UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO WOMAN 3 1761 01532911 3 Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/floraofcaliforni0Ojepsuoft LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AUG27 1970 A FLORA OF CALIFORNIA BY WILLIS LINN JEPSON Professor of Botany, University of California ILLUSTRATED WITH MANY ORIGINAL FIGURES eee regener VOLUME I Parts 1 to 7 (Part 8 not yet printed) GYMNOSPERMS (Pinaceae to Gnetaceae).-.. essere ee eeeenee 1-66 ANGIOSPERMS—MONOCOTYLEDONS (Typhaceae to Orchidaceae) 66-336 ANGIOSPERMS—DICOTYLEDONS—CHORIPETALAE (Salicaceae to Fumariaceae). .ccedese sce eee et eee etter raeeecsc essere 337-578 i } ( NOV 24 1966 \%, 8 eG TF : eon OF <> I ASSOCIATED STUDENTS STORE University of California Berkeley, Cal. LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FEB 13 196? Parts 1 (338-64) and 2 (337-368), copyright 1909. Part 3 (65-192), e« opy 1912. Part 4 (369-464), and 5 (465-528), copyright 1914. ee 6 Peay 7m 7 (529-578), copyright 1922, mW, wie: es ; ats of Calif plants tn Holliston bi nit About 1280 page be fo deserves fe Sacre ua Ri Save a 5, 6 an Vol. 8 ie LL, pee plc ‘ Shoae MY 0, Tam Faustcusigy! Piownphay PcAuee ¥ GYMNOSPERMS Resinous trees or shrubs, ours evergreen with linear, awl-like or scale-like leaves. Trunk usually persisting through the crown as a single axis, increasing in diameter by an annual layer of wood inside the bark. Sexual reproductive organs consisting of stamens and ovules. Stamens generally spirally arranged in a catkin-like cluster which falls after maturity. Ovules commonly borne naked on the surface of a scale with the scales arranged spirally in a short eatkin which commonly matures into a woody cone. Cotyledons several to many, sometimes only 2. Bibliog.—Endlicher, Stephano, Synopsis Coniferarum (1847). Carriere, E. A., Traite Con- iferes (1855). Engelmann, Geo., Papers on Conifer (Collected Works, p. 326,—1887) ; Masters, M. T., The genera of Taxacee and Conifere (Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 30, p. 1,—1893). Wordsell, W. C., Structure of the Female Flower in Conifer (Ann. Bot. vol. 14, p. 39,—1900). Veitch, James, et al., Manual of the Conifere (1900). Coulter & Chamberlain, Morphology of Gymnosperms (1901). PINACEAE. Prve Faminy. Trees or shrubs, typically with one main mast-like axis which bears laterally successive whorls of much-branched limbs. Leaves narrowly linear and alter- nate, or with bundles of needle-like leaves in the axils of scale-like (primary) leaves. Stamens and ovules in different catkins on same tree. Staminate cat- kins with numerous spirally arranged stamens, each bearing 2 pollen-sacs and ending in a roundish crest or mere knob; pollen-grains usually with 2 bladder- like appendages to assist distribution by the wind. Ovulate catkins with spirally arranged scales, each subtended by a distinct bract; ovules naked, 2 at the base of each scale on the upper side, maturing into seeds which com- monly bear a wing derived from the surface tissue of the scale. Fruit a woody eone, the scales much enlarged, the bracts remaining small or sometimes elongated and surpassing the scale-—Northern hemisphere, eight genera. Cali- fornia has endemic representatives of all the genera except Cedrus (Lebanon Cedar and varieties), Larix (Larch) and Pseudolarix (of China). Bibliog.—Don, David, Five New Species of the Genus Pinus discovered by Dr. Coulter in California (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 17, p. 439,—1837). Lemmon, J. G., Pines of the Pacific Slope (2d Rep. Cal. Board For. p. 67,—1888); Cone-bearers of California (3rd Rep. 1. ¢. p. 79,—1890). Sargent, C. 8., Silva N. Am. vol. 11 (1897), vol. 12 (1898). Masters, M. T., A General View of the Genus Pinus (Jour. Linn. Soe. vol. 35, p. 560,—1904). Cones pendent or spreading, falling from the tree whole, the scales persistent. Leaves of 2 kinds, needle-leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5 and scale-leaves; cones maturing tue second year, their bracts Minute... .. 2.0... c es cw e cece ete e cece eees 1, PINUS. Leaves of 1-kind, linear; cones maturing in the first year, their bracts obvious. ; Bracts shorter than the scales; branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf. bases. Leaves petioled, jointed on the woody base which is somewhat decurrent on the branchlet; trunk bark fissured or smoothish, not scaly..... 2. TSUGA. Leaves sessile, jointed on the woody peg-like base which spreads at right angles to the branchlet; trunk bark marked by scars of deciduous scales..3. PIcEA. Bracts longer than the scales, notched at apex with a spear-like point in the notch; leaf-sears smooth; old bark very rough.................0.4- 4. PsEUDOTSUGA. Cones erect on branch, maturing the first year, their scales falling separately; leaf-scars smooth. © Fag chide ES A Ever EPS apc GaSe ane a a 5. ABIES. 1. PINUS L. Pine. Trees with two sorts of leaves, the primary leaves thin and scaly or chaff-like, bearing in their axils needle-shaped leaves in fascicles of 1 to 5, which emerge 34 PINACEAE from slender buds whose scarious seales sheathe the base of the cluster. Stami- nate catkins spreading, crowded in a whorl at the base of the shoot of the same spring. Ovulate catkins erect, lateral or sub-terminal, 1 to 8 in a whorl. Cones maturing in the second year, reflexed or pendulous, their scales woody, im- bricated, the exposed portion (apophysis) often much thickened and bearing centrally an elevated scar or prickly boss (umbo). Cotyledons 4 to 17.—The genus Pinus, consisting of about seventy-five species distributed over the northern hemisphere and replaced in the southern hemisphere by the Araucarias and Po- docarpums, is strongly represented in California, no other region relatively to area being so rich in species. (Pinus, the ancient Latin name.) WuirE Pines.—Cones subterminal, the apophysis of the cone-scale usually thin and unarmed; needles in 5s; wood light-colored, soft; chiefly high montane. Cones long-stalked, very long and slender when closed. Needles 1 to 3% inches long; cones 6 to 8 inches long; high ranges. ry Nae monticola. Needles 2 to 314 inches long; cones 13 to 18 inches long; high ranges.2. P. lambertiana. Cones with short stalks or almost none; needles 1 to 214 inches long. Seales very thick at tip, not closely overlapping; cones subglobose, 1 to 3 inches long; high montane .... 2s 053 «sciess see cle sawinuiin ys § 0 ftir 3. P. albicaulis. Scale-tips slightly thickened, rather closely overlapping; cones commonly long-ovate, 2 to 5 inches long; desert mountains chiefly..............+.... 4. P. flexilis. YELLOW Pives.—Cones subterminal, sessile or nearly so, the scales with a thick apophysis which is umbonate and armed with a prickle; needles in 5s, 3s, or 2s; wood bie pitehy. Needles in 5s. Cones oblong-ovate, 2% to 5 inches long; scales with minute prickles; ; needles % to 1 inch long; Mt. Whitney region and high North Coast Ranges. .5. P. balfouriana. Cones slender ovate, 3 to 3% inches long; scales with long slender prickles; needles 1 to 1% inches long; desert ranges. ..........0.sessessssesaes 6. P. aristata. Needles in 3s, 5 to 10 inches long; cones breaking throng: near base when falling, some scales remaining on branch. Cones ovate, 3 to 5 inches long; common at middle altitudes..... ..7. P. ponderosa. Cones round-oval, 5 to 10 inches long; at higher altitudes............. Var. jeffreyi. Needles in 2s, 14% to 2% inches long. Bark thin, smooth; high montane 33's... 5s aes <8 cg ys Cae eae 8. P. murrayana. Bark thick, rough ;: seashore. Fo). .5 635 oe we o cate eines ot eae eee 9. P. contorta. Nur Prives.—Cones lateral or subterminal, the scales strongly thickened at tip or prolonged into conspicuous spurs or hooks; seeds large, thick shelled, the wing short or none; needles 1 to 5 in a cluster; arid areas and chiefly low altitudes. Cones very large, with highly developed spurs, breaking through near base when falling, a few lower scales persisting on the branch; needles in 3s. Cones ovate, 10 to 13 inches long; needles erect, 5 to 14 inches long; trunk persisting through crown as one main axis; foliage yellowish; South Coast Ranges and Southern Californias..,).. 52.4. ic ¢auss ses cane oink eg See one eee 10. P. coulteri. Cones round-oval, 6 to 10 inches long; needles drooping, 7 to 13% inches long; * trunk branching into several secondary axes; foliage gray; dry interior foothills. wc ce soe disleie lends Bip Rie mRe TORS Oe Te a tens a ioe ee ne ee -11. P. sabiniana. — Cones with pyramidal apophyses. Needles in 5s, 8 to 12 inches long; cones triangular-oval, 4 to 514 inches long; scales with pyramidal apophyses; local on south coast.............. 12. P. torreyana. Needles commonly in 4s, 1 to 11% inches long; cones subglobose, % to 14% inches long; Southern and Lower California............0cccceccscccvccccs 13. P. parryana. Needles 1 in a place, 114 to 2 inches long; cones subglobose, 2%4 to 3% inches long; desert region 2.0.5: (54> 0s «55 obene eee ee aan eee ee 14, 2, monophylla. CLOSED-CONE PinES.—Cones lateral, sessile, one-sided, opening tardily, often remaining closed for many years, their scales conspicuously swollen at tip; needles in 3s or 2s; lower altitudes, chiefly of coast. Needles in 2s, 4 to 6 inches long; cones ovate, 2 to 3 inches long, often developing stout SPurG; seashore’. oc ois Ss sive sid.scies ouvis © ota Miele Meena aaa eae 15. P. muricata. — PINE FAMILY 3D Needles in 3s. Cones broadly ovoid, 2144 to 414 inches long; needles 3. to 6 inches long; seashore. Paerdstisteratvialalewlig «0 btalea ici dix acres al Sunaina aan aimee PAPERPIARAL a eh 4 a3 37S5% (a's <0 16. P. radiata. Cones oblong-ovate, 3 to 6 inches long; needles 3 to 5 inches long; montane....... Metta cAatia eidhe %,a)9. 0 ia,'0 a(h' ane po. ave a aleresdieh Se SURARELSSE ee OAT RELIC Sots 17. P. tuberculata. 1. P. monticola Don. Srmver Pine. Forest tree, 50 to 175 feet high, the branches slender and spreading or somewhat drooping and mostly confined to the upper portion of the shaft; trunk 1 to 6 feet in diameter, clothed with a very smooth though slightly checked whitish or reddish bark 44 to 114 inches thick; needles in 5s, very slender, 1 to 334 inches long, sheathed at base by thinnish narrow deciduous seales, some of which are 1 inch long; staminate catkins 3 or 4 lines long, 6 or 7 (or more) in a cluster; ovulate catkins borne near the ends of high branches on long peduncles; cones pendulous, 6 to 8, or rarely 10 inches long, very slender when closed and usually curved towards the tip, black-purple or green when young, 214 to 314 inches broad near the base when open and tapering to the apex; scales thin, smooth, widening from the base to the rounded apex, chocolate-brown except the apophysis, which is buff and bears a terminal scar-like umbo; seeds 3 to 4 lines long, their wings about 3 times as long, widest at the middle; cotyledons 5 to 9, mostly 7 or 8. Sierra Nevada, in the main tir.ber belt from 6,000 to 9,000 feet, ranging west to Mt. Shasta, Seott Mts., the Trinities and Siskiyous, and northward to Van- couver Island and northwestern Montana. Its wood is valuable but the species is too weakly represented to be of very great forestral importance. Refs.—PINus MONTICOLA Don in Lambert, Pinus, vol. 3, p. 27 (1837), type loc. mountains near Grand Rapids of the Columbia, Douglas ; Sargent, Gard. & For. vol. 5, p. 1, fig. 1 (1892) ; Merriam, Biol. Sur. Mt. Shasta, pp. 39, 136 (1899). 2. P. lambertiana Dougl. Suaar Pine. (Fig. 3.) Forest tree 80 to 250 feet high, the young and adult trees symmetrical, but the aged trees commonly with broken summits or characteristically flat-topped with 1 or 2 long arm-like branches exceeding shorter ones; trunk 2 to 8 feet in diameter, its bark brown or reddish, closely fissured into rough ridges sealy on the surface, 1 to 4 inches thick; needles in 5s, slender, 2 to 314 inches long; staminate catkins yellowish brown, 3 to 4 lines long, 15 to 25 in a eluster, their pollen-sacs with broad or roundish minutely erose crests; cones pendulous on peduncles (2 to 31% inches long) at the ends of branches, mostly in the very summit of the tree, very long oblong, 13 to 18 inches long, 4 to 6 inches in diameter when opened; scales broad, only very slightly thickened, rounded at apex and tipped with a ter- minal scar-like umbo; seeds 4 to 7 lines long with wings twice as long and broadest near the middle; cotyledons 13 to 15. Sierra Nevada, mainly between 4,000 and 6,500 feet, the fourth most abundant species in the main timber belt. North Coast Ranges: isolated patches on Gallo- way and Austin creeks in Sonoma Co.; Oathill Mine, Mt. St. Helena, Cobb Mt., Sanhedrin, Bartlett Mt. and north along the Yollo Bollys to South Fork Mt., Trinity Summit, Marble Mt. and Mt. Shasta, thence north into Oregon as far as North Fork Santiam River. South Coast Ranges: reported west of Palo Alto; Santa Lucia and Twin Peaks in Santa Lucia Mts.; San Rafael Mts., eastward .to Tehachapi and southward through all the high Southern California ranges (5,000 to 10,000 feet on the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mts.); Lower California. Associated with Yellow Pine, Incense 36 PINACEAE Cedar and White Fir. The largest of all pines. Wood light, soft, straight- grained, of high commercial value. ~ Refs.—PINUS LAMBERTIANA Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. 15, p. 500 (1827), type loc. Umpqua River Mts., Oregon, Douglas; Comp. Bot. Mag., vol. 2, pp. 92, 106, 107, 130, 152 (1836); Sudworth, 21st Rep. U. 8, Geol. Sur. pt. 5 (For. Res.), p. 522 (1900); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 20 (1901). Sugar Pine, Cooper, For. Service Bull, no, 69 (1906). 3. P. albicaulis Engelm. Wuire-BarK Pine. (Fig. 1.) Subalpine tree, usually dwarfish or prostrate; trunk 14 to 2 feet in diameter, often with 2 or 3 main stems from the base, 2 to 40 feet high; bark thin, whitish and smooth, or fissured into scaly plates on the main trunk; needles in 5s, 1 to 21% inches long, persisting 5 to 7 years, densely clothing the tips of the slowly growing branchlets ; catkins scarlet; cones ovoid or subglobose, yellowish brown, 1 to 3 inches long and nearly as thick; scales broad and rounded at apex with a short acute umbo, not overlapping closely but their tips strongly thickened and either projecting freely or presenting very bluntish points; seeds obovate, acute, not compressed or only on one side, obscurely mar- gined towards the point, 44 to % inch long; wing narrow, usually persistent on the scale; cotyledons 7 to 9. Subalpine on the Sierra Nevada, southward to the San Bernar- dino Mts., north to British Colum- bia and easterly to the Rocky Mts. In the Coast Ranges it oe- curs on a few high peaks (Salmon Mts., Marble Mt.). In the Sierra Nevada it is a timber line tree, between 8,000 and 10,000 feet in the south and 6,000 to 8,000 feet in the north, forming a very thin and scattered scrubby growth on exposed slopes. Where winter as low trees only 2 or 3 feet high Fie. 1. Pinus ALBICAULIS | Engelm. a, Closed yt with a flat or table-like top 6 cone; b, seed. nat. size. i to 10 feet broad. , Refs.—PINUS ALBICAULIS Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. vol. 2, p. 209 (1863), type loc. Oregon Cascades, Newberry; Merriam, Biol. Sur. Mt. Shasta, pp. 39, 137 (1899). P. flexilis var. albicaulis Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 124 (1880). 4. P. flexilis James. Livper Pine. Tree 10 to 60 feet high with a short trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter; needles in 5s, 1 to 214 inches long, often curving, densely clothing the ends of the branchlets and forming a sort of brush; catkins reddish; cones buff or olive-buff, globose to long-ovate, 2 to 5 inches long; scales broad with rounded slightly thickened tips and terminal sear-like umbo, overlapping rather closely and leaving only a narrow portion free on the upper side the scale; seeds nearly oval, markedly compressed, surrounded by - an acute margin, 4 or 5 lines long; wing narrow, generally persistent on scale; cotyledons 6 to 9. snows accumulate to great depth on plateaus or in cirques it occurs PINE FAMILY 37 Subalpine, 7,000 to 12,000 feet: east slope of Sierra Nevada from Mono Pass south to Monache Peak, attributed to west slope on high ridges south side of South Fork Kings River; Panamint Range; Mt. Pinos (Ventura Co.); Sierra Madre and San Bernardino mts.; San Jacinto Mts. (W.L.J. no. 2308) ; El Toro Peak. Ranges far east to Rocky Mts. of New Mexico and north to Alberta. Refs.—PINUS FLEXILIS James, Long’s Exped. vol. 2, p. 35 (1823); Coville, Bot. Death Val. p. 221 (1893). 5. P. balfouriana Jeffrey. Foxram Ping. Subalpine tree, 20 to 45 feet high, with cone-shaped trunk 1 to 4 feet in diameter at the base, the axis in old or in storm-beaten trees at timber line projecting through the crown as a dead and shining splinter point; trunk bark reddish brown, smoothish but superficially checked; branches stout and rather short with half-drooping branchlets thickly clothed with short needles persisting 10 to 15 years and thus resembling a fox’s tail; needles in 5s, bright green on the upper side, glaucous on the lower, 34 to 1 inch long; cones slender when closed, oblong-ovate in outline when open, terra-cotta color, 214 to 5 inches long, 134 to 2 inches broad; tips of the scales thickened or low-pyramidal, with shrunken scar-like umbo; seeds 314 to 4 lines long, their wings narrow, 6 to 11 lines long; cotyledons 5. Timber line tree local in two widely separated areas: North Coast Ranges from South Yollo Bolly north to the Seott Mts. and Marble Mt.; southern Sierra Nevada from Olanche Peak northward over the Whitney Plateau to Bubbs Creek and South Fork San Joaquin, and westward to the Chagoopah Plateau -and Alta Peaks. Refs.—PINUS BALFOURIANA Jeffrey, Oreg. Exped. 1, t. 3, fig. 1 (1853), type loc. Scott Mts., John Jeffrey; Lemmon, 2d Rep. Cal. Board For. pp. 71, 86, t. 5 (1888); Jepson, Sierra Club Bull. vol. 4, p. 214, pl. 75 (1903). 6. P. aristata Engelm. Hickory Prine. Bushy tree 15 to 40 feet high; leaves 1 to 114 inches long; young bark milky white; cones slender ovate, 3 to 31% inches long, the scales armed with slender prickles 3 lines long. High mountains of Nevada, northern Arizona and New Mexico, east to central Colorado and westward to the Death Valley region of California where it is found on the Funeral, Grapevine, Charleston and Panamint ranges between 7,500 and 11,000 feet. Wood of poor quality but on account of timber scarcity it is lumbered in central Nevada where it is known as ‘‘ White Pine.’’ Refs.—PINus ARISTATA Engelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vol. 34, p. 331 (1862); Sargent, Silva, vol. 11, p. 63, t. 554 (1897). P. balfouriana, var. aristata Engelmann, in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 125 (1880). 7. P. ponderosa Dougl. YrELLow Pine. (Fig. 2.) Forest tree 60 to 225 feet high, the trunk 2 to 9 feet in diameter and often clear of branches for 40 to 100 feet; branches horizontal or drooping; trunk bark in typical trees tawny yellow, divided by fissures into large scaly-surfaced plates 1 to 4 feet long and Y% to 114 feet wide; needles in 3s, 5 to 10 inches long; staminate catkins yellow, in rosette-like clusters, slender in anthesis and 1 to 2 inches long; ovulate catkins purplish, oblong-ovate, 6 to 8 lines long; cones reddish brown, narrowly ovate when closed, roundish ovate or oval when open, commonly 3 to 5 inches long; after opening breaking through near the base and falling, leaving the basal scales on the limb; scales with thickened or low-pyramidal apophyses, the umbo abruptly drawn down into a stout somewhat triangular point or short prickle; seeds ovatish, sometimes slightly flattened at apex, 3 to 5 lines long, the wing broadest near the middle and tapering to apex, 7% to 1 inch long and 414 lines broad; cotyledons 5 to 9. . 38 PINACEAE Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges at middle altitudes, north to British Columbia, east to the Rocky Mts., south to the summit of the high mountains of Southern California and into Lower California. It is the most abundant tree in the main timber belt of the Sierra Nevada (5,000 to 7,500 feet at the south, and 3,000 to 5,500 feet at the north). In the South Coast Ranges it is comparatively scarce and its A distribution more localized ; it “S¢ occurs in the southern Santa Lucias and north to Pico Blaneo, on the Pinnacles, Santa Cruz Mts. above Laurel Station, and in the Mt. Ham- ilton Range in one limited locality. In the North Coast Ranges it occurs in the Napa and Mt. Hood ranges, is north of Clear Lake, but no- where penetrates the Redwood Belt or reaches the neighbor- hood of the ocean as it does in the South Coast Ranges. It grows on rich mountain — slopes, rocky cliffs, dry mesas, gravelly valley floors and is more abundant and widely distributed throughout the State than any other tree. Fic. 2. PINUS PONDEROSA Dougl. Open cone, broken through near base in falling, lower scales persisting on branch. nat. size. The wood is hard, strong, but not tough, of high commercial value, com- ~ > monly marketed as ‘‘white pine’’ but sometimes so light and fine-grained as to be graded with Sugar Pine stock and sold as such. Rougher-barked trees with inferior wood are called Bull Pine and Jack Pine by woodsmen. Var. jeffreyi Vasey. JEFFREY Pine. Forest tree 60 to 125 or 170 feet high with yellowish or wine-colored trunks, the bark broken into roughish plates; cones larger and denser, 5 to 10 inches long, shaped when open like an old- fashioned straw hive; prickle of the umbo often more slender; seeds often ob- ovate, 5 to 7 lines long with a wing 12 or 13 lines long; cotyledons 7 to 13.— Sierra Nevada, the typical form in a marked belt at higher elevations (5,000 to 8,000 feet) than the species but everywhere passing over into it at lower ele- vations. It ranges north into southern Oregon and southward to Southern California (where it is common on the higher mountain summits) and into Lower California. . Refs.—PINUS PONDEROSA Douglas in Lawson, Man. p. 355 (1836), Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. 2, p. 111 (1836), type loc. near Spokane River, Douglas; Newberry, Pac. R. Rep. vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 36, pls. (1857); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 21 (1901). P. benthamiana Hartweg, Jour. abundant in the inner ranges PINE FAMILY 39 Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. 2, p. 189 (1847) ; Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. 4, p. 212, t. (1849). Var. jeffreyi Vasey, Rep. U. S. Com. Agr. p. 179 (1875). P. jeffreyi Balfour, Rep. Oreg. Exped. no. 2, t. 1 (1853), type loc. Shasta Valley, John Jeffrey. 8. P. murrayana Balf. Tamrac Pine. Forest tree of symmetrical habit, commonly 50 to 80 feet, but sometimes 125 feet high, or when stunted but a few feet high; bark remarkably thin, rarely more than 14 inch thick, light gray in color, very smooth but flaking into small thin scales; needles in 2s, 1144 to 234 inches long; staminate catkins 4 or 5 lines long, yellow, 15 to 60 in spike-like clusters: ovulate catkins 2 or 3 lines long, chiefly 2 in a whorl; cones chestnut brown, oblong, but more or less globose when open, 1 to 114 inches long; scales thickened at the ends, black-banded at their tips inside, with a central umbo pro- longed into a slender sub-persistent prickle; seeds 2 lines long, the wing broadly oblong, 5 or 6 lines long; cotyledons 4 or 5. Sierra Nevada, 6,000 to 10,000 feet, southward to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mts., north to Mt. Shasta and thence west to Marble Mt. (W.L.J. no. 2813) and the Klamath Range. Beyond our borders it ranges north to Alaska, Montana and east to Colorado. In the Sierra Nevada it forms dense forests, especially about swampy meadows, or at higher altitudes becomes a dwarfed timber-line tree. First collected by John Jeffrey, whose label on original specimen in the Herbarium of the Edinburgh Botanie Garden reads thus: ‘‘Found on the Siskiyou mountains in Lat. 43°. Elevation 7,500 feet, growing on moist deep loamy soil. Oct. 21 [1852]. This all the cones I could procure. Tree 40 feet high, of a conical form.’’ Refs.—PINUS MURRAYANA Balfour, Rep. Oreg. Exped. p. 2, t. 3 (1853) ; Merriam, Biol. Sur. Mt. Shasta, p. 38 (1899); Jepson, Sierra Club Bull. vol. 4, p. 208, pl. 74 (1903). P. contorta var. murrayana Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 126 (1880). 9. P. contorta Dougl. Bracu Pine. Serub pine 2 to 35 feet high, com- monly with depressed or irregular dark green crown, the trunk mostly 14 to 14, feet in diameter and clothed in dark rough bark; needles in 2s, 114 to 2 inches long, clothing the branchlets densely; staminate catkins yellow, 20 to 65 in a spike-like cluster, conical, 3 to 4 lines long; ovulate catkins red, borne 1, 2 or 3 in a whorl, 2 lines long; cones narrowly ovate or sub-cylindric, somewhat oblique, globose when open, 144 to 114 inches long, falling after 4 or 5 years or remaining on the tree many years; apophysis low pyramidal, bearing a very slender prickle which weathers away in age; seeds 11% to 2 lines long, the wing 3 to 6 lines long; cotyledons 4 or 5. Coast of California from the Albion River (Mendocino Co.) northward to the sand dunes of the Oregon and Washington shores and the sphagnum bogs of Alaska. Var. bolanderi Vasey. Cane-like dwarfs 2 to 5 feet high with very small cones.—Mendocino ‘‘ White Plains,’’ (W.L.J. no. 2166). Refs.—PINuS CoNTORTA Douglas in Loudon, Arb. Britt. vol. 4, p. 2292, figs. 2210, 2211 (1838), type loc. mouth of the Columbia River, Douglas; Lemmon, Erythea, vol. 2, p. 174 (1894). Var. bolanderi Vasey, Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1875, p. 177 (1876). P. bolanderi Parlatore, DeCandolle, Prodr. vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 379 (1869). 10. P. coulteri Don. Bic-conr Prinz. Tree commonly 40 to 90 feet high, with conical or more often spreading crown, long lower branches, yellowish green foliage and trunks 1 to 2% feet in diameter; trunk bark dark, roughly broken so as to form an irregular network of longitudinal fissures and sometimes loosening superficially into large thinnish scales; needles in 3s, erect, tipped with a short hard point, 5 to 10 (or 14) inches long; staminate catkins 15 to 65 in 40 . PINACEAE a cluster, at length cylindric and 1 inch long; ovulate catkins in whorls of 3 to 5: cones ovate, or when open, broadly ovoid, 10 to 13 inches long and 5 to 74 inches thick, when falling breaking through near the base; scales at tip rather abruptly passing into prominent tusk-like points or spurs which towards the base of the cone on the outer side are developed into curving talon-like appen- dages; seeds pinkish or yellowish, 6 to 8 lines long, the wing %4 to 114 inches long; cotyledons 10 to 14. f Dry slopes and ridges: San Jacinto and San Bernardino mts. of Southern California (from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, where it attains its best development), southward into northern Lower California, northward to the Santa Lucia, San Carlos, Gabilan and Mt. Hamilton ranges. In the latter range it favors almost exclusively the eastern slope (3,000 to 4,000 feet) and grows most luxuriously on Mt. Day (W. H. Wright). The most northerly locality is Mitchell Rock, Mt. Diablo, near the village of Clayton, 800 feet altitude. The Mt. Diablo trees were described as Var. diabloensis by Lemmon (Sierra Club Bull. vol. 4, p. 130,—1902). Refs.—PINUS COULTERI Don, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. 17, p. 440 (1837), type loc. Santa Lucia Mts. near Twin Peaks, Coulter; Leiberg, 20th Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. pt. 5 (For. Res.), pp. 422, 443 (1900). P. sabiniana Parry, Bot. Mex. Bound. p. 210, t. 57 (1859) not of Dougl. — 11. P. sabiniana Dougl. Diccer Prine. Singular pine 40 to 70 or oceasion- ally 90 feet high, with open crown and thin gray foliage; trunk 1 to 4 feet in diameter, frequently slanting, in typical trees branching at 5 to 15 feet from the ground into a cluster of slender erect. branches which form a broom-like top; needles in 3s, in drooping clusters, 7 to 13144 inches long; staminate catkins at length cylindric, 8 to 11 lines long, 8 to 21 in a spike-like cluster; ovulate cat- kins 6 lines long, 1, 2 or 3 in a whorl (or occasionally 2 distinct whorls on a season’s shoot), borne on erect stalks 2 to 2% inches long; one-year-old cones — ovoid-globose, about 2 inches long, on recurved stalks, with the basal scales more or less free and recurved-spreading or deflexed; mature cones ovate, subglobose when open, 6 to 10 inches long, 5 to 7 inches broad, only slightly unsymmetrical, persistent on the tree 1 to 7 years, when falling breaking through near the base leaving the basal portion on the limb (‘‘broken-cone’’ type); tips of the scales gradually passing into strong triangular spurs; spurs straight or eurved, or even hooked, especially on lower part of cone, about 1 inch long; seeds oblong — in outline, slightly flattened, slightly ridged towards the micropyle, 34 to 1 inch long, 4 or 5 lines wide, bearing an oblique wing 3 to 5 lines long and 1% inch broad; shell hard, covered with a thin black coat which is eventually more or less deciducnis: cotyledons 11 to 17. Mountain slopes, hills and gravelly valleys: Sierra Nevada foothills, always as scattered trees or in very open stands, associated with the Blue Oak and Interior Live Oak between 500 and 1,400 feet, growing alone on the slopes or over chaparral areas between 1 400 and 3, 000 feet; Coast Ranges (especially inner ranges such as Vaca, Napa, Diablo, Hoaniltest and San Carlos) from South Fork Salmon River (northernmost locality) and the Sacramento River Cation south to Sierra Liebre (southernmost locality). Does not occur on the seaward North Coast Range (Redwood Belt) or only sparingly on eastern slope from Dry Creek to Cloverdale. Found on the east slope of the Santa Lucia Mts., local on west slope; also on east slope of the Santa Cruz Mts. about Saratoga. Occasionally as high as 5,000 feet (Santa Ynez Range, Kern River Valley) and as low as 175 feet (Napa Valley). Also called Gray Pine, Blue Pine and (‘ojuroer ueg “4IV) ‘yySuer yenboun AroA FO soyouRAq oY} ‘SUMO dIJSTLOJOBIBYO ‘[Sn0q VNVILYTANVT SANIG ‘€ “YI Csqry oyy yo dvs-puim ev ur qysrry sokoy Yq 0} poy) ‘suvok CZ 0} CT 4stsiod yorIyM souod JO sapottd oy} AQ posned st soyouBIq oY} JO Su1ueysnor oy, ‘yyS1oy [VULIOU poyovet OS” Suc, PormjM suMOoID pouojjeyY YIM sooty, ‘WO(] VLVOINAW SANIG ‘fF ‘DIY PINE FAMILY 41 Sabine Pine. ‘‘A well-defined species, in the happy position of having no synonyms.’’—Masters, 1904. Refs.—PINUS SABINIANA Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. 16, p. 747 (1833), type loc. prob- ably near San Juan Bautista, Douglas; Davidson, Erythea, vol. 3, p. 156 (1895); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 22 (1901). 12. P. torreyana Parry. Torrey Pine. Low crooked or sprawling tree 15 to 35 feet high, or sometimes straight and 60 feet high; needles in 5s, 8 to 12 inches long; cones triangular ovate, 4 to 514 inches long, the scales at apex thickened into heavy pyramids; cotyledons 12 to 14. Loeal on the San Diego coast about Del Mar (type loc.) and on Santa Rosa Island. Refs.—PINUS TORREYANA Parry, Bot. Mex. Bound. Sur. p. 210, t. 58, 59 (1859) ; Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 125 (1880). 13. P. parryana Engelm. Parry PiNon. Short-trunked low tree 15 to 30 feet high; needles 114 to 1% inches long, usually 4 (sometimes 2, 3 or 5) in a cluster; cones subglobose, 34 to 1144 inches long; seeds with rudimentary wings. San Jacinto Range and southward into Lower California. Refs.—PINUS PARRYANA Engelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vol. 34, p. 332 (1862), in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 124 (1880). P. quadrifolia Sudworth, U. 8. Div. For. Bull. no. 14, p. 17 (1897); Sargent, Silva, vol. 11, p. 43, t. 549 (1897). 14. P. monophylla Torr. ONer-LEAF PINoN. Low flat-crowned tree 8 to 25 (or 45) feet high, the trunk very short; needles 1 in a place, cylindric, curving upward and ending in an abrupt point, 114 to 2 inches long; staminate catkins dark red; cones subglobose, chocolate-brown or yellow, 214 to 314 inches in diameter; scales thick, raised at apex into high broad-based pyramids with slightly umbilicate or flattened summits bearing a minute deciduous prickle; seeds dark brown, oblong in outline, slightly flattened, 34 inch long, without wings; cotyledons 7 to 10. Desert regions of California eastward to Utah and Arizona and southward to Lower California. Scattered along eastern slope of Sierra Nevada from Sierra Co. southward; on western slope occurring in a few isolated localities on the three forks of the Kings River (5,500 to 6,500 feet) and on the walls of the Grand Cafion of the Kern (8,000 to 9,000 feet) ; southward to the Tehachapi Range, San Bernardino Mts. and Lower California, and westward to the San Rafael Mts. Growth always scattered. Seeds a precious article of food to the native tribes of the desert. Refs.—PINUS MONOPHYLLA Torrey in Fremont, Rep. Second Exped. p. 319, pl. 4 (1845); Fremont, Rep. Second Exped., pp. 221, 222, 225, 226, 229 (1845), type loc. Walker River, Inyo Co., Capt. Fremont ; Masters, Ann. Bot. vol. 2, p. 124 (1888); Leiberg, 20th Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Sur. pt. 5 (For. Res.), pp. 423, 444 (1900). 15. P. muricata Don. Bisuop Pine. (Figs. 4 and 5.) Littoral tree 40 to 80 feet high with trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter, the axis and branches with per- sistent circles of cones from near the base to the summit; bark 1 to 114 inches thick, dark red, brown on the surface, soft and brittle, broken by fissures into rough ridges; needles in 2s, 4 to 6 inches long; staminate catkins ovate, 3 or 4 lines long, 12 to 60 in a cluster, their peduncles exserted from the winter bud; ovulate catkins 2 to 5 in a whorl, 1 to 5 whorls on a season’s shoot; cones broadly ovate, acute, 2 to 3 inches long, almost as broad, or when open more or less globose, borne 3, 4 or 5 in a circle, gradually turned downward, developed more strongly on the outside towards the base and in consequence always one-sided ; 42 PINACEAE seale-tips rhomboidal, bearing a central prickle with a broad base, or developed into stout straightish or upwardly curving spurs; seeds black, sometimes mottled, the thin shell minutely roughened on the surface, 24% to 3 lines long, wings narrow, 5 to 8 lines long, 2% to 31% lines broad; cotyledons 4 to 7. Low swampy lands or clay hills bor- dering the sea: North Coast Ranges from Inglenook, Mendocino Co. (W.L.J. no. 2161) southward nearly to Bolinas, attaining its best development on the Sonoma coast; South Coast Ranges at Monterey (Dr. Abbott; W.L.J. no. 2986) and San Luis Obispo Co.; Lower California between Ensenada and San Quentin and on Cedros Island. Fire type of pine, its cones remaining closed 10 to 20 years, or opening after a forest — fire and reseeding the area. Stands dense but of very limited extent. First discovered by Dr. Thos. Coulter in the Santa Lucia Mts. near San Luis Obispo, 3,000 feet altitude and 10 miles from the sea. Refs.—Pinus MurRicATA Don, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. 17, p. 441 (1837); Torrey, Bot. Mex. Fig. 5. Prxus Muricata Don. a, Closed Bound. p. 209, pl. 54 (1859); Purdy, Gard. & cone; b, seed. nat. size. For. vol. 9, p. 242 (1896); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 23 (1901). . 16. P. radiata Don. Monterey Pine. (Fig. 6.) Beautiful, symmetrical tree or in age with flattened or broken top, 30 to 70 or 115 feet high; foliage rich dark green; trunk 1 to 4 feet in diameter; bark hard and more nearly black than that of any other Californian pine; needles in 3s, or a few in 2s, 3 to 6 inches long; staminate catkins yellow, 20 to 40 in a eluster, conie-cylindrie, 6 or 7 lines long, the peduncles not exserted from the winter bud; ovulate catkins — peduncled, borne 2 to 5 in a whorl, 1 to 3 whorls formed on a shoot in a season; cones tan-color or cinnamon, deflexed, sessile and unequally developed, broadly ovoid and bluntly pointed, globose when open, 214 to 414 inches long; scales on the outer side toward the base conspicuously swollen at tip into a hemispherical tubercle or boss and armed with a prickle which usually weathers off; seeds black, minutely roughened on the surface, 3 lines long, bearing a broadly oblong brown wing 21% to 3 times as long; cotyledons 5 to 8. Near sea on south coast: about Pescadero, San Mateo Co.; Monterey (type loc., Thos. Coulter) ; San Simeon Bay; Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz and Guadalupe islands. Although naturally confined to a few localities of limited area, it takes kindly to cultivation in all temperate regions of the earth and has a wider horticultural distribution than any other Californian tree. It is com- monly planted along the Pacifie Coast for ornament and as a shelter tree but is short-lived in the dry interior valleys. . Refs.—PINus RapDIATA Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. 17, p. 442 (1837); Lemmon, Erythea, vol. 1, p. 224 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 22 (1901). P. insignis Douglas in Loudon, PINE FAMILY 43 Arb. Britt. vol. 4, p. 2265, figs. (1838); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 127. P. tuberculata Don, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. 17, p. 442 (1837). 17. P. tuberculata Gord. KNop-cone Prine. Tree 5 to 30 or sometimes 85 feet high, with slender trunks 14 to 1 foot in diameter and rather thin pale yellow-green foliage; needles in 3s, 3 to 5 inches long; staminate catkins brownish purple, narrowly conic, 5 to 7 lines long, 50 to 60 in spike-like clusters ; 7 “yt // | i} \ y/ fl Wy} ] m2 Up a . : YUL) cs os Ge SOOKE 5 Y) ; a LIZZ ATE CC RASA laf Day —— SR Qy Vv \t 4 A y Cen si — Qi pe eee 1s Fic. 6. Pinus RADIATA Don. a, Open cone; b, seed. nat. size. ovulate catkins dark-red or straw-brown, on peduncles 34 to 1 inch long, 3 to 5 (or 7) in a whorl, 1 to 3 whorls formed on a season’s shoot; cones strongly deflexed, buff in color, narrowly ovate, oblique, acutely or bluntly pointed and somewhat curved, especially at tip, 3 to 6 inches long; scales moderately thick- ened at tip, except on the outside towards the base where they are raised into conspicuous rounded or pointed knobs; umbos small and contracted into slender prickles which, on old cones, weather away or persist towards the apex; seeds brownish black, 3 to 4 lines long, the surface minutely roughened, the wing 9 to 12 lines long and 3 to 4 lines broad; cotyledons 5 to 8. 44 PINACEAE Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, arid situations with barren or rocky soil, chiefly between 1,500 and 3,000 feet, widely distributed but the localities com- paratively few and rarely abundant in a locality except in Siskiyou and Del Norte cos. and southwestern Oregon. Ranges southward to San Bernardino and San Jacinto mts. Fire type of pine, the cones remaining closed 15 to 30 vears, or until opened by a forest fire when the species reproduces itself abundantly on the burned area. The following stations may be noted: Devils Backbone, near Trinity Summit; Bartlett Mt.; near Mt. Konokti; Mt. St. Helena; Moraga Ridge; near Post Summit, Santa Lucia Mts.; Kinsley, Mari- posa Co.; Forest Hill; Fall River; Mt. Shasta. (Type loc. Santa Cruz Mts., Theo. Hartweg.) Refs.—PINUS TUBERCULATA Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soe. Lond. vol. 4, p. 218, t. (1849), not Don. P. attenuata Lemmon, Min. Sci. Press, vol. 64, p. 45 (1892), Erythea, vol. 1, p. 231 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 22 (1901) ; Merriam, Biol. Sur. Mt. Bhaste,; p. 33 (1899). 2. TSUGA Carr. HEMLOCK. Slender trees with nodding leading shoots. Leaves linear; resin canal 1; petioles jointed on a woody base which persists after leaf-fall as a decurrent projection roughening the branchlet. Staminate catkins pendulous, consisting of a subglobose cluster of stamens on a long peduncle arising from an axillary winter bud. Anthers subglobose, tipped with a short spur or knob, their cells opening transversely. Ovulate catkins erect, from terminal winter buds. Cones maturing in the first autumn, solitary on ends of branchlets, pendent; scales thin, longer than the bracts. Seeds with resin vesicles on the surface; cotyledons 3 to 6.—Seven species, 2 in eastern North America, 2 in western North America, 2 in Japan and 1 in the Himalayas. (Tsuga, its Japanese name. ) Leaves in flat sprays; cones % to 1 inch TONG «5.5: 3ccaoletets ts srcaite Setar 1. T. heterophylla. Leaves spreading around stem; cones 1% to 3 inches long............... 2.° T. mertensiana. 1. T. heterophylla Sarg. Coast Hemuockx. Graceful conifer, 100 to 180 feet high, with trunk 1 to 4 feet in diameter, the branches and branchlets slen- der, forming sprays which droop cascade-wise but not pendulous; trunk bark brown on the surface, dark red inside, shallowly fissured longitudinally or nearly smooth, 1% to 34 inch thick, or sometimes twice as thick and deeply broken into small oblong plates an inch high, producing an irregularly warty appearance; branchlets finely hairy with the leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks; leaves linear, flat, 3 to 8 lines long, 4% to 1 line wide, blunt at apex, upper side green and with a median furrow, lower side white and with a median ridge, contracted at base into a short but distinct petiole; staminate catkins subglobose, about 2 lines long, borne on thread-like peduncles 2 or 3 lines long, occurring at the ends of branchlets; cones oblong or conical when closed, roundish when open, 14 to 34 or 1 inch long, pendulous and solitary on the tips of the branchlets; scales longer than broad, roundish at apex, with entire edge; bracts about one-sixth the length of the scales, broadly triangular with truncate or obtuse summits; seeds light-brown, 114 line long, the wing 3 or 4 lines long and twice the breadth of the seed. West slope of the outer Coast Range from Elk Creek, Mendocino Co., north to Oregon and Alaska, and eastward to western Montana. Seattered singly through the Redwood forest, abundant beyond our borders. Long attributed to Marin Co. but no definite station ever given and believed not to exist in that county. Also called ‘‘ Western Hemlock.’’ _ PINE FAMILY ee: |; Refs.—TSuGA HETEROPHYLLA Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 12, p. 73, t. 605 (1898); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 19 (1901). Abies heterophylla Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. vol. 1, p. 119 (1832). T. mertensiana Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. 2, p. 250 (1867); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 120 (1880). Western Hemlock, Allen, U. S. Bur. For. Bull. no. 33 (1902). 2. T. mertensiana Sarg. ALprne Hemiock. Alpine tree 25 to 90 (rarely 115) feet high, with conical trunk 14 to 21% feet in diameter, bearing branches quite to the ground and forming pyramidal bases which are soon narrowed to slender tops; branches slender, horizontal or mostly drooping, the branchlets slender, pubescent and drooping; leaves standing out all around the branchlet, flattish above, strongly ridged below, bearing stomata on both surfaces, blunt- ish at apex, 14 to 1 inch long, less than 1 line wide, shortly petioled; staminate eatkins mostly violet-purple, 2 lines long, on peduncles 2 to 3 lines long; cones eylindrie and tapering to base and apex, 1% to 3 inches long, 1% to 34 inch in diameter; opened cones oblong in outline or tapering from base to apex, 1 to 144 inches in diameter; scales thin, rounded at apex, in the open cone spreading at right angles to the axis or even recurving, their bracts 144 to 7% as long, rounded above and tipped with a short point; seeds 24% lines long, the wing 4 or 5 lines long. Timberline tree in the Sierra Nevada, 6,000 to 11,000 feet, in frequent patches of limited extent, from Bubb’s Creek northward to Mt. Shasta, west- ward to the Trinity Mts., Marble Mt. (W.L.J. no. 2820), Klamath Range and Siskiyous, far north to Alaska and northern Montana. Fruit-bearing branchlets often forming dense drooping clusters of cones in top of tree. Trunks on sharp slopes kneed or curved at base from the weight of snow on the stems when young. Also called Black Hemlock and, in former times, ** Williamson Spruce.’’ ; Refs.—TSUGA MERTENSIANA Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 12, p. 77, t. 606 (1898). Pinus mer- tensiana Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, p. 163 (1833), type loc. Sitka, Dr. R. H. Mertens. Abies williamsonti Newberry, Pac. R. Rep. vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 53, t. 7, f. 19 (1857). Tsuga pattoniana Seneclauze, Conif. p. 21 (1867); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 121 (1880); Sargent, Gard. & For. vol. 10, p. 1, figs. 1, 2 (1897). 3. PICEA Link. Spruce. Trees with tall tapering trunks and thin sealy bark. Leaves narrowly linear, spreading on all sides, jointed near the stem on a woody base which persists after leaf-fall as a prominent spreading ‘‘peg;’’ resin canals in ours 2. Stami- nate catkins from terminal or axillary winter buds, erect or nodding; anthers with nearly circular toothed crests, opening longitudinally. Ovule-bearing catkins erect. Cones maturing in the first autumn, pendent, usually scattered over the upper half of the tree; scales very thin, the bracts shorter than the scales. Seeds without resin vesicles; cotyledons 4 to 15.—About 12 species, 7 in North America, the remainder in Europe and Asia. (Picea, ancient Latin name, from pix, pitch.) Leaves prickly pointed; cone-secales serrulate; coastal................ee000- 1. P. sitchensis. Leaves merely acute; cone-scales entire; subalpine................--e005 2. P. breweriana. 1. P. sitchensis Carr. TimELAND Spruce. Forest tree 80 to 190 feet high, with trunk 3 to 20 feet in diameter, wide spreading rigid branches, and droop- ing branchlets; trunk bark reddish brown, developing roughish deciduous seales, but these not so sharply defined as in spruces generally; branchlets with the leaves spreading equally in every direction but not straight down on the under side of horizontal ones; leaves linear, 14 to 1 inch long, 24 to 1 line 46 PINACEAE wide, whitened and flat above but with a median ridge, convex or strongly ridged below, very stiff and usually tapering to a prickly point or the upper leaves less sharp or bluntly pointed; staminate catkins purple, 1 to 21% inches long and 3 to 6 lines in diameter, borne on a peduncle 2 or 3 lines long, appear- ing from large conspicuously scaly winter buds which are either terminal or lateral on the branches; ovulate catkins erect or curving upwards, 144 to 1%4 inches long, yellowish green, the bracts longer than the scale; cones dull brown, long oblong, 2 to 4 inches long and when open 114 to 14% inches in diameter; scales narrow, finely and irregularly toothed, with ovate-lanceolate bracts 1%4 to 2% as long; seeds 114 lines long, the wing 3 to 4 lines long and 1% to 2 lines broad. Lowlands facing the ocean from Caspar, Mendocino Co., northward to Alaska. Forms pure forests on low moist flats as at Crescent City, or about the mouth of the Eel River where the tall wind-beaten trees are a striking feat- ure of the scenery. The tallest trees of this species in California occur in the western margin of the Redwood Belt in Del Norte Co. (W.L.J. no. 2905), where the trunks, as also northward, are enormously buttressed at base; trunks 2 to 6 feet in diameter at 6 feet above the ground are nearly twice that diameter at the ground. Extensively lumbered. In cultivation ealled Sitka Spruce and, formerly, Menzies Spruce. Refs.—PICEA SITCHENSIS Carriere, Traite Conif. p. 260 (1855). Pinus sitchensis Bongard, Veg. Sitcha, p. 164 (1833), type loc. Sitka, Dr. Mertens. Abies menziesii Lindley, Penny Cyel. vol. 1, p. 32 (1833) ; Newberry, Pac. R. Rep. -vol. 6, pt. 3, pp. 56, 90, f. 21, pl. 9 (1857). P. ENGELMANNI Engelm. Engelmann Spruce. Branchlets pubescent; cones 21% to 3 inches long, 1% inches in diameter when open, scales broad.—Rocky Mts. to Arizona and Washington; also near California boundary on Ashland Butte, Oregon, W.L.J. no. 2573. 2. P. breweriana Wats. WereEpPiInG Spruce. Singular subalpine tree 20 to 95 feet high; branches clothing the trunk to the ground, few and mainly hori- zontal, especially in the top, ornamented with cord-like branchlets hanging straight down and thus giving a formal effect to the stiffish and very thin crown; trunk 1% to 3% feet in diameter, its bark thin (14 inch thick), whitish and smoothish on the surface but presenting shallowly coneave sears from - which have fallen thick scales of irregular shape, mostly 1 to 4 inches long and half as wide; inner bark white, outer bark red-brown; leaves borne all round the stem, 14 to 1 inch long, roundish and green below, whitish above on either side the conspicuous median ridge, obtuse at apex; staminate catkins yellow-brown, 1 inch long; ovulate catkins dark purple, 114 inches long, with the sides of the scales towards the apex turned up in such a way that the surface of the catkin presents rhomboidal areas; bracts appressed, with finely toothed edges; cones narrowly cylindrical, 314 to 414 inches long, 1144 to 1%4 inches in diameter; scales rounded at apex, very thick for a spruce and with smooth entire edges; bracts oblong, acute, 144 to 14 as long as the scales; seeds 11% lines long, the wing 4 lines long. Local subalpine species, favoring cup-like hollows at head of north cafions where the snow-drifts persist until July or later. It ranges from northern Trinity to the western side of Marble Mt. (W.L.J. no. 2847), eastern slope of the Klamath Range (W.L.J. no. 2890), through the Siskiyous, northward to the high mountains south of Rogue River and westward to the Oregon PINE FAMILY 47 Coast Range. Singular tree, remarkable for its long slender cord-like branch- lets perfectly pendulous from the usually horizontal limbs. Refs.—PICEA BREWERIANA Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. vol. 20, p. 378 (1885), type loc. summit of the Siskiyous on Happy Camp Trail, Thos. Howell (1884). 4. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Fause SPRUCE. Large trees with flat, short-petioled leaves, spreading around the stem or on horizontal branches often somewhat 2-ranked. Staminate catkins axil- lary, the anthers tipped with a spur and opening obliquely. Ovulate catkins erect, terminal or axillary. Cones pendent, maturing in the first autumn; scales thin, rounded, shorter than the slender acutely 2-lobed bracts which bear a spear-like point in the notch. Seeds without resin vesicles; cotyle- dons 5 to 12.—Three species, 2 in America and 1 in Japan. In botanical rela- tionship it stands in an intermediate position among Picea, Tsuga, and Abies. The general habit and branching, the leaves spreading all around the stem, the medium-sized pendent cones borne all over the tree, the per- sistent cone-scales, the seed without resin vesicles—in all these features it resembles Picea, differing from it most markedly in its bark, which is not thin and scaly, and in its exserted bracts. In its petioled blunt leaves, often pendent leader of very young trees, and persistent cone-scales it is like Tsuga. In its roughly fissured thick bark and exserted bracts it resembles Abies. Its peculiar cone bracts, signally different from those of any other conifer, and the obliquely dehiscing anthers are the chief marks of the distinctive genus Pseudotsuga. (Name from Greek, pseudo, false, and Japanese, tsuga, hemlock.) Cones 134 to 314 inches long; bracts conspicuously exserted; Sierra Neyada and Coast eatin ca, Sahih, £8 cele ain ae sce jardlcds wet) biataleb a ebRiasata. wd Bek Dy a he 1. P. taxifolia Cones 4 to 714 inches long; bracts protruding little; S. California only...... 2. P. macrocarpa 1. P. taxifolia Britt. Douauas Fir. Douauas Spruce. (Figs. 7 and 8.) Forest tree 70 to 200 feet in height, in dense stands often exhibiting clear trunks 100 to 150 feet high and 4 to 8 feet in diameter; bark on young trees thin, smooth, gray or mottled, sometimes alder-like, on old trunks 1 to 61% inches thick, soft or putty-like, dark brown, fissured into broad heavy furrows, in cross section showing alternate layers of red and white; branchlets usually drooping, the leaves spreading all around the stem or on horizontal branchlets spreading more or less to right and left but not truly 2-ranked; leaves 14 to 11% inches long, 1% to 1 line wide, linear, blunt at apex, flat with a median groove above and green, below with 2 pale longitudinal bands and a median ridge, very short-petioled; staminate catkins conic-cylindric, 4 or 5 “lines long, exserted from winter buds on a peduncle 2 or 3 lines long and scattered along the under side of the branchlets; pistillate catkins erect, terminal or lat- eral, 1 inch long, the bracts very conspicuous on account of the small size of the scales at this stage; cones pendulous, long oval and more or less pointed, 134 to 214 or 31% inches long, 114 to 134 inches in diameter when open; scales broad and rounded at apex; bracts conspicuously exserted, broadly linear and bearing in the deep notch at apex a spear-like point; seeds 3 lines long, almost as long as the wings; cotyledons 5 to 8. Sierra Nevada from Mt. Shasta and Lassen Peak southward to Fresno Co. (Stevenson Creek, 3,000 to 5,500 feet). Coast Ranges, from Santa Lucia Mts. (southern limit in California), Santa Cruz Mts., Bolinas Ridge, Inverness Ridge, outer North Coast Range, Mt. Hood and Napa ranges, Upper Cache 48 PINACEAE Creek, and northward to the Siskiyous; associated with the Redwood in the outer range and with Tan Oak, Madrona, Black Oak and Yellow Pine in the inner ranges. The characteristic ‘‘Bald Hills’? of Mendocino and Humboldt (inner ranges) with their ‘‘opens’’ and mixed woods of Douglas Fir and the species just mentioned are well shown in Fig. 8. Not in Vaca Mts. Mt.. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton ranges nor Oakland Hills (Cf. Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 19,—1901). Widely distributed beyond our borders, reaching British Columbia (type loc. Nootka, Archibald Menzies), South Dakota, northern Texas and Mexico. Largest tree of the Pacific Coast next to the Sequoias. Variable in habit of branchlets and hue of foliage. Growth rapid and repro- duction strong. Timber unequalled for its strength and lightness and the size of the sticks; well-known in the lumber trade as ‘‘Oregon Pine.”’ Refs.—PsEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 8, p. 74 (1889). Pinus — taxifolia Lambert, Pinus, vol. 1, p. 51, t. 33 (1803). Abies douglasii Lindley, Penny Cycl. — vol. 1, p. 32 (1833); Newberry, Pac. R. Rep., vol. 6, pt. 3, pp. 54, 90, pl. 8, fig. 20 (1857). Pseudotsuga douglasii Carriere, Traite Conif. ed. 2, p. 256 (1867); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 120 (1880). ; 2. P. macrocarpa Mayr. Bia-conge Spruce. Tree 30 to 60 or occasionally 80 feet tall, with very long lower branches; bark, foliage, catkins, and cones very similar to those of the preceding; bark dark or black; leaves slightly curved; cones 4 to 7% inches long, 2 to 3 inches in diameter when open; bracts protruding little or not at all beyond the scales, except the lowest, the tails of which are often as much as %4 inch long; cotyledons 6 or 7. Cafions and north slopes: Tejon Cafion and San Emigdio Mts. westward to the San Rafael and Santa Inez ranges, southward to the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino Mts. (where it reaches its greatest development), Palomar, and Cuyamaca Mts. Recurs on San Pedro Martir in Lower California. Altitu- dinally it may be considered as a transition species from the upper part of the chaparral to the lower part of the Yellow Pine belt. Adapted to drier con- ditions than its congener, the Douglas Fir. Refs.—PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA Mayr, Wald. Nordam, p. 278 (1890). Abies douglasii var. macrocarpa Torrey in Ives, Rep. Colo. River, pt. 4, p. 28 (1860). Pseudotsuga douglasii var. macrocarpa Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 120 (1880). 5. ABIES Link. Fir. Highly symmetrical trees of lofty stature, the branches in regular whorls and ramifying laterally, forming flat sprays. Leaves linear, about a line ~ wide, flat or 4-angled, whitened beneath, spreading in two opposite directions or ewen 2-ranked, or more often curving upwards, leaving a smooth cireular scar when they fall; resin canals in ours 2. Catkins from axillary winter buds. Staminate catkins borne on the under side of the branches, mostly in the upper half of the tree; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells opening trans- versely. Ovulate catkins erect, on the upper side of the topmost spreading — branches. Cones erect, maturing in the first autumn, falling to pieces on the tree; scales thin, incurved at the broadened apex; bracts often exserted. Seeds with resin vescicles; cotyledons 4 to 10—Northern hemisphere, especially in the high mountains or far north, some 23 species; 7 species on the Pacific Coast, 2 of them beyond our borders. (Abies, the ancient Latin name.) ' Leaves of lower and uppermost branches slightly different. Cones 2 to 5% inches long; bracts not exserted. Leaves glaucous or dull green, flat or on cone-bearing branches keeled above, acute or rarely notched at apex, spreading in two ranks or curving upwards, with a Waa * “be e YS PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA Britt., fruiting branch. Te Fic. ‘yBoy LouUIMsplut oy} AQ pauayIyM ssBLs YSIy oY} ‘SeAOIS oY} UBBAMJoq Se[BMS JOM PUB ,, Suedo,, DISTAIJOVAVY/) “FJol YB UoUBS Jo pBeYy UL peyBeouod Jyey duno “43NN VOINNOULIVO VINVIOTICANY) fiou100 puey 4yoT AAMOT 4 “[sn0q VNVAUNVD Snowman’ $°481eQ VAOIMISNAG VINVSVd PUB "}JLIG VITOMIXVL VOASLOGAAS| FO S1oysn[Q ‘sorjuNoD Yproquing; pus ouTopuey;, Fo «STM GIVA,, ‘8 ‘OMT Ww ef ba RD Meee rT + PINE FAMILY 49 twist in the short petiole; old bark roughly and deeply furrowed, drab or grayish; high Sierra and Coast mtas oe cias s ciecherer toe et eetane dials 5 sist sioness:° 1. A. concolor. Leaves dark lustrous green, white beneath, notched at apex, usually spreading in two ranks, on cone-bearing branches often blunt, curving upwards; bark white, smooth or fissured into low flat ridges; north coast only.......... 2. SAY 3 4d tye ate y i 4 Pic. 10. ABIES MAGNIFICA Murr., the form with exserted reflexed bracts (VAR. SHASTENSIS Lemmon). The ordinary form bears similar cones but the bracts not visible. nat. size. 3. A, magnifica Murray. Rep Fir. (Fig. 10.) Forest tree 60 to 175 or even 200 feet high, with a trunk 1 to 5 feet in diameter and a very narrow or cone-shaped crown composed of numerous horizontal strata of fan-shaped 52 PINACEAE sprays; bark on young trees whitish or silvery, on old trunks dark red, very deeply and roughly fissured, in section showing reddish brown areas set off by a sharply defined purple mesh; leaves 34 to 1% inches long, ridged above and below so as to be equally 4-sided, although more or less compressed, not contracted at base or scarcely so, acutish at apex, those on the under side of the branches spreading right and left, in the top of the tree more thickened, erect, incurved and hiding the upper side of the branch; staminate catkins dark red, about 3 lines long; cones, when young, beautiful dull purple objects, becoming brown when mature, 4 to 8 inches long, 2% to 314 inches in diameter, broadly oval in outline, the broad scales with upturned edges; bracts very variable in form and length, sometimes concealed beneath the scales, sometimes conspicuously exserted and reflexed, their terminal portion commonly trans- versely oblong, or broad with a short spreading awl-like point or pointless; seeds 7 lines long with a semi-flabelliform wing 8 lines long and 8 to 11 lines broad; cotyledons 9 to 13. Mountain slopes and ridges: Sierra Nevada, 5,000 to 8,500 feet, from the Greenhorn Mts. northward to Lassen Peak and Mt. Shasta; thence ranging into southern Oregon, westward to Marble Mt., and southward along the Yollo Bolly range as far as Mt. Hull and Snow Mt. Wood straight, fine- grained, heavy and very durable. Large sticks from this tree are used as shaft timbers in Sierra Nevada gold mines. The most beautiful tree in the upper portion of the main timber belt of the Sierras. Refs.—ABIES MAGNIFICA Murray, Proce. R. Hort. Soc. vol. 3, p. 318, f. 25-33 (1863), type loc. central Sierra Nevada; first “discovered by Capt. J. C. Fremont. A. nobilis var. magnifica Kellogg, For. Trees Cal. p. 29 (1882); Masters, Jour. Linn. Soe. vol. 22, pp. 187, 189, figs. 20, 21 (1886). 4. A. nobilis Lindl. Noste Fir. Forest tree 80 to 250 feet high, with slen- der branchlets and roughly broken trunk bark; leaves on the lower branches flat, sharply and deeply grooved above, on upper branches rounded above and obscurely ridged below, erect, 34 to 114 inches long; cones oblong-cylindrieal, 4 to 5 inches long, 2 to 2% inches in diameter; scales surpassed and often wholly concealed by the refiexed spatulate bracts which are rounded and fimbriate and tipped with an awl-like point. Coast Ranges and Cascades of Washington and Oregon, ranging south to the Siskiyou Mts. in southern Oregon and to Trinity Summit in California (W.L.J. no. 2079). Mehl hao NOBILIS Lindley, Penny Cycl. vol. 1, p. 30 (1833) é type loc. Cascade Mts. just south of Columbia River, Douglas. 5. A. venusta Koch. Santa Lucia Fir. (Fig. 11.) Singular montane tree 30 to 75 or 100 feet high with a narrow crown abruptly tapering above into a steeple-like top; trunk 1% to 21% feet in diameter, vested in light reddish brown bark, and bearing short slender declined or drooping branches nearly or quite to the ground; leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, dark green and nearly flat above, below with a white band on either side of the strong median ridge, 114 or mostly 134 to 214 inches long, 1 to 11% lines wide, mostly 2-ranked ; staminate catkins yellowish, fading reddish, broadly cylindrical, 34, to 14% inches long; ovulate catkins broadly oblong in outline, yellowish green, 1 to 114 inches long; cones elliptic-oblong, 244 to 4 inches long, 14% to 2 inches thick, borne on peduncles 14 inch long which arise from a rosette-like cluster of broad thin seales of the winter bud; bracts wedge-shaped, truncate or TAXODIACEAE 53 a | « notched at summit, the midribs prolonged into a long-exserted bristle 1% to | 134 inches long and 1% line wide; seeds reddish brown, 31% lines long with a broad wing 4 to 5 lines long and rounded at apex. Rocky mountain peaks and deep cafions, Santa Lucia, Mts. Not found _ elsewhere. The known localities in the range from north to south are as | follows: 1. Big Sur Cafion. 2. Millers Cafion, on watershed of the Carmel River. 3. Arroyo Seco Cafion. 4. Twin Peaks and Cone Peak. 5. Caiion near Los Potranchos. 6. Cafiada de Los Potranchos. 7. Bear Cafion near - Punta Gorda. 8. Villa Cafion. 9. San Carpoforo Cafion. Restricted in Ee ee ae — b ie , v “< = . F - oa saree , = a " ; , 1G. 1]. ABIES VENUSTA Koch, remarkable for its long sharp-pointed leaves and long bristly bracts. a, Cone-bearing branchlet; b, scale and bract; c, seed. nat. size. Tange and also isolated from all other species in the genus, there being no other fir within 225 miles to the north, 140 miles to the east and 120 miles southeasterly. | _ Refs.—Apies venusta Koch, Dendr. vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 210 (1873). Pinus venusta Douglas, Comp. Bot. Mag. vol. 2, p. 152 (1836). P. bracteata Don, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. 17, p. 442 (1837). Abies bracteata Nuttall, Sylva, vol. 3, p. 137, t. 118 (1842); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. ~ Yol. 2, p. 118 (1880). >. \ TAXODIACEAE. Repwoop Famty. = Trees with linear or awl-shaped alternate leaves. Staminate and ovulate _ €atkins on the same tree. Staminate catkins small and cone-like. Scales of the _ ovulate catkins spirally arranged, more or less blended with the bract, often ’ i 54 TAXODIACEAE spreading horizontally from the axis of the cone and developed into broad flattish summits. Ovules to each scale 2 to 9. Seeds not winged or merely margined. —Seven genera, widely scattered over the earth, each with 1 to 3 species. Taxodium (Bald Cypress), Cryptomeria (Japan Cedar), Cunning- hamia, and Sciadopitys (Umbrella Pine) are cultivated in California. Bibliog —Gray, Asa, Sequoia and Its History (Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. vol. 21, p. 1— — 1872; Sei. Pap. vol..2, p. 142,—1889). Big Tree, U. 8. Div. For. Bull. no. 28 (1900). Red- wood, U. 8S. Bur. For. Bull. no. 38 (1903). 4 SEQUOIA Endl. Repwoop. Tall trees with thick red fibrous bark and linear, awl-shaped, or scale-like leaves. Staminate catkins terminal, with many spirally disposed stamens, each bearing 2 to 5 pollen sacs. Ovulate catkins terminal, composed of many spirally arranged scales, each with 5 to 7 ovules at base. Cone woody, its scales divergent at right angles to the axis, widening upward and forming a broad rhomboidal wrinkled summit with a depressed center. Seeds flattened; cotyledons 4 to 6—Two species. (Sequoia, a chief of the Cherokees, who invented an alphabet for his tribe.) Leaves awl-shaped, ascending all around stem; cones 2 to 3% inches long; Sierra Nevada OD ooo 6 ns doses Sin 65 nine w5 5 ocmin ) mlecaui le my ta 5: 6 fe ee 1. 8S. gigantea. Leaves linear, petioled, spreading in 2 ranks and forming a flat spray; cones 5 to 14% inches long; Coast Ranges only. i... 66 6s vciete ai tias'y'p 8 09's 6 ra Onesie aaee 2. 8. sempervirens. 1. S. gigantea Dec. Bic Tree. Giant tree 100 to 325 feet high with col- umns 80 to 225 feet to the first limb and 5 to 30 feet in diameter at 6 feet above the ground; crown rounded at summit or much broken in age; bark red, deeply furrowed or fluted, 14 to 2 feet thick; leaves awl-like, 1 to 6 lines long, only the tips free, adherent below to the stem which they thickly clothe; cones maturing in the second autumn, red-brown, ovoid, 2 to 334 inches long, com- posed of 35 to 40 scales; scales with transversely rhomboidal summits and a centrally depressed antes seeds numerous, flattened, margined all pranee with a wing, ovatish or oblong 3 in outline, 2144 to 3 lines long. Western slope of the Sierra Nevada, 5,000 to 8,000 feet, from Placer Co. southward to Tulare Co., a longitudinal range of 250 miles but occurring in more or less widely Sisomneeed and limited areas called “‘groves,’’ thirty-two in number. The northern groves, i. e., north of King’s River, are widely sep- arated; the southern groves are less widely separated or even connected by scattered individuals and form an interrupted belt. The north groves are as follows: 1. Norra Grove, Placer Co., 10 miles east of Michigan Bluff, 6 trees. 2. CALAVERAS GROVE (type loc., Wm. Lobb), — 51 acres, 101 trees. 3. SranisLaus Grove, 6 miles southeast of Calaveras Grove, 1,000 acres, 1,380 trees. 4. TuoLuMNE Grove, ‘‘Big Oak Flat’’- Yosemite stage road, 1144 miles northwest of Crane Flat, 10 acres, 40 trees. ~ 5. Mercep Grove, Coulterville-Yosemite wagon road, 3 miles from Hazel Green, 20 acres, 33 trees. 6. Mariposa Grove, in Yosemite National Park, near Wawona, really consisting of two groves, 365 trees in upper grove, 182 trees in lower grove, one of these being the ‘‘Grizzly Giant’’; 125 acres. 7. FRESNO GROVE, in Madera Co., near north line, 2,500 acres, 1,500 trees; many trees lumbered. The south groves are as follows: 8. DINKEY GrRovE, in Sierra National | , Forest, Fresno Co., 50 acres, 170 trees. 9. CoNversE Basin Forest, Kings i [| REDWOOD FAMILY 55 River, Fresno Co., 5,000 acres, 12,000 trees; almost entirely lumbered. 10. BouLDER CREEK Forest, Kings River, Fresno Co., 3,200 acres, 6,450 trees; more or less lumbered. 11. GerNeERAL Grant Forest, near Millwood, Fresno Co., about 2,500 acres, 250 trees. 12. Repwoop CaNon Forest, Redwood and - Eshom creeks, Tulare Co., 3,000 acres, 15,000 trees. 138. NortrH Kaweau For- Est, North Fork Kaweah River, 500 acres, 800 trees. 14. SwANee River Grove, on Swanee River branch of Marble Fork Kaweah River, 20 acres, 129 trees. 15. Grant Forest, Marble Fork Kaweah River, 8,000 acres, 20,000 trees, about 5,000 large ones. 16. ReEpwoop Mxrapow GRovE, Middle Fork Kaweah River, 50 acres, 200 trees. 17. Harmon Meapow Grove, _ Middle Fork Kaweah River, 10 acres, 80 trees. 18. ArweLi Forest, both sides of East Fork Kaweah River, 3 miles west of Mineral King, 1,500 acres, 3,000 trees; in large part lumbered. 19. Lake CaNon Grove, East Fork Kaweah River, 20 acres, 80 trees. 20. Mute GuLcu Grove, East Fork Kaweah River, 25 acres, 70 trees. 21. Homer’s Peak Forest, East Fork Kaweah River, 5,500 acres, 1,500 trees. 22. SourH Kawsau Forest, South Fork Kaweah River, 160 acres, 300 trees. 23. Dm.Lon Forest, North Fork Tule River, 3,600 acres, 3,500 trees; large part lumbered. 24. TuLe River Forest, Middle Fork Tule River, 15,000 acres, 5,000 trees; large part lumbered. 25. Prxuey Grove, Middle Fork Tule River, 850 acres, 500 trees. 26. FLErTz _ Forest, Middle Fork Tule River, 4,000 acres, 1,500 trees. 27. Purnam Mini _ Forest, Middle Fork Tule River, 4,000 acres, 900 trees. 28. Kussine GROVES, South Fork Tule River, 2,800 acres, 700 trees. 29. INDIAN RESERVATION GROVE, South Fork Tule River, 1,500 acres, 350 trees. 30. Drrr CREEK GROVE, South _ Fork Deer Creek, 300 acres, 100 trees. 31. FREEMAN VALLEY Forest, Kern _ River Basin, 1,000 acres, 400 trees. 32. Kern River Groves, Kern River Basin, 700 aeres, 200 trees. Big Tree prefers slopes, ridges or depressions where there is sufficient moist- _ ure but it may grow in bare granite as in Giant Forest. Commonly associated _ with White Fir, Incense Cedar, Yellow Pine and Sugar Pine. Reproduction / , fair in southern groves, especially on burned areas, mostly at a standstill in | northern groves. Young trees of pyramidal outline with branches nearly or | quite to ground; middle-aged trees clear of branches for 50 to 175 feet and . a with rounded summit to the crown; aged trees with broken crown, dead tip i= _ to axis, and more or less shattered side branches. Extreme age, 1,100 to t 4 2,400 years. Wood similar to that of Redwood but more brittle, pink when Birashly sawn. Refs.—SEQUOIA GIGANTEA Decaisne, Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr. vol. 1, p. 70 (1854) ; Shinn, Gard. & . For., vol. 2, p. 614 (1889); Walker, Zoe, vol. 1, p. 198 (1890); Jepson in Elwes & Henry, e Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 3, p. 704 (1908). Wellingtonia gigantea Lindley, ; et Gard. Chron. 1853, p. 823. Sequoia wellingtonia Seeman, Bonplandia, vol. 3, p. 27 (1855) ; & Sargent, Silva N. ‘Am. vol. 10, p. 145, t. 536 (1896). Mammoth Trees, Williamson, Pace. R. yi Rep. vol. 5, p. 257, pl. 13 (1856). _ 2. §. sempervirens Endl. Repwoop. (Figs. 12 and 13.) Tall tree 100 to 340 feet in height, with narrow crown, the branches horizontal or sweeping _ downward, especially the lower ones; bark cinnamon-red and fibrous, 3 inches Be to 2 feet thick; foliage reddish brow: leaves linear, spreading right and * left so as to forni flat sprays, 4 to 144 (mostly Y% to 34) inches long and 1 to _ 1% lines wide, or in the top of adult trees with short linear or awl-shaped | leaves 1 to 5 lines long and strikingly similar to those of the preceding; pul 56 TAXODIACEAE staminate catkins 3 lines long, with ovate crests and 4 pollen-sacs; cones oval, reddish brown, 5% to 11% inches long and 54 to % inch broad, borne abundantly on the ends of branchlets mostly in the top of the tree, maturing in first au- tumn; scales 14 to 26; seeds narrowly margined, elliptic in outline, 2 lines long. Fog belt of the California coast from the Santa Lucia Mts. northward to southwestern Oregon, forming an interrupted belt 450 miles long and 1 to 40 miles wide, most abundant on the western slope of the outer Coast Range. - The two main bodies of Redwood occur in: the North Coast Ranges north of the southern Sonoma line: 1. Humboldt-Del Norte area, the densest and most highly developed area, begins on Smith River, Del Norte Co., and extends southward through Humboldt forming splendid timber ‘stands on Mad, Van Duzen, and main Eel rivers, but recedes from the coast just south of Eureka and follows the south fork of Eel River inland as far south as the vicinity of Philipsville. Excepting a few scattered patches, as at Briceland and White Thorn, there is a transverse break in the Redwood Belt in southern Humboldt Co. 2. Mendocino-Sonoma area, begins near the north line of Mendocino Co., follows the outer Coast Range southward as far as southern Sonoma (near Freestone), ranging inland to Willits, Cloverdale and Napa Valley and even crossing the Napa Range to the eastern slope of Howell Mt., the eastern- most locality, 40 miles from the sea and on the watershed of the Sacramento River (Cf. Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 24,—1901). South of Sonoma Go., the Redwood occurs in isolated or restricted areas as follows: Toealoma to Mill Valley and Muir Woods in Marin Co.; Redwood Peak, Redwood Cafion and headwaters of San Leandro Creek in the Oakland Hills; Santa Cruz Mts., from near Half-Moon Bay to south bank of Pajaro River in San Benito Co., and east to Los Gatos, Norton and Saratoga cafions (lower limits 700 to 1,500 feet) and Palo Alto; Santa Lucia Mts., seaward slope from Tobie Dow’s ranch to Salmon Creek Cafion (southernmost locality), chiefly confined to the narrow deep cafions. There are three groves in Oregon a few miles north of the California line. (Type loc. Santa Cruz, Menzies.) Seed abundant but seed reproduction weak; reproducing abundantly saa persistently by stump sprouts which form the barrier of poles or trees about * an old stump known as a ‘‘Redwood circle.’’ Mature trees are 500 to 1,400 years old. Its most common associates are Tan Oak, Douglas Fir, and Madrofia, with a tangle of Huckleberry, Salal, and Thimbleberry on the forest floor. The yield is 10,000 to 60,000 feet board measure to the acre, but in Hum- boldt and Del Norte large areas on the river flats, nearly or quite pure, often yield 100,000 to 150,000 feet per acre, or sometimes as much as 400,000 feet; a yield of 244 million feet to the acre has been recorded. Wood light, soft, exceedingly straight and often fine-grained and used for numerous purposes in the California industries. Redwood lumber in this State has been of in- calculable value in railroad, telegraph and dwelling construction, manufactur- ing, and general farm purposes. California might have spared her gold mines but not the resources of the Redwood Belt. Refs.—SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS Endlicher, Syn. Con. p. 198 (1847); Purdy, Gard. and For. vol. 3, p. 285 (1890) ; Gibbons, Erythea, vol. 1, p. 161 (1893) ; Peirce, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, Bot. vol. 2, p. 83 (1901). Taxodium sempervirens Lambert, Pinus, vol. 2, p. 24, t. 7 (1828). Sequoia gigantea Endlicher, Syn. Conif. p. 198 (1847). Redwood, Nordhoff, N. Cal. Ore. & Sandwich Isl. p. 168 (1877); Sargent, Gard. & For. vol. 10, p. 41 (1897). oe —<—— ‘sqnays 190y30 pue WOINI ay} OF “W “ JF YON O0E Surpeos - ‘ OVA ‘VIGUVMAGOOM FO YIMOISIOpun osuep dI4STIOJOBIVYD ‘d10B ‘Ayunoy yppoquinyyT ‘puevys ulsirA ‘[puy SNAUIAUMANAS vIonNdAg h Ts 3 © 73) Af "quIIT 481 0} JOOS OGT pornsvow YoryM vo14 B WOT, “YOOT GT X LT punoiso10F ut Soy 44Nq feyornG, AvoU SpOOA, ddURA OYY UL Surssory ‘[puyy SNAMIAMMAWAS VIONdAG “ET “PI CUPRESSACEAE 57 CUPRESSACEAE. Cypress Faminy. Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled scale-like (or rarely linear) leaves thickly clothing the ultimate branchlets. Stamens and ovules in separate cat- kins terminal on the branchlets. Staminate catkins small, with shield-like stamens bearing 2 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of several opposite or whorled scales which bear at base 1 to several erect ovules. Cones dry or berry-like, of few scales; ‘‘scales’’ consisting (morphologically) of a completely blended scale and bract.—Nine genera, widely distributed over the earth. Thujopsis (Japanese Arborvite) is in cultivation with us. Bibliog.—Hooker, J. D., Monterey Cypress (Gard. Chron, 1885, p. 176, fig.). Masters, M. T., A General View of the Genus Cupressus (Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 31, p. 312,—1896). Fruit a woody cone; stamens and ovules on same tree. Branchlets flattened, disposed in flat sprays; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike; cones maturing in first autumn; seeds 2 to each scale. Seales @f cones imbricated. Cones pendent, scales 6, only the middle pair seed-bearing; seeds unequally ED etsy AT ys AES cell xe Tb ole Seles bases sau ewaedee’s 1. LiIBoceprvus. Cones reflexed, scales 8 to 12, the 2 or 3 middle pair seed-bearing; seeds equally MINE EDs GL aaa cla Sts Saree Niky as a9:4 8 Nin, ote oO ES) ate Patek 2. THUJA. Seales of cones peltate; seeds narrowly winged ............... 3. CHAMAECYPARIS. Branchlets cord-like, not in flat sprays; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, alike; cones maturing in second autumn; seeds acutely margined, many to each scale....4. CUPRESSUS. Fruit a berry; seeds 1 to 3 to each fruit; stamens and ovules on different trees; branchlets _ eord-like; leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite ..........cee cee eeeeceeees 5. JUNIPERUS. 1. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. INceNsE Cepar. Aromatic trees with flattened branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves seale-like, opposite, imbricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike. Stam- inate and ovulate catkins terminal on separate branchlets. Staminate catkins with 12 to 16 decussately opposite stamens, each bearing 4 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of 6 scales with 2 ovules at the base of each. Cone maturing in one season, oblong, composed of 6 imbricated oblong scales, only the middle pair fertile. Seeds unequally 2-winged; cotyledons 2.—EHight species, 1 on the Pacific Coast of North America, 2 in Chile and 5 in the region from southwestern China to New Zealand. (Libas, a drop—of resin—and Cedrus, cedar. ) 1. L. decurrens Torr. INcENSE Cepar. Forest tree 50 to 150 feet high with the strongly conical trunk very thick at base (1 to 6 feet in diameter) and gradually diminishing in size upwards; bark thick, red-brown, loose and fibrous, in age broken into prominent heavy longitudinal furrows; ultimate branchlets alternate, numerous, forming flattish sprays and clothed with adherent leaves as if jointed; leaves 1 to 4 lines long, in four ranks and in opposite pairs, coherent, adherent to the stem and free only at tips, those above and below obtuse but minutely pointed and forming a pair overlapped by the keel-shaped lateral pair; staminate catkins 114 to 2 lines long, the pollen- sacs usually 5 to each scale which ends in a broad roundish crest; ovulate catkins borne singly at the ends of branchlets; cones red-brown, oblong-ovate when closed, 34 to 1 inch long, consisting of 2 seed-bearing scales with 3 (ap- parently 1) sterile scales between them and often with 2 supplementary ones at base; seed-bearing scales broad and flattish but not thin; all the scales with a small triangular umbo at tip; seeds 4 lines long, margined on each side from 58 CUPRESSACEAE near the base to the apex by two very unequal wings; larger wing elliptical in outline and nearly as long as the scale. Mountain slopes, cafons and plateaus, Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, northward in the Oregon Cascades to Mt. Hood, southward to all the higher ranges of Southern California and into Lower California. Attains its best development in the Sierra Nevada where it flourishes chiefly between 3,500 and 7,000 feet and is one of the four most abundant timber trees (Cf. deserip- tion Yellow Pine). In the South Coast Ranges it occurs on the San Rafael, ~ San Carlos and Santa Lucia ranges, but is not known from the Gabilan, Mt. Hamilton, Mt. Diablo and Santa Cruz ranges. In the North Coast Ranges it is found on Marble Mt. and Trinity Summit and from Weaverville southward along the Yollo Bolly and Mayacamas ranges as far as the neighborhood of Mt. St. Helena. Reproduces itself aggressively. Wood aromatic, reddish brown, close-grained, exceedingly durable. Also called Post Cedar, Red Cedar, White Cedar and Bastard Cedar. : Refs.—LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS Torrey, Pl. Frem. p. 7, pl. 3 (1853), type loc. headwaters of the Sacramento River, Fremont; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 24 (1901). 2. THUYA L. Arsor-VITAE. Aromatic trees with scattered branches, the flattened branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves scale-like, opposite, and imbricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike, adnate with free tips. Catkins terminal. Staminate catkins with 4 to 6 stamens, each with 3 or 4 anther-cells under the subpeltate crests. Ovu- late catkins with 8 to 12 erect scales, each with 2 erect ovules at base. Cones small, maturing the: first autumn, reflexed; scales 8 to 12, thin-leathery, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile. Seeds bordered by nearly equal lateral wings so as to be néarly round, their coats with minute resin-cells; cotyledons 2.—Four species, 2 in North America, and 2 in China and Japan. (Ancient Greek name for a resinous tree.) 1. T. plicata Don. Canor Crpar. Giant tree 80 to 190 feet high, of pyramidal outline, slender branches, drooping sprays and whip-like often nodding leader; trunk 3 to 16 feet in diameter at the ground but tapering rapidly above the base; bark cinnamon-red; branchlets repeatedly 2-ranked, — forming flat sprays, thickly clothed with leaves which conceal the stem; leaves minute, in opposite pairs and of 2 kinds, those on the margin of the flat sprays keeled and acute at tip, those above and below flattish and triangular at apex; cones borne on short lateral branchlets, on opening turned downward — beneath the spray, cinnamon color, oblong in outline when closed, % inch long; scales 9, the outer ones oblong or obovate, and much broader than the narrow. inner ones; seeds winged all around and with a narrow notch at apex, the whole structure 3 lines long. Outer Coast Range from the Bear River Mts. of Humboldt Co. northward along the coast of Oregon and Washington to southeastern Alaska, eastward to the Cascades, northern Idaho and Montana. Long attributed to Mendocino Co., but no exact station on record. Trees occur sparingly in California, and only 50 to 80 feet high. Wood aromatic, light, soft, remarkably durable, ex- tensively manufactured into shingles. The northern coast Indians hewed their long war canoes out of a single log, wove the fibrous bark into clothing and made dwellings and household utensils out of the wood. Also called Oregon or Red Cedar. a a a | "?;? CYPRESS FAMILY 59 Refs.—TuHuJA PLIcATA Don in Lambert, Pinus, vol. 2, p. 19 (1824), type loc. Vancouver Island. Archibald Menzies ; Sudworth, Rep. U. 8. Dep. Agr. 1892, p. 328. T. gigantea Nuttall, Jour. Phil. Acad. vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 52 (1834); Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 115 (1880). 3. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Trees or shrubs; leading shoot nodding; branchlets more or less flattened and in flat sprays; leaves opposite, in 4 rows, the successive pairs in ours unlike. Catkins and cones very similar to Cupressus. Stamens with usually 2 pollen- sacs. Ovules 2 to 5 at the base of each seale, the seeds winged, usually 2 (1 to 5). Cones maturing in the first autumn. Cotyledons 2.—Six species, 3 in North America and 3 in Japan. (Greek chamai, dwarf, and kuparissos, cypress. ) 1. C. lawsoniana Parl. Port Orrorp Crepar. Lawson Cypress. Forest tree 80 to 175 feet high, with straight shafts and narrow pyramidal crown of drooping branches ending in broad flat drooping fern-like sprays; bark brown or somewhat reddish, smooth on young trees, later parting on the surface into large loose thin shreds and finally in adult trees fissured longitudinally with the furrows continuous and separated by flat ridges; foliage fragrant; leaves ad- pressed, scale-like, thickly clothing the branchlets, disposed in opposite pairs, those above and below rhomboidal, glandular-pitted, and overlapped by the keel-shaped ones on the margin; staminate catkins crimson; cones globose, consisting of about 7 scales, 3 to 4 lines long; seeds 11% to 2 lines long, narrowly wing-margined on each edge, the whole structure orbicular. Moist hillsides or canon bottoms from Coos Bay, Oregon, southward to Mad River and eastward to Halls Gulch, Trinity Co., and the Sacramento River Cafion from Slate Creek to Shasta Springs. Occurs in California only in isolated patches as at Quartz Creek and Shelly Creek bottom (Del Norte Co.), Klamath Range near Preston Peak, Three Creeks near Hupa Valley (W.L.J.), Trinity Center, and upper Trinity River between Coffee Creek and Scott Mts., with a few trees on Graves Creek (Benj. Macomber). The tallest of all cypresses. Wood very fine-grained, faint yellowish white, somewhat aromatic, highly valued as a cabinet wood but the supply limited. Also called Ginger Pine. Refs.—CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA Parlatore in DeCandolle, Prodromus, vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 464 (1868). Cupressus lawsoniana Murray, Edin. New. Phil. Jour. n. ser. vol. 1, p. 292, t. 9 (1855). Type loc. Sacramento River Caiion, Wm. Murray, 1856. C. NOOTKATENSIS Spach. Nootka Cedar. Yellow Cypress. Bark thin, irregu- larly fissured into flat ridges; branchlets not flattened; leaves alike, usually not glandular.—Northern Oregon to Alaska. 4. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress. Trees or shrubs with the leaves small and appressed, scale-shaped and closely imbricated in 4 ranks on the ultimate branchlets, or awl-shaped on vigorous shoots. Staminate catkins terminal on the branchlets, with 3 to 5 pollen-sacs to each stamen. Ovulate catkins upon short lateral branchlets, the ovules numerous, erect, in several rows at the base of the scales. Cones globose to oblong, maturing in the second year, the shield-shaped scales fitting closely together by their margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, their broad summits with a central boss or short point. Seeds acutely angled or with a narrow hard wing; cotyledons 2 to 5.—Northern hemisphere, 14 species. (Ancient Latin name from Greek, kuparissos. ) 60 CUPRESSACEAE Umbos low, crescent-shaped, upwardly impressed. Glands on leaves none or rare; maritime species. : Seed small, black ........ccceececcteceesessceuecweeersesecces 1. C. goveniana. Seed larger, brown .......-sesceeeeees RH prey terse eles titi poeta yt 2. C. maerocarpa. Glands on leaves present as dorsal pits; seeds brown.............++.- 3. C. sargentii. Umbos conical, well-developed, spreading; leaves with conspicuous resin-bearing pits. Cones red-brown, 5 to 8 lines long; umbos typically incurved........ 4. C. macnabiana. Cones silvery or glaucous, 4 to 6 lines long; umbos short conical.......... 5. C. bakerti. 1. C. goveniana Gord. GowreNn Cypress. Dwarr Cypress. Small shrub ~ 1 to 20 feet high, rarely becoming a tree 75 feet high with the trunk bark brown, smoothish but superficially checked into freely interlocking ribbons 34 inch broad; leaves without pits, rarely with lateral depressions; cones light brown, subglobose or oval, 6 to 8 lines long, rarely larger, with 4 pair of scales; umbo short, thin-edged, upwardly impressed; seeds black, angular or acutely margined, sometimes minutely warty, 1 to 11% lines long. r Neighborhood of the ocean: Monterey (type loc., Theo. Hartweg) ; Mendocino White Plains from Mendocino City north to Ft. Bragg. Miniature forests are found on the Mendocino White Plains, where the alkaline soil rests on a sand- stone hardpan 1 or 2 feet below the surface; these tiny forests consist of dwarf canes 1 to 5 feet high, unbranched or with only a few short foliage branchlets, and are a remarkable feature of the region. Bushy shrubs 6 to 12 feet high and slender poles 15 to 25 feet high also occur in the same locality, as well as a few trees 50 to 75 feet high and 214 to 3.feet in trunk diameter. At Mon- terey hundreds of cone-bearing dwarfs 1 to 2 feet high are scattered in the forest which extends southward and westward. from Huckleberry Hill. Refs.—CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. 4, p. 295 (1849). C. goveniana var. pygmaea Lemmon, Handb. West. Am. Conif., p. 77 (1895). C. pygmaea Sargent, Bot. Gaz. vol. 31, p. 239 (1901). C. goveniana var. parva Lemmon, Sierra Club Bull. vol. 4, p. 116 (1902). 2 2. C. macrocarpa Hartw. Monrerey Cypress. Littoral tree 15 to 20 feet high with trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter; crown regular, conical, or when wind- blown exceedingly distorted and irregular; ultimate branchlets numerous, fine and terete, densely clothed with triangular scale-like leaves; leaves 14 to 114 lines long; staminate catkins ovate or subglobose, 1 to 2 lines long, borne at the ends of the ultimate branchlets; ovulate catkins greenish, composed of about 7 pairs of broadly ovate thinnish scales; cones dull brown, broadly oblong or subglobose, 1 to 2 inches long; scales flat-topped, with a central curved thin-edged ridge-like umbo; seeds 1 to 2 lines long, narrowly wing- margined but irregularly shaped from crowding in the cones and with a minute white lanceolate attachment scar at base. Two groves on sea coast near Monterey. The Point Cypress Grove extends from Point Cypress south about two miles to Pescadero Point at Carmel Bay, occupying a strip a few hundred yards wide or with a few trees scattered farther inland. The Point Lobos Grove occurs on Point Lobos south of Carmel Bay. Many trees stand on the bold headlands or cling to the rocky sea-cliffs and are carved into picturesque outlines by the violent winds from the Pacific. The flattened or board-like stems are a characteristic feature of these trees. Monterey Cypress is cultivated in many parts of the world and . is highly valued as a windbreak in California since it is of rapid growth and affords a perfect shelter. ™ Refs —CuPREssus MACROCARPA Hartweg in Gordon, Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. vol. 4, -p. 296, fig. (1849), vol. 2, p. 187 (1847); Hooker, Gard. Chron. 1885, p. 176, fig. : CYPRESS -FAMILY 61 3. C. sargentii Jepson n. nom. Sargent Cypress. Shrub or small tree with compact crown, 8 to 15 feet high; bark grayish brown and fibrous; leaves with a closed dorsal pit, rarely with lateral depressions, about 14 line long; cones globose, often congested in heavy clusters, shortly peduncled, 8 to 11 lines in diameter; scales 6 or 8, with a very small low upwardly impressed crescent- shaped umbo; seeds brown, acutely margined, 11% to 2 lines long.—(Frutex vel arbor parva 8 ad 15 ped. alta; cortex cinereofuscus fibratusque; folia circa 1% lin. longa cum alveolis dorsuali clauso, infrequenter cum cavis lateralibus; coni globosi sepe valde aggregati, breviter pedunculi, 8 and 10 lin. in diametro; squamze 6 ad 8 cum umbone paululo, brevi, lunato atque de infra impresso; semina fusca acute marginata 114 ad 2 lin. longa). Dry mountain slopes: Mayacamas Range, W.L.J. no. 3027 (type); west side Mt. Tamalpais; Cedar Mt., Alameda Co.; Bonny Doon, Santa Cruz Mts.; Los Burros Trail, Santa Lucia Mts. Localities few and isolated. Refs.—CUPRESSUS SARGENTIL Jepson. C. goveniana Engelmann in Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 114, exclusive of Monterey plants; Sargent, Silva N. Am. vol. 10, p. 107, t. 527 (1896); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 25 (1901). 4. ©. macnabiana Murr. McNas Cypress. Shrub or tree most commonly 15 to 25 but even 40 feet high with trunk 14 to nearly 2 feet in diameter; bark light gray and very smooth; foliage pungently fragrant with a spicy odor; leaves 1% line long with a conspicuous resin pit or white gland on the back towards the apex, often slightly glaucous; cones globose, clustered, short- peduneled, 5 to 8 lines in diameter, reddish or grayish brown; scales 6 to 8 with strong conical umbos, the uppermost pair very prominent or horn-like and ineurved; seeds brown, 114 to mostly 2 lines long. Samuels Springs (Napa Co.) to Coyote Valley; Red Mt., Bartlett Creek and northward to Whiskeytown, Shasta Co. (type loec.), and near Dobbin and Magalia in northern Sierra foothills. Refs.—CuUPRESSUS MACNABIANA Murray, Edin. New Phil. Jour. vol. i, p. 293, pl. 11 (1855) ; Jepson, Fl, W. Mid. Cal. p. 25 (1901). 5. C. bakerii Jepson n. sp. Mopoc Cypress. Shrub or becoming a small tree 25 feet high with red-brown bark and very slender branchlets; leaves with a distinct resin pit on middle of keeled back; staminate catkins 1 line long or less; cones globose, satiny or glaucous, 5 to 6 lines in diameter; scales 3 pair or with a fourth smaller upper pair; umbos abruptly drawn to a short point, either nipple-like or compressed, straight or slightly curved; seeds brown, 1% lines long, narrowly wing-margined.—(Frutex vel arbor parva 25 ped. alta; cortex rufo-fuscus; ramusculi tenuissimi; folia glandula distincta resin- feraque in medio carinato dorso; amenta staminata 1 lin. vel minus longa; coni globosi, nitidi vel glauci, 4 ad 6 lin. in diametro; tria paria squamarum vel quartum par minor supra; umbones abrupte contracti ad apicem vel papil- lati vel compressi, recti vel leniter unci; semina fusca 114 lin. longa, anguste marginata ala). Lava beds of southeastern Siskiyou and southwestern Modoc cos. Between Little Hot Spring Valley and Hills Farm, it is associated with Juniper, Yellow Pine and Knob-cone Pine (M. S. Baker). 5. JUNIPERUS L. JunNIpeEr. Trees or shrubs. Leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite, scale-like, imbricated, closely appressed and adnate to the branchlets or linear-subulate and spread- ing. Stamens and ovules on separate trees. Staminate catkins with many 62 CUPRESSACEAE stamens, each with 2 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins of 3 to 6 succulent coalescent scales, each bearing 1 or 2 ovules. Cones fleshy and berry-like, ripening the second year, in ours 1 to 3-seeded; cotyledons 2 to 6.—Northern hemisphere, about 30 species. (Ancient Latin name.) Catkins axillary; leaves linear-subulate, spreading, white-glaucous above; subalpine shrub. go. de ba d-cieis wieieiste lute geo athie Qube S's wile fal eveta SeunaTd ley etarersreiozle pimveNs teenie aemaramman 1. J. communis. Catkins terminal on short branchlets; leaves scale-like, closely appressed to the branchlets, in whorls of 3 or opposite. Berries reddish brown, oblong; cotyledons 4 to 6; medium altitudes, chiefly Coast Ranges. a co:.5. ae’ vtere (ora o.gsetiews sim Goss Poo a enerenehe: ee Pente tiene Pantene we tc sedeccccesevlens Oe Cian iiin—ra Berries blue-black, globose or subglobose. Cotyledons 4 to 6; desert ranges. .5...66. 01k i eect es tele sie nb beam 3. J. utahensis. Cotyledons 2; high IGE TAS yo :oia a 65.6 SB eres 4,0.4,0 0 0: 4rn, oe ocean 4, J. occidentalis. 1. J. communis L. Dwarr JuniPar. Low or proveraie alpine shrub, 1 foot high or less, forming patches a few feet in diameter; leaves rigid, linear or lanceolate, acute, cuspidate, 3 to 6 lines long, 3 (rarely: 2) at a node with very short internodes, spreading or ascending, green below, white-glaucous above; staminate catkins 114 to 214 lines long, their scales broad and abruptly contracted into a short subulate point; berries globose, bright blue, covered with white bloom, 114 to 2% lines long. Sierra Nevada, 8,000 to 10,000 feet, from Mono Pass north to Mt. Shasta, and west to Trinity Co. Widely distributed in the United States in the high mountains, ranging far north to Alaska and Greenland, and in the Old World. Ref.—JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS Linneus, Sp. Pl. 1040 (1753). 2. J. californica Carr. CauirorNiA JUNIPER. Usually a shrub, much- branched from the base, 2 to 20 feet high, or occasionally a tree 40 feet in height; bark brown or ashen gray, the thin outer layers becoming at length very loose and shreddy; leaves in 3s, ovate, acute, each with a dorsal pit towards the base, crowded on the ultimate branchlets or occasionally free and subulate, 14 to 1 line long; ovulate catkins consisting of 4 to 6 scales; berries reddish or brownish, almost smooth or roughened with a few small projections or horn-like processes, covered with a dense white bloom, subglobose or oblong, 4 to 7 lines long, with dry fibrous sweet flesh and 1 to 3 seeds; seeds ovate, acute, brown with a thick smooth but angled or ridged polished bony shell, 3 to 51% lines long; embryo 214 lines long with 4 to 6 cotyledons. Dry hills or arid mountain slopes: North Coast Ranges from Mt. St. Johns southwesterly to the hill country west of Scott Valley, Lake Co. (Carl Purdy) ; South Coast Ranges from Mt. Diablo along the Mt. Hamilton Range to Tres Pinos, San Carlos Range and Priest Valley, southward to Matilija Creek, east- ward to Fort Tejon and thence northward in the Sierra Nevada to Kernville and the Merced River (type loc., 1,000 feet altitude). Abundant on desert slopes of Sierra Madre and San Bernardino Mts. and southward into Lower California. Attributed to the ‘‘Lower Sacramento’’ in the Botany of the Calli- fornia where it does not exist, but the reference has been copied by many later authors. Refs.— JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA Carriere, Rev. Hort. 1854, p. 352, fig.; Palmer, Am. Nat. vol. 12, p. 593 (1878); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 25 (1901). 3. J. utahensis Lemmon. Desert Juniper. Small or stunted shrub 3 to 15 (or 20) feet high; very similar to the preceding, but distinguishable by its more slender branches, its usually glandless leaves which are acute and sometimes in whorls of 2, and its usually globose 1-seeded berries; berries CYPRESS FAMILY 63 blue-black with a whitish bloom and 4 to 5 lines long, resembling the next but the cotyledons 4 to 6. Desert ranges of California east of the Sierra Nevada: White and Inyo mts., Panamint Range, Grapevine and Providence mts., and north to Virginia City. Widely distributed in Nevada, Arizona and Utah. Refs.— JUNIPERUS UTAHENSIS Lemmon, Rep. Cal. Board For. vol. 3, p. 183, t. 28, fig. 2 (1890). J. californica var. utahensis Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. vol. 3, p. 588 (1877) ; Watson, Bot. Cal. vol. 2, p. 113 (1880). 4. J. occidentalis Hook. Sierra Juniper. Subalpine tree 10 to 25 or sometimes 65 feet high; trunk 1 to 5 feet in diameter, the bark dull red,’ flaking off in thin scales or shreds; branchlets alternate, the ultimate ones small, numerous, congested; leaves in 3s, 14 line long, ovate-triangular, bear- ing on the back a more or less distinct gland or pit, or on vigorous shoots sub- ulate and 1 to 2 lines long; staminate catkins 11% to 2 lines long, 6 pollen-saes under each peltate scale; berries globose to ovoid, blue-black with a whitish bloom, 3 to 5 lines long, almost smooth or minutely umbonate, with resinous juicy fiesh and 2 seeds (rarely 1 or 3) ; seeds flat on the face, the convex back with 3 to 5 resinous-glandular pits; embryo % to 1 line long, with 2 cotyledons. Timber line tree in Sierra Nevada, 6,000 to 10,000 feet in southern part and 3,500 to 7,000 feet in northern part, occurring as scattered individuals or in open groves, often found on the bare granite; trunks tapering strongly upward. Ranges south to San Bernardino Mts. and San Pedro Martir, north to Mt. Shasta, thence west to Trinity Mts. and south to South Yollo Bolly (W.L.J., 1897). Extends north through eastern Oregon to Idaho. Refs.— JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS Hooker, Fl. Bor. Am. vol. 2, p. 166 (1839), type loc. Colum- _ bia River basin, Douglas; Muir, Mts. of Cal. p. 204 (1901). TAXACEAE. YEw Famiy. Trees or shrubs with linear flat 2-ranked leaves. Staminate and ovulate organs on different trees. Stamen clusters arising from axillary buds on under side of branchlets, the filaments monadelphous in a column. Ovules solitary and terminal on the branchlets. Seed with a bony coat, set in a fleshy disk or completely enveloped by it. Embryo small, embedded in abundant endosperm; cotyledons 2. Fruit searlet; stamens 8 to 12 in a cluster; leaves 1% to % inch long, acute at apex, without a ie diel sy RSs ih a ila aN ota aia) Hi sla ts ngs e MaMa oak S mite ie eG a ote 1. Taxus. Fruit green or purplish; stamens 24 to 32 in a cluster; leaves 11%4 to 214 inches long, stiffish, raeeie-pointed, the resin-canal central ............. ccc cs cee ces cencsncees 2. TORREYA. 1. TAXUS L. Yew. Trees or shrubs with leaves bluntish or merely acute. Stamens 8 to 12 ina cluster, the 4 to 9 pollen-sacs borne under a shield-like crest. Ovule seated upon a circular disk which in fruit becomes cup-shaped, fleshy and red, sur- rounding the bony seed, the whole berry-like.—Northern hemisphere, 1 species ‘ and 6 subspecies. (Ancient Latin name of the yew.) 1. T. brevifolia Nutt. WersrerN Yew. Small tree 15 to 30 feet high, _ rarely exceeding 40 feet, irregular in outline, the branches of unequal length and standing at various angles but tending to droop; trunk ¥% to 2 feet in diameter, with a thin red-brown smooth bark which becomes shreddy as it flakes off in thin and rather small pieces; leaves linear, acute at apex, shortly _petioled, fiat with midrib in relief above and below, 3 or mostly 6 to 8 lines 64 TAXACEAE long, 1 line wide, spreading right and left in flat sprays; stamen clusters globose, 1 to 1% lines long; seeds borne on the under side of the sprays and when mature set in a fleshy scarlet cup, the whole looking like a brilliantly colored berry, 5 or 6 lines long. Along deep ecafion streams or moist shady bottoms: Sierra Nevada from Lassen Peak southward to Tulare Co.; cafions below south base of Mt. Shasta; north Coast Ranges (chiefly between 1,000 and 2,500 feet) from the Klamath Range and the Siskiyou Mts. south to Three Creeks (Humboldt Co.), Sher-_ wood, Snow Mt. and Mt. St. Helena; Santa Cruz Mts., Laguna Creek (Dr. C. L. Anderson). Reported in the Santa Lucia Mts. but no definite locality on record. Its general range in California is essentially that of Douglas Fir but it occurs only in widely sundered localities of very small area and is not abundant in any locality. Beyond our borders ranging north to southern tip of Alaska and eastward to the continental divide in western Montana. Wood very hard, dense, springy and durable; used for machine bearings and by the native tribes for their best bows. Refs.—TAXUS BREVIFOLIA Nuttall, Sylva, vol. 3, p. 86, t. 108 (1849), type loc. near mouth of Columbia River, Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. p. 17 (1901); Goddard, Univ. Cal. Publ. Am, Archae. vol. 1, p. 32 (1903). 2. TORREYA Arn. Trees with rigid sharp-pointed leaves. Stamen clusters solitary in the adjacent leaf axils, borne on 1-year-old branches, made up of 6 to 8 whorls of stamens, 4 stamens in a whorl, each filament with 4 pollen-saes without crests. Ovule completely covered by a fleshy aril-like coat, the whole becoming drupe- like in fruit. Seed with thick woody outer coat, its inner layer irregularly folded into the white endosperm.—F our species, 1 in California, 1 in Florida, and 2 in China and Japan. (Named for John Torrey of Columbia College, long identified with western botany and who first visited California before the days of the Overland Railroad.) 1. T. californica Torr. CaLirorniA NUTMEG. Handa dark green tree 15 to 90 feet high, the trunk 14 to 3 feet in diameter and clothed in smoothish thin dark bark; leaves rigid, 114 to 2% inches long, 114 lines wide, flat, dark green above, yellowish green beneath and with two longitudinal glaucous grooves, linear or somewhat tapering upward, the apex armed with a stout short bristle, twisted on their short petioles so as to form a 2-ranked flat spray; stamen clusters whitish, globose, about 3 lines long, crowded on the under side of the branches; fruit elliptical in outline, resembling a plum or olive, green in color or when ripe streaked with purple, 11% to 134 inches long; © flesh thin and resinous; shell of the seed more or less longitudinally grooved; embryo minute (1 line long), placed at the upper end of the seed; endosperm copious, with irregular incisions filled by the inner coat, giving it a marbled appearance so that in cross- section the seed resembles the true nutmeg of ecommerce. Coast Ranges: Big River and Melburne, Mendocino Co.; Bartlett Springs: Mayacamas Range from the Terraces east of Ukiah south to Mt. St. Helena; Duncans Mills; Bolinas Ridge from Tocaloma to Mt. Tamalpais; Santa Cruz Mts. from La Honda to Archibald Creek (W.L.J.) and southeasterly to Hume, Norton and Saratoga cafions between 1,000 and 2,000 feet (R. L. Pendleton). Sierra Nevada: Lassens Butte, Yuba and Feather rivers, and reported from Jepson, Fl. Cal. pp. 33-64, Nov. 4, 1909 GNETACEAE 65 Pitt River; American River to Merced River (near Yosemite Valley) and south to South Fork Kaweah. Refs.—ToRREYA CALIFORNICA Torr. N. Y. Jour. Pharm. 3: 49 (1854), type loc. headwaters Feather and Yuba rivers; Jepson, Silva Cal. 167, pl. 53 (1910). Tumion californicum Greene, Pitt. 2: 195 (1891); Sargent, Silva N. Am. 10: 59, t. 513 (1896); Sudworth, Trees Pac. Coast, 191 (1908). GNETACEAE. Gwnetum Famizy. Woody plants without resin, of very diverse habit. Leaves opposite or ternate. Catkins unisexual, with imbricated bracts. Stamens 1, or several and monadelphous, set within a membranous calyx-like perianth, the perianths ses- sile in the axils of the bracts. Ovule solitary, surrounded by a very small urn- shaped perianth and produced at apex into an exserted style-like process (micropyle), the whole sessile at the summit of the catkin and subtended by its bracts. Embryo axile in endosperm; cotyledons always 2.—Genera 3, the remarkable Welwitschia of South Africa, Gnetum of the tropics, and Ephedra. 1. EPHEDRA L. Equisetum-like shrubs with slender long-jointed stems, opposite or fascicled branches and scale-like leaves. Leaves more or less connate, sheathing the stem, at length splitting to the base. Staminate and ovulate catkins on differ- ent shrubs. Stamens 2 to 8, united into a column. Ovulate perianth indurated in fruit. perforated only for the passage of the micropyle.—Species 30, desert regions of both eastern and western hemispheres. (Greek ephedra, the name used by Pliny for the horse-tails. ) Seales and bracts in 2’s; bracts connate at base; ovulate catkins (and sometimes the stami- nate) on peduncles 14 to 4 lines long. _ Branches bright or yellowish green, crect and broom-like..................-, 1. E. viridis. Suencsepnle or glaucous, divergent..............0. cece cscs eecesseces 2. E. nevadensis. Seales and bracts in 3’s; bracts distinct; ovulate catkins sessile or nearly so; branches clus- tered, erect. irumino catkin subglobose, 3 to 4 lines long................e2ceeeceeee 3. EH. californica. Fruiting catkin slender-ovate, 5 to 6 lines long................. eee eee eens 4. E. trifurca. 1. E. viridis Cov. Erect green shrub 114 to 3 feet high, with numerous broom-like muriculate branches; fruiting bracts green, firm, with narrow scari- ous edge; fruits 1 or usually 2 in,a place, with flat faces and strongly convex or carinate backs, 314 to 4 lines long. Mountain slopes (5000 to 7000 feet alt.) of the desert ranges about the Mohave Desert, Owens Valley and Death Valley, north to the White Mountains and east through Nevada and Arizona to southwestern Utah. Also Ft. Tejon. Refs.— EPHEDRA VIRIDIS Cov. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4: 220 (1893), type from Coso Mts., Inyo Co., Coville 923. 2. E. nevadensis Wats. Erect olive-colored shrub 14 to 2 feet high; branches somewhat scabrous, divergent; scales sheathing, at length mostly deciduous; fruiting bracts ovate or round ovate, firm, scarious on edges, 4 to 6 pairs; fruit exserted, 3 or 4 lines long, 3-ridged or trigonous, or, when 2 in a _ place, with more or less flat faces and strongly convex or ecarinate backs. Desert valleys of the Mohave and Colorado deserts (2500 to 4500 feet alt.), north to Honey Lake Valley and northern Nevada (Pyramid Lake, Lemmon), south into Mexico and Lower California, and east through southern Nevada to Utah. Also Kern Valley and upper San Joaquin Valley. Refs.—-EPHEDRA NEVADENSIS Wats. Proce. Am. Acad. 14: 298 (1879), Bot. Cal. 2: 108 (1880). #. antisyphilitica Wats. U. S. Expl. 40th Par. 5: 328, pl. 39 (1871), not C. A. Mey. 3. E. californica Wats. Stems decumbent or spreading, with numerous 66 TYPHACEAE erect branches, 114 to 3 feet high; fruiting bracts reddish or brownish, sub- membranous, in 4 or 5 whorls, reniform-orbicular, entire, with a short broad claw; fruit ovate, included, 4-angled, 21% to 3 lines long. Mohave and Colorado deserts, north to Cantua Creek (western Fresno Co:), west to San Diego and south into Lower California. Refs.—EPHEDRA CALIFORNICA Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 300 (1879), type loc. San Diego, Dr. Palmer; Bot. Cal. 2: 109 (1880); Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 333 (1910). 4. KE. trifurca Torr. Erect light- or yellowish-green shrub 114 to 5 feet high, with spinosely tipped straight branches; scales conspicuously sheathing, 3 to 6 lines long; staminate catkins on a very short peduncle; ovulate catkins nearly sessile, of 8 to 10 whorls of bracts; bracts large, very thin, scarious, round-cordate, clawed, with reddish centres; fruit solitary, slender, 4-sided, 6 lines long. Mohave River at Daggett ace. to Coville (Bot. Death Valley, 220); Yuma, Arizona, Parish, in litt.; east to Colorado and Texas, and south into Mexico. Refs. — EPHEDRA TRIFURCA Torr. in Emory, Mil. Rec. Ft. Leavenworth to San Diego, fae (1848), type loc. between the Del Norte and Gila rivers. E. TORREYANA Wats. Erect whitish or pale shrub 1 to 3 feet high, the branches often somewhat flexuous; scales short, 1 to 2 lines long; catkins nearly sessile; ovulate catkins of 6 to 8 whorls of bracts; bracts yellowish or greenish, very thin, very broad, clawed; fruit solitary or in 3’s, oblong- lanceolate, scabrous.—Moapa, southern Nevada, Kennedy, and east to Colo- rado. Credited to California by Nelson (Man. Rocky Mts. 31). ANGIOSPERMS Trees, shrubs or herbs. Sexual reproductive organ called a flower, typically consisting of a short axis bearing circles of calyx and corolla parts, stamens and pistils. Calyx or corolla or both often absent, and stamens and pistils often in different flowers. Ovules always enclosed in a sae or ovary. MONOCOTYLEDONS Leaves parallel-veined. Stems with the vascular bundles seattered irregu- larly through them, without central pith or concentric woody layers. Flowers with the parts usually in 3’s or 6’s, never in 5’s. Embryo with one cotyledon. TYPHACEAE. Cart-tan, Faminy. Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs, the solid cylindric jointless stems from creeping rootstocks and bearing long linear alternate leaves. Flowers monoe- cious, crowded in dense cylindrical spikes, without perianth. Ovary 1-celled, l-ovuled, with a slender style and elongated lateral stigma, becoming in fruit a seed-like nutlet. Embryo straight, embedded in copious endosperm.—All continents, 1 genus. , Bibliog.—Graebner, P., Typhaceae (Engler, Pfizr. teil 4, abt. 81900). Morong, T., Typ (Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 15, pp. 1-8,—1888). 1. TYPHAL. Cart-ran. Stems tall, simple, ending above in a long spike, the pistillate portion below, the staminate portion above. Stamens seated directly on the axis, intermixed with long bristle-like hairs. Ovaries minute, pedicellate; pedicels bearin clavate bristles which envelope the very small nutlets in a copious down. Nine species. (Ancient Greek name of the Cat-tail.) Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes contiguous, rarely separated; pistillate flowers with out ‘bractlete.... 02.64.6058) ean RAN Ee ee eee 1. T. latifoli SPARGANIACEAE 67 Staminate and pistillate portions of spikes usually separated by a small interval; pistillate SEMA WAL DTSCCIOLS «35a. =o) viz siepon ac2 > eae eee a epee tas Beans ws ss 2. T. angustifolia. 1. T. latifolia L. Common Cat-tam. Stout, 314 to 6 feet high; leaves very long, flat, sheathing at the base, 14 to 1 inch broad; spike 7 to 13 inches long; pistillate portion of spike without bractlets; stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pol- len-grains in 4’s; fruiting spike dark brown or blackish, 10 to 12 lines thick. Common in marshes and marshy places by creeks: San Francisco Bay region, Great Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills, south to southern California, north to Washington. Throughout north temperate zone. Refs—TyYPuHa LaTIFOLIA L. Sp. Pl. 971 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 188 (1880); Jepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. 96 (1901). 2. T. angustifolia L. Stems slender, 3 to 8 feet high; leaves 3 to 6 lines broad, somewhat convex on the back; pistillate flowers with a hair-like bractlet dilated at apex and a linear stigma; pollen-grains simple; fruiting spikes light or dark brown, 5 to 6 lines thick. Marshes: Los Angeles, San Bernardino, south into Lower California, and east and northeast through the desert regions. North and South America, Europe, Asia, north Africa. Refs.—TyPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. Sp. Pl. 971 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 189 (1880); Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 8 (1904). T. bracteata Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2: 413 (1887), type from Santa Cruz Island, Greene. T. domingensis Rohrb.; Brandegee, Zoe, 1: 146 (1890). SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-rREeEep FAmIy. Marsh or aquatic plants with terete stems from creeping rootstocks, alternate long-linear 2-ranked leaves and monoecious flowers in globose heads. Ovary 1 to 2-celled. Fruit consisting of obovoid or spindle-shaped nutlets, 1 to 2-seeded.—One genus. Bibliog.—Graebner, P., Sparganiaceae (Engler, Pfizr. teil 4, abt. 101900). Morong, T., Sparganium (Bull. Torr. Club, vol. 15, pp. 73-81,—1888). 1. SPARGANIUM L. Bur-Reep. Perennials with fibrous roots and horizontal rootstocks. Heads scattered along the upper portion of the simple or sparingly branched stem; lower heads pistillate, with leaf-like bracts; upper heads staminate. Stamens with minute scales interposed, their filaments slender and elongated. Ovaries sur- rounded by 3 to 6 linear-subulate scales forming a sort of calyx—North tem- perate and arctic zones, and New Zealand, 15 species. (Sparganion, the Greek name, diminutive of sparganon, a swaddling-band, on account of the ribbon- like leaves.) Inflorescence compound; pistillate flowers sessile; nutlets obovoid, with truncate or rounded summit; fruiting heads 10 to 15 lines in diameter.................... 1. 8S. eurycarpum. Inflorescence simple; pistillate flowers pediceled; nutlets spindle-shaped, with tapering sum- mit; fruiting heads 7 to 10 lines in diameter. Leaves (214 to 5 lines wide) and bracts conspicuously scarious-margined..... 2. SS. simplez.. Leaves (1% to 2 lines wide) and bracts not conspicuously scarious-margined.............. ; 3. S. angustifolium. 1. §. eurycarpum Engelm. Erect, rather slender, 3 to 8 feet high, with branching inflorescence; leaves flat and thin, slightly. keeled beneath; stami- nate heads 5 to 13; pistillate heads 2 to 4 on the stem or branch, sessile or more commonly peduncled; fruiting heads 34 to 114 inches in diameter; nut- lets sessile, obovoid, several-angled, with a truncate or depressed summit, tipped with the short style, 3 (or nearly 3) lines broad, 4 lines long, including the style. 68 NAIADACEAE Los Angeles River, Braunton 571, to the San Joaquin Valley and north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic coast. Var. greenei Graebner. Branches of the inflorescence more erect; achenes rounded at summit.—Region of San Francisco Bay (Olema, Lake Merced) south to Lower California and north to British Columbia. Refs.—SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM Engelm, in Gray, Man. 5th ed. 481 (1867). Var. GREENE! Graebner in Engler, Pfizr. 4": 13 (1900). S. greenei Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 15: 77 (1888), type loc. Olema, Greene; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 96 (1901). S. californicum Greene, Bull. Cal. Aead. 1': 11 (1884), based on material from Calistoga, Sacramento and West Oakland. 2. §. simplex Huds. Stems erect, 1 to 3 feet high, or sometimes floating; leaves 2 to 6 lines broad, slightly carinate; inflorescence usually simple; stam- inate heads 3 to 5, congested or confluent, but distant from the pistillate; pistillate heads 2 to 6, the lowest peduncled, some supra-axillary, 8 or 9 lines in diameter in fruit; nutlets narrow, 2 to 214 lines long, 1 to 1% lines thick on the lower third, at apex gradually attenuate into the long style, long-pediceled, often 2-celled. Sierra Nevada: Kaweah Meadows; Silver Lake; Placer Co.; Donner Lake; Goose Lake, Shasta Co.; Modoe Co., Mrs. M. H. Manning. North to British Columbia and east to New England aud Newfoundland. Ref.—SPARGANIUM SIMPLEX Huds. Fl, Angl. 2d ed. 401 (1778). 3. 8S. angustifolium Michx. Stems 1 to 4 feet high; leaves exceedingly long and narrow, 1 to 214 lines broad, floating or erect; inflorescence simple; stam- inate heads 2 to 6, sometimes blended but distant from the pistillate; pistil late heads sessile in the axils, often a little supra-axillary, rarely peduncled; nutlets 214 lines long, brownish, constricted at or above the middle, abruptly contracted at apex into the long style or beak, pediceled. Lakelets and slow streams: San Bernardino Mts. ace. Parish, north to British Columbia and east to Pennsylvania and Newfoundland. e Refs.—SPARGANIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 189 (1803); Graebner Engler, Pfizr. 4°: 16 (1900). S. simplex var. angustifolium Engelm. in Gray, Man. 5th ed. 481 (1867); Parish, Erythea, 6: 85 (1898). NAIADACEAE. PoNnpwWEeEED FaAmIny. Water plants entirely submerged or with floating leaves. Leaves thread- like or grass-like or some with broad floating blades, commonly sheathing at base or with sheathing stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, naked or with a very small calyx, commonly borne on a short spike or spadix. Ovaries 1 to 4, distinct; free from the calyx if that be present, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, ripening into nutlet: like fruits—Ten genera, the species of mostly wide distribution. Bibliog.—Tuckerman, Edw., Potamogeton (Am. J. Sei. 2d ser. vol. 6, pp. 224-30 —1848; vol. 7, pp. 347-60,—1849). Morong, T., Naiadaceae of North Ameriea, (Mem. Torr. Club vol. 3, no. 2,—1893). Dudley, Genus Phyllospadix (Wilder Quarter- century Book, pp. 403 420, pls. 1-2,—1893). Fryer, A., Potamogetons of the British Isles (1898). Rendle, A. B, Naiadaceae (Engler, Pfizr. teil 4, abt. 12,—1901). Campbell, D. H., Morphological study o: Naias and Zannichellia (Proc. Cal. Acad. 3rd ser. Bot. vol. 1, pp. 1-70, pls: 1-5,—1897). Ascher. son & Graebner, Potamogetonaceae (Engler, Pfizr. teil 4, abt. 11 —1907 » Flowers perfect, in spikes or clusters. Calyx: of 4 distinet sepals... co 6... 3363 4 dots dldavk oine of een 1. POTAMOGETON. Cady NOMOs,. San hetero ey Fc ak Othe ne eee “Ss oe Ga wists o 00s ate a 2. RUPP Flowers unisexual; calyx none. Leaves entire. Pistils about 4, borne in a cup-shaped involucre; fresh water ponds or streams 3. ZANNICH PONDWEED FAMILY 69 Pistils many, borne on the side of a linear spadix; maritime. Flowers monoecious; nutlet ovoid; leaves 2 to 4 lines broad..........-.-- 4. ZOSTLRA. Flowers dioecious; nutlet sagittate-cordate; leaves 1% to 2 lines broad.............. 5. PHYLLOSPADIX. Leaves with spiny-toothed margins; pistil solitary and naked..............--+-- 6. NAIAs. 1. POTAMOGETON L. PoNDWEED. Perennial herbs, commonly growing in the still waters of creeks and in fresh or brackish ponds, the stems arising from rootstocks. Leaves alternate, or the uppermost opposite, frequently of two kinds, the floating ones broad, the sub- merged narrower and often thread-like or linear; stipules present, often sheathing the stem. Flowers in spikes or heads on axillary peduncles and enclosed in the bud by stipular sheaths. Sepals 4, with short claws. Stamens 4, inserted on the base of sepals. Ovaries 4—About 60 species, in all parts of the earth. (Greek potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbor, on account of the aquatic habit.) ‘ A. Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. Plants with both submerged and floating leaves; petioles of floating leaves present, often long, : short or none in no. 4. Submerged leaves linear or thread-like, consisting of petioles only. Floating leaves elliptical, subcordate at base................-.---- eee eeee 1. P. natans. Floating leaves narrowly oblong, attenuate into the petiole.............2. P. epihydrus. _ Submerged leaves linear or lanceolate, bearing true blades. Flowers capitate; peduncles 1 to 3 lines long; floating leaves less than 1 inch long..... 3. P. dimorphus. Flowers spicate; peduncles 2 inches long or more; floating leaves 2 to 4 inches long. Plants reddish; nutlet with a distinct pit on each side.................. 4. P. alpinus. *Plants green; nutlet not pitted. Nutlet distinctly 3-keeled; low altitudes............5........... 5. P. americanus. Nutlet indistinctly 3-keeled; high montane.................... 6. P. heterophyllus. Submerged leaves, or some of them, broader and faleate................. 7. P. amplifolius. Plants with the leaves all submerged; petioles short or none. _ Leaves with broad blades, ovate, orbicular or lanceolate, never linear. Stipules greenish; leaves with a short petiole or subsessile................. 8. P. lucens. Stipules white, with numerous fibrous nerves. Leaves clasping, hooded at apex; peduncles often 8 inches long or more.............. 9. P. praelongus. Leaves cordate-clasping, not hooded, the lobes at base often touching around the stem. 10. P. perfoliatus. Leaves linear, thread-like, or setaceous. mmeus propagating buds or glands...............0.sceceececececeees ll. P. foliosus. With both propagating buds and glands. Leaves capillary;. stem slender, not flattened..................... 12) P. pusilius. _ Leaves linear, 1 to 2 lines wide; stem much flattened............ '*,.13. P. compressus. a B. Stipules adnate to the leaf or petiole. ‘Plants with submerged leaves only. I ioe 5c 3's ok Sela ie ss 0 Sue soe ew The aE eee daa dvae wanes 14. P. pectinatus. _ Leaves flat, 1% to 114 lines broad. aeeaseaves in terminal clusters....:............. SPU b as aes Ck BG rasae tee 15. P. latifolius. EME? 55505 ayein ole 00> sone pean qe Pesae cet ced docgde et bs os 16. P. robbinsii. I. P. natans L. Broap Ponpweep. Stem thick, little if at all branched; floating leaves elliptical, subcordate at base, 114 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 inches broad, on petioles longer than the blade; stipules linear-lanceolate, membran- aceous, 2 to 4 inches long; submerged leaves consisting of petioles: without tb ades, 2 to 9 inches long or more and 1 line wide, usually perishing early, their _ tips sometimes reaching the surface of the water and forming miniature blades; spikes dense, 1 or 2 inches long, on longer peduncles; nutlet evidently keeled along the back, 2 lines long. 70 NAIADACEAE Montane region at 5000 to 7000 feet alt.: Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., - Parish; Sierra Nevada; Mt. Shasta; northward to British Columbia and east — to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia. : Refs.—PoraMOGETON NATANS L. Sp. Pl. 126 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 195 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 13, pl. 25 (1893). 2. P. epihydrus Raf. Stems slender (14 line broad), compressed, mostly simple, 1 to 2 feet long; floating leaves narrowly oblong, 134 to 2 inches long, gradually narrowed into petioles about 14% as long; submerged leaves thin, grass-like, 2 to 3 inches long, 2 to 3 lines wide, the petiole-like base very short; — spikes dense, 14 inch long, on peduncles 114 to 1% inches long; nutlet flattish, — 3-keeled, the seed impressed on the sides. . Yosemite Valley (Bolander 6393), north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantie States. Refs.—POTAMOGETON EPIHYDRUS Raf. Med. Repos. 2d ser. 5: 354 (1808). P. nuttallii C. & S. Linnaea, 2: 226 (1827). P. claytoni Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. Ist ser. 45: 38 (1843); Wats. — Bot. Cal. 2: 195 (1880). 3. P.dimorphus Raf. Stems simple, 114 feet long; floating leaves in 2 or 3 opposite pairs, oblong, tapering to each end, impressed beneath with 7 to 9 nerves, 3 to 4 lines wide and 7 to 10 lines long, passing rather definitely at base into the somewhat shorter (or sometimes longer) petiole; submerged leaves 14 to 34 line wide, 1 or 2 inches long, acute at tip but not setaceous, stipules 1 to 5 lines long, adnate for about 1% their length; flowers in a few-flowered head (or the emersed in a very short spike), the peduncles 1 to 3 lines long, shorter than the submersed spike; nutlet less than 1 line long, keeled on the back, the keel winged and sometimes denticulate; embryo coiled 114 times; pericarp very thin and fleshless, revealing clearly the coiled embryo, the whole suggestive of a snail shell. ; : Lake Surprise, San Jacinto Mts., alt. 9000 feet, Hall 2490; near Visalia ace. Bot. Death Valley; irrigating ditches at Turlock. Missouri to Virginia and Nova Scotia. Refs.—PoTAMOGETON DIMORPHUS Raf. Am. Mo. Mag. 1: 358 (1817). P. spirillus Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 2d ser. 6: 228 (1848); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 49, pl. 56 (1893). P. HysBripus Michx. Very similar to P. dimorphus but peduneles equaling or longer than submersed spike, frequently recurved; keels toothed.—Credited to California by Taylor (N. Am. Fl. 171: 17). 4. P. alpinus Balbis. ALpine PonpwEEp. Whole plant of a reddish tinge; stems simple, 1 or 2 feet long; floating leaves narrowly oblong, tapering at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, 14 to 34 inch wide, submerged leaves 2 to 7 inches long, 144 to % inch wide, all sessile or narrowed to a short petiole; stipules broad, 1% to 144 inches long; spikes 3% to 11% inches long, on peduncles about 2 inches long; nutlet with a distinct pit on each side. Ponds in the high mountains: Sierra Nevada, North Fork of Kings River, 7000 feet alt., Hall & Chandler; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., 7200 feet alt., Brewer 1978; north to Alaska and east to Florida and Labrador. Europe, Asia. Refs.—POTAMOGETON ALPINUS Balbis, Misc. 13 (1804); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: 19, pl. 30 (1893). P. rufescens Schrader; Chamisso, Adnot. Fl. Berol. 5 (1815); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 195 (1880). 5. P. americanus C.& S. Stems terete, much branched, 3 to 6 feet long; floating leaves coriaceous, elliptical, 2 to 4 inches-long, 14 to 11% inches wide, the petiole often longer than the blade, submerged leaves very thin, lanceolate, 1 PONDWEED FAMILY TA 4 to 12 inches long, 4 to 6 lines broad, rounded at base, or tapering into a petiole 1 to 4 inches long; stipules 1 to 4 inches long; peduncles 2 to 3 inches long; spikes 1 to 2 inches long, densely fruited; nutlet obliquely obovate, 144 to 2 lines long, the back 3-keeled, with the middle keel prominent. Ponds or slow creeks in the valleys or hills at. low altitudes: Los Angeles Go.; Bakersfield and Visalia ace. Bot. Death Valley; Santa Cruz; Russian River; north to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia, north Africa. Refs.—PoTAMOGETON AMERICANUS C. & S. Linnaea, 2: 226 (1827); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 2d ed. 28 (1911). P. lonchites Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. 2d ser. 6: 226 (1848); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 20, pl. 31 (1893). P. fluitans of various California authors. 6. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stems slender, compressed, branched, 1 to 2 feet long; floating leaves oval to oblong-elliptical, 1 or 2 inches long, 4 to 9 lines wide; petioles 1 to 4 inches long; stipules 1 inch long or less; submerged leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at base, sessile, 1 to 2 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide; spikes 1 inch long; peduncles 1 to 4 inches long; nutlet roundish, 34 to 11% lines long, indistinctly 3-keeled. Sierra Nevada at high altitudes: Volcano (formerly Whitney) Meadows, ace. Bot. Death Valley; near Mono Pass ace. Bot. Cal. North to Oregon and Washington and east to the Atlantic. Europe, Asia. Refs.—PoTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. 21 (1771); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 23 (1893). FP. gramineus Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 196 (1880), not L. 7. P.amplifolius Tuckerm. Stems mostly simple, 2 to 4 feet long; floating leaves oblong-ovate or oval, mucronate, 34 to 114 inches broad, 2 to 3 inches long, the petioles of about the same length; submerged leaves with the sides folding together and assuming a falcate shape, the uppermost large, elliptical or ovate, 214 to 4 inches long, the lower lanceolate and often as much as 8 inches long and 2 inches wide (ace. Morong); spikes 14 to 2 inches long; _ peduncles thickening upwards, 2 to 3 inches long; nutlet 3-keeled, the middle keel prominent. Sierra Nevada from Red Lake on the San Joaquin River, Congdon, northward to Oregon and British Columbia and eastward to the Atlantic States. Refs.—POTAMOGETON AMPLIFOLIUS Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. 2d ser. 6: 225 (1848); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 196 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 16, pl. 27 (1893). P. angustirouius B. & P. Similar to P. lucens; upper leaves petioled, lower sessile, all lanceolate or oblanceolate, undulate, crisped, shining; submerged ‘ leaves serrulate at apex.—Credited to California by Taylor, N. Am. FI. 17::18. 8. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branching below and bearing masses of very leafy branches at summit; leaves all submerged, thin, elliptical to lanceolate or oblanceolate or the uppermost oval, acute or acuminate, often undulate- serrate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or sessile, 2 to 7 inches long and 34 to 134 inches wide; stipules greenish, 1 to 2 inches long, loose and spreading, sometimes very broad; peduncles 3 to 6 inches long; spikes 2 to 214 inches long, thick cylindrical; nutlet 114 lines long, nearly as broad, with 3 distinct ribs on back. Small lakes and ponds: Penasquitas Creek, San Diego Co., ace. Parish; San Francisco; north to British Columbia and east to Nova Scotia. Refs.—PoTaAMOGETON LUCENS L. Sp. Pl. 126 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 196 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3*: 30, pl. 38 (1893); Parish, Erythea, 6: 85 (1898); Jepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. 100 (1901). 9. P. praelongus Wulf. Stems whitish, zigzag, 3 to 8 feet long, branching; 72 NAIADACEAE leaves all submerged, bright green, oblong-lanceolate, undulate, ‘‘cucullate at apex,’’ sessile by a clasping base, 4 to 9 inches long, and 1% to 1 inch wide; stipules white, the uppermost obtuse, many- -nerved, usually hugging the stem, 4 to 114 inches long; spikes 1 to 2 inches long, borne on peduneles 4 to 10 elie long (or even longer), erect and straight and often numerous; nutlet 2 to 214 lines long. Ams Deep water of ponds: Sierra Co. (ace. Bot. Cal.) ; Oregon to ‘Bes Colum- bia and east to New Jersey and Nova Scotia. Europe. Refs.—PoTaMOGETON PRAELONGUS Wulf. Roem. Arch. 3: 331 (1805); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 197 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3°: 32, pl. 39 (1893). : 10. P. perfoliatus L. var. richardsonii Benn. Stems straight, simple or branching; leaves long-lanceolate and acute, wavy, cordate at base and clasp- ing, 1 to 4 inches long; stipules 14 to 34 inch long, many nerved, often becom- ing much frayed; spikes 8 to 11 lines long; peduncles 1% inches long; nutlet 134 lines long. Sisson (Siskiyou Co.) aee. Crosfield; Oregon to British Columbia; east to New Jersey and Nova Scotia. Refs.—POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS L. var. RICHARDSONII Benn. Jour. Bot. 27: 25 (1889) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3°: 33 (1893). 11 P. foliosus Raf. Leary Ponpweep. Stem flattened, much branched, 1 to 2% feet high; leaves rather thickly clothing the stem, 1 to 11% inches long, 1% to 1 line wide, abruptly acute; stipules white, transparent, 6 to 9 lines long ; fiveites few in a head ona pedunsle 2 to 6 lines long; nutlet nearly 1 line long, 3-keeled on the back, the central keel with narrow rough-edged wing. — North Fork of Kern River ace. Bot. Death Valley; Gilroy; San Francis¢o; Birds Landing, Jepson; Mariposa, Congdon; Shasta Co., Baker; northward into Oregon and east to the Atlantic States. Var. caALirornicus Morong. Bushy in its habit; stem thick—Southern California from San Bernardino to San — Diego; Oak Knoll, Los Angeles Co., ace. Davidson; eastern Oregon, ace. © Howell. Var. NIAGARENSIS Gray. Large-sized; leaves often 3 inches long or more; stipules longer than in the type.—Visalia, acc. Bot. Death Valley. Ontario to New England and south. ‘ Refs.——PoTAMOGETON FOLIOSUS Raf. Med. Repos. 2d hex. 5: 354 (1808); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3?: 39, pl. 47 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 2d ed. 28 (1911). Var. CALI- FORNICUS Morong, Bot. Gaz. 10: 254 (1885), type from San Diego, Cleveland; Howell, Fl. Nw. Am, 676 (1903). Var. NIAGARENSIS Gray, Man. 2d ed. 435 (1856). P. pauciflorus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 121 (1814); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 197 (1880); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 100 (1901). P. niagarensis Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. 2d ser. 7: 354 (1849); Wats. Bot. Cal: 2: 197 (1880). 12. P. pusillus L. StenpeR PoNnpweEp. Stems filiform, branching, % to 1 foot long; leaves narrowly linear, acute, with a crater-like gland on each side of the stem at base of the petiole or rarely glandless, 1 to 3 inches long, — 14 to 34 line wide, sessile; stipules short, obtuse, becoming setose; peduncles flattened, slender, 14 to 3 inches long; spikes interrupted or capitate; nutlet obliquely elliptical, 34 to 1 line long, with a groove on each side of the rounded back, or sometimes with 3 distinct keels, beaked by a short style. ‘4% Santa Cruz; Palo Alto; San Francisco; Sierra Nevada; Sisson; Oregon to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic States, south into Mexico. Europe, Asia. Var. TENUISsSIMUS Mert. & Koch.. Leaves setaceous. —Soda Springs, Tuolumne Meadows, ace. Bot. Cal. Refs.—POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS L. Sp. Pl. 127 (1753) ; Wats. Bot. Cal, 2: 198 (1880) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3°: 45, pl. 53 (1893) ;- Jepson, Fl. W. Mid? Cal. 100 aol Var. TENUISSIMUS Mert. & Koch, Deutschl. Fl. 1: 857 (1823). PONDWEED FAMILY 73 13. P. compressus L. Exrt-Grass PoNDWEED. Stem very much flattened; foliage bright green and shining; leaves fascicled at summit of the branches, with numerous fine nerves, 2 to 6 inches long, 114 to 2 lines wide, abruptly acute, mucronate, sessile; stipules scarious, soon perishing; spikes 1% to 1 inch long, on peduncles 1 to 4 inches long; nutlet nearly or quite 2 lines long, 3-keeled on back. Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co., Davy 3356; Oregon to British Columbia and east to New Jersey and New Brunswick: Europe. Refs.—PoTaMOGETON COMPRESSUS L. Sp. Pl. 127 (1753); Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Europa, 1 132, fig. 60 (1906). P. zosteraefolius Schum. Enum. PI. Saell. 1: 50 (1801); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3°: 37, pl. 45 (1893). 14. P. pectinatus L. FENNEL PONDWEED. Stems 14 or 2 to 6 or 8 feet long, from a running rootstock, repeatedly forking above, then very leafy and form- ing broom-like clusters; leaves very slender, setaceous, 1 to 3 inches long exclusive of the sheaths which are 14 to 34 inch long or on the lower leaves even 2 inches long; scarious margin of the sheaths very narrow; spikes 14 to 11% inches long, the flowers in distinctly separated whorls; peduncles 1 to 3 or more inches long; nutlet 114 to 2 lines long, with an obscure ridge on each side of the back. The most common species throughout the state from sea-level to 7000 feet altitude. Beyond our borders of world-wide distribution. The rootstocks imbedded in the mud of ponds bear tubers about the size of a pea. The deep- - diving ducks, such as the Canvas-back and Broad-bill, feed upon these sweet nutritious tubers, pulling loose at the same time more or less of the tender roofstocks and the attached stems which float to the surface and are shared with the surface-feeding species like the Teal and Mallard. It is to this plant that the Canvas-back, while living in the salt-marshes, owes the succulent and nutty flavor of its flesh, making it in the eyes of sportsman and epicure superior to every other kind of Californian wild-fowl. Refs—PoramoceTon Prctinatus L. Sp. Pl. 127 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 198 (1880) ; _ Morong,, Mem. Torr. Club, 3*: 51, pl. 58 (1893); Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Europa, 1: 137, fig. 67 . Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 2d ed. 29 (1911). _ 15. P. latifolius Morong. Near the preceding; stems stoutish, white, branch- a. leaves numerous, fascicled terminally, 1% to 11% lines broad; adnate por- tion of stipule 144 to 1 inch long, broad on the uppermost leaves, scarious- _ margined, the free portion shorter. _ Brackish water: Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co., Davy 3357; Goose Lake, Mrs. R. M. Austin, ace. Morong; also apparently at Gilroy. Wacthweatern ~ Nevada. a Refs—POoTAMOGETON LATIFOLIUS Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 52, pl. 59 (1893); Jepson, FLW. Mid. Cal. 2d ed. 29 (1911). P. pectinatus var. (?) latifolius Robbins, U. 8. Expl. 40th _ Par. 5: 338 (1871), type loc. Humboldt River below Humboldt Lake, Nev.; Wats. Bot. Cal. 8 198 (1880). 16. P. robbinsii Oakes. Stems stout; rootstocks running, sometimes nearly | + foot long; leaves crowded in 2 ranks, 1% to 4 inches long, 11% to 2 lines wide, : _ obtuse, mucronate, auriculate at junction of free portion of stipule; adnate portion of stipules about 14 inch long, the free portion as long or longer. * Honey Lake Valley, Lassen Co., Davy. Oregon to British Columbia, east to Delaware and New Brunswick. 2 Refs.—PoOTAMOGETON ROBBINSII Oakes, in Hovey, Mag. Hort. 7: 180 (1841); Morong, Mem. or. Club, 3°: 54, pl. 61 (1893). 74 NAIADACEAE 2. RUPPIA L. Immersed aquatic herbs with long filiform forking stems. Leaves almost capillary, with a broad membranous sheathing base. Peduncles slender, axil- — lary, at first very short and enclosed in the spathe-like base of the leaf, each bearing two flowers disposed near together and rising to the surface in the period of anthesis, afterwards coiling and drawing the fruits beneath the surface. Flowers perfect, entirely destitute of perianth. Stamens 2, sessile, — each anther consisting of 2 large and separate anther-cells. Pistils 4, after — flowering becoming stalked and ripening into hard ovoid nutlets; stigmas depressed, sessile—One species. (H. B. Ruppius, a German: botanist of the 18th century.) ; 1. R. maritima L. Dircu-arass. Plants 2 to 3 feet long; leaves 2 to 3 inches long; nutlets 34 to 114 lines long, raised on stipes 1 to 12 lines long; fruiting peduncle 3 to 6 lines long. Alkaline or brackish waters: southern California northward through the state. Cosmopolitan. Refs.—RUPPIA MARITIMA L. Sp. Pl. 127 (1753) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 194 (1880); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 101 (1901). 3. ZANNICHELLIA Mich. Immersed aquatic plants, flowering and fruiting under water, the thread-like stems from a creeping rootstock. Leaves opposite or in whorls. Flowers monoecious, without perianth, sessile, both kinds in the same axil: staminate ae consisting of an anther on a pedicel-like filament; pistillate flowers 2 to 6 (usually 4) in a cluster and surrounded by a hyaline cup-shaped in- voluere shorter than the pistils, each flower consisting of a single pistil with a — thin peltate stigma on the summit of the short style. Fruit an oblong some- what flattened, beaked nutlet—One species. (G. G. Zannichelli, 1662—1729, a botanist of Venice.) 1. Z. palustris L. Hornep PonpWEED. Stems sparingly peandhode 1 to 1% feet long; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, filiform but flat; nutlet slightly ineurved, becoming stipitate, 1 to 114 lines long, often roughened or toothed on the back. Pools and still waters of streams: Los Angeles, Santa Barbara and north- ward to San Leandro Creek, N. L. Gardner, and the Sacramento Valley. Nearly throughout North America. Cosmopolitan. Refs.—ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS L. Sp. Pl. 969 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 193 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3’: 57, pl. 64 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 101 (1901). 4. ZOSTERA L. Grass-wRack. Submerged maritime herbs with elongated and very narrow grass-like radi- cal leaves and inflorescences raised on peduncle-like stems. Flowers monoe- cious, borne in 2 rows on the face of a flattened spadix with or without small lateral appendages covering them in the bud and closely invested by a protect- ing leaf-like spathe until anthesis. Staminate flower of 1 stamen. Pistillate flower of 1 pistil. Nutlet ovoid.—North and south temperate zones, 5 species. (Greek zoster, a girdle or band, on account of the ribbon-like leaves.) 1. Z. marina L. Eew-erass. Teonved with long sheathing bases, 3 to 7-nerved, 1 to 4 feet long, 1 to 4 lines broad; spathes jointed at base, ending above in a more or less elongated leaf-like summit; spadix 2 to 4 inches long, 10 to 20- fruited; fruits 114 lines long, the ribs of the seed showing clearly on the pericarp. Shoal waters of bays, San Pedro to San Francisco Bay and north to Alaska. PONDWEED FAMILY 10 Var. LATIFOLIA Morong. Stem stout, sometimes 8 or 10 feet long; leaves 3 to 6 lines wide; nutlet with a distinct stipe, the pericarp splitting along the face; seed without ribs.—Santa Barbara (type loc.) to Monterey, Bolinas Bay and northward to Puget Sound. Refs.—ZOSTERA MARINA L. Sp. Pl. 968 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 192 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 62, pl. 69 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 101 (1901). Z. pacifica and oregana Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 26: 131 (1891). Var. LaTiIFoLIA Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 13: 160 (1886). Z. latifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3*: 63, pl. 71 (1893). 5. PHYLLOSPADIX Hook. Aquatic plants of rocky ocean shores, closely related to Zostera, with elongated narrowly-linear radical leaves from much branched creeping root- stocks. Flowers dioecious, borne in 2 rows on the side of a flattened spadix, with a lateral chartaceous appendage covering each flower in the bud, the whole inflorescence enclosed by a spathe which is produced beyond the spadix as a foliaceous prolongation. Staminate spadices with sessile anthers; pistils or rudiments none. Pistillate spadices with rudimentary anthers alternating with the pistils; pistils simple, with 2 stigmas; ovary sagittate-cordate, i. e., with two downwardly-produced horns at base, which in fruit are strongly developed and bear on the inside defiexed bristles serving to attach the floating nutlets to other plants on the beaches.—Two or 3 species. (Greek phullon, leaf, and spadix, a kind of inflorescence. ) Flowering stems 1 foot long or more, bearing 2 to 5 pistillate spadices.......... 1. . PB. torreys. Flowering stems 2 or 3 inches long, bearing 1 pistillate spadix or rarely 2...... 2. LP. scoulert. 1. P. torreyi Wats. Rootstocks brittle; leaves 114 to 2 feet long, 1% to 1 line broad; pistillate spadices 1 to 134 inches long; staminate spadices shorter and with shorter peduncles; nutlet 214 lines long. Low tide limits to two fathoms below: San Diego south to Ensenada (Lower California), north to Santa Barbara, Bolinas Bay and Russian River; usually in more quiet waters than the next. The plants have been used for fireproofing and deadening as a filling between the walls of buildings. Refs.—PHYLLOSPADIX TORREYI Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 303 (1879), type loc. Santa Bar- bara, Torrey; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 192 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: 64, pls. 72, 74 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 102 (1901); Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 14 (1904). 2. P. scouleri Hook. Very similar to the preceding but the leaves rather broader, 34 to 2 lines wide, and more obviously 3-nerved; nutlet larger. Santa Barbara, Pacific Grove, Dillon’s Beach (Baker), Russian River (Dud- ley) and northward to the Columbia River and Vancouver Island. Also on the coast of Hokaido (Japan). Refs.—PHYLLOSPADIX SCOULERI Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 171, t. 186 (1839); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 192 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 65, pls. 73, 74 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. ~ Cal. 102 (1901). 6. NATIAS L. Natap. Slender branching submerged fresh-water plants with linear opposite spiny- toothed leaves, which are seemingly whorled on account of the ones crowded in the axils. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils. Staminate flower consisting of a single stamen enclosed by two perianth-like envelopes. Pistillate flower naked, consisting of a single ovary bearing a style with 2 to 4 stigmas. Fruit a seed-like nutlet, tipped with the persistent style—World- wide distribution, 32 species. (Greek Naias, a water-nymph.) _ Leaves coarsely toothed, the sheathing base entire or with 1 or 2 teeth on each side; stems and back of the leaves often spiny; flowers dioecious..............-.-++ee005 1. WN. marina. 76 JUNCAGINACEAE Leaves very minutely serrulate; flowers monoecious; stems unarmed, Nutlet shining, smooth; sheathing base of leaves with many minute teeth on its upper POTtioN.:..6.es soccer ce tines smadce ns sin tn,n tis hilt RAS Re Ohm Mena se - 2. N. flexilis. Nutlet dull, reticulated; sheathing base of leaves commonly narrow and with ‘few teeth or sometimes entire. . oc sss. < ss via sevA-n os Za Grabber Wee Rae eneene 3. N. guadalupensis. 1. N. marina L. Howty-Leavep Natap. Stems stout, often armed with prickles twice as long as their breadth; leaves linear, %4 to 144 inches long, 1 to 11% lines broad, coarsely saw-toothed, with the teeth spinulose-tipped and the broad sheathing base entire or with 1 or 2 teeth on each side; nutlet 2 to 24% lines long, reticulated. Clear Lake to Lower California, east to the Atlantic States. Rare in North America. Europe, Asia, Australia. Var. cauirornica Rendle. Internodes sparingly spinose; leaves very coarsely toothed and with 4 to 6 dorsal spines.— Described from specimens collected by Coulter and Orcutt, therefore evidently southern California. Refs.—NAIAS MARINA L. Sp. Pl. 1015 (1753); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 58, pl. 65 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 102 (1901). Var. CALIFoRNICA Rendle, Trans. Linn. 2d ser. 5: 398, t. 39, fig. 15 (1899). N. major Allioni, Fl, Pedem. 2; 221 (1785); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 191 (1880). 2. N. flexilis R. & S. Swtenper Natap. Stems slender; leaves narrowly linear, very minutely toothed, mostly acuminate, 4 to 1 inch long, 4 to % line wide; nutlet oblong-ovoid, 1 to 2 lines long, neatly smooth, shining. Southérn California (Soldiers? Home, ace. Davidson) to San Francisco, north to Washington and east to the Atlantic. Europe. Refs.—Natas FLEXILIS R. & 8S. FI. Sedin. 382 (1824); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 191 pat Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3*: 59, pl. 66 (1893); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 102 (1901). 3. N. guadalupensis Morong. Stems thread-like, 1 to 2 feet long; leaves 6 to 9 lines long, 1%4 line wide or something less, abruptly acute; nutlet eylin- drical, 1 to 11% lines long, dull but distinetly mated with numerous rows of squarish reticulations. Oregon to San Francisco and southeastward to the Atlantic. Tropical America. Refs.—NAIAS GUADALUPENSIS Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 60, pl. 67 (1893). Caulinia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. 1: 20 (1825), type loc. Guadalupe Island. JUNCAGINACEAE. Arrow-crass FAminy. Marsh or sub-aquatic herbs with basal rush-like or grass-like leaves, and small flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary. Perianth regular, 3 or (in ours) 6-parted, the 3 outer segments (sepals) resembling the 3 inner (petals), or perianth none. Stamens in ours 6 or 1. Ovaries 1, or 3 to 6 and united. Embryo straight.—Temperate zones, 5 genera. Bibliog.—Buchenau, Fr., Scheuchzeriacene (Engler, Pfizr. teil 4, abt. 14 —1903). Campbell, D. H., Development of ss ‘Flower and Embryo in Lilaea subulata (Ann, Bot. vol. 12, PP- 1- 28, pls. 1- “3,—1898). Flowers perfect, in a raceme; perianth 6- “parted ; stamens 6. Leaves all basal; flowers greenish, numerous in bractless SbiER: -like racemes..1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves both basal and cauline; flowers white, few in a loose bracted raceme..........-+--++ 2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Flowers polygamous, in a spike, also with some solitary ; perianth none; stamen 1..3. LILaza. 1. TRIGLOCHIN lL. Perennial by means of short rootstocks. Leaves fleshy with membranous sheaths. Flowers small, in a spike-like bractless raceme raised on a scape. Perianth 6-parted, deeiducds, the three inner segments inserted higher. Sta- mens in ours 6; anthers sessile or nearly so. Pistils in ours commonly 6 (rarely a ee = | | | | ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 77 3 to 5), their ovaries united around a central axis, splitting when ripe into l-seeded carpels, which separate from the base upward, and leave a slender persistent axis. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. Carpels dehiscing by the ventral suture — World-wide distribution, 12 species. (Greek tri, three, and glochis, a point, referring to the fruit of the 3-carpeled species. ) 1. T. maritima L. Common Arrow-Grass. Terminal portion of the root- stock covered with the sheaths of old leaves; scapes stout, 1 to 114 feet long, bearing a raceme 10 to 15 inches long, the whole surpassing the (2 to 3 lines wide) leaves; flowers 1 line long, longer than the pedicels, these in fruit con- spicuously decurrent; carpels 3-angled, with the dorsal angles winged, making a broad longitudinally-striate groove on the back, 21% lines long, the stigmas persistent and recurved. Marshy shores along the coast and saline places in the interior: San Diego and Los Angeles Co., , to San Francisco Bay, Great Valley and Sierra Nevada, north to Alaska, east to New Jersey and Labrador. Europe, Asia. Var. debilis Jones. SLENDER ARROW-GRASS. Scapes very slender and racemes looser than in the preceding, 7 to 13 inches high; leaves usually less than 1 line wide; fiowers about % line long; carpels rather less than 2 lines long; fruit- ing pedicels less obviously decurrent.—Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay; south to Antelope Valley and San Diego, north to Honey Lake Valley, Davy, and east to Nevada and Utah. Refs.—TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA L. Sp. ss 339 (1753) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 199 (1880). Var. _ DEBILIS Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. 2d ser. 5: 722 (1895), type loc. alkaline flats at Johnson, Utah, _ Jones. T. concinna Davy, Erythea, 3: 117 (1895); 6: 4, 7 (1898); type loc. Newark, Davy, _ n@. 1116; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 103 (1901). 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Rush-like perennials with creeping rootstocks, erect leafy zig-zag stems, and _ small flowers in a loose terminal raceme. Leaves grass-like, flat above, semi- _ terete below, tubular at apex, sheathing the stem at base, reduced to bracts ' above. Flowers white, few in a lax raceme. Perianth 6-parted, persistent, its segments nearly alike, the inner narrower. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of _ the perianth-segments. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, 1 to 3-ovuled, bearing fiat sessile stigmas, becoming in fruit divergent inflated coriaceous follicles de- _ hiscent along the inside——North temperate zone, 1 species. (The brothers J. and J. J. Scheuchzer, Swiss botanists, early in 18th century.) 1. S. palustris L. Stems solitary or several, 4 to 10 inches high; leaves 4 to 12 inches long; pedicels 3 to 10 lines long, spreading in fruit; perianth- segments membranous, 1-nerved, 114 lines long; follicles 2 to 4 lines long. Bogs: Sierra Co. (ace. Bot. Cal.) to Oregon and Alaska, east to Pennsylvania and Labrador. Europe, Asia. Refs.—ScHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS L. Sp. Pl. 338 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 199 (1880); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 37: 9, pl. 23 (1893); Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 677 (1903). 3. LILAEA H. & B. Sub-aquatic annual with fibrous roots and basal cylindrical or rush-like leaves sheathing at base. Flowers in spikes raised on scapes and also with solitary pistillate flowers in the axils of the basal leaves. Spikes unisexual or with perfect fiowers in the middle, pistillate below and staminate above, all in the axils of bracts except the pistillate. Staminate flowers consisting of a single stamen. Perfect fiowers made up of a stamen and a pistil. Pistillate flowers consisting of a single pistil with short style, those in the axils of the basal leaves with extraordinarily long styles. Fruits coriaceous, fiattish, oblong- ovate. winged, longitudinally ribbed, 1-seeded, indehiscent, those in the axils 78 ALISMACEAE of the basal leaves less compressed and wingless.—One species. (A. R. Delile, French botanist, 1778—1850, author of a Flora of Egypt.) I 1. L. subulata H. & B. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long, 1 to 2 lines in diameter, tapering to a point; spikes dense, 14 inch long or less; basal pistillate flowers often with a style 1 to 3 inches long, their fruits larger than those of the spike, 21% to 3 lines long. In water or mud of shallow vernal pools in the valleys or foothills: British Columbia to middle California (where it is commas south to southern Cali- fornia and Mexico. South America. Refs.—LILAEA SUBULATA H. & B. Pl. Aequin. 1: 222, t. 63 (1808) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 193 (1880) ; Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflzfam. 2*: 225, fig. 172 (1889) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3?: 10, pl. 24 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 104 (1901). ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. Marsh or aquatic herbs with basal leaves, scape-like flower stems and perfect or unisexual flowers. Perianth of 3 outer herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 inner white delicate deciduous petals. Stamens 6 to many or numerous. Ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled, l-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit. Endosperm none; embryo strongly recurved or folded.—Ten genera, temper- ate and tropic zones. Bibliog—Buchenau, Alismataceae (Engler, Pfizr. teil 4, abt. 15,—1903). Smith, J. G., Revision of the North American Species of Sagittaria and Lophotocarpus (Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. vol. 6, pp. 27-64, pls. 1-29,—1895); Revision of the Species of Lophotocarpus of the U. 8. (1. e. vol. 11, pp. 145-151, pls. 53-58,—1899). Achenes verticillate in a single whorl; stamens 6. Petals entire; style lateral; achenes minutely beaked...................++.- 1. ALIsima. Petals incised; style apical; achenes long-beaked.........0....0.00s0005 2. DAMASONIUM. Achenes numerous, crowded on a globose or elevated receptacle; stamens 9 to many. Leaves entire; achenes turgid; flowers all perfect...........-.eeeeeeeee 3. ECHINODORUS. Leaves typically sagittate; achenes strongly flattened; flowers not all perfect. Flowers polygamous, the lower perfect, the upper staminate.......... 4. LOPHOTOCARPUS. Flowers unisexual, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate.............. 5. SAGITTARIA, 1. ALISMA L. Erect perennial herbs of shallow water or mud. Inflorescence a panicle of — whorled branches each bearing a simple or compound umbel of perfect flowers. Petals small, scarcely exceeding the sepals. Stamens 6, with short filaments. Ovaries distinct, on a disk-like receptacle. Achenes numerous, channeled on the back, crowded in a whorl.—One polymorphic species, with several Bias marked subspecies. (Alisma, the Greek name.) 1. A. plantago L. Water Puantrain. Plants 2 to 4 (or 6) feet high; ok: stock becoming almost bulbous by the sheathing bases of the petioles; leaf- blades ovate to oblong, abruptly acute, the larger often subcordate at base, 2 to 6 (or 9 )inches long, usually on long petioles; whorled branches of flower- ing stems unequal in length, forming a loose pyramidal panicle; pedicels 1 inch long or less; petals white, 1 line long; achenes very strongly flattened, oblong, 1 line long: Common along the margins of ponds, rivers, and marshy ahoben of lain: Coast Ranges; Great Valley; Sierra Nevada to 5000 feet. Widely distributed, as a polymorphic species, through the north temperate zone and in north Africa and Australia. Refs.—ALISMA PLANTAGO L., Sp. Pl. 342 (1753); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 200 (1880) ;* Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 104 (1901). A. brevipes Greene, Pitt. 4: 158 (1900) ; commonly larger, flower parts larger; petals 2 to 3 lines rg much longer than the sepals.—Type loc. Colorado, credited to California in N. Am. Fl. 17?: WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY 719 2. DAMASONIUM Juss. Annual or perennial herbs. Flowers perfect. Petals delicate, spreading, incised. soon marcescent. Stamens 6, in pairs opposite each sepal. Ovaries 6 to 10, 1 to several-ovuled, attached by their short ventral side to the conical receptacle. Achenes with long erect beak, radiately whorled and divergent.— Species 4, 3 in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, and 1 in California. (Name of uncertain origin. ) 1. D. californicum Torr. Stems erect, slender, 8 to 16 inches high, arising from tuberous perennial rootstocks; leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 3 to 5- nerved, 1 to 114 inches long, long-petioled; panicle simple, with 2 to 4 verticils of 3 to 10 flowers; petals almost orbicular, 4 to 5 lines long, larger than the sepals; ovaries l-ovuled; achenes ribbed on back, with long subulate beak. Pools and shallow shores: Petaluma, Congdon; Sacramento Valley (College City, Emma Wilkins, Sutter Co., Copeland) ; northern Sierra Nevada from Ione Valley, 500 feet alt., Bigelow, to Sierra Valley, Lemmon, Big Meadows, Plumas Co., Mrs. R. M. Austin, Honey Lake Valley, alt. 4000 feet, Davy, and north to Egg Lake, Modoe Co., Baker. Refs.—DAMASONIUM CALIFORNICUM Torr. in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 341 (1857), type from Sacra- mento Valley (neighborhood of Chico), Hartweg; Torr. Pac. R. R. Sur. 4: 142, pl. 21 (1857); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 200 (1880). Alisma californica Mich. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 34 (1881). Machaerocarpus californicus Small. N. Am. Fl. 17': 44 (1909). 3. ECHINODORUS Rich. Annual or perennial herbs with the habit of Sagittaria. Stem scapose, with the perfect flowers on short pedicels in umbel-like whorls. Stamens 6 to 12 or more. Ovaries l-ovuled, many to numerous, crowded on a globose receptacle, attenuate into the terminal style. Achenes sharply ribbed.—Species 18 or 20, North and South America, Europe, Africa. (Greek echinos, hedgehog, and _doros, utricle, or leather bottle, in reference to the prickly fruit.) 1. E. cordifolius Griseb. Annual; leaf-blades ovate, 5 to 9-nerved, obtuse, truncate or cordate at base, 114 to 6 (or 8) inches long, long-petioled; scapes erect, 114 to 2 feet high; umbels distant, 3 to 12-fiowered, proliferous and form- ing a sparingly branched panicle; corolla 4 to 5 lines broad; stamens 12; fruiting heads globose-ovate, 3 lines long; achenes 1 line long, strongly several- ribbed, with a conspicuous erect straight beak. Borders of pools and streams, southern California: Garvanza, Davidson; Ramona; Elsinore Lake, Parish; Lakeside, Hall. Eastward to Florida and Illinois and south into Mexico and Lower California. Also lower San Joaquin River, K. Brandegee, Sept., 1907. Refs.—EcHINODORUS CORDIFOLIUS Griseb. Abh. K. Ges. Wiss. Gott. 7: 257 (1857). Alisma cordifolium L. Sp. Pl. 343 (1753). Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. in Gray, Man. 460 (1848) ; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 201 (1880). 4. LOPHOTOCARPUS T. Durand. Closely allied to Sagittaria. Leaves sagittate, sometimes with entire blades or reduced to phyllodes. Flowers polygamous (perfect and staminate). Sepals accrescent, erect and appressed in fruit. Stamens 9 to 21. Fruiting pedicels recurved. —Species 5 or 6, North and South America, Java, Madagascar. (Greek lophos, crest, and karpos, fruit.) 1. L. calycinus J. G. Sm. Aquatic; leaves submerged, Hixiiag or erect; scapes simple, bearing 3 to 5 whorls of flowers. Stockton; Los Angeles Co.; east to the Atlantic. 80 ALISMACEAE Refs.—LOPHOTOCARPUS CALYCINUS J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 147 (1899). Sagit-— taria calycina Engelm, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 212 (1859). Lophotocarpus californicus J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 11: 146, pl. 54 (1899), type from Coyote Creek, Los Angeles Co., Parish Bros. 1136. L. fluitans J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard, 11: 145, pl. 53 (1899). 5. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-HEap. Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs with thickened or tuberous rootstocks, fibrous roots and milky juice. Leaves sheathing the stem at base; earlier leaves (phyllodia) destitute of blades, later producing small entire blades or_ most commonly sagittate blades. Flowers pediceled, borne in whorls of 3 on the upper part of the stem, with membranous bracts. Flowers monoecious © (rarely dioecious), the staminate above. Petals longer than the sepals. Sta- mens numerous, inserted above the receptacle. Ovaries indefinitely numerous, crowded on a globose receptacle. Achenes flat, winged or margined, beaked — by the short style-—Species about 25, mostly North and South America, a few in Europe and Asia. (Latin sagitta, an arrow, referring to the shape of the leaves. ) Sepals of pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading, not accrescent. : Pedicels of pistillate flowers slender, ascending; leaves (or some of them) with sagittate lobes. Basal lobes equaling or shorter than the terminal one; achenes without wings or erests on sides. : Achenes with prominent horizontally oblique beak............... Roam 1. 8. latifolia. Achenes with minute erect beaks «50/5 2... sessed 's cece igo 4 Oe oie eee 2. 8. arifolia. Basal lobes longer than terminal one; achenes almost beakless, the sides with a prom- inent wing-margined depression... . 2.2. or. sacs e0 gente ons + eae 3. S. greggti. Pedicels of pistillate flowers much thickened, reflexed in fruit; leaves not sagittate....... 4. 8S. sanfordii. Sepals of the pistillate flowers erect and accrescent.................-.6+ 5. SS. montevidensis. 1. S§. latifolia Willd. Tue Poraro. Leaf-blades sagittate, very variable in outline and size, 2 to 12 inches long; basal lobes lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate, commonly divaricate, 14 to as long as the terminal lobe; scape sim- ple or branched, 14 to 3 feet high; flowers monoecious or dioecious; stamens 20 to 25; achene 114 lines long, ‘with somewhat swollen dorsal wing and long” horizontally oblique beak. : Rivers and deltas of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleya: capecialla abundant on the river islands; swamps and meadows in the Sierra Nevada to 6000 feet. Los Angeles north to British Columbia. Almost throughout North America. The edible tubers are used by the Chinese of the lower Sacramento. Refs.—SaGITTARIA LATIFOLIA Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 409 (1806); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 105 (1901); Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 18 (1904). JS. variabilis Engelm. in Gray, Man. 461 (1848); Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 201 (1880). ‘ 2. §. arifolia Nutt. Very near the preceding; leaf-blades sagittate, 214 to 7 inches long; terminal lobe ovate to lanceolate or nearly linear; basal lobes narrower than the terminal; scapes as long as the leaves or commonly shorter; flowers monoecious; achenes obovate, 1 to 114 lines long, winged all around, bearing a minute erect beak. San Bernardino Mts. through the Sierra Nevada to Lassen Co., north to British Columbia and east to New Mexico and Nova Scotia. Refs.—SaGITTARIA ARIFOLIA Nutt.; J. G. Sm., Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 32, pl. 1 (1894). S. cuneata Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 283, pl. 159 (1893). 3. 8S. greggii J.G. Sm. Plants 2 to 4 feet high; leaf-blades 8 to 16 inches long, on long petioles; basal lobes lanceolate, acuminate, widely divergent, longer than the lanceolate or ovate, acuminate terminal one; submersed leaves HYDROCHARITACEAE 81 with an entire lanceolate blade 11% or 2 inches long, or the blade wholly obso- lete; whorls numerous; pedicels 4 to 12 lines long; petals orbicular with truncatish or broadly subcordate base, 7 to 10 lines broad, broader than long; stamens 22 to 30, the filaments about as long as the anthers, dilated at base; achenes with acute margins, the sides with an ear-shaped depression margined by a narrow wing and with one or two tube-like passages in the spongy peri- carp near the ventral angle. Lower San Joaquin River islands and shores: Lathrop (K. Brandegee, Sept. 1907, fis. & fr.) to Stockton. Z Refs.—SaciTraria Grecei J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 43, pl. 12 (1894), type loe. Stockton, Sanford, July, 1893; Smith, 1. ¢., says that a plant collected by Dr. J. Gregg at Zamora, Michoacan, Mexico, seems to be the same as the Californian plant. 4. §. sanfordii Greene. Leaves 2 to 3 feet long; petioles obtusely trique- trous, 14 to 14% inches thick at the base; blades lnear- to oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long, tapering into the spongy petiole, or almost obsolete in sub- mersed plants; scapes stout, 114 feet high or more; whorls of flowers usually few; sepals ovate, 2 to 3 lines long; achenes 1 line long, winged on both the inner and outer margins, the sides reticulated; beak nearly erect, short, tri- angular. Sloughs and pools, lower San Joaquin River. About 100 acres of pure growth occurs just below the San Joaquin Bridge near Banta. Refs.—SaGITTARIA SANFORDII Greene, Pitt. 2: 158 (1890); J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 57, pl. 28 (1894); K. Brandegee, Zoe, 4: 103 (1893). 5. S&S. montevidensis C.&8. Stout; leaves sagittate, strongly many-ribbed; flowers 1 to 114 inches broad; petals white, with a brownish purple spot at base; fruiting heads of achenes very large, 34 to 114 inches in diameter. Introduced at Stockton and Penryn. Refs.—SaGITTARIA MONTEVIDENSIS C. & 8S. Linnaea, 2: 156 (1827); J. G. Sm. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 6: 57, pl. 29 (1895); Eastwood, Erythea, 7: 150 (1899). HYDROCHARITACEAE. Froa’s Bir Famity. Aquatic herbs with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3 to 12. Ovary 1 to 3-celled; inferior; stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit maturing under water, many-seeded, indehiscent.—Genera 14, all continents. 1. ELODEA Michx. Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled, crowded, sessile, pellucid. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile, arising from a tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Staminate flowers minute, with 6-parted perianth (3 sepals, 3 petals), and 9 short stamens. Pistillate flowers with 3 calyx-lobes and 3 petals, its long calyx-tube at base coherent with. the ovary; ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; style capillary, coherent with calyx-tube; stigmas 3; stamens 3 (sometimes rudimentary) or 6.—Species about 5, North and South America. (Greek elodes, marshy.) _ Jl. KE. canadensis Michx. WarrerR-wEep. Stems slender, elongated, sub- merged, 14 to 2 feet long, varying according to depth of the water; leaves lanceolate to ovate or linear, 1 to 3 lines long; staminate flowers breaking off in anthesis, rising to the surface and shedding their pollen around the pistillate ones; pistillate flowers rising to and expanding on the surface by means of the elongated (2 to 10 inches long) calyx-tube. Rare in California: Mendocino Co., ace. Bot. Cal.; Truckee, K. Brandegee; Egg Lake, Modoe Co., Baker. Nearly throughout North America. . Refs.—ELODEA CANADENSIS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 20 (1803); Anacharis canadensis Planchon; Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 129 (1880). Jepson, Fl. Cal. vol. 1, pp. 65-81, Apr. 22, 1912. 82 GRAMINEAE GRAMINEAE’. By A. 8S. Hrrcncock, Systematic Agrostologist, U. 8. Department of Agriculture. Mostly herbaceous plants, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked leaves. Leaves consisting of two parts, the sheath and the — blade, the sheath enveloping the culm with the margins usually overlapping, the blade with parallel veins, usually narrowly linear; at the junction of the sheath and blade on the inside, a membranaceous or hyaline appendage, the — ligule. Inflorescence paniculate or contracted into racemes or spikes, the branches usually bractless. Flowers usually perfect, small, without a distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets consisting of a shortened axis (rachilla) and 2 to many distichous bracts, the lowest pair (the glumes) empty, each succeed- ing bract (the lemma) including a single flower and, with its back to the rachilla, a 2-nerved bract or prophyllum (the palea), the flower and its lémma and palea being called the fioret. At the base of the flower, between it and the lemma, two small hyaline scales (the lodicules), rarely a third lodicule between the flower and the palea. Stamens usually 3, with delicate filaments and 2-celled versatile anthers. Pistil 1, with a 1-celled l-ovuled ovary, usually 2 styles and usually plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis with starchy endo- sperm and a small embryo at the base, on the side opposite the hilum. Grain usually inclosed at maturity in the lemma and palea, free or adnate to the palea. — The stems are woody in bamboos (cultivated in California for ornament) and in a few other groups, and are solid in corn, sorghum and some other large grasses. The sheath is sometimes grown together at the margins, as in Melica and Glyceria. The blade in some tropical grasses is broad or even cor- date, and there is occasionally a short petiole above the sheath. The flowers may be monoecious as in the cultivated corn, or dioecious, as in Distichlis and Monanthochloé. One or both of the glumes may be wanting, as in Paspalum and Leersia. The lemma may be sterile, that is, it may contain only stamens, or only the palea, or the latter may be reduced or wanting, or the lemma itself may be variously modified or reduced, as in the upper florets of Melica, or Bouteloua. The stamens are rarely 1, 2, or 6, and the styles are rarely 1 or 3. The seed is free from the thin pericarp in Sporobolus, Eleusine, Crypsis and Heleochloa.—A large family of about 500 genera distributed throughout the *This article is published with the permission of the Secretary of Agriculture. Unless otherwise stated the specimens cited are in the National Herbarium. Readers are especially cautioned against being misled by discrepancies in the numbers, as it occasionally happens that a specimen in the National Herbarium under a given number differs from speci- mens in other herbaria under the same number. Furthermore there are some irregularities in the numbering of certain series of specimens in the National Herbarium. Davy & Blasdale’s numbers are often duplicated on specimens credited to Davy. Specimens collected by Heller & Brown were also distributed as collected by Heller. The data for many specimens collected by Davy in Monterey Co. and elsewhere are placed on labels with a printed heading, ‘‘ Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Counties.’’ This is misleading only when the locality is not given, or is obscure or local, or is not to be found in the atlases. It is to be regretted that collectors have so often omitted the habitat from the labels. The keys to tribes and genera are based upon the groups as represented in California. Jepson’s Flora of Western Middle California, second edition, 1911, has not been cited under references except when it differs from the first—A. S. HrrcHcock. GRASS FAMILY ~ 83 world, in all latitudes and altitudes where are found conditions suitable for plant growth, but least abundant in dense tropical forests. Bibliog—Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 1074. 1883. Hackel in Engler & Prantl, Pflan- -genfam. 27: 1. 1887 (with several supplements). The True Grasses, Scribner & Southworth, 1890 (a translation of the preceding). Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2 vols. 1896 (systematic portion in second volume). For cultivated grasses see article on Gramineae in Bailey’s Cyel. Agric., and articles on individual genera in Bailey’s Cycl. Hort.; also Farm Grasses of U. S. by Spill- man, and various bulletins of the U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost., especially Bull. 14, Economie Grasses. The following more recent articles or monographs include references to California: Vasey, Illustr. N. Am. Grasses, Vol. 1, Grasses of the Southwest (U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12. in 2 pts. 1891); Vol. 2, Grasses of the Pacific Slope (op. cit. Bull. 13, in 2 pts. 1893). U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4. 1897, including revision of Hordeum and Agropyron, by Scribner & Smith; Bull. 7, American Grasses I, Bull. 17, American Grasses TI, Bull. 20, American Grasses III, the latter being an account of the genera of N. A. grasses (all by Scribner); Bull. 11, 1898, including a revision of Calamagrostis by Kearney ; Bull. 18, 1899, a revision of Sitanion by J. G. Smith; Bull. 21, 1900, a revision of Chaetochloa by Seribner & Merrill; Bull. 23, 1900, a revision of Bromus by Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 9, 1902, a revision of Spartina by Merrill; Bull. 33, 1903, a revision of Leptochloa by Hitchcock; Bull. 68, 1905, a revision of Agrostis by Hitchcock. Contr. Nat. Herb. Vol. 3, pp. 1-89. 1892, a Monograph of the Grasses of the United States by Vasey, including the tribes Maydeae to Agrostideae; Vol. 10, pp. 1-48. 1906, a revision of Festuca by Piper; Vol. 11, 1906, a Flora of the State of Washington by Piper; Vol. 14, pp. 343-428, 1912, the Grama Grasses by Griffiths; Vol. 15, 1910, a revision of Panicum by Hitchcock & Chase. Bolander, Genus Melica in California (Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 89-104. 1870), Genus Stipa in California (op. cit. 168-170. 1872). Seribner; Revision N. A. Melicae (Proce. Acad. Phila. 1885: 40-48. 1885). SusBramMity I. PANICOIDEAE. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, or with a second staminate or neutral flower below. Rachilla _ articulated below the glumes, the more or less dorsally compressed spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, singly, in groups, or together with joints of an articulate rachis. Spikelets in pairs (or the terminal in 3’s) one sessile or nearly so and fertile, the other ammacioe eommas hyaline...........0.. 60s cece eect eeenes TRIBE I. ANDROPOGONEAE. Spikelets not in pairs (in certain genera spikelets paired but lemmas firmer than glumes). Spikelets in groups at each joint of the main axis, falling off entire; outer glumes larger MNO esis ahene i eiaic a RO Mein 45. HR ear iss ea ew nate aps TRIBE II. ZOYSIEAE. Spikelets not in groups, falling singly; outer or first glume smaller than the floret. TriBe ITI. PANICEAE. Supramiuy IJ. POACOIDEAE. Spikelets 1 to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary floret, if any, uppermost (or if below the fertile one, the spikelet strongly laterally compressed) ; rachilla usually articulated above the glumes, these persistent on the pedicel or rachis after the fall of the florets; spike- lets more or less laterally compressed. The spikelets are articulated below the glumes in Alopecurus, Cinna, Polypogon, Notholeus, Sphenopholis, Spartina and Beckmannia, but these genera are distinguished from Subfamily I by the laterally compressed spikelets. Spikelets more or less pediceled, in open or contracted panicles, these sometimes spike-like but not 1-sided. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, with sometimes a pair of sterile or staminate florets below. Spikelets with 1 perfect ,terminal flower and a pair of sterile or staminate florets below, these sometimes reduced to minute bristles......... TRIBE TV. PHALARIDEAE. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea as a naked or eee i Ste ne ee eee ee TRIBE V. AGROSTIDEAE. Spikelets 2 to several-flowered.” Awn usually present, often twisted, borne on the back of the lemma or between the teeth of the bifid apex (awnless in Sphenopholis and Koeleria); glumes usually longer than the first floret; rachilla prolonged behind the palea of the uppermost Ss Ba aR eae ee ae re Seunaelats Siarors TRIBE VI. AVENEAE. Awn, when present, terminal, usually straight (the apex of the lemma bifid in Bromus, and in certain species of Festuca and Melica); glumes usually shorter than the CUO Sinn 2 Dargie CiiaG ali diwws' oS ANA ha 4 SALH RE Wie) Le Mi elyn TrisE VIII. FESTUCEAE. 84 * GRAMINEAE Spikelets sessile or nearly so, in spikes, 1 to several-flowered. : Spikelets in 1-sided spikes, usually closely imbricated; spikes digitate or racemose...... TRIBE VII. CHLORIDEAE. — Spikelets sessile on opposite sides of a more or less zigzag jointed channeled rachis, form- ing a terminal spike; leaf-blades bearing at base a more or less well-marked pair of auriculate APPENdAGEsd.... . ... 6.0's00.40.0b0 scence oihes She ewe ele eee TRIBE IX. HORDEAE. Tribe I. Andropogoneae. Spikelets in pairs (or the terminal in 3’s) on the usually articulate rachis of a spike-like raceme, one sessile and fertile, the other pediceled and perfect, staminate, neuter or reduced to a rudiment. Glumes more or less indurated. Lemmas smaller than the glumes, hyaline, that of the fertile floret usually awned. Spikelets awnloss. .... 2.066 ckscrescness ste cecencce a tiees Hare oleslaalee ene 1. IMPERATA, Spikelets awned. ; Spikelets in pairs, in racemes, these aggregated in a dense inflorescence. ..3. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets in 3’s, in an open panicle... .......0..6sc00eee00ess abn seni seen Tribe II. Zoysieae. Spikelets in groups, each group falling as a whole from the axis; glumes firmer than the lemma, the first usually larger than the second; spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, perfect or with staminate spikelets intermixed. Only one genus, Pleuraphis (no. 4), in California. To this tribe belongs the Korean lawn grass (Zoysia pungens Willd.), occasionally cultivated for lawns. «2.6.6.2 66+ ice in ore 0d siete an a 4, PLEURAPHIS. Tribe III. Paniceae, Spikelets all alike, the first glume when present, shorter than the floret, the first or lower lemma similar to the glumes in texture, enclosing a staminate flower, or only a palea, or entirely empty, the second or upper lemma and palea indurated, en- closing a perfect flower and persisting as a covering to the fruit. Spikelets not surrounded by bristles. | Fruit cartilaginous-indurated, the margins of the lemma not inrolled; inflorescence of slender, more or less digitate, spike-like racemes; our species annuals. .5. DIGITARIA, Fruit indurated, the margins inrolled; inflorescence ‘panieulate or spike-like, not digitate in our apacien. Spikelets plano-convex, imbricated in spike-like racemes.............. 6. RAS? aie Spikelets not conspicuously plano-convex. Fertile palea included at tip; fruit not pointed; inflorescence paniculate. .7. Panicum. Fertile palea free at tip; fruit pointed; spikelets in racemes, these in panieles...... 8. ECHINOCHLOA Spikelets subtended or surrounded by bristles (sterile branchlets)...... ....9. SETARIA. Tribe IV. Phalarideae. Spikelets with 1 terminal perfect floret and a pair of sterile florets below, the group articulated above the glumes and falling entire; sterile florets sometimes staminate, but usually small, or reduced to mere rudiments or pedicels. Glumes strongly compressed, boat-shaped; sterile lemmas empty, narrow, bristle-form or seale-like, much shorter than the indurated fertile lemma............ 10. PHALARIS. Glumes not strongly compressed or boat-shaped; sterile lemmas ovate or oblong, longer than the fertile lemma. . ; Sterile lemmas, empty, dorsally awned; inflorescence spike-like...... 11, ANTHOXANTHUM. Sterile florets staminate; inflorescence a somewhat open panicle........ 12. _ HierocHoi. Tribe V. Agrostideae. Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea as a naked or plumose bristle; glumes usually as long as or longer than the lemma. Lemma indurated, usually long-awned, a well marked callus at base. AWD tPA oink 5 occ bese a's adn cisiaDaidie-tiek 514 leet ae ae 13. ARISTIDA. Awn simple. Awn geniculate and twisted, usually more than %4 inch, long............... 14. STip Awn straight or curved, less than 1% inch long..............0.eee00- 15. ORYZOPSIS. Lemma membranaceous (rather firm in Muhlenbergia), usually more delicate than the glumes. Inflorescence a flat-topped head, subtended by 2 inflatéd sheaths........... 17. CRYPSIS. Inflorescence sometimes capitate but not flat-topped. Lemma awned or mucronate from the tip.................e00 16. MUHLENBERGIA. Lemma awnless or dorsally awned. Glumes conspicuously compressed-carinate; spikelets in dense spike-like panicles. Lemma awnless; glumes abruptly aristate «Susie, @ 605! 6,4 che eis 18. PHLEUM. Lemma awned below the middle; glumes not aristate........... 19. ALOPECURUS GRASS FAMILY 85 Glumes not conspicuously compressed. Pericarp loosely enclosing the seed; inflorescence an open panicle..20. SPoroBoLus. Pericarp adherent to the seed; inflorescence open or contracted. ’ RPO TOU GUO WIR: co. otis 2 5 oi0sic'w aie ose Walbig.are Wi pree! Rea BA Oa 22. POLYPOGON. Glumes awnless, or short-awned. Inflorescence a long slender dense spike-like panicle......... 21. EPICAMPES. Inflorescence often contracted but not conspicuously elongated. Palea) i-nerved; “or apparently SO. 6's s. 0 <9.6%s, 0208 janis tov 0 6 6 350.035 0:0.) 4:010,8 sk 6. P. miliacewm Panicle erect. Panicle more than % the length of the entire plant. Spikelets 1.:to 144 limes long ...2 sie ies ok bd sans bes ot 3. P. capillare Spikelets 14% to 1% lines long............. 0c. cece ec eee 4. P. barbipulvinatw Panicle not more than ¥% the entire height of plant; spikelets 1% to 15% lines lon 5. P. hirticaul Plants perennial. Spikelets S$ to 8% ‘Hnew long. 6 ii5i i dst eb see ecie needa ceeeeee 7. P. urville Spikelets 3% to 15g lines long. Spikelets turgid, strongly nerved, sparsely hispid, 15g lines long...14. P. seribnerianus Spikelets not turgid or strongly nerved, pubescent, not over 114 lines long. Spikelets about 144 lines long. i....... 0: sce cde ccceetecnssagweee 13. P. shast GRASS FAMILY 91 Spikelets not over 1 line long. MupaAthenolabvoue 5.15 5s new pede ea 6 tae eee ee per ele'e cis rs 8. P. lindheimeri. Sheaths pubescent. Rlants) -velvety-pubescent soo ccctcno's aylecs ote bias Byer srotalee nee Lat ae shane 12. P. thermale. Plants more or less pubescent but not velvety. Vernal- blades glabrous; above: 2.0% 26226 eS eh see oe 10.° P. occidentale. Vernal blades pubescent above. Upper surface of blades pilose; autumnal form decumbent-spreading........ 11. P. pacificum. Upper surface of blades appressed-pubescent ; autumnal form erect or ascend- 11} ae aL er ace veh erates Canoe aber Pre ch Cee rere gi cate 9. P. huachucae. A. True Panicum. Annuals or perennials of various habit, but not forming winter rosettes of leaves different in appearance from the culm leaves, nor presenting a distinct vernal and autumnal aspect. 1. P. arizonicum Scribn. & Merr. Annual; culms usually branching from the base, glabrous except below the panicle, 8 inches to 2 feet high; nodes sometimes slightly pubescent; sheaths glabrous to strongly papillose-pubescent ; blades 2 to 6 inches long, 3 to 6 lines wide, glabrous or papillose-hispid beneath ; panicles long-exserted, finely pubescent and copiously papillose-hirsute, 3 to 9 inches long, the branches solitary, ascending, few-flowered; spikelets nearly 2 lines long, obovate-elliptical, abruptly pointed, densely himeute to glabrous, borne on very short appressed branchlets. Open ground; Jamacha, San Diego Co., Canby (the only California specimen seen) to western Texas and south into southern Mexico. Ref.—PANICUM ARIZONICUM Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 32: 2. 1901. 2. P. dichotomifiorum Michx. Annual, usually much-branched from a ge- niculate base, smooth throughout; culms rather succulent, 2 to 3 feet high; blades 4 to 20 inches long, about 14 inch wide; panicles 4 to 12 inches long, finally spreading; spikelets 114 lines long, narrowly oblong-ovate, acute, faintly 7-nerved, the first glume short, truncate, about 14 the length of the spikelet. Low ground and cultivated soil; Fresno, Bioletti 140, the only California specimen seen. Common in Eastern U. S. Refs.—PANICUM DICHOTOMIFLORUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 48. 1803. This species has been incorrectly referred by American botanists to P. proliferum Lam. of the Old World. 3. P. capillare L. Oup-wircH Grass. Annual, erect, 1 to 2 feet high; foli- age papillose-hispid; blades 4 to 10 inches long, 14 to 1%4 inch wide; panicle large and diffuse, often 14 the length of the entire plant, included at the base until maturity, the whole panicle finally breaking away and rolling before the wind; spikelets about 1 line long, elliptic; first glume acute, 14 as long as | spikelet, 5 to 7-nerved. Open ground, cultivated soil, and river banks, a common weed in Eastern U.S. Pinegrove, Amador Co., Hansen 599, the only specimen seen from Cali- fornia. Refs.—PAaNIcuM CaAPILLARE L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. The species described under this name in western floras is usually P. barbipulvinatum. 4. P. barbipulvinatum Nash. Closely resembling P. capillare of which it is the western representative, but differing in its stouter habit, shorter, less pubescent blades crowded toward the base of the plant, and especially in the larger spikelets, about 114 lines long. Open ground and cultivated soil at moderate altitudes throughout the state and extending from British Columbia to Texas. 92 GRAMINEAE Refs.—PANICUM BARBIPULVINATUM Nash in Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard.1: 21. 1900. This species is described under P. capillare in: Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 258. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 32. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 24. 1904. 5. P. hirticaule Presl. Annonlé erect or nearly so, 14 to 2 feet high, more or less papillose-hispid throughout, especially on the sheaths; blades 2 to 6 lines wide, often sparsely hispid toward the often cordate base; panicle 3 to 6 inches long, scarcely 14 the height of the entire plant, open, the branches ascending; spikelets about 114 lines long, acuminate, usually reddish brown. Sierra Nevada, Lemmon in 1875; San Diego Co. (Jamacha, Canby in 1894) to Texas and Central America. Ref.—PANICUM HIRTICAULE Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 308. 1830. 6. P. miliaceum L. Annual, as much as 3 feet high; culms agit leaves more or less papillose-hispid; panicle 4 to 12 inches long, usually nodding, rather compact, the numerous branches ascending, scabrous, spikelet-bearing toward the summit; spikelets about 214 lines long, ovate, acuminate, strongly many- nerved; first glume 1% the length of the spikelet, acuminate. A native of the Old World, cultivated in the U. 8. under the name of Hog Millet and Broom-corn Millet. Seattered specimens, introduced or escaped from cultivation, are found throughout the U. 8. Locs.—Kenwood, Smith in 1898; Sacramento, Williams in 1906; Riverside, Reed 3112. Ref.—PANICUM MILIACEUM L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. P. acrosromwes Spreng. Pl. Pugill. 2: 4. 1815; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 258. 1880. In the National Herbarium is a specimen of this species collected by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, ‘‘On the Sacramento.’’ This is far out of — its range and the species has not since been collected in California. 7. P. urvilleanum Kunth. Plants robust,2 to 3 feet high, perennial from creeping rhizomes; culms solitary or few in a tuft, the nodes densely bearded but usually hidden by the harshly villous sheaths; blades 2 to 3 lines wide, flat, tapering to a long involute-setaceous point; panicle about a foot long, open; . spikelets 3 to 314 lines long, densely silvery or tawny-villous; first glume acuminate, 2% to nearly as long as spikelet. Sandy deserts, southern California and Arizona, appearing again in Chile and Argentina. Loes.—Barstow, Chase 5766; Hesperia, Abrams 2164; Palm Springs, Wilder 1082; Edom, Chase 5519. Refs.—PANICUM URVILLEANUM Kunth, Rév. Gram. 2: 403. pl. 115. 1830; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. — Cal. 2: 259. 1880. Var. longiglume Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17. (ed. 2.): 49. 1901, type from San Jacinto, Parish Bros. 887. B. Suzscenus DicHanTHELIUM Hitche. & Chase. Tufted perennials, producing winter rosettes of leaves different in appearance from the culm leaves; vernal culms slender, simple, bearing small open, comparatively few- — flowered, terminal panicles; autumnal culms much-branched, presenting a distinct aspect, because of the numerous reduced branches, leaves and panicles. 8. P. lindheimeri Nash. Vernal culms stiffly ascending or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high, glabrous, or the lower portion somewhat pubescent; leaves glabrous except the ciliate margin of the lower part of the blades; ligule a ring of cilia 2 to 21% lines long; panicle 2 to 3 inches long, open; spikelets 34 line long, obo- vate, obtuse, turgid, pubescent; autumnal form stiffly spreading or radiate-pros- trate, with tufts of short appressed branches at the nodes; blades reduced, involute-pointed, often conspicuously ciliate at the base. . GRASS FAMILY 93 Open ground, chiefly in the Eastern States from Maine to Texas. Rare in California: Sacramento, Michener 142; Three Rivers, Coville G Funston 1286. Refs.—PANICUM LINDHEIMERI Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 196. 1897. P. funstoni Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 35: 4, 1901, type Coville & Funston 1286. 9. P. huachucae Ashe. Vernal form usually stiffly upright, more or less harsh-pubescent throughout; culms 1 to 2 feet high, the nodes bearded; ligule of stiff hairs about 2 lines long; panicle 2 to 3 inches long, the axis and usually the branches pilose; spikelets about % line long, obovate, turgid, pubescent ; autumnal form stiffly erect, the reduced branches fascicled, the crowded blades ascending. Open ground, chiefly in the Mississippi Valley, rare in California. San Ber- nardino Mts., Abrams 2737. Ref—PAaNICUM HUACHUCAE Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 15: 51. 1898. 10. P. occidentale Scribn. Vernal form yellowish green; culms slender, 6 to 12 inches high, spreading, sparsely pubescent; leaves tending to be clus- tered toward the base; sheaths sparsely pubescent; ligule ciliate, about 2 lines long; blades glabrous or nearly so above, appressed-pubescent beneath; panicle 2 to 3 inches long, open; spikelets 7% line long, pubescent; autumnal form branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreading tussock; leaves and panicles reduced. Peat bogs and moist sandy soil, San Diego Co. to British Columbia. Loes.—Crescent City, Davy 5971; Mendocino, Davy 6092; New York Falls, Hansen 1723; Yosemite Valley, Brewer 1646; Merced River, Torrey 587; San Diego, Orcutt 540. Refs.—PANICUM OCCIDENTALE Scribn. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10: 48. 1899. P. pubescens [Lam. misapplied by] Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 306. 1830. 11. P. pacificum Hitche. & Chase. Vernal form light green, more or less papillose-pilose throughout, 1 to 2 feet high; ligule ciliate, about 2 lines long, spikelets 7% to 1 line long, obtuse, pubescent; autumnal form prostrate-spread- ing, repeatedly branching from the upper and middle nodes. Sandy shores and slopes, and moist creyices in rocks. San Bernardino Mts. _ to British Columbia. The commonest species of the genus in California. Dis- tinguished from P. occidentale by the more copious pubescence throughout, more leafy culms, and, in the autumnal form, by the branching habit. Loes.—Requa, Davy § Blasdale 5894; Redding, Heller 7856; Yosemite Valley, Bolander 4840, Hall §& Babcock 3317, 3362; Pinegrove, Amador Co., Hansen 626; Pt. Reyes, Davy 6745, 6780; San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros. 1663. Refs.—PaNicumM Paciricum Hitche. & Chase, Contr. Nat. Herb. 15: 229. f. 241. 1910, type from Castle Crag, Hitchcock 3070. P. dichotomum [L. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 259. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 32. 1901. P. scoparium [Lam. mis- applied by] Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 24. 1904. Thurber (1. ¢.) and Davy (1. ¢.) also included P. thermale and probably other allied species under P. dichotomum. 12. P. thermale Boland. Vernal form grayish green, densely tufted, vel- _ vety-villous, 4 to 12 inches high; culms ascending or spreading ; nodes bearded ; lignle about 11% lines long; blades densely velvety-villous on both surfaces; spikelets about 1 line long, pubescent; autumnal form widely spreading, repeatedly branching, forming a dense cushion. Wet saline soil in vicinity of hot springs, Lassen Peak, Bolander 2169; Sonoma Co., Brewer 861; common around geysers of Yellowstone Park; also occurring in Alberta and Idaho. Distinguished chiefiy by the velvety pubescence and spreading habit. Refs.—PANICUM THERMALE Boland. Proce. Cal. Acad. 2: 181. 1862, type from Sonoma Co., Bolander 3941. Included under P. dichotomum by Thurber and by Davy (see above under P. pacificum). 94 GRAMINEAE 13. P. shastense Scribn. & Merr. Vernal form 1 to 11% feet high, papillose- pilose throughout; ligule 1 to 11% lines long, sparse; spikelets 1144 lines long, — papillose-pubescent; autumnal form spreading, with geniculate nodes and elongated arched internodes, rather sparingly branching from the middle - nodes. Meadows, Castle Crag (the only known locality), Hitchcock-3072. Refs, —PANICUM SHASTENSE Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 35: 3. 1901, type from Castle Crag, Greata in 1899. 14. P. scribnerianum Nash. Vernal form erect, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths” papillose-hispid; ligule about 1% line long; blades 2 to 3 inches long, 3 to 6 lines wide, firm, rounded and ciliate at base, glabrous above, often pubescent beneath; panicles 2 to 3 inches long; spikelets slightly over 11% lines long, turgid, blunt, sparsely hispid or nearly glabrous, strongly nerved; autumnal form branching from the middle and upper nodes, the branches longer than the internodes, late in the season producing crowded branchlets with ascending, not greatly reduced blades and small, partially included panicles from their upper nodes. Dry prairies from Maine to Maryland west to the Pacific, common in the Mississippi Valley, rare in California. Castle Crag, Hitchcock 3074. Refs.—PANICUM SCRIBNERIANUM Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 421. 1895. P. scopariwm | Lam. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 259. 1880. 8. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, nearly sessile in 1-sided spike-like racemes. Glumes unequal, spiny-hispid, mucronate. Sterile lemma similar and awned from the apex, or sometimes mucronate only, inclosing a hyaline palea and sometimes a staminaté flower. Fertile lemma and palea chartaceous, acumi-— nate, the margins of the former inrolled except at the summit, the tip of the palea not included. Coarse annuals with compressed sheaths, long leaves and terminal panicles of stout racemes.—Species about 12, in the warm regions of both hemispheres. (Greek echinos, a hedgehog, and chloa, grass. ) Spikelets awned, the texture firm...°... 2.6. .% ces ms coe etait have se 1. EF. ecrusgalli. Spikelets awnless, mucronate, the texture rather soft.................000e-000: 2. E. colona. 1. E. crusgalli Beauv. Barn-yarp Grass. Culms stout, rather succulent, branching from the base or erect, usually 2 to 3 feet high, sometimes larger; leaves glabrous; panicle dense, 4 to 10 inches long, consisting of several erect or spreading, or even drooping racemes; spikelets green or purple, long-awned or nearly awnless, about 114 lines long exclusive of awns, densely and irregu- larly crowded in 3 or 4 rows. Fields and cultivated soil, especially along irrigating ditches. Common throughout the U. S. A native of the Old World, some forms apparently native in America. Refs.—ECHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53. 1812. Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 260. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 31. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 23. 1904. 2. E. colona Link. Culms erect, spreading or prostrate, 1 to 2 feet high; leaves smooth; panicle of 5 to 10 dense racemes, ¥% to 1 inch long, rather dis- tant, racemose Salome the axis; spikelets about 114 lines long; glumes and sterile lemma pubescent, mucronate- pointed, but not aaened: Introduced from the Old World into the warmer parts of America. Reported from San Diego Co. by Thurber, and from Los Angeles and Santa Ana by Abrams. GRASS FAMILY 95 Refs.—EcHINOCHLOA COLONA Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: .260. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 24. 1904. 9. SETARIA Beauv. Foxtam. Spikelets as in Panicum but subtended by few or many persistent awn-like branches, arising from the rachis below the articulation of the spikelets. Annual introduced weeds, or native perennials, with cylindrical spike-like bristly panicles. (Latin seta, a bristle.) IEEE DARICIO SIONGEF .) 220.5. 5.6 giate a's sad iaie ay 4m S7 ig Sinalele viernes Te. Heaven wi OHS 3. S. gracilis. Annual; panicle stouter. Bristles tawny, 5 or more below each spikelet......................-2000- 1. S. glauca. Bristles green or purple, 1 to 3 below each spikelet...................... 2. S. viridis. 1; §. glauca Beauv. Annual; culms branching at the base, compressed, erect or ascending, 1 to 2 feet high; blades flat, with a spiral twist; panicle dense, oblong, 1 to 3 inehes long; bristles 5 or more, 2 to 4 lines long, tawny- yellow; spikelets 114 lines long; fruit undulate-rugose. A native of Europe, commonly introduced into the U. S. A weed in fields and waste places. Rare in California: Riverside, Wilder 1043, 1127; Saecra- mento, ace. Thurber; Fresno, ace. Davy; Los Angeles, acc. Abrams. Refs.—SETARIA GLAUCA Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 260. 1880. Panicum glaucum L. Sp. Pl. 57. 1753. Chaetochloa glauca Scribn. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 33. 1901; Abrams, FI. Los Ang. 25. 1904. 2. §. viridis Beauv. Annual; culms 1 to 2 feet high; blades flat, not twisted; panicle oblong-ovate, 1 to 2 inches long; bristles 1 to 3, slender, 3 to 6 lines long, green or purple; spikelets 1 line long; fruit faintly wrinkled. Introduced from Europe; a common weed in the Eastern States, rare in California (Rialto, Parish 2112, the only specimen seen). . Refs.—SETARIA VIRIDIS Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. 1812. Panicum viride L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. Chaetochloa viridis Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39: 1897. 3. §S. gracilis H.B.K. Perennial; culms erect, 3 to 4 feet high; blades elongated, narrow, 1 to 2 lines wide, flat or folded; panicle slender, linear, 3 to 4 inches long, about 114 lines thick; bristles 5 to 8, twice as long as spike- let, pale or tawny; spikelets 1 line long; fruit undulate-rugose. Fresno, Griffiths 4717; Riverside, Reed 1186; east to Florida and south into Mexico. ; Refs.—Sevaria Gracitis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:°109. 1816. Chaetochloa gracilis Seribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 15. 1900. S. IMBERBIS Roem. & Schult. (Chaetochloa imberbis Scribn.) is reported from Los Angeles, Santa Ana, and San Bernardino by Abrams (FI. Los Ang. 25. 1904). = PENNISETUM viLLOSUM R. Br. A perennial with culms 1 to 2 feet high, villous below the panicle, and dense soft feathery terminal spikes, 1 to 3 inches long; spikelets surrounded by an involucre of several slender plumose bristles about an inch long, the cluster falling from the axis entire——A native of Abyssinia, cultivated for ornament and occasionally escaped from gardens. Santa Barbara Co., Eastwood in 1908, Chase 5600. LEERSIA ORYzZOIDES Swartz, Prodr. 21. 1788; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 262. 1880. Phalaris oryzoides L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 52. 1776. Cache Creek, Lake Co., Bolander (no. 2418 in the Gray Herbarium), ‘‘introduced.’? San Bernardino, Parish in 1885, ‘‘ probably introduced.”’ ° 96° GRAMINEAE Tre TV. PHALARIDEAE. 10. PHALARIS L. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, laterally flattened. Glumes equal, boat- shaped, exceeding the florets. Sterile lemmas 2, small and narrow, appearing like hairy scales attached to the fertile floret. Fertile lemma indurated and — shining in fruit, enclosing a faintly 2-nerved palea. Annuals or perennials, with flat blades and dense spike-like panicles.—Species about 10, mostly natives of © southern Europe. (An ancient Greek name for a grass. ) . Spikelets in groups of 7, 1 fertile surrounded by 6 sterile................ 1. P. paradoxa. Spikelets single, all alike. Plants perennial. Rhizomes absent; panicle dense, ovate or oblong................+45. 2. P. californica. Rhizomes present; panicle spreading during anthesis............... 3. P. arundinacea. Plants annual. : Glumes broadly winged; panicle ovate or short-oblong. . Sterile lemma solitary; fertile lemma 11% lines long..................-. 4. P. minor, Sterile lemmas in pairs; fertile lemma 2 to 3 lines long. Sterile lemma % line long...................csseeeeeescees ed» DP, brachystachyss Sterile lemma -%4 as long as fertile... i660 es ach bow tes «Mame 6. P. canariensis. Glumes wingless or nearly so; panicles oblong or linear, dense. Glumes acuminate; fertile lemma turgid, the acuminate apex smooth....7. DP. lemmom. Glumes acute; fertile lemma less turgid, villous to the acute apex. Panicle 1 to 2 inches long; sterile lemmas 1% as long as fertile....8. P. carolinianal Panicle 2 to 5 inches long; sterile lemma 1% as long as fertile........ 9. P. angusta. 1. P. paradoxa L. Annual; culms cespitose, more or less spreading at base, 1 to 2 feet high; panicle dense, oblong, narrowed at base, 1 to 2 inches long, often enclosed at base in the uppermost enlarged sheath; spikelets finally fall- ing from the axis in groups of 7, the central fertile, neatly sessile, the others sterile, slender-pediceled ; etumes of sterile spikelets narrow, with faint lateral nerves. the keel prominently winged above, the wing extending into a more or less well-marked tooth, the apex of the glume narrowed into an acuminate point or awn, the glumes of the 4 outer sterile spikelets in the lower part of the panicle more or less deformed; glumes of fertile central spikelet lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines long including awn, the lateral nerves prominent, the wing on the keel more tooth-like, the apex of the glume narrowed into an awn about 1 line long; fertile lemma smooth, and shining, 11% lines long, the sterile lemmas obsolete. 3 Occasional in grain fields; a native of the Old World, introduced on the Pacifie Coast: Richmond, Congdon. Var. praemorsa Coss. & Dur. Sterile spikelets short-pediceled, the 4 outer much reduced, the apex deformed or variously incurved; fertile spikelet some- what indurated, several-nerved at base, acuminate, the wing fin-like in appear- ance.—Introduced from Europe. Apparently the commoner form in Califor: nia: Princeton, Berkeley Hills, Davy; San Diego, Brandegee. Refs.—PHALARIS PARADOXA L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1665. 1763; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Cal. 35. 1901, the description applies to the variety. Var. PRAEMORSA Coss. & Dur. Expl. 2: 24. 1854. P. praemorsa Lam. FI. Frang. 3: 566. 1778. 2. P. californica H. & A. Perennial; culms erect or somewhat geniculate at base; blades flat, rather lax, 3 to 6 lines wide; panicle ovoid or oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, 34 to 1 inch thick, often purplish tinged; glumes about 3 to 314 lines long, narrow, gradually narrowed from below the middle to an acute apex, smooth or slightly scabrous on the keel, the lateral nerves somewhat GRASS FAMILY 97 nearer the margin than the keel; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate, about 2 lines long, rather sparsely villous, often exposing the palea, the sterile lemmas about ¥% as long. Ravines and open ground, Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. to San Enis Obispo Co. _ Loes.—Mendocino, McMurphy 456; Sherwood, Hitchcock 2707; Ft. Bragg, Davy § Blasdale 6165; San Rafael, Blankinship 58; San Francisco, Bolander 1529; Los Gatos, Heller 8568; Monterey, Bolander 665; Pacific Grove, Heller 6677; Nipoma, Brewer 418. Refs.—PHALARIS CALIFORNICA H.& A. Bot. Beech. 161. 1841, type from San Francisco or Monterey. P. amethystina [Trin. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 265. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 36. 1901. Dr. Stapf, who has examined the type specimen of P. californica at Kew, informs me that it is the species that has been called Phalaris amethys- tina by California botanists, but which he considers distinct from that species, the type of which is from Chile. [I have examined the type specimen of P. amethystina in the Trinius Herbarium and agree with Dr. Stapf that it does not belong to the same species as our Cali- fornia plant. The glumes are shorter and scabrous. (P. amethystina Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 56. 1835, the type specimen from Leona Rancagua, Chile, Bertero, no. 354.) ' 3. P. arundinacea L. Perennial, with creeping rhizomes; culms erect, 2 to 5 feet high; panicle 3 to 7 inches long, narrow, the branches spreading during anthesis, the lower as much as 2 inches long; glumes narrow, 2 lines long, abruptly narrowed to an acute apex, the keel scabrous, not winged, the lateral _ nerves about midway between margin and keel; fertile lemma lanceolate, 114 lines long, shining, sparsely villous; sterile lemmas villous, 14 line long. Swamps and moist places, occasional in northern and central California; com- mon throughout the northern parts of North America, Europe and Asia. A form with variegated leaves is cultivated under the name of Ribbon-grass. Ager, Brandegee 25; Warner Mts., Griffiths &@ Hunter 407; Bouldin Island, Congdon. _ Refs.—PHALARIS aRUNDINACEA I. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 265. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 36. 1901. _ 4, P. minor Retz. Annual; culms erect, 1 to 3 feet high; panicle ovate- oblong to oblong, 1% to 2 inches long; glumes oblong, 2 to 3 lines long, strongly winged on the keel as in P. canariensis, the green stripe less conspicuous, the "Wing scabrous on margin and more or less toothed; fertile lemma ovate, acute, villous but less so than P. canariensis, about 114 lines long, the sterile lemma solitary, about 1% line long. _ Near the coast from Norman (Davy 4265) and Vacaville (Jepson 4248) to San Bernardino (Parish 4759) and San Diego (Orcutt 523). A native of the ‘Mediterranean region, naturalized on the Pacifie Coast, occasional in the Eastern _ States. _ Refs—PHataris Minor Retz. Obs. Bot. 3: 8. 1783; Davy in Jepeou, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 34. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 27. 1904. : _ 5. P. brachystachys Link. Annual; culms 1 to 2 feet high; panicle ovate, Hebout an inch long; glumes about 3 lines long, similar to those of P. canari- -ensis; fertile lemma 2 to 21% lines long, densely short-villous; sterile lemmas "short, brown, ovate, equal, about 14 line long. __ A native of the Mediterranean region, introduced rarely in America. Nelson, _ Butte Co., Heller 5446, the only specimen seen from California. Differs from . Ganariensis chiefly in the short sterile lemmas. ie Ref.—PHALARIS BRACHYSTACHYS Link, Neu. Jour. Bot. (Schrad.) 1°: 134. 1806. 6. P. canariensis L. Canary-crass. Annual; culms erect, 1 to 3 feet high; _ panicle ovate to oblong-ovate, 14 to 114 inches long, pale with green markings; 98 GRAMINEAE glumes 314 to 4 lines long, oblong but widened above, smooth or sparsely vil- lous, the keel prominently winged above, the wing entire or somewhat sinuous, the keel on each side at base of the white wing marked by a green stripe, the lateral nerves approaching the margin; fertile lemma elliptical, acute, densely short-villous, 21% to 3 lines long; sterile lemmas about 1% as long as fertile. A native of the Mediterranean region, introduced occasionally in America. Rare in California: Yreka, Butler 488; Pasadena, Grant 2648. Refs.—PHALARIS CANARIENSIS L. Sp. Pl. 54, 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 264. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 34. 1901. S 7. P.lemmoni Vasey. Annual; culms erect, 1 to 3 feet high; panicle dense, 2 to 4 inches long; glumes about 21, lines long, narrow, acuminate, the lateral nerves about midway between margin and keel; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dark-colored at maturity, villous except the acuminate tip, 1%4 lines long; sterile lemmas less than 1% as long. Central and southern California, mostly near the coast. Loes.—Nelson, Heller 5447; Chinese Camp, Bioletti 5; Newark, Davy 1093; Oakland, Bolander 1530 in part; Saratoga, Pendleton 1500; Santa Cruz, Anderson; Tulare Lake, Davy 3123; Los Angeles, Grant 3839; Inglewood, Abrams 3234; San Diego, Baker 3425; Santa Catalina Island, Trask. Lemmon 403; U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 13’: pl. 5. 1892; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 35. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 27. 1904. 8. P. caroliniana Walt. Annual; culms erect, 1 to 2 feet high; panicle oblong, 1 to 2 inches long; glumes 21% to 3 lines long, oblong, rather abrupt narrowed to an acute apex, the keel scabrous and narrowly winged above from below the middle, the lateral nerves about midway between keel and margin fertile lemma ovate, acute, densely villous, about 2 lines long, the close- appressed sterile lemmas about 1% as long. A native of the Southeastern States. Apparently introduced in California where it is rare: Comptche, McMurphy 478; Ojai Valley, Hubby 39a, 51; Sar Clemente, Santa Catalina and San Nicholas islands, Trask. g Refs.—PHALARIS CAROLINIANA Walt. Fl. Carol. 74. 1788; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 34. 1901. 9. P. angusta Nees. Annual; 3 to 5 feet high, smooth; blades fiat, 5 6 4 lines wide; panicle dense, linear- oWlpnay 2 to 5 inches long, about 4 lines thick; glumes about 2 lines long, narrow, rounded at apex to a mucronate tip, seabro on keel, nerves, and more or less on the back, especially near the apex, lateral nerves near the margin; fertile lemma ovate-lanceolate, acute, villous, 114 line long; sterile lemmas about 1% as long. California to Louisiana. Loes.—Oakland, Bolander 1530 in bet, San Francisco, Bolander 2287; Santa Cruz, An derson: Mt. Brewer, Brewer 2801; Visalia, Coville g- Funston 1282; San Luis Obispo, Lemn 4669; San Bernardino, Parish 2165, 4729 ; Fallbrook, Abrams 3344. Refs.—PHALARIS ANGUSTA Nees, Agrost. Bras. 391. 1829. P. intermedia Bose var. angus Chapm. Fl. South. U. 8. 568. 1868; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 265. 1880. 11. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower. Glumes unequal. Sterile lemmas 2, 2-lobed, dorsally awned, longer than the fertile floret and falling with it. Fertile lemma truncate, awnless, enclosing a faintly 1-nerved palea. Aromatic grasses with narrow spike-like panicles.—Species 4, European. (Greek anthos, flower, anc xanthos, yellow.) 1. A. odoratum L. Perennial; culms slender, erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high; GRASS FAMILY 99 panicle 114 to 3 inches long, pointed; spikelets brownish green, 4 to 5 lines long; glumes sparsely pilose; first sterile lemma short-awned below the apex, the second bearing a strong bent, scarcely exserted awn near its base. A native of northern Europe and Asia. Occasionally cultivated in the U. S. as a meadow grass, escaped or introduced in the cooler and moister regions. Crescent City, Davy & Blasdale 5954; Humboldt Bay, Chandler 1106. Refs.—ANTHOXANTHUM oOpoRATUM L. Sp. Pl. 28. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 266. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 36. 1901. 12. HIEROCHLOE R. Br. Spikelets with 1 perfect and 2 staminate flowers. Glumes about as long as spikelet, boat-shaped, shining. Sterile lemmas nearly as long as glumes, boat- shaped, indurated, hairy, often awned, each enclosing a 2-nerved hyaline palea and 3 stamens. Fertile lemma similar but smaller, enclosing a 1-nerved palea and a perfect flower with 2 stamens. Fragrant perennials with flat blades and terminal panicles—Species about 13, temperate and arctic regions of both hemispheres. (Greek heros, sacred, and chloe, grass. ) 1. H. macrophylla Thurb. Culms few, erect, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths sca- brous; blades crowded toward base, fiat, rather stiffly upright, scabrous above, glaucous beneath, acuminate-pointed, 3 to 7 lines wide; panicle somewhat open, 3 to 5 inches long, the lower branches spreading or drooping, 1 to 2 inches long; glumes 2 lines long. Redwood belt from Monterey northward into Oregon. Locs.—Hydesville, Blankinship 22; Hubbard Sta., Davy § Blasdale 5400; Harris, Davy & Blasdale 5361; Dunean’s Mills, Davy 1637; Marin Co., Jepson, Davy 691; San Mateo Co., Rutter 306, Baker 247; Wrights, Elmer 4742; Santa Cruz, Anderson; Santa Lucia Mts., Plaskett 26. Refs.—HiIEROCHLOE MACROPHYLLA Thurb.; Boland. Trans. Cal. Agr. Soe. 1864-65: 132. 1866, ‘‘Redwoods of the Coast Range, especially in Marin County,’’ type Bolander 6070; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 265. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 37. 1901. Savastana macrophylla Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 187. 1896. Hierochloé borealis [Roem. & Schult, mis- applied by] Torr. U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 154. 1857. TRIBE V. AGROSTIDEAE. 13. ARISTIDA L. Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow or open panicles. Glumes narrow, acute, acuminate or short-awned. Lemma with a hard obconical pubescent callus, somewhat indurated, convolute, including the thin palea, terminating in a usually trifid awn. Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow blades.—Species about 100, in the warmer regions of the world. (Latin arista, an awn.) Plants annual. Awns about 5 lines long; panicle closely many-flowered................. 1. A. bromoides. Awns 1 to 2 inches long; panicle loosely few-flowered...............--- 2. A. oligantha. Plants perennial. Glumes about equal. Neck of fruit twisted, exserted from, glumes.................-0. 00000 3. A. palmeri. Neck of fruit straight, not exserted from glumes. Branches of panicle horizontally spreading...................-.+-. 4. A. divaricata. Branches of panicle ascending or appressed...........e.eeeeeeeeeeee 5. A. parishii. Glumes strongly unequal, the first much shorter than the second. mek of fruit jointed...............-.. Cop eax oicia eetarhel auattia ate yes 6. Loes.— Yreka, Butler 1271; Modoc Nat. For., Hatton; Sierra Nevada, Lemmon; 8. Cal., G. R. Vasey in 1880. 104 GRAMINEAE Refs.—STIPA THURBERIANA Piper, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 10. 1900. 8. occidentalis [Thurb. misapplied in] Wilkes, U. S. Expl. Exped. 17: 483. 1874; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 285. 1880. 4. §. occidentalis Thurb. Culms slender, cespitose, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths © smooth; ligule % line long; blades narrow, involute; panicle narrow, 4 to 8 inches long; glumes 4 to 5 lines long, acuminate, 3-nerved. smooth; lemma 3 — lines long, long-pilose, the callus sharp; awn about 1 inch long, twice-genicu- late, pilose to the second bend or throughout, the first section 3 to 4 lines long. Sierra Nevada, from Mt. Shasta (Hitchcock 2938), southward, also in southern ~ Coast Ranges (Mt. Wilson, Abrams 2598); north to Washington and east to — Wyoming. ‘ Refs.—STIPA OCCIDENTALIS Thurb.; Wats. U. 8. Geol. Explor. 40th Par. 5: 380. 1871. S. stricta Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 10: ‘42, 1883. Var. sparsiflora Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 51. 1892, type Bolander 5038 (from Yosemite Park). 8S. occidentalis Thurb. var. montana Merr. & Davy, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 1: 62. 1902, type Bolander 5038. 8. oregonensis Seribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 130. f. 426. 1899. { 5. §. elmeri Piper & Brodie. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, more or less puberu-— lent, especially at the nodes; sheaths pubescent; ligule very short; blades flat or becoming involute, pubeseent on the upper surface, or those éf the innova- — tions also on the lower surface; panicle narrow, 6 to 15 inches long, rather — loose; glumes 3-nerved, oreatnlty acuminate, thin, papery, 6 to 7 lines long, the first a little the longer; lemma about 314 lines long, appressed-pubescent, the callus 1% line long, glabrous at the point; awn distinctly twice-geniculate, first section 4 to 5 lines long, second section somewhat shorter, both plumose, third section about 8 to 10 lines long, scabrous. In the mountains, southern California to Washington. Loes.—Shasta Nat. For., Sampson 171; Upton, Congdon; Long Valley, Lassen Co., Davy; Yosemite Nat. Park, Hitchcock 3247, 3336; Mt. Tallae, Hitchcock 3124; Mill Creek Falls, San Bernardino Co., Parish 2491; Ban J acento Mts., Hall 2537. Refs.—StTiPa ELMERI Piper & "Brodie, LORS Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. S. viridula Trin. var. pubescens Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. ‘ 6. $&.coronata Thurb. Culms stout, 4 to 6 feet high, as much as 4 inch thick at base, smooth or pubescent below the nodes; sheaths smooth, the margin and — throat villous; ligule about 1 line long, ciliate-margined; blades very long, flat, with a slender involute point; panicle narrow, dense, stout, purplish, 1 to- 114 feet long; glumes gradually acuminate, 3-nerved, smooth except the sca- brous keel of the first, unequal, the first about 10 lines long, the second 1 to 2 lines shorter; lemma about 4 lines long, densely villous with long appressed hairs; awn twice-geniculate, first section about 5 lines long, twisted, scabrous” but not villous, second section similar but shorter, third section about as long as the other two, straight. Coast Ranges, Monterey Co. southward, extending into Lower California. Loes.—Cone Peak, Monterey Co., Davy 7716; Pico Blanco, Davy 7345; Tassajara Hot Springs, Elmer 3302; San Bernardino Co., Parish 3665; Los Angeles Co., Abrams 623, 1305, Leiberg 3336; Riverside Co., Baker 5282, Hall 2078; San Diego Co., Abrams 3360, Orcutt 1068. — Refs —SmPA CORONATA Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 287. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Les Ang. | 30. 1904. 7. §. parishii Vasey. Culms stout, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths smooth, villous at the throat; ligule short, ciliate; blades firm, flat, with a slender involute point, very seabrons above, about 2 lines wide; panicle 6 to 8 inches long, narrow, dense, purple-tinged; glumes smooth, 3-nerved, long-acuminate, un- equal, the first 7 lines long, the second a line shorter; lemma 314 lines long, GRASS FAMILY 105 densely long-villous, especially above; awn about an inch long, once-geniculate, twisted below, straight above, nearly smooth. Southern California and western Nevada. Loes.—San Bernardino Mts., Hall 7580, Parish Bros. 1079, 1079a, Parish 2487, 3287, Wilder 1127; San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2309; Jamacha Hot Springs, Abrams 3637. Refs.—STIPA PARISHII Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 33. 1882, type Parish Bros. 1079; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 30. 1904. 8. §. setigera Presl. Culms 2 to 3 feet high; blades long and narrow, flat or involute; ligule about 14 line long; panicle about 6 inches long, loose, the branches spreading, slender, some of the lower 1 to 2 inches long; glumes nar- row, long-acuminate, purplish, 3-nerved, unequal, the first about 10 lines long, the second 1 or 2 lines shorter; lemma 4 lines long, sparingly pilose, the callus sharp; awn 2 to 3 inches long, short-pubescent to the second bend, the first section 14 to 34 inch long, the second shorter, the third slender and flexuous. Mostly in the Coast Ranges, Walker Valley (Davy & Blasdale 5041) to San Diego (Baker 833) and Santa Barbara Islands (7'rask), eastward to Susanville (Brandegee), Amador Co. (Hansen 1668), Northfork (Griffiths 4601), and Win- chester (Hall 2921) ; east to Texas and south into Mexico. Historie specimens re- ferred here are: Bolander 4802, Bigelow (Whipple Expl.), Brewer 1262, Hartweg 2028, Kellogg & Harford 1096, Lemmon 5452, 5455, 5472, Parish Bros. 1550, 1554, Parish 2038, Torrey 759. Refs.—StTIPA SETIGERA Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 226. 1830; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 286. 1880; Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 38. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 31. 1904. SS. neesiana {Trin. & Rupr. misapplied by] Torr. U. 8. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pacif. 4: 154. 1857. 9. §S.eminens Cav. Culms slender, puberulent below the nodes, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth, sparingly villous at throat; ligule very short; blades flat, narrow, 1 to 2 lines wide, pubescent on upper surface near base; panicle rather loose and open, usually 6 to 8 inches long, but sometimes more than 1 foot long, the branches distant, slender; glumes 3-nerved, smooth, unequal, acuminate, the first 3 to 5 lines long, the second about 1 line shorter; lemma about 3 lines long, sparingly villous, nearly glabrous toward the hairy-tufted apex; awn indistinctly twice-geniculate, about 1 to 114 inches long, scabrous but not villous. Coast Ranges from Berkeley Hills (Davy 4235) to San Diego (Orcutt 1065), east to San Bernardino (Parish 2055); south into Lower California and east to Texas and Mexico. Var. andersoni Vasey. Differs from S. eminens chiefly in the slender invo- lute blades. This form is, on the average, a smaller plant, the culms being _ shorter, the panicles narrower and few-flowered, the spikelets usually smaller.— Confined to California, where the range is about the same as that of S. eminens but extending north to Mt. Shasta (Jepson in 1895). | Refs.—StipA EMINENS Cav. Icon. Pl. 5: 42. pl. 467. f. 1. 1799; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. _ 2: 286. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 30. 1904. Var. ANDERSONI Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 54, 1892, type from Santa Cruz, Anderson, according to the label on the type specimen in the National Herbarium (the type locality, ‘‘ Lower California’’,as published, evidently an error) ; _ Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 38. 1901. SS. hassei Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 267. 1893, type from Santa. Monica, Hasse, a specimen deformed by smut; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 29. 1904. S. PRINGLEI Scribn. Culms 2 to 3 feet high; blades flat, firm, smooth, coarsely nerved; ligule 1 line long; panicle open, the branches few-flowered; glumes 5 - lines long; lemma nearly as long as glumes, sparingly pilose; awn about 34 inch long, twice-geniculate, incurved, nearly smooth.—There are two specimens of 106 GRAMINEAE this species collected by Lemmon, one in 1882, marked ‘‘California,’’ the other” in 1884, no. 394, the locality not given. It is doubtful, however, if this species. oceurs in California. These specimens are probably from ‘Aeidonds P 10. §. stillmanii Boland. Culms stout, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth, puberulent at the throat and collar; ligule very short; blades scattered, folded or involute, firm, the uppermost filiform ; panicle narrow, dense or interrupted at base, the branches short, fascicled; glumes equal, papery, minutely sca-— brous, acuminate into a scabrous awn-point, 7 to 8 lines long, the first 3-nerved, — the second 5-nerved; lemma 41% lines long, short-pilose, the callus short; awn about 1 inch long, once or indistinctly twice-geniculate, scabrous. Only known from the collection of Bolander, from Blue Cafion, Placer Co. (the type). Three other sheets in the National Herbarium, presumably of the same collection, are labeled from the Sierra Nevada, altitude 4000 feet. Refs.—STIPA STILLMANII Boland. Proe. Cal. Acad. 4: 169. 1873; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 287. 1880. 11. S. californica Merr. & Davy. Culms 2 to 5 feet high, smooth, or the nodes pubescent; sheaths smooth, villous at the throat; ligule very short; blades flat, becoming involute, especially at the long slender point; panicle narrow, usually 1 to 1% feet long; branches fascicled, short, appressed, or some of the lower as much as 5 inches long; glumes thin and papery, equal, about 5 lines long, smooth, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves rather indistinct; lemma about 3 lines long, appressed-villous; awn twice-geniculate, the first soctian 3. to 5 lines long, closely twisted, villous, the second section shorter, 2 to 3 lines” long, twisted, villous, the third section 5 to 8 lines long, straight, acabpous oo and lighter in color. Sierra Nevada from Mt. Shasta to Yosemite, and in the San Jacinto Mts. Loes.—Mt. Shasta, Hitchcock 2948; Castle Crag, Hitchcock 3064; Shasta Retreat, Heller 7936; Donner Lake, Torrey 578; Mt. Tallac, Hitchcock 3121, 3159; Yosemite Nat. Park, Bolender 6109, Hall & Babcock 3336. Refs.—STIPA CALIFORNICA Merr. & Davy, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 1: 61. 1902, type from the San Jacinto Mts., Hall 2556. This appears to be the species described under S. viridula Trin. by Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 39. 1901, and Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 31. 1904. 12. SS. vaseyi Scribn. Culms 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths somewhat hairy at the throat; blades elongated, involute; panicle about 1 foot long, dense, the branches and branchlets numerous, many-flowered; glumes narrow, acumi- nate, scabrous, the first a little longer, rather strongly 5 to 7-nerved, 5 lines long; lemma about 3 lines long, appressed-pilose, the callus short, pilose; awn twice- geniculate, about 1 inch long, minutely puberulent. . Texas to Colorado and Arizona, south into Mexico. There is but one specimen of this from California (San Nicholas Island, Trask), consisting of a panicle and one leaf, which differs from the type from Texas, in having a longer awn and a more distinctly nerved glume. 2 Refs.—Stipa vaASEyI Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost: Bull. 11: 46. 1898. 8. viridula Trin. var. robusta Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. 13. 8S. lemmoni Scribn. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, sometimes pubescent below the nodes; sheaths smooth; ligule about 14 line long; blades usually flat, pubescent on upper surface; panicle narrow, Chie branches 1 to 2 inches long, appressed; glumes nearly eared: rather broad, scarious, acuminate, 3 to 5- nerved, 6 lines long; lemma 31% lines long, rather thinly appressed-pilose, the callus short; awn about 1 inch long, twice-geniculate, appressed-pilose to the second bend. GRASS FAMILY 107 In the Sierra Nevada (Moffat Creek, Siskiyou Co., Butler 830) to Tehachapi (Chase 5731) and in the Coast Ranges (Red Mt., Humboldt Co., Bolander 6469) to Mendocino Co. (Davy & Blasdale 5287) ; north to Washington, Var. jonesii Scribn. Differs in the more slender firm involute blades, and smaller spikelets; glumes about 4 lines long; lemma about 3 lines long, the awn inch long, tending to be incurved, the pubescence shorter.-—Washington and Idaho to California. Yreka, Butler 810; Sierra Nevada as far south as “Mariposa Co. (Bolander 4865) ; also in the mountains of San Diego Co. (Bran- degee 129). . __ ‘Refs.—Sripa LEMMONI Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 3. 1901. 8S. pringler - Seribn. var. lemmoni Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 541. 1892, type from Plumas Co., Lemmon _ 5456. Var. sonesit Seribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 4. 1901, type from Emi- grant Gap, Jones 3298. 14. §. lettermani Vasey. Culms cespitose, slender, 1 to 11 feet high; sheaths smooth; ligule very short; blades crowded at base of. ape short, slender, involute; panicle narrow, 3 to 8 inches long; glumes narrow, acum- inate, 3-nerved, about 4 lines long; lemma narrow, 21% lines long, pilose; awn very slender, about 14 inch long, nearly smooth, twice-geniculate, the first section short, about 114 lines long. California to Idaho and Colorado. Loes.—Lineoln Valley, Sierra Co., Kennedy §& Doten 215; Truckee, Hitchcock; San Ber- nardino Mts., Parish Bros. 1552. Refs.—StTIPA LETTERMANI Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 53. 1886. 8S. viridula Trin. var. leitermani Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. 15. §S. minor Scribn. Culms few in a cluster, 2 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth; ligule very short; blades flat or becoming involute, narrow, as much asl foot long; panicle narrow, 6 to 8 inches long; glumes 3 free long, 3-nerved, slightly scabrous on the keels; lemma narrow, pilose, 214 lines long; awn he Y% inch long, nearly smooth, twice-geniculate, the first section 114 lines _ tong. High Sierra Nevada of central California; probably also in Mexico. Differs from S§. lettermani only in being larger, the blades more scattered, flat or tardily involute, and the panicles longer. Loes.—Summit Valley, Pringle; Yosemite Nat. Park, Bolander 5078, Hitchcock 3304, 3324; Farewell Gap, Hitchcock 3393. Refs—Stipa MINoR Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. 8S. viridula Trin. var. minor Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 50. 1892. 8S. viridula as described by Thurb. ‘in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 288. 1880, appears to include S. minor, S. lettermani, S. californica and _ 8. lemmoni. . - 15. ORYZOPSIS Michx. = Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow or open panicles. Glumes rather broad, obtuse or abruptly acute. Lemma with a short obtuse callus, convolute, some- ~ what indurated, including the rather large palea, terminating in a sue slen- der, usually short, deciduous awn. Perennials.—Species about 15 in temperate ‘regions of the northern hemisphere. (Greek orusa, rice, and opsis, appearance. ) Lemma smooth; spikelets numerous, 114 lines long; blades flat............... 1. O. miliacea. - Lemma pilose; ‘Slades involute. Branches of panicle and capillary pedicels divaricately spreading........ 2. O. hymenoides,. Branches of panicle and pedicels erect or ascending. Glumes about 2 lines long; lemma sparingly pilose..............0.0000000- 3. O. kingii. Glumes 4 to 5 lines long; lemma densely long-pilose. Awn 3 lines long; culms 6 inches to 1 foot high...................4. 4. O. webberi. erases long; culms 1 to 2 feet high. .......2..05000sscecsbasees 5. O. bloomeri. 108 GRAMINEAE Hi t from a decumbent base, 2 to 3 1. O. miliacea Benth. & Hook. Culms erec , 2t ; feet high; sheaths smooth; ligule about 1 line long; blades flat, 4 to 5 lines wide; paniele as much as a foot long, loose, the branches spreading ; glumes 1% hee long, smooth, equal; lemma smooth, 1 line long, the deciduous straight m about 2 lines long. eee ’ a co ae of Europe, introduced in a few localities in California. Cahto, Men- docino Co., Davy 6624; Santa Barbara, Grant 5388; Los Angeles, McClatchie ~ 22. : - e gy ea ee MILIACEA Benth. & Hook.; Aschers. & Schweinf. Mém. Inst. Egypte 2: 5 is miliacea L. Sp. Pl. 61. 1753. . $0 Gi serineneitah Ricker. ‘Culms cespitose, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths smooth — or minutely scabrous; ligule about 3 lines long, acute ; blades slender, elon- gated, nearly as long as the culms; panicle diffuse, 3 to 6 inches long, the slender branches in pairs, the branchlets dichotomous, all divaricately spread- ing, the ultimate pedicels capillary, flexuous, enlarged below the spikelets; glumes equal, about 3 lines long, puberulent, papery, ovate, 3-nerved, abruptly narrowed into an awn-like point; lemma fusiform, turgid, about 17% lines long, nearly black at maturity, densely long-pilose with hairs 114 lines long; awn when present about 2 lines long, straight, readily deciduous. Deserts and plains of the southern portion of the state, rare northward to Mt. Shasta (Hall & Babcock 4093); Washington to Manitoba, south to Mexico. Refs.—ORYZOPSIS HYMENOIDES Ricker; Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 239. 1817. Hriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Gen. Le 40. 1818; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 283. 1880. ; 3. O. kingii Beal. Culms tufted, slender, 8 to 15 inches high; blades numer- ous at the base of the plant, involute, capillary; ligule about % line long; panicle narrow, loose, the short slender branches appressed or ascending, few- flowered; glumes broad, papery, nerveless, obtuse, purple at base, unequal, the first about 134 lines long, the second a little longer; lemma elliptical, 144. lines long, rather sparingly appressed-pubescent, the callus short; awn more or less sickle-shaped, bent in a wide curve or indistinctly geniculate below the — middle, not twisted, minutely pubescent, not readily deciduous, about 144 inch long. Only known from the high central Sierra Nevada. Loes.—Upper Tuolumne, Bolander 6097; Lyell Fork Caiion, Hitchcock 3289; Clouds Rest, } Congdon; Black Mt., Fresno Co., Hall § Chandler 601. 1 Refs.—ORYZOPSIS KINGI Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 229, 1896. Stipa kingii Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 170. 1872, type from Mt. Dana, Bolander 6097 (the number given with the original description is 6076, but all the original specimens distributed under Stipa kingii are numbered 6097, and this is the number found in Bolander’s Field Book for the Mt. Dana ~ collection of Stipa kingii) ; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 287. 1880. 4. O.webberi Benth. Culms cespitose, erect, 6 inches to 1 foot high; blades involute, filiform, scabrous; panicle narrow, 1 to 2 inches long, the branches appressed; glumes equal, narrow, obscurely 5-nerved, minutely scaberulous, acuminate, about 4 lines long; lemma narrow, 3 lines long, densely long-pilose, the awn about 3 lines long, straight or bent, not twisted. Deserts and plains; Lassen Co. (Smoke Creek, Griffiths & Hunter 485) to Colorado. Refs.—ORYZOPSIS WEBBERI Benth.; Vasey, Grasses U. 8. 23. 1883. Eriocoma webberi Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 283. 1880, type from Sierra Valley, Bolander. 5. Q. bloomeri Ricker. Culms tufted, 1 to 2 feet high, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; ligule about 1% line long; blades crowded at the base, involute, nar- GRASS FAMILY 109 row, firm; panicle 3 to 6 inches long, the branches slender, rather stiffly ascend- ing, the longer 2 to 3 inches long, bearing spikelets. from about the middle; glumes comparatively broad, indistinctly 3 to 5-nerved, smooth, rather abruptly acuminate, equal, 4 to 5 lines long; lemma elliptical, 214 lines long, densely long-villous; awn about 1% inch long, tardily deciduous, once-genicu- . late, the first section about 3 lines long, slightly twisted, appressed-villous, indistinctly bent or flexuous, the second section straight, minutely scabrous. Dry regions, Washington to Manitoba and south to New Mexico. Loes.—Moulton, Modoc Co., Griffiths § Hunter 456; Mt. Diablo, Bolander; Lancaster, Elmer 4165. Refs.—ORyYzZOPSIS BLOOMERI Ricker; Piper, Contr. Nat. Herb. 11: 109. 1906. Stipa bloomerit Boland. Proc. Cal. Acad. 4: 168. 1872, type from Mono Pass, Bolander 6116. 8S. siberica [Lam. misapplied by] Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 287. 1880. 16. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes thin, 1-nerved, often aristate. Lemma with a short, often barbate callus, narrow, membranaceous, 3-nerved, acute, mucron- ate. or often awned from the tip or from between the teeth of the bidentate apex. Palea thin, about as long as lemma. Annual or usually perennial grasses, the inflorescence varying from an open and diffuse, to a narrow and spike-like panicle——Species about 60, mostly American, especially abundant on the Mexican plateau. (Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished Ameri- ean botanist, 1753—1815. ) Hairs at base of floret at least half as long as body of lemma; panicle narrow; perennials. Hairs at base of floret copious, as long as body of lemma................. 1, M. comata. Hairs at base of floret not over %4 as long as body of lemma. Panicle loose; upper glume 3-toothed; blades involute................. 2. M. gracilis. Panicle close; glumes entire; blades flat. ELROW RRDONE: LLIN WIKOs ¢ci6 ccs area oes boats PPh oe hea See Oks 3. M. lemmoni. mueanrond, 116 to 214 lines wide..... sc. ccesececvecevovssevs 4. M. californica. Hairs at base of floret minute or wanting. Glumes erose-toothed; culms erect; plants perennial, without rhizomes...... 7. M. jonesti. Glumes entire; culms mostly decumbent or spreading; plants perennial with rhizomes, or annual. Lemma awned, the awn 3 lines long or more. Plants annual; panicle narrow; awn 5 to 7 lines long............. 5. M. microsperma. _ Plants perennial; panicle diffusely spreading; awn 3 lines long......... 6. M. porteri. Lemma unawned, mucronate; panicles narrow. Culms capillary; plants lax and soft, no creeping rootstocks, often annual; blades EE S566 are sla Galak te veg haha ah Cee Molgk ae ca rs el origes 8. WM. filiformis. Culms stouter, rather woody or wiry; rootstocks creeping; blades involute. Plants widely spreading or creeping; glumes % line long............. 9. M. repens. Plants erect or decumbent at base; giumes ¥% line long............ 10. M. squarrosa. 1. M.comata Thurb. Perennial, with numerous scaly rhizomes; culms erect or sometimes spreading, smooth below, scabrous above, pubescent about the nodes, 144 to 3 feet high; sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, keeled; ligule Y% line long, membranaceous, short-ciliate; blades flat, 1 to 3 lines wide, sca- brous; panicles narrow, spike-like, usually more or less lobed or interrupted, often purple-tinged, 3 to 6 inches long; glumes narrow, acuminate, 1-nerved, smooth, ciliate-scabrous on the keels, 114 to 2 lines long; lemma 11% lines long, gradually narrowed into a capillary awn 2 to 4 lines long, the hairs at base of - floret copious, 1 to 11% lines long. Mt. Shasta south through the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mts. In the mountains from Washington to Wyoming and south to Colorado. 110 GRAMINEAE Loes.—Mt. Shasta, Pringle; Castle Crag, Hitchcock 3078; Sierra Valley, Lemmon 5475; Mono Lake, Bolander 6094; Yosemite Nat. Park, Bolander 6094a, 6101, Hitchcock 3213; Mt. Dana, Bolander ; Sequoia Nat. Park, Hitchcock 3376, 3377; San Bernardino Mts., Abrams 2906, Refs.—MUHLENBERGIA COMATA Thurb.; Benth. in Jour. Linn. Soe. Bot. 19: 83. 1881, Vaseya comata Thurb. in Gray, Proe. Acad. Phila. 1863: 79. 1863; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 278. 1880. 4 2. M. gracilis Trin. Perennial; culms densely cespitose, erect from a short decumbent rhizomatous base, smooth or scabrous above, 6 to 18 inches high; sheaths smooth or scabrous; ligule 2 to 3 lines long; blades erowded at base involute, scabrous, sharp-pointed; panicles narrow, loose, 2 to 4 inches long; glumes broad, oblong, sparsely pubescent, 1 line long, obtuse or more or less erose at apex, the second 3-toothed; lemma 11% lines long, sparsely pubescent at base and margins, gradually narrowed into a slender, more or less female awn 4 to %%4 inch long. Dry ground, middle Sierra Nevada (Yosemite Valley, Bolander 6093; Mt. Tallae, Hitchcock 3143) to Wyoming, south into Mexico. Refs.—MUHLENBERGIA GRACILIS Trin. Gram. Unifl. 193. 1824; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal, 2: 277. 1880. Podosaemum gracile H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 131. 1816. 3. M. lemmoni Scribn. Perennial, from a creeping branching woody rhi- zome; culms slender, wiry, erect or ascending, 1 to 2 feet high; blades flat or somewhat involute, 4% to 1 line wide; panicles narrow, interrupted, the branches short; glumes narrow, gradually acuminate, including the awn about 114 lines long; lemma 11% lines long, acuminate into an awn as much as 3 lines long, the callus hairs rather sparse, about 14 as long as body of lemma. Deserts from southern California (Jamacha, Canby 58) to Texas and northern Mexico. : Ref—MUHLENBERGIA LEMMONI Scribn. Contr. Nat. Herb. 1: 56. 1890. 4. M. californica Vasey. Perennial, the base more or less creeping and rhi- zomatous; culms erect, somewhat woody below, smooth, puberulent about nodes, 1 to 2 feet high; sheaths scaberulous, keeled; ligule scarcely 1% long; blades flat, 2 to 3 lines wide, scabrous, usually short; panicles narrow, spike-like or interrupted, 3 to 6 inches long; glumes narrow, acuminate or awn- pointed, 11% to 2 lines long, scabrous on the keels; lemma about 11% lines long, scabrous, the callus hairs rather sparse, about 14 as long as lemma; awn a line long or less) Confined to southern California. Locs.—Mt. Lowe, Chase 5555; Rialto, Parish 2113; San Bernardino Mts., Parish B 08. 1076, 1628; San Diego, Orcutt. Refs.—MUHLENBERGIA CALIFORNICA Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 53, 1886; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 32. 1904. M. glomerata Trin. var. brevifolia Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 7: 92. 1882, type Pa 7 7 Bros. 1028. M. parishii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 53. 1886, type Parish Bros. 1076 (tk glumes extended into awns 1% line long). M. sylvatica Torr. var. californica Vasey, Bot. Ge 7: 93. 1882, type Parish Bros. 1076. s 5. M. microsperma Trin. Annual, often purple; culms spreading, 6 to 15 inches high, scaberulous especially below the nodes; sheaths smooth or sca- berulous; ligule 1% line long; blades 1 to 2 inches long, % line wide, fiat, scabrous; panicles narrow, loose, 1 to 3 inches long; glumes ovate, obtuse or emarginate, 1-nerved, unequal, the second the longer, 14 line long; lemma narrow, acuminate, 3-nerved, 114 lines long, appressed-pubescent on margin and callus; awn terminal, capillary, 5 to 7 lines long—Cleistogamous spike- lets are developed at the base of the lower sheaths. These are solitary or few in a fascicle in each axil, each spikelet included in the indurated thickened, Aa GRASS FAMILY A Ae i | tightly rolled prophyllum. The glumes are wanting and awn of the lemma reduced, but the grain is larger than that of the spikelets in the terminal inflorescence, being about the same length (1 line) but much thicker. The prophyllum enclosing the spikelet is narrowly conical and readily disarticu- lates from the plant at maturity. Open ground from middle and southern California to Arizona and northern Mexico. Carmel Bay (Elmer 5085) and San Luis Obispo (Brewer 466) south- ward. extending east to Kern Cation (Heller 7654) and The Needles (Chase 5792). eT MICROSPERMA Trin. Gram. Unifl. 193. 1824 (by inference only) ; Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 64. 1829. Trichochloa microsperma DC. Cat. Pl. Monsp. 151. 1813. Muhlenbergia debilis Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4*: 295. 1840; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 277. 1880; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 32. 1904. Podosaemum debile H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 128. 1816. 6. M. porteri Scribn. Perennial; culms woody or persistent at base, numer- ous, wiry, widely spreading or ascending through bushes, scaberulous, more or less branched from all the nodes, 1 to 3 feet long or more; sheaths smooth, spreading away from the branches, the prophyllum conspicuous; blades small, flat, 1 to 2 inches long, early deciduous from the sheath; panicles 2 to 4 inches long, open, the slender branches and branchlets brittle, widely spreading, bear- ing rather few, long-pediceled spikelets; glumes narrow, acuminate, slightly unequal, the second longer, about 1 line long; lemma purple, acuminate, minutely pilose, 114 to 2 lines long, the awn about 3 lines long. Rocky deserts from southern California (San Felipe, San Diego Co., Parish Bros. 1529) to Texas and northern Mexico. Ref.—MUHLENBERGIA PORTERI Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 259. 1896. 7. M. jonesii Hitche. n. comb. Perennial; culms cespitose, erect, slender, about 1 foot high; blades mostly basal, involute, flexuous, scabrous; panicles narrow, loose, 2 to 3 inches long; glumes equal, obtuse, toothed at apex, a little more than 1% line long; lemma 2 lines long, acuminate, awn- pointed. Only known from northeastern California. Loes.—Mt. Shasta, Palmer 2640 in 1892; Warner Valley, Austin 1230; Silver Lake, Baker & Nutting; Prattville, Jones; French Melon. Placer Co., Kennedy § Doten 408. Refs—MUHLENBERGIA JONESII Hitche. Sporobolus jonesii Vasey, Bot. Gaz. 6: 297. 1881, type from Soda Springs, Jones in 1881. © 8. M. filiformis Rydb. Annual or sometimes apparently perennial, rather soft and lax, spreading from a cluster of fibrous roots or with decumbent creep- ing, apparently perennial bases; culms capillary, a few inches to as much as a foot high, often depauperate; blades flat, usually less than an inch long; pani- eles narrow, interrupted, few-flowered, an inch long or less; glumes ovate, 1% line long: lemma lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 1 line ions minutely pu- bescent, scaberulous at tip. Mountain meadows from Siskiyou Co. (Butler 1768) south through the Sierra Nevada to Sequoia Nat. Park (Hitchcock 3420), San Bernardino Mts. (Parish 2101, 3293), and San Jacinto Mts. (Hall 2290); Washington to Mon- tana and Bouthward i in the mountains to Arizona. Refs.—MUHLENBERGIA FILIFORMIS Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 600. 1905. Vilfa depauperata Torr. var. filiformis Thurb.; Wats. King’s Expl. 376. 1871. V. gracillima Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 268. 1880 (based upon two specimens, Sierra Nevada, Brewer, and Yosemite Valley, Bolander), not Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. 1856. Sporobolus filiformis Rydb. _ Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 189. 1895. 9. M. repens Hitche. n. comb. Perennial from woody creeping rhizomes ; 132 GRAMINEAE culms slender, wiry, widely spreading or creeping, 6 to 15 inches long, flower bearing branches ascending; blades involute, arcuate, 4% to 144 inches long; panicles narrow, interrupted, few-flowered, 4 to 1 inch long; glumes ovate, acute, 34 line long, smooth; lemma exceeding the glumes, about 1 line long, smooth or sparsely pubescent, acute or mucronate. Deserts of Inyo Co. (Funeral Mts., Coville & Funston 228), and of Arizona and northern Mexico. Refs.—MUHLENBERGIA REPENS Hitche. Sporobolus repens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 241. 1830. 10. M. squarrosa Rydb. Perennial from numerous hard creeping rhizomes; culms wiry, erect or decumbent at base, from a few inches to as much as 2 feet in height; blades flat or usually ineeiee 1% to 2 inches long; panicle narrow, interrupted, or sometimes rather close and spike-like, 1 to 6 inche long; elumes ovate, 1% line long; lemma lanceolate, acute, mucronate, 1 line long. Dry ground, from Lake Tahoe region (Donner Lake, Heller 7040) to Sam Jacinto Mts. (Hall 786, 2477); Washington to Montana, south to Mexico. Refs.—MUHLENBERGIA SQUARROSA Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club 36: 531. 1909. Vilfa squarros Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sei. Nat. 4’: 100. 1840. V. depauperata Torr.; Hook. Bor. Am. 2: 257. 1840, not Muhlenbergia depauperata Scribn.; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 1880. Sporobolus depauperatus Seribn. Bull. Torr. Club 10: 63. 1883. 17. CRYPSIS Ait. ; Spikelets 1-flowered, in close depressed heads, subtended by 2 inflate sheaths with thorn-like blades. Glumes obtuse. Lemma and 1-nerved pale ; white, membranaceous, longer than the glumes. Much branched, spreadin: annual—Species 1, Mediterranean region, introduced elsewhere. (Greel krupsis, hiding, from the partially concealed inflorescence. ) 1. C. aculeata Ait. Plants prostrate, a foot in diameter, or often depau perate, only an inch or two wide; glumes about 114 lines long, minutel; hispid, about equal in length, the first narrower; lemma about as long as th glumes, scabrous on keel. In overfiowed land of the interior valley: Norman, Colusa Co., Davy; Stoel ton, K. Brandegee. Refs.—CRYPSIS ACULEATA Ait. Hort. Kew. 48. 1789. Schoenus aculeatus L. Sp. Pl. 1753. 18. PHLEUM L. ' Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense cylindrical spike-like panicle Glumes equal, ciliate on the keels, abruptly awn-pointed. Lemma shorter tha the glumes, truncate, hyaline, 5-nerved. Palea narrow, about equaling th lemma. Erect perennials with flat blades——Species 10, temperate and coo regions of the world, 1 a native of America. (Greek phleos, a kind of reed.) Heads cylindrical, several times longer than wide.............2..eeeeeeeees 1. P. pratens Heads ovoid or oblong, 1144 to 2 times as long as broad..........-...+-+00- "2. .P. alpw 1. P. pratense L. Trmoruy. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, from a swollen or bul like base; panicles long-cylindrical, 1 to 4 inches long; awn of glumes | line long. | Commonly escaped from cultivation, along roadsides and in fields and we places. Refs.—PHLEUM PRATENSE L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 262. 188¢ Davy in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 39. 1901; Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. 33. 1904. 2. P. alpinum L. Culms 8 inches to 11% feet high, from a decumbent, som + GRASS FAMILY 113 what creeping base; panicles ellipsoidal or short-cylindrical; awn of glumes 1 line long, giving the head a bristly appearance. Common in mountain meadows, bogs and swamps, in the high Sierra Nevada, and in the Coast Ranges as far south as Mendocino Co.; also in the San Jacinto Mts. Throughout the cooler regions of Eurasia and North America and extend- ing south in the mountains to Mexico and South America. Refs.—PHLEUM ALPINUM L. Sp. Pl. 59. 1753; Thurb. in Wats. Bot. Cal. 2: 263. 1880; “aid in Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 40. 1901. 19. ALOPECURUS L. Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, falling from the axis entire, in dense cylin- drical spike-like panicles. Glumes equal, awnless, usually connate at base, cili- ate on the keel. Lemma broad, obtuse, 5-nerved, about as long as glumes, bearing a slender erect dorsal awn from below the middle, the margins connate near the base. Palea none. Slender annual or perennial grasses, with flat blades and soft panicles.—Species about 20, temperate regions, mostly the north- ern hemisphere. (Greek alopex, fox, and oura, tail.) Spikelets 114 lines long; panicle oblong, 3 lines wide.................... 1. A, californicus. Spikelets 1 line long; panicle narrow, linear, 2 lines wide. ES COLT: RRS 2. A. aristulatus. MCC OMOUET EL SING. 6. 6 cis. sa sieve dived os sac veedue seg haan 3.