — Species
320, nearly all Australian, a few Polynesian, 1 Fuegian, a few Malayan.

1. Z.EVCOFOGON, R. Br.

Shrubs. Flowers small, white, in axillary or terminal spikes or racemes ;
racbis terminating in an abortive flower; bracteoles 2-3 under the calyx.
Corolla campanulate, lobes 5, hairy within, valvate in bud. Ovary 2-5-celled ;
style terminal ; ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous. Drupe scarcely fleshy,
1-5-celled. — Species 130, 118 Australian, the others Polynesian and Malayan.

Xi. malayanus, Jack in Mai. Misc. i. v. 20, and in Hook. Pot. Misc. ii. 71 ;
leaves narrowly lanceolate glabrous shining, racemes 3-7-flowered much shorter
than the leaves, rachis villous. Wall. Cat. 3720, and in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey ^ Wall. ii. 301 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 744; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii.
217, and For. Fl. ii. 95. Styphelia malayica, Spi-eng. Syst. cur. post, G7.

Malacca and Singapore ; Jack, &c. — Distrib, Malay Islf s and Borneo.

A shrub, 3-6 ft. ; branches densely leafy. Leaves 2 by ^ in., acute, mucronate.
Hacemes ^ in. ; calyx enveloped by the ovate bracteoles ; segments ^-^ in., elliptic-
oblong. Corolla-tube ^ in. ; lobes ^ in,, spreading. Hypogynous scales 5, free.
Style hairy or perfectly glabrous. Drupe ^-^ in. diam.

Var. mohiccana, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 217, and For. Fl. ii. 96 ; leaves
^1 in. subulate-pointed. L. moluccantcm, Scheff. Obs. Phyt. iii. 97 (sp.). — Tenas-
serim, Heifer; Keddah Peak, Low. — L. moluccantim, SchefF., has the peduncles 1-2-
flowered; in Heifer's Tenasserim plant, the racemes are (sometimes at least) 3-5-
flowered.

478 Lxxxv. DiAPENSiACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Diapensia:

Order LXXXV. DZAPENSZACBH:. (By 0. B. Clarke.)

Very small, prostrate shrubs. Leaves alternate or crowded, entire or toothed.
Flowers solitary or racemose. Calyx 5-partite, persistent ; sep:ments imbricate.
Corolla hypogyuous ; lobes 6, imbricate. Stamens 6, on the throat of the
corolla, alternate with its lobes ; anthers dehiscing by slits. Disc 0. Ovary
free, globose, 3-celled ; style cylindric, stigma shortly 3-lobed ; ovules few or
many in the inner angles of the cells. • Capsule coriaceous, 3-celled, loculicidally
8-valved. Seeds many, minute, albuminous. — Species 8, in N. America, Europe,
Japan, and the Eastern Himalaya.

1. DZ A PENS! A, Lmn.

Very small, glabrous shrubs. Leaves crowded, obovate-oblong, entire, coria-
ceous. Flowers at the ends of the branches, solitary, peduncled, white or rose-
red. Calyx 2-3-bracteate ; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla campanula! e,
persistent ; lobes spreading, round. Anthei's subsessile, cells oblique ; stami-
nodes 0. Seeds very many, minute, subcubic ; testa lax.

D. hixnalaica, H. f. <§• T. in Hook. Kew Journ. ix. 372, t. 12; leaves
subacute, flowers subsessile, tube of the corolla twice as long as the calyx,
fruiting peduncle 1-3 in.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; alt. 10-14,000 ft., Lacben and Chola Pass, J. D. H., &c.
Densely tufted. Leaves ^ in. Sepals in flower-time ^-^ in., ovate ; in fruit
nearly | in., obovate-oblong. Corolla-tube | in., lobes | in. Capsule ^-^ in. diam.

Order LXXXVI. PZ.VZW[BAGZNZ:s:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal scapes or peduncles, capitate,
racemed or pauicled ; bracts often scarious on the margins, usually sheathing
the flower ; bracteoles 2. Calyx inferior, tubular, 5-10-ribbed, often hyaline
between the ribs, mouth frequently funnel-shaped, scarious. Petals 5, free or
connate at the base into a very short tube with the filaments, rarely united into
a linear tube, spreading. Stamens 5, opposite the petals ; filaments nearly free or
adnate below to the corolla ; anthers oblong. Hypogy nous c^jsc 0. Omr?/ superior,
1-celled, 6-angular above ; styles 6, distinct from the base or connate below,
stigmas subcapitate ; ovule 1, pendulous from a basal ascending funicle, ana-
tropal. Capsule membranous or the apex hardened, incln,ded in the calyx (in
JEgialitis linear, long-exsert), circumsciss or rupturing near the thin base, the
hardened apex often 5-valved. Seeds cylindric (in yFgialitis elongate), pendu-
lous; albumen various or 0; radicle superior. — Species 200, throughout the
world, mostly in maritime or saline places.

Tribe I. Staticeee. Styles 5, distinct; stigmas subcapitate. Stamens
very shortly united at the base into a tube with the corolla.

Large shrub, "with broad petioled leaves , 1. JEgialitis.

Herbs or small shrubs, with linear prickly leaves 2. Acantholimon.

Herbs or small shrubs, with obovate leaves 3. Staticb.

Tribe U. Plumbagreae. Style 1, filiform, divided into 6 stigmatose
branches.

Calyx glandular, stamens free, flowers spicate 4. Plumbago.

Calyx eglandular, stamens adnate to the middle of the corolla-
tube, flowers capitate 5. Cekatostigma,

Calyx eglandular, 5-winged, stamens free, flowers spicate ... 6. Vogblia.

Jjjgialitis.] LXXXYi. PLUMBAGiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 479

1. SSGZAXiZTZS, B. Br.

A glabrous shrub. Leaves alternate, broad, coriaceous ; petiole dilated at
base, amplexicaul. Racemes panicled ; bract slieathing the pedicel and includ-
ing the 2 bracteoles. Calyx tubular, tough, 5-ribbed ; teeth 5, short. Petals
linear, white, connate at base with the filaments into a persistent tube, deciduous
above the tube. Anthets oblong. Styles distinct, from the angles of the ovary ;
stigmas capitate. F7'uit (in ^. annulata) linear, long-exserted from the calyx,
slightly pentagonal, dehiscing finally along the angles. Seed elongate, albumen 0.
— Species 2, littoral, an Australian and a Malayan.

H*. rotundifolla, Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. Ill ; leaves orbicular base mostly
rounded, calyx ^ in., young capsule ovoid pentagonal. Wall. Cat. 7240 ; Griff.
Notul. iv. 207. M. annulata, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. ii. 217, and For. Fl. ii.
96, not of R. Br. ^gianilites rotundifolia, Presl Bot. Bei-merk. 103.

Mangrove swamps ; Bengal ; abundant. Mebgui ; Griffith. Andamans ; Kurz.
Malacca ; Griffith.

Height 3-8 ft. Leaves 2^-3 in. ; petiole 2|- in. Bract ^ in. ; pedicels stout.
Young capsule ^ by ^-^ in., shining, horny ; endocarp very tough, spongy. Seed
narrowly oblong. — This plant has been united with the Australian jE. annulata, R.
Br. (DC. Prodr. xii. 621) ; in which the calyx hardly exceeds ^ in. The ripe fruit of
the Indian species is unknown ; but the young capsules are much broader than in the
fruit of JS. annulata at any stage. Corolla-tube ^ in. long, in ^. annulata a mere
ring.

2. ACANTKOZ.IBION, Boiss.

Small, prickly shrubs. Leaves crowded, linear, spinescent. Scapes many-
flowered ; rachis brittle, simple or dichotomous ; bracts usually 3. Calyx-tube
cylindric, 10-ribbed; limb widely funnel-shaped, scarious, subentire, with 5
sometimes excurrent nerves. Petals oblong or obovate, united shortly at the
base into a tube with the stamens, rose or white, contorted in bud. Filaments
linear ; anthers oblong. Styles distinct, at the angles of the ovary ; stigmas
capitate. Utricle included within the calyx, oblong or pentagonal, membranous ;
seed more or Itjss albuminous. — Species 80, Greece to Kashmir, most numerous
in Persia.

A. lyco-podioides, Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii. 632; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, spikes dichotomous short, bracts coriaceous with hyaline margins, ribs
of the wide-spreading calyx-limb glabrous. Bunge Acanthol. 20. A. tibeticum,
Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. 4* T. Statice lyjopodioides, Girard in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3, ii.
330, excl. syn. Willd.

North Kashmib; alt. 11-14,000 ft, frequent, Thomson, &e. — Distrib. Kashgar.

Densely tufted. Leaves 1 by ^ in., needle-pointed. Scapes 1-2 in., minutely
scabrous. Bracts ^ by ;| in., inner wholly scarious except the midrib. Calyx-tube
^-\ in., pilose without; limb white, subtruncate. Petals \ in,, rose-red.

3. STATICE, Linn.

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate, radical often rosulate, entire (in
the Indian species), not spinescent. Scapes branched, many-flowered ; bracts
small, amplexicaul, margins scarious. Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped ribbed ;
limb scarious, spreading, 6-nerved, sometimes laciniate or plumose. Petals
spathulate-oblong, entire or bipartite, united at base into a short tube with the
stamens. Styles distinct, at the angles of the ovary ; stigmas subcapitate.
Utricle included within the calyx, oblong fusiform, membranous ; seed more or
Jess albuminous. — Species 100, coetnopolitan, especially in s^ine places.

480 Lxxxvi. PLUMBAGiNE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Stattce.

Sect. I. Ztlmoniuin. Petals entire or emarginate.

1. S. Stocksii, Boi<is. in DC. Prodr. xii. 664; leaves spathiilate-oblong
glabrous fleshy, calyx pilose without limb subtruncate. WigJit HI. ii. 225, t.
178: Hook. Ic. PL t. 837 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 868.

SciNDE ; Stocks, Dalzell. — Distrib. Beloo •histan.

Height 6-10 in.; branches woody, leafy. Leaves | by ^ in., obtuse, tapering
much at the base ; petiole hardlj' any. Scapes dividing into a secund panicl« ; bracts
^ in., elliptic, herbaceous, reddish. Calyx | in., ribs long-ciliate. Petals longer than
the calyx, entire or emarginate, rose-pink. Anthers long-exsert.

2. S. cabulica, Boiss. in DC. Pi-odr. xii. 666 ; leaves all radical rosulate
gpathulate-oblong obtuse mucronate, panicle large dichotomous, branches long,
calyx minutely pilose witho'it, limb at first subtruncate ultimately with linear
recurved divisions. Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 871.

PuKJAB ; Jhelum valley and lower hills west of the Indus, alt. 2-4000 ft., Stewart.
— Distrib. AfFghanistan.

Annual. Leaves \\ by | in., densely rosulate. Scape 1-3 ft., solitary, erect,
glabrous ; flowers subsessile, scattered along the branches ; bracts \ in., ovate or
oblong, obtuse, mucronate, coriaceous, scarious margin narrow. GaXyx-tuhe \-\ in.,
very narrow ; limb at first funnel-shaped, subtruncate. scarious, with 5 ribs ; in fruit
the membranous portion breaks up and almost entirely disappears, the 5 ribs are
recurved.

Sect. II. Schizopetalum. Petals bifid half-way down.

3. S. macrorrhabdos, Boiss. Diagn. 2, iv. 67, and Fl. Orient, iv. 869 ;
var. Thomsoni, Clarke; leaves all radical rosulate spathulate-orbicular obtuse
or emarginate rarely minutely mucronate, calyx with tufts of small spreading
hairs. Statice, sect. Schizopetali sp. altera. Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 626.

"West Tibet ; Falconer ; Ladak, T. Thomson. Baltisthan, alt. 9000 ft., Clarke.

Annual. Leaves 2 by 1^-2 in. Scapes 1-3 ft., glabrous ; flowers in clusters of
2-4, sessile along the branches ; bracts \ in., ovate, mucronate, coriaceous with
scarious mai^in. Caly.v-tuhe ^ in , limb funnel-shaped, truncate, scarious, 5-ribbed.
Petals divided to the base of the lamina into two lanceolate-linear divisions. — This
was considered specifically distinct from S. macrorrhahdos (a native of Aflghanistan
and Beloochistan) by Sir J. D. H., and would be so according to Boissier's views.

4. PI.V1MBAGO, Linn.

Herbs or undershrubs : branches difiuse. Leaves alternate, entire. Floivers
spiked ; bracts and bracteoles shorter than the calyx. Calyx tubular, covered
with stalked glands ; limb 5-fid. Corolla-tuhe long, slender ; lobes 6, round,
patent. Stamens free ; filaments linear, dilated at base ; anthers oblong. Ovartj
r arrowed at the apex ; style slender, with 5 terminal branches stigmatose
nearly throughout their length. Capsule membranous, circumsciss near the
base.— Species 10, warmer regions of both hemispheres.

1. P. zeylanica, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xii. 692 ; leaves ovate suddenly
narrowed into the petiole, rachis of the spike pubescent or glandular, corolla
white, base of style glabrous. Roxh. Hort. Beng. 13, and Fl. Ind. i. 462 ; Wall,
Cat. 7241 ; Wight III. t. 179 : Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bmnh. Fl. 220; Kurz in Jmirn.
As. Soc. 1877, ii. 217; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 875. P. auriculata, Blume Bijd.
736. Thela alba, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 119. — Rheede Hort. Mai. x. t. 8.

Throughout India, much cultivated and readily spreading ; wild in the south.
Kurz thinks not wild in Birma ; Watt thinks wild in Bengal. — Disteib. Throughout
the tropics of the Old Woild. . .

Plumbago.'] Lxxxvi. plumbagine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 481

Rambling several feet. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., acute, glabrous, or puberulous; petiole
f in,, base dilated, amplexicaul. Spikes 4-12 in., often branched ; bracts \ in, ovate,
acute. Calyx |-^ by ^ in. ; teeth very short. Corolla-hibe | in. ; lobes ^ in.

2. P. rosea, Linn. ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 462 ; leaves elliptic tapering to
the short petiole," racliis of the spike glabrous, corolla red, base of style hairy.
Wall Cat. 7242; Bot, Mag. tt. 230, 5363; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 218. P. coccinea, Boiss. in BC. Trodr. xii. 693. Thela coccinea.
Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 119. — Humph. Herb. Amb. v. t. 168. Rheede Hort.
Mai. X. t 9.

Valleys in Sikkim and Khasia, wild (?). India, often cultivated ; Thwaites
thinks not wild in Ceylon ; Kurz thinks not wild in Birma. — Distbib. South-east
Asia, cultivated.

Altogether resembling P. zeylanica, and perhaps only a cultivated variety of it.

6. CERATOSTZGIHA, Bunge.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, obovate or lanceolate, bristle-ciliate.
Flowers capitate; bracts and bracteoles sheathing. Calyx tubular, without
glands, deeply 5-fid ; segments narrow, 3-striate. Cordla-tube elongate, slender;
lobes round, patent. Stamens adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube, fila-
ments linear; anthers oblong. Ovary pentagonal; tip conical; style filiform,
with 5 stigmatose branches. Capsule included in the calyx, circumsciss close to
the base, sub-5-valved. — Species 3-4 ; Chinese, Bhotanese and Abyssinian.

C. G-riffitliil, Clarke; shrubby, ferruginous-hirsute, leaves spathulate
obovate, calyx-segments linear. Plumbago ?, Griff. Itin. ^otes, 189, n. 1007.

BHt)TAN ; between Woollookka and Lamnoo very common, Griffith (alt. 8000 ft. ?),
(Kew Distrib. n. 4181).

A low densely branched shrub ; leaves red-margined, calyces and bracts brown-
ciliate; flowers a fine blue (Griffith). — Griffith's specimen has been badly preserved ;
the leaves on it are f by ^ in. ; but it had probably much larger leaves.

6. VOGEZiZA, Lamk.

Small shrubs, branches long. Leaves alternate, entire. Spikes terminal,
panicled; bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx deeply 5-fid, witli 5 broad trans-
versely undulate wings between the ribs. Corolla-tube cylindric ; lobes 5, round,
patent. Stamens free ; filaments linear, base dilated ; anthers oblong. Ovary
oblong-fusiform, somewhat pentagonal; style filiform, branches 5, stigmatose
throughout. Capsule included in the calyx, circiunsciss at the very base. —
Species 2, a S. African and an Indo-Arabian.

V. Indica, Gibs. ms. ; Wight in Cdlc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 17, and Ic.
1075; leaves perfoliate elliptic obtuse or orbicular. DC. Prodr. xii. 696;
Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 876. V. arabica, Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii. 696 ; Dalz. ^^
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 220.

Western India ; Canara, Gibson, &c. ; Mt. Aboo, Stocks, Brandts. — Distbib.
Arabia.

Puberulous or glabrescent. Leaves 2^ by If in. (sometimes twice as large), deeply
cordate, more or less perfoliate. Spikes dense. Calyx ^ by ^ in. Corolla-tube
I in. ; lobes ^ in. Style hairy at the base.

VOL. m. II

482 Lxxxvii. PRIMULACE2E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Primula.

Order LXXXVII. PRZ1MCVX.ACES:. (By J. D. Hooker.)

Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Leaves all radical, or if cauline opposite
alternate or whorled, exstipulate. Floiuers hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx
inferior (except Samolus), 6- rarely 4-9-cleft. Corolla hypogynous (except
Samolus, 0 in Glaux), rotate hell- or funnel-shaped 6- rarely 4-9-cleft.
Stamens on the corolla-tuhe, opposite its lobes (hypogynous in Glaux), with
sometimes alternating staminodes, filaments usually short ; anthers 2-celled,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 1-celled ; style short or long, stigma undivided ;
ovules many, usually amphitropous on a free central placenta. Capsule dehiscing
transversely or by valves, few or many-seeded. Seeds minute, usually angular,
often sunk in the placenta, albumen fleshy or horny j embryo transverse. —
Species about 80, chiefly N. temperate and alpine.

Tribe I. FrlmuleaB. Corolla-lobes imbricate. Ovary superior.

* Capsule dehiscing by valves.

Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, tube long. Stamens on the corolla-
tube, anthers obtuse 1. Pkimula.

Corolla salver-shaped or almost rotate, tube very short. Stamens

on the corolla-tube, anthers obtuse 2. Androsace.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens at the base of the corolla, anthers

acuminate 3. Cobtusa.

** Capsule circumsciss at the top.

Corolla 7-lobed 4. Bbyocabpum.

Tribe II. Ziysimacliiese. Corolla-lobes contorted. Ovary superior.

* Capsule dehiscing by valves.

Corolla 5-6-cleft 5. Ltsimachia.

Corolla 0 6. Glaux.

**

Capsule circumsciss.

Corolla 5-partite, exceeding the calyx 7. Anagaixis.

Corolla 4-5-lobed, shorter than the calyx 8. Centunculus.

Tribe III. Saxuoleee. Corolla-lobes imbricate. Ovary ^-inferior.
Herbs, leaves alternate 9. Samolus.

1. PZtZlMCUXiA, Linn.

Perennial scapigerous herbs. Flowers umbelled or whorled, rarely solitary,
often dimorphic, one form having the stamens low and stigma high in the corolla-
tube, the other having the stamens high and stigma low. Calyx 5-cleft.
Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped, throat naked or with folds opposite the lobes
(annulate) ; lobes 5, spreading or incurved. Stamens 5, included ; anthers obtuse.
Ovary ovoid, obovoid or globose. Capsule globose, oblong or cylindric, 5-
valved ; valves simple or 2-tid. Seeds angular or subglobose, peltately attached.
— Species about 80 ; distribution of the order.

The natural classification of Vrimulce is a difficult task, owing to the great varia-
bility of all the organs. I quite believe that various of the Himalayan species are
but highly developed states of European and N. Asiatic ones, but to demonstrate this
it would be necessary to compare living specimens. Of the two natural divisions of

Primula.] Lxxxvii. PRiMULACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 483

the genus — those with the margins of the leaves revolute, and those with them de-
scribed as inrolute in vernation — the first embraces all the Indian species but F. flori-
hunda, of which the vernation is very obscure and conduplicate. Under the first (A)
of the two primary divisions here proposed (these are purely artificial, and proposed
for convenience sake), all the species allied to P. sinensis (namely, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8) will
be found ; of the others, P. pulchra is closely allied to P. Kingii, P. reticulata to
P. sikkimensis, and P. Clarkei to P. petiolaris. The sections established under the
second division (B) are, I think, for the most part natural, and follow one another in
a fairly good sequence. The form of the top of the ovary, of the stigma, and of the
seeds, afford good characters ; but I have not been able to apply them sectionally.

A. Leaves on long slender unwinged petioles, orbicular oblong or cordate,
margins revolute in vernation. (See P. petiolaris, sibirica, involiLcrata, and
tibetica in B),

* Quite or nearly glabrous, mealy or not.

1. P. rotundifolia, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ WaU. ii. 18;

Cat. 606 ; more or less mealy, leaves 1-4^ in. diam. orbicular-cordate toothed
crenate or erose, umbels often superposed many-fld., bracts many subulate, corolla
purple, mouth annulate, limb flat, capsule oblong exserted. Duhy in DC.
Prodr. viii. 41 ; Don Prodr. 79. P. odontophylla, Wall. Cat. 7016.

Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 11,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 12-13.000 ft.

Buds densely clothed with sulphurous meal. Leaves membranous, sometimes
lobulate ; petiole 6-12 in. Scape as tall and inflorescence puberulous and mealy;
bracts many. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx ; limb flat, ^| in. diara. ;
lobes obovate or obcordate. Ovary with a thickened lobulate crown ; stigma cuneate.
Capsule \-^ in. Seeds pale, ~ in., irregularly ellipsoid, coarsely papillose.

2. P. G-ambellana, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soe. Pot. ined. ; buds mealy,
leaves \-\ in. diam. orbicular-cordate toothed, umbels few-fld., bracts 1-3
subulate, corolla purple, mouth annulate, lobes orbicular emarginate.

Sikkim Himalaya; Jongri, alt. 14,000 ft., Watt.

A smaller plant, with much fewer and larger flowers, than P. rotundifolia, but I
have seen only four specimens from the one known locality. Leaves membranous ;
petiole not sheathed at the base as in P. pulchra, which this a good deal re-
sembles. Scape and inflorescence quite glabrous. Corolla limb concave, 1-1^ in.
diam. Ovary and stigma as in P. rotundifolia. Fruit unknown.

3. P. pulchra, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bat. ined. ; glabrous, not
mealy, basal sheaths long membranous, leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, glaucous
beneath, base rounded or cordate, tip rounded, margin waved, scape short,
bracts filiform or subulate membranous, flowers 2-10 loosely umbelled, corolla
pui-ple, tube funnel-shaped, mouth obscurely annulate, lobes broad obcordate.

Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. B. H. ; Jongri. Wait.

Sheaths\-\\m. long, embracing the petioles. Leavesfavf, blade 1-l^in., midrib stout,
nerves few; petiole 1-1^ in. Scape about equalling the petiole; bracts much
shorter and more slender than the very unequal pedicels. Calyx \-^ in., terete.
Corolla very large for the size of the plant, |-1 in. diam. Ovary globose, subacute ;
stigma globose. Fruit unknown.

4. P. reticulata, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ WaU. ii. 21 ; Cat.
608 ; glabrous, slightly mealy or not, leaves very long-petioled oblong-corda+e
obtuse crenate or doubly crenate reticulate glaucous beneath, scape very tall,
bracts large linear-oblong or lanceolate, base not produced, calyx-lobes short
acute recurved, corolla yellow, tube funnel-shaped slender much exserted,

1x2

484 LXXXYii. PRiMULACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Primula.

mouth not annulate, ovary obovoid. Duh/ in DC. Prodr. viii. 41. P. altis-
sima and P. speciosa, Don Prodr. 78.

Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 11-15,000 ft.,
J, D. H., Elwes.

Eootstock very small. Leaf-blade 2-3 in. ; petiole 4-6 in., very slender. Scape
12-16 in., very slender; inflorescence sometimes mealy; flowers nodding, slightly
fragrant ; bracts regularly placed, but unequal in size, broad, sometimes toothed.
Calyx |-^ in., campanulate, quite terete or 5-ribbed. Corolla-tube nearly^ in. ; lobes
erecto-patent, small, rounded, or notched. Fruit not seen. — Wallich describes the
leaves as slightly pubescent beneath, which I do not observe. A close ally of P.
■sikkimensis.

5. P. vag'lnata. Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. ined. ; puberulous or
glahrescent, not mealy, leaves ^ in. diam. orbicular deeply cordate 7-lobed one
third way, lobes 3- fid, petiole with a broad basal sheath, scape 2-4 in., umbel
3-6-fld., pedicels very unequal, bracts linear, calyx-lobes short, corolla lilac,
tube funnel-shaped, mouth annulate, lobes 2-4-fid.

Sikkim Himalaya; Laghep, alt. 10,000 ft., Clarke.

Eootstock fimall, woody. Leaves puberulous or glabrous ; petiole equalling the
blade, abruptly dilated at the very base into a broad membranous sheath. Scape
glabrous ; pedicels ^-^ in. Calyx campanulate, lobes ovate acute. Corollas-tribe not
twice the length of the calyx ; limb 5 in. diam. Ovary globose, acute. Fruit un-
known.

6. P, Clarkei, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. ined. ; quite glabrous,
leaves \-\^ in. orbicular- or elliptic-cordate sharply toothed or crenate, tip
rounded, scape 0, pedicels equalling or shorter than the petioles, calyx broadly
campanulate, lobes short, corolla-tube slender, mouth not annulate, limb flat,
lobes 2-fid, capsule globose included.

Kashmir ; at Poosiana, alt. 7000 ft., Clarke.

Habit of a Viola. Eootstock slender, woody. Leaves membranous, nerves very
slender ; petiole 2-4 in., very slender, base narrowly sheathing. Pedicels 2-3, slender.
Corolla-tube ^\n.,\o\)6sxi?iVvovf. Ovary globose, acute, stigma capitate. Seedshlnck,
subglobose, minutely papillose, ^ in. diam.

** Pubescerit or tomentose with Jlaccid jointed hairs.

7. P. mollis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4798 ; softly pubescent or tomentose,
not mealy, leaves 3-6 in. diam. orbicular deeply cordate obtusely lobulate and
"erose, petiole stout, scape long, flowers in 2-5 loose superposed whorls, bracts

linear-lanceolate, corolla rosy, mouth annulate, limb flat, lobes obovate or
obcordate.

Eastern Himalaya ; Bhotan, Booth.

A near ally of P. cortusioides, and of the common garden P. sinensis. Crown with-
out sheathing scales. Leaves rather thick, pubescent on both surfaces ; petiole
,3-5 in., base shortly sheathing. Scape and inflorescence 12-18 in.; whorls distant,
3-6-fld., pedicels 1-1^ in. Calyx membranous, broadly campanulate, loose, lobes
acuminate. Corolla f in. diam. Ovary globose, acute, upper half thickened ; stigma
> globose. Fruit unknown.

8. ^. g'eraniifolla, Hook. f. ; very slender, softly pubescent, not mealy,
leaves 2-3 in. diam. orbicular deeply cordate acutely lobulate all round lobules
toothed, petiole very long, scape very slender, flowers in simple or superimposed
whorls, bracts few linear, corolla lilac, mouth annulate, lobes obcordate.

E. Tibet; Chumbi valley (between Sikkim and Bhotan), alt. about 10,000 ft.,
Kirtg.

Primula.'} lxxxvii. primulace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 485

Rootstock horizontal. Leaves few, lobes 10-12, pubescent on both surfaces;
petiole 2-5 in. Scape twice as long as the leaves ; bracts small ; pedicels slender.
Calyx glabrous, campanula^e, cleft half way, teeth acute. Corolla ^-| in. diam.,
tube twice as long as the calyx, funnel-shaped. — A near ally of the European and
Siberian P. cortusoides, and of the Turkestan P. Kauffmanniana, E^gel, but the acute
lobing of the broader leaf is very different.

9. P. filipes, Watt in Journ. Linn. Sac. Bat. ined. ; sparsely pubescent,
not mealy, leaves 1-1^ in. orbicular ovate or oblong cordate entire lobulate
or toothed, petiole as long as the blade very slender, scape shorter than the
leaves 6-8-nd., calyx-lobes short very broad, corolla flesh-coloured, mouth not
annulate, limb flat, capsule globose included, seeds very minute smooth.
Primula, GHff. Itin. Notes, 123, n. 396 ; Notul. iv. 299 ; Ic. PL Asiat. t. 485,
f. 1.

Bhotan ; rocks near Chuka, alt. 6500 fi., Griffith.

Rootstock elongate, woody. Leaves membranous. Scape about equalling the
petiole, slender in flower, thickened in fruit; bracts small, subulate. Calyx broadly
campanulate. Corolla-tube \ in,, three times as long as the calyx, funnel-shaped ;
limb as much broad ; lobes obovate, 2-lobed. Seeds ~ in., dark brown, obtusely-
angled. — Allied to the Chinese P. obconica. Hance (P. jjoculiformis, Bot. Mag. t.
6582), but much smaller and more delicate, and the corolla-tube is longer.

10. P. Zilsteri, King ms. ; pubescent, not mealy, rootstock woody, leaves
1-1^ in. orbicular-cordate sinuate-lobed entire or denticulate very membranous,
petiole equalling the blade or longer very slender, scapes shorter than the
petiole few-fld., bracts few linear, calyx campanulate, lobes broad short, corolla
rose-pink, tube funnel-shaped, mouth not annulate.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Tonglo and the Singalelah ranges, in bamboo jungles, alt.
9-10,000 ft.

I retain this species as distinct from P. filipes with great doubt, having very
imperfect specimens of this last ; it differs chiefly in the more orbicular lobulate
leaves, broader calyx and much shorter more funnel-shaped corolla-tube. Petiole
with a very short small sheath. Corolla-tube outside, and mouth pubescent. "Whole
plant smelling like Geranium Robertianum (Watt).

B. Leaves sessile or base narrowed into a broad winged petiole, margins
re volute in vernation (petiole sometimes long and slender in P. sibirica, in-
voltic7'ata, tibetica, smd petiolaris).

* Scape normally much longer than the leaves. Flowers very numerous in
dense heads, or umbellate with very short pedicels, purple. Bracts small,
short, usually hidden by the flowers, bases not gibbous or produced. Corolla-
tube usually much exceeding the calyx.

11. P. dentioulata. Smith Exot. Bot. ii. 109, t. 114 ; sparingly mealy,
leaves not fully developed till after flowering surrounded at the base by thick
fleshy leafy scales, leaves obovate-spathulate obtuse sharply minutely toothed
or subentire, flowers capitate, heads depressed, corolla-tube usually twice as
long as the long or short obtuse or acute calyx-teeth, corolla mouth obscurely
annulate, lobes obcordate. Duhf in DC. Prodr. viii. 44 ; Roxb. Ft. Ind. ed.
Carey 8f WaU. ii. 17 ; Wall Cat. 607 ; Bot. Reg. 1842, t. 47 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3959.
P. Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch in Bot. Reise Pr. Wald. t. 66.

TEArPBRATE HIMALAYA; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 7-13,000 ft. Khasla Mts.,
alt. 5000 ft.— DisTKiB. Affghanistan.

Rootstock stout, short, thick. Leaves erect or spreading, midrib broad, never
reticulate. Scape stout or slender, 4-18 in.; bracts short, unequal, sometimes
connate. Ca^yx long or short, base acute or truncate, lobes obtuse or acute. Corolla

486 Lxxxvii. primulacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Primula.

pale purple, salver-shaped, ^-| in. diam. ; lobes broad or narrow, mouth obscurely
annulate. Ovary obovoid or globose, tip rounded. Capsule usually oblong, exceed-
ing the calyx, sometimes globose and sunk in it. Seeds coarsely granulate. — The
commonest Himalayan Primula, and very variable.

Vab. cachemiriana ; leaves produced almost with the flowers, more mealy. P.
cachemiriana, Munro in Garden, 1879, 636. — Western Himalaya.

Vab. paucifolia ; leaves fewer longer-petioled, heads fewer-fld., calyx-teeth long
narrower nearly equalling the corolla-tube, capsule globose sunk in the calyx
(ripening very few seeds). — Kashmir, at Poosiana, alt. 9000 ft., Clarke.

12. P. capitata, ^ooA;. £ot. Mag. t. 4550; usually very mealy, leaves
appearing with the flowers obovate-spathulate or oblanceolate obtuse or 8.cute
finely toothed usually copiously mealy beneath, fleshy leafy scales few or 0,
heads very dense-fld. with the outer flowei-s deflexed and inner in bud forming*
a conical crown, flowers deep purple, tube long often wrinkled, limb flat or
concave, — FL des Seri-es, vi. t. 618. P. globifera, Griff". Itin. Notes, 148.

SiKKiM and Bhotan Himalaya, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Griffith, J. B. H.

I retain this species as distinct from P. deniiculata with great hesitation, though
it differs much in habit and general appearance, and retains its characters in culti-
vation.

13. P. erosa, Wall. Cat. 611 ; glabrous or puberulous, leaves not mealy
fully developed with the flowers membranous obovate-spathulate or oblanceo-
late toothed or erose reticulate fleshy leafy scales few or 0, flowers umbelled
purple mealy, pedicels very short, calyx-lobes long or short, tube twice as long
as the calyx, limb flat, mouth hardly annulate. liegel in Bot. Zeit. 1853, 333 ;
Gartmfl. ii. t. 51. P. denticulata, var. erosa, Duhy in DC. Prodi', viii. 45.

Tempebatb Himaiaya ; from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 4500-9500 ft. (not seen in
Sikkim).

I suspect Duby to be right in reducing this to a variety of P. denticulata, but it
differs in habit, and seems to be always recognised as distinct by Himalayan col-
lectors and by cultivators in Europe. The leaves are sometimes 18 inches long.

14. P. bellidifolla, King in Herh. Calc. ; puberulous, fleshy scales few
or 0, leaves membranous flaccid elongate oblanceolate or spathulate coarsely
shallowly toothed, scape long, bracts minute concealed, flowers small densely
capitate, corolla-tube four times longer than the short obtusely lobed mealy
calyx, lobes small spreading obcordate.

SixKra Himalaya ; alt, 13,000 ft., King.

Rootstock small. Leaves 2-4 in., obtuse, tapering into the petiole, pubescent
on both surfaces, not wrinkled, nerves faint, teeth irregular. Scape 4-8 in.,
erect, glabrous. Heads nearly 1 in. diam. ; flowers bluish-purple, quite sessile.
Corolla glabrous ; tube cylindric, \-^ in. long ; limb not so broad ; mouth contracted,
annulate. Stigma peltate. Capsule small, globose. — A very distinct species, with
leaves like Bcllis sylvestris, but quite thin and flaccid ; in this respect and in toothing
very different from any form of P. erosa, denticulata, or capitata.

** Scape normally much longer than the leaves (except P. tiheticd).
Flowers umbeUed, rarely capitate, white pink or purple. Bracts forming a
l-seriate involucre, gibbous or produced downwards at the base (obscurely in
P. concinna).

t Capsule oblong or cylindric, ustuilly longer than the narrow fruiting
calyx.

15. P. farlnosa, Linn. ; Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 44 ; stolons 0, more
or less mealy, leaves ^-1 in., sessile or subsessile obovate-spathulate obtuse

Primula.] lxxxvii. primulace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 487

entire crenulate or toothed above the middle, bracts small base gibbous, flowers
numerous subsessile, corolla-tube exceeding calyx, the limb flat, calyx-lobes 2-tid,
FL Danica i. t. 125 ; Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 65.

Westeen Tibet, alt. 12-17,000 ft., Thomson^ &c. — Disteib. Europe, N. and Cen-
tral Asia, Arctic America.

Rootbtock stout. Leaves densely rosulate. Scape tall and stout for the size of
the plant ; bracts few, base gibbous ; pedicels shorter than the calyx. Calyx 5-ribbed,
cleft ^-^ way down ; lobes lanceolate, acute, often purple. Corolla pale purple, ^-^
in. diam. ; mouth annulate ; lobes rather narrow, deeply cleft. Capsule ohlong. Seeds
^ in., anguUr, pale, minutely papillose. — The Fuegian plant (P. magellanica), re-
ferred to P. farinosa by myself and others, differs in the large granulate seeds.

16. P. IZeydei, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bat. ined. ; stoloniferous,
leaves \-^ in. sessile lanceolate acuminate coarsely toothed mealy beneath,
scape stout, flowers 5-oo sessile, bracts short base saccate, corolla- tube exceeding
the calyx, limb flat.

Western Tibet, alt. 12-14,000 ft., Thomson ; Taglang, Heyde.

A very distinct little species, densely tufted. Stolons short, leafy. Leaves rosu-
late, on the stolons subsecund. Scape 1-3 in. ; inflorescence mealy ; bracts gibbous
at the base. Calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle. Corolla pale lilac, ^ in. diam.
Capsule included. Seeds as in P. farinosa.

17. P. conclnna, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bat. ined. ; densely tufted,
very small, leaves \-^ in. oblanceolate acute or obtuse quite entire or subcrenulate
mealy beneath, scape short 2-3-fld., pedicels elongated in fruit, calyx deeply
cleft equalling the short corolla-tube, corolla-mouth contracted, limb flat, lobes
obcordate.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; on the Tibetan passes, alt. 15-17,000 ft., J. D. H., Watt.

Somewhat resembling a reduced state of P. farinosa with longer capsules, from
which the short corolla-tube and the seeds at once distinguish it. Tufts ^ in. high.
Leaves sometimes narrowed into a short petiole, margins re volute. Scape rarely
longer than the leaves ; bracts gibbous at the base; pedicels sometimes two to four
times longer than the scape. Corolla ^ in. diam., white or pink. Capsule ^ in.
long, cylindric-oblong. Seeds nearly orbicular, ^ in. diam., a little flattened on one
side, quite smooth, pale brown.

18. P. gplabra, Klatt in Linncsa xxxvii. 500 ; not mealy except the
inflorescence, leaves ^-1 in. obovate-spathulate acute or obtuse erose or toothed,
scape very slender loosely 3-oo -fld., flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled, bracts
short, calyx campanulate, lobes short obtuse equalling the corolla-tube, corolla
mouth contracted, limb flat, lobes short 2-fid. Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. ined.

SiKKiM Himalaya; alt. 13-15,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke, Watt.

A very distinct species. Tufted. Leaves rather thin, rigid when dry, often
narrowed into a slender or broad petiole ; teeth horizontal or recurved. Scape 1-5
in. ; bracts subulate, -^-^ in., base gibbous. C&rolla blue-purple, \ in. diam. Cap-
»ule oblong, included. Seeds obtusely-angled, ^ in. diam., coarsely papillose. — In
foliage and habit this closely resembles P. pusilla, but the bracts are very different,
and the mouth of the corolla is not bearded.

19. P. slblrloa, Jacq. Misc. Austr. i. 161 ; not mealy, leaves coriaceous
^-1 in. shortly petioled elliptic ovate or spathulate obtuse entire or crenulate,
scape slender 3-6-fld., bracts linear base shortly produced, calyx tubular 5-ribbed,
corolla pink, tube shortly exserted, mouth not annulate, limb flat, lobes narrow
deeply cleft. Buby in DC. Frodr. viii. 43 ; Lehm. Monog> Frimvl. t. 5 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 3167, 3446, 6493.

488 Lxxxvii. PRiMULACEj:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Primula.

Western Tibet, Zanskar and Lahul, alt. 13-15,000 ft., Falconer, &c. — Distrib.
Europe, N. America, Arctic America.

Leaves coriaceous, rosulate or suberect and crowded, midrib obscure. Scape 3-6
in., bracts erect equalling the pedicels or shorter. Calyx \ in. ; lobes short, ovate.
Corolla i-f in. diam. Ovary globose, top rounded, thickened ; stigma capitate.
Capsule cylindric, exserted. Seeds -^ in., angular, smooth, pale.

20. P. involucrata, Wcdl. Cat. 7107 ; not mealy, leaves 1-3 in. coria-
ceous elliptic ovate oblong cordate or orbicular narrowed into a long or short
petiole obtuse entire or obscurely crenulate, scape long slender loosely 3-6-fld.,
bracts linear base much produced often 2-fid, calyx tubular 5-ribbed, corolla
white, tube much exserted, mouth annulate, limb flat, lobes broad emarginate.
Buhy in DC. Prodr. yiii. 42 ; Bat. Rey. 1846, t. 31 ; Regd. Gartenji., 1863, t.
394. P. Munroi, Lindl. Bat. Reg. 1833, t. 16.

Alpine Himaylaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim and "Western Tibet, alt. 12-15,000
ft. — Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, Arctic America.

Closely allied to P. sibirica, but distinguished by the much larger size, broader
longer petioled leaves, stouter longer scape, larger white flowers, annulate mouth of
the corolla, shorter capsule, and large elliptic or subcuneate seeds acute at one or
both ends, ^ in. long. Ovary and stigma as in P. sibirica.

21. P. tlbetlca, Watt in Jom-n. Linn. Sac. Rot. ined. ; dwarf, tufted,
not mealy, leaves petioled ^^ in. coriaceous elliptic obtuse or acute quite en-
tire, scape very short 1-5-fld., bracts linear base gibbous, pedicels very long in
fruit, calyx tutjular, corolla-tube not exserted, mouth annulate, limb flat, lobes
deeply cleft.

"Western Tibet, north of Kumaon, alt. 15,500 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb. Eastern
Tibet, on the Sikkim frontier, alt. 16-17,000 ft., J. D. H.

This closely resembles a dwarf state of P. sibirica, to which it stands in the same
relation as P. concinna does to P.farinosa. The capsule is cylindric, much exserted ;
seeds not seen.

tt Cap»ide globose, included in the hemispheric calyx (not seen in P. elliptica).

22. P. elliptica, Royle 111. 311, t. 76, f. 2; not mealy, leaves ^-1 in.
elliptic ovate or ovate-oblong narrowed into the broad petiole sharply toothed,
scape long loosely 3-10-fld., bracts linear base shortly produced, calyx campanu-
late deeply cleft, corolla purple, tube exserted, mouth not annulate, limb flat,
lobes broad deeply cleft. Buby in DC. Prodr. viii. 44 ; P. denticulata, Wight
Lc. t. 2000. P. spathulacea, Jacguem. mss.

"Western Himalaya ; Kashmir and Lahul, alt. 8-12,000 ft.. Falconer, &c. "Western
Tibet; Ladak, Wait.

Leaves suberect, thinly coricaceous, closely serrated down to the dilated top of
the petiole, midrib slender, nerves obscure. Scape much exceeding the leaves ; bracts
equalling or exceeding the short pedicels ; flowers nodding. Calyx \-^ in. Corolla-
tube va.Ti-dhle; lobes usually acute, sometimes toothed. Ripe fruit not seen. — A dis-
tinct and beautiful plant. The figure in Royle's work is very bad indeed, and but
for his specimens the species could not be identified.

23. P. rosea, Royle III. 311, t. 75 f . 1 ; quite glabrous, not mealy, leaves
dense subsessile obovate-oblong or -spathulate or oblanceolate obtuse or acute
crenulate or toothed, scape short stout 5-qo -fld., bracts linear-lanceolate or
subulate base shortly produced, pedicels short, calyx-lobes ovate acute, corolla
rose-red, tube exserted, mouth not annulate, limb flat, lobes bifid. Duby in DC.
Prodr. viii. 41 ; Rot. Mag. t. 6437 ; Regel Gartenji. t. 994.

Primula.'] Lxxxvii. peimulace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 489

"Western Himalaya; from Kulu to Kashmir, alt. 10-12,000 tt., Falconer, &c.
— DisTRiB, Affghanistan.

Often forming large tufts. Leaves numerous, variable in length and breadth ; margins
revolute or flat when flowering, not umbelled, midrib broad, nerves inconspicuous.
Scape equalling or exceeding the leaves, robust ; bracts |-^ in. ; pedicel very variable.
Call/a: cleft to the middle, tube angular. CoroUa-tuhe glabrous within and without,
one half to twice as long as the calyx, disk of limb puberulous ; lobes variable in
width, sometimes toothed. Seeds J^ in. long, sharply angled, pale.

Vab. elegans; corolla smaller, tube longer, lobes narrower. — P. elegans, Luby I. c.
42; Mem. Prim. t. i. f. 1. Kashmir, Jacquemont; Affghanistan.

*** Scape longer than the leaves. Flowers many (few in P. el(mffata),
uml)elled or in superposed whorls. Bracts irregular, ovate or subulate, or lan-
ceolate from a broad not gibbous base. (See also P. petiolaris, var. 7 scapigera.)

t Ovary globose, top acute not thickened. Capsule globose, included in the
calyx.

24. P. prolifera, Wall, in As. Research, xiii. 872, t. 3, and in Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 18 ; tall, not mealy, leaves 8-16 in. oblanceolate or
elongate obovate-spathulate obtuse quite entire or toothed glabrous or puberu-
lous beneath, scape very tall, flowers in superposed whorls, bracts shorter than
the pedicels, calyx short, lobes subulate, corolla yellow tube very long, mouth
annulate, limb flat, lobes obcordate crenulate, capsule globose included. Duby in
DC. Prodr. viii. 34; Don Prodr. 81. P. imperialis, Jungh.; Miquel Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 1001. Cankrienia chrj'santha, de Vriese in Jahrb. der Maatsch. van
Tuinb. 1850, 30.

Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Wallich, ^'c. — Distrib. Java.

Leaves thin, nerves reticulate, petiole broad. Scape 12-18 in., stout, quite erect;
flowers in 2-4 distant whorls, pedicels subequal ; lower bracts sometimes foliaceous.
Calyx i in. long, 5-ribbed. Corolla-tube ^ in. Capstde quite glabrous, ^ in.
diam., not exserted. Seeds rather large, ^^ in. diam., coarsely papillose. — I can see no
difference between the Khasian and Javan plants. The Japanese P.japonica, A. Gray,
differs chiefly in the purple flowers. I have not found any specimens of this in
Wallich's Herbarium.

25. P. obtusifolia, Royle III. 311, t. 77, f. 1 ; mealy or not, leaves
2-6 in. membranous elliptic spathulate obovate or ovate acute or obtuse entire
crenulate erose or coarsely toothed, base narrowed rounded or cordate, petiole
winged, scape stout few- or many-fld., bracts ovate or subulate much shorter
than the pedicels often connate below, corolla purple, tube twice as long as the
calyx, mouth annulate, limb flat, lobes obcordate. Duby in DC. I^'odr. viii. 42.
{Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T. Prim. 10.)

Eastkrn and Western Himalaya ; Kunawar, Boyle \ Kumaon, Herb. Calcutta ;
Sikkim, alt. 11-12,000 ft., J. D. H., Watt; Bhotan, Griffith.

Bootstock stout, clothed with fleshy broad sheathing scales. Leaves excessively
variable, naked or with yellow meal beneath. Scape stout, 6-10 in. ; bracts \~^ in ;
pedicels ^-l^ in., stout in fruit. Calyx usually mealy, cupular or broadly campanu-
late in fruit ; lobes triangular and ovate or linear, acute or obtuse. Corolla large,
bright blue-purple ; limb f-1 in. diam., often puberulous. Seeds large, subglobose, ^
in. diam., coarsely papillose.— This resembles states of P. Stuartii, but is dis-
tinguished by the thin texture of the leaves, acute ovary, and globose capsule sunk in
the calyx. The forms with broadly ovate-cordate deeply toothed leaves differ widely in
aspect from those with obovate-spathulate ones.

Vab. 1. Boylei; leaves obovate-spathulate subentire or erose mealy beneath,
tip rounded, umbels few- or many fld. — Kunawur and Sikkim.

Var. 2. Griffithii, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. ined. ; leaves ovate-cordate acute
deeply toothed. — Bhotan and Sikkim.

490 Lxxxvii. primulacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Primula.

26. P. elong'ata, Watt, in Joum. Linn. Soc. Bot. ined. ; leaves long-
petioled 3-5 in. membranous obovate or oblanceolate obtuse crenulate narrowed
into a usually long petiole mealy or not beneath, scape tall, flowers few sub-
sessile, bracts short subulate, calyx narrow cleft to the middle, teeth lanceolate,
corolla yellow glabrous, tube very long, throat funnel-shaped not annulate, lobes
rounded obcordate toothed. (Jlerb. Ind. Or, H.f. ^ T. Prim. 14.)

SiKKTM Himalaya; Zemu valley, alt. 12-13,000 ft., J. D. H.

A rather slender species, with few yellow flowers remarkable chiefly for the
length of the corolla-tube, with rounded toothed lobes, short bracts, and globose ovary
with a subacute tip like P. obtusifolia, of which it is possibly a form. CuroUa-iube
I of an inch long (including the throat), three times as long as the calyx. Fruit
not seen.

tt Ovary rounded and usually thickened at the top. Capsule oblong or
cylindric, exceeding the calyx,

27. P. Stuartll, Wall in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 20 j
mealy or not, quite glabrous, leaves 4-10 in. coriaceous suberect broadly or
narrowly oblaaceolate or obovate-spathulate acute or obtuse quite entire crenu-
late or finely toothed, midrib very broad, petiole broadly membranous below,
flowers loosely umbelled, bracts elongate, calyx terete, lobes usually long narrow
acute rarely obtuse, corolla 3^ellow or purple, mouth contracted, tube equalling
the calyx-throat or long as the tube, limb various, seeds coarsely granulate.

Throughout the SuBALPiNE and Alpine Himalaya and Tibet; alt. 12-16,000 ft.
— DiSTRiB. Affghanistan.

After long study I am unable to draw any specific characters between the many
forms of purple and yellow (rarely white) Primulas included under the above character.
If there are species amongst them they hybridise so as to defy recognition by descrip-
tion. Each of the following varieties may have its small and great form with nar-
rower or broader, entire and serrated, mealy and green leaves, many or few sessile or
pedicelled flowers, more or less deeply-cut calyx, mealy on the outer only, or inner
only, or on both surfaces, and a longer or shorter corolla-tube.with very variously formed
lobes. The habit of the forms may be seen to depend on dryness or wetness of soil,
or the length of herbage amongst which the plant grows, and elevation on the moun-
tains, and many of the forms are no doubt constant and reproduced with much con-
stancy by seed.

Var. 1. Stuartii -proper; leaves 5-10 in. narrowly oblanceolate or short and
spathulate acute closely sharply toothed rarely entire yellow-mealy beneath, inflor-
escence more mealy, calyx-teeth linear or lanceolate acute or obtuse, corolla-lobes
orbicular and emarginate or broadly obcordate entire or toothed. P. Stuartii, Wall.
I.e. ; Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 34; Cat. 606 in part; Don Prodr. 80; Buby in DC. Prodr.
viii. 41 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4356.— From Sikkim to Kashmir and Tibet

Vab. 2. purpurea ; leaves as in var. 1 but seldom toothed and oftener broader
white- or yellow-mealy beneath, flowers sometimes in two whorls, calyx as in
var. 1 but sometimes nearly an inch long linear-oblong and round at the tip,
corolla pale or deep purple, lobes obcordate or 2-fid entire, capsule sometimes 1 in.
P. purpurea, Royle III. 311, t. 77, f. 2 ; Duby I. c. 40 ; Wall. Cat. 606 (the Kumaon
specimens). P. macrophylla, Don Prodr. 80. P. Jaeschkiana, Kemer iii Bericht des
Naturwiss. Medicin, Vereins Innsbruck, Jahrg. i. Heft 2, 97.

Var. 3. Moorcroftiana ; not or very slightly mealy, leaves 2-4 in. oblanceolate
acute usually quite entire, scape shorter fewer-flowered, calyx-lobes narrow acuminate,
corolla as in var. 1 purple. P. Moorcroftiana, Wall. Cat. 4088. — Western Tibet.

Wallich's specimens are miserable, but no doubt referable to the common "Western
Tibetan form described above ; the flowers are sessile in his specimens, as they often
are in high alpine forms. Strachey and Winterbottom's P. Moorcroftiana, from 16,800
ft. on the Niti Pass, Kumaon, is very dwarf, with leaves white-mealy beneath and
sessile flowers.

Primula.] Lxxxvii. primulaceji. (J. D. Hooker.) 491

Var. 4. macrocarpa ; leaves mealy beneath 2-5 in. oblanceolate obtuse or acute,
calyx very large ^-f in. long divided nearly to the base into linear-oblong obtuse
leathery lobes, capsule 1 in.— Sikkim, alt. 15-17,000 ft., J. D. H.

Var. 5. lineariloba ; lobes of corolla narrow deeply divided into two spreading
linear lobes. — Tibet N. of Sikkim, J. D. H. I have seen flowers only, procured by
my collectors. Considering the range of variation in the corolla-lobes of this and
other species, I do not doubt this being an alpine state of Stuartii allied to var.
purpurea.

28. P. slkkixnensis, .HooA;./. in Bot. Mag. t. 4t5Q7 ; glabrous, leaves
6-14 in. membranous not mealy oblong-obovate or -spathulate obtuse, margins
sharply toothed decurrent on a long broadly winged and often toothed petiole,
scape very tall, bracts very short subulate, flowers very many yellow, pedicels
slender, calyx strongly 5-angled and 5-ribbed, teeth subulate, corolla funnel-
shaped, tube not annulate longer than the calyx, limb concave, lobes rounded
emarginate.

Sikkim Himalaya ; in wet places, alt. 11-15,000 it., J. D. H., &c.

Eootstock as thick as the thumb, very short. Leaves often 2 in. diam., midrib not
broad, nerves many slender. Scape often 2 ft. and as thick as a goose-quill, inflorescence
sometimes mealy ; bracts y~l ^°- '■> flowers 6-30, nodding ; pedicels slender, ^-4 in.
Calyx \-^ in., teeth recurved. Corolla | in. long and ^-f in. broad, blue-green when
dry, quite glabrous within and without. Omry globose, crown rounded not
thickened. Capniile oblong-cylindric, rather longer than the calyx, teeth short. Seeds
coarsely granulate. — The tallest described Primula, more resembling the Cowslip than
any other Indian one; odour faint, sweet.

**** Scape much longer than the leaves. Floioers 1-5. Bracts very few,
slender or 0, base not gibbous or produced.

t Tube of corolla cylindric or narrowly funnel-shaped, month glabrous or
pvhei'vlous.

29. P. ZLing*!!, Watt mss. glabrous, not mealy, leaves crowded 2-3 in.
elliptic-lanceolate acute quite entire or obscurely crenulate, midrib stout, base
sheathing broadly membranous, scape taU 4-5-fld., bracts subulate from a broad
base, pedicels short puberulous, calyx narrowly subcampanulate 5-cleft above or
to the middle, corolla red-purple broadly funnel-shaped puberulous very
shortly 6-lobed, limb concave, lobes retuse glabrous within.

Sikkim Himalaya ; at Na-tong (Herb. Calcutta).

A very distinct species, with the habit of P. Vickieana, and the funnel-shaped
shortly lobed corolla of sikkimensis. Leaves rather thick in texture, spreading, pale
when dry. Scape 6-10 in., slender ; bracts very unequal. Calyx ^ in., obtusely
angled. Corolla ^-f in. diam., claret-coloured, glabrous within. Ovary with a
rounded 5-lobed crown. Fruit not seen.

30. P. 3>ickieana, Watt in Jaurn. Linn. Soc. Bot. ined. ; quite gla-
brous, not mealy, leaves elliptic-obovate or oblanceolate acute quite entire or
serrate sejsile or petiole elongate and narrowly membranous below, flowers 2-6
large yellow sessile or shortly pedicelled, bracts linear or subulate, calyx cam-
panulate 5-cleft, lobes ovate oblong or lanceolate obtuse or acute, corolla
yellow, tube twice as long as the calyx hairy within, mouth not annulate, lobes
obcordate, tube and disk of flat limb pubescent, ovary with a thickened obtuse
tip. (Hej'b. Ind. Or. JLf. ^ T. Prim. 13.)

Sikkim Himalaya; Lachen, on open banks, alt. 10-13,000 ft., J. L. H.

This, though in many respects approaching small states of P. Stuartii, seems quite
distinct, in the total absence of scent, small leaves, few flowers, and hairy tube, and
pubescent disk of the corolla. The leaves too are, if not quite entire, distantly and dis-
tinctly serrate, not toothed or crenate. It is a beautiful plant. Fruit not seen.

492 Lxxxvii. PRiMULACEj;. (tT. D. Hooker.) [Primula.

31. P. Blwesiana, King in Herb. Calc. ; not mealy, leaves 2-3 in. ob-
lanceolate subacute quite entire glabrescent coriaceous, nerves obscure, scape
and solitary inclined very large purple flower softly pubescent, bract 0, calyx
short 5-partite, segments ovate-lanceolate, corolla-tube funnel-shaped f in. long,
lobes obovate-oblong crenate spreading and recurved.

SiKKiM Himalaya; alt. about 12,000 ft., King.

Bootstock very stout, "with broad fleshy leafy scales. Leaves narrowed into a
broadly winged puberulous petiole. Scafe 6-7 in., stout. Flower 1 in. long and
wide, dark purple. Calyx \ in. long. Corolla pubescent all over. Stameiis linear,
on the mouth of the tube. Ovary very small, conical, acute ; style filiform, stigma
minute truncate. — A very remarkable and beautiful species.

32. P. tenella, King in Herh. Calc. ; leaves small {\ in.) petioled obovate
or trapeziform toothed above the middle mealy, scape filiform and large solitary
erect bluish- white flower glabrous, bract very small, calyx 5-cleft to the middle,
lobes obtuse, corolla-tube long slender, throat broadly funnel-shaped, lobes 5
very broadly and deeply obcordate.

E. Tibbt; Chumbi valley, between Sikkim and Bhutan, at Phari, alt. about
13,000 ft.. King.

Whole plant 2-2^ in. high, glabrous. Rootstock stout. Leaves many, mealy all
over, especially beneath, subacute, cuneate and entire below the middle. Scape very
slender; bract close to and shorter than the calyx. Corolla-tube ^ in., limb | in.
diam. Stamens near the base of the tube. Stigma included, large, peltately capitate. '

ft Mouth of salver-shaped corolla densely woolly.

33. P. pusilla, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 22 ; Cat.
609 ; Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 32 ; densely tufted, hoary, leaves ^-1 in. spathulate or
oblanceolate pinnatifidly toothed, scape very slender 1-4-fld., bracts few lanceo-
late, flowers sessile, calyx hoary, tube short terete, lobes oblong obtuse or acute
equalling the funnel-shaped corolla-tube, corolla-lobes longer than the tube,
lobules spreading, capsule included. Duby in DC. Prodr. viii. 42 ; Mem.
Prim. t. 1, f. 2. P. humilis, Steudel Nomencl. ed. ii. 395. Androsace primu-
loides, Don Prodr. 81. A. primulina, Spreng. Syst. Veg. Cur. Post. 56.

Centbal and Easteen Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 13-16,000 ft.,
J. D. H., &c.

Leaves in dense rosettes, 1-2 in. diam., petioled, margins and teeth recurved, hoary
above ; bracts sometimes leafy and toothed, glandular as is the calyx and corolla-
tube. Scape 2-3 in. Corolla —^ in. diam. ; lobules oblong, spreading.

ttt Corolla broadly funnel-shaped or subcampanulate, mouth glabrous.

34. P. sapphirina, Hook. f. ^ T. Herb. Ind. Or. Prim. 32 ; very
•small, glabrous or hoary, leaves ^-\ in. obovate-spathulate obtuse pinnatifidly

toothed, scape filiform 1-4-fld., bracts ovate-oblong, flowers sessile nodding,
calj'x-tube short terete equalling the obtuse lobes, corolla hoary, lobes very
short 2-fid, capsule included.

Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 13-15,000 ft, J. D. H., &c.

Rosettes \~^ in, diam. Leaves with scattered white hairs above. Scape 1-2 in.
Corolla ^ in. diam., bright or pale blue.

35. P. uniflora, Klatt in Linncea xxxvii. 600; not mealy, leaves petioled
^ in. orbicular or broadly ovate pinnatifidly crenate, scape very slender 1-2-fld,,
bracts very minute, flowers sessile very large nodding, calyx 5-partite segments
quadrate, corolla broadly funnel-shaped, lobes shallow coarsely toothed.

J

Primula.'] Lxxxvii. primulace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 493

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Kankola Pass, alt. 15,000 ft., J". D. H.

This and the following are very singular species, the corolla being larger than
the whole rosette of leaves, and calyx quite peculiar. — Leaves few, petiole puberulous,
equalling or exceeding the blade. Scapes 1-3, 2-5 in. Flower 1 in. diam., with
occasionally a very imperfect apetalous one. Calyx puberulous; segments nearly ;! in.
long, truncate, tip entire or toothed. Corolla pale lilac, tube \ in., limb | ^n. long
and broader, lobes very shallow and unequally toothed. Stamens near the bottom of
the tube. Ovary globose.

36. P. soldanelloides, Watt, in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. ined. ; quite
glabrous, not mealy, leaves ^-^ in. long-petioled ovate runcinate-pinnatifid half-
vray to the midrib, scape capillary 1-fld, bract 0, flower large nodding, calyx
cleft half-way, lobes oblong ovate or obtuse, corolla broadly funnel-shaped,
lobes shallow coarsely toothed.

SiKKiM HiMAiAYA ; Kaukola Pass, J. D. H. ; Patangla {Herb. Calcutta).
A smaller plant than P. uniflora, quite glabrous, with a very diifereut calyx, but
similar corolla, which is white. Calyx-lobes entire or obscurely toothed. Ovary

***** Minute species (except P. petiolaris). Scape 0, or much shorter
than the leaves (sometimes elongate in P. petiolaris). Bracts subulate, at the
bases of the leaves or on the very short scape. (See also P. concinna and P.
tibetica.)

37. P. petiolaris, WaU. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 22 ;
Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 31 ; Cat. 603 ; glabrous or puberulous, mealy or not, leaves 2-10
in. rugose densely rosulate membranous erose jagged toothed or crenulate of
two forms in the same or different plants, some broadly or narrowly obovate-spa-
thulate sessile or narrowed into a broadly winged petiole, others elliptic ovate
or cordate on long slender petioles, pedicels long or short, calyx-teeth acute,
corolla pale purple or white or pink, tube funnel-shaped above much longer
than the calyx, mouth not annulate, limb flat, lobes rounded entire emarginate
2-lid or sharply toothed, ovary globose, tip acute, stigma capitate, cajtsule globose
sunk in the broad calyx-tuHe, seeds large subglobose black papillose. Duby in
DC. Prodr. viii. 37. P. tridentata, Don P'odr. 77. P. sessilis, Boyle mss.

Tbmpebate Himalaya ; from Simla to Bhotan, alt. 4-12,000, abundant. Fl. autumn
and winter,

A most variable plant. The following forms pass into one another in all ways : —

Var. 1. petiolaris proper ; not mealy, leaves mostly elliptic, blade 1-3 in., petiole
2-6 in., scape 0, corolla large, lobes broad 2-M or many-toothed.

Vab. 2. nana ; slightly mealy or not, leaves all or mostly obovate-spathulate
sessile or shortly petioled, corolla smaller, lobes obcordate entire or toothed. P. nana,
Wall. I. c. 23 ; Cat. 612 ; GHff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 485, f. 2 {Primula).

Vab. 3. Stracheyi ; not mealy, leaves all obovate-spathulate erose, flowers very
numerous, scape 0, calyx small, corolla fin. diam., tube long, lobes narrower obcordate
entire. — Kumaon. atNamil, alt. POOO ft., Strach. ^ Winterb. {Prim. 12).

Vab. 4. sulphurea ; leaves 2 in. sessile obovate clothed with yellow meal beneath
finely toothed, corolla small ^ in. diam., tube not twice the length of the small
calyx, lobes entire or lacerate. — Kumaon, at Suring, -alt. 4500 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb.
{Prim. 10).

Vab. 5. pulverulenta ; covered all but the corolla with yellow meal, leaves all
obovate-spathulate and irregularly toothed, flowers very numerous and large, corolla
1-1 1 in. broad, tube twice as long as the calyx-lobes coarsely toothed. — Kumaon, at
Pindaree, alt. 10-12,000 ft. ; Edgeworth, &c. {Strach. ^ Winterb. Prim. 9),

Vab. 6. Edgeworthii ; buds only mealy, leaves very large 3-4 in. without the
petiole which is often as long ovate or elliptic base truncate acute or cordate, margin
irregularly coarsely toothed or lobulate with toothed lobules, pedicels stout, calyx

494 Lxxxvii. PRIMULACE2E. (J. D. Hooker.) [Primula,

cupular with broad short lobes. — Grarwhal, at Tungnath, alt. 8-900 ft., Edgeworth ;
Simla, alt. 7-10.000 ft., Thovison; Kumaon, at the Madhari Pass, alt. 8000 ft., Strach.
4- Winterh. {Pnm. 8).

Var. 7. scapigera ; leaves as in var. 1, scape very stout equalling or exceeding
the leaves, bracts short subulate from a broad base, pedicels 1-2 in. stout with some-
times a few small leaves intermixed. — Bhotan, Griffith ; Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000
ft., J. D.H.

88. P. xnlnutissima, Jacquem. mss. in DC. Prodr. viii. 42; very small,
densely tufted, stoloniferous, leaves ^-^ in. spathulate lanceolate or oblanceolate
acuminate acute or obtuse toothed above glabrous or puberulous mealy beneath,
scape sunk amongst the leaves 1-3-fld., flowers sessile 1-2-bracteate^ calyx
cleft to the middle, tube terete, lobes oblong or lanceolate much shorter than
the long corolla-tube, corolla very large for the plant, lobes obcordate, Dttby
Mem. Prim. t. 1, f. 3. P. Saundersiana, Hei'b. Jtioyle. P. Stracheyi, Hooh.f. ;
Munro in Garden, 1879, 535.

AxpiNE Himalaya, alt. 12-16,000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Kumaon. alt. 12-15.000 ft.

Forming large patches of rosettes each ^-f in. diam. Leaves densely crowded,
dark green, teeth not recurved. Calyx glabrous, lobes very variable. Corolla bright
purple, ^-\ in. diam., tube glabrous, lobes bifid, lobules rounded. Ovary globose,
tip subacute ; stigma capitate. — This may be a reduced form of P. Heydei.

Var. spathulata ; leaves larger spathulate-obovate crenate, tip rounded. CoroUa
I in. diam. Sikkim, alt. 13,000 ft., J. D. H.

39. P. reptans, Hook. f. ; minute, not mealy, tufted, minutely puberu-
lous, stem creeping, leaves ^\ in. long including the petiole orbicular cleft one-
third way down into lobules with recurved margins, flowers solitary shortly
pedicelled erect much larger than the foliage, calyx small terete cleft to the
middle, lobes oblong obtuse one-fourth the length of the corolla-tube which is
long with a narrowly funnel-shaped mouth and spreading deeply 2-fid lobes.

Western Himalaya; Falconer; Kashmir, Burjila, alt. 14,500 ft, Clarke.

The creeping s*^em, minute rounded leaves yq-\ in. diam., suddenly contracted
into the slender petiole, palmately lobulate except at the very base, and the large
flowers, well characterise this little species. Corolla pale purple, ^ in. diam., tube
^ in. long. Ovary globose, tip acute ; stigma globose.

40. P. Kookeri, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. ined. ; tufted, glabrous,
not mealy, leaves |-1 in. usually sessile narrowly obovate-oblong or -spathulate
tip rounded margin sharply toothed and recurved, midrib very broad, outer
reduced to large sheaths, scape 0 or very short, flowers 1-3 very shortly pedi-
celled, calyx cupular or campanulate glandular with 5 very short broad acute
teeth, corolla-tube wide cylindric twice as long as the calyx, lobes short 2-fid
rounded. Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. <§• T. Prim. 25.

Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen, alt. 12,000 ft., ,7. D. H.

A very distinct species, differing in the calyx from any of the group. — Roots stout,
fleshy. Leaves dark green, rather fleshy, rarely produced into a petiole, teeth often
recurved, outer reduced to oblong fleshy scales toothed at the tip. Corolla white,
mouth without a thickened ring ; lobes about as long as the tube. Ovary globose, tip
acute ; stigma globose.

41. P. muscoides, Hookf. ; minute, glabrous, not mealy, densely tufted,
leaves y6~To ^°- sessile obovate-oblong or subspathulate dilated at the base
margins recurved coarsely toothed or oblong and toothed at the tip only, midrib
very broad, flowers solitary subsessile with 2 broad ovate bracts, calyx short

Frimula.'] Lxxxvii. peimulaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 495

cleft nearly to the base, lobes oblong-lanceolate, corolla-tube twice as Ion? as
the calyx cylindric, lobes short. Herh. Ind. Or. H.f. 8^- T. Trim. 23; Watt
in Joum. Linn. Soc. ined.

SiKKiM Himalaya; Kankola Pass, alt. 15,000 ft,, J. D. H.

Much the smallest species of the genus, forming moss-like tufts interlaced with
the roots and stems of other small plants. It is most allied to P. Hookeri. Ovary
globose, tip acute, etigma capitate.

Var. ? tenuiloha ; leaves with short petioles, corolla-tube narrower slightly hairy,
lobes very narrow deeply cleft with narrow lobules. — -Sikkim Himalaya; Yeuratong,
alt. 14,000 ft., J. D. H. ; {Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. # T. Prim. 22). I have very few
specimens of this, which may prove a distinct species.

42. P. Stirtonlanay Watt in Joum. Linn. Soc. Bot. ined. ; not mealy,
glandularly puberulous, tufted, leaves ^ in. obovate-spathulate tip rounded mar-
gins flat sharply closely toothed, midrib slender, scape 0, flowers solitary on
slender pedicels sunk amongst the leaves, calyx cleft to the middle, teeth lanceo-
late acute entire or toothed, corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx, mouth
funnel-shaped, lobes deeply cleft entire or crenate.

Sikkim Himalaya; Kanglanamo Pass, alt. 14-16,000 ft., Watt.

In size this much resembles P. Hookeri, but it differs entirely in the shape of the
leaves, calyx, and corolla tube. Bracts 0 or 1-2 very slender ones on the pedicel.
Corolla bright purple, ^-| in. diam., glabrous. Ovary obovoid, tip thickened retuse ;
stigma capitate.

C. Leaves narrowed into a broad winged petiole, complicate in vernation.
Scapes many, longer than the leaves. Flowers in superimposed whorls. Bracts
few, leafy, toothed.

43. P. floribunda, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 33 ; Cat. 1825 ; glandular-
pubescent, leaves elliptic acute or obtuse narrowed into a broad winged petiole
coarsely irregularly toothed, whorls 2-8, pedicels very unequal, bracts ovate or
elliptic, acuminate toothed, calyx campanulate, lobes acute, corolla yellow, tube
long, limb small, lobes obcordate. Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 35. P. obovata,
Wall. Cat. 610. Androsace obovata, WaU. mss.

"Western Himalaya; from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 2500-6500 ft. — Distrib.
Affghanistan.

Leaves 2-4 in. Scapes numerous, stout, 4-8 in. ; pedicels |~1 in. ; bracts shorter.
Calyx glandular, hemispheric in fruit, cleft to the middle ; lobes ovate, acute.
Corolla-tube |-^ in., pubescent, throat more or less dilated, mouth annulate; limb
^-i in. diam. Ovary globose, top rounded ; stigma globose. Capsule globose, in-
cluded in the hemispheric calyx. Seeds ~ in., black, angled, minutely papillose. —
Closely allied to the Arabian and Abyssinian P. verticillata and P. simensis.

2. ANDROSACZS, Lvnn.

Perennial rarely annual low herbs. Leaves various, rosulate or imbricate on
the branches. Flowers small, white or red. Calyx 5-lobed or -partite. Corolla
salver-shaped with a very short tube, or funnel-shaped, limb 5-lobed, mouth
annulate or with folds opposite the lobes. Stamens 6, anthers subsessile, in-
cluded in the tube, obtuse. Ovary globose, style short. Capsule ovoid or
globose, 6-valved. Seeds 2, rarely more, angular or subglobose, embryo trans-
verse.— Species about 40, chiefly mountain plants, all of N. temperate or
Arctic reeions.

496 Lxxxvii. PRiMULACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Androsace.

* Scapes numerous. Leaves all radical. Stolons 0, except in A. geraniifolia.
f Leaves long-petioled, rounded-cordate, lohtdate and crenate.

1. Ai. saxifragraefolia, Bunge Enum. PL Chin. Bor. 63; annual, glan-
dular-pubescent, leaves rounded-cordate crenate-toothed, blade about as long-
as the petiole, calyx deeply 5-cleft, segments elliptic-acuminate stellately
spreading in fruit. Duby in DC. Prodr. viii. 63. A rotundifolia, Wall. Cat.
613; Smith Exot. Bot. t. 113; DC. I.e. 64 {not of Hardiuiche). A. patens,
Wright in Mem. Amer. Acad. Sc. ser. 2, vi. 401. ? A. carnosula, Dubg in
DC. I. c. 54.

Gangetic Plain, from Calcutta to the Punjab, and ascending the Himalayas to
4000 ft. — DisTRiB. N. E. China, Japan, Loochoo Islands.

The only annual Indian species. Leaves ^-§ in. diam. Scapes many, twice as
long as the leaves ; invol. bracts. ^ in. ; pedicels |-1^ in., very unequal. Cafyx fruit-
ing i-j in. diam. Corolla narrower or broader than the calyx. Seeds minute, sub-
globose, deeply pitted. — A plant confused with Hardwicke's A. roiimdifolia by Wallich,
Smith and others, and with a third species by Koemer and Schultes (see Obs. in Koxb.
Fl. Ind. ed. Wail. & Carey, ii. 14).

2. A. rotundifolia, Hardivicke in As. Research, vi. 350; perennial,
glandular-pubescent or villous, leaves rounded-cordate lobulate the lobules
usually 3-crenate, blade usually shorter than the petiole, bracts lanceolate
or obovate crenate sessile or petioled entire or sharply toothed, calyx cleft
to the middle, segments ovate recurved in fruit. Wall, in Poab. P'l. Ind. ed.
Wall. ^ Carey, ii. 14, excl Obs. A. incisa. Wall. I. c. 16; Cat. 616; Duby in
DC. Prodr. viii. 54. A. parviflora, Jacquem. mss. in DC. I. c. 54 ; Mem. Pi-im.
t. 3, f. 4. A. elegans, Jacquem. mss. I. c. 55.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon, and in Wes-
tern Tibet.

Very variable. Leaves ^-1.^ in. diam., petiole 1-4 in. ; lobes very shallow, some-
times the sinus is not deeper than that of the crenatures. Scapes few or many, 1-6
in. ; invol. bracts short or long, broad or narrow, sometimes f in. long and deeply 5-
cleft at the broad end. Calyx, fruiting ^-^ in. diam., sometimes much enlarged,
nearly 1 in. diam. and acutely toothed or 3-fid at the tip. Corolla usually much
larger than the calyx, but when the latter is enlarged it becomes very small and even
minute. Capsule much smaller than the calyx. Seeds minute, rounded, granulate. —
I cannot doubt this being Hardwicke's A. rotundifolia, found by him on " the most
elevated mountains of Shreenui^ur," and described as having toothed invol. leaves.
Wallich referred A. saxifragcefolia to Hardwicke's rotundifolia, and re-describes the
latter as A. incisa.

Vab. 1. rotundifoHa proper; softly pubescent or villous, 3-5 in. high, lobules of
leaf rounded entire or crenate rarely acutely toothed, corolla rarely exceeding the
entire calyx-lobes. — Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 3-9000 ft.

Var. 2. macrocalyx. Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. ined.; habit, pubescence and
leaves of var. 1, but calyx-lobes much larger acutely toothed. — Kashmir, alt.
6-9500 ft.

Vab. 3. glandvJosa', usually 5-12 in. high, glandular pubescent, petioles and
scapes more slender, lobules of leaves rounded entire truncate or crenate rarely
acutely toothed, corolla usually much larger than the entire calyx-lobes. — Drier
ranges of Lahul and Kashmir; abundant in Western Tibet, alt. 7-12,000 ft. — A form
affecting high dry regions.

Var. 4. Stracheyi, Watt 1. c. ; glandular-pubescent or glabrescent, 4-6 in. high,
scapes and petioles slender, lobules of leaf entire or crenate, calyx in flowf^r large
campahulate, lobes quite entire much exceeding the calyx. —Garwhal, at Bampa,
i^lt. 11,000 ft., Str. 4' Winterh. Kunawur, alt. 8-11,000 ft., 'Muitro, Thomson, Brandts,

Androsace.] Lxxxvii. primulace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 407

Vab. 5. Thomsoni, Watt 1. c. ; much smaller, glandular-pubenilous, leaves small,
lobules acutely toothed, prtioles filiform, flowers small, corolla exceeding the entire
calyx lobes.— Western Tibet; Dras river, ThoTnson; Iskardo, alt. 9000 ft., and
J3arji la, alt. 11,000 ft., Clarke.

3. A. greraniifolla, Watt in Joui-n. Linn. Soc. ined. ; perennial, stolo-
niferous, laxly villous virith soft spreading hairs, leaves rounded-cordate 7-lohed
to the middle, lobes 3-lobulate, petiole much longer than the blade, bracts
very small lanceolate acuminate quite entire, calyx campanulate 5-cleft above
the middle, corolla exceeding the calyx.

KuMAON ; at Dwali, alt. 8200 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb. Sikkim in damp woods at
Lachen, alt. 9-10,000 ft., j; 2>. ^.

SioLmis a foot long, very slender. Leaves 1-2 in. broad, petiole 2-6 in. Scapes
much lojiffeT than the leaves ; invol. bracts ^ in. Calyx small, broadly campanulate,
r^^ in. diam. ; lobes broad or narrow, recurved.

\

tt Leaves lanceolate elliptic or spathulate, densely romlate.

4. A. septentrionalis, Linn.; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 17

leaves small densely rosulate sessile oblanceolate acute or obtuse, scapes rigid,
invol. bracts minute subulate, calyx turbinate 5-toothed, corolla very small.
Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 52 ; Lamk. III. t. 98, f. 2 ; Fl. Dan. t. 7 ; Bot May.
t. 2021 ; Nees Ic. Gen. Fl. Germ. v. t. 6 ; Reichh. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvii. t. 1110.

Western Tibet; Falconer; Karakoram and Deosar, alt. 12-14,000 ft., Clarke. —
DiSTRiB. Mid-Europe, Caucasus, N. As'a, Arctic America.

Leaves in Tibetan specimens \-^ in., coriaceous, densely packed, quite entire or
obscurely toothed. Scapes many, 4-6 in., one usually much stouter than the rest
and rather longer ; invol. bracts j^-^ in. ; pedicels 1-2 in., very unequal. Flowering
calyx iVi3 ^"- diam., fruiting about ^ in., teeth acute. Corolla very small. Seeds
small, angular, granulate.

5. A. Aizoon, Dvhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 50; perennial, inflorescence
glandular-pubescent, leaves densely rosulate sessile cartilaginous spathulate
cuspidate ciliolate, scapes very long, invol. bracts small lanceolate, calyx be-
tween hemispheric and turbinate cleft to the middle, corolla small. Dene in
Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 141, t. 145.

Kashmir and Western Tibet ; alt. 8-11,000 ft., JacqucTnont, Falconer, (fee.

Leaves ^-1 in., very numerous and most densely rosulue, margius thickened
when dry. Scapes ^-2 ft. ; invol. bracts j^ in., ovate ; pedicels ^-f in., very unequal.
Calyx turbinate ; lobes oblong, obtuse. Corolla-lobes 2-fid with 2-fid appendages.
Capsule with 2-fid valves. Seeds large, angular, rough.

** Scapes solitary; flowers umbelled, except in l-flowered varieties of
A. villosa.

t Leaves minute, cartilaginous, glabrous except the strongly cUiate margins,

6. A. sempervlvoides, Jacquem. in DC. Prodr. viii. 50; small,
stoloniferous, leaves densely rosulate obovate-spathulate apiculate ciliate car-
tilaginous, scape solitary, umbels glandular-pubescent, pedicels short, calyx
cleft to the middle, lobes obtuse, coroUa-lobes obovate, tips rounded. Duby
Mem. Prim. t. 3, f. 2.

Western Tibet; Jacquemont, Falconer. Sind Valley, Kashmie, alt. 11,000 ft.,
Clarke. — Distrib. Affghanistan (a form with longer narrow leaves).

Rosettes ^ in. diam., subglobose. Stolons short, 1-1 1 in., stout, naked. Leaves
glabrous on both surfaces, J-^ in., margins translucent when dry. Scape 1_3 in,^
YOL. m, K K

498 Lxxxvii. PRiMULACEjB. (J. D. Hooker.) [Androsace.

Btout; bracts linear-oblong; pedicels short, stout. Crt/yar broadly turbinate, lobes
erect in fruit. Capsule 1-2-seeded. Seeds large, oblong, plano-convex.

7. A. mlcropliylla, ITook. /. ; densely tufted, stolons 0 or obscure,
leaves minute densely imbricate on the short crowded branches sessile obovate
concave incurved cartilaginous ciliate, scapes very short and small, umbels
glandular-pubescent, calyx cleft to the middle, lobes obtuse, corolla-lobes obo-
vate tips rounded mouth annulate. A. globifera, Klatt in Linncsa, xxxii. 292
(not of Buby). A. villosa, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T., not of Linn.

Kashmib; inner ranges ; Brazil and Tilail, alt. 12-13,000 ft., Thomson, Clarke.
Western Tibet, Falconer.

Stems 1-6 in., sometimes rigid, with subremote rosettes. Leaves ^-^ in., obtuse
or mucronate or cuspidate. Scapes \-\ in., 3-6-fld. Flowers and seeds as in
A. semper vivoides, but ring at mouth of corolla not produced. Seeds 2, oblong,
angular.

tt Leaves large or small, pvhescent villous or silky.

8. A. sarmentosa, WaU. in Roxh. Ft. Lnd. ed. Wall. ^ Carey , ii. 14 ;
PL As. Rar. iii. t. 206 ; Cat. 614, and 615 in part ; pubescent villous or silky,
stolons leafless except at the nodes, leaves sessile or petioled elliptic-lanceolate
or oblanceolate subacute, bracts various entire silky, umbels lax or dense, calyx
cleft half-way, lobes obtuse, corolla-throat obscurely annulate. Duby in DC.
Prodr. viii. 49 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6210.

Temperate and Stjb- alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kashmir.

A very variable plant, in size, habit, clothing, length, and shape of invol. leaves,
and number, length, and stoutness of pedicels. — Calyx hemispheric. Corolla twice as
broad, pale rose-purple with a yellowish eye, lobes broadly obovate, tips rounded ;
throat with a raised ring. Capsule broadly oblong, valves entire. Seeds few or
many, oblong or subglobose, granulate. The following varieties have no precise
limits.

Vab. 1. Watkinsi; laxly hairy or silky, scapes and stolons stout, leaves ^-1 in.,
lanceolate or oblanceolate subsessile or sessile, pedicels 5- 1 ^ in. much longer than
the invol. bracts. — Nipal.

Vak. 2. grandifolia ; pubescent or laxly hairy, stolons 0, scape stout, leaves very
large sometimes 1 in. diam. elliptic or lanceolate narrowed into the long or short
petiole, bracts very small. A. foliosa, Klatt in Linncea xxxii. 293, not of Duby. —
Sikkim, at Tungu, alt. 13-14,000 ft., J. D. H.

Vab. 3. primuloides ; silkily villous, leaves as in var. 1 but often narrowed into a
petiole, and stolons (often absent) and scapes more slender. A. primuloides, JDuhy
I. c. 30 ; Mem. Prim. t. 3, f. 3. — Kumaon, alt. 12,000 ft., Edgeworth. Kashmir,
Zanskar, and Lahul, al . 8-10,000 ft.

Vab. 4. foliosa ; leaves long petioled elliptic 1 in. diam., stolons 0 ?, scape slender,
bracts small linear. A. foliosa, Duby in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 142, t. 146; DC. I.e.
49 ; Banehal, Jacquemont.

9. A. lanugrinosa, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Lnd. ed. WaU. Sf Carey, ii. 15;
Cat. n. 615 and 614 in part ; pubescent or silkily villous, stolon-like branches
long leafy throughout and with scattered rosettes, leaves lanceolate acute or
acuminate, scape solitary, invol. bracts various entire silky, umbels lax or dense,
calvx cleft half-way, lobes obtuse, corolla-throat obscurely annulate. Bot. Mag.
t. 4005.

Westebn Himalaya; alt. 7-10,000 ft., from Kumaon to Kashmir.

Very similar in calyx and corolla to A. sarmentosa, and as variable in stature and
clothing, but in habit entirely diiferent, the ascending branches 1-10 in. long only
resemble stolons, and never root, the leaves are smaller, always sessile and much more
densely silky in the ordinary state of the plant, the flowers are smaller. Capsule 4-6-

Androsace.] Lxxxvii. primulaceji. (J. D. Hooker.) 499

seeded. Seeds angular, granulate. — In Wallioh's Herbarium the ticket of this has
been inadvertently attached to a sheet of A. sarmentosa.

Var, 1. typica, densely clothed with white silky hairs, stems and -branches elon-
gate, umbels densp-fld., pedicels short — Throughout the Western Himalaya.

Var. 2. glabrior, Wall. ; more slender, sparingly villous or silky, umbels loose,
pedicels ^-1 in. slendfer, — Kumaon to Sirmore.

10. A. villosa, Xmn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iii. 13; stoloniferous, densely
villous, leaves in small globose rosettes sessile lanceolate or spathulate, scapes
solitary, invol. leaves usually equalling the pedicels, calyx cleft half-way, lobes
obtuse, corolla-lobes obovate, tips rounded, mouth with a conical erect tubular
swelling. Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 60 ; Jacq. Coll. i. t. 12 ; Reichb. Ic. Crit.
iii. t. 248, vi. t. 680 ; Ic. Fl. Germ. xvii. t. 1112. A. Jacquemontii, Duhy I. c.
60 ; Metn. Prim. t. 3, f. 1.

Western Himalaya ; in the drier regions from Kumaon to Kashmir and Western
Tibet, alt 12-17,000 ft. — Distrib. AfFghanistan, Caucasus, Alps, Asia Minor, Central
and N. Asia.

Prostrate, in tufted masses of short naked stems and stolons bearing at close
intervals villous rosettes ^-1 in. diam. ; much resembling a very small state of A.
sarmentosa or lanuginosa, but the corolla has a prominent conical ring at the mouth.
The scapes are sometimes shortened, and the umbels sessile. Boissier identifies A.
Jacquemontii with A. villosa, I think rightly. I distinguish it from states of A. Chamm-
jasme with great difficulty.

11. £l, Hlookeriana, Klatt in Linncea xxxii. 293, t. iii. f. 1 ; sparingly
pubescent, loosely tufted, stolons and branches rigid divaricate, rosettes of few
unequal small petioled obovate or elliptic obtuse flat leaves, scapes solitary
slender few-fld., bracts linear, calyx-lobes obtuse, corolla-lobes obovate, tips
retuse, mouth annulate.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Lachen, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. B. H.

Branches divaricating. Leaves ^-^ in., narrowed into petioles of sometimes the
length of the blade. Scapes \-Z in. Corolla much larger than the calyx, pink. Cap-
sule 2 -seeded.

12. A. Chamaejasine, Host; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 14; laxly villous
with jointed hairs, loosely tufted, stolons and branches slender, rosettes of many
densely tufted sessile small obovate ovate-oblong or -lanceolate spreading or
imbricating leaves, scape solitary hairy few-fld., bracts linear-oblong or spathu-
late equalling the pedicels, calyx-lobes obtuse, corolla-lobes longer obovate, tips
rounded, mouth annulate. Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 51 ; Reichb. Ic. Crit. vi. t.
680; Ic. Fl. Germ. xvii. t. Ili2; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 232. A. villosa, Jacq.
Fl. Austr. t. 362.

Western Tibv-t, Henderson ; Barjila and Karakoram, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Clarke.
— Distrib. Alps, Arctic Kussia, Central and N. Asia, Arctic America.

Var. corvnata ; leaves densely tufted imbricate shorter and narrower, mouth of
corolla with the ring prominent. — Western Tibet, alt. 16-17.000 ft., H Strachey,
Henderson.

Var. uniflora ; leaves densely imbricate, scape very short 1-2-fld. — Western Tibet ;
Ralam, N. of Kumaon, Sfrach. 4' Winterh., No. 8.

App;^rently identical with the European, k,c.. plant, and like it variable in tlte
size of the whole plant and of the leaves. Rosettes \-\ in. diam. Leaves \-\ in.,
obtuse or subacute. Flowers and capsules as in A. Hookeriana.

*** Scapes solitary, l-^-^fld., or peduncle X-fid,

13. A. muscoidea, Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 48: villous, stems elongate
forming dense broad patches, leaves densely imbricated in close-set globose

K K 2

500 Lxxxvii. PRIMDLACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Androsace.

balls the size of a pea sessile linear or oblong obtuse incurved, scape very short
1-fld. ebracteate, calyx cleft one- third way down, lobes subacute, corolla-lobes
obovate, tips rounded.

Kashmir ; Jacqucmont, Falconer.

Patches 6-10 in. diam., of crowded branches and stolons 2-6 in, long, naked
below or covered almost throughout their length with the little balls of leaves. Flowers
numerous, — in. diam..; pedicels jg-To ^^- Cu^y^ between turbinate and hemispheric.
— 1 can hardly doubt this being the plant described by Duby, though the calyx is not
5 -partite, nor it-s lobes lanceolate. •

14. A« g^lobifera, Duhy in DC. Prod?-, viii. 48 ; pubescent, stems very
short forming small patches, leaves densely imbricate in subsolitary globose
balls the size of a pea sessile broadly obovate obtuse or subacute incurved with
pubescent surfaces and long silkily ciliate margins, the older glabrate, scape
very short 1-fld. ebracteate, calyx cleft one-third way down, lobes obtuse,
corolla-lobes obovate, tips rounded.

KuMAON, Jacquetnoni ; Barjikaag Pass and Eogila, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Madden,
Strnch. ^ Winterb., &c.

This may be a high alpine state of A. Chamcsjasme, with short much broader and
sessile leaves, and solitary flowers. The fiox-al bract, though apparently absent, is
in this species and its allies at the base of the pedicel amongst the leaves.

15. A. Selag'O, Hock. f. 8f Thorns, mss. ; Klatt in Linncea, xxxii. 292;
silkily shortly villous forming spherical tufts, branches densely packed ra-
diating from the root interruptedly or uniformly clothed with compactly
imbricating minute leaves hence cylindric and obtuse, leaves sessile linear- or
cuneate-obovate obtuse membranous and glabrous below the middle coriaceous
and silkily ciliate above it, uppermost elliptic subacute incurved, scape 1-2-fld.
and bract villous, calyx cleft below the middle, lobes oblong- obtuse, corolla-
lobes obovate-oblong obtuse.

SiKKiM Himalaya, and North of it, in the Tibetan region, ait. 15-18,000 ft.,
J. B. H.

Boot woody.; branches with the leaves ^-^ in. diam., extremities silvery.
Leaves j^-^^ ^^- h^^^g- Scape lender, ~ in. ; bracts silky, equalling the flower, which
is ~ in. diam. CaXyx hemispheric, \ in. diam., enclosing the capsule. Seeds 2,
minute, irregularly oblong or ellipsoid. — A singular and beautiful plant.

16. A . Iiehmanni, Wall Cat. 617 ; densely tufted, glabrous except the
minute woolly scales sunk in the rosettes and the inflorescence, leaves in
continuous or interrupted subsquarrose whorl-like rosettes subulate or oblong-
lanceolate acuminate sessile spreading and recurved from a broad imbricating
membranous base, scape 1-fld. very short ebracteate and flower glandular-pubes-
cent, calyx turbinate, lobes short obtuse, corolla-lobes orbicular. Duby in DC.
Prodr. viii. 48.

NtPAL; Wallich. Sikkim, at Jongri, alt. 12-14,000 ft. ; J. D. H., T. Anderson.

A very singular species, of a dark chestnut colour when dry, and squarrose habit.
Stems 1-4 in., with the leaves \-^ in. diam. Leaves ^-\ in. long, rather rigid, their
dark colour contrasting with the snow-white clusters of minute lanceolate scales that
nestle in the centre of the rosettes. Pedicels j^-jq in. long. Calyx -^^ in. diam.

TJNDETKRMINABLE SPECIES.

A. coRDiFOLTA, Wall, in As. Research, xiii. 371, and in Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 17;
villous, leaves ovate-cordate obtuse sinuate crenulate, scapes almost equalling the
petioles, umbels 5-fld., bracts setaceous, calyx campanulate shorter than the corolla,
enlarging over the fruit. — Forests of Nipal.

Cortusa.'] LXXXYii. primulacej;. (J. D. Hooker.) 501

3. CORTUSA, Ztnn.

Scapigertiis perennial pubescent herbs. Leaves long-petioled, round ed-
coi-date, 7-9-lobed. Scape slender. Flowers umbelled, purple. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-lobed. Corolla between funnel- and bell-shaped, tube short ; throat
naked ; lobes 5, oblong, obtuse. Anthers 5, subsessile at the base of the corolla,
sagittate, connivent, acute. Style filiform, exserted. Capsule ovoid, 6-valved,
many-seeded. — Distrib. Species 1 or 2 ; natives of Mid-Europe, N. Asia and
the N.W. Himalaya.

C. Idatthioli, Lmn. ; DC. Prodr. viii. 55 ; Heichb.Ic. Fl. Germ. 1. 1081 ;
Sot. Mog. t. 987.

Kashmir and Lahul, alt. 7-9000 ft., Jacquemont, Falconer, &c. — Distrib. Aff-
ghanistan, Alps of Europe, N*. Asia.

Leaves membranous, 1-4 in. diam. ; lobes shallow, crenate-toothed ; petiole 4-6 in.
Scapes much taller than the petioles. Umbels 6-10-fld. ; pedicels slender, very
unequal ; invol. bracts ^-\ in., lanceolate. CaXyx small, lobes ovate. Corolla |-| in.
diam., cleft to the middle.

4. BRVOCAXtPUBI, Hooh.f. 8f Thoym.

A scapigerous glabrous herb. Leaves ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, sub-
crenate, with scattered orbicular scales beneath ; petiole winged. Scapes
slender, 1-fld. Floiver nodding, yeUow. Calyx of 7 subulate-lanceolate divi-
sions. Corolla between funnel- and bell-shaped, 7-lobed to the middle, throat
naked, lobes 2-tid, Stamens 7, filaments short; anthea-s oblong, acuminate.
Oiary narrowly oblong, scaly; style slender; placenta columnar. Capsule
elongate-cylindric, many-seeded, the top with the style falling away.

B. bixnalaicuxn, Hooh.f. 8f Thorns, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 199,^ t. 5.

SiKKiM Himalaya; in pine woods at Lachen, alt. 8-10,000, J. D. H.

Rootstock stout. Leaves J-3 in. long, coriaceous ; petiole about as long. Scapes
1-3, much longer than the leaves, very slender. Corolla § in. long, twice as long as
the calyx. Capsule 2-2^ in. long, erect, very membranous. Seeds (young) orbicular.

5. IiVSIMACKXA, Linn,

Erect procumbent or creeping herbs. Leaves quite entire, opposite alternate
or whorled. Flowers solitary racemed or spicate. Calyx 5-6-partite. Corolla
rotate or funnel-shaped, 5-6-partite. Stamens inserted on the base of the
corolla-lobes. Ovary subglobose ; style filiform, persistent, ovules many.
Capsule globose or subglobose, 6-valved or bursting irregularly, many-seeded.
Seeds trigonous or plano-convex. — Species about 60 ; chiefly N. temperate.

A. Flowers white or paJe pink. Corolla funnel-shaped ; segments obovate-
spathulate. Filaments quite free from one another at the base. Leaves alternate,
rarely opposite.

* Fioicers in elongate terminal racemes; pedicels longer than the linear or
subulate bracts.

t Stamens longer than the corolla.

1. Zi. Xiescbenaultii, Duby in DC. Prodr. viii, 61 ; Mem. Prim. t. 4 j

502 LXXXYii. PEiMULACEJE. (J. D. Hooker.) / {J/ysimac'hia.

erect, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acute closely gland-dotted, racemes dense-fld.,
pedicels ^ in., fruiting 1 in., bracts filiform, petals exceeding the calyx. Wight
Ic. t. 1204; Fl. des Set-res, x. t. 982; Klatt, die Gatt. Lysim. t. 7. L.
Clementsoniana, Wall. Cat. 1485. L. Notoniana, Wall. mss.

NiroHEBBY and Punnet Mts., Leschenault, &c.

Glabrous. Stem 6-8 ft., robust, branched. Leaves 2-4 in., acute or acuminate,
sessile or petioled, mai^n smooth or crisp. Racemes 3-9 by l^-2i in., leafless
except at the base. Flowers ^~\ in. long. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, margins
membranous, disk with oblong glands. CoroUa-lobes obovate-spathulate. FiluTnenis
eglandular; anthers oblong, exserted. Capsule ^-^ in. diam.

2. li. lobelloides, Wall, in Roxh.Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 29; Cat.

1484 ; suberect or ascending, leaves elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, margin only
gland-dotted, racemes long lax-fld., pedicels ^ in., fruiting | in., bracts subu-
late, petals exceeding the calyx. Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 61 ; Bot. Reg. 1842,
t. 6 ; Klatt, die Gatt. Lysimach. t. 2. L. secunda. Ham. in. Don Prodr. 84.

Western and Central Himalaya, alt. 4-7000 ft. ; from Nipal to Kashmir. —
DisTRiB. Java.

Glabrous, annual, 1-2 ft. Stem branched from the base. Leaves 1-1^ in., acute,
narrowed into a short petiole. Bacenies 6-8 in. in flower, to 18 in. in fruit ; pe^cels
f<preading and decurved in fruit. Flowers ^^ in. long, white or pale purplish, sweet-
scented. Sepals lanceolate, margins white, disk with very long glands. Corolla-lobes
obovate. Filaments eglandular; anthers oblong, exserted. Capsule ^ in. diam. —
Lindley (in Bot. Reg.) describes the capsule as bursting irregularly at the base. This
I have not seen. The dehiscence is irregular, but usually by valves.

3. 1m, JAVSLJiicSL, BL Bijd. 736; erect, leaves elliptic-ovate or lanceolate
more or less gland-dotted and margined, racemes long lax-fld., pedicels h in.,
fruiting^ in., bracts subulate, petals hardly exceeding the sepals. Klau, die
Gatt. Lysimach. t. 5. L. multiflora, Wall. Cat. 1487 ; Ihihy in DC. Prodr.
viii. 63 ; Klatt I. e. t. 4. L. acroadenia, Maxim. Diagn. PI. Jap. Dec. iv. and
V. 272. L. consobrina, Hance mss. L. decurrens. Herb. Hanee.

Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 4-6000 ft. Assam and Suhet. —
DiSTRiB. Java, China, Japan, Isle of Pines, New Caledonia.

Very similar to L. lobelioides, but a much more robust and erect plant, with shorter
pedicels and smaller petals, and glandular filaments. The capsules burst very
irregularly. The amount of glandular dots on the leaves varies exceedingly ; they
are sometimes confined to the margin.

tt Stamens shorter than the corolla.

4. Xi. obovata, Herb. Ham. ; Wall. Cat. 1488 ; erect, slender, simple or
sparingly branched, leaves obovate spathulate or oblanceolate minutely gland-
dotted, racemes long lax-fld., pedicels fruiting and flowering ^-^ in., bracts
subulate, corolla-lobes obovate nearly twice as long as the sepals. L. glau-
cescens, Wall. mss.

Hindostan and Mainpur, Herb. Wallich. Birma, Griffith. — Distrib. Java.

Smaller than any of the preceding species, more or less glaucous. Stem 6-18 in.,
sometimes branched from the base. Leaves ^-Z in., acute or obtuse, usually petioled.
Racemes 2-8 in. ; bracts about half as long as the pedicels. Corolla-segments obovate.
Filaments short ; anthers apiculate. Capsule \ in. diam., bursting irregularly. — L.
Candida, Lindl., differs only in the longer stamens, if at all.

** Ploivers in elongate terminal racemes; bracts leafy ^ longer than the
pedicels. Stamens shorter than the corolla.

Lysimachia.'] Lxxxvii. primulace^e. (J. D. Hooker.) 503

5. Xi. pyramidalls, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 28 j
Cat. 148G ; erect, much branched, leaves linear-lanceolate minutely gland-dotted
and margined, racemes long lax-fld., pedicels \ in., fruiting ^ in., bracts linear,
corolla-segments obovate longer than the sepals. Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 62 ;
Klatt, die Gatt. Lysimach. t. 10. L. heterophylla, Don Prodr. 84. Anagallia
moltangulaiis, Ham. {ex Don).

Central and Western Himalaya ; from Simla to Central Nipal, alt. 6-8000 ft.,
Hawulbagh, Jamieson.

Glabrous. Stem 1 0-24 in., branches erect. Leaves 1-2^ in., rarely ovate-lanceolate.
Racemes 6-10 in. ; lower bracts 1 in. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, with slender mem-
branous margins. Corolla \ in. long, white, lobes crenulate or toothed. Filaments
short, glabrous ; anthers apiculate. Capsule as in the previous species, bursting
irregularly.

6. Zi. cbenopodloldes, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. ined. ; erect or de-
cumbent, branched, leaves petioled elliptic ovate or rhomboid acute or acumi-
nate gland-dotted and margined, flowers sessile and subsessile in the leaf axils,
sepals linear about equalling the obovate-oblong corolla-segments. L. glandu-
losa, Klatt, die Gattung Lysimachia, t. 17 {not of EdgewortK).

Tbmpebate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 6-9000 ft. (not found in
Nipal or Sikkim).

Very variable in habit, 12-18 in. high, glabrous, usually much branched. Leaves
\-\ in. ; petiole often as long as the blade. Flowers ^ in. long, sometimes subrace-
mose, with narrower recurved floral leaves. Sepals with several series of large long
glands down the centre. Filaments very short ; anthers obtuse. Capsule ^ in. diam.,
bursting irregularly.

7. Zi. prolifera, Klatt, die Gatt. Lydm. 30, 1. 16 ; small, erect creeping or
ascending, leaves petioled subacute ovate or the lovs^^est spathulate obtuse
gland-dotted but not margined, floveers in small terminal corymbs, pedicels very
short, sepals linear obtuse or acute, filaments equalling or shorter than the
linear-oboyate corolla-segments.

Temperate Himalaya ; Garwhal at Dordotoole, alt. 10,000 ft., Madden; Kumaon,
Madhari Pass, alt. 9000 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb. ; Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H.,
&c.

Perennial, 4-6 in. high, glabrous or puberulous towards the ends of the branches,
simple or branched from the base. Leaves opposite and alternate, 1-1^ in., including
the petiole, which often equals the blade. Flowers in small terminal corymbs
amongst the uppermost leaves ; pedicels equalling the calyx, or longer. Corolla funnel-
shaped, \ in., pale flesh-coloured or white. Filaments glabrous, very variable in
length ; anthers obtuse, often exserted from the expansion of the corolla. Fruit not
seen.

B. Flowers yellow. Corolla rotate ; segments broad, oblong or obovate.
Filaments connected at the base by a membrane or ridge.

• Leaves alternate,

8. Zi. raxnosa, Wall. Cat. 1490 ; erect, branches winged, leaves lanceolate
faintly gland-dotted, pedicels capillary usually equalling or exceeding the sub-
tending leaves, sepals ovate acuminate, anthers subsagittate apiculate. Dvhy in
DC. Prodr. viii. 65 ; Klatt, die Gatt. Lysimach. t. 17.

Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim, alt. 6-8000 ft. Khasli Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft.
£iRMA, at the serpentine mines, Griffith. — Distrib. .Java.

Quite glabrous, annual (?). Stem 2-4 ft. ; branches long, slender, erecto-pat,ent.

504 LXXXYii. PRiMULACEj;. fJ. D. Hooker.) [Lysimachia,

Leaves alternate, 2-4 in., thin, acuminate, narrowed into the short petiole. Peduncles
all axillary, 1-5 in., spreading. Flowers ^ in. diam., yellow. Sepals sub-glandular,
1^-;^ in. long. Corolla- segments elliptic-oblong. Filaments very short, connected at
the base, with sometimes an obscure staminode between them. Capsule ^ in. diam.,
bursting irregularly. — Java specimens have larger sepals, approaching var. zeylanica.
Var. zeylanica ; leaves larger 3-5 in., sepals larger |-| in. longer pointed, cap-
sule larger 5-valved. L. alata, Gard. mss. — Ceylon, Central Province, alt. 6-8,000 ft.

9. Zi. peduncularis, Wall. Cat. 1489 ; slender, erect, branches winged,
leaves lanceolate faintly gland-dotted, peduncles capillary much exceeding the
subtending leaves, sepals narrow-lanceolate.

BiRMA ; Taonedong Mts. and Prome Hills, Wallich.

A much smaller plant than L. ramosa with the peduncles longer and with more
slender and narrow sepals. Flowers not seen. Fruit capsular.

10. Zi. linearifolla, Griff, mss. ; stem strict terete, leaves snbsessile
linear-lanceolate acuminate, peduncles capillary exceeding the leaves, sepals
narrow-lanceolate.

BiRMA ; at the serpentine mines, Griffith.

Annual. Stem 12-18 in., slender or sparingly branched, puberulous above.
Leaves rather crowded, uniform in size and shape all along the stem, I5 by ^-\ in.,
acute at both ends, opaque, dark-brown when dry, midrib strong. Peduncles decurved
in fruit. — Of this singular plant I have seen no remains of flower except the sepals,
nor of the fruit except the persistent placenta. The leaves are from their colour very
different looking from those of any other species.

11. li. evalvis, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 27; Cat.
1483 ; stem subterete fiexuous erect or ascending, leaves petioled elliptic or
ovate acuminate sparingly gland-dotted, peduncles few equalling or shorter
than the leaves decurved, sepals ovate-cordate acuminate. Duhy in DC. Prodr.
viii. 66 ; Klatt, die Gatt. Lysimach. t. 22.

Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nipal, WallicJt ; Sikkim, alt. 4-6000 ft.
Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. — Distrib. China (?).

Quite glabrous. Stem 10-18 in., obscurely angled. Leaves rather distant, 1^-3
in., finely acuminate, petiole long or short. Pedimcles very variable, sometimes only
I in. long, rather stout, decurved ; flower \-^ in. diam. Sepals |-^ in., reflexed in
fruit. Corolla yellow, segments longer than the sepals, oblong, obtuse. Filaments
very short ; anthers linear-oblong, obtuse. Capsule ^ in. diam., very membranous^
whitish, dehiscing irregularly. — This is apparently identical with the Chinese L.
Famum-grcecxim^ Hance mss., which is used by Chinese ladies as a scent for ha:r oil,
but has no scent.

12. !■. altemifolla, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. ii. 26 ;
Cat. 1481 ; glabrous or puberulous, branches ridged prostrate or ascending,
leaves sessile or petioled elliptic-lanceolate or ovate acute, peduncles axillary
capillary shorter or longer than the leaves, sepals lanceolate longer than the
corolla gland-dotted. Duty in DC. Prodr. viii. 66 ; Klatt, die Gatt. Lysimach.
t. 21. L. tetragon a, Dow Prodr. 83 {excl. syn. L. evahis). L. quinquRngularis,
JIam. mss. {ex Don). L. glandulosa, Edgeio. in Trans. lAnn. Soc. xx. 83;
Klatt, I.e. t. 22 {excl. Jig. c).

Temperate and Subtropical Himalaya, from Garwhal to Bhotan, alt. 2-6000 ft.
Khasia Mts., Shillong, alt. 4000 ft. ; Clarke.

Branched from the base ; branches 2-8 in., leafy throughout. Leaves 1-^ in.
Flowers numerous, ^ in. diam. Corolla yellow, segments oblong, obtuse, sparingly
gland-dotted. Filaments short, united by a very short basal ridge. Ovary glabrous.
.Capsule bursting by valves, shorter than the calyx.

LysimacMa.'] Lxxxvii. PKiMULACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 505

•• Leaves opposite j rarely S-nate or alternate. Capsule bursting hy valves.

13. Ill japonica, Thunh. Fl. Jap. 83 ; Icones, t. 16; prostrate, pube-
scent or villous, leaves ovate acute gland-dotted, peduncles solitary or 2-nate
very short, sepals lanceolate villous longer than the corolla reflexed in fruit,
filaments united at the base by a broad membrane, ovary hirsute. Dubj/
in DC. Prodr. \\\\. 67 ; Klatt, die Gntt. Lysim. t. 19. L. debilis. Wall, in
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f WaU. ii. 25 ; Cat. 1482 ; Duby I. c. 66 ; Klatt,
I. c. t. 20. L. ferruginea, Edgeio. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 84.

Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 4-8000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt.
3-5000 ft. — DiSTRiB. China, Japan.

Branches 6-10 in. terete, weak. Leaves 1-1^ in., usually petioled. Peduncles
very variable in length, spreading decurved or upcurved. Corolla yellow, \-\ in. diam. ;
segments oblong, gland-dotted. Filaments long, but shorter than the corolla,
glabrous. Capsule much shorter than the sepals. — A specimen apparently of this
plant procured in Sikkim by Grriflfith's collectors has the leaves alternate, very short
pedu n les, longer filaments with a shorter connecting membrane and hairy ovary ; it
a good deal resembles Klatt's figure of L. ferruginea^ Edgew., and is intermediate
between alternifolia and japonica.

14. Zi. deltoides, Wight III. ii. 137, t. 144; hirsute, procumbent,
branches ascending, leaves ovate or broadly oblong obtuse or acute, peduncles
solitary or 2-nate about as long as the leaves, sepals lanceolate villous shorter
than the corolla, filaments united at the base by a very narrow miembrane, ovary
glabrous. Klatt, die Gatt. Lysim. t. 19. L. Metziana, Hohen. PL Exsicc. Ind.
Or. No. 1443, 1444.

NiLGHERBY and PuLNEY Mts., Wight, &c.

Much branched from the Itase ; branches rooting below, terete. Leaves often 3-
nate, |-1^ in., more or less hairy on both surfaces. Pet/wMcfes usually decurved in
fruit. Corolla yellow, | in. diam., segments obovate, gland-dotted. Capsule bursting
by valves, shorfer than the corolla.

Var. cordifolia ; leaves cordate or truncate at the base. L. umbrosa, Gardn.
mss. L. japonica, Thwaites Enum. 172.^- Ceylon, alt. 6-7000 ft.

6. GX.AUX, Tow-nef.

A succulent glabrous creeping stoloniferous herb. Leaves decussate.
Floivers small, axillary, sessile, white or pink. Calyx 5-partite, coloured.
Corolla 0. Stamens 6, hypogynous, alternate with the calyx-segments. Ova?-y
subglobose ; style filiform ; ovules few. Capsule globose, 6-valved, few-seeded.
Seeds peltate, terete, rough.

G-. marltlxna, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 7.

Western Tibet; alt. 12-16,000 ft., Falconer, &c. — Distkib. N. temperate and
Arctic regions.

Stem 6-10 in., procumbent or with suberect branches. Leaves ^-f in., linear- or
obovate- or ovate-oblong. Calyx ^\ in. long, campanulate, lobes obtuse, margins
scarious. Anthtrs subexserted. Capsule small, cuspidate.

7. ANAGAZiZiZS, Tom-nef.

Slender annual or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, quite entire. Flowers
axillary, solitary, peduncled, ebracteate, red or blue, rarely white. Calyx 5-
partit€. Corolla rotate, 5-partite. Stamens 5, filaments villous. Ovary globose ;

506 Lxxxvii. PBiMULACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [AnagalUs.

style filiform ; ovules many, amphitropous. Capsule globose, circumsciss. Seeds
many, peltate, plano-convex. — N. temperate regions, and temperate S. America.

A . arvensis, Linn. ; Boias. Fl. Orient, iv. 6 ; annual, erect or procum-
bent, leaves sessile ovate cordate or lanceolate acute dotted, sepals almost
equalling the blue or red corolla. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 24 ; Cat. 1492.

Bengal, North-Westebn India, and the Himalaya from Nipal westwards ascending
to 6000 ft. Central India, the Nii.gheruy Hills, and Ceylon (perhaps introduced).
— DisTEiB. Europe, West Asia, and introduced into most temperate regions.

Glabrous, gland-dotted, branched from the base ; branches 4-angled, ascending.
Leaves i-1^ in., rarely whorled. Peduncles 1-2 in., erect in flower, dfecurved in fruit.
Sepals narrow, lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla i-^ in. diam., closing in dull weather,
segments often ciliate. Capsule size of a small pea. Seeds 3-gonous. — Both the blue
and red-fld. vara, are found in Western India ; the blue {A. ccerulea, Lam.) being the
common one eastward.

8. CENTUNCUZaVS, Linn.

Small annual herbs. Leaves subopposite or alternate. Flowers minute,
solitary, axillary, ebracteate, white or pink. Calyx 4-6-partite. Corolla short,
urceolate. Stamens 4-5, on the corolla-throat, filaments flattened ; anthers
exserted. Ovary subglobose ; style filiform ; ovules many. Capsule globose,
circumsciss. Seeds many, peltate. Species 3 or 4 ; Europe, Asia, America.

C. tenellus, Duhy in DC. Prodr. viii. 72 ; erect, leaves alternate sub-
sessile ovate orbicular or obovate obtuse or acute, flowers 4-6-merous, sepals
lanceolate, tube of corolla subglobose, lobes ovate-lanceolate. Wight Ic. t.
2000. Lysimachia tenella, Wall. Cat. 1491. Micropyxis pumila, Dvhy I. c,
M. tenella, Wight I. c. t. 1585.

Central and Western Himalaya; Nipal, Kumaon, Dalhousie, alt. 4000 ft.
Central India ; Chota Nagpore and Parasnath, Clarke. Nilgheeby and Pulnky
Mts. — DisTBiB. Tropical America and Australia.

9. SAIKEOZiVS, Tournef.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves radical and alternate. Flowers in
terminal racemes or corymbs, white ; pedicels bracteate. Calyx ^-superior, 5-
fid. Corolla perigynous, subcampanulate, 5-partite. Stamens 5, alternating
with staminodes, filaments very short. Ovary subglobose ; style short ; ovules
many, anatropous. Capsule ^-inferior, ovoid, crown 5-valved. Seeds many,
angular, hilum basilar. — Species about 8 ; temperate regions.

S. Valerandi, Linn.) Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 5; leaves obovate or
spathulate obtuse or apiculate Wall. Cat, 1508.

Western Himalaya ; from Sirmore, alt. 3-4000 ft., westwards.— Distbib. Most
temperate regions.

Glabrous. Rootstock short. Stem ^2 ft., erect, decumbent or ascending, often
rooting at the base. Leaves 1-4 in,, quite entire, radical rosulate, cauline alternate.
Racemes ^-6 in., erect ; pedicels ascending with the adnate bract above their middle.
Calyx-tube hemispheric, lobes triangular. Corolla ^ in. diam. ; lobes short, obtuse.
Capsule i in. diam. Seeds rugose.

Mcesa.'] lxxxviii. MTESiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 607

Order LXXXVIII. K'TSSZHES:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, generally gland-dotted ;
stipules 0. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamo-dioecious. CtUyx
inferior (in Mtem more or less adnate to the ovary) ; limb 4-6- (usually 5-)
lobed, persistent, often somewhat enlarged on the fruit. Corolla-tube short
or 0; segments 3-7 ^usually 5), contorted or imbricate (rarely valvate).
Stamens 3-7, opposite the corolla-lobes, free or adnate to the tube, in Reptonia
alternating with staminodes ; anthers usually oblong, acute, dehiscence longi-
tudinal, very rarely by terminal pores ; free or united by their margins. Ovary
globose or oblong, free (in Mtesa semi-inferior), 1-celled, narrowed into the
style ; style filiform or columnar, stigma simple rarely shortly lobed ; ovules
few or many, inserted on a free central placenta. Frmt commonly small,
globose (in ^giceras linear, acute), often sub-baccate and coloured, 1- (or
several-) seeded, indehiscent (except in ^giceras). Seeds mostly globose,
excavate at the base, albumen pitted or ruminate ; embryo transverse.--Species
500 ; all Tropical or Subtropical.

Tribe I. MEaeseaD. Calyx nearly enclosing the many-seeded berry.

Calyx 2-bracteolate. Flowers racemed 1. M^sa.

Tribe II. SumyrsineaB. Calyx free. Staminodes 0. Fruit 1-seeded.

* Corolla-lobes imbricate or induplicate-valvate (I'arely contorted) in hud.

Flowers in axillary fascicles. Corolla imbricate 2. Myrsinb.

Flowers racemed or panicled. Corolla imbricate or contorted . 3. Embelia.
Flowers spicate-paniculate. Corolla-segments induplicate-valvate 4. Labisia.

*• Corolla-lobes contorted in the hud (see also 3. Embelia).

+ Anthers free.

Corolla-segments twisted to the right ; calyx glabrous ... 5. Aedisia.
CorolU-segm en ts twisted to the right ; calyx pubescent ... 6. Pimelandka.
Corolla-segments twisted to the left 7. ANTiSTiiOPHK.

tt Anthers united.

Corolla middle-sized, segments acute 8. Htmenandra.

Corolla very small, segments emarginate 9. Amblyanthus.

Anomalous genus with long JUaments, and septate anthers.
Fruit cylindric, curved, acute 10. ^gicbras.

Tribe III. Theophrasteas. Calyx free. Staminodes 5. Fruit 1-2-
seeded.

Flowers small, in axillary fascicles 11. Eeptonia.

1. HISS A, Forsk.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire or serrate. Racemes axillary or terminal ;
pedicels bracteate at the base. Flowers small, 2-bracteolate, l-2-8exual, 4-5-
merous. Calyx half-inferior or nearly free, in fruit ^-adnate; teeth small,
persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, campanulate ; lobes round, much imbricate,
sometimes unequal. Stamens 6, inserted on the corolla-tube ; filaments short ;
anthers ellipsoid; staminodes 0. Ovary partially adnate to the calyx; style

508 LxxxviiT. MTRSINE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mcesa.

shbrt, stigma capi.tate or shortly 3-6-lobed ; ovules numerous, placenta globose.
Berry globose (in M. mollis hirsute), of the size of a peppercf^n. Seeds
numerous, subtrapezoid. — Species 36, in the tropics of the Old World.

The inflorescence is often monstrous, the flowers being replaced by densely imbri-
cating bracteoles,

* Leaves glabrous , sometimes scaly or furfuraceous when young.
t Leaves entire or obscurely denticulate.

1. XH. raxnentacea, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 77; leaves coriaceous elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate entire, base rounded or wide-rhomboid, secondary ner-
vation obscure, racemes compound usually much longer than the petioles and
often than the leaves. Scheff. Myrsin. 15 ; Km-z in Jaurn. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
220, and For. Fl. ii. 99. M. lanceolata, Don Prodr. 148 {not of Forsk.). M.
acuminata, missionis and glabra, A. DC. I. c. 77, 78, 82. M. sumatrana, Scheff.
I. c. Baeobotrys ramentacea, lioxb. Hort. Beng. 16, and Fl. Ind. i. 658 ; Wall.
Cat. 2322. B. glabra, Poxb. I.e. 660. B. fragrans, TVall. Cat. 2323. B.
acuminata, Spreng. Syst. Index^ v. 89. B. ? missionis. Wall. Cat. 6523.

Eastern- Bengal and the Eastern Peninsula, alt. 0-3000 ft., common from
Bhotan to Singapore. — Distrib. Malaya to Borneo.

An erect tree, 30 ft., with straight stem and lanceolate outline; or more commonly
a gregarious bush on the low dry hills ; branches rarely verrucosa. Leaves 4-5 by
1^ in., margin slightly thickened ; primary nerves conspicuous beneath, distant, about
8 on each side ; petiole ^ in. Racemes usually equalling the leaf, from half as long
to twice as long, glabrous. — Bcsobotrys (v. Maesa) acuminata, Wall. Cat. 2321, is
Gymnos^oria acuminata, Hook. f.

Var. ovata, A. DG. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 133, t. 4 (sp.) ; leaves larger ovate
or ovate-cordate. Scheff. Myrsin. 14. Baeobotrys ovata, WalL Cat. 2S2i. — Pcnang;
Wallich. South Malay Peninsula ; frequent. Nicobars ; Kurz. — Distrib. Malaya. —
Leaves 6 by 3 in. in the extreme forms from the south, smaller in the Burmese
examples, panicle sometimes very large in both. The figure of A, DC. does not show
(as Scheifer has observed) the extreme form of M. ovata, but one near the type.
Wallich's typical plant has cordate-ovate leaves, and nerves deeply impressed in the
upper surface.

2. HI. andaxuanica, Kuvz For. Fl. ii. 576, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877^
pt. ii. 220 ; leaves coriaceous elliptic acuminate rounded at the base obscurely
denticulate secondary nervation obscure, racemes as long or twice as long as the
leaves. M. verrucosa, -STwra i^or. Fl. ii; 98, not of Scheff.

South Andaman Island ; in forests, Kurz.

An evergreen, small tree ; all parts glabrous ; branches verrucose. Leaves 3 by
1^ in., primary nerves 6-8 on each side ; petiole \ in. Racemes, in Kurz's example
in young flower, sometimes morfe than twicG the 'petiole, not shorter than in some
examples of M. ramentacea, from which it scarcely differs but by the minute denticu-
lation of the leaves.

3. BX. rug'osa, . Clarke \ leaves coriaceous narrowly lanceolate caudate
cuneate at the base obscurely denticulate rugose, racemes longer than the
petioles scarcely one-third the length of the leaves. M. montana, var. coriacea,
Herb. Ind. Or. Hf ^ T., not M.. coriacea, Champ.

SiKKiM, alt. 6-7000 ft. ; in the upper valleys of the Teesta and Ratong, frequent ;
J. D. H., &c.

A stout shrub, probably becoming a tree ; branchlets very sparingly warted.
Leaves 72 by 1| in., scaly or furfuraceous when young, glabrous or glandular-puberu-
lous when old ; primary nerves 12-15 on each side, much raised beneath, secondary
uniting them at right angles, often eubprominent, ultimate reticulating very obscure ;
petiole I in. Racemes 1-2 in., panicled, glandular-puberulous or glabrous.

Mcesa.] Lxxxviii. mtksinej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 509

Var. GriffithJi ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a rounded base. — Bhotan, alt.
6-7000 ft. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3554\ &c. Assam; Simons. Leaves 7^ by 3J
in , in Griffith's example from Chiuki in East Bhotan ; but in the West Bhotan ex-
amples, intermediate between this and the type.

tt LeaveSf 07' some of them, distinctly toothed.

4. TH, Chlsla, Don Prodi'. !j.48 ; leaves lanceolate or elliptic ecuminate
base cuneate, primary nerves approximate secondary distinctly reticulated,
racemes axillary about ha^f the length of the leaves. M. dioica, A. DC.
lYodr. viii. 79. M. niontana, A. DC. I. c. for the most part. Beeobotrys indica,
Wall. Cat. 2318, A and B only.

From NiPAL to Bhotan, alt. 2-6000 ft.i common. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. ;
common.

A tree 30 feet, or more often a shrub. Leaves 4^ by 1 J in., primary nerves about
12 on each side at right angles to the midrib ; teeth 1-2 to each primary nerve, often
obscure; petiole J in. Bacemes compound, 1^-3 in.

6. M. Indica, Wall, note in JRoxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey f Wall. ii. 230 ;
leaves coriaceous lanceolate or elliptic shortly acute or acuminate base rhom-
boid secondary nervation obscure, racemes axillary shorter than the leaves.

A. DC. Prodr. viii. 80 ; Scheff. Myrsin. 22 ; Dalz. 8) Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 136 ;
Brand. For. Fl. 283 ; Kurz in Jowm. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 220, and For. Fl. ii. 99 ;
M. montana, A. DC. I. c. partly. Bseobotrvs indica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 16,
and Fl. Ind. i. 557 ; Wight Ic. t. 1206; Bot. Mag. t. 2052; Wall. Cat. 2318,
except A, B.. B. nemoraHs, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 559; Wall. Cat. 2319; Mart,
lyianz. Gart. MUnchens 9, t. 6 {not of Vahl.).

Throughout Ikdia, alt. 0-^000 ft. ; from the Himaxaya, eastward from the Ganges
(Brandis), to Ceylon and Singapore, in and near the hills, very common. — Distrib.
Malaya, S. China, ? Madagascar, ? Africa.

An erect tree, 30 feet ; or a shritb on lands gone out of cultivation. Leaves 5 by
If in., primary nerves about 7 on each side the midrib, oblique thereto ; teeth 1-3 to
each primary nerve; petiole ^ in. Bacemes compound, 1^-4 in. — The leaves in

B. indica of Koxburgh, from Chittagong, are large, broadly elliptic, coriaceous, sub-
entire ; in B. nemoralis, Eoxb., smaller, distinctly toothed; in M. indica, var.
angustifolia, H. f . & T., very narrowly lanceolate. M. indica, var. lati folia, H. f. &
T. (from Khasia), has ovate, subentire leaves, and short racemes ; it is M. pyrifolia,
Miq. (Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1008), and hardly differs from M. latifdia (A. DC. I.e. 78)
unless by its compound racemes. M. indica, var. Wightiana (South Indian and
Ceylon) has more membranous leaves, the reticulated nervation somewhat prominent;
this form, abundant in Malaya, is M. virgata (A. DC. 1. c. 78). There are other forms
described as species by Javan botanists.

Vab. Perottetia.na, A. DC. 1. c. 80 (sp.) ; leaves 5 by 2^ in. cinereous regularly
acutely serrate.— Nilgherries, alt. 7000 ft, common.

Yak, maxima ; leaves 7 by 5f rn. subcordate orbicular, panicles dense, primary
branches again panicled. — Assam, Simons. — Panicles Z\ by 3 in.

6, BI. panlculata, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 133, and Pi-odr.
viii. 78 ; leaves membranous elliptic acute base rounded or rhomboid secon-
dary nervation obscure, racemes axillary and terminal lax compound much
longer than the leaves, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 220, and For. Fl. ii.
99. Baeobotrys paniculata, Wall. Cat. 2320.

SiLHET ; Pundua, alt. 250 ft., H. F. ^ T. Tavot, WaUich. Tbnassebim, Griffith,
Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3559).

A shrub, or probably sometimes a tree; branches vernicose. Leaves 8^ by 4 in.
(in Wallich's plant, not 2 in, in other examples), slightly toothed, primary nerves
about 7 on each side, the ultimate reticulations obscure beneath ; petiole f in.
Panicle (even a single axillary) 15 in. long in the examples of H. f. & T. (which have.

510 Lxxxviii. MYRSiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mcesa.

however, been referred to M. indica). Except in the very long, lax, narrow panicles
^is does not diflfer from M. indica.

** Leaves haii-y, when old sometimes glabrescent.

7. m. dubla, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey and Wall. ii. 235 ; leaves
elliptic acute, racemes compound about half as long as the leaves, fruit ^^ in.
broad. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 81. M. canarana, Miq. in PI. Hohenack. n. 429.
M. indica, var., Bedd. For. Man. 137, t. xviii. 4, fig. 1 only. Beeobotrys dubia,

Wall. Cat. 2317, right-hand fragment only.

Malabar Mts. ; Canara, Ritchie. Hohenacker ; Concan and Mysore, Stocks, Law.

A shrub, more or less hairy ; branches villous, at least at the tips. Leav^ 7 by
3^ in., or only half as large, toothed, base rounded or cuneate, villous on both surfaces,
or sparingly so beneath when young, ultimately glabrescent, primary nerves about 10
on each side. Racemes rusty-villous or pubescent, or sparingly pilose. — The left-hand
example in the type sheet of Wall. Cat. 2317 is M. indica, var. Perottetiana, but it
comes from the same locality as M. dtdtia ; and, except that it is perfectly glabrous, it
is hard to say how it differs.

8. XVI. arg-entea, Wall, in Roxh. Fl Lnd. ed. Carey 8r Wall. ii. 233;
leaves large ovate-lanceolate more or less hairy when young often white beneath,
racemes short sparsely pilose or glabrescent, fruits ^-^ in. broad. A. DC. in
Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xvi. t. 5 B, and Prodr. viii. 81; Brand. For. FL 283.
Baeobotrys argentea, Wall. Cat. 2316.

Western and Centrai. Himalaya ; Gurwhal, alt. 4000 ft., Stewart. Kumaon, alt.
5000 ft., Strach. ^ Winterb., Madden. Nipal, Wallich. East Nepal, alt. 3-7000 ft,,
J. D.H.

A large shrub ; branches hairy, at least at the tips.. Leaves 8 by 4 in., narrowed
at both ends, more or less hairy above, and at least on the midrib beneath, primary
nerves about 11 on each side, reticulated nerves obscure. Racemes 1-1^ in. in fruit,
usually once branched. — This species is easily distinguished by the fruits being larger
than in the other Indian species.

9. BX. macro pbylla. Wall in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 234;
leaves large elliptic or orbicular softly hairy on both surfaces base cordate,
racemes panicled often as long as the leaves shortly pubescent. A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 81. M. tomentosa, Don Prodr. 148. Baeobotrys macrophvlla. Wall.
Cat. 2325.

From NiPAL to Bhotan, alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent, Wallich, Griffith, J. D. H., &c.

A large shrub, 6-14 ft. ; branches closely pubescent. Leaves 8 by 5^ in., obtuse,
regularly serrate ; petiole 1 in. PowtWes 5-10 in., axillary and sometimes terminal,
compound. Fruit ^^ in. diam., nearly as of M. indica.

10. UK. mollis, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 134, and I^odr. viii.
82; leaves lanceolate acuminate toothed ferruginous hairy on the nerves
beneath base cuneate, racemes very small hirsute, ilowers 5-merous, fruits
hirsute. Scheff. Myrsin. 26, M, mollissima, Kurz For. Fl. ii, 100, and in Journ.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 220 (nat of A. DC). M, permollis, Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 66. M. fulvinervis, A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xvi. 80, and
Prodr. I. c. 82. Baeobotrys mollis, Blume Bijd. 865.

Pegu ; Kurz, n. 3002. Tenasserim ; Brandis. — Distrib. Java.

A shrub, 6 ft. (Kurz). Leaves 7^ by 2 in., primary nerves 9 on each side, oblique ;
petiole l^-f in., fulvous-hairy. Racemes hardly as long as the petioles, little divided,
densely fulvous -hirsute ; bracts and bracteoles minute. Fruits^ when nearly ripe,
fulvous-hirsute. Described from Kurz's n. 3002 (named by him M. mollissima,
Wall., a name not found in Wallich's Herbarium), which agrees closely with authentic
Javan specimens of M. mollis, but the leaves are rather larger. Kurz's description of
M. mollissima, Wall. (For. Fl. ii. 100), does not exactly suit his own example (n.

Mcesa.] lxxxviii. mtrsine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 511

3002), but applies chiefly to the var. following. Wallich's M. mollissima is a very
diflTerent plnnt.

Var. lafifolia?, Kurz; leaves 6^ by 4| in. more hairy, racemes very compound. —
Namyoon, in the Patkoye district S.E. of Assam ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3556). —
leaves roundly elliptic ciliate cuspidate sprinkled with fulvous long hairs on both
surfaces, base rounded or rhomboid, primary nerves 12 on each side, ending in a
strong tooth. Racemes densely panicled, subsessile, hardly longer than the petioles.
Possibly a distinct species, the locality being remote from Pt-gu ; but, from Kurz's
descriptions, M. mollis is a very variable species.

11. M. xnuscosa, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, pt. ii. 87 ; 1877,
pt. ii. 220, and For. Fl. ii. 100 ; leaves large obovate, nerves sparingly pilose
beneath, racemes rusty-hirsute short densely panicled, bracts prominent.

South-east Assam ; Nempean, in the Patkoye Mts., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.
8556).

Branches stout, glabrous. Leaves 9^ by 5 in., subobtuse, cuspidate, narrowed to
the petiole, glabrescent, nerves 11 on each side, slightly denticulate ; petiole I in.
Panicles 1^-2 in., exceedingly dense ; bracts ~ in., linear, persistent ; pedicels very
short. Flowers very numerous, resembling closely those of M. mollis. Fruit not
seen.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

M. (BiBOBOTBTs) ACUMINATA, Wall. Cat. 2321, is Gymnospora acuminata, Hook.f.

2. BXVRSINB, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire or serrate. Flotve7-8 polygamous or often
dioecious, fascicled, axillary or on exceedingly short branches ; pedicels short,
bracts at their base densely imbricate. Calya: sitiall, 4-6-fid, persistent. Corolla
4-5-partite, white , segments imbricate or valvate (not contorted) in the bud,
recurved. Stamens 4-5, filaments short ; anthers ovate. Ovary free, globbse ;
style cylindric ; stigmas 2-6 small, or subcombined, or patent spathulate ;
ovules several or many. Fruit small, globose, dry or fleshy, red or purple.
Seed solitary, albumen more or less pitted, scarcely ruminate ; embryo often
curved, horizontal. — Species 80, chiefly tropical.

* Style 2-4-Jid, branches spreading Jlat spathidate-ovate.

1. m. afrlcana, Linn. -^ A. DC. Prodr. viii. 93; branchlets pubescent,
leaves subsessile oblong narrowed to the base serrate glabrous, flowers and
fruits subsessile. Lamk. III. t. 122; Brand. For. Fl. 286; Boiss. Fl. Ch'ient.
iv. 31. M. glabra and M. scabra, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 282, t. 69, fig. 1. M. retusa,
Ait. ; Vent. Hart. Cels. t. 86 : Jacq. Hort. Schcenh. iv. t. 424. M. rotundifolia,
Lamk. Diet. iv. 194. M. bifaria, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey <^ Wall. ii.
296, and Cat. 2294. M. Potama, Don Prodr. 146.

Himalaya ; from Kashmir and the Salt Range to Nipal, alt. 1-8500 ft., frequent.
— DiSTBiB. Affghanistan. Afri a to the Cape and the Azores.

A shrub or small tree ; sometimes 20 ft. Leaves (at most) 1 ^ by ^ in. Flowers
in clusters of 3-8, 4- (or 5-)merous, less than — in. diam. Style branches 2-4
spathulate. Berry ^-^ in. diam.

2. Tf£. semiserrata, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall ii. 293 ;
Teid. Fl. Nep. t. 24, and Cat. 2295 ; glabrous, leaves petioled lanceolate acute
sparingly denticulate or entire, pedicels shorter than the fruits. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 93: Brand. For. Fl. 285 ; Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. ii. 221, and For. Fl. ii 106.
M. acuminata, Royle III. 265 ; Madden in Joum. As. Soc. xvii. pt. i. 368. M.
sessilis, Don Prodr. 146 ; A. DC. I. c. 104.

Nipal ; Wallich. Khasia, alt. 3-5000 ft., common. Birma, Kurz.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3^ by f in., narrowed at both ends, c jriaceous ;

512 Lxxxviii. MYRSiNEiE. (C. B, Clarke.) [Myrsine.

petiole ^ in. Pedicels ^ in., often longer, glabrous. Flowers 4- (rarely 5-) merous,
^5 in. diam. Style with 2-4 spathulate flat branches. Berry ^-i in. diam.

Var. suhspinosa, Don Prodr. H7 (sp.) ; branches pubescent at the tips, leaves
serrate sometimes subspinescent, pedicels glandular-pubescent often when young
ferruginous shorter than the fruits. — Gurwhal to Bhotan, alt. 3-9000 ft.; yery
common, Khasia, H. f. (Sf T. — Branches often angular. Leaves much less coriaceous
than in the shining eastern M. semiserrata ; petiole often pubesi-ent. — This is the
common Himalayan M. semiserrata of Wallich, though not the plant figured by him
(in Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 24). Kurz (who, in his own herbarium, named it M. hifaina,
Wall. ?) nevertheless proposes to call this M. se^dserrata, and to make a new species
(M. khasiana, Kurz) of the type which is probably distinct. Kurz " is not sure "
about Wallich's figure ; it would appear probable that Wallich collected M. suhspinosa
in Nipal and M. semiserrata in Khasia, and, regarding them as one species, his figure
represents either or both.

** Style-branches oblong, not spreading.

3. BX. capitellata, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 295 ;

Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 25, and Cat. 2296 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate narrowed at both
ends entire primary veins distinct, flowers subsessile, fruits smooth. JBot. Mag.
t. 3222 ; A. DC. Frodr. viii. 95 ; Brand. For. Fl. 286; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, pt. ii. 221. M. excelsa, Don Frodr. 147; A. DC. I.e. 94. M. lucida,
Wall. Cat. 2298 ; A. DC. I. c.

Nipal, Wallich ; alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. Bhotan, Griffith. Assam, Hamilton.
Khasia Mrs., H.f. ^ Z— Disteib. Ava.

A shrub, or a tree 30 ft. Leaves 7 by 2J in., subacute ; petiole ^ in. Flowers
^ in. across, 5-merous. Style cylindric, hardly wider upwards. — Bentham (in Fl.
Hongk. 205-6) includes (under Af. capitellata, Wall.) M. philippensis, A. DC., &nd
M. neriifolia, Sieb. & Zucc. ; thus extending the area of the species throughout
Eastern Asia to the Philippines and Japan.

V AE. lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 2297 (sp.) ; leaves smaller more coriaceous subobtuse.
M. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 2300 ; A. DC. I. c. 94 ; Wight Ic. t. 1211 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 234. — Khasia Mts., common. Mts. of South India and Ceylon, common. — There
are a number of Malay forms hardly distinguishable , and some of Griffith's examples,
collected at Malacca, have the leaves distinctly veined, and cannot be distinguished
from var. lanceolata.

Vab. lepidocarpon, Wight in Herb, (sp.) ; fruits rough with scales.— Indian
Peninsula, Wight, n. 1781. — Otherwise as var. lanceolata.

Vae. avenis, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 107, and in DC, Prodr. viii. 96
(sp.) ; leaves very coriaceous primary nerves obscure, pedicels rather longer some-
times ^-| in. Scheff. Myrsin. 47 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 221, and For.
Fl. ii. 105. M. Porteriana, Wall. Cat. 6525 ; A. DC. I. c. 95. M. umbellulata,
A. DC.,;.c.

Ar Ax^iQ. &,v^m&, Blume Bijd. 691. Embeli a umbellulata. Wall. Cat. 2312. — Birma
to Malacca, frequent. — Distrib. Sumatra, JaA^a, Banca. — Kurz endeavours to dis-
tinguish this specifically by the " stigmas sessile, pedicels thick."

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

M. THB^asFOLiA, Wall. Cat. 6391, is Ilex theaefolia, HooJc.f.

8. i:2M[BEZ.IA, Burnt.

Shrubs mostly climbing, or small trees. Leaves entire or toothed ; petiole
often margined or glandular. Racemes axillary or terminal, simple or compound,
or flowers subfascicled ; bracts small (except in E. amentacea) ; bracteoles 0.
Floivers small, polygamous, mostly dioecious, white or greenish yellow. Calyx
free, 5-4-lobed, persistent. Petals 6-4, free or slightly coherent at the base, elliptic,
imbricate in bud (in subgenus Rhynchosfylis contorted). Stamens 5-4 ; filaments
more or less adnate to the petal j anthers ovate-oblong. Ovary ovoid or globose

Bmhelia.] Lxxxviii. myrsine^. (C. B. Clarke.) ' 513

(in subgenus Rhynchostylis conical-l)eaked) ; style cylindric, stigma capitellate ;
ovules few. Fruit small, globose, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded. Seed globose, base'
hollowed, albumen pitted subruminate; embryo curved, transrverse. — Species
60 ; in the tropics of the old world.

In the " Genera Plantamra " (ii. 664) and some other works, the name Samara,
proposed by Linn^ in the " Mantissa," is adopted from being assumed to be prior to
Burmann's £'wfteZea, published in 1768. This was due to the erroneous supposition
that Samara was proposed in the first part of the " Mantissa," which appeared in 1767 ;
whereas it was proposed in the second, which appeared in 1771. (At p. 1240 of
" Genera Plantarum" the error is corrected.

SuBGENTTS I. Euembella. Petals imbricate in bud. Ovary globose or
ovoid, not tapering upwards into a beak.

Sect. I. Oalispermum, Lour. Flowers in general 6-merou8,

* Inflorescence both terminal and axillary. (Leaves entire in the Indian
species).

1. S. Xtibes, Burm. Fl. Ind. 62 t. 23 ; leaves elliptic narrowed at both
ends entire glabrous, panicles grey-pubescent, pedicels longer than the flowers
and fruits. Retz. Obs. iv. 24; Lamk. III. t. 133 ; Roxb. FL Ind. i. 586 ; Wall.
Cat. 2304 ; A. DC. Prodr. Vm. 85 ; Scheff. Myrsin. 38 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 137 ; Brand. For. Fl. 284 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 101. E. garcinisefolia. Wall. ;
Miq. PI. Junffh. 187 ; Scheff. I. c. 40. E. glandulifera, Wight Ic. t. 1207 ; Dalz.
8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 137. Oalispermum scandens, Lour. Fl. Cochinxi. 156. Samara
Ribes and S. floribunda, in part, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 222.

Throughout India from the Central Himaiaya to Ceylon and Singapore, alt.
0-5000 ft. ; conamon in the lower hills. — Distrib. Malaya and South China.

A samdent shrub. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., obtusely acuminate, base cuneate or
rhomboid, nerves slender ; petiole ^ in. Panicle-branches often 3-4 in. ; pedicels \ in.
Flowers scarcely ■— in, long, white. Ovary ovoid, not conic upwards.

2. E. sessiliflora, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 66, and For. FL ii.
102 ; leaves ovate entire glabrous base rounded, panicles grey-pubescent, flowers
sessile. Samara sessiliflora, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 222.

BiRMA, "probably Martaban or the Karen Hills," iCj^^-.— Distrib. Poneshee,
Upper Birma.

Only differs from E. Ribes in the points stated, and is perhaps a variety of it {fide
Kurz).

3. E. microcalyz, Kurz in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1876, 328; leaves
elliptic obtuse at both ends entire rusty-villous beneath, panicles villous, pedicels
about as long as the flowers. Samara microcalyx, Kurz. in Joui-n. As. Soc.
1877, pt. ii. 221.

NicoBAR Islands ; Kurz.

A scandent shrub; branches brown -villous. Leaves B hy 1^ in., nearly glabrous
above, nerves slender ; petiole ^ in. Panicle-branches 1 in., dense-flowered. Flowers
nearly as in E. Ribes, but more pubescent. — Difl'ers from E. canescens, Jack., by the
very obtuse leaves, and elongate compound panicle.

4. E. coriacea, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 136, and Prodr.
viii. 87 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate entire glabrous base obtuse, panicles very
compound grey-pubescent, pedicels scarcely so long as the flowers. Wall. Cat.
2314. E. oblongata, Miq, FL Ind. Bat. SuppL 573. E. macrophylla, Scheff.
Myrsin. 36.

Penang ; Wallich. Malacca; Maingay.— Distrib. Java, Sumatra.
A scandent shrub. Leaves 8 by If in. (in Wallich's example, larger in Maingay's),
VOL. III. L L

514 Lxxxviii. MTESiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Emhelia.

acute, very coriaceous, nerves slender ; petiole ^-| in., very stout. Panicles often a
foot long and broad ; bracts at the divisions | in., elliptic, sometimes subpersistent.
Flowers very nearly as in E. Ribes. — This has been taken for E. ffarciniafoiia, Wall.,
which is a somewhat shining Malayan form of E. Ribes.

6. E. adnata, Bedd. ms. ; leaves broadly oblong entire glabrous base
obtuse, panicle compound branches and pedicels very stout pubescent, pedicels
scarcely so long as the flowers. Embelia, sp. 4, Bedd. For. Man. 138.

Deccan Peninsula; Bolamputty Hills, alt. 5000 ft., Beddome.

A large, scandent, epiphytic shrub (Beddome) ; branches stout, rugose, angular,
warted, pubescent towards the tips. Leaves 5-6 by 2-2| in., obtuse, acute or slightly
acuminate, coriaceous, red when young, nerves slender or obscure ; petiole ^-| in.
Panicle 8 in. diam., reddish-brown ; branches rugose, thinly pubescent. Flowers
nearly as of E. Ribes, the calyx-teeth rather more acute. Ovary globose, not conic
upwards. — Neither E. coria<:ea, Wall., nor any of the allied Malayan species, has such
stout panicle-branches and pedicels.

6. E. canescens, Jack. ; Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii.
292, and Cat. 2311; leaves ovate or obovate-oblong narrowed at the apex
rounded on the petiole entire, midrib beneath rusty-villous, panicle thin rusty-
villous, pedicels as long as the flowers and fruits. A, DC, Prodr. viii. 84 ;
Scheff. Myrdn. 42.

Penang; Jack. Mai^acca; Maingay.

A scandent shrub; branches cinnamoneous-tomentose. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., shortly
obtusely acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces when young, nearly glabrous except
the midrib beneath when old, membranous, nerves prominent ; petiole ^ in., glandtdar.
Panicles 2-4 in. ; pedicels longer than the flowers in Wallich's examples ; but Scheffer
(Mrysin. 31) diagnoses the species as having pedicels shorter than the flowers and
fruits. Flowers as in E. Ribes, but fulvous-villous ; petals hairy on both surfaces.
Fruit i in. long, rather lai^er than in E. Ribes.

7. E. Xiimpani, Scheff. Myrdn. 37; leaves oblong subobtuse rusty- villous
beneath, pafnicle rusty-villous, pedicels shorter than the flowers, bracts linear
minute. E. villosa, Wall. Cat. 2313 chiefly, not of A. DC.

Malacca; Maingay. — Distrib. Sumatra.

A scandent shrub ; branches villous. Leaves 2| by | in., exactly oblong with
parallel sides, or slightly wider upwards and obscurely obovate, coriaceous, base
rounded; petiole | in. Panicles compound, 2-6 in. diam., branches 1-4 in. ; pedicels
0-| in. Calyx rusty-pubescent. Corolla ^^ in. long, puberulous hardly pubescent
within and without. — This is probably what Wallich originally meant to be his
E. villosa, but he described under that name the very different plant mixed with it,
which is only a pubescent form probably of E. robusfa, Roxb.

8. E. amentacea, Clarke ; leaves oblong subobtuse rusty-villous beneath,
panicle rusty-villous, pedicels shorter than the flowers, bracts \ in. ovate-
oblong.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3548).

Griffith's examples (marked by him Samara?) are young males; the branches of
the panicle resembling catkins from the close imbrication of the bracts on all sides.
Except as to these bracts, the plant is so exactly like E. Limpani that it may prove
to be an abnormal form of that species. The flowers, however (males), appear per-
fectly developed and normal.

** Inflorescence axillary.

9. E. florlbunda, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8r Wall. ii. 291, and
Co^. 2305; leaves long-lanceolate acuminate entire glabrous base obtuse or rounded,
racemes panicled glabrous. A. DC. Fi'odr. viii. 85 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 102, m

Emhelia.] lxxxviii. myrsinej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 615

part E. esculenta, Don Pi-odr. 147. Samara floribunda, Kurz in Joum. As.
Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 222 {sijn. eacL).

From NiPAL to Bhotan and Tenassebim, alt. 2-6000 ft.; frequent. — Distbib.
Java.

A large, scandent shrub. Leaves 8^ by 1-1^ in., or (above the racemes) sometimes
H ^y 4 ^"•' ™^ch acuminate often caudate, shining, nerves numerous : petiole \-i^ in.
Racemes all axillarj', usually much divided, often 8 in. Flowers, pedicels and fruits
much as in E. Ribes, but glabrous or very obscurely puberulous. — This has been con-
founded by Kurz and others, with E. Rihcs ; it has more acuminate leaves much more
rounded at the base, and glabrous panicles never terminal.

10. E. robusta, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 16, and Fl. Ind. i. 687; leaves obovate-
oblong elliptic or obovate suddenly shortly acuminate undulate or obscurely
serrulate rusty-pubescent or rarely glabrous beneath reticulated, racemes
scarcely divided often fascicled more or less rustv-pubescent. Wall. Cat. 2308 ;
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 86 ; Bedd. For. Man. 187, and Anal. PI. xix. fig. 2 ;
Brand. For. Fl. 284 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 102. E. ? reticulata. Wall. Cat. 6521.
E. viUosa, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 289, and Cat. 2313 in
part] A. DC. I. c. 86. E. ? Tsjeriam-Oottam, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii.
131, and Prodr. I. c. 87 ; Wight Ic. 1. 1209. E. ? Basaal, A. DC. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. I. c. 1, and Prodr. I. c. 87 ; Dak. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 136. E. picta, A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 86. Samara ? picta, Wall. Cat. 2802. S. robusta, Kurz in Joum.
As. Soc. 1877, andpt. ii. 222. Ardisia ? Basaal and Tsjeriam-Oottam, Roem. <§•
Seh. Syst. iv. 617, bl%.—Rheede Hort. Mai. tt. 11, 12.

Throughout India, alt. 0-5000 ft. ; from the Himalaya (westward to the Jumna,
Brandts) to Ceylon and Tenassbrim, very common. *

A large, rambling shrub, or small tree ; branches glabrous. Leaves Z\ by 2 in.,
sometimes 7 by 3^ in., base cuneate, margin usually undulate subentire (in a form of
East Bengal and Birma regularly somewhat closely toothed), more or less pubescent
beneath, or when mature quite glabrous (the type of Roxburgh's plant, much the less
common form; see Wallich's note in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 288);
petiole ^-^ in. Racemes 1-2 in.; bracts ^o ^^-j linear; pedicels shorter than the
flowers and fruits. Corolla ^ in. diam., puberulous within and without. Berry ^^
in. diam., red, nearly dry.

Yau. ferruginea. Wall. Cat. 2310 (sp.) ; branches rusty-tomentose, leaves beneath
and racemes rusty-villous or subtomentose. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 86. — Pegu and
Tenasserim; Wallich, &c. — Very different in appearance from Roxburgh's original
smooth E. robusta, but (as Kurz states) it appears impossible to separate E. villosa on
the one side from E. robusta, on the other from E. ferrv^inea.

11. E. parvlflora, Wall. Cat. 2307; leaves small elliptic or ovate
entire rusty-pubescent beneath base rounded, racemes shortened almost to
umbels rusty-pubescent. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 86; Scheff. Myrsin. 44; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 104. — Samara parviflora, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
223.— Celastrinea, Grif. Itin. Notes, 86, n. 1226.

Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft. ; Wallich, Griffith, &c.— Distrib. Upper Birma,
Sumatra.

A scandent shrub ; branches rusty-pubescent. Leaves ^-1 by ^— ^ in., acute or
obtuse ; petiole scarcely -^ in. Pedicels ^ in., rusty -pubescent, subumbelled on a
peduncle ^ in. Petals ^ in., oblong, imbricate. Filaments slender, three times as
long as the anthers. Berry \ in. diam. — Kurz is mistaken in saying that Griffith
collected this plant (Kew Distrib. n. 3545) at Ava ; Griffith has ticketed it "Lakhat,"
■which is in Khasia nearly due north from Sylhet Station.

Sect. II. Samara, Linn. Flowers in general 4-merous. Racemes axillary.
Leave* entire, or very nearly so. (Choripetalum, A. DC).

ll2

616 Lxxxviii. MTRSiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Emhelia.

12. E. Myrtillus, Kurz inJourn. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 67, and For. Fl. ii.
104 ; leaves small broadly-elliptic glabrous obtuse base entire, racemes shortened
almost to umbels rusty-pubescent. Myrsine Myrtillus, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 825.
Samara Myrtillus, Kurz in Jouim. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 223.

BiBMA ; Taondong summit, Griffith. Malacca ; Mt. Ophir, Griffith, Lohb. —
DiSTRiB. Philippines.

Exceedingly like E. parvijlora, except that the leaves are glabrous and promi-
nently dotted beneath, the flowers 4-merous. Kurz guesses it to be a prostrate shrub,
but the habit is that of E. parviflora, and it is perhaps scandent. The branches
are rusty-pubescent, and the inflorescence exactly as that of E. jparviflora, with which
it must be congeneric.

13. E. Gamble!, Kurz ms, ; leaves obovate-oblong or elliptic acute or
subobtuse entire glabrous reticulated on both surfaces, fruits ^ in, diam. globose.
Samara (Ohoripetalum) frond osa, King ; Gamble Darjeeling list 62.

Sikkim; alt. 6-9000 ft., frequent; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3544), J. B. H.,
&c.

A large climber ; branches glabrous, or tips rusty-tomentose. Leaves 5^ by 2^
in., base rounded or cuneate. midrib beneath glabrous or rarely tomentose ; petiole
I in. Racemes 1-1^ in., simple, numerous, usually from the portion of the branches
bare of leaves, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous; pedicels \ in. Petals ^ in.,
elliptic, obscurely pubescent, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 ; anthers oblong ; not
overtopping the petals. — Leaves eaten by the hill-men (J. D. H , J. S. Gamble).

14. E> Nagrushia, Don. Prodr. 147; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceo-
late entire glabrous membranous base narrowed, fruits \-^ in. broad depressed-
globose. Mvrsine ? undulata, Wall. Cat. 2301. Ohoripetalum undulatum,
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 88.

Nipal; Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 6-10,000 ft.; J. B. H., Gamble, &c. Khasia
Mts., Masters.

A large climber (Gamble), or a tree 60 ft. high (J, D. H.), or a large erect
shrub (Clarke) ; branches glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., suddenly shortly acu-
minated or subobtuse; petiole ^-| in. Eacemes 1 in., simple, usually from the
portion of the branches bare of leaves, and appearing with the very young leaves,
minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous ; pedicels 0-|- in. Petals ^ in., elliptic.
Filaments 4, not so long as the petals.— Flowers often hermaphrodite. Drupes edible
(Don). Acid leaves eaten by the hill-men (J. D H.).

Vak. subcoriacea ; leaves subcoriaceous, racemes 2-3 in. — Khasia Mts., Griffith
(Kew Distrib. n. 3545); Cherra and Surureem, alt. 5-6000 ft., H.f. # T.— A lofty
climber. Leaves 5 by 2 in., obovate-lanceolate, suddenly acuminated or subobtuse,
base cuneate or sometimes broadly rhomboid almost rounded. Fruits | in. broad,
depressed-globose, resembling those of E. Fagushia. This may be a distinct species.

15. E. viridiflora, Schef. Myrsin. 45 ; leaves coriaceous obovate or
oblong entire glabrous base narrowed, fruits \ in. subglobose rather longer than
broad. Ohoripetalum viridiflorum, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 88. 0. aurantiacum,
A. DC. I. c. ; Wight Ic. t. 1210. Samara Kheedii, Wight Ic. t. 1591. S. viri-
diflora, Thwaites Enum. PI. Zeyl. 173. — Rheede Hort. Mai. vii. t. 42.

Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent. — Distrib. Malaya.

A larue, scandent shrub. Leaves 4-6 by 1^-25 in. (or smaller oblong), nar-
rowed cuneate at both ends or subobtuse; petiole i^ in. Racemes ^-\ in., minutely
pubescent or nearly glabrous. Petals ^o in«5 elliptic. — Hardly distinguishable with-
out the fruit from the coriaceous form of E. Nagushia.

Subgenus II. Rhyuchostylis. Petals twisted in the bud. Ovary
tapering upwards into a beak. {Racemes axillary). .

Embelia.] Lxxxviii. myrsinej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 517

16. E. vestita, Itoxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 288 ; leaves oblong
or ovate uarrowed at both ends serrate glabrous, racemes short simple rusty
pubescent, petals twisted in the bud. Wall. Cat. 2306 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. v.
t. 30 ; A. he. Prodr. viii. 86 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 103 partly. Samara vestita,
Kurz in Jaum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 223 partly. — Choripetali sp., Grif. Itin.
Notes 168, n. 162.

Nipal; Wallich. BHorAN ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3547, 3549). Assam;
Nowgong, Simons. Khasia Mts. ; Griffith ; alt. 4- 5000 ft., frequent, H. f. ^ T.,
Clarke.

A scandent shrub ; branches glabrous. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., shining base, cuneate
or rhomboid, denticulations shallow but sharp, mostly in the upper part of the
leaf, nerves conspicuous; petiole ^-\ in., glalsrous. Bacemes ^-\\ in. Petals
■Xi in., oblong, dotted. Ovary ^ in., ovoid-conic, beaked. Berry globose, \ in.
oiam.

17. E. nutans, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 291, and
Cat. 2303 ; leaves oblong subobtusely acuminate pubescent or rusty puberuloua
on the midrib beneath entire or obscurely bluntly crenulate, base rounded,
racemes short simple rusty-pubescent, petals twisted in bud. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 87. E. vestita, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 103 partly. Samara vestita, Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 22"^ partly.

Sii.HET ; Wallich, H.f. # T. Khasia Mts., alt. 0-5000 ft. ; H.f. 4' T. Assam ;
Griffith, Masters. Pegu ; Kurz.

Branches rusty-pubescent, at least towards the tips. Petioles rusty-pilose, or
pubescent, or ultimately glabrescent. Bacemes flowers and fruits as in E. vestita,
with which it is united by Kurz ; but there is no difficulty in distinguishing it.

18. E. Gardnerlana, Wiyht Ic. t. 1208; leaves ovate-lanceolate cre-
nate-serrate beautifully reticulated, racemes shortened almost to fascides rusty-
hairy.

NiLGHEERY Mts. ; Sisparah, Gardner, &c.

A large climber; branchlets rusty-hairy. Leaves 2^ by f-1 J in., from ovate to
lanceolate, base rounded, rusty-pilose on the midrib beneath or altogether glabrous,
shining) coriaceous, nerves much raised on the upper surface ; petiole \ in. Pedicels
^\ in., subumbellulate from imbricated small bracts. Petals ^ in., oblong, dotted.
Ovary ^ in., ovoid-conic, long beaked. Berry J-^ in. diam., globose. — No buds seen,
but from the conically beaked ovary it may be inferred that the petals were twisted in
bud, and that the species is a near ally of E. vestita.

IMPEKFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

E.? LuciDA, Wall. Cat. 2315; leaves 3 by 1^ in, broadly oblong suddenly nar-
rowed at both ends entire glabrous coriaceous, racemes 1 in. axillary simple solitary
or paired rusty-villous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 87. — Slngapoee, Wallich. — Certainly of
this genus.

Embblia, sp , Griff. Notul. iv. 223 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate glabrous in age sub-
spinosely toothed, panicles axillary and terminal, corolla rotate 5-partite. Moul-
mein ; plentiful, Griffith. — Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 223, proposes doubt-
fully to reduce this to E. Bibes ; but the subspinously toothed leaves will not allow
this.

Choeipetalum, Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 499 ; branches pubescent, leaves lanceolate
acute at both ends entire pubescent, panicles axillary longer than the leaves. — Pat-
KOYE Mts., south-east of Assam ; Griffith. — Assuming that the branches and leaves
are glabrous, this might be E. floribunda.

Choeipetalum sp.. Griff. Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 500 ; leaves lanceolate acuminate serrate,
base cuneate or rhomboid, panicles axillary shorter than the leaves, flowers 4-merou«,
several 5-merous. — Mishmee ; Griffith.

618 Lxxxvni. MTRSiNEJ). (C. B. Clarke.) {Lahisia.

4. X.ABXSZA, Lindl.

Small shrubs, with a creeping rhizome and short simple stem. Leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, primary nerves nearly at rig-ht angles to the midrib ;
petiole dilated at the base. Flowers small, white, in axillary panicled spikes ;
bracts very small. Calyx 6-toothed. Corolla 6-partite; segments ovate,
induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 5, jBlaments short ; anthers oblong-linear.
Ovari/ superior, globose j style cylindric, stigma small; ovules few. Fruit
small, globose, 1-seeded. Seed globose, base hollowed, albumen smooth ; em-
bryo transverse. — Species 2, Malayan.

1. Zi. potboina, Lindl. inBot. Reg. 31, t. 48 ; leaves glabrous or puberu-
lous beneath entire or nearly so, flowers very shortly pedicelled clustered on the
rachis of the linear rusty-pubescent panicle. Ardisia pumila, Blume Bijd. 688 j
A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 135, and Prodr. viii. 137 ; Seheff. Myrsin. 92.
A. ? spicata, Wall. Cat. 2273.

Maxacca and Singapore; Wallich, &c. — Distkib. Sumatra to Borneo.

Stem 6 in. Leaves 8 by 2\ in., primary nerves horizontal, very numerous, close ;
petiole 1-3 in., more or less winged its whole length. Peduncles 1-2 in., from 1-3
penultimate axils ; spikes 1-4 in. Petals jq in., dotted. Berry \-^ in. diam.

Vae. pothoiyia proper ; petiole winged throughout its length.

Vae. lanceolata, SchefF. Myrsin. 93 ; petiole 2-4 in. not winged^ base of leaf
narrowed or rounded, pedicels |-^ in. — Singapore, Lobb. Distbib. Sumatra, Borneo.

5. ARDXSZA, S^vartz.

Shrubs or smaU trees. Leaves petioled. Floivers hermaphrodite, in axillary
or terminal, simple or compound umbels or racemes ; bracts small, deciduous
(except in A. involucrata). Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, (sometimes 3-lobed in
A. porosa), persistent, often somewhat enlarged in fruit. Corolla red, white, or
spotted, 6-partite ; segments acute (in A. memh'anacea emarginate), twisted to
the right in bud. Stamens 6 ; filaments very short (except in A. membranacea) ;
anthers free, ovate-lanceolate, acute (in A. membranacea small, round), (in
A. poi'osa opening by terminal pores). Ovary globose, narrowed upwards (in
A. memh-anacea -obovate-oblong) ; style cylindric, often much longer than the
corolla-lobes, stigma punctiform; ovules few. Fruit globose or subglobose.
Seed solitary, globose, albumen pitted or ruminated; embryo horizontal. —
Species 200, all tropical.

The Indian species are very uniform in floral structure, except A. involucrata,
membranacea and porosa, which differ possibly generically from all the rest — as much
perhaps as do Pim^landra and Amblyanthiis.

* Panicle terminal, 1-2-divided, branches ending in corymbs often contracted
almost to umbels, bracts not leaf-like.

t Panicle stout, compound.

1. A. crassa, Clarke; leaves narrow-oblong acute at both ends, panide
rusty-pubescent, branches and pedicels exceedingly thick, corolla broad short.

Malacca ; Maingay. — Distjrib. Borneo.

Branches round, stout, ending in a much-flattened panicle. Leaves %\ by 2 in.,
parallel-sided, subentire, coriaceous, glabrous, primary nerves nearly at right angles
to the midrib ; petiole \ in. Panicle 6 in. (including the peduncle) ; branches remote,
flattened, again divided ; pedicels ^-^ in., umbelled,

Ardisia.'] lxxxviii. myrsinej!. (C. B. Clarke.) 519^

I in., elliptic, persistent. Buds i in. long, and as much broad. Sepals | in., elliptic ;
in fruit I in., orbicular. Anthers ovate, acute. Berri/ i in. wide, depressed-globose,
not striated. — This is perhaps A. eximia, Miq. (PI. Jungh. i, 196) which has subsessile
flowers and very large leaves ; or the allied A. jamhosioides, Miq. (not seen).

2. A. lanceolata, Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ WaU. ii. 275; leaves
narrowly obovate-lanceolate, panicle glabrescent once divided into laxly corym-
bose branches, corolla large. WaU. Cat, 2292; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 126. A.
speciosa, Blume JBijd. 684 ; A. DC. I. c. 133 ; Miq. PI. Jungh. i. 197, and Fl Ind.
Bat. ii. 1022 ; Scheff. Myrdn. 88. A. purpurea, Reinw. ; Blume Bijd. 684 ;
A. DC. I. c. 129 ; Miq. in PI. Jungh. i. 197 ; Scheff. I. c. 88. A. mucronata,
Blume I.e. 686; A. DC. I. c. 126 ; Schef. I. c. 83. A. Leschenaultii, A. DC.
I. c. 137 ; Miq. PI. Jungh. i. 197, and Fl. Ind. Bat, ii. 1022 ; Scheff. I. c. 89.
A. Boissieri, A. DC. I. c. 129. A. Hasseltii, Blume ; Schef. I. c. 86.

Penang ; Roxburgh. Majlkcca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3569, 3579). Singapore ;
McNair. — Distbib. Throughout Malaya to the Philippines.

A large shrub, glabrous or nearly so; branches cylindric. Leaves 8^ by 2^. in.,
shortly acuminate, subentire, coriaceous, primary nerves oblique ; petiole ^— § in.
Panicle 4-5 in., broadly ovate, terminal (rarely axillary compound large and bractless) ;
branches 2-4 in., rarely again divided; pedicels |-1^ in., scattered corymbosely on
the branches; bracteoles small, obtuse, caducous. Buds ^^ by \ in., rose-red.
Sejials ^ in., orbicular, glabrous or nearly so ; margins more or less scarious and
fimbriate subpubescent ; in fruit enlarged, more or less patent in the dried examples.
Berry. ^ in. wide, globose, slightly depressed, not striated.

3. A. rigrida, Kurz in Jaurn. As, Soc. Bang. 1873, pt. ii. 87, and For. Fl. ii.
107 ; leaves elliptic acute at both ends, panicle glabrescent 1-2-divided, pedicels
short, flowers rather small.

Tenassebim ; seashore of the Peninsula, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3563).

Branches moderately stout, cylindric. Leaves 6 by 2^ in., subentire, glabrous,
coriaceous, primary nerves oblique ; petiole ^ in. Pardcle 4 in. ; branches minutely
rusty-puberulous ; pedicels ^ in., umbelled or clustered; bracteoles minute, caducous.
Calyx-teeth scarcely ^s in., triangular-ovate, minutely rusty. Buds ^ by ^ in. Berry
very small, but not ripe ; calyx not enlarged on the young fruit.

4. A. panlculata, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 16, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii.
270 ; glabrous, leaves obovate-lanceolate, panicle large compoimd, pedicels ^ in.
densely umbelled, calyx-lobes smaU round. Wall. Cat. 2268 ; Bot. Reg. t. 638 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 2364; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 126; Kurz in Jaurn. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 224, and For. Fl. ii. 107 (syn. excl.).

Khasia Mts. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3573). Dacca ; frequent, C. B. Clarke.
Chittagong Hills ; Roxburgh, Clarke.

A large shrub ; branches more or less compressed. Leaves 9 by 3 in., shortly
acute, tapering nearly to the base, subentire, coriaceous, primary nerves manifest,
oblique; petiole very short and thick. Panicle 6-10 in.; branches more or less
flattened, again divided ; bracts often \ in., linear-oblong. Buds | by ^ in., rose-red.
Berry | in., globose, vertically striate.

Vab. Hookeri ; leaves large, panicle lax compound, pedicels \-\ in. Ardisia sp.,
n. 21, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. # T.— Khasia Mt«., alt. 1-3000 ft.; Chela, Nowgong,
Luckhipoor, H. f. ^ T. Assam ; Masters. — Leaves 14 by 5 in. (in some examples
20 in.). Panicle 13 in. ; pedicels 2-4-fascicled and also scattered corymbosely.

5. A. miasionis, Wcdl. Cat. 6524; glabrous, leaves narrowly oblong
obtuse narrowed at both ends, panicle large compound, pedicels \-^ in. A. DC,
Prodr. viii. 130.

Cevlon ; common.

Leaves 5 by 1 in., very coriaceous, primary nerves obscure. — Very close to A.

520 Lxxxviii. MYESiNEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ardisia,

paniculata, Roxb. and treated as a form of it in Thwaites Enum. PL Zeyl. 173. The
numerous Ceylon specimens are, however, all alike, and all differ similarly from A.
paniculata.

6. £l, court allensis, Wight Ic. t. 1215; glabrous, leaves obovate-
lanceolate, panicle compound lax, pedicels 1 in.

South Dbccan Peninsula ; Coimbatore and Courtallum, Wight.

This again is considered a form of A. paniculata by Thwaites (Enum. PL ZeyL
173), and by Beddome {For. Man. 138), but the exceedingly long pedicels differ consider-
ably, A. paniculata, missionis and courtallensis are strictly localised forms, whether
they be considered species or varieties.

7. A. colorata, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 16, andi^/. Ind. ed. Carey ^ WaU. ii.
271 ; leaves petioled narrowly oblong acute at both ends, primary nerves
nearly at right angles to the midrib, panicle compound glabrous or obscurely
rusty, buds ^ in. long. A. pyramidalis, Roth Nov. Sp. 123 (not of Oav.). A.
anceps, WaU. in Roxb. FL Ind. ed. Carey 8f WalL ii. 280, and Cat. 2261 ; A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 126 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, pt. ii. 224, and For. FL ii.
107. A. polycarpa, WalL Cat. 2285. A. grandiflora, WalL Cat. 2272. A.
Rothii, A. DC. Lc. 126. A. Blumii, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 117,
and Frodr. viii. 128, fide Scheff. Myrsin. 77. A. ovata, Thunb. ; Roem. 6f Sch.
' f. iv. 617(?).

From Assam and Cachae to Malacca, frequent ; Wallich, &c. Disteib. Malaya,
Birma.

A shrub, or tree attaining 25 ft. ; branches round, becoming flattened only close
under the panicle. Leaves 9 by 2| in., parallel-sided, glabrous, coriaceous ; base cuneate ;
petiole ^ in. Panicle 6-12 in., divided 2 or 3 times; branches flattened; pedicels
^-^ in., densely umbelled, glabrous or minutely puberulous. Calyx-teeth jg in.,
elliptic-oblong. Style ^ in., longer than the corolla. Berry i in., globose, smooth,
deep-red to black.

Vab. polyneura, Miq. in PI. Jungh. i. 198 (sp.) ; leaves wider, panicle subtriangular
wide at the base. Scheff. Myrsin. 81. — Malacca, Griffith. — Disteib. Java. — Leaves
10^ by 4 in., elliptic or somewhat obovate.— Griffith's example in Herb. Wight is
identical with the Javan A. polyneura, but there are other Malacca examples inter-
mediate between this form and A. colorata type. Blume placed these under his A.
sanguinolenta.

Vae. complanata, Wall. Cat. 2277 (sp.) ; panicles smaller rusty, flowers rather
smaller. WalL in Roxb. FL Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 280; A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 126 ; Scheff. Myrsin. 78, A, sanguinolenta, Blume Bijd. 685, not of Wall. A.
Zollingeri, A Z>C. /.c, 670.— Chittagong; H. f. ^ T. Penang; Wallich.— DiST-Rm.
Malaya. — Panicle branches often much flattened, densely scaly, hardly pubescent. —
Kurz says the berry of his small-flowered anceps is white when fully ripe.

ft Panicle not stout, primary branches often bearing the racemes or umbels.

§ Leaves distinctly toothed.

8. A. zeylanica, Clarke; leaves broad-lanceolate acute at both ends
closely toothed, panicle simple or very sparingly compound, pedicels umbelled
minutely rusty. A. divergens var. jS crispa, Thwaites Enum. PL Zeyl. 174.

Ceylon ; Gardner, Wight.

Leaves 4^ by 1^ in., glabrous, membranous, drying black ; primary nerves
arching at some distance from the margin, the interspaces and margin with several
rows of large dots ; petiole ^--^ in. Panicles 3 by 2 in., primary branches bearing an
umbel each, the lowermost sometimes 2 ; bracts at the forks not rarely leaf-like,
1 in ; pedicels \ in. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate-oblong. Buds ^ by ^ in. Berry \ in.,
globose, obscurely striated vertically.

Ardisia.} Lxxxviii. mtrsine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 521

§§ Leaves entire or obscv/rely crenulate.

9. A. amplexicaulls, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 170, and JV. St/lv. Anal.
PI. t. 18, fig. 3 J leaves short-petioled oblong acuminate base rounded, panicle
simple or sparingly compound, pedicels umbelled minutely rusty.

Wtnaad ; Tirrihoot Hills, alt. 4000 ft., and Thavancorb ; Beddome.

A shrub. Leaves 5 by 1| in., broadest above the middle, acuminate, glabrous,
membranous, primary nerves inarching at a distance from the margin, prominently
dotted near the margin ; petiole ^\ in. Panicle flowers and fruits as in A. zeylanica.
— Though A. zeylanica has strongly toothed leaves narrowed to the petiole, it is,
perhaps, only a form of A. amplexicatdis.

10. A. divergrens, Hoxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 276; leaves
elliptic or oblong, drying red-brown rhomboid or almost round at the base, panicle
subsimple minutely rusty. Wall. Cat. 2269; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 130. A.
punctata. Jack ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf W(dl. ii. 275 {not of Lindl.). A.
punctulosa, Dietr. Syn. PI. i. 615.

Pbnano ; Jack, Maingay. — Distrib. Moluccas.

A small tree, 20 ft. ; branchlets slender, cylindric, much divided. Leaves 4| by
1| in., subobtusely acuminate, glabrous, primary nerves arched, prominently dotted
especially near the margin ; petiole ^ in. Panicles 3 by 2 in. ; bracts small or
deciduous ; pedicels ^-^ in., subumbelled. Buds ^ in., and as much broad. Calyx-
lohes i in., round. — A. javanica (A. DC. Prod. yiii. 130) only differs by having
the branchlets upwards and panicle more rusty-pubescent.

11. A. G-ardnerl, Clarke ; leaves elliptic or obovate-lanceolate narrow^ed
at both ends drying black, panicle minutely-rusty, pedicels umbelled. A. diver-
gens, Thwaites Enum. PI. Zeyl. 174; A. DC. Prodr. viii. ISO partly.

Ceylon, frequent ; Gardner, Thwaites, &e.

Very near A. divergens and perhaps the Ceylon form of it. Leaves acute at the
base. Calyx-teeth ovate, subacute, rather larger than in A. divergens. Flowers alto-
gether as those of A. zeylanica (of which Thwaites reckons it a variety), and of
A. amplexicaulis.

12. A. andamanlca, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 108, and in Joum. As. Soc.
1877, pt. ii. 226 ; glabrous, leaves narrowly lanceolate base cuneate or rhom-
boid, panicles thin subsimple, pedicels racemed. A. neriifolia, A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 127 partly {not of Wall.).

Malay Peninsula, from Mergui to Malacca, frequent ; Andaman Islands ; Griffith,
Kurz, &c.

A shrub, 2-4 feet {Kurz). Leaves 5 by 1 -1^^ in., acute, primary nerves not prominent,
arching near the margin or not at all, sparsely dotted; petiole ^ in. Panicles 4 in.,
often divaricate or depauperated ; bracts 0 or deciduous ; pedicels \-^ in. Calyx-
lobes jg in., round, glabrous. Corolla ^ by i in. — This is not near A. oblonga, A.
DC. (as Kurz supposed), but is that form Qi A. neriifolia, A. DC, which is said to have
terminal inflorescence, and which in fact specifically differs from the North Bengal
A. neriifolia of Wallich. A. DCs figure ( Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. t. 8) represents A.
andamanica, while most of the description (" panicles lateral peduncles and pedicels
somewhat velvety ") can apply only to neriifolia.

Var. effusa ; leaves elliptic acuminate, panicle straggling, pedicels ^-^ in., buds
J by ^ in.— Andamans ; PortMouat, Kurz. — Kurz has issued this unnamed, as though
he supposed it specifically dififerent from his A. andamanica.

13. A. tuberculata, Wall. Cat. 2274 ; leaves coriaceous elliptic narrowed
to both ends, panicles compound glabrous or rusty-scaly, flowers numerous
small. A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 119, and Prodr. viii. 130. A. chryso-
phylloides, Miq, Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 574.

622 Lxxxviii. MYRSiNE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ardisia.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3564), Maingay. Singapore, Wallich,
Maingay.

Leaves 5 by If in., primary nerves obscure or numerous, thin ; petiole \ in., often
rusty-scaly. Panicle 3-6 in. ; pedicels ~-^ in., crowded, Calyx-lobes very small,
ovate, subglabrous. Buds -^^^ in.

Vab. ophirensis; nerves of the leaves beneath prominent somewhat thickened,
calyx-lobes elliptic, flowers a little larger. — Mt. Ophir, Malacca.

14. A. porosa, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves olaloDg narrowed at both ends,
panicle of 1-3 elongate lax racemes, anthers opening by terminal pores.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3578) ; Maingay. — Disteib. Java.

Branchlets flexuose, almost zigzag, compressed or winged. Leaves b by 1^ in.,
cuneate, subacute at both ends, hardly acuminate ; primary nerves distinct, ramifying
(rather than arching) near the margin ; dots 0 or obscure ; petiole i in. Particle 2-4
in., branches wiry, flexuose, compressed ; pedicels :j-| in., scattered in racemes 1-3 in.
long ; bracts and bracteoles 0, or small, caducous. Flowers 5-4- rarely 3-merous.
Buds 5 by ^ in. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate. Stamens 5-4, free ; anthers as of Ardisia
but with round (scarcely elongate) pores at the apex. Berry 1 in., globose, dark-
purple (Maingay), altogether of Ardisia. — The Java plant has broader leaves and a
still more reduced panicle.

** Panicle in appearance terminal, the axis of the branch ending in a reduced
leaf or leaves, below which rise one or more peduncles. {The panicle is perhaps
truly terminal in some of these species.) , / ^ . ,_, » ^T~ l I

16. A. depressa, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves oblong acute at both ends,
panicles slender compound not rising above the leaves, flowers small. A.
neriifolia, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 108, and in Journ As. Soe. 1877, pt. ii. 225 {not
of Wall.).

SiKKiM, alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., Griffith, Wallich. Assam
Plains, Herb. Roxburgh. Bibma, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3681).

A large bush. Leaves 3| by Ij in., acuminate, primary nerves close fine, dots
most minute ; petiole ^ in. Panicles 2-3 in. ; peduncles bearing as it were small com-
pound umbels ; bracts and bracteoles 0 or caducous. Buds ^ in. long, and as much
broad. -FYowers rose-coloured (Griffith). Ca^yj7-^«ei!A ^ in., lanceolate, acute. Berry
^ in., globose, not striate. — This is A. pedunculata in Herb. Roxburgh, and was
mixed with A. pedunculosa in Herb. Wallich ; and (perhaps from the small flowers)
has been called A. pau^jiora, Heyne ?.

le. A. neriifolia, Wall. Cat. 2278; leaves elongate narrow obovate-
lanceolate acute entire, panicles minutely-rusty, berry globose-pentagonal
scarcely depressed. A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. x\\i. \\% partly (as to de-
scription only), {not of Kurz). A. floribunda, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Jnd. ed. Carey
^ Wall. ii. 272, and Cat. 2263; A. I)C. Frodr. viii. 127; Brand. Far. Fl. 287.
A. thyrsiflora, DonProdr. 148 ; A. DC. I. c. 138.

SuBTKOPiCAL H1MA1.AYA, alt. 5000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Bhotan, frequent. Khasia
Mts., alt. 4000 ft., frequent.

A large shrub, common by rivers, with erect branches topped by the pink flowers,
aiid reminding altogether of Oleander. Leaves 7 by Ij in., attenuate at the base,
nerves obscure; petiole ^ in. Peduncles 3-5 in., ascending, springing above the
leaves below the terminal reduced tuft, each supporting often a compound panicle ;
bracts 0 or caducous ; pedicels \ in., umbelled. Buds ^ by ^ in. Ccdyx-lobes ^ in.,
elliptic, obtuse, minutely rusty. Berry \ in. diam., distinctly pentagonal at least
when dry, deep-red.

17. A- quinquang'ularis, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2. xvi.
95, and Prodr. viii. 127 ; leaves elongate obovate-lanceolate acute entire,
panicles compound rusty-pubescent, berry small pentagonal greatly depressed.

Ardisia.l Lxxxviii. myesineji. (C. B. Clarke.) 623

Assam.

Leaves and inflorescence exceedingly like those of A. neriifolia. Calyx pubescent.
Berry ^ by ^ in., markedly pentagonal, strongly depressed. — The plant here identi-
fied (from description only) with A. quinquangularis, A. DC, may be a var. of A.
neriifolia, but the small depressed berry is unlike any of the fruiting examples of that
plant. A. DCs plant was " obtained by the Ganges or cultivated in the Botanic
Garden, Calcutta."

18. A. pedunculosa, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8r Wall. ii.
279, and Cat. 2271 partly ; glabrous, leaves elongate lanceolate acute, umbels
placed racemosely on the pedimcles, pedicels long, flowers rather large, A. DC.
Frodr. viii. 128.

Khasia Mts., alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent ; Wallich.

A straggling shrub, with pendent inflorescence. Leaves 7 by li in., entire or
obscurely toothed, dotted, base cuneate, nerves slender ; petiole ^-| in. Peduncles
1-4 in., divaricate, sometimes crowded close to the end of the branches, appearing to
form a large compound panicle, sometimes axillary or extra-axillary far below the
terminal leaves ; bracts ^in., leaf-like, rarely persistent ; pedicels ^ in., minutely rusty
sometimes when young. Buds ^hy ^ in., very acute. Flowers rose-red. Sepals ^ in.,
ovate-lanceolate, acute. Berries I by 5- in., globose, slightly depressed, vertically
striate.

19. A. Grlffitliii, Clarke; leaves large obovate-oblong acute entire,
panicle rusty, pedicels \ in. umbelled. Ardisia sp. n. 22, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f.SrT.

Khasia Mts. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3576) ; Nunklow, alt. 3-5000 ft.,
H.f^ T.

Habit and inflorescence of A. neriifolia, but much stouter, with broad leaves. —
Leaves 10 by 3 in., narrowed at the base, glabrous, nerves slender; petiole | in.
Bracts (at the base of the umbels) ^ in., elliptic-oblong, unusually persistent. Sepals
^ in., elliptic-oblong. Berries ^ by ^ in., globose slightly depressed, vertically
striated.

20. A. Zcara, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2264 ; leaves elongate lanceolate acute
crenulate-tootlied, panicles rusty, sepals lanceolate acute. A. DC. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xvii. 125, t. 7, and Prodr. viii. 136. A. serrulata, Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. 1873 pt. ii. 87, 1877 pt. ii. 225, and Far. Fl. ii. 108 {not of
Swartz).

North-east Bengal ; Mudhopoor and Bholagunje, Hamilton. Assam ; Suddiya,
Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3577). Bibma and Tenassbbim; Griffith and Heifer (Kew
Distrib. n. 3562).

Habit and inflorescence of A. neriifolia ; from which it only differs by the narrow
acute sepals and distinctly crenulate leaves ; the berries are hardly pentagonal.

21. A. nXoonli, Clarke; leaves elliptic or obovate coriaceous entire,
peduncles few crowded very near the end of the stem long bearing simple

Panicles, pedicels minutely rusty xmibelled. A. Wallichii, Thwaites Enum.
H. Zeyl. 174 {not of A. DC). Anguillaria zeylanica, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 173, t.
77, fig. l.—Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 103.

Cetlon; Moon, &c.

An undershrub ^-2 ft. ; young parts obscurely rusty. Leaves 6^ by 3^ in., obtuse
with a short acumfnation, base cuneate, dotted, primary nerves distinct beneath;
petiole \ in. Peduncles 2-3 in., forming a terminal quasi-umbel ; pedicels \-}^ in.
Buds ^ by ^ in., pyramidal. Flowers rose (Thwaites). Sepals i in., ovate, subacute.
Berry \ in., subglobose, smooth (red, Thwaites). — Easily distinguished from A. Wal-
lichii by the entire leaves and quasi-terminal peduncles.

Vak. subsessilis ; panicles subsessile solitary or several umbelled subterminal.

S24 Lxxxviii. MYRSiNEj;. (0. B. Clarke.) \^Ardkia.

A. humilis, var., Tkwaites Enum. PL Zeyl. 174. — Ceylon; Gardner, Thwaites^ n.
2829. — This is, perhaps, distinct from A. Moonii, but it can hardly be A. humilis ;
not only is the inflorescence widely different, but the sepals are quite small, not eon-
cave with membranous margins on the fruit.

22. A. macrocarpa, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 277,
and Cat. 2267 ; leaves narrowly lanceolate crenulate, umbels subterminal some-
times also from the upper axils and then peduncled, pedicels \—^ in. A. DC,
Prodr. viii. 134.

NiPAL ; Wallich. Sikkim and Bhotan ; alt. 3-7000 ft., frequent, J. D. H., &c.

A shrub, 1-4 ft. Leaves 4-5 by \ in., acute at both ends, glabrous, membranous,
crisped -crenulate with a marginal row of dots ; petiole very short or obscured by the
long-attenuated base of the leaf. Pedtmcles subterminal and short, or lateral 1-4 in.
without leaves or leaf-like bracts at their apex ; pedicels minutely rusty. Calyx-
lobes ^-^ in., in fruit sometimes \ in., narrowly oblong. Petals exceeding ^ in.,
lanceolate acute. Berries ^-^ in. wide, globose depressed, bright red, dotted, not
vertically striated. — Both A. DC. and Kurz supposed this near A. crispa, which has
smaller berries and quite different inflorescence, the lateral umbels being sessile, i.e.
supported by large leaves.

23. A. virens, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 675, and in Joum. As. Sbc. 1877, pt. ii.
226 ; leaves broadly lanceolate acuminate margins crisped-crenulate, peduncles
subterminal exceedingly long, pedicels 1 in. Ardisia sp. n. 37, Herb. Ind. Or.
H.f.S^T.

MisHMEE, Griffith (J^Qw J)\Sitv\h. n. 3561). Assam; Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt.
4000 ft., H.f. 4" T., &c. Cachab ; Doorbund Pass, Keenan. — Disteib. Yunan.

A small shrub, resembling much A. macrocarpa. . Leaves 7 by 2 in,, more
acuminate than those of A. macrocarpa, and without the marginal row of glands.
Peduncles 1-2 in., carrying simple or compound glabrous umbels with numerous
flowers. Calyx-lobes -^ in., elliptic-oblong. Corolla-lobes \ in., ovate, acute, white
(Kurz). Berry \-^ in., globose, smooth, dotted not vertically striated, yellow.

*** Umbels sessile, simple or compound, terminal, mostly on divaricate
branches springing laterally below the end of the main branches. ,^ / \^t ; // - i'/

24. A. undulata, Clarke-, glabrous, leaves lanceolate acute crenulate,
calyx-lobes in fruit narrowly- oblong, berries large. Ardisia sp. n. 41, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T. Ardisia sp., n. 953, Griff. Itin. Notes 62.

Khasia Mts. ; alt. 250-5000 ft., frequent; Griffith, H.f. ^ T., &c.

Leaves 5| by 1^ in., acute at both ends, undulate-crenate, membranous, with
prominent glands scattered distantly over the whole surface. Umbels simple and
compound ; pedicels ^-1 in. in fruit. Buds \ in., acute. Calyx-lobes -^ in., ovate ;
in fruit |- in., oblong. Berry \~^ in., globose, gland-dotted, not vertically striated,
altogether as of A. Tnacrocarpa. — This is perhaps only a northern form of A. crenata,
differing by the long acute leaves, and large berry ; and was the plant which (under
the mistaken name of A. macrocarpa) Kurz proposes to merge in A. crenata.

25. A. crenata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 276 ; glabrous, leaves
elliptic acute or subobtuse crisped-crenate, berries \ in. diam. globose obscurely
vertically striate not dotted. Wall. Cat. 2262 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1950. A glandu-
losa, Blume Bijd. 690, wo^ of Roxb. A. crenulata, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 2, not of
Vent. A. crispa, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 124, and Prodr. viii. 134
(excl. syn. A. lentiginosa and elegans) ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 113, and in Joum.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 226. A. densa and polysticta, Miq. Fl, Ind. Bat. Suppl.
575, 576. Bladhia crispa, Thunb. Fl Jap. 97 ; Kaenipf Ic. PI. Jap. t. 7.

Penano, Malacca, and Singapore, frequent. — ^Distrib. Malaya, China, Japan.
Leaves 3 J by 1^ in., membranous ; primary nerves very close together, slender but
conspicuous beneath. Umbels simple, sometimes proliferous, i.e. compound with 1,

Ardisia.'] Lxxxviii. myrsinej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 525

rarely 2, lateral secondary umbels, always supported by a leaf (Roxburgh). Buds ^
in., ovate, acute. Flowers rose or white, often spotted. Calyx-lohes (in fruit) i in.,
ovat«.

Var. angiista ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, flowering pedicels 1 in. divaricate,
buds very obtuse, corolla-segments broad. — Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3584).
— Leaves 3 by ^ in., tapering at both ends, primary nerves carried almost undivided
to the obscure crenatures, whole surface gland-dotted. Buds ^ in.

26. A. BLurzll, Clarke; glabrous, leaves obovate-lanceolate entire reti-
culated beneath, calyx- segments small obtuse. A. polycephala, var. acuminata,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 110, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 225.

Pkgtj and Martaban ; in the tropical forests, Kurz.

Leaves 8 by 2\ in., shortly acuminate, cuneate at the base ; primary nerves beneath
prominently inarching at some distance from the margin, secondary nerves distinctly
reticulated ; petioles § in. Umbel (very young) compounded of 3 umbellules ;
bracts ^ in., elliptic, deciduous. — Kurz has observed that this is perhaps distinct
from A. polycephala.

27. A. villosa, Roxh. FL Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 274 ; innovations
rusty-villous, leaves lanceolate, umbels rusty-villous, calyx-segments | in.
linear-lanceolate. Wall. Cat. 2280; A. DC. Pi'odr. viii. 136 ; Scheff. Myrsin.
90; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 113, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 227. A.
vestita. Wall, in Roxh. I. c. in note; A. DC. I. c. A. mollis, Blume Bijd. 689.
A. glabrata, Blume Bijd. 692; A. DC. I.e. A. Tavoyana, A. DC. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xvii. 126.

From Mergui to Malacca and Penang, frequent. — Distrib. Malaya.

A small shrub. Leaves 6-8 by f-2| in., narrowed at both ends, sparingly crenate
or nearly entire, more or less rusty-villous on the lower or on both surfaces ; petiole
^ in. Umbels simple, or several together, very shortly peduncled ; bracts \-^ in.,
elliptic ; pedicels \-\ in., patently villous. Calyx subcorolloid, whitish ; segments
villous without, within glabrous or (in the very hairy forms) hairy. Corolla small,
hardly so long ds the calyx. Berries \ in., globose, shorter than the sepals. — A some-
what variable, though easily recognised species ; leaves very broadly lanceolate in
some of GriflSth's Mergui specimens, linear-lanceolate in Maingay's Malacca ones ;
often nearly glabrous (in age) except the midrib beneath ; more frequently villous
beneath ; in the form vestita, clothed with long fulvous hairs also above.

Var. ? obtusa; leaves obovate-oblong subobtuse, umbels in short shortly-
peduncled corymbs. — Shevagherry Hills, South Deccan Peninsula, Wight. — Lateral
branches divaricate below the summit of the main branch, leafy upwards ; terminated
by the corymb. Peduncle J in. ; corymb repeatedly dichotomous ; rusty-pubescent ;
pedicels ^-f in. Calyx-segments ^ in., ovate- lanceolate. — Perhaps a distinct species,
but the solitary example in Herb. Wight is without flowers; it is very like Hymen-
andra Wallichii, but the calyx-teeth are too large for that.

**** Umbels peduncled or panicled, axillary, the loioer {at least) ahoays
peduncled without leaves or leaf-like bracts at the apex of the peduncles.

t Plant not wholly glabrous, branchlets at least hairy or pvhescent.

X Leaves serrate or crenate.

28. A. odontophjUa, Wall. Cat. 2279 {not of Lindl.) ; branchlets
upv^rards rusty-villous, leaves long-petioled elliptic sharply finely serrate villous
at least on the midrib beneath, peduncles (some of them) remote from the apex
of the branch ascending. A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 126, t. 6, and
Prodr. viii. 136.

Khasia and Jaintba Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft., frequent; Wallich, H. f. ^ T., &c.
Patkoye Mts., S.E. of Assam ; Gri^iA,(Kew Distrib., n. 3566). Cachar; Keenan.

526 Lxxxviii. MYRSiNEj;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ard-isia.

A weak shrub, 2-6 ft. Leaves 6 by 3 in., acute at both ends, usually glabrous or
most minutely pubescent except the nerves beneath; petiole 1 in. Racemes 1-4 in.,
simple or compound, lax, few-flowered ; bracts small, linear ; pedicels \-^ in., minutely
puberulous. Biids ^ by ^ in. Calyx-lobes \^ in., ovate, obtuse. Berry \ in. diam.
(and upwards), globose, not striated, scarlet.

Var. Maingayi ; branchlets glabrous, leaves in age glabrous or sparsely pilose on
the midrib beneath. — Malacca ; Maingay.

Var. Lohbii ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, base much attenuated, nerves beneath
densely villous, peduncles weak pendulous all from near the summit of the branchlets.
— Singapore; Lobb. n. 316. — Branchlets densely fulvous villous. Peduncles 1-2 in.
Buds broader than in A. odontophylla type.

29. A. Brandisiana, Xi^rz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 67, and For.
Fl. ii. 112 ; leaves elliptic acute at both ends slightly crenate, peduncles axillary
long bearing simple umbels, pedicels 1 in. thickened upwards minutely rusty-
pubescent.

Maktaban; Brandis. Motjlmein; Thoung-gyun, alt. 4500 ft., ioW.

Branchlets thick, rusty and scaly (hardly pubescent) upwards. Leaves 5^ by 2^
in., subcoriaceous, nerves distinct; petiole 1 in. Peduncles 3-4 in., ascending,
minutely rusty ; bracteoles very small. Calyx-lobes ^-^ in., ovate, subacute. Corolla-
lobes \-^ in., broad, acutely acuminate. Berry not seen.

tt Leaves entire, or very nearly so.

30. A. grandifolia, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 122, and Prodr.
vii. 132; leaves large obovate-oblong acute at both ends glabrous above
villous at least on the midrib beneath, peduncles divaricate from near the apex
of the branches, calyx-segments ^ in. lanceolate. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 225, and For. Fl. ii. 111. A. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 2290 (not of Blume).

Tavoy; Wallich.

Branches rusty- villous. Leaves 8 by 2| in. ; primary nerves close together,
slender, distinct; petiole ^ in., villous. Peduncles 1-2 in., patently pilose, bearing
simple umbels ; pedicels |— f in., very many. Buds i by | in.

Var. Parishii ; calyx-segments scarcely ^ in., round. — Moulmein, Parish ; Mergui,
Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3590). — This may be a distinct species ; but the length
of the calyx-lobes is very variable in some of the species of Ardisia, and the calyx-
lobes in Grriffith's example are longer than in Parish's.

31. A. ILeenanl, Clarke ; leaves oblong narrowed at both ends glabrous
above rusty-villous beneath, peduncles short bearing simple elongate racemes,
calyx-segments very short round glabrous.

Cachar ; Keenan. Mttneypoor ; Clarke.

Branches densely brown-villous. Leaves 7 by 2 in., primary nerves distinct
beneath, somewhat distant, inarching ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles 1-2 in., patently pilose,
on one branchlet divaricate from near its apex, on the other ascending from a lower
axil ; pedicels ^-1 in., laxly racemose Tather than umbelled. Buds ^ by ^ in. — This
resembles so strongly A. grandifolia var. Pariskii, that it might be added to it as a
variety, but the nervation of the leaves differs. The Muneypoor example has much
smaller leaves, all the peduncles ascending from lower axils, the racemes more villous,
but the calyx-segments glabrous or very nearly so.

^2. A. Kelferiana, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 86, and For. Fl.

ii. 113 ; densely rusty-villous or woolly, leaves obovate-oblong acute at both
ends softly hairy above, peduncles axillary long bearing simple subumbellate
racemes.

Mergui, Motjlmein, and Tenasseeim ; Griffith, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3589).

Branches densely rusty-woolly. Leaves 6^ by 2^ in., primary nerves strong

Ardisia.] ixxxviii. mtrsinej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 527

petiole ^-^ in. Peduncles 3-4 in. ; pedicels |-J in. ; bracteoles ^ in., linear. Buds
1 by ^ in., glabrous. Calyx densely villous ; segments ^ in., ovate. Berry not seen.

33. A. reflexa, Wall. Cat. 2282; branchlets fulvous-pubescent, leaves
narrowly obovate-lanceolate acute at both ends sparingly pilose beneath or
plabrescent, peduncles short bearing simple dense minutely fulvous-pubescent
racemes. A. DC. Prodr, viii. 132. A. Amherstiana, A. DC. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xvii. 120, and DC. I.e. 131 ; Kurz Far. Fl. ii. Ill, and in Joui-n. As. Soc.
1877, pt. ii. 225.

Pegu and Tenasserim ; Wallich, &c.

Branchlets, corymbs, and innovations with numerous spreading exceedingly short
tawny hairs. Leaves membranous, 8 by 2^ in. (often smaller), acuminate, base
cuneate or rarely suddenly narrowed ; primary nerves numerous, slender, thinly pilose
beneath, especially near the midrib, or ultimately glabreseent ; petiole \—^ in.
Peduncles 1-2 in., axillary from near the ends of the branches ; pedicels J-| in. ;
bracteoles caducous. Buds ^ hj ^ in., scarcely acute. Calyx-segments ^ in., round.
Berry i in., globose, vertically striate. — In Wallich's Herbarium the type sheet has
the leaves pilose beneath, the second sheet has them glabrous ; A. DC. made two
species of these.

34. A. khasiana, Clarke; branchlets fulvous-woolly, leaves linear-
obovate glabrous, peduncles numerous axillary bearing simple lax few-flowered
glabrous umbels. Ardisia sp., n. 27, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. of T.

Khasia Mts., alt. 500-3000 ft, frequent; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3572),
H.f.^ r., &c.

Erect, 1-4 ft. ; branches very leafy upwards. Leaves 4 by ^-| in., broadest above
the middle, tapering at both ends, primary nerves conspicuous beneath, acutely oblique
to the midrib, inarching; petiole \-\ in, often woolly. Peduncles 1 in., often one
from each of the crowded upper axils ; pedicels 1 in., usually 2-5 in each umbel.
Buds \-\ by \ in. Calyx-segments ^ in., elliptic; in fruit, orbicular, concave,
margins membranous. Berry \ in., or more, depressed-globose, scarcely striate. —
The flowers, berries, and habit are similar to those of A. humilis.

Var. Thomsoni ; leaves obovate-lanceolate. Ardisia sp. n. 30, Herb. Ind. Or.
H f. # r.— Chittagong; Hf. f T. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Mousto and Nong
Klao, Clarke. — Leaves 5 by 1| in. in the Chittagong examples, but connected with
A. khasiana type by intermediate forms.

ft Plant wholly glabrous, tlie young parts sometimes pubervUous or scaly.

X Leaves crenate or denticulate.

35. A. membranacea, Wall. Cat 2288; leaves broadly lanceolate
crenate membranous, peduncles axillary slender bearing simple small umbels,
corolla-segments obtuse or emarginate, filaments much longer than the small
round anthers. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 134 (not of Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 224). Ardisia sp. n. 36, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T.

Khasia Mts., alt. 2000 ft. ; Wallich, H f. Sf T., &c. Cachab ; Shapoor, Keenan.

Erect, 1-4 ft., subsimple, succulent. Leaves 7 by 2^ in., acute at both ends,
nerves prominent, gland-dotted all over ; petiole f in. Peduncles 1-2 in. ; pedicels
\~^ in. ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-segments ^ in., obtuse. Buds ^ in., obtuse. Stamens
inserted close to the base of the corolla-segments, free from each other; filaments
linear, flattened, slightly wider upwards ; anthers small, round, opening by a longi-
tudinal slit. Ovary obovate-oblong, substipitate ; style cylindric, short. Berry j in.
diam. and upwards, globose, black, not vertically striate. Seed large, very hard at
least when dry, altogether of Ardisia. — This is the type of a new genus nearly allied
to Amblyanthus, with which the habit, leaves, inflorescence, and corolla closely agree ;
the free stamens with long filaments, and the pistil are unlike Amblyanthus, and
indeed all other Indian Ardisiads.

528 Lxxxviii. myrsinej:. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ardisia,

36. A. bihotanica, Clarke; leaves large lanceolate crenate, peduncles
axillary short rigid bearing umbels arranged in simple panicles, corolla and
stamens of Ardisia,

Bhotan ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3587).

Leaves 9 by 2| in., acuminate, prominently nerved, gland-dotted, base cuneate ;
petiole \ in. Peduncles ^-1 in. ; panicles 1^ in. diam. ; pedicels ^ in. Btids ^-^ by
^ in., hardly acute. Calyx-teeth ~ in., ovate-lanceolate. Corolla-segments subacute.
Stamens free ; filaments very short ; anthers oblong- lanceolate. Berry not seen.

37. A. Wallicliii, A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 123, and Prodr.
viii. 137 ; leaves obovate-elliptic minutely toothed, peduncles axillary bear-
ing many-flowered subsimple racemes. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 122, and in Joum.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 226, in part. Ardisia sanguinolenta, IVall. Cat. 2287 {not
of JSlume). Ardisia sp. n. 31, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T.

Prome and Rangoon ; McLelland. Bibma ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3594). —
Distrib. Ava.

Closely resembling A. humilis, Vahl, from which it differs in the minutely denti-
culate (not subentire) leaves ; and should perhaps be reckoned a Birmese form of
that species. — Kurz makes two varieties, whereof i. WalUchii proper has the young
shoots and inflorescence with rusty-brown floccose hairs, and 2. glahriuacula with the
young shoots glabrous, and the pedicels indistinctly puberulous. Kurz's " WalUchii
'proper " is probably therefore the plant above called A. khasiana var. Thomsoni, and
his var. glabriusctda will be Wallich's A. sanguinolenta.

XX Leaves entire or subentire. ^ j'^ '-'^^ VtT - V »

38. A. involucrata, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 68; leaves
obovate-oblong acute at both ends, peduncles lateral and subterminal carrying
simple umbels, bracteoles ^ in. ovate concave subpersistent, sepals in fruit
i-^ in. Ardisia sp. n. 26, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T.

SiKKiM ; alt. 2-5000 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3560), J. D. H., Kurz, Sec, not
rare.

A shrub, 3-6 ft. Leaves 5^ by 2;^ in., shortly acuminate, base attenuate ; petiole
hardly any. Peduncles 1-3 in., stout ; pedicels 1 in., usually about 5, bracteoles as
many. Sepals ^ in. (in flower), orbicular, concave, waxy corolloid, pink. Corolla
^ in. long, segments scarcely acute. Filaments short ; anthers oblong-lanceolate.
Berry \ in., globose, scarcely striate ; sepals in fruit spreading at the base, elongate,
conniveut over the summit of the berry. — This is a very striking species, that has
been marked as generically distinct ; but it is very nearly allied to A. humilis.

39. A. oxypliylla, Wall. Cat. 2291 ; leaves elliptic narrowed at both
ends, peduncles axillary carrying lax few-flowered racemes, pedicels f in.
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 130.

Penang; Wallich. Tenasseeim (or Andamans); Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3571,
3585).

Leaves 7 by 2\ in. (or much smaller), widest at the middle or a little above it,
subcoriaceous, nerves numerous distinct; petiole f in. Peduncles 1-3 in,, near the
apex of the branches or distant therefrom, slender; racemes often shortened, sub-
umbelliform ; pedicels 2-6. Buds 5 by ^ in. Calyx-segments ^ in., ovate, obtuse.
Berry \ in., globose, hardly striate.

Yab. attenuata. Wall. Cat. 2286 (sp.); peduncles still more slender. A. DC. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 119, and Prodr. viii. 131; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 109. A.
alternata, A. DC. in Ann. So. Nat. 2, ii. 296. A. oblonga, A. DC. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xvii. 121, and Prodr. I. c. 131 ; Kurz ?. c. 109, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
226. — Pegu, Tenasserim, Andamans. The type sheet of Wall. Cat. 2286 is nearly
idientical with A. oxyphyUa; but exhibits neither^flower nor berry ; the second sheet
has smaller leaves, one oblong berry, and is A. oblonga, A. DC.

Ardisia.] Lxxxviii. mybsine^. (C. B. Clarke.) 529

40. A. polycephala, Wall. Cat. 2293 ; leaves elliptic or oblong nar-
rowed at both ends, peduncles axillary short stout compressed carrying dense
racemes. A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 118, and Prodr. viii. 131 ; Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 109, and in Jown. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 225 (excl. var. acuminata^.

Peoit and Tenasseeim; Wallich, Griffith, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3565, 3586).

Leaves 7-9 by 2\ in., nerves numerous, distinct; petiole \-^ in. Peduncles ^-1^
in., often from near the apex of the branches, very much compressed, often recurved or
divaricate ; pedicels \-\ in., numerous, sometimes subumbelled, sometimes in a raceme
2-4 in. long. Flowers nearly as in A. atienuata, to which this species is very closely
allied ; the two differ from their ally A. hnmilis in the elongate leaves and the smaller
calyx-segments.

41. A. rhynchopliylla, Clarke \ leaves obpvate-lanceolate caudate-
acuminate, peduncles short bearing simple few-flowered racemes of rather large
flowers. Ardisia sp. n. 28, Hei-h. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf. T,

Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Mahadeo and Cherra, H.f. ^- T.

A small, branched shrub. Leaves 4^ by 1^ in., base cuneate, primary nerves pro-
minent beneath, inarching; petiole ^ in. Peduncles ^-f in.; pedicels 1 in., laxly
racemed, much thickened upwards. Liuls ^^ by i in. Calyx-segments ^i in.,
elliptic, concave. Flowers white (J. D. H.). Be/rry ^ in., globose, smooth, gland-
dotted, not vertically striate. — Allied to A. humilis, differing in the long-acuminate,
smaller leaves.

42. A. Xiobbiana, Clarice; leaves small elliptic narrowed at both ends,
peduncles axillary bearing umbels in simple panicles.

" India " ; Lohh (probably Singapore).

Leaves coriaceous, 2f by 1| in., shortly acuminate, base cuneate ; petioles \-^ in.
Peduncles 1 in., distant from the apex of the branches, compressed ; panicles 2-3 in.
diam., somewhat lax ; pedicels \-^ in., 3-6 in each umbel. Buds ^ by i in. CaXyx-
segTnents ^ in,, ovate, obtuse. Berry not seen. — The leaves resemble those of A.
rhynchophylla, but are shortly acuminate, not caudate.

43. A. pauciflora, Heyne; Wall, in Itoxb. Fl. Lnd. ed. Carey i^- Wall.
ii. 279, and Cat. 2270 ; leaves long-lanceolate nan*owed at both ends, peduncles
short weak axillary bearing 1-5-flowered simple weak racemes. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 127 {excl. var. cymosd) ; Wight Ic. t. 1214 ; Bedd. For. Man. 138.

Mts. of South India and Ceylon ; common.

Branchlets rusty-scaly, hardly pubescent. Leaves 4 by 1 in., or sometimes 9 by
1^ in,, coriaceous, nerves obscure; petiole ^ in. Peduncles \ in., scattered; pedicels
\ in,, thin. Buds ^ in. long, and as much broad. Calyx-segments Jj in., triangular,
subacute. Berry \ in. diam., .globose, not striate. — The Malay A. cynwsa, Blume, has
been reduced to this by A. DC. and Scheffer ; but the examples of A. cymosa from Java
differ considerably, having many-flowered racemes often in panicles, and larger
flowers. The peculiarity of A: pauciflora is that even stout large-leaved examples
have exceedingly small depauperated racemes.

44. A. rhoxnboidea, Wight Ic. t. 1213; leaves spathulate-rhomboid
obtusely acuminate, pedimcles short bearing 1-5-flowered small racemes. Bedd.
For. Man. 138.

South Deccan Peninsula ; Shevagherry Hills, Wight.

This is perhaps a form of A. paiiciflora with abnormal leaves; the branchlets,
habit, inflorescence, and berries are as in A. jMUciflora ; the leaves are spathulate with
a narrowly winged petiole.

45. A. humilis, Vahl Symh. iii. 40 {excl. syn. Burm., not of Blume) ;
leaves obovate-oblong or elliptic shortly acuminate or subobtuse Base cuneate^

VOL. III. M M

530 Lxxxviii. MYRSINE2E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ardisia.

peduncles axillary patent or suberect, pedicels stout, calyx-lobes in fruit
rounded concave with membranous margins. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 129 ; Scheff.
Myr»in. 73 ; Wight Ic. t. 1212 ; Ddz. Sf Gibs. Bomh. Fl. 137 ; Brand. For,
Fl. 287 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 110, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 226.
A. solanacea, JRoxb. Cor. PI. 27, t. 27, and Fl. Ind. i. 580 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1677 ;
Wall. Cat. 2283. A. umbellata. Roth Nov. Sp. 123 ; Itoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 582,
and ed. Carey 8r Wall. ii. 273; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 531. A. litoralis, Andr. Bot.
Jtep. X. 630 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 110, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 226.
A. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 2330. A. polycephala, Wight HI. t. 145 {not of
Wall.). A. obovata, Blume Bijd. 688; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 132. A. salicifolia,
A. DC. I. c. 129. A. elliptica, Bedd. For. Man. 138, ? of Thunb. A. rostrata,
Hassk. in Flora 1868, p. 26 ?. Climacandra obovata and multiflora, Miq. PI.
Jungh. i. 199, 200. 0. littoralis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 68. —
Jtheede Hort. Mai. v. t. 28.

Throughout India, alt. 0-5000 ft. ; from the Himalaya to Ceylon and Singapoeb
(not in Western and Desert India). — Distrib. Malaya, China.

An erect, branched shrub. Leaves 6 by 2-2^ in., coriaceous, nerves slender;
petiole \ in. Peduncles 1-2 in., near the apex of the branches or subremote there-
from, divaricate or ascending, sometimes recurved, stout, more or less compressed ;
umbels simple, sometimes compound, rarely lengthened into racemes ; pedicels ^-1 in.
Buds ^ by I in. Flowers pink. Calyx-lobes \-^ in., elliptic, obtuse ; in fruit enlarged,
orbicular, closely pressed to the berry. Berry \—^ in. wide, globose, slightly de-
pressed, hardly striate. — Beddome proposes to take up Thunberg's name, A. elliptica,,
for this plant as being the oldest ; but the description of A. elliptica (see DC. Prodr.
viii. 138) is so curt that there can be no certainty that it is A. humilis.

Var. arhorescens. Wall. Cat. 2289 (sp.) ; arborescent, leaves large, peduncles long
very stout, inflorescence often compound. A. BC. Prodr. viii. 131. — Ava; Wallich.
Wallich's type specimen, however, in no wise diflfers from some Bengal A. humilis,
which sometimes attains 25 feet, and has longer leaves and peduncles than in the
common shrubby state.

6. PX3MCSI.ANDRA, A. DC.

Flowers in small scattered axillary rusty sessile umbels, racemes or
corymbs, otherwise as Ardisia. — Species 10 ; extending from Khasia to Java.

The last section of Ardisia only differs from Pimelandra in having the lateral
inflorescence peduncled. A. DC. depended on the berry being oblong (not globose) as
the main character of Pimelandra ; this character A. DC. took from Wallich. Such
obovate- oblong one-sided fruits, with the style-base lateral, are found not rarely both
in P. Wallichii and eugeniafolia, but are all seedless, and probably due to some insect
injury. The perfect fruit in these and all species of PiTnelandra is globose, exactly
as in Ardisia.

1. P. eug'enieefolia, Hook. f. in Gen. PI. ii. 647 ; leaves lanceolate-
oblong caudate-acuminate crenate nearly glabrous prominently gland-dotted
beneath, calyx-lobes minute in fruit. Ardisia eugeniaefolia. Wall. Cat. 2276 ;
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 130.

Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., frequent; Wallich, H.f. ^- T., &c.

A shrub, 3-6 ft. ; stem erect ; branches horizontal, tips rusty-pubescent, with com-
planate foliage. Leaves 10 by 2|^ in. in Hooker's examples (usually one- third smaller),
base cuneate or rhomboid, glabrous or scarcely villous on the midrib beneath, primary
nerves prominent, inarching ; petiole i in., often rusty-pubescent. Inflorescence scarcely
1 in. long, usually corymbose, sometimes subsimply racemose, rusty -pubescent ; bracts
inconspicuous or caducous. Buds ^ in. Flowers altogether of Ardisia, but very
small. Calyx-lobes ^-q in. at fruit-time, ovate, subacute, finally deflexed. Berry i in.
diam., globose, red, altogether (as is the seed) that of Ardisia. — Some of Hooker's
specimens bear as many as 45 fruits on each branch, everyone being obovate-oblong

JPimelandra.'] lxxxviii. myrsinej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 531

And l-sided and all seedless, this is also the case in Wallich's type specimens.
€larke's specimens, collected on various occasions, have fruits in abundance, all
globose with perfect seeds.

2. P. Oriffithii, Clarke ; leaves broadly lanceolate acuminate sub-
-entiie rusty-villous on the midrib beneath not gland-dotted, calyx-lobes minute.
Ardisia eugenisefolia, Kurz For. Fl. ii. Ill, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
226, not of Wallich.

Patkoyb Mts., south-east of Assam, alt. 4000 ft. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.
3598).

An erect shrub, 4-5 ft. ; branches ascending obliquely, rujsty-villous at the tips.
Leaves 6^ by 2 in., base cuneate or rhomboid, primary nerves prominent scarcely
inarching, gland-dots most minute; petiole \ in. Inflorescence less than f in., densely
corymbose, rusty-pubescent ; flowers as of P. eugenicBfolia, but still smaller. Berry
i in. diam., globose, red. — Perhaps a var. of P. eugeniafolia ; but the erect habit of
growth is unlike the marked uniform horizontal branches of that species, and the
leaves are wit^hout the large glandular dots which are always present in P. eugenice-
jfolia.

3. P. Terecta, Clarke; leaves elliptic-oblong narrowed at both ends
subentire nearly glabrous, pedicels ^ m. in axillary rusty fascicles, calyx-lobes
1^ in. elliptic-oblong adpressed to the berry.

Khasia Mts. ; TJmwai, alt. 3000 ft. ; Clarke.

A small, erect shrub ; branches erect, rusty-villous towards the ends. Leaves 4
by 1^ in., acuminate, base cuneate, primary nerves not prominent, gland-dots scattered
not prominent ; petiole ^ in. Pedicels fascicled on shortened lateral spurs, rising
from tufts of small bracteoles. Corolla small ; lobes rounded. Berry \ in. diam.,
globose, smooth. — This is perhaps a new genus ; but the examples being in fruit, the
stamens have not been observed. The inflorescence resembles that of Myrsiiie, but the
fruit is that of Ardisia.

4. P. Wallichii, A. DC in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xvi. 88, and in DC. Prodr.
viii. 106 ; leaves large oblong acute at both ends entire rusty-villous at least on
the midrib beneatb rarely glabrous, pedicels ^ in. in sessile umbels or corymbs,
ovary villous, berry \;-l in. globose glabrous. Deless. Ic. Sel. v. t. 31 ; Seheff.
Myrsin. 94. Myrsine pachysandra. Wall, in Roxh, Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall.
ii. 297, and Cat. 2284; A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 111.

Penaxg, Malacca and Singapore ; Wallich, Griffith, Maingay. — Distrib. Malaya.

A large shrub or small tree ; branches rusty-villous at the ends. Leaves 9| by
2f in., base cuneate, primary nerves distinct beneath scarcely inarching, dots small or
obscure ; petioles \ in., rusty-villous. Inflorescence 1-1| in., somewhat lax. Buds
^ by ^ in. Calyx-lohes ^ in., ovate.

Var. Teysmanniana, Hook. f. in Gren. PI. ii. 647 (sp.) ; leaves very large more
villous beneath, pedicels very stout. Ardisia Teysmanniana, Seheff. Obs. Phyt. ii. 56.
— ^Malacca ; Maingay. — Distrib. Bangka. — A. Korthalsiana, Seheff. Myrsin. 57,
appears the same thing, but is said to differ by the berry (not seen) being hairy.

7. ANTISTROPHS, A. DC.

Slender shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate, acuminate. Floicers
hermaplirodite, rose-coloured ; umbels subsessile, axillary ; pedicels slender ;
bracts small. Calyx small; lobes 5, lanceolate, persistent. Corolla deeply
6-fid, lobes twisted to the left in the bud. Stamens 5, in the throat of the
corolla, filaments short ; anthers free, elliptic-oblong, opening by longitudinal
slits, connective produced upwards as a membranous wing. Om?y ovoid,
narrowed into a slender style, stigma punctiform ; ovules several, immersed in
a globose free placenta. Berry globose, smooth ; endocarp chartaceous. Seed

MM 2

532 Lxxxviii. MYRSiNE^. (C. B. Clarke.) \_Antistro;p7ie..

solitary, stony when dry, globose, albumen ruminated; embryo transverse. —
Species 2, Indian.

1. A. oxyantha, A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xvi. 84, and Prodr, viii.
92 ; leaves entire glabrous beneath strongly gland-dotted, buds ovate rostrate-
acuminate. Ardisia oxyantba, Wall. Cat. 2275; A. DC. in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xvii. 121.

Khasia, alt. 3-4000 ft.; Wallich,n.f. ^ T., &c.

Shrub 6 ft. high ; branches horizontal, nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 by H in.,,
caudate-acuminate, base cuneate, nerves prominent beneath inarching ; petiole ^-^ in.
Pedicels ^ in., several or few together, fascicled on exceedingly short lateral spurs.
Buds ^ by ^ in., somewhat suddenly narrowed into a beak, which encloses the mem-
branous tip of the connectives. Calyx-teeth ^ in., puberulous, whitened on the-
margins. Berries \ in. and upwards, globose, smooth, thinly obscurely vertically
striate.

2. A. serratifolia, Hooh.f. in Gen. PI. ii. 647 ; leaves regularly closely
serrate rusty-villous on the nerves beneath, buds conical acute. Ardisia serrati-
folia, Bedd. Lc. PI. Lnd. Or. t. 113.

Anamallay and Coimbatobe Hills, ascending to 3000 feet, in moist woods ;
Beddome.

An erect shrub; branches towards their ends (and all the innovations) rusty-
villous. Leaves 6^ by 1| in., acute at both ends ; nerves prominent beneath, curving
much upwards, inarching ; gland-dots small or obscure ; petiole ^ in. Pedicels |- in.^
several or few together, minutely rusty-pubescent, fascicled on exceedingly short
lateral spurs. Buds 5- by ^ in. Calyx-teeth J^ in., pubescent, whitened on the margins.
Corolla-segments lanceolate-acuminate, gland-dotted. Berry not seen.

8. KVIMCENANDRA, A. DC.

A robust, low shrub. Leaves large, obovate-oblong, crenate-dentate.
UmheU compound, subsessile, terminal on short lateral branches from near the
summit of the stem. Calyx-lobes 5, ovate, subacute. Corolla-lobes 6, long-
lanceolate, strongly twisted to the right in bud. ^Sifame??^ 6, attached at the
throat of the corolla, filaments very short ; anthers ovoid, connectives dilated
above the anther and united into a membranous 5-toothed tube. Ova7'y globose,
narrowed into a filiform style, stigma punctiform ; ovules several, on a globose
sessile placenta. Berry globose. Seed 1, globose, albumen wrinkled ; embryo'
transverse.

K. Wallichii, A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2. xvi. 83, t. 5, and Prodr.
viii. 91. Ardisia hymenandra. Wall, in Po.vb. Fl. Lnd. ed. Carey ^- Wall.
ii. 282, and PI.' As. Par. ii. 57, t. 175, and Cat. 2266.

KuASLflL Mrs. ; Wallich ; Mahadeo, alt. 3000 ft., Griffith. Upper Assam ; Griffith
(Kew Distrib. n. 3596). Cachae ; Gopal Teela, Keenan.

Stem 2-4 ft., erect, stout, usually simple. Leaves 10 by 4 in, (or in GriflBth's
example 24 by 10 in.), acute, scarcely acximinate, base attenuate, sometimes rounded
or cordate, glabrous or nearly so, primary nerves slender nearly at right angles to the
midrib, gland-dots more or less prominent ; petiole scarcely \ in. Lateral floral
Jmwc^es (peduncles) 1-3 in., stout, flattened; bracts 4^ by | in., altogether leaf-like,
usually 3. Umbel usually compound of one subcentral sessile and two lateral
pedtincled umbellules ; pedicels f in., very many, rusty-pubescent or ultimately nearly
glabrous. Buds ^ by ^^ in. Calyx-lobes ^ in,, ovate. Corolla red. Berries i in.
diam., globose, scarcely striated.

Amhlyanthus.'] lxxxviii. myrsinej;. (C. B. Clarke.) 533

9. AZIIBI.VANTKUS, A. DC.

A small, glabrous shrub. Leaves petioled, narrowly lanceolate, sliglitly
«renate-sen'at€. Umbels compound, sessile, terminal on lateral branches leafy
at their summits. Floioers small ; buds obtuse. Calyx-tuhe obconic ; lobes 5.
Corolla-lobes 5, obovate, emarginate, twisted to the right in bud. Stamens 5,
inserted at the throat of the corolla, filaments short ; anthers ovate, united by
their margins, dehiscing by slits inwards. Ovary oblong, narrowed into a
short cylindric style ; stigma small, discoid ; ovules few, immersed in a globose
placenta. Fruit not knovni.

A. ^landulosus, A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xvi. 83, t. 6, and in DC.
Prodr. viii. 91. Ardisia glandulosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 16, Fl. Ind. ed. Carey
^' Wall. ii. 276 ; Wall. Cat. 2265 {not of Blume). A. Roxburghiana, Dietr.
Syn. PI i. 617.

Stlhet; Wallich. Khasia, Mts., alt. 2000 ft. ; below Cherra, H. f.^ T.\ Bor
Pani, below Nunklow, J. B. H., Simons.

Leaves 7 by H in., acuminate, denticulate or entire, base cuneate, primary nerves
slender, oblique; petiole ^ in. Flowering branches rising obliquely from near
the summit of the stem, naked below, peduncle-like, usually with 3-4 leaves near
their summit. Pedtmcles 2-3 in., sabumbelled, slender, curving; pedicels ^-^ in.,
numerous, subiunbelluled ; bracteoles 0 or caducous. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate.
Corolla-lobes ^ in., but slightly overlapping in the bud, recurved in flower.

10. SSaZCERAS, Gaertn.

A small, glabrous tree ; bmnches cylindric. Leaves scattered, petioled,
obovate, entire, coriaceous, 1-nerved. Umbels sessile, axillary, terminal or
leaf-opposed ; bmcts 0 ; pedicels filiform. Flowers hermaphrodite, white.
Calyx-lobes 5, imbricate. Corolla-tube short ; segments 5, acute, twisted to the
right in bud. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube ; filaments linear, hairy at the
base; anthers cordate-lanceolate, dehiscing longitudinally, cells transversely
septate. Ovary oblong, narrowed into a filiform style, stigma small ; ovules
many, immersed in a central globose placenta. Fruit cylindric, curved, acute,
coriaceous, striated, ] -seeded, at length dehiscing longitudinally. Seed conform
to the fruit, exalbuminous, germinating within the pericarp ; radicle inferior,
long, enlarged at the base ; cotyledons very short.

ai. majus, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 216, t. 46, fig. 1 ; Roxb. FL Lnd. iii. 130 ;
A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, xvi. t. 9 A, and in DC. Prodr. viii. 142 ; Wight III.
t. 146 ; Scheff. Myrsin. 97 ; Dalz. ^' Gibs. Botnb. Fl. 137 ; Redd. Fl. Sylv. Anal.
PI. xix. fig. 3. JE. fragrans, Koen. Ann. Rot. i. 129, t. 3 ; Wall. Cat. 2326 ;
Wight in Hook. Rot. Misc. iii. 84, t. 21 ; Grab. Cat. Bomb. PI. 104 ; Griff,
Notul. iv. 294. ^. obovatum and ferreum, Rlume Rijd. 093. .E. floridum,
Roem. 8) Sch. Syst. iv. 512; A. DC. in DC. I.e. 143; Scheff. I.e. 09. A.
nigricans, A. Rich, in Voy. Astrol. ii. 57, t. 21 ; A. DC. I. c. JE. minus, A. DC.
I. c. (not of Gaertn.). M. Malaspinaea, A. DC. I. c. JE. corniculata, Rlanco
Fl. Filip. 79 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 114, and in Jaurn. As. Soc. 1879, pt. ii. 227.
Rhizophora corniculata, Linn. Sp. PI. 635. R. ^giceras, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed.
Gmel. vii. 747. Malaspinsea laurifolia, Pi'esl. Rel. Haenk. ii. 68, t. 61. — Rheede
Hort. Mai. \i. t. 36. •

Sea-coasts, from Scinde to Singapore, especially in the mangrove swamps. —
DiSTRiB. Tropical shores nearly of the" whole world.

A shrub, or tree 15-20 ft. Leaves 3 by \^ in., obtuse, base cuneate; petiole i in.
Pedicels ^ in., numerous. Calyx-lobes l in., broad, much imbricate, persistent,
closely embracing the base of the fruit. Corolla-lobes \ in., almost horny. Anthers
asserted, versatile. Fruits 1-1 1 by ^ in., tapering to an acute apex.

534 Lxxxviii, MYRsiNE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Be^tonia.

11. RSPTONIA, A. DC,

A small tree, spinous or unarmed ; branclies hoary. Leaves sliort-petioled,
obovate, entire, coriaceous. Flowei's small, hermaphrodite, axillary, sessile in
tufts ; bracteoles small. Calyx-lobes 5, round, imbricate. CoroUa-tuhe short \
lobes 5, oblong, obtuse, contorted or imbricate. Stamens 5, alternating with 5
lanceolate-subulate staminodes, filaments linear ; anthers oblong. Ovary hairy^
ovoid, narrowed into a cylindric style, stigma small ; ovules 5-7, basal, erect,
anatropous. Fi'uit globose, fleshy, crowned by the style-base, 1- (rarely 2-}
seeded. Seed globose, hollowed at the base, albumen ruminated ; embryo
axile, elongate, curved, cotyledons long, radicle short next the hilum.

Zl. buxifolia, A. DC. Prodr. \\u. 153; Boiss. Fl Orient, iv. 32^
Brand. For. Fl. 287, t. 34. Edgeworthia buxifolia, Falconefr in Proc. Linn.
Soc. i. 129, and in Trans. Linn. Sac. xix. 99, t. 9. Edgeworthia sp., Griffi
Notul. iv. 295, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 498. Monotheca muscatensis, A. DC. I. c. -y.
Deless. Ic. Sel. v. t. 35.

Peshawub ; Falconer, Stewart. — Distbib. Affghanistan, Muscat.

Leaves 1^ by | in., obtuse, base cuneate, margin recurved, glabrous above,.
glaucous beneath ; petiole hardly ^ in. Calyx-lobes less than ^ in., acute, rusty-
puberulous. Corolla scarcely ^ in., greenish-yellow. Berry \-^ in. diam.

Order LXXXIX. SAPOTACEH:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Trees or shrubs ; young parts often rusty-tomentose. Leaves alternate (sub-
opposite in Sarcosperma) , coriaceous, entire, petioled ; stipules 0 or very caducous.
Floioers hermaphrodite, small or medium-sized, axillary; pedicels clustered,
rarely solitary (in Sarcosperma flowers panicled) ; bracts and bracteoles 0, or
minute. Calyx-lobes 4-8, much imbricated, or 2-seriate with the outer series
valvate, persistent. Co7'olla-tube shorter than the calyx, lobes as many, or 2-4
times as many as the r alyx-lobes. Stamens upon the corolla-tube, as" many as
the corolla-lobes and opposite to them, or 2-3 times as many, 1-3-seriate ; fila-
ments usually short; anthers oblong-lanceolate, connective often produced;
staminodes, when present, alternating with the stamens. Ovary superior^
sessile, 2-8-celled; style linear, stigma a point; ovules solitary in each cell,
usually attached to the inner angle. BeiTy indehiscent, 1-8-seeded. Seeds
ellipsoid; or, if more than one, often compressed, hilum long, testa usually
crustaceous; embryo straight, exalbuminous with large fleshy cotyledons, or
albuminous with flat cotyledons ; radicle inferior, usually small. — Distrib.
Species 320, in the tropics of the whole world.

AcHRAS Sapota, Linn. ( = Mimusops Manilkara, Bon) is cultivated in India for
its fruit.

Fruiting branchlets have been communicated by Mr. Cantley, from Perak, of a
tree 80-100 ft. high, which yields gutta plentifully : the 4-merous calyx, fruits, and
leaves are as in Isonandra, but the single fragment of a flower indicates a funnel-
shaped corolla ^f in. diam. ; it is attached, and appears to have the remains of many
stamens and scales in the corolla-tube. The fragments (not the flowers) are figured
by Beauvisage {Crutta-percha, t. 2) ; and the tree is identified by him with Keratephorus
Leerii, Hassk., erroneously, for in this the corolla is very small. "Without fuller
material this tree cannot be safely referred to any genus ; the pedicels of the fruits
are 1^ in. long, scattered towards the ends of the branchlets, not well agreeing with
Isonandra or Dichopsis.

Ghrysophyllum.'] lxxxix. sapotace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 535

* Calyx4ohe8 Iseriate, imh'icated {see also Bassia butyracea), stamens 5-6.

Staminodes 0 1 . Chetsophylltjm.

Staminodes present, flowers sessile or panicled 2. Sarcospebma.

Staminodes present, pedicels axillary clustered 3. Sideeoxylon.

** Calyx-lohes 2-seinatey outer series valvate.

t Calyx-segments 4.

Stamens 8 (in /. diplosieynon 16) 4. Isonandra.

Stamens 12-40, corolla lobed half way down 6. Bassia.

Stamens 12-24, corolla deeply lobed 7. Payena.

tt CalyX'Segments 6-8.

Staminodes 0 5. Dichopsis.

Staminodes present 8. Mimusops.

1. CKRVSOPKYX.Z.VM, Linn.

Trees. Leaves coriaceous, exstipulate. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles.
Calyx-lobes 6-6, subequal, imbricated. Corolla-lobes 5-6, entire, imbricate.
Stamens 6-6, attached at the base of the corolla-lobes ; filaments short, linear ;
anthers ovate ; staminodes 0. Ovary 6-6- (rarely 7-10-) celled, villous ; style
cylindric. £er?'y fleshy, globose. Seeds 6-6 (or fewer), testa coriaceous,
hilum elongate, albumen copious or scanty. — Species 60; tropical, mostly
American ; a few in Africa, Asia and Australia.

C. Roxburgrhii, G. Ban Gen. Syst. iv. 33; leaves oblong-lanceolate
acuminate glabrous, base cuneate, pedicels | in., filaments and style short.
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 162; Bah. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 1S9 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 236;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 118, and#M Journ. As. Soe. 1877, pt. ii.228. C. acuminatum,
Moxb. Fl. Ind. i. 699 ; Wall. Cat. 4160, not of Lamk.

Assam ; Goalpara, Hamilton. Khasia ; Mariao, alt. 3000 ft., Clarke. Silhet ;
Wallich. Pegu ; Kurz. Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay.

Attains 40-60 ft. Leaves 5 by 1^ in., parallel-sid^d, the acumination often sudden
into a short obtuse tail, shining, primary nerves very numerous and close, nearly
horizontal, uniting within the margin; petiole \ in. Corolla-lobes pj in., obtuse,
minutely rusty-pilose. Corolla-tube ^ in., filled with rusty hairs; lobes ^ in.
Anthers included, slits introrse or sublateral. Style cylindric, as long as the corolla,
obscurely lobed. Fruit \\ in., globose, pulpy, yellow, eaten by the Khasis, when
dried strongly 5-6-angled. Seeds 5-6, | by ^^ in., compressed, very hard.

Vae. sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 579 (sp.); leaves rusty-villous on the
midrib beneath. — From the Concan southwards and Ceylon, up to 4000 ft. alt. ;
BalzeU, Thwaites, &c. — Distrib. Sumatra.

2. SARCOSPEXIBXA, Jlook.f.

Trees. Leaves subopposite, oblong, acmninate^ coriaceous ; stipules caducous.
Flowers small, fascicled on the branches of a simple or compound panicle,
minutely bracteoled. Calyx-segments 6, round, subequal, strongly imbricated.
Corolla-tube short ; lobes 6, round, imbricated. Stamens 6, on the coroUa-tube ;
filaments short ; anthers oblong, obtuse ; staminodes 6, small, oblong-linear.
Ovary glabrous, 2-1-celled ; style cylindric ; ovules ascending. Befrry ellipsoid,
large, 2-1-celled, 2-1-seeded. Testa crustaceous, hilum nearly basal, albumen
0 ; embryo fleshy. — Species 3 ; in North-east India, Birma, Hongkong.

1. S. arbor eum, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 655; leaves large with pits in
the axils of the primary nerves beneath, panicle and calyx pubescent-

636 Lxxxix. SAPOTACEJ]. (C. B. Clarke.) [Sarcosperma.

villous. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 229. Sideroxylon arboreum,
ire)'b. Ham. — Celastrinea, Wall. Cat. 9011. Sapotea, Grif. Notul. iv. 291, and
Ic. PL Asiat. t. 601.

SiKKiM and Khasia, alt. 0-4000 ft. ; Hamilton, &c. Patkoye Mts. (in South-east
Assam) ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3603).

A large, bushy tree. Leaves 9 by 2 in., parallel-sided, rarely somewhat obovate,
suddenly shortly acuminated, base rhomboid, secondary nerves very prominent beneath;
petiole i in. Spikes in panicles 2-8 in. ; flowers densely fascicled. Calyx ^^-s i°-
Corolla-tube scarcely -^^ in., without hairs within ; lobes iV'to i^- Fruit 1 by f in.,
and ^ in. thick; 1 -seeded fruits qnly ^ in. broad, obtuse; calyx-lobes persistent, de-
flexed. — Leaves sometimes somewhat obovate, but never so broad as in GrriflF. Ic. PI.
Asiat. t. 501, which may represent a different species ; for Griffith's Patkoye example
(from which this t. 501 is supppsed to be taken) has leaves 9 by 2 in., exactly
parallel-sided.

2. S. G-riffitliii, Benth. in Gen, PI. ii. 655; leaves lanceolate coriaceous,
panicle and calyx glabrous. Sideroxylon sp, 10, Herh. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.

Khasia and Jaiktea Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3602) ;
H.f.^-T.,&a.

A large tree. Leaves 5 by l^- in., secondary nerves not prominent, no pits in the
axils of the leaves beneath. Inflorescence nearly as in >S'. arhorcum. Fruit unknown.
— Nearly allied to S. arboreum ; the leaves are smaller.

3. SZDEROXVX.ON, Linn.

Trees. Leaves alternate, lanceolate elliptic or obovate, exstipulate. Floivers
small, in axillary fascicles, subsessile or shortly pedicelled ; pedicels pubescent
villous or tomentose. Calyx-segments 6, much imbricated, subequal. Cwolla-
tube campanulate ; lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5 (perfect), attached to the base
of the corolla-lobes, filaments short or linear ; anthers ovate or lanceolate ;
staminodes 5, lanceolate. Ovary villous, rarely nearly glabrous, 5- (more rarely
4-2-) celled ; style cylindric, short or long. Berry ovoid or globose, 6-4- (or
3-1-) seeded. Seeds albuminous, usually oblong, much compressed, testa hard,
hilum long. — Species 60, tropical, and a few subtropical.

* Calyx-lobes not acute. Buds obtuse.

1. S. g-randifolium, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 348,
and Cat. 4155 ; branchlets glabrous, leaves obovate-oblong glabrous, pedicels
0-^ in. minutely pubescent, calyx nearly glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 178;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 117, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 228. S. regium.

Wall. Cat. 4166, A.

Selhet; Wallich. Khasia ; alt. 3000 ft., below Cherra, H.f. ^ T. Pegu;
WaUich. Martaban; Kurz.

A large tree. Leaves 10 by 3^ in., acute, tapering at the base, primary nerves
strong beneath ; petiole 1 in. Pedicels densely clustered along the branches below
the leaves crowded at their extremities, upon very short spurs. Calyx-lobes ^ in.,
much imbricated, inner pubescent. Corolla whitish, hardly longer than the calyx.
Staminodes lanceolate-linear. Berry {fide Kurz) globular, size of an apple, smooth,
yellow tl^en brown, 5-10-seeded.

2. S- BZaing'ayl, Clarhe; branchlets rusty-pubescent, leaves obovate-
oblong shortly acute base tapering nearly glabrous, pedicels 0-^ in. and calyx
closely rusty-pubescent.

Malacca ; Maingay (n. 993).

A tree ; leaves crowded towards the end of the branches. Leaves 6 by 2\ in.,

Sideroxt/lon.'] Lxxxix. sapotacejs. (C. B. Clarke.) 537

Tusty-pubescent when young, ultimately glabrous or slightly rusty along the midrib
beneath, primary nerves 8 each side, prominent ; petiole 1 in. Inflorescence densely
fasciculate, subsessile along the naked part of the branches below the terminal
leaves. Calyx-lobes ^ in., rounded. Corolla little exceeding the calyx. Staminodes
lanceolate-linear. Berry 1^ in. diam., globular, ultimately smooth. Seeds 4, § by ^
in,, compressed, testa hard "shining, hilum long.

3. S. malaccense, Clarke-, bmnchlets rusty subtomentose, leaves
broadly obovate obtuse at both ends nearly glabrous, pedicels 0— ? in. and calyx
rusty-villous.

Malacca ; Maingay (n. 994).

Leaves crowded towards the ends of the thick branchlets, 7 by 4^ in., very coria-
ceous, ultimately glabrous, or rusty-tomentose along the midrib beneath ; primary
nerves 10-11 each side, prominent; petiole l|-2 in. Inflorescence fasciculate, along
the naked part of the branches below the terminal leaves. Calyx-lobes ^ in., rounded.
Corolla nearly \ in. Staminodes lanceolate-linear. Fruit not seen. — Allied to S.
Maingayi, differing in the larger flowers and more obtuse leaves.

4. S. ferruffineum, Hook. S; Am. Bot. Beech. Voy. 266, t. 55 ; branch-
lets rusty, leaves oblong-elliptic base attenuate ultimately nearly glabrous,
secondary nerves prominent, pedicels \ in. rusty-pubescent, calyx-lobes scarious-
margiued nearly glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 178. S. attenuatum, A. DC.
I. c. ; Wight Ic. t. 1690 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 117, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 229. Mimusops ? attenuata, Wall. Cat. 4150.

Malay Peninsula ; from Mergui to Singapore, and the Andamans ; Wallich,
Griffith, &c. NicoBAES ; Kurz. — Disteib. Malay Archipelago to the Philippines and
S. China.

A small tree. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., obtuse or scarcely acute, ferruginous-silky
(when young) beneath, coriaceous, shining above ; primary nerves 10 on each side,
often scarcely more prominent than the secondary ; petiole ^ in. Inflorescence fas-
cicled in the axils of both persistent and fallen leaves. Calyx-lobes ^ in., round.
Corolla-tube campanulate, sparingly hairy at the base within. Stamens (fertile)
exserted ; filaments linear, longer than the round anthers. Staminodes oblong, acute,
undulate. Berry ^^ in., shining, smooth, 1-2-seeded ; when 1 -seeded obliquely
ellipsoid.

6. S. Kookeri, Clarke; leaves large oblong-lanceolate acuminate, mature
glabrous, pedicels \-^ in. rusty-villous, calyx-lobes ovate hardly acute. Sider-
oxylon sp. n. 4, Herh. Ind, Or. H.f. ^' T.

SiKKiM ; alt. 6000 ft., J. D. H. Bhotan ; alt. 2800 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n.
3601).

Branchlets glabrous, tips rusty-villous. Leaves 7^ by 2-2\ in., long-acuminate,
base cuneate, young rusty-villous, soon glabrescent; primary nerves 12-15 on each
side, prominent ; petiole | in. Calyx-lobes nearly ^ in., villous. Corolla ^ in. long
and upwards, segments scarcely pubescent without. Anthers oblong, acute, exserted.
Staminodes linear-lanceolate. Ovary densely villous. Fruit not seen. — This may be
a form of the next species which the leaves closely resemble ; but the calyx-lobes are
blunter, the buds not lanceolate upwards.

** Calyx-lohes acute. Buds narrow, tips conical.

6. S. assamicum, Clarke ; leaves broadly lanceolate or elliptic acumi-
nate membranous when mature glabrous or with deciduous sparse floccose
tomentum beneath, pedicels \ in. and calyx densely rusty-villous. S. tomen-
tosum. Wall. Cat. 4153 partly, not of Roxh.

Assam ; JenJcins, Masters. Cachae ; Keenan.

A tree with grey bark (Keenan) ; branchlets villous. Leaves 6 by 2-2 J in., dark

538 Lxxxix. SAPOTACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Sideroxylon.

green, acute, shortly-acuminate, rhomboid at the base, primary nerves 12-15 on each
side ; petiole ^ in. Calyx-lobes ^ in., oblong-lanceolate, villous. Corolla \ in. and
upwards, segments acute, nearly glabrous. Stamens and staminodes as in S. tomen-
tosum. Fruit (unripe) 1 by ^ in., acute upwards, glabrescent. — This has been
supposed a var. of S, tomentosum, but the leaves are always acute; none of the
numerous examples are spinescent.

7. S. tomentosum, Roxh. Cor. PL 28, t. 28, and Fl. Ind. i. 602 ; leaves
elliptic or obovate not acute coriaceous, mature glabrous or tomentose beneath,
pedicels \ in. and calyx densely fulvous-woolly. WalL Cat. 4153, chiefly ; Grah.
Cat. Bmnh. PI. 1057 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 116, and in Jmirn. As. Sac. 1877,
pt. ii. 228. S. armatum. Roth Nov. Sp. 138 ; Kurz in Jouim, As. Sac. 1877,
pt. ii. 228. Sapota tomentosa, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 175; Balz. <^ Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 139. S. armata, A. DC. I.e. 176. S. elengoides. A. DC. I.e. 177 ; Wight
Ic. t. 1218. Achras tomentosa, Bedd. For. Man. 142. A. elengoides, Bedd.
Fl. JSylv. t. 235.

Mrs. of Malabar and Ceylon ; from the Concan southwards ; common. Pegu and
Mabtaban {Jide Kurz).

A small or moderate-sized tree; branchlets woolly. Leaves 1^-4| by f-2 in.;
tips obtuse or triangular, base cuneate, primary nerves 10-12 on each side; petiole
I in. Calyx-lobes ^ in., oblong-lanceolate, woolly. Corolla |- in. and upwards, seg-
ments acute, nearly glabrous. Anthers oblong-lanceolate, exserted ; staminodes linear-
lanceolate. Berry f-1 by ^-§ in., ultimately smooth, yellow, 5-4- (or 3-1 -) seeded.

IMPBHFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

8. S. ? GrAMBLEi, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acute, fruit 1^ by § in. ellipsoid narrowed
upwards 1-seeded. Chrysophyllum sp., Gamble ms.

SiKKiM ; Eungbee, alt. 5000 ft., Gamhle.

A tree; shoots minutely rusty- villous. Leaves 7^ by 2f in., acuminate, base
rhomboid or broadly cuneate, mature glabrous, glossy beneath ; primary nerves
10-12 on each side, much raised beneath, secondary obscure ; petiole 1 in. Pedicels
axillary, fascicled, in fruit |- in. Calyx-lobes 5, (in fruit) ^ in., ovate, obtuse,
minutely A^illous, deflexed. Corolla not seen. Fruit smooth, symmetric; exocarp
fleshy, small; endocarp, firm, rather thick, sinuously grooved without. Seed
conform to the fruit, albumen fleshy, a deep black-blue; embryo small. — Almost
certainly belonging to this order; but the genus (while flowers are unknown) is
doubtful.

4. ZSONANZ>RA, Wight.

Trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, coriaceous, glabrous, primary nerves dis-
tinct. Flowers small, rusty or viUous, in axillary clusters, subsessile or shortly
pedicelled. Calyx-segments 4, subequal, imbricated. Corolla deeply 4-lobed,
somewhat longer than the calyx. Stamens 8, all perfect, attached near the base
of the corolla, filaments short; anthers oblong-lanceolate, base sagittate;
staminodes 0. Ovary viUous, 4-celled ; style linear. Berry ellipsoid, usually
1-seeded, flattened, smooth ; pericarp crustaceous. Testa hard shining, hilum
lateral, albumen fleshy; embryo large, cotyledons elliptic flat. — Species 6,
in South India and Ceylon ; 1 in the Sandwich Islands.

In the opinion of Thwaites and Eeddome, who are well acquainted with this
genus in the field, all the Indian species of "Wight and A. DC. are varieties of one.

1. Z. villosa, Wight Ic. t. 360; leaves broadly elliptic rounded at both
ends glabrous, secondary nerves closely reticulated, flowers sessile on very short
thick lateral spurs. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 188.

South Deccan ; Quilon, Wight.

Branches thick, obscurely rusty, scarcely pubescent at the tips. Leaves 2| by If

Isonandra.'] Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 639

Inflorescence in sessile clusters at the summits of thickly scarred naked spurs 0-^ in.
long. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate, rounded, minutely sparsely silky or glabrescent
upwards. Berry ^ by i in. — The most glabrous species of the genus. In "Wight's
specimen (figured in Ic. t. 360) the young leaves and shoots are as described above,
and no part of the plant is villous. The species seems well distinct by the short
petiole, the very rounded leaf-base, the very fine reticulation of the secondary
nervation.

2. Z. Candolllana, Wight Ic. t. 1220; leaves elliptic obtuse or scarcely
acute, secondary nerves distinct of close subparallel lines, flowers subsessile in
the axils of leaves, anther-tips villous. Balz. %■ Gibs. Bovib. Fl. 139. I. Perot-
tetiana, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 188, partly.

NiLGHEBRT Mts. ; WiffJit, Gardner.

Shoots minutely rusty-silky. Leaves 3^ hy ^ in., not acuminate, base cuneate,
margins little rectirved when dry, primary nerves 5-5 in. apart ; petiole \ in. Flowers
nearly as in /. villosa. Berry ^hy \ in. — Only distinguishable from the next by the
hairy anther-tips and more membranous leaves. A. DC. says his I. Perottetiana had
the anthers pilose at the tips, but Wight split this species into two, whereof his
/. Candolllana has the anther-tips pilose, his /. Perottetiana has them glabrous.

3. Z. Perottetiana, Wight Ic t. 1219 ; leaves elliptic obtuse or sub-
acute, secondary nerves obscure of close subparallel lines, flowers subsessile
axillary, anther-tips glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 188,^ar^^y.

Nllghebey Mts. ; Wight, Gardner, Sir F. Adam.

4. Z. Stocksil, Clarke ; leaves elliptic-obovate obtuse, secondary nerves
somewhat laxly reticulated, flowers sessile on very short thick lateral spurs.

Concan; Stocks.

Branchlets thick. Leaves 4^ by 2 J in., base cuneate, primary' nerves ^-\ in. apart;
petiole ^ in. Flowers as in I. villosa. — This, by the leaves clustered at the summits
of the branches, and by the inflorescence, approaches /. villosa, but the primary and
secondary nervation of the leaves is different.

5. Z. lanceolata, Wight Ic. t. 359, not of Thivaites) leaves lanceolate
obtusely acuminate, secondary nerves distinct subparallel, flowers nearly sessile
in the axils of persistent leaves. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 187. Sideroxylon
Wightianum, Wall. Cat. 4154.

South Deccan Peninsula; Coimbatore and Quilon, Wight; Nilgherry Mts.,
G. Thomson ; Anamallays, Beddome. Ceylon ; Dr. Kelaart.

Branches not thick. Shoots minutely rusty-silky, Leaves 5 by 1| in. (in "Wight's
type specimen), usually smaller, base cuneate, primary nerves \-^ in. apart, secondary
prominent, slightly waved; petiole \ in. Caly.T-lobes ^ in., ovate, obtuse. Berry
I by i in.

Var. anfracttwsa ; leaves obovate-elliptic abruptly shortly acuminate, secondary
nerves conspicuous strongly curved so as to cross each primary at right angles, calyx-
segments lanceolate subobtuse. — Cochin ; Valla Candoo, Wight. — Buds longer than in
I. lanceolata, of which this appears a fine variety.

6. Z. Wigrhtiana, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 187; leaves elliptic sub-obtuse,
primary nerves distant secondary laxly reticulated obscurely subparallel,
flowers nearly sessile in the axils of persistent leaves. Thwaites Enum. PI.
Zeyl. 177. S. tomentosum. Wall. Cat. 4153. Bassia Wightiana, Bedd. For.
Man. 141.

Ceylon; common, Wight, Gardner, Thwaites, &c.

Perhaps not separable from /. lanceolata. Leaves commonly 3^ hy 1^ in., but
very variable. The following varieties have been noticed : —

Vab. major; leaves 9 by 1| in., acuminate, green, primary nerves 1-1^ in. apart.

540 Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Isonandra.

secondary nerves subparallel. — Thwaites n. 45. — This approaches /. lanceolata in the
acuminate leaves, but otherwise is not like it. A smaller form of this has the
leaves b\ by f in., rostrate.

Var. angustata; leaves 3|^by ^ in. obtuse. — Thwaites nn. 179, 191.

Vak. acuminata, Garcln. ms. ; leaves broadly obovate-oblong abruptly obtusely
acuminate. — This is perhaps near /. lanceolata var. anfractuosa.

Vab. montana, Thwaites Enum. 177; leaves elliptic-obovate obtuse coriaceous,
secondary nerves reticulated not subparallel. — Thwaites n. 3092. — Hardly differs from
7. Wightiana type.

Var. compta, Thwaites ms. ; mature leaves densely silky beneath with rich brown
hair. — Thwaites n. 3912.

anomalous species.

7. I. DiPLOSTEMON, ClarJcc ', leaves elliptic-obovate obtuse glabrous, stamens 15-18.
— Diospyros obovata, Wight Ic. t. 1226.

Deccan Peninsula ; Wight.

Leaves 5 by 2f in., base obtuse or rounded ; petiole ^ in. Flowers small, minutely
rusty-villose, in axillary fascicles. Calyx-lobes 4, — j in., imbricate. Corolla-lobes
6-6. Stamens 15-18, 1-seriate, filaments short hairy ; anthers lanceolate, acuminate.
— "Wight's examples are good, but have buds only : these so closely resemble those of
Isonaiidra that Beddome (in For. Man. 238) considers this species as merely an
anomalous state of Isonandra Wightiana. The figure of Wight accurately shows the
style ; there is hardly any trace of a cavity in the ovary, far less of an embryo ; but
in this respect it agrees with the neighbouring species of Sapotacece at the same early
stage of development : there is no ground for supposing these buds male.

5. DXCKOPSIS, Thwaites.

Trees ; shoots rusty-tomentose. Leaves obovate or oblong, petioled, coriaceous.
Flowers fascicled, axillary, or on the naked brancMets belovsr a terminal tuft of
leaves. Caly.x-lohes 6, 2-seriate, outer 3 valvate, inner 3 imbricate. Corolla-
lobes 6, imbricated or contorted. Stamens 12-18 (usually 12), attached near
the base of the corolla, l-seriate or the alternate a little higher up, filaments
short or long ; anthers lanceolate, dehiscence extrorse or lateral, connective
produced acute or bifid; staminodes 0. Ovarg \illous, 6-celled or {Jide
Thwaites) rarely 4-3-celled ; style linear. Berry fleshy, ellipsoid or ovoid,
2-1-seeded. Seed exalbuminous, testa crustaceous ; cotyledons large, fleshy.
— Species 30, in S. India, the Malay peninsula and islands ; 1 in Samoa.

* Species of Ceylon.

1. D. petiolaris, Thioaites Enu7n. 176 ; leaves long-petioled elliptic
cuneate at both ends, pedicels 1 in. rusty-tomentose. Bassia petiolaris, Bedd.
For. Man. 140, and Fl. Sylv. t. 254.

Ceylon ; Ambagamowa district, Hinidoon and Reigam Corles, Thwaites.

A large tree. Leaves 4 by 1-3 in., broadly or narrowly elliptic, glabrous, coria-
ceous, primarj' nerves distinct oblique, secondary laxly irregularly reticulated, not
prominent; petiole I-I4 in. Pedicels 2-5 together, clustered near the end of the
branches. Calyx-lobes \-^ in., ovate, subacute, rusty-tomentose. Corolla f in.,
•white, tube hairy within. Stamens 12; filaments short; anthers minutely 2-horned
at the apex, 6 opposite the corolla-lobes subextrorse, 6 alternate subintrorse. Ovary
•6-celled. Fruit \\ in. diam., on erect much thickened pedicels, subspherical, 1-seeded.

2. X>. grandis, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 658 ; leaves obovate obtuse or
abruptly shortly acuminate, pedicels ^-1 in. rusty-tomentose. Isonandra grandis,
Thtvaites Enum. PI. Zeyl. 176. Bassia grandis, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 254.

Cbtlon ; alt. 6000 feet. Walker, &c.

A huge tree. Leaves 10 by 4 J in., base cuneate, glabrous ; petiole f in. Pedicels

Dichopsis.'] Lxxxix. sapotace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 541

densely clustered, sometimes near the end of the branches, more often distant there-
from. Calyx-lobes |-i in., ovate, subacute, rusty-tomentose. Corolla § in., white.
Stame7is 12, filaments as long as the anthers; anthers apiculate, extrorse. Ovary
6-celled. Berry 1-1^ in., ovoid, black. Seeds used for oil.

Var. parvifolia ; leaves 2 by 1 in., pedicels ^-^in. — There are numerous examples
intermediate between this and D. grandis type.

3. I>. rublgrlnosa, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 658 ; leaves obovate-oblong
obtuse rusty-tomentose beneath, pedicels f-1 in. rusty-tomentose. Isonandra
rubiginosa, Thwaites JEnum, 177. Bassia rubiginosa, liedd. For. Man. 141.

Ceylon ; up to 4000 ft., Saifragam district and Hinidoon Corle, Thwaites.

A huge tree. Leaves 3^ by H-1 J in,, base cuneate, very coriaceous, ultimately
nearly glabrous ; petiole \ in. Pedicels 6-10 together, stout, subterminal or lateral.
Calyx-lobes ^ in. and upwards, ovate, subacute. Stamens 1 2 ; filaments shorter than
the apiculate anthers. Ovary 6-celled. B&rry ovoid. — Flowers rather larger than in
the two foregoing species.

4. D. canallculata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. G58; leaves oblong shortly
cuneate at both ends, pedicels 1 in. hardly crowded sparingly fulvous-tomentose.
Isonandra canaliciilata, TJnvaites Enum. 177. Bassia canaliculata, Bedd. Fm'.
Man. 141.

Cetlox ; Caltura district, Thwaites, Gen. Walker.

A medium-sized tree. Leaves 10 by 4y in. to 2\ by 1^ in., glabrous, midrib
channelled above or nearly plane ; petiole |-2 in. Pedicels 2-4 together, lateral or
terminal, less crowded than in the three foregoing species. Calyx-lobes |- in., broad-tri-
angular. Ovary 6-celled. Berry ellipsoid. — The channelling of the midrib of the
leaf above, characteristic of Thwaites' large specimens, entirely disappears in some
of the small examples.

6. D. pauciflora, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 658'; leaves narrowly elliptic
obtusely acuminate, pedicels 0-^ in. rusty-tomentose. Isonandra pauciflora,
Thwaites Enum. PL Zeyl. 177. Bassia pauciflora, Bedd. For. Man. 141.

Ceylon ; near Eatnapoora, at no great elevation, Thwaites.

A medium-sized tree. Leaves 7 by 2\ in., base cuneate, glabrous, primary nerves
distinctly inarching ; petiole f in. Calyx-lobes ;^-i in., elliptic, rusty-tomentose.
Corollu \ in. Ovary 3-4 -celled. Berry oblong.

6. D. laevlfolia, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 658 ; leaves narrowly obovate-
oblong obtuse or subacute, pedicels f in. closely pilose. Isonandra liBvifolia,
Thwaites Enum. 177. Bassia Isevifolia, Bedd. For. Man. 141.

Ceylon; Saflfragam district and Eeigam Corle, at no great deration, Thwaites.

A medium-sized tree; branchlets adpressedly pilose. Leaves 4f by ]^ in., base
cuneate, glabrous, very smooth beneath from the primary nerves not being elevated,
secondary nerves slender but very distinct ; petiole ^ in. Fascicles 4-6-fld. ; axillary
or 1-2 near the ends of the branches. Calyx-lobes i in., ovate, acute, closely pilose.
Anther-tips pilose (Thwaites). Ovary 6-celled. Berries oblong, acute.

7. I>. lanceolata, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 6085 young leaves and shoots
rusty-tomentose, leaves lanceolate narrowed at both, ends tip very obtuse,
pedicels ^-f in. obscurely tomentose. Isonandra lanceolata, Thwaites Enum.
4A2, not of Wight. Bassia lanceolata, Bedd. For. Man. 141.

Ceylon; Caltura, Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 4^ Ijy 1^ in., coriaceous, densely closely silky-tomen-
tose beneath when young, glabrescent when mature, nerves obscure ; petiole ^-f in.
Pedicels 3-6 together. Calyx-lobes \ in. or rather more, ovate, subacute, obscurely
tomentose.

542 Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Bichopsis,

** Species of Malabar.

8. X>. elllptica, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 658; leaves elliptic or somewhat
obovate subobtuse glabrous, pedicels 1^ in. minutely tomentose, stamens 12-18
{usually 14-17). Bassia elliptica, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Joum. iii. 36 ; Dalz. ^'
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 139 : Bedd. Fl. Sijlv. t. 43. Bassia sp., Miq. PL Hohenack. n.
■397. Isonandra acuminata, Drury Useful PL Ind. 260, not of Gardner.

Bombay and Canara ; Lalzell. Mangaloeb ; Hohenacker. Canaba ; Stocks.
Western Ghats, up to 4000 ft. ; common, iBeddome.

A tree, 100 ft., trunk often straight, unbranched to a great height ; branchlets
and shoots minutely adpressedly pilose. Leaves 4 by 2 in., obtuse or with a short
obtuse triangular point, base cuneate ; petiole f in. Pedicels 4-8 together, axillary or
terminal. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate, subacute, minutely adpressed-pilose. Corolla ^ in.,
segments fulvous- silky on the back. Filaments short, hairy ; anthers narrow-lanceo-
late, acute, sometimes tips hairy. Ovary 6-celled. Berry 1^ in., ellipsoid. — Indian
Gutta-percha.

*** Species of Fast Bengal and the Malay Peninsula.

9. D. polyantha, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 658 ; leaves obovate-oblong
subobtuse closely silky-tomentose beneath or mature nearly glabrous, pedicels
1|^ in., filaments hairy hardly as long as the anthers. Bassia polyantha, JFalL
Cat, 4166; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 198. Sideroxylon regium, WalL Cat. 4156,
partly. Isonandra polyantha, Kurz For. FL ii. 119, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 230.

SiLHET ; WaUich, H. f. 4" 2^- Cachak ; Keenan. Chittagong ; H. f. ^- T.
Pegu ; WaUich. Abracan ; Kurz.

A tree, 30-40 ft. Leaves 5| by 2\ in,, base cuneate, silvery or rich brown glossy
beneath ; petiole ^-1^ in. Pedicels in lax clusters towards the ends of the branches,
tomentose. Calyx-lobes \-^ in., ovate, hardly acute. Corolla nearly ^ in., cream-
coloured. Stamens 12, sometimes more. Berry 1^ in., obovoid, scaly brown, 1-
eeeded. — Yields good gutta-percha in large quantity (Kurz). Flowers eaten (Keenan).

10. D. obovata, Clarke; leaves obovate-oblong glaucescent glabrous
beneath secondary nerves obscure, pedicels ^ in. densely clustered, filaments
glabrous at least as long as the anthers. Isonandra obovata. Griff. NotuL iv.
393 ; Kurz For. FL ii. 120, and in Joum. As. Soc. ii. 230. Bassia ? hypoleuca,
Miq. FL Ind. Bat. Suppl. 582 (Jide Kurz).

Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3606), Maingay (n. 985, 996). Singapobe;
T. Anderson.

A tree ; branches thick, leaves clustered towards their extremities ; shoots rusty-
tomentose. Leaves %\ by 3-4 in., obtuse or very shortly acute, base cuneate, primary
nerves 12 on each side, much raised beneath ; petiole f in. Clusters densely covering
the branches below the terminal leaves. Calyx-lobes \-^ in., ovate, subobtuse.
Corolla \ in., nearly glabrous without, segments narrow acute. Stamens 12. Berries
f in. diam., globose. — Kurz says that there is another species collected in Martaban
by Falconer closely allied to this. The imperfect specimen collected by Falconer at
Moulmein appears identical.

11. I>. Kelferi, Clarke ; leaves obovate-lanceolate obtuse glabrous secon-
dary nerves distinct, pedicels | in. densely clustered.

Tenasserim; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3616). Tavot; Packmxin.

Closely allied to B. obovata ; and is perhaps Heifer's Tenasserim plant referred to
D. obovata by Kurz ; but the nervation of the leaves is different. Leaves 8^ by 3 in.,
base cuneate, primary nerves 8-9 on each side, f-1 in. apart, inarching not con-
spicuously parallel. — Corolla not seen.

Dichopsis.] Lixxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 543

12. D. BKaingrayl, Clarke; leaves large obovate pilose beneath, pedicels
^-f in. densely clustei-ed rusty hirsute, filaments glabrous.

Malacca ; Maingay (n. 996-2).

Branchlets thick, rusty-villous. Leaves 9^ by 6 in,, obtuse, base cuneate, primary
ner\-e8 13 on each side, carried parallel almost to the margin, secondary distinct ;
petiole nearly 2 in. Pedicels densely clustered along the branches below the ter-
minal leaves. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate, obtuse, rusty hirsute. Corolla ^-i in., nearly
glabrous without, lobes ovate acute. Stamens 12; filaments about as long as the
anthers. Fruit not seen. — Nearly allied to B. obovata, but the corolla is much shorter
with wider lobes, and the indumentum is more spreading.

13. D. bezandra, Clarke ; leaves elliptic-oblong suddenly narrowed at
both ends glabrous, pedicels ^-^ in. clustered axillary, filaments pilose hardly
so long as the anthers. Isonandra hexandra, Griff. Nof,ul. iv. 292. Payena
Griffithii, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 121, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 230?.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib, n. 3609), Maingay (n. 984).

Shoots closely rusty-tomentose. Leaves 6 by 2^ in. (generally much smaller), very
shortly obtusely acuminate or subobtuse, much less cuneate at the base than in the
3 foregoing species, primary nerves 9-10 on each side, secondary not prominent;
petiole ^-| in. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate, minutely closely tomentose. Corolla i-^ in. ;
lobes elliptic, acute, nearly glabrous without. Berry ^ in. diam., globose, 1-seeded.
Seed exalbuminous. — Kurz says his Payena Griffithii was Hexameria, Griflf., a name
unpublished either as a genus or section by Grifiith. Kurz's diagnosis is so short
that placing his plant here is a mere guess.

14. D> rubens, Clarke ; leaves obovate-oblong obtuse glabrous, pedicels
^ in. axillary minutely tomentose, filaments and corolla-tube within glabrous.

Malacca ; Maingay (n. 995).

Shoots minutely closely rusty-tomentose. Leaves 4 by Ii in., base cuneate, drying
red, primary nerves not prominent ; petiole | in. Calyx4obes \ in., ovate, subacute,
minutely closely tomentose. Corolla \ in. or more, lobes 6, oblong, obtuse. Stamens
12 ; filaments all short, subequal ; anthers oblong, acute, mucronate. Berry not ripe,
promises to be ^ in. diam. — Not very closely allied to any of the preceding species.

15. D. G-utta, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 658; leaves obovate-oblong very
shortly obtusely acuminate coriaceous, pedicels ^ in. in axillary clusters, fila-
ments glabrous longer than the anthers. Isonandra Gutta, Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot. vi. 464, t. 16 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1038, t. 36 j BenU. 8f Trim. Med. PL
t. 167.

Malacca and Singapore ; Lobb, Maingay. — Distrib. Sumatra.

A tree, 40 ft. ; shoots minutely rusty-tomentose. Leaves 4^ by 2 in. (sometimes
much longer), base cuneate, densely closely rusty-tomentose beneath, ultimately
glabrescent, primary nerves 24-30 on each side, not prominent ; petiole l| in. Calyx-
lobes I in., ovate, obtuse, rusty-tomentose. Corolla g in. ; lobes 6, elliptic obtuse.
Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Berry § in., ovoid, 2-1 -seeded. — Easily distinguished
from all the preceding species by the numerous primary nerves of the leaf. — Gutta-
percha.

6. BASSZA, Linn.

Trees. Leaves petioled, coriaceous, silky or tomentose beneath when
young ; stipules caducous. Pedicels axillary, fascicled, among the subterminal
tufts of leaves, or in the axils of fallen leaves. Calyx-segments 4, 2-seriate,
2 outer valvate enclosing the inner (except in B. butyracea). Corolla-tube
campanulate ; lobes 6-12 (usually 8-10), contorted in bud. Stamens at
least twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 12-40 (usually 16-20) ; anthers lan-
ceolate, acute, connective often mucronate or excurrent. Ovary villous, 4-12-

544 Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) IBassia,

(usually 6-8-) celled ; style linear. Ber7y globose or oblong-ellipsoid, 1-3-
(rarely 4-5-) seeded. Seeds ellipsoid, hilum long, sometimes large ; albumen 0 f
radicle very small ; cotyledoijs hemi-ellipsoid, fleshy. — Distkib. Species 30 ; in
India, Malaya and Polynesia.

* Calyx-lobes 4, tbe 2 outer subvalvate including the others.

t Species of the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylcm (B, latifoliaj extending north-
wards to Kumaon).

1. B.latifolla,i2oT&. Cor. PI. 20,t.l9,andi^/.7wJ.ii. 526; leaves elliptic or
oblong-elliptic shortly acuminate, calyx rusty-tomentose, anthers 20-30 3-seriate
subsessile. Wall. Cat. 4163; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 198; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 139 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 41 ; Brarul For. Fl. 289. B. viUosa, Wall. Cat.
4165. — Mahwah or Madhuca, C. Hamilton in As. Besearch. i. 300-308, with jig.

Throughout Central India ; alt. 1-4000 ft., abundant ; from West Bengal to the
Western Ghauts ; also wild in the Kumaon Terai. — Distbib. Ava.

A tree, 50 ft., with a large head, the leaves clustered at the ends of the branches ;
all the young parts densely rusty-woolly. Leaves 5 by 3 in., varying in size, and from
round-obovate to broad-lanceolate, acute, base cuneate, densely woolly beneath when
young, in age glabrescent, primary nerves 12 on each side, subparallel, 5--i in. apart,
secondary very prominent, glabrous or obscurely pubescent ; petiole \-\\ in. ; stipules
linear, caducous. Pedicels 1-1 f in., woolly, in dense clusters near the ends of the
branches. Calyx-lobes ^^ in., ovate, subacute, densely rusty-tomentose; nearly
always 4, rarely 5; the two outer segments always subvalvate and enclosing the
others. Corolla § in., yellowish white, tube fleshy ; lobes 7-14 (usually 8-9), short,
erect. Stamens usually 24-26 ; anthers hairy, acuminate. Berry 1-2 in., ovoid,
1-4-seeded. — The corollas, collected and dried, form an important article of food
both for men and animals in Central India, and yield by distillation a coarse spirit.
The seeds yield an inferior oil, largely eaten by the tribes. Moa-tree, of the English
denizens.

2. B. longrifolia, Linn. Mant. 563 : leaves lanceolate narrowed at both
ends glabrous distinctly nerved, anthers 16 2-seriate subsessile tips 3-toothed,
young fruit globose densely hirsute. Gaertn. Fruct. t. 104 ; Lamk. III. t. 398 ;
Wall. Cat. 4162; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 523 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 197 ; Wight III.
t. 147 ; Dah. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 139 ; Thwaites Enum. 175 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 42.

Malabar ; from Canara southwards, and Ceylon ; common.

A tree, 60 ft. ; leaves clustered towards the ends of the branches ; all the young
parts rusty-tomentose. Leaves 4-5 by 1^ in., mature glabrescent, primary nerves 12
on each side, distinct, secondary distinct; petiole 1-1^ in. ; stipules linear. Pedicels
1-2 in., tomentose, in dense clusters near the ends of the branches. Calyx-lobes
^-^ in., ovate, subacute. Corolla f in. ; lobes usually 6, scarcely one-third the length
of the tube. Filaments hairy ; anthers 3-toothed at the apex (A. DC), the short
mucronation of the connective between the tips of the two cells giving this appear-
ance more strongly than is indicated in any of the figures. Berry 1-1^ in. diam.,
globose, iiltimately nearly glabrous, 1-2-seeded or {fide Koxburgh) sometimes 3-4-
seeded.— The figure of Caertner shows the fruit 5-seeded, which may be an error ;
A. DC. doubts this figure, while he expresses no doubt about Lamarck's (111. t. 398)
which is copied from it. This species has been much confounded with the next, but
the young fruit is widely diflerent.

3. B. malabarica, Bedd. For. Man. 140; branchlets glabrous, leaves
lanceolate or oblong obtuse or scarcely acute glabrescent distinctly nerved,
stamens 16 in 2 series subsessile connective exciirrent lanceolate-linear, young
fruit oblong-lanceolate glabrous.

South Canaea, Malabar, and the Anamallays; up to 4000 ft., abundant,
Beddome.

Bassia.'] Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 645

A middle-sized tree. Leaves scattered, 10 by 2^ in., tapering at both ends, or 3
by 1^ in., subobtuse at both ends, primary nerves 15-25 on each side, secondary
distinct ; petiole J-f in. Flowers in axillary clusters near to or distant from the ends
of the branches, closely resembling those of B. longifolia. Filaments short, hairy ;
connective much produced. Berry 1 by ^ in., often oblique, scarcely obtuse when
ripe; 1 -seeded in all the examples. — The leaves vary greatly in size and shape if
there be not two species here included ; perhaps it should be united with B. neriifolia
and Moonii.

4. B. BKoonli, Bedd. For. Man. 140 ; branchlets rusty-villous, leaves
oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrescent distinctly nerved. Dasyaulus
Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 176.

Cbylon ; Caltura, Moon ; Ratnapoora, Thwaites.

Does not appear to differ from B. malabarica, except by rusty villous shoots. —
Seeds sparingly albuminous (Thwaites).

5. B. neriifolia, Moon. Cat. H. Ceyl. 36; branchlets glabrous, leaves
very narrowly oblong coriaceous nerves obscure, anthers 16 2-seriate subsessile
connective excuiTent lanceolate-linear, young fruit oblong-lanceolate glabrous.
Bedd. For. Man. 140, and Fl. Sylv, t. 264. Dasyaulus neriifolius, Thwaites
Enum. 175.

Ceylon; common, Thwaites.

Leaves 4^ by f in. in Thwaites' typical example, broader and obtuser in others.
Except by the texture of the leaves this seems undistinguishable from B. malabarica.
Beddome's analysis does not show the anthers acute enough.

6. B. fulva, Bedd. For. Man. 140 ; leaves elliptic or obovate subobtuse
at both ends densely rusty- woolly on the nerves beneath when mature, inflores-
cence and calyx of B. malabarica. Dasyaulus fulvus, Thwaites Enum. 176.

Ceylon; Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites.

A medium- sized tree. Leaves 6 by 3f in., coriaceous, somewhat rugose, primary
nerves 10-12 on each side, strongly elevated ; petiole ^ in., densely rusty-woolly.
Inner 2 calyx-segments densely rusty- woolly. Corolla not seen. Ovary 6-cell»d
(Thwaites). Fruit not seen.

7. B. xnicrophylla, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 74 ; leaves small obovate or oblong
obtuse glabrous, fascicles axillary few-fld., anthers 12 2-seriate subsessile
acuminate. Bcidd. For. Man. 140. B. parvifolia, A. DC. Fi'odr. viii. 198.
Dasyaulus microphyllus, Thwaites Enum. 176.

Ceylon ; Gen. Walker ; near Galle, Gardner.

Branchlets glabrous ; shoots rusty-villous. Leaves 1-lJ by f in., coriaceous,
nerves slender ; petiole \ in. Pedicels ^ in., nearly glabrous, solitary or few together.
Calyx-lobes \ in., ovate, subobtuse; 2 entirely within, villous. Corolla ^ in., cleft to
the middle ; lobes 6 (rarely 5) obtuse. Filaments hairy.

tt Species of the Malay Peninsula and Andamans.

8. B. arg'entea, De Vriese PI. Peinw. G2 ; leaves elliptic rhomboid at
both ends silky beneath, fascicles axiUary many-fld., flowers small. Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 1041.

Malacca ; Maingay. — Distbib. Malayan Archipelago ?.

A large tree. Leaves 7 by 2f in., primary nerves 15 on each side, parallel, strongly
raised beneath, secondary obscured by close shining silk ; petiole \-\ in. Pedicels as
long as the petioles, 4-10 together in the axils of persistent leaves. Calyx-segments
\ in., ovate, obtuse, closely tomentose. Anthers acute, hairy on all sides. — Maingay's
specimens named argentea are too imperfect for analysis ; they agree with De Vriese'a
VOL. III. s s

546 Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Bassia.

diagnosis. In the absence of fruit it is uncertain whether either may not be a
Payena.

9. B. Xiobbii, Clarke-^ leaves elliptic acutely cuneate at both ends glabrous
distinctly reticulated, pedicels 1^ in. with the calyx-lobes closely cinereous-
tomentose.

MouLivtEiN ; banks of the Attran, Lohh.

Shoots grey-tomentose. Leaves '2\ by 1\ in., submembranous, primary and
secondary nerves distinct ; petiole ^ in. Pedicels from the terminal tufts of leaves.
Calyx-lobes ^ in., elliptic-oblong. Corolla 10-12-lobed. Stamem about 18; filaments
short ; anthers lanceolate, mucronate. Ovary 8-celled. — Possibly a Payetia, but the
long calyx-lobes and habit suggest Bassia.

10. B. Mottleyana, De Vriese in Miq. Journ. 1861, 257 ; leaves long-
petioled broadly elliptic abruptly shortly acuminate at both ends glabrous,
fascicles very numerous axillary dense-fld.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3608). — Distrib. Borneo.

Leaves 5 by 2| in., coriaceous, primary nerves numerous not prominent nor very
oblique ; petiole %-\\ in. Pedicels ^-| in. ; fascicles in the axils of persistent leaves
and clothing the branches below the leaves. Calyx-lohes ^-~ in., ovate, scarcely acute,
sparingly tomentose, CoroWa 8-10-lobed. Stamens \%-\% \ anthers subsessile, lan-
ceolate, acute. Ovary 6-8-celled. Fruit not seen.

11. B. cuneata, Blume Bijd. 675 ; leaves obovate obtuse or emarginate
coriaceous glabrous, seeds exalbuminous. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1041.

Malacca; Maingay. — Distrib. Java.

Leaves 4^ by 2f in., attenuated at the base, primary nerves slender, not very
oblique; petiole | in. Flowers not seen. Berry ^-\ in. diam,, globose, 1-3-seeded.
Seeds ^-| in., ovoid, shining-chestnut ; hilum elliptic, oblique, covering one-third the
surface ; radicle exceedingly small, cotytedons hemi-ellipsoidal fleshy. — Maingay's
examples (in ripe fruit) are here referred to Blume's B. cuneata merely from his
short description of that plant in flower. Whether B. ohovata, Forst., from Tanna,
differs is doubtful. Maingay's cuneate-emarginate leaved plant has been supposed to
be the fruiting state of B. Mottleyana ; the two appear closely allied.

12. B. caloneura, Kurz Andaman Rep. 141 : leaves large elliptic-oblong
base rounded or obtuse, fruit 1^ by.l in. rusty 2-seeded. Isonandra ? caloneura,
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 119, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 229. I. calophylla,
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871 pt. 69, and 1873 pt. ii. 88, not of Teysm. ^
Binn. Dichopsis ? caloneura, Hook. /, in Gen. PI. ii. 658.

South Andaman ; frequent, Kurz.

A tree, 60 ft. ; shoots minutely rusty-silky. Leaves 9>^ by 2| in., acute, mature
glabrous ; petiole ^ in. A very obscure plant. Kurz describes the calyx (Journ. As.
Soc. 1873, and For. Flor.) as 6-lobed, and the seed (Journ. As. Soc. 1877) as ex-
albuminous ; but he never saw the flower. He elsewhere describes the calyx as
4-lobed, and he has finally put the plant into an albuminous genus. — Our specimen
has no flower, and the solitary fruit has no calyx and is unfit for analysis ; as, however,
it altogether resembles that of a Bassia, and is quite unlike that of an Isonandra, we
retain the plant in the former genus.

** Oalyx-lobes 5, much imbricated, not or obscurely 2-8eriate.

13. B. butyracea, Roxh. in As. Research. yni.4Q9-502, with Jig., andjF7.
Ind. ii. 527 ; leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, stamens 30-40, filaments glabrous
as long as the anthers. Wall. Cat. 4164; Dm Prodr. 146; A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 198 ? ; Brand. For. Fl. 290, t. 35.

Subtropical Himalaya ; alt. 1-5000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Bhotan, frequent.

A tree, attaining 70 ft. Leaves 13 by 6 in. (or smaller), crowded near the ends of

Bassia.] lxxxix. sapotace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 547

the branches, subobtuse, base rhomboid, tomentose when young, mature glabrous or
flocculose beneath, primary nerves 16 on each side; petiole l^^ in.; stipules i in.,
ovate-lanceolate, caducous. Pedicels 1 in., very many, crowded among the subterminal
leaves, tomentose. Calyx-lohes ^-^ in., ovate, subsimilar, rusty-villous. Corolla ^ in. ;
lobes 8-10, spreading. Anthers exserted, linear-lanceolate. Ovary 7-9-celled.
Berry 1 by § in., 1-3-seeded. — A. DC. says the calyx is 4-lobed, whence it must be
s^ery doubtful whether he had the true plant.

7. PA VENA, A. Da

As Bassia, but the seeds albuminous. Corolla deeply lobed, and flowers in
the axils of scattered leaves. — Distrib. Species 8-10 r, in the Malay Peninsula
^nd islands.

As the fruit is only known in the first described species, the four others may
prove to be Bassias.

1. P. Maingrayi, Clarke \ leaves large oblong acuminate, flowers large,
filaments and anthers glabrous, connective produced narrow-lanceolate. Cera-
tophorus sp., Maingay ms. Chrysophyllum ? moUe, Wall. Cat. 4161 ?.

Malacca ; Maingay. ? Penang ; Wallick.

Brajiehlets rusty-tomentose. Leaves 9 by 2^ in., parallel-sided, abruptly acumi-
nate, base cuneate, shining brown-silky beneath, ultimately glabrescent, primary
nerves 24 on each side, not prominent nor very oblique ; petiole 1 in. Pedicels § in.,
2-6 together, clothing the branches and in the axils of persistent leaves, minutely
silky. Calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate, subacute, closely silky. Corolla ^ in., divided nearly
to the base; segments 10, lanceolate, distinctly 2-seriate. Stamens 16-20. Ovary
6-8-oelled. Berry IJ by | in., 1-seeded. Seed brown, shining, albuminous; hilum
very large. — Wallich's C. molle consists of a branchlet with leaves only, from Penang.
— Abounds in gutta-percha (Maingay).

2. P. xnalaccensis, Clarke, le&ves large obovate or obovate-oblong
conspicuously nerved, filaments and anthers with long fulvous hairs, connective
produced linear-cuspidate. Keratophorus Wightii, Maingay mss., not of
Hassk.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3610), Maingay.

Branchlets nearly glabrous. Leaves 12 by 6^ in., subobtuse, base cuneate, ulti-
mately glabrous, primary nerves 15-20 on each side, curving upwards; petiole H in.
Pedicels § in., closely silky ; in numerous axillary fascicles. Calyx-lobes 2 outer fin.,
subquadrate, obscurely silky, much overlapping, 2 inner longer, subacute, densely
villous. Corolla \ in., divided nearly to the base ; lobes 10, narrow-lanceolate, sub-
■2-8eriate. Stamens 16-20 ; filaments short. Fruit not seen.

3. P. ludda, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 197; leaves elliptic acuminate primary
nerves somewhat oblique to the midrib, filaments and anthers glabrous, con-
nective excurrent tip glabrous. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 121, and in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, pt. ii. 230. Mimusops lucida. Wall. Cat. 4147 ; G. Dm Gen. Syst. iv,
35 {wrongly described , not of Poir.).

Penang; Wallich. Singapore; Lobb.

Branchlets and shoots rusty-tomentose. LeavesZ\ by 1^ in., tapering at both ends,
^glabrous and somewhat shiny beneath, nerves not prominent ; petiole J in. Pedicels
clustered in the axils of persistent leaves, ^-1 in., slender, minutely silky. Calyx-
lobes I in., obtuse, obscurely silky. Corolla \-^ in., deeply divided ; lobes 8, oblong,
obtuse. Stamens 16 ; filaments short. Ovary 8-celled. — Bassia sericea (Blume Bijd.
•674) is perhaps the same species, but has the primary nerves closer, the pedicels
rather shorter. Miquel admits Bassia sericea, Blume, as a species, and also Payena ?

*nn2

548 Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Fayena,

iericea, Miq., which, from the authentic example, is seen to be quite different, thougb
probably a true Bassia.

Var. Wightii ; leaves larger very coriaceous gradually or abruptly shorter acumi-
nate, pedicels stouter, sepals larger rusty-tomentose. Isonandra polyandra, Wight Ic.
t. 1589. Keratophorus Wightii, Hassk. in Retz. 101. — Malacca; Griffith (Kew
Distrib. n. 3605), Maingay. — This is perhaps specifiqally distinct from P. lucida ; and
of this there are two forms having the flowers alike but leaves somewhat differing,
viz. (1) "Wight Ic. t. 1589, leaves 6^ by 2f in. obovate-oblong suddenly shortly acumi-
nate ; (2) Griffith n. 3605, leaves 5 by If in. oblong-lanceolate long-acuminate.
Griffith and Maingay have each collected both forms, and have each kept them apart
as being distinct species.

4. P. paralleloneura, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 70, and

Fo?: Fl. ii. 121 ; leaves narrowly elliptic-acuminate, primary nerves nearly
horizontal, filaments and anthers glabrous, cQ^iuective excurrent tipped witb
fulvous hairs.

Mergui ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3611).

Leaves 3^ by 1^ in., base broadly rhomboid, primary nerves very slender; petiole
i in. Pedicels ^-^ in. — This seems exceedingly near P. lucida and Bassia sericea^
Blume.

8. MXMUSOPS, Linn.

Trees. Leaves elliptic or obovate, coriaceous ; primary nerves numerous,
spreading, slender or oDscure. Pedicels clustered or solitary, axillary. CalyX'
segments 6-8, 2-seriate, outer series valvate in bud, including the inner im-
bricated series. Corolla-tube short, lobes 18-24, 2-3-seriate. Stamens 6-8 (in
M. littoralis 12-16), inserted near the base of the corolla, opposite its interior
series of lobes ; filaments short ; anthers lanceolate, connective excurrent ;
staminodes as many as the stamens, entire serrate or lobed. Ovary hairy, 6-8-
celled. Fruit globose, 6-1-seeded ; endocarp crustaceous. Seeds compressed,
ellipsoid ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat, often nearly as wide as the seed. —
Distrib. Species 30 ; in the tropics of both hemispheres.

1. M. Elengri, Linn. ; Roxh. Cor. PL i. 15, 1. 14, andi^/. Ind. ii. 236 ; leaves
elliptic shortly acuminate, stamens 8, berry 1-seeded. Gaertn. Fruct. i. 198, t.
42; Lamk. III. t. 300; Wall. Cat. 4146; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 202: Grah. Cat.
JSomb. PI. 106; I)oh. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 140; Wight Ic. t. 1586; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 40 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 231, and For. Fl. 12S.—Rheede
Hort. Mai. i. t. 20. Eumph. Herb. Amb. ii. t. 63.

Deccan and Malay Peninsulas ; common. In North India frequently cultivated.
Distrib, Cultivated in the Tropics.

A tree, 50 ft. Leaves 3^ by 1| in., base rhomboid, glabrous, nerves slender
numerous nearly horizontal ; petiole f in. Pedicels i-f in., rusty-tomentose. Calyx-
lobes 8, 5 in., elliptic, acute, rusty-tomentose. Corolla-lobes 16-20, narrow-lanceolate,
white. Staminodes 8, pilose, acute, serrate or subentire. Berry |-1 in., ovoid, 1-
(rarely 2-) seeded, yellow.

2. US. Zloxburg'hiana, Wight Ic. t. 1588 ; leaves broadly elliptic very
obtuse at both ends, stamens 6 (rarely 7), berry 6-3-seeded. Bedd. For. Man.
143 ; Brand. For.Fl. 293.

Shevagheret and Ayamallat Hills ; Wight.

A large tree. Leaves 3 by If in,, coriaceous, glabrous, nerves very slender ;
petiole ^-| in. Pedicels 2-4 together, 1 in,, nearly glabrous, near the ends of the
branches. Calyx-lobes 6, | in., triangular-lanceolate, mealy tomentose. Corolla
nearly as of M. Elengi, but segments rather fewer. Staminodes 6 (rarely 7), lanceo-
late serrate. Berry \ in. diam,, depressed-globose, shining. — Flowers as large as, and
Jike those of M. Elengi ; but the calyx is only 6 -lobed. There are no specimens at

f

Mimiisops.] Lxxxix. SAPOTACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 549

Kew except the very complete set collected by Wight ; but Col. Beddome says the
tree is common in the Nilgherry and Anamallay forests.

3. in. hezandra, Hoxb. Cor. PL i. 16, t. 15, and Fl. Ind. ii. 238;
leaves elliptic-obovate obtuse or emarginate, stamens 6 (occasionally 7-8), berry
1- (sometimes 2-) seeded. Wall. Cat. 4148, A, B; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 204:
Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 106 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 140 ; Bedd. For. Man. 142.
M. indica, A. DC. I. c. 205 ; Wight Ic. t. 1687 ; Brand. Far. Fl. 291. M.
Kauki, WaU. Cat. 4149, A, C, not of Linn.

Dkccan Peninsula and Ceylon, common ; extending north to Grujerat, Banda and
the Circars. Cultivated in North-west India.

A lai^e tree. Leaves 3-4 by 1^2 in., base cuneate or rhomboid^ coriaceous,
nerves obscure; petiole \-\ in. Pedicels \-^ in., 2-5 together, nearly glabrous;
clusters subterminal, and along the branches, often dense. Calyx-lobes 6, ^~ in.,
elliptic, subacute, obscurely tomentose or nearly glabrous. Corolla \ in. long, white.
Staminodes 6-8, serrate or lobed. Berry ^ by ^ in., wider when 2 -seeded. — The
stami nodes are rather more lobed in the well-developed examples.

4. zn. XLauki, Linn. Sp. PI. 497; leaves long-petioled obovate-elliptic
fiilkj'-white beneath, stamens 6-8, berry usually 4-3-seeded. Wall. Cat. 4149,
E, upper half ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 203; Mtq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 1042 ; Grah. Cat.
Bomb. PI. 106. M. balota, Blums Bijd. 673. M. dissecta, Br. Prodr. 531, in
obs.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3157; A. DC. I.e. 204. M. Hookeri, A. DC. I.e.
M. Browniana, Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 286. — Rumph. Herb. Amb. iii. t. 8.

BiRAEA, at Amherst ; WaUich. Malacca ; Chriffith. — Distblb. Malaya, Tropical
Australia.

A large tree. Leaves 4 by 2 in., obtuse or scarcely acute, base cuneate, nerves
obscure ; petiole 1-1^ in. Pedicels 1 in., densely clustered near the ends of the
branches, cinnamoneous-tomentose. Calyx-lobes 6, \ in., ovate, subacute, brown-
tomentose. Corolla | in. long, lob^s narrow, acute. Stamiiwdes 6-8, serrate or lobed.
Berry |-1 in. diam., globose, smooth. — Among the secondary sheets of WaU. Cat.
4148 are Achras Sapota and Sideroxylon ferrugineum. The great difficulty that has
been raised over M. Kauki, Linn., has been due to two causes: (1) WaUich identified
his Amherst plant, the true M. Kauki, with Roxburgh's Deccan M. hexandra ; (2)
botanists, not looking to the fruit, ^nd perhaps not having it always to look at, have
betaken themselves to the degree of notching of the staminodes for diagnostic
characters.

anomalous spbcies.

5. M. LiTTOBALis, Kuvz FoT. Fl. ii. 123, and in Journ. As. 8oc. 1876, pt. ii. 138;
leaves large elliptic or obovate glabrous beneath, fruit 1-1^ in. diam. 6— 5-seeded.
M. indica, Kurz Andaman Rep. 42, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 70, not of
A. DC.

Andaman Islds. ; Kurz, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3613). Nicobabs; Kurz.

A tree, 50-80 ft ; all parts quite glabrous. Leaves l\ by 3| in,, not acute, base
cuneate, coriaceous ; petiole f in. Pedicels 1 in., clustered towards the ends of the
branches, 1 in each axil. — The Kew specimens have no flowers, but represent a large
species allied to M. Kauki. Kurz describes the calyx as 6-8-lobed, and the fertfle
stamens as 12-16, with as many staminodes ; indicative perhaps of a new genus. —
Andaman Bullet- wood.

Ordeb XC. EBZSNACBH:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, exstipulate, entire,
usually coriaceous. Flowers usually dioecious, regular, axillary, subsessile or in
short cymes, usually bracteate ; pedicels articulated under the flower. Calyx

550 xc. EBENACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Maha.

inferior, gamosepalous, in fruit often accrescent. Corolla gamopetalous, often
hairy without. Stamens as many or 2-3 times as many as the corolla-lobes,
hypogynous, free or filaments paired or variously united ; anthers narrow, de-
hiscing longitudinally ; staminodes in the female flower resembling stamens or
0. Ovary superior, sessile ; styles 2-8 ; cells as many or twice as many as
the styles, imperfectly septate ; ovules twice as many as the styles, attached
to the interior angle of the cells, pendulous, anatropous. F?^^ coriaceous or
fleshy, indehiscent, several- or few-seeded. Seeds pendulous, usually oblong,
longitudinally 2-3-furrowed, testa thin, albumen copious equable or ruminated;
embryo axile, radicle superior. — Species 250, in the tropics of the whole world ;
a few species in South Africa and North America.

Flowers often 3-nierous. Ovary 3- or 6-celled 1. Maba.

Flowers mostly 4-5-merous. Ovary 4-5- or 8-10-celled .... 2. Diospyhos.

1. MABA, J. R. 8f G. Forst.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers dioecious (moncecious in
M. Maingayi), axillary, short-pedicelled or in small dense cymes ; usually 3-
merous, rarely 4-5-merous. Calyx 3-5-partite or 3-6-fid, rarely subtruncate,
often cupuliform and enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube usually longer than the
calyx, lobes 3, twisted to the right-hand. Male powers: stamens 3-22; fila-
ments distinct, paired or otherwise united ; anthers oblong ; ovary rudimentary.
Female jiowers : staminodes 0-12 ; ovary 3-celled, or 6-celled, or 3-celled with
imperfect dissepiments between the ovules ; 6-ovulate. Fi-uit ellipsoid or
globose, glabrous or hairy, 1-6-celled, 1-6-seeded. Albumen not ruminated
(where known) in any of the Indian species except M. Maingayi. — Distrib.
Species 60, in the tropics of both hemispheres and frequent in Australia and
Polynesia.

Sect. I. Ferreola (Hiern in Trans. Oamb. Phil. Soc. xii. 107). Calyx-'
lobes not much imbricated. Ovary densely hairy.

* Fruiting calyx small, S-pa?'tite, patent or re/lexed.

1. m. acuminata, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 112 ; leaves
elliptic much acuminate, stamens 4-5, fruit ^ in. diam. tomentose. Macreightia
acuminata, Thwaites Enum. 4:24: ; Bedd. For. Man. 147.

Ceylon ; Hinidoon Pattoo, Thwaites.

A medium-sized tree ; branchlets fulvo-sericeous, soon glabrescent. Leaves 3 by
1-1:|- in., thinly coriaceous, soon glabrescent; base rhomboid or almost rounded;
petiole ^ in. Malefl. : calyx ^ in. ; corolla-tube ^ in,; rudiment of ovary oblong,
acute, pilose.

I

2. ZM[. oblong'ifolia, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 112 ; leaves
oblong or elliptic acuminate, stamens about 12, fruit f-1 in. diam. brown
tomentose almost hirsute. Macreightia oblongifolia, Thwaites Enum. 183;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. {Anal. Gen.) t. 21, fig. 1, and Fw. Man. 147, not of Kurz.

Ceylon ; Galle and Eatnapoora, Thwaites.

A jsmall tree ; branchlets patently fulvoiis-hairy, at length glabrescent. Leaves
6 by 2^ in., bage rounded, subcoriaceous, patently fulvous hairy on the nerves beneath,
ultimately glabrous ; petiole ^-^ in, Male fl. crowded, sessile ; calyx \ in., shortly
3-lobed ; corolla-tube \ in., limb 3-fid ; stamens glabrous ; rudiment of ovary minute,
pilose. Fondle, fl. solitary, subsessile ; calyx \ in., divided nearly to the base ;
corolla-limb 3-fid ; stamens 0 ; ovary 3-celled, style divided into 3 glabrous stigmas.
Fruit 3 -6-seeded. Seeds | by ^ in., black, albumen equable.

Maha.] xc. ebenace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 551

3. UK. ovallfolla, Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 113; leaves
elliptic or subovate narrowed to a scarcely-acute apex, stamens 13-16. Mac-
reightia ovalifolia, Thwaitea Enum. 424 ; Bedd. For. Man. 147.

Ceylon ; Hinidoon Pattoo, Thtoaites.

A medium-sized tree ; branchlets patently fulvous-hairy soon glabrescent. Leaves
3 by 1^ in., base rhomboid or nearly rounded, subcoriaceous, fulvous-hairy beneath
when young, soon glabrescent; petiole \-\ in. Male fl. crowded, sessile ; calyx i in.,
shortly acutely 3-lobed ; corolla-tube | in. ; limb 4-fid (in one example at least) ;
stamens glabrous ; ovary-rudiment minute. Female not known.

** Fruiting calyx cupuliform at the base, often enlarged.

4. M. nlgrescens, Dalz. in Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 142 ; branchlets
patently fulyous-hairy, leaves lanceolate scarcely acute, male fl. subsessile in
abort cymes, fruits ellipsoid when young with fulvous hairs upwards. Hiem in
Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 115.

Western Ghauts, from the Concan to Mysore ; Dalzell, Ritchie, &c.

A tree, 15 to 35 ft. (Ritchie) ; young branches almost shaggy. Leaves 2 by f in.,
narrowed at both ends, fulvous-hairy on the midrib beneath and margins, soon gla-
brescent ; primary nerves indistinct, secondary prominently finely reticulated ; petiole
I in. Malefl. 1-5 together, 3-4-merous ; calyx | in., lobes short triangular; corolla
I in,, tube campanulate ; stamens 9 or (in 4-merous flowers) 6-4, glabrous ; rudiment
of the ovary hairy. Female fl. 1-2 together, 3-merous ; stamens 0 ; ovary 3-celled.
Fruit 5 by ^ in. ; calyx (in fruit) \ in. diam., shortly cupuliform.

6. UK. buxifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 606 ; branchlets soon glabrous, leaves
elliptic or obovate obtuse, flowers 1-3 together subsessile in very short cymes,
fruits globose or ellipsoid soon glabrous. Wight %. t. 763 ; A. DC. Podr. viii.
240 ; Thwaites Enum. 183 ; Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 116 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. {Anal. Gen.) t. 19, fig. 4, and For. Man. 148, partly ; Kurz in Joum.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 232, and For. Fl. ii. 139. M. littorea, Br. Prodr. 627. M.
Cumingiana, madagascariensis, guineensis and Smeathmanni, A. DC. I. c. 241.
M. neilgheiTensis, Wight III. t. 148, bis E. M. Ebenus, Wight Ic. tt. 1228-9,
not of Sjn-enq. Maba?, Wall.Cat. 7461. Ferreola buxifolia, Roxb. Cor. PI. i.
36, t. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 790.

South Deccan Peninsula with Ceylon, common. Malay Peninsula ; from Pegu
to Malacca, frequent. — Distrib. Malay Islds. to N. Australia and the Philippines.
Tropical Africa with Madagascar.

A bush, or in the hills a small tree. Leaves (very variable) \-l in., narrowed at the
base, soon glabrescent; primary nerves indistinct, secondary finely reticulated;
petiole j^2 in. Flowers 3-merous ; calyx ^ in., campanulate, lobes short triangular ;
corolla campanulate, lobes oblong. Male fl. : stamens 6-12, glabrous ; ovary-rudiment
hairy. Female fl : stamens 0 ; ovary 3-celled ; style 3-lobed at the apex. Fruit § in.,
1 -seeded; calyx in fruit cupuliform (often very shortly); albumen equable.

Vab. Ebenus, Thwaites I.e.'; leaves 2^ by 1^ in. elliptic rounded at both ends. —
M. Ebenus, sp. Wight, comes about half-way between this and the next var.

Var. angustifolia, Thwaites 1. c. ; leaves 3 by § in. narrowly cuneate at both ends.
— Except in the glabrate branches this is nearly the same as M. nigrescens.

6. UK. andaxnanica, Kurz in Jmirn. As. Soc. 1876, pt. ii. 138, and For.
Fl. ii. 140 ; leaves large oblong patently hairy on the midrib beneath, female fl.
axillary solitary subsessile, berry ellipsoid more than an inch long. Macreightia
oblongifolia, Kurz Andam. Rep. 11, not of Thwaites. M. andamanica, Kurz
Andam. Rep. ed. ii. 42, — See Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii, 124.

Andaman Islds, ; in the upper forests frequent, Kurz. Nicobaes ; Kurz.

A shrub, 3-5 ft. ; branchlets hairy. Leaves 8 by 2-^ in., abruptly subobtusely

552 xc. EBENACE-E. (C. B. Clarke.) [Maba.

acuminate, narrowed towards the subcordate base, soon glabrescent; petiole ^-i in.
Malefl. : in short-peduncled small cymes ; calyx ^ in., lobes 3, acute ; corolla fulvous-
hairy without ; stamens 8, glabrous. Female fl. on pedicels ~ in. ; bracts minute ;
calyx \ in., campanulate, deeply 3-lobed ; corolla-tube somewhat widened, con-
stricted under the limb, lobes oblong acute (Kurz) ; ovary 3-celled. Berries rather
dry, mucronate, smooth, usually 3-seeded. Seeds {Kurz) § by ^ in., albumen equable.

Sect. II. Kolochilus, gen. Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 290 (cha-
racter widened to include Hhtpidostigtna (gen.), Hassk. Retz. 103). Calyx-lobes
not much imbricated. Ovary glabrous.

7. ZH. micrantha, Hiei-n in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 138; leaves
elliptic-oblong glabrous, female fl. axillary solitary sessile, calyx truncate sub-
entire. Holochilus micranthus, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 291 ; Dalz. Sf
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 142 ; Bedd. For. Man. 147.

Bombay ; Syhadree Hill, Dalzell.

A middle-sized tree ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 4| by 1^ in., narrowed at both
ends, widest towards the base, coriaceous ; petiole ^-^ in'., obscurely rusty-puberulous.
Male fl. unknown. Female fl. : calyx ^ in., tubular ; corolla A in., tubular, 3-lobed
nearly half-way down ; staminodes 6, distinct ; ovary 6-celled ; styles 3, erect, rather
thick, tip obtuse. Fruit 1 by ^ in., 6-celled, 6-seeded ; calyx in fruit ^ in. long and
as much broad, funnel-shaped. ^ ;

8. in. mergruensis, ITiern in. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 134 ; leaves
ovate or oblong glabrous, female fl. in dense small axillary cymes, calyx lobed
half-way down. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 232, and For. Fl. ii. 139.

Meegtji ; Griffith, Heifer. — Distbib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

A small tree ; nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 by 2f in., subobtusely acuminate, base
obtusely rhomboid or almost rounded ; petiole \-^ in. Male fl. in compound dense
minutely pubescent cymes 1-1^ in. diam. ; calyx ^^ in., 4- (rarely 3-) merous, lobes
triangular or obtuse ; corolla ^ in., shortly 4-3-lobed : stamens 14-16, glabrous;
ovary rudimentary. Female fl.: ca\jx i in., 4- (rarely 3-) merous, lobed half-way
down ; corolla ^ in., 4-3-merous ; staminodes 3 or 6 ; ovary-cells 6, 1 -ovulate; styles
3, distant, glabrous. Fruit ^ by ^ in. ; calyx in fruit f in. diam., lobes ovate spread-
ing. Albumen equable. — Kurz I.e. proposes to remove this species to Diospyros, to
which in its glabrousness, its usually 4-merous flowers, and the large spreading lobes
of the calyx in fruit, it shows much affinity.

Sect. III. Barberia (Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 107). Calyx-
lobes rounded, much imbricated.

9. M. Maing'ayi, Jliem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 138 ; leaves
elliptic or somewhat obovate finally glabrous, fascicles of female fl. 3-6-fld.
axillary, flowers 4- (sometimes 6-) merous, flowers and fruits large.

Malacca ; Maingay. — Distbib. Borneo.

A monoecious tree (^Maingay) ; branchlets furfuraceous or subtomentose, soon
glabrous. Leaves 4 by 2\ in., obtuse, base cuneate, coriaceous ; petiole \ in. Male
fl. : calyx 4-partite ; corolla-limb 4-partite, stamens 22 {Maingay). Female fl. :
pedicels \-^ in., densely rusty-woolly ; calyx \ in., wide-carapanulate, rusty-woolly,
lobes short ; corolla tube j in., glabrous below suddenly dilated upwards, lobes 5 in.,
narrow ; style short, tip 3-lobed ; ovary narrowly-oblong, glabrous, cells 3, 2-ovulate.
Fruits 1^-2 by 1 in., ellipsoid, 3-1 -celled, cells 1-0-seeded ; calyx-tube in fruit solid,
cylindric, \^y \ in. ; lobes insfruit horizontal, i in. diam., round, imbricate. Seed 1
by J in., cylindric ; albumen strongly ruminated. — The flowers are not in a good state
for examination, and the ovaries may perhaps not prove always 3-celled ; but Hiern's
dissections show conclusively that each cell contains two oblong erect ovules.

Diosj)yros.'] xc. EBENACEis. (C. B. Clarke.) • 553

2. DXOSPVROS, Linn.

Trees or (rarely) shrubs. Leaves alternate, or (in Sect. Melonia) sometimes
subopposite, entire. Flowe?'8 dicecious, very rarely polygamous, axillary and
ehort-pedicelled or in small cymes, sometimes (the females often) solitary ; 4-6-
merous, very rarely 3-merous. Cali/a: lobed, often deeply (in Sect. JEbenus
truncate), in the female often larger than in the male, often accrescent and
plicate or auriculate in fruit. Corolla tubular, salvershaped or campanulate,
«hortly or deeply lobed, lobes twisted to the right. Male JlowerB \ stamens
4-64, often 16 ; filaments distinct, paired or otherwise united ; anthers linear,
rarely short ; ovary rudimentary. Female flowers : staminodes 0-16 ; ovary
4-6-celled, or S-lO-celled, or 4-6-celled with imperfect dissepiments between
the ovules ; cells 1- (rarely 2-) ovuled : styles (or stigmas) 1-4. Fruit globose,
ellipsoid, or ovoid-conic, often supported by the much enlarged, sometimes
woody, calyx ; flesh often pulpose or viscid. Seeds oblong, usually compressed,
albumen equable or (in Sect. Melonia) ruminated. — Species 153, in the tropics
of the whole world ; a few in South Africa and North America.

Sect. I. Gunisanthus (Genus ^. DC. Prodr. viii. 219). Leaves alter-
nate, (adult) fulvous-pilose at least on the nerves beneath. Inflorescence male
in loose or short racemose few-flowered cymes, females subsolitary axillary.
Flowers 4- (rarely 4-5-) merous. Calyx divided nearly to the base, nearly similar
in the male and female flowers, little accrescent (where known) in fruit. Corolla
narrowly tubular in the bud, cinereous-pilose or glabrate without when ex-
panded ; lobes elliptic. Stamens glabrous, 12-16 (or ex Hiern sometimes in D.
apiculata 6-7 only). Ovary (where known) 4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. Albumen
(only known in D. apiculata) equable.

1. D. pruriens, Dalz, in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 110 ; leaves elliptic base
obtuse or cordate, male fl. long-pediceUed in small cymes, corolla fulvous-tomen-
tose without. Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 141 ; Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 129, and
For. Man. 144 ; I£iem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 185, not of Thwaites.

Bombay ; Dalzell, Ritchie. Bababoodun Hiixs ; Law.

Shoots fulvous-pilose ; branchlets persistently villous. Leaves 3 by 1|^ in., tip
cuneate obtuse, base abruptly narrowed often cordate, fulvous-pilose especially on the
nerves beneath, ultimately glabrescent above, chartaceous scarcely coriaceous ; primary
nerves oblique, secondary not prominent ; petiole i-^ in. Male fl. : peduncles 0-^
in., 1-6-flowered; bracts small ovate, glalarous within, caducous; pedicels 0-^ in.;
calyx nearly 4-partite, lobes ^ in., oblong, hairy ; corolla ^-^ in., salvershaped, tube
rather longer than the calyx, lobes j-^ in. oblong ; stamens 13-1 4, glabrous. Female
fl. solitary ; peduncles \ in. ; calyx and corolla nearly as in the males ; ovary 4-celled,
4-ovuled. Fruit §-1 in., ovoid-conical, densely clothed with fulvous stinging hairs ;
fruiting calyx scarcely enlarged.

2. D. apiculata, Kiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 186; leaves
elliptic acuminate base obtuse or cordate, male fl. in short cymes, corolla
glabrous without.

Penang ; Crovernment Hill, Maingay.

A tree, with slender stem 4 ft. high {Maingay) ; shoots fulvous-hirsute j branchlets
persistently villous. Leaves 6^ by 2\ in., base abruptly narrowed mostly cordate,
fulvous-hirsute especially on the nerves beneath, ultimately glabrescent above,
chartaceous scarcely coriaceous ; primary nerves very oblique, much elevated beneath,
secondary not prominent; petiole ^g-^ in. Malefl. : peduncles 0-| in., 1-4-flowered ;
bracts small, ovate, glabrous within, caducous ; pedicels 0-^ in. ; calyx i in., nearly
4-partite, lobes lanceolate glabrous within downwards ; corolla ^-^ in., salvershaped,

554 xc. EBENACEiB. (C. B. Clarke.) [BiospyroB,

tube rather shorter than the calyx, lobes \ in. elliptic; stamens 12 (sometimes 6-7 ex
Hiem), glabrous. Female fl. 1-3 together, subsessile. Fruit- 1 by ^ in., ovoid-conic,
acute, with scattered fulvous hairs, ultimately nearly glabrous, calyx scarcely accres-
cent. Albumen equable.

3. D. pilosula, Wall. Cat. 4132; leaves narrowly obovate-lanceolate
acuminate cuneate or rhomboid at the base, male flowers long-pedicelled in
lax cymes, corolla closely silky without. Jliern in Tram. Camb. Phil. Soc.
xii. 188. Gimisanthus pilosulus, A. DC. Pi'odr. viii. 220 ; Kurz in Joum. As,
Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 232, and For. Fl. ii. 125.

Khasia Mts. ; Wallich. Pegu ; Brandts. Andaman Islds., Kurz.

A small tree, attaining 25 ft. {Kurz) ; branchlets adpressedly fulvous-pilose, at
length glabrescent. Leaves 4 by 1^ in., base cuneate or scarcely obtuse, hairy prin-
cipally on the nerves beneath, ultimately nearly glabrous except the midrib beneath,
chartaceous somewhat coriaceous ; primary nerves oblique, secondary not conspicuous;
petiole i in. Male fl. in lax depauperated subracemose cymes, 4-merous ; bracts
\ in., ovate, deciduous ; pedicels ^ in. ; calyx-lobes \ in., lanceolate ; corolla-tube
\-^ in., slender, pilose without; lobes |— ^ in.; stamens 12, glabrous. Female fl.
solitary, calyx and corolla nearly as in the male; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled;
young fruit densely rufous hirsute.

4. D. martabanica, Clarke ; leaves narrowly oblong acuminate obtuse
or rounded at the base, male flowers long-pedicelled in lax racemose cymes,
corolla fulvous-villous without. Gunisanthus mollis, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc.
1873, pt. ii. 88, 1877, pt. ii. 232, and For. Fl. ii. 126.

Mabtaban ; east of Tounghoo not infrequent, Kurz.

A tree, attaining 30 ft. ; branchlets hirsute, persistently villous. Leaves 6 hj^ in.,
when young glabrous above, hirsute beneath with fulvous hair i in. long, when
mature pilose beneath, chartaceous somewhat coriaceous ; primary nerves oblique,
secondary not conspicuous ; petiole ^ in. Male fl. in lax depauperated subracemose
cymes, 4-merous; bracts ^ in., ovate, deciduous ; pedicels ^-f in., calyx-lobes ^ in.,
narrowly lanceolate ; corolla-tube ^ in., slender, lobes ^ in., narrow-oblong ; stamens
12-14, glabrous, anthers short-oblong, connective hardly produced. Female fl. un-
known.— Very nearly allied to I>. pilosula (Kurz).

Vae. pellucido -punctata ; leaves 2 in. long. D. vaccinioides, var., Hiem in Trans.
Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 231. — Andamans ; Kurz. — The example exhibits no flowers, one
detached imperfect fruit.

5. D. dasypbylla, Kurz in Jouim. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 71 ; leaves
cordate-oblong acute, male flowers in short ferruginous-villous cymes, corolla-
tube densely villous without, stamens about 16. Hieim in Trans. Camb. Phil.
Soc. xii. 203 ; Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 237, and For. Fl. ii. 138.

Maetaban Hills, alt. 4000 ft., Brandis.

Branchlets persistently fulvous-villous. Leaves 5^ by 2f in., fulvous-pilose on
the nerves beneath, chartaceous somewhat coriaceous; primary nerves oblique, se-
condary not conspicuous ; petiole i in. Malefl.: cymes ^ in., 2-4-flowered ; bracts
^ in., orbicular ; calyx ^-^ in., deeply 4-lobed, lobes round-elliptic, ciliate-pilose ;
corolla-tube | in,, lobes \ in., elliptic ; stamens glabrous ; anther-cells narrowly oblong,
connective shortly produced above them. Female fl. unknown.

Sect. II. Embryopteris. Leaves alternate, adult glabrous or (in D.
Kaki 9,nd JD. montana, var.) pubescent. Floivers 4- (rarely 4-6-) merous ;
males in small cymes or clustered subsessile (in D.foliolosa in rather larger
more numerously-flowered cymes); females subsolitary. Calyx cleft to the
base or half-way down (in D. E7nbryopteris and D. Toposia irregularly, less
deeply). Corolla narrowly tubular in bud ; glabrate or nearly so without
when expanded (except in I). Kaki), urceolate or salvershaped. Stamens about
16 (in D. Embryopteris, D. Kaki and D. assimilis numerous), glabrous or in a

JXospi/ros.] xc. EBENACEiE. (C B. Clarke.) 555

few species somewhat hairy. Fruit ellipsoid or siibglohose. Seeds (where
known) with equable albumen.

6. D. montana, Hoxb. Cor. PI. i. 37, t. 48, and Fl. Ind. ii. 538 ; leaves
ovate or oblong pubescent or glabrous base cuneate or obtuse, male fl. in small
cymes, calyx small deeply lobed, corolla urceolate glabrous without, stamens
16 glabrous. Wall. Cat. 4115, upper part of type sheet •, Wight Ic. t. 1225 ;
A. DC. Prodr. \dii. 230 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 107 ; Balz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
142 ; Bedd. For. Man. 143 ; Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 220 ; Kurz
in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 235 ; Brand. For. Fl 296. D. cordifolia, Boxb.
Cor. PI. i. 38, t. 50, and Fl. Ind. ii. 538 ; Wall. Cat. 4116 ; A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 230; Wight III. t. 148; Thicaites Enum. 178; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 130;
Bedd. For. Man. 143. D. rugosula, Br. P-odr. 526 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 229.
D. bracteata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 539 ; A. DC. I. c. 239. D. heterophylla. Wall.
Cat. 4138 ; A. DC. I. c. viii. 230. D. sylvatica. Wall. Cat. 4117, not of Roxb.-,
of A. DC. Prodr. viii. 231, as to var. /3 ordg. D. punctata, Dcwe in Nouv. Ann.
Mus. dIHist. Nat, iii. 467 ; A. DC. I. c. 230. D. Goindu, Dalz. in Hook. Kew
Joum. iv. Ill ; Dalz. Sf Gfibs. Bomb. Fl. 141. D. Waldemarii, Klotzsch in Reis.
Pr. Waldem. 101, t. 55.

From the HiMAiJi.YA (from the Ravi eastward, Brandts) to Ceylon and Tenasserim;
common. — Disthib. Birma, Malay Archipelago, Trop, Australia.

A tree, often spinous ; branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 2^ by 1 in., base cuneate
or cordate on the same branch, thin, nerves not elevated, though both primary and
reticulating nerves often distinct ; petiole I in. Male fl. : cymes ^— f in., pubescent
or glabrescent ; peduncles 0-^ in. ; bracts ^^ in. ; calyx ^-j^ in., lobes ovate ; corolla
i in., shortly lobed. Female flowers solitary ; peduncles \-\ in. ; calyx ^-^ in.,
deeply 4-fid ; corolla nearly as of the male ; staminodes 4-12 ; ovary 8-celled, cells
1-ovnled. Frtdt ^-1^ in. diam., globose, glabrous ; lobes of fruiting calyx ^-^ in.,
ovate, obtuse, foliaceous. Seeds 2-8 ; albumen not ruminated (Kurz says ruminated
in the Pegu tree). — D. cordifolia has the female peduncles ^-f in., the leaves and
calyx subpersistently pubescent ; B. montana has them glabrescent ; Beddome main-
tains the two to be distinct species.

7. X>. ZiOtus, Linn ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 228 ; leaves elliptic narrowed
upwards membranous at first pubescent beneath, male fl. 2-3 together subsessile,
calyx small lobed half-way down, corolla urceolate glabrous without, stamens
16 connective pilose. Lamk. III. t. 858 ; Rei,ch. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1079 ; Hiem
in Trans. Cainb. Phil. Soc. xii. 223 ; Brand. Fo?: Fl. 297, t. 36 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient, iv. 33.

West Punjab ; Hazara, alt. 3-6000 ft., Stewart. West Kashmir and North of
pESHAWUB ; not uncommon, Brandis. — Distbib. West Asia. Cultivated in the
Mediterranean Eegion, also (?) in Japan and China.

Eesembling B. montana ; the leaves are larger (6^ by 2 in. in Stewart's example).
— " Fruit much prized by the Aifghan tribes " {Brandis) ; hence it may be questioned
how far the tree is indigenous in India.

8. I>. ILakl, Linn. f. Suppl. 439 ; leaves ovate obtuse or narrowed at
both ends pubescent reticulated beneath, male flowers in small cymes, calyx
lobed deeplv, corolla urceolate tube short glabrate lobes tomentose without,
stamens 16 pilose. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 527 : Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 107 ; Wight
Ic. t. 415 ; A. DC. Prodr, viii. 229, excl, var, y, glabra; Hiernin Trans, Camb,
Phil. Soc, xii. 227-230, with Jig. ; lU, Hortic, 1871, 176, t. 78 ; Kurz in Joum.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 233. D. chinensis, Blume Bijd. 670. D. Schi-Tse, Bunge
Enum. PI. Chin. Bor. 42. D. costata, Rev. Hwtic. 1870, Jig. at p. 133.
p. Roxburghii, Rev. HoHic, 1872, tt. 28-29. Embryopteris Kaki, G. Don, Gen.

iv. 41.

556 xc. EBENACEJ!. (C. B. Clarke'.) [Diospyros,

Khasia Mts. ; Moosmai, Bor Pani, Nunklao, Nurtiung, H. f. ^- T. — Distbib.
Eastern India, China and Japan, cultivated.

A small tree ; branchlets subpersistently villous. Leaves 4|- by 2 in., chartaceous
scarcely coriaceous; primary nerves oblique, conspicuous beneath; petiole ^ in.
Malefl. : cymes ^ in., about 3-flowered, pubescent ; peduncles 0-^^ in. ; bracts 0-^ in.,
lanceolate -linear ; pedicels hardly any ; calyx ^ in., deeply 4-lobed ; corolla | in.
Female fi, solitary ; peduncles \ in. ; calyx-lobes ^ in., ovate; corolla ^-^ by \ in. ;
staminodes 8 ; ovary usually 8-celled ; style hairy, 4-fid. Fruit 1-3 in. diam.,
globose, edible, very variable in the cultivated plant.

9. D. Embryopteris, Pers. Syn. ii. 624; leaves oblong obtuse at the
base glabrous, male flowers in short cymes, corolla urceolate nearly glabrous
without, stamens 24-64 pilose. Wall. Cat. 4123; Bot. Reg. t. 499; A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 235 ; Griff. Notvl. iv. 289 ; Thivaites Enum. 178 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 69 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 258 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 234, and For. Fl. ii. 128; Bra7id. For. Fl. 298. D. glutinosa. Keen.;
Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 533 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 107. Embryopteris peregrina,
Gaertn. Fruct. i. 145, t. 29, tig. 2. E. glutenifera, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 49, t. 70 ;
Wight Ic. tt. 843, 844. E. gelatinifera, G. Ban Gen. Syst. iv. 41. Garcinia
malabarica, Desrouss. ; Lamh. I>ict. iii. 701. — Rheede Hort. Mai. iii. t. 41.

India from the Himalaya (from the Jumna eastward, Brandis) to Ceylon and
Tenasseeem, very common ; abundant in Bengal. — Distbib. Siam, Malayan Archi-
pelago.

A dense tree ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves b\ by 2 in., obtuse or subacuminate,
coriaceous ; primary nerves oblique, reticulating nerves distinct, slightly elevated
above ; petiole ^-^ in. Male fl. : cymes ^-f in,, few- or many-flowered, puberulous
or subtomentose ; calyx ^ in. long and broad, adpressedly cinereous silky, or in the
more southern examples black silky or almost hirsute, lobes ^-^ in., triangular;
corolla ^ by i in., tubular-campanulate, lobes ^^j in. ; filaments short hairy, anthers
linear more or less hairy. Female fl. 1-5 together, subsessile or cymose ; resembling
the male, but larger, calyx-lobes wider, subauriculate at the base ; staminodes 1-12 ;
ovary 8-celled, glabrous ; styles 4, lobed at the tips. Fruit usually solitary, 1-2 in.
diam., subglobose ; glandular or rusty, usually 4-8-seeded ; fruiting-calyx much
accrescent, lobes | in., ovate, auriculate, base cordate, nearly glabrous.

10. I>. Toposia, Sam. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 115; leaves oblong
acuminate coriaceous glabrous, male flowers in small cymes, calyx spathaceo-
valvate irregularly lobed, corolla urceolate nearly glabrous without, stamens
about 32 glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 237 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 122 ;
Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 263 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
234, and For. Fl. ii. 128 ; Bedd. For. Man. 144. D. racemosa, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 40, and Fl. Ind. ii. 536 ; Wight Ic. t. 416. B. lanceolata. Wall. Cat. 4122.
Embryopteris lanceolata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 41.

SiLHET ; Roxburgh. Cachab ; Keenan, Chittagong ; Kurz. Ceylon ; Gardner^
Thwaites.

A large or middle-sized tree ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 6^ by 2\ in., base
obtuse or almost rounded, primary nerves not so oblique as in D. EmJjryopteris,
reticulated nerves very close distinct ; petiole \ in. Male fl. : peduncles ^~| in.,
nearly glabrous ; cymes |-1 in., often 3-flowered ; calyx | in., lobes irregular, ovate,
acute ; corolla ^ in., tubular-campanulate, shortly 4-lobed. Female fl. short-peduncled ;
oalyx and corolla as in the male; staminodes 12-16; ovary 4- (rarely 6-) celled;
style 0, stigmas 4. Fruit |-1 in., ellipsoid or subglobose, villous finally glabrate,
1-4-seeded ; fruiting calyx | in. across ; lobes patent, villous within. AlbuTnen
equable.

11. I>. foliolosa, Wall. Cat. 4143 ; leaves oblong acuminate glabrous,
male cymes lax, corolla urceolate glabrous without, calyx-lobes of the female

IHcspyros.'l xc. ebenace^. (0. B. Clarke.) 557

cordate ovate accrescent soon glabrous. A, DC. Prodr. \m. 234 ; Hiem in
Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 188. D. calycina, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 68, and Ic. PI.
Ind. Or. t. 123.

Shevaghebry Hills and Courtallum ; Wight. Tinnbvellt Hills ; Beddome,
A middle-sized tree; branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 4 by f-lj in., base
cuneate or obtusely rhomboid, shining, coriaceous ; primary nerves oblique, indistinct,
reticulating nerves prominent on both surfaces ; petiole ^-^ in. Male fl. : cymes 2 in.,
lax, soon glabrescent, pedicels \r\ in. ; calyx ^ in., lobed half-way down ; corolla
4- in., shortly 4-lobed ; stamens 12-16, somewhat hairy. Female fl. solitary, peduncles
|-1 in. ; corolla nearly as in the male ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Vruit f in.
diam., globose, squaraose, glabrescent ; fruiting calyx foliaceous, lobes f in. long and
broad, cordate-ovate acute.

12. D. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1227; leaves elliptic or oblong cuneate
or subobtuse at both ends glabrous, flowers sessile clustered, corolla urceolate
glabrous without. Thivaites Enum. 181 ; Hiei-n in Ti'ans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii.
237 ; Bedd. For. Man. 143.

South Deccan Peninsula ; Coimbatore and Nilgherries, Wight ; Anamallays and
Tinnevelly Hills, Beddome. Ceylon, alt. 2-4000 ft.. Moon, Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 5 by 2^ in., coriaceous, nerves
ultimately distinct ; petiole ^ in. Male fl. 3-6 together, clusters minutely pilose ;
calyx — in., wide-campanulate, lobes j^ in., deltoid, hairy on both sides ; corolla i-^
in., tubular-campanulate, lobes 4-5 less than half the length of the corolla, ovate ;
stamens 13-20, glabrous. Female fl. 2-6 together, resembling the males but rather
broader; staminodes 0-7; ovary hairy 4-6 celled (2-celled, fide Wight); style 2-3-
lobed. Fruits 1-3 together, | in. diam., subsessile, globose, glabrate, usually 1 -seeded ;
lobes of the fruiting calyx f by | in., reflexed, thick, ferruginous-tomentose on both
sides. Albumen equable.

13. D. nigricans, Wall. Cat. 6351 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate
glabrous, male flowers subsessile, calyx-lobes small ovate, corolla tubular nearly
glabrous without. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 239 ; Hiem in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc.
xii. 207 ; Bedd. Far, Man. 144.

Khasia Mts. ; H./.i" T. Silhet ; Wallich.

A tree, attaining 50 ft. ; branchlets subpersistently grey-pubescent. Leaves 3^ by
l^- in., base broad-cuneate, often turning black in drying, chartaceous hardly coria-
ceous ; primary nerves slender, indistinct, oblique, reticulating nerves distinct ; petiole
^ in. Malefl. 3-6 together; calyx-tube very short, lobes 4, ^ in., sparsely pilose;
corolla 4 in., deeply lobed. Female fl. unknown. Fruit solitary, subsessile | by ^ in.,
ellipsoid, glabrous, 4-celled ; fruiting calyx divided nearly to the base, blackish ; lobes
^hy \ in., ovate or elliptic, foliaceous, nearly flat and glabrous.

14. Z>. variegata, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 73; leaves large
broadly oblong acute glabrous, male flowers in very short sparingly pubescent
cymes, corolla salver-shaped nearly glabrous without. Hiem in Trans. Camh.
Phil Soc. xii. 203 ; Kurz in Jmiim. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 236, and For. Fl. ii.
137.

Assam; Jenkins. Pegu and Martaban ; alt. 0-1000 ft., not infrequent, Kurz.

A tree, attaining 70 ft. {Kurz) ; glabrous. Leaves 1\ by 2^-3^ in., base cuneate
or subobtuse, coriaceous ; primary nerves oblique strong, reticulating nerves distinct;
petiole \-\ in. Male fl. : cymes 3-8-flowered, crowded ; calyx i in., 4-lobed more
than half-way down, lobes elliptic minutely pubescent ; corolla-tube ^ in., narrowed
upwards, lobes 4|-in., ovate, subacute, patent; stamens about 16, anthers glabrous. —
In an Assam fruiting example (n. 275 Herb. Kew); peduncle | in.; fruit solitary
I in. diam., globose, ferruginous-villous ; calyx-lobes 4, f by ^ in., auriculate, ferru-
ginous-pubescent within. This was matched with Kurz's male examples of D.
variegata by the leaves, apparently correctly by Hiern, who nevertheless hesitated to

558 xc. EBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Diospyros,

describe the fruit of 2). variegata from it. — Griffith's Assam examples, referred to by
Hlern I. c. 223, were finally referred to D. variegata, with which the leaves exactly
agree ; the examples exhibit only leaves and dense panicles 4-6 in. diam. of abortive
buds : these are doubtful.

15. D. Bbenum, Komig ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 234 ; leaves elliptic obtuse
or obtusely cuneate at both ends coriaceous reticulating nervation hexagonal
prominent, male fl. in short-peduncled cymes, corolla tubular glabrous without
not clavate in the bud, stamens about 16. lioxb. Hort. Beng. 40, and Fl. Ind.
ii. 529 ; Wall. Cat. 4120 ; Wight Ic. t. 188 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 108 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 65 ; Hiern in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 208, partly. D. Ebenaster,
Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 629, not of Retz.

South Deccan Peninsula ; fide Beddome. Assam ; Griffith (an culta ?). Ceylon ;
alt. 2-5000 ft., frequent. — Distrib. Malaya {Hiern).

A large tree ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 4t by If in., coriaceous ; primary
nerves oblique; petiole f-i in. Male fl. 3-12 together, almost fascicled on pe-
duncles 0-1 in. ; calyx ^ in., funnel-shaped, nearly glabrous, lobes 4, not reaching
half-way down, rounded, glabrous or ciliate-pubescent on the margins ; corolla-buds
I in., narrower upwards, lobed half-way down ; filaments minutely pilose, anthers
linear glabrous, connective long produced. Female fl. solitary, very shortly peduncled ;
calyx larger than in the male ; style 1, stigmas 4 ; ovary 8-celled. Fruit | in diam.,
globose, glabrous or adpressedly pubescent ; fruiting calyx a subhemi spheric wooden
cup, fitting the base of the fruit ; below its margin without spread the 4 ovate calyx-
lobes. — No specimens seen from Bengal except cultivated. Thwaites sends a variety
in which the primary nerves of the leaves are more distant and very oblique.

16. D. assimilis, Bedd. in Madras For. Rep. 1866-7,20,1. 1; leaves
broadly oblong acuminate glabrous thin reticulating nervation rhomboidal con-
spicuous, male fl. in short-peduncled cymes, calyx pubescent, corolla tubular
glabrous without not clavate in bud, stamens 24-32. D. nigricans, Dalz. in
Jfook. Kelt) Journ. iv. 110; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 141, not of Wall, nor of
Bedd. D. Ebenum, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 208, partly.

Malabab ; Concan and Canara, Balzdl ; South Canara, Beddorne.

Leaves more parallel-sided than in D. Ebenum, much thinner in texture, drying
T:)lack. Calyx more pubescent, lobed more than half-way down. Filaments glabrous,
anthers linear, connective hardly produced. The examples are all male, but the tree
«eems closely allied to D. Ebenum (Beddome), with which Hiern unites it.

17. D. clavigrera, Clarke; leaves elliptic obtusely rhomboid at both
«nds glabrous coriaceous reticulated nervation obscure, male fl. in small dense
€ymes, corolla tubular glabrous without clavate in the bud, stamens about
16 glabrous. D. Ebenum, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 208, partly.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3635), Maingay (n. 971).

"Whole plant glabrous, except the minutely ciliate-pilose margin of the calyx.
Leaves 2| by \\ in. (much larger occur), drying red; petiole | in. Male fl. 3-16
together in very small subsessile cymes ; calyx ^ in., divided deeply ; lobes 4, obtuse ;
corolla (in the bud) ^ in., glabrous, the upper portion containing the lobes much
thicker than the tube ; anthers oblong, connective very shortly produced. Female fl.
and fruit unknown.

Sect. III. Brachyanthos. Leaves alternate. Flotoers small, 4-
(rarely 3- or 5-) merous •, males in very small cymes (or in D. microphylla almost .
fascicled), females solitary or (in D. Kurzii) in very small cymes. Calyx
nearly 4-partite, larger in the female, accrescent in fruit. Corolla subglobose in
the male bud, when expanded urceolate small, glabrate (in D. £?*;•£« cinereous-
lomentose). Stamens 12-24, glabrous or slightly hairy ; anther dehiscing at

I>iospyro8.'\ xc. EBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 569

first by short slits laterally near the apex of the cells. Albumen ruminated or
equable.

18. I>. sylvatica, Boxb. Cor. PI. i. 37, t. 47, and Fl. Ind.il 537 ; leaves
elliptic or oblong narrowed at both ends nearly glabrous secondary nervation
indistinct, male fl. in small cymes, corolla short urceolate glabrate without,
female solitarv. A. DC. Prodr. x'ln. 2S1, excl. var. ^; Thivaites Enuni. 178;
Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 121, and For. Man. 143; Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil.
Soc. xii. 161, not of WaU.

Deccak Peninsula from the Cibcabs and Bombay to Cbylon.

A medium-sized tree. Leaves 4| by 2 in., minutely pubescent beneath or glabrous,
drying black ; petiole \ in. Male fl. in cymes ^-1 in. long ; calyx -lobes ^^ in.,
rounded, minutely hairy ; corolla ^ in., lo'oed half way down ; stamens 1 3-22,
glabrous or sparsely pilose ; anthers ovate, dehiscing by a short slit near their apex,
connective produced lanceolate. Female fl. on peduncles \-^ in., 4-3-merous; calyx-
lobes i in., ovate-oblong ; corolla i-^ in. ; staminodes 4 ; ovary 6-8-celled ; styles 3,
bifid. Fruit ^ in. diam., globose, nearly glabrous ; fruiting calyx accrescent, lobes
spreading, foliaceous, glabrous, nearly flat, striate. Seeds 2-8, albumen ruminated.

19. D. ehretioides, WaU. Cat. 4137 ; leaves large elliptic base obtuse
nearly glabrous reticulating nervation prominent, male fl. in small cymes, corolla
urceolate glabrate without, females solitary. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 231 ; Hiern
in Trans. Camb. PhU. Soc. xii. 162 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 234,
and For. Fl. ii. 129.

Throughout British Birma, frequent. — Distrib. Ava.

A tree, attaining 70 ft. Leaves attaining 11 by 6^ in., base rounded or rarely
rhomboidal, nearly glabrous when very young, pale (brown when dried) beneath;
petiole I in. Flowers nearly as in B. sylvatica, the males rather larger ; anthers ovate-
lanceolate, similar to those of D. sylvatica, and similarly dehiscing by a lateral slit
from the apex of the cell, which is in this species produced more than half-way down
the cell. Fruit 1-1^ in. diam., globose, smooth.

20. D. ILurzii, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii.* 162; leaves elliptic
shortly acuminate glabrous, primary nerves slender distinct very close, female
fl. 2-3 together in short-peduncled cymes, corolla-lobes cinereous-tomentose on
both sides. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 235, and For. Fl. ii. 231.

Ajtdaman Islds. ; frequent, Kurz. Nicobabs ; Kamorta, Kurz.

A tree, attaining 60 ft. (Kurz) ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 3^ by 1| in., base
cuneate, drying black, midrib depressed above ; petiole ^-^ in. Male fl. unknown.
Female fl. 4-merous; peduncles ^-^ in., pubescent, bracts small, linear, deciduous;
calyx JL in., lobes deep, elliptic glabrous qjr nearly so ; corolla ^ in., short-campanu-
late, lobes deep, oblong-ovate ; staminodes 4 glabrous ; ovary glabrous except at the
apex, 4-celled, ceUs 1-ovuled ; styles 2, erect, slender, hairy, long, base connate.
Berries globular, size of a small cherry, smooth, 4-celled, 4-seeded ; albumen equable.
Kurz says that the style is simple thick.

21. D. microphylla, B'edd. Ic. PI. Ind. Ch\ t. 218, and For. Man. 146 ;
leaves small ovate-oblong cuneate at both ends glabrescent except the midrib
beneath, flowers axillary subsessile, calyx-lobes ovate. D. buxifolia, Hiern in
Trans. Cdmb. Phil. Soc. xii. 218. D. vaccinioides, Wall. Cat. 4130, as to Penang
and Singapore examples ; Hiern I. c. 230, as to all the Malay examples, not ofLindl.
Leucoxylum buxifolium, Blume Bijd. 1169 ; Choisy Mem. Temstr. p. 43, t. 2.

•' Canara, Mysore, Bababoodun and Anamallay Hills ; Gibson, BeddoTne, &c.
Malacca ; Maingay, n. 966, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3643), Walker, &c. Penang
and Singapore, WaUich. — Distrib. Java, Borneo.

A large tree ; branchlets in the Malay glabrescent, in the Malabar subpersistently
hirsute. Leaves l\ by ^ in., glabrous above, coriaceous, nerves obscure ; petiole ^

660 xc. EBENACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Biospyros,

in. Malefi. 1-3 together in a most minute cyme; calyx ^ in., 4-lobed; lobed half-
way down, tube glabrate without lobes densely fulvous-pilose near their margins ;
stamens 16 (in the Indian examples). Female fl. solitary; calyx and corolla nearly
as of the male; ovary 4-celled, pubescent, cells 1-ovuled; style short, bipartite.
Fruit ^-| by ^-^ in., short-cylindric, glabrous 1- (rarely 2-) seeded. Seeds with
albumen not ruminated. — The anthers are exceedingly short, dehiscing at first by a
lozenge-shaped opening from the summit, but even at that time a groove is produced
from this opening nearly to the base of the cell. D. vaccinioides differs in its very
narrow calyx-segments.

"^ 22. D/chloroxylon, Roxh. Co?-. PI. i. 38, t. 49, and Fl. Ind. ii. 538 ;
leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong hairy beneath, male fl. subaessile fascicled,
calyx small, lobes 4 deep ovate, corolla small urceolate nearly glabrous without.
Wall. Cat. 4118 ; A. DC. Pt'odr. viii. 230 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 140; me?^
in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 3^ii. 233; Brand. For. Fl. 297. D. tomentosa,
Lamk. Encyc. v. 436, not of Roxb. D. capitulata, Wight Ic. tt. 1224, 1588 bis.

Deccan Peninsula from Sxjbat and Orissa southwards ; frequent.

A middle-sized tree ; branches sometimes spinous. Leaves If by 1 in., usually
narrowed upwards or acute, base cuneate or obtuse, nerves not prominent ; petiole
^ in. Male fl. 4-10 together, 4-merous ; calyx — in., lowcs ovate, glabrous within ;
corolla ^ in.; stamens 16, glabrous; anthers opening by small subapical slits,
subsequently extending nearly to their base. Female fl. solitary, sessile; calyx and
corolla as in the male but rather larger; staminodes 7-9; ovary glabrous, styles 4
glabrous. Fruit ^ in. diam., globose, glabrous, 2-3-seeded ; fruiting calyx ^in. diam.,
nearly flat. — Wight says that his B. capitulata diiFered by having the produced con-
nective bipartite, but this does not appear to be so in Wight's own Herbarium speci-
mens. As to D. glauca, Rottler (A. DC. Prodr. viii. 238), reduced here doubtfully
by Hiern, it is so imperfectly characterised that it may have been D. onontana or
some totally remote species.

Sect. IV. XSbenus (Iliem in Trans. Oamb. Phil. Soc. xii. 146). Leaves
alternate, adult glabrous. Floivers mostly 4-merous ; males in very small
cymes or fascicled ; females 1-3, sessile. Calyx obscurely lobed or nearly entire.
CoroUa narrowly tubular in the bud, fulvous-tomentose without. Stamens
glabrous. Albumen equable.

23. D. oocarpa, Thwaites Enum. 180; leaves ovate obtusely acuminate
glabrous primary nerves oblique secondary little elevated, male fl. fascicled,
corolla tubular tomentose without, female calyx subtruncate. Hiern in Trans.
Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 171.

Malabar Hills ; Law. Concan ; Dalzell. Ceylon ; Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 4 by 1| in., base broadly rhomboid ; petiole \-^ in.
Malefl. : cymes small, 3-7-flowered ; calyx ^ in., cylindric, silky; corolla ^ in., 3-4-
lobed ; stamens 9-12, glabrous. Female fl. 1-3 together, subsessile, similar to and
scarcely larger than the male ; ovary 6-8-celled. Fruit 1 by f in., ellipsoid, young
narrowly cylindric ; fruiting-calyx short funnel-shaped, mouth \ in. (or more) wide,
entire. — Hiern follows Thwaites in reducing here D. Armttiana, Miq. ; but Miquel's
authentic specimen at Kew is D. Candolleana.

24. D. qusBsita, Thwaites Enum. 179; leaves elliptic abruptly acumi-
nate glabrous primary nerves numerous nearly horizontal reticulating nerves
conspicuous, male cymes small, corolla tubular minutely closely hairy without.
Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 128 {nei'vation bad), and For. Man. 145 ; Hiern in
Trans. Camb, Phil. Soc. xii. 174.

Ceylon ; Saffragam, and between Ratnapoora and G-alle, Thwaites.
A huge tree. Leaves 7 by S^ in., base broadly rhomboid ; petiole ^ in. Malefl. :
cymes small, 3-9-flowered, pilose ; calyx ^ in., tubular, pubescent, obscurely 4-5-lobed ;

Diospyros.'] xc. ebenace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 561

corolla ^ in., 4-5-lobed ; stamens about 16. Female fl. solitary, short-peduncled ;
corolla shortly 5-lobed. Fruit 2 in. diam., globose, glabrous ; fruiting calyx 1^ in.
wide, lobes large cordate, reflexed at the sides and base. — Beddome's figure as to the
outline of the larger leaves agrees with Thwaites' specimens, but the venation shown
in the smaller leaves is particularly unlike them.

Sect. V. Noltla (Hiern in Trans. Oamb. Phil. Soc. xii. 146, character
much widened). Leaves alternate, adult glabrous (in D. sti-ieta and D.Jlavieans
somewhat pubescent). Flowers 4- or 5-raerous ; male fascicled, female sessile
or shortly peduucled, solitaiy or fascicled. Calyx distinctly lobed. Corolla
ovoid-tubular in the bud, densely fulvous- or rufous-tomentose without.
Albutnen (where known) equable.

* Stamens 4-5, fruit ovoid-conic.

25. D. attenuata, Thwaites Enum. 182; leaves oblong acuminate base
cmieate glabrous nervation conspicuous above, male fl. sessile clustered, corolla
tubular ferruginous-tomentose without, stamens 4-5, fruit ovoid acuminate
glabrous. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 139, and Foi'. Man. 146 ; Hiern in Trans.
Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 182.

Ceylon ; Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 3f by 1 in., coriaceous ; primary nerves indistinct,
distant, nearly horizontal, secondary fine ; petiole ^ in. Male fl. 3-1 0 together ;
calyx — ^"m deeply lobed, hairy on both sides; corolla 1^ in., slender; anthers
glabrous. Female fl. solitary, subsessile; calyx ^-^ in., nearly 4-5-partite ; stami-
nodes 4-5 ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Fruit l|- by ^ in., very sharply acuminated,
2-3-seeded ; calyx- segments in fruit narrow-oblong, foliaceous, ^ in. long.

26. D. acuta, Thwaites Enum. 182; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate
base obtuse or almost rounded glabrous reticulation obscure above, male fl.
sessile clustered, corolla tubular densely fulvous-villous without, stamens 4-5,
fruit ovoid acuminate. Hiern in Trans. Camh, Phil. Soc. xii. 182 ; Bedd. For.
Man. 146.

Ceylon ; Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 9 ^y 2^ in., broadest near the base, very thick
coriaceous ; primary nerves nearly horizontal, reticulation usually altogether obscure,
sometimes subconspicuous beneath ; petiole § in. Malefl. 5-20 together ; calyx ^in.,
lobed more than half-way down, very hairy ; corolla ^ in. ; stamens glabrous. Female
fl. sessile, 1-4 together ; calyx ^ in. or more, lobed nearly to the base, lobes lanceolate,
mai^ins little reflexed ; ovary 4-6-celled. Fruit \\ in. long, 2-3-seeded.

** Stamens 12-20, fruit ellipsoid obtuse,

27. D. G-ardnerl, Thwaites Enum. 181 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate gla-
brous, nerves not prominent, male fl. sessile clustered, corolla salvershaped
fulvous-tomentose without, calyx-lobes in the female flower very short. Bedd.
Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 132, and For. Man. 146 ; Hiei-n in Trans. Camb. PhU. Soc,
xii. 214. Patonia Walkerii, Wight III. i. p. 19.

Ceylon ; alt. 2000 ft., Walkm; Gardner, &e.

A middle-sized tree ; young shoots soon glabrous. Leaves 6^ by 2^ in., base
rhomboid or obtuse, shining above, midrib strongly elevated beneath ; petiole \ in.
Male fl.: calyx ^ in., lobed half-way down, silky; corolla- tube ^ in., narrowed
upwards, lobes ^ in. elliptic acute; stamens 12-16, filaments short, anthers lanceolate
linear, connective pilose on the back, hardly produced. Female fl. solitary, subsessile ;
calyx-tube | in., campanulate, lobes broad-triangular, hardly -^^ in. long. Fruit
nearly 1 in. diam., depressed globose, glabrate ; fruiting-calj^x cupuhform, thickened,
1^ in. diam., lobes very short triangular.

VOL. III. 0 0

562 xc. EBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Diospyros.

28. D. lanceaefolia, Boxh. Cat. PL Fl. Ind. (1813), and Fl. Ind. ii.
537 ; leaves oblong or lanceolate acuminate glabrous coriaceous, male fl. sessile
clustered, corolla salvershaped fulvous-tomentose without, calyx-lobes in the
female flower ovate with reflexed margins. A. DC. Frodr. viii. 232 ; Hiern.
in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 213 ; Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 236,
and For. Fl. ii. 136. D. multiflora. Wall. Cat. 4144; A. DC. I.e. 231. D.
amcena. Wall. Cat. 4139; A. DC. I.e. 231.

Silhet; Roxburgh. Khasia Mts. ; Terrya Ghat. H.f. ^ T.; Mahadeo, Griffith.
Cachab; H.f. ^ T., Keenan. Moulmein ; Falconer (fide Kurz).

A pretty large tree ; branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 6^ by 2 in., base
rhomboid or subobtuse, coriaceous; midrib deeply impressed from above, much
elevated below; primary nerves oblique, secondary not prominent. Malefl.: calyx
^ in., lobes 4, ovate, ferruginous sericeous ; corolla in D. lanceafolia ^ in., in D.
multiflora \ in., narrowed upwards, lobes ^ in. ; stamens about 16, filaments minutely
pilose ; anthers linear, glabrous or slightly pilose at the base. Female fl. solitary,
subsessile ; calyx |-^ by \-\ in., lobes cordate-ovate densely fulvous tomentose,
margins recurved even before the corolla is expanded ; corolla nearly as of the male ;
ovary 8-celled, hairy. Fruit 1 by| in., ovoidorsubgloboseferruginous-villous ; fruit-
ing calyx 1 in. diam., with thickened tube and spreading lobes.

Var. amcena, "Wall. Cat. 4139 (sp.) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate widest very near the
base, calyx-lobes in the female smaller without recurved margins. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 231. — Khasia; Wallich. — Referred here by Hiern, but the material is very
scanty (not showing either the male inflorescence or fruit) ; and the leaves and female
calyx appear more like those of D. undulata, Wall. var. macro'phylla.

29. D. sapotoides, Kurz : Biei-n in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 206 ;
leaves large obovate-oblong shortly acuminate glabrate, male fl. sessile clustered,
calyx-lobes broad reflex-margined, corolla salvershaped, tube fulvous-pilose
without, lobes glabrate. Kurz in Joum. As. Soe. 1877, pt. ii. 236 ; For. Fl. ii.
136.

British Berma ; eastern slopes of the Pegu Yomah, frequent, Kurz.

A tree, attaining 50 ft. (Kurz) ; branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 11 ty 3^ in.,
base cuneate or subobtuse, coriaceous, midrib beneath obscurely silky otherwise ulti-
mately glabrous ; primary nerves oblique, secondary not conspicuous ; petiole | in.
Malefl. densely clustered, bracts J in., ovate ; calyx ^ in., openly campanulate, deeply
lobed, fulvous-silky ; corolla-buds | in., tube densely fulvous-silky at least on the
4 angles ; stamens 15-16, glabrous. Female fl. (from Kurz's description) nearly as of
the male; staminodes 12; ovary ^glabrous, style tolerably long, 4-clefb. — Resembles
D. flavicans but has much larger leaves ; the specimens do not exhibit the long bracts
conspicuous in I>. flavicans, nor does Kurz notice that such ever occur.

30. D. flavicans, Hiern in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soe. xii. 205 ; leaves
elliptic acuminate to an obtuse apex glabrescent, male fl. clustered subsessile,
calyx-lobes broad reflex-margined, corolla salvershaped fulvous-pilose without,
sometimes glabrate towards the apex, female flowers 1-3 together on ^-^ in.
ferruginous-villous pedicels. Kurz in Joum. As. Soe. 1877, pt. ii. 236, and
For. Fl. ii. 135. Guatteria ? flavicans. Wall. Cat. 7295. — Ebenocea sp. 2, Ch'if.
Notul. iv. 291.

Mergui and Tavoy ; Griffith. Tenasseeim ; Heifer. Malacca ; Griffith {Main-
gay, n. 972, male specimens only).

A small tree ; branches soon glabrescent. Leaves 5^ by 2 in., base rhomboid or
subobtuse, midrib beneath obscurely pubescent, otherwise at length glabrous, coria-
ceous, when dried yellowish-green above, cinnamoneous-brown beneath; primary-
nerves distant, oblique, secondary obscure ; petiole ^^ in. Male fl. ; pedicels ^ in. ;
bracts ^ in., oblong; calyx i in. long and broad, lobes ovate acute ferruginous-
pubescent auriculate ; corolla nearly ^ in., slender, lobed half-way down ; stamens
14-20, glabrous. Female fl. : bracts as of the male ; calyx as of the male, slightly

Diospyros.'] xc. EBENACEiB. (C. B. Clarke.) 563

larger, \ in. long and broad, with a distinct tube ; corolla as of the male. Fruit |
by ^ in., oblong cylindric, glabrescent ; fruiting calyx very slightly enlarged. — Female
flowers and fruit here are described from Griffith's examples ; but by Hiern from
Maingay's n. 972 female (see next species).

31. D. deciplens, Clarke-, leaves elliptic acuminate glabrous, female
flowers sessile solitary, calyx 4-partite, lobes foliaceous margins hardly reflexed
little hairy, corolla salvershaped tube 4-gonal densely fulvous-silky. D.
flavicans, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 205, as to the female plant
partly.

Malacca; Maingay (n. 972, female only).

Closely resembling D. flavicans female, and taken as part of it by Hiern.
Female calyx (shortly after flowering) ; lobes ^ in. and upwards, ovate acute, with
scattered fulvous hairs or nearly glabrous, tube 0 or obscure. Fruit 1 in., cylindric,
glabrous ; fruiting calyx unchanged. — This does not show the bracts conspicuous in
every example of D. flavicaiis. Heifer's n. 3640, from Tenasserim; a very poor
specimen with young male buds, might be the male of Z>. decijnens, or D. flavicans as
proposed doubtfully by Hiern. Heifer's n. 423, doubtfully referred here by Hiern
1. c, has totally different leaves and is quite distinct, may be D. lucida, Wall.

32. D. strlcta, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 40, and Fl. Ind. ii. 539; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate acuminate sparsely pilose beneath, male fl. subsessile in small
clusters, corolla salvershaped tomentose without, fruit ellipsoid glabrous nar-
rowed at the base. Wall. Cat. 4121 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 232 ; Hiei-n in Trans.
Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 201 ; Xurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 236, and JFor.
Fl. ii. 137, as to descript. only.

East Bengal; Silhet and Comilla,i?oa;6Mr^A (Hort. Calc); (G^r/j^^A, KewDistrib.
n. 3624).

A tall slender conical tree with straight trunk {Roxburgh) ; branchlets soon
glabrous. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., base obtuse, ultimately glabrous above except the
midrib, coriaceous ; primary nerves oblique not prominent, secondary obscure ; petiole
i in. Male fl. 3-6 together ; bracts ^^ in., numerous, ovate ; calyx — ii^-? deeply
lobed, lobes ovate apiculate ; corolla-tube \ in., narrowed upwards, lobes 4, ^ in.,
ovate; stamens 14-16, glabrous. Female fl. unknown. Fruit \\ by|-l in., solitary ;
peduncle \ in. ; fruiting-calyx small, lobes i in. long and broad, ovate.

Sect. VI. Idelonla (Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 146, in chief
part), iertyes alternate or subopposite. jP/owers 4-5-merous ; male cymose or
fascicled, female solitary or fascicled. Calyx deeply lobed or tubular- campanu-
late, often much larger dissimilar in the female. Cm-olla in the bud ovoid-
tubular, densely fulvous- or rufous-sericeous without. Albumen ruminated
(where known).

* Leaves when mature more or less hairy beneath, mcde Jlowers distinctly
cymose with tubular-campanulate calyx.

33. D. Tupru, Buch-Ham. Jcmrn. i. 183, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv.
112, not of Hiern ; leaves (not large) elliptic obtuse at both ends reticulating
nerves raised on the upper surface, male fl. cymose, calyx short-cylindric, corolla
yellow-woolly without, female solitary short-peduncled with 4-5-gonal calyx.
D. rubiginosa, i^o^A Nov. Sp. 386; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 239. D. exsculpta,
Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 142, syn. excl. not of Ham. D. melanoxylon, Hiei-n
in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 159, in great part.

West Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan to Mysore, Hamilton^ &c. Jubbul-
pore; Griffith.

A small tree ; branchlets woolly. Leaves 3^ by 2 in. (rarely so large even when
mature), alternate and subopposite, base mostly rounded or subcordate, or if obtusely

oo2

564 xc. EBENACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Biospyros.

cuneate not decurrent on the petiole ; fulvous woolly when young, ultimately glabres-
cent above, coriaceous ; secondary nerves slender ; petiole ^ in. Male fl. : cymes-
^-1-^ in., fulvous-hairy; calyx-tube ^ in., terete; teeth r^^ in., triangular; corolla
^ in., very woolly without; stamens 12 ; filaments and anther-cells glabrous, connec-
tive fulvous-pilose behind, scarcely produced. Female fl. : pedicels J^ in. ; calyx (at
flower time) | by ^ in., lobed nearly to the base ; lobes broad ovate with recurved
margin ; corolla | in. ; styles 2-3, bifid at the apex. Berry f in. diam., globose,
smooth ; often 4-seeded. — Hamilton says that the calyx of the male (in B. Tvpru) is-
like that of the female ; but this must have been a slip, as his authentic specimen
in the British Museum shows.

34. I>. toxnentosa, Roxh. Hm-t. Beng. 40, and Fl. Ind. ii. 532 ; leaves
large ovate from a rounded base reticulated nerves impressed on the upper
surface, male fl. cymose, calyx funnel-shaped, corolla ferruginous-lanate without,
female solitary short-ped uncled with 4-5-gonal calyx. Wight le. tt. 182, 183,
not of Poir. D. exsculpta, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 110 ; A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 223, not of Dak. nor of JSedd. D. insculpta, Ham. I. c. 112 ; A. DC. I. e.
B.Roylei, A. DC. I.e. 2S9.

Bengal ; Eoxhurgh, Hamilton. Behar \ H. f. Sf T. Chota Nagpore ; Clarke.
Btjndelcund ; Edgeworth. Oudh ; E. Thompson.

A small, crooked tree. Leaves alternate and opposite, 8 by 5 in., sometimes 13 in.,
commonly broad-ovate, rarely ovate acute, young very hairy, mature glabrous above
hairy beneath, base cordate or rounded (rarely obtusely cuneate), ultimately glabres-
cent on both surfaces, very coriaceous ; secondary nerves impressed as broad furrows,
giving the leaf a wrinkled and thickened aspect ; petiole \ in. Flowers nearly as in
D. Tupru, but rather larger ; calyx of the male widened at the mouth, teeth ovate
often ^-^ in. ; stamens about 16, filaments glabrous, connective fulvous-pilose on the
back, shortly produced. Berry as of D. Tupru, but rather larger.

35. D. melanoxylon, Boxh. Cor. PI. 36, t. 46, and Fl. Ind. iii. 630;
leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends reticulating nerves raised on the upper
surface, male fl. cymose, calyx short cylindric, corolla yellow-lanate without,
female solitary short-peduncled with 4-5-gonal calyx. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 224 v
Hiem in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 159, partly ; Brand. For. Fl. 294, partly,
not of Blume. D. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4406; A. DC. I.e. 223; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 67. D. dubia. Wall. Cat. 4407 ; A. DC. I. c. 223 ; Wight Ic. t. 1223.

Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; frequent.

A tree, attaining sometimes 60-80 ft., or a shrub. Leaves 4 by If in., alternate
or rarely subopposite, base nearly always narrowed, or if broad yet with a narrow
decurrence on the petiole. Otherwise as D. tomentosa.

Var. Beddomei ; calyx of the female (as of the male) tubular terete with small
teeth. D. exsculpta, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. QQ, not of Ham. — Not seen. If the figure
of the female calyx is incorrect, this tree will be D. menaloxylon, Koxb, type (not D.
toTnentosa as Hiern doubtfully suggests).

36. I>. Packmanni, Clarke ; all young parts ferruginous-woolly, leaves
elliptic-oblong acute, male fl. pedicelled by threes on short peduncles 5-merous,
stamens 16 paired, anthers oblong-lanceolate fulvous-pilose, connective not
produced.

Tavoy ; Packmann (from Herb. Wight).

Branchlets slender, densely ferruginous-woolly, finally glabrate. Leaves 2\ by f
in., alternate, base obtuse, ferruginous-woolly on both surfaces, ultimately nearly
glabrous except the midrib beneath ; primary nerves slender, reticulating nerves close
distinct ; petiole ^ in. Male fl. : peduncles ^ in., pedicels -—-^ in. ; calyx |^ by ^ in.,
shortly campanulate, lobed half-way down ; lobes ovate, ferruginous-villous on both
sides; corolla ^ in. shortly campanulate, deeply lobed, densely ferruginous-villous
without ; filaments glabrous below, fulvous-pilose upwards, anther-cells and connec-
ik .) ij

BiospjTos,'] xc. EBENACEiE. (C B. Clarke.) 565

tive -with fulvous hairs. Female fl. not seen. — Not taken up by Hiern, -who has
merely noted on the sheet " cfr. D. mdanoxylon, Roxb. ;" it is near D. Tiipru, Ham.,
the leaves more acute, more finely reticulated.

37. D. burmanica, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 73; leaves
oblong obtusely ciineate at both ends mature reticulated above by the impressed
nerves, male fl. in small peduncled cymes, corolla fulvous-tomentose without,
stamens 12-16 glabrous. Hiern in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 166 ; Kurz in
Jaurn. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 235, and For. Fl. ii. 133.

Prome, Pegu and Martaban ; McLelland, Kurz. — Distrib. Ava.

A tree, attaining 60 ft. (Kurz) ; all the young parts fulvous-pubescent. Leaves 3^
by 1^ in., alternate, hairy on both sides, ultimately nearly glabrous except near the
midrib beneath, coriaceous; primary nerves oblique, indistinct; petiole ^^ in.
Malejl.: peduncle \-\ in., cymes 3-8-flowered; calyx \-\ in., lobed less than half-
way down; corolla ^—^ in.; anthers linear. Female fl.: solitary, peduncles i-;f in.;
«alyx nearly \ in., lobes broadly cordate-ovate with recurved margins ; staminodes 8.
Fruit 1-1^ in. diam., globose, glabrous, 2-4-seeded. Albumen ruminated.

** Leaves when mature glabrescent beneath^ drying reddish or browriishf male
^wers fascicled with deeply-lobed calyx.

38. I>. insigrnis, Thwaites Enum. 180; leaves often subopposite large
ovate or oblong glabrous, male fl. clustered subsessile, corolla-buds narrower
upwards, stamens 14-20. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 130, and For. Man. 145 j
Hiei'n in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 157.

Akamat.t.ays ; alt. 2-3000 ft., Beddome. Ceylon ; alt. 2000 ft., Thwaites.

A very large tree. Leaves subopposite and alternate, 13 by 6 in., or 8 by 3^ in.,
acuminate, base rounded or cuneate, coriaceous ; secondary nerves strong, tertiary
manifest ; petiole \ in. Malefl. 4-merous ; calyx \-~ in., campanulate, shortly 4-fid,
minutely pubescent; corolla ^ in., tubular, tomentose, silky without, lobes short;
filaments and anthers glabrous or with very few scattered hairs, unequal. Female fl.
1-3 together, axillary, subsessile; ovary 8-celled. Fruit 1^ in. diam., globose,
smooth ; calyx accrescent, tube forming a woody shallow cup l\ in. wide. Seeds f
by ^-\ in. ; albumen ruminated.

39. O. oppositifolia, Thwaites Enum. 181; leaves often subopposite
elliptic shortly obtusely acuminate glabrous, male flowers subsessile few together,
eorolla-buds broader upwards, stamens about 8. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 131,
and For. Man. 146 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 167.

Ceylon; Hinidoon Corle, alt. 1000 ft., Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves 4 by 2 in., broadly rhomboid or almost rounded,
coriaceous ; secondary nerves obscure, tertiary indistinguishable ; petiole yo~\ in.
Malefl. : calyx ^^ in., nearly glabrous, acutely 4-lobed half-way down; corolla ^ in.,
ferruginous-villous without, lobed one-third the way down ; filaments very unequal.
Fem,alefl. (and fruit) unknown.

40. I>. birsuta, Linn. f. Suppl. 440; leaves elliptic or oblong abruptly
acuminate coriaceous young hirsute beneath with short, basifixed hairs, male
fl. densely fascicled, corolla tubular ferruginous- tomentose without, stamens
5 glabrous, fruit rufous-tomentose 6-10-seeded. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 223;
Thwaites Enum. 181 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 137, and For. Man. 146 ; Hiern,
in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 163, partly, excl. syn. D. lucida.

Ceylon ; Saffiragam and Gralle, Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree ; branchlets and inflorescence ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves
4i by 1^-2 in., alternate, base broadly rhomboid or almost rounded, ultimately nearly
glabrous, coriaceous ; nervation very obscure ; petiole \ in. Male fl. : calyx j^ in.,
terete, 5-fid half-way down; corolla^ in. Female fl. 1-3 together, subsessile; calyx

666 xc. EBENACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [D^os2??/ros.

^ in., broad, deeply 5-lobed; corolla ^-^ in.; staminodes 5 ; ovary usually 10-celled.
Fruit 1 by I in., ellipsoid ; calyx densely ferruginous-silky within.

41. D. Candolleana, Wight Ic. tt. 1221-2; leaves oblong shortly
ciineate at both ends coriaceous glabrescent, male fl. densely fascicled, corolla
tubular vellow-tomentose without, stamens 10 glabrous, fruit glabrous usually
5-4-seeded. Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 142 ; Bedil For. Man. 144, not of
Thicaites. D. hirauta, Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Sac. xii. 164, partly. D.
Arnottiana, Miq. in PI. Hohenach. n. 562. D. canarica, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or.
t. 134, and For. Man. 146. D. oligandra, Bedd. Pep. Forests Madras, 1867, 68.

Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan to Quilon and Courtallum, common.

Closely resembling P. hirsuta. Leaves 4-7 in., young with closely adpressed
fulvous hairs adfixed by their middle beneath, usually early glabrescent, without the
acuminated apex of P. hirsuta. Maleji. rather larger; calyx i in. ; corolla ^ in.;
stamens in 5 pairs, filaments of each pair attached one in front of the other at the
base. Female fi. rather larger than in P. hirsuta, 1-3 together or sometimes 6-10;
staminodes 5, or 10 in the form P. canarica, Bedd.

42. ]>. nila^irica, Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 136, and For. Man. 144 ;
leaves oblong narrowed at both ends, young densely rufous-tomentose beneath^
male fl. densely fascicled, corolla tubular tomentose without, stamens 16,
filaments hairy.

NiLGHEKBiES ; Sispara Ghat, Beddome.

Female fl. 1-2 together ; staminodes 8 in one series ; ovary 8-celled ; fruit globose,
depressed, size of a small greengage. — Not seen ; appears allied to P. Candolleana as
Beddome states, rather than to P. lucida as suggested by Hiem.

43. I>. Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 182 ; leaves large oblong coriaceous
glabrescent, male fl. densely fascicled, corolla tubular densely rufous- villous
without, stamens 6-8 glabrous, female calyx wide-tubular, fruit glabrate 6-10-
seeded. Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 138, and F&i-. Man. 146. D. hirsuta, Hiei-n
in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 164, partly.

Ceylon ; Caltura, Moon ; Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites.

Leaves 11 by 31- in., base broad or rounded, primary nerves numerous sub-
horizontal obscure. Male fl. nearly as of P. hirsuta. Female fl. : calyx-tube at
flower time I in. long and broad, slightly wider upwards, lobes hardly so long as the
tube. Fruit \\ in. diam., globose. — Closely allied to P. hirsuta, the young leaves
being similarly hairy beneath. The female calyx however diiFers sirikingly.

44. I> . Thwaitesii, Bedd. Ic PL Ind. Or. 1. 136, and For. Man. 144 ; leaves
lanceolate acuminate coriaceous glabrescent, flowers fascicled, corolla intensely
rufous-tomentose without, stamens 10-12 connective fulvous-pilose its whole
length, fruit rufous-tomentose usually 4-seeded. D. Candolleana, Thwaites
Enum. 181, not of Wight. D. hirsuta, Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii.
164, partly.

Ceylon ; Saflragam and Hinidoon Corle, Thwaites.

Eesembling P. hirsuta in the shape and texture of the leaves and in the fruit.
Young leaves intensely red-tomentose, soon glabrescent. Male fl. : calyx \ in., lobes
^ in., triangular ; hairs on the connective numerous, short, extending to the shortly-
produced apex (the two long cilise depicted by Beddome are not found in Thwaites'
authentic examples). Fruit § in. diam., subglobose.

*** Leaves alternate, early glabrous, drying blackish, male Jioicers distinctly
cymose with shortly-lobed calyx, fruiting calyx strongly plicate.

45. D. affinls, Thwaites Enum. \1^ -, leaves oblong narrowed at both ends
early glabrescent reticulatating nerves prominent, male cymes peduncled, calyx

Dios^pyros.] xc. ebenace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 567

with hairs fixed by their middle soou glabrescent, corolla tubular fulvous-
tomentose without, stamens 8-9. Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 127, and For. Man.
145 ; Hieam in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 169, portly.

TiNNEVELLY Hiixs ; Beddome. Ceylon ; between Kandy and Badulla, Thwaites.

A middle-sized tree; branchlets glabrous except the tips. Leaves 3| by 1 J in.,
apex obtuse, when very young with scattered hairs fixed by their middle ; petiole
^ in. Male fl.: peduncles ~-^ in., 5-1 0-flowered, soon glabrate ; calyx | in., cam-
panulate-tubular, distinctly veined, teeth minute ; stamens nearly glabrous, anthers
linear, connective fulvous-pilose below on the back, apex shortly produced, Female
fl. solitary on peduncles ^ in. ; calyx i by ^ in., early glabrescent ; corolla \ in.,
tabular, narrowed at the mouth, lobes broad ovate mucronate, nearly glabrous within.
Fruit 1 in. diam., globose, glabrous, usually 4-seeded. Albumen ruminated (Thwaites).

46. D. orumenata, Thivaites Enum. 179 ; leaves elliptic obtuse at both
ends early glabrous reticulating nerves prominent, male cymes small, calyx
subtomentose with beisifixed hairs, corolla tubular fulvous-hirsute without,
stamens about 12. Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 126, and For. Man. 145 ; Hiem
in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 169.

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 2-4000 ft., Thwaites.

A large tree. Leaves 2| by 1^ in. ; but in another example 3 by | in. resembling
those of D. affinis ; this example is in ripe fruit and may be D. affinis mixed in the
mounting perhaps. Female fl. : peduncles and calyces somewhat, persistently sub-
tomentose with basifixed hairs; corolla-tube \ in., lobes broad, rounded, plicate,
auriculate, densely tomentose within. Otherwise in all respects as D. affinis, of which
further material may prove this a variety.

47. D. opaca, Clarke ; leaves elliptic cuneate at both ends primary nerves
thin oblique secondary obscure, male cymes very small, calyx densely sericeous
with basitixed hairs, corolla short-tubular tomentose without, stamens about 16.
D. affinis, Hiei-n in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 169, partly, not of Thwaites.

Ceylon ; Thwaites.

Branchlets terete ; bark very smooth. Leaves 3 by 1 in., subobtuse, very opaque,
minutely pilose with basifixed hairs, when young soon glabrous ; petiole \ in. Male
fl. : cymes almost reduced to fascicles ; calyx ^ in., teeth small; corolla ^-i in., very
deeply lobed ; stamens glabrous, anthers lanceolate. — Hiern has widened the diagnosis
of B. affinis, so as to include in it this solitary male example of Thwaites, which
differs in too many points ; the texture nervation and indumentum of the leaves, the
very deeply-lobed male corolla and number of stamens. It may not belong to this
section of the genus.

Sec'^^VIT. Argrophyllum. Leaves alternate, usually large, glabrous
above, y\iug, coriaceous. Flmvers 4-5-merous ; males in small cymes, females
solitary v.r few together, scarcely pedicellate. Calyx deeply lobed, often dis-
similar in the female. Corolla in the bud ovoid-tubular, densely fulvous- or
rufous-sericeous without. Stamens usually 16 (12-20). Albumen (where
known) equable.

48. D. olelfolia, Wall. Cat. 4128 ; leaves oblong obtusely acmninate,
nerves above obscure, male cymes small few-fld., calyx glabrous without densely
fulvo-tomentose within, coroUa widely tubular fulvous-tomentose without. A.
DC. Prodr. viii. 239 ; Kurz in Joui-n. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 72, 1877, pt. ii.
235, and For. Fl. ii. 132 ; Hiern in Trans. Camh. PhU. Soc. xii. 204.

Amhebst ; Wallich. Pegu ; Brandts. Maetaban and Tenasserim ; frequent,
Kurz. — DiSTBiB. Java.

A tree, attaining 60 ft. {Kurz) ; branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 6| by 2 in.,
opaque, coriaceous, nerves beneath very closely but obscurely reticulate ; petiole \ in.

568 xc. EBENACEiS. (C.B.Clarke.) [Diospyros.

Male fl. about 3 together, in very small cymes, 4-merous ; calyx 5- in., lobes wide
acute; corolla- tube ^ in. and upwards, lobes short round; stamens 20. Female fl.
solitary, on very short peduncles ( Kurz). Fruit | in. diam., globose, fulvous-pubes-
cent; fruiting-calyx \ in., 4-fid, in one case 3-fid, tomentose within; lobes ovate-
deltoid.

49. D. undulata, Wall. Cat. 4136; leaves broadly oblong cuneate at
the base glabrous, nerves strongly elevated beneath, male flowers in very short
densely ferruginous cymes, corolla tubular densely ferruginous without, stamens
about 16 nearly glabrous except the connective. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 233 ;
Hiern in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 216, partly ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 23, and For. Fl. ii. 135, partly.

Amherst ; WaUich. Mebgui ; Griffith. Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3636).

A large tree {Kurz) ; branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 8 by 2^3^ in., shortly
acuminate or acute, coriaceous, nerves somewhat impressed above ; petiole ^ in.
Malefl. : cymes less than ^ in. ; bracts j^, in., triangular ; calyx nearly ^ in. long and
broad, lobes 4, short, broad- triangular ; corolla ^ in., lobed half-way down ; filaments
nearly glabrous, anthers linear, connective villous with fulvous ascending hairs, hardly
produced above the anther. Female fl. solitary, shortly peduncled ; calyx soon ob-
pyramidal enlarged, teeth broadly triangular, incurved over the young fruit, margins
of the lobes not reflexed. Fniit l-l^^ by |-1 in., apex remarkably truncate, fulvous-
villous ; fruiting calyx much thickened, woody, not plicate nor reflexed. — Much of the
material referred to this species by Hiern is J), lucida, Wall.

Var. macrophylla, Wall, Cat. 4141 (sp.), not of Blume ; leaves 14 by 4f in. much
acuminated, nerves of the upper surface not impressed. — Tavoy ; Wallich, Packman,
Mergui ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3629) — Fruit not seen ; fide Hiern larger than
that of D. undidata, typ. ; but it may be feared than Hiern attributed to D. undvlata
the much smaller globose fruit of P. lucida (marked by him D. undulata), and sup-
posed the large truncate fruits to belong to P. macrophylla.

50. D. pachyphylla, Clarke \ leaves elliptic or oblong coriaceous gla-
brous base rounded, male fl. in small ferruginous-villous cymes, corolla tubular
rusty-tomentose beneath, stamens about 12 nearly glabrous except the connec-
tive. D. undulata, var. macrophylla, Hiern in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 215
(neither D. undulata nor D. macrophylla, WaU.).

Malacca ; Maingay (n. 974).

Branchlets thick, soon glabrous. Leaves 7 by 2^ in., acute, midrib much elevated
beneath, other nerves inconspicuous, very smooth shining above ; petiole \ in. Male
fl. : cymes \-l in., often compound ; bracts ~ in. ovate ; calyx |^-^ by ^ in., lobed
half-way down, lobes 4 oblong ; corolla h in., tube narrowed upwards, lobes hardly
^ in., small oblong; stamens nearly as of P. undidata. Female fl. not seen. — Allied
no doubt to- B. undulata, but the corolla differs much, neither do the leaA'es is-ree.

Ya

51. D. lucida, Wall. Cat. 4127 : leaves oblong narrowed at both ends
coriaceous glabrous, male fl. sessile fascicled, corolla tubular yellow-tomentose
without, stamens 12-14, anthers and connectives glabrous filaments densely
pilose. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 233. D. undulata, Hiern in Trans. Camh. Phil.
Soc. xii. ^Ib, partly, not of WaU. Diospyros sp.. Griff. Nottd. iv. 288.

Singapore; Wallich. Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3637, n. 3619, not
Heifer under same Distrib. n.) ; Maingay (nn. 970, 973, 977).

Leaves 4 by 1^ in., soon glabrescent, primary nerves not numerous,:-:) or prominent,
reticulating nerves beneath little elevated ; petiole ^-\ in, Male fl. : calyx ^ in,
lobed half-way down; corolla nearly ^ in., lobed scarcely half-way down, buds
narrower upwards. Female fl. 1-2 together, subsessile; calyx 5 by | in., divided
nearly to the base, lobes broad-ovate with recurved margins ; corolla nearly ^ in.
Fruit f in. diam., globose, umbonate at the apex, hairy nearly till ripe, 4-6-seeded.
Albumen equable.

Biospyros.] xc. EBBNAGEiB. (0. B. Clarke.) 569

52. I>. Kelferl, Clarke) leaves oblong obtuse apiculate base acute glabres-
cent reticulating nenes prominent, female fl. 1-3 together sessile, calyx-lobes
deep with reflexed margins, corolla rufous-hirsute without. D. Moonii?,
Hiern in Trans. Cumh. Phil. Soc. xii. 164.

Tenasserim (or Andamans) ; Heifer, n. 3632. — Distrib. Cambodia.

Branchlets rufous-tomentose. Leaves 6 by 2^ in., broadly oblong, parallel-sided,
tip shortly cuneate, base broad, shortly suddenly attenuate, narrowed into the petiole,
ferruginous-pilose beneath when young ; primary nerves numerous, subhorizontal,
much reticulated ; petiole ^-^ in. Male fl. unknown. Female fl. usually 3 together
sessile on thick peduncles scarcely -^q in. long ; calyx nearly ^ in., almost 5-partite,
lobes ovate-oblong ; corolla nearly \ in. Fruit (imperfectly ripe) f by ^ in., ellipsoid,
glabrous ; fruiting calyx much enlarged, plicate, with much-reflexed margins avui-
culated at the sinus. — Affinity doubtful, but cannot be B. Moordi ; the prominently
reticulated nerves of the leaves and the female calyx differ.

53. I>. arg-entea, Griff. Notul. iv. 288 ; leaves large oblong acute
glistening silky beneath, male fl. in stout dense cymes, stamens hairy, fruit
solitary hairy. Hiej-n in Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xii. 262.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3625), Maingay (n. 968).

Branchlets stout, with subpersistent yellowish hair. Leaves 10 by 2^-3 in., base
rounded, glabrous above, densely villous with fulvous or white soft hairs beneath, at
length glabrate ; nerves obsciire, midrib impressed above ; petiole \ in. Male fl. :
cymes ^ in., 3-10-flowered ; bracts ^ in., ovate; calyx ^ in., deeply 4-lobed, villous;
corolla ^ in,, tubular, lobed half-way down, very villous without ; stamens 22-24.
Female fl. solitary, peduncles ^ in. ; calyx 4 in., campanulate, lobes ovate ; corolla
I in. ; staminodes 4-5 ; ovary 4-celled, 8-ovu1ed, densely hairy ; styles 4, hairy, erect.
Fruit 2^ by 1| in., ellipsoid, 8-celled ; fruiting calyx greatly enlarged, lobes l^ in.,
oblong, densely softly villous. Seeds 6-8, 1^ by ^ in., albumen horny. — D. discolor,
Willd. (A. DC. Prodr. viii. 235), a Philippine species, greatly resembles D. argentea,
but has glabrous stamens; it is in the collections of Wallich and Maingay, but is
supposed only cultivated in India.

Sect. VIII. Korsfieldia : as Sect. "VII., except that the female flowers
are distinctly (though often shortly) cymose.

54. I>. oblongra, JFall. Cat. 4:124; leaves large oblong acuminate glabrous,
female llowei-s crowded in very short cymes 5-merous tomentose with black
hairs intermixed. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 243; Hiern in Trans. Carnb. Phil. Soc.
xii. 243.

Pexang ; Wallich. Singapobb ; Maingay (n. 967).

Branchlets stout, glabrous. Leaves 7^ by 2| in., base obtuse or almost "rounded,
coriaceous; primary nerves numerous, nearly horizontal, reticulating nerves incon-
spicuous ; petiole ^ in. Malefl. not known. Female fl. 1-5 together; calyx \-^ in.,
deeply lobed, lobes ovate-oblong, auriculate, subplicate ; corolla \ in., densely hairy
without, deeply lobed; staminodes 5 ; ovary 10-eelled, ferruginous-hairy. Fruit | in.
diam., globose, glabrate; calyx f in. across, lobes auriculate. Albumen horny, not
ruminated.

55. D. ramiflora, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 40, and Fl. Ind. ii. 535 ; leaves
large broadly oblong acute glabrous, male fl. in short cymes, female in many-
flowered compound much larger cymes. Wall. Cat. 4119 ; Wight Ic. t. 189 ;
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 233.

East Bengal ; Tipperah, Roxburgh ; Khasia Mts., Wallich.

A large tree ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 1\ by 3-3|^ in,, base cuneate or obtuse,
nerves not prominent ; petiole ^ in. Male fl. subfasciculate in \ in. rusty cymes ;
calyx ^ by ^ in., subtubular, campanulate, lobed nearly halfvray down ; lobes 5, oblong,
subobtuse; corolla ^ in., tubular, lobed less than halfway down, densely villous
without; stamens 16, glalDrous, anthers linear, connective hardly produced. Female

570 xc. EBENACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) ' IDiospyros

fl. : cymes ^-2 in., often on the old branches ; calyx \-^ by ^ in. ; corolla ^ by ^ in.,
as of the male, but larger ; staminodes 8-12; ovary hairy, 8-12-celled, stigmas 4-6.
Fruit 2-3 in. diam., globular, nearly glabrous ; fruiting calyx 1^ in. across.

56. D. densifiora, Wall. Cat. 4140; leaves large elliptic or oblong
obtuse or scarcely acuminate glabrous, male fl. numerous in somewhat large
cymes, calyx 4-lobed nearly to the base lobes with reflexed margins, corolla
tubular fulvous-tomentose without, stamens 15-16 glabrous. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 233 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 171 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, pt. ii. 236, and Fo?-. Fl. ii. 134.

MoxTLMEiN and Amhebst ; Wallich. Aebacan, Martaban and Tknasserim ; rare,
Kurz.

Leaves 7i by 2^3j in., base obtusely cuneate ; primary nerves wide apart, much
arched, slightly elevated above, reticulated nervation distinct on both surfaces ;
petiole \ in. Maiefl.: cymes 1-2 in. diam., minutely rusty-pubescent; bracts \ in.,
ovate; pedicels 0-\ in.; calyx-lobes e ^y i in-; corolla \ in., narrowly cylindric;
anthers and connective glabrous. Female fl.: cymes |-1^ in., 12-20-flowered ; calyx-
lobes 5 by i in. Fruit | in. diam., globose, ultimately glabrescent ; pedicels in fruit
\-^ in. AlbuTnen ruminated (Hiern), but the affinity of this species seems to be with
I>. undulata.

57. D. Korsfieldii, Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 193; leaves
large ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong glabrous strongly reticulate beneath, male
fl. in compound cymes, calyx-lobes ovate with reflexed margins, corolla urceolate
ferruginous-hispid without, female fl. in large cymes. D. frutescens, Hassk. PI.
Jav. Rar. 467, not of Blume.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n, 3620). — Distrib. Java.

Branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 9^ by 2|-4| in., shortly acuminate, base
rounded or obtuse, nerves (primary and secondary) impressed above very strongly
raised beneath ; petiole ^ in. Male flowers : cymes about 1 in., few-flowered ; calyx
I" in., deeply 4-lobed, fuliginous-hispid ; corolla ^ in., urceolate. fuliginous-hispid
without, lobes 4 ovate ; stamens 14-16, filaments hairy, anthers glabrous. Female fl.:
cymes 1-4 in. ; bracts ^ in., elliptic ; calyx nearly as in the male ; corolla ^ in., very
deeply 4-5-lobed; staminodes 12 ; ovary B-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Fruit | in. diam.,
globose, fuliginous hairy, ultimately glabrescent; lobes of the fruiting calyx ^ in.,
margins strongly reflexed, auriculate.

58. D. paniculata, Dalz. in Hook. Keiu Journ. iv. 109 ; leaves broad-
oblong obtusely cuneate at both ends glabrous, male fl. panicled, calyx-lobes
foliaceous ovate, corolla tubular black- velvety without, female flowers solitary
or few together. Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 141 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 126,
and For. Man. 144 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 190.

Deccan Peninsula ; in the Ghauts, Wight ; Concan, Balzell ; Canara, Ritchie ;
Anamallays, Beddome.

A large tree ; nearly glabrous except the flowers. Leaves 6^ by 2 in., mature
strongly closely reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole \ in. Male fl. : cymes 1-1^ in.,
sparingly pilose, pedicels 0-^ in., bracts ovate caducous ; calyx 5-lobed nearly to the
base, lobes \-\ in,, pubescent without and within ; corolla \ in. (or rather more)
lobed half-way down ; stamens 20, glabrous. Female fl. solitary or in 2-5-flowered
cymes, peduncled ; bracts ovate, caducous ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled, Frtdt 1 by
f in., ellipsoid, ferruginous-hirsute ; fruit-calyx 5-lobed, enlarged, nearly glabrous ;
lobes |-| in. long and broad, plicate, auricled.

59. D. Brandisiana, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 72 ; leaves
lanceolate or oblong acuminate base cuneate or subobtuse sparsely pilose or
ultimately nearly glabrous, male fl. in very short cymes, corolla tubular minutely
closely pilose, stamens about 16, female fl. in many-flowered cymes. Hiern in

1

IHospyros.'] xc. ebenaceji. (C. B. Clarke.) 571

Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 184 ; Kurz in Joum, As. Soc, 1877, pt. ii. 236, and
For. Fl. ii. 138.

Uppbb Tenassebim ; Brandis. — Disteib. Upper Birma.

A tree ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 8^ by 2\ in., or wider {Kurz) ; primary
nerves much raised beneath, oblique, secondary conspicuous, undulate ; petiole \ in.
Male fl. : cymes 0-^ in., densely fascicled, on the old wood or in the axils of the
leaves ; calyx ^ in., divided more than half-way down, rusty villous ; corolla ^ in.,
narrowly tubular, lobes short obtuse ; filaments densely pilose, anthers and connec-
tive glabrous. Female fl. : cymes 1 in., rusty pubescent ; bracts 55 in., lanceolate ;
pedicels l-^ in. ; calyx and corolla nearly as in the male but rather larger ; staminodes
6-8 ; ovary ovoid-conic, hairy, style hairy, stigmas 6-8 glabrous ; cells 6-10, 1-ovuled,
septa at flowering time complete.

VEBY IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

D. CHARTACEA, Wall. Cat. il35, partly ; glabrous, leaves ovate-lanceolate or nar-
rowly lanceolate acuminate, male fl. sessile in small clusters 4-merous, calyx elongate
cylindric lobes ovate ciliate, corolla short lobes obtuse, stamens 16-20 in pairs,
anthers hairy. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 232; Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 230;
Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 234, and For. Fl. ii. 129. — Martaban and Upper
Tenasserim ; not uncommon, Kurz. — Distrib. Birma.

Wallich has two sheets of this ; the type is a male in very young bud with small
narrow leaves ; the duplicate sheet is a male with medium large young flowers and
broad- almost ovate-lanceolate leaves. It is very doubtful whether the two belong
to the same species. Hiem has described the flowers from the duplicate sheet, while
he says the leaves are 2-9, J by ^3 in. elongate lanceolate, which seems intended to
cover both sheets of "Wallich. Kurz finds Hiern's plant " not uncommon " in British
Birma, but says the leaves are 4-5 in. long, ovate-oblong to oblong and oblong-lanceo-
late ; so that his plant can hardly be referred to the species of Wallich's type sheet
in which the leaves are uniformly small and narrow, running from 2^ by ^ in. to 3^
by l^in.

v. ELEGANS, Clarke ; leaves oblong acutely caudate fulvous-pilose on the nerves
beneath, male cymes small on ^ in. peduncles, corolla with a few scattered hairs
without or glabrate, calyx 3-partite.

Khasia Mts. ; Nunklow, alt. 3500 ft., Clarke.

A small tree ; branches persistently fulvous-hirsute. Leaves 5^ by 1^ in., obtuse
at the base ; primary nerves oblique ; petiole ^ in. Male fl. (exceedingly young)
about 12 short-pedicelled in each cyme; cyme sometimes I5 in. compound ; female
unknown. — Supposed allied to J), microjphylla, but may be a Maba.

Var. Hookeri ; shrubby, leaves less finely acuminate. D. stricta, Hiern in Trans.
Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 201, partly, not of Boxbiirgh. — Chittagong, Seetakoond;
H.f. 4' T. — This differs from I), stricta in the hirsute branches and peduncled male
cymes.

D. GRATA, Wall. Cat. 4142 ; leaves alternate oblong narrowed at both ends obtuse
glabrous, female flowers solitary subsessile, ovary fulvous-hispid, fruit globose sub-
glabrous, fruiting calyx 5-fid pentagonal pubescent on both sides. A. PC. Prodr. viii.
232 ; Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 264. — Nipal ; Wallich.

Hiem thinks Wallich's fragmentary example may be P. lanceafolia, Eoxb.
D. ORiXENSis, Wight ; Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 264 ; leaves alternate
elliptic shortly obtusely acuminate base obtuse hairy at least on the midrib beneath,
fruits solitary axillary subglobose, fruiting calyx deeply 4 -fid hairy without. —
Courtallum ; Wight.— This looks like the female of P. stricta, Eoxb. "Why "Wight
named a Courtallum species orixensis does not appear. Hiern says that P. orixensis
of Klein and "Willd. (A. DC. viii. 230) is probably P. montana, Roxb., with which
also Beddome agrees (For. Man. 143); but the short description of Willd. appears to
fit Wight's examples of P. orixensis very well.

D. PYRRHOCABPA, Miq. Fl. Lid. Bat. Suppl. 260, 583 ; shoots pubescent soon
glabrescent, leaves elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate coriaceous densely reticulated,
flowers solitary short-peduncled rufous-tomentose, berries size of a cherry depressed-
globose rufous-orange-tomentose. Hiem in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 266 ; Kurz in
Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 236, and For. Fl. ii. 136.— West Sumatra.

572 xc. EBENACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Diospyros.

Vab. ajidamanica, Kurz ; leaves oblong to narrow-oblong., lateral nerves faint and
numerous, reticulation more lax. — 'Andamans ; Kurz. — Not seen, and for the present
exceedingly obscure ; for Kurz 1. c. adds " the Andaman tree, I have little doubt, is a
different species " (i.e. from the Sumatran), " but the material is too incomplete for
description."

D. RoYLEi, WalL Cat. 4134 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 239.— There is no specimen of
this in Wallich's herbarium.

D. VENOSA, Wall. Cat. 4126; leaves alternate elliptic shortly acuminate glabrous,
female flowers in subsessile clusters 1-3 together, bracts ^ in. ovate. Anonacea?,
Hiern in Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xii. 271. — Penang; Wallich.

The single fruiting calyx (not perhaps the normal form) on Wallich's specimen is
3-lobed, but the young fruit in it is globose, undivided, and can hardly be Anonaceous.
The specimen might be D. undulata or some closely allied species.

Ordek XCI. STVRACEH:. (By 0. B. Clarke.)

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowei's hermaphrodite (in
the Indian species), in axillary and terminal simple or compound racemes or
spikes, sometimes solitary, white, rarely rose ; bracts small. Calyx campanulate,
superior or inferior, limb 5-4-toothed or truncate, persistent. Petals 6-4, free
or united into a short (rarely long) tube, imbricated (in the Indian species).
Stamens adnate to the petals, 8-10 or very many ; filaments free or connate ;
anthers round or linear, dehiscing laterally. Ovary inferior or superior, 2-5-
celled, or (by the early separation of the septa) 1-celled ; style filiform ; stigma
small or capitate ; ovules 1 or few on the inner angle of each cell, pendulous
or erect. Fi-uit drupaceous, 1-seeded, less often 2-3-seeded. Seeds albuminous ;
embryo straight or curved. — Species 220, in the warmer regions of Asia,
Australia and America ; not known in Africa.

Stamens many, in several series 1. Symplocos.

Stamens 10, in 1 series 2. Stybax.

1. SYllIFXiOCOS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs ; often drying yellow. Leaves alternate, toothed or entire.
JRacemes or spikes axillary, simple or compound, sometimes reduced to a single
flower ; bracts usually solitary at the base of each pedicel, caducous ; brac-
teoles 3-1, small, at the base of the flower. Flowers white (in S. rosea, rose),
hermaplirodite (in the Indian species). Calyx-tvhe adnate ; lobes 5, small,
imbricate. Petals (in the Indian species) 5, imbricate, free or obscurely connate,
more rarely connate into a tube. Stamens numerous, in several series, adnate
to the corolla -tube, usually throughout its length, and in a few species in a
tube beyond it; anthers shortly-oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary in-
ferior (in the Indian species), 3-, rarely 2- or 4-celled ; style filiform, stigma
small capitate sub-3-lobed ; ovules 2, pendulous from the inner angle of
each cell. Ih'upe ellipsoid, endocarp usually woody, 1-3-seeded. Seeds oblong,
straight or less often curved ; embryo terete, axile, straight or curved. — Dis-
TRIB. Species 160, in the tropics of Asia, Australia and America.

Subgenus I. Kopea (Species 1 to 59). Petals free or connate only at the
very base, spreading ; buds subglobose. Filaments slender, more or less imited
to the coroUa, not forming a tube distinct from the corolla. Embryo straight,
or curved. — The curvem%|ose species constitute the section Palura, not
adopted here, the embryo being unknown in many species.

Sect. 1. Racemes or spikes (at least some of them) compound. (See also
12. S. raceniosa var., and 51. S. angustatd). Species 1 to 11.

Symplocos.'] xci. styrace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 573

* Emh'yo curved (in sever (d not knoivn).

1. S. crataBgroldes, Ham. tm.-, Don Prodr. 146; leaves broadly elliptic
closely sharply serrulate towards the aciiminate apex, cyme elongate compound
subpanicled, disc glabrous. A. DC. Pi-odr. viii. 258 ; Brand. Fm\ Fl. 299 ;
Kw'z For. Fl. ii. 147, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 239. S. paniculata,
Wall. Cat. 4429. Lhodra cratsegoides, Dene in Jacq. V(yy. Bot. 103, t. 110. —
Griff. Bin. Notes 163, n. 839.

Himalaya ; alt. 2-8000 ft. ; from Kashmir to Bhotan ; common. Khasia ; alt.
3_5000 ft. ; common. Martaban ; Nattoung Hills (K'^r^-). — Distrik. Japan.

A tree, 40 ft., or shrub. Leaves 2^ by 1-1^ in., varying from lanceolate acuminate to
broadly obovate-ellipticsubobtuse, teeth sometimes nearly obsolete, usually softly pilose
beneath, at least on the midrib, sometimes glabrous ; reticulating nerves prominent
beneath ; petiole i in. Panicles 1-5 in., hairy, glabrescent or glabrous ; lateral branches
distinct, cymosely many-flowered, or with few longer-pedicelled flowers ; bracts small,
linear, caducous. Calyx-tuhe obconic, glabrous, or sparsely pilose or densely hirsute ;
teeth small obtuse, or lanceolate subacute, glabrous ciliate or pilose. Corolla ^-\ in.
Stamens 20-60. Frnit \—^ in., obliquely ovoid or obovoid, calyx-rim small, very
much narrower than the fruit.— Most variable : the typical North-west form (described
by Brandis) has a glabrous calyx-tube with short obtuse teeth ; while Griffith's n.
306 (from Khasia) has densely hairy calyx-tube and long calyx-teeth. The fruits
vary so greatly in form and size that Thomson (erroneously) regarded some as insect-
injured.

2. S. spicata, Roxh. Hort. Beny. 40, and Fl. Ind. ii. 541 ; leaves broadly
lanceolate acute serrulate glabrous, flowers sessile in long-branched spikes, disc
glabrous. Wall. Cat. 4417 ; Brand. For. Fl. 300 ; Kurz Far. Fl. ii. 146, and
in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 239. S. polycarpa, Wall. Cat. 4423 ; A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 256 ; Kurz II. c. S. Loha, Don Prodr. 144 ; A. DC. I. c. S.
racemosa, Wall. Cat. 4418, in part, not of Roxh.

North and East India ; near the base of the hills, alt. 0-4000 ft. ; from
Kumaon to Bhotan, Assam and Martaban ; common. — Distrib. China, Japan,
Australia ?.

A small tree. Leaves 5 by 2 in., base cuneate; nerves distant, not prominent
beneath, parallel ; petiole \ in. Spikes 2-4 in., often tripartite below, sometimes
panicled, glabrous or obscurely rusty-pubescent ; flowers all closely sessile, the de-
pressed ovary and short calyx-tube embraced by the 3 persistent small ovate obtuse
bracteoles. Calyx-lobes ^ in., round, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Petals ^ in.
Stamens about 40. Fruit i in. diam., subsymmetric, ribbed (or smooth), globose,
surmounted by a very short cylindric tube ; calyx-rim as wide as the tube. — Wallich's
S. polycarpa only differs in the larger leaves ; Kurz separates it by the smooth, not
ribbed fruit ; but the fruit is distinctly ribbed in "Wallich's polycarpa. The whole of
this series of S. spicata type is readily distinguished by the long branches of the
spike, with small distant flowers and very depressed ovaries.

Var. laurina, "Wall. Cat. 4416 (sp.); spikes shorter fulvous subtomentose or
hirsute, flowers rather larger densely crowded, ovary less depressed. S. spicata,
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 254; Wight III. t. 150; Thwaites Enum. 154; Bedd. For. Man.
149. S. flavida and S. Loha, Miq. in PI. Hohenack. p. 1053, 1054. Myrtus laurina,
Retz Obs. iv. 26. Eugenia laurina, Willd. Sp. PL ii. 967. Bobua laurina, DC.
Prodr. iii. 24. Hopea spicata, Dalz. S^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 140. — "W. side of the Deccan
Peninsula and Ceylon ; alt. 2-7000 f t , very common. — {Btirm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 62.)

"\^AR. attenuata, "Wall. Cat. 4426 (sp.); leaves long-attenuate at the base, spikes
shorter tripartite or simple, fruits smaller often only ^ in. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 256. —
Khasia ; alt. 3-6000 ft., common. Hills of British Birma, Kurz.

Yar. malasica ; leaves less coriaceous, secondary nerves prominent, flowers less
closely sessile, ovary not depressed, calyx-lobes oblong prominent above the bracteoles.
— Malay Peninsula, common ; Maingay, n. 957, &c. — This is not exactly S. Stawellii,
F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austr. v. 60, which has the flowers more distinctly pedicelled,
and is more like the Ceylon S. laurina.

574 xci. STTKACEJJ. (G. B. Clarke.) [Symplocos,

3. S. oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 4430 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate
serrulate glabrous, racemes compound, flowers small mostly pedicelled. A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 256. S. pedicellata, Kwz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 89, and
For. FL ii. 147.

Khasia ; Wallick ; Cherra, alt. 4000 ft,, H. f. ^ T. Assam ; Masters. Pegu ;
rather rare, Kurz.

A small tree; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 5 by If in., subcaudate, base at-
tenuate ; nerves distant, not promineut beneath, parallel ; petiole \-^ in. Panicles
\\-2 in. diain., many-fld., puberulous, finally glabrous ; bracts small, caducous.
Calyx nearly glabrous; teeth Jj, in., round. Corolla ^ in. Fruit |— ^ in., ovoid,
narrowed upwards into a cylindric beak, often 3-seeded, scarcely ribbed ; fruiting
calyx as wide as the beak. — S. xanthophylla, Jungh. ^ De Vriese ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
i. pt. ii. 468, has pedicelled flowers, but the fruits are small, and it resembles S.
spicata var. attenuata rather than 8. oxyphylla.

4. S. fasciculata, Zoll. Syst. Verz. 136; leaves oblong-lanceolate
minutely pilose on the midrib beneath or glabrous very short-petioled, cymes
compound very small, flowers small mostly pedicelled. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i.
pt. ii. 467. Dicalyx tinctorius, Blume Bijd. 1116.

Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3665), Maingay (n. 958). Singapore;
Murton. — Distkib. Java, Borneo.

A large tree {^Maingay) ; branchlets ashy-pubescent. Leaves Z\ by \\ in., ob-
tusely acuminate, base obtusely rhomboid, entire or obscurely crenate-serrate ; thinly
chartaceous, nerves distant, not prominent beneath, parallel ; petiole ^ in. Cymes
scarcely | in. diam., ashy-pubescent ; bracts minute. Calyx-teeth -^ in., ovate-oblong,
grey-pubescent. Corolla ^ in. Stamens 25. Disc glabrous ; style glabrous (in
the Malacca examples), sparsely villous in the Javan. Fruit ^ in., obliquely ovoid,
narrowed to a cylindric beak ; embryo not seen (fruit imperfectly ripe), probably
curved.

5. S. oligrandra, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 272; leaves oblong cuneate
at both ends subentire orlabrous, cymes scarcely \ in. compound minutely hairy,
disc closely shortly hairy.

Travancoee Ghats ; Beddome.

A tree {Beddome) ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves If by | in., coriaceous ; nerves
9-10 on each side, very slightly impressed ; petiole \-^ in. Cymes 3-6-fld. ; bracts
minute, deciduous. Calyx-tube — in., glabrous ; teeth ^ in., closely adpressedly
pilose. Petals ^^ in. Stamem 12-14, in pairs. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit unknown.

6. S. ferrug'inea, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 40, and Fl. Ind. ii. 542 ; leaves
broad-lanceolate rusty-villous on the nerves beneath, nerves numerous strong
parallel, spikes compound rusty-villous. Wall. Cat. 4412; A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 257. S. mollis, Wall. Cat. 4433 ; G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 3. S. Verhuelli,
Jungh 8f De Vriese ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii. 467. S. polystachya, Zoll. 8f
Mor. Verz. 43, not of Wall. S. lachnobotrya and Horsfieldiana, Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. Suppl. 475. S. javanica, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 239 (syn.
S. rubiginosa excl.), and For. Fl. ii. 145. Dicalyx javanicus, Blume Bijd. 1117.

Khasia ; Wallich ; Mikir Hills, Simons. Malay Peninsula ; from Mergui to
Malacca, common. — Distrib. Malay Archipelago.

A small tree; branchlets subpersistently rusty-villous. Leaves 6|- by 2|- in.,
acuminate, base cuneate, often broader above the middle, serrulate or subentire,
mature villous beneath or glabrescent, coriaceous, shining, smooth with scarcely im-
pressed nerves above; nerves 10-15 on each side, strongly raised beneath, quite
parallel, carried f (or more) the way to the margin before inarching ; petiole \-\ in.
Panicles 2-5 in., very compound and villous, branches long; flowers sessile, bracteoles
concealing the short calyx-tube. Calyx-teeth ~ in., ovate, villous. Corolla ^-^ in.
Stamens 40. Ovary depressed, disc glabrous. Fruit ^ in., depressed-globose, ribbed;
beak hardly any besides the enlarged glabrescent calyx-teeth.

Symplocos.'] xci. styrace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 575

Vak. polystachya, Wall. Cat. 4428 (sp.) ; leaves beneath glabrous or adpressedly
pilose on the midrib only. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 254. — Gurwhal, alt. 5500 ft., Strachey
4" Winterhottom. Kumaon ; alt. 4,600 ft., Madden. Darjeeling ; alt. 5,000 ft.,
Gamble. Khasia ; alt. 3-4000 ft., Wallich, Clarke. — This may be specifically separ-
able, for when the midrib beneath is hairy, the indumentum is widely different from
that of S.fcrruginea. Brandis thinks {For. Fl. 300) this species too near S. spicata;
the nervation of the leaves differs widely.

** Embryo straight (in several not known),

7. S. adenophylla. Wall. Cat. 4427; leaves narrowly lanceolate or
broadly elliptic obtusely acuminate subentire glabrous, racemes compound
minutely rusty-pubescent, disc glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 267. S. iteo-
phylla, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 476.

Penang ; Wallich. Singapore and Malacca ; Wallich, Griffith, Maingay. —
DisTRiB. Java, Borneo.

Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 3 by | in., or 3^ by 1^ in., base cuneate or attenuate,
coriaceous ; nerves distant, not prominent ; petiole ^ in. Bacemes 1-2 in., tripartite,
lax ; pedicels 0-^ in. ; bracteoles minute, subobsolete. Calyx-Uihe glabrous or
minutely rusty; teeth ^ in., oblong. Corolla-lobes ^ m. Stamens ^0. Fruit ^ by ^
in., terete, ellipsoid, smooth, tip obtuse; calyx-teeth closely incurved, inconspicuous.
— Wallich doubted whether his broEid-leaved examples from Singapore (var. virgata.
Wall.) might not be specifically distinct from his narrow-leaved ones from Penang ;
but two extreme forms of leaf occur on one branch.

8. S. celastrlfolla, Griff, ms. ; leaves elliptic-oblong cuneate at both
ends crenate glabrous, racemes laxly panicled minutely rusty-villous, disc
glabrous.

Malacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3651). — Distbib. Borneo.

Branchlets glabrous. Leaves S^ by l^lf in., very shortly obtusely acuminate,
base cuneate or subobtuse, strongly crenate, thickly chartaceous, when dried dull-
green above, pale-yellow beneath ; nerves not prominent ; petiole i in. Racemes 2-3
in., branches long lax ; pedicels ^ in. ; bracteoles subobsolete. ^Calyx-tube nearly
glabrous, teeth ^ in., elliptic, glabrous. Corolla ^-^ in. Stamens 40. Fruit more
than 1^ in., ovoid-ellipsoid, smooth ; calyx-rim as wide as the upper part of the fruit,
teeth erect. Fhibryo straight.

9. S. phyllocalyx, Clarke ; leaves oblong acuminate serrulate glabrous,
spikes very short sparingly compound minutely pilose, calyx-teeth green round,
disc glabrous. Symplocos sp. n. 812, Griffs Itin. Notes, 168. Symplocos sp. n.
64, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. Sf T. Symplocos sp. (Chandan), Gamble Darjeeling
List, 64. Laurinea ? n. 660, Griff. Itin. Notes, 141.

SiKKiM ; alt. 8-12,000 ft., J. B. H., &c., frequent, Bhotan ; Griffith.

A small tree or shrub, almost wholly glabrous. Leaves 4 by 1^ in., base cuneate
or attenuate, coriaceous, shining ; midrib elevated above, broad ; nerves numerous,
often 14 on each side, slender but distinct above ; petiole ^ in. Spikes often shorter
than the petioles, bracts glabrous when young ; bracteoles \ in., ovate. Calyx-teeth
g in., glabrous or microscopically ciliate on the margins. Corolla ^ in. Stamens
40-50. Disc shortly hairy ; style often sparsely hairy. Fruit nearly J by | in.,
ellipsoid, crowned by the unaltered calyx-teeth. Embryo straight. — Furnishes a dye
exported into Tibet {Hook. Himal. Joum. ii. 41).

10. S. theeefolia, Ham. ws. ; Don Prodr. 146; leaves oblong acuminate
obscurely serrulate glabrous, spikes very short compound minutely pubescent,
disc densely hairy. S. lucida. Wall. Cat. 4414; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 266;
Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 238, and For. Fl. ii. 143, not of Sieb. Sr
Zucc. S. racemosa, Wall. Cat. 4418; A. DC. I.e., partly; Brand. For. Fl.
300, not of Roxb.

576 xci. STTEACEJi. (C. B. Clarke.) [Symplocos.

Himalaya; from Nipal to Bhotan, alt. 5-8000 ft,, very common. Khasia; alt.
4-6000 ft., common. Maetaban ; alt. 5-7000 ft., not unfrequent, Kurz.

An erect tree, often 50 ft. ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 4|- by 1| in., base
ctmeate or obtuse, coriaceous ; nerves numerous, indistinct, not parallel ; petiole ^ in.
Panicles |--1 in., dense, often tripartite from the base, branches stout ; bracts ~ in.
broad, obtuse ; bracteoles ~ in., broad, obtuse. Calyx-tube nearly glabrous, teeth
^ in., broad, obtuse, glabrous, minutely ciliate. Corolla \-^ in. Stamens 20-25.
Bisc densely covered with long white hairs. Fmit ^ by ^ in., ellipsoid, smooth, tip
obtuse, calyx-teeth incurved iuconspicuous. Embryo straight. — There has been much
confusion respecting this very distinct species. Wallich has, under No. 4418, three
plains named S. racemosa, Roxb., none of which are right, except letter C, upon
which De CandoUe (in whose Herbarium the specimen is) founded his 8. nervosa.

11. S. kurg'ensis, Clarke ; leaves oblong acuminate scabrous- villous
beneath, panicles rufous-hirsute, flowers subsessile, calyx-tube glabrous, teeth
closely silky. Symplocos, n. 31, Herh. Ind. Or. Hk.f. bf T. S.,spicatse affinis,
Bedd. For. Man. 162.

Mts. of KuBG, common, G. Thomson ; Beddome.

Branchlets thick, soon glabrescent except the tips. Leaves 5^ by 2 in., base
rounded or subcordate when mature, sub-denticulate, villous and glandular-scabrid
beneath, coriaceous; nerves 10 on each side, thick, much elevated beneath; petiole
^ in., rusty-villous. Panicles 2-3 in. ; bracts ^ in., ovate, densely hairy. Calyx-lobes
^ in., ovate. Petals ^ in. Stamens 50. Disc and style glabrous. Fruit nearly ^
by J in., eylindric, smooth ; calyx-rim as broad as the fruit, teeth patent. Embryo
straight. — This differs from S. Hohenackeri, n. 37, in the rounded base of the leaves,
which are glandular-scabrous beneath, and in the compound spikes.

Sect. 2. Hacemes or spikes undivided (in S. racemosa var. divided). Em-
bryo straight. Species 12 to 59.

* Species of the Himalaya and Khasia Mts.

12. S. racemosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 40, and Fl. Ind. ii. 539 ; leaves
oblong cuneate at both ends obscurely crenate, midrib glabrous or pilose beneath,
racemes hairy half as long as the leaves, disc glabrous. Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 238, and For. Fl. ii. 144, not of Wall, nor of A. DC. S.
Hamiltoniana, Wall. Cat. 4420; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 254; Brand. For. Fl. SOI.
S. rigida, Wall. Cat. 4422, type sheet. S. nervosa, A. DC. I.e. 256, not of
Wight. S. propinqua, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1868, 329. — Symplocos n.
62, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f 8f T.

Throughout Nobth-East India, alt. 0-2500 ft., common from the Terai of
Kumaon to Assam and Pegu; common throughout Chota Nagpore. — Distkib. Birma,
China.

A small tree, or more frequently a shrub ; branchlets soon glabrous. Leaves 5 by
If in. (sometimes almost orbicular leaves) obtuse, coriaceous ; nerves distant, not
conspicuous ; petiole ^ in. Eacemes 2-4 in. ; bracts ^ in., ovate, hairy, deciduous ;
lower pedicels often distant, -^-^ in. ; bracteoles — in., ovate. Calyx-tube usually
glabrous, lobes y^ in.^ ovate, minutely pubescent. Corolla ^ in. Stamens sometimes
115. Fruit nearly 5 by 4 i"^-» subcylindric, smooth ; calyx-rim nearly as wide as the
fruit, with erect teeth. Embryo straight. — S. rigida, Wall, type, differs by some of
the racemes terminating in a leafy branch, so that the pedicels appear solitary from
the old wood bearing the fruits. — Kurz must be mistaken in thinking that this was
8. racemosa of A. DC., who describes his plant as having racemes about as long as
the petioles and the ovary pilose at the summit. A. DCs plant was therefore, a.s
he states, S. racemosa, Wall. = S. theafolia, Don. Kurz also refers the Kew Distrib.
n. 3660 to 8. spicata, whereas that number is 8. racemosa, Roxb.

Var. khasiana; flowers sessile in dense clusters on the spike. Symplocos, n,.
1275, Griff. Itin. Notes, 87.— Khasia; Nongkreem (alt. 4500 ft,, perhaps), Griffith.

8ymplocos.'\ xci. STYRACEiE. (0. B. Clarke.) 577

Vae. composita, Ktirz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 238 ; flowers clustered in
small cymes subterminal on the elongate branches, stamens about 40. S. rigida,
Wall. Cat. 4422 partly. — Moulmein ; Wallich. Darjeeling Terai ; frequent, C. B.
Clarke.

13. S. grlomerata, King ; Gamble, Dai-jeding List 54 ; leaves elongate-
lanceolate acuminate gland-serrate glabrous, petioles glandular, flowers and
fruits fascicled axillary, disc glabrous. Symplocos, n. 900, Griff. Itin. Notes,
177. Symplocos, n. 55, Herb. Ind. Oi: tik. /. <§• T, Incerta, n. 448, Griff
Itin. Notes, 125.

SiKKiM and Bhotan, aU. 1-8000 ft, frequent ; Griffith, J. D. H., &c. Khasia,
alt. 2-5500 ft. ; H.f. ^ T., Simons.

A shrub ; or a tree 10ft. high (/. B. H.) ; nearly wholly glabrous. Leaves 6 by
1^ in., base cuneate, coriaceous ; midrib impressed above, nerves distant, conspicuous
beneath ; petiole ^ in. Bracts and bracteoles ovate, somewhat woolly, but obscured
by the densely fascicled flowers. Calyx-tube nearly glabrous ; lobes 55 in., broad,
rounded. Corolla nearly ^ in. Stamens 25. Fruit ^-^ by ^-^ in., subcylindric,
smooth ; calyx-rim nearly as wide as the fruit, teeth erect. Embryo straight.

14. S. ramoslsslma, WaU. Cat. 4425 ; leaves oblong lanceolate acumi-
nate membranous serrulate glabrous, racemes numerous scattered few-flowered
minutely pubescent longer than the petioles, disc glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii.
257 ; Brand. For. Fl. 299.

Tempeeatb Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; from Gurwhal to Bhotan, common
Khasia ; alt. 4000 ft., H. f. ^ T.

A shrub, or tree 30-40 ft. ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 4 by 1 J in. (occasionally
much larger), base cuneate ; nerves somewhat distant, slender, distinct beneath ;
petiole \ in. Eacemes \-\ in., 1-6-flowered, often from lower leafless axils ; bracts
deciduous ; pedicels 0-|^ in. ; bracteoles ^ in., ovate, pubescent, adpressed to the
calyx-tube. Calyx-teeth ^ in., ovate. Corolla \-^ in. Stamens 20. Fruit more
than ^ in. long, ellipsoid (accompanying subglobose fruits are probably insect-punc-
tured) ; calyx-rim narrower than the fruits. Embryo straight. — In Kew Distrib. n.
3667 (Panukka, in Bhotan, Griffith) many of the branches have the racemes reduced
to solitary flowers.

15. S. caudata, Wall. Cat. 4113; leaves lanceolate caudate subentire
glabrous, racemes lax hairy much longer than the petioles, calyx-tube obconic
glabrous, disc glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 256. S. prunifolia, Sieb. 8f Zucc.
PL Jap. Fam. Nat. ii. 9 ; Miq. in Ann. Mm. Lugd. Bat. iii. 101. S. Swin-
hoeana, Hance in Ann. So. Nat. Ser. 4, xv. 226.

SiKKiM ; Darjeeling, Gamble. Khasia (alt. 3000 ft.) ; Wallich, &c. Chittagong ;
Seetakoond, H.f. ^ T. — Distrib. China, Japan.

Attains sometimes 15 ft,, usually a shrub. Leaves 3 by f in., base cuneate, stoutly
chartaceous ; nerves distinct, distant, not easily separable from the secondary ; petiole
i in. Racemes \-l\ in., sparingly pilose or fulvous-subhirsute ; bracts and bracteoles
inconspicuous ; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx-tube ^ in., teeth nearly as long, ovate, sub-
acute. Corolla i in. Stamens 26. Fruit (unripe) ^ in., ovoid-cylindric, shining,
smooth, crowned by the patent somewhat-enlarged calyx-teeth. — From the form of
the unripe fruit, the embryo is presumed to be curved.

16. S. lancifolla, Sieb. 8f Zuce. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. ii. 9; leaves lanceo-
late acuminate crenate-serrulate glabrous, spikes slender fulvous-pubescent, disc
glabrous. Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 101. S. leptostachya, Sieb. 8f
Zucc. I. c. S. microcarpa, Bth. in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 303.

Assam; Patkoye Mts., alt. 2500 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3659).— Japan.
Hongkong.

A shrub or small tree ; branchlets nearly glabrous. Leaves Z\ by 1 in., bas&
VOL. III. P P

578 xci. STYRACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Symplocos,

cuneate or rhomboid, subcoriaceous ; nerves distant, not conspicuous ; petiole |-^ in.
Spikes |-1^ in., subracenaose ; flowers small, the minute pedicels and calyx-tube
enveloped by persistent fulvous-villous imbricated bracteoles. Calyx-segments i in.,
ovate. Corolla -^-^ in. Stamens 15-25. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit ^ in. diam., cuboid-
globose ; calyx-rim less than one quarter the width of the fruit. Embryo curved. —
The simple spikes are in one example sometimes changed into dense panicles of
abortive flowers with numerous bracteoles.

Vae. fulvipes ; midrib of the leaves beneath fulvous- pilose, spikes villous. S.
microcarpa, var. ?, Btk. Fl. Hongk. 212. Symplocos, n. 657, Griff. Itin. Notes, 41.
Symplocos, n. 50, Herb. Ind. Or. Hh. f. ^' T.— Khasia ; Cherra, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
n. 3648) ; Borpani, H.f. 4" T. Assam; Masters.

17. S. Kookeri, Clarke \ leaves large obovate-oblong acute minutely
toothed glabrous, nerves parallel much elevated beneath, racemes stout minutely
rusty. Symplocos, n. 49, Hei'h. Ind. Or. Hh. f. (§• T.

Khasia ; Nunklow, H.f. ^ T.

Branches thick, glabrous. Leaves 12 by 4^ in., base cuneate, thickly chartaceous ;
midrib and nerves impressed on the upper surface; petiole 1-1^ in. Flowers not
seen. Bacemes (in fruit) from thick branchlets, 2-3 in., simple; pedicels \ in.,
distant. Fruit f by -J in., elongate ellipsoid, smooth. Embryo straight. — From the
leaves this appears allied to S. rubiginosa, Wall., which has much smaller fruits.

18. S. macropliylla, Wall. Cat. 4431 ; leaves large elliptic acute from
a rounded base minutely tootlifc*d hirsute beneath, spikes 2 in. stout densely
rusty-villous.

Khasia Mts. ; De Silva.

Branchlet stout, rusty-hirsute. Leaves 8 by 3^ in., base obtuse or subcordate,
thickly coriaceous, rugose from the deeply impressed nerves ; nerves 11 on each side,
strongly elevated beneath, secondary distinct ; petiole f in., densely hirsute. Bracts
and bracteoles subsimilar, | in., ovate, very hairy. Calyx-tube ^ in., glabrescent ;
teeth ^ in., ovate, closely hairy. Betcds \ in., elliptic. Fruit not seen.

19. S. dryoplilla, Clarke \ leaves narrowly obovate-lanceolate shortly
cuspidate subentire glabrous, racemes long lax sparsely fulvous-hirsute, disc
glabrous. Symplocos, n. 63, Herb. Ind. Or. Hk.f. %■ T.

Easterk Nipal and Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft. ; in oak forests, J. D. H. ; Simonbong,
alt. 9000 ft., Gamble.

A tree {^Gamble); branchlets glabrous. Leaves 6 by If in., base cuneate, densely
villous beneath when young, soon glabrous, coriaceous ; nerves many, slender, midrib
impressed above ; petiole ^ in. Bacemes Z^ in. ; bracts caducous, outermost orbicular
glabrous, inner oblong villous; pedicels ^~ in., bracteoles obsolete. Calyx-tube
^^ in., nearly glabrous ; teeth ^ in., ovate. Corolla ^ in. Fruit \ in. diam., sub-
globose, smooth ; calyx-rim much narrower than the fruit. Embryo curved.

20. S. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 4421 ; leaves lanceolate subentire gla-
l)rous, nerves much, elevated beneath, racemes elongate lax nearly glabrous, disc
glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 257.

Khasia Mts. ; De Silva, Griffith. Assam; Griffith.

Branchlets glabrous. Leaves 5 by 1^ in., base cuneate or subobtuse, thickly
chartaceous ; midrib impressed, nerves subparallel, secondary distinct beneath ;
petiole ^-^ in. Bacemes 2-3^ in. ; bracts caducous ; pedicels many, 0-i in., glabrous
or nearly so ; bracteoles ^ in., lanceolate, subciliate. Calyx-tube ■— in., obconic,
glabrous ; teeth ^ in., ovate. Corolla ^-| in. Stamens 80. Fruit $• by ^ in., sub-
cylindric, smooth; calyx-rim little narrower than the fruit. Embryo probably
straight.

21. S. Sumuntia, Ham. 7ns.', Don Prodr. 144; leaves oblong-lanceolate
««uuiinat6 crenulate glabrous coriaceous, racemes 1^ in. hirsute, calyx- teeth

Symplocos.'] xci. styraceje. (C. B. Clarke.) 579

nearly glabrous, fruit ovoid-cylindric. S. racemosa, Wall, Cat, 4418, B and
ioioer half K. Symplocos, n. 888, Griff. Itin. Notes, 173.

HiMAiATA, alt. 3-7000 ft.; from Nipal to Bhotan, frequent; Hamilton, &c.
Khasia ; Borpaui, SinwJis.

A small tree; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 4^ by 1^ in., base cuneate; midrib
impressed, nerves 11 pairs, sub-parallel, impressed slightly above; petiole \ in.
Bracts and bracteoles villous, caducous ; pedicels 0-^ in., hirsute. Calyx-tube glabrous
or nearly so. Petals ^-| in. Staviens 35-40, 5-adelphous. Disc glabrous. Fruit
^ by ^ in., smooth, calyx-rim as wide as the upper part of the fruit. Embryo
straight. — Described from Hamilton's type : the fruit from Sikkim examples of J. D.
H. — A narrow-leaved var. ? of S. decora, Hance (in Triraen Journ. Bot. 1874, 368),
from Ningpo, hardly differs but by the slightly longer flowers.

Var. jlorihunda, Wall. Cat. 4419 (sp.) ; flowers spiked, i.e. pedicels 0 or most
obscure. S. Sumuntia, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 255. Symplocinea, n. 739, Griff. Itin,
Notes. 150. — Nipal to Bhotan, Assam and Khasia. — Hamilton also collected this, and
did not suppose it identical with his 8, Sumuntia.

22. S. pyrifolia, Wall. Cat. 4415 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate
minutely toothed glabrous rigid, racemes 1^ in. glabrous or sparsely hairy,
calyx-teeth densely silky, fruit cylindric-ellipsoid. A. DC. Prodr, viii. 256.

Nipal ; Wallich. Sikkim ; alt. 7000 ft., J, D. H. Bhotan ; Griffith. Khasia ;
alt. 2-5000 ft., very common.

Closely resembling S. Sumuntia : the leaves are stiff and crisp rather than coria-
ceous, the petioles rather longer. Hamilton named this S. salicifolia or Lodh of the
Bengalees, considering it a var. of S. racemosa, Roxb. Don hence took the specific
name 8. Loha, his description of which refers to S. spicata.

** Species of the Malay Peninsula (see also 12. ^S*. racemosa),

23. S. ophirensis, Clarke ; leaves elliptic-cuneate obtuse subentire gla-
l3rous, petiole very short, racemes very short closely silky. Symplocos, 42,
Herh.Ind, Or,H.f8fT,

Malacca; Mt. Ophir summit, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3650), Lohb.

Branches glabrous. Leaves 3^ by 1^ in., base cuneate, stiffly chartaceous ; nerves
distant, reticulations close, prominent beneath ; petiole ^-^ in. Racem£S ^ in., dense ;
bracts and bracteoles inconspicuous; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx-tube ^ in., closely
fulvous-silky, teeth ^ in., ovate, fulvous-pilose. Petals ^ in. Sta/nens 40. Disc
nearly glabrous. Frtiit ^ by | in., ovoid-cylindric, smooth ; calyx-rim as wide as the
upper part of the fruit. Embryo straight.

24. S. leucantha, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 89, and For, Fl.
ii. 148 J leaves oblong or ovate acute crenate glabrous, racemes hardly 1 in,
hirsute, calyx nearly glabrous, teeth prominent.

Pegu ; Irrawaddi swamp-forests, Kurz ; Moulmein, Parish,

A tree 20-25 ft. {Kurz) ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves Z^ by 1^ in. (in Kurz'g
examples), much wider in those of Parish, base cuneate or obtuse, thinly charta-
ceous with slender conspicuous nerves ; primary nerves distant, only 1 or 2
pairs from the upper half of the midrib. Pedicels 0-^ in., hairy ; bracteoles ^ in.,
elliptic, hairy, deciduous. Calyx-tube ~ in., teeth ~ in., ovate, nearly glabrous.
Corolla ^ in. Stamens 40. Disc glabrous. Fruit unknown.

25. S. sulcata, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 65, and For. Fl. iL
146; leaves oblong acuminate subentire coriaceous glabrous, racemes 1 in,
rusty-tomentose, fruit ellipsoid longitudinally furrowed.

Martaban and Upper Texasserim, alt. 3-6000 ft. ; in the drier hUl-forests,
frequent, Kurz. Moulmein ; Lobb.

A tree 20-25 ft. (Kurz); branches glabrous^ Leaves 4 J by 1^ in., base cuneate or

pp2

580 xci. STYRACE^. (C B. Clarke.) [Syrrvplocos^

rhomboid, often unequal sided ; midrib and nerves strongly raised beneath, nerves
13 pairs sub-parallel; petiole ^ in. Pedicels 0-^ in.; bracts and bracteoles sub-
similar, ^ in., obovate-oblong, pubescent. Calyx-ti(he nearly glabrous ; lobes y\ in.,
ovate-lanceolate, subobtuse, pubescent. Petals ^ in. Stamens numerous. Fruit ^ by
^ in., rusty, calyx-rim much narrower than the fruit, teeth accrescent. Embryo
straight,

26. S. leiostacbya, Kurz in Jown. As. Soc. 1873, pt. ii. 89; leaver
oblong acuminate serrulate fulvous-pilose on the midrib and primary nerves
beneath, racemes numerous 2-4 in. very narrow nearly glabrous many-flow^ered.
S. leiostachya, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 239, and For. Fl. ii. 144 {as
tojlowers only).

Tenassebim ; Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3656).

A large tree {Heifer). Leaves 4j by 1 in., base obtuse or rounded, coriaceous;
midrib and nerves impressed above, prominent beneath ; petiole i in. Bacemes axil-
lary, and 10-15 crowded at the ends of the branchlets, 20-40-flowered, when young
densely spicate; pedicels later sometimes attaining ^ in.; bracteoles ^ in, ovate,
glabrous. Calyx-tube ^j in., teeth ^^g in., ovate, glabrous. Petals ^ in. Stamens 40,
small. Fruit not known. — Kiu-z mistook the fruit of a Nieobar Symplocos {8. Nico-
barica) for that of this species.

27. S. nlcobarica, Clarke^ leaves broadly oblong shortly acuminate
serrulate coriaceous nearly glabrous, fruiting racemes 2-3 in. nearly glabrous,
fruits ovoid-conic. S. leiostachya, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 144, partly.

NicoBABS ; Xamorta, Kurz.

Young branchlets fulvous-hirsute. Leaves 5 by If in., base rhomboid, obscurely
ftilvous-pilose on the midrib beneath ; nerves prominently raised beneath, not quite
parallel; petiole |-f in. Eacemes stout; lower pedicels \ in. Fruit ^ by \ m.,
smooth; calyx-rim as wide as the upper part of the fruit, teeth erect. Embryo
straight. — Flowers not known. From the fruit this appears to be allied to S. race-
mosa, Koxb.

28. S. cerasifolia, Wall. Cat. 4434; leaves oblong acute at both ends
crenate pilose on the midrib beneath, spikes \^ in. villous, calyx-teeth large,
fruit ellipsoid large. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 257.

Penang ; Wallich. Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 962).

Branchlets glabrescent. Leaves 5^ by 1^ in., coriaceous ; nerves very oblique,,
distant, obscure above, elevated beneath ; petiole ^ in. Spikes solitary, axillary and
crowded, subterminal ; bracts ^ in., ovate, very hairy ; pedicels 0 ; bracteoles caducous.
Calyx-tube ~ in., subglabrous ; teeth ^ in., ovate, subacute, pilose. Petals ^ in.
Stamens 30. Jhsc and lower part of style with a few hairs. Fruit 1 by ^ iai.,
smooth ; calyx-rim \ in. broad. Embryo straight.

29. S. rubig'inosa, Wall. Cat. 4432 ; leaves large obovate-oblong acute^
nerves parallel much raised beneath, spikes 2 in. silky-villous, fruit ellipsoid
small. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 267.

Penang ; Wallich. Malat Peninsula ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3652). Ma-
lacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 955).

Branchlets rusty-hirsute. Leaves 10| by 4^ in., cuneate at the base, minutely
toothed, nibiginous-villous on the nerves beneath or ultimately glabrous, coriaceous ;
secondary nerves transverse, subparallel, not strongly reticulated; petiole ^-^ in.
Spikes axillary, subremote ; bracts and bracteoles subsimilar, ^-\ in., ovate, densely
villous. Calyx sessile, closely silky-villous, tube ^ in. ; lobes ^^ in., elliptic, subacute.
Petals ^-^ in. Stamens 30. Disc and style glabrous. Fruit ^ by |^ in., smooth ;
calyx-rim ^ in. wide, teeth erect. Embryo straight.

30. S. crassipes, Clarke; leaves large elliptic-lanceolate subentire gla-
brous short-petioled, racemes ^ in, rusty-villous.

Symplocos.'j xci. styrace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 581

Malacca ; Mount Ophir, Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 960),

BrancJdet glabrous. Leaves 6^ by 3 in., base rounded subcordate or obtusely
rhomboid, stoutly chartaceous ; nerves distinct, distant, irregular, not at all parallel ;
petiole \-^ in., very thick. Baceme 4-flowered, axillary ; pedicels hardly ^^ in. ;
bracteoles 3, ^ in., ovate, rufous-villous. Calyx rufous-villous, tube ~ in. ; teeth
A in,, ovate. Petals ^ in. Stamens 30. Ovary 3-celled; disc minutely fulvous-
pilose. Fruit unknown,

31. S. rigrida, Clarke {not of Wall.) ; leaves large lanceolate narrowed
at both ends subentire coriaceous glabrous, spikes 2 in. pubescent. Doxomma
rigidum, Miers in Trans. Linn. Sac. ser. ii. Bot. i. 104. Barringtonia rigida,
Clarke in Hook.f. Fl. Brit Ind. ii. 610.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 767, 965).

A large tree {Maingay) ; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 12 by 3i in., early glabrate;
nerves 13 pairs, much elevated beneath, subparallel ; petiole 1-1^ in. J^ikes ap-
proximated among the penultimate leaves of the branch, erect, ultimately thick rigid;
bracts and bracteoles similar, ^ in,, ovate, densely grey hairy without, Calyx-tvbe
^ in,, glabrescent ; teeth ^^ in,, ovate, densely grey hairy. Petals ^ in. Stamens 60.
Disc glabrous. Fruit (imperfectly ripe) nearly 1 by ^ in., oblong- ellipsoid ; calyx-rim
^ in. wide, teeth erect. — There may still be a doubt whether Doxomma rigidum
(Maingay, n. 767) is the fruiting state of Symplocos sp. (Maingay, n, 965) in good
flower ; the petioles are longer, the fruiting spike extraordinarily thickened ; but it is
the fruit either of Maingay, n, 965, or some closely allied species.

*** Species of the Deccan Peninsula (see also 12. S. racemosa).

32. S. monantha, Wight Ic. t. 1236; leaves lanceolate acute or acumi-
nate at both ends glabrous, flowers solitary axillary sessile or very shortly
pedicelled. Bedd. For. Man. 150.

Shevaghebby Hills ; Wight. Tinnevelly Mts. ; BeddoTne.

A leafy, very ramous shrub {Wight)-, branchlets soon glabrate. Leaves If by |
in., base cuneate or subobtuse, subentire or minutely toothed, nerves inconspicuous ;
petiole ^ in. Peduncles 0-^ in. ; bracteoles small, sometimes numerous. Calyx-tube
^ in., minutely tomentose, teeth ^ in., elliptic. Petals \ in., or more. Stamens 40.
I}isc minutely hairy. Fruit not seen.

33. S. anamallayana, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 116, and Far. Man.
160; leaves broadly elliptic subobtuse glabrous, flowers solitary peduncled. S.
uniflora, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 219, not of Benth.

Anamallats, alt. 5-6000 ft. ; Beddome.

A small tree {Beddome) ; glabrous or the margins of the calyx-lobes minutely
pubescent. Leaves If by 1 in., base obtuse or rounded, serrulate, rigidly chartaceous ;
nerves distant, secondary distinctly reticulated ; petiole ^-^ in. Peduncles ^—k in.,
slender, solitary (or, ex Beddome, sometimes 2-3 together) in axils ; bracts 0 ; brac-
teoles ^ in., lanceolate, caducous, at the base of the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube ^^ in. ;
teeth -^ in., triangular. Petals ^ in. Stamens 40. Bisc glabrous. Fruit not seen.

34. S. xnicropbylla, Wight Ic. t. 1232 ] leaves elliptic obtuse or scarcely
acute serrulate almost glabrous, spikes very short dense fulvous- villous, disc ana
«tyle pilose. Bedd. For. Man. 150.

NiLQHERBiES ; Gardner ; Avalanche, Wight.

A ramous bush, 6 ft. high {Wight); branchlets rufous-villous. Leaves attaining
2^ by 1^ in. (in Wight's examples), obtuse at the base, rigidly coriaceous, adpressedly
fulvous pilose on the midrib beneath or glabrate; primary nerves 8 pairs, strong,
reticulations distinct ; petiole j in. Spikes ^-f in, ; bracts ^ in,, ovate, folvous-villous.
Calyx nearly glabrous, tube ~ in,, lobes -^ in,, ovate. Petals ^-| in. Stamens 50.
Style sparsely fulvous-pilose ; disc shortly closely pilose. Fruit not known.

582 xci. sttracej:. (C. B. Clarke.) ISymjolocos:

35. S. macrocarpa, Wight ms.; leaves oblong nan'owed at both enda
glabrous, spikes short dense rusty-pubescent, calyx-tube pubescent, fruit large-
long-ellipsoid.

South Deccan Peninsijla ; Courtallum, Wight, kerb, nn. 467, 469.

JBranchlets stout, rusty. Leaves attaining 8 by 2^ in., slightly crenulate, charta-
ceous ; primary nerv«6 9 pairs, conspicuous but not thick, secondary nerves distinct
beneath; petiole ^—^ in. Spikes ^-1^ in., stout; bracts ^ in., spathulate obovate,
rusty- pubescent ; flowers crowded. Calyx-tube ^^ in., teeth more than | in., lanceolate.
Petals ^ in. Stamens 40. Disc and style glabrous or nearly so. Fruit IJ by § in.,
smooth, round ; calyx-rim ^ in., broad, teeth patent. — Examples in young fruit may
be distinguished from S. Beddomei by the short stout spikes, and the shorter petioles.

36. S. G-ardnerlana, Wight Ic. t. 1231 ; leaves elliptic cuneate at both
ends villous beneath, nerves numerous strong subparallel, calyx-tube densely
hairy, fruits hairy. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 237.

South Matabab Mts., alt. 4-7500 ft. ; Nilgherries, Travancore, Anamallays, &C.,.
frequent.

A small tree ; branchlets thick, villous. Leaves 4| by 2 in., slightly crenulate,
coriaceous ; nerves 10 pairs ; petiole ^ in., stout, rusty- villous. Spikes 2 in., stout,,
fulvous-villous ; bracts \—g in,, ovate, densely villous, caducous ; flowers sessile or the
lower pedicels attaining ^ in. CalyX'tube ^ in., teeth ^ in., oblong, densely silky.
Petals ^-i in., round. Stamens 50. Disc shortly densely villous. Fruit ^^ in.,
cylindric, densely villous ; calyx-rim ^ in. wide, teeth patent. — Easily distinguished
by the very hairy fruit. Beddome's figure represents the fruit of Gardneriana, but
the leaves of a plant since sent to Kew as a new species. This latter has leave*
more rounded at the base and more acute bracts than S. Gardneriana.

37. S. Kobenackeri, Clarke ; leaves elliptic cuneate at both ends
villous beneath, nerves numerous strong subparaUel, calyx-tube glabrous.
Eriobotryae vel Photinise affinis, Miq. in PI. Hohenach. n. 456.

Mercara in Canaea, HohenacJcer.

Hohenacker's example (in flower) resembles S. Gardneriana in every point but
the conspicuously glabrous calyx-tube, the calyx-teeth being densely silky. It has
hence been supposed a simple-spiked var. of S. kurgensis, n. 1 1 ; but it so closely
resembles 8. Gardneriana that further material may show it a mere variety thereof.

38. S. Beddomei, Clarke \, leaves elliptic or oblong narrowed at both
ends gland-serrulate glabrous, spikes long fulvous-villous, calyx-tube glabrous
teeth sparsely pilose, fruit ovoid. S. reticulata, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 104.
Symplocos sp., Herb. Wight, n. 62. Hopea racemosa, Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. FL
140.

Western Ghats ; from the Concan to Kurg, frequent.

Perhaps only a variety of S. racemosa ; but the leaves are less coriaceous, the
nerves more numerous (9 pairs), more distinct, the crenatures stronger, tlie inflores-
cence spicate, scarcely racemose ; bpt the greatest difference is in the fruit, which is
ovoid, ;5 by i in. (that of S. racemosa is much narrower, not wider towards the base).

Var. glabrata ; flowering spikes nearly glabrous, fruit subcylindric. Sjmplocos,
n. 32, Herb. Ind. Or. Hk. f. rf- T. — Kurg ; G. Thomson. — Leaves glabrous from the
bud; calyx-teeth glabrous; lower pedicels in fruit attaining \ in.; fruits ^\ by

Var. fiagellaris ; spikes in young fruit 5^ in. long slender wavy, otherwise as var.
glabrata. — Bombay Presidency ; Dalzell.

39. S. foliosa, Wight Ic t. 1234; leaves elliptic or oblong serrulate from
the base glabrous, spikes fulvous-villous, calyx-tube glabrous. S. nervosa^
Wight Ic. t. 1235 ; Bedd. Fw. Man. 149, not of A. DC.

Symjplocos.'] xci. sttracej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 583

NiLGHERBiES, alt. 5-7500 ft. ; Wight, Gardner, Hohenacker ; common about
Ootacamund, Beddome.

A large tree {Beddome); branchlets soon glabrate. Leaves Z\ by 1^-1^ in.,
acuminate or shortly acute, base cuneate or obtuse ; serratures regular, close ; nerves
9 pairs, prominent beneath; petiole |in. Spikes 1-1^ in. ; bracts caducous. Calyx-
tid)e ^ in., teeth ^ in., oblong, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Petals \ in. Sta?nens 40.
Disc and style glabrous. Fruit ^ by ^ in., broadly cylindric, smooth ; calyx-rim
scarcely ^ in. wide. — Distinguished from all other Indian species by the leaves being
serrulate from the very base. The examples marked by Wight 8. nervosa are
identical with those marked by him S. foliosa, as Beddome divined ; but Wight's
S. nervosa is not DeCandolle's (as Beddome presumed), and the name S. nervosa has
been so misapplied that the undisputed one of S. foliosa is adopted here for this well-
marked species.

40. S. rosea, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 219 ; leaves elliptic-oblong
sharply acuminate serrate glabrous, racemes 1-3 in. very hairy as is the calyx,
flowers rose-coloured, fruit puberulous. Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. t. 115, and For.
Man. 150.

Anamatj.ays, alt. 2-4000 ft., Beddome.

A large shrub ; young branches petioles and inflorescence hairy. Leaves 5-6 by
1^2i in. ; petiole \ in. Bracts deciduous. Calyx-lobes acute, half as long as the
corolla. Fruit ^ in., oblong. — Description copied from Beddome.

Var. glabrior ; calyx-tube glabrous, fruit glabrous. S. racemosa, Herb. Wight,
not of Boxb. — Courtallum and Cochin ; Wight. — Leaves obovate-lanceolate, charta-
ceous; nerves 6-7 pairs, slender, distinct, not parallel. Pedicels (in fruit) i in.
Calyx-rim (in fruit) nearly i in., wide (as wide as the summit of the fruit). Wight's
examples fit Beddome's picture so well, that this is probably not even a variety.

41. S. acuminata, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 117, and For. Man. 150;

leaves obovate-lanceolate acuminate glabrous, racemes slender few-flowered
slightly hairy, calyx glabrous, flowers |- in. diam.

Malabar ; Wynaad, very common on the Brumagherries, alt. 5000 ft., and on the
Tirrioot Peak, Beddome.

A small tree, or large shrub ; young shoots, peduncles and bracts minutely hairy,
otherwise quite glabrous. Leaves 4 by l^lf in., base attenuated, subentire. Racemes
1-2 in.; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx-lobes rounded or subacute, half as long as the
corolla. — Not seen ; description taken from Beddome.

42. S. pulcbra, Wight Ic. t. 1230 {not good) ; leaves oblong acuminate
brown-hirsute on both surfaces, racemes 1-2 in., flowers 1-4 large. Bedd. For.
Man. 149.

NiLGHEBEiEs ; Sispara Ghat, alt. 3-4000 ft., Gardner, Wight, Beddome.

A shrub ; branches densely fulvous-hirsute. Leaves 4^ by If in., base rounded,
denticulate, chartaceous ; nerves 7 pairs, distinct, very oblique ; petiole ^^-^ in.
Peduncles patently rufous-hirsute ; pedicels 0-^in.; bracteoles ^-^ in., linear, hirsute.
Calyx-tube i in., sparsely pilose ; teeth ^ in., ovate, glabrescent. Petals ^-^ in.,
elliptic. Stamens 50-60. Disc densely pilose. — Wight's figure omits the thick, long,
spreading brown hairs of the branches, leaves, and peduncles ; it is hence very likely
to mislead.

43. S. obtusa, JFall. Cat. 4424; glabrous, leaves obovate-elliptic obtuse
subentire coriaceous, spikes 1-4 in., flowers large. A. DC. Prodi', viii. 256;
Wight Ic. t. 1233, and III. t. 151 b. ; Thwaites Enum. 185 ; Bedd. For. Man.
149.

South Malabar ; Nilgherries and Anamallays, alt. 6-8000 ft., common. Cetlok;
alt. 6-8000 ft., frequent.

A tree. Leaves 1 ^ by f in., or larger (attaining 7 by 3^ in. in some Ceylon varieties),

584 xci. STTEACEiE. (G. B. Clarke.) \_8ymploco8.

base attenuated, margin often reflexed ; nerves distant, irregular, distinct beneath ;
petiole long, often ^ in. in the small-leaved varieties. Bracts caducous ; pedicels 0,
or (rarely) ^ in. Calyx-tube ^ in., teeth ^ in., round, prominent. Petals i in.
Stamens 50-60. Disc glabrous. Fruit ^ by ^ in., ovoid-cylindric, smooth ; calyx-rim
I in., broad, teeth prominent. — The varieties enumerated by Thwaites do not differ
much from the type, but vary greatly as to the size of the leaves.

**** Species of Ceylon (see also n. 43. S. obtusd).

44. S. leeta, Thwaites Enum. 184; glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate
acute at both ends, spikes 1-2^ in. Bedd. For. Man. 151.

Ceylon ; elevated parts of the Central Province, Thwaites.

A tree. Leaves 2 by f in., minutely toothed. Spikes often peduncled ; bracts
small, caducous ; bracteoles 0 ; lower pedicels 0, rarely 0-^ in. Calyx-lobes ^ in,,
round. Petals ^-^ in. Stamens 30. Fruit more than \ in., ellipsoid. — Otherwise
resembling S. obtusa, from which it differs in its acute leaves and smaller flowers.

Vab. pedicellata ; pedicels longer, attaining sometimes ^ in. — Ceylon ; Thwaites^
n. 165.

45. S* bractealis, Thwaites JEnufn. 185 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-oblong
scarcely acute, spikes 1-2 in., bracts ovate glabrous ciliate, bracteoles large
persistent. JBedd. For. Man. 151.

Ceylon ; elevated parts of the Central Province, Walker, Thwaites.

A tree. Leaves 2 by 1 in., base obtuse or subacute, closely minutely serrulate,
coriaceous ; nerves 6 pairs, prominent beneath, secondary distinct ; petiole \ in.
Rhachis of the spike glabrous or sparingly fulvous-pilose. Bracts \ in. and upwards ;
bracteoles ^ in., sometimes persistent under the ripe fruit. Calyx-tube ^^ in., lobes
J^ in., round. Petals | in., obovate. Stamens 60. Bisc glabrous. Fruit f by ^ in.,
ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends.

Vab. revoluta, Wight & Gardner ; leaves exceedingly coriaceous, margins revolute.
— Ceylon.

46. S. versicolor, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves oblong acuminate at botli
ends subentire chartaceous, spikes 1-2 in., bracts and bracteoles small glabrous
ciliate. S. rufescens, Thwaites Enum. 184 ; Bedd. For. Man. 150, not of
H, B. K.

Ceylon ; Ambagamowa District, Thwaites.

Branchlets when young glabrous; reddish when dried. Leaves 4 by 1^ in., drying
with red blotches ; nerves distant, indistinct ; petiole \ in. Spikes glabrous ; bracts
^ in., ovate, deciduous ; bracteoles ^ in., oblong, more ciliate, subpersistent. Calyx-
tvJbe ^ in., glabrous, teeth ~ i°-> scarcely ciliate on the margin. Petals ^ in. Fruit
unknown. Probably allied to the two preceding rather than to 8. spicata as Thwaites
supposed.

47. S. acuta, Thwaites Enum. 186 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate
subentire glabrescent except the nerves beneath, racemes small villous, calyx
glabrous with rounded lobes. Bedd. For. Man. 151.

Ceylon; Saffragam District, alt. 2000 ft., Thwaites (C.P. 2%%l, partly).

A tree ; young branches fulvous-villous at the tips. Leaves Z\ by 1^ in., base
cuneate or subobtuse, adpressedly fulvous-pilose on the nerves beneath, coriaceous;
nerves 8 pairs, obscure above, strongly raised beneath ; petiole | in. Racemes \-l in. ;
bracts ^ in., ovate, fulvous-pilose, deciduous ; pedicels ^ in. ; bracteoles ^^ in., lan-
ceolate, ciliate. Calyx-tube ^ in., teeth ^ in., scarcely pubescent on the margins.
Petals ^ in. Fruit unknown; that described by Thwaites belongs to S, cuneata
(mixe3 with C.P. 2681).

48. S. cuneata, Thioaites Enum. 186; leaves elongate-lanceolate at-

Symplocos.'] xci. styrace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 585

tenuate at both ends suljentire glabrous except the nerves beneath, racemes
small villous, calyx densely silky with oblong lobes.

Ceylon ; Moon ; Pasdoon Corle at no great elevation, Thwaites (C.P. 2920 and
part 2681).

A tree; branchlets fulvous-villous. Leaves 6^ by \\ in., adpressedly fulvons-
pilose on the nerves beneath, coriaceous ; nerves 8 pairs, obscure above, strongly
raised beneath ; petiole \ in. Racemes 1 in. ; bracts } in., ovate, deciduous ; pedicels
55 in. ; bracteoles i in., ovate. Calyx-tube ~ in., teeth ^ in. Corolla not seen.
I)isc and style glabrous. Fmit ^ by ^ in., long-cylindric, softly villous ; calyx-rim as
wide as the upper part of the fruit ; teeth enlarged, ^^ in. long, lanceolate.

49. S. hispidula, TAwrtiYea ^wwm. 186; leaves oblong-elliptic acuminate
hispid beneath, racemes 1-4 in., bracts ovate hispid, calyx-tube and fruit softly
hairy. Bedd. Far. Man. 151. S. subcordata, Wight ins.

Ceyxon ; alt. 3-5000 ft., Wight, Walker, Thwaites.

A tree ; branchlets with patent, fulvous, bristly hairs. Leaves 3^ by 2 in., from
cuneate-oblong acuminate to cordate-orbicular shortly acute, obscurely crenate,
fulvous-hirsute or glabrate above, patently hispid at least on the nerves beneath;
nerves 7 pairs ; petiole ^q-\ in., usually short. BaceTues lax, irregular ; bracts i in.,
hispid ; pedicels 0-^ (rarely |) in. ; bracteoles ^ in., subacute, hispid. Calyx-tube
jq in., lobes i in., ovate, obtuse, glabrescent upwards. Petals } in., round. Stamens
50. I>isc hairy. Fruit ^— ^ by ^ in., cylindric ; calyx-rim as wide as the fruit, teeth
enlarged, lanceolate, suberect. — Eeadily separated from the neighbouring Ceylon
species by the hairy fniit ; but may be only a form of S. pulchra.

50. S. jucunda, Thwaites Enum. 186; leaves cordate-oblong attenuate
subentire rufous-hirsute beneath, racemes \^ in. rufous-hirsute, bracts linear
rufous-hirsute, calyx-tube and fruit pilose. Bedd. Fm'. Man. 151.

Ceylon ; Deltotte and Safiragam, alt. S-4000 ft., Thwaites.

A tree ; branchlets densely patently rufous-hirsute. Leaves Z\ by 1|- in., tapering
from near the base, chartaceous, glabrous above ; primary nerves 9 on each side the
midrib, springing nearly at right angles therefrom; petiole ^-^ in. Fruit |- in.,
cylindric (Thwaites). — Nearly allied to 8. hispidula, Thwaites, but diflfers in the
nervation of the leaves and the linear bracts.

51. S. ang^ustata, Clarke-, leaves small oblong-lanceolate acuminate
entire adpressedly fulvous-pilose on the nerves beneath, racemes 1-2^ in. ful-
vous-pilose very 'slender, calyx glabrous. S. elegans var. angustata, Thwaites
Enum. 186, partly.

Ceylon ; Newera EUia, Macrae ; Jatagama, Thwaites (C.P. 78).

Branchlets adpressedly shortly rufous-pilose. Leaves 2 by | in., acute, base obtuse
or rounded, glabrous except the nerves beneath, coriaceous ; nervation irregular, not
prominent ; petiole ^-^ in. Racemes sometimes slightly compound ; bracts jg in. ;
pedicels 0-^ in. ; bracteoles ^ in., hairy, persistent. Calyx-ttd)e ^ in., teeth Jg- in.,
round. Petals ^ in. Fruit | by ^ in., ovoid-cylindric smooth ; calyx-rim nearly as
wide as the upper part of the fruit, teeth somewhat enlarged, suberect.

52. S. latiflora, Clarke; leaves oblong acuminate serrulate hispid on the
nerves beneath, racemes ^-If in. villous bracteate, calyx-tube glabrous, flowers
large. S. hirsuta, Wight 8f Gardn. in Thwaites Enum. 185, excl. var. 4 ; not »f
A. DC.

Ceylon; alt. 5-8000 ft., Walker, Gardner, Thwaites.

A tree ; branchlets fulvous-hispid. Leaves Z\ by 1 in., base obtuse or rounded,
serrulate nearly to the base, chartaceous ; nerves 7 pairs, irregular ; petiole ^ in.
Bracts ^ in., ovate, villous ; pedicels 0-^^^ in. ; bracteoles ^ in., ovate, villous. Calyx-
itcbe 5*5 in., teeth ^^ in., round. Petals f in., round. Stamens 80-100. Disc and

586 xci. STYRACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) ISymplocos,^

style glabrous. Fruit | by i-i in., ellipsoid, smooth; calyx-rim scarcely ^ in,,
broad ; lobes ^ in., patent.

53. S« minor, Clarke ; leaves small elliptic subobtuse serrulate hispid on the
nerves beneath, racemes ^-1^ in. patently fulvous-hirsute, calyx-tube glabrous.
S. hirsuta, Thwaites Enum, 185, var. /3 minor, mostly. S. elegans, Thwaites I. c.y
var. ^, paHly.

Ceylon; Macrae, Walker, Gardner, Thwaites {CV. 273, 155).

Leaves \\ by f iu., obtuse or very suddenly acute, base rounded, coriaceous^!
margin recurved, nervation strong beneath. Bracts caducous. Fruit ^ by i in.,,
cylindric, smooth ; calyx-rim as wide as the top of the fruit. — Allied to 8. latiflora,
and treated as a variety of it by Thwaites, but there are no examples intermediate
between the two forms.

Vak. eugenioides, Champ, ms. ; branchlets adpressedly fulvous-pilose at the tips-
only, leaves very small glabrous or nearly so, racemes scarcely \ in. long 1-2- (rarely
4-) flowered nearly glabrous. — Ceylon, Walker ; Horton Plains, Champion.

Vab. glabrescens. Thwaites ms. ; branchlets early glabrous, leaves coriaceous,
racemes short few-flowered densely fulvous-villous.— Ceylon ; Central Provinces, alt.
6000 ft., Thwaites. — Kesembles 8. micro'phylla. Placed with S. minor by Thwaites,.
but diflfers in the glabrousness of the leaves, and dense fulvous hairy spikes.

64. S. elegrans, Thwaites Enum. 185, var. a only ; leaves broadly elliptic
acutely acuminate adpressed rufous-hirsute on the midrib beneath, racemes-
^-1^ in. slender rufous-hairy, calyx glabrous. Bedd. Far. Man. 151.

Ceylon; alt. 5-7000 ft., Champion, Thwaites.

Possibly a var. of 8. latiflora, Clarke. Leaves 2 by 1 in., base rounded, slightly
crenate-serrate. Racemes more slender, bracts narrower, flowers smaller than in
8. latiflora.

55. S. hebantha, Thivaites ms.-, leaves elliptic acuminate subentir©
glabrescent, spikes 1-3 in. densely villous, calyx-tube glabrous teeth silky.

Ceylon; Songalla, Thwaites {C.l?. 3918).

Branchlets villous. Leaves 3f by 2 in., base rounded, coriaceous, sparsely pilose
on the nerves beneath; nerves 7 pairs, conspicuous beneath, sub-parallel; petiole
I in. 8pikes stout, dense; bracts more than ^ in., ovate, densely hairy. — This may
be a Ceylon form of 8. Beddomei ; but differs in the leaves rounded at the base, less
crenate.

56. S. cordifolia, Thwaites Enum. 187 ; leaves large cordate elliptic
nearly sessile glabrous, spikes stout densely villous crowded near the ends of
the branches, calyx- tube glabrous teeth villous. Bedd. For. Man. 151.

Ceylon ; alt. 6-7000 ft., Macrae, &c.

A tree ; branchlets thick. Leaves 6 by 2| in. (sometimes much larger), scarcely
acute, rounded or attenuate at the base but always cordate at the petiole, minutely
denticulate, coriaceous ; nerves 13 pairs, distinct beneath ; petiole 0-| in. 8pikes
2-4 in., often 8-12 quasi-fasciculate at the ends of the branches; bracts ^-^ in.,
ovate, villous. Calyx-tube r^^ in., teeth ^ in. Petals ^ in., elliptic. 8tam,ens 60.
Ifisc hairy. Fruit ^ by ^ in., cylindric ; calyx-teeth enlarged, triangular, densely
hairy.

57r S. apicalis, Thwaites Enum. 187; leaves large obovate-lanceolate
acuminate glabrous, spikes 1-2 in. hirsute, calyx-tube hairy. Bedd. Fo?: Man.
151.

Ceylon ; Moon ; Keigam Corle and between Eatnapoora and Galle at no great
elevation, Thwaites.

Subarboreous {Thwaites) ; branchlets hairy, afterwards nearly glabrous. Leaves
clustered at the end of the branchlets or the lower sometimes whorled, 13 by 6 in..

Symjplocos.] xci. STYRACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 587

base attenuated, sometimes very shortly cordate at the petiole, nearly entire, stoutly
chartaceous ; nerves 13 pairs, prominent beneath; petiole ^^-^ in. Bracts i in.,
ovate, black-hirsute, subpersistent. Fruit more than ^ by ^ in., cylindric, villous
finally glabrescent; calyx-rim as wide as the fruit, teeth ^ in., triangular, acute,
suberect, villous.

58. S. margrinalls, Thwaites Unum. 187 ; leaves elliptic acute coriaceous
densely ferruginous-hirsute on the nerves beneath, spikes 3-6 in. densely ferru-
ginous-hirsute, calyx-tube and young fruit densely ferruginous-hirsute. Bedd.
Fm\ Man. 151.

Ceylon ; Ambagamowa District, Thwaiies.

A tree ; branchlets stout, densely ferruginous-hirsute. Leaves 6 by 3 in., base
obtuse or rounded, subentire, rugose, glabrous above ; nerves 13 pairs, very prominent
and thick beneath ; petioles J-^ in. Sjnkes very stout ; bracts deciduous. Disc
villous. Fruits (half-ripe) 5 by :J in., ellipsoid ; calyx-teeth | in., elliptic.

59. S. coronata, Thwaites Enum. 187 ; leaves large oblong or elliptic
narrowed at both ends serrulate fulvous-villous on the nerves beneath, spikes
1-3 in. fulvous-villous, calyx-tube and young fruit softly villous. Bedd. For.
Man. 152.

Ceylon ; alt. 2-4000 ft., Macrae, &c.

A tree. Leaves attaining 12 by 3^ in., attenuate downwards but shortly cordate
at the petiole, closely but minutely serrulate, coriaceous ; nerves 13 pairs, much
elevated beneath, reticulations very prominent beneath ; petiole ^-^ in. Spikes dense
■with flowers nearly to their base ; bracts i in., ovate, villous, subpersistent. Calyx-
tube ~ in. ; teeth ^ in., oblong, densely silky. Petals \ in., appear to have been red
or purple. Stamens 60. Fruit (half-ripe) 5 by ^ in., ovoid, hairy ; calyx-teeth ^ in.,
suberect.

Var. obovata ; leaf 7 by 4f in. broadly obovate. — Ceylon.

Stjbgentts II. Clponlma (including Cordtloblaste). Petals distinctly
connate, tube often elongate ; flower-buds obovate-oblong or cl'avate. Filaments
adnate to the corolla throughout the tube, and often produced as a free tube.
Calyx-tube produced much above the ovary, free, with short lobes.

60. S. pendula, Wight Ic. t. 1237; glabrous, leaves elliptic subentire,
peduncles ^-^ in. l-flowered pendulous in bud, corolla-tube ^ in. Bedd. For.
Man, 152.

Malabar and Tbavancorb Mts. ; alt. 4-6000 ft., common, Wight, Beddome.

A tree. Leaves 2^ by 1 in., obtuse, base cuneate, coriaceous ; nerves irregular,
distinct beneath; petiole ~ in. Peduncles solitary or 1-3 together ; bracteoles ^ in.,
minutely ciliate. Calyx-tube ^ in., lobes scarcely ~^ in. Corolla in bud ^ in.
Stamens 40-60 ; no free staminal tube. Disc and style glabrous. Fruit not seen.

61. S. pauclflora, Wight ms. ; nearly glabrous, leaves elliptic subentire,
peduncles \-^ in. l-flowered always erect, corolla-tube ^ in. S. pendula,
Thwaites Enum. 184.

Ceylon ; Wight, &c. ; alt. 5-8000 ft., abundant, Thwaites.

Perhaps only a Ceylon form of S. pendula as Thwaites supposes, but the pe-
duncles are always much longer and slenderer, at no time pendulous, often several-
flowered with very long pedicels, not rarely rusty-pubescent. Fruit (unripe) ^ by |
in., cylindric, curved.

62. S. sessills, Clarke) glabrous, leaves obovate-oblong obtuse sub-
entire, flowers solitary sessile or subsessile erect, corolla-tube ^ in.

Trivancobb Mts., Beddome.

DiflFers from S. pendida in the erect, smaller flowers ; from S. paucijlora in the

588 xci. STTRACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Sijmplocos..

want of peduncles ; considered a var, of S. pendula by Beddome {For. Man. 152), but
ranked as a species by Benth. (Gen. PI. ii. 669).

63. S. ZZenscheli, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 669; leaves elliptic-oblong
narrowed at botb ends subentire ultimately nearly glabrous, racemes small ashy
silky, corolla-tube |— ^ in. subglabrous. Cordyloblaste Henscheli, Mm'itzi in
Boi. Zeit. 1848, 606.

Malacca ; Mt. Ophir, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3644), Lohh.

Branchlets sparsely pilose. Leaves 4 by If in., sometimes obscurely pubescent
beneath, coriaceous ; nerves irregular, indistinct ; petiole |^ in. Racemes \-^ in.
diam., 1-5-flowered ; bracts minute ; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx-tube J in., grey-silky,
lobes scarcely ^ in. Corolla in bud ^ by ^ in. Stamens 40-60; staminal tube
^ in., free. Disc villous ; style ^-^ in., glabrous, stigma large capitate. Fruit not
seen.

Var. hirtistylis ; flowers rather larger, style hirsute. — Mt. Ophir; Maingay
(n. 2586, herb. prop.).

64. S. ZKCaing'ayl, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 669 ; leaves elliptic narrowed at
both ends sparsely pubescent beneath, racemes dense ferruginous hairy, corolla-
tube 1 in. silkily white-tomentose without.

Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 961).

Branchlets stout, rusty-hirsute. Leaves 4:\ by 2 in,, subentire, coriaceous ; nerves
irregular, indistinct ; petiole \ in. Bacemes 1 in., stout ; bracts \ in., ovate, ferrugi-
nous-hairy ; pedicels 0-| in. ; bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube \ in., hairy, teeth ^^ in.
Corolla-tube narrow, glabrous within ; lobes ^ in., elliptic. Stamens 40-60, staminal
tube i in., free, dividing into 20 ligulate lobes. Disc and style hairy. Ovary 3-5-
celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell {Maingay). Fruit 1| by 1^^ in., obovoid,
obtuse, glabrescent ; endocarp very thick, woody ; calyx-rim ^ in. wide, less than one-
tenth the width of the upper part of the fruit.

2. STVRAX, Linn,

Trees and shrubs. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers in lax little- divided
axillary and terminal racemes, or subsolitary axillary ; bracts inconspicuous.
Calyx campanulate, free or slightly adnate to the base of the ovary, truncate
or 6-toothed. Corolla-tube short, lobes 6, elliptic-oblong, imbricate (in the
Indian species). Stamens 10, 1-seriate at the summit of the corolla-tube, fila-
ments short; anthers large, linear. Oyary nearly free, at first 3-celled, later
often 1-celled ; style subulate, stigma capitate ; ovules few in each cell. Fruit
globose or ellipsoid, seated on the cupuliform or pateUiform calyx, toughly
chartaceous (in the Indian species), breaking up irregularly. Seeds rarely 2
(many in S. polysperma), erect, testa chartaceous or indurated, albumen plenti-
ful fleshy; embryo sti'aight, cotyledons broad. — Species 60, in the warmer
regions of Eastern Asia and America.

S. Finlaysonianum, Wall. Cat. 4403, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 261, with subentire nearly
glabrous leaves {8. odoratissimum, Champ, in Hook. Kew. Journ. iv. 304) was col-
lected probably in Cambodia, and is not known as an Indian plant.

1. S. serrulatum, Boxb. FL Ind. ii. 415; leaves elliptic acuminate
serrulate glabrous or with scattered stellate hairs beneath, pedicels and calyx
closely wHte-tomentose, corolla ^ in., style glabrous. Wall. Cat. 4402 ; A. DC,
Prodr. viii. 267 ; Hk. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6950, syn. excl. ; Kurz in Journ. As,
Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 237, and For. FL ii. 142. S. Porterianum, Wall. Cat. 4401 ;
A. DC. Lc. S. floribundum, Grif. Notul. iv. 287.

Eastern India ; alt. 3-7000 ft., frequent ; from Nipal and Bhotan to Pegu and
Penang.

Styrax.'] xci. STTEACEiEJ. (C. B. Clarke.) 589

A tree, sometimes 40 ft. high, or more often a shrub ; young branches stellately
pubescent. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., often widest at or above the middle, base acute or
rounded on the same branch, glabrous, rarely setulose above, stellately pubescent and
soon glabrate beneath, chartaceous, prominently reticulate ; petiole i in. Peduncles
axillary solitary, 2-3-fasciculate, or in small racemes, or (by the suppression of the
leaves) subpaniculately racemed 3-5 in. long at the ends of the branchlets ; pedicels
J in. Calt/x (at flower time) ^ in. broad, minutely 5-toothed or truncate. Corolla-
lobes elliptic, subacute, tomentose without, white. Filaments hairy, attached ^ in.
above the corolla-base. Fruit ^ by ^ in., ellipsoid, white- or fulvous-tomentose ;
splitting up irregularly, calyx in fruit enlarged cupuliform ^ in. wide embracing the
lower quarter of the fruit.

Vah. agrestis ; calyx-tube brown-hirsute with spreading hairs. Cyrta agrestis.
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4402. — Sikkim, Bhotan and Assam.

Vab. virgatum ; leaves tapering acuminate usually widest below the middle,
flowering-calyx ^-\ in. .wide, corolla ^ in., segments wider. S. virgatum. Wall.
Cat. 4400 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 267; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 237, and
For. Fl. ii. 142. S. grandiflorum, Grif. Notul. iv. 267, and Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 423.—
From Sikkim and Bhotan to Pegu. Distrib. South China, Japan. — S. japonicum,
Sieh. rf- Zucc. Fl. Ja'p. i. 53, t. 23, united with this in Bot. Mag. t. 5950, somewhat
differs in the glabrescent calyx and pinkish flowers.

2. S. Kookeri, Clarhcy leaves elliptic acuminate serrulate setulose on
the nerves above with scattered stellate hairs beneath, pedicels and calyx loosely
fulvous-tomentose, corolla ^-f in., style densely stellate-pubescent. Styrax sp.,
Gamble Daiyeeling List, 64.

Sikkim and Bhotan; alt. 6-7000 ft., fiequent, Hook. /., &c.

Perhaps only an extreme form of 8. serrulatum, var. virgatum, but the flowers are
much larger sometimes 1 in. long ; the calyx at flower-time is more than \ in. broad,
lax. Fruit as of S. serrulatum.

3. S. ? crotonoides, Clarke ; leaves broad-oblong shortly acuminate at
both ends subentire coriaceous stellately pubescent beneath, fruit f by f ellipsoid
indehiscent supported by a woody cupidiform calyx. Crotoni affinis sp., Wall.
Cat. 7848.

Singapohe; Wallich.

Branches rusty-stellate-pubescent. Leaves 6 by 2\ in., glabrous above, almost
tomentose, with very close rusty-stellate hairs beneath ; nerves 9 pairs, prominent
beneath ; petiole ^ in. Fruits with hard white tomentum (ripe but broken up and
the seeds gone). — This agrees, as to leaves and fruit, closely with S. suberifoHum
(flk. & Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. 196, t. 40), but has much larger leaves and fruits.

4. S. Benzoin, Dryand. in Phil. Trans. 1787, 308, t. 12 ; leaves elliptic
acuminate subentire closely stellately tomentose beneath, pedicels and calyx
closely white-tomentose, corolla ^ in., style glabrous. Blums Bijd. 671 ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 416 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 261 ; Bmtl. 8f Trim. Med. PI. iii. t. 169.

Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. — Distkib. Malaya.

A small tree, resembling 8. serrulatum in the inflorescence and flowers. Fruit
i in. diam., globose, densely white tomentose.

6. S. rug-osum, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 51, and For. Fl. ii.
141 ; leaves elliptic acuminate serrulate densely stellately white-tomentose
beneath, pedicels and calyx roughly tomentose, corolla f in., style stellately
tomentose at base.

Maetaban ; alt. 4-6000 ft., Brandis.

A tree; branchlets floccosely rusty-tomentose. Leaves 3 by l\ in., base obtuse,
stellately pubescent or finally glabrous above, coriaceous, reticulate beneath ; petiole
i in. Flowers axillary, and quasi-racemed towards the ends of the branches, pen-

590 xci. STTEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Styrax.

dulous ; peduncle j^ in. ; bracteoles linear, sometimes \ in. Calyx rusty floceose-
tomentose, subspathaceous, irregularly lobed and often serrate. Corolla closely
tomentose without. Filaments villous. Fruit not seen.

6. S. polysperma, Clarke \ leaves broadly oblong acute obscurely
crenate glabrous, corymbs many-flowered scabrous, corolla ^-^ in., fruit 6-6-
seeded.

Khasia Mts. ; Griffith ; Mahadeo, alt. 3000 ft., H.f. ^ f.

Branches glabrous. Leaves 6 by ^\ in., base cuneate or rhomboid ; petiole \ in.
Corymbs subterminal, repeatedly dichotomous, flowers nearly sessile. Corolla densely
tomentose without. Style obscurely 3-lobed. Fruit ^ by 5- in., ellipsoid, subacute,
imperfectly 3-celled ; cells 2-1-seeded ; testa stoutly chartaceous. — A most remark-
able plant ; the glabrous leaves and compound dichotomous inflorescence have caused
fruiting examples to be referred to Cordia. The fruit is altogether unlike that of any
other Sty rax, and may indicate a new genus.

Oedee XCII. OXiEACES:. (By C. B. Clarke.)

Trees, or scandent or erect shrubs, unarmed. Leaves opposite (in a few
Jasminums alternate), simple 3-foliolate or pinnate, entire or toothed ; stipules
0. Injlorescence mostly in trichotomous cj'^mes or panicles, terminal or axillary,
rarely fascicled or racemose. Floivers hermaphrodite often dimorphous, some-
times polygamous or dioecious, regular. Calyx small, truncate or 4- (sometimes
5-9-) lobed, rarely 0. Corolla monopetalous, rarely 4-9-petalous or 0, tube long
or short, imbricate or valvate in bud. Stamens 2 (in Indian species), inserted
on the corolla, or (in the polypetalous or apetalous genera) hypog3aious, filaments
usually short ; anthers dehiscing usually on the margin or subextrorsely. Ovary
free, 2-celled; style short or long, stigma simple or 2-lobed ; ovules 1-2 (rarely
3-4) in each cell, attached to the inner angle near the apex or base. Fruit a
loculicidal capsule, or indehiscent, or a berry or drupe. Seeds solitary (or 2)
in each cell, erect or pendulous ; testa thin or bony, albumen fleshy horny or 0;
embryo straight, radicle superior or inferior. — Disteib. Species 280, in the
tropical and temperate regions.

A shrub, collected by Heifer in Tenasserim or the Andamans (Kew Distrib. n.
3694) is supposed to belong to this Order ; the imperfect specimens ar§ here described.

Branches round; wood loose, soft; bark white, smooth. Leaves opposite, 10 by
3^ in., cuneate at both ends, entire, softly hairy on the nerves beneath, coriaceous,
whitened beneath, primary nerves 12 on each side the midrib, prominently inarching;
petiole I" in., hairy, very turgid. Panicles 1 in., axillary, reduced almost to racemes,
minutely pubescent ; bracts 0 or minute ; pedicels hardly any. Ovary (in young
fruit) superior, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ?.

Teibe I. JasmineaB. CoroZ/a-ZoSes much imbricate. /Sfeeefe erect ; albu-
men 0 ; radicle inferior.

Scandent shrubs ; fruit baccate . . . .- , ,, 1. Jasminum.

Erect small tree ; capsule bipartite 2. Nyctanthes.

Teibe II. Syring^eee. Fruit dry, loculicidal. Seeds pendulous, winged,
radicle superior. ^ .

Corolla-lobes imbricate ; fruit woody, pyriform 3. Schrebera.

Corolla-lobes valvate ; fruit small, cylindric ........ 4. Syeinga.

Teibe III. Fraxineae. Fruit samaroid. Petals valvate or 0.
Trees ; leaves pinnate 6. Fbaxtntts.

Jasminum.'] xcii. oleace^. (0. B. Clarke.) 591

Tribe IV. OleinesB. Fruit a drupe or berry. Cordla small. Radicle
fiuperior (except Myxopyi^m).

* Corolla-lobes imbricate ; seeds albuminous.

Flowers fascicled or in very short racemes 6. Osmakthus.

** Corolla-lobes valvate or petals distinct in pairs or 0.

Petals in pairs or distinct or very shortly united into a tube, in-
florescence axillary 7. Linocibba.

Corolla tubular or 0, inflorescence axillary except in 0. glanduli-

fera 8. Olea.

Panicles terminal 9. Ligtjstrum.

Large scandent shrubs, leaves 3-nerved 10. Myxopybum.

1. JASMIN Vm, Linn.

Shrubs, scandent or erect. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple 3-foliolate
or unequally pinnate ; petiole nearly always articulated. Cymes 3- or 2-choto-
mous, simple or flovp-ers rarely solitary ; bracts linear and small, or ovate, some-
times petaloid. Cdyx ^9-fid, tube funnel-shaped rarely subcylindric, teeth
linear long or short or 0. Corolla salver-shaped, white pink or yellow, tube
narrow, lobes 4-10, patent, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2, included in the
corolla-tube, filaments very short; anther oblong, connective usually shortly
produced and triangular. Ovary 2-celled ; style cylindric, stigmas 2 linear,
long or short or subcombined ; ovules 2 in each cell, near the base. Berry
didymous, or often, by suppression, simple ; carpels globose ellipsoid or elongate.
JSeed in each carpel 1, rarely 2, erect, exalbuminous : radicle inferior.— Distreb.
Species 90, in the tropics or warm temperate parts of the Old World.

* Leaves all simple.

t Calyx pubescent. (The series proceeds from the species with long to those '
with short calyx-teeth.)

The species are generally -dimorphic, having a long- and a short-styled form :
Wight founded two species on this solitary character out of J. auriculatum. It has
not been found practicable to use characters drawn from the style and stigma in the
discrimination of the species.

1. J. Sambac, Ait. Hort. Kew. i. 8 ;• leaves shor1>-petioled ovate nearly
glabrous, cymes lax few-flowered, bracts smaU, calyx-teeth subulate. Bot. Reg.
t. 1 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1785 ; Wall. Cat. 2868 ; BC. Prodr. viii. 301 ; Wight Ic. t.
704; Dalz. 8r Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 137 ; Brand. For. Ft. 311 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 153,
in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 242. J. fragrans, Sdisb. Prodr. 12. J. undula-
tum, WUld. Sp. PI. i. 36, not of Ker. J. Zambac, Roxb. Hort. Bang. 2, Fl.
Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 87. J. quinqueflorum, Heyne) Wall. Cat. 2878;
DC. I.e. 302. J. pubescens, Wall. Cat. 2880, not of Willd. Nyctanthes
Sambac and undulatum, Linn. Sp. PI. 8. Mogorium Sambac, Lamk. Diet. iv.
210, lU. t. 6, fig. 1. M. undulatum, Lamk. Diet. iv. 2l2.—Rheede Hort. Mai.
vi. tt. 50, 51, 55. Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 58, fig. 2. Mallica, Asphota and Sup-
tula, Jones in As. Research, iv. 245.

Bengax to Ceylon and Biema; alt. 0-2000 ft., common. — Distbib. Much cul-
tivated throughout India, and in the tropics of both hemispheres.

Scandent; branchlets pubescent. Leaves opposite or sometimes ternate, thinly
membranous, varying from 1 to 5 in., sometimes on the same bush, acute or obtuse,
base cuneate or rounded, nerves beneath pubescent or glabrous, primary often tufted
in the axils beneath, secondary nerves distinct ; petiole \ in. CyTnes about 3-flowered

592 xcii. OLEACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Jasmmut

(or many-flowered in cultivation), pubescent ; pedicels 0-^ in., usually distinct ; bracts
0-J in., linear ; flowers white, fragrant. Calyx-teeth ^ in., pubescent (in cultivation
often nearly glabrous). Corolla-tube \ in. ; lobes ^ in., oblong, acute or obtuse, or in
cultivation orbicular. Bipe carpels 1-2, globose, \ in. diam., black, surrounded by
the suberect subulate calyx-teeth*

Vab. 1. Sambac proper ; corolla-tubb not twice the length of the calyx.

Vak. 2. Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 2871 (sp.) ; leaves small, corolla-tube 2-5 times a»
long as the calyx-teeth. — Deccan Peninsula ; Heyne. — Leaves 1-1^ in. Calyx-teeth
^-i in.' Corolla-tvhe \ in. Style sometimes as long as corolla-tube (unlike any in
J. Sambac type, bu^ in this polymorphic genus, little reliance can be placed on this
character). Forms of J. Sambac approaching this var. are in cultivation in Bengal ;
it appears from Bottler's herb, to have been (as Wallich records under "Wall. Cat.
2871) the tjrpical J. undulatum, Heyne, and therefore of Linnaeus, "Willd., and the
older authors. It is probably a cultivated var. of J. SaTnbac as none of the examples
appear to be native ones.

2. J. undulatum, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 436, not of Willd. ; leaves short-
petioled ovate-lanceolate pubescent on the nerves beneath, cymes dense often
hardly exceeding the uppermost leaves, calyx-teeth ^-J in. subulate pubescent.
DC. Prodr. viii. 302, syn. excl. J. amplexicaule and J. aristatum, Wall. Cat.
2853 and 2875 ; DC. Prodr. I. c. 306, 314. J. scandens, Grif. Itin. Notes, 102,.
not of Vahl. — Jasminum sp. n. 597, Griff. Itin. Notes, 36. Jasminum sp. n.
33, Herb. Ind. Or. ]^. f 8f T.

SiKKiM, Bhotan and Khasia, alt. 1-5000 ft., common; Griffith, H.f. ^ T., &c. —
DiSTBiB. South China to Hongkong.

Scandent ; branchlets hairy. Leaves 2^ by 1 in., acute, base rounded often cor-
date, obscurely hairy or usually glabrescent except the nerves beneath ; secondary
nervation obscure ; petiole \ in. Cymes capitate, often on short lateral branches ;
pedicels O-jg in., pilose or nearly glabrous ; bracts 0, or 1-3 ovate-lanceolate among
the flowers, the two subtending leaves green, often 1 in. long. Flowers white, some-
what fragrant. Corolla-tube f in., lobes f in., oblong, acute. Carpels 1-2, globose,
\ in. diam., black, surrounded by the suberect subulate calyx-teeth.

3.. J. pubescens, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 37 ; hairy, leaves ovate acute, cymes
dense often hardly exceeding the uppermost leaves, calyx-teeth |-§ in. subulate
densely villous. Ro.vb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 90 ;
Don Prodr. 105 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 302 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 138. J. hir-
sutum, Willd. I. c. 36 ; Smith Exot. Bot. ii. 117, t. 118 ; Bot. Reg. t. 15 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 1991 ; Wall. Cat. 2852 ; Wight Ic. t. 702 ; Brand. For. Fl. 312 ; Kurz
Far. Fl. ii. 154, and in Joui-n. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 242. J. multiflorum. Roth
Nov. Sp. 6 (?) ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 496; DC. I.e. 303. J. congestum. Wall.
Cat. 2874; DC. I.e. 314. J. bracteatum (by error fractiatu7n), Wight let.
1248 ; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 138. Nyctanthes pubescens, Retz Obs. v. 9.
N. multiflora, Burm. Fl. Ind. 5, t. 3, fig. 1. Mogorium pubescens, Lamh. Diet.
iv. 213.

• " V India, from the Himalaya to Crylon and Tbnasserim, alt. 0-3000 ft., common. —
'DisTRiB. Birma, China.

Scandent; branchlets, pedicels and calyx densely fulvous-villous. Calyx-teeth
with patent yellow hairs, erect or curved in fruit. Otherwise as in J. undulatuon,.-
Ker, which has more acuminate, less hairy leaves. — Nyctanthes hirsuta, Linn. Sp.
PI. ^, is generally taken for this and the name hirsutum preferred, but Linnaeus
founded his plant on Rheede Hort. Mai. yk. t. 48, which is not J. pubescens. Rheede
Hart. Mttl.Yi. t. 54 is usually quoted for J. pubescens, but from the shape of the leaves
it seems more likely to be Jl Rottlerianum or J. Thwaitesii. The. name /. multiflorum,
Koth, has been much disputed : Both says he took it from Heyne, but Heyne's
original plant with the ticket descriptive of J. multiflorum, in his handwriting, is
preserved in Herb. Wight, and is J. Bottlerianum, This however could not have been

Jasminum.l xcii. olkaceji. (C. B. Clarke.) 693

the plant described by Roth, as he says the bracts were linear. The example of J.
multiflorum in Herb. Roxb. is J. pubescens.

Var. bracteata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 3, Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. i. 92 (sp.) ; leaves
somewhat bifarious, bracts linear small, calyx-teeth ^\ in., corolla-tube |— f in.
Wall. Cat. 2867; DC. Prodr. viii. 305.— Penang; WallicL—BisTmn. Sumatra.—
This was supposed allied to or a var. of J. bifarium, from which it does not much
differ but by the longer calyx-teeth. The corolla-tube, which is figured as very
short in Roxburgh's drawing, is | in. in some of Wallich's specimens.

4. J. coarctatum, Boxb. Hort. Bmg. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ WaU.
i. 91 ; leaves elliptic acute nearly glabrous, petioles jointed, flower-heads solitary
or subpaniculate, bracts prominent white ovate-lanceolate, calyx-teeth linear
hairy. DC. Prodr. viii. 308 ; Kwz Fen: Fl. ii. 153, and in Jaum. As. Soc. 1877,
pt. ii. 242. J, reticulatum, Wall. Cat. 2869 ; DC. I. c. 303.— Jasminum, n. 34,
Herb. Ind. Or. Hk.f.SfT.

From Assam taPEor, alt. 0-3000 ft., frequent; Wallich, Griffith, &c.

Scandent; branchlets hairy. Leaves 4^ by 2 in., usually acuminate, base obtuse
or rounded, midrib above pilose or glabrous, often tufted in the axils of thfe nerves
beneath, membranous, secondary nervation somewhat prominent ; petiole ^— ^ in.
Cymes dense, many-flowered, nisty-pubescent ; bracts i-1 in., petaloid, acuminate,
often ciliate or pilose. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth \-^ in. Corolla-tube 1-1^ in. ;
lobes ^-f in., oblong, acute. Carpels | by ^ in., and upwards.

5. J. Rottlerianuzn, Wall, Cat. 2865 ; leaves elliptic acute softly hairy
on both surfaces or glabrate, petioles jointed, flower-heads solitary or subpanicu-
late, bracts prominent white ovate-lanceolate, calyx- teeth linear hairy. DC.
Prodr. viii. 305 ; Wight Ic. t. 1249 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 138. J. hirsutum,
Wall. Cat. 2852, C J.hv&cteaiu.m, Heyne in Herb.,not of Both. J. pubescens
and hirsutum, Mig. in Herb. Hohenack. not of Willd.

Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan to Travancore, alt. 2-5000 ft.,
frequent ; Heyne, &c.

Scandent; branchlets, inflorescence and bracts villous. Leaves often subcordate
at the base, adult very villous. Corolla-tube 1 in., and more in Wight's examples.
Fruit-carpels ^ by ^ in. — This type form looks, from its hairiness, very distinct from
J. coarctatum.

Vak. glabrior ; adult leaves glabrous or nearly so, inflorescence shortly pubescent,
corolla-tube | in. slender. — Travancore; Wight. — This is referred by Wallich to
J. Bottlerianum, and there are examples intermediate in hairiness; but it is very
difl&cult to say how it differs from J. coarctatum, except that the flowers are rather
smaller. Kurz (For. Fl. ii. 153, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 242) has a J.
Bottlerianum from Pegu, with adult leaves nearly glabrous, and the corolla-tube only
^ in. long ; this plant cannot therefore resemble very closely the typical J. Bottleria-
num, which has a tube 1-1^ in. ; but possibly J. coarctatum and Bottlerianum should
be united.

Vab. Thwaitesii ; leaves oblong acuminate nearly glabrous, corolla-tube 1-1^ in.,
carpels \ in. diam. globose. J. rigidum, Thwaites Enum. 190, not of Zenk. — Ceylon ;
Thwaites, C.V. n. 1809. Nilgherries, alt. 4-7000 ft., frequent, Clarke.— Branchlets
terete, pubescent. Leaves sometimes cordate at the base. Bracts several, ovate-lan-
ceolate, whitish. Calyx-teeth ^-| in., linear.—This is a. very difficult plant as may
be guessed from Thwaites referring his specimen (though much twining) to J. rigidum.
It does not differ much from J. Bottlerianum, var. glabrior (of which the fruit has
not been seen) : its small fruit is very unlike that of J. coarctatum.

6. J. G-rlffithli, Clarke ; leaves large oblong-elliptic acuminate pilose
beneath, heads dense many-flowered, bracts linear small or the uppermost leaves
whitened, calyx-teeth long subulate patently fulvous-pilose.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3704) and Maingay (n. 998).
Scandent ; branchlets patently fulvous-villoug. LeoKea 6| by 21 in., base obtuse or
VOL. ni. Q Q

694 xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) IJasminum.

cordate, coriaceous ; nerves impressed above, much raised and fulvous- villous oeneath,
strongly tufted in their axils, prominently inarching, secondary obscure ; petiole ^ in.
Inflorescence fulvous-pilose, subebracteate, but the upper leaves (even 3^ in. long)
whitened, Calyx»teeth ^ in. Corolla-tube f in., slender ; lobes 5 in., elliptic, acute.
Fruit not seen.

7. J. ZHaing'ayi, Clarke ; leaves long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate glabrous,
flower-heads dense pubescent, bracts small linear or 1-2 ovate-lanceolate, calyx-
teeth long linear pubescent.

Penang; Maingay (Kew Distrib. n. 1000).

Scandent ; branchlets pilose. Leaves 5 by 2 in., acute, base obtusely rhomboid,
coriaceous ; nerves 6-8 pairs, conspicuous, very oblique, not inarched, secondary ob-
scure ; petiole ^-| in. Cymes panicled, sometimes more compound and lax ; pedicels
^^-^ in. ; bracts mostly linear, y6~8 ^^-j ^ ^^^ foliaceous bracts f in. long occur.
Calyx-tube \ in., campanulate ; teeth i-| in. Corolla-tube f in. ; lobes ^ in., elliptic,
acute. Carpels ^ by ^^ in., ellipsoid.

8. J. malabaricuxn, Wight Ic. t. 1250 ; leaves subcordate ovate sud-
denly acuminate nearly glabrous, cymes compound hairy, calyx-teeth long linear
hairy, corolla-tube elongate. J. glabellum. Wall. Cat. 2867, imrtly.

Dbccan Peninsula ; on the Ghats, from the Concan southwards, common, Wight,
&c.

Scandent ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves \\ by 3 in., broadest near the base,
membranous ) nerves 9 pairs, distinct beneath, lower patent ; petiole often 1 in.
Cymes compound, trichotomous, not dense, many- (often 40-50-) flowered, branches
ascending ; bracts \-\ in., subulate ; pedicels \ in. Calyx-teeth \ in., subulate, acute.
Corolla-tuhe |-§ in. ; lobes ^ in., oblong, very acute. Fruit not seen. — Wight first
named this plant J. cuspidatum, but abandoned the name on finding that Both had
applied it to a very different species. Wight's figure does not show the very acute
petals, which are conspicuous in his examples.

Var. Lawii ; leaves ovate-lanceolate gradually acuminated, corolla-lobes nearly
1 in. long very narrow. — Concan ; Law ?. — These specimens have been referred to
J. erectiflorum which has glabrous cymes and calyx-teeth, and a less compound in-
florescence.

9. J. arborescens, Hoxb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall.
i. 94 ; arborescent, leaves subcordate or ovate acute, finally glabrous, cymes
trichotomous hairy, calyx-teeth short linear subclavate pubescent divaricated,
basal sinus wide, corolla- lobes not much shorter (often longer) than the tube.

Wan. Cat. 2856; Wight Ic. t. 699; BC. Prodr. viii. 303; Brand. For. Fl.
311. J. montanum. Both Nov. Sp. 6; DC. I.e. 308. J. arboreum, Boem. et
Sch. Mant. i. 90.

Tkopical North- West Himalaya; Terai of Oudh and Kumaon; frequent.
Deccan Peninsula, from Eajmahl to Ceylon ; in the hot lower hills, alt. 500-3000 ft.,
common.

A large shrub or scrubby tree ; branchlets hairy. Leaves 4 by 2\ in., shortly
acuminate, widest near the base, subcordate or the upper ovate or elliptic, young
hairy and often tomentose on both surfaces ; nerves distinct beneath, lower divaricate ;
petiole ^1 in. CymesusvisWy 12-20-flowered, not dense ; bracts | in., linear ; pedicels
\ in. Calyx-teeth ^-^ in., their narrowest part one-third of the way up. Corolla-
tube ^ in. ; lobes f in., lanceolate, acute. Carpels (generally solitary) ^ by \-^ in.,
unsymmetric, ellipsoid, black.

Var. latifolia, Eoxb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. i. 93 (sp.);
scandent. Wall. Cat. 2855 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 308 ; Wight Ic. t. 703 ; Dalz ^ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 138; Brand. For. Fl. 311.— Base of the Himalaya, from Kumaon to
Bengal.

Vah. montana, Eoth Nov. Sp. 5 (sp.) ; leaves elliptic cuneate scarcely rounded at

Jasminum-I xcii. oleace^. (C. B. Clarke.) 595

the base, calyx minutely pubescent. DC. Prodr. viii. 308. J. punctatum, Wall. Cat.
2877 ; DC. I. c. 303.— J. glabellum, Wall. Cat. 2857, partli/.—Decca.Q Peninsula ;
Fatna.

10. J. Roxburgrhianum, Wall. Cat. 2870 ; leaves elliptic-oblong softly
hairy, cymes tricliotomous very hairy, calyx-teeth minute narrowly triangular
villous, corolla-lobes usually as long as the tube. DC. Prodr. viii. 314.

Malabar Ghats, Ritchie ; Bababoodun Hills, Law.

Perhaps a var. of J. arborescens, but much more hairy, and with shorter calyx-
teeth. Leaves not acuminate, sometimes obtuse, base broadly euneate or scarcely
rounded, mature softly hairy on both surfaces. Cyme somewhat lax, many-flowered.
Calyx densely fulvous-villous teeth ^-^o ^^- Corolla and fruit as in J. arborescens.

11. J. syring-aofolium, Wall. Cat. 2861 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate acu-
minate glabrous, cymes lax trichotomous minutely pubescent, calyx-teeth short
linear erect pubescent, corolla-lobes shorter than the tube. DC. Prodr. viii. 306.

Tenasserim, Amherst and Tavoy ; Wallich, Packman. Assam ; Griffith.

Scandent; branchlets glabrescent. Leaves 4 by 1| in., broadly euneate or the
lower leaves rounded at the base, coriaceous ; nerves 3-5 pairs, prominent beneath ;
petiole \-^ in., mostly pubescent. Cymes terminal and axillary, 12-20-flowered ;
bracts \ in., linear ; pedicels \-^ in. Calyx-teeth j^-j^ in. Corolla-tube ^ in. ; lobes
scarcely ^ in., narrow, acute. Fruit-carpels | by ^ in., unsymmetric, ellipsoid. — Kurz
{Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 242) refers this species to J. scandens, which has the
cymes much denser, the calyx-teeth divaricate, the corolla-tube shorter.

12. J. bifarluxn, Wall. Cat. 2866; leaves oblong acuminate minutely
pubescent or glabrous, cymes subcapitate, calyx-teeth short linear erect pubes-
cent, corolla-tube longer than its lobes. DC. Prodr. viii. 306. J. bracteatum,
Wall, Cat. 2867. J. nummularoides, Blume Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 275.

Penang ; Wallich, Maingay. — Distrib. Malaya to Borneo.

Scandent; branchlets hairy or nearly glabrous. Leaves 2 by f in. (sometimes
much larger), bifarious, base truncate ; nerves 5 pairs, often pubescent, secondary
obscure; petiole \ in. Cymes 6-12-flowered, usually subsessile between the two
uppermost leaves ; bracts ^ in., linear ; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx-teeth ^ii-io i^-
Corolla-tube | in. ; lobes scarcely g- in., elliptic, acute. Carpels ^ by | in., ellipsoid.

Vae. glabra ; leaves larger elliptic rhomboid or rounded at the base glabrous
often drying reddish not bifarious, calyx-teeth |-^ in. J. Lessertianum, DC. Prodr.
viii. 304 ex descr. — Malacca and Singapore, frequent ; Wallich, Walker, &c. — Distrib.
Malaya. — This is one of Horsfield's plants, and believed to be J. glabrum, Horsf. ;
Blume Bijd. 679 : but whether J. glabrum, Willd., is doubtful.

13. J. scandens, Vahl Symb. iii. 2 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate glabrous or
nearly so, cymes subcapitate pubescent, calyx-teeth short linear pubescent di-
varicate or recurved in flower, corolla-tube scarcely |_in. Roxh. Hort. Beng. 3,
and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8) Wall. i. 88 ; Wall. Cat. 2850 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 306 ;
Kurz Far. Fl. ii. 155, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 242, syn. excl. J.
l«tum. Wall. Cat. 2859 ; DC. I. c. 306. Nyctanthes scandens, Retz Obs. v. 9.

Bengal and Pegtj, in the plains, common; and in the adjacent lower hills of
SiKiciM, Assam, Khasl/^, Cachab and Chittagong.

Scandent; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 3^ by 1.^ in., acuminate, base rounded,
pubescent on the nerves beneath or glabrous, coriaceous ; nerves few, remote ; petiole
\ in. Cymes dense, often on short axillary branches ; bracts ^ in., linear, but the
cyme frequently subsessile between the two uppermost leaves ; pedicels 0-^ in.
Flowers white, often tinged pink, very fragrant. Calyx-teeth ~^ in. Corolla-tube
shorter than in the preceding species and somewhat broader ; teeth f-^ in., oblong,
acute. Carpels ^ by j in., ellipsoid.

QQ2

596 xcii. oleacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) IJasminum.

14. J, decussatuxn, Wall. Cat. 2860; leaves ovate-lauceolate hairy,
flowers in clusters upon compound trichotomous villous cymes, calyx-teeth short
linear recurved villous, corolla-tube about | in. DC. Prodr. viii. 306 •, Kwz
For. Fl. ii. 151, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 241.

Pegu and Tenasserim, frequent ; Wallich, Griffith, &c.

Scandent; branchlets villous. Leaves 4 by If in., acuminate, base obtuse, mature
hairy at least beneath, coriaceous ; nerves few, remote ; petiole \ in. Cymes terminal
compound, and on short lateral branches ; bracts i in., linear ; pedicels 0 or 0-^ in.
Calyx-teeth ^ in. Corolla smaller than in any of the preceding species ; lobes \ in.,
narrowly lanceolate. Carpel ^ by ^ in., ellipsoid.

tt Calyx glah'ous (the series proceeds from the species with long to those
with short calyx- teeth).

15. J. cordifolium, Wall. Cat. 2858 ; leaves cordate-lanceolate acumi-
nate glabrous, cymes crowded many-flowered, calyx-teeth subulate, corolla-tube
nearlv 1 in. G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 60 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 304. J. erectiflorum,
DC. Prodr. viii. 308 ; Wight Ic. t. 1261.

NiLGHERKiES ; Gardner, Wight ; Canoor, alt. 6000 ft., Clarke.

Scandent, glabrous. Leaves 4 by 1| in., coriaceous; nerves 7 pairs, the lowest
divaricate, secondary obscure ; petiole ^-f in. Cymes often 20-flowered, shortly
repeatedly trichotomous ; bracts \ in., linear ; pedicels ^ in. Calyx-teeth ^-^ in.
Corolla-lobes f in., elliptic, acute. Carpels nearly ^ by |- in., ellipsoid. — Gr. Don says
the leaves are 3 -nerved, the cymes pubescent, which will not apply to the present
(nor to any Nilgherry) species ; Wight has noted in his Herb, that J. erectiflorum,
A. DC, is J. cordifolium, Wall.

16. J. anastomosans, Wall. Cat. 2863; leaves elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate glabrous imperfectly 3-nerved, cymes 1-6-flowered axillary, calyx-
teeth long linear, corolla-lobes very long narrow. DC. Prodr. viii. 305 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 152, and in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 242. J. stenopetalum,
Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 918, in adnot. ; DC. I. c. 304 ; Blume Mus. Bot. i. 272.
J. trinerve, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 3, and Ic. Ined. in Herh. Keiv., and Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey ^ Wall. i. 91 ; Wall. Cat. 2848 A, chiejly, not of Vahl. J. laurifolium,
Wall. Cat. 2847 A, chiejly, not of Roxh. — Jasminum sp. n. 32, Herl. Ind. Or.
HJ-8fT.

Bhotan ; Dalimkote, Gamble. Khasia ; Griffith. Cachae ; Keenan. Silhet ;
Chattuck, H.f. # T. Pegu ; Wallich, &c., frequent.

Scandent, glabrous. Leaves 4 by 1^ in., very acute, base obtuse sometimes cordate,
membranous ; lowest pair of nerves strong, carried along the margin, upper slender,
distinct, resembling the secondary; petiole ^ in. Cymes slender, on short lateral
branches sometimes leafy, but more frequently altogether axillary; bracts \ in.,
linear; pedicels ^ in. Calyx-teeth ^-f in. Corolla-tube | in., lobes 7-10, often 1 in.
Carpels ^ by ^ in., ellipsoid ; calyx-teeth in fruit often thickened, divaricate, stellate.

Var. silhetensis, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 271 (sp.) ; corolla-lobes a little shorter than
the tube. J. trinerve. Wall. Cat. 2848, chiefly. — Silhet. — J. trinerve, Vahl, is defined
as having the corolla-lobes only half as long as the tube ; but, after all the labours of
Blume, it may be a question whether the Indian plant is other than a form of it, as
Eoxburgh considered.

J.7. J. subtriplinerve, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 272 ; leaves elliptic-lanceo-
late acuminate glabrous S-nerved, cymes 1-7-flowered axiUary and terminal,
calvx-teeth linear, corolla-lobes oblong acute shorter than the tube. J. trinerve,
Wall. Cat. 28-^8, partly.

SiKKi>r, Assam, Khasia, Silket, Cachar, alt. 0-4000 ft., frequent ; Wallich,
Griffith, H.f # T., &c.

Closely allied to J. anastomosan.". Leaves coriaceous, distinctly 3-nerved, the
basal primary pair of nerves often carried near the margin nearly to the tip of the

Ja^minum.'] xcn, OLEACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 597

leaf, other nerves obscure. Flotuers usually 3, sometimeB all solitary and terminal,
sometimes in compound many-flowered cymes ; pedicels not exceeding i in., by which
the species is known from all forms of J. laurifolium. Calyx-teeth \ in., shorter than
in J. anastomosans, glabrous in the Sikkim examples, minutely scabrid-pubescent in
the Khasian. Corolla-tube f in., lobes | by ^ in.

18. J. nobile, Clarke; leaves oyate-lanceolate acuminate, cymes few-
flowered lax, corolla very large, calyx-teeth linear acute. — Jasminum, n. 26,
Herb. 2nd. Or. H.f. ^ T.

Motjlmein; Thoungyeeu, alt. 5000 ft., Lobb ; Donnatoung, alt. 4000 ft., Parish.

Scandent, glabrous. Leaves 3 J by l^^ in., base obtuse or almost rounded, coriaceous,
obscurely 3-nerved ; petiole | in. Cymes terminal and on shortened axillary branches,
peduncled or sub-sessile, 3-5-flowered; bracts | in., linear; pedicels ^-^ in,, thickened.
Calyx-teeth ^ in. Corolla-tube 1 in., lobes 1^ by ^^ in., oblong acute. Fruit not
seen.

19. J. laurifolium, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sj- Wall.
i. 91 ; leaves oblong or narrow- elliptic acuminate 3-nerved, cymes few-flowered
lax, calyx-teeth linear long, corolla-lobes long narrow. Wall. Cat. 2847, partly;
DC. Prodr. viii. 303 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 152, and in Jaurn. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
241. J. angustifolium, Eer in JBot. Reg. t. 521, not of Vahl.

Khasia Mts., Be Silva, H.f. Sf T. (cultivated in Ceylon, Kumaon, Mauritius, &c.).

Scandent, glabrous. Leaves 2^ by f in., base obtuse or rounded, coriaceous,
definitely 3-nerved in the cultivated examples, more membranous and anastomosing
nerves more distinct in the native ; petiole ^ in. in the wild, ^ in. in the cultivated
plant. Cymes 3-5-flowered, terminal or long-peduncled and axillary ; bracts 5 in.,
linear ; pedicels ^-f in., not much thickened. Calyx-teeth \ in. Corolla-tube | in.,
lobes f by |- in. Fruit not seen. — Ker, whose figure of this species is excellent,
nevertheless says he could not distinguish it from J. angustifolium (by which Ker
meant J. sessiliflorum) ; it has 3-nerved leaves, the corolla-lobes much longer.

Var. brachyloba, Kurz 1. c. ; calyx-teeth ^-^ in. — Birma ; Griffith (Kew Distrib.
n. 3712) ; Martaban and Tenasserim Hills, frequent (Kurz).

Vab. sublinearis ; leaves 6 by ^ in., calyx-teeth ^ in. — Tavoy ; Hdfer (Kew
Distrib. n. 3710).

20. J. adenophyllum, Wall. Cat. 2876; leaves eUiptic-oblong acumi-
nate penninerved, cymes lax few-flowered, calyx-teeth very long linear. DC.
Prodr. viii. 314.

Khasia Mts. ; Be Silva.

Scandent, glabrous. Leaves 5 by 1^ in., base cuneate ; primary nerves 8 pairs,
subequally distant, the lowest short; petiole | in., not (or very obscurely) jointed.
Peduncles 1 -flowered (in the scanty examples) ; bracts obsolete ; pedicels 1 in. Calyx-
teeth ^ in., and upwards. Corolla and fruit not seen. — The imperfect examples
represent a species, apparently closely allied to J. laurifolium, but the nervation of
the leaves is altogether different.

21. J. sessiliflorum, Vahl Enum. i. 29 ; leaves small ovate, cymes
few-flowered, pedicels short, calyx-teeth linear long, corolla medium-sized tube
hardly so long as the narrow lobes. DC. Prodr. viii. 307. J. angustifolium,
WaU. Cat. 2873, partly, not of Vahl.

Madras ; Nundidroog, Chingleput, Bottler, &c, Ceylon ; Thwaites.

Scandent, ramous; branchlets often minutely pubescent. Leaves Ij by ^ in. (those
of the shortened flowering lateral branchlets hardly half so large), shortly acute or
subobtuse, base obtuse or almost rounded, glabrous ; nerves few, obscure ; petiole
^-^ in. Cymes usually 3- or 1-flowered, sessile ; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx-teeth \ in.,
glabrous or obscurely scabrid-pubescent. Corolla-tube ^ in., lobes ^-^ by ^ in.,
acute. Fruit not seen.

598 xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B, Clarke.) [^Jasminum.

22. J. angrustifolium, Vahl E7ium. i. 29 ; leaves small ovate, cymes
few-flowered, pedicels long, calyx-teeth linear short, corolla largeish lobes
lanceolate. Roxh. HoH. Beng, 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 8f Wall. i. 95 ; Wall.
Cat. 2873, partly; Wight Ic. t. 698; DC. Prodr. vii'i. 303. J. vimineura,
Willd. Sp. PI. i. 36. J. triflorum, Pers. Syn. i. 7. Nyctanthes angustifolia, Linn.
Sp. PI. 8. N. viminea, Metz Ohs. v. 9. N. triflora, Burin. Fl. Ind. 4, t. 2.
Mogorium vimineum, Lamh. Diet. iv. 213. M. triflorum, Lamk. HI. 23, t. 6^
fig. 2.'--Rheede, Hort. Mai. vi. t. 63.

DaccAN Peninsula and Ceylon ; in the lower hills, frequent.

Scandent, ramous ; branchlets minutely pubescent or almost villous. Leaves \^
by I in. (those of the lateral branchlets half as large), acute, base obtuse or almost
rounded, glabrous; nerves few, obscure; petiole ^ in. Cymes usually 3-1 -flowered;
pedicels ^-f in. Calyx-teeth ^, rarely ^ in., glabrous or very nearly so. Corolla-tube
■|-f in. ; lobes | by |^ in. Carpels g by ^ in., uhsymmetric, ellipsoid. — In the habit
and leaves this species closely resembles J. sessiliflorum, with which it has been mixed
from the days of Kottler.

23. J. Ritchiei, Clarke; leaves ovate or elliptic shortly acuminate^
glabrous, cymes few-flowered lax, pedicels long, calyx-teeth linear short, fruit-
carpels large globose.

Western Ghats and Ceylon, in the hills frequently collected j Nilgherries, Wight^
Gardner ; Bababoodun Hills, Law ; Belgaum, Ritchie, &c. •

Scandent, ramous, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves attaining 4^ by If in., base
broadly cuneate; nerves 5-6 pairs, prominent, often tufted in the axils ; petiole ^ in.
Cymes very lax, often subpaniculate, 3-9-flowered ; bracts | in., linear ; pedicels
^1 in. Calyx-tube campanulate, often somewhat ribbed ; teeth -g- in. and upwards,
linear or shortly oblong, sometimes minutely ciliate-scabrid. Corolla-tube \ in., lobes
I in., narrow. Carpels ^ in., very accurately spherical. — Named J. angustifolium by
Wight and Ritchie, from which in flower it does not differ much but by the larger
leaves ; the fruits are unusual.

Vaiu purpurea, Heyne in Herb. Eottler (sp.) ; leaves more obtuse sometimes
roundish. — Bababoodun Hills, Rattler. Ceylon, Wight.

24. J. Wigrhtii, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate long-acumi-^
nate, cymes trichotomously compound lax, calyx-teeth shortly linear, corolla-
tube ^ in. lobes | in.

Bolimpiitty near Coimbatobe ; Wight, n. 1 762.

Branches flexiiose. Leaves Z\ by f in., or some more ovate, attenuate into the
petiole, penninerved ; nerves obscure ; petiole |-| in. Cymes terminal ; bracts ^ in,,
linear; pedicels ^^ in. Calyx-teeth^ in. Corolla-lobes ^-^ in. wide, acute. Fruit
not seen. — The leaves are punctate beneath, the cyme somewhat divaricated, the
calyx-teeth separated by a very wide sinus. It may be allied to J. arborescens var.
montana, but it is very glabrous.

25. J. rig'idum, Zenker PI. Ind. 6, t. 6 ; glabrous, leaves ovate or elliptic
shining, cymes few-flowered dense sessile, calyx-teeth linear rigid erect, corolla-
tube elongate longer than the lobes. DC. Prodr. viii. 305; Wight Ic. t. 1247;
Thwaites Enum. 190, in part. J. myrtophyllum, Zenker PI. Ind. 6, t. 7 ; DC.
I.e. 304. J. ligustrifolium. Wall; Bojer H&rt. Maurit. 204; DC. I.e. 305,.
not of Lamk. J. cuspidatum, Rottler'; Spreng. Syst. i. 30; Wall. Cat. 2872..
J. Perrottetianum, DC. I.e. 304, ex descr. J. triflorum, Heyne in Herb..
Rattler, not of Pers.

Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, alt. C-5000 ft. ; common.

A rigid, dense, shrub, hardly scandent. Leaves 2 by f in., upper acute at both
ends, not acuminate, lower ovate, coriaceous ; nerves reticulating, slender but often'
subprominent on the upper surface ; petiole ^ in. Cymes 3-1 -flowered ; pedicels 0-^,

I Jasminum.'] xcii. OLEACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) 599

in. Calyx-teeth ^ in. Corolla-tube 1 in. ; lobes | by ^ in., oblong, acute. Fruit not
seen.

Vae. tetraphis, Wight & Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 55 (sp.); sub-,
scandent, leaves larger, cymes mth more flowers. — Nilgherries ; Gardner, &c. —
Leaves puberulo-punctate beneath. May this be J. Perottetianum, A. DC. Prodr. viii.
304?

26. J. trichotomuxn, Heyne ; Roth. Nov. Sp. 6 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
glabrous or minutely rusty-pubescent beneath, cymes trichotomous compound
lax glabrous or nearly so, calyx-teeth minute triangular-subulate, corolla
smallish. Wall. Cat. 2879 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 308. J. intermedium and J.
Gai-dnerianum, Wight in Herb.

Madras ; Rayacottah, Ilet/ne ; Nilgherries, Gardner, Wight.

Scandent, ramous; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 2^ by 1 in., not acuminate,
base broadly cuneate or almost rounded ; nerves 7 pairs, secondary obscure ; petiole
|— ^ in. Cymes terminal, often paniculate, divaricate; bracts jg in., lanceolate ; pedi-
cels ^-^ in. Calyx glabrous, teeth in Heyne's type example 0-^ in., rarely attaining
~ in. Corolla-tube ^ in. ; lobes ^ in., narrow acute. Carpels | in., ellipsoid, black.
— Allied to J. arborescens (var. montana), as noted by Heyne on the original plant of
Bottler. Roth's description does not agree well with this type, and has puzzled all
authors.

27. J*, latipetalum, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves narrow-lanceolate coria-
ceous, cymes few-fiowered lax, calyx-teeth minute lanceolate, corolla large
lobes ^-^ in. broad.

MouLMEiN ; Thoung-gyeen, alt. 5000 ft., Lobb.

Scandent. Leaves 5 by f in., elongate, acuminate, base obtuse, almost rounded,
very thick ; nerves 20 pairs, horizontal, obscure ; petiole ^-^ in., not (or very ob-
scurely) jointed. Cymes 1-5-flowered, terminal ; bracts | in., lanceolate ; pedicels
^ in. Calyx-teeth ~ in. Corolla-tube 1-1^ in., slender; lobes | in., obovate-oblong,
obtuse. ' Fruit not seen.

28. J. attenuatum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 3 ; glabrous, leaves oblong acu-
minate, cymes lax slender, calyx subhemispheric teeth minute, corolla-tube f-^
in. Wall. Cat. 2864; DC. Pi-odr, viii. 309; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 161, and in
Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 241.

Khasia Mts. and adjacent part of Assam, alt. 500-4000 ft., frequent; Wallich,
Griffith, H.f. ^ T., Sec. Martaban, alt. 5-7000 ft. (Kurz).

Scandent. Leaves 6^ by 2 in., base cuneate or subobtuse, membranous ; nerves 12
pairs, obscure ; petiole ^ in. Cymes axillary and terminal, slender ; bracts ^ in.,
lanceolate; pedicels ^-|- in., slender. Calyx-teeth ~ in. Corolla bright-red, pink or
white ; lobes ^ in., lanceolate, acute. Fruit-carpels ^ by ^ in., ellipsoid.

29. J. g'landulosum, Wall. Cat. 2849 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic acumi-
nate, cymes slender lax fevs^-flowered, calyx-tube cylindric-campanulate teeth
minute, corolla-tube 1-1^ in. slender lobes f-1 in. linear. DC. Prodr. viii. 304;
Royle III. 268 ; Brand For. Fl. 312. J. nepalense, Sp-eng. curapost. 12 ; DC.
I. c. 308. J. dichotomum, Don Prodr. 105, not of Vahl. J. Hamiltonii, G.
Don Gen. Syst. iv. 67. J. laurifolium. Gamble Darjeeling List, 55, not of Roxb.

Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 2-6000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan; frequent.
Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., frequent.

Scandent. Leaves 3 by 1§ in., base obtuse or rounded ; nerves 7 pairs, distinct,
often tufted in the axils beneath, inarching ; petiole \ in. Cymes axillary and ter-
minal, 1-3-flowered; bracts i in., linear; pedicels ^ in., slender. Calyx-tuhc I by
1^0 in., lobes ~ in. Corolla white, scarcely yellow while fading; lobes ^-\ in. broad.
Carpels f by ^ in., elongate ellipsoid. — This has been confounded with the Australian
J. simplidfoUum (Benth. Fl. Austral, iv. 296), which has a much shorter calyx-tube.

600 xcii. OLBACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Jasminum.

a less slender corolla, and fruit carpels not half as long ; and is only known in •culti-
vation in India.

30. J. subg'landulosuxn, Kurz in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 329,
and Fo7'. Fl. ii. 161 ; glabrous, leaves large obovate-oblong shortly acuminate,
racemes axillary very lax, calyx broad teeth very short, coroUa-tube |-f in.,
lobes half as long obovate-oblong blunt.

South Andaman ; Kurz. Pegu and Tenassejeiim, in the tropical forests not in-
requent {Kurz).

Scandent. Leaves 7 by 2f in., base obtusely cuneate, membranous ; nerves 10
pairs, secondary distinct. Flowers white ; bracts minute, subulate. Carpels ^ by ^
in., ellipsoid. — Description chiefly from Kurz, as his example is very imperfect ; the
inflorescence appears strictly cymose, as in the two preceding species ; there is nothing
in the material or description to show that it diiFers from J. attenuatum but in the
somewhat larger leaves.

31. J. sznilacifoliuzn, Griff. tiu.\ glabrous, leaves large ovate acute
coriaceous 3-nerved, cymes axillary and terminal stout compound, calyx-teeth
short thick triangular, flowers and fruits large.

Malacca ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3698), Maingay.

A large climber. Leaves 7 by 3| in., base obtuse or almost cordate, very thick,
secondary nerves thin distinct ; petiole f in. Cymes 5-20-flowered, not lax ; bracts
~ in., lanceolate ; pedicels ^-\ in. Calyx-teeth ^ in. Corolla white tinged with
pink, tube f-1 in., lobes f by ^ in., acute. Carpels 1 by |-| in. ; pedicels often
greatly enlarged, ^ in. diam. below the fruit. — This has been supposed a var. merely
of J. crassifolium, Blume, which however has smaller obscurely 3-nerved leaves, and
the cymes much slenderer, with pedicels often | in.

•* Leaves (some of them) compound : in J. auriculatum and brevilohum
often in appearance simple, the lateral leaflets being only occasionally present
and then exceedingly small. (The series proceeds from the less- to the more-
compound-leaved species.)

32. J, auriculatum, Vahl Symh. iii. 1 ; leaves mostly simple ovate
some 3-foliolate the lateral leaflets mere auricles, cymes compound many-flowered,
corolla-tube \-^ in. Roxh. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey i^ Widl. i. 96;
Wall. Cat. 2854; Bot. Reg. t. 264; DC. Prodr. viii. 3Q9, syn. excl. ; Wight Ic.
t. 700. J. afline and ovalifolium, Wight Ic. tt. 1255, 1256.

Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, common (cultivated in Scinde, North-west India,
Bengal, Siam and Mauritius).

iScandent ; pubescent or villous, sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves (when simple
and the terminal leaflets) 1 by f in., shortly acute or hardly acuminate, base obtuse
or rounded, ashy-pubescent sometimes glabrescent ; nerves few, lowest oblique ;
lateral leaflets when present rarely exceeding ^ in. diam. Cymes terminal, paniculate,
grey-pubescent ; bracts ^ in., linear ; pedicels 0-| in. Calyx-teeth minute, narrowly
oblong. Corolla-lobes \ in,, elliptic. Carpels ^ in. diam., globose, black. — The J.
mauritianum, Bojer, reduced to J. auriculatum by Baker (Fl. Maurit. 220) has the
leaves subequally 3-foliolate, the corolla-tube nearly 1 in. J. affiiic, Wight, with the
style half as long as corolla-tube, and J. ovatifolium, "Wight, with the stigmas ex-
serted, are dimorphic forms.

38. J. brevilobum, A. DC. Prodr. y'lii. 307; leaves mostly simple ovate,
some 3-foliolate the lateral leaflets mere auricles, cymes sessile subcapitate,
coroUa-tube |-1 in. J. nilagiricum, PI. Hohenack. n. 1007.

Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula; Nilgherries, Pulneys, &c., alt. 3-6000 ft., fre-
quent; Gardner, Wight, &c.

Kesembling J. auriculatum ; usually villous or subtomentose, sometimes only

Jasminum.'] xcii. oleacej3. (C. B. Clarke.) 601

sparingly pubescent. Terminal leaflets often cordate ; the lowest primary nerves
divaricate. Cymes terminal, 3-10-flowered, dense. Flowers altogether larger than in
J. auriculatum ; lobes often ^ by ^ in. Carpels larger, \ in. diam. and upwards.

34. J. flexile, Vahl Symh. iii. 1 ; glabrous, leaves opposite nearly all
3-foliolate, leaflets elliptic or ovate acute coriaceous distinctly nerved, cymes lax
axillary and terminal upper elongate paniculate longer than the leaves, corolla-
tube f-1 in. Wall. Cat. 2881 ; BC. Prodr. viii. 310 ; Wight Ic. t. 1263.—
Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 58, fig. 1.

Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, in the lower hills, frequent.

Scandent. Terminal leaflet 4^ by 1^2 in., base rounded or obtuse ; primary
nerves 6 pairs, inarching. Panicles 4-8 in. long, or the lower short few-flowered,
branches opposite alternate or whorled ; bracts ^ in., linear ; pedicels \-^ in. Calyx-
teeth nainute. Corolla white, lobes | by ^ in., acute or obtuse. Carpels ^ by j- in.,
ellipsoid. — Heyne named three examples of this in Herb. Rottler : ./. acuminatum, J.
azoricum and J. travancorense. The Timor J. parviflorum, Decne., is said to have
much smaller flowers, but it must be very nearly allied.

Vab. ovata, Wall. Cat. 2882 (sp.), chiefly ; leaflets obtbsely cuneate at the base,
axillary cymes short few-flowered, pedicels \ in. J. attenuatum. Wall. Cat. 2864, B,
not of Roxh. — Khasia ; Wallich. — This is possibly a var. of J. lanceolaria, Roxb. ; it
has leaves distinctly nerved, the flowers rather smaller.

Vab. Hookeriana ; terminal leaflet 4 by 2^ in. membranous, corolla large with
broad lobes.— Jasminum n. 41, Herh. Ind. Or. H. f. ^ T.— Khasia; Hook. f. Sf T.—
This seems exactly half-way between J. flexile and J. caudatum, having the broad
leaflets of the former, the membranous texture and flowers of the latter.

35. J. caudatum, Wall. Cat. 2884 ; glabrous, leaves opposite nearly all
3-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate membranous
distinctly nerved, cymes lax, corolla-tube f-1^ in. Lindl. in Bat. B^g. 1842, t.
26 ; DC. Pi'odr. viii. 310. J. ovatum. Wall. Cat. 2882, in part.

Khasia, alt. 0-4000 ft., frequent ; Wallich, H.f. ^ T., &c. Mishmee; Griffith.

Only distinguishable from J. flexile, var. Hookeriana, by the narrower more
caudate leaves. The cyme is usually slenderer, the corolla longer, the tube attaining
'\\ in., the lobes f by ^ in.

36. J. lanceolaria, Boxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. \. 97 ; glabrous,
leaves opposite nearly all trifoliolate, leaflets elliptic shortly acuminate very
thick, nerves obscure, cymes compound rigid thick-branched, corolla- tube 1 in.
DC. Prodr. viii. 310. J. lanceifolium, Boxh. Hort. Beng. 3 ?.

Khasia and Jaintea Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., frequent; Griffith, H.f. ^ T., &c.

A large climber. Leaflets 4 by 1^ in., acute, base obtusely cuneate. Cymes com-
pound, trichotomous ; bracts | in., linear ; pedicels 0-^ in., thick, stiU thicker in
fruit. Calyx-teeth minute. CoroUa large, white ; lobes attaining ^ by ^ in. Carpels
^-^ in. diam., subglobose. — Easily recognised by the very thick leaflets and stout
cymes. This has T)een identified by Benth. {Fl. Hongk. 216) with J. pamculatum,
Eoxb., a Chinese plant, which has the corolla far smaller (tube ^ in., lobes ^ in.), the
cyme less stout, the leaflets obtuse.

37. J. heterophylluxn, Boxb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^
Wall. i. 99 ; leaves alternate simple and 3-foliolate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate

glabrous, cymes very compound minutely pilose, coroUa yellow tube ^-^ in.
Wall. Cat. 2883; Don Prodr. 106; Wall. PI. As. Bar. iii. 47, t. 275; DC.

Prodr. Mil 312 ; Loud. Arb. 655, t. 1274.

NiPAL ; Wallich, Scully. Mishmee ; Griffith.

Scandent. Leaves 5 by 2^ in. (lateral leaflets, when present, smaller), base rounded
or cordate, somewhat coriaceous, nerves irregular but distinct beneath. Cymes mostly
terminal, 10-90-flowered, branches alternate; bracts ^ in., linear; pedicels 0-^ in.

602 xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Jasminvm,

Calyx small, minutely pubescent, teeth minute. Corolla-lobes 5- in., elliptic, acute.
Carpels ^ by ^ in., ellipsoid.

38. J. calophyllum, Wall. Cat. 2889; leaves opposite and alternate
sulDequally 3-foliolate, leaflets broadly ovate glabrous, cymes compound trichoto-
mous minutely pubescent, corolla-tube J in. DC. Prodr. viii. 310 ; J. courtal-
lense, WigJit Ic. t. 1252.

South Deccan Peninsula ; Nilgherries, Wight, Foulkes ; Courtallum, Wight.

Scandent. Leaflets 2 by 1^ in., obtuse or shortly acute, base rounded truncate or
subcordate, membranous, shining, nerves slender. Cymes 10-50-flowered, branches
alternate and opposite ; bracts minute ; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx nearly glabrous, sub-
truncate. Corolla-lobes J-^ in., elliptic, obtuse. Carpels i in., ellipsoid.

39. J. dispermum, WaU. Cat. 2886, and m Boxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sr
Wall. i. 99, and PL As. Par. iii. 46, t. 274 ; leaves opposite 3-5-foliolate, leaflets
cordate-lanceolate glahrous suh-3-nerved, cymes somewhat dense puberulous or
pubescent running into terminal panicles, corolla-tube ^ in. Don Prodr. 106 ;
DC. Prodr. viii. 310 ; Brand. For. Fl. 312.

Temperate Himalaya ; alt. 2-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, common. Khasia
Mts., alt. 3-6500 ft., common.

Scandent. Terminal leaflet 3|^ by 1^ in., acuminate, coriaceous ; lateral leaflets 1
or often 2 pairs, smaller. CyT/ieswheii axillary 10-20-flowered; upper leaves often
gradually reduced to bracts | in. long, whence arises a terminal elongate panicle 60-
lOO-flowered; proper bracts ^ in.; pedicels 0-i in. Calyx glabrous or minutely
puberulous, teeth ^ in., short-triangular. Corolla white; lobes \-^ in., broadly
elliptic. Carpels ^ by | in., ellipsoid,

40. J. huznile, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. viii. 313 ; glabrous or puberulous,
leaves alternate 3-foliolate or pinnate, leaflets rhomboid oblong coriaceous,
cymes somewhat dense, calyx-teeth very short, corolla yellow tube ^-§ in.
Bot. Reg. t. 360. J. chrysanthemum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed.
Carey S^- Wall. i. 98. J. revolutum, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 1731 ; Bot. Reg. t,
178 ; Don Prodr. 106 ; Wall. Cat. 2887 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 966 ; DC.l. c. 312;
Wight Ic. t. 1258 ; Loud. Arb. 655, t. 1276 ; Brand. Fm: Fl. 313 ; Boiss. Fl.
Ch-ient. iv. 42. J. bignoniaceum. Wall. Cat. 2888 ; DC. I. c. 313. J. Wallichia-
num, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1409. J. inodorum, Jacquem. ; Dene, in Jacq. Voy.
Bot. 139, t. 143 ; DC. I. c. 312. — Jasminum, n. 3, Ifardwicke in As. Research.
vi. 349.

SuBTEOPicAL Himalaya, alt. 2-5000 ft., from Kashmir to Nipal, common. Bhotan;-
Griffith. South India and Ceylon, alt. 2-6000 ft., common. — Distbib. Cabul (culti-
vated widely).

An erect rigid, ramous shrub. Leaflets 2 by |-1 m,, or ^ by |- in., very variable
in size, usually smaller when more numerous, acute or obtuse at both ends ; nerves
inconspicuous. Cymes 10-20-flowered; bracts minute; pedicels -^-^ in. Calyx
glabrous or nearly so ; teeth ^^ in., triangular-oblong. Corolla-lobes ^ by | in.
Carpels ^ by 5 in., ellipsoid.

41. J. pubig'eruxn, Don Prodr. 106; softly densely villous, leaves alter-
nate 3-7-foliolate, leaflets ovate or oblong, cymes dense, calyx-teeth aVio ^^•
densely villous, coroUa-tube f in. DC. Prodr. viii. 312, excl. var. )8.

Nobth-west India ; Royle.

An erect shrub, in habit closely resembling J. humile and perhaps a var. thereof,
but there are no examples intermediate in hairiness. Branches dense, villous.
Leaflets \\-2 in., from suborbicular to oblong, closely villous on both surfaces. Cyme
nearly sessile, 15-flowered, very villous,'' Calyx-teeth^^^aaox, short but much longer
than in J. humile. — Perhaps a garden plant.

Jasminum.'\ xcii. oleacejj. (C. B. Clarke.) 603

42. J, officinale, Linn. ; DC. Prod?: yiii. 313 ; glabrous or nearly so,
leaves opposite pinnate, leaflets rhomboid oblong acute, calyx-teeth linear long,
corolla white tube | in. Bot. Mag. t. 31 ; Brand. For. Fl. 313 ; Boiss. Fl,
Orient, iv. 43.

Kashmie ; alt. 3-9000 ft., frequent. — Distrib. Cabul, Persia (often cultivated in
India, China, Europe, &c.).

Branches very long, weak, requiring support, hardly scandent. Ci/mes terminal,
1-10-flowered, often leafy ; bracts ^ in., linear; pedicels 0-f in. Calyx-teeth ^-^- in.,
sometimes as long as the corolla-tube, sometimes (in the same plant) not half so long.
Corolla-lobes ^ by J in. Carpels ^ by ^ in., ellipsoid.

43. J. grandlflorum, Linn.; DC. Prodr. viii. 313; glabrous ornearly
so, leaves opposite pinnate, leaflets rhomboid-oblong, calyx-teeth linear long,
corolla white tube | in. Boxb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall.
i. 98 ; Bot. Reg. t. 91 ; Wall. Cat. 2886 ; Wight Ic. t. 1267 ; Brand. For. Fl.
313 ; Xurz For. Fl. ii. 150, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 242. J. aureum,
Don Prodr. 106; DC. I. c. 314 ?.--Bheede Hort. Mai. vi. t. 62.

Subtropical North-west Himalaya, alt. 2-5000 ft. ; frequent, wild (fide Brandis;
elsewhere in India often cultivated).

Brajiches subpendent, angular, hardly requiring support. Calyx-teeth about \ in.,
rarely half as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes attaining \ in. — Otherwise
hardly distinguishable from J. officinale.

EXCLUDED SPECIES (not British Indian).

J. EXTENSUM, Wall. Cat. 2862; DC. Prodr. viii. 308; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 150.—
Birma.

J. LiGusTEiFOLiuM, Wall. ms. ; Bojer Hort. Maurit. 204, DC. Prodr. viii. 305.—^
Birma, beyond the British frontier.

J. TUBiFLORUM, Boxb. Cat. PI. (1813), Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wnll. i. 96.— This is
supposed to be the origin of J.'^olenanthum, DC. Prodr. ^aii. 306, founded on a
specimen cultivated in the Mauritius. Malay Islds.

J. OBLONGUM, Burm. Fl. Ind. 6, t. 3, fig. 2; DC. Prodr. viii. 312. — Java.

2. NVCTANTKES, lAnn. in part.

A small tree. Leaves opposite, ovate. Flowers in small, sessile, bracteate
heads disposed in terminal trichotomous cymes. Calyx ovoid-cylindric,
subtruncate, finally split or deciduous. Corolla salvershaped ; tube cylindiic,
yellow ; lobes 4-8, imbricated in bud, patent, white. Anthers 2, subsessile near
the top of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled : style cylindric, ver}^ shortly bifid ;
ovule 1 in each cell, erect, basal. Cajysule orbicular, compressed parallel to
the partition, ripe separating into 2 subdiscoid carpels. Seed erect, orbicular,
flattened, testa thin, albumen 0 ; cotyledons flat, radicle inferior.

N. Arbor-trlstls, Linn. ; Boxb. HoH. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^
WaU. i. 85; Wall. Cat. 2846; Bot. Beg. t. 399; Lamk. lU.t.Q) DC. Prodr.
viii. 314; Bot. Mag. t. 4900; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 240; Eichler in Mart. Brah.
vi. pt. i. 317, t. 84, fig. 3 ; Brand. For. Fl. 314 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 155, and in
Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 240. Parilium Arbor-tristis, Gaertn. Frrict. i. 234, t.
51. Scabrita scabra, Linn. ; Vahl Symb. ii. 28; Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 266, t. 138.
S. triflora, Linn. Mant. i. 37. — BheedeHort. Mai. i. t. 21 Sephalica, Jones in
As. Research, iv. 244.

Central India, alt. 1-3000 ft., common, to Bundelkund and Burdwan; reappear-
ing in the Oudh and North-west Terai (cultivated throughout India, and in both
hemispheres).

604 xcri. OLBACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) \_8chrehera.

Erect, 30 ft., but often fonning coppice, scabrid-pilose. Leaves 4^ by 2| in.,
acute, base rounded or cuneate ; petiole ^ in., not articulated. Flowers 3-7 in each
head, sweet-scented; bracts ^^ in., elliptic. Calyx ^ in. Corolla-tube \-^ in.;
lobes i-^- in., elliptic. Capsule | in. long and broad by |-^ in. thick.

3. SCKREBZSRA, Iioa;b.

A tree. Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate. Flowers in terminal 2-3-
chotomous compound cymes ; bracts small. Calyx tubular-campanulate, ir-
regularly 4-7-lobed. Corolla salvershaped ; tube cylindric ; lobes imbricate in
the bud, 4-7j patent. Stamens 2, near the top of the corolla-tube ; filaments
short. Ovary 2-celled ; style cylindric, shortly 2-lobed ; ovules 3-4 in each cell,
pendulous from its apex. Capsule obovoid, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved,
woody. Seeds pendulous, winged, albumen 0 ; cotyledons plano-convex or con-
torted, radicle superior. — Distrib. Species 4 ; 1 Indian, 3 African.

S^swietenioides, Roxb. Cor. PZ. ii, t. 101, and Ft. Ind. ed. Carey 8f
Wall. I. 109 ; minutely pubescent or glabrous, leaves 5-7-foliolate, cymes many-
flowered, capsule 2 in. pearshaped. Wight III. t. 162 ; Trattin, Arch. i. 29,
with plate • DC. Prodr. viii. 675 ; Bedd. Fl. Sijlv. t. 248 ; Brand. For. Ft. 305 ;
Kurz F<yr. Fl. ii. 156, and in Journ. As. Sac. 1877, pt. ii. 243.

Tkopical Himaxaya ; Kumaon Terai. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 1-4000 ft. Pegu ;
widely diffused, but not abundant.

A tree, 40-50 ft. Leaflets 4 by 2 in., ovate, acute, mature glabrous ; petiolules
^ in. Cyme often 100-flowered; bracts i in., linear, or obsolete; pedicels 0-^ in.
Calyx ^ in., irregularly 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped or subtruncate, minutely pilose or
glabrescent. Corolla white with brown marks ; tube |-^ in. ; lobes i-f in., elliptic.
Anthers subexserted. Capsule 2 by 1^ in., obovoid, obtuse, very woody. Seeds
usually 3-4 in each cell ; cotyledons contorted.

Vak. puhescens, Kurz in Flora, 1872, p. 398 (sp.); leaves pubescent, cyme villous.
— Jubbulpore ; Kurz. — A variety of S. swietenioides according to Kurz himself in
Journ. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 243, who says that the capsules are much smaller.

4. SITRXNGA, Linn,

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or (in cultivation) pinnate. Panicles ter-
minal ; hracts small or 0. Calyx small, campanulate, irregularly toothed or
subtruncate, persistent. Cwolla salvershaped ; tube narrow-cylindric ; lobes 4,
patent, elliptic, induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 2, near the top of the
corolla-tube ; filaments short ; anthers oblong, laterally dehiscent. Ovary
2-ceUed ; style cylindric, included, 2-partite or subsimple ; ovules 2 in each cell,
pendulous from its apex. Capsule oblong, subterete, loculicidaUy 2-valved.
Seeds pendulous, compressed, winged, albuminous; cotyledons flat, radicle
superior. — Distrib. Species 6 (or 11 ex Dene.), from Eastern Europe to Japan.

1. S. persica, Linn.; DC. Prodr. viii. 283 ; leaves 1 in. ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate glabrous, flowers numerous scarcely fascicled. Bot. Mag. t. 486 ;
Wall. Cat. 2832 ; Brand. For. Fl. 306 ; Rev. Hort. 1878, p. 571-2, with Jig. ;
jDcne. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 42 ; Boiss. Fl. Onent. iv. 38.

West Kashmir; alt. 8000 ft., possibly wild; frequently cultivated in India. —
Distrib. Persia.

A glabrous shrub. Leaves acute, rarely obtuse, sometimes pinnatifid or sub-
pinnate, base cuneate ; petiole \ in. Panicles compound, glabrous ; bracts from ^ in.
lanceolate to ^ in. linear, usually inconspicuous ; pedicels ~^-^ in. Calyx ^ in., teeth
short, triangular. Corolla lilac or white ; tube | in., lobes \ in. Capsule ^-^ by ^
in., terete, 4-ribbed. — Persian Lilac.

Syrmga.] xcii. oleace^. (C. B. Clarke.)-^^ 605

2. S. Emodi, Wall. Cat 2831 ; leaves 2-5 in. elliptic or ovate glabrous
whitened beneath, panicles dense, flowers often fascicled. Royle III. 267, t. 65,
fig. 2 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 283 ; Bot. Reg. 31 (1846), t. 6; Bratid. Far. Fl. 306 ;
Decne. in Nouv. Arch. Mils. 2, ii. 40.

SuBALPiNE Himalaya, alt. 9-12,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon, frequent;
Wallich, Falconer, &c.

A large shrub. Leaves 3i by 1| in., acute at both ends, secondary nerves pro-
minently reticulating beneath"; petiole ^-| in. Panicles dense-flowered ; bracts lan-
ceolate, deciduous, usually inconspicuous ; pedicels often 0, sometimes ^ in. Calyx
^ in., subtruncate, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous. Corolla purphsK or white ;
tube \ in. ; lobes ^ in. Capsule ^-f in., terete, 2-grooved, acute.

5. FRAXXNUS, Unn.

Trees. Leaves opposite, unequally pinnate. Iriflorescence terminal or on
shortened axillary buds falsely axillary. Flmcei'S smaU, polygamous or dioecious,
panicled, racemose or subfascicled ; bracts caducous. Calyx small, 4-toothed,
or 0. Petals 0, or 2-4, free or connate in pairs at the base, nan-ow-oblong, in-
duplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 2, attached near the base of the petals or
subhypogynous, filaments short or long. Ovary 2-celled ; style short or long,
bifid ; ovules in each cell 2, pendulous from its apex. Capsule samaroid, com-
pressed contrary to the partition, produced into a wing, 1-seeded, indehiscent.
Seed pendulous, oblong; albumen fleshy; cotyledons flat, radicle superior. —
DiSTEiB. Species 30, in the north temperate regions of both hemispheres.

Sect. I. Omus. Petals 2-4. Floivers panicled, mostly hermaphrodite.

1. r. floribunda, Wall. Cat. 2836, and in Roxl. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf
Wall. i. 150, and PI. As. Par. iii. 47, t. 277 ; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate serrate
membranous, secondary nerves reticulated, samaras 1-1|^ in. veiy narrow obtuse
or emarginate. Bon Prodr. 106 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 275 ; Brand. For. Fl. 302,
t. 37. F. urophylla. Wall. Cat. 2835 ; DC. I. c. Ornus floribunda, Dietr. Sp.
PI. i. 249 ; Lmid. Arb. 653, t. 1270. O. urophylla, G. Dmi Gen. Syst. iv. 57.

Temperate and Subalpine Himalaya, alt. 5-11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan ;
Wallich, Griffith, &c. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. ; De Silva, H.f. # T.

A large tree. Leaflets 3-4 pairs, 4 by 1^ in., acutely acuminate, serratures close
shallow (in the Khasian F. urophylla more distant and coarse), glabrous, when young
pilose on the nerves beneath ; petiolules ^ in. Pedicels ^ in., in tufts on the branches
of the panicle. Calyx ^^ in. ; teeth acutely triangular in the typical Kumaon
plant, hardly any in the East Himalayan. Corolla^lobes ^-^ in., linear-oblong. Fila-
ments j^ in. Style short ; stigma long, deciduous Samara i in. wide upwards, nar-
rowed to the width of the seed at base. — F. retttsa, Champ, (according to Benth. Fl.
HongJc. 214), differs in the retuse samara and the subtruncate calyx ; but, if these
characteristics are specific, the East Himalayan and Khasian examples must be referred
to F. retusa. The Hongkong retusa differs however in the smaller samara, which
when fully ripe is less than 1 in. The flowers appear to grow larger westward ; in
"Wallich's type example of F. floribunda the petals are fully ^ in.

2. r. G-rlffithli, Clarke ; leaflets elliptic obtusely acuminate entire coria-
ceous, secondary nerves obscure, samaras 1 in. very narrow obtuse or emar-
ginate.

Mishmee; " summit of a high mountain," Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3677).

Griffith's example is in ripe fruit, and is perhaps a var. of F. floribunda, but
differs more from it and from F. retusa than these do from each other. The leaflets
are very thick, acuminate, rostrate, rounded and sometimes widened at the tip.

606 xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) . [Fraxinus.

Sect. II. Fraxinaster. Petals 0. Floiuers polygamous or dioecious.
Pedicels in fruit racemed or subfascicled.

3. P. excelsior, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. viii. 276; leaflets 2-5 pairs all sessile
or nearly so, calyx in all the flowers obsolete, pedicels in fruit racemed. JEngl.
Bot. t. 1692 ; Lamk. III. t. 858, fig. 1 ; Brand. For. Fl. 303 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 39. F. heterophylla, Vahl Enum. i. 6^ {and several others^. F. Moorcroft-
iana, Wall. Cat. 2834 ; DC. I. c. 275, not of Brandis, Ornus Moorcroftiana,
G. Dm Gen. Syst. iv. 67.

Temperate West Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 4-9000 ft. ; Ladak ; Moor-
croft ; Kashmir, frequent ; Jacquemont ; Jamu and Kishtwar, T. Thomson. — Disteib.
From the Caucasus westwards to Britain.

A large tree. Leaflets 4 by If in., elliptic, acuminate, serrate sessile or very nearly
so, midrib beneath glabrous or minutely pubescent. Flowers in short racemes, fas-
cicled near the tips of the branches, appearing before the leaves ; male and herma-
phrodite alike without perianth. Filaments very short. Racemes in fruit 1-6 in.,
pendulous ; pedicels \ in. ; samaras 1| by \-^ in., narrowed gradually to both the
obtuse ends. — In the absence of flowers Brandis hesitates about identifying this with
F. excelsior, but the tree is plentiful in Kashmir hills and exactly like the common
Ash.

4. r. xanthoxyloides, Wall. Cat. 2833 ; leaflets 3-5 pairs lowest
petiolulate, calyx 0 in the male flowers small in the hermaphrodite, pedicels in
fruit in very short racemes or subfascicled. DC. Prodr. viii. 275 ; Brand. For.
Fl. 304 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 41. F. Moorcroftiana, Brand. For. Fl. 304, not
of Wall. Ornus xanthoxyloides, G. Don Gen, Syst. iv. 57.

Tbmpseate Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 3-9000 ft., abundant in
places {Brandis). — Distrib. Cabul and Beloochistan.

A tree 25 ft., or more often a shrub. Leaflets 2 by f in., hardly acuminate,
crenulate,-serrate, glabrous, or often slightly hairy near the base of the midrib be-
neath ; lowest petiolules usually \ m., distinct, sometimes subobsolete. Flowers ap-
pearing before the leaves in dense heads, brown from the woolly bracts. Filaments
short ; anthers oblong. Racemes in fruit ^ in., or the pedicels \ in., appearing fas-
cicled. Calyx in fruit often -^^ in., obtuse, striated lengthwise or not. Fruit 1^ by
1^ in. — The Cabul examples of Grriflith have the samara ^ (sometimes very nearly ^) in.
broad. F. dimorpha, Coss & Dur., from Algiers, does not appear to diifer except in
all the leaflets being sessile or very nearly so.

6. OSBXANTHVS, Lour.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire or serrate.
Flowers axillary and terminal, fascicled or in very short racemes ; hermaphro-
dite or polygamous. Calyx 4-tootlied or -lobed. CoroUa-tuhe short or long ;
lobes 4, elliptic, obtuse, imbricated. StameTis 2, subsessile on the corolla-tube.
Ovary 2-celled ; style short or cylindric, 2-lobed or subentire ; ovules 2 in each
cell, pendulous from its apex. Drupe ovoid or globose ; -endocarp bony or crus-
taceous. Seeds pendulous, usually solitary, albumen fleshy ; radicle superior. —
Distrib. Species 8, extending from the N.W. Himalaya through China and
Japan to Western N. America.

The character of this genus is here considerably widened from that of Gen. PI.
(ii. 677), to include 0. siiavis, King.

1. O. fragrans, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. i. 29; leaves lanceolate acuminate,
calyx minute, corolla less than ^ in. tube very short. DC. Prodr. viii. 291.
Olea fragrans, Thunh. Fl. Jap. 18, t. 2 ; Boxb. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed.

Osmauthns.'] xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) 607

Coreij ^' Wall i. 104 ; Wall. Cat. 2810 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1652 ; Bhune Mm. Bot.
i. 316 ; Brand. For. Fl. 309. O. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 2809 ; DC. I. c. 285.

Temperate HiMAiiATA, alt. 4-7000 ft., from Grurwhal to Sikkim; Wallick, H.f.
^ T., &c. Khasia Mts. ; Griffith, Lohb. (According to Brandis only planted in
Grurwhal and Kumaon). — Distbib. China, Japan, cultivated.

A small tree or a shrub. Leaves 7 by 2 in., entire in the wild plants, often
serrated in the cultivated, coriaceous ; petiole | in. Pedicels j-f in., densely fascicled,
often in the upper axils, rarely terminal. Calyx less than ^ in., 4-toothed. Corolla
divided nearly to the base ; lobes oblong. Drupes | by | in., ellipsoid. — The fruit is
only known from the Kumaon tree (a cultivated plant, ex Brandis). The cultivated
O.fragrans is not known to produce fruit elsewhere.

2. O. suavis, King in Herh. Cole. ; leaves lanceolate acute, calyx |— |^ in.
deeply 4-lobed, corolla-tube ^-\ in. Olea sp., Grif. Itin. Notes, 156, n. 785.

SUBAI.PINE Himalaya ; Sikkim and East Nipal, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Tonglo and
Kalapookree, J. D. H., King ; Bhotan Griffith.

A bush, 12 ft., or a small tree {King). Leaves Z\ by 1 in., acute, base cuneate,
minutely crenate-serrate, coriaceous ; petiole ^ in. Pedicels 0-\ in., in dense axillary
and terminal fascicles. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, micro-
scopically pubescent. Corolla-tube \ in. and upwards (both in the male and herma-
phrodite flowers) in King's specimens ; in Griffith's varying from ^ to ^ in. (in flowers
male or nearly male) ; corolla-lobes ^ in., strongly imbricated in the bud. Anthers
subsessile near the top of the tube, elliptic, acute. Style ^ in., tip bifid. Drupe
^-\ by \-^ in., ellipsoid ; endocarp thin, crustaceous. Albumen copious, fleshy. —
Grriffith made a long MS. note on this species : it does not agree well with Osmanthus
to which King refers it, but there appears no other place for it unless a new genus.

7. ZiZNOCZERA, Swartz.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers in axillary (rarely ter-
minal) panicles or cymes, often in small terminal fascicles ; bracts at the divi-
sions small. Calyx small, 4-fid. Petals 4, long or short, nearly free, or cohe-
ring by pairs, or very shortly'- connate, induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 2 ;
filaments short; anthers elliptic, dehiscing on the margin. Ovary 2-celled;
style short, stigma obscurely bifid or entire ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous
from its apex. Drupe ellipsoid (rarely globose) ; endocarp bony or crustaceous.
Seed usually solitary, pendulous, testa thin, albumen fleshy plentiful or 0;
radicle superior. — Disteib. Species 40, in the tropics of both hemispheres.

Olea only differs by having the corolla more distinctly tubular. Many authors
place the albuminous species in Olea, and the exalbuminous in Linociera ; but the
albumen is unknown in so many species that this arrangement is inconvenient, while
it throws into different genera the very long-petaled species closely allied in every
point except the albumen.

Sect. I. Sulinociera. Seeds albuminous {Petals elongate).

1. Zi. malabarica, Wall. Cat. 2828; leaves broadly oblong hardly acu-
minate, flowers in small clusters, calyx-lobes grey-pilose, petal \ in. linear-lan-
ceolate connected in pairs, ovary pilose. DC. Prodr. viii. 297 ; Wight Ic.
t. 1246; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl.159. Ohionanthus malabarica, ^et^c?. For.
Man. 154, and Fl. Sylv. t. 2S9,Jlg. in corner.

Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan, Dalzell, to Courtallum, Wight ; frequent.

A small tree. Leaves 4 by If in., subobtuse or very suddenly narrowed to an

obtuse apex, base cuneate, glabrous, coriaceous, nerves obscure; petiole |- in.

^Peduncles short, axillary, fascicled, numerous, grey -pilose, sparingly panicledl

bracts ^ in., ovate, grey-pilose. Calyx-lobes ^ ii;., ovate, grey-pilose on the back.

608 xcii. OLEACE^. (C, B. Clarke.) ILinoci&i-a.

Petals -white. St^/le shortly bifid. Drupe ^^ by \-^ in., ellipsoid ; endocarp thin,
crustaceons. Testa thin, albumen plentiful.

2. Ii. Wig'htii, Clarke ; leaves elliptic acuminate or rostrate, flowers in
small clusters, calyx-lobes glabrous on the back ciliate, petals ^ in. linear-lan-
ceolate connected in pairs often for one-third their length, ovary glabrous.
Olea linocieroides, Wiffht Ic. t. 1241 ; Bedd. For. Man. 152.

Deccan Peninsula; Courtallum; Wight. Tinnevelly Grhauts, alt. 1-3000 ft.,
Beddome.

A small tree, LeavesA by 1| in., base obtusely cuneate, coriaceous, nerves obscure
or somewhat plainly inarching ; petiole ^ in. Peduncles short, axillary, clustered,
glabrous, sparingly panicled ; bracts 3^^ in., ovate, glabrous. Calyx-lobes ^j in., ovate.
Drupe ^-^ by |--| in., ellipsoid ; endocarp thin, crustaceous. Testa thin, albumen
plentiful. — Hardly differs from L. malabarica, but by the points specified in the
diagnosis. Wight's Herbarium contains the ripe fruit, which is as depicted by him.

Sect. II. Ceranthus. Seeds exalbuminous. (Several species, in which
thie seed is not known may prove to be Oleas.)

3. Xi. purpurea, Vahl Enum. i. 47 ; leaves obovate-oblong obtuse coria-
ceous, panicles very small closely pubescent, petals 4 subequal ~ in., drupe ^— |
in. ellipsoid. Wall. Cat. 2829 ; BC. Pi-odr. viii. 297. Ohionanthus zeylanica,
Linn. ; Thwaites Enum. 188 ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 107 ; Bedd.
Far. Man. 154. Thouinia nutans, Linn.f. Suppl. 89.

Ceylon ; common in the hotter parts of the island.

A small tree ; branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves 2\ by 1 in., tip very obtuse
or rounded, base attenuate, nerves slightly impressed beneath distinctly inarching ;
petiole ^ in. Panicle ^-1 in., somewhat dense, grey-pubescent ; lower bracts \ in.,
lanceolate, upper i in., ovate. Calyx very small. Ovary glabrous.

Vab. dichofoma, Wall. Cat. 2825 (sp.) ; leaves elliptic or oblong subacute at both
ends very coriaceous nerves less distinct, panicles 1-4 in. lax nearly glabrous, petals
^-^ in. DC. Prodr. viii. 297.— Ceylon.

4. Xi. albidiflora, Thivaites Enum. 189 ; leaves elliptic shortly suddenly
rostrate coriaceous, panicles small nearly glabrous, petals 4 subequal ^\ in. and
upwards, drupe ^-f in. Ohionanthus axillaris, R. Br. Prodr. 523 ?.

Ceylon; alt. 1-3000 ft., abundant, Thwaites. — Disteib. Australia.

A small tree ; nearly glabrous. Leaves 2f by l^- in. ; nerves beneath slightly
impressed, distinctly inarching. Panicles ^-1 in. ; bracts ^ in., ovate, minutely
ciliate-pubescent. Calyx ^ in., glabrous ; lobes minutely ciliate-pubescent. Petals
pale yellow (Thwaites). Ovary glabrous. — This seems hardly specifically distinct
from L. purpurea if in that species vre include the larger flowered L. dichototnd.
Beddome {For. Man. 154) reduces it with confidence to L. malabarica ; but (apart from
the presence of albumen) L. malabarica has the flowers in small capitate clusters at
the extremities of peduncles much longer than the heads themselves. The example
communicated from Australia by F. Mueller appears identical with the Ceylon speci-
mens ; F. Mueller is very probably right in supposing it to have been Ohionanthus
axillaris, R. Br., but the diagnosis of Brown is very short.

Vae. rostrata, ThwsuitQB Enum. PI. Zeyl. 189 (sp.) ; fruit 1 by ^ in. — Ceylon;
Hinidoon Corle, Thwaites. — Except in the somewhat larger fruit, Thwaites' examples
of this appear identical with his L. albidiflora.

5. Xi. leprocarpa, Thwaites Enum. 189 ; leaves oblong acuminate coria-
ceous, panicles small minutely glandulose-pilose, drupe ovoid large. Ohionan-
thus leprocarpa, Bedd. For. Man. 154.

Ceylon ; Central Province, alt. 3-4000 ft., rather rare, Thwaites.

Appears closely allied to L. purpurea. Leaves 5^ by 1^ in., base narrowly cuneate.

Lmociem.'] xcii. OLEACEiE. (0. B. Clarke.) . 609

very thick ; nerves beneath somewhat obscure, inarching. Fruit 1 by § in., rough,
blotched, fide Thwaites, but when dry does not differ in this respect from the neigh-
bouring species. — Thwaites's example is not in flower ; nor does Thwaites explicitly
state that the seed is exalbuminous.

Var. courtallensis ; leaves elliptic-oblong subacute hardly acuminate drying red-
dish. Chionauthus courtallensis, Bedd. For. Man. 154.— Courtallum, Wight. Tinne-
velly Ghats ; Beddome. — A good-sized tree {Beddome), glabrous. Leaves 7| by 2^ in.,
nerves beneath subobscurely inarched. Panicles |-1 in., usually reduced to 3-5 sub-
simple racemes fascicled in each axil, glabrous. Petals sc{iTce\y^. in. Drw^e unknown.
— The flowers of this have been in the Herbarium matched with the fruit of L.
leprocarpa ; the identification must be uncertain until further material is received.

6. Xi. Intermedia, Wight Ic. t. 1245 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-oblong
acute at both ends secondary nerves prominent, panicles compound somewhat
dense, petals i in. narrowly oblong, drupe ^ by 4 m. Chionanthus intermedia,
£edd.hsylv.t,2Sd. -^ ^' ^ ^ ^ ^

NiLGHEEEiES, alt. 1-6000 ft. ; Wight, Hohenacker, &c. Anamaixats ; alt. 5000 ft.,
Beddome.

A large tree, Beddoine, more often small. Leaves 6|- by 2^ in., chartaceous ;
nerves 10 pairs, reticulations many prominent ; petiole ^-1 in. Panicle 2-5 in. ;
branches compressed; bracts ^ in., ovate; pedicels often hardly any. Calyx ^ in.,
lobes ovate glabrous. Petals 4, shortly united at the base, obscurely disposed in pairs.
Ovari/ glabrous. — Chionanthus picrophloia, F. Muell. Fragm. iii. 139, t. 24, does not
appear to differ ; the inflorescence in the picture is subcapitate, but in the specimens
is densely paniculate, as in L. intermedia.

Vak. Boxburghii ; panicles smaller, drupes scarcely \ in., seed exalbuminous.
Olea paniculata, Roxb. Catal. PI. (1813), and in Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 104.
O. Roxburghii, Spreng. Syst. i. 34 ; Wight Jc. t. 735, not of Wall. 0. Rox burghiana,
Roem. et Sch. Mant. i. 77; DC. Prodr. viii. 286; Dalz. # Gihs. Bomb. Fl. 159;
Bedd. For. Man. 153. — Orissa and Circars, Roxburgh. Chota Nagpore, alt. 2-5000
ft. ; J. B. H., &c. Western Crhats ; Dalzell, Beddome, &c. — Sumbulpore ; Griffith.
Siwaliks ; Edgeworth. At 4500 ft. alt. this is a gnarled tree 25 ft. high. The
examples of Griffith and Edgeworth have narrower (obovate-lanceolate) leaves.
Linociera ? oblonga, Wall. Cat. 2843, from Ava, appears the same, but the example
consists of very young fruits and leaves only.

7. Zi. pauciflora, Clarke ; glabrous, leaves large elliptic-oblong some-
what acuminate coriaceous, panicles very small. Olea pauciflora, Wall. Cat.
2812, letter a only) DC. Prodr. viii. 2SS,imrtly.

Penang ; Wallich.

Leaves 7^ by 2^ in., shortly obtusely acuminate, base cuneate; nerves 11 pairs,
subprominent beneath, secondary nerves obscure ; petiole ^ in. Panicles reduced to
subsimple erect spikes 1 in. Flowers in bud, seem likely to be small. Drupe not
seen. — This could hardly be distinguished from L. leprocarpa, var. courtallensis, but
by the subsolitary racemes. If, however, as Wallich supposed, the next variety is
really its young fruit, it must be altogether different.

Vae. evolutior; nerves more distinct, petioles 1-1|- in., panicles in young fruit
2-6 in. compound lax, branches stout angular, pedicels thickened. L. pauciflora.
Wall. Cat. 2812, b only. — Penang; Wallich. Tenasserim or Andamans, Heifer. —
The seeds are immattu-e but probably exalbuminous.

Vae. palembanica ; leaves as of L. pauciflora, Wall, a, panicles 2-5 in. compound,
petals j^ in. elliptic-oblong, fruits not seen. Chionanthus palembanica, Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. Suppl. 558; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 169, and in Mtrn. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 243.—
Andamans ; Kurz, Heifer. — Kurz says the drupe is 1-1|- in., ovoid to oblong. In one
branch of Heifer's the petioles vary from 5 to f in. The upper bracts are sometimes
^ in., subfoliaceous, both in Miquel's and Heifer's examples.

VOL. II r. BR

610 . xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Llnociera.

8. Zi. temiflora, Wall. Cat. 2845 ; leaves oblong acuminate coriaceous,
nerves inarching distinct on both surfaces, flowers in small heads in small
pubescent panicles, petals ^—^ in, united in pairs, ovary pilose. DC. Pf'odr. viii.
297. Olea temiflora, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 157, and in Joui-n. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
244.

BiRMA ; on the Saltien, Wallich ; Pegu — Yomah, Kurz.

Innovations fulvous-pilose. Leaves 6^ by 2 in., sometimes more elliptic, glauoous-
green, narrowed at both ends, apex obtuse ; nerves S pairs, impressed above ; petiole
^ in. Panicles 1-3 in., divaricate with few heads, grey-pubescent ; heads often 3-
flowered. Calyx ^^ in. ; lobes broad, patent, thin, ciliate-pubescent. Petals united
about one-third their length. Ovary minutely pilose ; style twice as long as the
ovary, pilose below. Dritpe ^ by ^ in. ; seed exalbuminous in Kurz's own example,
who nevertheless removes the species to Olea. — Setting aside the albumen, the species
appears closely allied to Linociera malaha.rica.

Var. acuminata. Wall. Cat. 2844 (sp.) ; primary nerves obscure somewhat im-
pressed beneath not prominently inarched, petals united in pairs for half their length,
ovary densely pilose, style much shorter than the ovary. DC. Prodr. viii. 298.
Linociera sp. n. 6. Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. ^' T. — Birma; on the Saluen, Wallich; Moul-
mein; Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3689); Chittagong; H.f. 4' T.

9. Zi. Inslgrnis, Clarke; leaves large obovate-lanceolate, panicles com-
poimd pubescent, petals 4 nearly free oblong-linear. Chionanthus insignis.
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 559. Ch. montanus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 159, and in
Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 243, not of Blume.

Tenasserim, Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3688); Martaban, alt. 1-2000 ft., rather
rare, Kurz. — Distrib. Sumatra.

A small tree {Kurz) ; innovations ashy-pubescent. Leaves 9^ by 2f in., shortly
acuminate, base attenuated, glabrous ; nerves 12 pairs, prominent beneath, secondary
obscure ; petiole l^- in. Panicles 2-4 in., ashy-pubescent ; bracts ^ in., linear, some
f in., subfoliaceous, often added ; pedicels often hardly any. Calyx ~^ in., pubescent ;
lobes deep, almost acute. Petals ^-^ in., oblong, margins much incurved. Ovary
microscopically pilose ; style as long as the ovary, terminated by 2 short lobes. Drupe
1 in. (Kurz) ; the fruit in the examples seen is very imperfectly ripe, but seems
likely to be larger. — Chionanthus macrocarpa, Blume (Mus. Bot. i. 319), has drupes
Ii- by f in. and obtuse petals, but the leaves and inflorescence are exceedingly like
the present plant. Kurz supposes the Tenasserim plant to be Chionanthus montana,
Blume (altered to Ch. monticola in Mus. Bot. i. 317), but the plentiful examples
communicated show this to be a totally different species with much smaller leaves and
very small glabrous panicles.

10. Zi. xninutiflora, Clarke; leaves obovate-oblong subacute, panicles
compound, calyx nearly glabrous, petals ^ in. free narrowly oblong. Chionan-
thus minutiflora, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 159, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 243.

Martaban Hills ; east of Tounghoo, Brandis.

Leaves 4^ by If in., base cuneate, coriaceous ; nerves few, slender, prominent
beneath, secondary obscure; petiole ^ in. Panicles 3-4 in., minutely ashy-pubescent,
branches in flower long slender; bracts ^ in., linear ; pedicels haixily any. Calyx
^ in. ; lobes ovate, glabrous or puberulous. Ovary glabrous ; stjle very short.
Drupe not seen. — The examples from Kurz's herbarium are very imperfect ; they
appear closely allied to L. laxiflora, Blume (common in Malaya), which has, however,
a very pubescent calyx.

11. Zi. xnacrophylla, Wall. Cat. 2826 ; leaves large long-petioled oblong
acute distinctly nerved, panicles compound dense less than one-third as long as
the leaves glabrous, pedicels 0-^ in., petals ^ in. nearly free oblong, drupe f by
^ in. DC. Prodr. viii. 297. Chionanthus macropbylla, Kurz For. FL ii. 159,
and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 243.

Linociera.] xcii. oleaceji. (C. B. Clarke.) 611

SiLHET ; Wallich. Assam ; Griffith, Jenkins. Khasta ; Griffith.

A small tree ; glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 8 by 2^^ in. (sometimes 9^ by 4 in.),
acute at both ends, chartaceous, often punctate on the upper surface ; nerves 10-13 pairs,
secondary distinct ; petiole 1-1 J in. Panicles 1-1^ in. in the type specimens, 1-4 in.
in cultivated ones; bracts minute. Calyx glabrous. Petals obtuse, margins little
incurved. Ovary glabrous ; style short. Fruit elongate ellipsoid, on greatly thickened
pedicels ; endocarp crustaceous ; testa thin ; albumen 0.

Var. attenuata ; panicle more lax, in fruit slenderer with pedicels less thickened.
L. tenuiflora, Wall. Cat. 2827 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 298. Olea attenuata, Wall. Caj!.2839 ;
DC. I. c. 286. Chionanthus ramiflora, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. Carey ^-
Wall. i. 106 ; Be7ith. Fl. Austral, iv. 301. Phillyrea ramiflora, Roxh. Ic. Ined.—:Pegu.
and Tenasserim ; Wallich, Griffith. Andamans; Kurz.— J)isTRiB. Ava, Malaya,
Tropical Australia. — This has been placed as a variety of L. intermedia, Wight, and
it does not greatly differ but by the smaller flowers and the much slenderer panicle. —
L. ramiflora. Wall. Cat. 2824 (DC. I. c. 297), cultivated specimen, is remarkable for
the intricately divaricately ramous panicle, the pedicels being nearly all i to ^ in. The
whole series only differs in the development of the panicle, and (slightly) in the size
of the flowers ; and perhaps L. intermedia, macrophylla and ramiflora (with their
varieties) form but one species, extending over Southern and Eastern India, Malaya
and Australia.

SPECIES NOT SEEN.

L. coxrNiFOLiA, Vahl ; DC. Prodr. viii. 297 ; is founded on Pluk. Ahn. t. 241, fig.
4, which represents a Ceylon shrub with leaves very villous beneath and 5-merous
flowers, and is therefore not of the genus.

L. ? LORANTHiFOLiA, Wall. Cat. 2842, from Amherst, has only twigs and a few
leaves which resemble those of Salvadora persica.

L. MuKLLERi, Van Heurck PI. Nov. 124, collected by Griffith near Malacca, is
perhaps Bouea microphylla, Griff. ; J. D. Hook. FL Brit. Ind. ii. 21. (It has 4
stamens).

CmoNANTHirs ?Gh^ri, Gaerin.; DC. Prodr. viii. 295; from Ceylon, of which
the leaves and flowers are unknown, remains obscure.

NoTEL.'EA PosuA, Don Prodr. 107 ; leaves opposite elliptic-oblong acuminate,
peduncles axillary drooping clustered 1 -flowered, calyx-teeth equal, stigma capitate.

NiPAx ; Narainhetty, Hamilton (flde Don). Probably a Linociera.

Leaves 4-5 by 1 ^-2 in. Petals 4, ovate united at the base in pairs by the filaments.
Drupe with subchartaceous endocarp. — Copied from Don.

8. OXiZiA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Flowers small, her-
maphrodite dioecious or polygamous, in axillary or terminal panicles ; bracts
minute. Calyx small, 4-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tuhe short ; lobes 4, indupli-
cate-valvate, or 0. Stamens 2, on the corolla-tube or subhypogynous, filaments
short ; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stigma ovate or shortly
2-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, subpendulous or attached laterally to the septum.
Drupe ellipsoid or subglobose, endocarp bony or crustaceous, usually 1-seeded.
Seed pendulous, albumen fleshy ; radicle superior. — Distrib. Species 35 in the
Old World, from the North Temperate Zone to South Africa and New Zealand.

1. O. cuspidata, Wall. Cat. 2817 ; leaves oblong, nerves beneath en-
tirely obscured by felted ferruginous scales, panicles short axillary, flowers
bisexual corolloid, ovary glabrous, drupe ^ in. ellipsoid. DC. Prodr. viii. 285;
Brand. For. Fl. 307, t. 38 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 36. 0. ferruginea, Boyle 111.
257, t. 65, fig. 1.

North- WEST Himalaya and Kashmir, alt. 2-6000 ft., frequent. Distrib. Cabul,
Beloochistan.

r r 2

G12 xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Olea,

A tree, 30 ft., glabrous, not spinous. Leaves 2| by | in., narrowed at both ends,
usually obtuse or subacute, sometimes cuspidate, very coriaceous ; midrib prominent
beneath, scales of the lower surface circular peltate closely toothed ; petiole ^-l in.
Panicles 1-2 in., minutely scaly; flowers perfect, but many with reduced ovary are
functionally male. Calyx ^-^ in., subtruncate, glabrous. Corolla deeply divided;
lobes y^g in., elliptic, obtuse. Endocarp bony. — This was supposed a var. of the Wild
Olive by Dr. Stewart ; Brandis says it differs by the more lax inflorescence, the upper
surface of the leaves glossy, not dull grey, the lower surface reddish instead of white,
smaller fruit, the absence of spines, and a more distinctly marked heartwood. The
cuspidation of the leaves, distinct in Wallich's specimen, and relied on by Boissier as
a diagnostic mark, proves variable in the Indian plant.

2. O. g'landulifera, Wall. Cat. 2811 ; leaves rhomboid-lanceolate
entire, nerve-axils glandular, secondary nerves distinctly reticulating, panicles
mostly terminal glabrous or nearly so, flowers bisexual coroUoid, ovary glabrous
or nearly so, drupe h in. ovoid. DC. Prodr. viii. 285; Wight Ic' t. 1288;
Bedd. Ft. Sijlv. t. 238"; Brand. For. Fl. 309, excl. syn.

North- WEST Himalaya, alt. 2-6000 ft., from Kashmir to Nipal. Mts. of South
India ; Wight, Beddome, &c.

A tree, 20-60 ft.; glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 4 by 2 in., acuminate, base
cuneate, margin undulate ; petiole f in. Paoiicles nearly always terminal, some
smaller in the penultimate axils sometimes added, 2-6 in. diam., broad, compound ;
pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx minute, 4-lobed, glabrous or obscurely pubescent on the
margin. Corolla deeply divided, lobes ^ in., elliptic, obtuse. Anthers broad, lai^e.
Ovary glabrous or (fide Wight) minutely hairy. Endocarp bony.

3. O. dioica, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 3, and i^. Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. i. 105;
leaves elliptic-lanceolate toothed or entire coriaceous, secondary nerves obscure,
panicles axillary glabrous, flowers dioecious males with corolla females without,
ovary glabrous or with hard tomentum, drupe ^-f in. ellipsoid often subacute.
Wall. Cat. 2814; Wight Bl. t. 151; DC. B'odr. viii. 286; Dalz. 8f Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 169; Bedd. For. Man. 154; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 157, and in Joum.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 244. O. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 2815. O. Heyneana,
Wall. Cat. 2823 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 288.

In the lower hills, from Assam and Bengal throughout the Deccan Peninsula ;
common. Chittagong Hills ; Roxburgh.

A tree 30-60 ft. ; glabrous. Leaves 5^ by 2J in., base cuneate ; nerves 10 pairs,
elevated beneath ; petiole f in. Panicles 2-6 in., very compound, shining (female
usually smaller) ; pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx minute ; lobes ovate, glabrous or margin
obscurely pubescent. Corolla of the males deeply lobed ; lobes — i^-j elliptic, ob-
tuse ; of the females wanting in the examples seen (Kurz says present). Endocarp
crustaceous. — 0. Wightiana, Wall., is a form from Assam with large leaves but shorter
subglobose drupes ; in the tj'pical 0. dioica the drupes are often subacute.

4. O. xnaritixna, Wall. Cat. 2813; branchlets hairy, leaves elliptic-lan-
ceolate entire or toothed coriaceous, secondary nerves obscure, panicles axillary
hairy, flowers dioecious, drupe f in. globose. G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 49 ; DC,
Pi'odr. viii. 288. Pachyderma javanicum, Blume Bijd. 682. Stereoderma
javanicum, ^^M7«e ; DC. I.e. 290. Tetrapilus brachiatus, Lour. Fl. Cochinch.
61K Notelaea ZoUingeriana, Teijs. ^ Binn. Cat. Hart. Bog. 122.

Malacca and Singapore; Wallich, Griffith, &c., frequent. — Distbib. Malaya,
Cochinchina.

A small tree. Leaves 3^ by l^ in., base cuneate, glabrous ; petiole ^ in. Panicles
1-4 in., compound; bracts minute or a few |-| in. narrow lanceolate, caducous;
pedicels 0-^ in. Calyx minute ; lobes ovate, pubescent. Carolla (in the males)
■^-j^ in., divided deeply ; lobes elliptic, obtuse ; of females not seen. Endocarp
somewhat bony. — Without fruit, this greatly resembles Olea dioica, but the branchlets

Olea.] xcii. oleacej:. (C. B. Clarke.) 613

and panicles have many minute soft spreading hairs. Wight supposed it to he Olea
microcarpa, Vahl (i.e. Phillyrea indica, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 19), but Loureiro says his
plant had terminal inflorescence, so that it should more probably be one of the globose-
fruited Ligustrums allied to (or identical with) a Khasia or Chinese species.

5. O. dentata, Wall. Cat. 2840 ; branchlets hairy, leaves oblong-lanceo-
late toothed or entire coriaceous, secondary nerves obscure, panicles axillary
lai^e hairy, flowers dioecious, corolla in both sexes campanulate shortly 4-fid.
DC. Prodr. viii, 286} Kurz For. Fl. ii. 167, and in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii.
245.

British Birma ; Griffith and Heifer (Kew Distrib. n. 3690), Parish, &c. ; Martaban
and Tenasserim, alt. 2-3000 ft., frequent (Kurz).

A tree, 40-60 ft. (Kurz). Leaves 6 by 1 J in., base cuneate or subobtuse, glabrous
or sometimes hairy beneath ; nerves slender, often subimpressed beneath ; petiole ^
in. Panicle (both male and female) 3-6 in., brachiate ; bracts small, linear or ^-^ in.,
very narrow, hairy; pedicels 0-^ in., with flowers in threes. Calyx minute ; lobes
ovate, pubescent. Corolla ^-^ in'., almost tubular-campanulate, subequally 4-lobed.
Ovari/ glabrous ; style 0 ; stigma subtruncate. Prupe not seen. — This plant has been
mixed with O.maritima, from which it hardly differs but by the campanulate shortly-
divided corolla, and with Linociera temifolia, in which the corolla is nearly divided
into 2 bifid petals and the panicle much smaller.

Vab. salicifolia, "Wall. Cat. 2821 (sp.) ; panicles much less hairy, pedicels ^-^ in.
subumbelled, corolla ^ in., drupes ^ by ^ in. narrow ellipsoid, endocarp bony, seed
albuminous. PC. Prodr. x'ln. 286. — Khasia; Wallich, Griffith; at the Bor-pani, Zf.
f. 8f T. — This is placed with 0. dentata by "Kurz, the leaves are remarkably similar,
and one of Griffith's Mergui examples in flower seems nearer the Khasia 0. salicifolia
than the Birma 0. dentata ; but the seeds of 0. dentata remain unknown, and may
prove to be exalbuminous, when the species will stand near Linociera tcrniflora.

6. O. Gamble!, Clarke.', leaves oblong acuminate entire coriaceous,
panicles axillary obscurely pubescent, flowers dioecious both males and females
without corolla, drupes f by ^ in.

Tropical Sikkim Himalaya ; J. D. H. ; near Punkabari, Gamble.

Nearly glabrous. Leaves 4^ by| in., parallel-sided, long acuminate, base cuneate;
nerves obscure ; petiole \ in. Panicles 2\ in., brachiate ; briicts minute ; pedicels
0— I in. Calyx less than ^ in., subtruncate, ciliate. Anthers subsessile, oblong, large.
Ovary glabrous ; style short, stigma short bifid. Fruit sometimes nearly 1 by ^ in. ;
endocarp bony. Seed albuminous. — One or two hermaphrodite flowers (without
corolla) are seen at the base of the feujale panicles. The New Zealand 0. apetala
has broader less acuminate leaves and shorter, far less compound, subracemose
panicles.

7. O. polyg'ama, Wight Ic. tt. 1239, 1240; glabrous, leaves broadly
elliptic suddenly shortly acuminate coriaceous, secondary nerves obscure,
panicles axiUary, flowers male and hermaphrodite all petaline. Bedd. For.
Man. 154. O. Gardneri, Thivaites Enum. 188 ; Bedd. For. Man. 154.

NiLGHEBBiES ; Sispara, Gardner, Wight. Cbylon ; alt. 7000 ft., Walker,
Thwaites.

A small tree. Leaves 2| by \\ in., obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate ; nerves 8 pairs,
subimpressed beneath ; petiole ^ in. Panicles 1-2^ in. ; male on one tree, female-
bermaphrodite on another; bracts inconspicuous; pedicels ^-^ in., subumbelled,
Flowers as of 0. dioica. Prupe not seen. — This differs from 0. dioica slightly ; the
leaves dry reddish with subincurved margins, the nerves are not elevated beneath ;
the panicles are smaller ; it looks like a high-level, somewhat stunted 0. dioica.

614 xcii. OLEACE^. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ligustrum.

9. Z.ZGUSTRV2KC, Lirm.

Shrubs or trees ; branchlets often lenticellate. Leaves opposite, entire, gla-
brous when mature, except in L. nepalense, var. vestita. Panicles terminal,
sometimes with foliaceous bracts in the lower part, flowers white or nearly so.
Calyx small, truncate or shortly 4-toothed. Corolla funnelshaped, tube long or
short; lobes 4, induplicate-valvate. Stamens 2, on the corolla-tube, filaments
short ; anthers oblong or rounded. Ovary 2-celled ; style longish, stigma sub-
clavate oblong hardly 2-fid. Drupe 1-3-seeded ; endocarp chartaceous or thin.
Albumen fleshy ; radicle superior. — Distkib. Species 25, from Europe through-
out Asia to Australia.

* Di'upe longer than hi'oad.

1. Zi. robustum, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 313 ; branches very lenticellate,
leaves elliptic narrowed at both ends, nerves slender irregular, panicle large
hairy, corolla-tube as long as the calyx, drupe ^ by | in. Dene, in Nmiv. Arch.
Mus. 2, ii. 29, not of Brand, or Bedd. L. pubescens, Wall. Cat. 2841 ; Fl. As.
Bar. iii. 44 ; DC. Prodr. viii. 294. L. punctatum. Griff. Notul. iv. 741.
Phillyrea robusta, Boxh. Hort. Beng. 3, and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey (^ Wall. i. 101.
Olea robusta. Wall. Cat. 2822 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 1 58, and in Journ. As. Soc.
1877, pt. ii. 244. Visiania robusta, DC. I. c. 289 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. v. t. 44. V.
sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 649.

East Bengal Plain ; Silhet, Dacca, Chittagong, &c. ; abundant near the base of
the hills. Pegu- Kurz. — Distrib. Birma, Malaya.

A tree, attaining 60 ft. ; usually a large shrub. Leaves 3| by 1^ in., membranous ;
nerves somewhat distant, difficult to count from their irregularities and interposed
scarcely less distinct other nerves; petiole i in. Panicles often 12 by 10 in., pubes-
cent or almost villous ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles ~ in., linear; pedicels (in flower) 0-^in.,
the flowers all scattered not clustered. Corolla small, white. Style long, or (fide
Griffith) hardly any (is the species dimorphic ?). Thricpe cylindric, ofl:en curved and
more or less glaucous. — Many of the species that follow are difiicult to separate from
this ; and, when it is said that this East Bengal plains plant is not L. rohustum of
Brandis, all that is intended is that the long-fruited Silhet species (Roxburgh's type)
has not been sent from the North-west Himalaya. Dr. Brandis may very probably be
right in thinking plants he has seen there to be not specifically distinct.

Var. Jchasiaiia ; panicle smaller denser, pedicels in flower 0, drupe \-^ by ^-^ in.
very glaucous. Ligustrum sp. n. 5, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. ^" T. Olea, n. 445, Griffi.
Notul. iv. 29.— Khasia, alt. 4000 ft. ; Griffith, H.f. ^- T., &c.— A stunted small tree,
perhaps a high-level form of the plains' L. robustum, but appears more distinct than
species admitted by authors. In Griffith's examples the fruiting panicle in L. robustum
type is diffuse with scattered fruit, in var. khasiana it is close erect rigid with erect
fruits and 4-angled lenticellate branches ; the fruits are scarcely more than half the size
of those of L. robustum. But the series Ligustrum, n. 5, H. f. ^•. T., includes an
example gathered at Chela (alt. 1000 ft.) which is intermediate in character.

2. Zi. "Walkeri, Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 27 ; branches lenticel-
late, leaves elUptic acuminate, nerves slender irregular, panicle large compound
minutely pubescent, corolla-tube hardly as long as the calyx, drupe 5 by ^ in.
L. ceylanicum. Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 30. L. robustum, Thwaites
Enum. 188.

Ceylon ; ascending to 5000 ft., frequent ; Walker, Thwaites (n. 475, 494, &e.).
NiLGHBREiES ; Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. #. T., n. 5, partly.

Very near L robustum, and perhaps only the Ceylon form of it as Thwaites con-
sidered ; the drupes, however, are very much shorter, broader, and somewhat obovoid,
the panicle is more obscurely pubescent, the leaves rather more coriaceous. Decaisne

Ligustrurd.} xcii. OLEACEiE. (C. B. Clarke.) . 615

refers the Nilgherry portion of Ligusi rum, n. 5, H.f. 4' T., to his L. confusum, vrhich
is certainly erroneous ; it is either L. Walkeri or closely allied thereto.

Var. tiibijlora; corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx. Olea Roxburghii, Wall.
Cat. 2816 B only. — Deccan Peninsula; Belgaum, Dr. Ritchie; Herb. Heyne, WaJlich.
— Corolla-tube much slenderer than in L. iieilgherreiue, Wight ; anthers exsert. — These
are very doubtful plants ; Ritchie's has a bracteate panicle, and subovate leaves, but
the drupe is as of L. Walkeri.

3. Xi. Roxburg'hii, Clarke ; branches lenticellate, leaves ovate-lanceolate
acuminate coriaceous, panicle stout pubescent, flowers clustered, corolla-tube
broad as long as the calyx, drupe i by ^ in. L. CandoUeanum, Blume Mus.
Bot. i. 315, not of Dene. L. robustum, Bedd. For. Man. 154, not of Blume.
L. compactum, Dene, in Nouv. Areh. Mus. 2, ii. 23, not of H. f. ^- T. Olea
Roxburghii, Wall. Cat. 2816, not of Sprenq. nor of Wight. Visiania robusta,
WigJit le. t. 1242. Phillyrea terminalis, Herb. Roxh.

Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula, alt. 4-7000 ft., very common.

A small tree. Leaves 3^ by ^ in., base obtuse; nerves 8 pairs, slender but well-
defined and somewhat regular ; petiole \ in. Panicles often 8 by 6 in., brachiate ;
bracts lanceolate, foliaceous or 0 ; pedicels hardly any, clusters of flowers often some-
what whorled. Corolla \ in., much larger than in L. robitstum ; tube sometimes con-
siderably exceeding the calyx. — Blume founds his species on Wall. Cat. 2816 E, which
he (by error) supposes to have come from Nipal. Decaisne has not included Wight's
icon, t. 1242, in his monograph; but he has named the specimens belonging to that
picture. Z. comjjactum, perhaps because of the distinct re^lar nervation of the leaves,
which is similar. This species has been known as *' the stout Nilgherry form of L.
robustum,'" but it diiFers as much from L. robustum of Silhet as does any Indian
Ligustrum. The confusion which has enveloped this species arises from its having
been named by Wight Phillyrea paniculata, Roxb., which is = Ligustrum lucidum^
Aiton = Olea clavata, Don = 0. Roxburghii, Spreng. (Wight Ic. t. 735), a Chinese
plant, cultivated both at Calcutta and in Europe, closely allied to L. Roxburghii, but
having the panicle glabrous.

4. Zi. neilg'herrense, Wight Ic. 1. 1243, not of Dene. ; leaves ovate acute
coriaceous, panicle dense, branches glabrous lenticellate, corolla-tube twice as
long as the calyx, drupe i by ^ in. L. Oandolleanum, Dene, in Nouv. Areh,
Mus. 2, ii. 28, not of Blume. Olea Roxbiu-ghii, Wall. Cat. 2816, E only.

Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula, frequent ; Dindyghul, Nilgherries, Bababoodun
Hills, &c.

United (very probably correctly) with L. Roxburghii by Beddome ; it differs in
the larger flowers (corolla-tube \ in.) and in the glabrous panicle, the branches of
which are quadrangular lenticellate in fruit, instead of round and hairy as in L. Rox-
burghii. The leaves also are not acuminate, often subobtuse, sometimes orbicular
(2i by 2 in.)- — Decaisne has marked a typical example of this from Herb. Wight
(flower and fruit) L. compactum ; the Kumaon L. compactum has a shorter corolla-
tube with reflexed lobes more closely-nerved acuter leaves, and a very different-looking
less rigid fruit-panicle with compressed flexuose branches.

Var. obovata. Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 22 ; leaves subobtuse, corolla
rather shorter. — Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula. — Cannot be satis&etorily distinguished
from L. neilgherrense.

5. Zi. Perrottetil, A. DC. in DC. Prodr. viii. 294; branches rarely
lenticellate, leaves smallish elliptic acute at both ends, panicles thyrsoid mi-
nutely pubescent, corolla-tube nearly twice the calyx, drupe i by ^ in. Wight
Ic. t. 1244 ; Bedd. For. Man, 163, and Anal. Gen. t. 19, fig. 6 ; Dene, in Nouv,
Areh. Mus. 2, ii. 32.

Mts. of the Deccan Peninsula, frequent ; Nilgherries, Pulneys, Wight^ Gardner,

616 xcn. OLEACE^. (0. B. Clarke.) [Ligustrum,

Leaves 2 by | in., coriaceous ; nerves 7 pairs, oblique to the midrib, slender or
obscure. Panicles 3 by 1^ in., rigid ; branches in fruit 4-angled, stout. — This differs
little from L. Eoxhurghii but by the non-lenticellate branches and smaller leaves, and
is placed under L. Roxburghii by Beddome.

6. Xi. Decaisnel, Clarhe-, branches lenticellate, leaves small elliptic
acute at both ends, panicles small obscurely pubescent, corolla small tube
scarcely as long as the calyx. L. neilgherrense, Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii.
32, not of Wight. Ligustrum sp. n. 3, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.

Nelgheeries.

Leaves 1^ by § in. Panicles 2 by 1^ in. — This appears as though a form of L.
Walkeri with smaller leaves and panicles, but is founded on a plant once collected,
the fruit unknown.

Vab. microphylla, "Wight in Herb, (sp.) ; leaves 2\ by f in. lanceolate, panicles
glabrous, berry i by ^ in. — South Deccan ; Shevagherry Hills and Courtallum, Wight.
— L. microphyllum, Bedd. For. Man. 154, from Coorg, is described with small leaves
and pubescent panicle-branches, and is therefore perhaps nearer L. Decaisnei type. L.
Walkeri only differs in its large diffuse panicles.

7. Xj. coxnpactum, H.f. ^ T.', Brand. F&r. Fl. 310; glabrous, leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, nerves 12-20 pairs subdistinct, panicle pyramidal compound,
corolla-tube as long as the calyx, fruit nearly ^ by | in. Dene, in Nouv. Areh.
Mus. 2, ii. 23 {as to the Kumaon examples). Olea compacta, Wall. Cat. 2819.
DC. Prodr. viii. 287.

Tempeeate Himalaya, alt. 5000 ft.; Kumaon, WalUch, Thomson, Strachey ^-
Winterhottom.

Branches sparingly (or not) lenticellate. Leaves 4 by 1^ in., acute, base cuneate
or rounded, coriaceous ; petiole \ in. Panicles 4 in. long and broad ; bracts 0 ; brac-
teoles minute ; flowers clustered, subsessile. Corolla-tube very short ; lobes reflexed,
or sometimes corolla-tube considerably exceeding the calyx. Pam'c^e dense with fruit;
branches compressed, flexucse. Brupe often curved.

8. Xi. BXassalong'ianum, Vis. PI. Nov. Orto Padova, 27, t. 4 ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, panicles small dense very hairy, corolla-tube narrow twice as
long as the calyx, drupe i by ^ in. Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 19. Olea
robusta, y. angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 2822. Ligustrum n. 8, Herb. Ind. Or, H.
f.8r T.

Khasia ; alt. 3-5000 ft., Wallich, H.f. ^ T., &c.

A small shrub ; branchlets lenticellate, densely leafy. Leaves 3 by | in., tapering
at each end, coriaceous ; nerves few, distant ; petiole ^ in. Panicles 1-2 in. ; bracts
^ in., linear, caducous ; bracteoles inconspicuous ; flowers clustered, subsessile, small.
Berry glaucous, exceedingly like that of L. robustum, var. Jchasiana, of which this
may be a narrow-leaved form.

Var. Lindleyi ; leaves 1 in. lanceolate, corolla-tube hardly longer than the calyx,
style short, drupe ^ in. broad. L. robustum. Wall. Cat. 2822, y ody. Olea Lindleyi,
Wall. Cat. 6305 ; BC. Prodr. viii. 288. Ligustrum sp., n. 1175, Griff. Itin. Notes, 81.
—Khasia, alt. 3-4000 ft.; Griffith, H. f S[ T., &c.— Perrottet's Nilgherry plant re-
ferred here by Decaisne was perhaps L. Becaisnei, var. microphylla.

** Drupe globose.

9. Xa. confusuxu, Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 24 ; branches lenticel-
late, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, panicles pubescent bractless, flowers clustered
subsessile, corolla-tube as long as the calyx, berry I in. diam. L. robustum,
Wall. Cat. 2822, |3 only. Ligustrum sp., nn. 1247, 408, 1247, Gh'if. Itin. Notes,

pp. 86, 123, 157. Ligustrum n. 9, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. ^ T.

Ligustrum.'] xcii. oleace^. (0. B. Clarke.) 617

SiKKiM ; Lachen and Lachoong. J. D. H. ; Kulhait, alt. 5000 ft., Clarke. Bhotan ;
alt. 6500 ft , Griffith. Khasia, alt. 3-5000 ft, commoD, Griffith, H.f. ^- T., &c.

A small tree; sometimes 40 ft. in Sikkim. Leaves 3 J by f in., usually obtuse or
rounded at the base, coriaceous ; nerves slender or distinct ; petiole ^ in. Panicles
1-6 in. ; bracts 0 or linear, caducous; bracteoles minute. Corolla ^ in., wider than
in L. robusttmi. — This previous to Decaisne's memoir, was confounded with L. robus-
tum which (except as to the fruit) it greatly resembles. In flower it differs from the
Bengal typical L. robv^tum in the more obtusely-based leaves, the sessile crowded
flowers, and the broader corolla. It only differs from L. splcatum in the absence of
persistent leaflike bracts in the panicle. Simons' specimen is named L. compactum by
Decaisne, but it haS a pubescent panicle, and the leaves do not show the prominent
numerous nerves characteristic of L. compactum.

Vab. macrocarpa ; berry ^ in. diam. and upwards. Khasia ; Nunklao, alt. 4000
ft., Clarke.

10. Zi. nepalense, WaU. Cat. 2830, and in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ^
Watt. i. 150, and PI. As. Ear. iii. 44, t. 270; branches lenticellate, leaves ellip-
tic-lanceolate, panicles large pubescent, bracts leaflike coriaceous persistent,
flowers clustered sessile, corolla-tube as long as the calyx, drupe | in. diara.
DC. Frodr. viii. 294, excl. var. /3 ; Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mm. 2, ii. 26. L.
spicatum, Ham. ; Dm Prodr. 107 ; Loud. Arb. Brit. 680, t. 1220. L. bracteo-
latum, Don Prodr. 1Q7 ; DC. I. c. ; Brand. For. FL 310 ; Dene. I. c. 34. L.
Wallichii, Blume Mus. Bat. i. 315 ; Done. I. c. 29. L. parviflorum, Visiani ;
Dens, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 26. L. Immaonense, Dene. I. c. 28. Olea
grandiflora, WaU. Cat. 2820. Visiania grandiflora, DC. I. c. 289.

Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-7000 ft. ; Gurwhal to Nipal, frequent.

Only separable from L. confusum by the bracts interspersed among the panicle
branches being petiolate, often 1^ by \ in., coriaceous, persistent. The type examples
of L. nepalense and grandiflorum in herb. Wallich, and of //. kumaonense in herb.
Strach. & Winterb. all exhibit these bracts, which are not seen in the Khasian L.
confusum. — L. nepalense, /8 var. glabra (Bot. Mag. t. 2921), is L. lucidum, and re-
ceived from the Calcutta garden, it is not an Indian plant.

Var. vestita, Wall. Cat. 6304 (sp.) ; leaves villous beneath. DC. Prodr. viii. 294.
-^Nipal.

11. Xi. BKyrsinltes, Dene, in Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2, ii. 33; leaves small
elliptic, racemes small few-flowered nearly glabrous, drupe scarcely i in. diam.
L. Uva-ursi, Dene. I. c. 34. Ligustrum n. 10, He7-b. Ind. Or. H.f. 8f T.

Khasia, alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Mairung, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 3683) ; Moflong,
Moleem and Upper Kalapani, J. D. H., Simons.

A small ramous shrub; branchlets hairy. Leaves ^-§ by \-\ in., glabrous,
coriaceous ; nerves obscure ; petiole ^ in. Panicles (nearly always reduced to
racemes) 3-10-flowered, less than ^ in. diam. in flower; rhachis verrucose hardly
hairy; flowers sessile ; in the penultimate axils are often added solitary short -pedi-
celled flowers (or raceme with foliaceous bracts in its lower part). Corolla ^ in., tube
a little longer than the calyx.

10. MYXOPYRUM, Blume.

Large scandent shmbs ; branches 4-angular. Leaves opposite, large, coria-
ceous, 3-nerved, entire or toothed. Flmvers small, yellowish, numerous in
axillary and terminal trichotomous panicles ; bracts minute or 0. Calyx acutely
4-lobed. Corolla-tube longer than the calj-x ; lobes 4, concave, oblong or
spathulate, induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens 2, on the corolla-tube, fila-
ments short ; anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled ; style hardly any, stigma 2-lobed;
ovules 1-2 in each ceU, attached near the base at the inner angle (anatropal, j'Ze^e

618 xcii. OLEACEj;. (C. B. Clarke.) [Myxopjrun^

Blume). Fruit 1-seeded g-lobose, or sometimes 2-seeded obovoid; pericarp
crustaceoiis. Testa thin, albumen horny; radicle inferior. — Distrib. Species
3, East Himalaya to South Madras and Malaya.

1. ZtX. smilacifoliuxn, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 820; leaves ovate or obbng
acute entire or toothed, fruit ^ in. diam. Ku7'z For. Fl. ii. 160, and in Journ.
As. Soc. 1877, pt. ii. 245. Ligustrum laurifolium, Boxb. Hort. Bmg. 3. Chio-
nanthus ? smilacifolia, Wall, in Boxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 4* Wall. i. 108.
Chondrospermum smilacifolium. Wall. Cat. 2837; Wight III. t. 15], b. Dyi
DC. Frodr. viii. 301. Ch. coriaceum. Wall. Cat. 2838; DC^l.c.

SiKKiM Teeai ; J. B. H. Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong, Pegu, Penang.
South Deccan Peninsula ; Anamallay Mts., Beddome. — Distbib. Malaya, Admiralty
Islands.

Nearly glabrous. Leaves 6-9 in., from narrow-oblong to cordate-ovate, acuminate,
base cuneate or rounded, entire slightly toothed or closely serrate on the same
branch ; petiole \ in. Panicles 4-8 in., peduncled ; branches somewhat lax in fruit.
Corolla ^ in.

2. BI. nervosum, Blume Bijd. 683 ; Mus. Bot. i. 320. t. 61 ; leaves
oblong or elliptic acute entire or toothed, berries | in. diam. DC. Frodr . viii.

290.

•

Malacca ; Maingay. — Distrib. Sumatra, Java.

Leaves 8 by 3^ in., base cuneate or rounded, very coriaceous. Panicles minutely
pubescent in flower, very rigid, brachiate in fruit. — Maingay's plant here described
differs from M. smilacifolium, only in its very stout habit and large berries. Whether
it is Blume's M. nervosum is uncertain, as that has no ripe fruit.

Oedee XCIII. SAXiVADORACEH:. (By 0. B. Clarke.)

Trees or shrubs, nearly glabrous, olive-grey, unarmed or spinous. Leaves
opposite, entire. Floivers clustered or panicled, small, dioecious or polygamo-
dimorphic. Calyx free, campanulate or ovoid, 3-5-fi(i. Corolla shortly cam-
panulate or petals free, 4-merous, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, on the
corolla-tube or hypogynous, alternate with the corolla-segments ; filaments
free or connate into a tube. Ovai'y free, 1-2-, or imperfectly 4-celled ; style
short, stigma 2-fid or subentire ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect from its base,
anatropous. Berry or drupe mostly l-seeded. Seed erect, globose, exalbumi-
nous. — Distrib. Species 8-9, in tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, Madagas-
car and Malaya.

Distinguished from the Indian species of Oleacece by their 4 stamens.

Petals free. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled . 1. Dobera.
Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens on corolla-tube. Ovary 1 -celled,

1-ovuled 2. Salvadora.

Petals free. Stamens free. Ovary 2- (or falsely 4-) celled ... 3. Azima.

1. DOBERA, Juss.

A glabrous tree. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers small, polygamo-dioecious,
clustered on the branches of an axillary inflorescence, trichotomous in the males,
subsimple in the females. Calyx ovoid, irregularly valvate, 3-5-toothed. Petals
4 (or 5), narrowly-oblong, free, imbricate. Stamens 4 (or 5), filaments connate
into a tube ; anthers lanceolate, dehiscing laterally or subextrorsely. Scales 4r-o
outside the staminal tube, alternate "wdth the stamens. Ovary 1-celled {Bth. 8f

Bohera.'} xciii. salvadorace-s:. (C. B. Clarke.) 619

J^.), 4-5-celled (ITochst.), 2-celled {Fo7's7c.) ; style short, stigma obtuse un-
divided (Bth. ^' Hk.), 2-fid (Fo7'8k.) ; ovule solitary, erect {Bth. ^ Hk.). Fruit
subglobose. Seed erect, globose, exalbuminous.

The true place of this digpnted genus cannot be settled until material is received
•which shall decide the stnicture of the young ovary. The younger flowers at Kew
appear all male (or functionally male) ; in these the imperfect style is obscurely
2-lobed, and the ovary seems 2-celled as Forsk. states. From Hochstetter's descrip-
tion it seems probable that he had veiy young fruit containing one 1-seeded cell and
traces of other abortive cells. As he tried to make the order of the tree Meliaeecs, he
may have over-counted the abortive cell,

D. Rozburg-hii, Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3, x. 191. D. coriacea and
glabra, A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 31. Tomex glabra, Forsk. Fl. jEgypt-Arab. 32.
Schizocalyx coriaceus, Hochst. in Flora, 1844, Beil. 2. Blackburnia oppositi-
folia {error for B. monadelpha), Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 435, ^e
Planch. I. c.

Bombay ; Capt. Gehurnc. — Distrib. Arabia, Abyssinia.

A fine tree (Hochst.). Leaves 3| by 1^ in., elliptic, acute, mucronate or obovate-
obtuse (on the same branch in the Indian specimen), coriaceous; petiole ^^ in.
Panicles 1^-3 in. ; bracts 0 ; bracteoles 55 in., ovate, close to the calyx. £alyx -^m.,
ovate-cylindric, subspathaceous ; teeth usually 5, one much broader. Petals \ in,
white, free, 4 in the Indian plant, but placed slightly unsymmetrically, sometimes 5
in the African (Hochst.). Stamens 4 in the Indian specimen (sometimes 5 in the
African), filaments united for two-thirds their length into a subquadrangular tube.
Berry f in. diam. ; endocarp crustaceous. — There is no Blackburnia oppositifolia^
Eoxb. Planchon no doubt meant B. monadelpha, Koxb., with which the description
fairly agrees.

2. SAI.VADORA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or
(mostly) functionally unisexual, racemose or spicate on the branches of terminal
or axillary panicles ; bracts minute. Calyx campanulate ; lobes 4, imbricate.
Corolla campanulate ; tube with 4 small teeth (sometimes subobsolete) between
the bases of the filaments ; lobes 4, imbricate. Stamens 4, on the corolla,
alternate with its lobes. Ovary 1-celIed ; style 0, stigma truncate ; ovule 1,
erect basal. Drupe globose, supported by the slightly enlarged calyx, and sub-
persistent corolla ; endocarp crustaceous. Seed erect, globose, exalbuminous. —
1)ISTRIB. Species 2 ; Eastern Africa, Arabia and India.

1. S. persica, Linn. ; A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 28 ; glabrous, leaves ovate or
oblong obtuse, panicles axillary or terminal compound, flowers pedicelled, drupes
scattered. Vahl Symh. i. 12, t. 4; Lamk. III. t. 81 ; Roxh. Cor. PL i. 2Q, t.26,
and Fl. Ind. ed. Carey Sf Wall. i. 404 ; Wall. Cat. 1042 ; Lemaout 8f Dene.
Traits Bot. 453, with Jig. ; Dalz. <§• Gibs. Bomh. Fl. 312 ; Baill. in Adans. ix.
289, t. 10, fig. 4-8; Brand. For. Fl. 315 ; B&iss. Fl. Orient, iv. 43. S. Wiffhtiana,
Planch.', Thivaites Enum. 190; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 247. S. iudica, Wight III.
ii. 22Q, t. 181. Cissus arborea, Forsk. Fl. ^gypt-Arab. 32. Embelia Grossu-
laria, Retz Obs. iv. 24.

India, alt. 0-1500 ft., in the drier climates ; from the Punjab and Scinde to Patna ;
and in the Circars and North Ceylon; often planted elsewhere. — Distbib. Arabia,
Syria, E. Africa,

A small, glaucous tree Leaves If by | in., somewhat fleshy; petiole ^ in.
Panicles 2-5 in., often very compound, numerous in the upper axils ; flowers scattered.
Calyx ^ in., lobes ovate. Corolla /^ in., almost 6-partite. Filaments short, anthers
ovate. Brupe ^ in. diam.

rcn^t

620 xciii. SALVADOEACEJ!. (C. B. Clarke.) [Sahado

2. S. oleoides, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 140, t. 144: glabrous, leaves
narrowly lanceolate acute, panicles mostly reduced to axillary fascicles of short
spikes, drupes clustered. A. DC. Prjodr. xvii. 28 ; Brand. For. Fl. 316, t. 39.
S. Stocksii, Wight III. ii. 229, and Ic. 1. 1621. S. indica, Royle III. 319. S. persica,
T. And. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. iS'u^jpl. i. 29.

Punjab and Scinde, in the plains ; frequent. — Distrib. Aden.

Leaves 2 by ^ in. ; petiole ^ in. Panicles many, axillary, mostly of sessile
clustered spikes 1-1 1 in. ; rhachises after the flowers have dropped rough from the
crowded scars. Drupes ^ in., subsessile, often touching each other. — Closely allied to
the preceding species, but well distinguished by Brandis. Wight's 8. Stocksii is
figured from a flowering example which has the panicles rather more compound than
usual.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

Salvadora, Wall. Cat. 7530, is Olax natia, but there is a loose sheet without
locality, date or name numbered also 7530, which is Salvadora oleoides.

3. AZZIMA, Lamk.

Ramblihg' shrubs, with axillary spines. Leaves opposite, entire Flowers
small, dioecious, axillary, sessile, or on a little-branched panicle in clusters or
umbels; bracts 0 or leaflike ; bracteoles linear, small. Calyx campanulate,
4-fid or irregularly 2-4-lobed. Petals 4, oblong, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4,
alternate with the petals, hypogynous, filaments linear ; anthers ovate. Ovary
2-celled ; stigma subsessile, large, 2-fid ; ovules 2-1 in each cell, erect, basal.
Berry globose, 2-1-seeded, endocarp membranous. Seed globose, exalbuminous.
— Distrib. Species 3-4, in Trop. and S. Africa and Asia.

1. A. tetracantha, Lamk. Diet. i. 343, and///, t. 807; rigid, leaves elliptic
acute, flowers axillary clustered, calyx minutely hairy, berries sessile. Wight 8^
Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 49-55, t. 1 ; Wight III. ii. 1. 162 ; Dalz. ^
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 143. Monetia barlerioides, VHirit. Stirp. Nov. i. 1. 1 ; Gaertn.
Fruct. t. 225; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 765; Wall. Cat. 7492. Fagonia montana,
Miq. in PI. Hohenack. n. 761.

Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon ; " one of the commonest shrubs of Coromaridel,
growing in all situations ; " Roxburgh^ &c. — Distrib. S. and Subtrop. Africa and
Madagascar.

Glabrous, or branehlets hairy. Leaves 1^ by f in., mucronate or spinescent, base
cuneate, glabrous, Tigid ; petiole ^ in ; spines 5— f in., 1-2 in each axil. Flowers in
axillary clusters scarcely ^ in. diam. ; upper leaves often reduced or obsolete, so that
the branches end in naked spikes on which the flowers are whorled. Calyx -— in.
Petals i in. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-ovulate, or (ex Wight & Gardner) more often
1 -ovulate. Berry ^ in. diam., usually 1-seeded.

2. A. sarxnentosa, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 681 ; rambling, leaves ovate
obtuse mucror.fite, flowers panicled, calyx glabrous, berries pedicelled. Actege-
tou sarmentosa, Blume Bijd. 1143 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 30. Monetia Bruno-
niana. Wall. Cat. 7493. M. laxa. Planch, in Ann. So. Nat. 3, x. 191. M. sar-
mentosa, Baill. in Adans. ix. 289, t. 10, fig. 1-3. Salvadora Madurensis, Dene,
in Jaequem Voy. Bot. 140.

Pbome ; Kurz (n. 3036). — Distrib. Birma, Malaya, Philippines.

Branehlets glabrous. Leaves 2^ by Ii- in., broadly ovate, base obtuse, rigid,
glabrous ; petiole ^ in. ; axillary spines \ in., 2 in each axil. Panicles axillary, in
fruit 1-3 in. ; bracts minute ; pedicels in fruit 0-^ in. Flowers as of A. tetracantha.
Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Berry \ in. diam.

xciv. APOCTNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 621

Order XCIV. APOCYNACEHS. (By J. D. Hooker.)

Erect or twining slirubs, rarely herbs or trees. Leaves opposite or -whorled
(scattered in Cerbei-a and Plujneria), quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers in ter-
minal or axillary cymes, hermaphrodite, re<rular. Calyx inferior ; lobes 5,
rarely 4, imbricate, often glandular within at the base. Corolla rotate or salver-
shaped ; lobes 6, rarely 4, spreading, contorted and often twisted in bud, very
rarely valvate. Stamens 5, rafely 4, on the tube throat or mouth of the corolla,
filaments usually short ; anthers oblong linear or sagittate, conniving, connec-
tive sometimes adhering to the stigma ; cells 2, dehiscing lengthwise, sometimes
produced downwards into an empty spur ; pollen granular. JJisk annular, cup-
ular or lobed, or of glands, or 0, sometimes concealing the ovary. Ovary
1-celled vdth 2-parietal placentas, or 2-celled with axile placentas, or of 2
distinct or partially connate carpels ; style simple or divided at the base only ;
top thickened ; stigma 2-fid, acute or obtuse. Ovules in each cell 2, or few or
many and 2-oo -seriate, rarely solitary. JFruit a dry or fleshy drupe, beny, or
samara, or of 2 drupes, ben-ies or follicles. Seeds various, often winged, or with
a teiTninal pencil of long sillvy hairs ( Coma) ; albumen hard fleshy, or scanty or
0 ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat, concave, convolute or contorted, radicle
usually superior. — Distrib. Species about 900, chiefly tropical.

Tribe I. Carisseae. Anthers included, free from the' stigma; cells
rounded at the base. Ovary of 2 wholly combined carpels, 1-2-celled. Fruit
large, usually fleshy or pulpy withjj?. Seeds without wing or pencil of hairs.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left in all.

* Ovary 1-celledf with parietal ovules.

Fruit indehiscent. Albumen 0 1. WiLLouGnBEiA.

Fruit 2-valved. Albumen horny 2. CHiLocAiiPrs.

** Ovary 2-celled, xvith axile ovules.

Flowers 4-merous. Erect shrubs. Seeds exalbuminons . 3. Letcoxotis,

Climbing shrubs. Corolla-mouth with lobed scales ... 4. Melodi>-us.

Climbing slender unarmed shrub. Corolla-mouth naked . 5. Wixchia.

Erect or stout climbing armed shrubs 6. Caeissa.

Tribe II. Fluxuerieee. Anthei-s included, free from the stiorma, cells
rounc
varioi

id^- at the base. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels united by the style. Fruit
ousT Seeds peltate. Corolla4obes overlapping to the left except in Ochrosia.

feuBTRiBE 1. RauwolfiesB. Calyx eglandular within. Carpels 1-2-,
rarely 4-6-ovuled. F7-uit of 2 1-seeded drupes or berries, rarely moniliform
(of superposed drupes).

Leaves ufjially whorled. Disc present. Albumen even . 7. Eauwolfia.
Leaves usually whorled. Disc 0. Albumen ruminate . . 8. Alyxia.
Leaves opposite. Disc 0. Albumen smooth 9. Huntebia.

SuBTRiBE 2. Cerbereee. Calyx glandular within. Caipels 2-, rarely
4-ovuled; ovules on opposite sides of a thick placenta. Drupes or hemes
1-seeded, or 2-seeded, the seeds separated by the enlarged placenta.

Leaves scattered, alternate. Corolla funnel-shaped , . . 10. Cekbera,
Leaves opposite. Corolla salver- shaped, lobes overlapping

to the right 11. OcHKOiTA.

Leaves opposite. Corolla salver-shaped 12. Kopsia.

622

xciv. APOCTNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.)

SuBTRiBE 3. EupluxneriesB. Calyx glandular within. Carpels 6-00 j
ovuled. Fruit (in the Indian genera) of 2 follicles.

13. Rhazta.

14. ViNCA.

* Ovules 2-seriate.

Disc annular or obscure. Seeds winged. Leafless shnib
Disc of 2 scales. Seeds truncate at both ends . . .

** Ovvies CO seriate.

Erect trees. Leaves scattered, alternate. Seeds winged . 14*.PLu:krERiA,

A climber. Leaves opposite or whorled . Seeds winged . 15. Ellkbtdnia.
Erect trees or shrubs. Leaves whorled. Seeds comqse.

Style distinct 16. Alstonia.

Erect trees. Leaves whorled. Seeds winged. Style 0 . . 17. Dyera.

Erect trees. Leaves opposite. Seeds comose. Style short 18. IIolarrhena.

SuBTRiBE 4. Tabemeexnontaneee. Calij.v glandular within. Carpels
00 -ovuled. Fi'uit fleshy or coriaceous, dehiscent or not.

Erect trees or shrubs 19. Tabekn^emgntana.

Tribe III. Ecliitidese. Anthers included or exserted, conniving in a
cone around the top of the style and adherent to it by a point on the connective ;
cells produced downwards into a subulate empty spur. Ovary of 2 distinct
carpels united by the style. Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds comose at one or both
ends. — Exceptions, see Parsonsia.

Stjbtribe 1. Parsonsieee. Corolla rotate or salver-shaped, throat naked,
except Wriyhtia. Anthers more or less exserted.

Corolla-lobes val rate. Cancels co?inate in flower .... 20. Parsonsia.
Corolla rotate, mouth naked. Connective thickened at the

back 21. Vallaris.

Corolla salver-shaped, mouth naked ........ 22. Pottsia.

Corolla rotate or salver-shaped, mouth with scales ... 23. Wbightia.

Stjbtribe 2. Nerieae.
included.

Shrubby, erect. Leaves whorled. Corolla-lobes short.

Follicles erect 24. Nerium.

Shrubby or twining. Leaves opposite. Corolla-lobes long

or tailed. Follicles spreading 25. Strophaxthus.

Herbaceous. Leaves opposite. Corolla-lobes short. Fol-
licles slender 26. Apocynum.

Sfbtribe 3. Ziuecbitidese. Corolla various, mouth naked. Anthers
included.

* CoroUa-lobes valvate, overlapping to the left.

Flowers small or minute. Corolla urceolate, lobes valvate
Flowers small. Corolla subcampanulate, lobes overlapping

** Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right.

a. ^ Corolla very large.

Immense climbers, corolla bell- or funnel-shaped ....
Lofty climbers. Corolla salver-shaped

3. Corolla minute, urceolate, lobes very short.

Ovary exserted from the disc. Seeds beaked .....

Corolla-throat broad, with 5-10 scales. Anthers

27. ITrceola.

28. PAR:\MJ:aiA.

29, Bfaitmontia.

30. Choxemorpha.

31. ECDYSANTHEBA.

xcrv. APOCTNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 623

y. Corolla small or medium-sized, salver-shaped, lobes nearly straight w slightbj
ticisted to the left in bud.

Ovary hidden in the disc. Seeds slender 32. Baissea.

Ovary hidden or not in the disc. Seeds ovate or oblong . 33. Aoanosma.

5. Corolla small, salver-shaped, lobes sharply ttvisted to the left in bud, tips not
deflected.

Ovary hidden in the disc. Seeds slender 34. EpioYNrM.

■ Ovary exserted from the disc. Seeds beaked 3.5. Hhyxchodia.

Ovary exserted from the disc. Seeds not beaked .... 3!}. Tjiachelospkhmv r.

Ovary hidden in the disc. Seeds ovaie, beaked .... 37. Akodenduox.

€. Corolla small, salver-shaped, lobes sharply twisted to the left in bud, xcith the
tips deflected.

Seeds ovate, beaked 38. Tcunocahpus.

Seeds ovate, not beaked 39. Miceechites.

TeibeI. CARZSSESS.
1. WZZiZiOUGHBEIA, Roxb.

Glabrous shruTjs, often climbing by the peduncles becoming tendrils. Leaves
opposite, petiole short. Floivers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, 5-lobed.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube nearly glabrous within, mouth naked or with fleshy
glands alternating with the lobes ; lobes overlapping to the left, nearly straight
in bud. Stamens included in the tube, and filaments very short ; anthers ovate or
lanceolate, cells rounded at the base. Disc 0. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, top
obconic or urceolate, stigma curved or columnar ; ovules many, cx) -seriate on 2
parietal placentas. Berry large, globose or ovoid, many-seeded, pericarp hard.
Seeds imbedded in pulp, ellipsoid, albumen 0 ; cotyledon thick, plano-convex. —
DiSTRiB. Species 8-10, Malayan and East Asiatic. — All supposed to yield
Caoutchouc.

The species -with glands on the corolla-mouth may form a different genus. I have
seen no tendrils on these.

* Mouth of corolla naked.

1. W. coriacea, Wall. Cat. 1620, and Fl. As. Ear. iii. 45 ; glabrous,
leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate subacute or obtusely acuminate thickly
coriaceous very shining above, base acute, nerves 8-14 pairs strong arched
interspaces not reticulated, corolla-lobes linear-oblong longer than the globose
tube. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 321.

Singapoee; WaUich, Lobb. JMalacoa; Griffith, Maingay (Ke\r Distrib, 1048).

Branches stout, bark black ; tendrils slender, branched. Leaves 4-5 by 1-2^ in.,
drying greenish above and red beneath, very smooth, secondary nerves very faint ;
petiole stout, |-^ in. Flowers densely crowded, sessile in sessile cymes, ^ in. long ;
bracts persistent. Calyx very thick, subhemispheric ; lobes short, rounded, ciliolate.
Corolla thickly coriaceous, lobes twice as long as the tube. Ovary broad, acute ;
style short, top obovoid, stigma conical. Seeds f in. long.

2. W. edulis, Boxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 280, and Fl. Ind. ii. 67 ; glabrous,
leaves oblong ^ obovate-oblong obtusely acuminate or caudate thinly coriaceous,
base acute, nerves many pairs nearly straight ascending interspaces reticulated,
corolla-lobes linear-oblong longer than the subcylindric tube. Wall. Cat. 1618,

624 xciv. APOCTNACEJ]. (J. D. Hooker.) [Willougliheia.

and PL As. Ear. iii. 45; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 321 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 165. W.
martabanica, Wall. Cat. 1619, and PI. As. Par. iii. 45, t. 272; A. DC. l.c.\
Kurz I. c, Hunteria ?, Wall. Cat. 9066. Pacourea Gudara, Herb. Ham. ;
Wall. Cat. 4465.

Assam ; at Gualpara, Hamilton. Silhet ; Be Silva. Cachar ; Keenan. Chit-
tagong; Eoxburgh, &c. Pegu; McClelland. Martaban; Wallich. Maiacca;
Griffith. — DisTRiB. Borneo.

"An immense climber; tendrils long, branched; bark ^ in. \ih.\ck" {Boxhurgh),
Leaves 4-7 by 1^-2^ in., greenish or brown when dry and polished above, paler
beneath, margins waved ; petiole ^-f in. Cymes shortly stoutly peduncled, few-fid. ;
bracts rounded, deciduous ; pedicels very short. Calyx thick, subglobose ; lobes
short, rounded, ciliolate. Corolla-tube ^ in., inflated in the middle, lobes three times
as long. Anthers subsagittate ; filaments short. Ovary ovoid, acute; style very
short, stigma conical. Berry " size of a lemon, subovoid, rind thick smooth friable.
Seeds many in soft pulp mixed with cottony fibres, size of a garden bean ; outer coat
fleshy, inner thin friable," Eoxb. — Yields much caoutchouc. Fruit edible. Kurz,
who keeps W. edulis distinct from W. martabanica, gives no other characters than
"berry ovate smooth" in the former, and "berry globular wrinkled in the latter." —
Assuming the usual variety in the size and form of such fruits in Ajpocynaceas, and
attributing the wrinkles to age, nothing is left whereby to distinguish these plants,
of which the specimens in Wallich's Herbarium are identical.

3. W. ceylanica, Thwaites Enum. 191; glabrous, leaves elliptic ob-
tusely acuminate base acute margins waved, nerves very many pairs horizontal
interspaces reticulated, cymes sessile or peduncled, coroUa-lobes linear-oblong
much longer than the tube. Beddome For. FL, Anal, Gen. xx. fig. 4. Chilo-
carpus ceylanicus, Wight le. t. 1288. Winchia cirrhifera, Gardner im.

Ceylox ; in forests ascending to 4000 ft., Gardner, &c.

A climbing -shrub with long branched tendrils, bark of branches black. Leaves
3-4 by 1^-2 in., very coriaceous, when dry very dark brown and polished above,
light red-brown beneath; nerves straight, with a recurrent one from the intramarginal
between every pair of primaries ; petiole \ in. Cymes usually peduncled, few or
many-fld. ; bracts ovate, obtuse ; pedicels snort. Calyx small, lobes short rounded,
ciliolate. Corolla-tube very short, lobes three times as long. Anthers lanceolate,
filaments nearly as long, very broad and fleshj^ at the base. Ovary very broad,
depressed -flagon-shaped ; style rather slender, stigma elongate, obpyriform. Fruit
" 4-5 in. diam., spherical or subpyriform, fleshy, yellow-red. Seeds | by ^ in., oblong,
compressed, testa membranous, cotyledons fleshy, reddish," Thwaites.

4. W. firma, Blume M,us. Bat. i. 154; glabrous, leaves elliptic or
elliptic-lanceolate very coriaceous shining above obtusely acuminate base acute,
nerves 10-15 pairs nearly straight interspaces hardly reticulated, cymes sessile
dense-flowered, coroUa-lobes linear-oblong longer than the inflated tube, berry
pyriform. Miquel FL Ind. Bat. ii. 390. W. Burbidgei, Dyer in Kew Gard.
Eep. 1880, 44, 46.

Singapore ; jungles near the Botanical Gardens, H. Murton. — Distrib. Sumatra,
Borneo.

A large climber; branches stout, obtusely angled, bark smooth. Leaves very
variable, 3-6 by 1-3 in., very coriaceous, usually dark brown and polished above, or
on both surfaces when dry ; midrib very stout beneath ; nerves slender but pro-
minent, reticulations very indistinct. Flowers about J in. long Calyx-lobes ovate,
obtuse, obscurely ciliate. Corolla-tube inflated in the middle ; lobes narrow. Anthers
ovate, acute, filaments short. Ovary ovoid, acute; style short. Fruit in Bornean
specimens as large and of the form of a good sized pear, 4 inches long, orange-yellow,
pericarp thick. Seeds 1 in. long. — There may be more than one species under this
name. The Javan specimens referred to it by Miquel have much fewer nerves in the

Willoughleia.'] xciv. apoctnacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 625

leaf. Burbidge has made in Borneo excellent drawings of the whole plant in flower
and fruit. In both Singapore and Borneo it is said to yield the " Gutta Singarip."

5. VF, grrandlflora, Dyer in Herb. Kew. ; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic
or orbicular tip and base rounded very thickly coriaceous pale, nerves 4-7 pairs
very strong arching interspaces with distant reticulations, cymes densely many-
fld., corolla-lobes very large oblong much longer than the slender tube.

Mau^cca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1047). — Distrib. Borneo,
A very stout climber, with woody tendrils, branches as thick as a goose-quill.
Leaves 3-5 by 3-3^ in., very pale yellowish-red and rather shining above when dry,
beneath cinnamon coloured and soft to the touch, with midrib and nerves very distinct
but not prominent ; petiole stout, \-\ in. Cymei very dense-fld. ; flowers shortly and
stoutly pedicelled. Calyx broad, lobes rounded. Corolla nearly 1 in. long before
expansion, tube ^ in., very slender, swollen towards the base, lobes |-1 in. long, tip
roimded. Anthers lanceolate, base cordate, filaments slender. Ovary raixmie, broadly
conical ; style very short, base conical, top urn-shaped ; stigma slender, as long as
the style.

6. W. tenuiflora, Dyef in Hei-h. Kew. ; shoots and cymes pubescent,
leaves elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate obtusely acuminate base acute, nerves 20-
30 pairs very slender nearly horizontal interspaces nerveless, petiole slender.

Malacca; iV/atn^ay (Kew Distrib. 1049).

Branches with black bark. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1^ in., thinly coriaceous, dark brown
and hardly shining above when dry, pale brighter brown beneath but without reticu-
lations between the nerves, margins flat ; petiole ^-f in. Cymes numerous, rusty
puberulouS; subsessile, dense-flowered ; bracts small, rounded. Calyx-lohes rounded .
Corolla-tube ^ in. long, slender, hairy within, globose near the base just above thf
calyx; lobes narrowly linear-oblong, obtuse. Anthers cordate-lanceolate, filaments
short slender. Ovary hemispheric, top almost truncate; style very short, stigma
large, elongate conic. Fruit 4 in. long, "pyriform, abounding in caoutchouc; peri-
carp thick, leathery. Seeds many, naked, cotyledons pink fleshy " {Maingay).

** Mouth of the corolla mith tube7'cles or scales. (Tendrils not seen.)

7. W. oblong'a'f Dyer in Hej-b. Kew. ; branches very stout, leaves elliptic
obtuse or suddenly obtusely contracted at the tip opaque above, base acute,
nerves 10-15 pairs arched interspaces reticulated, cymes sessile dense-fld.,
corolla-lobes linear-oblong longer than the rather long tube, berry oblong.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1089).

A long flexuose shrub {Maingay). Branches woody, obtusely angled, rough, with
close-set small lenticels, bark pale. Leaves 3-6 by 1^3 in., base usually rounded,
thickly coriaceous ; when dry dark brown and opaque on both surfaces ; petiole stout.
\ in. Cymes very small, sessile, pedicels very short. Calyx-lobts short, oblong,
strongly ciliate. Corolla-tube i in., rather slender, inflated in the middle, lobes twice
as long, with glands or tubercies at the sinus. Berry many-seeded, pericarp leathery.
Seeds 2-seriate, imbedded in firm pulp ; cotyledons large, fleshy {Maingay).— AhoyxoA^^
in tenacious milky juice.

8. W. flavescens, Dyer in Herb. Kezc. ; quite glabrous, leaves ellipt'c-
obtusely acuminate base subacute or rounded, nerves numerous nearly horizontal
very slender interspaces reticulated, cymes sessile many-fld., corolla-tube very
short, tubercles at the mouth small lobulate. Chilocarpus flavescens, Kezr

Gard. Report, 1880, 47.

Singapore ; in jungles near the Botanic Gardens, H. Mutton. " A large climber ;
stem 8 in, diam." {Murton).

Branches stout, smooth, divaricate, somewhat compressed, nodes swollen, bark
brown. Leaves 3-4 by 1^-2:|- in., thickly coriaceous, dirty brown and opaque above when
^ry, brighter and paler yellowish-brown beneath, nerves very distinct though slender ;

VOL. III. 8 8

626 xciv. APOCYNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Willoughheia.

petiole \-\ in., stout. Cymes numerous, 1 in. diam., branches divaricate ; bracts very
minute ; flowers pedicelled, 4-5-merous. Calyx small, lobes broadly ovate. Corolla-
tube inflated, quite glabrous within; lobes slightly falcate, forming an oblong bud
narrower than the tube, which they nearly equal in length. Anthers shortly ovate,
twice as long as the filaments. Ovary distinctly 1 -celled with parietal many-ovuled
placentas. Fruit unknown.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

9, "W. RUFESCENS, Dy&r in Herb. Kew.; leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong or -lanceo-
late, obtuse, very coriaceous, shining above, red-brown when dry beneath, nerves
16-20 pairs very slender, slightly arched, interspaces reticulated.

Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1092).

Branches divaricate, thickened at the nodes, bark black ; tendrils not seen. Leaves
2i-3 by I-I5- in., dirty brown above, bright-brown beneath; petiole \ in. Fruit
(unripe) globose, nearly 2 in. diam.

2. CKZZ.OCARPVS, Blume.

Milky sarmentose shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves horizontal close. Flowers
small, in axillary cymes. Calyx short, 5-lobed, eglandular. Corolla-tube cylin-
dric, throat naked ; lobes 5, broad, overlapping to the left, twisted to the right.
Stamens at or below the middle of the tube ; anthers lanceolate, acute, cells
rounded at the base. Disc 0. Ovary 1-celled, placentas 2 parietal ; style short,
stigma ovoid or conical, tip obscurely 2-toothed ; ovules many, 2-seriate on each
placenta. Berry fleshy, at length 2-valved. Seeds imbedded in pulp, or in a
granular substance, compressed or thick, grooved or excavated at the hilum,
albumen copious, horny, equable or ruminate ; cotyledons flat, radicle elongate.
— Distrib. Species 8, Malayan and Australian.

* Pedicels bracteate at the base only ; jiowers very small, in lax panicled
cymes; tube of corolla inflated in the middle (fruit unknown).

1. C. atro-viridis, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 153 ; glabrous, leaves oblong
obtusely caudate, nerves very numerous nearly horizontal straight slender.
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 393. 0. malabaricus, Beddoine Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 175.
Hunteria? atro-viridis, Wall. Cat. 1614; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 351. Winchia
atro-viridis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 170.

Malayan Peninsula ; Tavoy, Gomez ; Mergui, Griffith, Parish. Malabar ; Bedr-
dome.

Branches slender; bark smooth, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves 3^-6 by 1^2 in.,
thinly coriaceous, base acute, green and opaque when dry above, paler green beneath,
minutely dotted and with a recurrent nerve from the marginal one between every
pair of primaries; petiole \-^ in., slender. Cymes 2-4 in., on slender pedicels;
branches trichotomous, spreading, slender ; flowers pedicelled, 3-nate or subumbellate ;
bracts minute. Calyx-lobes rounded, with white margins. Corolla ^ in. long, tube
inflated in the middle, glabrous externally, pubescent at the mouth and base of the
stamens within ; lobes short, falcate, broadly notched on one side, intiexed and forming
a globose bud. .4«^^rs subsessile, oblong, Oyary acute. i'Va/^ unknown. — The C.
denudatus, Blume, of Java, may prove to be the same as this.

** Pedicels with many imbricate bracts ; Jioivers very sm,all; fruits capsular^

2. C. enervis, Hook. f.\ leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or
obtusely apiculate narrowed into a slender petiole nerveless^ fruit 4 in. ellipsoid
narrowed to an obtuse point base contracted into a short stipes, pericarp very
thick.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1044).

Scandent; branches tout, smooth, swollen at the nodes. Leaves 3 by 1-1| in..

*Chilocarpus,'\ xciv. apocynaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 627

Tery thickly coriaceous, brown and opaque above when dry, brighter brown beneath,
midrib stout ; petiole ^ in. Flowers unknown. Fruit on a very stout woody pedicbl
with remains of minute persistent bracts in spiral series, bright orange coloured;
pericarp very thick, dehiscent, pulp coarsely granular. Seeds very numerous,
'irregularly broadly oblong, ends rounded, hilum excavated, testa smooth, albumen
-solid homy.

3. C. decipiens, Jlook. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-oblong or -ovate
■obtusely acuminate, base acute, nerves very numerous slender nearly horizontal,
fruit linear-oblong cylindric rounded at both ends, pericarp woody.

Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1060 and 1043, C. airo-viridis).

Leaves 3-3^ by 1-1 1, hardly shining above and greenish when dry, beneath pale
"brown minutely dotted ; nerves very slender but prominent on both surfaces ; petiole
^ in. Cymes rather slender, dichotomously branched; flowers not seen. Fruit 1^-2^
by ^— I in., on a stout pedicel bearing numerous minute bracts in spirals. Seeds
large, "albumen homy, dull white; cotyledons blood-red, fleshy, convolute" {Main-
gay).—The foliage resembles C. atro-viridis, but there are no reciu-rent nerves between
the primaries.

*** Pedicels hracteate at the hose only ; Jlowers loriff ; tube of corolla injiated
'towards the base. *

4. C. Maing'ayi, Dyer in Herb. Keic. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-oblong
•obtuse base acute, nerves numerous slightly arched strong beneath, cymes long
very stout, pedicels subverticillately branched.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1046).

A climber ; branches stout, smooth, shining, swollen at the nodes. Leaves 3-4 by
1-2 in., coriaceous, opaque, dull yellowish green when dry on both surfaces ; nerves
"20-30 pairs, with a recurrent one from the intramarginal between each pair ; petiole
^ in., very stout. Cymes elongate, erect; peduncles very stout, 1-3 in., bearing
superposed pairs of very short branches, the crowded flowers of which give them a
somewhat whorled appearance ; flowers | in. long, sessile or stoutly pedicelled. Calyx-
lobes rounded, short. Corolla-tube very slender, with a ring of hairs below the
•anthers within; lobes inflexed and forming an ovoid bud much broader than the tube,
when expanded ^ in. long, ovate- lanceolate, narrowed into long points. Anthers
small, ovate, longer than the slender filament. Ovary acute, " 1 -celled with 4 parietal
placentas," Maingay. Fruit " spherical and obtusely conoid, coriaceous, fleshy, cap-
sular, orange-yeliow. Seeds very many, immersed in angular bright yellow masses
(pulp), mixed with delicate arachnoid fibres, subquadrate, curved on one surface,
■deeply channelled on the other ; testa cartilaginous, bright brown ; albumen horny ;
•embryo axile; cotyledons semi-oval, flat, white " {Maingay).

8. ZiEUCONOTZS, Jack.

Erect milky evergreen shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Floioers in
3)eduncled axillary cymes, 4-merous. Calyx 4-lobed or -partite, eglandular or
minutely glandular within. Corolla salver-shaped, tube dilated in the middle,
throat naked ; lobes 4, short, overlapping to the left. Stamens 4, in the middle
of the tube, included, anthers linear, cells rounded at the base. Disc 0. Ovary
.2-celled ; style short, top thickened, stigma 2-toothed ; ovules 2, laterally
affixed in each cell. Berry ovoid or globose. Seeds 1-3, imbedded in pulp,
•ovoid-oblong, testa membranous, albumen 0; cotyledons thick, fleshy, inner
feces irregular, radicle short superior. — Distrib. Species 6, Malayan (not
Javan).

* Calyx 4rpartite, segments long linear.

1. Zi. eug'enifolius, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 331 ; shoots petioles and nerves

S82

628 xciv. APOCYNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Leueonotis^

beneath rusty-puberuloiis, leaves opaque above oblong obtusely caudate base
obtuse, nerves 8-10 pairs united by a strong intramarginal one, cymes few-fld.
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 398. L. cuspidatus, Blume Mns. Bot. i. 112; Miquef
I. c. 398. Melodinus ? eugenifolius, Wall. Cat. 1G16.

Penang ; Wallich. — Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo.

Branches strict, obscurely angled, bark smooth. Leaves 3-4 by l\-l\ in., tip-
^ in. long, very narrow, pale or dark greenish-brown when dry above, beneath much
paler yellow-brown and minutely dotted and with strong horizontal nerves; petiole
slender. ^\ in. Cymes erect; peduncle 1 in.; bracts linear ; pedicels short; flowers
erect, nearly ^ in. long. Sepals very narrow, erect, deciduous in fruit. Corolla coria-
ceous, tube as long or half as long again as the calyx, pubescent within ; lobes short,
puberulous on both surfaces. Anthers sessile, elongate-lanceolate. Ovary deeply
grooved, narrowed into the grooved style, stigma oblong, 2-fid. Fruit " the size of a»
gooseberry," Don.

** Cedy.v Globed, lobes nhoi-i rounded.

2. Xi. Crriffitbli, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic obtusely acuminata
shining above base rounded or subacute, nerves 5-7 pairs very faint, cymes
shortly stoutly peduncled glabrous, flowers densely crowded sessile or shortly
pedicelled.

Malacca; Griffith, Maing ay {Ke^f Distrib. 1051, Z. anceps?). ? Singapore; 21
Anderson.

Branches obscurely angled, lenticellate. Leaves 3-5 by l|-2 in., thickly coriaceous,
pale brown when dry, beneath paler still and very opaque chocolate -brown, and
minutely dotted or not, intramarginal nerve very faint ; petiole |-| in. Cymes erect,
peduncle shorter and stouter than the petiole ; branches very short, thick and
crowded; bracts small, broad; flowers \ in. long. Calyx small, lobes rounded.
Corolla thickly coriaceous, tube cylindric, glabrous within and without; lobes short,
rounded forming an ovoid bud broader than the tube. Anthers sessile, narrowly lan-
ceolate, acuminate. Friiit \\ in. long, broadly ellipsoid. Seeds ^ in. long, oblong,
compressed, smooth. — Very near L. anceps, Jack., but which has long-peduncled
puberulous cymes with long-pedicelled flowers. Anderson's Singapore specimens
have the leaves opaque above, and broader, but the flowers appear to be identical.

3. Xi. BZalng'ayi, Dyer in H&rh. Keiv.\ quite glabrous, leaves oblong
abruptly obtusely acuminate shining above, nerves 6-10 pairs slender arched,
base acute or rounded, cymes very shortly and very stoutly peduncled glabrous
few-flowered, flowers sessile or stoutly pedicelled.

Singapore ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 935).

Characters very much those of L. Griffithii, but a much stouter plant ; leaves
coriaceous but very dark brown, with stronger nerves beneath and longer petioles,
1-1^ in. long ; peduncle of cymes \-^ in., and ^-\ in. diam. ; calyx much larger, as
broad as the peduncle of the cyme ; bracts triangular, thickly coriaceous.

4. MEZiODINUS, Forst.

Evergreen, erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Cymes terminal and
axillary, flowers rarely 4-merous, white or pale pink. Calyx 5-partite, eglan-
dular within. Corolla salver-shaped, mouth with thick cleft or lobed scales ;
lobes overlapping to the left. Anthers included, subsessile, lanceolate, cells
rounded at the base. Disc 0. Ovary 2-celled, acute ; style short, stigma thick
2-fid; ovules many in each cell, ^^rry globose, pericarp coriaceous or hard.
Seeds many, imbedded in pulp, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons thin, radicle short,
— Distrib. About 15 species, East Asiatic, INIalayan, Australian and Pacific.

Mehdinns.] xciv. APOCYNACEii:. (J. D. Hooker.) 629

* Flowers in terminal panicled cymes. CoroUa-lohes ohlomj or rounded j
^uite entire.

1. M. xnonogrynus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 66 ; leaves oblong or oWong-lan-
ceolate acute or obtuse base acute or rounded, corolla-tube ^-\ in., lobes as long
oblong. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 329 ; Wall. Cat. 1603 ; Wiqht Ic. t. 394 ; Bat.
Beg. t. 834; Bot. Mag. t. 2527. Echaltium piscidium, Wight Ic. t. 242,
e^cLfig, of fruit. Nerium piscidium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 7, excl. desa: of fruit,

SiKxiM Himala-ta; at Bartning, alt. 4500 ft. (leaves only), Clarke. Assam,
SiLHET and the Khasia Mts., common, ascending to 4000 ft. Penang; Maingay.

A tall milky climber, branches smooth. Leaves 5-6 by 1^-2 in., pale brown
when dry and shining above, nerves many but not close, very slender, arching ;
petiole \-^ in. Panicles puberulous, sometimes 12 in. long, brachiate, drooping;
flowers usually 3-nate, nearly white, fragrant; pedicels long or short; bracts
•caducous. Calyx-segments ^ in., broad, ciliolate. Corolla-tube villous or bearded
within, lobes obtuse. Fruit globose, obscurely 4-angled, size and colour of an orange ;
pericarp coriaceous. Seeds numerous. — Roxburgh erred in describing the scales of
the corolla as being undivided.

2. M. khasianuSy ZTooZ;./. ; leaves linear-lanceolate acuminate at both
■ends membmuous, cymes short few-fld., corolla-tube ^ in., lobes rounded.

Khasia Mts. ; Moflong wood, &c., alt. 5-7000 ft., GriSith, J. D. H. ^- T. T.

A smaller plant in all its parts than M. ononogynus, with leaves 2\-b by 1-1 J in.,
and more membranous, very much smaller flowers with a short corolla-tube and
rounded lobes, and with the fruit only 1^ in. diam.

** Floicers small in axillary cymes or fascicles. Corolla-lobes very obliquely
-2-lobed or ^-Jid at the tijh

3. BX. orientalis, Blume Bijd. 1026, and Mus. Bot. i. 165, fig. 411 ;
quite glabrous, leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate base acute,
nerves veiy numerous nearly horizontal very slender, cymes shortly peduncled
few-fld., corolla ^ in. lobes short obliquely ovate bicuspidate, scales closing the
mouth very thick fleshy lobulate. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 395, t. 34; A. DC.
Fi'odr. viii. 330 ; Kurz in Jo/urn. As. S'oc. 1877, ii. 250, in note. Ilunteria ?
cuspidata, Wall. Cat. 1609; A. B'C. I.e. 350. Alyxia? cuspidata. Wall. Herb.
Chilocarpus cuspidatus, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 698 (under Ilunteria).

Penang ; WO'lUch, Phillips, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1043/2, Chilocarptis sua-
veolens). — Distrib. Java, Sumatra.

Branches smooth, rather slender, bark very dark. Leaves 4-5 by l|-2 in., thinly
coriaceous, greenish brown and shining above when dry, pale yellower green beneath,
margins a little undulate ; petiole ^-^ in. C^wt^s with very short stout peduncles;
flowers crowded; bracts rounded, persistent. Calyx small, lobes rounded. Corolla
very thickly coriaceous, tube swollen in the middle, lobes forming a globose bud ;
lobes shorter than the tube. Fruit " large, yellow" (Maingay).

4. M. ? micranthus, Hooh.f ; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate
obtusely acuminate base acute nerves remote very slender, cymes subsessile
many-flowered, corolla ^-^ in. long, lobes short unequally obtusely 2-lobed,
-scales closing the mouth 2-lobed.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1090).

Branches smooth, rather slender; bark black. Leaves 3-6 by 1-1 f in., coriaceous,
dark brown and shining when dry above, paler bright brown beneath, margins some-
what undulate ; petiole ^ in. Fascicles of flowers \-\ in. diam. ; bracts broad, short,
^deciduous. Calyx very small, lobes rounded. Corolla coriaceous, tube much swollen
in the middle; lobes short, forming a globose bud, obliquely 2-fid, sinus broad,

630 xciv. APOCYNACEJS. (J. D. Hooker.) IWinchiet,.

longer lobule ciliate or toothed at the tip. Anthers narrowly lanceolate, acuminate^
Fruit unknown. — Maingay observes that this resembles a Melodinus.

6. WZNCKZA, A. DC.

A slender twining evergreen shrub. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Floivers smalV
in terminal paniculate cymes. Calyx small, 6-lobed, eglandular within. Corolla-
salver-shaped, tube nearly cylindric ; lobes rounded, velvety, overlapping to th&
left ; throat villous. Anthers above the middle of the tube, included, subsessile,.
cells rounded at the base, dehiscing almost throughout their length. Disc 0..
Ovary short, 2-celled, top rounded glabrous ; style short, stigma with a calyp-
triform base ; ovules in several series, placentas on the septum. F7'uit not seen^

W. calophylla, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 326 ; Kurz Fm: Fl. ii. 170; Deless-
Ic. Sel. V. t. 46. Alyxia? calophylla, Wall. Cat. 1607. A. glaucescens, G^
Don Gen. Syst. iv. 97 (descript. incorrect).

Maetaban ; Wallich.

Leaves 2-4 in., oblong-lanceolate, obtusely caudate, acuminate, base acute, very
shining above and dark olive brown when dry, pale beneath, margins waved, coria-
ceous ; nerves very numerous, close and horizontal ; petiole slender, |-f in. Cymes.
glabrous, rounded, shortly peduncled, 1-2 in. diam. ; bracts minute; pedicels short.
Calyx campanulate, lobes rounded, ciliolate. Corolla-tube ^-^ in., four times longer
than the calyx, inflated below the top ; lobes short, white with velvety hairs,

6. CAZIZSSA, Linn.

Spinous, densely branched, usaolly erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, small,,
coriaceous. Flowers in terminal and axillary peduncled 3-chotomous cymes.
Calyx 5-partite, glandular within or not, segments acute. CoroUa-iube cylindric,.
throat naked, lobes overlapping to the right (in the Indian species). Stame^is^
at the top of the tube, included ; anthers lanceolate, cells rounded at the base..
Disc 0. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma fusiform or columnar, minutely
2-fid ; ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely more. Bei-ry ellipsoid or globose, 2- (or by
abortion 1-) celled. Seeds usually 2, peltately attached to the septum, albumen
fleshy; cotyledons ovate. — Distrib. Species about 20, African, Asiatic and,
Australian.

The Indian species of this genus are very difficult of definition, and are probably
reducible to one or two very variable plants. The tickets of Wallich's specimens in.
Herb. Linn. Soc. have been, I fear, much misplaced.

* Sjnnes straight.

1. C. Carandas, Linn.; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 332; shrubby or arbores-
cent, quite glabrous except the puberulous cymes, leaves 1^-3 in. oblong rounded
broadly own to or obovate shining above, tip rounded or obtuse, nerves numerous, .
coroUa |-1 in. long, ovary 4- or 8-ovuled, berry ^-1 in. ellipsoid 4- or more-
seeded. Wall. Cat. 1677, partly, Roxh. Coi\ PL i. 55, t. 77, and Fl. Ind. i.
687, and ed. Wall. 3,^ Carey ii. 623 ; Wight Ic. t. 426, and in Hook. Comp. Bot.
Mag. i. 276, t. 12 ; Lamk. III. t. 118, fig. 1 ; Lodd. Pot. Cab. t. 663 ; Brand.
For. Fl. 320; Gibs. Cat. Bomb. PL 116; Dalz. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 143; Kurz
For. FL ii. 169 ; Beddome FL Sylv. 156, t. 19, fig. 6. 0. congesta, Wight Ic.
t. 1289.

Throughout the drier sandy or rocky soils of India, native or cultivated ; from-
the Punjab to Ceylon, Birma and Malacca. — Distrib. Java, Timor.

A large shrub or small gnarled tree with many dichotomous, rigid, spreading.

Cari8sa.'\ xciv. apocynacej!. (J. D. Hooker.) 631

branches ; axils and nodes with 2 simple or forked thorns, sometimes 1-2 in. long-.
Leaves subsessile, 1^-3 by 1-1^ in., rather thinly coriaceous, base rounded or retuse,
tip rarely mucronate. Cymes terminal, peduncle stout, |-1 in.; bracts minute;
flowers crowded, white or pale rose-coloured, odorous. Calyx-segments subulate-lan-
ceolate, acute, puberulous and ciliate. Corolla-tube % in., glabrous or puberalous with
swollen throat and lobes pubescent, lobes lanceolate, acute, about half as long as the
tube. Ovary-cells 4-ovuled, J)ru^ ^-1 in. long, ellipsoid, red then black, polished,
4- or more-seeded.

Vab. congesta, Beddome Fl. Sylr. Anal. Gen. 156 ; ovarian cells 2-ovuled. Kwz
in Jmirn. As. Sac. 1877, ii. 250. C. congesta, Wight Ic. i. 1280.— Mt. Aboo, Stocks ;
Kurg, the "Wynaad and Birma.

2. C. spinarum,'^. DC. Prodr. viii. 332; suberect, shrubby, glabrous
or branches cymes and leaves beneath finely puberulous, leaves ^-1^' in. elliptic
ovate or rounded acute mucronate or apiculate rarely obtuse many or few-
nerved shining above, corolla ^ in. long, ovary 4-ovuled, berry \ in. subglobose.
C. diffusa, Roxh. Fl. Ind. i. 689, and ed. WaU. Sf Carey, ii. 524 ; A. DC. I. c. ;
Wight Ic. t. 427 ; Wall. Cat. 1678, partly; Brand. For. Fl. 321 ; Kurz Foi'. Fl,
ii. 169 ; Beddome Fl. Sylv. t. 157.

Drier parts of Ixdia ; from the Punjab Himalaya, which it ascends to 6000 ft.
in Murree, to Ceylon and Birma.

t Probably a state of C. Carandas as suggested by Brandis, than which it is a
smaller plant with shorter and more slender spines, more acute leaves and a smaller
berry.

Var. hirsuta ; more pubescent. C. hirsuta. Roth Nov. Sp. 128 ; A. DC. Prodr.
-vnii. 333 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 169 ; Pah. 4' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 143. C. villosa, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ed. Carey ^ Wall. ii. 525; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 116. Wight Ic. t. 437. Not
uncommon.

3. C. pauclnervia, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 333; suberect, shrubby, gla-
brous except the puberulous petioles and cymes, leaves 1-1| in., elliptic-oblon»
or -lanceolate acute at both ends very coriaceous not shining, nerves 2-3 pairs
very oblique, corolla ^-^ in., berry ^ in. ellipsoid. Wight Ic. t. 1290. C.
diinisa. Wall. Cat. 1678, in part. C. Carandas, var. paucinervia, Beddome FL
Sylv. Anal. Gen. 156 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 250.

Lower Bengal ; Monghir, Hamilton in Herb. Wall. Nilgherey Mts. ; at the
Kaitia Falls, Wight, &c. ? C. salicina, Lamk. ; A. PC. I. c.

A small rumous shrub, with the habit of C. diffusa, and probably, as Beddome ,
conjectures, a variety of that species, but very distinct in appearance, more densely
leafy, the leaves less shining than in its congeners and yellower when dry. Peduncles
very short, 3-5-fld. Corolla-lobes very narrow. — I suspect a mistake as to the
Monghir locality and that Wallich's specimens are mislabelled.

** Spines decurved,

4. C. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 1679; shrubby, erect; quite glabrous
except the puberulous cymes, leaves 2-4 in. ovate or elliptic-ovate acute or
acuminate many-nerved, cymes sessile, corolla 1 in., berry |-1 in. ellipsoid.
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 332. C. inermis, Vahl Symb. iii. 43; A. DC. L c. 336. C.
lanceolata, Dalz. in Dalz. ^' Gibs. Bomb. FL 143. C. Dalzellii, Beddome For.
Fl. AnaL Gen. 157. C. mitis, Heyne mss. .

Deccan Peninsula; Kurg, Heyne ; the Concan, at Eamghat, JDa/^-g^/; Courtallum,
Roth, Wight.

A large shrub, thorns very strong, curved, 1-1^ in., and branches dark brown.
Leaves shortly petioled, drying dark brown. Flowers as in C. Carandas, but lobes of
corolla longer and narrower. Calyx-lobes longer and more slender, almost filiform in
the Courtallum specimens, which have smaller leaves. — I cannot doubt this being

6B2 xciv. APOCYNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) \_Carissa.

Vahl's C. inermis, described by him from a spineless branch, which justifies the aban-
donment of his name inermis.

5. C. suavissima, Beddome mss. ; climbing, quite glabrous, leaves 2-3 in.
"broadly ovate acute or acuminate many-nerved, cymes sessile, corolla 1 in. long,
Iberry 2 in. long.

Peccak Peninsula ; mountains of the Madura district, Beddome.

This closely resembles C. macrochilia ; but differs in the slender climbing habit,
very small spines, broader paler leaves, the perfectly glabrous flowers and large
berries. Col. Beddome describes it as a lofty climber with milky and most delicious
fruit.

Tbibe II. PZiUBIERXEJE.

7. XlAXrWOZ.rXA, Linn.

Glabrous (the Indian) shrubs. Leaves 3-4-nately whorled, rarely opposite ;
nerves slender, remotely arched, axils glandular. Peduncles alternating with
the terminal leaves, becoming lateral. Calj/x 5-fid or -partite, eglaaidular within.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric, mouth constricted, throat usually hairy
within ; lobes broad, overlapping to the left. Stamens included at or above the
middle of the tube ; anthers small, acute, cells rounded at the base. Disc large,
cup-shaped or annular. Carpels 2, distinct or connate ; style filiform, stigma
"broad calyptriform at the base, tip 2-fid ; ovules 2, collateral in each carpel.
JRipe carjjels drupaceous, distinct or connate, usually 1-seeded. Seeds ovoid,
albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat. — Distkib. Species about 40, chiefly tropical
American.

* CoroUa-tube slender, injlated a little abovs the middle.

L-S

1. R. serpentina^ B&hth. in Gen. PI. ii. 697 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate
or ohovate acute or acuminate, nerves 8-12 pairs, cymes long-pedimcled rounded
rarely racemose fruiting erect, sepals short lanceolate, corolla-tube long slender
shortly globosely inflated a"bove the middle, drupes \ in. broadly obliquely
ovoid. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 17. Ophioxylon serpentinum, Linn. ; A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 342 ; Bot. Mag. t. 784 ; Jones in As. Research, iv. 308 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
694, and ed. Carey 8f Wall. ii. 630 ; Wight Ic. t. 849 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL
116; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. FL 144; Bedd. For. FL AnaL Gen. 156; Miq. FL
, Ind. Bat. ii. 404. O. trifoliatum, Gaertn. Friict. ii. 129, t. 109, fig. 2 ; Miguel
I. c. O. obversum, Miguel l. c. 405. Tabernaemontana cylindracea. Wall. Cat.
44:51.— Rheede HorL MaL t. 47 ; Bur^n. FL ZeyL t. 64.

Tropical Himalaya and plains near the foot of the hills from Sirkind, Edgeworth,
and Moradabad, Thomson, to Sikkim. The Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. ;
Assam, Pegu, Tenasserim, and in the Deccan Peninsula, along the Ghats to Travan-
CORE and Ceylon. — Distrib. Java. ,

A small shrub, 6-18 in., rarely 2-3 ft. high, bark white, rarely lenticellate.
Leaves 3-7 by 1^-2| in., green when dry, very pale beneath, narrowed into a short
petiole. CyTnes 1-2 in. diam., many-flowered; peduncle 2-5 in., stout, branches
and pedicels red ; bracts obsolete ; pedicels \-^ in. ; flowers white or pinkish, nearly
1 in. long. Calyx small. Corolla-tube often curved ; lobes not one-quarter the
length of the tube, margins undulate ; throat hairy. Drupes black, endocarp slightly
TUgose.

2. XI. peg'uana, HooJcf.; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate,
cymes sessile branched from the base branches divaricate, calyx-lobes ovate
acute, corolla-tube slender inflated in the middle.

Pegu; Kurs;.

Branches rather slender, not lenticellate. Leaves opposite and three in a whorl.

Bauwolfia,'} xciv. apocynacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 633

3-5 by 1^-lf in., very membranous; ner\'e8 7-10 paira, very faint. Cymes with the
main branches an inch long widely divaricating from the base, some decurved ;
flowers pedicelled, i-| in. long. Ccdyx very small, many times shorter than the
-corolla-tube. Corolta-lohes very small. Fruit not seen. — This is closely allied to E.
serpentina, differing in the inflorescence, smaller flowers, and calyx.

** Corolla-tvhe broad, infiated at the top.

3. Zl. densiflora, Benth, in Oen. PL ii. 697 ; leaves obovate or oblanceo-
late acuminate, nerves 8-16 pairs, cymes short- or long-peduncled or corymbose
•erector spreading in fruit, sepals elongate subulate-lanceolate half the length of
the broadly tubular corolla-tube which is inflated at the top, drupes ^-^ in.
•obliquely ellipsoid. Ophioxylon neilgherrense, Wtffht Ic. t. 1292 ; Balz. ^ Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 144. 0. ceylanicum, Wiffht Ic. t. 1291. O. macrocarpum, Wi^ht
I. c. iv. part 2, 1. O. densiflorumj Thwaites Enum. 191 ; Beddome For. Fl.
Anal. Gen. 166, t. 20. fig. 2. Tabernfemontana densiflora, Wall, in Bot. Reg.
^t. 1273 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 373.* T. par\-iflora, Herb. Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4453.

. Khasia Mxs. ; alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H. ^- T. T. Deccan Peninsula, on the
Western Ghats ; from the Concan southwards, alt. about 6000 ft. Ceylon, ascending
to 6000 ft.

A larger shrub than R. serpentina ; branches copiously lenticellate. Leaves often
4 in a whorl, very variable in size, 4-10 by 2-3 in., and number and stoutness
•of nerves. Cymes often numerous, dichotomously branched, branches and pedicels
•erect ; flowers rose-red or white, ^ in. long. Calyx-lobes ^-^ in. Corolla-lobes
rounded, nearly as long as the tube. Drupes very rugose.

Vab. ? macrophylla ; leaves broader 8-10 by 2^-3^ in. very membranous, cymes
very short branched from the base, flowers not seen, fruit as in the type. Tabernse-
montana subcapitata ?, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. ^ T.— Khasia Mts., alt. 2000 ft., at
Nowgong.

4. R.. xnicrocarpa, Hooh. f. ; leaves small oblanceolate acuminate,
nerves 8-10 pairs, cymes short branched from the base, drupes ovoid \ in. long.
Tabernsemontana microcarpa, Wall. Cat. 1581.

BiRMA ; Taongdong (road to Ween-dow), Wallich.

The specimens are most wretched, consisting of two fragments of branches with
"3 or 4 broken leaves and a fruiting cyme from which the solitary drupe (much eaten by
insects) is detached.

5. Xt. decurva, Hooh. f. ; leaves small oblanceolate acuminate, cymes
-shortly pedimcled decurved few-flowered, calyx-lobes lanceolate half as long as
the broad corolla-tube which is inflated at the top, drupes ^ in.

Deccan Peninsula ; Canara and tlie Concan, Poonah, Stocks; Mundeel, Ritchie.

A shrub, 6 ft, ; branches stout, dichotomous, lenticellate, leafy at the tips only.
Zeaves 4 in a whorl, in crowded whorls, 1-1^ by ^-f in., drying brownish-green.
Cymes short, peduncle ^-1 in., 2-6-flowered, sometimes branched from the base ;
flowers ^ in. long, white to pink. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, half the length of the
corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes rounded, almost as long as the tube. — This may be a
8tate of R. densiflora, but if so it is a very singular one, easily distinguished by the
small leaves crowded at the tips of the woody branches, the decurved peduncles," and
«mall flowers.

6. R. micrantha, Hooh. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate
•.acuminate, cymes with long slender erect peduncles few-fld., calyx-lobes tri-
fingular-ovate, corolla very small tube slightly swollen at the top, lobes small,
drupes ^ in. obliquely ovate acute. Ophioxylon micranthum, Wight inss.

Malabar ; Wight.

Branches rather slender, with minute lenticels. Leaves opposite and 3 in a whorl,

634 xciv. apocynacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) [Bauwolfia..

3-5 by 1-2 in., very membranous, drying yellowish green, narrowed into an ofteK'
slender petiole ; nerves 10-12 pairs, very slender. Peduncle 1^-2 in., branches few,,
slender, short, divaricate ; bracts minute, subulate ; flowers ^ in. Calyx-lohes about
one-quarter the length of the corolla- tube. Corolla membranous, tube broad, lobes •
(unexpanded) very small. Drupes connate to the middle.

7. R. Beddoxnei, Hooh.f.) leaves oblanceolate acuminate, cymes with
very long slender horizontal peduncles, branches few divaricate, fiovvers racemed,,.
calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, corolla small, tube slightly swollen at the top^
lobes small, drupe ^ in. gibbously ovate acuminate. Tabernsemontana verticil-
lata, Beddome For. Fl. Anal. Gen. xx. fig. 3.

TfiAVANCOBE ; Beddome.

Branches very slender ; bark ciliate, minutely lenticellate. Leaves 3-6 by 1^-lf in.,-
very membranous; nerves 15-20 pairs, very slender, spreading, nearly straight..
Peduncle 3-5 in. ; horizontal or decurved ; branches 1-2 in., divaricate, very slender,.,
forked, the long arms bearing racemes of flowers |- in. long, like those of B. micrantha,.
Brupe solitary, much flattened. — Allied to B. micrantha, differing in the leaves with'
more numerous straighter nerves, the very long peduncles and racemose flowers and
large drupes.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Ophioxylon belgaumense, Wight Ic. iv. part ii. 2 (under 0. neilgherrense) ;-.
shrubby, erect, leaves elliptic-oblong obtuse or acuminate, corymbs long-peduncled
compact many-fld., flowers on rather long pedicels, calyx 5-cleft, lobes dilated:
broad imbricating somewhat truncate, corolla-tube long slender, lobes forming a
round capitulum in bud, stamens about the middle of the tube. — Belgaum, Law. I
find no specimen of this in Wight's Herbarium ; but for the calyx it seems identical
with B. serpentina.

E. puLAPAKiA, Boxb. ; Smith in Bees' Cyclop, xxix. ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 341 ; leaves
3 in a whorl, 3-4 by 1-1|- in. elliptic-lanceolate subacute, nerves very numerous
nearly horizontal, cymes terminal, peduncle curved stout ^ in., pedicels and bracts-
downy, calyx-lobes small ovate acute downy, corolla-tube many times longer than the
calyx swollen at the top glabrous, lobes short rounded. — A Calcutta garden plant,,
probably the W. Indian B. nitida, L. I have made up the description from Eoxburgh's^
coloured figure and Smith's description, having no specimen.

8. AZiVXZA, Br.

Shrubs. Leaves 3-4-natelj whorled, rarely opposite, nerves faint. Floiuers--
small, in axillary or subterminal cymes. Calyx' short, 6-partite, eglandular
within. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric, throat naked ; lobes overlapping
to the left. Stamens at or above the middle of the tube; anthers lanceolate,.
base of cells rounded. Disc 0, or obscure. Carpels of ovary 2, distinct ; style
filiform, top oblong, urceolate or capitate, tip pointed or shortly 2-fid ; ovules
2~Q, 2-seriate in each carpel. Fruit of 1-2 drupes or berries, l-seeded or with
2-4 l-seeded joints. Seeds ovoid or oblong, grooved or excavated ventrally,,
albumen horny, ruminate ; cotyledons thin, radicle superior, — Distkib. Species-
about 30, tropical Asiatic, Malayan, Australian and Polynesian.

1. A. gracilis, J?ew^^. m Gen. PI. ii.697; glabrous, twining, leaves opposite-
and 3 in a whorl elliptic oblong or lanceolate obtusely caudate, nerves very
many faint horizontal, flowers small in long peduncled very slender branched
panicles. Hunteria ? gracilis, Wall. Cat. 1613 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 350.

SiKKiM Himaiay'a; in the Terai, alt. 1-2000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., alt.
2-4000 ft., Be Silva, H.f.<^T.

Branches slender; bark pale, often warted. Leaves 3-6 by 1-1^ in., shining-
above, green when dry, paler beneath, base acute ; petiole \-^ in. Cymes 2-4 in.,,
branches spreading, very slender; bracts small, ovate, acute. Calyx-lobes ~ in..

Alyxia.'] xciv. apooynaceji:. (J. D. Hooker.) 635*.

ovate, acute. Corolla-tube about twice as long as the calyx ; lobes oblong, obtuse, a&.
long as the tube. Bipe carpels | in. long, stoutly stipitate, ellipsoid, obtuse, smooth.,
— Habit of a Chilocarpus.

2. A. corlacea, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. ^' Carey, ii. 541, and
Cat. 9065; bark red-brown, leaves opposite very coriaceous obovate obtuse
shining above nerves ascending, cymes very short and shortly pedimcled, bracts .
and calyx-lobes obtuse. Ilunteria ? coriacea, Wall. Cat. 1610.

Penang ; Wallich, Porter.

Branches very stout. Leaves 2-4 by 1-U in., narrowed into the petiole, yellow--.
brown when dry, nerves raised in the upper surface, beneath opaque dull yellow
with the nerves very faint; petiole ^-f in. Cymes ^ in., few fld., bracts very small...
Flowers \ in. long. Calyx xery coriaceous, lobes ^ in., acute, ciliolate. Corolla-tube
inflated in the middle, constricted at the mouth, with 5 2-lobed glands, lobes small,
oblong falcate. Fruit not seen.

3. A. luclda, Wall, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. Sf Carey, ii. 640; bark
red-brown, cymes and shoots pubescent, leaves opposite or 3-4 in a whorl
obovate obtuse or acute very puoescent shining above and almost so beneath,,
nerves nearly horizontal, cymes very short and shortly peduncled, corolla ^ in,
long. A. Gynopogon, Wall. Cat. 1605.

Singapore ; Wallich. Malacca, (cultivated) ; Main.gay.

Branches very stout, young 4-angled. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1^ in., pale, hard and^
thick when dry, narrowed into a very short petiole ; nerves hardly raised on either
surface. Cymes \ in. long, on thick peduncles, rarely longer than the petioles ; bracts,
oblong, pubescent ; flowers yellow, fragrant. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, segments acute.
Corolla-tube ^ in., pubescent within ; lobes as long, oblong. Ovary villous. Ripe
carpels ^ in. long, broadly elliptic, smooth, stipitate.

4. A . pilosa, Miguel Fl. Ind. Rat. ii. 408 ; branches leaves beneath and'
cymes softly pubescent or tomentose, leaves 3-4 in a whorl elliptic-lanceolate^
very coriaceous shining above, nerves very many horizontal, cymes shortly
peduncled, flowers villous.

JVIalacca ; Mt. Ophir (Herb. Hook.). — Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo.

Branches stout ; bark pale. Leaves 3-5 by 1-1^ in., drying green, narrowed into,
short stout petioles ^ in., midrib stout beneath ; nerves very close, faint on both,
surfaces. Peduncle equalling or shortly exceeding the petiole, very stout, bracts,
small ; flowers subsessile, crowded, ^ in. long. Calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, erect, one-fourth shorter than the corolla, Corolla-ttibe coriaceous, narrowly
campanulate above, hairy within and without, lobes very short, rounded, glabrous
within. Fruit not seen. — I am a little doubtful about the Malacca locality of this .
plant, that given above is in Sir W. Hooker's handwriting on the sheet ; that on a
specimen, evidently of the same collecting, in Bentham's Herbarium, is marked-
" Penang, Hooker, 1857."

5. A. puxnlla, HooJi. f. ; dwarf, glabrous, leaves opposite or 3 in a whorl
elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate very coriaceous shining above, nerves very
many horizontal, cymes subsessfle few-fld.

Malacca ; Mt. Ophir, Lobb, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1 053).

A small slender shrub (apparently scandent, Maingay) ; branches slender, young
4-angled with granulate red bark. Leaves 1-2 by ^ in., drying greenish, narrowed'
into slender petioles, \ in., midrib prominent beneath, nerves very close and faint on
both surfaces. Cymes 3-6-fld. ; peduncle very short ,: bracts minute ; flowers shortly
pedicelled, quite glabrous, \ in. long. Calyx-segments small, ovate-lanceolate, thick,,
subacute. Corolla-tube inflated beloAv the constricted mouth, throat villous within ;
lobes small, roimded. Fruit ^ in. long, between globose and ellipsoid, apiculate, .
pedicel slender.

*5636 xciv. APOCYNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Alyxia.

6. A. odorata, If 'all. Cat. 1606; bark red, leaves opposite and 3 in a
whorl, elliptic or obovate obtuse or obtusely acuminate shining above wdtb
numerous raised nearlv horizontal nerves, ripe carpels fleshy. A, DC. Prodr.
viii. 347 ; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 408.

Texassekim ; between Chappedong and Amherst, Wallieh.

Leaves 3-5 by I5-2 in,, narrowed into the very short petiole, yellow when dry;
nerves almost impereeptiljle beneath. Flowers not seen. Ripe carpels § in. long,
stipitate, ellipsoid. — This differs from A. stellata in the coriaceous foliage and larger
<'.arpels. A piece of the old wood in Wallich's Herbarium is covered with smooth scaling
very dark-brown bark. Kurz {in Journ. As. Soe. 1877, ii. 251) refers this to A.
stellata, but the fruit is very much larger than that of his own description of the
'latter species.

7. A . Stellata, JRoem. <§• Sch. Syst. iv. 439 ; quite glabrous, bark very white
quite glabrous, leaves 3-4 in a whorl elliptic-lanceolate or oblong or obovate
obtuse or obtusely acuminate shining above, nerves numerous very slender
nearly horizontal, cymes shortly peduncled nodding panicled, corolla-tube ^ in.
long. Roxh. Fl. Ind, i. 699, and ed. Wall. 8>- Carey, ii. 539. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 346; Wall. Cat. 1604. Gynopogon st&Wditwm, LahUl. Sert. Austr.-Ccded.
30, t. 34 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 176.

Tenassekim and the Andaman Islds. ; Kurz. Penang ; Wallieh. — Distrib. Malay
Archipelago, Pacific Islds.

A shrub ; branches slender, smooth. Leaves 2-5 by 1-1^ in., thinly coriaceous,
green when dry, pale beneath, narrowed into a petiole \ in. long. Cymes short but
effuse ; bracts short, ovate ; flowers very shortly pedicelled, pure white. Calyx deeply
5-lobed, lobes acute. Corolla-tube cylindric, slender, lobes short, rounded. Bipe
carpels ellipsoid, stipitate, "size of a cherry," Eoxb., or " of a small pea," Kurz,
yellowish, sometimes with a second superposed. — I am not convinced of the identity
of this with the original species of New Caledonia, which has more obovate leaves.

8. A. fascicularis, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 698 (under Hunterid) ; bark
pale warted, leaves opposite or 3 in a whorl elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate ob-
tusely caudate shining above with numerous parallel very slender raised nerves,
cymes very shortly peduncled decurved dense-fid. glabrous or puberulous, corolla-
tube ^ in. long. Hunteria? fascicularis. Wall. Cat. 1612 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii.
^50.

Khasia Mts.; Be Silva ; Churra, alt. 4000 ft., H.f. ^ T.

A woody climber, branches slender or stout. Leaves 3 3|-by 1-1^ in., coriaceous,
green or pale brown when dry ; nerves very faint beneath ; petiole distinct, \ in.
Cymes f-1 in. long, dense-fld. ; flowers racemose, very shortly peduncled ; bracts
acute. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute. Corolla-lobes small, rounded. Fruit not ssen. — The
short corolla at once distinguishes this from A. stellata.

9. A. ceylanica, Wight Ic. t. 1293; glabrous, branches slender, leaves
opposite or 3 in a whorl broadly elliptic obtusely caudate membranous not
shining, nerves distant ai'ched, flowers solitary or 2-3-nate long pedicelled,
carpels often moniliform. Thivaites Enum. 191 ; Beddome For. Fl. 158, t. 20,
fig. 6.

Ceylon ; Ambagamowa district, alt. 1-2000 ft., Walker, &c.

Shrubby, erect?; branches diehotomous, 4-angled. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1| in.,
drying green, base narrowed into a short slender petiole, midrib slender; nerves
8-10 pairs, extremely faint and slender. Pedicels ^ in., straight, slender. Caly.r-
lobes lanceolate, acute, many times shorter than the corolla. Corolla yellowish, tube
^ in., very slender, funnel-shaped above, glabrous without, villous within ; lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, half the length of the tube. Carpels fleshy, scarlet, sometimes
of one dimidiate-oblong compressed pedicelled 1 -seeded segment, ^-f in. long, some-

Alyxia.l xciv. APOCYNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 637"

times of 2-4 similar superimposed ones. — Very dissimilar from the other species, if
indeed congeneric.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Gtnopogon breviflgeum, Kurz Fo7\ FL ii. 177 ;. glabrous throughout, scandent,
leaves 2-3 in. opposite or in whorls of 3 oblong lanceolate to lanceolate obtusel,v
caudate base acuminate thinly coriaceous, nerves parallel obsolete, petiole 2-3 in..
(? lines), cymes axillary and terminal short sessile, trichotomous, pedicels glabrous
very short, flowers small ; calyx-lobes lanceolate acuminate, corolla-tube ^ in., lobes,
shorter, drupes ellipsoid pointed glabrous, pedicel slender. — Upper Tenasserira an<1
Martaban, in tropical forest, alt. 2000 ft. — The above description is condensed fronv
Kurz's. I have seen no specimens.

9. KUKTERZA, Roxb,

Glabrous trees. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, shiniug, nerves very slender.
Flowers small in temiinal axillary or subterminal cymes. Calyx small, 5-lobed,
eglandular. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric, tliroat annulate, lobes over-
lapping to the left. Stamens above the middle of the tube ; anthers oblong-
lanceolate, cells rounded at the base. Disc 0. Carpels 2, distinct ; style fili-
form, top thickened, stigma shortly 2-fid ; ovules 2-4 in each carpel. Fruit of
2 ovoid or oblong, oblique or recurved fleshy berries, 1-seeded or 2-celled by the^
intruded placenta, and 2-seeded, not pulpy within. Seeds ovoid or oblong,
albumen fleshy ; cotyledons thin, radicle straight. — Distrib. 3 Indian species.

K. oorsrmbosa, Boxl. Fl. Ind. i. 695, and ed. Carey c^ Wall. ii. 53 j
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate obtuse or obtusely caudate shining above,
cymes short terminal and axillary. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 350; Wight Ic. t. 428.
H. zeylanica, Gard. Thzcaites Enum. 191 ; Bedd. For. Fl. ii. t. 265. II. ? laii-
ceolata. Wall. Cat. 1611 ; A. DC. I. c. A. Roxburghiaua, Wight Ic. t. 1294 ;
Thwaites Enum. 192 ; Bedd. I. c. Anal. G&n. 158. Cameraria zeylanica, ^e<a
Ohs. iv. 24; A. DC. I. c. 389. Gynopogon lanceolatum, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 177^
Taberngemontana salicifolia. Wall. Cat. 1580. T. parvifiora, I£e7-b. Heyne,

Deccan Peninsula ; Coromandel coast, Roxburgh, &c. ; Tinnevelly Ghats, Bed-
dome ; Courtallum, Heyne, &c. Tavoy ; Wallick, Boxburgh. Pbnang ; Wallich,
Phillips. Ceylon ; Kcenig, &c.

A tree; branches slender, smooth. Leaves very variable, 4-6 by |-2 in., very
coriaceous, narrowed into the petiole, pale yellow-brown when dry; nerves very
numerous, slender, spreading, with close intermediate reticulations ; tip sometimes
^ in. long ; petiole ^-^ in. Cymes shortly peduncled, shortly corymbosely branched ;
bracts minute ; flowers pedicelled, white. Caly.v-lobes ovate, acute. Corolla-tube
\ in., limb about ^ in. diam. ; lobes short, obliquely ovate-o14ong. Ripe carpels size
of a cherry, globose, pedicelled, pulpy, orange-coloured, 2-seeded. — Some Deccan
specimens, figured by Wight as H. Roxbiirghiana, and which includes WaLlich's-
Tabemamontana salicifolia, have very narrow leaves.

10. CERBSRA, Linn,

Small glabrous trees. Leaves alternate, long, nerves slender horizontal an(f
parallel. Flowers large, white or red, in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-partite,^
eglandular, segments long. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube short, throat ribbed or-
with pubescent scales ; lobes broad, overlapping to the left. Stamens included ;.
anthers lanceolate, apiculate, cells rounded at the base. Disc 0. Conrpels 2,.,
distinct; style filiform, top dilated, stigma 2-lobed; ovules 4 in each carpel,
on the faces of a thick placenta. Fruit of 1 (rarely 2) globose ovoid or-
ellipsoid 1-2-seeded carpels ; pericarp very thick, fibrous and woody. Seedsx

*638 xciv. APOCYNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cerhera,

^)road, compressed, peltately attached to the placenta, albumen 0 : cotyledon
thin, radicle very short. — 1)istkib. 4 maritime species, Madagascar, tropical
Asia, and the Pacific.

C. OdoUaxu, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 193, 1. 124; leaves lanceolate or oblanceo-
late or linear-obovate acute or abruptly acuminate narrowed into the stout
petiole. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 353 ; Wight Ic. t. 441 ; Roxh. Fl Ind. i. 692,
and in ed. Carey 8,- Wall. ii. 527; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 116; Brand. For. Fl.
>322 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 171 ; Bedd. For. Fl. Anal. Gen. 167. C. Manghu,
Xinn. partly ; Wall. Cat. 1582, in Roxh. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. 8f Carey, ii. 629 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 1846. C. lactaria, Ham. ; A. DC. I. c. C. laurifulia, Lodd. Bot,
Cab. t. 989. Tanghinia OdoUam, lactaria and laurifolia, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv.
m.—RIieede Hort. Mai i. t. 39.

Salt swamps, or on the coasts of India and Ceylon. — Distbib. Malay Archipelago,
•China, Australia, Pacific Islds.

A small tree or large shrub, branches very thick. Leaves 3-8 by 1-2 in., leathery,
i)lack when dry, shining above, nerves very slender ; petiole stout, ^-1^ in. Cymes
large ; peduncle 2-6 in., stout, branches corymbose ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; flowers
white, shortly pedicelled. Calyx-lobes ^-1 in., lanceolate, acuminate, revolute.
Corolla-tube ^ in., mouth red, limb 1-3 in. diam., lobes falcately triangular- obovate,
acute. Ripe carpel ovoid, 2-4 in. long. — Omitted in Dalzell & Gibs. Bomb. Flora, but
TStated by Graham to be native of the South Concan.

11. OCKROSXA, Juss.

Trees. Leaves whorled, rarely opposite or scattered ; nerves very numerous,
slender, spreading. Cy?nes terminal, at length lateral, peduncled. Calyx 5-
partite, eglandular, segments obtuse. Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric,
throat naked, lobes overlapping to the right. StameTis above the middle of the
tube, included ; anthers lanceolate, cells rounded at the base. Disc 0, or
obscure. Carpels 2, distinct ; style filiform, top oblong, stigma 2-fid ; ovules
^-6, 2-seriate in each carpel on each side of a prominent placenta. Fruit of 2
{rarely 1) spreading drupes.; endocarp hard, thick, usually dorsally compressed
and ventrally grooved. Seeds solitary, or 2 separated by the placenta, flattened,
-albumen 0 (or fleshy ?) ; cotyledons large, flat ; radicle short, superior. —
DiSTRiB. Species 12, Mascarene Islands, Malay Archipelago, Australia and the
Pacific.

O. borbonica, Gmel. ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 366 ; glabrous, leaves in
^vhorls of 3-4 obovate narrowed into the petiole polished above, tip rounded.
Thwaites Fnum. 192. O. salubris, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 158 ; Ku7'z For. Fl. ii.
172. Cerbera parviflora. Wall. Cat. 1584. C. salutaris, Lour. ; Blume Bijd.
1033.

Tidal forests of the Andaman Islds., Kurz, of Singapobb, Wallich, and Ceylon.
— DiSTRiB. Java, Seychelle and Mascarene Islds.

An evergreen tree, 20 ft. high, branches very stout. Leaves 6-16 by 2-6 in.,
coriaceous, yellow when dry, nerves nearly straight ; petiole ^-2 in. Cymes stoutly
peduncled, branches short, thick, corymbose ; low^er bracts sometimes leafy ; flowers
'white, shortly thickly pedicelled. Calyx-lobes very coriaceous, ovate. Corolla-tube
^ in., limb \ in. diam. Ripe carpels " ellipsoid-oblong, about 2 in. long " {Kurz). —
I have seen no fruit, and have refrained from .quoting synonyms, the specimens of the
genus, being difl&cult to procure, are insufficient for complete identification ; but I
suspect that this species extends under various names from the Mauritius to Australia
and the Fiji Islands.

.Kopsia.'] xciv. apoctnace^. (J. D. Hooker.)

12. K.OPSIA, Mume.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaver opposite, narrowed into very short petioles.
Flowers in terminal cymes. Calj/x small, 5-partite, segments with glandular

•tips, eglandular within. Corolla salver-shaped, tube very slender, throat hairv,
lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens near the top of the tube, includea :

•anthers acute, cells rounded at the base. Disc of 2 glands alternating with the

■ carpels. Carpels 2, distinct ; style filiform, thickened at the top, stigma short;
ovules 2 on each carpel, 1 on either side of a thick placenta. Fruit of 2 obo-
void or obliquely quadrate coriaceous or rather fleshy carpels, each 1-celled and

—seeded or 2-celled by the intruded placenta and 2-seeded. Seeds oblong, albu-
men 0 ; cotyledons not thick. — Distrib. Species 4, Malayan.

1. IL. fruticosa, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 352 ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-
.4anceolate obtusely caudate shining above, nerves 10-13 pairs, cymes subsessile,

bracts ovate acute, corolla-tube inflated at the top. Bot. Mag. t. 4220.
^Oalpicarpium Roxburghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 100 ; Wight Ic. t. 431 ; Kurz

For. Fl. ii. ] 78. Cerbera fruticosa, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 391 ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. i.

691, and ed. Wall. Sf Carey, ii. 626 j WaU. Cat. 1583.

Pegu, Martaban and Tknassbeim ; Wallick, &c., often planted. — Distaib. Java,
JBorneo.

A large evergreen shrub. Leaves 4-8 by 1^-3 in., thinly coriaceous, green when
•dry, shining above, paler beneath; nerves slightly arched, reticulations distinct.
Cymes short, nearly Hat-topped ; peduncle very short, stout ; branches short, thick ;
bracts ^ in. Calyx-segments i in., ovate. Corolla pink, tube 1^ in., limb li-2 in.
diam., mouth red. Ovary villous. Bipe carpels usually solitary, l-seeded, urn-
shaped, ^1 in. long, obliquely truncate, pubescent, veined; pericarp thin, greenish
purple.

2. IL. macrophylla, Hook./.-, leaves oblong obovate or elliptic-oblong
obtusely caudate opaque above, nerves 18-20 pairs, cymes subsessile, bracts im-
bricate boat-shaped obtuse, corolla-tube inflated in the middle.

Singapoee; Lobb.

Leaves .5-9 by 2-3 in., thinly coriaceous, green above, paler beneath ; nerves as in
K. fruticosa ; petiole hardly any. Cyme with a short stout peduncle and a few
thici branches 1 in. long, clothed with small broad bracts. Calyx-lobes rounded.
CoroUu-tube 1 in., very slender, limb 1^ in. diam., lobes obovate. Fruit not seen. —
This resembles K. fruticosa, but differs conspicuously in the long opaque leaves,
shorter petioles, imbricate bracts, and corolla-tube with the stamens in the middle.
— I have seen only one specimen.

3. XL. pauciflora, Hook.fi leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely
Caudate shining above, nerve? 6-8 pairs, cymes sessile reduced to a very short
simple rachis, bracts ovate obtuse, corolla- tube inflated at the top.

Malacca ; Mt. Ophir, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1056).

Leaves yellow-green when dry, 4-6 by 1^-2^ in., firmly but thinly coriaceous, yel-
lower beneath ; petiole \ in. Cyme-rachis \-\ in. long, quite sessile, loosely clothed
with bracts. Calyx-lobes broad, obtuse. Corolla-tube 1 ^-2 in., very slender ; lobes 1 in.,
linear-oblong, longer and narrower than in the two preceding species. Fruit not
iseen. — This is referred by ]\laingay (mss.) to Blume's K. flavida of New Guinea,
which is described as having intensely green leaves and cymose flowers.

13. RKAZTA, Dene.

Glabrous erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, thick, nerves obscure. Flowers in
dense terminal cymes, corymbs or thyrsi. Calyx short, 6-partite, eglandular.

640 xciv. APOCYNACE^.. (J. D. Hooker.) [Bhaztja..

Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric, with reflexed hairs beneath the stamens,
•within, throat constricted hairy ; lobes 5, short, broad, overlapping to the left.
Stamens above the middle of the tube, included ; anthers lanceolate, cells-
rounded at the base. Disc annular or obscure. Carpels 2, distinct ; style fili-
form, top broad thickened, stigma sometimes furnished with a reflexed mem-
brane, top 2-globoss ; ovules many, 2-seriate in each carpel. Follicles 2, erect,,
slender. Seeds many, subterete or angled and compressed, truncate or winged
above and below, albumen fleshy ruminate ; cotyledons oblong, thick, radicle
superior. — Distrib. 2 species, Arabian and Indian.

R. stricta, Decaisne in Ann. Nat. Sc. ser. 2, iv. 81, and in Jacquem. Voy.
Bot. t. Ill ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acute coriaceous, corolla-lobes ovate mu—
cronate. A. DC. Proclr. viii. 386 ; Brandts F<yr. Fl. 322 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv..
47.— Apocyn. Wall. Cat. 7478.

SciNDE ; Stocks ; in the Trans-Indian territory, common ; Salt-range, Fleming ;.
Peshawur, Stewart. — Distrib. Affghanistan, Beluchistan, Arabia.

A small glabrous very stout erect sparingly branched leafy shrub. Leaves 3-4
by ^-| in,, yellowish and leathery when dry, sessile. Flowers in short axillary,,
stoutly branched cymes, shortly and stoutly pedicelled ; bracts subulate, persistent.
Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla white, tube ^ in., upper half inflated. Follicles erect,
parallel, 2-3 by \ in., slightly compressed, thinly coriaceous. Seeds ^ in. long, an-
gularly compressed, shortly winged. — There is no specimen of this on the sheet in
Wallich's Herbarium to which his ticket, No. 7478, is attached, but the note on that
ticket is " Apocyn. (ex Royleo in cujus Herbar. adsunt specim. et icon, pict.) viminea,.
subaphylla, Doab HindostanicB, 1825," leaves no doubt as to the plant meant ; added
to which the icon alluded to, made by Eoyle's artists, is in the Kew collection of
drawings.

14. VZNCA, Linn.

Erect or procumbent herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Floivers solitary,
axillary. Calyx' 5-partite, eglandular, segments narrow. Corolla salver-shaped ;
tube cylindric, with usually reflexed hairs below the stamens ; throat constricted,
hairy or thickened ; lobes broad, overlapping to the left. Stamens above the-
middle of the tube, included ; anthers various. Disc of 2 large glands. Carpels
2, distinct ; style filiform, top thick, stigma annulate viscid sometimes with a
reflected membrane, tip minute penicillate : ovules 6 or more, 2-seriate in each
carpel. Follicles 2, slender, erect or spreading. Seeds subcylindric, truncate at
both ends, hilum lateral, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons ovate, radicle long superior.
— Distrib. About 10 species, European, Indian, American, and Madagascarian.

V. ROSEA, Linn. (V. Gulielmi Waldemarii, Klotzsch in Beise Pr. Waldon. Bot. t..
70); a West Indian plant, is fiiuch cultivated about pagodas, &c. ; it has obovate
leaves and rosy flowers 1^-2 in. diam.

V. pusilla, 3f^w?r. in Act. Goett. 1772,66, t. 2, fig. 1; annual, erect,
glabrous, branched from the base, leaves lanceolate acuminate, flowers very
small subsessile, sepals filiform. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 382 ; Dalz. 8c Gibs. Bomb
Fl. 144. V. parviflora, Betz Obs. ii. n. 33 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 1. Catharan-
thiis roseus, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 95. — Bheede Hart. Mai. vs.. t. 33.

Wkstern Himalaya; Garwhal, alt. 2000 ft., Sir. cf- Winterb.; Upper Gangetic
Plain, Boyle, &e. Throughout the Deccan, common.

An erect, pale-green annual, 1-2 ft. high ; stem and branches acutely 4-angled.
Leaves 1^-2^ by ^f in., membranotis, acuminate, margins minutely scabrid, stipular
glands subulate ; petiole i in, or less, slender. Flowers ^ in. long, on short pedicels,,
white. Corolla mouth narrow, hairy ; throat glabrous, thickened. Follicles 2-3 in.,
very slender, diverging, straight, membranous. Seeds ^-, in., linear-oblong, cylindric,,
rounded at both ends; testa black, many-ribbed, ribs rough.

Plumeria.'] xciv. apocynacej;. (J. D. Hooker.) 64i

14*. PX.UXIIERIA, Linn.

Erect trees ; "branches very thick. Leaves scattered, elongate, nerves nume-
rous, horizontal. Flowers large, in terminal 2-3-chotomous cymes; bracts
many, broad, deciduous. Calyx small, 6-fid, eglandular within ; lobes broad,
obtuse. Corolla salver-shaped, throat naked, lobes overlapping to the left,
rarely to the right. Stamens near the base of the tube ; anthers obtuse, cells
rounded at the base. Disc 0, or lining the calyx-tube. Carpels 2, distinct ;
style short, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules oo-seriate in each cell. Follicles linear-oblong
or ellipsoid. Seeds oblong or lanceolate, plano-convex, winged, albumen fleshy,
thin; cotyledons oblong or ovate-cordate. — Distrib. About 40 species, all
natives of tropical America.

P. acutifolla, Poiret; leaves oblong acute at both ends. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 392 ; Wall. Cat. 1636 ; Wight Ic. t. 471 ; Brand. For. Fl. 323 ; Kurz For. Fl.
ii. 179 ; P. acuminata, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. ii.20 ; Bot. Beg. 1. 114 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3952.

Cultivated and naturalised in many parts of India.

A small tree with crooked trunk and rough bark ; branches swollen and leafy at
the tips. Leaves 8-12 in.; petiole 1-1^ in., 1-glanduIar at the top. Flowers many,
fra^ant, pink externally, white within. Follicles about 5 in. long, cylindric.

15. EXiXiERTONIA, Wight.

Glabrous climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite or 3-4-nately whorled, coriaceous.
Flozoers slender, in subterminal cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-fid, eglandular.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric ; throat constricted, naked ; lobes 5, narrow,
overlapping to the left. Stamens in the middle of the tube, filaments ciliate ;
anthers lanceolate, cells obtuse at the base. Disc 0. Carpels 2, distinct ; style
filiform, top ovoid or oblong, stigma linear, 2-fid ; ovules many in each carpel,
2-00 -seriate. Follicles 2, linear or narrowly linear-oblong, terete, spreading.
Seeds 2-seriate, oblong, flattened, peltately attached, winged above and below,
albumen scanty ; cotyledons thin, radicle superior. Species 2, an Indian and
? a Madagascarian.

E. Zllieedii, Wight Lc. t 1295.— Bheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 14.

Maxabar and the Concan ; at Qiiilon, Wight ; Warree country, Stocks, Gibson.

Branches twining, slender, terete. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., elliptic or oblong,
obtusely acuminate, of a peculiar blue-gray hue beneath when dry, coriaceous ; nerves
10-12 pairs, very slender, spreading ; petiole \ in. Ci/wes clustered, few-fld., 1-2 in.
long, 2-3-chotomously branched ; bracts subulate, persistent ; pedicels short. Sepals
ovate, acuminate. Corolla-tube \ in., very slender, inflated in the middle ; lobes
lanceolate, acuminate. Ovary elongate ; style slender, stigmas long. Follicles 2-4
by ^ in., horizontally divaricate, sessile, straight or slightly curved, acute, coriaceous,
inner coat separable. Seeds 1^ in., disc elliptic, wings quite straight, tips rounded.

16. AZ.STONZA, Br.

Ti-ees or erect shrubs. Leaves 3-4-nately whorled, rarely opposite. Flncers
in subterminal corymbose cymes. Calyx short, 5-Iobed or -partite. Corolla
salver-shaped, tube cylindric ; throat naked, aimulate or with reflexed hairs ;
lobes overlapping to the right or left. Stamens near the top of the tube, in-
cluded; anthers subacute. Disc annular, lobed or truncate or 0. Carpels 2
distinct : style filiform, top ovoid or oblong, stigma minute or 2-toothed ; ovules
many, oo-seriate in each carpel. Follicles 2, linear, slender. Seeds oblong or
linear, flattened, peltately attached, often ciliate, albumen scanty ; cotyledons
oblong, flat, radicle superior.— Distrib. Species about 30, tropical Asiatic,
Malayan, Australian, and Polynesian.

VOL. III. ' TT

iia. ■I

642 xciv. APOCTNACEJ;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Alstonia.

Sect. I. Pala. Leaves with close parallel nervation, usually obtuse.
Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left.

1. £Li scholaris, Broiun in Mem. Wern. Sac. i. 75; leaves 4-7 in a
whorl obovate or elliptic-oblong white beneath, base acute, tip obtuse roimded
or obtusely acuminate, cymes peduncled or sessile capitate, flowers pubescent,
follicles very long and slender. A. DC. Frodr. viii. 408; Wight Ic. t. 422
Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 116 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 145 ; Brand. For. Fl. 325:
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 183 ; Beddome For. Fl. 325, t. 242 ; Wall. Cat. 1644
Echites scholaris, Zinn. Mant. 55. E. Pala, Ham. ex Sp-eng. Syst. i. 633
A, DC. I. c. ^77.—Rheede Hort. Mai. i. t. 45.

Drier forests of India; in the tropical region of the "Western Himalaya
from the Jlmna eastwards to Assam, and southwards to . Cetlon, Singapoee and
Penang. — DisTRiB. Malay Archipelago, tropical Australia and Africa.

An evergreen tree 40-60 ft., "at times 80-90" {Brandts); trunk tall, base often
buttressed ; branches whorled ; juice milky bitter. Leaves 4-8 by 1-2^ in., very
coriaceous, whitish beneath ; nerves 30-60 pairs, horizontal, joining an intramarginal
one ; petiole stout, \-\ in. Cymes umbellately branched ; peduncle 1-3 in,, rarely 0,
very stout ; branches numerous, stout ; flowers subcapitate, greenish-white. Corolla
^-^ in. diam., throat villous, lobes rounded. Disc 0. Ovary hirsute. Follicles 1-2
ft., pendulous in clusters, only |- in. diam., terete. Seeds g- in. long, slender.

2. A . spathulata, Blume Bijd. 1037 ; quite glabrous, leaves 3-5 in a
whoxl obovate-cuneate tip rounded concolorous beneath, cymes peduncled and
pedicelled flowers quite glabrous. — A. DC. Prodr. viii. 410 ; Miquel Fl. Ind.
Bat. ii. 437. A. cuneata. Wall. Cat. 1645 (habitat wrong).

Malacca; in marshes, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1068). — Disteib. Java,
Borneo.

Leaves 1^-4 in., very coriaceous, brown on both surfaces when dry, shining above,
opaque beneath ; nerves 20-30 pairs, horizontal ; petiole very short. Cymes small,
umbellately branched ; bracts short. Calyx-lobes orhicwlsLT. Corolla-tube \m.,\ohBS
elliptic, throat villous. Disc small. Ovary glabrous. Follicles 5 7 in. long, slender.

Sect. II. Blaberopus. Leaves with close parallel nerves, mem'branous,
acute or acuminate. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc of 2 ligulate
glands alternating with the carpels. Follicles 3-6 in., broadest in the middle.

3. A. venenatus, Broivn in Mem. Wern. Soc. i. 76; quite glabrous,
leaves 4-6 in a whorl narrowly lanceolate finely acuminate, follicles stipitate and
long-beaked. Wall. Cat. 1647 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 186 ; Wight Lc. t. 436 ;

, Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 52 ; Beddome For. Fl. Anal. Gen. 160. Blaber-
opus venenatus, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 411. Echites venenata, Roxb. Lc. ^

Deccan Peninsula, Nilgheeby Hills ; alt. 3-4500 ft., Courtallum, Dindygul on
high hills.

A shrub 6-8 ft. Leaves 4-8 by ^1^ in., narrowed into a slender short petiole,
midrib stout, nerves very slender and close. Cymes subumbellate, the flowers often
racemose on the branches. Calyx very small, lobes triangular-ovate, acute. Corolla-
tube 1 in., very slender, swollen at the top, limb |-1 in. diam. ; lobes oblong, obtuse-
Ovary ovoid; style slender, top bai'rel-shaped, stigma 2-fid. Follicles 4-5 by \ in.-,
sword- shaped, coriaceous, smooth, narrowed into a stalk \-l in. long, and into a
straight beak as long. Seeds more than ^ in. long, linear-oblong, flat, hairs short. —
Fig. 6 of Wight's plate represents the pod of A. neriifolia.

4. A. neriifolia, Don Prodr. 131; branchlets and leaves beneath pube-
scent, leaves opposite or 3-4 in a whorl narrowly lanceolate finely acuminate,
follicles sessile beaked. Wall. Cat. 1646. Blaberopus neriifolius, A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 411. B. Sebusii, Van Huerck 8f Muell. Arg. in Plant. Nov. Herb.
Van Heurck, fasc. ii. 188.

Alstonia.] xciV. apoctnace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 643

Tropical Himalaya; NipaJ, Wallick, near the Sikkim frontier, on dry rocks,
J. D. H. Bhotan ; Griffith.

Very similar to A. venenata, bixt the leaves are more coriaceous, always more or
less pubescent beneath, and much fewer in a whorl, with usually long (sometimes
^ in.) subulate interpetiolar glands; the follicles are longer (4-7 in.), more slender,
straighter, and sessile ; the seeds are smaller and narrower. — B. Sebusii, Van H. &
Muell. Aigan., is founded on Griffith's Bhotan specimen, in which the leaves and
flowers are those of A, neritfolia, but the pods, which are separate, belong to A.
venenata.

Sect, III. Dissnraspermnin. Leaves with distant nerves. Corolla-
hbes overlapping to the right Disc annular. Follicles long, slender, cylindric.

5. A. macrophylla, Wall. Cat, 1648; leaves 6-12 in. oblanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate pubescent or glabrous beneath, nerves
16-20 pairs, cymres numerous lai^e terminal sessile or peduncled with slender
spreading many-flowered branches, corolla-tube glabrous throat \iUous. A. DC.
Pi-odr. viil 409. A, costata. Wall, Cat, 1649, no^ of Br.

Pexang; Wallick, Maingay (KewDistrib. 1066/2, 1070/2).— Distbib. Java, Timor,
Philippine Islds.

Leaves thinly coriaceous, 2^3 in. broad, shining above, rather paler beneath ;
nerves spreading, about ^ in. apart ; base narrowed into a stout petiole ^-| in. long.
Cymes copious, lax, pubescent; bracts 0; flowers small. Calyx campanulate,
lobes short obtuse. Corolla-tube \ in., mouth contracted ; lobes rounded, pubescent,
thick. Disc annular. Ovary ovoid, acute, glabrous. Follicles very numerous,
slender, pendulous, 12-18 by J in., terete, membranous. Seeds slender, | in. long.

6. JEL, angiistifolia, JTa/^. Cat. 1650; leaves glabrous obovate or ob-
lanceolate obtusely acuminate or obtuse, nerves 10-15 pairs, cymes numerous
branched densely pubescent many-flowered, peduncle and branches stout, calyx
urceolate lobes very short, corolla-tube densely pubescent throat villous. A.
DC. Prodr. viii. 409.

Singapore; Wallick, T. Anderson. Malacca and Penang; Griffith, Maingay
(KewDistrib. 1066, 1067, 1070, 1070/1, 1070/2).

A tall tree {Maingay), leaves much smaller and more coriaceous than A. macropkylla,
always quite glabrous, with fewer nerves and longer petioles (f-1 in.) and with denser
more pubescent cymes and flowers. Penang specimens have very broad leaves, 6-7.
by 3 in. c

SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL POSmOX.

7. A. KuRzii, Hook.f. ; a tree 80-100 ft., quite glabrous; leaves whorled, 4-7 in.
long, oblong to obovate-oblong, tip retuse or rounded, base acute or obtuse, coriaceous,
glaucous beneath ; nerves parallel, numerous, slender ; flowers small, white, densely
cymulose ; pedicels short and stout ; cymelets shortly peduncled, whorled, formmg a
long peduncled, glabrous axillary panicle ; follicles linear. A. spectabilis, Kurz For.
Fl. ii. 183, not of Brown. — Forests of the Andaman Islds., Kurz.

This is obviously not Brown's A. spectabilis, which is probably closely allied to A.
macropkylla. In Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 254, Kurz says of this, "hardly specifically
distinguishable from A. scholaris."

8. A. GBANDiFOLiA, Miqucl Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 555; leaves 5-7 in a whorl,
uneqiial, 12-16 by 4-5 in., narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, obtusely apiculate,
glaucous beneath, midrib stout, nerves 20 pairs strong ; petiole very stout, 2 in. —
Singapore, T. Anderson.— Of this I have seen only two leaves, which precisely agree
with Miquel's from Sumatra.

17. DVERA,-HboA;./.

Glabrous trees. Leaves whorled, petioled. Flowers small, in terminal and
axillary iimbellately branched cymes. Calyx hemispheric, shortly 6-lobed,
eglandular within. Corolla salver-shaped, tube short; lobes overlapping to

T T 2

6M xciv. APOCTNACEj;. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dyera,

the left. Stamens 5, in the middle of the tuhe, included, filaments very-
short ; anthers ohlong, obtuse, upper half empty fleshy, base obtusely 2-lobed.
Disc annular, obscure. Ovary short, broadly conic, obtuse, top pubescent,
2-celled, cells many-ovuled ; style 0, stigma 2-cleft, minute, sessile, pyriform,
lobes appressed. Follicles very large long thick, straight, cylindric, obtuse,
connate at the base, reflexed, furfuraceous. Seeds (unripe) flattened, winged. —
Species 3, Malayan.

1. Z>. costulata, Hooh. f, ; leaves rounded at the base, cymes shortly
peduncled, corolla-lobes about as long as the tube. Alstonia ? costulata,
Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 556.

I\Iaxacca; Griffith, Maingay {JLqw D'lstnb. 10^1). — Distbib. Sumatra.

A tree ; branches very stout. Leaves 6-8 in a whorl, 2-4 by 1^-3 in., broadly
elliptic or oblong, rounded at both ends, hard and coriaceous, shining above, glaucous
beneath; nerves 12-16 pairs, strong, nearly straight, almost horizontal or ascending,
reticulations prominent above ; petiole ^-1 in. Cymes numerous, twice umbellately
branched, glabrous ; peduncles 2-3 in. ; pedicels short ; flowers very small. Calyx-
lobes rounded, coriaceous. Corolla-iuhe ~ in. long, glabrous, lobes linear-oblong.
Follicles 9-12 by 1-1^ in., " covered with minute crenated ferruginous squamulae "
{Maingay). — A most remarkable plant, evidently allied to Alstonia, though from the
seeds being imperfectly known, its exact affinity cannot be stated. The huge follicles
are borne on a woody peduncle nearly ^ in. diam., their bases are entirely connate, and
though quite straight they are sharpfy deflexed, when ripe they gape wide, and the
inner shining parchment-like coat becomes irregularly torn, forming a fringe to the
coriaceous outer. An allied species from Borneo, collected by Low, Lobb, and
Beccari, has longer leaves (6-9 by 1-2 in.) with the base narrowed into the petiole
and numerous (20-30) pairs of nerves.— All the species are said to yield gutta Jelatong.

2. I>. laziflora, Hooh, f. ; leaves narrowed to the rounded or subacute
base, cymes long peduncled, corolla-lobes four times as long as the tube.

SiNGAPOEE ; Murton, Cantley.

Closely allied to I), costtdata, but with much larger leaves, sometimes 8 in long,
petioles 1^-2 in. Peduncles of cyme very slender, 3-5 in., pedicels ^-^ in. Corotla-
lobes linear, ^ in. long.

18. KOZ.ARRKENA, Br.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, membranous. Flowers white, in terminal
or subaxillary many-flowered corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed or -partite,
usually glandular within, lobes small. Corolla salver-shaped, tube slender
cylindric, throat contracted naked ; lobes oblong, overlapping to the left.
Stamens near the base of the tube ; anthers oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, cells
rounded at the base. Disc 0. Carpels 2, distinct ; style short, filiform, stigma
oblong-fusiform, top entire or 2-toothed ; ovules many in each carpel. Follicles
2, elongate, spreading and incurved, terete. Seeds linear or oblong, compressed,
concave, tipped with a deciduous coma ; funicle in the concavity, albumen
scanty ; cotyledons broad, complicate, radicle short, superior. — Bistkib. Species
7 or 8, tropical Asiatic and African.

1. K. antidysenterioa, Wall. Cat. 1672 ; glabrous pubescent or to-
mentose, leaves shortly petioled elliptic oblong ovate or ovate-oblong obtusely
acuminate. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 413; Brand. For. Fl. 326, t. 40; Bedd. Fl.
St/lv. Anal. Gen. xx. fig. 6 ; Kurs For. FL ii. 182 : Dalz. Sf Gibs. Bomb. FI.U5;
Beddome For. Fl. Anal. Gen. 160, t. 20, fig. 6. II. Codaga, G. Don Gen. Syst.
iv. 78; A. DC. I. c. ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 183 ; Wight Ic. 1297. H. pubescens,
Wall. Cat 1673 ; A. DC. I. c. ^ H. malaccensis, Wight Ic. t. 1298. Echites
antidysenterica, Bo.vb. AVrightia antidysenterica, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 114,
excl. some syns. Chonemorpha ? antidysenterica, G. Don I. c. ; Wight Ic. t.

Holarrhena,'] xciv. apocynaceji. (J. D. Hooker.) 645

439. ?H. yillosa, Ait. ex Z<md. in Steud. Nbmencl. — Rheede Sort. Mai. i.
t. 47.

Tropical Himalaya ; ascending to 3500 ft,, from the Chenab westwards, and
throughout the drier forests of India to Travancoke and Malacca.

A small deciduous tree, bark pale. Leaves 6-12 by 1^-5 in., base obtuse rounded
or acute ; nerves 10-14 pairs, strong, arched; petiole 0-\ in. Cymes 3-6 in. diam.,
corymbose, sessile, terminal ; bracts small, ciliate ; pedicels slender. Flowers in-
odorous, -white, 1-2 in. diam., puberulous. Sepals acuminate. Corolla-tube very
slender, ^-^ in.; lobes as long, oblong, tip round. Follicles 8-16 by ^ in , very
slender, parallel, terete, coriaceous, obscurely torulose, usually with small long white
spots. Seeds ^ in., narrowly linear-oblong, glabrous, coma 2 in., brown,

2, K. mitis, Br. in Mem. Wem. Soc. i. 62 ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate obtuse. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 413 j Thwaites Enum. 194;
Beddome Foi'. Fl. Anal. Gen. 161.

Ceylon ; not uncommon up to 1500 ffc,

A medium- sized tree {Thwaites). Leaves 3-5 by ^-1 in., shining above, paler
beneath, nerves about 10 pairs; petiole \ in. Cymes axillary and terminal, many-
fld. Corolla-lobes narrowly linear. Follicles upwards of a foot long, — A specimen of
this is in the Wallichian Herbarium without name or number, ticketed as from Herb.
Finlayson ; probably erroneously, as Finlayson collected only in Siam.

19. TABERNSIMONTANA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers white in axillary terminal
cjones. Calyx 5-lobed or -partite, glandular within, rarely eglandular. Corolla
salver-shaped, tube cylindric, usually slender, inflated in the middle or top ;
lobes overlapping to the left. Stamens at or above the middle of the tube,
filaments short or 0; anthers sagittate or base obtuse, acuminate. Disc 0.
Carpels 2, distinct ; style short or long, top urceolate ovoid or clavate, stigma
short or long 2-lobed ; ovules usually many, and oo-seriate in each carpel.
Fruit of 2 ovoid or oblong or reniform, smooth or ribbed 1-many-seeded,
dry or fleshy follicles. Seeds buried in pulp, ovoid-oblong, subterete or com-
pressed, grooved down one face, smooth striate or rugose, albumen fleshy
equable or ruminate ; cotyledons ovate, radicle short or lorfg. — Distkib. About
110 species in all tropical regions.

* Calyx 6-lobed to the middle, lobes obtuse, eglandular or with glands on
their inner faces at the base. Corolla-lobes globose in bud.

f Branches stout ; leaves large coriaceous ; peduncles and pedicels very stout.
Calyx large. Corolla-tvhe cylindi-ic, stout.

1. T. dichotoma, Roxh. Hart. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 21 ; glabrous,
leaves coriaceous oblong or obovate- or linear-oblong tip rounded, base acute,
ner\'es horizontal, petiole stout, cymes long-peduncled few-fld. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 366 ; Wight Ic. t. 433 ; Wall. Cat. 1570 ; Thwaites Enum. 192 ; Bot. Reg.
1841, t. 53. Cerberea dichotoma, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1516. 0, Manghas, Linn.,
partly {Thwaites). Tanghinia dichotoma, G. Don Hort. Brit. ed. 3, 461. —
Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t. 70, fig. 1.

Deocan Peninsula; common in the "Western Ghats, Beddome. Ceylon; very
common in the warmer parts of the island (Thwaites).

A small tree ; branches very stout, woody, cylindric ; buds resinous. Leaves 4-8
by 1-2 in., pale yellow-brown when dry, midrib very stout, nerves 16-22 pairs ;
petiole J-| in., base semiamplexicaul. Peduncle 2-5 in., bracts 0. Calyx hemispheric,
very thick, lobes semicircular. Flowers scarcely fragrant. Corolla white, tube
f-1 in., yellow, cylindric, swollen at the very base, limb white, 2-3 in. diam., mouth
contracted ; lobes broadly oblong, falcate, obtuse. Anthers half-way down the tube.

646 xciv. APOCTNACEJ!. ( J. D.. Hooker.) [Tahernasmontana.

Follicles usually solitary, 4-5 by 1-2 in., recurved, oblong, narrowed at both ends,
dorsally concave, ventrally 2-fibbed, orange-yellow. Seeds many, f in, long, buried
in scarlet pulp. — Thougli mentioned by Eoxbur(>:li and Beddome as a Malabar plant,
I have seen no specimen from continental India. It is remarkable as being the
only Ceylon species of this common Indian and tropical genus. The T. dichotoma?
of Gibson's Catalogue of Bombay Plants is probably T. Heyneana.

2. T. Heyneana, Wall, in B&t. Reg. under t. 1273, and Cat. 1573 ;
glabrous, leaves linear-oblong or -lanceolate obtusely acuminate, base acute,
nerves 12-16 pairs arched, cymes peduncled many-fld. A. DC. Prod?', viii. 376,
T. intercedens, Van Heurch 8f Mull. Arg. Plant. Nov. Herb. Van Seurckj 166.
T. recurva, JIe7'b. Hohenaek. 1847, not of jRoxb.

"Westekn Ghats ; from^ the Concan, southwards, common.

Branches very stout, with pale smooth bark, grooved when dry. Leaves 3-8 by
1-2^ in., coriaceous, dark brown and shining above when dry, paler beneath, midrib
and nerves beneath stout ; petiole ^-^ in., base dilated. Peduncle 1-2 in. ; pedicels
£-1 in. ; bracts obsolete. Calyx very coriaceous ; lobes hardly ovate, obtuse.
Corolla-tube 1 in., cylindric, stout, swollen at the top, limb 1 in. diam. ; lobes globose
in bud, falcately oblong, obtuse, crisped. Ovary yery short; style filiform, top
obconic, stigma forked. Follicles very variable, ^-1 in, long, sessile, slightly re-
curved, shortly sausage^shaped, not keeled or ribbed, beaked or not. Seeds 2 or more,
^ in. long.

3. T. corymbosa, Poccb. Fl. Ind. ii. 25 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-ohlong
or lanceolate or oblanceolate obtuse or obtusely acuminate, nerves 10-16 pairs-
very spreading, cymes peduncled many-lid. A. DC. Pr&dr. viii. 376 j Walk
Cat. 1772, and Bat. Reg. under t. 1273.

Penang ; Wallich, Phillips. Singapore, Anderson, Murton. — Dis-treb. Java.

Very similar to T. Heyneana, but with smaller and more crowded flowers on
slenderer pedicels, more obtuse leaves with straighten nerves. Branches stout ; bark
pale, smooth, grooved when dry. Leaves 3-7 by 1^-22 in. (in on» specimen of Wallich's
12 by 4 in.), coriaceous, opaque, greenish or brown above when dry, pale beneath;
petiole ^-f in. Cymes shortly peduncled, much branched ; bracts obsolete ; pedicels
^ in. Calyx very coriaceous, lobes rounded. Corolla-tube \ in., cylindric, swollen at
the top ; lobes falcately oblong, globose in bud. Ovary elongate-conical ; style stout,
stigma fusiform. Follicles not seen. — This is certainly very near T. ^"a^^awica, Miquel,
but differs in the longer pedicels, suppression of bracts, and in the corolla-tube being
dilated not in the middle, but at the top, as also in the stigma not being 2-fid ; the
latter character is however a very deceptive one, as the tearing away of the stigma
from the anthers often mutilates it. T. s-phcBrocarpa of Java is another close ally.

4. T. hirta, Hooh. f. ; cymes pubescent, leaves elliptic-ovate or -oblong
long acuminate, nerves 10-16 pairs arched, cymes peduncled many-fld.

Maxacca; Maingay.

Leaves 4-8 in., coriaceous, almost caudate, base acute ; petiole \-\ in. Cymes
almost hirsute, with short close-set spreading hairs, peduncle branches and pedicels
stout. Calyx coriaceous, sometimes 7-lobed, lobes semicircular, eglandular. Corolla
glabrous, tube ^ in., stout, cylindric ; lobes short, globose in bud. Ovary elongate ;
style slender, top urn-shaped, stigma small fesiform. Follicles strongly recurved,
1-1| by ^-f in., terete, not ribbed keeled or beaked. Seeds ^ in., few or many. —
The specimens are very indifferent of this very distinct species.

ft Branches rather slender; leaves memh'anous; calyx small; corolla-tvJbe
slender.

5. T. coronaria, Br. m Sort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 72 ; glabrous, leaves in each
pair unequal elliptic-oblong obovate or oblanceolate obtusely acuminate or cau-
date, pedurcles solitary or in pairs in the forks of the branches dichotomous
1-8-fld., corolla-tube swollen below the middle;, follicles recurved. A. DC.

Tahemcemontana.'] xciv. apoctnacejj. (J, D. Hooker.) (ji7

Prodr. viii. 373 ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 23 ; WaU. Cat 1568 ; Wiffht Ic. t. 477 ;
Brand. For. Fl. 322 ; Dalz. <§- Gibs. Botnb. Fl. 144 ; Bedd. For Fl. And. Gen.
159 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 406. T. divaricata, Blume Bijd. 1026 ; Karz For. Fl.
ii. 174. Neriurn divaricatum, Linn. Sp. PI. 306. N. coronarium, Jacq. Coll.
i. 138, t. 62 ; Bot May. t. 1861. — Jasminum zeylanicum, &c., Burin, Fl. Ind.
t. 39.

Cultivated throughout India ; from the N.W. Himalaya in Kumaon, eastwards
aud southwards. — Native country unknown.

A shrub, 6-8 ft., much dichotomously branched, bark pale. Leaves, the larger
4-6 by 1-1^ in., glossy, rather coriaceous, green when dry, pale beneath, mai^ins
waved, nerves 6-8 pairs, narrowed into a petiole J-^ in., axils of petioles glandular.
Peduncles 1-2 in., pedicels slender ; bracts 0 or minute. Flowers pure white, often
double, fragrant. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, acute. Corolla^tube ^1 in., glabrous,
dilated slightly below the middle, limb 1-1^ in. diam. ; lobes obliquely ovate, obtuse,
margins curled ; mouth with 5 glands. Anthers inserted below the middle of the
tube. Ovary glabrous. Follicles 1-3 in., spreading and recurved, sessile or contracted
into a sort of stalk at the base, turgidly oblong, beaked or not, 3 -ribbed. Seeds
3-6, oblong, striated ; aril red, fleshy.

6. T. grraciliflora, Wall. Cat 1576, and in Bot Reg. under t. 1273;
glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate or caudate, nerves 11-16
pairs, cymes very long-peduncled, bracts obsolete, corolla-tube 1 in. very slender,
lobes narrow, follicles ^ in. turgid 1-2-seeded. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 175. T.
Colignonje, Van Hmrck 8f Muell. PI. Nov. Van Heurck, 170.

Maktaban and Moulmein ; Wallich, Griffith.

Branches with pale bark. Leaves 4-7 by 1-2 in., membranous, narrowed into a
slender petiole \-\ in. Peduncle sometimes equalling the leaves ; branches of cyme
slender, divaricate, pedicels short. Calyx very small ; lobes roimded, ciliolate.
Corolla-tube dilated above the middle, twice as long as the lobes. Ovary of two very
slender carpels ; style filiform, tip obconic, stigma forked. Follicles turgid, smooth,
with a short upcurved beak or 0. Seeds \ in.

7. T. subcapitata, Wall. Cat. 1579, and in Bot. Reg. under t. 1273 ;
leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate obtusely acuminate or caudate nerves 8-12
pairs, cymes shortly peduncled small mauy-fld., bracts obsolete, coroUa-tube
^ in., lobes small rounded, throat villous. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 373.

Tavoy ; Gomez. Pegu and Tenasseeim {Kurz). Merqui ; Griffith.

An evergreen shrub. Leaves 4-7 by l|-3 in., very membranous, midrib and
nerves slender; petiole slender, |-| in. Peduncle \-l\ in.; branches crowded,
dichotomous, very short. Calyx small ; lobes broadly ovate, obtuse. Flowers white.
Corolla rather funnel-shaped above, lobes about half as long as the tube. Ovary
ovoid, acute ; style filiform, tip clavate, stigma fusiform. Follicles "obliquely oblong,
about I in. loug, narrowed into a thick long stalk and compressed into a sterile trun-
cate appendage, terminating in a falcate point ; glabrous, 1-2 seeded," Kurz.

8. T. peduncularis, Wall. Cat 1575, and in Bot. Reg. under t. 1273 ;
glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate, nerves 12-20
pairs spreading, peduncles very long and slender, cyme-branches divaricate,
pedicels capillary, corolla-tube ^ in. curved limb small, follicles ^ in. stipitate
1-seeded. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 376.

r Pexakg; Porter, il/az«^ay (KewDistrib. 1060/2).

A small shrub. Leaves 4-6 by 1^2^ in., membranous, nerves close, tips usually
very long, base acute ; petiole slender, \-^ in. Peduncle 4-5 iti., wiry ; branches few,
filiform, widely divaricate. Calyx small, lobes rounded. Corolla-lobes very small,
mouth glabrous. Ovary of two long narrow carpels ; style filiform, top clavate,
stigma, 2-fid. Follicles turgid, obtusely beaked, not ribbed.

648 xcrv. apocynace^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Taherncemontana,

** Calyx 5-partite, segments eglandular or glandular at the base.
t Calyx-segments hroad, foliaceouSj deciduous.

9. T. crlspa, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 24 ; glabrous, leaves
elliptic or elliptic-oblong or -obovate obtusely acuminate margins wrinkled,
cymes long-peduncled, bracts minute, sepals rounded subacute. A. DC. Pfodr.
viii. 371. excl. syn. Rheede 8^ Linnceus) Wall, Cat. 4450; Wight Ic. t. 470;
Bedd. For. Fl. And. Gen. 169. T. alternifolia, Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 24 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 174, not of Linnceus.

Andaman Islands ; frequent along the coast, Kurz.

Habit and foliage of T. coronaria, but leaves often much larger, sometimes 10 by
5 in., with more numerous and more spreading nerves ; petiole very short. Cymes
many -fid. ; peduncle 1-4 in. ; pedicels long, ^1 in. Sepals ^ in. diam., obtuse or
apiculate, sometimes cordate. Corolla-tube very slender, ^-| in., swollen at the top ;
limb 1 in. diam., lobes obovate, margins crisped, ovoid and acute in bud. Ovary
ovoid, narrowed into the slender style, which is elongate, urceolate at the top, with a
2-fid stigma. Follicles " 1 in., sessile, acute, recurved, ventrally 3-keeled, 3-6-seeded"
{Boxhurgh). — This species, which differs from all others in the remarkable calyx, has
long been in confusion, and though cultivated in India from a very early period, it was
only quite lately that its native country was known. This is the Andaman Islands.
Beddome indeed says that it is common in the Western Ghats ; but I have seen no
specimens and suspect some error. Koxburgh accurately describes it, but strangely
confounded it with T. alternifolia of Linnaeus {S'p. PI. 211). Under the latter plant
{Fl. hid. ii. 25) he quotes Linnaeus' and Eheede's Curata pdia, and says " the leaves
being in this opposite, made me change the Linnaean specific name alternifolia for
crista, on account of its curled petals." A glance at Eheede's figure of Curata pala,
upon which Linnaeus founded his T. alternifolia, shows that it has nothing to do with
this, but is probably T. coronaria. Kurz, also neglecting to refer to Rheede, restores
the Linnaean name of alternifolia, and does not even refer to Roxburgh's crispa,
though his description perfectly agrees with that author's. Lastly, Linnaeus and
Roxburgh are both wrong in the citation of Rheede for Curata pala : it is part i. t. 47
(Linnaeus say 45, and Roxburgh 46).

ft Calyx-segments narrow, acute or acuminate, persistent.

10. T. recurva, Roxb. Hm't. Beng. 20, and Fl. Ind. ii. 26 ; glabrous,
leaves elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate subcaudate, cymes short-peduncled
recurved few- or many-fld., bracts subulate persistent, sepals very unequal lan-
ceolate ciliolate, corolla-tube slender swollen above, follicles turgid many-
seeded. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 371 ; Wall. Cat. 1569, and in Bot. Reg. under t.
1273 ; Wight Ic. t. 476 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 174. T. gratissima, Lindl. in. Trans.
Hort. Soc. vii. pt. i. 55, and Bot. Reg. t. 1084.

Chittagong ; Roxburgh ; FlagstafT Hill, J. D. H. ^ T. T. Pegu and Tenasseeim
{Kurz).

A small shrub ; bark smooth. Leaves 2-6 by 1-2^ in., membranous ; nerves 6-8
pairs, slender, arched ; petiole ^| in. Cymes with stout peduncle ^-1 in., branches
stout ; bracts rather persistent ; flowers drooping, fragrant. Sepals ^^ in. Corolla'
tube I in. ; limb 1-1^ in. diam., lobes falcately obovate, forming an ovoid acute bud.
Ovary elongate, narrowed into the filiform style with oblong tip and forked stigma.
Follicles ^2 in., sessile, hardly recurved, very turgid, terete, not keeled.

11. T. rostrata, Wall. Cat. 1578, and in Bot. Reg. under t. 1273;
glabrous, leaves elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate obtusely acuminate pale beneath,
cymes short-peduncled, bracts persistent, sepals ovate acute, corolla-tube
swollen in the middle, follicles sessile lanceolate long-beaked acutely keeled few-
seeded. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 371 ; Kurz For.Fl. ii. 174.

AvA ; banks of the Irawaddy, Wallich.

Shrubby, bark smooth. Leaves 3-6 by l|-2 in., membranous; nerves 7-10 pairs,

I, '

TdbemcBmontaiia.'} xciY. APOCYNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 649

slender. Cymes few-fld., peduncle ^-1 in., bracts small, pedicels very short. Sepah
small, ^ in. Corolla-tube 1 in., very slender, lobes falcately linear-oblong. Filaments
slender. Ovary narrowed into a style much shorter than the tube, stigma large,
2-partite. Follicles ^-1 by ^-\ in., 2-4-8eeded, beak straight or upcurved.

12. T. oalycina, Wall. Cat. 1577, and in Bot. Reg. under t. 1273 ;

elabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate, cymes short-peduncled,
bracts subulate persistent, sepals linear-lanceolate acuminate very unequal,
corolla-tube swollen above, ovary very short. Kurz For. Ft. ii. 173.

Tenassebim; Gomez.

Foliage similar to that of T. rostrata, but petioles rather longer ; pedicels very
short indeed ; bracts sometimes linear-oblong and almost leafy in texture ; sepals very
much longer, one-third as long as the coroLla-tube, which is very slender, | in. long
and swollen at the top ; ovary not elongate, but aJimost hemispheric. — I have seen
but one specimen.

13. T. znalaccensls, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-obovate or
-lanceolate obtusely acuminate or caudate, cymes sessile or shortly peduncled
few-fld., pedicels slender, bracts 0, sepals unequal subulate-lanceolate acuminate,

\ corolla-tube slender inflated at the top, lobes narrow, follicles turgid recurved
beaked 3-keeled few- or many-seeded.

Malacca; Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1061, 1062).

A small shrub. Branches slender, very smooth. Leaves in flowering specimens
3-4 by 1-1^ in., very membranous, in the fruiting specimens shorter and broader in
proportion sometimes nearly orbicular; nerves very slender, 6-8 pairs; petiole \ in.
Cymes very slender and few- or many- flowered, pedicels ^1 in. ; flowers small.
Corolla-tube § in., lobes about as long, crumpled. Ovary short, top rounded ; style
long, filiform. Follicles ^-1^ in., more or less recurved.

14. T. membranifolla, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 175 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate very membranous, not paler beneath, cymes sub-
sessile, bracts obsolete, sepals very small subulate, corolla-tube very slender
inflated below the middle, lobes linear-lanceolate much shorter than the tube.

Mabtaban ; forests east of Tounghoo, Kurz.

An evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft. {Kurz). Leaves 3-5 by 1-1^ in., tips very long,
curved, nerves 7-8 pairs, very slender. Cymes short, many -flowered ; pedicels long
or short. Sepals subequal. Corolla-tube f in., lobes linear-lanceolate, acute, half as
long as the tube or less, forming very long narrow buds. Ovary ovoid, acute ; style
filiform, top elongate-clavate, tnmcate, stigma slender. Follicles not seen.

DOUBTFITL AND EXCLTn)ED SPECIES.

T. FiNiAtsoNiANA, Wall. Cat. 4452, without flower or fruit," is probably a native
of Siam, and is indeterminable.

T. iNDiCA, Willd. Herb, in Steudel Nomenclator, cannot be determined without a
reference to WiUdenow's herbarium.

T. MACEOCABPA, Jack., is a native cf Sumatra; and T. monocabpa, Steudel
Nomenclator, is obviously a misprint for the same.

T. PEBSicABiJSFOLiA, Willd., Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 27, is a Mauritian plant.

T. opmoBHizoiDBS, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 175 ; a glabrous shrub, 2-4 ft., leaves 3-5
in. obovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate shortly acuminate sessile or tapering into a
petiole of 2-3 lines membranous pale beneath, cymes 2-3 rarely more in the forks of the
upper branches, subsessile or shortly peduncled few-fld., pedicels 1-1^ lines, bracts and
bractlets minute deciduous, calyx 5-cleft very short, segments hardly 1 line lanceolate
acute, corolla-tube about 4 lines rather thick, apex inflated, lobes hardly half as long
as the tube. — Hill forests of Martaban, alt. 3-6000 ft. frequent.— I have seen no
specimen.

T.' Wallichiana, Steudel Nomenclator (T. parvifolia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 25; Wight
Ic. t. 393, by error pauciflora in letterpress), is a native of Sumatra.

650 xciv. APOCYNACEJi. (J. D. Hooker.) [Parsonsia.^

20. PARSONSZA, Br.

Twining shru'bs. Leaves opposite. Floicers small, white, in terminal or
axillary dichotoraous cymes or thyrsi. Calyx 5-partite, glandular within or
naked, or with 5 scales. Corolla salver-shaped, tube short, cylindric or glohose,
throat naked : \6h^ pverlappiog to the right. Stamens inserted in the tube, fila-
ments often twistiedj anthers half-exserted, acute, conniving over and adhering
to the stigma, cells spurred and empty below. Disc of 5 lobes or scales. Ovary
2-celled; style filiform, top dilated, truncate, stigma columnar or elongate-
conical, cells many-ovuled. Fruit cylindric, carpels at length separating from
the two placentas. Seeds linear or oblong, tip narrowed and penicillate, albu-
men scanty; cotyledons linear-oblong, flat, radicle superior. — Disteib. 12
species of tropical Asia, Australia and New Zealand.

P. spiralis, Wall. Cat. 1631 ; quite glabrous, leaves ovate oblong or
oblong-lanceolate base acute rarely rounded or cordate, cymes axillary corym-
bose. A. DC. Frodr. viii. 402 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 180. P. oblonga. Wall. Cat.
1632 ; A. DC. I. c. P. pauciflora and P. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 1633, 1634.
Helygia javanica, Blume Bijd. 1043. Heligme javanica, A. DC. I. c. 425. H.
Rheedei, Wight Ic. t. 1303.; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 146. H. spiralis,
Thwaites Enum. 193. *" Spirostemon spiralis, Griff, Nottd. iv. 80, t. 411, fig. 1.
Aganosma concanensis, Hook. Ic. PL t. 841.

SiLHET ; Wallich. Pegu, Tekasserim, Malacca, Singapore and Penang. Western
Ghats ; from the Concan southwards, Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft. — Distrib.
Malay Archipelago, China.

An evergreen twiner. Leaves 3-7 by l|-3^ in., coriaceous, pale when dry ; nerves
6-8 pairs, arched; petiole ^-1 in. Cymes 2-3 in. diam. ; peduncle stout, half as long
as the leaves ; bracts small. Sepals ovate, very thick, obtuse, equalling the corolla-
tube. Corolla ^ in. diam., coriaceous ; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse. Frtiits 7 by f in.,
or shorter, elongate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, quite cylindric, at length separating
into 2 coriaceous follicles. Seeds | in., slender, glabrous ; coma as long.

Tbibe III. ECHZTZBES:.
21. VAZ.X.AIIZS, Burm.

Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, minutely dotted. Flowers white, in
subaxillary or axillary or supra-axillary dichotomous cymes, or fascicled. Calyx
5-partite, glandular or not within, segments narrow. Corolla salver-shaped,
tube short, throat naked ; lobes broad, overlapping to the right. Stamens at
the top of the tube, filaments very short clavate ; anthers exserted, conniving in
a cone adherent to the stigma, connective with a large dorsal gland, cells with
rigid basal spurs. Disc various. Carpels 2, at first connate, many-ovuled;
style filiform, pubescent, stigma thick obscurely annulate. Fruit oblong,
acuminate, carpels at length separating. Seeds 2-seriate, ovate, acuminate or
beaked, compressed, tip comose, albumen scanty ; cotyledons flat thin, radicle
superior. — Disteib. Species 5 or 6, tropical Asiatic and Malayan.

* Flozvers cymose. Twining shrubs.

1. V. Keynei, Spreng. Syst. i. 635 ; leaves elliptic or oblong or linear-
oblong acuminate pellucid-dotted, cymes pubescent. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 400 ;
Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. FL 144. V. dichotoma, WalL Cat. 1621 ; Griff. NotuL
iv. 77 ; A. DC. I. c. ; Thwaites Enum. 192 ; Brand. For. FL 327 ; Kurz For. FL
ii. 181 ; Wight Ic. t. 438. Echites dichotoma, Boxb. Fl Did. ii. 19. Peltan-
thera solanacea. Both Nov. Sp. 132.

Vallaris.] xcrv. apoctnacej;. (J. D. Hooker.) 651

Tropical Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich ; Kumaon, ascending to 5000 ft., Edgeworth.
Deccan Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards. Silhbt, Birma, Ceylon. (C3oin-
mouly cultirated in India).

A tall climbing shrub, bark pale ; the axils of the petioles glandular. Leavei
1^-4 by |-1^ in., glabrous or pubescent, petiole ^-| in. Cymes 3-10-fld., sessile or
pedunclea, dichotomons, much shorter than the leaves, sometimes racemose with a
twining rachis ; peduncles and pedicels slender, the latter often decurved ; flowers pure
white, I in. diam., fragrant. Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, equalling the short corolla-
tube. Corolla-limb spreading. Disc ciliate. Filaments linear, villous ; anthers
woolly. Style pubescent. Follicles 6 by 2 in., straight, tapering from a rounded base
to a stiif point, "splitting into 4 valves when dry " (lioxb.) ; pericarp thick, fibrous.
Seeds 1 in., ovate, beaked, with a tuft of hairs at the hilura ; coma very long. — I have
seen no seeds ; Kurz states that the follicles are always solitary.

2. V. *Perg>ulana, Jiunn. Fl. Ind. 81 ; leaves large broadly elliptic or
obovate or rounded abruptly shortly acute membranous, cymes glabrous or
puberulous.— ^. DC. Prodr. viii. 399; Wight Ic. t. 429; Hooh. Ic. PL t. 153
(V. Pergularia by eiror). V. ovalis, Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 427. Pergularia
glabra, Linn. Mant. 53. Emericia Pergularia, Poem. 8f Sch. Syst. iv. 401,
Echites hircosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 18. — Pumph Amb. v. 51, t. 29, tig. 2.

Bengal; sc&Tce, Roxburgh. Malacca; cvLHiv&ted, Maingay. Cstlou {Thwaiies).
— DiSTRiB. Java, Malay Islands, Timor. .^^>^ c^^^^^i^-j^te^.

A climbing shrub ; bark pale ; axils of tne petioles glandular. Leaves 4-7 by
3-4 in., glabrous or puberulous beneath; petiole 1-1^ in. Cymes much more lax-
flowered and glabrous than in V. Heynei. Flowers with a disagreeable goat-like
smell. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute. — Thwaites doubts this being distinct from P.
Heynei, which makes me doubt his having the true plant in Ceylon. Miquel's V.
ovalis is undoubtedly the same species, as an examination of Horsfield's specimens, on
which it was founded, proves. I doubt the species being British Indian. I have seen
no native specimens, and Eoxburgh's habitat of Bengal is not confirmed.

** Flowers fascicled. Shrubs not twining.

3. V. Blaing'ayi, Hooh. f. ; branches stout, bark black, leaves very coria-
ceous elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate shining above, nerves 5-6 pairs,
corolla ^ in. diam., lobes obliquely ovate obtuse puberulous, mouth contracted
puberulous.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1084).

A large tree {Maingay). Branches curving, bark closely ringed with cracks.
Leaves 3-4^ by l-l^ in., tapering at both ends, very dark brown above, pale brown
beneath, nerves strong but not prominent, black when dry ; petiole very short, black.
Flowers 4-8 in a small peduncled fascicle ; pedicels very unequal, ^^ in., rather
stout. Sepals broadly ovate, 2 outer eglandular, 3 inner with 5 glands in all (Main-
gay). CoroUa-tube much longer than the sepals, ^ in. long, swollen in the middle,
mouth much contracted, hairy within ; lobes not much twisted in bud, but strongly
overlapping. Anthers half-exserted, with a large subcordate gland at the base
behind, villous opposite to it in front. Disc of broad rounded glabrous glands.
Ovary hairy towards the tip ; style slender, top slightly dilated. Fruii unknown.

4. V. lancifolla, Ilook.f. ; branches slender, bark pale, leaves narrowly
lanceolate acuminate, nerves very numerous close and slender, corolla ^ in.
diam., lobes obliquely foliate obtuse, mouth broad villous.

Malacca ; iltffizw<7ay (Kew Distrib. 1102).

A much branched woody shrub, apparently erect and not twining ; branches
tubercled with lenticels, twigs smooth. Leaves 2-3 by ^-^ in., narrowed at both ends,
much so to the very slender points, pale brown, rather membranous ; petiole slender,
^-^ in. Flowers 3-5 on a very short axillary peduncle ; pedicels very slender, ^ in.,
with minute bracts at the base. Sepals triangular, very small, ciliolate, minutely

652 xciv. APOCTNACEJi. (J. D, Hooker.) [VaUarig,

glandular at the base {Maingay). Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, ^ in. long, limb ^ in,
diam., lobes inflexed at the tip in bud. Anthers half-exserted, with a narrow lanceo-
late gland on the back.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

V. ASSAMiCA, Grif. Notul. iv. 77 ; this agrees fairly well with the character of V.
Heynd, but I find no specimens of this species in Griffith's herbarium from Assam.
His habitat is woods at Bishenath.

. v.? ANCEPs, Wall. Gat. 1622; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 400 {without description)) from
Tavoy. This is not a Vallaris, but is in too imperfecta state for determination. Kurz
(Journ. As. Soe. 1877, ii. 254) says that it seems hardly referable to Apocynece.

22. POTTSXA, Hook, et Am.

An evergreen climber. Leaves oppiDsite, nerves distant. Floivers in lax
terminal and axillary panicled cymes. Calijx small, 5-partite, glandular within.
Corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindric ; throat constricted, naked ; lobes over-
lapping to the right. Stamens at the top of the tube, filaments hairy ; anthers
exserted, sagittate, conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells with basal
empty spurs. Disc deeply 5-fid, lobes lanceolate, much longer than the ovary.
Carpels 2, distinct, villous, many-ovuled, included in the disc ; style slender,
thickened in the middle and top, stigma conical. Follicles elongate, slender,
beaded. Seeds linear, elongate, coma deciduous, albumen copious ; cotyledons
linear, flat, radicle superior. — Distrib. Species 2 or 3, Eastern Asiatic and
Malayan.

P, cantonensis, Hook. 8f Am. Bot. Beech. Toy. 199, t. 43 ; Benth. Fl,
Hongk. 222 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 190. P. Hookeriana, Wight Ic. 1. 1306 bis. P.
ovata, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 442. Parsonsia ovata. Wall. Cat. 1630. Teysmannia
laxiflora and Hookeriana, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 455, 456, and Parapottsia,
Addenda, 1080. Vallaris laxiflora, Blwne Bijd. 1043. Euthodon paniculata,
Ch'iff. Notul. iv. 84 ; Ic. PL Asiat. t. 458, fig. 2.

SiLHET ; Be Silva. Assam ; Jenkins. Cachar ; Keenan, Tenassebim ; Kurz,
Malacca ; Maingay. — Distrib. Java, S. China.

Branches slender, smooth, cylindric; twigs puberulous. Leaves 3-4 by 1^-2 in.,
elliptic-ovate or ovate, acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, nerves 4-6 pairs ;
petiole slender, 1-1^ in. Cymes drooping, long-peduncled, very many-fid. ; branches
slender, ultimate with racemose flowers ; pedicels slender, ^ in. ; bracts minute,
ovate. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse. Corolla ^-^ in., glabrous, rose-coloured, tube
broad obtusely angled, lobes short ovate. Follicles 1 ft., flexuous, smooth, thinly
coriaceous. Seeds 1 in., very slender, glabrous, coma as long. — Griffith in his generic
character of Euthodon describes the throat of the corolla as without scales; in the
specific he mentions 5 glands in the sinus of the lobes ; these I do not find in his
specimens.

23. WRIGHTZA, Br.

Shrubs or small trees, with often slender cord-like branches. Leaves opposite.
Flowers red, white or yellow, in terminal or subaxillary sessile cymes. Calyx
short, 5-partite, with glands or scales inside. Corolla salver-shaped, tube
cylindric, usually short, throat with 1-2 series of usually fimbriate scales; lobes
overlapping to the left. Stamens at the top of the tube, filaments short dilated ;
anthers exserted, sagittate, conniving around and adhering to the stigma, cells
spurred at the base. Disc 0. Carpels 2, free or connate, many-ovuled ; style
filiform, stigma ovoid with usually a toothed, basal ring. Follicles linear, erect,
connate or distinct. Seeds linear, compressed, tip narrowed naked, base with a
deciduous coma, albumen scanty or 0; cotyledons broad, convolute, radicle

1

Wrightia,'] xciY. apoctnaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 653

short, superior. — Distrib. Species about 12, tropical African, Asiatic and
Australian.

W. vtligio.sa, Benth. in Gen. PI. ii. 713 (Echites religiosa, Tnjsm. ^ Binnend.
Hort. Bogor. 126) ; cultivated at Malacca {Herb. Maingay), is a native of Siam. It i»
a small tree with elliptic leaves i-l^ in. long, capillary peduncle* and pedicels, and
small flowers without coronal scales.

* Calyx-segments half the length of the short coroUa-tuhe or shorter.

1. W. tinctoria, Br. in Mem. Wem. Soc. i. 73 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-
ovate or -lanceolate or obovate-oblong obtuselv acuminate or caudate, coronal
scales fimbriate. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 406 ; Wall. Cat. 1625 ; Wight Ic. t. 444 j
Bah. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 146 ; Brand. For. Fl. 324; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 114;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 193 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 241 ; Bot. Reg. t. 933. Nerium tine-
torium, JRoxb. Hart. Beng, 19, and Fl. Ind. ii. 4.

Centeal India and throughout the Westbbk Peitinsuui. Bibma (Kurz). —
DiSTBiB. Timor {Herb. Mus. Paris).

A small tree, twigs glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 3-& by 1-1^ in.; nerves
6-12 pairs, faint till the leaves are old, then strong beneath ; base acute or rounded^
petiole very short. Cymes sometimes 5 in. diam., with slender spreading dichotomous
branches ; bracts minute ; flowers white, ^-f in. diam. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Corolla-
lobes linear-oblong, scales linear scattered. Stamens large. Follicles 6-18 in. or
more, cylindric, slender, smooth, tips adhering. Seeds | in., glabrous except for the
eoma, linear. — Foliage very variable. I have seen no Birmese specimen. The Timor
plant is undoubtedly the same.

Vae. Botha ; branches and leaves beneath puberulous. W. Rothii, G. Don Gen.
Syst. iv. 86 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 406 ; Wight Ic. t. 1319. W. tinctoria, i?oiA Nov. PL
8p. 121. — Deccan Peninsula.

2. W, ang'ustifolia, Thwaites Enum. 193 ; glabrous, leaves lanceolate
obtuse, coronal scales ligulate tips lacerate. Beddome For. Fl. Anal. Gen. 160.

Ceylon ; Dambool and Trincomalee, Gardner.

A small tree; branches slender. Leaves 1^-4 by |-f in., almost black when dry,
nerves 6-12 pairs; petiole very short. Cymes and flowers as in W. tinctoria, but
the coronal scales very different, as long as the anthers, aud lacimate at the tip only.
Fruit unknown.

3. W. tomentosa, Poem. 6r Schultes Syst. iv. 414 ; densely tomentose,
leaves elliptic caudate-acuminate, base acute, cymes many-flowered, corolla-
lobes linear-oblong, coronal scales short obtuse entire or lobulate. A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 404 ; Wall. Cat. 1628 ; Wight Ic. t. 443, and III. ii. t. 154 ; Dah. <§• Gibs.
Botnb. Fl. 145; Brand. For. Fl. 323; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 114; Beddome
For. FL, Anal. Gm. 159. W. moUissima, WalL Cat 1627; PL Par. n. t. 126;
Kurz For. FL ii. 192. W. Wallichii, A. DC. Lc. 405; Dalz. ^ Gibs. Lc. ;
Kurz L c. ; Wight Ic. t. 1296 ; Beddome L c. 160. W. Coraia, WalL Cat. under
1615; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 407. W. Hamiltoniana, WalL Cat. 4461. Hunteria
eugenifolia, WalL Cat. 1615. Nerium tomentosum, Poxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 6. N.
Coraia, Hb. Ham. N. ? tinctorium, Hb. Ham. — Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 3, 4.

Teopical India ; from the Indus eastwards and southwards to Ceylon, Birma and
Penang, ascending to 2000 ft. in the Himalaya, and to 4000 in the Nilgherries.

A small usually crooked deciduous-leaved tree, bark corky. Leaves 3-6 by l|-2^
in., often tomentose on both surfaces, dark brown when dry, nerves 10-14 pairs;
petiole \ in. Cymes peduncled, corymbose, many-fld. ; flowers 1 in. diam., yellowish
with orange coronal scales. Sepals half as long as the corolla-tube, rounded.
Corolla-lobes Imear- or obovate-oblong, coronal scales very variable. Anthers white.
Follicles 6-12 by ^ in., connate into a cylinder, with a deep groove on each side till
maturity, rough with tubercles. Seeds slender, ^-| in., coma pure white.— There is

654 xciv. APOCTNACEJ). (J. D. Hooker.) [WrigJitia.

some obscurity about the colour of the flower of this species, possibly indicating diiFe-
rent species, or a change during life. In Thwaites' figure of the Ceylon plant they
are in one pale yellowish-red, in another of the same cyme a^eep blue purple. In a
drawing of Royle's they are nearly pure white, in another they are all pale rosy ; in
Wight's Illustrations (of W. moUissima) they are a dingy pale reddish. Brandis, who
remarks on this subject and on the various accounts of the scent of the flowers,
suggests that they may change colour after expansion.

4. W. coccinea, Shm, BoU Mag. t. 269G ; glabrous or pubescent, leaves
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate base acute, cymes
few-fld., corolla-lobes rounded, coronal scales large broad rounded undivided.
A. DC. Prvdr. viii. 407 ; Wall. Cat. 1626 ; Grah. Cat. Bomh. PL 114 ; Kurz
For. Fl. 193 ; Zodd. Bot. Cab. t. 894 ; TFiffJit Ic. t. 442. Nerium coccineum,
Boxh, Fl. Ind. ii. 2.

SiLHEx; Roxburgh, Be Sllva. Chittagong Hills (Kurz). — Distrib. Philippine Islds.

A timber tree ; bark of shoots white, shining. Leaves 3-5 by 2-2| in. ; mem-
branous, dark brown when dry, nerves 6-12 pairs ; petiole very short. Cymes 3-4
fid. ; peduncle and pedicels very short ; bracts large ; flowers 1 in. diam., dark red.
Sepals rounded, j in. diam., almost as long as the corolla-tube; Corolla thick, almost
fleshy; scales crimson, obscurely crenate. Anthers very hairy at the back. Follicles
" linear, as thick as the little finger, glabrous, corky-lenticellate " {Kurz).

5. W. Isevis, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic or oblong caudate-acumi-
nate shining above, cymes few-fld., corolla-lobes oblong, coronal scales fimbriate
from the base.

Malacca; Mt. Ophir, Mawgay (Kew Distrib. 1065).

Branches slender, bark pale. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., thin in texture ; nerves 4-5
pairs, arched ; petiole very short. Cymes puberulous, peduneled, pedicels rather
stout ; flowers about \ in. diam. Sepals rounded, ciliolate. Corolla rather fleshy.
Follicles 7-8 in., very slender. Seeds very long, 1^ in., slender, glabrous.

** Calyx-segments much shorter than the corolla-tube

6. W. zeylanica, Br. in Mein. Wern. Soc. i. 73 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic
or elliptic-lanceolate ovate or obovate acuminate, cymes axillary and terminal,
coronal scales laciniate. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 407 ; Thivaites Enum. 193 ;
Gai^'tn. Carp. ii. 172, t. 117 ; Wall. Cat. 4460; Bedd. For. Fl. Anal. Gen. 160.
W. antidysenterica, Br. I. c. ; A. DC. I. c. Nerium zeylanicum and antidysen-
tericum, Linn. N. divaricatum, Hm'b. Madr. — Burm. Fl. Zeyl. 23, t. 12, fig. 2.

CifiTLON ; " common in the south of the island," Thwaites.

A small tree, branches dichotomous. Leaves 3-5 by 1^-2 in.; nerves 6-10
pairs ; petiole very short. Cymes few-fld., shortly peduneled, glabrous. Sepals ovate,
obtuse. Corolla-tube very slender, f-1 in., limb 1-1^ in. diam., white, puberulous,
lobes obovate ; coronal scales as long as the stamens. Follicles 7 in., pericarp thin.
Seeds f in. long, linear oblong.

24. NERZUBI, Linn.

Erect glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-4-nately whorled, rarely opposite, narrow,
coriaceous; nerves slender, very close. Flowers large, in racemose cymes.
Calyx 6-partite, glandular within, segments narrow. Corolla funnel-shaped,
tube cylindric, throat campanulate with 5 broad toothed scales ; lobes overlap-
ping to the right. Stamens at the top of the tube, included, filaments short ;
anthers sagittate, conniving around and adhering to the stigma, tips filiform,
cells with long spurs furnished with twisted hairs, appendages rigid. Disc 0.
Carpels 2, distinct, many-ovuled ; style filiform or thickened above the middle,
stigma with a basal reflected lobed membrane surmounted by 6 tubercles, tip

Nerium.] xcrv. APOCYNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) 655

subglobose. Follicles elongate, cylindric, straight, hard, appressed. Seeds
oblong, villous, coma terminal caducous, albumen fleshy; cotyledons flat,
thickish, radicle superior. — Distrtb. Species 2 or 3, Mediterranean region,
N. Asian and Japaue^.

N. odoruxn, Soland. in Ilort. Kew. ed. i. v. i. 297 ; flowers scented, ap-
pendages of the corolla cleft into 4-7 linear segments, spurs of anthers liuear
twice as long as the cells. Boiss. Fl. Ch-ient. iv. 48; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 420;
Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 2 ; Brandts For. Fl. 328; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 114 ; Tara.
Tozz. Bap. 28, 29, t. 3 ; Wall. Cat. 1624 ; Bot. Mag. 1799, 2032 ; Bat. Reg. t.
74 ijl. double). N. odoratum, Lamk. Fnci/cl. iii. 456. N. latifolium and N.
indicum, Mill I. c. ed. 8. — Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 1, 2.

Western Himalaya ; from Nipal westwards, ascending to 6500 ft. in Murree.'—
Central India. Scind.— Distrib. Affghanistan, Japan.

A large erect stout shrub. Leaves 4-6 in., linear-lanceolate, thickly coriaceous,
acuminate, midrib very stout ; nerves numerous, slender, horizontal ; petiole very
short. Flowers li in. diam., sweet-scented, rose white or yellow. Sepals subuhite-
lanceolate. Follicles 6-9 in. — Very similar to and perhaps only a variety of the com-
mon N» Oleander of the Mediterranean region, which extends eastwards to Persia.

25. STBOPKANTHUS, DC.

Small trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves opposite. Flowers usually
large, in terminal cymes. Calgx 6-partite, glandular within. Corolla funnel-
shaped, tube short, throat large, campanulate, with 10 free or connate scales;
lobes overlapping to the right, produced into long or short tails, rarely ovate acute.
Stamens at the top of the tube, included, filaments short ; anthers sagittate,
tips filiform, conniving around and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the
base. Disc 0. Carpels 2, distinct, many-ovuled, glabrous; style filiform,
rugose, with cellular papillae, tip dilated, stigma columnar or conical, simple or
2-fid. Follicles oblong or elongate, hard, spreading (parallel in S. Jackianus).
Seeds compressed, fusiform, narrowed into a feathery tail, or with a sessile coma,
base with a deciduous tuft of hairs. — Distrib. Species about 18, tropical
Asiatic and African, and 1 S. African.

* Lobes of the corolla exceeding the throat in length.

1. S. dichotomus, DC. in Bull. Soc. Phil iii. 123; glabrous, leaves
elliptic-oblong or obovate obtuse acute or apiculate, cymes few-fld., tails of
corolla-lobes 5-7 in. A. DC. P>'odr. viii. 417; Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 441.
S. scandens, Roem. Sr Sch. Syst. iv. 412. L. longicaudatus and GrifSthii, Wight
Ic. t. 1299, 1300; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 191. S. pentaphyUus, Gi-iff. Notvl. iv. 78.
S. caudatus, Kurz in Joum. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 257. S. Horsfieldianus, Miguel
Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 442. Echites caudata, Burm. Fl. Ind. 68, t. 26. Nerium cau-
datum, Lamk. Diet. N. scandens, Lour. Fl. Coch. i. 143 {ex A. DC).

Tenasserim {Kurz). Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. SmoAPOEE and Penano
(drawings). — Distrib. Java.

An erect shrub. Branches stout ; bark dark, dotted with lenticels. Leaves 3-5 J
by 2-3 in., rather coriaceous, glossy above; nerves 6-8 pairs, spreading, arching and
joining far within the margin ; petiole \ in. Cymes much shorter than the leaves,
dichotomous. Sepals subulate from an ovate base. Corolla-tube and throat f-1 in.
lone, whitish, tails purple ; scales cleft to the base. Anther-tips very long and slender.
Follicles not seen (as taken from a drawing, very large, divergent, 8 by 2 in., broadest
at the very base where united, tapering to a broad rounded point, terete smooth green).

2. Si Walllchii, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 418; glabrous, leaves elliptic
oblong or obovateacuminate cuspidate or obtuse, cymes many-fid,, tails of corolla-

6bQ xciv. APOCYNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) IStrophanthvs.

lobes 2-3 in. S. dichotomus, Wall. Cat. 1641 ; Wiffht Ic. t. 599 ; Lodd. Bot.
Cab. t. 759; Grah. in Maund. Bot. iii. t. 150. S. dicliotomus, y coroman-
delianus, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 469 in obs. ? S. caudatus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 193.
Nerium caudatum, Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 9 ; Burm, Fl. Ind. t. 26.

Khasia Mrs., De Silva. Chittagong ; at Seetakoond, J. D. H. % T. T. (ctdt. ?).
CiRCABS ; on the mountainous parts of the coast, Roxburgh. ? Tenassekim ; Kurz.

A climber, bark lenticellate. Leaves waved, shining, 2-3 by 1|~2 in., rather thin,
nerves 5-6 pairs ; petiole |- in. Cymes sometimes 6 in. diam., spreading, loosely
dichotomously branched from the base ; branches slender ; bracts \-\ in., narrowly
lanceolate, spreading and recurved. Sepals subulate-lanceolate. Corolla-tube ^ in.,
swollen at the base, pink in Eoxburgh's drawing and Kurz's description, yellow with
faint reddish stripes in the figures of Maund and Loddiges. Anther-tips very long
and slender.

** Lobes of the corolla not or hardly exceeding the throat.

3. S. Wigrhtianus, Wall. Cat. 4459; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic
obtuse, cymes many-fld., tails of corolla-lobes \-^ in. Wight Ic. t. 1301.
Gameraria zeylanica, ?? Hb. Wight {ex Wall. I.e.).

Malabar and Tbavancore ; Bottler ; near Quilon, Wight.

A climbing shrub, bark closely warted with lenticels. Leaves 2-3 by 1-lf in.,
thinly coriaceous, nerves 6-7 pairs ; petiole very short. Cymes repeatedly dichoto-
mously branched from the base, 2-3 in. high and broad, corymbiform ; bracts and
sepals ovate, acute. Corolla-tube |-^ in. long; inflated at the base; lobes rather
longer, gradually narrowing into the linear obtuse tail; scales very prominent.
Anther-tips very long and slender. Follicles (from Wight's drawing) 6 by 1 in., of
the shape of those of S. dichotoma, warted all over. Seeds with a long beak ending
in a filiform longitudinally plumose bristle.

4. S. brevicaudatus, Wight Ic. t. 1302 ; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic
or oblong finely acuminate margins crisped, corolla-lobes broadly ovate acute.
Kurz For, Fl. ii. 191. Cercocoma singaporiana, Wall. Cat. 1623. A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 432.

Malacca; Griffith, Maingay. Singapore; Lobb. Mergui {? Kurz). — Distbib.
Borneo.

A straggling shrub, branches minutely warted. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1- in., dark
brown when dry, opaque on both surfaces, nerves 6-8 pairs ; petiole ^-^ in. Cymes
dichotomously branched from the base; branches stout, short; bracts (often numerous
and empty) and sepals broadly ovate acute. Corolla almost salver-shaped ; tube ^ in.
long, limb about as broad. Filaments hairy ; anthers with very slender points about
equalling the cells. Style hairy. Follicles 8 by | in., base broad, middle slightly
turgid, then tapering to a long hard point, terete, smooth. Seeds not ripe, shortly
pilose at the lower end {Maingay). — Kurz states this species is reputed to grow at
Mergui.

5. S. Jackianus, Wall. Cat. 1643; leaves linear-oblong obtusely acumi-
nate scaberulously pubescent beneath, cymes axillary very few-fld., coroUa-
lobes ^ in. linear obtuse about equalling the broad subcylindric throat, seeds
very slender. A. DC. Prodr. viii. 419.

Penang ; Jack.

Branches slender, with dark-brown bark, twigs scaberulous. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1^
in., 'minutely scaberulous above, nerves numerous ; petiole very short. Cymes very
shortly peduncled, 2-3-fld. ; pedicels short ; flowers nodding. Sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate. Corolla puberulous, tube hardly any, throat more cylindric than
campanulate. Follicles a foot long, very slender, parallel, cylindric, 2-partite when
ripe, the segments opening flat, pericarp thinly coriaceous, polished within. Seeds
^ in. long, narrowly fusiform, glabrous, coma white, three times as long. — I have seen

■Strophanthus,'] xcrv. apoctnaceje. (J. D. Hooker.) 657

•only Wallich's very mutilated flowers, shrivelled leaves, dehisced pods and seeds,
which latter entirely resemble those of a Wrightia.

( . ^

26. APOCVNUM, Linn.

Erect herbe or undershrubs. Leaves opposite. Cymes terminal and lateral ;
flowers small. Caly.v 5-fid, eglandular within ; lobes acute. Corolla campanu-
late, 5-fid, with 5 processes between the stamens ; lobes overlapping to the
right. Statnens near the base of the corolla, included ; anthers sagittate, acute,
conniving and adnate to the stigma, cells with basal spurs. Disc fleshy, 5-lobed.
Carpels 2, distinct, many-ovuled, half sunk in the disc, to which they are adnate
by the back ; style short or 0, stigma subglobose, tip 2-lobed. Follicles slender.
Seeds small, oblong, with a terminal caducous coma, albumen scanty, cotyle-
•clons flat. — DiSTRiB. Species 5, of the north temp. zone.

A. venetum, Linn. { A. DC. Prodr. viii. 400; Boiss. Fl. Orient, iv. 48.

Western Tibet ; Shayuk valley, alt. 8000 ft. (without flower or fruit), Thomson.
— DiSTBiB. N. Asia, from the Caucasus to China, Persia, Asia Minor, Greece, Dalmatia.

Stem and branches slender, smooth, cylindric. Leaves 2-3 by ^-f in., linear-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, entire or crenulate ; nerves very slender ;
petiole very short. Cymes small, erect, subcorymbose ; bracts subulate. Flowers
erect, ^ in. diara., purplish, puberulous. Carpels with pubescent tips. Follicles 4 in.
— Though I have seen neither flower nor fruit, I cannot doubt this being the common
A. venetum.

27. UXtCX:OX.A, Roxb.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowei's small, in dense
corymbosely panicled cymes. Calyx 6-partite, eglandular within. Corolla
urceolate or subglobose, throat naked ; ^obes short, valvate. Stamens at the
base of the corolla ; anthers sagittate, conhiving over and adhering to the stigma,
•cells spurred at the base. Disc cupular or annular, truncate or 6-lobed. Carpels
2, distinct, longer than the disc, truncate, hirsute, many-ovuled ; style short,
top obconic ; stigma subannulate, conoid. Follicles spreading, thick and acumi-
nate, or elongate and contracted or not between the seeds. Seeds oblong or
linear, compressed, villous, tip contracted bearded with long persistent brown
hairs, and crowned with a long white deciduous coma, albumen scanty ; cotyle-
dons thin, radicle short. — Distrib. Species 7 or 8, Malayan.

Sect. I. TJrceola proper. Follicles straight, even, horizontally diver-
gent. Calyx longer than the corolla, 2 interior segments much smaller than
the others.

1. U. elastica, Itoxb. in As. Res. v. 167, ivithjigure (excl. fruit); branches
robust, leaves beneath and inflorescence finely rusty pubescent, leaves elliptic
-abruptly acuminate thickly coriaceous, nerves 10-12 pairs very strong, cymes
very dense-fld., bracts subulate, calyx-segments lanceolate recurved, follicles
cylindric. A. DC. Prodr. 358 ; Wight Ic. t. 473 (excl. Jigures and descriptions
^f fruit). Tabernsemontana elastica, Spreng. Syst. Veg. i. 639. ? ^' ahea gummi-
lera, Foir. Diet. Suppl. v. 409.

Maxacca and Penang ; Roxbmgh, Wallich, Griffith, Maingay (Kew BistTib. 1058,
1091). — DfsTBiB. Sumatra.

A stout climber. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., red-brown when dry, softly pubescent
beneath, glabrous above with impressed nearly horizontal nerves ; petiole ^-^ in.
Cymes numerous, panicled at the ends of the branches, long-peduncled ; flowers in
t.*ompound corymbs, very densely packed. Calyx ^ in. long, exceeding the ovoid
pubescent corolla, which is glabrous within except a tuft of reflexed hairs between

VOL. ni. u u

658 xciv. APOCYNACEJE. (J. D. Hooker.) lUrceoloh.

the stamens. Anthers acuminate. Siyte obconoid, with a small conoid stigma..
Follicles 6 by ^ in., quite straight, horizontal, cylindric, acuminate. Seeds linear,
f in., softly villous, coma copious, four times longer. — The fruit figured and described
by Roxburgh, A. DC, and Wight as that of U. elastica is Orchipeda foetida, Blume, a.
plant cultivated in India. Wallich's U. elastica (Cat. 1617), from Penang, is an
Asclepiadeous plant without flower or fruit.

2. IT. Malngrayl, ITook. /. ; quite glabrous except the inflorescence^
leaves elliptic abruptly acuminate thickly coriaceous, pale beneath, nerves 6-10"
pairs strong, cymes finely pubescent, calyx-segments oblong obtuse recurved,
follicles cylindric.

Singapore, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1083).

Habit and brown colour of U, elastica, but the leaves are quite glabrous and
apparently glaucous beneath, with fewer more arched nerves not impressed above. The
cymes are smaller, fewer and laxer-flowered ; the calyx-segments much broader and
rery obtuse ; the anthers and style are the same in both, but the follicles are much
more slender in A, Maingayi.

3. IT. lucida^ Benth. m Gen. PL ii. 716 ; quite glabrous except the inflo-
rescence, leaves elliptic abruptly acuminate shining on both surfaces, nerves
8-12 pairs, cymes lax-fld. finely pubescent, bracts subulate, calyx-segments
broadly oblong, follicles short gradually acuminate from a broad base. Cha-
vannesia lucida, A. DC. Prod?: viii. 444. Echites ? lucida. Wall. Cat. 1670.

« Penang; Wallich. ? Malacca; Griffith. Eangoon; McLelland.

Branches slender ; bark nearly black, smooth. Leaves 3-5 in., rigidly coriaceous,
red-brown when dry ; nerves arched, strong beneath ; petiole slender, ^-1 in. Cymes
long-peduncled ; peduncle and branches very slender ; bracts subulate ; flowers very
minute, ^ in. long. Corolla as in the preceding species. Anthers truncate. Ovary
hairy at the tip only ; style elongate with an obconoid top surmounted by^
subulate stigma. ' Follicles 4 in. long, ^ in. diam. above the narrowed base, rigid, like
poignards. Seeds ^-^ in., linear-oblong, silky, coma 4-5 times longer. — Griffith's
plant is in very young flower and may be another species ; it has larger leaves with
fewer and very slender nerves. The Rangoon specimens have caudate-acuminate-
leaves, larger bracts and hispidulous flowers. Kurz(in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 255)
refers this to U. esculenta.

4. U. malaccensls, Hooh.f.\ quite glabrous except the inflorescence,
leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong obtusely caudate-acuminate coriaceous, nerves^
4-6 pairs slender, cymes shortly peduncled dense-fld., bracts puberulous oblong
obtuse, calyx-segments linear-oblong obtuse recurved, " follicles elongate fili-^
form."

Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1098, ? 1082).

Branches smooth ; bark dark brown. Leaves 2-4 by \-\\ in., smooth on bothr
surfaces ; nerves arched, nervules obscure ; petiole \-^ in. Cymes chiefly axillary ;:
peduncle glabrous, shorter or longer than the leaves ; bracts ^\ in., recurved, much
larger than in the foregoing species ; flowers hoary rather than pubescent. Corolla-
as in the preceding species. Anthers obtuse. Ovaries hirsute ; style obconic, sur-
mounted with an obpyriform stigma. Follicles described by Maingay as " elongate-
filiform divaricate. Seeds oval, compressed, pilose at the apex."

5. XT. esculenta, Benth. in Gen. Plant, ii. 715 ; leaves elliptic caudate-
acuminate coriaceous, quite glabrous, nerves 9-11 pairs strong, follicles lanceolate-
from a contracted peduncle-like base. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 184. Chavannesia
esculenta, A. DC. I^odr.\\i\. 444; Strettell,noteon Caoutchouc {^Rangoonj 1874,.
with Jigure). Echites? esculenta, Wall. Cat. 1671. E. lucida,? Don Gen..
' iv. 75.

Martaban and Tavoy ; Wallich. Common aU over Pegu {Kurz).

^Vrceola.] xciv. apoctnacej!. (J. D. Hooker.) 65D

Branches and leaves quite glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2| in., acute at both ends or
obtuse at the base, shining above ; nerves red, slightly arched. Flowers " minute,
white ; corymbs apparently short ; long-peduncled, glabrous in the axils of the upper
leaves, or terminal" (Xwr^). Follicles 5 by ^ in., quite straight, pointed, narrowed
into a stout stalk ^ in. long, thickly coriaceous when dry and hard. Seeds elliptic-
lanceolate, villous, ^ in. long ; coma white, four times as long. — The leaves a good
deal resemble those of U. brachysepala, but are longer, and the nerves are more
numerous. Fruit eatable.

Sect. II. Dittormos. Follicles flexuous, distantly torulose. Calyx
shorter than the corolla ; segments erect, subequal.

6. U. torulosa, Hook. f. ; glabrous except the inflorescence, leaves
oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, nerves 6-10 pairs slender, cymes pubes-
cent, follicles very slender swollen over the remote seeds.

Malacca; Maitiffaj/ (Kevr Bxstrih. 1080, 1086).

Branches slender, smooth (in flower). Leaves 4-7 by 1^-2 in., red-brown when
dry, thinly coriaceous. Cymes long-peduncled ; bracts lanceolate ; flowers not quite
mature, \ in. long. Calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate. Corolla as in the preceding
section. Anthers subacute. Ovary hairy ; style obconic, with a conoid stigma of the
same length. Follicles 2-2^ ft. long, thinly coriaceous, smooth, terete, swellings f in.
long, often 1 in. apart, long ellipsoid. Seeds elliptic-lanceolate, villous, top bearded
with persistent hairs ; coma twice as long. — The follicles resemble those of Parameria
glandulifera.

7. U, brachysepala, Hook. f. ; glabrous except tbe puberulous flowers,
leaves elliptic obtusely acuminate, nerves 6-8 pairs strong, cymes long-peduncled,
peduncles and branches compressed, bracts subulate, sepals much shorter than
the subglobose shortly 5-lobed corolla.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1079, 1080).

Branches rather stout; bark red-brown. Leaves 4-5 by 1^-2 J in., firmly coria-
ceous, red-brown when dry, nervules distinct on both surfaces. Peduncles 6-8 in.,
glabrous, red when dry, branches jointed at the nodes ; branches and pedicels slender,
glabrous ; flowers very small, ^--j^ in. long. Calyx segments erect, ovate. Corolla
pubescent, inflated ; lobes obtuse, glabrous within, except a tuft of hairs between the
stamens. Anthers subacute. Ovary twice as long as the disc, cylindric, hirsute ;
style cupular, stigma large obpyriform. Follicles not seen^

DOrBTFUL SPECIES.

Urceola ? ; branches and leaves glabrous ; bark black when dry ; leaves 2-2^ by
1-1 J in., elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate obtusely acuminate, narrowed into the petiole,
firmly coriaceous, pale brown shining above, nerves 3-4 pairs very slender ascending,
follicles horizontal 6-8 by \ in. slightly curved cylindric from the base, narrowed at
the apex, hard ; seeds ^ in., very slender narrowed into a filiform process longer than
the body, on which the fine pale brown hairs of the coma are placed. Probably an
undescribed genus. — Malacca; ilfaw^ay (Kew Distrib. 1069).

28. PAXIABIXSRXA, Bmth.

Evergreen glabrous climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, rarely 3-nateIy
whorled. Flmcers small, in broad lax terminal panicles. Caly.v small, 5-fid or
-partite, glandular within. Corolla sub-campanulate, throat broad naked, lobes
obliquely obovate or obcuneate, wrinkled, overlapping to the left. Stamens at
the base of the corolla, filaments short ; anthers sagittate, acute or apiculate,
conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disc of
6 connate scales. Carpels 2, distinct, longer than the disc, many-ovuled ; style
short, top obconoid, stigma conoid. Follicles long, slender, distantly torulose.

uu 2

660, xciv. APOCTNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Parameria,

Seeds linear or oblong, compressed, hairy, crowned with a deciduous pencil
and persistent ring of hairs, albumen scanty ; cotyledons thin, radicle superior,
short. — DiSTRiB. Species 2-3, Indian and Malayan.

1. P. grlandulifera, Benth. in Gen. Plant, ii. 715 ; glabrous except the
cymes, leaves coriaceous elliptic oblong or obovate obtuse acute or acuminate
shining above, nerves 6-6 pairs arching very oblique, cymes in terminal and
axillary brachiate panicles. Kurz For. Fl. ii. 189. Ecdysanthera glandulifera,
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 443; Wight Ic. t. 1307 (E. Griffithii, in text). E. barbata,
Miq. Fl, Ind. Bat. ii. 451. Echites glandulifera and monilifera, Wall. Cat.
1660, 1659 ; G. Don Gen. Stfst. iv. 75. Parsonsia barbata, Bl. Bijd. 1042.

Martaban; Wallick, Parish; on the borders of tidal forests, J^Mr^. Malacca;
Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1077, 1093). Singapohe ; Lobb. Andaman Islb^. ;
Kurz. — Distrib. Java, Borneo, Philippine Islds., Cambodia.

Branches stout or slender. Leaves 3-5 by 1^2 in., sometimes 3-nately whorled,
smooth, nerves very slender; petiole very short, ^-^ in. Terminal panicle of cymoi
often 5-6 in. broad, pyramidal, axillary ones short ; branches spreading, 3-chotomous,
pubenilous, pedicels, short, or sometimes long and slender when the flowers are
collected into globose umbellules ; bracts minute ; flowers \ in. diam. Calyx-segments
small, ovate, one-quarter the length of the broad obtusely angled corolla-tube.
Corolla-lobes about equalling the tube. Anthers acute and apiculate. Ovary some-
what hairy; style obconic. Follicles 6-12 in., very slender, flexuous, glabrous,
pericarp thinly coriaceous; swellings over the seeds sometimes 1 in. apart, elliptic-
lanceolate. Seeds \ in. long, oblong-lanceolate, contracted at the tip, pubescent,
coma three times as long, white. The follicles resemble those of Urceola. — Wight is
mistaken in describing and flguring the overlapping of the corolla-lobes as to the
right. Blume describes the axils of the nerves of the leaf and corolla-throat as
bearded in Parsonsia barbata, characters which I do not observe in the Indian
specimens.

2. P. polyneura, Hooh. f. ; glabrous except the cymes, leaves mem-
branous elliptic-oblong or elliptic obtusely acuminate, nerves 8-10 pairs arching
very oblique, cymes in terminal brachiate panicles.

Tenasserim ; Zo6&. Malacca; Griffith, Maingay (Keyf Di^trWy. 101%).
Habit of P. glandtdifera, but leaves very membranous with numerous nerves,
cymes always terminal and anthers not apiculate. Follicles not seen.

29. BEAUl^ONTZA, Wall.

Evergreen climbing trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, membranous ; nerves
distant, arched. Floioers very large, white, in terminal cymes; bracts leafy.
Calyx 5-partite, glandular or not within. Corolla-tuhe very short, throat large,
beU- or funnel-shaped, naked ; lobes broad, overlapping to the right. Stamens
at the top of the tube, included in the throat ; filaments thickened at the top :
anthers horny, sagittate, conniving over and adhering to the stigma ; cells
spurred at the base. Disc deeply 6-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, cells many-ovuled ;
style filiform, top clavate, stigma fusiform. Fruit long, thick, woody, at length
dividing into 2 horizontally spreading follicles. Seeds compressed, ovoid or
oblong, top contracted, crowned with a pencil of hairs ; cotyledons thin or
thick, radicle short superior. — Distrib. Species 4, Indian and Malayan.

1. B. ^randiflora, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 15, t. 7; Cat. 1629; leaves
glabrous or tomentose beneath, calyx-lobes 1-2 in. long, corolla between tubular
and bell-shaped much shorter than the tube. A4 DC. Prodr. viii. 404 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 179; Bot. Reg. t. 911; Bot. Mag. t. 3213. ?B. longiflora, Lodd.
Bot. Cab. 183. Echites grandiflora, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 20, and FL Ind. ii. 14
{excl. fruit).

Beaumontia.l xcnr. apoctnacejs. (J. D. Hooker.) 661

Eastern Himalaya; from Nipal (Wallich) to Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft.
SiLHET and Chittaqono.

Stefn woody, very stout and climbing high. Shoots rusty-pubescent. Leaves 7-12
by 3-7 in., glabrous above, rarely tomentose beneath ; obovate-oblong, abruptly
acuminate; nerves 7-16 pairs, arching; petiole ^-1 in. Cymes few- or many-fld.,
pedicels and calyx tomentose. Calyx-lohes very variable, from oblong-lanceolate to
obovate or oblanceolate, acuminate. Corolla 3-5 in. long, glabrous or pubescent ;
lobes 1 in. rounded, except the tip. Anthers f in. long. Ripe carpels very variable
in length and breadth, turgid, densely fleshy, green, with a thick hard spongy
yellowish polished endocarp. Seeds f in. long, coma twice as long.

2. S. Jerdonlana, Wight Ic. t. 1314, 5 ; leaves nearly glabrous beneath,
calyx-lobes |-1 in. long, corolla between broadly campanulate and funnel-
shaped, lobes acuminate, follicles 10 by 1^ in. cylindric.

Deccan Peninsula ; on the Western Ghats from the Concan southwards, Wight, &c.

This so closely resembles B. grandiflora in all respects but the corolla, the rather
smaller size of all its parts, and the form of the follicles, that I suspect it will
have to be ranked as a variety.

3. B. khaslana, Hook.f. ; leaves obovate or elliptic acuminate tomen-
tose beneath, calyx-lobes ^ in., corolla broadly campanulate, lobes equalling the
tube and throat rounded not acuminate.

Khasia Mts. ; Nungklow, Lobh.

The general habit of this is that of B. grandiflora, but the old leaves are broader,
8-10 by 4-4^ in., more elliptic, the peduncle and pedicels are much longer, and the
flowers very short; the corolla -tube and throat are together not 2 in. long, whilst the
limb is 4 in. in diameter, with quite rounded lobes. It is very near the Javanese B.
multiflora, Teijsm & Binn., which is intermediate between this and B. Jerdoniana-y
all may be varieties of one, but without the fruit this cannot be determined.

30. CKONZSmOBPKA, G. Don,

Climbing stout shrubs. Leaves opposite, broad; nerves distant, arching.
Flowers large, white, in lax terminal and pseudo-axillary cymes. Calyx 5-cleft
or -partite, with a ring of glands witliin. Corolla salver-shaped, tube veiy
short ; throat long, tubular, naked ; lobes broad, obliquely obcuneate, overlapping
to the right, twisted sharply to the left. Stamens at the top of the tube, fila-
ments short, broad, villous ; anthers sagittate, elongate, pungent, conniving over
and adhering to the stigma, cells shortly spurred below. LHsc thick, annular or
cupular. Ca7'pel8 2, distinct, many-ovuled ; style filiform, base cleft, top globose
or hemispheric, stigma conoid or subclavate. Follicles long, straight, hard,
parallel, 3-gonous. Seeds ovoid or oblong, flat, shortly beaked, coma long,
albumen thin; cotyledons oblong flat, radicle short. — Dibtrib. Species 2,
Indian and Malayan.

1. C macropliylla, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 76; calyx 6-lobed. A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 430. Wight Ic. t. 432 ; Brandis For. Fl. 328 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 187.
? C. gi-andiflora, G. Don I. c. 0. mollis, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 444, ex Kurz in
Joum. As. Soc. 1877, ii. 267. Echites macrophylla, Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 13;
Wall. Cat. 1657. E. grandis. Wall. Cat. 1658 ; Grah. Cat. Bomh. PL 113 ;
Dalz. ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 147. P E. macrantha, Spreng. Syst. i. 632 ; A. DC. I. c.
477. Epichysianthus macrophyllus, Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calc. 623. — Rheede
Hart. Mai. ix. t. 6, 6.

Moist forests throughout India ; from Kumaon in the Himalaya, ascending to
4500 ft., to Travancore, Ceylon, Malacca and the Andaman Islds. — Distbib. Java,
Sumatra.

662 xciv. APOCTNACEJ). (J. D. Hooker.) [Chonemorpha,

Branches glabrous, puberulous, or pubescent, soft, stout. Leaves 6-18 by 5- 18 in,^
ovate elliptic obovate or orbicular, acute or cuspidate, base acute rounded or cordate,
glabrous pubescent or tomentose beneath; nerves 10-12 pairs; petiole ^2 in., stout
or slender. Cymes on long or short stout pedicels ; bracts ovate, acute. Calyx ^^
in., coriaceous, terete, base truncate; lobes rounded or subacute. Corolla white,
2-3 in. (iiam., lobes ^| in. diam. ; mouth glabrous, throat with 5 villous bands
within. Stamens^ in. Follicles \2-\% hy \-\ \n. Seeds ^ in.

2. C. Crrlffithil, Hook./.; calyx 5-partite.

SiKKiM HiMAXAYA and Khasta Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., Griffith, &c.

Branches often hispid. Leaves smaller than in C. macrophylla. Flowers quite as
large, but diflfering so much in the calyx as to suggest its belonging to a different genus.
Fruit unknown.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

C. MALABABicA, G. Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 76 {excl. syn. E. Pala). Echites malabarica,
Lamk. Bict. ii. 342 ; A. BC. Prodr. viii. 477.— Pal. Valer, Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. 1. 12.

C. VESTITA, G. Bon Gen. Syst. iv. 76. Echites vestita, Boem ^ Sch. iv. 394 ;
A. BC. Prodr. viii. 477. E. tomentosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 137, non Vahl. — This is possibly
Wrightia tomentosa.

81. ECDVSANTKZSXIA, Hook, et Arn.

Climbing glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, acuminate, nerves distant.
Floioers minute, in terminal trichotomous panicled. cymes. Calyx small, 5-
partite, glandular or not within. Corolla suburceolate, throat naked, lobes very
short, obtuse, overlapping to the right. Stamens at the base of the corolla ;
anthers sagittate, conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at
the base. Disc annular. Carpels 2, distinct, longer than the disc, many-ovuled,
Lairy ; style short, top large cupular, stigma obpyriform. Follicles spreading,
terete, acuminate. Seeds few, oblong or linear, compresssd, tip narrowed with
a long coma and a short persistent ring of hairs, albumen scanty ; cotyledons
thin, radicle short superior. — Distrib. Species 4 or 6, Malayan and Chinese.

E. micrantlia, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 442 ; leaves glabrous ovate- lanceolate
obtusely acuminate, nerves 3-5 pairs, cymes long-peduncled glabrous or puberu-
lous. E. brachiata, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 443; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 189. Echites
? micrantha and brachiata. Wall. Cat. 1667, 1668.

SiKKiM Himalaya (alt. 3-5000 ft.), Assam, Silhet, Khasia Mts. (alt. 2-4000 ft.),
Cachak, Ava Hills, Kurz.

A very tall climber ; branches slender, pendulous, pustular, ultimate sometimes
puberulous. Leaves 2-7 by 1-2 in., thinly coriaceous; nerves very oblique, slender;
petiole :f-^in. Cymes brachiate ; bracts minute ; flowers ^ to ^ in. long ; pedicels slender
or short. Calyx not half the length of the corolla, segments ovate. Corolla glabrous
within and without, lobes falcate, spreading. Anthers obtuse. Follicles 3-4 in., | in.
broad near the base, horizontal, slightly incurved, narrowed from above the base to
the point, thickly coriaceous with a shining crustaceous endocarp. Seeds | in. long,
elliptic-lanceolate, compressed, pubescent, bearded at the constricted tip, coma three
times as long.

32. BAXSSEA, A. DC.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite ; nerves distant, straight. Flowers small,
in dense or lax axillary or terminal panicled or corymbose cymes. Calyx small,
6-partite, glandular or not within ; segments obtuse. Corolla salver-shaped,
lobes overlapping to the right, not twisted (in the Indian species). Stamens
below the middle of the corolla ; anthers sagittate, conniving over the stigma
and adhering to it, cells shortly spurred at the base. Disc cup-shaped. Carpels
2, distinct, sunk in the disc, many-ovuled ; style short, top cup-shaped, stigma

Baissea.] xciv. apocynacej;. (J. p. Hooker.) 663

'Columnar. Follicles long. Seeds long, linear, truncate or narrowed (not beaked)
4it both ends, glabrous, tipped with a deciduous coma, albumen not thick;
cotyledons linear, flat, radicle short. — Distrib. Species 7, a Cingalese, a
Malayan, and 5 African.

1.8. acuzninata, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 719 ; leaves oblong obtusely
caudate-acuminate pale beneath glabrous, cymes terminal and axillary corymbose
puberulous shorter or longer than the leaves. Oleghornia acuminata and cymosa,
Wiffht Ic. t. 1310, 1312 ; Walp. Ann. iii. 43 ; Thwaites Enum. 194.

Ceylon ; common in the central province, alt. 3000 ft.

A slender climber. leaves 3-4 by 1-1^ in., rather thin ; nerves quite horizontal,
nrery slender ; petiole \-^ in. Cymes trichotomous, peduncle slender ; pedicels short.
Flowers \ in. long. Calya> about half as long as the calyx-tube, glands between the
•sepals connate in pairs. Corolla glabrous or puberulous ; lobes oblong or linear
obtuse; tube and throat hairy within. Follicles 6-10 by ^ in., cylindric, smooth.
Seeds \\ in., slender, narrowed at both ends. — The corolla-lobes are much too short
«,nd rounded in Wight's figure.

2. B. znalaccensis, Hook.f. ; leaves oblong or elliptic obtusely caudate-
acuminate pale beneath glabrous, cymes terminal and axillary paniculate gla-
brous longer than the leaves.

Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1094).

Very closely allied to B. acuminata, but more slender, leaves smaller, 2 by \-\\
in., more membranous, whiter beneath, cymes more panicled than corymbose ; the
flowers are almost identical, except that the glands are solitary between the sepals
•according to Maingay's mss. Fruit not seen.

33. AGANOSMA, G. Ban.

Stout evergreen climbers. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal tomentose
cymes, large or middle-sized. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, with
subulate glands at the base, rarely oblong ovate. Corolla salver-shaped, tube
very short ; throat long, cylindric, with bearded longitudinal bands behind the
anthers ; lobes lanceolate linfear-oblong or broad and rounded, overlapping to
the right and nearly straight in bud. Stamens at the base of the throat, in-
■cluded ; anthers sagittate, rigid, conniving over the stigma and adnate to it,
•cells spurred at the base. Disc 5-lobed, cupular. Carpels 2, distinct, tips
hiraute, rarely glabrous, many-ovuled ; style short, top urn-shaped, truncate,
stigma columnar. Follicles short or long, terete, straight or curved, linear.
Seeds ovate or linear-oblong, flattened, glabrous, not beaked, albumen scanty ;
•cotyledons oblong, radicle short. — iJistblb. Species 5, Indian and Malayan.

The very different aestivation of the corolla requires the separation of this genus
irom Ichnocarpus.

Sect. I. Amphineurlon, A. DC. Sepals ovate-oblong, acute. Ovary
glabrous, half sunk in the disc. Follicles very long, cylindric.

1. A. znarg'inata, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 77; glabrous or branches and
leaves beneath pubescent, leaves oblong acute acuminate or caudate, nerves very
strong beneath inarching within the margin, cymes lax, corolla glabrous, tube
rather longer than the acute calyx-segments, lobes linear obtuse. Wight Ic. X.
425 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 433 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 186. A. acuminata, G. Don.
J.c, Wight Ic. t. 424; A. DC. I.e. 434. A. macrocarpa, ^. i)C. I.e. 434.
Echites marginata, Poxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 16; Wall. Cat. 1661. E. acuminata^
Po.vb. I. c. E. macrocarpa. Wall. Cat. 1662. E. reticulata, Boj. Hort. Maurit,

664: xciv. APOCTNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Aganosmd^

211. E. apoxys, Vaifft HoH, Sub. Calc. 522. ?E. cristata, Roth Nov. PL 135.
? Chonemorpha cristata, G. Don I. c. 76.

From SiLHET and Chittagong to Malacca and Singapobe. — Distbib. Java^,
Sumatra, Philippine Islds.

A stout scandent or subscandent shrub. Leaves 2-4 by f-l^ in., coriaceous, hard»
polished above, dark brown when dry ; petiole \ in. Cymes chiefly axillary ; peduncle
slender, 1-2 in, ; bracts deciduous ; flowers white. Corolla-tuhe |— ^ in., slender ;
lobe^ twice as long, mouth glabrous, throat not dilated. Ovary glabrous. Follicles
6-18 by ^ in., straight or flexuous, cylindric. Seeds linear-oblong.

Sect. II. ZHeiadenla, A. D.C. Calyx large; lobes long, ovate or lan-
ceolate. Ovary wholly included in the tubular 5-lol)ed disc.

2. A. caryopbyllata, O. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 77 ; leaves ovate or elliptic
acute obtuse or acuminate glabrous or tomentose beneath, nerves 3 pairs very
oblique, cymes lax pubescent, sepals linear-lanceolate glandular within, corolla-
lobes obliquely orbicular, ovary hairy at the tip, follicles 3-5 in. — A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 432 ; Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 113; A. Blumei, Wiyht Ic. t. 1305, not o,
A. DC. Echites caryophyllata, Wall. Cat. 1651 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1919. ?
Heynei, Spreng. Syst. i. 632. E. dichotoma, Roth Nov. PI. 136. Chonemorpha
dichotoma, G. Don Gen. Syst. iv. 76 ; A. DC. I. c. 477.

Lower Bengal ; Monghir, Hamilton ; common on rocks at Kisikund, Wallich.
Deccan Peninsula, Heyne, &c.

A large climber, stem very stout, shoots pubescent. Leaves 4-5 by 2-2|- in.,
coriaceous, base rounded acute or subcordate, nerves strong beneath and all running
towards the point ; petiole \-^ in. Cymes terminal, lax, white-tomentose ; pedicels
shorter than the calyx-lobes, which are hoary without. Corolla-tube and throat both
cylindric, subequal ; limb 1^ in. diam. Ovary pubescent ; style slender, top urceo-
late, stigma columnar, to the tip of which the anthers are attached. Follicles stout,
nearly ^ in. diam., pericarp thickly coriaceous. Seeds (unripe) ovate-oblong, ^ in.
long, flat.— I have retained Roxburgh's specific name for this plant, because it is that
of his Herbarium, of Rottler's Herbarium, of the Botanical Magazine, of the Calcutta
Botanic Gardens, and of DeCandolle'sProdromus ; but it is not the Echites caryophyllata
of Roxburgh's Flora, which is A. calycina, and is described as having subglobular
cymes ; nor of his drawing, repeated by Wight (Ic* t. 440), which agrees with his
description and represents the leaves as having many spreading veins and ovate acute
corolla-lobes and glabrous ovary. Nor have I quoted Rheede's figure (vii. t. 55)
which is referred to as E. caryophyllata in the Botanical Magazine ; nor Rheede's
"Kemetti Valli " (ix. t. 14, not 135 as quoted by Roxburgh), which Roxburgh cites
for his caryophyllata, as neither of these is a good representation of this or any other
plant, and they both differ totally from Roxburgh's and the Bot. Mag. figure and
description. Though evidently a commonly (cultivated?) plant in India, its only
presumably native habitat is the Monghir one given above ; its few red nerves and
rounded corolla -lobes at once distinguish it from its congeners.

3. A. gracilis, Hook, f.; hranches very slender, leaves elliptic oblong
acuminata membranous glabrous, nerves 8-10 pairs, very slender arching, cymea
terminal corymbose glabrate, peduncles and pedicels long slender, sepals 1^ in.
hoary eglandular, corolla-tube | in., lobes 1^ in. obliquely oblanceolate.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft.; J. B. H. Khasla. Mts., alt. 1-3000 ft.; Lobb.

A very beautiful and distinct species, at once distinguishable by the slender stem
and branches, membranous leaves, few-flowered spreading glabrous cymes, very long
sepals, and long narrow calyx-lobes.

4. A. calycina, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 432 ; hranches stout, leaves elliptic
or oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous, nerves 7-10 pairs arching slender,
cymes terminal lax densely rusty-tomentose, peduncle and pedicels stout, sepals

Aganosma.1 xciv. APOCTNACEiE. (J. D. Hooker.) ■ 665>

f-1 in. eglandular, corolla-tube ^ in., lobes ovate acute, ovary glabrous. Kur&
For. Fl. ii. 186. A. Roxburgbii, Q. Dm ex Wight Ic. t. 440. A. Wallichii,
G. Don Oen. Syst. iv. 77. Echites calycina, Wall. Cat. 1653. E. caryophyllata^
Roxburgh Fl. Ind. ii. 11 {md drawings copied hy Wight ^ t. 440).

Tavot ; Gomez, Kurz.

Branches pubescent. i«awa 3-4 in., coriaceous; petiole ^ in. (7y»ig« many-fld.,
tomentose. Sepals very narrow, rusty tomentose. Corolla-tube hoa,ry, slender, cylindric»
base hardly dilated, narrowed upwards to the mouth, villous within. Ovary quite
glabrous ; style elongate-clavate, truncate, stigma columnar. Fruit unknown. — I have
under A. caryophyllata stated my reasons for retaining that name for the plant of
Koxburgh's Herbarium, and thus avoiding an involved synonymy and the necessity
of giving it a new name.

5. A. cymosa, G. Don Gen Syst. iv. 77 ; glabrous or shoots and leaves
beneath softly tomentose, leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or
finely acuminate, nerves 6-7 pairs, cymes dense rounded densely tomentose,
sepals ^^ in., corolla-tube ^-^ in., lobes :^-^ in. ovate acuminate, ovary hirsute.

SiLHET ; Roxburgh, &c. Dbccan Pbninsula ; common from Bombay to Travan-
core, Heyne, &c.

A stout rambling climber, very variable in size and habit, of which I am unable-
to distinguish the following forms specifically.

Var. 1. cymosa proper; shoots tawny-tomentose, leaves 4-6 by 2-2\ in. elliptic
or oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous or sparsely hairy above, pubescent or tomentose
beneath, nerves 7-9 pairs, sepals ^ in., corolla-lobes \ in. long. — A cymosa, G. Don
I.e. ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 433. Echites cymosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 16; Wight Ic. t..
395; Wall. Cat. 1654, in part.— ^xlhet.

Vab, 2. lanceolata ; shoots tawny tomentose, leaves 4-5j by 1-1^ in. oblong lan-
ceolate finely acuminate margins and midrib beneath sparsely hairy, nerves 7-9 pairs,
sepals i in., corolla-lobes ^ in. broad, "follicles 3 by 3^ in. sessile linear-falcate, seeds,
ovate-lanceolate glabrous. — Echites cymosa, Wall. Cat. 1654, impart (specimens from
Calcutta Botanic Gardens).

Var. 3. conferta; shoots puberulous or hoary, leaves 2-3 by lJ-2 in. elliptic-
oblong acute obtuse, or apiculate rarely acuminate, quite glabrous on both surfaces,
nerves 3-4 pairs, flowers as in var. 2. Echites conferta. Wall. Cat. 1655. — Deccan
Peninsula, Herb. Heyne*

Var. 4. elegans; shoots puberulous or glabrate, leaves 1^-2^ by f-1^ acute
obtuse or acuminate, nerves 3-5 pairs, sepals \-^ in., corolla-lobes ^-\ in., "follicles
6-9 by i in., terete, hairy at length glabrate, seeds linear^oblong shortly beaked
glabrous" (7%wai7es). Aganosma elegans, G. Don I.e.; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 433;
Wight Ic. t. 1304 ; Thwaites Emim. 194. . A. Doniana, Wight Ic. t. 1306 (a small-
flowered form) ; Dalz ^ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 146. Echites elegans, Wall. Cat. 1656.
E. bracteata. Herb. Heyne in Wall. Cat. under 1656. — Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

A. LiEviQATA, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 113 (Bheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. .9); without
description. S. Concan. Is probably Parsonsia.

34. SPZaVNUBK, Wight.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant, arching. Flowers hoary,,
in dense subcapitate corymbose or open paniculate cymes. Calyx small, 6-fid,
lobes acute. Corolla salver-shaped, tube long, throat villous ; lobes overlapping
to the right, twisted to the left, or nearly erect. Stamens below the middle of
the tube ; anthers sagittate, acuminate, conniving around and hardly adhering
to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disc lining the calyx-tube, fleshy,
6-lobed. Carpels 2, distinct, many-ovuled, dorsally adnate to the disc and sur-
mounted by its 5 connivent lobes ; style long or short, top obovate or cupular^

-666 xciv. APOCYNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [E^pigynum*

stigma thick. Follicles distinct, long, linear, terete. Seeds elongated, com-
pressed (crowned with a wing or pencil of hairs ?). — Distrib. Species 4 or 6,
Malayan Peninsula and Borneo.

1. E. G-riffitliianuxn, Wight Ic. t. 1308 ; leaves elliptic acute at both
•ends glahrous, cymes rusty-pubescent, flowers ^ in. long, corolla pubescent,
lobes in bud slightly twisted. Kurz For. Fl, ii. 184. Legouixia amabilis,
Muell. Argan. in Van Heurck PL Nov. 146.

Mebgui ; Griffith, Kurz.

Branches slender, puberulous towards the tips. Leaves 2-3 by |-1^ in., mem-
branous, brown when dry, narrowed into the short petiole. Cymes branched from the
base or peduncled, 1-1| in. diam. ; branches \ in.; flowers crowded; pedicels very
-short. Calyx ^ the length of the narrow corolla-tube. Corolla-limb § in. diam. ;
lobes obovate, glabrous within, throat and tube hairy within. Fruit not seen.

2. E. IHaing'ayi, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic subacute and cymes softly
tomentose beneath, flowers 1 in. long, corolla tomentose, lobes in bud nearly
straight.

Malacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1088).

Branches slender, young tomentose. Leaves 3^4^ by 1^2 in., minutely puberu-
lous above, with yellowish tomentum beneath'; petiole \ in., tomentose. Cymes
shortly peduncled ; flowers very shortly pedicelled, corymbose. Calyx \ the length
of the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes rounded, tomentose on one half of the back; tube
and throat pubescent within and without. Follicles 6-8 by \-^ in,, slender, cylindric,
flexuous, tomentose. Seeds not ripe.

3. t E. laevig>atuxn, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate quite
glabrous, flowers ^ in. long, corolla glabrous, lobes strongly twisted in bud.
Echites laevigata. Wall. Cat. 1669.

Sii.HET ; at Pundua ? ( Wallich).

Perfectly glabrous throughout; branches slender, dark brown. Leaves 4-5 by H
in., thinly coriaceous, polished above ; petiole ^ in. Flowers in peduncled axillary
trichotomous panicled cymes, rather crowded towards the ends of the long horizontal
branches; bracts ovate. Calyx-lobes ovate- lanceolate, with a small glandular tooth in
■the sinus between each lobe. Corolla-tube ^ in., twice as long as the calyx ; lobes linear-
oblong, twice as long as the tube. Carpels sunk in the cupular 5-lobed disc, and
■attached to it by their backs ; style very short, stigma large. Fruit not seen. — A
fruiting specimen of what may be this species was collected in Cachar by Keenan ; the
follicles are 3-4 in. by \ in., horizontal, terete, gradually narrowed from the base to
the acute point, exactly as in Anodendron, but the seeds are slender and not beaked.

DOrBTFUL SPECIES.

?E. PAEViFLORUM, Hook.f.; quite glabrous, leaves 5-6 by li-2 in., elliptic-lan-
•ceolate, acuminate at both ends, nerves 5-6 pairs very oblique, petiole \ in., flowers in
lax brachiate axillary and terminal cymes, peduncle branches and pedicels slender,
■calyx very small, corolla pale yellow, tube short, limb ^ in. diam., lobes falcately lan-
ceolate acuminate, stamens towards the base of the tube, ovary sunk in the 5-lobed
•disc, style very short, top cup-shaped, stigma conical. Echites parviflora, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 20.

Northern Circaes ; Roxburgh.

I have described this from Koxburgh's drawings; it appears closely allied to
E. ? IcBvigatum.

35. RKYNCKODZA, Benth.

A lofty climbing evergreen shrub. Leaves opposite, broad, membranous,
•nerves distant. Flowers in lax broad axillary or subterminal panicled c} mes.

Bhynchodia.'] xciv. apocynace^. (J. D. Hooker.) Q67

Calyx 6-partite or -fid, glandular within. Corolla salver-shaped, throat con-
tracted, villous; lobes large, broad, obliquely obcuneate, overlapping to
the right, twisted to the left. Stamens in the middle of the tube, filaments
broad short ; anthers sagittate, conniving round and adhering to the stigma,
<jells shortly spurred below. Disc annular, 5-fid. Carpels 2, distinct, glabrous,
longer than the disc, many-ovuled ; style filiform, top clavate truncate, stigma
columnar. Follicles elongate, narrow, compressed. Seeds ovate or oblong,
<;ompre8sed, beak slender, tipped by a deciduous coma.

A. Walllchii, Benth. in Gen. PL ii. 720 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic ovate
•or oblong cuspidate or caudate-acuminate, cymes dichotomous loose, peduncles
and pedicels slender. Rhynchospermum Wallichii and R. ellipticum, A. DC.
Prodr. viii. 431. Echites rhynchosperma. Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. 43, t. 49 ; Cat.
1665. E. elliptica, Wall. Cat. 1666. Echites verticalis, Herh. Ham. Oerco-
•coma Wallichii, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 445 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 187.

SiKKiM Himalaya, alt. 2600 ft. ; Treutler. Silhet ; De Silva. Assam ; Masters.
•Cachar ; Keenan. Mabtaban, Tenassebim and Ava ; Wallich, Kurz.

Branches distantly tubercled. Leaves 5-9 by 2-4 in., base acute, rounded or
rarely cordate ; petiole slender, 1 in. Cymes 2-4 in. diam. ; flowers white, fragrant ;
peduncle 1-3 in. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, half as long as the corolla-tube.
Corolla glabrous, except round the mouth ; tube \ in., 5-angled ; limb 1 in. diam. ;
lobes narrowly obovate. Follicles 12-18 by |-f in., smooth. Seeds 1 in., beak as
long as the body, hairs rather longer, white. — This genus might well form a section of
Th-achelosperjuum.

36. TZlACHZ:Z.OSPER]»IUia, Lemaire.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant. Flowers white or pur-
plish, in lax terminal or pseudo-axillary cymes. Calyx small, 6-partite,
•glandular or scaly within. Corolla salver-shaped, mouth constricted ; lobes
•oblique, overlapping to the right, twisted to the left. Stamens above the
middle of the tube, tips included or exserted, filaments short, broad ; anthers
conniving over and adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disc
annular or of oblong glands. Carpels 2, distinct, many-ovuled ; style short, top
cupular, stigma columnar. Follicles elongate, slender, incurved, terete. Seeds
linear, not beaked, coma long, albumen copious ; cotyledons linear, flat, radicle
short. — DiSTBiB. Species 8, East Asiatic and Malayan.

* Cymes in the upper axils, long-peduncled. CoroHa-tuhe slender, much longer
■than the calyx.

1. T. fragrans, Ho6k.f.\ leaves elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate,
•cymes loosely panicled, peduncles and pedicels slender, sepals ovate or lanceolate,
<;orolla-lobes at base and mouth pubescent, anthers included. Ichnocarpus
fi-agrans, Wall. Cat. 1675; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 435; Brand. For. Fl. 327. I.
?inflata, ILerh. Ham. in Wall. I.e. Blaberopus lucidus, A. DC. I.e. 411.
Alstonia lucida, Don Prodr. 231 .

Temperate and Subtropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon, ascending to 6,700 ft.
Jto Bhotan, exclusive of Sikkim. Assam ; Muku hills, Simonds. Cachab ; Keenan.

A tall climber, shoots and petioles sometimes pubescent. Leaves 3-6 by 1-1^ in. ;
petiole ^-^ in. Peduncles 1-3 in., very slender, stout, angular, trichotomously
branched. Sepals ^-^ the length of the corolla-tube. Corolla white, tube slender,
with the throat ^ in. ; lobes obcuneate, obliquely truncate. Disc-glands quadrate.
Ovart/ glabrous, acute. Follicles 4-9 by \ in., incurved and converging, cylindric,
acuminate, narrowed at the base; pericarp thinly coriaceous, smooth, pale. Seeds

668 xciv. APOCTNACE^. (J. D. Hooker.) [Trachelosj^ermum^

f in. long, slender, compressed, obtuse at both ends, pale, smooth, coma as long,.,
white.

2. T. gracilipes, Hooh.f. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic acute, cymes loosely
panicled, peduncle and pedicels capillary, calyx-segments ovate or lanceolate,,
corolla-lobes and throat glabrous, anther-tips exserted.

Khasia and Jtntba Mts. ; Lobh. Assam ; Gowahatty, Simons.
Very similar to T. fragrans, but diflfering in the form of the leaf point, in thfr
more slender cymes, and notably in the glabrous corolla and exserted anther-tips.

** Cymes short-peduncled, in numerous axils. Corolla-tube short.

3. T. axillare, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves oblanceolate obovate or
elliptic-oblong abruptly caudate-acuminate, cymes very shortly peduncled, sepals;^
rounded, shorter than the glabrous corolla. Khynchospermum 5, Ile7-b. Ind.
Or. Hooh.f. 8f T.

SiKKiM Himalaya; alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H.

A stout arboreous climber. Leaves 3-5 by 1-H in., rather coriaceous, tip \ in.
long. Cymes 1 in. diam. ; peduncle \ in., pedicels rather longer, stout. Sepals
puberulous, half the length of the corolla-tube. Corolla dull purple ; tube angular,
^ in. long ; lobes linear-oblong, nearly straight, obtuse ; mouth and throat glabrous.
Stamens included. Glands glabrous. Ovary pxibescent; style very short, stout.
Follicles 6-8 by | in., curved, cylindric, tomentose. Seeds slender, f in. long; coma
2 in., copious, pale brown. — Buds more obtuse and lobes less twisted to the left
than in the typical species.

37. ANODENDRON, A. DC

Climbing glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant arched. Flowers-
in axillary or axillary and terminal slender panicled wide spreading cymes.
Calyx 5-cleft ; segments obtuse, eglandular within. Corolla salver-shaped,,
mouth contracted ; lobes narrow, overlapping to the right, twisted to the left.
Stamens below the middle of the tube ; anthers sagittate, conniving round and
adherent to the stigma, cells shortly spurred at the base. Disc cupular.
Carpels 2, distinct, sunk in the disc, and attached to it by their backs at the base,,
many-ovuled ; style very short, top cupular, stigma thick conic. Follicles diverg-
ing, acuminate, hard. Seeds ovoid or oblong, compressed, beaked, tipped with
a long coma."^— DiSTRiB. Species 7, Asiatic and Malayan.

1. A. paniculatum, A. DC. Frodr. viii. 444; quite glabrous, leaves
large elliptic or oblong obtusely cuspidate thinly coriaceous, nerves 12-15 pairs,
calyx-lobes obtuse. Dalz. 8f Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 147 ; Thwaites Enum. 194 ; Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 188 ; Wight Lc. t. 1309, fruit and seeds only. Echites paniculata,
Roxb. Fl. Lnd. ii. 17 ; Wight Ic. t. 396. E. coriacea. Wall. Cat. 1586. E.
manubriata and polyantha, Wall. Cat. 1663, 1664. Gymnema nepalense, ?
Ch-ah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 120 {ex Dalz. ^ Gibs.).—Rheede Hort. Mai. ix. t. 8.

From SiLHET to Maetaban. Deccan Peninsula ; on the Western Ghats from
the Concan southwards. Ceylon ; common up to 2000 ft. — Distrik. Java, Timor,
Philippine Islds.

An immense climber. Leaves 4-8 by \\-Z in. ; petiole ^ in. Cymes 2-10 in.
long and broad, repeatedly 3-chotomously branched; branches brachiate, filiform;
flowers 3-nate ; pedicels short; bracts ovate. Calyx-lohes minute. Corolla ^ in. long,
yellowish white, lobes t-wice as long as the tube, narrow, falcate, obtuse, throat
villous. Stigma subsessile. Follicles 5-6 in., straight, narrowed from a base | in.
diam. to the obtuse point, terete, woody. Seeds few, 1|- in. long, flat ; beak long
slender ; coma white, 2 in. long.

Anodendron.'] xciv. Apocynacej:. (J. D. Hooker.) 669

2. A. Candolleanum, Wight Ic. t. 1309 (ere/, fruit and seeds) ; quite
glabrous, leaves elliptic obtusely cuspidate tbickly coriaceous, nerves 8-10 pairs,
petiole 1 in., calyx-lobes acute. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 466. A. rubescens,
Teijsni. Sf Binnend. Cat. Hort. Bogor.

Malacca ; dipt. Wight, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1087). — Distbib. Borneo.

Very similar in inflorescence and flowers to A. paniculatum, but petioles longer,
leaves very different in texture, sepals acute, corolla-throat nearly glabrous, style
distinct, stigma smaller, follicles much thinner-walled, acute, and seeds (unripe)
apparently much more slender,

3. A. rhinosporumf Thwaites Enum. 196; quite glabrous, leaves
coriaceous elliptic-obJong or -lanceolate obtuse or obtusely acuminate, nerves
very slender, petiole ^ in., flowers -^ in. long.

Ceylon ; Ambagamowa and Matuvatte districts, Thwaites.

A much smaller and narrower-leaved plant than either of the foregoing, with a
smaller panicle. Leaves 2-4 by ^-1^ in. ; petiole ^\ in. Follicles 3-5 in. Seeds
1 in.

4. A. paucifloruxn, Hook.f. ; quite glabrous, leaves oblong or oblong*
lanceolate obtusely acuminate, nerves very slender, cymes small short axillary
puberulous few-fld., flower ^ in. long.

Penang ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1101).

Branches smooth, glabrous. Leaves 4-5 by l|-2 in., red-brown when dry ;
nerves 8-10 pairs, slightly arched, very slender; petiole \ in., stout. Cymes much
shorter than the leaves ; peduncle stout, ^-1 in, ; bracts ovate, crowded ; pedicels
very short. CaJyx-lohes obtuse. Corolla glabrous, lobes acute in bud, strongly
twisted; tube about equalling the linear-lanceolate falcate obtuse lobes; throat
pubescent. Style and stigma together pyriform, seated on the glabrous carpels.
Follicles 4-5 by |-1 in., horizontal, straight, tapering from a rounded base to the
subacute points, terete, smooth, pericarp thick. Sseds § in. long, ovoid, beaked, flat,
glabrous ; coma three times as long, brown.

38. ZC»NOCARPUS,^r. ,

Climbing sbrubs. Leaves opposite, nerv-es distant. Flowers ^taall or minute,
in long terminal and axillary paniculate cymes. Calyx 5-fid, glandular or not
within. Corolla salver-shaped, throat contracted or villous ; lobes narrowed to
the obtuse point, overlapping to the right, upper half deflexed in bud. Stamens
at or below the middle of the tube ; anthers sagittate, conniving over and
adhering to the stigma, cells spurred at the base. Disc free, 6-lobed. Carpels
2, distinct, exserted from the disc, many-ovuled, hairy ; style short, top obconic,
stigma columnar. Follicles spreading or divaricate, slender and subterete or
rigid and compressed. Seeds narrowed at the tip, coma deciduous, albumen
copious ; cotyledons long, flat, radicle short, superior. — Distrib. Species 5 or 6,
Indian, Malayan and Australian.

] . Z. frutescens, Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 69 ; glabrous or branches
and leaves beneath more or less softly tomentose, leaves elliptic oblong or lan-
ceolate acute, cymes pubescent, corolla-tube glabrous, mouth villous. Benth.
Fl. Austral, iv. 315 ; Wight Ic. t. 430 ; Wall. Cat. 1674 ; Brand. For. FL 327 ;
Grah. Cat. Bomb. Fl. 113 ; JJalz. ^' Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 147 ; Kurz For. Fl. ii.
185. I. radicans, Wall. Cat. 1676. I. dasycalyx, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 449.
I. leptodictyus, F. Muell. Fragmmta, vi. 118. Echites frutescens. Wall. Cat.
1674. Apocynum frutescens, Linn. — Lyama, Roxb. in As. Res. i. 261. — Burm.
Pi. Zeyl. 23, t. 12, fig. 1.

670 xciv. APOCYNACKJS. (J. D. Hooker.) llchnocarpus^

Western Himalaya ; Sirmore to Nepal, alt. 1-2000 ft. Uppek Gangetic Plain ;
from Delhi to Bengal, A ssam, Silhet, Chittagong, Birma, the Dbccan Peninsula and
Ceylon. — Distrib. Java, Australia,

An extensive climber. Leaves very variable, 2-3 by f-1^ in. ; petiole \ in.
Cymes 1-3 in., axillary and in terminal panicles, rusty-pubescent ; branches short,
trichotomously divided or 3-flowered; pedicels longer or shorter than the corolla.
CalyX'hbes ovate, obtuse or subacute, eglandular. Corolla about ^ in. diam., purplish,
twice as long as the calyx ; lobes twice as long as the tube, falcate, acuminate, moutli
and margins sparingly bearded. Disc-glands 5, erect, slender, capitate, much longer
than the hairy ovary. Style very short. Follicles 3-6 by ^ in., very slender, cylin-
dric, curved, acute, " sometimes moniliform as in Ecdysanthera" Kurz, divergent at
an acute angle ; pericarp thinly coriaceous. Seeds \ in., very slender, not beaked ;.
coma as long, scanty, white. — /. radicans, Wall., is the young state of the plant.

Var. parvifolia ; leaves 1-1^ by |- in. oblong or linear-oblong, cymes shorter. —
Coimbatore, Wight, &c.

2. X. ovatlfollus, A. DC. Prodr. viii. 435 ; glabrous or branches and
leaves beneath more or less tomentose, leaves orbicular elliptic-oblong or ovate
obtuse acute or cuspidate, peduncle and pedicels pubescent, corolla-tube pubes-
cent, mouth puberulous. I. affinis, Herh. hid. Or. H. f. 8f T. Echites affinis,
Roem. 4" Sch. I. latifolia, Herh. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1652. Springia indica,.
Muell. Si' Van Heurck in Plant. Nov. Van Heurck, 148.

Silhet and Khasia Mts. ; alt. 1-4000 ft. Malacca; Griffith, Maingay (Kevr
Distrib. 107/>, 1103). — Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Philippine Islds.

Very closely allied to /. frutescens, and perhaps a variety of that plant, but besides
the characters indicated the leaves are much larger and broader, and the disc-glands
are not capitate, — The flowers occur in a monstrous state (through insect-puncture),
the corolla being enlarged below into a globose form ^ in. diam., crowned with a rigid
erect tubular beak. This state occurs in Wallich's Herbarium, under No, 2015, from
Tavoy (which number should apply to a Dendrohium), and it is Maingay's 1103 (Kew
Distrib.) from Malacca.

3. I. pubiflorus, Hook.f. ; glabrous, with rusty-tomentose cymes, leaves
elliptic obtusely acuminate, cymes very shortly peduncled dense-flowered, calyx-
segments oblong equalling the glabrous corolla-tube, corolla-throat pubescent,
lobes linear-oblong, base gibbous.

Khasia Mts, ; Griffith (a solitary specimen).

Branch stout glabrous, bark dark brown. Leaves 3 by 1^ in., rather coriaceous ;
petiole ^ in. Cymes 4-f in. long and broad, branched from near the base, peduncle
pedicels and bracts densely tomentose ; flowers \ in. long, corolla as broad. Calyx
cleft to the base into linear-oblong segments. Corolla-tube short ; lobes obliquely
ovate, obtuse. Anthers acuminate. Ovary villous above, glabrous below.

39. MXCROCHITES, Mtquel.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, nerves distant, Flozvers very small, in
axillary and terminal lax thyrsoid or brachiate panicled cymes. Calyx small,
6-fid or -partite, glandular within, segments obtuse. Corolla campanulate or
salver-shaped, tube short ; lobes falcate, overlapping to the right, very oblique,
upper half deflexed in bud. Stamens near the bottom of the tube, filaments
short ; anthers sagittate, conniving around and adhering to the stigma, cells
spurred at the base. Di^c annular or cupular, entire or lobed. Carpels 2,
longer than the disc, distinct, many-ovuled, hirsute ; style short, top turbinate
or globose, stigma clavate. Follicles spreading or recurved, hard, subterete.
Seeds oblong, compressed, not beaked ; coma terminal, caducous, — Distrib,
Species 4, Malayan.

Mtcrochites.'] xciv. apocynace^. (J. D. Hooker.) 671

1. M. polyantha, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 456 ; leaves ellliptic oblong or
oblong-lanceolate obtuse or obtusely acuminate glabrous, nerves numerous very
slender nearly straight, cymes puberulous short axillary and in terminal racemes,,
flowers ^ in. long, corolla subcampanulate glabrous. Tabemsemontana poly-
antha, Blume Bijd. 1029 ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 376.

Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1081). Andaman Islds. ; Kurz. — Distbib.
Java.

Branches slender, obscurely angled. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1^ in., narrowed at both
ends ; nerves 10-16 piirs, with intermediate still more slender ones, very spreading,
but not horizontal ; petiole ^ in. Cymes very shortly peduncled, about | in. diam.,
few-fld. ; bracts minute ; pedicels short, stout, and calyx densely pubescent ; flowera
i in. long. Calyx-lobes roimd. Corolla glabrous, subcampanulate, lobes about equal-
ling the throat, falcately lanceolate, very oblique, mouth bearded. Anthers acute.
Ovary much longer than the disc, hirsute ; style short, stigma conical.

2. M. elllptioaf Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate obtusely
or acutely acuminate, nerves numerous very slender nearly straight, cymes
elongate glabrate, flowers ^ in. long, corolla salver-shaped. Khynchospermum 4,
Herb. Ind. Or, H.f. ^ T.

SiKKiM Himalaya; alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts. ; QHffith, alt. 3-4000
ft., H.f.^ T.

Very similar to M. polyantha, but leaves narrower, 4-6 by 1-lf in., more acumi-
nate, cymes usually longer, with distant short branches, flower larger, corolla more
salver-shaped, the lobes more obliquely falcate, upper deflexed half narrow obtuse ;
style longer, its top more globose. Follicles (unripe) red, 5-6 by ^ in , horizontal or
recurved, subcylindric, broadest at the base, gradually narrowed thence to the point,
pericarp hard and fleshy. Seeds very immature, ^ in. long, narrowly oblong, glabrous j
coma long. — The branches sometimes root copiously.

ADDENDA AND ERRATA, VOL. III., PART III.

p. 5. VU)umum sambucinutn is a Javanese, not a Japanese plant.

P. 221. Subtribe V. Conyzeje. The ray-flowers are white or yellow.

P. 232. Under D. Royld, for Fullaronia read Fullartonia.

P. 244. Under E. longicaule, for Milkania read Mikama.

P. 256. In generic cliaracter of Microglossa, for ligule " minute, white " read minute
or small, white or lilac.

P. 257. Under M. albescent, line 4, after corymb insert " ligule lilac slender."

P. 260. Blumea. Since tlie printing of this genus Mr. Clarke has visited the
Candollean Herbarium in Geneva, and communicated to me the following notes on such
of the species described in De Candolle's Prodromus as appeared to him (without having
the Wallichian Collection to compare) not to accord, wholly or in part, with the descrip-
tions in this Flora. In respect of these discrepancies large allowance must be made for
the fact that, in so critical a genus, the specimens sent by Wallich to DeCandoUe do often
differ considerably from those at the Linnean Society. The numbers are those of the
Prodromus, vol. v. p. 433, &c.

3. B. tenella. Prodr. p. 433. The Timor plant is quite unlike any Indian one ; the
Madras one may be referable to B. bifoliata.

5. B. anagallidifolia, Prodr. p. 433. Is rather B. amplectens than bifoliata, the leaves
being nearlj' entire.

11. B. Chamissoniana, Prodf. p. 434, from Luzon ; and 17. B. Leschenaultiana, p. 435,
are typical B. Wiyhtiana.

672

ADDENDA AND ERRATA.

18. B. lactucatfolioy Prodr. p. 435.
B. laciniata.

The Birman plant is B. lacera ; the Luzon one

20. B. lacera, var. Wallichii, p. 435, consists of B. lacera, Wightiana, glomerata, and
an Erigeron.

28. B. cichoriifolia, Prodr. p. 437, and B. crepidifolia I. c. (B. laciniata, Ham. in WalL
Cat. 3084), are both B. laciniata.

39. B. senecioides. Prodr. p. 439 (Conyza senecioides, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3102), is a,
form of B. membranacea resembling B. virens, but with more viscous bracts ; it is the
same as B. hymenophylla.

Al. B. membranacea, Prodr. p. 440 ; and 51. B. cuneifolia, p. 441 (^Conyza cuneifolia.
Wall. Cat. 3101, from Martaban), are probably B. lacera.

48. B. viscosula, Prodr. p. 441, and B. hispidula, are the same as B. paucifolia, as is
"probably B. suhsimpkx, and all referable to vars. of membranacea.

56. B. holoserica, Prodr. 442, and B. gracilis, 443, are forms of lacera.

58. B. fasciculata, Prodr. p. 442. The Birman plant is B. glomerata, the Timor one
xjuite different.

65. B. spinellosa, Prodr. p. 443, is a silky straggling form of B. hieraciifolia.

75. B. elongata, Prodr. p. 445, consists of B. Clarkei, and the large form of lacera ?.

81. B. longifolia, Prodr. p. 446, may be B. myriocephala.

P. 482. Primula. All the species here for the first time described will be found to-
gether with figures of them in a paper by Dr. Watt, shortly to be published in the
Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. xx. p. 1 (ined.), together with the following, which
should follow 35. P. unifiora, p. 493.

P. Wattii, King in Herb. Calcutt. ; glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate narrowed into
the petiole obtuse lobulate or crenate softly hairy, scape slender 6-8-tid., bracts narrow or
rounded, flowers capitate, calyx large lax cupular membranous irregularly incised, corolla
violet, limbs broadly infundibular, lobes crenate.

SiKKiM Himalaya ; Chola, Natong, Dr. King.

Rootstock small. Leaves 2-4 in., membranous. Heads 1-2 in. diam. Calyx J in.,
"veined. Corolla-tube \ in,, glabrous ; limb twice as long and broad. Stamens at the
mouth of the tube. Ovary globose, top rounded ; style very short, stigma truncate. — A
very beautiful plant.

P. 495. Androsace. This genus also has been illustrated by Dr. Watt for the Journal
of the Linnean Society, 1. c. p. 16 (ined.), where the following additional species is de-
scribed : it should follow 3. A. geraniifolia, p. 497.

A. Croftii, Watt in Journ. Linn. Soc. ined ; small, perennial, stoloniferous, densely rufous
tomentose, leaves petioled reniform-rounded crenate or lobulate lobules 1-3-crenulate, scape
stout few-fld. equalling the leaves, flowers umbellate, bracts lanceolate obtuse, pedicels
short, calyx-lobes obtuse, corolla small lobes obovate retuse.

SiKKLM Hlmalaya ; Singalclah, alt. 12-13,000 ft.. Watt.

Whole plant clothed with (when dry) rufous hairs. Rootstock short, creeping. Leaves
1-1^ in. long with the petiole ; blade ^^ in. diam., hairy on both surfaces. Flowers j^ in.
-diam., apparently purple.

P. 642, line 6, after acuminata add Lindl. ; and /or 260 read 268.

P. 546, for B. Mottleyana, De Vriese, read B. Motleyana, Clarke ; and add at end of
specific character, Isonandra Motleyana, He Vriese in Miq. Journ. 1861, 257.

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

The Synonyms and Species incidentally mentioned are printed in Italics.

Page

Abelia, Br 9

triflora, Br. . . . 9

Absinthium vulgare,

Gaertn. . . .328

Acantholimon, Boiss. . 479
lycopodioides,

Boiss 479

tibeticum, Hk. f. ^
T. 479

Achillea, imw. . . .311
cttspidata, DC. . .312
millefolium, Linn. . 312
squarrosa, Ait. . .312

Achras ele^igoides,

Bedd. .... 538
Sapota, Linn. . . 634
tomentosa, Bedd. . 538

Acilepis laytata, Spr. . 387
squarrosa, Don. . .230

Acmella biflara, Spr. . 306
Linnaa, Cass. . .307

Acranthera, Am. . . 92
anamallica, Bedd. . 93
grandiflora, Bedd. . 93
Griffithii, Hook. f. 92
Maingayi, Hook.f, 92
tomentosa, Br. . . 92
uniflora, Kurz. . . 86
zeylanica, Am. . . 92

Actegeton sarmentosa,

Bl 620

Adenocaiilon, Hook. . 302
adJusrescens, Max. . 302
bieolor, Hook. . . 302
himalaicum, Edge-w. 302

Adenolepis calva, Sch. 310

Adenoon, Dcdz. . . 229
indicum, Dalz. . . 229

Adenosacme, WaU. . 95

Lawii, Hook. /. . . 96

longifolia, Wall. . 95

macros taehya, H.f. 96

VOL. ni.

malayana, Wall.

Page
95

1 minus, A. DC. .

Page
. 633

stipulata, Hook.f.

95

nigricans, A. Rich.

. 533

Adenostemma, Worst.

242

obovatum, Bl. .

. 633

angustifolium, Arn.

242

Aganosma, Or. Don

663

aquaticum, Don
elatum, DC. . .

242

acuminata, G. Don

. 663

242

Blumei, Wight .

664

erectum, DC. . .

243

calycina, A. DC.

. 664

fastigiatum, DC.

243

caryophyllata,

fasti(fiatum, Sch.
latifolium, DC. .

243

G. Bon. . .

. 664

242

concanensis. Hook.

650

latifolium, Wt. .

243

cymosa, G. Don .

. 665

leiocarpum, DC. 242, 243

Doniana, Wight

. 665

macrophyllum, DC.

242

elegans, G. Don .

. 665

madurense, DC. .

243

gracilis, Hook.f.

664

microcephalum, DC

242

laevigata, Grah. .

. 665

pairviflorum, DC.

242

macrocarpa, A. DC.

663

reticulatum, DC.

243

marginata, G. Don

663

rivale, Dalz. . ..

242

Roxf>urghii, G. Don

665

Royld, DC. . .

242

Wallichii, G. Don

665

rugosum, DC. .

243

Agapetes, D. Don .

443

viscosum, Forst. .

242

acumi)iata, G. Don

455

viscosum, DC. . .

243

angulata, Hook.f. ,

447

Adina, Salisb. . .

. 24

'! arborea, DC. . .

455

cordifolia, i/ix)^. /.

. 24

auriculata, Hook. f. 444

Griffithii, Hook.f.

. 24

bracteata, Hook.f.

448

polycephala, Bentk.

25

buxifolia, Nutt. . .

447

sessilifolia, Hook. f.

24

campanulata,

Adoxa, Linn. . . .

1

C.B.C. . . .

449

inodora, Fale. . .

2

discolor, C. B. C. .

448

moschatellina, Linn.

2

glabra, C. B. C. .

444

iEgialitis, R. Br. . .

479

grandiflora, Hook.f. 446

annulata, Kurz . ,

479

Griffithii, C. B. C. .

449

rotnndifolia, Roxb.

479

hirswta, Klotzsch .

443

Mgianalites rotundi-

liiiearifolia, C. B. C.

449

folia, Presl . .

479

Lobbii, C. B. C. .

448

JEgiceras, Gaertn.

533

loranthifolia, D. Don

446

comicidatum, Blanc.

533

macrantha, Hook.f.

446

ferreum, Bl, . . .

533

maerophylla.

flaridum, R. & S. .

633

C.B.C. ...

445

flagrans, Koen. . .

533

macrostemon,

majus, Gaertn. . .

633

C.B.C. . . .

443

Malaspinea, A.DC.

633

miniata, Hook. f. .

445

674^

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
mitrarioides, H.f. . 447
nana, Hook.f. , . 448
Nuttallii, a B. a 445
obovata, Hook.f. . 447
odontocera, Hook. f. 446
Parishii, C. B. C. . 445
pilifera, Hook. f. . 448
'pulcherrima, H. f. . 445
salicifolia, C. B. C. 445
saligna, Hook.f. . 446
serrata, G. Don . 452
setigera, B. Bon . 443
SprengeUi, Gr. Don 453
symplocifolm,

G. Don . . . . 455
variegata, B. Bon . 446
variegata, DC. . . 443
variegata, Hook. f. 443
verticillata, D. Don 443
Wallichiana, Klotz. 443

Ageratum, Lmn. . . 243
aquaticum, Roxb. . 242
conyzoides, Linn. . 243
cordifolium, Roxb. . 243
strictum, Bot. Mag. 242

Ainslisea, BC. . . .388
angustifolia,

H.f. # r. . . . 388
aptera, BC. . . . 388
Brandisiana, Kurz . 389
glumacea, Klatt . 388
pteropoda, BO. . . 388
silhetensis, C. B. C. 388

Alberte^ . . 20, 131

Allaeophania, Thwaites 48
Arnottii, Hook.f. . 48
decipiens, Thwaites 48

AUardia, Bene. . .312
glabra. Bene. . .313
glabra, Schultz . .313
Hugelii, Schultz .313
incana, Klatt . .314
nivea, H.fSfT. .313
Stoliezkai, C. B. C. 313
tomentosa, Bene. . 313
tridactylites, H. f. .313
tridactylites, Schultz 313
vestita, ^./. 4- T. . 313

Alstonia, Br. . . .641
angustifolia, Wall. 643
costata, Wall. . . 643
1 costulata, Miq. . 644
cuneata, "Wall. . . 642
grandifolia, Miq. . 643
Kurzii, Hook.f. . 643
Iticida, Don . . .667
macrophylla. Wall. 643
neriifolia, Bon . .642

Page
scholaris, Br. . . 642
spathulata, Bl. . . 642
spectabilis, Kurz . 643
venenatus, Br. . . 642

Alyxia, 5r 634

? calophylla, Wall. 630
ceylanica, Wight . 636
coriacea, Wall. . . 635
.? ctispidata. Wall. . 629
fascicularis, Benth. 636
glaucescens, Gr. Don 630
gracilis, Benth. . . 634
Gynopogon, Wall. . 635
lucida, ^rt/;. . . 635
odorata, Wall. . . 636
pilosa, Miq. . . .635
pumila, Hook. f. . 635
stellata, R. ^ 8. . 636

Amherhoa Goniocaulon,

DC 377

indica, DC. . . .377

Amblyanthus, A. BC. 533
glandulosus, ^. DC. 533

Amphiraphis albes-
cens, DC. . . .257
cuspidata, DC. . . 296
heterotricha, DC. . 295
indica. Less. . . . 227
leiocarpa, Benth. . 245
moUe, Wall. . .227
pedmicidaris, DC. . 253
pubescens, DC. . . 245
rubricatdis, DC. . 296
Wightiana, Wall. . 301
zeylanica, DC. . . 257

Anacyclus aureus,

Lamk 317

Anagallis, Tournef. . 505
arvensis, Linn. . . 506
multangularis,

Ham 503

Anandria bellidias-

trum, DC. . . . 390

Anaphalis, BC. • . .279
adnata, BC. ... 282
araneosa, BC. . .283
aristata, BC. . . 285
Beddomei, Hook. f.

282, 290
brevifolia, BC. . . 286
chionantha, H. f. &

T 280

cinnamomea,

C.B.C. . . . 281
contorta, Hook.f. . 284
cuneifolia, Hook.f. 280
? cutchica, C. B. C. 284
? elliptica, DC. . . 283

Page
Falconeri, C. B. C. . 285
fruticosa, Hook. f. . 282
Griffithii, ZToo^. f. . 280
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 282
leptophylla, BC. . 285
linearis, DC. ? . . 286
marcescens, C. B. C. 286
monocephala, DC. . 280
mucronata, C. B. C. 280
mucronata, DC. . 280
neelgerriana, DC. .287
Notoniana, BC. . 284
nubigena, 7;C. . . 279
nubigena, C. B. C. . 280
nubigena, DC. . . 280
oblonga, BC. . . 283
polylepis, C. B. C. . 280
folylepis, DC. . .280
Royleana, BC. . . 280
Royleana, DC. . . 280
? Royleana,

H. f. & T. . . 280
Stoliezkai, C. B. C. 283
subumbellata,

C.B.C. . . . 281
tenella, DC. . . .285
Thwaitesii, C. 5. C. 284
Timmua, Don . .281
triplinervis, C. S. C. 281
virgata. Thorns. . 285
Wightiana, DC. . 286
Wightiana, Thw. . 286
xylorhiza, Schultz . 281
zeylanica, C. D. C. 286

ANDBOMEDEiE . . . 456

Andromeda cupressi-

formis, Wall. . 459
elliptica, S. & Z. . 460
fastigiata, Wall. . 459
Jlexu^sa, Moon . .457
formosa, Wall. . .461
katagherensis, Hk. . 457
lanceolata, D. Don . 461
ovaMfolia,W{i\]. .460
squaniulosa, D. Don 461
symplocifolia, Wall. 455
vi^^osa, Wall. . .461

Androsace, Xm^e. 495, 672
Aizoon, Buby . . 497
? carnosula, Duby . 496
Chamfejasme, ZZbs^. 499
cordifolia. Wall. . 500
Croftii, Watt . . 672
elegans, Jaequem. . 496
foliosa, Duby . . 498
folio!^a, Klatt . . 498
geraniifolia, Watt. . 497

, globifera, Buby . .500

INDEX OF GENEEA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

G75

Page
:vlobifera, Klatt . 498
Hookeriana, Klatt . 499
incisa, Wall. . , 496
Jcucquemontii, Duby 499
lanuginosa, WaU. . 498
Lehmanni, Wall. . 500
microphylla, H. f. . 498
inuscoidea, JDubi/ . 499
obovata, Wall. . .495
parviflora, Jacquera. 496
patens, Wright . .496
primulina, Spr. . 492
jyrimidoides, J)on . 492
primuloides, Duby . 498
rotundifolia, //arc^w. 496
rotundifolia, Wall. . 496
^armentosa, WaU. . 498
saxifragaefolia, £ge. 496
Selago, H.f. 4' T. . 500
semper vivoides,

Jacquem. . . .497
septentrionalis, L. . 497
villosa, Li7m. . . 499
villosa, Jacq. . .499
villosa, H. f. & T. . 498

Anguillaria zeylanica,

Gaertn'. . . . 523

Anodendron, A. DC. . 668
Candolleanum, Wt. . 669
paniculatum,

A. DC. ... 668
pauciflorum,^./. . 669
rhinosporum, Thw. 669
rubescens, T. & B. . 669

Anomanthodia,

Hook.f. . . .108
auriculata, Hook. f. 108

Anonacea?, Hi em . 572

Anotis, DC. ... 71
calycina, Wall. . . 73
capitata, Korth. . 63
carnosa, Dalz. . . 74
decipiens, Hook. f. 72
foetida, Baiz. . . 74
gracilis, Hook.f. . 71
ingrata, Wall. . .71
lancifolia, Balz. . 73
Leschenaultiana,

W.4- A. . . . 72
monosperma,

W.4-A. . . . 75
Montholoni, H.f. . 73
nummularia, Arn. . 75
«xyphylla, Wall. . 72
•quadrilocularis,

Thw 74

Rheedii, W. 4- A. . 73
Kichardiana, Am. . 75

Ritehiei, Hook.f.
urophylla, Wall.
Wightiana, Wall,
Antennaria, Gaertn.
dnnamomca, DC.
contorta, Don

Page

74

72

75

278

281

285

muscoide8,^./.#r. 278
nana, ZT./. # T. . 278
triplinervis, Sims . 281
Anthemide^ . . . 224
Anthemis, Linn. . .312
Cotula, Linn. . .312
odontostephana,

Boiss 312

pt/gmaa, Bert. . .316

Anthemoide^ . . .311

Anthocephalus, A. B. 28

Cadamba, Miq. . . 23

chinensis, Hassk. . 26

indicus, Richd. . . 26

morindafolia, Kth. 23

Antirrhcea, Comm. . 126

Antistrophe, A. DC. . 531

oxyantha, A. DC. . 532

serratifolia, H.f. . 532

Aplotojcis albescens,

DC 347

andryaloides, DC. . 377
auriculata, DC. . .374
Bu7iffei,DC. . . .373
caspitosa, DC. . . 369
eandicans, DC. . . 373
Candolleana, DC. . 372
carthamoides, Ham. 373
cirsioides, DC. . .362
deltoidea, DC. . . 374
denticulata, DC. . 375
discolor, DC. . . 372
fastuosa, Dene. . .375
giuiphalodes, Royle 377
gossypina, DC. . .376
Jacea, Klotzsch . 375
Lappa, Dene. . . 376
leoniodontoides, DC. 369
multicaulis, DC. . 373
nepalensis, Spreng. .370
nivea, DC. . . . 375
obvcdlata, DC. . . 365
"ipungens, DC. . . 362
Roylei, DC. . . . 370
scaposa, Edgew. . 373
Apocynaceje . . .621
Apoeynum, Linn. . . 657
frutescens, Linn. . 669
venetum, Linn. . 657
Aracinm levigatum,

Miq 411

Arctium, Linn. . . 369

Page

Lappa, lAnn. . .359

Ardisia, Swartz . .618

alternata, A. DC. . 628

Amherstiana,

A. DC 527

amplexicaulis,

Bedd 521

aneeps. Wall. . . 620
andamauica, Kurz . 521
arboreseens. Wall. . 530
altenuata, Wall. . 528
avefiis, Bl, . . .512
?Basaal,Ii. & S. .515
bhotanica, C. B. C. 628
Boissieri, A. DC. .519
Blumii, A. DC. . 520
Brandisiana, Kurz 526
chrysophylloides,

Miq 521

colorata, Roxb. . .620
complanata, W^all. . 520
conrtallensis, Wight 520
crassa, C. B. C. . . 518
crenata, Roxb. . . 524
crenvlata, Lodd. . 524
crispa, A. DC. . . 624
densa, Miq. . . .524
depressa, C. B. C. . 622
divergens, Roxb. .521
divergens, Thw. 520, 621
elegans, Andr. . , 624
elliptica, Bedd. . . 530
eugeniafolia, Kurz 530
eugenuefolia, Wall. 531
eximia, Miq. . .519
jloribunda. Wall. . 522
Gardneri, C. B. C. 621
glabrata, Bl. . . 625
glandidosa, Bl. . , 524
glandulosa, Roxb. . 533
grandiflora. Wall. . 520
grandifolia, A. DC. 626
Griffithii, C. B. C. 623
Hasseltii, Bl. . .619
Helferiana, Kurz . 626
humilis, Vahl . . 529
hymenandra, Wall. 532
Icara, Ham. . . . 523
involucrata, Kurz . 528
jambosioides, Miq. .519
Keenani, C. B. C. . 526
khasiana. C. B. C. . 527
Kortkalsiana, Sch. . 531
Kurzii, C. B. C. . 525
lanceolata, Roxb. .519
lentiginosa, B. Reg. 524
Leschenaultii,

A DC. ... 619
xx2

676

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

littoralis, Andr. . . 530
Lobbiana, C. B. C. 529
macrocarpa, Wall. . 524
macrophylla, Wall. 526
membranacea, Wall. 527
missionis, Wall. . 519
mollis, Bl. ... 525
Mooriii, C. B. C. . 523
mucronata, Bl. . .519
neriifolia, Wall. . 522
neriifolia, A. DC. . 521
neriifolia, Kurz . . 522
oblonga, A. J)C. 521,528
ohovata, Bl. . . . 530
odontophylla, Wall 525
ovata, Thunb. . . 520
oxyantha, Wall. . 632
oxyphylla. Wall. . 528
paniculata, Roxb. . 519
pauciflora, Heyne . 529
pauciflora, Heyne? 522
pedunculata, Roxb. 522
pedunculosa, Wall. 523
pedunculosa, Wall. 522
polycarpa, Wall. . 520
polycephala, Wall. 529
polycephala, Kurz . 525
polycephala, Wight 530
polyneura, ilfig. . 520
polysticia, Miq. . 524
porosa, 0. 5. C. . 522
pumila, Bl. . . .518
ptmctata, Jack. . 521
punctulosa, Dietr. . 521
purpurea, Reinw. . 519
pyramidalis. Roth. 520
quinquangularis,

^. BC. ... 522
reflexa, TFaZ^. . . 527
rhomboidea, Wight 629
rhyneophylla,

C.B.G. . . . 529
rigida, Kurz . .519
rostrata, Hassk. . 530
RotUi, A. DC. . . 520
Boxbiirghiana,

Dietr 533

salicifolia, A. DC. . 530
sanguiiwlenta, Bl. . 520
sanguinolenta^oW. 528
serratifolia, Bedd. . 632
serrulata, Kurz . 523
solanacea, Roxb. . 530
speciosa, Bl. . . .519
? spimifa, Wall. .518
Tavoyana, A. DC. . 525
Thomsoni,

H.f. # T. . . 527

Page
thyrsiflora, Don . . 522
Tsjeriam- Cottam,

*Boem. & Sch. .515
tuberculata, Wall. . 621
umbellata. Roth . 630
undulata, C. B. C. . 624
vestita. Wall. . . 525
villosa, Roxb. . . 525
virens, Kurz . . 524
Wallichii, A. DC. . 528
Walliehii, Thw. . 523
Wightiana, Wall. . 530
zeylanica, C B. C. 520
Zollingeri, A, DC. . 520

Argostemma, ffo^^. . 42
acutum, Wall. . . 43
calycinuin, Br. . . 47
connatiim, Dalz. , 43
courtallense, Am. . 42
Elatostemma, H. f. 45
glaberrimum, Dalz. 43
humile, JfaZ/, . . 44
inaequilaterum.

Benv 46

khasianum, C. B. C. 43
Kurzii, C. B. C. . 46
Lobbii, Hook. f. . 44
oligantha, Kurz . 46
ophirense, Main.gay. 45
Parishii, Hook.f. . 44
parvifolinm, Benn. 45
pictum, Wall. . . 43
pumilum, Benn. . 44
rostratum, Wall. . 44
sarmentosum, Wall. 42
soneriloides, Kurz . 46'
spinulosum, C. B. C. 46
tavoyanum, Wall. . 43
unifolium, Benn. . 45
unifolium, Kurz . 46
verticillatnra, TTa^?. 43
verticillatum.

Wall. ... 43. 44

Arnica nivea, Wall. . 390
piloselloides, Linn. . 360

Artemisia, X?7iw. . . 320
absinthii, Heyne . 329
Absinthium, Linn. 328
ucetica, Jacq. . . 324
affinis, Hassk. . . 325
amygdalina, I)c7ie. . 325
annua, Linn. . . 323
biennis, Willd. . . 324
brevifolia, Wall. . 324
Cam'pbellii, H. f. #

T. . . .' . .327
caruifolia, Ham. . 324
cuneifolia, DC. . . 322

desertorum, Sprang. 322
i)racunculus, lAnn. 321
dubia, Wall. ? . .322
dubia. Wall. . . . 326
elegans, Roxb. . . 323
Falconeri, C. B. C. 328
fascie%data, H. f. &

T 31&

foRtida, Jacq. . .322
fragrans, Willd. . 324
glabrata, DC. . . 322
glauca, Pall. . . .322
Gmelini, Bess. . . 330
grata. Wall. . 325, 326
Griffithiana, Boiss. 329
Halimodendron ,

Ledeb 321

hcmisphferira, B-oxh. 316"
hirsuta, Rottl. . . 246
hypoleuca, Edgew. . 326
hypoleuca ? H. f. &

■ T 327

indica, Willd. . . 325
Jacquemontiana,

Bess 327

kohatica, Klatt . .330
laciniata, Willd. . 326
lavandidcefolia,

DC. . ". . . . 325
leptophylla, Don . 330
leptostachya, DC. . 325
macrocephala,

Jacq 329

maderaspatana,

Roxb 247

maritima, Linn. . 323
Messcrschmidiana,

Bess 327

minima. Linn. . .317
minor, Jacq. . . 329
mollissima, Don . 330
Moorcroftiana,

Wall 327

myrianiha. Wall. . 325
nilotica, Linn. . .316
nubigena. Wall. . .319
{Abrotanum)

pollens, Wall. . 329
paniculata, Roxb. . 325
par\nflora, Roxb. . 322
parviflora, Wight . 325
persica, Boiss. . . 327
purpurascens, Jacq. 326
revoluta, Edgew. . 326
riparia. Ham. . .324
Roxburghiana,

Bess 326

Royleana, pC. . . 329

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

67T

Page
i4acrorum, Ledeh. . 326
salsoloides, Willd. . 321
scoparia, Waldst. ^

Kit 323

Sieversiana, Willd. 329
sternutatoria, Roxb. 317
Stewartii, C. B. C. 323
•Stracheyi, H. J. ^

T. 328

stricta, Edg&w. . . 323
tmvAjiora, Jacq. . 319
tibctica, H. f. & T. 329
Toumefortiana,

Reichb 324

trichophylla. Wall. 323
vestita, Wall . . 326
vulgaris, Linn. . . 325
Wadei, Edgew. . . 323
WalUchiana, Bess. . 326

Ascaricida indica,

Cass 237

Asperula, Linn, . . 209
brachyantha, Boiss. 209
coiisanguinea, Klotz. 205
cyanchica, Linn. . 209
galioides, Jacq, . . 205
Hoffmeisteri, Klotz. 205

Asphota, Jones . . .591

Aster, Linn 249

albescens. Wall. . . 257
alpinus, Thorns. . 250
altaicus, Willd. . .251
Amdlics, Linn. . . 250
angtcsiifdius, Lindl. 251
asperrimus, Wall. . 252
asperulus, Nees . . 252
aureus, Don . . . 253
hellidioides. Ham. . 256
Benthami, Steetz . 252
cabii.Ucus, Lindl. . 257
diplostephioides,

Bmth 251

ferrugineus, Edgew. 257
Heterochseta, Btnth. 250
himalaicus, C. B. C. 250
hyderabadcnsis,

Wall 299

indieus, Heyne . . 299
indieiis, Linn. . . 249
muloides, Don . . 256
Laka, Clarke . .253
linifolius, Wall. . 343
molliusculus, Wall. 251
midtiradiatus,yfa\\. 256
nitidulus, Z>a . . 253
odontophyllus, Wall. 343
peduncularis, Wall. 252
Pseudamellus, /T.y: 249

Page
scabriduSyB-.tSiT. 252
scaposus, Klatt . .251
sikkimensis, H.f. . 252
spartioides, C. B. C. 251
Stracheyi, Hook. f. 250
Thomsoni, C. B. C. 252
tibeticus, /Too^./. . 251
tricephalus, C. B. C. 250
trinervius, Boxb. . 252

ASTEROIDEJG . 221, 224

AsteromcBa indica, Bl. 249

Athanasia indica,

Roxb 377

Athroisma, JDC. . . 276
laciniatum, DC. . 276

Aucklandia Costus,

Falc 376

Aulacodiscus, Hook.f. 97
premnoides, H.f. . 97

Axanthes arbor ea, Bl. 98
ceylanica, Wight . 98
elliptica, Wight. . 98
enneandra, Wight . 97

Azalea, G-riff. . . .474
fragrans, Adams . 472
lapponica. Pall. . 472

Aziraa, Lamk. . . . 620
sarmentosa, Benth. 620
tetracantha, Lamk. 620

BSmfkaris indica, L. . 272
nitida, Wall. . . 368
ovalis, Pers. . . . 272
trifurcata, Trev. . 259

BcBobotrys acuminata,

Spr 508

acuminata. Wall. . 508
argentea, Wall. . .510
dubia. Wall. . . .510
fragrans. Wall. . 508
glabra, Roxb. . .508
indica, Roxb. . . 509
indica, Wall. . . 509
macrophylla. Wall. 510
? onissionis. Wall. . 508
Tiwllis, Bl. . . .510
nemoralis, Roxb. . 509
ovata, Wall. . . .508
paniculata, Wall. . 509
raonentacea, Roxb. 508

Baissea, A. DC. . . 662
acuminata, Benth. . 663
malaccensis, H.f. . 668

Barkhausiaflexuosa,

DC 394

f<£tida, DC. . . .393
porri folia, DC. . .398
Royiei, DC. . 397, 398

Paga
tenuifolia, DC. . , 396

Barrinqtonia rigida,

C' B. C. . . . 581

Bassia, Linn. . . . 543
argentea, De Vriese 545
butyracea, Boxb. . 546
caloneura, Kurc. . 546
ca7ialiciUata,.'Bedd. 541
cuneata, Bl. . . , 546
elliptica, Dalz. . . 542
folva, Bedd. . . . 545
grandis, Bedd. . . 540
? kypoletica, Miq. . 542
Icevifolia, Bedd. . 541
ianceolata, Bedd. . 541
latifolia, Roxb. . . 544
Lobbii, C. B. C. . 546
longifolia, Linn. . 544
malabarica, Bedd. . 544
mierophylla. Hook. 545
Moonii, Bedd. . . 545
Mo\.t\eyaja&,DeVriese 546
neriifolia, Moon. . 545
pauciflora, Bedd. . 541
petiolaris, Bedd. . 540
poly ant ha, Wall. . 542
rubiginosa, Bedd. . 541
sericea, Bl. . . .547
villosa. Wall, . . 544
Wightiana, Bedd. . 539

Beaumontia, Wall. . 660
grandiflora, Wall. . 660
Jerdoniana, Wight . 661
khasiana, Hook.f. . 661
? longifiora, Lodd, . 660
muliiflora,T.&B. , 661

Bernieria nepalensis,

DC 391

Berthelotia Ianceolata,

DC 272

Bertieria javanica, Bl. 98
fasciciUata, Bl, . . 95

Bidens, Linn. . . . 309
? Bandanna, VfaM. .310
bipinnaxa, Linn. . 309
bipinnata, Wall. . 309
calva, C.B.C. . .310
cernua, Linn. . .309
chinensis. Wall. . . 309
chinensis, Willd. . 309
decomposita. Wall.. 310
fervida, Lamk. . . 307
fixa, Lamk. . . .307
frondosa. Ham, . , 309
leucantha, Willd. . 309
pilosa, Linn. . . . 309
pilosa, Linn. . . . 309
pinnatifida, Heyne .310

678

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Ramtilla, Wall. . . 308
repens, Don . . . 309
trifida, Eoxb. . . 309
tripartita, Linn. . . 309
tripartita, Wall. . 309
Wallickii, DC. . .310

Bigelovia Kleinii, W.

& A 200

lesvicaulis, Miq. . . 200
lasiocarpa, W. & A. 200
myriantha, Miq. . 200
Eoxhurghiana, W.

& A. ..... 200

setidens, Miq. . .200
strict a, Blume . .200

Blaberopus lucidus, A.

DC 667

neriifolius, A. DC. . 642
Sebusii, Van Huerck

&Muell. . . . 642
venenatus, A. DC. . 651

Blackhurnia mona-

delpha, Eoxb. . 619
oppositifolia, Eoxb. 619

Sladhia crispa, Thunh. 524

Blainvillea, Cass. . . 305
alba, Edgew. . . .305
hispida, Edgew. . . 305
latifolia, DC. . . 305
rhomhoidea, Cass. . 305

Blepharispermum,

Wight .... 276
petiolare, DC. . . 276
subsessile, DC. . . 276

Blumea, DC. . 260, 671
alata, DC. ... 271
amplectens, DC. . 260
ampleciens, Thw. . 261
anagallidifolia, DC.

261, 671
angustifolia, Thw. . 264
arenaria, DC. . . 260
aromatica, DC. . . 270
aurita, DC. . . .271
balsamifera, DC. . 270
barbata, DC. . .262
Belangeriana, DC. . 266
bifoliata, DC. . .261
cernua, DC. . . .263
Chamissoniana, DC. 671
chinensis, DC. . . 268
dchoriifolia, DC. .672
cinerascens, DC. . . 263
Clarkei, Hook.f. . 267
crepidifolia, DC. . 672
crinita, Am. . . . 267
cuneifolia, DC. . . 672
densiflora, DC. . .269

Page
elongata, DC. 270, 672
eriantha, DC. . . 266

. 269
262, 672
262
270
267
263
265
262

263
263

267

672

262

excisa, DC. .
fasciculata, DC,
fisttilosa, Kurz
flava, DC. .
flexuosa, C. B. C.
glandvlosa, DC.
glandulosa, Thw,
glomerata, DC.
gracilis, DC, 262,

265, 672
grandis, DC. . . . 269
guineensis, DC. . .271
Hamiltoni, DC. . .264
Heyneana, DC. . .
hieracifolia, DC.
hieracifolia, H. f. &

T

hispidula, DC . .
holosericea, Dalz. &

Gibs

holosericea, DC, 262, 672
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 269
hymenophylla, DC. . 265
hymenophylla, Wt. . 265
Jacquemontii, H. f. 265
Kingii, C. B. C. . 265
lacera, DC. . 263, 672
laciniata, DC. . . 264
lactuccsfolia . . .672
lapsanoides, DC. . 264
leptoclada, Dalz. &

Gibs. . . 262,263
leptoclada, DC. . . 262
Lesclienaultiana,

DC 671

? leucanthema, DC. 270
longifolia, DC. . . 672
macrostachya, DC. . 263
malabarica, JBToo-^./. 267
Malcolmii, Hook. f. 266
membranacea, DC,

265, 672
Metziana, Schultz
Milnei, Seem. .
omoralis, DC. . .
Miisra, DC . .
myriocephala, DC.
myriocephala, Thw. 269
? napifolia, DC. . 263
neilglierrensis, H.f. 261
nodiflora, Hook. f. . 262
obovata, DC.
ohovata ? C B. C
oligocephala, DC.
oxyodonta, DC. .
parvifolia, DC. .

266
269
265
263
269

268
265
261
266
261

Page-
paucifolia, DC. . . 26&.
phyllostachya, DC. . 261
procera, DC. . . 26&
pterodonta, DC . . 271
pubiflora, DC. . . 270
pubiflora, DC . . 260
purpurea, DC, . . 262
raconosa, DC . . 262
ripana, DC . . . 268
runcinata, DC . . 264
runcinata. Wall. . 263
semivestita, DC . . 268-
senecionidea, Edgew. 298
senecioides, DC . . 672'
sericans, Hook. f. . 262
sessilifolia, Kurz . 269
sikkimensis, IToo^./. 268
sonchifolia, DC . 264
spectabilis, DC. . 269
spinellosa, DC, 262, 672
subcapitata, DC. .261
subsimplex, DC. 265, 672,
^ewe/^a; DC. . . .671
trichophora, DC . 261
trigona, DC . . . 263
trisulca, DC. . . . 259
vernonioidea, DC. .271
villosa, Schultz . . 263
virens, DC. . . .264,
viscosida, DC, 265, 672
Wightiana, DC. .261

Bobea glabra, Kovth. . 127
Wailichiana, Korth. 127

Bobua laurina, DC. . 573

Boltonia, L'Her. . . 249
indica, Benth. . . 249

Bouea microphylla,

GriiF. .... 611

Boorans, Hardwicke . 465

Borreria gracilis, Miq. 200
ocymoides, DC. . . 200
pusilla, DC . . . 20a
tetracocca, Thw. . 48

Botrvadenia Gmelini,

Fiseh. & Mey. . 247

Brachvactis, Led. . . 253
indica, C B. C . . 253
menthodora, Benth. 253
robusta, Benth. . . 254
umbrosa, Benth. . 253
wangtuensis, C B. C 253

Brachycome, Cass. . 248
? assamica, C. B. C. 248

Brachyramphus, DC . 403
Heyneanus, Wt. . . 403
obttisus, DC. . . . 41&
sonchifolius, DC. . 403
sonchifolius, Thw. . 403-

INDEX OF GENEEA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

679

I Page

taraxacoides, DC. . 403
Brachytome, Hook. f. 108
Wallichii, ^oo>?;./. . 108
Bryocarpum, H. f. ^

T. 501

himalaicum, H.f. ^'

T. 501

Byrsophyllum, flboA; /. 107
ellipticum, Hook. f. 107
tetrandrum, ZTooXr./. 107

Cacalia, Burm. , . .238
angulosa, Wall. . . 334
angustifolia, Wall. . 336
mi/rantiaca, Wall. . 333
bicolor, Koxb. . . 335
bicolor, Wall. . .334
bulbosa, Sour. . . 334
coccinea, Bot. Mag, . 336
crassissima, Wall. . 338
Ctisimhtia, Don . . 334
cylindriflora, Wall. . 335
Finlaysoniana,

Wall 335

Jlava, Ham. . . .333
foetens, Wall. . . 333
glabra, Heyne . .336
graciliflora. Wall. .338
grandiflora, Wall. . 337
hastata, Linn. . . 353
hieracioides, Koxb. . 335
incana, Heyne . .333
Kleinia, Grab. . . 337
Kleinia, Hb. Madr. 337
laciniata. Wall. . . 334
mucronata, Heyne . 336
pinnatifida, Pers. . 334
pwrpurascens, Wall. 335
reclinata, Wall. . . 335
rotundifolia, Willd. 234
sagittaria, Heyne . 334
sagittata, Vahl . . 336
sarnientosa, Lesch. . 352
sonchifolia, Linn. , 336
sonchifnlia. Wall. . 403
teres. Wall, . . .336
? volubilis, Blume . 351
volubilis, Ham. . . 352

Cadamba jasminiflora,

Sonner 126

Csesulia, Roxb. . . .291
axillaris, Roxb. . .291

Calendula, Linn^ . . 357
arvensis, Linn. . . 358
officinalis, Linn. . 358

Calbndulace^ 224, 357

Caligula odontocera,

Klotzsch . . .446

Page
pulcherrima, Klotz. 446
Calimeris integrifolia,

Turcz 249

Calispermum scandens.

Lour 513

Calistemon indicum,

Don 249

CaUimeris altaica,

Nees .... 251
canesce7is, Nees . .251
flexuosa, Koyle . . 252
Callistephus concolor,

Dalz 299

Heyneanus, DO. . 299
Wightianus, DC. . 299
Calpicarpium Rox-

burghii, G. Don . 639
Carrier aria zeylanica,

Eetz . , . .637
zeylanica ? ? Wight 656
Campanula, lAnn. . 438
agrestis, Wall. . . 429
Alphonsii, Wall. . 440
alsinoides, H. f. & T. 441
argyrotricka. Wall. 441
aristata. Wall. . .441
Benthamii, Wall. . 439
Brunonis, Wall. . 439
cana, Wall. . . .440
cana, H. f. & T. .441
caneseens, Wall. . 439
caperonioides, Kl, . 439
canwsa, Wall. . . 437
cashmiriana, Royle. 441
colorata, Wall. . . 440
^ dehiscens, Roxb. . 429
' eriocarpa, Bieb. . . 439
evolvulacea, Royle . 441
fulgens, Wall. . . 442
himalcyensis, Kl. . 440
Hofmeisteri, Kl, . 440
integerrima, Don . 439
khasiana, H.f. # T. 439
lancifolia, Roxb. . 436
latifolia, Linn. . . 439
lavandulcefolia,

Reinw 429

macrantha, B. Mag. 439
marginata, Thunb. . 429
modesta, H.f. # T. 442
Moorcroftiana,Wa.\\. 440
nervosa, Royle . . 440
pallida. Wall. . . 440
paniculata. Wall. . 428
? peduncularis.

Wall 430

purpurea, Sprang. . 432
ramulosa. Wall.' . 440

Page
stri4)ta. Wall. . . 439
sylvatica. Wall. . . 439
thalictrifolia, Spr. . 432
ThoTHSoni, H. f . &

T 488

viridis, Spreng. . .431

CAMPANULACKiE . .421

Campanulbje. . . . 422

Campanumsea, JB/wwe . 435
celebica, Blume . .436
cor data, Bot. Mag. . 435
inflata, C. B. C. . 436
javanica, Blume . 435
javanica. Hook, f. . 435
parviflora, Benth. . 436
truncata, Endl. . .436

Cankrienia chrysantha,

De Vriese . . .489

Canthium, Lam. . .131

Cantkiu7n,Wa,\\. . .136
angulosum, W&U. . Ill
angustifolium,

Roxh 135

campanulatum,

Thw 135

coufertum, Korth. . 133
corymbosum, Pers. . 102
didymum, Roxb. . 132
ficiforme. Hook. f. , 133
glabrum, Blume . 133
glomertdatum, Miq. 133
graoilipes, Kurz . 134
horridum, Blume . 135
lanceolatum. Am. . 132
Leschenavltii, W. &

A 135

lucidum, Schlecht. . 132
macrocarpum, Thw. 135
montanum, Thw. . 132
neilgherrense, Wt. . 133
parviflorum, Lamk. 136
parviflorum, Schl. . Ill
parvifolium, Roxb. . 135
puberulum, Thw. . 134
recurviim, Wall. . Ill
Rheedii, DC. . . 134
scandens, Blume . 185
thyrsoideum, Roem. 40
travancoricum,

Bedd 134

umbellafum, Wight. 132
zizyphinum, Wall. . 1 35

Capbifoliace^ . . . 1

Caprifolium japo-

nicitm, Don . . 10
macranthum, Don . 10

Carduncellus lanatus,

Reichb. . . .386

G80

INDEX OF QENEBA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Carduus, Linn. . .361
acauthoides, Sm. . 361
argi/racanthus,W all. 363
miriculatvs, Wall. . 374
crisjpvs, Linn, . .361
elongaUcs, Wall. . 380
heteroniallus, Don . 373
lanatus, Roxb. . .362
lucidus, Wall. . .361
Marianus, Linn. . 364
nutans, Linn. . .361
ohvallatus. Wall. . 365
rarmsus, Roxb. . .383
radicans, Roxb. . .381
tectiis,y^al\. . . . 365
Thomsoni, Hook. f. 361
trichocepkalus, Wall . 380

Carissa, Linn. . . . C'^O
Carandas, Linn. . 630
congesta,W\gh.t, 630, 631
Dalzellii,'BQM. . .631
diffusa, ^o:i\i. . .631
diffusa, Wall. . .631
hirsuta, Roth . .631
inermis, Vahl . .631
lanceolata, Dalz. . 631
macrophylla, Wall. 631
m^«5, Heyne . . .631
paucinervia, A. DC. 631
spinarum, A. DC. . 631
suavissima, Bedd. . 632
villosa, Roxl^. . .631

Cabisse^ . . 621,622

Carlemannia, Benth, . 85
congesta, Hook.f. . 85
Griffithii, Benth. . 85
tetragona. Hook. f. 85

Carpesium, lAnn. . . 300
abrotanoides, Linn. 301
cernuum, Linn. . 300
cernuum, DC . . 301
eiliatum, Wall. . .301
nepalense. Less. . . 301
nepalense, Wight . 301
^edunculosum, Wall. 301
pubescens, Wall. . 301
racemosum,

Wall. . . 248, 301
trachelifolium, Less. 301

Carthamus, Linn. . . 385
lanatus, Linn. . . 386
Oxyacantha, Bieb. . 386
tinctorius, Linn. . 386
tinctorius, C. B. C. 386

Cassiope, D. Don . . 459
fastigiata, D. Don , 459
selaginoides, H. f. ^
T. 460

Page

Catamixis, Thorns. . 389

baccharoides, Thorns. 389

roseus, Gr. Don . . 640

Celastrinea, Griff. . .515

Cdastri.nea,Vf?i\\. . . 536

Cenia turbinate, Pers. 316

Centaurea, Linn. . .384

Calcitrapa, Linn. . 385

Cyanns, Li7in. . . 384

depressa, M. Bieb. . 385

divaricata. Wall. . 383

iberica, Stev. . . 385

' lanata, Roxb. . . 384

melitensis, Linn. . 385

pallida, Wall. . .379

patula, D.C. . . 383

phyllocephala,

^oess. . . - . ^. 385
■ oraxicifolia, Don . 370
_ &nti^(;dii, Zoin] . 317
minufa,'B6nt\\^' . . 317
orbicularis. Lour. . 317
orbicidaris, C. B. C. 317
Centratherum, Cass. . 227
chinense, Less. . .235
courtallense, Benth. 227
Hookeri, C. B. C. .228
Metzianum . . .228
molle, Benth. . . 227
phyllolsenum, Benth. 228
reticulatum, Benth. . 227
Ritchiei, HooJc.f. . 228
scariosum, C. B. C. . 236
tenue, C. B. C. . . 228
Centunculus, Linn. . 506
tenellus, Dub^ . . 506
Cephaelis, Swart z . .178
cuneata, Korth. . .178
Griffithii, Hook.f. . 178
herbacea, Kurz . .178
Ipecacuanha, i?icA. 178
stipulacea, Bl. . .178
Cephalanthus, i/^ww. . 23
aralioides, Z. & M., 24, 25
chinensis, Lamk. . 26
naucleoides, DC. . 24
pilulifer, Lamk. . 25
Cephalaria cache-

mirica. Dene. . .217
Cephalostigma, ^. Z)C. 428
anagalloides, Royle . 429
flexuo8um,Zf./.#r. 428
hirsutum, Edgew. . 429
hirsutum, H. f. & T. 428
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 429
paniculatum. Wall. 429
paniculatum,

A.DC, . . . 428

Page
Schimperi, Hochst. . 428
spathulatum, Thw. 439

Ceratophorus sp.,

Maingay . j^ . 547

Ceratostemma angu-

latum. Griff. . . 447
miniatitm. Griff. . 445
nanum. Griff. . .448
vacciniaceum, Roxb. 452
varit-gatum, Griff. . 446
varkgaium, Roxb.

443, 446

Ceratostigma, Bunge . 481
Griffithii, C. B. C. . 481

Cerbera, Linn. . . .637
dichotoma, Lodd. . 645
fruticosa, Ker . .639
lactaria. Ham. . .638
laurifolia, Lodd. . 638
Manghas, Linn. . . 645
Manghu, Li'nn. . .638
Odollam, Gaertn. . 638
parvijiora. Wall. . 638
salmaris, Lour. 421, 638

Cercocoma singa-

poriana, Wall. . 656
Walliehii, Miq. . .667

Ceriscus fragrans,

Nees .... 103
malabaricus, Gaertn. 110

CharrKBrnaliumprcBcox,

Visiani . . . .316

Chaptalia gossypina,

Royle .... 390
maxima, Don . .391

Chasalia, Comms. . .176
curviflora, Thw. . .176
curviflora, Miq. . .176
curviflora, Thw. . 149
expansa, Miq. . 165, 174
lurida, Miq. . . .176
montana, Miq. . .172
perforata, Miq. . .172
rostrata, Miq. . .177
Sangiana, Miq. . .176
tetrandra, Miq. . .176

Chavannesia esculenta,

A. DO 658

lucida, A. DC. . . 658

Cheilotheca, Hook.f. . 477
khasiana, Hook.f. . 477

Chilocarpus, Bl. . . 626
atro-viridis, Bl. . . 626
ceylanicus,'^ ight . 624
cuspidatus, Benth. . 629
decipiens, Hook.f. . 627
denudatus, Bl. . . 626
eaeiy'is, Hook. f. . 626

INDEX OF GENEIU, SPECIKS AND SYNONYMS.

681

fiavescens. Dyer . . 625
Maingajri, Dyer . . 627
malabaricus, Bedd. 626

Chimaphih, sp. GritF. 476

Chionanthus axillaris,

B. Br 608

* courtalleiisis, Bedd. 609
G^A«W, G-aertn. . .611
in^ignis, Miq. . .610
intermedia, Bedd. . 609
'feprocarpa, Bedd. . 608
macrocarpa, 'S[. . .610
macropht/lla,K}iTZ .610
malabarica, Bedd. . 607
minutiflora, Kurz .610
mo7itana, Bl. . . .610
montanus, Kxirz. .610
Tnonticola, Bl. . .610
palembanica, Miq. . 609
picrophloia, Muell. 609
ramz^om, Roxb . .611
? smilacifolia, Wall. 618
zeylatdca, Linn. . 608

Chlaptrachehcs rupes-

tris, Zoll. . . .234

Choudrilla, Lmw. . . 402
auriculata, Wall. . 405
fontinalis, Wall. .410
gracilis, Wall. . .411
graminea, ilf. ^igj . 402
hastata,y^&\\. . . 401
juncea, Linn. . . 402
longifolia. Ham. . 410
lorpgifolia, Wall. . 405
mcdicatdis, Linn. . 416
ptdckra, Lamk. . . 398
raceniosa, Poir. . . 403
runcimta, Wall. . 395
sagittata, Wall. . .410
secunda, Royle . .416
setulosa, C. B. C. . 202
tenuis, Ham. . . .410

Chondrospermum

coriaceum, Wall. 618
smilacifolium, WaU.. 618

Chonemorpha, G. Don 661
? antidysenterica,

G. Don .... 644
? cristata, Qr. Don . 664
dichotoma, G. Don . 664
? grandiflora,

G. Don . . . .661
Oriffithii, flbo/5:./. . 662
macrophylla,

G. Dm .... 661
malabarica, G. Don 662
mollis, Miq. . . . 661
vestita, G. Don . . 662

Page

Choripetalum, A. DC. 515
auraniiacitm,A.DC. 616
undulatiim, A. DC. 516
viridiflorum, A. 1)C. 516

Chrysanthelhim, Rick. 3 1 0
indicura, DC. . .310

Chrysanthemum, i. . 314
? artemsiafolium,

Klatt .... 315
Atkinsoni, C. B. C. 315
coronarium, Linn. . 314
cuneatitm, Roxb. . 249
Griffithii, C. B. C. 315
iiidicum, Linn. . .314
Riehtenei, Be7ith. . 315
Roxhmghii, Desf. .314
Stpliczkai, G.B.C. 314
tibetieum,^../:#7'. 314

ChrysocoTjW, purpurea, .
Fotst. .... 234
violacea, Schum. . 234

Chrysogonuip, lAnn. . 302
ATnoti\axiVim,Benth. 3u3
heterophyllum,

Benth. . . . .303

Chrysophyllum, Linn. 536
acuminatum, Roxb. 535
? wioZ^e, Wall. . . 547
Roxburghii, G. Don 535
sumatrana, Miq. . 535

CiCHOBiACE-s: . . .225

Cichorium, Linn. . .391
Cosnia, Ham. . .391
Intybua, Linn.. . .391

Cinchona excelsa,

Roxb 35

gratisdma, Wall. . 36
thyrmflora, Roxb. . 35

CmcHONEJB . . . 18, 34

Cineraria chinensis,

Spreng. . . . 352
repanda. Lour. . .352

Cirsium, H. f. & T. . 360
argyracanthum, Wt. 364
arvense. Scop. . . 362
heteromallum, Spr. . 373
lyratum, Bunge . 873
Tnxwracanthnm, Sch. 364
nepaJense, DC. . .364
Stocksii, Boies. . . 362
WaUichii, DC. . . 364

Cissampelopsis

volubilis, Miq. . 351

Cissus arborea, Forsk. 619

C\iirkQ\\'A,Hook.f. . 46
nana, Hook.f. . . 46

Ckghornia acuminata,

Wight . . . .663

Page
cymosa, Wight . . 663
Cleistantkium

nepalense, Kunze 390
Climacandra littoralis,

Kurz .... 530
multijiora, Miq. . . 530
obovata, Miq. . . 530
Cnicus, Linn. . . . 362
angustifolius. Wall 382
arachnoides. Wall. . 364
argyracanthus, DC. 362
argyr acanthus,

C. B. C. . . . 364
arvensis, Hofm. . 362
candicam, Wall.

362, 373
cailinoides, Cass. . 363
carthamoides. Wall. 373
cernuus, Wall. . . 364
eriophoroides, H.f. 363
Eriophorus, H.f. 4"

T. 363

Eriophorus, C. B. C. 362
Falconerj, Hook.f. 363
Gvmxhn, Hook. f. . 363
hdrridus, C. B. C. . 363
involucratus, DC. . 362
nivcics. Wall. . .375
sinensis, Gard. ^

Champ. . . .364
verutus, Don . . . 363
WaUichii, DC. . . 363
Wallichii, G. B. C. 364
Codonopsis, Wall. . . 430
affinis, ^./. # T. . 431
albijiora, Griff. . . 436
Benthami, H. f. 4"

T. 432

celebica, Miq. . . 486
clematidea, Schrenck 433
fcetens, H. f. # T. 433
gracilis. Hook. f. . 430
Griffithii, C. B. C. 431
inflata. Hook. f. . 436
leucocarpa, Miq. .436
ovata, Benth. . . 433
pai^vijlora. Wall. . 436
purpurea. Wall. . 431
rotimdifolia, Benth. 432
subsimplex, H.f. ^

T. 432

thalictrifolia, Wall.

430, 432

truncata. Wall. . . 436

viridis. Wall. . .431

C<Elospermum,jBZMm«. 159

scandens, Blmne. , 169

Coffea, Lmn. . . .153

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Coffca, Wall. . . .192
alpestris, Wt. . .106
bengalensis, Roa:b. . 153
? elliptica, Thw. . 107
fragrans, Wall. . .154
grumelioides, Wt. . 106
Horsficldiana, Miq. 153
Jenkinsii,^./. . .155
khasiana, Hook.f. . 154
tetrandra,'Ro:s.h. . 159
travancorensis,

W.^ A. . ' . 154
triflora, Moon . .154
Wightiana, W.^A. 154

COMPOSITJE . . . .219

Conyza, Less. . . , 257

' abbreviata, Wall. . 234

absintkifolia, DC. . 259

acuminata, Wall. .239

adenocarpa, I)al2!. ^

Gibs 259

aegyptiaca, Ait. . . 258
(Bgyptiaca, H. f. &

T 254

alata, Eoxb. . . .271
aTn.'plectens, Wall. . 260
amplexicauUs,

Lamk 260

amplexicaulis,WaM. 261
anagallidifolia.

Wall 261

andryaloides, DC. . 255
angustifolia, Roxb. 258
angustifolia, Thw. . 254
anthelmintica, Linn. 236
appendiculata, Bl. . 270
arborea, Wall. . . 239
argentea,y^?l\. . . 295
aromatiea, Wall. . 270
aster oides, Wall. . 258
attenuata, Wall. . 231
aurita, Linn, f . . .271
balsamifera, Linn. . 270
barbata, Wall. . . 262
bellidifolia, Wall. . 234
bifoliata, Wall. . .261
bifoliata, Willd. . 261
Z>^fmc?a, Wall. . .241
bracteolata, Wall. . 230
candicans. Wall. . 387
Candolleana, Boiss. 272
Cappa, Ham. . . 295
cemua, Wall. . .271
chinensis, Lamk. . 235
chine Jisis, Linn. . . 268
cinerascens. Wall. . 234
cinerea, Linn. . . 234
conspicua, Wall. 257

Page
corymbosa, Roxb. . 272
cuneifolia, Wall. . 672
dasycoma, Miq. . . 269
densiflora, Wall. . 269
diffusa, Roxb. . . 265
disticha, Wall. . . 258
diver gens, Wall. . 234
elceagnifolia. Wall. 237
elegant Ilia, Wall. . 234
elongata. Wall. . .270
eriophora. Wall. . 295
eupatorioides. Wall. 295
excisa, Wall. . . 269
extensa. Wall. . . 239
falcigera. Wall. . 269
fasciculata, Wall. . 270
fistulosa,^OTiki , . 262
foliolosa. Ham. . .298
foliolosa, Wall. 261, 397
glomerata. Wall. . 262
gracilis, Heyne . ,265
gracilis, Wall. . . 262
grandis. Wall. . .269
graveolens, Wall. . 254
heterophylla, Lamk. 234
heterotricha. Wall. . 295
Heyneana, Wall. . 263
hieracifolia, Spreng. 263
hirsuta, Wall. . 258, 259
holosericea. Wall. . 262
hymenophylla,yfQ\\.. 265
incana. Wall. . . 234
indica, Miq. . . . 272
mtZim, Wall. . . 238
japonica, Less. . . 258
? Jerdoni, C. B. C. . 259
Jerdoni, C. B. C. . 254
lacera, Roxb. . . 263
laciniata, Roxb. . . 264
lactucafolia, DC. .263
lactucafolia. Wall. . 261
lanceolaria, Roxb. .' 269
lanceolata, Wall. 234, 272
lanuginosa , Wall. . 295
linifolia, Wa.ll. . . 234
longicaulis.

Wall. . . 243, 244
longifolia, Heyne. . 269
longispina, Z. & M. 268
macrostachya. Wall. 263
marginata, Edgew. . 259
membranacea. Wall. 265
mollis, Willd. . . 234
midticaulis, DC. . 258
multiflora, Wall. . 234
muralis, Ham. . . 265
Musra, Ham. . . 263
napifolia, Wall. . 263

Page
nutans, Blume . .271
mttans. Wall. . . 263
obliqua, Willd. . . 260-
obovata. Wall. . . 268
odontophylla, Boiss. 273.
ovata, Wall. . . .234
paniculata. Wall. . 261
patula, Ait. . . . 259'
? petiolaris, DC. . . 258-
pinnatifida, Roxb. . 259
polycephala, Edgew. 258
polygonata, Wall. . 293
procera, Wall. . . 268-
prolifera, Lamk. . 234
pubescens, DC. . . 254
punctulata, Wall. . 235
funduana, Wall. . 240'
purpurea, Wall. . . 262
racemosa. Wall. . . 262
repanda, Roxb. . . 268-
riparia, Blume . . 268
Eoylei, DC. . . . 253
rufa, Wall. . . . 25»
runcinata. Wall. . 264
saligna. Wall. . . 235
scandens. Wall. . .241
semipinnatifida,

Wall 257

semivestita. Wall. . 268
smcm, Wall. . .262'
serici-vestita. Wall. 268
serrulata, Wall. . . 259
serrulata, Wall. . 258
sessilifolia. Wall. . 272
sonchifolia, Wall. . 264
spiridens, Miq. . .265-
squarrosa, Wall. . 269
striata. Wall. . . 258
stricta, JTi?/^. . . 258
subcapitata, Wall. . 262
subsessilis, Wall. . 230'
subsimplex,

Wall. . . 234, 265
^engm, Wall. . . 266
thyrsijlara. Ham. . 263
tomentosa, Wall. . 272
travancorensis,Wa,U.. 258
wwiirosa, Kar. & Kir. 253
veroniccefolia, Wall. 258
ws^«Ya, Wall. . . 270
villosa. Ham. . .263
mllosa, Wall. . . 260.
virens. Wall. . 264, 265
viscidula, Wall. . 258
volkameriafolia.

Wall 240

vohtbilis,WQX\. . . 25T
Wallichii, DC. . . 25a

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

683-.

Page

Wightiana,

Wall. . . 239, 261

Coptosapelta, Korth. . 34

flavescens, Korth. . 35

Griffithii, ^ooyt./. . 35

Corallobotrys, Hook.f. 455

acuminata, Hook.f. 455

Cordyloblaste Henscheli,

Mor 588

Cortusa, Linn. . . .501
Matthioli, Linn. . 501
Cosmos sulphureus,

Cav 310

Cotula, Linn. . . .316
anthemoides, Linn. 316
aurea, Linn. , . .316
hicolor, Roth. . . 245
conica, Wall. . . 307
dichrocephala,

C. B. C. . . . 246
dichrocephala, Sch. 316
hemisphairica, Wall. 316
latifolia, Pers. . . 245
rrvaderasipatan^a,

Willd 247

mimina, Willd. . .317
Russeliana, Wall. . 317
sinapifolia, Roxb. 245,
246, 259
SphcBranthus, Link. 247
stemutatoria, Wall. 317
Cousinia, Cass. . . 359
auriculata, Boiss. . 360
avalensis, Bunge . 360
Brandisii, C. B. C. . 360
caldtrapiformis,

Jaub. & Spach. . 359
Falconeri, Hook. f. . 360
"i Hystrix, C.B.C. . 361
microcarpa, Boiss. . 360
miuuta, Boiss. . . 359
Thomsoni, C. B. C. 360
Cremanthodium, Bth. 330
Decaisnei, C.B.C. . 331
Hookeri, C. B. C. .331
oblongatum, C. B. C. 331
palmatum, Benth. . 331
pinnatifidum, 5e;i^A. 332
reniforme, Benth. . 330
Thomsoni, C.B.C. 331
Crepis, Linn. . . . 393
acaulis, Hook.f. . 396
aiistriaca, Jacq. . . 394
blattarioides, Vill. . 394
depressa, H.f. ^ T. 397
fiexuosa, C. B. C. . 394
fcetida, Linn. . . 393
fuscipappa, Benth. . 395

Page

Pag^

glauca, Benth. .

394

Cyclocodon adnatum

glomerata, Dene.

398

Griff. . . . .

436

glomerata, C. B. C.

397

distans. Griff. . .

436

gracilipes, Hook.f.

396

lancifolium, Kurz .

436

gracilis, H.f ^ T.

395

parvifiorum, H. f. &

Hookeriana, C.B.C.

398

T

436

japonica, J?ew^A. . .

395

truncatum, H. f. &

Kotschyana, C.B.C

393

T

436

lyrata, C. B. C. . .

395^

Cynathilliumvillosum,

microcephala,

Blume . . . .

235

C.B.C. ...

415

jncbescens, Blume .

235.

multicaulis. Led.

396

Ctnaboide^ . 225

,358

porrifolia, JDon . .

398

Cyrta agrestis, Ham.

589

prcpmorsa, Froel. .

396

'primidifolia, H. f.

Damnacanthus,

&T

395

Gaertn. . . .

158

pvXchra, Linn, . .

398

indicus, Gaertn. f. .

158

racemifera, Hook.f. 397

BasyaidiiAfulmis, Thw

545

sibirica, Linn. . .

394

microphyllm, Thw.

545

silhetensis, Hook. f. 397

Moonii, Thw. . .

545

Stoliczkai, 0. B. C

396

neriifolius, Thw. .

545-

tenuifolia, Willd. .

395

Decaneuron angustifo-

youngiformis, Koch

398

lium, H. f. & T. .

228

Crotoni affinis sp.

courtallense, Wt: .

227

Wall. . : . .

589

dendigulense, DC. .

238

? Cunesa trifida. Ham.

129

divergens, DC. . .

234

Cwpza aiiriculata, DC.

108

Epilejum, DC. . .

227

corymhosa, DC. . .

102

glabrum, DC. . .

259.

densiflora, DC. . .

112

lilacinum, Dalz. &

macrophyUa, DC. .

102

Gibs

241

oppositijiora, DC. .

112

microcephalum,

truncata, DC. . .

94

Dalz

229

Ctt>rata pala, Rheede .

648

molle, Dalz. & Gibs.

228

Cyananthus, ^a/^. .

433

molle,J)C. . . .

227

harhatus, Edgew. .

434

molle, Wt. . . .

227

Hookeri, C. J?. C. .

435

phylloUmum . . .

228

incanus, if. /. # T.

434 ,

reticulatum, DC. .

227

inflatus, ^./. cf- T. .

435

scabridum, DC. . .

227

integer, Wall. . .

434

? scariosum, DC.

236

linifolius, WaU. . .

434

sUhetense, DC. . .

232

linifolim, H. f. & T.

434

silhetmse, Wt. . .

233

lobatus, Wall. . .

433

Dentella, Forst. . .

42

microphyllus, Edg. .

434

erecta. Roth . . .

428

pedunculatus,

repens, Forst. . .

42

C.B.C . . .

434

Diapensia, Linn. . .

478

Cyanopis decnrrens,

himalaica,^./.#r.

478

Zoll

234

DiAPENSIACEJE .

478

? erigeroides, DC. .

243

Dicalyx javanicits, Bl.

574

pubescens, DC. 235

259

tinctorius, Bl. , .

574

villosa, DC. . . .

235

Dichilanthe, Thw. .

128

Cyathidium taraxici-

zeylanica, Thw.

128

folium, Lindl.

369

Dichopsis, Thw. . .

540

Cyathocline, Cass.

246

? caloneura, H. f, .

546

Lawii, Dalz. & Gibs,

246

canaliculata, Benth.

541

Lami, Wight . .

246

elliptica, Benth. .

542

lutea, Law. . . .

246

grandis*, Benth. . .

540

lyrata, Cass. . . .

246

Gutta, Benth. . .

543

striata, DC. . . .

246

Helferi, C. B. C. .

542

684

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
hexandra, C. B. C. 543

\?ex\io\\&, Benth . . 641
lanceolata, Benth. . 641
Maingayi, C. B. C. 543
oborata, C. B. C. . 542
pauciflora, Benth. . 641
petiolaris, Thw. . 540
polyantha, Benth. . 642
rubens, C. B. C. . 643
rubiginosa, Benth. . 541

Dichrocephala, BC. . 245
Benthamii, C. B. C. 246
chrysanthemifolia,

BC. 245

gracilis, DC. . . 245
grangecsfolia, DC. . 245
Hamiltoni, Hook. f. 246
latifolia, DC. . . 245
nilagirensis, Sell. . 245
oblongata, Benth. . 245
Schmidii, Wight .317
sonchifolia, DC. . 245
tanacetoides, 8ch. . 245

Dicoma, Cass. . . . 387
lanuginosa, DC. . 387
tomentosa, Cass. . 387

Biospermiim Metzia-

num, Schultz . 228
molle, Deless. . . 227

-Diospyros, Linn. . .653
acuta, Thw. . . .561
affinis, Hiern . .567
affinis, Thw. . . 566
amcena, Wall. . . 562
amcena, Wall. . . 562
apiculata, Hiern . 553
argentea, Griff. . .569
Arnottiana, Mi q. 560, 566
assimilis, Bedd. . 558
attenuata, Thw. . 561
hracteata, Eoxb. . 555
Brandisiana, Kurz . 670
burmanica, Kurz . 565
buxifolia, Hiern . 559
calycinM, Bedd. . .557
canarica, Bedd. . 666
Candolleana, Wight 566
CandoUeana, Miq. . 660
Candolleana, Thw. 566
capitulata, Wight . 660
chartacea, Wall. . 671
chinensis, Bl. . . 655
Chloroxylon, Roxb. 560
clavigera, C. B. C. 558
cordifolia, Rcxb. . 666
costata, Lem. • . . 655
crumentata, T%w. . 567
dasyphylla, Kurz . 554

Page
decipiens, C. B. C. 563
densiflora, Wall. . 570
discolor, Willd. . 669
dubia. Wall. . . 564
Ebenaster, Eoxb. . 558
Ebenum, Koenig . 558
Ebenum, Hiern . . 558
ehretioides, Wall. . 559
elegans, C. B. C. .671
Embryopteris, Pers. 556
exsc'itlpta, Bedd. . 564
exsculpta, Dalz. &

Gibs 563

exsculpta. Ham. . 664
flavicans, Hiern . 662
flavicans, Hiern . 563
foliosa, Wall. . . 656
frwtescens, Hassk. . 670
'G-ardneri, Thw. . 561
glauca, Rottl. . . 660
glutinosa, Koen. . 656
Goindu, Dalz. . . 655
grata, Wall. . . .671
Helferi, C. B. C. . 569
heterophylla. Wall. 555
hirsuta, Linn.f. . 566
hirsuta, Hiern . .566
Horsfieldii, Hiern .570
insculpta, Ham. . 564
insignis, Thw. . • 565
Kaki, Linn. . . . 555
Kurzii, Hiern . .659
lancesefolia, Boxb. . 562
lanceolata, Wall. . 556
Lotus, Linn. . . 555
lucida, Wall. . . 568
lucida, Hiern . . 565
macrophylla, Wall. 668
martabanica,

C.B.C. ... 554
melanoxylon, Boxb. 564
ineloMoxylon, Hiern 563
microphylla, Bedd. 559
montana, Boxb. , . bbb
montana, Roxb. . 571
Moonii, Thw. . . 566
Moonii ? Hiern . . 569
multiflora, Wall. . 562
nigricans, Wall. . 557
nigricans, Dalz. . . 658
nilagirica, Bedd. . 566
oblonga, Wall. . . 569
obovata, Wight . . 540
oleifolia. Wall. . . 567
oligandra, Bedd. . 566
oocarpa, Thw. . .560
opaca, C. B. a . . 567
oppositifolia, Thw. . 565

Page

orixensis, Wight . 571

ovalifolia, Wight . 557
pachyphylla,

C. B. C. . . . 568
Packman ni,

C.B.C. . . . 564

paniculata, Balz. . 570

pilosula. Wall. . . 554

pilosula, Kurz . . 554

pruriens, Dalz. . 553

punctata. Dene, . 555

pyrrhocarpa, Miq. . 571

quaesita, Thw. . . 560

racemosa, Roxb. . 556

ramiflora, Roxb. . 569

Roxburghii, Lem. . 555

Roylei, Wall. . .572

ruhiginosa, Roth . 563

rugosula, Br. . .555

sapotoides, Kurz . 562

8chi-Tse, Bunge . 555

stricta, Roxb. . .563

stricta, Hiern . .571

sylvatiea, Roxb. . 559

sylvatica, Wall. . 555

Thwaitesii, Bedd. . 566

tomentosa, Roxb. . 664

tomentosa, Lamk. . 560

Toposia, Ham. . . 556

Tupru, Ham. . . 563

undulata, Wall. . 568

undulata, Hiern . 568

vaccinioides, Hiern 554

vaccinioides. Wall. . 559

variegata, Kurz . 557

venosa. Wall. . . 572

Waldemarii, Kl. . 555

Wightiana, Wall. . 564

Diplarehe, H. f. # T. 462
multiflora,

H.f.SfT. . . . 462

pauciflora, if./. ^ r. 462

Diplopappiis asper-

rimus, DC. . . 252

asperulus, DC. . . 253
diplostepkioides,

H. f. & T. . . 261

elegans, H. f . & T. . 250

laxus, Benth. . . 252

molliu^culus, Lindl. 251

Roylei, DC. . . . 256

Diplospora, DC. . .122

apiocarpa, Dalz. . 123

confusa, Hook.f. . 124

Dalzellii, Thw. . .123

erythrospora, Thw. 124

Oriffithii, Hook.f, . 124

Kurzii, Hook.f, . 125

INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

685

Page
malaccense, Hook.f. 124
pubescens, Hook. f. 124
singularis, Korth. . 123
gingtdaris, Kurz . 124
sphaerocarpa, Dalz. 123
Diplycosia, Bl. . . . 468
discolor, C. B. C. . 459
microphylla, Becc. . 458
? semi-infera,

C.B.C. . . . 469
DrpsACEjK . . . .215
Dipsacus, lAnn. . .217
asper, Wall. . . .218
atratus, H. f. # T. 218
auriculatus, Koyle .218
inermis, Wall. . .217
inei-mis. Wall. . .218
Leschenaultii,

Coult 218

Leschenaultii, Thw. 218
longicaulis, Wall. .217
mitis, Don . . .217
Roi/lei, Klotzsch . 217
strictus, Don . .217
sf rictus, Kurz . .217
Walkeri, Am. . . 219
Discospermum apiocar-

jmm, Bedd. . .123
sfpTuBrocarpwm,

Bedd 123

Dobera, Juss. . . .618

coriacea, A. DC. . 619

glabra, A. DC. . .619

RoTihuvghn, Planch. 619

DolomcBa macro-

cephala, DC. . . 378
B&ndisia horrida,

Korth 135

Leschenaultii, DC. . 135
Doronicura, Linn. . . 332
Ar^iotti, DC. . . .344
calcaratum, Eoxb. . 297
Canddleanum, Wt.

& Arn 345

Falconeri, C. B. C. 333
Gardner!, C. B. C. 343
Hewrense, Dala. . 346
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 332
Lessingianum, Wt.

& Am 345

linifolium, DC. . . 343
reticulatum, Dalz. &

Gibs 348

reticulatum, Wt. . 347
Roylei, DC. . . . 332
rupesire, Wight . 345
scorpioides, C. B. C.

332, 333

Page
tenuifolimn, Wt. . 346
tomentosmn, Wt. . 346
Walkeri, Arn. . . 345
Wightii, DC. . . 344
Doxomma rigidum,

Miers . . . .681

Dubyaa, DC. . . .409

hispida,'DC. . .410

Duchesnia crispa,C ASB. 299

Duhaldea chinensis,

DC 295

Dyera. Hook.f. . . 643
costulata. Hook. f. . 644
laxiflora, Z/bo*. /. . 644
Dysodidendron cey-

lanicum, Gardn. . 193
ghmeratum, Gardn. 192
Wightii, Gardn. . 193

Ebenacbje .... 649

Ecdysanthera, ZT.^' ^. 662
barhata, Miq. . . 660
hrachiata, A. DC. . 662
glandulifera,A.J)C. 660
micrantha, A. DC. . 662

Echaltium piscidium,

Wight .... 629

Echinops, Linn. . .358
coriarius, C. B. C. . 358
comigerus, DC. . 358
echinatus, DC. . . 368
? Griffithianus,

Boiss 368

niveus, Wall. . . 359

Echites acuminata,

Roxb 663

affinis, R. & S. . .670
antidysenterica,

Roxb 644

apoxys, Voigt . . 664
hrachiata, y^ 9X1. . 662
bracteata, Heyne . 665
calycina. Wall. . . 666
caryophyllata,

Roxb 665

caryophyllata,'^ d\\. 664
caudata, Burm. . . 655
conferta, Wall. . .665
coriacea. Wall. . . 668
? cristata. Roth. . 664
cymosa, Roxb. . . 665
cymosa, Wall. . . 665
dichotoma, Roth . 664
dichotoona, Roxb. . 650
elegans, Wall. . . 665
elliptica. Wall. . . 667
"i esculent a, '^aW. . 658
fnitescens. Wall. . 669

Page
glandulifera. Wall. 660
grandiflora, Roxb. . 660
grandis. Wall. . .661
Heynei, Spr. . . . 664
hircosa, Roxb. . .651
lavigata, Wall. . . 66ft
? lucida, Don . . 658
? lucida. Wall. . . 658
? maorantha, Spr. , 661
macrocarpa. Wall. . 663
macrophylla, Roxb. 661
malabarica, Lamk. . 662
manubriata. Wall. . 66&
marginata, Roxb. . 66 ■<
? micrantha, Wall. . 662
monilifera, Wall. . 660
Pala, Ham. . . . 642
paniculata, Roxb. . 668
parviflora, Roxb. . 666
polyantha. Wall. . 66&
religiosa, Teijsni. &

Binn 653

reticulata, Boj. . . 663
rhynchospennum.

Wall 667

scholaris, Linn. . 642
tomentosa, Roth . 662
veTienata, Roxb. . 642
verticalis. Ham. . 667
vestita, R. & S. . . 662
ECHITIDEJK . . 622, 650
Eelipta, Linn. . . . 304
alba, Hassk. . . . 304
erecta, Linn. . . . 304
latifolia, Linn. f. . 305
marginata, Boiss. . 304
parviflora. Wall. . 305
prostrata, Linn. . 304
scabriuscitla,

Wall. . . 306, 307
undiUata, Wall. . 305
Ecliptacea, Wall. . . 307
Edgeworthia buxifolia,

Falc 534

Elephantopus, Linn. . 242
scaber, Linn. . . 24:^
Elichrysum nepalense,

Spreng 280

Ellertonia, Wight . .641

Rheedii, Wight . . 641

Embelia, Burm. . .612

adnata, Bedd. . .614

amentacea, C.B.C. 514

1 Basaal, A. DC. .515

canescens, Jack . 614

j coriacea, ^. I>6'. .513

I esculenta, Don . .515

I ferruginea. Wall. .615

^86

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

floribnnda, Wall. .614
Gamblei, Kurz . .516
garcini(Bfolia,

Wall. . . 513,514
Gardneriana, Wight 517
glandulifera, Wight 513
Grossularia,'Retz . 619
Timpani, Scheff. .514
?lucida, Wall. . .517
macrophglla, ScheflF. 513
microcalyx, Kurz . 513
Myrtillus, Kurz .516
Kagushia, Don . .516
nutans, Wall. . .517
oblongata, Miq. . .513
parviflora, Wall. . 515
2)icta, A. DC. . .515
? reticulata, Wall. . 515
Eibes, Burnt. .* . 513
robusta, Boxb. . .515
sessiliflora, Kurz . 513
? Tsjeriam-Cottam,

A. DC. ... 515
umbelkdata. Wall. . 512
vestita, Boxb. . .517
vestita, Kurz . .517
villosa. Wall. 514, 515
viridiflora, Scheff. . 516

Embryopteris gelatin

nifera, G. Don . 656
glutenifera, Roxb. . 666
Kaki, G. Don . . 655
lanceolata, G. Don . 656
jperegrina, Gaertn. . 566

Emericia Pergularia,

Roem. & Sch. . 651

Emilia, Cass. . . .335
avgustifolia, DC. . 336
flamraea, Cass. . . 336
mucronata, Wall. . 336
preuanthoidea, DC. 336
'prenanthoidea, Thw.

336, 337
^agittata, DC. . . 336
scabra,l)C. . . .336
sonchifolia, DC. . 336
Walkeri, Hook.f. . 337
zeylanica, C. B. C. . 336

3Enhydra, Lour. . .304
fluctuans, Lour. . 304
Heloncha, DC. . . 304

Enkianthus, Lour. . 461
himHlaicus,^./.^r. 461

-Epacride^ . . . .477

-Epaltes, Cass. . . .274
divaricata, Cass. . 274
Unearifolia, DC.

248, 274

pygmaea, DC. . . 274
Epichysianthus macro-

phyllus, Voigt .661
Epigynium acumina-
tum, Kl. . . . 455
affine, Kl. ... 453

Donin.num, Kl. .
Dunalianum, Kl.
Griffithianum, Kl.
Lcschenaultii, Kl.
malacceftisc, Kl. .
oieilgherrense, Kl.
obovatuw., Kl. .
serratum, Kl. .
Sprengelii, Kl. .
venosum, Kl.
Epigynum, Wight .
Griffithianum, ^^f.
?l8evigatum, ZT./.
Maingayi, i?. /.

. 453
. 453
. 454
. 456
. 454
. 465
. 447
. 462
. 453
. 452
. 665
. 666
. 666
. 666

? parviflorum, H. f. 666

Epilasia, Bunge . .419

ammophila, Bunge . 419

Bungei, C. B. C. .419

Epithinia malayana.

Jack .... 125

Eeicacbje .... 466

Ericinea, GrifF. . . .469

Erigeron, Linn. . . 254

acre, C. B. C. . . 265

mgyptiacum, Kurz . 254

aJatum, Don . .271

alpinus, Linn. . . 2bb

andryaloides, Benth. 255

anomalum, DC. . 263

asteroides, Roxb. . 264

asteroides, Roxb. . 270

asteroides. Wall. . 260

angustissimus,

Lindl 256

bellidioides, Benth. . 256
canadensis, Linn. . 254
falcatum, Don . .270
graveolcns, Linn. . 292
hieracifolia, Don . 263
hirsutu.n, Wall. . 254
hispidum, DC. . .264
Lcschenaultii, DC. . 256
leiLcanthum, Don . 270
li7iifolius, Willd. . 254
mo'lle, Don . . .261
monticolus, DC. . 255
rtiulticaulis, Wall. . 255
multiradiatus,

Benth 266

ohliquum, Linn. . . 260
pinnatifidum, Don. . 259
pyrifolius, Benth. . 267

Page
255
255
254
259
299
255

? Boyld, DC. .

semibarbatus, DC.

sublyratum, Roxb.

trisulcum, Don .

Wightianus, Wall.

Wightii, DC.
EriobotrycB veiPhotinicB

affinis, Miq. . .682
Eriocoryne nidularis,

Wall 376

Eriostemon taraxacifo-

lium. Less. . .370
Ethnlia,, Linn. . . . 226

an gusti folia, Bojer . 227

conyzoides, lAnn. . 227

divaricata, Linn. . 274

divaricata, Wall.

gracilis, Delile .

integrifolia, Don

ramosa, Roxb. .
Eugen ia ^awr ma, Willd. 573

EUMYBSINEJE . . .507

EuPATORiE^. . . 220, 242
Eupatorium, L. . . 243
asperum., Roxb. . . 233
Ayapana, Vent. .
birmanicum, DC.
candicans, Wall,
cannabinum, Linn.
celebicuvi, Blume
die line, Edgew. .
divergens, Roxb.
Fin laysonian um,

Wall. . . .
glabrum. Wall. .
heterophyllum, DC
ja.vanicum, Blume . 239
Lambertianum,

Wall 244

longicaide, DC. . . 244
longicaule. Wall. 236, 243
i7ienthafolium,W-dll. 235
nodiflorum. Wall. . 243
odoratum, Linn,
pectinatum, Wall.
folyanthemum,

Wall. . . .
polyanthum, Wall,
punduanum. Wall.
pyramidale, Don
Reevesii, Wall. .
rigidum, Wall. .
scandens, Linn. .
Simondi, C. B. C.
spectabile, Spreng. . 386
squamosum, Don . 243
suaveolens. Wall. . 244
versicolor^ Wall. . 234

248
227
245
227

244
244
386
243
239
244
234

244
259
243

244
241

234
243
243
233
233
230
244
244

INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

687

Page

viscomm, Wall. . , 244

WaUi^hiiBC. . . 243

zeylanicum, Linn. . 238

Eupyrena glabra,

W. & A. . . . 127
Eiithodon paniculata,

Griff. .... 652

EuVACCINIEiE . . . 442

Eva^ indica, Ham. . 289

Fagonia montana, Miq. 620
Fcdia grandijlora,

Wall 211

Fergusonia, Hook.f. . 48
zeylanica, Hook.f. . 48
Ferreola buxifolia,

Koxb 651

Filago, Linn. . . .277

arvensis, Linn. . . 277

germanica, Linn. . 277

prostrata, DC. . . 289

Francceuria crispa,

Cass 299

Fbaxine^ . . . .690
Fraxinus, Linn. . . 605
dimorpha, Coss. &

Dur 606

excelsior, Linn. . .606
floribunda, Wall. . 605
Griffithii, C. B. C. . 605
heterophylla, Vahl . 606
Moorcroftiana,

Brand 606

Moorcroftiana,

Wall 606

urophylla, Wall. . 605
xanthoxyloides,

Wall 606

Fullartonia kumaon-

ensis, DC. . 332, 671

GcBrtnera Pangati,

Eete .... 438
Gaillonia, A. Rich. . 201
calycoptera, Jaub. S;

Spach . . . .201
hymenostephana,

Jauh. ^ Spach . 202
Galatella asperrima,

Nees .... 252

juncea, Lindl. . .251

Galieje .... 22, 202

Galinsoga, R.^ P. .311

pannflora, Cav. . .311

Galium, Linn. . . .204

acutum Edgew. . . 208

Aparine, Linn. . . 205

Pagfl
Aparine, Wall. 206, 207
asperifolium. Wall. 207
asperuloides, Edgew. 205
boreale, Litm. . . 206
capillare, Cav. . . 208
ceratophylloides,

Hook.f. . . .209

ciliatum, Don . . 206
confertum, Boyle . 206
elegans. Wall. . . 204
ex\le,Hook.f . . 207
Jioribundum, Jacq. . 208
^m^MTw, Wall. . . 205
Hamiltoni, Spreng. . 204
himalayense, Klotz. 208
hirtiflorum, Req. . 206
javanicum, Bluuie . 205
latifolium. Ham. . 204
lividum, Jacq. . . 207
MoUugo, Linn. . . 207
paradoxum, il/cwm. 206
parviflorum, Don . 207
pauciflorum, Bunge . 205
punduanum,y^dl\. . 204
Requienanum, W. &
A. .... . 205

rotundifolium, L. . 204
serpylloides, Royle. 207
setaceum, Lamk. . 208
spurium, Linn. . . 208
stellaricefolium,

Franch. & Savat. 206
tenuissimum, Bieb. . 208
tricorne, With. . .207
triflorum, Michx. . 205
vernum. Scop. . . 209
Terum, Linn. . . 208
vestitum, Don . . 206
Garcinia malabarica,

Desrouss. . . . 556

Gardenia., Linn. . .115
? anisopkylla. Wall. 114
arborea, Koxb. . .116
?Blnmeana, DC. .118
Bur ha. Ham. . . 39
calyculata, Roxb. . 119
campanulata, Roxb. 118
carinata, Thw. *. .120
earinata, Wall. . 117
? carinata, Griff. . 117
coronaria, Ham. . 117
costata, Roxb. . .117
cuneata, ^r. . . .120

cuneata, Br. . . .-118

dasycarpa, Kurz . 120
dasycarpa, Kurz . 110
densa, DC. . . .109

dema,y^A\\. . . .109

Page
Donia, Ham. . .118
dumetorum, Retz . 110
enneandra, Koen. . 119
erythroclada, Kurs 119
fascictUata, Roxb. . 109
floribunda, Roxb. . 110
fragrans, Koen. . . Ill
glabra, Br. . . .110
glutinosa, T. & B. . 117
Griffithii, ^of)Ar./ . 118
gummifera, Linn.f 116
inermis, Dietr. . .116
ixoraefolia, Br. . .119
latifolia, Ait. . .116
latifolia, Ihw. . .120
latifolia, Schlecht . 110
longispina, Roxb. . 110
longispina, Wall.

109, 118
lucida, Roxb. . .115
montana, Roxb. . 118
montana, DC. . .118
nutans, Roxb. . .110
obtusifolia, 7i?ox6. . 116
oxycarpa, Br. . .119
parviflora. Wall. . 109
patula, Komi. . .111
"ipomifera. Wall. . 110
propinqua, Br. . .110
pubescens, Roth . 120
pulcherrima, K.VLTZ . 114
resinifera, Korth. . 117
resinifera. Roth. . 115
rigida. Wall. 109, 136
sessiliflora, Wall. . 118
speciosa. Hook. . 117
spinosa, Linn. f. . 110
stipularis, Rottl. . 110
sitavis. Wall. . . .116
tentaculata, Hook. . 119
tetrandra, Bedd. . 107
tetrasperma, DC. . 109
tornentosa, Kurz . 110
tubifera. Wall. . .117
turgida, Roxb. . .118
tiliginosa, Retz . .110
Gabdenie^ . . 19, 101
Gastradiolus angido-

sus, Jb. & Sp. . 392
Hedypnois, Jh.&Sp. 392
Gastrosulum prmcox,

Schultz
Gaultheria, Linn,
discolor, Nutt.
fragrans, Don
fragrantissima,
Wall. . .

316
466
459
457

457
Griffithiana, Wight 468

688

INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
hifsuta, Gardner , 458
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 458
Leschenaultii, DC. . 457
NummularuB, DC. . 457
nummularioides,

Don 457

ovalifolia, Wall. . 457
ptmctata, Bl. . .457
pyrolsefolia, Hook./. 457
repens, Bl. ... 457
trichophylla, Eot/le. 457
Gaylussaccia incur-

vata, Griff. . . 450
serrata, Gnff. 450, 452
serrata, Lindl. . . 452
Geniosioma acumina-
tum, Wall. . . 99
Geophila, Don . . .177
diversifolia, DC. . 177
reniformis, ife^^ . . 178
Gerbera, Gronov. . .389
anandria, Schultz . 891
Kunzeana, Brawi ^

Aschers. . . .390
lanuginosa, Benth. . 390
macrophylla, Benth. 391
nivea, Benth. . . 390
nivea, C. B. C. . . 390
ovalifolia, DC. . . 390
piloselloides, Cass. . 389
Gerontogea biflora,

Cham. &Sch. , 64

Glaux, Toumef. . . 505

maritima, Linn. . . 505

Glossoeardia, Cass. . 308

Bosvallia, DC. . . 308

linearifolia, Cass. . 308

Glossoc<ymia clematidea,

Fisch 433

tenera, Don . . . 432
thalictrifoUa, Wall. 432
Glossogyne . . . .310
pinnatifida, DC. . 310
rigida, Hort. Calc. . 310
Gnaphalium, Linn. . 288
adnatum, Wall. . .282
affine, Don . . ,288
alho-luteum, Koxb. . 288
anemophikim, Wall. 278
hremfoliiim, Thw. . 287
Busua, Ham. . . 283
camtm. Wall. . . 280
chrysanthum, Seh. . 290
cinnamomeum, Sch. 286
cinnamomeum^yfoM. 281
confusum, DC. . . 288
contortum. Ham. .285
crispatulum, C.B.C. 289

Page
cuneifolium, Wall. . 280
cylindrost achy urn,

Wall 275

cynoglossoides, Sch. 291
cynoglossoides, Trev. 281
? decurrens, Ham. . 283
depressum, Eoxb. . 289
flaccidum, Kurz . 290
Hamiltoni, Wall. . 264
Hook&rianum, Thw. 291
hurdwaricum, Wall. 277
hypoleucum, DC. . 288
indicum, Linn. . . 289
indicum, Thw. . . 283
ijitermedium. Wall. 280
luteo-album, Linn. 288
macranthurii, Sch. . 290
marcescens, Wight . 286
martahan icum , Wal 1.288
multicaule, Koxb. . 289
TMilticeps, Wall. . 288
muscoides, Desf. . . 287
neelgerriamim, DC. 287
nilagiricum, Sch. . 287
nilaicum, Eaddi . . 289
Notonianmn, Wall. 284
nubigenum. Wall. . 280
orixense, Roxb. . . 288
pallidum, Ham. . . 288
perfoliatura, Wall. . 281
prostratum, Roxb. . 289
pulchellum, Wall. . 279
pulvinatum, Del. . 289
purpureum, Linn. . 289
ramigerum, DC. . 288
semidecurrens, Wall. 283
simplicicauk, Wall. 285
spathulatum, Del. . 289
spicatum, Vahl . . 278
Stewartii, C. B. C. . 289
strictum, Roxb. . . 289
subdecurrens, DC. . 283
tenellum. Wall. . . 285
Thomsoni, Hook.f. 290
uliginosum, C. B. C. 290
? villosissima, Don . 283
Wightianum, DC. . 286
Wightianum, Thw.

281, 282, 291
Wightii, Thw. . . 284
Gochnatia spectabilis,

Less 387

Goniocaulon, CasK. . 377
glabrum, Cass. . . 377
indicum, C. B. C. .877
Gonotheca Blumei,

DC 70

GOODENOVIE^, . . . 420

Page

Grangea, Forsk. . . 246
latifolia, Lamk. . . 245
maderaspatana,

Poir 217

sph(sranthu.% Koch . 247

Greenea, W. ^ A. . . 41
Jackii, W.4- A.. . 41
Wightiana, W. ^ A. 41

Griffithia curvata,

Kurz . . . .111
fragrans, W. & A. . Ill
Gardneri, Bedd. . 112
siamensis, Miq. . .Ill
speciosq,, Bedd. . .113

Gnimilca affinis, Thw. 167
aurantiaca, Miq. . 165
Junghchniana, Miq. 166
longifolia, Bedd. . 171
? nigra, Gaertn. . .162
nudiflora, Thw. . .162
patens, Schlecht. . 162

Guatteria "iflavicans,

Wall 562

Guettarda, Linn. . .126
Brunonis, Wall. . 127
missionis. Wall. . 127
? pedmictilaris,Wa.ll. 127
peduncular is. Wall. 127
speciosa, Linn. . .126

GUETTAKDE^ . . 20, 126

Guizotia, Cass. . . .807
abyssynica, Cass. . 308
oleifera, DC. . . . 308
Chmisanthus, A. DC. . 553
Kurz . . . 554
, A. DC. . 554
? Gymnayithemum acu-
minatum, Steetz . 239
extensum, Steetz . 239
Metzianiim, Sch. . 234
molle, Schultz . . ' 228
phyllol(Bnum, DC. . 228
reticulatum, Sch. . 227
scandens, Steetz . . 241
vagans, Steetz . .241
Gymnema nepalense,

?Grah 668

Gymnosporia acumi-
nata. Hook, f. 508, 511
Gynochthodes, Blume . 1 60
coriacea, Miq. . .160
macrophylla, Kurz 160
sublanceolata, Miq^. 160
Gynopachis axilli-

jlora, Miq.. . .112
oblongata, Miq. . .112
Gynopogon brevi-

florum, Kurz . . 637

INDEX OF

GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

S89

Page

]

Page 1

f^^c^tc.

Page

lanceolatum, Kurz .

637

capitata, Bedd. . .

52

Lessertiana, Am. .

52

stellatum, Labill, .

636

capitellata, Wall. .

66

linarifolia. Wall. .

66

Gynura, Cass. . . .

333

capituliflora, Miq. .

58

Linddeyana, Hook. .

63

angulosa, DC. . .

334

carnosa, D. & G. .

74

lineata, Roxb. . .

69

anrinulata, Cass. .

335

cephalophora, Br. .

56

lineata. Wall. . ,

58

auriculata, C. B. C.

335

cinereo-viridis, Thw.

55

linoides, Griff. . .

67

bicolor, DC. . . .

335

ccerulea, W. 4' A. .

6a

Macrsei, Hook.f. ,

60

ecalycxdata, DC.

336

coerulea, Korth. . .

58

macrophylla, Wall.

64

Finlaysoniana, DC.

335

congepta, Br. . .

61

macrophylla, Thw. .

64

foetetis, DC. . . .

333

connata, Wall. . .

62

Maingayi, Hook.f. .

49

glabrata, C. B. C. .

335

corymbosa, Wall. .

61

marginata, Thw. .

63

hispida, Thw, . .

335

costata, Bp. . . .

69

maritima. Wall.

69

lycopersicifolia, DC.

334

costata, Kurz . .

58

membranacea, Thw.

54

nepalensis, DC.

333

cyanantha, Kurz .

60

merguensis, Hook. f.

62

nitida, DC. . . .

333

cyanesceus, Thw. .

62

miniina, Heyne . .

69

nudicaiilis, Am.

334

cymosa, Thw. . .

60

mollis, Wall. . .

57

Pseudo^hina, DC. .

334

cymosa, Br. . . .

72

monocephala, Br. .

63

Pseudo-china, Bth. .

335

deltoidea, W. & A. .

72

monosperma, Wight

76

purpurascens, DC. .

335

depressa, R. & S. .

71

multicatdis, Schldl.

69

sarmentosa, DC.

335

dichotoma, Wall. .

67

mysurensis. Wall. .

76

simplex, Dalz. &

diffusa, WiWdi. . .

65

Neesiana, Am. . .

61

Gibs. . . .333

334

elegans, Wall. . .

53

nervosa, Wall. . .

68

sinuaia, DC. . . .

334

? elongata, Br. , .

68

nitida, W. 4' A. . .

61

WalkeH, Wight .

337

evenia, Thw. . . .

60

nodiflora, Wall. . .

64

exte7isa, Br. . . .

65

nodulosa, Am. . .

64

Hamiltonia, Roxh. . .

197

Finlaysoniana,

nodulosa, Thw. . 48

, 54

mysorensis, W. & A.

197

Wall. ... 57

,75

nudicaulis, W. & A.

70

propinqiia. Dene. .

197

flavesce7is, Thw. . .

52

nummular if ormis.

suayeolens, Roxb. .

197

/(Btida, D. & G. .

74

Arn

76

suaveolens, Don . .

198

fruticosa, Linn. . .

49

obspura, Thw. . .

61

Haplotaxis soroce-

fruticosa, Retz . .

201

orhiculata, Heyne .

66

phala, Schrenk .

377

iM\y&, Hook. f. . .

68

ovata, Thw. . . .

62

IfKDVOTIDE^ . . 18, 42

fusca. Ham. . . .

68

ovatifolia, Cav. . .

70

Ifetlyotis, J Ann. . .

49

galioides. Wall. . .

53

panicidata, Dene. .

69

ajfinis, R. & S. . .

67

Gardner!, Thw. . .

63

paradox a, Kurz

59

affinis, W. & A. .

72

glabella, Br. . . .

61

pinifolia, Wall. . .

60

alrita, Koen. . . .

70

glabra, Br. . . .

69

plantaginifolia,

albo-nerria, Bedd. .

55

gracilis, Wall. . .

68

Arn

56

alshmfolia, Br. . .

64

graminicola, Kurz .

64

polycarpa, Br, . .

67

andamanica, Kurz .

64

graminifolia, Linu.f.

69

polygonoides. Wall.

66

an-gustifolia, C. & S.

60

Griffithii, //oo/fc./. .

68

procumhens, Wall. .

6&

angustifolia. Wall. .

67

Helfex-i, Hook.f. .

53

prostrata,, Korth. .

61

approximata, Br. .

60

Heynii, Bedd. . .

67

pruinosa, W. ^ A. .

61

argentea. Wall. . .

61

Heynv, W. & A. .

65

pterita, Bl. . . .

70

articularis, Br. . .

51

hirsutissima, Bedd.

65

puberula,W?i\\. . .

66

aspera, Bedd. . .

68

hispida, Retz . .

60

pumila, Linn. f.

65

aspera, Heyne . .

68

hispida, Roth . .

71

purpurascens, Bedd.

50

attenuata, Willd. .

67

inamoena, Thw. . .

61

pygmcea, Wall. . .
quinquenervia, Thw.

60

Auricularia, Linn. .

58

inam(xna, Thw. . .

65

62

cucillaris, Gardn. .

54

intermedia, W. & A.

64

raceinosa, Wall. . .

73

Beddomei, Hook. f.

52

lancifolia, D. & G.

73

racemosa, W. & A.

69

biflora, Roth . . .

64

latifolia, Dalz. . .

73

ramosa, Bl. . . .

64

At/?om, Wall. . .

70

Lawsonise, W. ^ A.

56

ramosissima, Kurz .

66

horreroides. Champ.

56

lentiginosa, Bedd. .

61

repens. Lam. . . .

42

hrachiata, Miq. . .

60

? Leschejiaidtiana,

rotundifolia, DC. .

66

humianniana, Br. .

64

DC

61

rotundifolia, Ham. .

70

buxifolia, Bedd. .

52

Leschen anltiana,

scaberul!^, Hook.f .

60

capillipes, Schlecht.

73

Wt. . . . . .

72

scabra, Wall. . .

62

VOL. III.

T Y

690

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
scandens, Boxb. . . 57
scapigera, Br. . . 70
serpyllifolia, Poir . 66
spergulacea, Kiirz . 70
stipulata, Br. . . 63
stipulata, Br. . . 71
stricta, "Wall. . .68
stylosa, Br. ... 61
subcarnosa, Wall. . 62
subtilis, Miq. . . 74
swertioides, iToo^'./. 51
tenella, Miq. ... 74
tenelliflora, Blmne . 60
tenuiflora, Schlecht. 74
Thpmsoni, Hook.f. 63
Thwaitesii, Hook.f. 54
travancoriea, Bedd. 65
trinervia, W. & A. . 66
tubularis, Br. . . 74
tubularis, Wall. . 73
ulmifolia. Wall. . 69
umhellata, Lamk. . 66
uncinella, Zf. ^' A. . 66
vengsa, Korth. . . 69
verticillaris, )^. ^^. 56
vestita, Br. ... 68
viscida, Bedd. . . 57
volubilis. Wall. . . 57
Walker it, Am. . . 55
Wallichii, Kurz . 53
Wightiana, Wall. . 75
Helianthoideje 222, 302
Helianthus oleifera.

Wall 308

Helichrysum, Gaertn. 290
buddleioides, DC. . 290
buddlewides, DC. . 291
? elegam, Don . . 280
Hookerianum, DC. . 291
leptophyllum, DC. . 285
Notonianum, DC. . 284
stolonifermn, Don . 280
- Wighiii, C. B. C. .291
Hdigme javanica,

A. DC 650

Bheedei, Wight . . 650
spiralis, Thw. . . 650
Heli&psis platyglossa,

Cass. .... 308
Heliospora flavescens.

Jack .... 127
Helygia Javanica, Bl. 650
Hemisfepha lyrata,

Bunge .... 373
H^rsilia simplex, Kl. . 251
rampsa, Klotzsch . 251
HeterochcBta asteroides,

DC 250

Page
diplostephioides,

DC 251

erigeroides, DC. . . 256
Hieracium, ZtTiw. . . 399
blattarioides, Linn. 394
corymbosum, Pers. . 400
crocq,tum, i^r^■c5 . . 400
<izcAo^p??mm, Roxb. 415
heteranthum, Wall. 410
hispidmn, Don . .410
lanceolatum, Royle . 400
Lessertianum, Wall. 409
murorum, C. B. C. . 399
prenanthoides,

Villars . . . .400
sibiricum, Gmel. . 394
silhetense, DC. . . 397
sylvaticum, Lamk. . 399
nmbellatum, Linn. 400
ui-nbellatum,

C. B. C. . . . 400
virosum, Fall. . . 400
vulgatum, Koch . . 399
Higginsia longifolia,

Blume .... 120
microcarpa, 'Bhvaie . 120
Hingtsha repens,

Roxb. . . . . 304
Hinterpubera

Kotschyi, Sehultz 310
Hippia bicolor. Smith 245
Hisutsua cantoniensis,

DC 249

Hochstetteria, JDC. .387
Schimperi, BC. . . 388
Holarrhena, Br. . . 644
antidysenterica,

Wall 644

Codaga, G. Don . 644
inalacoensis, Wight 644

mitis, Br 64o

pubescetis. Wall. . 644
? villosa. Ait. . .645
Holochiltts micranthus,

Daiz 552

Homostyliitm cabuli-

cum, Nees . . . 257
Hopea racernosa, Dalz.

& Gibs. . . .582
spicata, D. & G. . 573
Hunteria, Roxb. . . 637
Himteria, ? Wall. . . 624
? atroviridis, Wall. 626
?coriacea, Wall. . 635
corymbosa, Boxb. . 637
? cuspidata, Wall. . 629
eugenifolia, Wall. . 653
?/a3cicularis, Wall. 636

Page
? gracilis, Wall. . . 634
?lanceolata, Wall. . 637
Boxburghiana,

Wight .... 637
zeylanica, Gard. . 637

Hydnophytum, Jacke . 194
formicarium, Jack . 194
tnontanum, Blume . 194

Hydrophylax, Linn.f. 199
maritima, Linn. f. . 199

Hymenandra, A. DC. 532
Wallichii, A.BC. . 532

Hymenodictyon, Wall. 35
excelsum, Wall. . 35
•flaccidum, Wall. . 36
Horsfieldiammi ,

Miq 35

obovatum, Wall. . 36
obovatum, Wt. . . 35
thyrsiflorum. Wall. 3.5
utile, Wight ... 35

Hymenopogon, Wall. . 34
assamicus, Hook.f. 34
parasiticus, Wall. . 34

Hypobatlinim, Blume 120
racemosum, Kurz . 120
strictum, Kurz . .121

Hypochaeris, Linn. . 400
glabra, iy7?m. . .401

Hypopithys, Scop. . 476
lanuginosa, Nuti. . 476

Hyptianthera, W. ^

A 121

macrocarpa, Thw. . 122
rhamnoides, M. & Z. 135
stricta, W. 4' A. .121
6-^Wcte, Wall. . .187

Ichnocarpus, Br. . . 669
affinis, H. f. & T. .670
dasycalyx, Miq. . 669
fragrans, Wall. . .667
frutescens, jBr. . . 669
? f/?/ato. Ham. . . 667
latifolia. Ham. . . 670
leptodictyns. Muell. 669
ovatifolius, A. DC. 670
pubifloru.'?, Hook.f. 670
radicans. Wall. . .669

Ifloga, Cass. . . .277
caulijiora, Clarke . 278
Fontanesii, Cass. . Ill
spicata, Sehultz . . 278

Ilex theajolia, Hk. f. . 612

Inula, Linn. ... . .291

acuminata, DC. . . 294
appendiculata^WalX. 297
asperritna, Edgew. . 293

INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

691

Page
iiurimlata,V7&]l. . 297
? brahnica, Boiss. . 292
Cappa. ^C'- • . -295
cuspidata, C. B. C, 296
cutchica, C. B. C. . 296
dyseivterica, Linn. . 298
eriopkora, DC. . . 298
eupatorioides, DC. 295
Falconeri, Hook.f. 294
gnapkahdes. Vent. 299
grandiflora, Willd. . 294
grantioides, Boiss. . 296
graveolens, Desf. . 292
Griffithii, a B. C. 296
Helenium, H. & T. 292
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 294
indica, Linn. . .297
Kalapani, C. B. C. . 295
? macrocephala,

Kotschy . . . 292
macrospemia, H. ./'. 292
nerv^osa, Wall. . .293
nitida, Edgew. . . 298
obtusifolia, Kerner . 293
Oculus-Christi,

C. B. C. . . . 293
polyeephala, Klatt . 296
poiygonata, DC. . 293
Psmdo-cappa, DC. 295
Pulicaria, Linn. . . 298
quadrifida. Ham. . 299
Tacemosa, Hook.f. 292
rhizocephaloides,

C.B.C. . . . 295
Eoyleaua, DC. . . 292
Boyleana, C. B. C. 292
rubricaulis, C. B. C. 296
salicina, C. B. C. . 294
salTiodora, Schultz . 295
Simonsii, C. B. C. 293
Stoliczkai, C. B. C. 292
ThoTHsoni, C. B. C. 293
verritcosa, Klatt . 293
vestiia. Wall. . . 297
Isolobus campanu-

loides. A. DC. . 425
radicans, k.DQ. . 425
Boxhurghian us,

A. DC 425

Isonnndra, Wight . .538
acuminata, Drury . 542
? caloneuru, Kurz . 546
calpphylla, Kurz . 546
canalicidata, Thw. . 541
Candoliiana, J%A^ 537
diplostemon,

C. B.C. . . . 540
^rai2dis,T\\yf. . . 540

Page
Gutta, Hook. . , 643
hexandra, Griff. . 643
IcBvifdia, Thw. . .541
lanceolata, Wight . 539
lanceolata, Thw. . 641
obovata, Griff. . . 542
paiicijiora, Thw. . 541
Perottetiana, Jf /"^A^ 539
Perottetiaim, A. DC. 539
polyandra, Wight . 548
poiyanthe, Kurz . 642
rvMginosa, Thw. . 541
Stocksii, C. B. C. . 539
villosa, Wight . . 538
Wightiana, A. DC. 539
Isonana ovata, Cass. 235
Ixeris, Cass. . . . .410
fontinalis, DC. . .410
pclycephala, Cass. . 410
Ixora, Lm/i. . . .137
acuminata, Roxb. . 137
acuniinata, Thw. . 138
o^Ti/if, Wall. . . 149
alba, Roxb. . . .145
amcena, Wall. . .146
arborea, Roxb. . . 142
arborescens, Hassk, 143
? arguta, Br. . .149
Amottiana, Miq. . 142
attenuata, Wall. . 149
atienuata, Wall. . 177
Bandhuca, Roxb. . 145
barbata, Roxb. . .148
blanda, Ker . . .145
brachiata, Roxb. . 142
Brandisiana, Kurz 142
brunnescens, Kurz 143
Brunonis, Wall. . 139
calycica, 7'kw. . ,138
canjia, Wall. . .147
cocci nea, i/m«. . .145
coccinea, Bot. Mag. 145
concinna, Br. . .147
congosta, Roxb. . .146
coriacea, Br. . .143
corymbosa, Heyne . 140
crocata, Lindl. . .145
cuneifolia, Roxb. . 144
cuneifolia, Roxb. . 149
decipitns, DC. . .142
? densa, Br. . . .149
diversifolia, Wall. . 141
elliptica, Br. . . .143
elongata, Heyne . 141
erubescens, Wall. . 149
fulgens, Roxb. . .146
fidgens, AVall. , .146
glaucina, J^LMr^ . .149

Page
grandijlora, Br. . .1 49
grandifiora,^ch\Qc\it 139
grandifolia, Z. ^ M. 143
graiidifolia, Br. . .105
qrandis, Miq. . .140
'GriffithiiRook. . 146
Helferi, Kurz . .107
incarwtta, DC. . .145
incamata, Roxb. . 145
Johnsoni, Hook.f. . 139
juQimda, 7%w. . .133
jucunda, Thw. . .143
Kingstoni, Hook.f. 140
Kurzeaua, T. <^ B. . 143
lanceolaria, Colfhr, 138
leucantha, Heyne . 138
longifolia, (i. Don . 105
lucida, i/r. . . .148
macrophylla, Br. . 165
ma/rrosiphon, Kurz 143
inciiiecyiifol ia , Kurz 149
merguensis, //oo/t./. 140
Movtcnin, Miq. . . 40
nauclcifioraf Kurz . 152
nigricans, ^r. . .148
Notoniana, Wall. . 136
oblonga, Br. . . .148
ohlonga, Br. . . . 149
obovata, Heyne . .145
obtusata, Miq. . .142
opaca, Br. . . . 147
oxy])hylla, Wall. . 139
pauiculata, i?o<^^^. . 149
paniadatg,JjMn\i. . 150
Y,\.vx\^OT-di,^V ahl . 142
Pnmtta, 4ndr. . .142
P((vetta,Ro-s\p . f. 160
pendula, Jack . .141
pedunculate. Dalz. . 141
polyantha, Wight . 1 40
propinqjw.'QT. ^ .145
puherula, Wall. . . 144
recurva, Kurz . . 197
rosm, Wall, . 144, 145
rosella, Kurz . .143
rugosula, Wall. , 146
salicifolia, DC. . .146
? sessilijlora, Kurz . 147
spectabilis, H^a^/. . 141
stricta, Roxb. . .145
subsessilis, Wall. . 139
Thozetii, F. Muell. . 112
Thwaitesii, Hook.f. 138
tomentosa, DC. . .150
tomeniosa, Roxb. . 150
tomentosa, Thw. .153
xmdulata, 7?oa'6. . . 1 47
villosa, /i'ox6. . .114

Y Y 2

^

692

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Wallicliii, W. & A. 149
Wallichii, Wi^ht . 138
wehercefolia, Kurz . 105
Wightiana, Wall. . 139
IxOBEiE . . . . 20, 137

Jackia, Wall. . . .125
ornata, Wall. . .126
Jasmweje .... 590
Jasminum, Limi^ . .591
adenophylluin, Wall. 597
affine, Wight . . 600
amplexicaule,Wall. 592
anastomosans, Wall. 596
angustifolium, Vahl 598
angustifolium, Ker. 597
angti9tifoliu/n,'Wall. 597
arborescens, Ro.vh. . 594
arboreum, R. & S. . 594
aristatum, "Wall. . 592
attenuatum, Eoxh. . 599
attenuatum, Wall. . 601
aureum, Don . . 603
auriculatum, Vahl , 600
bifarmm, Wall. . . 595
hignoniaceum. Wall. 602
bracteatum, Roxh. . 593
hracteatum, Heyne . 593
bracteatum, Wall. . 595
bracteatum, Wight . 592
brevilobum, A. DC. 600
calophylltim, Wall. 602
caudatum, Wall. . 601
chrysanthe7mim,

Roxb 602

. coarctatum, Roxh. . 593
congestum. Wall. . 592
cordifolium, Wall. . 594
courtallense,'^\^h.t . 602
ciispidatum, Rottl. . 598
decussatum, Wall. . 594
dichotomum, Don . 599
dispermum, Wall. . 602
erectiflorum. A. DC. 596
extensum, Wall. . 603
flexile, Vahl . . .601
fragrans, Salisb. . 591
Gardnerianuon,

Wight . . . .598
glabellum, Wall. 594, 595
glabnim, Horsf. . 595
glabrum, Willd. . 595
glandulosum, Wall. 599
grandiflonim, Linn. 603
Griffithii, C. B. C. . 593
HamiltoniL G. Don . 599
heterophyllum,

Tfoxh 601

Page
Heyneanum, Wall. ,592
hirsutum, Miq. . . 593
hirsutum, Wall. . 593
hirmtum, Willd. 126, 592
humile, Linn. . . 602
inodorum, Jacq. . 602
inter77iedium, Wight 599
IcBtum, Wall. . . 595
lanceifoUum, Roxb. 601
lanceolaria, Roxh. . 601
latifolia, Roxb. . . 594
latipetalum, C.B. C. 599
laurifolium, Roxb. . 597
laurifolium, Gamble 599
laurifolium,.WeM. . 596
Lessertiannm, DC. . 595
ligustpifolium, Wall. 603
li(]fnstrifolium,W-all. 598
Maingayi, C. B. C. 594
malabaricum, Wt. . 594
onontuMum, Roth . 594
multiflorum, Roth . 592
onyrtophyllum,

Zenk." .... 598
nepalense, Spreng. . 599
nilagiricmn, Hohen. 600
nobile, a B. C. .597
nummularoides, Bl. 595
oblongum, Burm. . 603
officinale, Linn. . 603
ovalifolium, Wight 600
ovatum, Wall. . .601
paniculatum, Roxb. 601
Perrottetianum,I)C. 598
pnbescens, Willd. . 502
pubescens, Miq. . , ^3
pubescens, Wall. . 591
pubigerum, JDo)/- . 602
punctatnm, Wall. . 595
purpureum, Heyne . 598
quinqueflorum,

Heyne . . . .591
reticulatum. Wall. . 593
revolutum, Sims . 602
rigidum, Zenk. . .598
rigidum, Thw. . .593
Ritchiei, C. B. C. . 598
Rottlerianumii Wall. 593
Roxburghianum,

Wall 595

-Sambac, Ait. . . 591
scandens, Vahl . . 595
scandcns, GriiF. . .592
sessiliflorura, Vahl 597
silhetensis, Bl. . . 596
simplici folium, Bth. 599
similacifolium,

Chnf. .... 600

Page-
solenantheum, DC. . 603
stenopetalum, Lindl. 596-
subglandulosum ,

Kurz .... 600
subtriplinerve, Bl. 596
syringaefolium,

fFaW 595

tetraphis, ^^. # G. 599
trichotomum,

jfir<"ywe .... 599
triflorum, Heyne . 598:
triflorum, Pers. . . 598
trinerve, Roxb. . . 596
tri nerve, Yahl . .596
trinerve, Wall. , . 596
tubiflorum, Roxh. . 603
undulatum, Ker . . 592
undulatvm, Heyne . 592
undulatum, Willd. 591
vimineum, Willd. . 598
Wallichianum, Ldl. 602
Wightii, a B. C. . 59&
7Mmhac,'RQix\). . . 591
zeylanicum, Burm. . 647
Joegeria calendulacea,

Spreng 306;

Jurinea, Cass. . . .378
adenocarpa, Ledeb . 372
ceratocarpa, Benth . 378
chatolepis, Boiss. . 382-
gnaphalioides,

Klatt .... 379
macrocephala, 5i7i. . 378
modesta, Boiss. . .378
rosulata, Klatt . .379
? Tricholepis, DC. . 383

Keenania, HooJc.f. . 101
modesta, Hook.f. . 101

Kentrophyllum

lanatum, DC. . . 386^
Wightii, Hassk. . . 548

Keraiophorus Wightii,

Maingay . . . 547

Kleinia Cusimhua,

Less 334

Knoxia, Linn. . . .128
brachyearpa, Br. . 130-
corymbos;J, Willd. . 128
corymbosa, Thw. . 129
exserta, DC. . . .129
glabra, DC. . . . 59
Heyneana, DC. . .129
hirsuta. Am. . .131
l(^is,-DC. ... 130
macrocarpa, Kurz . 1 30
mollis, W.S^ A. .129
molUs,BT. ... 129

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

693

Page
plantaginea, WcUl. . 130
platycarpa, Am. . 131
"istricta, Gaertn. . 129
^tricta, Thw. . .129
strict a, W. & A. .130
sumatrensis, DC. . 131
sumatrensis, Wall. . 129

teres, DC 129

teres, Wall. . . .129
nmbellata. Banks . 129
Wightiana, Wall. . 129
Wightiana, Sclil. . 51
zeylanica, Linn. . 130

Knoxibje . . . 20, 128

Koelpinia, PcUl. \ . 392
linearis, Pall. . . 392

Kohautia sewgalensis,

Endl 68

Kopsia, Bl. ' . . . 639
fruticosa, A. DC. . 639
macrophylla. Hook. 639
pauciflora, Hook. /. 639

Xabisia, Lindl. . . .518
pothoina, Lindl. . 518

? Lachncstonm tri-

florum, Korth. . 154

Jjactuca, Linn. . . . 402
arvensis, Edgew. . 405
Benthamii, C.B.C. 411
hialata. Griff. . . 405
bracteata, H.f.^'T. 409
hracteata, Wall. . 404
brevirostris.

Champ. . . . 405
Brimoniana, C. B, C. 406
Clarkei, Hook.f. . 406
decipiens, C. B. C / 407
dissecta, Don . . 405
Dubysea, G. B. C. . 409
glabra, DC. . . . ;,96
graciliflora, DC. . 406
gracilis, D.C. . .410
hastata, DC. . . 407
Heyneana, DC. . . 40-3
Hoffmeisteri, Klotz. 408
l(Bvigata, C. B. C. . 408
Icevigata, DC. . .411
Lessertiana, C.B. C. 408
longifolia, DC. . . 405
raacrantha, C. B. C. 409
macrorhiza, Hook.f. 408
napifolia, DC. . . 395
nudicaiUis Murray . 416
obtusa, C. B. C. . .416
orientalis, BoLss. . 404
polycephala, Benth. 410

Page
ramosissi/iia, Gren.

& Godr. . . .404
rapunculoides,

C.B.C. . . . 407
remotiflora, DC. . 403
rigida, DC. . . .396
runeinata, DC. . . 403
sagittarioides, C. B. 410
sagittata, H. f. & T. 410
sarmentosa, DC. . 417
saliva, Linn. . . 404
sativa. Wall. . . 404
Scariola, L/nn. . . 404
Schimperi, J.& Sph. 403
sqicarrosa, Miq. . . 405
Stocksii, Buiss. . . 405
tatarica, C. A. M. . 406
undulata, Lcdeb. . 404
vimineay C. B. C. . 404
violafolia, C. B. C. ^ 412
Lagascea, Cav. . . . 302
mollis, Cav. . . . 302
Lagenophora, Cass. . 248
Billardieri, Cass. . 248
Harveyi, Thwaites . 248
sundana, Miq. . . 248
Laggera, Sch. Bip. . 270
alata, Schultz . .271
arida, C. B. C. . .273
aurita, Schultz . .271
divaricata, Oliv. . 271
fiSiVQ., Bmth. . . .270
pterodonta, Benth. . 271
Lagoseris temiifolia,

Reichb. . . .395
Lamprachsenium,

Benth 228

microcephalum,

Benth 229

Lappa major, Gaertn. . 359
minor, Schkuhr . . 359
tomentosa, Lamk. . 359
Lapsana, Linn. . .391
communis, Linn. . 392
Koelpinia,Jj\xm. . 392
Lasianthus, Jack . .178
acuminatus, Wight . 185
acuminatus, Wight . 1 85
andamanicus, Hk.f. 189
appressus, Hook. f. 181
attenuatus, Ja^k . 181
Biermanni, King . 190
Blumeanus, Wight . 184
bract eat us, Wight . 179
capitulatus, Wight . 191
chinensis, Benth. . 187
ciliatus, Wight . . 184
constrictus, Wight . 188

Page
crinitus, Hook.f. . 182
cyanocarpus, Jac^ . 179
densifolius, Miq. . 182
dichotomus, Wight . 191
?dubim, Wight. . 167
ellipticus, Wight . 182
foetens, Wight . . .193
Gardneri, Thw. . .186
Griffithii, Wight . . 179
Helferi, Hook. f. . 189
Hookeri, C. B.C. . 184
inconspicuus,^(9o^./. 187
Jackianus, Wight . 180
Kurzii, Hook. f. . 1 83
l<evicaulis, Kurz . 179
lancifolius, Hook.f. 187
longi Cauda, Hook.f. 190
longifolius, Wight . 187
lucidus, Blume . .184
Maingayi, /foo^. /. . 188
micT&nthus, Hook.f. 190
Moonii, Wight . .180
nitida, Thw.? . . 189
obliquns, Thw. . .192
oblongifolius, Bedd. 183
obovatus, Bedd. . . 1 86
obscurus, Blume . 183
oculu^cati,'yL\c^. . 179
oliganthus, Thw. . 186
parvifolius-', Wight . 186
pauciflorus, W^ight . 189
plagiophyllus,

Hance . . . .180
pilosus, Wight . .182
pterospermus, Wt. . 188
retosus, Wight . .181
rhizophyllus, Thw. . 185
rostratus, Wight . 185
Eoxburghii, V^ \ght . 179
sikkimensis, Hk. f. 1 80
stcrcorarius, Kurz . 183
stipularis, Blume . 179

. strigillosus, Hook.f. 1 85
strigosus, Wight . . 189
tentaculatu8,/fooXr./. 181
Thwaitesii, Hook.f. 185
truncatus, Bedd. . 189
tubifenis, Hook.f . 183
ttibiflorus, Bl\ime . 197
varians, Thw. . .191
venosiis, Wight . .188
venulosus, Wight . 190
Walkerianus, Wt. . 186
Wallichii, Wight . 180
Wightianus, Hk. f 188

Lasiopogon, Cass. . . 287
lanatum, Cass. . .287
mtcscoides, DC. . . 287

694

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Lasiostomaformi-

carium, Spreng. . 194

Launsea, Cass. . . .414

aspleniifolia, DC. . 415

chondrilloides, DC. 415

glomerata, Cass. . 417

microcephala, flit./. 415

nudicaulis, Less. . 416

pinnatifiJa, Cass. . 416

secunda, C. B. C. .416

Laiirinea ? Griff. . .575

Lavenia alba. Wall. . 242

camosa, Wall. . . 242

dentata, Wall. . . 247

erecta. Wall. . . .242

fastigiata, Blume . 243

inacrofhylla, Blume 242

farvijiora, Blume . 242

rigida. Wall. . . 248

ruqosa, Wight . . 243

viscida. Wall. . . 242

Lawia acuminata, Wt. 96

Lawsonia purpurea,

Lamk 56

Lecananthus, Jack . 100
erubescens, Jact^ . 100
Lcqouixia amahilis,

Muell. .... 666
Leontodon eriopodum,

Don 401

eriopus, Spreng. . 401
qlaucescens, M. B. .401
'? Kuntkmnum,Wai\\. 369
parvtdum. Wall. . 401
Leontopodium, Br, . 278
alpinum, Cass. . . 279
himalaya7ium, DC. . 279
monocephal'um,

Edgew. . . .279
Leptocodon, H. f.

#. T. . '. . . 430
gracilis, H. f. ^ T. 430
Leptocoma racemosa,

Less 248

Leptodermis, Wall. . 198
Griffithii, Hook. f. .198
lanceolata, Wall. . 198
scabrida, Hook./. . 199
virgata, Edgew.'. . 198
Leucohlepharis sub-

sessilis, Am. . . 276

Leucodon, Gardn. . . 93

reticulatum, Gardn. 94

Leucomeris, Bon . . 386

decora, Kurz . . 387

7nacrophylla,'DC. . 386

spectabilis. Don . . 386

Leuconotis, Jack . . 627

Page

anceps, Jack . . . 628

cuspidafus, Bl. . . 628

eugenifolius, ^. 7)C. 627

Griffithii, Hook.f. .68

Maingayi, Dyer . . 628

Leucopogon, B. Br. .477

malayanus, Jack . 477

moluccanus, Scheff. 477

Leucothoe, D. Don . 460

Griffithiana, G. B. C. 460

"ikatagherensis, DC. 457

Leucoyxlum buxi-

j^olium, Bl. . . 559

Leyeesteria, Wall. . 16

formosa, Wall. . . 16

glaucophylla, flX". /. 16

gracilis, Kurz . . 16

Lhodra cratcegoides,

Dene 573

Liatris lobelioides,

Wall 388

lAqhtfootia qracilis,

Miq. ' . . . .429
Ligularia amplexi-

caulis, DC. . . 348
arnicoides, DC. . .351
arnicoides. Wall. . 332
corymbosa, DC. . . 348
f rigida, Schultz . .351
nana, Dene. . . . 357
palmata, H. f. & T. 331
pinnatifida, H. f. &

T 332

racemosa, DC. . .360
reniformis, DC. . .331
retusa, DC. . . .350
sibirica, Cass. . .350
Ligustrum, Linn, . .614
bracteolattim, Don . 617
Candolleanum, Bl. . 615
Candolleannm,

Dene 615

ceylanicum, Dene. . 614
compactTim, H. f. ^

T. 616

compactum, Dene. . 615
confusum, Dene. . 616
Decaisnei, C. B. C. 616
kumaonense. Dene. . 617
laurifolium, Roxb. . 618
luciium, Aiton . .615
Massalongianum,

■Vis 616

microphylla, Wight. 616
microphyllum,

Bedd. . . . .616
Myrsinites, Dene. . 617
neilgherrense, Wt. . 615

Page.
neilgherrense. Dene. 616.
nepalense, Wall. . 617
parviflorum. Vis. . 617
Perrottetii, A. DC. 615
pubescens. Wall. . 614
'punctatum. Griff. . 614
robustum, Bl. , .614
robustum, Bedd. . 615.
robustum, Thw. . .614
robustum. Wall. . 616.
Roxburghii, C. B.C. 615
spicatum, Ham. . .617
Uva-ursi, Dene. . 617
vestitum, Wall, . .617
Walkeri, Dene. . .614
Wallichii, Bl. . .617
Linociera, Swartz . . 607
acuminata, Wall. . 610
albidiflora, Thw. . 608
eontinifolia, Vahl .611
dichotoraa, Wall. . 608
insignis, C. B, C, . 610 •
intermedia, Wight . 609
laxiflora, Bl. . . . 610 ■
leprocarpa. Thw. . 608
? lorantliifolia, FftiZ. 611
macrophylla, Wall. 610'
malabarica. Wall. . 607
minutiflora, C.B.C. 610
Muelleri, V.Heurck 611
? oblonga. Wall. . . 609 ■
paueifiora, C. B. C. 609
pauciflora. Wall. . 609
purpurea, Vahl . .608
ramiflora, Wall. .611
rostrata, 7%w. . . 608
tenuiflora. Wall. . 611
terniflora, Wall. . 610
Wightii, C. B. C. . 608
lApatja telephioides,

Endl 42

Lobelia, Linn. . . . 423
affinis, Wall. . . 424
alata, Heyne . . . 425
arenarioides, A. DC. 425
aromatica, Moon . 427
begonicefolia. Wall. 422
ccBS'pitosa, Blume . 425
campanidoides, Th. . 425
chenopodifolia,

Wall 423

chinensis, Lour. . . 423
Cliffortiana, Linn.- . 423
colorata. Wall. . . 426
decurrens. Roth . . 425
dichotomy, Miq. . 425 •
Lobelia dopatrioides,

Kurz . . . .424

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
erecta, H.f. ^ T. . 426
excelsa, Leschen. . 427
Jrutescens, Linn. . 421
gratiol aides, Roxb. . 423
Griffithii, H.f. # T. 424
Heyneana, R. & S. . 425
Horsfieldiana, Miq. 422
Lobbiana, fl" /. cf r. 424
micrantha, Hook. . 425
microcarpa, C. B. C. 424
inishmica, C. B. C. 426
montana, Reinir. . 423
niootianaefolia,
Heyne

427
Nummularia, Lamk. 422
421
421
428

Plumieri, Burra.
Plumieri, Linn, .
? pumila, A. DC.
purpurascens. Wall. 426
pyramidalis, Wdll. . 426
radicans, Thunb.
rosea, Wall. . .
SebcB, A. DC. .
stipularis, Roth
stibcimeata, Miq.
subindsa. Wall.
sitbracemosa, Miq.
Taccada, Gaertn.
terminalis, C. B. C. 424
trialata, Ham. . , 425
triangnlata, Roxb. . 423
trichandra, Wt. . .427
trigoaa, Roxb. . . 423
trigoim, H. f. & T. 425
trigona, Roxb. . .425
trigona, Thwaites . 425
umbrosa, Hochst. . 425
Wallichiaym, H. f.

& T 426

Wallichii, Steud. . 426
zeylanica, Linn. . 425
zeylanica, Wall. . 424

LOBELIK^ .... 422

Lomatolepis, Cass. .417
glomerata, Cass. .417

Lonicera, Linn. . . 9

acuminata, Wall. . 10

alpigena, Linn. . . 15

angustifolia. Wall. . 13

asperifolia,ir./.^r. 11

bracteata, Royle . 11

chinensis, Royle . 16

confusa, Royle . . 16

confma, DC. . . 16

decipiens, ff:/.^ r. 14

depressa, Royle . . 13

discolor, Lindl. . . 15

diveriifolia^ Wall. . 14

Page

elliptica, Royle . . 14

Finlaysoniana, H^a^/. 16

glabrata, Wall. . . 10

glauca, //./. 4- T. . 11
glaiicophylla, H. f.

&T 16

Govaniatuc, Wall. . 15

heterophyila, Dene. 15

hispida. Pall. . . 11

hypoleuca. Dene. . 14

japonica, Wall. . . 10

laneeolata, Wall. . 14

Leschenaultii, Wall. 10

ligustrina, Wall. . 12

longifolia, Royle . 16

Laureirii, R.f.&T. 10

macrantha, DC. . . 10

mierophylla, Willd. 15

mollis, Wight . . 10

Myrtillus,^./.&r. 13

obovata, Royle . . 14

orientalis, Lamk. . 15

ovata. Ham. ... 11

oxyphylla, Edgw. . 16

parvifolia, Edgw. . 13
purpurascens, H. f.

f T. . . . ' . 12
quinquelocularis,

Hardvnck ... 14

Royleana, Wall. . 14

rupicola, H.f. 4' T. 13

sericea, Royle . . 12

Sieversiana, Buuge . 1 5

spinosa, Jaeq. . . 13

stipulata,ll.i.8cT. 17
tomentella, H. f. ^.

T. . . . ' . . 12

Webbiana, Wall. . 16

Wightiana,Wa]l. . 12

LONICERE^ .... 1

Lucinsea, DC. ... 93
Morinda, DC. . . 93

Luculia, Sweel ... 36
gratissima, Sweet . 36
gratissima. Wall. . 37
Pinceana, Hook. . 37

hyama, Roxb. . . . 669

Lysimachia, Linn. . 501
acroadenia, Maxim. 502
alata, Gard. . . . 504
alternifolia. Wall. . 504
chenopodioides,

Wall 503

Clementsonio/na,

Wall 602

coTisobrina, Hance . 502
debilis. Wall. .• . 505
deeurrens, Hance . 502

Page
deltoides, Wight . 505
evalvis, Wall. . . 604
ferruginea, Edgew. 505
Foenum -gr cecum ,

Hance .... 504
glanduUtsa, fidgevr. 604
glandulosa, Klatt . 603
glaucescens. Wall. . 502
heterophylln, Don . 603
japonica, Thunb. . 505
japonica, Thw. . . 505
javanica, Bl. . . 502
Leschenaultii, Duby. 601
linearifolia, Griff. . 504
lobelioides. Wall. . 502
Metziana, Elohen. . 505
multiflora, Wall. . 502
Notoniafia, Wall. . 502
obovata. Ham. . . 602
peduncularis. Wall. 604
prolifera, Klatt . . 603
pyramidalis. Wall. 503
quingtui ngularis,

Ham 604

ramosa. Wall. . . 503
secimda. Ham. . . 602
tenella. Wall. . . 606
tetragona, Don . . 604
umbrosa, Gardn. . 605
Lysimachie^ . . . 482
Lysistemma dendigu-

lense, Steetz . . 238
dioerge7is, Steetz . 234
multiflorum, Steetz . 234
pectiniforme, Steetz 239

Maba, J. R. # G. Forst. 650
Maba?, W&W. . . .651
acuminata, Hiern. . 650
andamanica, Kurz . 651
buxifolia, Pers. . . 651
Cumingiana, A. DC. 651
Ebenus, Wight . .651
guinecnsis, A. DC. . 651
t littorea, Br. . . .. 65 1
madaqascariensis,

A. DC 651

Maingayi, Hiern . 652
merguensis, Hiern , 652
xoicTa^ihA, Hiern . . 652^
neilgherrensis, Wt. . 661
nigrescent, Dalz. . 661
oblongi folia, Hiern . 660
ovalifolia, Hiern . 651
Smeathmanni,
A. D.C. . . .651
Macreightia aeuminata,

Thw 550

696

INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

1

Page
andamanica, Kurz . 551
oblongifolia, Kurz . 551
oblongifolia, Thw. . 550
ovalifolia, Thw. . 551

Macrocncmum stric-
• tum,W\\\di. . .121

Madacarpus belgaum-

ensis, Wt. . . . 348

Madaractis arachnoi-

dea, Herb. Calc. . 347
glabra, DC. . , . 344
lamcginosa, Edgew. 346
Metziana, Schultz . 344
pinnatifida, DC. . 345
'polycephala, DC. . 344
scabra, DC. . . .345

Msesa, Forsk. . . . 507
acuminata, Wall. . 511
acuminata, A. DC. 508
andamanica, Kurz . 508
argentea, Wall. . .610
canarana, Miq. . .510
Chisia, Don . . .509
dioica, A. DC. . . 509
dubia, Wall. . . .510
fulvinervis, A. DC. 510
glabra, A. DC. . . 508
indiea. Wall. . .509
indica, Bedd. . .510
lanceolata, Don . . 508
latifoUa, A. DC. . 509
macrophylla. Wall. 510
missionis, A. DC. . 608
mollis, A. DC. . .510
moliissima, Kurz . 510
montana, A, DC. . 509
montana, H. f. & T. 608
muscosa, Kurz . .511
ovata, A. DC. . . 608
paniculata, A. DC. 609
per mollis, Kurz . ,610
Perottetiana,^.jDC. 509
pyrifolia, Miq. . . 609
ramentacea, A. DC. 508
rugosa, C. B. G. . 608
sumatrana, Scheff. . 608
tomeutosa, Don . .610
verrucosa, Kurz . .508
virgata, A. DC. . . 609

Mjbseje 607

Mahwah or Madhuea,

Ham. .... 644

MalaspincBa laurifolia,

Presl .... 533

Mallica, Jones . . .591

MarutaCotula,JArm. . 312
kemisphcerica, DC. . 316

Matricaria, Linn. , ,315

Page
aurea, Boiss. . . .317
Chamomilla, Linn. 315
oleraeea, Ham. . .314
prsecox, DC. . . .316
suaveolens, liinn. . 315

Megera Helonycha,

Ham 304

Melanoseris bracteata,

H. f. & T. . . 409
lyrata, Dene. . . 409
paniculata, Edgew. 408
sa^atilis, Edgew. . 408

Melodinus, Forst. . .628
? eugejiifolius,'Wall. 628
khasianus, Hook. f. 629
? micranthus, H/c.f. 629
monogynus, Eoxb. . 629
orientalis, Bl. . . 629

Memecylon pauci-

jiorum, Wall. . .133

Mephitidia attemwbta,

DC 181

ckinensis. Champ. . 187
cyanocarpa, DC. . 179
hicida, DC. . . . ] 84
Moonii, Thw. . .180
protraota, Thw. . .189
rhinozerotis, Kurz . 1 80
stipularis, DC. . .179
strigosa, Thw. . .189
tomentosa, Thw. . 185
varians, Thw. 186, 189
Walker iana, Thw. .186
Wallichii, W. & A. 180

Mesoptera, Hook.f. . 136
Maingayi, Hook.f. . 137

Metabolus cartdeus,

Blume . . . .58
lineattis, Barth , . 58
prostratus, Bl. . . 62
venosus, Bl. . . . 59

Meyer a orientalis, Don 291

Micreehites, Miq. . . 670
elliptica, Hook.f. . 671
polyantha, Miq. . .671

Microglossa, Z>C. 256,671
albescens, C. B. C.

257, 671
cabidica, C. B. C. . 257
Griffithii, C. B. C. . 257
volubilis, DC. . . 257
zeylanica, Benth. . 257

Microlonchus divarica-

tus, DC. . . . 383

Micropyxis pumila,

Duby .... 506
tenella, Wight . . 506

Microrhynchus, Less. 414

Page
acaulis, Kurz . .396
asplenifolius, DC. . 415
chondrilloides,

C. B. C. . . . 415
fallax, Jaub. & Sp. 416
glabra, Wt. . . .396
glomeratus, Jaub. &

Spach . . . .417
nudicauUs, Less. . 415
patens, DC. . . . 403
sarmentosus, DC. .416
Microtinus, Oerst. . . 7
Mikania, Willd. . . 244
clematidea, Wall. . 243
chenopodifolia,

Willd 244

Wall 354

longicaulis, Wall.,

244, 671
scandens, Willd. . 244
voluhi/is, Willd. . . 244

Z\[iniusops, Linn. . . 548
? attenunta, Wall. .637
6a^to, Bl. ... 549
Browniana, Benth. . 549
dissecta, Br. . . . 549
Elengi, Limi. . . 548
hexandra, Boxb. . 549
Hookeri, A. DC. . . 549
iudica, A. DC. . . 549
indica, Kurz . . . 549
Kauki, Litiii. . . 549
Kauki, Wall. . . 549
littoralis, Kurz » .549
lucida, Wall. . . 547
Manilkara, Don . 534
Koxburghiana, ^i^. . 548

Minyranthes hetero-

phylla, Turcz. . 304

Mogorium pubescens,

Lamk 592

Saonbac, Lamk. . .591
triflorum, Lamk. . 598
undulatum, Lamk. . 591
vimineum, Lamk. . 598

Monenteles spicatus,

Labill 275

Monetia barlerioides,

L'Herit. . . .620
Brunoniana, Wall. 620
laxa. Planch. . . 620
sartnentosa, Baill. . 620

Monotheca, muscaten-

sis, A. DC. . . 534

Monotropa, Linn. . . 476
Morisoniana,

Miehx 476

INDEX OF GENBEA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

697

Page
uniflora, Linn. . . 476

JIHlONOTBOPEJK . . . 476
Moonia Amottiana,

Wight .... 303
heferophylla, Arnott 303
Morina, Linn. . . .216
, Aucheri, Jaub. &

Spach ... .216
betonicoides, Benth. 217
breviflora, Edgew. . 216
•C!oulteriana, Royle .216
■eleqans, Fisch. &

Lallem. . . .216
^rcBca, Jaub. & Sp. 216
longifoUa, Wall. .216
nana. Wall. . . .217
nepalensis, Don .217
persica, Linn. . .216
polyphylla, Wall. .216
Tournefortii, Jaub.

& Spach . . .216

Wallichiana, Eoyle .216

Morinda, Linn. . .155

an^sti folia, Roxb. 156

angustifolia. Roth . 156

aspera, W. & A. .156

bracteata, Roxb. . 156

Chacuca, Ham. . .156

citrifolia, Linn. . . 155

/sitrifolia, Bedd. , 156

. citrifolia, Linn. . .156

Coreia, Ham. . . 156

exserta, Roxb. . .156

lan<;eolata. Wall. . 157

leiantha, Kurz . .156

multiflora, Roxb. . 166

Naudia, Ham, . .156

nodosa, Ham. . .166

Padavara, Juss. . 157

persicaefolia. Ham. . 1 57

jpolysperma, Jack . 93

rigida, Miq. . .157

scandens, Roxb. . 157

speciosa, Wall. . .158

squarrosa, Ham. . 157

stenophylla, Spr. . 166

tetrandra, Jack . .157

Tei/sinan7iiana,'M.iq. 156

tinctoria, Roxb. . 156

tinctoria, Roxb. . .156

tomcntosa, Heyne . 156

>umbellata, Linn. . 157

villosa, Hook.f. . 168

Wallichii, ^wr^ . . 158

Zollingeriana, Mlq. . 156

MOBINDE^ . . . 20, 155

Morindopsis, Hook.f. . 121

capillaris, iCwrz . .121

Page
Mulgedium cyaneum,

DC 408

decipiens, H. f. & T. 407

leBvigatum, DC. . . 408

Lessertiamim, DC. . 409
macranthithi, H. f.

& T 409

in<icrorkizum, Royle 408

nilgherryense, Wt. . 408

rapun^uloid'S, DC. . 407

robust urn, DO. . . 408

rostratuM, Schultz . 406

sagittatum, Royle . 405

Mussaenda, Linn. . . 86

calycina. Wall. . . 89

cordifolia, Wall. . 91

corymbosa, Roxb. . 91

? corymbosa, Kurz . 87

corymbosa, Roxb. . 89

corymbosa. Wall. . 87

cuneifolia, Don . , 92

cuneifolia, Don . . 34

Dorinia, Ham. . . 89

flavescens, Ham. . 89

formosa, Linn. . . 89

frondosa, Linn. . . 89
frondosa. Wall. . 87, 89

glabra, Vahl ... 90

glabra. Wall. . . 88

Griffithii, Wight . 88

hispida, Don ... 89

incana. Wall. . . 87

ingrata. Wall. ? . . 89

Jelinckii, Kurz . . 88

Keenani, ^. /. . . 87

longifolia. Wall. . 88

Licculia, Ham. . . 36

macrophylla, Kurz. 91

macrophylla, Wall.. 89

? 7nacrophylla,'K\iTz 90

pai-va. Wall. ... 91

pavettaefolia, Kurz. 91

penangensis, Miq. . 90

piibescens. Ham. . . 87

? pnbescens. Wall. . 87

repens. Wall. . . 84

Roxburgh! i, Hook.f. 87

setulosa, Klotzsch . 91

tomentosa, Wight . 88

tomentosa, AVight . 90

uniflora, Wall. . . 86

variolosa, WaU. . . 90

villosa, WaU. ... 91

villosa, Schlecht. . 90

vz/^osa. Wall. . . 89

Wallichii, G. Don . 88

zeylanica, Burm. . 89
MUSS^NDE.E . . 19, 86

Page

MirrisTACBJB . 225, 386

Mycetia j'avanica,

Reinw 95

Myriactis, Less. . . 247
camosa. Wall. . . 247
Gmelini, DC. . . 247
gracilis, Edgew. . . 247
javanica, DC. . . 247
nepalensis, Less. . 247
oleosa, Edgew. . .247
Wallichii, Less. . . 247
Wightii, DC. . . 247

Myriogyne minuta,

Less 317

Myrioneuron, WaU. . 96
angustifolium.fiX;./. 97
Clarkei, Hook.f. . 96
nutans. Wall. . . 96

Myrmecodia, Jack. . 194
armata, DC. . . .194
? echinata, G&ud. . 194
? tuberosa, Blume . 194

Myrsine, Linn. . . .511
acuminata, Royle .611
africana, Linn. . .511
avenis, A. DC. . .612
6i/ana, Wall. . .611
capitellata, Wall. .612
capitellata. Wall. .612
excelsa, Don . . .612
glabra, Gaertn. . .611
khasiana, Kurz . .612
lanceolata. Wall. .612
lepidocarpon, Wight 612
lucida, Wall. . . .612
Myrtillus, Hook. . 616
neriifolia, S. & Z. .612
pachysandra. Wall. 531
philippensis, A. DC. 612
ForteHana, Wall. .512
Potama, Don. . .511
retusa, Ait. . . .511
rotundifolia, Lamk. 611
scabra, Gaertn. . .611
semiserrata, Wall. . 611
sessilis, Don . . .611
subspinosa, Don . 512
theafolia, Wall. . .512
umbellulata, A. DC. 512
? undidata, Wall. .616
Wightiana, Wall. .612

Myhsine^ .... 607

Myrtles laurina, Retz . 573

Myxopyrum, Bl. , .617
nervosum, Bl. . .618
smilacifolium, Bl. . 618

Nanotharanus, Thorns. 273

698

INDEX OP GENEHA, SPECIKS AND SYNONYMS.

Page
sericeus, Thorns. . 273
Nardostachys, DC. .210
ffrandiflora,I>C. .211
Jatamansi, J)C. . .211
Nargedia, Beddome . 122
macracarpa, Bedd. . 122
Nauclea, Litm. ... 26
acida, Hunter . . 33
aralioides, Miq. . . 25
Brunonis, Wall. . . 26
coadmiata, Koxl). . 22
Cadamba, Roxb. . 23
cordata, Roxb. . . 22
cordifolia, Willd. . 24
diversifolia, AVall. . 26
eUiptica,'Ddi\z.&i(j:\\>B. 27
exaelsa, Blume . . 27
ferrea, Blume . . 33
ferruginea, Bl. . . 28
Gambier, Hunter . 31
lanceolata, Blume . 26
lanosa, Poir. ... 33
Maingayi, ^oo^-../". . 27
microcej)hala. Wall. 25
missionis, Wall. . 27
oblongata, Miq. . . 27
orientalis,B.h. M-ddr. 27
orientalis, Lamk. . 28
ovalifolia, Roxb. . 27
parviflora, Pers. . 25
■ par vi folia, Kurz . 26
parvifolia, Wall. . 22
parvifolia, Willd. . 25
peduncularis, Wall. 27
peduncularis, Thw. . 26
polycephala. Wall. . 25
purpurea, Boxb. . 26
purpurea, Wall. . 22
rotuTidifolia, Roxb. . 26
Boxburghii, Gr. Don . 22
scandens, Roxb. . . 30
scandens, Smith . 32
sclerophylla, Hunter 28
sericea, Wall. . . 24
sessilifolia, Roxb. . 24
setigera, Blume . . 33
stipulacea, Roxb. . 22
tetrandra, Roxb. . 24
trichotoma, 7i. & M. 25
tubulosa, Arn. . . 26
undijlata, Roxb. . 22
undulata, Wall. . 22
WaUickiana, Br. . 22
zeylanica, HooJc.f. . 26
NAUCLEBiE . . . 17, 22
Nelitris Jambosella,

Gaertn 127

Nerium, L'nin. . . . 654

Page
antidysvntericum,

Linn 654

caudatum, Lamk. . 655
caudatum, Roxb. . 656
coccineum, Roxb. . 654
Coraia, Ham. . . 653
coronarium, Jacq. . 647
divarwatuni, Herb. . 654
divaricatum, Linn. . 647
iiidicum, Mill. . . 655
latifolium, Mill. . 655
odoratum, Lamk. . 655
odorum, Soland. . 655
piscidium, Roxb. . 629
scandens, Lour. . . 655
? tinctorium, Ham. . 653
tinctorium, Roxb. . 653
tomentosum, Roxb. . 653
zeylanicum, Linn. . 654
Neurocalyx, Hook. . 46
capitata, Benth. . . 47
Championii, Benth. 47
Gardneri, Thw. . . 47
Haokeriana, Wt. . 47
Wightii, Arn. . . 47
zeylanicus, Hook. . 47
Nictanthes hirsuta, L. 126
"Noceaa mollis, Jacq. . 302
Nonatelia? hispida,

Wall 180

Notelsea Posua, Dow . 611
Zollingeriana, Teijs.
& Binn. . . .612
Notonia, DC. . . .337
balsamica, Dalz. ^

Gibs 337

corymbosa, DC. . . 337
crassissima, DC. .338
crassissima, Schultz 337
grandiflora, DC. . 337
Walkeri, C. B. C. . 337
Nyctanthes, Li7m. . . 603
angustifolia, Linn. . 598
Arbor-tristis, Linn. 603
hirsuta, Linn. . . 692
multiflora, Burm. . 592
pubescens, Retz . . 592
Sambac, Linn. . .591
scandens, Retz . . 595
triflora, Burm. . .598
undulatum, Linn. . 691
viminea, Retz . .598

Ochrosia, Juss. . .638
borbonica, Gmel. . 638
salubris, BL . . . 638

Octotropis, Bedd. . .131
travancorica, Bedd. 131

Page-
Oiospermum ? Wlghti-

anum, DC. . .301
Olax nana .... 620-
Oldouhindia. TAmi. . 64
affinis, DC. ... 67
alata, Koen. ... 70
alata, Roxb. ... 69 ,
alsinifolla, Gr. Don . 64
angustif'dia, Benth. 60-
arguta, Br. ... 67
aspera, DC. . . . 68
asperula, DC. . . 65
biflora, Linn. . . 70
biflora, Lamk. . . 64
brachiata, Wight . 66
brachypoda, DC. . 65
capillaris, DC. . . 71
coccinea, Royle . . 69'
corymbosa, Linn. . 64
crystallina, Boxb. . 65
?depressa, Willd. . 71
dichotoma, Koen. . 67
diffusa, Roxb. . . 65 ,
gracilis, DC. . . . 68.
graminifolia, DC. . 69
herbacm, DC, . . 64
herbacea, Willd. . 65
Heynii, Br. . . . 65-
hirsuta, Linn. f. .. 63
? hispida, DC. . . 71
hispida, Benth. . . 61
japonica, Miq. . . 63-
lactea, Cham. ^ Sch. 71
linarifolia, Herb.

Madr 67

"i linearis,J)G. . . 65
linifoliflora, DC. 65, 69
multijlora, Cav. . . 69
mysurensis, Wall. . 75
nudicaulis, Both . 70-
ovatifolia, DC. . .70
oxyphylla, G. Don . 72
paniculata, Linn. . 69
Parishii, Kook.f. . 70-
pterita, Miq. ... 70'
puberula, G. Don . 66
pumila, DC. ... 65
pusilla. Roth ... 67
ramosa, Roxb. . . 64
ramosissima, Bl. ' . 69
repens, Burm. . . 66
repens, Linn. ... 42
retrorsa, Boiss. . . 68-
rotundifoUa, Gr. Don 70-
rubioides, Miq. . . 57
scabrida, DC. . . 64
? senegalensis,

Hiern . . . ,68^

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

699'

Shuteri, Hook.f. . 69
spergulacea, DC. . 70
vStocksii, H. f. 4- T. 67
stricta, Lvm. . . 68
Teysmaniana, Miq. 75
trinervia, Retz . . 66
umbellata, Linn. . 66
W\ghtu,Hook.f. . 66

Oles., Lmn 611

attenuata, Wall. .611
clavata, Don . . .616
compacta. Wall. . .616
cuspidata. Wall. . 611
dentata, Wall. . .613
dioica, Roxb. . .612
ferriiginea, Royle . 611
fragrans, Thunb. . 606
Gamblei, C. B. C. . 613
Gardneri, Thw. .613
glandulifera, Wall.. 612
grand iflora, Wall. .617
Heyneana, Wall. . 612
Undleyi, Wall. . .616
linocieroides, Wight. 608
maritima, Wall. . 612
paniculata, Roxb. . 609
pauci flora. Wall. . 609
polygama, Wight . 613
robusta, Wall. . . 6J4
Roxburghiana,

Roem. & Sch. , 609
Roxburghii, Spreng.

609, 615
Roxburghii, Wall. . 615
salicifoiia, Wall. .613
terniflora, Kurz . .610
Wightiana,yfaX\. .612

Oleace-s: .... 690

Oleike.e . . . . 591

Oligolepis amaran-

thoides, Wight . 274

Onopordoji lanatum,

Hb. Madr. . . 387

"Ophiorrhiza, Linn. . 77
angustifolia, Thw. . 77
argentea, Wall. . . 78
bracteolata, Br, . 83
Brunonis, W.^ A. . 79
calcarata, Hook.f. . 84
discolor, Br. . . . 79
discolor, Wall. . . 79
eriantha, Wight . . 81
erubescens, Wall. . 84
fasciculata, jDo^^ . . 83
? geminata. Wall. . 77
glechomsefolia, 7%m;. 84
gracilis, Kurz . . 80
grandiflora, Wight . 80

Page
Griffitlm, Hook.f. . 82
Harrisiana, Heyne . 78
hirsutula, Wight . 81
hispida, Hook.f. . 83
hispidula, Wall. . 78
imbricata, Gardn. . 81
lurida, jyooA'./. . . 82
Mungos, Linn. . . 77
Mungos, Wall. . . 81
nana, Edgw. ... 46
nemorosa, 7%w. . . 77
nutans, C. B. C. . 84
ochroleuca, Hook.f. 78
opposititiora,

Hook.f. ... 80
pallida, Thw. . . 81
pauciflora, Hook.f. 84
pectinata, .(4r7i. . . 81
■ptostrata, Don . . 78
radicans, Gardn. . 80
rosea, Hook.f. . . 78
rugosa, Wall. . . 78
rugosa, H. f. & T. . 82
Roxburghiana,

Wight .... 81
subcapitata. Wall. . 83
succirubra, Xiw^' . 82
Thomsoni, Hook.f 82
tomentosa. Jack . 79
Treutleri, Hook.f . 83
trichocarpa, 5Z. . 78
villosa, Roxb. . . 79
villosa. Kurz ... 78
villosa, Wall. . . 83
'W-A\Yic\m, Hook.f. 79
Ophioxylon belgaum-

ense, Wight . . 634
ceylanicum, Wight . 633
densiflorum, Thw. . 633
macrocarpum, Wt. . 633
micranthum, Wight 633
neilgherrense, Wt. . 633
obversum, Miq. . .632
serpentimtm, Linn. . 632
trifoliatum, Gaertn. 632
Oreoseris lanuginosa,

DC 390

lanuginosa, Wall. . 390
? w^■^;m, DC. . . .390
ovalifolia, Wall. . 390
picsilla, DC. . . .390
Ornus floribunda,

Dietr 605

'inoorcroftiana, G.

Don '..... 606
urophylla, G. Don . 605
xanthoocyloides,

G. Don . . . 606

Page

Osmanthus, Lmir. . 6()&
acuminata. Wall. . 607
fragrans, Lour. . . 606
8ua^'^8, King . . 607

Osmothamnus fra-
grans, DC. . . 472
pallidus, DC. . .472

Othonnopsis, Jaub. 4'

Spach .... 356
intermedia, Boiss. , 35d

Pachyderma javani-

ciwi, Bl. . . . 612

Pacourea Gudara,

Ham 624

Paederia, Linn. . .195
barbidata, Miq. . . 197
calycina, Kurz . .196
erecta, Roxb. . .197
fcetida, Linn. . , . 195
foetida, Benth. . .197
fcetida, Wall. . .196
lanuginosa. Wall. . 196
lanuginosa. Wall. . 196
? linearis, Hook.f. . 197
macrocarpa. Wall. , 196
ovata, Miq. . . .195
pilifera, Hook.f. . 196.
recurva, Roxb. . .197
sessiliflora, DC. . .195
ternata. Wall. . .193
tetrandra. Wall. . 160
tomentosa, Blume . 197
verticillata, 5(?MW« . 195
Wallichii, Hook, f 196

P^DERIEJE . . 21, 195

Parameria, Bcnth. . 659
glandulifera, Benth. 660
polyneura, ^oo/^:. /. 660

Parapottsia, Miq. . . 652

Parilium Arbor-tristis,

Gaertn. . . . 603

Parophiorrhiza,

C.B.C. . . . 85
khasiana, C. B. C. . 85

Parsonsia, Br. . . . 650
acuminata, Wall. .- 650
barbata, Bl. . . . 660
oblonga. Wall. . . 650
ovata. Wall. . . . 652
paitciflora. Wall. . 650
spiralis, Wall. . . 650

Patonia Walkerii.

Wight .... 561

Patrinia, Jitss. . . .210
graveolens, Hance . 210'
Jatamansi, Don .211
monandra, C. B. C. 210
ovata, Bunge . .210'

700

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Pavetta, Linn. . . .149
Ackeringm, Teysm.

& Binn. . . .144
alha, Vahl . . .150
angustifolia, Thw. . 151
? arista ta, Wall. .153
? aristata, Wall. . 104
Bandhuca, Miq. . 145
breviflora, DC. . .151
Brunonis, Wall. . 152
Brunonis, Miq. . .139
Brunonis, Wight . 150
?canarica, Bedd. . 106
'canescens. Wall. . 150
cerherafolia, Miq. . 102
■eoccinea, Bl. . . .145
?coffeacea, Wall. . 153
<jompactiflora, Kurz 153
•congesta, Miq. . .146
Finlaysoniana,

Wall. .... loO
Julgens, Miq. . .146
Gleniei, Thw. . .152
^raciliflora, Wall. . 150
hispidula, W. ^A. 151
humilis, Hook.f. . 151
incanmta, Bl. . .145
indica, Linn. . . 150
indica, Linn. . . 150
indica, Wall. . .150
involucrata, Thw. . 152
Lobbii, T. & B. . .146
long/folia, Miq. , .105
.?lucens, Br. . . .106
Tnacrocoma, Miq. . 143
macrophylla, Bl. . 143
mollis. Wall. . .150
naucleiflora, Wail. 152
nilagirica, Bedd. . 107
?oblonga, Wall. . 153
'opaca, Miq. . . .147
pendida, Miq. , .141
jpetiolaris. Wall. . 150
polyantha, Wall. . 150
Rothiana, DC. . .150
■salic'ifolia, Bl. . .146
siphonantha, Dalz. . 151
subcapitata, ffoo^./. 150
Teysmanniana, Miq. 143
'tomentosa, i?oa"6. . 150
velutina. Wall. . .150
villosa, Heyne . .150
wehercsfolia, Br. . 102
wehercB folia, Wall. . 105
Wight iana, Wall. . 102
Wightii, ^oo>t./. . 152
Wyckii, Hassk. . .144
Payena, A. DC. . . 547

Page
Griffitkii, Kurz . . 543
lucida, A. DC. . . 547
Maingayi, C. B. C. 547
malaccensis, C. B. C. 547
paralleloneura,

Kur2; .... 548

Pedis meifolia. Wall. 308

Peltanthera solanacea,

Eoth .... 650

Pentanema radiatum,

Boibs 297

Pentaphragma, Wall. 437
begonisefolium,

Wall 437

Pentapterygium, Kl. . 449
flavum, Hook.f. . 450
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 450
Listeri, King . . 450
rugosum, Hook.f. . 450
serpens, Kl. . . . 449

Pentapyxis, ifoo^. /. . 17
stipulata, Hook.f. . 17

Peraearpa, Hf^ T. 437
carnosa, ^./. ^ T. . 437

Perdicium semiflos-

culare, Ham. . .391
trifiorum, Ham. . 388

Pergularia glabra,

Linn 651

Pernettya repens, Zoll. 457

Petunga, DC. . . .120
longifolia, DC. . .120
iiiicrocarpa, DC. . 120
Eoxburghii, DC. . 120
variabilis, Hassk. . 120
venulosa, Hook.f. . 121

Phaecasiiim; Cass. . . 398
lampsanoides, Cass. 398
pulchrum, Reichb. . 398

Phagnalon, Cass. . . 287
denticulaUtm,

C. B. C. . . . 288
niveum, Edgew. . 288

Phenopus orientalis,

Boiss 404

Phillyrea paniculafa,

Roxb 615

ramijlora, Roxb. . 611
robusta, Roxb. . .614
terminalis, Roxb. . 615

Phcenixopits, Cass. . 403

Phyteuma, Linn. . .438
begonifolium, Roxb. 437
campamUoides,

Bieb 442

Thomson], C. B. C. 438

Picridium, Desf. . .413
orientale, DC. . .413

Page
tingitanum, Desf. . 413

Picris, Linn. . . .392
hamulosa. Wall. . 393
hieracioides, Linn. 393
hieracioides, Wt. . 393
strigosa. Wall. . .393

Piddingtonia Nummu-

laria, DC. . . . 422
montana, Miq. . . 423
patens, Miq. . . . 423

Pieris, D. Don . . . 460
formosa, D. Don . 461
Griffithiana, Hk. f. 460
lanceolata, D. Don . 461
ovalifolia, D. Don . 460
villosa, Hook.f. . 461

Pimelandi-a, A. DC. . 530
?erecta, C,B. C. . 531
eugenisefolia, ^k. f. 530
Griffithii, C. B. C. . 531
Teysmanniana, ffit./. 531
Wallichii, A. DC. . 531

Platanocarpum cor da-
tum, Korth. . . 22
sicbditum, Korth. . 22

Platychcete glaucescens,

Boiss 300

villosa, Boiss. . . 300

Plectronia, Linn. . .131
didyma. Brand. . .132
didyma, Kurz . .132

Pleiogyne cardio-

sperma, Edgew. . 316

Pluchea, Cass. . . .271
arguta, Boiss. . .273
eupatorioides, Kurz 273
foliolosa, DC. . . 272
frutescens, Benth. . 273
indica, Less. . . . 272
lanceolata, Oliv. . 272
lanuginosa, C. B. C. 266
linearifolia, C. B. C. 273
ovalis, DC, . . . 272
tomentosa, DC. . .272
Wallichiana, DC. . 272

Plumbagine^ . . . 478

Plumbago, Liiin. . . 480
auriculata, Bl. . . 480
eoccinea, Boiss. . .481
rosea, Linn. . . ,481
zeylanica, Linn. . 480

Plumeria, Linn. . . 641
acuminata, Roxb. . 641
acutifolia, Poiret . 641

Plumeeiejb . . 621,632

Poloa Wightiana, DC. 299

Polymnia abyssynica,
' Linn. f. "... 308

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

701

Page

Polyozus latifolia,

Blume .... 177
? 'madraspatana,DG. 102

Polyphragma

flavescens, Kurz . 127

Polysolenia, Hook.f. . 94
, Wallichii, Hook.f. 94

Polyura, Hook.f. . . 76
geminata, Hook. f. 77

Pongatium indicum,

Lamk 438

^ Porophyllum

C'immbua,T)G. . 336

Posoqueria dumetonim,

Roxb 110

fasciculata, Roxb. . 109
floribunda, Roxb. . 110
fragrans, Koen. , 111
longiflora, Roxb. .111
lo gispina, Roxb. . 110
nutans, Roxb. . .110
rigida. Wall. . .109
uliginosa, Roxb. . 110

Pottsia, Hook. Sf Am. 652
cantonensis,^^.^^. 652
Hookeriana, Wight 652
ovata, A. DC. . . 652

Pratia, Gand. . . .422
begonifolia, Lindl. . 422
montana, Hassk. . 423
Nitmmularia, Kurz 422
radicans, Qc. Don . 425
Thunbergii, G. Don 425
zeylanica, Hassk. . 422

Prenanthes, Linn. . 411
acaulis, Roxb. . . 396
alata, H. f. & T. .412
alata, Hook. f. . .412
alliari<B folia, DC. . 412
aspleniifolia,

Willd.? . . .415
Brunoniana, Wall. .411
Brunoniana, DC. .412
? Candolleana,

WaU. . . 388,397
dichotoma.

Wall. . . 415,416
diver sifolia, Ledeb. 395
glabra, Heyne . . 396
gradliflora. Wall. . 406
'hispidula, DC. . .412
Hookeri, C. B. C. .412
japoinca^ Linn. . . 395
'khasiana, C. B. C. AM
tevi^ate, Blurae . 411
lavigata, Wall. . . 408
napifolia, Wall. . 395
obhisa, Ham. . .416

Page
;?a^<;»i«, Wall. 403,416
Poosia, Wall. . . 395
procumbem, Roxb. . 416
? quifiqueloba, Wall. 354
racemosa, Roxb. . 403
raphanifolia, DC. . 412
rigida, Ham. . . 396
rostrata, Bl. . . . 406
sarmentosa, Wall. . 336
sarmentosa, Willd. . 417
scandens, /f./ ^ T. 413
sikkimensis, Hk. /. 412
sonchifolia, Heyne . 403
squarrosa, Thunb. . 405
striata, Bl. . . .395
taraxacaldes. Wall. 403
violaefolia, Dene. . 412
Primula, Linn. . 482, 672
altissima, Don . . 484
bellidifolia. King . 486
capitata, Hook. . . 486
cachcmirianu,

Munro .... 486
Clarkei, Watt . . 484
concinna. Watt . . 487
denticulata. Smith . 485
denticidata, Duby . 486
denticulata, Wight 488
Dickieana, Watt 491
elegans, Duby . .489
Elwesiana, King . 492
elliptiea, Royle . . 488
elongata. Watt . .490
erosa. Wall. . . .486
farinosa, Linn. . . 486
filiprs, Watt . . .485
floribunda, WaU. . 495
Gambeliana, Watt . 483
geraniifolia, Hook.f. 484
glabra, Klatt . .487
globifera, Griflf. . . 486
Heydei, Watt . . 487
Hoffmeisteri, Kl. , 485
Hookeri, Watt . . 494
humilis, Steudel . 492
imperialis, Jungh. . 489
involucrata. Wall. . 488
Jaschkiana, Kerner 490
Kingii, Watt . . 491
Listeri, King . . 485
macrophylla, Don . 490
minutissima, Jacq. . 494
mollis. Hook. . .484
Moorcroftiana,

Wall 490

Munroi. Lindl. . .488
muscoides, Hook.f. 494
nana. Wall. . . ' . 493

Pag»
obovata. Wall. . . 495
obtusifolia, Royle . 489
odontophylla, Wall. 483
petiolaris, Wall. . 493
prolifera, Wall. . . 489
pulchra, Watt . . 483
purpurea, Royle . 490
pusilla. Wall. . . 492
reptans, Hook.f. . 494
reticulata. Wall. . 483
rosea, Royle . . .488
rotundifolia, Wall. . 483
sapphirina, H. f. ^

T. ..•'.. 492
Saundersiana, 'Royle 494
sessilis. Royle . .493
sibirica, Jacq. . . 487
s'xlikimensis, Hook.f. 491
soldanelloides, Watt. 493
spathulacea, Jacq. . 488
speciosa, Don . . 484
Stirtoniana, Watt . 495
Stracheyi, Hook. f. 494
Stuartii, Wall. . . 490
Stuartii, Wall. . . 490
tenella, King . . 492
tibetica. Watt . . 488
tridentata, Don . . 493
uniflora, Klatt . . 492
vaginata, Watt . . 484
Wattii, King . . .672
Pbimulace;e . . . 482
Primule^ .... 482
Prismatomeris, Thw. . 159
albidiflora, Thw. . 159
Fergussonii, Thto. . 159
Pseudixora ? auricu-

lata, Miq. . . .108

yoyawica, Miq, . .111

truncata, Miq. . . 94

2^llingeriana,'M.ici. .111

Psilobium capillare,

Kurz .... 121
Psychotria, Linn. . .161
adenophylla, Wall. . 164
ambiqua,W. & A. . 176
^rapia. Wall. . .176
SLn&meiW&y&na,, Bedd. 171
andamanica, Kurz . 168
angulata, Korth . .172
asiatica, Linn. . . 176
asiatica, Wall, . .173
aurantiaca. Wall. . 165
bisulcata, W.^ A. . 171
bisulcata, Thw. . .170
braA;teata,W.&;A. .163
Broumii, Spreng. . 176
calocarpa, Kurz . 173

V02

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND sAfONYMS.

Page
? Ch/oranthus, Ham. 1 74
congesta, W. ^ A. . 162
connata. Wall. . .171
connata, Kurz . . 164
aurviflora, Wall. . 176
Dalzellii, Hook.f. . 163
-denticulata, Wall. .173
divergens, Kurz . 168
Dodda-Jervam,

Schlecht. . . .171
«longata, Wight . .163
? e/ow^ato, Bedd. . 162
■erratica, HooJc.f. .168
expansa, Blume . .165
filipes, Hook.f. . .170
fulva, Ham. . . .169
Julva,W&\\. . . .174
Gardner!, Thw. . .161
glandulifer, Thw. .161
•Griffithii, Hook.f. .171
Helferiana, Xwrsr , 172
herbacea, Linn. . .178
Heyneana, Wall. 162, 163
-J Sicku, Hook. f. . .167
Johnsoni, Hook.f. . 175
l(evigata,W.&A. .171
•longifolia, Dalz. . 177
longipetiolata, TAw. 170
/wWcZrt, Blume . .176
macrocarpa, ^00^./. 162
madraspatanajZ?"^./. 167
Maingayi, ifoo^\/. . 166
malayana, Jack . . ] 65
microcarjpa. Wall. . 169
montana, Blume . . 1 74
monticola, X^wr^^ . 169
inonticola. Kurz . . 1 69
Moonii, Thw. . .170
morindseflora, Wall. 166
nervosa, Don . . .175
nicobarica, Kurz . 172
nudiflora, W. 4~ ^- • 175
■obovata, Wall. . 165, 166
ophioxyloides. Wall. 176
ovoidea. TFa/^. . .166
•oxyphylla, fFaZZ. .176
penangensis, Hk.f. 11 o
pendula, Hook.f. . 164
j)icta, Wall. . . .173
platyneura, Kurz . 164
plurivenia, Thw. . 170
polycarpa, il/?^'. . .165
polyneura, Kurz . 175
'polyneurn , DC. . .174
rodrata, Blume . .177
sarmentosa. Blume . 165
■scandens. Moon . .165
silhetensis, ^oo>t. /. 174

sordida, Thw. . .170
sphaerocarpa, Wall. 176
stenophylla, Thw. . 161
stipulacea. Wall. . 167
sulcata. Wall. . .168
subintegra, W. 4" ^' 162
8ymplocifolia,ir«r2'. 172
tabacifolia. Wall. . 174
t€traiidra,m.&iJ)C. 176
Thomsonii, Hook.f. 173
Thwaitesii, Hook.f. 162
tortilis, Blume . .169
truncata, ^a^Z. . .163
tylophora, JTwr^ . . 164
vaginans, Dalz. . .176
? vaginans, 2>C. . .176
viridiflora,'Rem-w. . 173
viridissima, Kurz . 174
Wallichiana, Z?a . 175
Wightiana, Thw. . 167

PSYCHOTKIE^E . . 21, 161

Psydrax dicoccos,

Gaertn. . . .132

Pterocaulon, Elliott . 275
Billardieri, F.M.vie\l. 275
cylindrostacbyum,
C. B. C. . . . 275

Pterotheca, Cass. . . 398
bifida, C. B. C. . . r99
Falconeri,^oo^'./. . 399

Pulicaria, Gaertn. . .297
angusti folia, DC. .299
Boissieri, Hook.f. . 300
crispa, Bcnth. . . 299
dysinterica, Gaertn. 298
foliolosa, DC. . . 298
glaucescens, Jat(^. ^

Spach .... 300
gnaphalodes, Boiss. 299
hyderahadensis, DC. 298
iTidica, J. & Sp. . 299
Sakkiana, Klatt . . 300
saxicola, Edgew. . 299
Stocksii, Hook. f. .300
StocJ:sii, Boiss.". . 299
vulgaris, Gaertn. . 298
Wigbtiaua, C. B. C. 298

Pyrethrum Athanasia,

Bess 318

indicum, DC. . .314
indicum, Roxb. . .314
pracox, Bieb. . .316
? Boylei, DC. . .314

Pyrola, Lhi7i. . . . 475
amrifolia, Micb. . 476
rotundifolia, Linn. . 476
rot'imdifolia, DC. . 476

PrEOLEJE . . . .456

Page
Pyrostria ? spinosa,

Miq 136

RamtiUa oleifera, DC. 308
Randia, i/m/i. . . .109
anisophylla. Jack . 114
Candolleana,fr.#^. 113 ,
corymbosa, W. & A. 113
deccanensis, Bedd. . 118
densiflora, Benth. . 112
dumetorum, Lamk. 110
exalt-ata. Griff. . .114
fasciculata, DC. . . 109
floribunda, DC. . .110
Gardneri, Thw. . .112
Gardneri. Hook, f . . 112
GvimhW, Hook.f . . 112
hygrophyla, Kurz . 115
latcrifolia, Rook. {. . 112
longiflora, Lamk. . Ill
longispina, DC. . .110
macrophylla, Br. . 114
malabarica, Lamk. . Ill
malaharica, Wall.

109, 110
nutans, DC. . . .110
'polys'perma, DC. . 120
'polysperma., Roxb. . 120
racemosa, Roxb. . 120
rigida, DC. . . .109
Bottleri, W. & A. . 1]0
rugulosa, Thw. . .113
scandens, DC. . .111
sikkimensis, ZToo/fc./. 114
spitiosa, Blume . .110
stipulqsa, Miq. . .110
stricta, Roxb. . .121
tetrasperma, Roxb. 109
tomentosa, Blume . 110
tomenfom, W. & A. 110
uliginosa, DC. . .110
venulosa, Wall. . . 121
Walliehii, Hook.f. 113
Ba2nnia herbacea,ho\\r. 438
Rapuntium arenarioides,
Presl . . . . 426
cfBspitosum, Presl . 425
campanuloides,Vveii\ 426
coloratum, Presl . 426
Leschenau Itianum,

Presl . . . .427
nicotiancefolium,

Presl .... 427
^ummularium, 'Presl 423
pyramidale, Presl . 426
radicans, Presl . .425
trialatum, Presl . 425
Wallichianum.Pres] 426

INDEX OF GEIJERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

■03

Page

Rauwolfia, Linn. . .632
Beddomei, Hook. f. 634
decurva, Hook./. . 633
densiflora Benth. . 633
micrantha, Hook.f. 633
microcarpa, Hook.f. 633
nitida, Linn. . . 634
peguana, ^00^. /. . 632
pulaparia, Roxb. . 634
serpentina, Benth. . 632

Rennellia, Kortk. . .158
speciosa, Hook.f. . 158

Reptonia, A. DC. . . 534
buxifolia, A. DC. . 634

Rhagadiolus, Ju^. . 392
Hedypnois, Fisch. ^

Mey 392

Koelpinia, Willd. . 392

Rhazya, Dene. . . .639
stricta, Dene. . . 640

Rhipidosiigma, Dalz. . 552

Rhizophora Mgiceras,

I-inn 533

comiculata, Linn. . 533

Rhododendron, imw. . 462
, (pruginosum,llo6k.f. 466
album, Sw. . . . 465
Anthopogon, i).i)ow 472
Anthopogon, Wall. .472
arboreum, Sm. . .465
argenteum, Hook. f. 464
aromaticum, Wall. . 472
AucJdandii, Hook. f. 468
barbatum, Wall. . 468
Batemani, Hook. . 466
bhotanicum, C. B. C. 475
blandfordiaflorum ,

Hook. f. . . . 474
Blumei, Nutt. . . 466
Boothii, Nutt. . .470
calophyllum, Nutf. . 473
camelliaeflomm,

Hook.f. . . .470
campanulatum, Don 466
Ca mpbellicB, Hook, f . 465
campylocarpum,

Hook.f . . .467
Candelabra, Hook. f. 468
celebicum, DC. . . 463
ciliatum, Hook. f. . 470
cinnabarinum,

Hook.f. . . .474
cinnamomeum,'WA\[. 465
Dalhousise, Hook.f 469
d'flexnm. Griff. . . 474
Edgarii, Gamble . 466
Edgeworthii,

Hook.f. . . .469

Page
elaagnoides, Hook. f. 47 1
eximium, Nutt. . . 465
Falconeri, Hook. f. 465
formosum, Wall. .473

formosum, Kurz . 473
fragranti. Maxim. . 472
fulgens, Hook.f. . 466
glaucum, Hook.f . 471
Gibsonii, Paxt. . .473
grande, Wight . . 464
Griffithianura,H'7yAi 468
Hodgson i, Hook.f . 464
Hookeri, Nutt. . . 469
jasminiflorum,iyoo^'. 463
javanicum, Bcnn. . 463
Jenkinsii, Nutt. . . 473
Kendrickii, Nutt. . 466
Keysii, Nutt. . .474
lampongtim, Miq. . 463
lanatum, Hook.f. . 467
laiwifolium. Hook, f . 469
lepidotum, Wall. . 471
leptocarpum. Nutt. 471
longifolium, Nutt. . 464
lucidum, Nutt. . . 475
tnacranthuTti, Griff. 473
macrocarpos, Griff. . 469
Maddeni, Hook.f. . 472
malayanum, Jack . 462
micrant hum, Ma.xim 472
moulmainense,^oOit. 463
niv£um, Hook.f. . 466
nilagiricum, Zenk. . 466
niwale. Hook, f . . 472
nobile, W&W. '. 466, 469
Nuttallii, Booth . . 470
oblongum, Griff. . 468
obovatum, Hook. f. . 471
palustre, Turcz. . .472
Parishii, C. B. C. . 475
parvijloruvi, Schm. 472
parvifolium, Adams 472
pendulum, Hook. f. 469
planifoliitm, Nutt. . 466
pumilum, Hook.f . 471

' pumilum,'^utt, . .471
puniccum, Roxb. , 466
Roylei, Hook. f. . 474
salignum,B.ook.f. . 471
setosura, D. Don. . 472
Shepherdii, Nutt. . 467
Sniithii, Nutt. . . 469
sjmr.'iifloruin, Nutt. . 470
Teysmanni, Miq. . 463
Thomsoni, Hook.f. . 468
triflorum, Hook.f. . 474
tubiflorum, DC. . . 463
vaxiciuioide», Hook.f. 464

Page

Veitchianum, Hook. 473

venosum, Nutt . . 465

virgatum, Hook.f . 474

virgatum, Hook. f. . 474

Wallichii, Rhod. . 466

^^ \^\it\\, Hook, f . 467

Windsorii, Mutt. . 464

Rhodora deflexa. Griff. 461

Rhodoraeea, Griff. . .461

Rhodoracea, Griff". . 474

Rhodure^ .... 456

Rhynchodia, Benth. . 666

Wallichii, Benth. . 667

Rhynchospermum,

Reinw 248

ellipticum, A. DC. . 667
verticillatum,

Reinw 248

Wallichii, A. DC. . 667
Richteria pyrethroides,

Kar. &Kir. . . 315
Rolfinkia centanrioides,

Zenk 227

Rondeletia asiatica,

Linn 102

dnerea. Wall. . . 37
coriacea, Wall. . . 39
corymhom, Jack . . 41
exserta, Roxb. . . 37
Heynei, Roem. &

Sch 37

longifolia. Wall. . 95
lu&ida. Wall. . .103
orisaensis. Roth, . . 37
paniculata, Roxb. . 39
proxima, Don . . 38
spicata, Wall. . . 41
stricta. Roth . . .121
tetrandra, Roxb . 54
thyrsiflora, Roth . 37
tinctcria, Blume . 39
tinctoria, Roxb. . 38

RONDEUETIE^ . . 18, 37

Rubia, Linn. . . . 202
aculeata, Royle . . 203
alala, Wall. . . . 202
albieaulis, Boiss. . 204
angustissima, Wall. 203
chwroBfolia, Wall. . 203
chinensii,. Regel &

Maack . . . .202
cordifolia, Linn. . 202
Edgeworthii, Hk.f 203
himalayense, Klotz. 203
javana, DC. . . . 202
Kotschyi, Boiss. . . 204
miti^, Miq. . . . 202
Mungisth, Desv . . 202

704

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Munjista, Roxb. . 202
jpurpiirea, Dene. . 202
scandens, Z. & M. . 2C2
secunda, Moon . .202
sikkimensis, Kurz . 203
tibetica, Uook.f. . 204
tinetorum, Linn. . 203
RUBIACEJE .... 17

Salvadora, Linn. . .619

Salvadora, Wall. . .620

indica, Rovle . . 620

indica, Wight . .619

madurensis, Dene. . 620

oleoides, Bene. . . 620

oleoides, Wall. . . 620

persica, Linn. . .619

■persica, T. And. . 620

Stocksii, Wight . . 620

Wightiana, Planch .619

Salyadoraceje . . .618

Samara floribunda,

Kurz . . .513, 515

frondosa, King . .516

macrocalyx, Kurz .513

Myrtillus, Kurz . 516

jparviflora, Kurz . 515

? pzczfa, Wall. . . 515

Bheedii, Wight .516

Bibes, Kurz . . .513

robitsta, Kurz . .515

sessilifiora, Kurz , 513

vestita, Kurz . .517

viridiflora, Thw. . 616

Sambuceje .... 1

Sambucus, Linn. , . 2

adnata, Wall. . . 3

chinensis, Lindl. . 2

Ebulus, Linn. . . 2

javanica, Blume . . 2

rubra, Ham. . . 2

Thunbergiana, Miq. 2

Wightiana, Wall. . 2

SamolkjE .... 482

Samolus, Toumef. . 506

Valerandi, ii»w. . 506

Santia venulosa, W. &

A 191

Sapotaceje . . . .534
Sapotea, Griff. . . .536
Sskiprosma,, Blume . .192
eeylauieum, Bedd. . 193
con simile, Kurz . .192
corymbosum, Bedd. 194
fragrans, Bedd. . .193
glomeratum, Bedd. . 192
indicum, Balz. . .192
scabridum, Bedd. . 193

Page
ternatum, HooJc.f. . 193

Sarcocephalus, Afzel. . 22
Cadamba, Kurz . . 23
cordatus, Miq. . . 22
Horsfieldii, Miq. . 22
Juughuhnii, Miq. . 23
subditus, i^/tg. . . 22

Sarcosperma, HooJc.f. 535
arboreum, Benth. . 535
Griffithii, Benth. . 536

Sarissus anceps,

Gaertn 199

Saussurea, I)C. . . 365
acanthocarpa, Sch. . 378
acaulis, Klatt . . 367
affinis, Spreng. . . 373
albescens, H.f.^T. 374
Andersoni, C. J?. C. 370
Atkinsoni, C. B. C. 367
bract eata, Dene. . 366
brahuiea, Boiss. . 373
easpitosa, AVall. . 369
candicans, C. B. C. 373
Candolleana, Wall. 372
Candolleana,G. B. C. 372
ceratocarpa. Dene. . 378
? ehenopodifolia,

Klatt . . . .374
Clarkei, Hook.f. . 372
coniea, C. B. C. . 366
deltoidea, C. B. C. . 374
denticulata, Wall. . 375
elliptica, C. B. C. . 372
eriostemon, Wall. . 370
Falconeri, HooJc.f. . 369
foliosa, Edgew. . .373
glanduligera, SeJi. , 371
gossypina, Wall. . 376
gossypiphora, Z>o?j . 376
gossypipJiora, Wall. 376
graminifolia, Wall. 370
hieracioides, £W:. /. 371
Hookeri, C.B.G. .371
hypoleuca, Spreng. . 374
Jacea, C. B. C. . .375
Kunthiana, a J5. C. 369
Lappa, C. 5. C. . 376
obvallata, ffa//. . 365
peguensis, C. B. C. . 375
piptathera, Edgew. 372
polystictioides,

HooJc.f. . . . .169
pterocaulon. Dene. . 372
Roylei, C. B. C. . 370
sacra, Edgew. . .376
? ScJilagintweitii,

Klatt .... 366
Schultzii, HooJc.f. . 366

Page-
5ei;2/oZza, Klatt . . 367
sorocephala, H. f. ^

T. 377

? stemmaphora,

Klatt .... 37a
Stoliczkai, C. B. C. 36?^
subulata, C. B. C. . 367
subulata, 0. B. C. . 367
Sughoo, G. B. C. . 36a
taraxicifolia, Wall. . 368^
Thomsoni, C. B. C. 36&
tridactyla, Sclixdtz , 377
uniflora, Wall. . . 366-
uniflora, C. B. C. . 370
wernerioides, ScJi. . 367
Yakla, C. B. C. . .36a

Seabiosa, Linn. . . 2ia
Brunoviana, Wall. . 218
Candolliana, Wall.. 219-
Candollii, DC. . .219
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 2\8^
Olivieri, Coult. . . 21»
speciosa, Boyle-. . 219

Seabrita seabra, Linn. 603
triflora, Linn. . . eOS'

Scsevola, Linn. . . . 421
Bela-Modagam,

Roem. & Sch. . 421
chlorantJia, De Vr. 421
Koenigii, Vahl . .421
Lambertiana, De Vr. 42 1
lativaga, Hance . 421
Lesckenaultiana,

DC. .... 421
Lobelia, Linn. . .421
I^obelia, Ham. . .421
Maertsi, De Vriese . 421
maerocalyx, De Vr. 421
montana, Lab. . .421
Plumieri, Blunie . 421
Flumieri, Vahl . .421
senegalensis, Presl . 421
sericea, Forst. . .421
Sieberi, De Vriese . 421
Taccada, Roxb. . .421
TJiunbergi, Eckl. &

Zeyr 421

uvifera, Stocks . .421
velutina, Presl . .421

Seariola 404

^eJiizocalyx coriaeeus,

Hochst. . . .619

Schizostigma, Am. . 100
hirsutum, Am. . .100

Schrebera, Eoxb. . . 604
pubescens, Kurz . 604
swietenioides, Eoxb. 604

Sclerocarpus, Jaeq. . 305

INDEX OF GENERA, SPfiCIES AND SYNONYMS.

705

Page
africanus, Jacq. . . 305

Sderomitrion, W. & A. 60
ccBspitosum, Miq. . 60
hispidum, Korth. . 61
riffidum, Kurz . . 60
tenelliflorum, Korth. 60
tetrandrum, Kurz . 54
* tetraquetrum, Miq. . 60

Scorzonera, Liim. .418
bupleuroides, Bon .419
divaricata, Turcz. . 418
orientalis, Linn. . 413
purpurea, Zinw. .418
Bot/lei, DC. . . .418
Stewartii, Hook./. . 419
tin.gitana, Linn. .413
virgata, DC. . . .418

Scyphiphora, Gaertn. 125
hydrophyllacea,

Gaertn. . . .125

Scyphostachys, Thw. . 122
coffeoides, Thw. . 122
pedunculatUB, Thw. 122

Senecillis Jacquemon-

tiana, Dene. . . 350

Senecio, Linn. . . . 338

acuminatus, Wall. 354
alatus, Wall. . . 353
alpinus, C. B. C. . 339
amplexieaulis, Wall. 348
analogtis, DC. . . 339
Andersoni, C. B. C. 356
angidosus, DC. . . 355
anguhsus, Wall. . 355
aracknoideus, "Wall. 351
araneosus, DC. . .351
amicoides, Wall. . 351
Arnottiamis, DC. . 341
Atkinsoni, C. B. C. 350
aureus. Wall. . . 355
Bhot, C.B.C.'. . 355
belgaumensis,

C.B.C. . . . 348

bracteolatus, /T/t./. 350
Buimalia, Ham. . 352
calthsefolius, Hook.f. 350
campylodes, C. B. C. 352
campylodes, DC. . 352
candicans, DC. . . 352
Candolleanus, Wall. 353
chenopodifolius, DC. 354
chinensis, DC. . . 352
chrysanthemifoliu$,
DC. . . . . . 342

chrysanthemoides,
DC. .... 339

cordatus, Wall. . . 352
coronopifolius, Des/". 341
YOL. III.

Page
corymbosus, Wall. 351
corymbosus, C. B. C. 349
corgmbosus, Thw. . 351
Dalzellii, C. B. C. . 346
densiflorus, Wall. . 355
densiflorus, DC. . . 355
dentaius, Wall. . .353
demidatus, Don . .340
diversifolius, Wall. 340
dubius, Ledeb. . . 342
diibim, H. f. & T. . 342
Edgeworthii, ^>?:. / 346
flexivaulis, Edgew. . 352
flexuosus, Wall. . 352
Gardneri, Thw. . .343
Gibsoni, Hook.f. . 347
graciliflorus, DC. .338
gracilis, Am. . .341
Grahami, Hook. f. . 347
Griffithii, ZT./ ^ T. 341
hastatiis .... 353
hewrensis, Hook. f. 346
Hindsei, Benth. . . 352
Hohenackeri, .HX:. /. 345
intermedius, Wight 352
JacobcBa, Don . .339
Jacquemontianus,

Benth 350

Kunthianus, Wall. . 354
Kurzii, C. B. C. .341
laciniosus, Am. . . 346
laciniatm. Wall. . 339
l(Btm, Edgew. . .339
lavandulaefolius,

DC. .... 343
Lawii, C. B. C. . . 347
Lessingianus,

C.B.C. .. . 344
Levingii, C. B. C. . 353
Ligularia, Hook.f. 349
linifolius, C. B. C. . 343
ludens, C. B. C. . 345
macranthus,

C.B.C. . . . 348
Mishmi, C. B. C. . 344
Mortoni, C. B. C. . 349
multifidm, Willd. . 346
nilagerensis, Schultz. 337
nilgheryanus, DC. . 341
niveus. Wall. . . 390
nudicaulis, Ham. . 340
obtusatus, Wall. . 340
pacby carpus, C.B.C. 349
pallens, Wall. . . 340
pedunculatus, Edg. 342
? peguanus, DC. . 356
pilosiuscuhis,

C. B. C. . . . 344

Page
pinnatifidii^,

C. B. C. . . . 345

polycephalus,

C. B.C. . . . 344

quinquelobus,

^./. # r. . . .353

Eabani, C. B. C. . 344
racemosus, Wall. . 350
ramosus. Wall. . . 342
raphanifoliics. Wall. 340
reniformis, Wall. . 331
reticulatus, C. B. C. 347
retusus, Wall. . . 350
Royleanus, DC. . . 338
rufinervis, DC. . . 355
saxatilis, ^a/^. . . 344
scandens, Don . . 352
scandens, Wall. . 352
sibiriciis, Ledeb. . 350
Simonsii, C. B. C. . 356
sisi/7nbriiformis,

DC. .... . 339

spectabilis, Wall. . 339
stipulattis, DC. . . 352
stipulatus, W&ll. . 339
subdentatus, Ledeb. 342
tanacetoides, Kunth

&Bouche . . .338
tenuifolius, Burm. . 345
tetrandus, Ham. . 342
tetranthus DC. . . 352
Thomsoni, C. B. C. 348
tibeticus, Hook.f. . 340
tomentosus, C. B. C. 346
triligulatus, Ham. . 356
truncattis, Wall. . 340
uncinelliis, DC. . . 355
vagans, Wall. . .355
vagans, C. B. C. . 356
violaceus. Wall. . 340
Walkeri, Am. . .351
Walkeri, Thw. . . 337
Wallichii, DC. . . 353
Wightianm, DC. . 352
Wiahtii, Benth. . 344
Yakla, C. B. C. . . 348
zeylanicus, DC. . . 340
Senecionidk^ . 224, 330
Sephalia, Jones . . 603
Sirissa cei/lajiica, Thw. 193
corynibosa, Bedd. . 194
fragrans, Bedd. . .193
Gardneri, Thw. . 192
scahrida. Thw. . .193
temata, Kurz . . 19"3
Wightii, Bedd. . .193
Serratula, Li?m. . .379
albescens. Wall. . . 374

706

INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
aiiihelminiica, B,oxh. 236
carthamoides, Roxb. 373
cinerea, Roxlj. . . 234
divaricata, F. & M. 383
itidica, Wall. . . 377
indica, Willd. . .381
Tnacrocepkala, Wall. 378
multicaulis, Wall. . 373
pallida, DC . . 379
'polygona, A. Rich. 271

Sideroxylon, Linn. . 536
arhoreum, Ham. . 536
armatum, A. DC. . 538
armatum, Roth . . 538
assamicum, C. B. C. 537
attenuatwm, A. D C. 537
elengoides, A. DC. . 538
ferrugineum, Zf. ^ -4. 537
? Gamhlei, C. B. C. 538
grandifolium, Wall. 536
Hookeri, C. B. C. . 537
Maingayi, C. B. C. 536
malaccense, C. B. G. 537
regium, Wall. 536, 542
tomentosum, A. DC. 538
tomentosum, Eoxh. 538
tomentostcm, Wall.

537, 539
Wightianum, Wall. 539

Siegesbeckia, Ltnn. . 303
hraehiata, Roxb. . 304
glutinosa, Wall. . . 304
orientalis, Linn. . 304
orientalist Roxb. . 304

Silvianthus, Hook.f. . 86
bracteatus, Hook.f. 86

Silybum, Gaertn. . . 364
Marianum, Gaertn. 364

Solenotimts, Oerst. . 7

Solid ago, Li7in. . . 244
cuspidata, DC. . . 296
densijlorus, Wall. . 355
floribundtis, Wall. . 356
heterotricha. Wall. . 395
nepalensis, Don . . 245
pubescens, Wall. . 245
nibricaulis, Wall. . 296
Virga-aurea, imw. 245
zeylanicus, Arn. . 257

Sonchus, imw. . .413
axvensis, Linn, . .414
arveTisis, C. B. C. .414
asper, Till. . . .414
calyculatiis, Roxb. . 403
Candolleanus, Jaub.

& Spach . . .415
capitatus, Spreng. .417
ciliatus. Lamk. . .414

Page
Cyanus, Don. . .408
ferox, Wall. . . .414
kastatus, Wall. . . 408
longifolius, Wall. . 414
maritimus, Linn. . 414
Metzianus, Schultz, 396
oleraceus, Linn.' . 414
oleraceus, Wall. . .414
orixensis, Roxb. . .414
robustus, Wall. . .408
Royleanus, Wall. . 414
vohthilis, Rumph. . 335
Wallickianus, DC. . 414
Wightianus, DC. . 414

Sonerila angusiifolia,

Wall 42

Soyeria blattarioides,

Monnier . . . 394
sibirica, Monnier . 294

Speirema OTvontanum,,

H. f. & T. . . . 423

Spermacoce, Linn. . 199
angusiifolia. Wall. 200
articularis, Linn. f. 201
avana, Wall. . .201
Brunonis, Wall. . 130
Burraanni, DC. . .201
caZyptera, Dene. . 201
coiwpressa, Wall. . 75
corymhosa^ Burm, . 201
corynibosa. Roth. . 129
costata, Roxb, . . 58
exserta, Roxb. . .129
fili7ia. Wall. . . .200
Gardneri, Wall. . 200
glabra, Roxb. . . 59
? hedyotidea, DC. . 201
? hedyotidea, DC. . 49
hirta, Rottl. . . .201
hispida, Linn. . . 200
hispida, Miq. . . 59
lasi/)carpa, Br. . .200
lavis, Roxb. . . .130
lineata, Roxb. . . 59
longicaulis, Wall. . 201
ocymoides, Burm. . 200
ocymoides, Wall. . 200
? procumoens, Linn. 201
pusilla. Wall. . . 200
ramosa, Wall. . .200
ramosissima, Wall. 201
Eoxburghiana,

Wall 200

Roxburghii, Sipreng. 130
scaberrima, Blumc . 201
scabra, Willd. . .201
stricta, Linn, f . 200
stricia, Schlecht. . 200

Page
sumatrensis, Retz. . 129
siimatrensis, Roxb. 131
tenera, Wall. . . 200
? teres, Roxb. . .129
triandra, Ham. . . 200
tabular is, Br. . 60, 201

Spermacoce^, . 21, 199

Spermadictyon

azureum, Wall. . 197
suaveolens, Roxb. . 197

Sphagranthus, Linn. . 274

J^rtricanus, Linn. . 275
qfricamcs. Wall. . 275
africanus, Willd. . 275
amaranthoides,

Burm 274

hirtus, Willd. . .275
indicus, Linn. . . 275

^indicus, Kurz . . 275
indicus, Willd. . . 275
laciniatus, Wall. . 276
inicrocephalus, DC. . 275
microcephalus,

Willd 275

mollis, Roxb. . . 275
peguensis, Ktirz . 275
zeylanicm, Heyne . '274
zeylanicus. Wall. . 275

Sphaeromorphsea, DC. 317
centipeda, DC. . .317
Russeliana, DC. . 317

Sphenoclea, Gaertn. , 437
Pongatium, A. DC. 438
zeylanica, Gaertn. . 438

Spicillaria Les-

chenaultii,A..'Ri(t\\.. 120

Spilanthes, Linn. . .307
Acmella, Linn. . . 307
Acmella, DC. . . 307
calva,J)G. . . .307

■ ca;lva, Wight . . 307
oleracea, Jacq. . .307
paniculata, DC. . 307
Pseudo-acmella, L. . 307

Spiradiclis, Blunie . 76
bifida, Wall. . . 76
csespitosa, Bl. . . 76
cylindrioa. Wall. . 76

Spirostemon spiralis,

Griff. .... 650

Sprinqia indica,

Muell. & Van H. 670

Statice, Linn. . . . 479
cabnlica, Boiss. . .480
lycopodioides, Gir. . 479
macrorrhabdos,

Boiss. . .
Stocksii, Boisi,

. 480
. 480 ■

■

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SINONYMS.

707

Page

Page

Statickjb . . .

. 478

Webera, Kurz .

. 105

Steitactis bellidioides,

Webera, Wall.

Nees . ■. .

. 256

102, 104, 105

, 106

multiradiata, Lindl

. 256

Styphelia nialayica,

Stephegyne, Korth.

. 25

Spr. . . .

477

di versifolia, iT^'. /.

. 26

Sttbace^: . . ,

572

. parvifolia, Korth.

25

Styrax, Linn. . .

588

tubulosa, Hook.f.

25

Finlaysonianum,

Stereoderma Javani-

Wall. . . .

588

cum, Bl. . .

612

jlorihundum, Griff.

588

Stictophyllum

glabnc7n, Edgew.
Sirabonia gnapha-

odoratissimum.

382

Champ. . .

588

Torterianum, Wall.

588

hdes, DC. . .

. 299

serrulatum, Roxb.

588

Strehlosa tortilis.

suptula, Jones .

591

Korth. . . .

169

Symphorice, Grilf. .

14

Strophanthus, DC.

655

Symphyandra stylosa

brevicaudatus, Wt.

656

Royle . . .

438

caudatus, Kurz .

655

Symplocinea, Griff.

579

? caudatus, Kurz

656

Symplocos, Linn. .

572

dichotx)mus, DC. .

655

acuminata, Bedd. .

583

dichotomus, "Wall. .

656

acuta, Thw. . .

584

Crriffitkii, Wight

655

adenophylla, Wall.

675

Horsfieldiami^, Miq

655

anamallayana,5cf^cZ

581

Jackianus, Wall.

656

angustata, C. B. C.

585

longicaudatus, "Wt.

655

apicalis, Thw. .

586

fentafhyllus, Griff.

655

attenuata. Wall.

573

scandens, R. & S. .

655

Beddomei, C. B. C.

582

Wallichii, A DC. .

655

Benzoin, Dryand.

589

"Wightianus, H^o/^. .

656

bractealis, Thw.

584

Stylidie^ . . , .

419

caudata, Wall. .

577

Stylidium, Swarf z .

420

celastrifolia. Griff.

575

Brunonis, Griff. .

420

cerasifolia, Wall.

580

Kunthii, Wall. .

420

cordifolia, Thw. .

586

roseum, Kurz

420

coronata, Thw. .

587

sinicum, Hance .

420

crassipes, C. B. C. .

580

tenellum, Swartz .

420

cratsegoides, Ham. .

573

uliginosum, Swartz

420

? crotonoides.

tdiginosum, Kurz .

420

a B.C. . . .

589

Stylocoryne, Wall. . .

113

cuneata, Thw. . .

584

attenuata, Voigt .

104

decora, Hance

579

auricvlata, Wall. .

108

dryophila, C. B. C.

578

bispinosa, Griff.

111

elegans, Thw. . .

586

breviflora, Schlecht.

106

elegans, Thw. . .

586

densiflora, Wall. .

112

fasciculata, Zoll. .

574

dimorphophylla.

ferruginea, Roxb. .

574

Teysm, & Binn. .

112

flavida, Miq. . .

573

elUptica, Thw. . .

107

floribunda. Wall. .

579

fragrans, DC. . .

103

foliosa, Wight . .

582

laxiflora, Blume

103

Gardneriana, Wight

582

lucida, Miq. . . .

103

glomerata. King .

577

macrophylla, Wall.

35

grandiflora. Wall. .

578

malabarica, DC.

111

grandiflora, Griff. .

589

Pandaki,J)C. . .

111

Hamiltoniana,

penangensis, Miq. .

102

Wall

576

rigida, Wt. . . .

102

hebantha, Thw.

586

truncata, Wall. , .

94

Henscheli, Benth. .

588

Webera, A. Rich. .

102

hirsuta, Thw. . .

586

Page
hirsuta, Wight &

Gardn 585

hispidula, Thw. . . 585
Hohenackeri,

C.B.C. ... 582
Hookeri, C. B. C.

578, 589
Horgfieldiana, Miq. 574
iteophylla, Miq. . 575
japonica, Sieb. &

Zucc 589

javanica, Kurz . . 574
jucunda, Thw. . . 585
kurgensis, C. B. C. 576
lachnobotrya, Miq. 674
Iseta, Thw. . . .584
lancifolia, S. ^ Z. . 577
latiflora, C. B. C. . 585
laurina, Wall. . . 573
leiostachya, Kurz . 580
leiostachya, Kurz . 580
leptostachya, S. & Z. 577
leucantha, Kurz . 579
Loha, Don . 573, 579
Loha, Miq. . . .573
lucida, Wall. . . 575
macrocarpa, Wight 582
macrophylla. Wall. 578
Maingayi, Benth. . 588
marginalis, Thw. . 587
microcarpa, Benth. 577
microphylla, Wight 581
minor, C. B. C. . . 586
')noUis, Wall. . .574
monantha, Wight . 581
nervosa, A. DC. . 576
nervosa, Wight . . 582
nicobarica, C. B. C. 580
obtusa, Wall. . . 583
oliga^ndra, Bedd. . 574
ophirensis, C. B. C. 579
oxyphylla. Wall. . 574
paniculata, Wall. . 573
pauciflora, Wight . 587
pedicellata, Kurz . 574
pendula, Wight . .587
pendula, Thw. . .587
phyllocalyx, C.B.C. 575
polycarpa. Wall. . 573
polysperma, C. B. C. 590
polystachya, Wall. 575
polystachya,Z.&,M. 574
jpropinqua, Hance . 576
prunifilia, S. & Z. 577
pulchra, Wight . . 583
pyrifolia. Wall. . . 579
racemosa, Roxb. . 576,
racemosa, Roxb. . 579

708

INDEX OP GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
racemosa, Wall.

^ 573, 675, 579
racemosa* Vfigkt . 583
ramosissima. Wall. 577
reticulata, Grrah. . 582
rigida, a B.C.. .581
rigida, Wall. . 576, 577
rosea, Bedd. . . . 583
rubiginosa, Wall. . 580
rufescens, Thw. . .584
rugosum, Kurz . .589
salicifolia. Ham. . 579
sessilis, C. B. C. . 587
spicata, Boxh. . . 673
spicata, A. DC. . .573
spicata affiniSfBedd. 676
Stawellu,F. Muell. 673
svbcordata, Wight . 585
sulcata, Kurz . .579
Simmntia, Ham. . 578
Sumuntia, A. DC. 679
Smnhoeana,^a.nce . 577
thesefolia, Ham. . 576
uniflora, Bedd. . . 581
Verhuelli, Jungh &

De Vriese . . . 674

versicolor, C. B. C. 584

virgatum, Wall. . 589

xantkophglla, Jungh

& De Vriese . . 574

Synedrella, Gaertn. . 308
nodiflora, Gaertn. . 308

Syringa, lAnn. . . . 604
Emodi, Wall. . . 605
■persica,, Linn. . . 604

Sybingeje 590

Tabernaemontana,

Linn. . ... . 645

alternifolia, Roxb, . 648

calycina. Wall. . . 649
Colignona, Van

Heurck & Muell. 647

coronaria, Br. . .646

corymbosa, Eoxh. . 646

crispa, Eoxh. . .648

cylindracea, Wall. . 632

densiflora, Wall. .633

dichotoma, Boxb. . 646

dichotoma, Gibs. . 646

divaricata, Bl. . .647

elastica, Spr. . . 657
Finlaysoniana,

Wall 649

graciliflora, Wall. .647

gratissima, Lindl. . 648

Heyneana, Wall. . 646

hirta, Hook. f. . . 646

Page
indica, Willd. . . 649
intercedetis, Van

Heurck & Muell. 646
javanica, Miq. . .646
macrocarpa, Jack . 649
malaccensis, Hk. f. 649
membranifolia,

Kurz .... 649
microcarpa, Wall. . 633
monocarpa, Steud. . 649
ophiorhizoideSjiL'wr^' 649
parviflora, Heyne

633, 637
parvifolia, Roxb. . 649
peduncularis, Wall. 647
persicarisefolia,

Willd. . . . .649
polyantha, Bl. . .671
recurva, Boxh. . . 648
recurva, Hohen. . . 646
rostrata. Wall. . . 648
salicifolia, Wall. . 637
sphcerocarpa, Bl. .646
yS^ubcapitata, Wall. . 647
subcapitata ? H.f. ^'

T. 633

verticillata, Bedd. . 634
Wallichia7ia, Steud. 649
Tanacetum, Limi. . .318
artemisioides, -S'c^. . 318
Falconeri, Hook. f. 320
fniticulosum, ZecZg6. 318
fruticulosum,

C.B. C. ... 318
aossypinum, H.f. ^

" T. 321

gracile, H.f.^T. . 318
longifolium, Wall. . 320
nanum, C. B. C. . 320
nubigenum, Wall. . 318
purp^ireum, Don . 246
pgrethroidcs, Sch. . 315
robustum, £r./. # r. 320
senecionis, Gag. . 319
tenuifolium, Jacg. . 319
tibeticum, iT./. # r. 319
tomentosiim, DC. . 319
viscosum, Wall. . .246
Tanghinia dichotoma,

Gr. Don .... 646
lactaria, G. Don . 638
laurifolia, G. Don . 638
Odoilam, G. Don .638
Taraxacum, Hall. . .401
eriopodum, DC. . .401
officinale, Wigg. . 301
Wallickii, DC. . . 401
W&ttn, Hook. f. . 402

Page
Tetractis paludosa,

Blume .... 304
Tetra7norph<Ba Be-

langeriana, DC. . 385

Bruguiseriana, DC. 385
Tetrapilus brachiatus, •

Lour 612*

Tegsmannia Hooktr-

iana, Miq, . . . 652

laxiflora, Miq. . . 652

Thela alba, Lour. . . 480

coccinea, Lour. . .481

THBOPHRASTEiE. . . 507

ThespiSjDC. . . .259
divaricata, BC. . . 269
erecta, DC. . . . 259
Thibaudia, Griff. . . 460
acuminata, Wall. . 455
auriculata. Griff . . 444
camelifolia, Griff. . 454
glabra, Griff. . . 444
gualtheriafolia,

Griff. . . . .453

lor anthi flora, Wall. 446

macrantha. Hook. . 446

myrtifolia, Griff. . 449

ohliqua, Griff. . . 443

pulcherrima. Hook. 446

retusa, Griff. . . .461

revoluta. Griff. . .453

serrata, Wall. . . 452

setigera, Wall. . . 443

Sprengelii, Wall. . 453

variegata, Royle . 443

variegata, Wall. . 446

verticillata. Wall. . 443

Thibaudiacea, Griff. . 453

ThibaudiecB . . . .442

Thoninia nutans, L. . 608

Timonius, Rumph . . 1 26

.? acumhiatus. Wall. 99

Finlaysonianus,

Wall 127

flavescens, Baker . 127
Jambosella, Thw. . 127
Rumphii, DC. . .127
Times, Oerst. ... 6
Tocoyena scandens, Bl. Ill
Tomex glabra, Forsk. 619
Trachelospermum,

Leynaire . . .667
axillare, Hook.f . 668
fragrans, ZToo^. /. . 667
graeilipes, Hook. f. 668
Tragopogon, Linn. . 417
gracile, Bon . . 417
junceum, Wall. . .417
porrifolium, iw». .418

INDEX OF GENEBA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

709

Page
pratense, Linn. . 418
Trichogyne cauliflora,

DC 278

Tricholepis, DC. . . 379
amplexicaulis,

C. B.C. ... 381
angustifolia, DC. . 382
Candolleana, Wt. . 383
elongata, DC. . . 380
furcata, DC. . . 380
glaberrima, DC. .381
karensium, Kicr:: . 380
lanuginosa, Klotz. . 380
montana, Dalz. ^•

Gibs 383

nigrescens, Edgew. 380
procumbens, Wt. . 383
radicans, DC. . .381
Roylei, Hook./. . 383
spartoides, C. B. C. 382
Stewartei, C. B. C. 380
stictophyllum,

C.B.C. . . . 382
tibetica, H.f. ^. T. 382

Tridax, Linn. . . .311
procumbens, Linn. 311

Triosteum, Linn. . . 8
himalayanum, Wall. 8
hirsutum, Wall. . 8
hirsutiim, Koxb. . 180

Triplostegia, Wall. .215
glandulifera, Wall. 215
glandulosa, DC. . 215

Trisciadia, ^ooA', /. . 94
truncata, Hook.f. . 94

Tussilago, Linn. . . 330
Farfara, Lin7i. . .330
macrophylla. Wall. 391
rwpestris, Wall. . . 330

Uncaria, Schreb. . . 28

acida, i?oa:A. ... 33

acida, Kew distrib. 31

attenuata, Korth. . 29

6re vispina 1 Kew dis. 31

canescens, Korth. . 29

cirrhiflora, Roxb. . 34

da^oneura, Korth. 31

elliptica, Br. . . 31

elliptica, Don . . 27

ferrea, Z)C. ... 33

ferruginea, DC. . 28

ferruginea, Kurz . 28

Gam bier, i?oj:6. . 31

Gambler, Thwaites . 31

Gambler, Wall, . 29

Hallii, Korth. . . 28

hdmomalla, Miq. . 30

Page
Hor^eldiana, Cum. 33
insignis, DC. . . 28
jasminiflora, Wall. . 32
laevigata, Wall. . . 30
lanosa. Wall. . . 33
Lobbii, Hook.f. . 33
macrophylla, JFa//. 32
ovalifolia, Roxb. . 30
? ovalifolia, Roxb. . 30
ovata, Br. ... 29
pedicellata, Roxb. . 28
pedicellata, Bl. . . 28
pedicellata, DC. . . 28
pilosa, Roxb, . . 32
jnlosa. Wall. . . 30
pteropoda, Miq^. . 29
Roxburghiana,

Korth 32

sclerophylla, Roxb. 28
sclerophylla, DC. . 28
sclerophylla, Deless. 29
sclerophylla, Wall. 28
sessilifolia Roxb. . 32
sessilifructus,

Roxb 30

speciosa. Wall. . . 28
Urceola, Roxb. . . 657
brachysepala, Hk.f. 659
elastica, Roxb. . . 657
esculenta, Benth. . 658
lucida, Benth. . . 658
Maingayi, Hook. f. 658
malaccensis, ^00^./. 658
tortulosa, Hook. f. 659
Urophyllum, Wall. . 97
arboreum, Korth. . 98
biloculare, Kurz . 125
Blumeanum, Wight . 99
coriaccum, Miq. . 112
ellipticum, Thxv. . 97
glabrum, Wall. . . 98
glabrum, Wall. . . 99
Griffithianum, W. . 98
hirsutum, Wight . 98
longifolium, Wight . 99
parviflorum, Wall. 99
repandulum, Miq. . 98
streptopodium,

Wall 99

streptopodium.

Wall 99

strigosum, Kurz . 99
Tillosum, Wall. . 99
zeylanicum, Thw. . 98

Vacciniaceje . . .442

Vaccinium, Linn. . .451

acuminatum, Kurz 455

affine, Wight . . .463
arbutoides, C. B. C. 463
ardisioides, Hook. f. 462
auriculatum, Kurz. 444
bancanum, Miq. . . 464
ca/npanulatum,

Kurz . . . .449
Donianum, Wight . 453
Dunalianum, Wight 463
exaristatum, Kurz . 454
glauco-album, /W:./. 463
GriflBthianum, Wt. . 464
gualtheriaefolium,

Hook.f. . . .453
hirsutum, Wt. . . 443
Leschenaultii, ^j{. . 465
loranthiflorum, DC. 446
macrostemon, Kurz . 443
malaccense, Wight . 464
microphyllum, Bl. . 468
miniatum, Kurz . . 446
nilgherrense, fTiJ. . 454
Nummularia,

H.f ^ T. . . 451
obovatum, Wt. . . 447
odontocerum, Kurz . 447
odontoccrum, Wt. . 446
pumilum, iTwr-e^ . . 451
retusum. Hook, f . 451
rotundifolia, Wt. . 455
Roylei, Kurz . . 443
salignum. Hook. f. 444
serpens, Wight . . 449
serratum, Wight . 452
sikkimense, C. B. C. 451
8pn-e7igdii, Wall. . 447
variegatum,

Kurz . . . 443, 446
venosum, Wight . 452
verticillatum, Kurz 446
verticillatum, Wt. . 443
Wallichianum, Wt. 443
? Vahea gumm/fera,

Poir. . '. . .657
Valeriana, Liftn. . .211
acuminata, Royle . 213
aquatica, Schldl. . 214
Amottiana, Wight .213
Beddomei, C. B. C. 214
bracteata, Royle . 212
Brunoniana,

^. ^ ^. . . . 214
dioica, Linn. . .211
dubia, Bunge . .211
elata, Don . . .213
elegans, C. B. C. .212
Hardwick ia na,

Roem. & Schult. 213

710

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Hardwickii, Wall. . 213
Hardwickii, Thw. .213
RofSme\&\.QX\, Klotz. 213
Hookeriana, ^.^-^. 214
Jaeschkei, C. B. C. 212
Jataviansi, Jones . 213
Jatamansi, Wall. .211
javanica, Blume . 213
Leschenaultii, DC. 214
microphylla, Bedd. 214
Moonii, Am.. . .213
officinalis, Linn. .211
jyusilla, Royle . .211
pyrolsefolia, Dene. .212
Koylei, Klotzsch .212
8pca,YQh\ . . .213
Stracheyi, C. B. C. 212
tenera, Wall. . .213
villosa, Moon . . .213
mllosa, Wall. . .213
Wallichii, DC. . .213

VALERIANEiE . . .210

Valerianella, Moench. 214
Aucherl, Boiss. . .215
dentata, Poll. . . 214
on'croca'iya, Lois. . 214
Morisonii, DC. . .214
SzoYitziana, Fisch.

4' Mey. . . .214

Vallaris, Burm. . . 650

i anceps,

Wall.

652

assamica, Grijf. .652
dichotoma, Wall. . 650
Heynei, Spreng. . 650
lancifolia, Rook.f. 651
laxiflora, Bl. . . . 652
Maingayi, Hook.f. 651
ovalis, Miq. . . .651
Pergulana, Bumi. . 651
Vangueria, J?i55. . .136
? atroviridis, Wall. . 133
edulis, r«/^^ . . .136
gf^wZ/s, Miq. . . .136
lacidula, Miq. . .132
mollis, Wall. . .136
wo^/w, Wall.. . .136
palemhanica, Miq. . 123
pubescens, Kurz . .136
spinosa, iPoa:*. . .136
spinosa, Kurz . .136
spinosa, Roxb. . .136
spirostylis, Miq. . 132

Vangtterieje . 20, 131

Verbesina Acmella,

Linn 307

alba, Linn. . . . 304
biflora, Linn. . . 306
? biflora, Roxb. . . 307

Page

Page

6;>m, Wall. . .

307

javanica, DC. . .

239

6i/fom, Wall. . .

306

Kingii, C. B. C. .

232

Bosvallia, Linn. f. .

308

Kurzii, C. B. C. .

240

Boswellia, Roxb. .

308

laxiflora. Less. . .

234

calendulacea, Linn.

306

Uptophylla, DC. .

234

dichotoma, Wall.

linifolia, Reinw.

234

305

306

Lobbii, Hook. f.

231 ',

Lavenia, Linn. . .

243

lobelioidcs, Wall. .

388

Lavenia, Roxb. .

305

longicaulis, DC. . .

235

nodiflora, Linn. . .

308

malabarica, Hook.f. 230

prostrata, Linn.

304

MetziaJia, SchuHz .

234

Pseudo-aonella, L. .

307

monosis, DC. . . .

239

sativa, Bot. Mag. .

308

OTiontana, Edgew. .

234

Vemoniacea, Griff. .

253

multiflora, DC. . .

234

Vernonia, Schreb. . .

229

neilgheryensis, Thw

235

abbreviata, DC. . .

234

nemoraiis, Thw.

237

acuminata, DC. . .

240

nilgheryensis, DC.

234

albicans, DC. 234,

235

oligocephala, Edg.

233

anceps, C. j5. C. .

233

Parishii, Hook. f.

240

Andersoni, (7. 5. C.

241

parviflora, Reinw.

234

anthelmintica,

pectiniformis, DC.

239

PFiVy

236

peguensis, C. B. C.

232

arborea, i/aw. .

239

peninsularis.

Amottiana, Thorns.

238

C. B.C. . .

233

aspera, DC. . . .

233

physalifolia, DC.

234

aspera. Ham. . .

234

puncticulata, DC.

239

aspera, Less. . .

234

punduana, DC. .

240

attenuata, i>C. . .

231

ptmduana, Steetz

240

blanda, DC. . .

241

revoluta, Ham. .

233

blandula, 0. B. 0. .

241

rhomboidea, Edgew

234

Beddomei, Hook.f.

231

rigiophylla, DC.

230

Bhtmeana, DC. .

239

riparia. Wall. .

230 -

bracteata, ^a^/.

232

Roxburghii, Less.

232

bracteolata, DC. .

230

saligna, DC. . .

. 235

calycina, fTa^?. .

236

salvisefolia, Wt.

. 237

Candalleana,Jr.#^

236

scandens, DC. .

. 241

celebica, DC. . .

239

scariosa. Am. .

. 236

chinensis. Less. .

235

setigera, Am. .

. 235

cinerascens, Sch.

. 237

solanifolia, Benth.

. 240

cinerea, Less.

. 233

spathulata, Hochst.

237

clivorum, Hance

232

squarrosa, Less. .

. 230

conyzoides, Wt. .

. 236

subsessilis, DC.

. 230

conyzoides, DC. .

. 234

talaumifolia,

conyzoides, Thw.

. 236

H.f # r. . .

. 240

Cumingiana, Benth

. 241

teres, Wall. . .

. 229

cuspidata, Buek .

. 240

Thomsoni, Hook, f

232

cyanonioides, Walp

234

Thwaitesii, C. B. C. 231

dindigulensis, DC.

. 236

travancorica, Hk. J

. 240

diyergens, Benth.

. 234

vagans, DC. . .

. 241

elseagnifolia, DC.

. 237

volkamerisefolia,

elliptica, DC. .

. 237

DC. . . .

. 240

extensa, DC.

. 238

wlkamericBfolia,

fasciculaia, Reinw.

234

Beddome . .

. 240

Gardneri, Thw. .

. 230

volkam eriafolia,

Gardneri, Thw. .

. 231

Steetz . . .

. 240

Helferi, ^oo>t./.

. 231

vulgaris, Steetz .

. 240

Hookeriana, Am.

. 235

Wightiana, At'n.

. 238

indica, C. B. C. .

. 238

Wightiana, Thw.

. 233

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

711

Page
Wightiana, Wall. . 271
zeylanica, Less. . .238
Zollingeriana^ Sch. 234
Vernonie^ . . 220, 226
Viburnum, Linn. . . 3
acuminatum, DC. . 5
atro-cyanea, C. B. C. 7
<apitellatum, Wight 6
Colebrookianum,

Wall 5

cordifolium, Wall. . 6
coriaceum, Blume . 6
coriaceum,

H. f. & T. . . 6
corylifolium,

H.f.fT.. .
cotinifolium, Don
cylindricum, Ham
erubescens, Wall.
foetens, Dene.
foetidum, Wall. .
furcatum, Blume
grajidiflorum, Wall. 8
Griffithianum,

a B. C. . . . 4
hebanthum, W. ^ A. 6
hehanthitm, Thw. . 6
iidegerrimtim. Wall. 5
involucratum,

H. f. & T. . . . 4
Lantana, Linn. . . 3
lantanoides, Michx. 6
lutescens, Blume . 5
hctescens, H. f. & T. 5
Mullaha, Ham. . . 4
nervosum, Dow . . 8
odoratissimum, Ker 'y
polgcarpum, Wall. . ^v
pubigerum, W. & A. 7
punctatum, jya?/i. . 5
sambucinum,i?e/ww.

5, 671
SimoDsii,.^:/. # 7: 7
stellulatum, JTa/^. . 4
Wightianum, Hb.

Hohen 5

Wightianum, Wall. 7
zeylanicum, Gardn. 6

Vicoa, Ca55 297

appendiculata, DC. 297
auriculata, CasA
■ aurita, DC. .
cernua, i)a/^.
indica, DC. .
vestita, Benth.
Vinca, Lew?^.

Gidielmi Walde-
marii, Kl. . . .640

297
297
297
297
297
640

parviflora, Eetz

pusilla, Murr. .

rosea, Linn. . .
Vireya celebica, Bl.

javanica, Bl. . .

tubiflora, Bl. . .
Visiania grandiflora,
DC

robusta, DC. . .

robusta, Wight .

smnatrana, Miq.
Vogelia, Lamk.

arabica, Boiss. .

indica, Gibs.
Volutarella, Cass.

divaricata, Benth.

Page
640
640
640
463
463
463

617
614
615
614
481
481
481
383
383

Wahlenbergia, S(?^m<?. 429
agrcstis, A. DC. . 429
dehiscens, A. DC. . 429
? dieentrifolia,

C.B.C. . . . 430
fragrans, Blume . 133
gracilis, DC. . . 429
indica, A. DC. . . 429
lavandulcefolia,

A. DC 429

marginata, A. DC . 429
peduncularis,

H.f. ^ T. . . 430
perotifolia,y^.^K. 428
purpurea, A. DC. . 432
quadrijida-, A. DC. . 429
rotundifolia, A. DC. 432
Roylei, DC. . . .433

Sieberi, A. DC. . . 429
thalictnfolia, DC. . 432
viridis, A. DC. . .431
Waldemaria argentea,

Kl. . . . . . 464

Waldkeimia tridacty-

liies, Kar. «& Kir. 313
Wallichia arborea,

Reinw 98

. 101
. 102
/. 104
. 108
. Ill

Webera, Schreb.
asiatica, Bedd.
attenuata. Hook
auriculata. Wall
bispinosa, Kurz
campaniflora, Hook.f. 106
canarica, Hook.f. . 106
cm/fim, Moon Cat . 102
corymbosa, Willd. . 102
costata, Miq. . .103
densiflora. Wall. .112
disperma, ZZbo^./. . 102
fasciculata, Kurz . 1 09
fragrans, Blume . 103

Page
glomeriflora, K\irz . 102
grandifolia, Hook.f. 105
Helferi, Hook.f. . 107
Kurzii, Hook.f. . 105
lanceolata, Moon . 132
longiflora, Kurz . Ill
longifolia, Hook. f. 105
lucens, Hook.f. . 106
mocrophylla,

Roxb. . . . 35, 102
Maingayi, Hook. f. 103
mollis, Wall. .' . 104
monosperma.W.LfA. 103
? nilagirica, J^oo^'./. 106
odorata, Roxb. . .102
pumila, Hook.f, . 103
scandens, Roxb. . Ill
siamensis, Kurz . Ill
stellulata, Hook. f. 1 04
tetrandra. Wall. . 134
tetrandra, Willd. .136
thyrsoidea. Roth . 40
truncata, Roxb. . 94
Wallichii, Hook, f 105

Wedelia, Jacq. . . . 306
bengalensis, ?Rieh. 306
biflora, DC. . . . 306
biflara, C. B. C. . 307
? biflora, Kurz . . 306
calendulacea, Less. 306
scaberrima, Wall. . 307
scandens, C. B. C. . 306
urticaefolia, DC. . 306
Wallichii, Less. . . 307

Wendlandia, Bartl. . 37
angusti folia, Wight. 40
appendiculata,W'Ali. 38
bicuspidata, W. & A. 40
? bifaria, Wall. . . 98
budleoides, Wall. . 38
cinerea. Wall. . . 37
coriacea, DC. . , 39
1 corymbosa, Wall. . 41
exserta, DC. . . 37
glabrata, DC. . . 39
glomerulata. Kurz . 40
Heyneana, Wall. . 39
Itevigata, Miq. . . 39
Lawii, Hook.f. . . 40
Lawsonice, DC. . . 56
ligustrina, W^aW. . 39
longifolia, DC. . . 95
luzotiiensis, DC. . 39
malayana, G. Don . 95
nitens, Wall. . . 38
Notonia, Wall. . . 40
paniculata, DC. . ^9
pendula, DC. ..41

712

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

Page

Page

proxima, DC. .

. 38

biflora, Wt. . .

. 306

purpurascens, Dene

. 12

puberula, DC. .

. 37

scabriuscula, DC.

. 306

spinosum. Dene.

. 13

scabra, Kurz

. 38

Wrightia, Br. . .

. 652

secwida, Griif. .

. 41

angustifolia, Thw.

. 653

? spicata, DC. .

. 41

antidysenterica, Br

654

You7igia acaulis, DC.

. 396

suTnatrana, Miq.

. 39

antidysenterica, Gr

. 644

antbigua, DC.

. 395

tenuiflora, Miq.

. 39

coccinea, Sims .

654

diversifolia, Ledeb.

395

? tetrandra, DC.

. 54

C&raia, Wall. .

. 653

fastigiata, DC. .

. 395

tinctoria, DC. .

. 38

Hamiltoma7ia,'Wa\l

653

fuscipappa, Thw.

395

Wallichii, W. 4' A

. 38

Isevis, Hook. f. .

654

glauca, Edgew. .

394

•iWightiana, Wall

41

Tnollissima, Wall.

653

Kochiana, Ledeb.

398

Werneria, H. B. # K

357

religiosa, Benth.

653

lyrata, Cass. . .

395

Ellisii, ZToo/t.y.

357

, Botha, G. Don .

653

napifolia, DC. .

395

nana, Benth.

357

tinctoria, Br.

653

napifolia, Wt. .

395

Willoughbeia, Boxb.

623

tinctoria, Roth . .

653

Poosia, DC. . .

395

Burbidgei, Dyer

624

toriientosa, B. Sf 8.

653

runcinata, DC. .

395

ceylanica, Thw.

624

Wallichii, A. DC. .

653

striata, J>0. . .

395

coriacea, Wall. .

623

zeylanica, Br. . .

654

Thunbergiana, DC.

395

edulis, Bo.xb. .

623

firma, Bl

624

Xanthium, Linn. . .

303

flavescens, Dyer

625

brevirostre,WallToth. 303

Zinnia Bidens, Retz

310

grandiPora, Dyer .
martabanica, Wall.

625

discolor, Wallroth .

303

Zoegia, Linn. , . .

384

624

indicum, DC. . .

303

aristata, DC. . .

384

oblonga, Dyer . .

625

orientale, Blume

303

purpurea, Fresen. .

384

rufescens, Dyer . .

626

Boxburghii,'W oilvoth 303 j

Zollikqferia glomerata,

tenuiflora, Dyer . .

625

strumarium, Linn. .

303

Boiss

417

Winchia, A. DC. . .

630

Xeropappus lanugi-

mucronata, Boiss. .

415

atro-viridis, Kurz .

626

nosus, Wall. . .

387

nudicaulis, Boiss. .

416

calophylla, A. DC. .

630

Xipholepis aspera.

Zollingeria scaiidens.

cirrhifera, Gardner .

624

Steetz ....

233

Schultz . . .

248

Woollasto7iia biflora,

silhetensis, Steetz .

232

Zwardekronia kirida,

Dalz. & Gibs. .

306

Xylosteum asperrimum

Korth

177

biflora, DC. . . .

306

Dene

12

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0UEJAN6 1009 ,
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Book Slip-25m-7,'53(A8998s4)458

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