f ^^/./A por^U IT' n-i^"^^ '^^'^ ,i p;fW^/./<-?f. /^^.I^^, ^/-.^3^-'^^ ^,;W..i i/^*^'^^^^' /•^ iLrri^r SYMPETALAE HYPOGYNEAE Calyx usually present. Corolla usually present, its petals more or less united into a tube (rarely choripetalous) . Ovary superior (rarely inferior) . LENNOACEAE. Lennoa Family Root-parasitic brown herbs with fleshy stems and scale-like leaves. Flowers perfect, in spikes or heads. Calyx parted into narrow nearly distinct segments. Corolla tubular, the border 5 to 7-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary fleshy, 6 to 14-celled, each 2 cells representing one true cell divided by a false partition; style 1; stigma cx-enulate or obscurely lobed. Fruit concealed in the persistent calj-x and corolla, finally splitting into 12 to 28 1-seeded nutlets. — Genera 3, species 5, southwestern United States and Mexico. Bibliog.— Palmer, Edw., Sand Food (Eept. U. S. Com. Agr. for 1870 :424,— 1871) . Gray, A., Lennoaceae in Syn. Fl. 2:50-51 (1878). Orcutt, C. R., [Notes on] Lennoaceae (West Am. Sci. 6:137, — 1889). Drude, O., Lennoaceae (Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflzfam. 4^:12-15, fig. 7, — . 1897). Flowers in a spike; calyx-segments glandular-puberulent 1. Pholisma. Flowers in a saucer-shaped head; calyx-segments plumosely hairy 2. Ammobroma. 1. PHOLISMA Nutt. Stem simple, ending in a simple or compactly branched dense spike. Sepals 5, 6 or 7, naked. Corolla border undulate-plicate, spreading, shallowly 5, 6 or 7- lobed, each lobe emarginate. — Species 1. (Greek pholis, a scale, referring to the scaly stem. ) 1. P. arenarium Nutt. Plant erect, 6 to 10 inches high ; spikes oblong, rai-ely capitate, 1 to 5 inches long ; corolla purplish with white border, 2 lines broad. Sandy flats, mesas, dunes or beaches, 5 to 2200 feet : coast line from San Luis Obispo Co. to San Diego Co. ; Mohave and Colorado deserts. South to Lower Cali- fornia. Dec. -June. Locs. — Pholisma arenarium is parasitic on the roots of certain shrubs such as Eriogonum par- vifolium, Erieameria erieoides, Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. graveolens and Eriodictyon crassi- f olium. At Manhattan Beach, north of Eedondo Beach, it occurs on the two shrubs first mentioned, and also on the herb Abronia urabellata. The follo\Ting stations validate the indicated range. Coast line: Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo Co., E. N. Wilcox; Santa Monica, J. J. Rivers: Man- hattan Beach, Los Angeles, T. TV. Minthorn; San Diego. Mohave Desert: Freeman, Indian WeUs Valley, Eall ^ Chandler 7368; Lancaster, Fringle ; Mohave sta. ; Kramer, Elizabeth DeWolf; Barstow, Mary Beal; Old Woman Sprs., Jepson 5947. Colorado Desert : Pleasant Valley, Lookout Mt., n. of Indio, Jepson; Borrego Sprs.; Myers Creek bridge, foot of Mountain Springs grade, Jepson 11,791. Eefs. — Pholisma arenarium Nutt.; Hook., Icon. PI. t. 62G (1844), "Monterey and San Diego," Nuttall (but not found at Monterey since Nuttall's day, therefore probably an error) ; Jepson, Man. 734 (1925). P. depress^im Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 1:198 (1885), type loc. Cape San Quentin, L. Cal., Greene. 2. AMMOBROMA Torr. Stem simple, ending above in a saucer-shaped head densely clothed with flowers. Sepals 6 to 10, filiform, plumosely hairy, as long as the corolla or somewhat longer. Corolla purple, tubular, G-lobed, the lobes very short, emarginate. — Species 1. (Greek ammos, sand, and broma, food.) 1. A. sonorae Torr. Sand Food. (See Frontispiece.) Plant buried in the ^ sand up to the very woolly head; head like a mushroom in shape, 314 inches in diameter. [17] 18 ERICACEAE Sandhills, 25 to 550 feet : .southeastern Colorado Desert. South to Lower Cali- fornia and Sonora, east to Arizona. May. Field note. — Tlie stem descends in tlie sand to a considerable depth, about 2 to 4 feet. In 1916 J. Tilley discovered a plant on the Colorado Desert at a point about 20 miles east of Brawley (east of the "East Highline"). He dug down 4 feet, follo\ring the stem, without coming to the root which consists of a mass of fibers wliere attached to the root of the host plant. The stem, chiefly below ground therefore, thickens upward and becomes Yz to 1% inches in diameter and is fleshy. The original discoverer, A. B. Gray, found the plant in 1854 w'hilc engaged on a transconti- nental railroad survey. His account of it may be abstracted as follows : The whole plant except the top is buried in the sand. It is very abundant in the sandhills which stretch from Adair Bay around the head of the Gulf of California aud forms one of the principal sources of food of the Papago Indians who eat the fleshy stems boiled or roasted. So prepared. Gray described the freshly cooked plant as "luscious" and resembling in taste the sweet potato, only far more delicate (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 8:53-54). Edward Palmer thought the taste of it was like that of the heart of a cabbage (West Am. Sci. 6:137). In California Ammobroma sonorae is a rare plant, but collections have been made at Meloland (Bot. Gaz. 65 : 340), near Hedges Mine, Ogilby {A. L. Stockton), and Grays Well, Algodones Sandhills, ace. Kearney. Eefs. — Ammobroma sonorae Torr., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 8:52, pi. 1 (1867), type loc. sandhills about Adair Bay, Sonora, Jlex., .1. B. Gray; Jepson, Man. 735 (1925). ERICACEAE. Heath Family Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves simple, alternate in all our genera except four, mostly evergreen and stiff and coriaceous. Flowers white or red, regu- lar aud symmetrical, with the parts in 5s, i-arely in 4s. Calyx 5 (or 4)-lobed or -parted, or consisting of 5 (or 4) distinct or nearly distinct sepals. Corolla sym- petalous, rarely choripetalous. Stamens free from the corolla, as many or com- monly twice as many as its lobes or petals and distinct from them; anthers 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore or sometimes longitudinally, frequently bearing two awn-like appendages. Ovary superior or inferior, 4 to 10 (rarely 1. 2 or 3) -celled, with usually axile placentae bearing numerous ovules. Style 1 ; stigma 1, entire or merely lobed. — Flowers often pendulous. Leaves opposite in Kalmia, Cassiope, Chimaphila and IMoneses. Rhododendron has a slightly irregular corolla, Allo- tropa has none. — Genera 77, species 1400, all continents. Bibliog. — MacDougal, D. T., Symbiotic Saprophytism (Pterospora), (Ann. Bot. 13:31-38,— 1899). Fernald, M. L., Pyrola asarifolia Michx. var. inearnata (Ehod. 6:178-179, — 1904) ; The Alpine Bearberries and the generic status of Arctous (Ehod. 16:21-32, — 1914). Andres, H., Bei- trage zur Kenntnis der Pyrolaceae (Fedde, Eep. 10:134-144, — 1911). Davidson, J., Newberrya congesta Torr. (First Eep. Brit. Columbia Bot. Office 26-28,-1913). Blake, S. F., Moneses uni- flora var. reticulata (Ehod. 17:28-29, — 1915) ; Variations of ChimaphDa umbellata (Ehod. 19: 237-244, — 1917). Dahl, A., Allotropa virgata (Madroiio 1:62, — 1917). Henderson, Margaret W., Comparative study of the structure and saprophytism of the Pyrolaceae and Monotropaceae with reference to their derivation from the Ericaceae (Contrib. Bot. Lab. Univ. Penn. 5 :42-109, — • 1919). Jepson, W. L., Pleuricospora fimbriolata in the Santa Cruz Mts. (Nemophila 11 :43-44, — ■ 1920); Variation in Hemitomes congestum (I.e. 11:44, — 1920). Wilson, E. H., & Eehder, A., A monograph of Azaleas (Arnold Arboretum Publ. 9:1-219, — 1921). White, P. J., Great abun- dance of pine drops and snow plant (Yos. Nature Notes 9:78, — 1930). Abrams, L. E., The Dwarf Gaultherias in California (Madroiio 2:121-122,-1934). Copeland, H. F., The structure of the flower of Newberrya (Madroiio 2:137-142,-1934); On the genus Pityopus (Madrono 3:154-168, — 1935); The reproductive structures of Pleuricospora (Madroiio 4:1-16, — 1937); The structure of Allotropa (Madroiio 4:137-153,-1938). A. Shrubs or trees (often small or diminutive shrubs) ; leaves alternate (except in Kalmia and Cassiope); corolla sympetalous (except Ledum). Ovary wholly superior. — Subfamily Ericineae. Fruit a dry capsule. Anthers awnless; capsule septicidal. Corolla with distinct petals; leaves resin-dotted beneath 1. Ledum. HEATH FAMILY 19 Corolla sympetalous (as in all the following). Large shrubs with broad leaves; leaf -buds scaly. Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed 2. Rhododendeon. Corolla cylindric-urnshaped, 4-lobed 3. Menziesia. Diminutive alpine or subalpine shrubs with narrow small leaves; no scaly leaf- buds. Corolla saucer-shaped with 10 pockets holding the anthers i. Kalmia. Corolla open-eampanulate, without pockets 5. Phyllodoce. Antliers awned or mucronate ; capsule loculicidal. Corolla cup-shaped; anthers awned; leaves scale-like, imbricated, sessile 6. Cassiope. Corolla ovate with narrow orifice ; anthers not awned, merely mucronate ; leaves broad, petioled 7. Leucothoe. Fruit a berry or drupe. Calyx tubular, becoming fleshy in fruit and enclosing the capsule; anthers awned or awn- less; flowers in a raceme or solitary 8. Gatiltheria. Calyx with distinct sepals, dry, persistent in fruit but insignificant; anthers awned ; fruit a berry or berry-like. Surface of fruit granular or warty. Flowers in a panicle; calyx glabrous 9. Arbutus. Flowers in a raceme; calyx tomentose 10. Comarostaphtlis. Surface of fruit smooth or sometimes merely glandular ; flowers in a panicle, rarely in a raceme 11. Arctostaphylos. Ovary wholly inferior. — Subfamily Vaccinieae 12. Vaccinium. B. Herbs or herb-like plants; coroUa choripetalous (except nos. 19, 20 and 21) ; anthers ■without awns (except no. 19) . Plants with evergreen leaves (one species leafless); leaves in whorls or basal; corolla chori- petalous.— Subfamily Pyrolineae. Stems leafy; flowers corymbose; filaments with a conspicuous roundish dilation; style short. 13. Chimaphila. Stems leafy at base only ; filaments not dilated ; style commonly elongated. Flowers solitary; stigma with 5 radiating lobes 14. Moneses. Flowers racemose; stigma 5-lobed or -toothed 15. Pyrola. Humus plants or saprophytes without green leaves; leaves replaced by alternate scales. — Sub- family MONOTROPEAE. Ovary 4 to 7-celIed. Corolla none ; stems streaked red and white 16. Allotropa. Corolla present. Corolla choripetalous ; ovary seated on an 8 to 12-toothed disk, the teeth deflexed. Stems 1-flowered 17. Monotropa. Stems several-flowered 18. Hypopitys. Corolla sympetalous ; disk none. Anthers awned; corolla 2% lines long 19. Pterospora. Anthers not awned; corolla 6 to 9 lines long 20. Saecodes. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla sympetalous; sepals mostly 2; flower parts hairy 21. Newberrya. Corolla with distinct petals ; sepals 4 or 5, glabrous. Filaments glabrous; corolla glabrous; inflorescence a dense spike 22. Pleuricospoea. FUaments hairy; corolla hairy within; inflorescence a pyramidal raceme 23. PiTYOPUS. 1. LEDUM L. Labrador Tea Evergreen shrubs with fragrant herbage. Leaves alternate, entire, the margin disposed to be revolute. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like corj^mbs from large scaly buds. Pedicels slender. Sepals 5, almost distinct, very small. Petals 5, distinct, obovate, spreading. Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule 5-celled, dehiscing from the base upward, many-seeded; placentae borne on the summit of the axis of the fruit. — Species 3, North America, Europe and Asia. (Greek Ledon, ancient name of the Cistus.) 1. L. glandulosum Nutt. Trappers Tea. (Fig. 280.) Low, 2 to 5 feet high; leaves thickly clothing the stems, the blades oblong, acute at each end, mucronate at apex, 1 to 2% inches long, green and glabrous on both sides, or light-colored 20 ERICACEAE beneath with a gland-dotted felt; petals elliptic-ovate, 2V2 to 3 lines long; stamens 10; filaments ciliate toward the base; capsules oval, 2 lines long; pedicels recurved in fruit. Colonizing borders of wet meadows, lake shores or marshy places : Sierra Ne- vada, 4000 to 9000 (or 11,000) feet, from Tulare Co. to Lassen Co. ; along the coast, 20 to 500 feet, from the Santa Cruz Mts. to Del Norte Co. North to Oregon and thence east to the Rocky Mts. June-July. Poisonous to sheep. Locs.' — Sierra Nevada: Mt. Silliman, Tulare Co., Bopping 317; Williams Mdw., Kings Eiver, Jepson 760; Huntingtou Lake, Ferguson 395; Kaiser Eidge, Jepson; Bloody Canon, Mono Co., Jepson; Mt. Lyell, Jepson 3352; Soda Springs Caiion, Kennedy Lake, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 505; Pacific Valley, Alpine Co., Jepson 10,158; Heather Lake, Eldorado Co., Jepson 8166; Lake Angeline, Placer Co., Sonne 207; Castle Peak, Nevada Co., Sonne; Scales Diggings, Sierra Co., C. B. Bradley: Mineral, Tehama Co., J. Grinnell; Lassen Creek, Lassen Co., R. M. Austin 145. Coast Ranges: Boul- der Creek, Santa Cruz Co., C. A. Meed: Inverness, Marin Co., Jepson 8306 ; Pitkin swamp, Sonoma Co., M. S. Bal-er; Ft. Bragg, W. C. Matheivs 117 ; Big Lagoon, Humboldt Co., Tracy 6728; Gasquet, Del Norte Co., Davy. Refs. — Leduii glandulosum Nutt., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 8:270 (1843), type loc. "Thornberg's ravine," central chain of the Rocky Mts., Nuttall; Jepson, PI. W. Mid. Cal. 369 (1901), ed. 2, 311 (1911), Man. 740, fig. 722 (1925). 2. RHODODENDRON L. Ours shrubs with alternate entire leaves crowded on the flowering branches. Flowers in umbels or corymbs, from terminal buds with thin deciduous scales. Calyx small. Corolla funnel- form to campanulate, cleft, often somewhat iiTeg- ular. Stamens 5 or 10. Style filiform; stigma capitate or somewhat lobed. Fruit a septicidal 5-celled capsule, the valves separating from the columella. — Species about 100, North America, Europe and Asia. (Greek rhodos, rose, and den- dron, tree.) Deciduous; flowers commonly white; stamens 5, exserted 1. S. occidentale. Evergreen; flowers rose-pink; stamens 10, included 2. S. californicum. 1. R. occidentale Gray. Western Azalea. (Fig. 281.) Loosely or widely branching shrub 3 to 8 (rarely to 14 or 21) feet high; leaves thin, the blades nar- rowly or broadly obovate, 1 to 4 inches long, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous; calyx 5-parted, its lobes ovate or oval, ciliate, 1 to 2 (or 3) lines long; corolla white or sometimes pink, IY2 to ITs inches long, 5-cleft, slightl.y irregular, the upper lobe with a large yellow splotch, the tube funnelfonn, glandular-viscid outside; ovary denseh' pubescent with whitish gland-tipped hairs. Stream banks or moist fiats, rarel.y on open slopes, rather common : Cuyamaca, Palomar and San Jacinto mountains, 5000 to 6000 feet; Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 7500 feet, in Kem Co. and from Fresno Co. to eastern Siskiyou Co.; Coast Ranges (excepting the inner ranges), 50 to 4800 feet, from San Benito Co. to Del Norte Co. North to southwestern Oregon. May-Jul.y. Geog. note. — Though so widely spread in montane country throughout the state, there are curious gaps in the distribution of Rhododendron occidentale. It is not known in the Kaweah River basin, although found northward and southward in the Sierra Nevada. While it occurs in the chain of mountains facing the Colorado Desert, from the Cuyamaca Mts. to the San Jacinto Mts., it is apparently absent from the San Bernardino, San Gabriel, Santa Inez and Santa Lucia ranges, in all of which there would seem to be favorable habitats. The shrub sprouts from the root-crown or stump when the top is destroyed. The flowers have a somewhat distinctive odor. Sheepmen justly fear the herbage as poisonous to their flocks. d Fig. 280. Ledum gl.^ndulosum Nutt. a, flowering branchlet, X % ; 6, long. sect, of fl., X 2 ; c, stamen, X i; d, capsule, X 2. HEATH FAMILY 21 Locs. — S. Cal.: Cuyamaca Mts., Pahner 213; Mesa Grande, San Diego Co., E. Ferguson 108; Palomar Mt., Parish 4408; Dark Canon, San Jacinto Mts., Jepson 2271. Sierra Nevada: Cane Sprs., Black Mt., Greenhorn Mts., ace. Charlotte N. Smith; Millwood, Fresno Co., Culhertson 4693 ; Shaver Lake, Fresno Co., Jepson 13,283 ; Fresno Big Trees, Madera Co., Jepson 15,975 ; Merced Big Trees, Jepson 14,669; Hetch-Hetchy, Jepson; Big Creek, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 8343; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,198 ; Stirling, Butte Co., Seller 10,800; Cedar Run, Shasta Co., Baker 4' Nutting ; Shasta Sprs. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 14,671. Coast Banges: Fremont Peak, Gabilan Range, Elmer 4748; Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson; Butano Creek, San Mateo Co., Elmer 4298 ; Mill Val- ley, Marin Co., Jepson 14,670 ; Howell Mt., Jepson 17,596 ; betw. Melburne and Comptche, Mendocino Co., Jepson 2231; Horse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 7663; Castle Lake, e. slope Trinity Mts., Condit ; Scott River valley, Siskiyou Co., T. E. Gilbert; Smith River, Del Norte Co., Jepson. Var. sonomense Rehd. Leaf -blades % to 1 inch long; corolla rose-pink or white, the upper segment with a salmon-colored oblong spot in the middle. — Canons, 500 to 1000 feet : east side of the Napa Range from Mt. St. Helena south to Butts Canon, Jepson 15,697. Attributed by E. L. Greene to the "neighbor- hood of Petaluma," an unlikely locality. Var. paladosum Jepson. Habit more compact; leaf -blades 1% to 1?4 inches long; flowers more nu- merous; calyx-lobes linear-oblong; corolla usually pink outside, white or slightly pinkish inside, except the yellowish upper lobe. — Damp places on hillsides and terraces near the ocean, 5 to 100 feet: middle Hum- boldt coast to the Del Norte coast. The flowers are without odor. Refs. — Rhododendron occidentale Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:458 (1876); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 369 (1901), ed. 2, 311 (1911), Man. 741, fig. 723 (1925). Azalea occidentalis T. & G., Pae. B. Rep. 4:116 (1857), type loc. "Laguna de Santa Rosa," Sonoma Co., Bigelow. R. calendulaceum H. & A., Bot. Beech. 362 (1838), based on Douglas plants from Cal.; not R. calendulaceum Torr. (1824). Aza- lea calif ornica T. & G. ; Dur., Jour. Acad. Phila. ser. 2, 3:94 (June, 1855), type loc. Deer Creek, Nevada City, Pratten ; not R. californicum Hook. (1855). Var. SONOMENSE Rehd. ; Wilson & Rehder, Monog. Azaleas 127 (1921"). E. sonomense Greene, Pitt. 2:172 (1891), type loc. Mt. St. Helena (locality first cited), Greene. Var. paludosum Jepson, Man. 741 (1925), type loc. Loleta (not "Fortuna"), Humboldt Co., Jep- son 1916. 2. R. californicum Hook. California Rose Bay. (Fig. 282.) Rather closely erect shrub 4 to 8 feet high, or in the northern Red- woods a small tree up to 26 feet high; leaves coriaceous and evergreen, the blades oblong or elliptic, shortly acute, green above, rusty or lighter beneath, 2i/2 to 5% inches long; calyx 5-lobed, its lobes obtuse, ^2 line long; corolla turbinate-campanulate, rose-pink, 11,4 inches long, its broad lobes undulate, the upper lobe greenish-dotted within; ovary densely red- silky. Moist hillslopes or in forest shade, 20 to 3000 feet : along the coast from Monterey Co. ^. ggg. rhododendron to Del Norte Co. North to Washington. Apr.- nicdm Hook, a, fl. branchlet, June. fl., X % ; c, capsule, X %. Fig. 281. Rhododendron occiden- tale Gray, a, fl. branchlet, X % ; b, cap- sule, X %. CALIFOK- X % ; b. 22 ERICACEAE Field note. — Eliododendron californicum is very eominon in the great coastal Eedwood belt between KJamath River and Crescent City. It is especially abundant just north of Wilson Creek, whore for six miles it is the dominant on the forest floor. Hit;hly developed in this region, the in- dividuals range from 10 to 15 feet in height, or even up to 26 feet. The understory often forms an almost perfect canopy and when in flower in June there is presented to the traveler an impres- sive spectacle of the Redwood area. This species also occurs in the chaparral formation on Mt. Tamalpais, on French Camp Ridge in Humboldt Co. and in Del Norte Co. In the north it is in such situations (says J. P. Tracy) a bush about 6 feet tall and quite different in habit from the straggling tree-like shrubs of the dense forest belt. Locs. — Malpaso Creek, Monterey coast, if. A. Greene; WaddeU Creek, Santa Cruz Mts. ; Mt. Tamalpais (ridge w. of Mill Valley), comm. Adeline Frederick ; Ft. Bragg, Jepson ; betw. Kenny and Usal, Mendocino Co., Jepson 2222; Trinidad, Humboldt Co., Geo. B. Parrish; Mud Sprs., Trinity Summit, Davy 5762; Prairie Creek, Jepson; Crescent City (e. of), Goddard 383; Gasquet, Tracy 12,373. Kefs. — Rhododendron californicum Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 4863 (July 1, 1855), type from Cal., Lohh; Jepson, PI. W. Mid. Cal. 369 (1901), ed. 2, 311 (1911), Man. 741, fig. 724 (1925). 3. MENZIESIA Sm. Shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves. Wiiilcr bul;lo.sa Eastw. Sluuli showing the heavy tuber-like root-crown, with the erect slioots which (lcveh)pe(l from its surface after tire. Soutli sh.pes of Jit. T:inuil|>:iis, Sept., IfH.S. bert and A. K. Wii^slander. Fig. 295. ARCTORTArHYLOs Ni-M.Mn.AKiA (Jmy. Pure coh)iiy kilh'd completely by fire and partially ccmsumed. No erown-sprouting occurs because the root-system is fire-killed. South slopes of Mt. Tamaliiais, Sept., lOl.i. HEATH FAMILY 33 feature. Habit or form ia frequently of marked value. As a rule it is the sum total of characters in Arctostaphylos that qualifies a species, rather than one or two constant marks. The flower in Arctostaphylos is very uniform throughout the group, exhibiting only slight differences in the various species. Similarly the inflorescence is very uniform in structure ; less commonly is it distinctive, though often exhibiting somewhat intangible or minor differences. The months from January to April cover the flowering periods of most species. The embryonic panicles are, however, developed in the preceding May to July and remain dormant for six to nine months. During the dry fall season the shrubs, therefore, bear, antecedent to the flowering panicles, structures which are peculi.ar. When trailing in the Napa Kange in September, 1915, the author first made record in his field book of the embryonic panicles of Arctostaphylos stanfor- diana which are markedly different from those of the associated Arctostaphylos manzanita : those of the former are very slender, elongated, erect, glabrous, and bear small buds ; those of the latter are coarser, pendulous, puberulent and bear large buds. The embryonic panicles of Arctostaphy- los elegans are different from either: they are coarse, minutely puberulent, consisting commonly of several to many simple branches, all of which, closely parallel, curve a little in one direction, that is outward or downward ; the bracts are short and broad but nearly conceal the buds. In the case of Arctostaphylos viscida the panicle from August to November is extremely small, consist- ing of 1 or 2 very short branches with acuminate bracts which almost completely hide the buds. The embryonic panicles of Arctostaphylos canescens are stoutish, compact, curved, densely long- bracteate and white-pubescent. In Arctostaphylos glandulosa the branches of the embryonic panicles are few and curve a little ; the bracts are not so congested as in Arctostaphylos canescens and tend to be suddenly contracted above the broad base which conceals the bud. In the case of Arctostaphylos viseida the embryonic panicle is extremely small, consisting of one or two or few very short slender branches with acuminate bracts which almost completely hide the buds. The closely related Arctostaphylos mariposa exhibits similar embryonic panicles, the branches being a little stouter than in Arctostaphylos viscida and the bracts perhaps less acumi- nate. The slight difference in the embryonic panicles of these two species reflects the weakness of other differences or presumed differences which have been used to sustain Arctostaphylos mariposa as a distinct species. The most common species in the Sierra Nevada belt above Arctostaphylos viscida is Arctostaphylos patula. The panicle branches in this species are several, diverging a little, with the bracts distinctly spreading at right angles to the rachis as contrasted with the closely appressed bracts of both Arctostaphylos viscida and mariposa. The above notes on the embryonic panicles began with the representation in the Napa Eange, thence to Mt. Konocti in Lake County, and has been only partially extended over the state. It seems probable, nevertheless, that in all species the embryonic panicles will be found to exhibit characteristics which will be of value in either a positive or negative manner. Here is a source of character differential which could not have been predicted. Unquestionably there are other ele- ments in the field of the life history of these species awaiting discovery. Contributions to our knowledge of Arctostaphyli in western America have been made by a number of authors. Such contributions, diagnoses of new species and taxonomie accounts of the genus, have extended the field of knowledge, but at the same time also multiplied greatly the prob- lems by reason of the very nature of the group and its development. It is, therefore, no reflection upon the distinguished botanists who have had to do with the publication of new species in this genus to say that an extended monograph of Arctostaphylos is now a desideratum. No revision will answer, however, which restricts itself to the usages of taxonomie formalism, to the morphological features usually depended upon in systematic botany, such as shape of leaf, color of flower and details of pubescence and glandulosity. The attack must be on the broadest possible basis and broad consideration given in the field to certain objectives, which may in part be listed, in relation to each species, as follows: (a) study of habitat; (b) study of form; (c) statistical notes on range of variation in vegetative organs; (d) evaluation of glands and glandular development and degree of variation; (e) kinds and character of trichomes, their variation and their degree of persistence; (f) reproductive organs; (g) extent of interbreeding under natural conditions; (h) seed production, character of seedlings and of reproduction in the juvenile stage; (i) develop- ment of root-crowns and burls; (j) reaction to chaparral fires; (k) seed hibernation and seed longevity under natural conditions ; (1) associated species; (m) centers of distribution ; (n) de- gree of constancy throughout range ; (o) study of minor forms; (p) climatic factors ; (q) relation of a given type or form to minor climatic areas; (r) correlation of distribution with chemical characters of soils or with a definite degree of soil acidity; (s) relation of the species or minor forms to fault blocks large and small and their geological history; (t) the organism as a whole and the discovery of as yet unknown constants or factors which in all probability exist. It ia peculiarly true in Arctostaphylos that no tests can be applied in this genus for the species as a whole, but that each species must be worked out on its own basis as to the significant criteria for that species. The problem of Arctostaphylos in the Coast Eanges is very unlike that in the Sierra Nevada. In the Sierra Nevada the species are fewer and are, on the whole, relatively constant throughout the length of that mountain chain. There are only two narrow endemics in the Sierra Nevada: one, Arctostaphylos nissenana in the Eldorado County foothills, the other, A. myrtifolia in the Amador County foothills. In the Coast Ranges, on the contrary, there are not only a larger num- 34 ERICACEAE ber of species, but a very large number of minor forms of restricted habitat, perhaps as many as eighty, which minor forms without doubt are more or less clearly associated with miuor climatic areas and also have a relation to fault blocks and the geological history of the region. These minor forms cannot be ignored, but the problem of associating them in specific units calls for extended and close knowledge subject to searching and critical analyses of field materials, cultural studies and results. Bibliog. — Parry, C. C, Arctostaphylos, Pacific Coast species (Proc. Davenp. Acad. 4:31-37, — 1882), Californian Manzanitas (Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:483-496,-1887). Eastwood, A., Manzanitas of Mt. Tamalpais (Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, 1:81-85, — 1897) ; Further observations on the Man- zanitas of Mt. Tamalpais (I.e. 1:126-128, — 1S9S). New Manzanitas from Santa Cruz Isl. (Lflts. W. Hot. 1:61-63,-1933); New species of Californian Arctostaphylos (1. c. 1:73-80,-1933); Revision of genera related to Arctostaphylos (1. c. 1:97-100, — 1934) ; A revision of Arctostaphy- los with key and descriptions (1. c. 1:105-127, — 1934) ; a useful paper as bringing together into one view all Californian species published up to that time ; a special index to the paper is thought- fully provided. Abrams, L. E., Uva-ursi (N. Am. Fl. 29:92-101,-1914) ; Notes on some type specimens of Arctostaphylos (Lflts. W. Bot. 1:84-87, — 1934). Fernald, M. L., and Macbride, J. F., The N. Am. variations of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Rhod. 16:211-313, — 1914). Macbride, J. F., Arctostaphylos tomentosa Liudl. (Contrib. Gray Herb. 56:55, — 1918). Jepson, W. L., Regeneration in Manzanita (Madroiio 1:3-11, pis. 1-2 and figs. 1-5, — 1916); Revision of the Californian species of the genus Arctostaphylos (1. c. 1:76-86, 88-96, figs. 1-3,-1922); The role of fire in relation to the differentiation of species in the chaparral (Proc. Fifth Intern. Bot. Cong. Rep. Proc, Cambridge, England, 1930: 114-116,-1931). Merriam, C. H., Two new Man- zanitas from the Sierra Nevada of California (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31:101-103, pis. 2-5, — 1918). Howell, J. T., Field notes on the Manzanitas of Santa Cruz Island (Lflts. W. Bot. 1 :63- 64, — 1933). Adams, J. E., Some observations on two species of Arctostaphylos (Madroiio 2: 147-152, figs. 1-8, — 1934) ; A systematic study of the genus Arctostaphylos Adans. (1935, ms.). A. Dwarf or procumbent or low shrubs Vi to 2 feet high (nos. 4 and 7 sometimes up to 4 or 7 feet high) ; leaves small, mostly 4 to 7 (or 12) lines long; berry glabrous. Seashore species or species near the coast line. Ovary glabrous; pedicels glabrous or nearly so. Leaves mostly obovate, rounded or obtuse at apex. Leaves both sides alike; berry mostly pink or red 1. A. uva-ursi. Leaves green above, pale beneath ; berry brown 2. A. pumila. Leaves ovate or obovate, shortly acute at apex, both sides alike; berry brovra 3. A. liookeri. Ovary white-hairy; apex of leaves mostly short-acute 4. A. nummularia. Sierra Nevada species ; ovary glabrous. Bark smooth ; leaves green. Stems procumbent, forming a rough mat; branchlets puberulent; high Sierra Nevada and high northern ranges 5. A. nevadensis. Stems spreading, forming low shrubs % to 1%, feet high; branchlets hirsute or bristly; Amador Co. foothills 6. A. myrtifolia. Bark rough ; leaves white-glaucous (at least in age) ; stems erect, 4 to 7 feet high ; branchlets villous; Eldorado Co. foothills 7. A. nissenana. B. Erect or spreading robust shrubs mostly 4 to 10 feet high (nos. 18, 19 and 20 often 2 or 3 feet high) ; leaves larger, mostly 1 to 2 inches long. 1. Ovary glabrous (except in no. 17); leaves and hrancldets glabrous or essentially so, at most puberulent, never hirsute or bristly (glandular-hairy in no. 17). Pedicels not glandular or only obscurely or minutely so; berry glabrous, not glandular (except in A. elegans). Panicles very dense ; peduncles and rachises minutely glandular, not pubescent ; leaves dark green ; higher forest belt, chiefly Sierra Nevada 8. A. patula. Panicles more open ; peduncles and rachises not glandular. Branches disposed to be erect and straightish ; peduncles and rachises glabrous or nearly so ; leaves bright green, glossy. Corolla pink ; berry not glandular ; North Coast Ranges, mostly the middle range, and Mt. Diablo 9. A. stanfordiana. Corolla white; berry all over glandular; Lake Co 10. A. elegans. Branches crooked, spreading vsddely. Leaves obtuse or acute, more than 1 inch long. HEATH FAMILY 35 Peduncles and raehises canescently puberulent; panicles drooping; leaves dull green. Berry with separate nutlets; North Coast Ganges and n. Sierra Nevada foothills 11. A. manzanita. Berry with a solid stone; Tehachapi Mts. to San Gabriel Mts 12. A. parryana. Peduncles and raehises glabrous or minutely puberulent; panicles erect or only half -drooping ; leaves pale or whitish; Sierra Nevada.. 13. A. mewukha. Leaves abruptly acute, mueronate, commonly less than 1 inch long ; mts. of S. Cal. and n. to Marin Co 14. A. pungens. Pedicels glandular ; foliage very white-glaucous. Berry with solid stone ; pedicels viscid-glandular, sometimes glandular-pubescent ; S. Cal. and South Coast Ranges 15. A. glauca. Berry with separate nutlets; pedicels glandular-hairy; branchlets and peduncles very glau- cous ; Sierra Nevada foothills chiefly. Ovary glabrous; branchlets aud peduncles glabrous and glaucous 16. A. viscida. Ovary glandular-hairy; branchlets and peduncles glandular-hairy 17. A. mariposa. S. Ovary pubescent; leaves and branchlets pubescent or usually so, often hirsute or bristly. Leaves plane, vertical. Bracts herbaceous or brown. Sepals entire or merely ciliate. Stems several from a heavy woody basal platform ; branchlets pubescent or puberu- lent and with spreading hairs or bristles, or merely pubescent ; ovary white- hairy. Main stems with smooth bark ; ovary hairs glandular ; berry with scattered short white hairs or glabrate, glandular or not glandular; Coast Ranges and coastal S. Cal 18. A. glandulosa. Main stems with shreddy bark ; ovary hairs not glandular ; berry with scattered white hairs or glabrate, not glandular ; coast line, South Coast Ranges and Santa Barbara Isls 19. A. tomentosa. Stems single, no enlargement at ground level. Leaves white-pubescent, at least when young ; branchlets white-pubescent, des- titute of bristles or spreading hairs ; Coast Ranges and coastal S. Cal. 20. A. canescens. Leaves green, puberulent to glabrous, rarely densely pubescent ; branchlets pubescent or puberulent and commonly also with spreading hairs or bristles, usually not glandular. Leaf -blades not cordate at base or rarely, petioled ; berry minutely white- hairy, not glandular, or sometimes berry viscid ; along the coast from Marin Co. to Del Norte Co 21. A. columbiana. Leaf -blades mostly cordate, sessile or subsessile ; berry viscid-pubescent ; South Coast Ranges 22. A. andersonii. Sepals with a glandular-fimbriate edge; berry nearly glabrous; Santa Barbara Isls 23. A. insularis. Bracts pink, petal-like; stone solid; S. Cal 24. A. drupacea. Leaves strongly revolute, not vertical; stone solid; mostly S. Cal. coast 25. A. hicolor. 1. A. uva-ursi Spr. Red Bear-berey. Sand-berey. Steins several, trailing, prostrate or buried beneath the sand (all from a single main root), giving rise to erect branching stems 4 to 6 inches high ; bark dark brown or somewhat reddish, becoming roughish ; leaf -blades oval or obovate, rounded at apex, rarely retuse or subacute, often reticulate-veiny, puberulent or nearly glabrous, especially in age, % to 1 inch long ; corolla ovoid, white or pinkish, 2i'2 to 3 lines long ; ovary gla- brous ; berry typically brilliant red or pink, smooth and glabrous, 3 to 4% lines in diameter; nutlets 1 or sometimes 3-nerved on the back, obscurely roughened or reticulate on the sides. Sand-diuies and grass}' headlands along the ocean shore, 5 to 200 feet : Pt. Reyes Peninsula; Mendocino Co.; Humboldt Bay; Del Norte Co. Bast to New Jersey and Labrador, north to Alaska, thence around the earth in northern regions. Apr.- May. Field note. — Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is, in our region, seldom found more than a half-mile from the ocean. Typically it is a boreal species. On sandy flats the prostrate stems often root. Locs. — Inverness Ridge, Ewan 8086 ; Gualala, comm. B. P. Brandt ; Point Arena, C. F. Baker 36 ERICACEAE 5258; Fort Bragg, Mathews; Samoa, Humboldt Co., Davy 6184; Lake Earl, Del Norte Co., Euby Van Deventer 73. Aleutian Isls. : Iliuliuk, Jepson 162. Refs. — Arctostaphylos tjva-ursi Spr., Syst. 2:287 (1825) ; Jepson, Man. 748 (1925). Ar- tijilus uva-ursi L., Sp. PI. 395 (1753), "in Europa frigida, Canada." Vva-ursi uva-ursi Britt. ; Britt. & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2 :693 (1913). Branchlets of plants of the California coast line vary from subglabrous to microscopically puberulent, lightly pubescent or rarely subtomentulose. Per- sistence of pubescence varies markedly in one narrow locality. The var. coactilis Fer. & Mcbr. (Rhod. 16:212, — 1914) is a form in which the minute tomeutum of the branchlets is persistent. 2. A. pumila Nutt. Dune Manzanita. Stems prostrate with ascending branches 4 to 8 inches high, forming somewhat coarse or rough mats 2 to 5 feet broad ; branchlets and rachises puberulent ; leaf -blades obovate, aeutish, dull green and glabrous above, finely puberulent and pale beneath, 5 to 9 lines long ; pedicels nearly glabrous; corolla lYz lines long; ovary glabrous or nearly so; berries red- dish or red-brown, globose or globose-oblong, smooth, glabrous, 2 to 3 lines in diam- eter; nutlets 3 to 5, rugulose on back. 1 or 3-nerved. Sand hills and pine woods, 5 to 100 feet : shores of Monterey Bay ; San Francisco. Feb.-Apr. Locs. — Carmel, Parish; Monterey, Jepson 5702; Del Monte Heights, F. G. WoodcocTc ; Sea- side, F. G. IT oodcocic ; San Francisco, Kellog/j 4' Harford 70 (ace. H. F. Copeland in herb.). Refs. — Arctostaphylos pumila Nutt., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 8:266 (1843), type loe. Monterey, Nuttall; Jepson, Man. 748 (1925). Uva-ursi pumila Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:100 (1914). 3. A. hookeri Don. Monterey Manzanita. Low shrub, % to 2 feet high, or sometimes pi-ocumbent or creeping ; branchlets, petioles and rachis puberulent or minutely canescent ; leaves bright green, shining, tliinnish, glabrous or nearly so, the blades ovate or elliptic, shortly acute, mucronate, 7 to 12 lines long; flower- clusters small; pedicels glabrous; corolla 1% lines long; ovary glabrous; berry globose or depressed, glabrous, 2 to 2^4 lines broad ; nutlets distinct, small, dorsally ridged. Small colonies in sand dunes or in open woods near the coast, 10 to 400 feet : San Francisco ; hills and dunes bordering Monterey Ba'y from Santa Cruz to the Carmel River ; San Luis Obispo coast. Mar. -Apr. Locs. — Laurel HiU, San Francisco, Eastwood; Mt. Davidson, Blasdale; San Bruno Hills; Capitola; Pajaro Hills, Chandler 430; Elkhorn (hills e. of), Monterey Co., W. S. Cooper 27-6; Carmel, Jepson 2615 ; Sau Simeon, K. Brandegee. Eefs. — Arctostaphylos hookeri G. Don, Gen. Hist. Dichl. Plants 3:836 (1834), erroneously stated as "native of Chili," but certainly California, since citing Arctostaphylos pungens H. & A., Bot. Beech. 144, which rests on California plants collected by Lay 4' Collie, undoubtedly at Monte- rey; Jepson, Man. 748 (1925). Uva-ursi hool-eri Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:95 (1914). A. frauds- cana Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club 32:201 (1905), type loc. Laurel Hill, San Francisco, Eastwood. 4. A. nummularia Gray. Fire Manzanita. (Fig. 296.) Erect shrub. 1 to 5 feet high, or diffuse or procumbent ; ultimate branchlets and petioles reddish-brown, puberulent and bearing scattered spreading stifflsh hairs or bristles ; leaves thickly clothing the branchlets ; leaf -blades orbicular to ovate or oblong, serrulate, abruptly acute or curved-apiculate, glossy above, finely reticulate-veiny beneath, glabrous or nearly so, or sparingly bristly-ciliate, 5 to 7 (or 10) lines long, on petioles 1/2 to 1 line long; flower parts in 4s ; corolla white, 1 to 2 lines long; ovary pubescent or white-hairy ; berry oblong, glabrous or nearly so, 2 lines long. Pine barrens, or on shaly or rocky slopes in the mountains, 20 to 2500 feet : Men- docino coastal plain from Fort Bragg to Albion ; Mt. Tamalpais ; Santa Cruz Mts. Feb.-Mar. Field note. — Arctostaphylos nummularia' is a characteristic species of the Pinus muricata- Castanopsis chrysophylla formation of the Mendocino coastal plain. In this locality it varies in habit. Usually the stems from the root-crown are many, which is a notable feature. They are quite erect but arise from a decumbent base and bear numerous branchlets, thus forming a dense roundish or depressed low bush 1 to 3 (or 5) feet high. Sometimes, however, the stems are wholly HEATH FAMHiY 37 decumbent, forming a low rough mat. The bases of decumbent stems may strike adventitious roots, but there is no capacity, as thus far observed, to develop new shoots from the root-cro^\Ti after fire. As a result of fire over an area, the establishment of seedlings is stimulated. Young plants eome into flower in their fourth or fifth year; Carl Purdy says they may flower in their second year. This precocity is partial evidence of the fire-type character of the species. The leaves are uniformly small. The bristles are persistent on the branchlets more than one year. This species also inhabits Mt. Tamalpais. Here the shrubs commonly have a single distinct trunk a few inches to 2 or 3 feet high, thus differing slightly from the prevailing Mendocino coastal plain type. Reaction to fire of the Tamalpais form was first de- scribed by the author in 1916 (Madrono 1:7) under the name A. sensitiva Jepson. The Tamalpais form is an erect shrub and is usually gregarious. There is no swelling of the trunk at the ground level. The root system is shallow, spreading horizontally just be- neath the surface of the ground like an inverted umbrella. One can readily overthrow a shrub 5 feet high ^\'ith a small foot-long botanical pick. The shrubs are killed completely by chaparral fires and do not sprout from the root-crown, but the "burn" promptly produces seed- lings as the forerunner of a new stand. It is a genuine fire-type shrub by reason of: (a) its shallow rooting; (b) outright destruc- tion by fire; (c) exclusive reproduction by seed; (d) immediate re- possessing of an area by seedlings; (e) the early age (5 to 8 years) at which seedlings produce fruit, a period which is ordinarily shorter than the fire interval. Anthesis covers several months ; sporadically one may find shrubs in flower every month in the year. Locs. — Mendocino coast: Fort Bragg, Mathews; Mendocino City, Jepson 2166a ; Albion, Davy 4- Blasdale 6068. Mt. Tamalpais : Eldridge grade, Jepson 14,697 ; Muir Ridge, w. of Mill Valley, Jep- son 14,730 ; zig-zag above Blithedale, Jepson 9502. Santa Cruz Mts. : Butano forest, e. of Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Bracelin; betw. Bu- tane and Little Butano creeks, Santa Cruz Mts., Dudley; Ben Lo- mond, Elmer 4899 ; Bonnie Doon, Wiggins 5093. Refs. — Arctostaphylos ndmmulakia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:366 (1868), type loc. "plains near Mendocino City," Bolander 4749; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 370 (1901), ed. 2, 313 (1911), Man. 748 (1925), the last as to Mendocino plain shrubs. Vva-ursi num- mtt?onaAbrams,N. Am. Fl. 29:100 (1914). ^. sensittiKi Jepson, Madrono 1:85, 94 (1922), type loc. Pipe Line trail, Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 5724; Man. 748, fig. 730 (1925). Fig. 296. Arctostaphy- los NUMMULAKIAGray. Fl. branchlet, X %. 5. A. nevadensis Gray. Pine-mat Manzanita. Gregarious undershrubs roughly carpeting the forest floor, the main stems creeping or trailing, rooting, the erect branches 3 to 6 or 9 inches high ; branchlets, petioles and racliises darkish or brownish, minutely puberuleut ; leaf-blades obovate or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse and mucronate, or abruptly acute, glabrous or minutely puberulent, reticulate with dark veins, 7 to 12 lines long ; panicle reduced to a raceme, small and compact (about 1/2 inch long) ; pedicels glabrous, 1 to 2 lines long; corolla pinkish, 2 lines long; ovary glabrous ; berry subglobo.se, dark carmine, smooth, glabrous, 2 to 3 lines in diameter ; nutlets distinct or partly united, narrow, ridged. Open pine woods : Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 9000 (or 12,000) feet, from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. and eastern Siskiyou Co.; North Coast Ranges (inner ranges mostly, rarely in the middle range), 4700 to 7000 feet, from Mendocino Co. to western Sis- kiyou Co. North to southern Oregon. June-July. Field note. — Arctostaphylos nevadensis is a characteristic feature of open pine woods at high elevations in the Sierra Nevada, forming rough mats 3 to 10 feet broad and 6 to 16 inches high. It is rare or at least seldom reported in the southern Sierra Nevada south of Mariposa County ; it is common northward. On the ridges about the base of Lassen Peak proper, for example, it forms extensive low brush fields in the scattered stand of Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus monticola and Tsuga mertensiana, and on some ridges is almost the only woody species aside from the arboreous growth. Taxonomically it is very near Arctostaphylos hookeri Don. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Mt. Moses, Tulare Co., Purpus 1369; White Chief Caiion, Mineral King, Sawtooth Range, Sanford Eolley ; near Daulton Mdw., Kaiser Peak, Fresno Co., Jepson; Glacier Pt., Tosemite, Jepson 5678 ; McClure Fork Merced River, Jepson 3223 ; Stanislaus Mdw., Alpine Co., Jepson; Angora Lake, Eldorado Co., Ottley 867 ; Mt. Tallac, Jepson 8136 ; Big Silver Creek, Eldorado Co., Kennedy 228; Summit sta., Nevada Co., Jepson 20,924; Mineral, Tehama Co., J. Grinnell; Manzanita Creek, Lassen Peak, Jepson 15,316; Warner Mts., e. Modoc Co., B. C. Goldsmith 31; Horse Camp, Mt. Shasta, Jepson 14,717. North Coast Ranges: Mt. Hull, W. W. 38 ERICACEAE Mackie; Soldier Ridge, se. Trinity Co., Jepson 14,718; South Fork Mountain, Chesnut 4" Drew; Trinity Summit, Jepson 2047; Shackleford Creek, w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 101. Ore.: Ashland Butte, Jepson. Eefs.— Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:27 (1878), type loc. "Sierra Nevada, 8000 to 10,000 ft."; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal". ed. 2, 313 (1911), Man. 748 (1925). Uva-ursi nevadensis Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:94 (1914). 6. A. myrtifolia Parry. Ione Manzanita. Low diffuse shrub % to 1^^ feet high, the stems decumbent or spreading ; branchlets of the season glandular-hirsute with stiff spreading hairs, the older branchlets glabrous, mostly glaucous or gray ; bark of branchlets shreddy ; leaf -blades narrowly ovate, sometimes elliptic or oval, mostly obtuse at base, acute (or rarely obtuse) and mucronate at apex, 3 to 6 (or 9) lines long, microscopically hireutulose or glabrous; corolla small (2 Imes long) ; berry globose. Rocky or shaly slopes, 400 to 800 feet : Amador Co. foothills between Sutter Creek and Jackson Creek. Jan. -Feb. Field note. — Arctostaphylos myrtifolia forms pure colonies. The low shrubs have a red- brown color which is distinctive. On this account the traveler can recognize this species over a considerable extent of country between lone and Buena Vista. The colonies are often circular or band-like (% mile long and 80 yards vride) ; they are sharply defined and when band-like sometimes march across the summit of a hill-top like a "fire lane." Those rocky hills where it gro%vs also support high chaparral, Arctostaphylos viscida and scrub Quercus \visUzenii, with an occasional tree of Pinus sabiniana. From a point on the Buena Vista road one may observe about 1200 acres of pure colonies of Arctostaphylos myi-tifolia. The main stems of the bushes are much flattened vertically. They become % to 1% inches broad and 2 to 5 lines thick. The degree of flattening varies, but the stems are often remarkably thin, suggesting broad ribbons, though much contorted or tmsted. They are always dead on the upper side, but bear a cord-like band of living tissue on the lower side. Jos. E. Adams (a student of the author) has studied the tissues of such stems anatomically and it is his view that the peculiar structure is pathogenic although he was unable to discover a specific organism (Madroiio 2:147- 152). He did, however, make the important observation that such flattening of the stem may also occur in shrubs of Arctostaphylos viscida in the same local region and that occasional shrubs of A. myrtifolia do not exhibit flattened stems. Locs. — lone, Jepson 15,206; Buena Vista, Jepson 9961. Eefs. — Aectostaphylos myrtifolia Parry, Pitt. 1:35 (1887), type loc. ridges e. of lone, Farry; Jepson, Man. 748 (1925). Uva-ursi myrtifolia Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:100 (1914). A. nummularia var. myrtifolia Jepson, Madrono 1:85 (1922). 7. A. nissenana C. H. ]\Ierriam. Eldoeado Manzanita. Erect shrub, 3 to 6 feet high ; bark reddish-brown, roughly fissured into narrow longitudinal strips ; branchlets and petioles liirsute or hirsutulose with spreading hairs ; leaves rather densely clothing the somewhat virgate or fastigiate branchlets, the blades elliptic to ovate, mostly obtuse, mucronulate, % to 1 inch long, light green and thinly pu- berulent when young, glabrate and white-glaucous in age ; petioles i/4 to 1 line long ; corolla at first pinkish, later white, 2^^ lines long ; ovary glabrous ; berrj' glabrous. Dry ridges, 1600 to 3500 feet : Sierra Nevada foothills in Eldorado Co. between the North Fork IMokelumne River and North Fork American River. Mar. Field note. — Arctostaphylos nissenana has been an obscure species and stiU remains in great degree so. It was published without any description of the flowers or fruit and without notes upon the life-history behavior. Search for it by the author at the easily accessible type locality has been unsuccessful. Since its publication in 1918 perhaps only a half-dozen shrubs have been seen by this writer. It is, however, doubtless not so extremely rare as would appear. When asso- ciated with Arctostaphylos viscida it is, on account of its habit, hue and foliage, very easily passed by for that species. The rough bark of the main trunk and branches furnishes the most ready means for identification in the field. The longitudinal strips of bark become somewhat loose and often impart a shaggy appearance to the trunk or main stems. On the branchlets, one to five years old, the bark is smooth or smooth by exfoliation. The branchlets are usually rather strictly erect. The leaves are markedly erect and persist two to four years, thus clothing for 8 to 14 inches the terminal portion of the branches. Crown sprouting does not occur. This de- scription of the shrub is based chiefly on field observations near Plaeerville, about 8 or 9 miles from the type locality. Non-tj-pical shrubs occur in the chaparral which appear to be hybrids. The suggestion obtrudes, however, that A. nissenana may itself be a hybrid between A. viscida and A. nissenana var. arcana. HEATH FAMILY 39 Var. arcana Jepson var. n. Slirub 4 to 7 feet high ; leaves congested at the ends of the short branchlets, the blades elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, 5 to 9 lines long ; flowers 5 to 8 in close clusters; ovary and berry glabrous. — (Frutex 3-6 ped. altus; ramulus breve, foliis eongestis; foliorum lamina elliptica, obtusa, mucronulata, 5-9 lin. longa.) — Dry rocky slope, 2100 feet: near Placerville (type, Jepson 18,609). Eef. — Akctostaphylos nissenana C. H. Merriam, Proe. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31:102, pis. 4, 5 (1918), type loc. 2 to 3 mi. n. of Louisville, near top of a low ridge sw. of American Flat, 2300 to 2400 feet, Eldorado Co., C. B. Merriam. Var. arcana Jepson. 8. A. patula Greene. Geeen Manzanita. Widely or diffusely branching shrub 3 to 5 (or 8) feet high; peduncles and raehis of inflorescence, and commonly the branchlets, minutely glandular-puberulent and darkish; leaves bright gi'een, gla- brous, the blades typically orbicular or broadly elliptic, mostly rounded at apex, or obscurely acutish, rounded or subcorclate at base, 1 to 1^2 (or 2i/4) inches long; panicle corymbose, very dense ; bracts ovate, abruptly attenuate ; pedicels glabrous, 2 to 3 lines long ; sepal tips white-scarious ; corolla deep pink ; berry commonly dark or black when half-grown, when mature globose or commonly depressed, glabrous, often very hard, 4 to 5 lines broad ; nutlets smooth on sides and back, not channeled. Open pine woods, 3500 to 9100 feet, or as low as 2500 at the north : high mon- tane Southern California in the San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains ; Sierra Nevada from Kern Co. to Siskiyou Co. ; North Coast Ranges from the YoUo Bolly Mts. to the Siskiyou Mts. East to Nevada, north to Oregon. Mar.-June. Geog. note. — The belt of Aretostaphylos patula in the Sierra Nevada is to a large degree coincident with that of Pinus pondcrosa, but the Green Manzanita ranges to higher altitudes than the Western Yellow Pine, being often found in open stands of Jeffrey Pine. This manzanita is commonly a dominant and is usually the only species of its genus in the main portion of its belt, although it may be found associated ■\vith Aretostaphylos nevadensis at higher elevations. Through- out its entire distribution it is extremely uniform in aspect, in habit, in hue of leaf and in in- florescence. The dark green foliage of the shrub is a marked feature, as is also the behavior of the root-crown. The panicle is commonly broad, flatfish and compact, and its glandular-puberulent raehis is often dark in color, while the bracts are commonly ovate-attenuate. The berries when three-fourths grown are sometimes rather hard with the nutlets and pulp as if concreted. Con- sidering its wide range it may be said to be the least variable species of tliis genus, as the genus occurs in California. It inhabits mountain slopes, granitic plateaus, and talus drift; it grows on the arid east wall of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo County where it is associated with Cercocarpus ledifolius between 7000 and 9000 feet, on the great forested ridges between the forks of the Merced Eiver and on the lava fields of northeastern Shasta County, and it is an important con- stituent of the brushy ridges of Siskiyou County where the seasonal rainfall reaches 40 to 60 inches. Since it often occurs in thin stands in the Sierra Nevada and, even more significantly, because its most characteristic region is high above the chaparral belt of the Upper Sonoran, it is not so subject to fire ravage as many other species of the genus. In most of its area there may be two or three feet of snow on the ground when the shrubs are in flower. However, it forms a globose or tuber-like root-crown at or near the surface of the ground which has the capacity to sprout after fire. The shrub also roots by layering of the decumbent lower branches (especially ■when weighted by snow) and tends to spread in circles in this way. Locs. — S. Cal. : Tahquitz Peak, San Jacinto Mts. ; Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mts., Jepson 5589; divide betw. Bear Valley and Santa Ana Canon, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 19,288; North Baldy, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 143. Sierra Nevada (both west and east slopes) : Green- horn Mts., ace. Peirson; Cottonwood Creek, Inyo Co., Jepson; Lloyd Mdws., upper Kern Biver, Jepson 4891; Garfield Forest, South Pork Kaweah Eiver, Jepson 4664; Whitney Creek, Mt. Whit- ney, Jepson 1100; Millwood, Fresno Co., Jepson 2778; Lake Florence, Jepson; Huntington Lake, E. Ferguson 381 ; Mariposa Grove, Jepson 5659 ; Glacier Pt., Yosemite. Jepson 5645 ; Bald Mt., near Sonera, A. L. Grant 667; Strawberry, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 22; Meyers sta., Eldorado Co., F. B. Herbert; Mt. TaUac, Jepson 8132; Sierraville, Jepson; Pioneer road sta., 2 mi. e. of Bassett sta.. Sierra Co., Jepson 16,852; Walker Plain, Plumas Co., Jepson; Taylorsville, Plumas Co., Jepson 8017; Hot Springs Valley, Lassen Peak. Jepson 12,285; Gold Bun Creek, Susanville, Jepson; Upper Fall Eiver Valley, ne. Shasta Co., Jepson 5775; McCloud, Jepson 5743; Happy Camp Mt., Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 1503. North Coast Ranges: Snow Mt.; South Yollo Bolly, Jepson 14,722; Horse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 8135; Trinity Summit, Jepson 2062; Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Jepson 14,720; Marble Mt., Siskiyou Co., Chandler 1100; Yreka Hills, Butler 586; Weed, Siskiyou Co., Butler 657. Eefs. — Arctostaphtlos patula Greene, Pitt. 2:171 (Sept. 28, 1891), "Sierra Nevada from Calaveras Co. southward to Fresno"; Merriam, N. Am. Fauna, 16:157 (1899) ; Jepson, Man. 746 40 ERICACEAE (1925). A. pungens var. platyphylla Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:28 (1878), type from "California, espe- cially northward." A. platyphylla Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2:385 (1S91; the preface to the set pre- sumably written "im September," and thus the volumes probably published later). Uva-ursi patula Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6:433 (1910). A. patula var. incarnata Jepson, Madrono 1:80 (1922), type loc. Dunsmuir, E. P. Kelley. 9. A. stanfordiana Parry. Myacoma Manzanita. (Fig. 297.) Erect shrub 3 to 6 feet high with slender dark red stem-s ; leaves glabrous, bright green on both faces, the blades narrowly ovate to oblanceolate, most frequently acute at both ends, 1 to 11/2 inches long, very erect; branchlets, peduncles and rachis glabroiLS or ob- scurely or microscopically glandular-puberuleut ; flowers light pink to lilac ; corolla 2 to 3 lines long, very frequently with an obscure constriction just below the middle ; ovary glabrous; berry very small, usually much depressed and commonly unsym- metrical or irregular, or sometimes globose, glabrous, usually a bright apple-red when first mature, lYo to 3 lines high, 3 to 4 lines broad ; nutlets broader than high, commonly 3-nerved and rugulose on back. Mountain summits and ridges, 1000 to 3500 feet : Del Norte Co. ; Yollo BoUy Mts. (both sides) ; Mayacamas Range (both sides) ; south to the Napa Range; also in Hoods Peak Range (north end) ; Mt. Diablo. Jan. -Feb. Field note. — Arctostaphylos stanfordiana keeps to the summits of ridges and plateaus and is often associated with A. manzanita in the Napa Range. On Howell Mt. it is found on a white clay derived from a volcanic tuff. It is a smaller shrub than Arctostaphylos manzanita, and has bright green shiny leaves which are different in aspect from the dull green leafage of A. man- zanita and smaller. Arctostaphylos stanfordiana is shallow-rooted and is killed outright by fire and depends solely upon its seeds for holding its territory. Seedlings show marked vitality in repossessing a fire-burned area. The berries are small and commoniy irregular in shape, sometimes singularly unsymmetrical as if without definite form, or typical only in deformation. While they are usually depressed, they may also be produced upwards. "When fully mature they are of a peculiar dark red color. Locs. — Gasquet, Del INforte Co. ; Red Rock, ne. of Round Valley, Mendocino Co., Jepson; Mt. Hull; Forty Dollar Mt., Mayacamas Range, Jepson 9239; Mendocino Range (sw. of Ukiah), Jepson 7629; Franz Valley, w. of Calistoga, W logins 5768; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 14,724; La Jota, Howell Mt., Jepson 14,723; Sycamore Creek (head of), Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9653. Refs. — Arctostaphylos stanfordiana Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:493 (1887), type loc. "mountain slopes in the vicinitv of Calistoga," that is, in the Napa Range, Parry ; Jepson, Univ. Cal. Mag. 2:102, pi. (1896), Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 371 (1901), ed. 2, 314 (1911), Man. 747 (1925). Vva-ursi stanfordiana Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:96 (1914). A. laevigata Eastw., Leafl. W. Bot. 1:76 (1933), type loc. Mt. Diablo (half-way up on old south side road), Eastwood 11,082; rachises and branchlets "minutely puberulent," — specimens of A. stanfordiana from the type region are, however, often microscopically puberulent. A. hispidula Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 415 (1901), type loc. Gasquet (w. of), Del Norte Co., Howell; closelv related to A. stanfordiana (Eastwood, Lflts. W. Bot. 1:115). A. densiflora M. S. Baker, Lflts. W. Bot. 1:31 (1932), type loc. Vine Hill School, 10 mi. w. of Santa Rosa, M. S. Baker 5045 ; the author of the species com- pares it carefully with A. stanfordiana. 10. A. elegans Jepson. Konocti Manzanita. Erect shrub 5 to 10 (or 12) feet high ; bark a lively red-brown ; herbage glabrous ; leaf -blades elliptic to ovate, obtuse or acute, bright green, 1 to 1% inches long; petioles 3 to 4 lines long; rachis microscopically puberulent, the pedicels glabrous ; panicle ample ; flowers white, 3 lines long ; ovary thickly papillate-glandular ; berry depressed-globose, 6 to 7 lines broad, 4 lines high, all over minutely stipitate-glandular or muriculate-glandular ; nutlets 5 to 7, 2 or 3 consolidated. Wooded or brushy slopes, 2000 to 4200 feet : Coast Range mountains bordering Clear Lake and south to Mt. St. Helena. Mar. Hist. note. — Arctostaphylos elegans was first collected in 1892 on the obsidian ridges about Mt. Konocti along the old wagon trail from Lower Lake to Kelseyville. The exact locality is at a point on the southwest side of the sprawling lower slopes of the moimtain where the road ap- proaches nearest the main mountain mass. Many years later it was found on the east slope of Mt. St. Helena (Eastwood, in 1902) and in recent years (1928) on the southwest slopes of Snow Mt. in northern Lake Co. (M. S. Baker 3127c). It does not crown-sprout and is, in this respect, ^ *^ &■ -- o I— I K GO ^ ^ > » O 5S m ^ > •^ s o o M d w N Oq i c- P P Ci 2- rt- tb o o ^ o f 3 P O =H P O P 2 ^ P_ X p M e^; o £- M I— ' -3 fe^ o 1-^ (-t o HEATH FAMILY 41 similar to A. stanfordiana which it resembles somewhat in the character of its foliage and branch- lets. The pericarp of the fruit dehisces irregularly, releasing the nutlets ; rarely it is almost regu- larly circumscissile. Refs. — Arctostaphylos elegans Jepson, Erythea 1:15 (1893), type loc. obsidian slopes south of Mt. Konocti (Uncle Sam Mt.), Lake Co., Jepson 14,729; Man. 747 (1925). 11. A. manzanita Parry. Parry Manzanita. (Pig. 298.) Shrub 6 to 12 feet high, commonly very erect, sometimes widely branched from the base with long straggling crooked branches, sometimes becoming almost elephantine in its propor- tions and up to 22 feet high ; branchlets, peduncles, and raehis finely puberulent or somewhat canescently puberulent; pedicels glabrous; leaves commonly dull green, often with a faintly purple venation, thick, glabrous or very minutely pu- berulent, the blades elliptic or oblong, acute or subacute at apex, acute or obtuse at base, 1 to 1 V'2 inches long ; panicles drooping ; flowers white, sometimes pink-tinged ; bracts triangular-acute or -acuminate, small and dry ; ovary glabrous or essentially so ; berry subglobose tliough a little depressed, dull white in early summer, becom- ing deep reddish brown in late .summer and autumn, smooth and glabrous, 4 to 5 lines in diameter; nutlets irregularly coalescent or separate, keeled or ridged and roughened on back, and often with 2 small lateral ridges. Dry clay, gravelly or rocliy slopes in the foothills, 250 to 2500 (or 4200) feet: North Coast Ranges (middle and inner ranges only or mostly) from Napa and Solano Cos. to western Shasta Co. ; Sierra Nevada foothills from Tuolumne Co. to eastern Shasta Co. Nov.-Mar. Field note. — In the Pinus ponderosa lower border chaparral, Arctostaphylos manzanita is an important species in northern California. On HoweU Mountain in the Napa Range it is everywhere associated with Western Yellow Pine or occurs just below it altitudinally. A very extensive formation of Arctostaphylos manzanita is found between Mt. St. Helena in Napa County and Lower Lake village in Lake County. This region of low hUls has been swept by innumerable fires, especially during the last ninety years. Destruction by fire and logging by man has dimin- ished the thin stand of Pinus ponderosa but occasional trees still linger as relics, the present stand of Parry Manzanita occurring mainly as a lower border to the pine. West of Lower Lake the terrain rises and here Arcto.staphylos manzanita is replaced by Arctostaphylos elegans. In central Mendocino Co., especially in Long Valley, Arctostaphylos manzanita is not only associated with Western Tellow Pine but also forms fine colonies as a lower border to it. Likewise at the lowest altitudes of Yellow Pine in the northern Sierra Nevada foothills this manzanita may be found with that pine and especially just below it. The presence of Arctostaphylos manzanita and the absence of Pinus ponderosa in a range such as the Vaca Mts., where the woodland complex has been changed by increasing aridity and by long-repeated forest fires, may be an indication that Pinus ponderosa was present at an earlier time and that its border associate is fitted to persist under somewhat more severe conditions. Throughout its range generally Arctostaphylos manza- nita occurs as an associate of other shrub species in typical chaparral, but is also found as pure colonies in opens of woods. Parry Manzanita is the largest species of the genus, though the trunk of Arctostaphylos glauca may become as massive. Where it inhabits moist valley flats or rich montane ridges and where on account of favorable situation it has been protected from fire for a long period it may become arborescent and attain considerable size. On the lower westerly slopes of Howell Mt. individuals have been measured as follows: (a) by Stingy Stile on trail to Adam-and-Eve, height 15 feet, trunk 4 feet high before branching into four arms, its diameter 1 foot, 2 inches at 3 feet above ground; (b) on trail to Adam-and-Evc, height 18 feet, trunk 2 feet high before branching into 5 arms, its diameter 1 foot, 2 inches at IV^ feet above ground; (c) on little ridge west of Lyons Valley, height 22 feet, trunk 1 foot 8 inches high before branching into 2 arms, its smallest diameter (at ground) 11% inches; (d) in gully below Pour Corners, 12 feet high, trunk 22 inches in diameter at ground (Jepson Field Book, 31:172-173. 1915. ms.) ; on trail to Sanitarium below Pour Corners, height 14 feet, trunk branching at 18 inches from ground, diameter 20 inches at 4 inches above the ground, 26 inches at 18 inches above the ground ; on trail to Adam-and-Eve, height 14% feet, trunk parting at 1 foot into many branches, circumference 6 feet ^4 inch at 6 inches above ground (Jepson Field Book, 57:29-32. 1936. ms.). The shrubs are completely killed by fire and do not sprout from the root-crown. Sometimes a shrub is consumed but frequently the effect of fire is simply lethal. Individuals thus killed, both of Arctostaphylos manzanita and A. stanfordiana, may, therefore, stand as skeletons on the slopes after fires, but the skeletons of the latter usually go down under the first winter's storms while those of A. manzanita may stand for three or four years before overthrown. The lack of regenera- tive vitality in the vegetative organs of Arctostaphylos manzanita is further evidenced by the 42 ERICACEAE following note from J. P. Tracy: ''This manzanita lacks even the power of sprouting from live branches when the green foliage is lopped off. I have never seen new sprouts arise anywhere from branches or branchlots that have developed the red bark." On fire bums seedlings of Arctostaphylos manzanita appear in large numbers. They produce fruit at an early age, often in ten or twelve years. All this gives evidence that this species is a true fire-tj-pe shrub. It is furthermore believed that the seeds hibernate in the soil during a pro- longed fire interval and have the capacity to respond to heat shock after a long period of years. Except on the margins of its distribution it is an aggressive species. In the Napa Eange it over- runs abandoned vineyards and neglected man-cleared pastures in the hills, often forming dense pure stands S to 13 feet high, the crown surface of the area as seen from a little distance looking almost as close and smooth as a meadow. Such colonies form a nurse bed for seedlings of Arbutus menziesii and more particularly Quercus kelloggii and Pseudotsuga taxif olia, which species finally overtop and sometimes suppress the manzanita. Arctostaphylos manzanita is closely allied to A. stanfordiana but there are various points of difference to be observed. The leaves in Arctostaphylos stanfordiana are very erect and bright shining green ; in A. manzanita they are less erect, dull green and sometimes a little grayish in hue. In both these species the panicles with their embryonic flower buds are produced at the be- ginning of the dry season in early June or July and are thus made ready long in advance for the flowering in midwinter, but there are certain points of difference: during the fall period the panicles in A. manzanita are drooping ; in A. stanfordiana they are erect or nearly so. 'The period of anthesis in A. manzanita begins earlier than in A. stanfordiana in the same locality and closes earlier, though overlapping. Arctostaphylos manzanita is a large shrub or small tree with some- what loose or spreading branches. Arctostaphylos stanfordiana is a smaller shrub with a trim habit due to its closely erect branches. Locs. — North Coast Ranges: Gates Caiion, Vaca Mts., Jepson 14,706; Howell Mt., Napa Range, Jepson 14,711 ; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 7669 ; Wilbur Sprs., sw. Colusa Co., Jepson ; Hough Sprs., ne. Lake Co., Jepson 9005; Mayacamas Mts., betw. Blue Lakes and XJkiah, Jepson 14,713; Mendocino Range (Gould's ranch, sw. of XJkiah), Jepson 7631 ; Long Valley, cent. Mendocino Co., Jepson 9424; Piercy, South Fork Eel River, nw. Mendocino Co., Jepson; Blue Rock Ridge, betw. Cummings and Bell Sprs., Tracy 15,270 ; betw. Three Creeks and Willow Creek, n. Humboldt Co., Tracy 6043 ; Ely, sw. Tehama Co., Jepson 16,332 ; Redding, Blanl-inship. Sierra Nevada foothills: Columbia, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6397 ; Bear Mts., s. of Harmon Peak, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,202 ; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1796 ; Buena Vista, Amador Co., Jepson 9959 ; Shingle Sprs., Eldorado Co., F. B. Herbert: Big Chico Creek, Butte Co., Heller 11,152; Los Molinos, Te- hama Co., H. P. Eelley ; Payne Creek sta. (above), e. Tehama Co., Jepson 12,260; Old Cow Creek, near Whitmore, Shasta Co., Jepson. Refs. — Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:491 (1887), type loc. '^owe^ foothills of the Coast Range north of San Francisco," Parry, that is, Napa Range near Calistoga, as per Parry's collection label; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 371 (1901), ed. 2, 313 (1911), Man. 747, fig. 729 (1925). TJva-ursi manzanita Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:96 (1914). A. manzanita var. api- culata Jepson, Madrono, 1:83 (1922), type loc. Weldon Caiion (head of), Vaca Mts., Jepson 7198 ; berry with a conical apiculation. 12. A. parryana Lemmon. Pardners Manzanita. Shrub, 3 to 5 feet high; branchlets and rachis whitish-puberulent, non-glandular ; leaf -blades broadly ellip- tic to ovate, mostly obtuse, thickish, glabrous or nearly so, minutely purple-veined, 34 to lYs inches long; pedicels glabrous ; corolla white, (2i/2 or) 3 to 4 lines long; ovary glabrous; berry glabrous or nearly so, the stone solid, obscurely about 6- ridged or -angled. Dry montane slopes and caiion floors, 4000 to 6000 feet : Tehaehapi Mts. and Mt. Pinos region ; south to the San Gabriel Mts. ]\ray. Locs. — Tehaehapi Mts. ; San Emigdio Caiion, Davy 2029 ; Mt. Pinos, J. Grinnell ; Mt. Gleason, Peirson 429; San Antonio Caiion, San Gabriel Mts. ; Mt. San Antonio (Dav.& Mox.,Fl.S.Cal.272). Refs. — Arctostaphylos parryana Lemmon; Greene, Pitt. 2:68 (1890), type loc. Keene sta. (4 mi. w. of), Tehaehapi Mts., Lemmon (cf. Madrono 1:89); Jepson, Man. 750 (1925). Uva- nrsi parryana Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6:432 (1910). 13. A. mewukka C. H. Merriam. Apple-berrt. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high ; branchlets glabrous, tlie peduncles and raehises glabrous or minutely puberulent; foliage liglit-green ; leaf-blades elliptic-oblong, or -obovate, varying to oblong- lanceolate and somewhat willow-like, mostly acute, glabrous and glaucous, 1 to 1% or 21/2 inches long ; pedicels glabrous ; panicles loose, erect or only half-drooping ; ovary depressed, roughened but glabrous ; or sometimes sparsely hairy, not glan- Fig. 2!I8. AitCTos'i'APHYI.OS MANZANITA l';irry. Flowering br.-iiic-lilct. TIowcll >ri)iintain, Nap:i Co., Feb., ]89r>. l']xteusi\"o cU'ariu^s of ln'usli Imuls wen' iii.-idf in tiic liills of tlic N:i[)a Uangc sLxtv or seventy year.s since for afjiii'ult'U'al iiur|io,ses. During tlie last ten to fiftc<'n years many ranelies have lieen al)an(lonerl. Wlieiever tin' liand of man is removed Aretostapliylos manzaiiitu moves promptly into a vineyard, an oreliard or a pasture and repossesses its ancient domain. Plioto. Geo. Wilco.x. HEATH FAMILY 43 dular; berry elevated-globose or globose, dull white or later light brown, 4 to 6 or 8 lines broad ; nutlets 4 or 5, or sometimes coalescing into one channeled or ribbed stone, the stone forming tardily. Dry slopes, 2500 to 4500 (or 5700) feet: Sierra Nevada foothills from Placer Co. to Tulare Co. Feb.-Apr. Biol. note. — Arctostaphylo3 mewukka occurs chiefly in a belt between A. patula on the upper side and A. viscida (or A. mariposa) on the lower side, though less abundant than any of those species. It was first named by the zoologist, Clinton Hart Merriam, although he omitted from his description the most important biological fact concerning it, namely that this species does not sprout from the root-crown after fire. Its berry was used as a food by the native tribes and also by white settlers. It is of interest that, as naturalists have observed, the native squirrels of the Pinus ponderosa belt differentiate between Arctostaphylos mewukka and A. patula ; they eat the berries of the former but not those of the latter. Loes. — Shingle Sprs., Eldorado Co., F. B. Herbert : Yankee Hill, Columbia, A. L. Grant 598 ; Bald Mt. near Sonora, A. L. Grant 553; Strawberry, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 888; Cold Spr., North Fork Tule Eiver, Jepson 4704. Eefs. — Arctcstaphylos mewukka C. H. Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 31:101 (1918), type loc. Colfax (3 mi. above), on ridge between North Fork American River and Bear River, C. H. Merriam. A. pastiUosa Jepson, JIadroiio 1:83, 93 (1922), type loc. Cold Spr., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6456; Jepson, Man. 748 (1925). 14. A.pungensH. B. K. Mexican Manzanita. Shrub (2 or) 3 to 8 feet high; branchlets puberulent or sometimes white-tomentulose ; leaf-blades oblong to ellip- tic, abruptly or somewhat obscurely short-acute, mucrouate, finely pubescent or microscopically tomentulose, eventually glabrate or often rather glossy, 8 to 10 lines (rarely to l^/i inches) long; pedicels glabrous; panicles small, (^/4 to % inch long) or reduced to a raceme ; berries usually somewhat depressed-globose and 3 to 4 lines broad, but variable in size and sometimes eccentric in shape, glabi-ous, dark- brown or terra-cotta, shining; nutlets distinct, dorsally ridged. Sandy summits or rocky slopes, 800 to 5500 feet : Marin Co. ; South Coast Ranges ; south to the San Jacinto Mts. ; moiuitains of eastern San Diego Co. East to Arizona, south to Mexico. Mar. Geog. note. — Arctostaphylos pungens is a shrub whose center of distribution is probably in the Mexican highlands. It ranges northward and has been collected at many stations in Arizona. The shrubs of eastern San Diego County appear to be quite typical and are thus well included in the species. Shrubs of Mt. Tamalpais (A. montana Eastw.), a feature of the serpentine on the southeasterly end of the Bolinas Ridge, have long been referred to this species by the writer. In these shrubs the branchlets and rachises are usually though not always canescently puberulent, while the branchlets and rachises in shrubs of cismontane Southern California are best described as minutely puberulent, though sometimes they are canescent. Aside from this, there is a wide geographic discontinuitj- between Marin County and the San Jacinto and Cuyamaea mountains, which has not been as yet satisfactorily bridged. The stations here cited for this interval are represented by specimens only in flower or only in fruit or lacking both flowers and fruit. Many stages in the way of specimens and essential facts as to the life-history are needed before clear judgment as to range is possible. The shrubs of Mt. Tamalpais, above referred to, have also an affinity with Arctostaphylos hookcri and might be referred to that species save for their thick leaves. The leaves of Arctostaphylos hookeri are relatively thin. These Tamalpais shrubs are interesting. They are common locally on the high ridges of Mt. Tamalpais and distributed over the north slope as far as Lake Lagunitas and San Geronimo Ridge. As to habit, though not othermse, this form is markedly variable. The following habit types have been observed: (a) on road to West Peak one-fourth mile ne. of Mountain Theatre, erect shrub 8 feet high, the distinct trunk 13 inches high and 4% inches in diameter at 6 inches above the ground; (b) on road, vrithin 50 yards easterly of preceding, shrub 14 inches high, many decumbent stems, forming a plant 5i/o feet broad: (c) about % mile easterly from Mountain Theatre on Williams Trail along ridge to West Peak, shrub O'/i feet high, 24 feet broad, all the stems from one central root ; (d) on Williams Trail at west foot of West 3Pe;ik, shrub with tniiling stems forming a circle 9 feet across, the ascending branchlets 8 to 12 inches high, thus making a large rough mat. This prostrate form may also be found on the Eldridge grade, nortli slope of the mountain, in places where outcropping serpentine makes "open.s" in the chaparral (Jepson Field Book, 39:27, 28, 30,-1921; 57:21, 22,-1936. ms.). The tr.ailing stems strike root, but there is no root-crovra sprouting after fire. Locs. — Marin Co.: Geronimo Ridge, Ewan 10,177; Lake Lagunitas, Chesnut 4' Drew; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 4761. South Coast Ranges: Picacho Peak, s. San Benito Co., Hall 9947; Stone- 44 ERICACEAE wall Creek, Metz, Monterey Co.; La Panza, San Luis Obispo Co. San Jacinto Mts. : Heniet Val- ley (ridges above) , Wolf 1953. San Diego Co. : Cuyamaca Mts. ; Laguna Mts. ; Live Oak Sprs., se. San Diego Co., Jepson 11,833 ; Jaeumba, Wolf 190G ; Campo, Wolf 2158. Eefs. — Arctostaphylos pdngens H. B. K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:278, t. 259 (1819; cf. Bull. Torr. Club 29:597), type loc. Moran and Villalpando, Mex., Humboldt 4" Bonpland (cf. Sprague, Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1924:22) ; Jepson, Man. 747 (1925). Uva-ursi pungens Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 0:432 (1910). A. montana Eastw., Proe. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, Bot. 1:83 (1897), type loc. trail betw. Eldridge grade and Larsens [now Eidgecrest], Mt. Tamalpais, Eastwood; I.e. 1:127 (1898). Uva-ursi montana Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:95 (1914). Aectostaphylos bakeri Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:115 (1934), tj-pe loc. Occidental (2 mi. e. of, in a cypress grove, on serpentine), Sonoma Co., J. T. Hoicell 10,955; branchlets and inflores- cence glandular-bispidulous; leaf -blades elliptic, scabridulous, 1^ inches long; pedicels glabrous; berry glabrous (ex char.). 15. A. glauca Lindl. Great-berried Manzanita. Shrub 6 to 12 feet liigli, or almost arborescent and up to 22 feet high, with a trunli 4 to 15 inches in diameter ; leaves glaucous and glabrous, their blades orbicular or elliptical to broadly ovate, obtuse or acute at apex, obtuse, truncate or subcordate at base, 1^4 to 1% inches long; petioles 3 to 7 lines long; panicle broader than high, frequently very com- pact ; rachis glabrous, sometimes a little glaucous ; pedicels covered with stipitate or subsessile glands; flowers rather large; corolla white or rarely pale pink; ovary glabrous but densely glandular ; berry globose or elliptic, I'ather densely covered with minute glands and very viscid, 5 to 8 lines broad ; pulp scanty ; .stone solid, smooth. Dry montane slopes, 1400 to 5000 feet : Mt. Diablo and south through the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo Co.; cismontane and intramontane southern California; Conchilla Mts. South to Lower California. Dec. -Apr. Field note. — Arctostaphylos glauca, which is geographically segregated from species of siini- lar aspect, may be recognized in the field by its whitish foliage and by the single stone of its berry which is globose and smooth, thus differing from other species in which the nutlets though concreted give striking evidence of concretion by ridges and channels and by the degree of mutual attachment or fusion. This species becomes a large shrub and occasionally a small tree. Branches along the ground layer readily according to P. W. Peirson. The northernmost locality is Mt. Diablo. In Donner Canon one finds individuals 10 to 16 feet high with trunks 9 to 15 inches in diameter at the ground. There is also in Donner Caiion a very large individual half way up to the spring that lies below the East Peak. It is 18 feet high, the crown 24 feet broad, the tnmk 63 inches in circumference at four inches above the ground. It branches freely, fully, densely. In the Mount Hamilton Eango this species is common, espe- cially on Cedar Mt., where it is the most abundant chaparral species, everywhere giving character to the country. It is there, as elsewhere, glaucous but shrubs of different shades are often found in close proximity, yellowish, light green, dark green and lavender. — Jepson Field Book, 35:26 (1918) : 38:59 (1920) ; 34:191 (1917). ms. In the lower part of Mill Creek Caiion, San Bernar- dino Mts., is a small tree 22 feet high with a trunk 3 feet 3 inches in circumference at one foot above the ground (Jepson Field Book, 27:106. 1913. ms.). Locs. — South Coast Eanges: Donner Caiion, Mt. Diablo, Jepson 7592; Las Trampas Eidge, Contra Costa Co., Jepson 6853; Cedar Mt., Mt. Hamilton Eange, Jepson 6219; Loma Prieta, Santa Cruz Mts., Davy 504; Santa Lucia Creek, Santa Lucia Mts., Jepson; Peachey Caiion, San Luis Obispo Co., Davy. Cismontane and intramontane S. Cal.: Castaic Creek (mts. above), n. Los Angeles Co., Jepson 8929 ; Santa Inez Mts. ; Cajon Pass, Nervlon 465 ; Mill Creek, San Ber- nardino Mts., Jepson 5587; Indian Canon, CoUins Valley, ne. San Diego Co., Jepson 8857; Escon- dido, C. r. Meyer 686; Warner Eanch, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8527; San Felipe Valley (uw. head of), Jepson; Alpine, San Diego Co., G. L. Fleming ; Cuyamaca Mts., Palmer. ConchUla Mts. (nw. side of Colorado Desert) : Piiion Well grade. Eefs. — Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl., Bot. Eeg. sub t. 1791 (1836), type from Cal., Doug- las; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 372 (1901), ed. 2, 314 (1911), Man. 746 (1925). Vva-ursi glauca Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6:433 (1910). A. glauca var. eremicola Jepson, Madrono 1:78, 91 (1922), type loc. Piiion Well mountains, n. Colorado Desert, Jepson 6004; Man. 746 (1925). 16. A. viscida Parry. White Manzanita. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with very striking contrast between the white foliage and deep red crooked branches ; branch- lets and peduncles glaucous and very glabrous, usually reddish, the rachis of the raceme or panicle glandular, rarely nonglandular ; leaves very white-glaucous, gla- brous, the blades elliptic, varying to orbicular or round-ovate, obtuse or abruptly HEATH FAMILY 45 acute, roimded at base, {% or) 1 to II/2 (or 2) inches long ; panicles loose ; pedicels 4 to 6 lines long, with short spreading glandular hairs ; bracts small, ovate-lance- olate, acuminate ; calyx-lobes reflexed over summit of pedicels ; corolla light pink ; ovary glabrous ; beri'ies deep i-ed, globose, 3 to 4 lines broad, the surface very glan- dular, cohering in sticky masses when gathered, or often non-glandular ; nutlets distinct or 2 or 3 united, ridged on back. Dry rocky or clay slopes, 500 to 4400 feet : Sierra Nevada foothills in Tulare Co. and from Amador Co. to Tehama Co. ; extending around the head of the Sacra- mento Valley into the inner North Coast Range and as far south as the Napa Range (east slope or easterly ridges) . Feb.-Apr. Field note. — Arctostaphylos viseida is remarkable for its glaucous branchlets and peduncles, and white foliage. In the Sierra Nevada it forms a broad band in the upper portion of the chapar- ral belt, where it is usually the only manzanita and often develops colonies with a closed cover. Throughout most of its range it is commonly a marked dominant in its area. On Tule River, for example, it is represented by a rather distinct band in the upper portion of the chaparral belt, but also occurs in the lower part as scattered individuals. In the central and northern Sierra Nevada it likewise forms extensive brush fields, the individuals mostly 4 to 5 feet high. Fre- quently the stand is of greater height. One mile north of LouisvUle, Eldorado County, a west hillslope exhibits a nearly pure closed formation 8 to 12 feet high, or 14 feet high at the top of the hill. Such a stand at this altitude (2100 feet) furnishes a nurse cover for Pinus ponderosa. Occasional individuals may become sub-arboreus in size. Near Louisville one individual meas- ured 14 feet in height with a trunk 10% inches in diameter at 6 inches above the ground, the trunk nearly 1 foot high before branching. Shrubs which branch freely at the ground may become 1 to 3 feet in trunk diameter at the ground. In the prevailing form the berries are very viscid-glandular, but in a given locality shrubs with non-viscid berries may be dominant. Commonly this species bears heavy crops of berries. Since Arctostaphylos viseida is killed outright by chaparral fires, this fact of fertility in seed production has relation to its character as a fire-type shrub. Seedlings on burns often appear in vast numbers. Loes. — Sierra Nevada foothills : Middle Tule River betw. Springville and Nelson, Jepson 4861; North Fork Tule River, opp. Battle Mt., Jepson 4702; Buena Vista, Amador Co., Jepson 9958; Placerville, Jepson 18,607; Kelsey, Eldorado Co., Jepson 18,623a; Georgetown, Eldorado Co., Margaret A. Kelley ; Rough and Ready, Nevada Co., Jepson 14,727; Oroville; Old Cow Creek, near Whitmore, Shasta Co., Jepson 10,667. North Coast Ranges: Oro Fino, Siskiyou Co., Butler 659; Delta, Shasta Co., Jepson 6178; Greasewood Hills, w. Tehama Co., Jepson 14,726; betw. In- dian and Bear valleys, ne. Lake Co., Jepson 8977; Knoxville Ridge, Jepson 9047; Siegler Sprs., cent. Lake Co., Blanlcinship ; Cobb Mt., Tracy 14,009; Moore Creek, Howell Mt., Napa Range (e. side), Jepson 6826; Chiles Creek near Chiles Mill, Napa Range, Jepson 9067. Refs.^ARCTOSTAPHYLOs visciDA Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:492 (1887), type loc. lone, Ama- dor Co., Parry; Jepson, Man. 746 (1925). Vva-ursi viseida Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:99 (1914). 17. A. mariposa Dudley. Mariposa Manzanita. Spreading shrub, 4 to 8 (or 21) feet high ; branchlets and inflorescence glandular-pubescent or puberulent, the hairs mostly spreading; leaves very white-giaucous, glabrous or nearly so, very rigid, their blades oval to elliptic, shortly acute or at least mucronulate, 1 to 2 inches long; panicle many-flowered, small, compact; pedicels with glandular hairs; ovary glandular-hairy; berry bright red, glandular-viscid, sometimes covered with mi- nute stipitate glands, 3 to 4 lines broad ; nutlets distinct or 2 or 3 united, roughish and usually ridged both doi-sally and laterally. Arid hill slopes, 1500 to 4900 (or 6000) feet : Sierra Nevada, in the higher foot- hills, from Amador Co. to Kern Co. Mar.-June. Field note. — The differences between Arctostaphylos mariposa and A. viseida are mainly those of glandulosity and the distribution of glands. For this reason A. mariposa seems a weak or unallowable species. On account of variability in the glandular character it is sometimes difficult to differentiate the two species where they meet. The berries in Arctostaphylos mariposa ripen a dull ivory white and change to a deep honey color with a reddish tinge. The new leaves of young shoots are green and form a marked contrast to the older white leaves. The inflorescence is very viscous-hairy. The embryonic panicles in Arctostaphylos mariposa and in A. viseida are similar and consist usually of 2 or 3 rather closely approximate branches. These branches are somewhat more slender in A. viseida than in A. mariposa. Like Arctostaphylos viseida, A. mari- posa does not sprout from the root-crow-n after the shrub is fire-killed. Similarly its seedlings very promptly restock fire burns. 46 ERICACEAE Locs. — Volcano, Amador Co., K. Brandegee ; Murphya Camp, Calaveras Co., Davy 1525; Yankee Hill, Columbia, Jepson 6450 ; Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 7695 ; Big Creek, Big Oak Flat road, Jepson 8341 ; Snow Creek trail, Yosemite, Jepson 10,498 ; El Portal, Merced Eiver, Jepson 5671 ; Chowehilla School, Mariposa Co., Jepson 12,792 ; Table Mt., Fresno Co., Jepson 15,122; Pine Eidge, Fresno Co., Jepson 16,103; Balch Park, Tulare Co., Peirson 11,826; betw. Kernville and Gleiiville, Peirson 8849. Var. bivisa Jepson. Leaves dark green, 1% to SVz inches long; branchleta glandular-hairy and somewhat dusky ; berry whitish or somewhat lucent. — Yosemite Park : Hetch-Hetchy, Jepson 3452 ; near Wawona. Refs. — Arctostaphtlos maeiposa Dudley; Eastw., Sierra Club Publ. 27:52 (1902), "Mill- wood and King's River Canon," Eastwood ; Jepson, Man. 746 (1925) . Uva-ursi mariposa Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:99 (1914). Var. bh'Isa Jepson, Madrono 1:79 (1922), type loc. Wawona, Mari- posa Co., Jepson 5658. A. jepsonii Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:119 (1934), type loo. SteUa Lake, Wawona, J. T. Howell 17. 18. A. glandulosa Eastw. Eastwood Manzanita. Small or medium-sized shrub 2 to 3 (or 7) feet high with many stems arising from a widely spreading root- crowu ; stems with smooth bark ; branehlets, peduncles and pedicels with a dusky more or less glandular indument or tomentum, sometimes the branehlets also bear- ing scattered and usually short spreading bristles which are more or less glandular ; leaf -blades ovate to elliptic or oblong, mostly acute, rounded or subcordate at base, dark or yellowish green and often somewhat glandular, most commonly glabrous or apparently so, or sometimes with a fine pubescence, 1 to 1% inches long ; pedicels glandular-hairy, the glandulosity often obscure, the hairs not dense, often thin and scattered; flowers in rather small and very compact clusters, white or pinkish; bracts lanceolate, the lower foliaceous; anther awns red; ovary white-hairy; berry globose or more commonly depressed, glabrate or under a lens usually showing very short very scattered white hairs, not at all glandular or sometimes viscid- glandular ; nutlets distinct, rugose and ridged on the back. On broken sandstone, 500 to 5000 feet : Coast Ranges from Del Norte Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; south to San Diego Co. Mar. Biol. note. — Guarded statements as to the validity of Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. have been expres.sed by its author (Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, 1 :127, — 1898), but it is fortunate that it is, in its type locality and in many other localities, a shrub with so strongly marked characters. Its capacity for reaction to chaparral fires is highly developed. The shrub is not killed outright by fire, since it regenerates from the base by new shoots. Woody tuber-like bodies are formed on the root-cro\vii. These structures under the influence of repeated fires develop horizontally into broad or circular woody platforms of irregular outline (Fig. 291). On the Pipe Line Trail on Mt. Tamalpais many large root-crowns have been measured : one circle 6 feet 6 inches by 5 feet appeared as if composed of woody knots or partly burned chunks irregularly disposed on the surface or lying partly buried in the soil ; another circle 8 feet 7 inches by 5 feet 8 inches was very perfect (Jepson Field Book, 28:60. 1914. ms.). These platforms possess the capacity to send up numerous shoots after fire. Successive chaparral fires burn the root-crown to some degree, as well as kUling the crown of the shrub, but the effect of this injury is, like th.it of artificial scarifying, stimulating to lateral gro'svth of the woody platform. The contrary effect, that is, complete de- struction, is exceptional. Following accumulation of inflammable material over a period of many years the occurrence of fire in combination with days of low humidity, high insolation and north winds of gale force may result in destroying occasional root crowns. But even after intense chaparral fires the regenerative vitality of the shrub is very great. On one square inch of root- crown one of my students, W. C. Mathews, follomng a chaparral fire on Mt. Tamalpais, counted 47 sprouts. So it is that these shrubs become many-stemmed in a peculiar way. They are com- monly 2 to 3 feet high, their stems rarely ever becoming more than 1 or 2 inches in diameter. Nor is it merely the number of the stems from the platform which is significant: other fire re- actions are interesting, as for example, the earliest leaves on these regeneration shoots are coarsely serrate, which is, doubtless, the case in many species of the genus. Locs. — Grasshopper Ridge, Canoe Creek, w. Humboldt Co., Jepson 16,479 ; Chamise Mt., n. of Bell's Sprs., n. Mendocino Co., Tracy 13,321 ; Red Mt., n. Mendocino Co., Jepson 16,523 ; South Mill Creek (head of), Ukiah, Jepson 9246; Mt. Konocti, Blanlcinship ; Miller Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 14,702 ; Twin Sisters Peak, Napa Range, Jepson 2391 : Rock Spr., Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 6802; Santa Cruz Isl.; Sycamore Canon, Santa Inez Mts.; Echo Mt., San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 142; Chalk Hill, San Jaeiuto Mts.; Santiago Peak, Orange Co.; San Diego; Cuyamaca. Refs. — Arctostaphtlos qlanddlosa Eastw., Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, 1:82 (1897), type loc. Mt. Tamalpais, Eastwood; Jepson, Man. 749 (1925). A. intricata Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 416 HEATH FAMILY 47 (1903), type loe. Gasquet (w. of), Del Norte Co., Howell. A. subcordata Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:61 (1933), type loc. Santa Cruz Isl. (w. end), J. T. Howell 6335; leaves subeordate at base or acute. A. cmstacea Eastw., I.e. 1 :74 (1933), type loc. Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., Scale. A. rosei Eastw., I.e. 1 ; 77 (1933), type loc. Lake Merced, San Francisco peninsula, L. S. Rose. A. zacaensis Eastw., I.e. 1:79 (1933), type loc. Zaea Lake, Santa Barbara Co., Eastwood 681. A. cushingiana Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:75 (1933), type loc. Mt. Tamalpais (south slope), "abundant on lower slopes," Eastwood 11,075a; not at all or only slightly glandular; branchlets canescent, not bristly or only slightly so. [A. glandulosa var. crassifolia Jepson, Man. 749 (1925), lapsus calamitosus typographicus.] 19. A. tomentosa Lindl. Explorers Manzanita. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high, the erect stems with shreddy bark, several or many from a broad woody root-crown ; branchlets pubescent or tomentulose, more or less glandular, very leafy ; leaf -blades oblong-ovate, mostly acute, mostly truneatish at base, green and glabrous above, a fine tomentum or close felt-like pubescence beneath, % to 1 (or 2) inches long; petioles short ; panicle compact (^ to V2 or 1 inch long) , often reduced to a raceme ; berry depressed-globose, glabrate or with scattered white liairs, 4 lines broad ; nut- lets distinct or some united, rugulose and somewhat ridged. Sandy ridges or hills, 10 to 1000 feet : Santa Cruz Mts. (w. slope) ; northern Monterey coast line region ; Sau Luis Obispo coast ; Santa Cruz Isl. ; south to the San Diego coast line in a varietal form. Jan.-Mar. Tax. note.^ — Arctostaphylos tomentosa is common in the neighborhood of Monterey. The shrubs possess thick woody root-crowns from which sprouts arise after fire or mutilation. This species, first described as Arbutus tomentosa by Frederick Pursh, rests upon specimens gathered by Menzies on the "Northwest Coast." Menzies' specimens are in the Herbarium of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London. The particular sheet used by Pursh bears seven small branchlets of unequal size and represents a mixture of two forms, first, a form with tomen- tulose leaves, second, a form with stiffish-hirsute branchlets. The first form consists of two branchlets mounted diagonally across the sheet; they have the leaves finely tomentose beneath. The second form consists of five branchlets, the branchlets bearing long stifSsh spreading hairs which arise from a dense tomentulum, the leaves acute or acutish at apex and base (at most ob- tuse or very obtuse at base), not tomentulose beneath but only puberulent, and subglabrate above. The two branchlets first spoken of correspond better on the whole, perhaps, than the other five branchlets, with Pursh's original description, which itself must have covered in part at least the two lots of specimens. The tomentose form matches in leaf shape and size and in tomentum very exactly Arctostaphylos vestita Eastw. of Monterey, a fact which has been previously pointed out by Alice Eastwood and C. V. Piper. The branchlets are quite densely white-tomentulose and there are no hirsute or long spreading hairs. The more well developed leaf -blades have a subeordate base (Jepson, Types and Original Citations, 1:68-71. 1926. nis.). Since Arctostaphylos vestita, in just the form in which it occurs at Monterey, does not exist elsewhere on the coast line of Pacific North America so far as known, it would seem likely that Menzies on one of his visits to Monterey between 1791 and 1795 collected his specimens of A. tomentosa at that point, not only the tomen- tose branchlets referred to above, but also the remaining five branchlets of the type sheet which are here regarded as variants of A. tomentosa, variants readily duplicated by latter day collections at Monterey. In that early day, moreover, the term "Northwest Coast" was used loosely and some- times included northern California. It is of course possible that the specimens, although collected at Monterey, may have been mislabeled. Indeed many of Menzies' specimens were not labeled at all as to precise locality and are known only as belonging to the general collection made on the "Northwest Coast." According to the Northwest Coast portion of Menzies' Journal of Vancouver's Voyage, AprU to October, 1792, edited by C. P. Neweombe (Archives of British Columbia, Mem. 5:20, — 1923), Menzies discovered a species of Arctostaphylos at Port Discovery on the present Washington coast. In so far as the evidence is now understood, it may be said that these Port Discovery specimens were not the ones used by Pursh. It may also be added that recent collec- tions made at Port Discovery Bay, Clallam Co., Wash. {Geo. Neville Jones) show that the shrub of that locality (now referred to Arctostaphylos Columbiana Piper) is quite different from the shrub at Monterey which was published as Arctostaphylos vestita Eastw. Locs. — Santa Cruz Mts.: n. of Santa Cruz, Jepson 9779. Monterey Co.: Del Monte Heights, Jepson 5700; Monterey, Jepson 4004; Huckleberry Hill, Cooper 198. San Luis Obispo Co.: San Simeon, K. Brandegee. Santa Cruz Isl.: Pelican Bay (ridge above), Jepson 12,083 (branchlets weakly bristly). Variation note. — Arctostaphylos tomentosa is an aggregate species exhibiting a swarm of varieties or forms chiefly marked by differences in hue of foliage and presence or absence on leaves or branchlets of two different kinds of trichomes, short soft hairs and bristly hairs, in various combinations and either non-glandular or glandular. Some of these forms which have received n.ames are here noted : Shrubs having branchlets with bristly spreading often glandular hairs 48 EEICACEAE arising from a pubescence or indument witli tlie leaves glabrous or merely puberulent, not tomen- tulose beneath, represent var. bracteosa Jepson (A. braeteosa Abrams). — Vicinity of Monterey: Del Monte Heights, Jepson 5701 ; Laguna Seea, Cooper 272. Between the typical form of A. tomentosa and the form A. tomentosa var. bracteosa there appear to be intermediates (Monterey, Jepson 2991 ; w. of the to\\-n, Jepson 5706). Shrubs having branehlets merely puberulent without bristly hairs and with glabrate leaves are A. braeteosa var. hebeclada Eastw. of Monterey. Shrubs of the San Diego coast line having branehlets and rachis without spreading hairs and with thick elliptic subglabrous leaves 8 to 12 lines long, represent A. tomentosa var. crassifolia Jepson. Eefs. — Arctostaphylos tomentosa Lindl., Bot. Eeg. t. 1791 (1836); Jepson, Man. 749 (1925). Arbutus tomentosa Pursh, Fl. 2S2 (1814), type loc. "Northwest Coast," Menzies. Vva- ursi tomentosa Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6:433 (1910), in part. Arctostaphylos vestita Eastw. ; Sargent, Trees and Shrubs, 1 :205, pi. 97 (1905), type loe. Monterey (sandy plain between Hotel Del Monte and the shore), T. Brandegce. Uva-ursi vestita Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:98 (1914). A. glandulosa var. vestita Jepson, Madroiio 1:86 (1922). Andromeda bracteosa DC. var. hebeclada DC, Prod. 7:607 (1839), type collected by Douglas, doubtless in Cal.; branehlets pubescent, not hirsute ; leaves glabrate. Arctostaphylos bracteosa DC. var. hebeclada Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:122 (1934). Var. bracteosa Jepson. Andromeda bracteosa DC, Prod. 7:607 (1839), type from "Nova California," Douglas (ace. Abrams, Lflts. W. Bot. 1:84), not "Driim- mond," who was never in Cal. Arctostaphylos bracteosa Abrams, Lflts. W. Bot. 1:84 (1934). Var. CKAssirOLiA Jepson, Man. 749 (1925). A. glandulosa var. crassifolia Jepson, Madrono 1:86 (1922) type loc. Del Mar, Jepson 1606a. 20. A. canescens Eastw. Gray Manzanita. Low whitish shrub, 3 to 6 feet high; bark very dark or blackish; branehlets, peduncles and leaves minutely and closely white-pubescent or canescent, the leaves often glabrate in age ; leaf -blades ovate to oblong or elliptic, rounded at apes or obscurely acute, % to 3 inches long; pedicels short-hairy, non-glandular or sometimes slightly glandular, 2 to 4 lines long; bracts lanceolate, small, or the lower sometimes large (3 to 6 lines long); corolla white or pink; ovary woolly; berry depressed-globose, 4 lines broad, faintly pubescent with very short spreading hairs; nutlets distinct, narrow, ridged. Dry rocky or clay slopes, 1500 to 4200 feet : Coast Ranges from Del Norte Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; south to San Diego Co. Dec-Apr. Field note. — No statement is made in the original place of publication of Arctostaphylos canescens (1897) as to stump-sprouting, but the author of the species in 1934 (Lflts. W. Bot. 1:134) adds the highly valuable information that the shrubs are destroyed by fire and reproduce by numerous seedlings "which often bloom when only a few inches high." The value of this declaration is very great. Therefore, this very white shrub may in this additional manner be dis- tinguished from Arctostaphylos glandulosa and all its forms, including the form called A. cushing- iana. In the inner and middle North Coast Ranges the leaf-blades are most commonly broad and rounded, with longer petioles than the representation on Mt. Tamalpais. Locs.— Eidge betw. Smith Eiver and Elk Creek, Del Norte Co., Tracy 12,069 ; Hupa Mt., Hum- boldt Co., Tracy 7565 ; laqua Buttes, Kneeland Prairie, Tracy 4906 ; Asa Bean Eidge, near Castle Peak, ne. Mendocino Co., Jepson 14,694; Snow Mt., n. Lake Co., M. S. Balcer 3115e; Cobb Mt., sw. Lake Co., Jepson 14,692 ; Mayacamas Eange betw. Blue Lakes and XJkiah, Jepson 14,696 ; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 14,695 ; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 6863 ; Loma Prieta, Santa Cruz Mts., Elmer 4251; Chorro Creek, San Luis Obispo Co., Eastwood; near Live Oak Sprs., sc. San Diego Co., Peirson 7233. Eefs. — Aectostaphtlos canescens Eastw., Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 3, 1:84 (1897), type loc. on trail from Eldridge grade to Larsens (Eidgecrest), betw. "last bunch of cypresses" and Rook Spr., Mt. Tamalpais, Eastwood ; Jepson, Man, 749 (1925). A. campbellae Eastw., Lflts, W, Bot. 1:74 (1933), type loc. Mt. Hamilton, Camp6eH. ^. sonomrasis Eastw., I.e. 1:78 (1933), type loc. Eincon Eidge near Santa Eosa, M. S. Balcer 3877c. 21. A. Columbiana Piper. HAraY Manzanita. Erect shrub, 4 to 8 (or 12) feet high, arising from the ground by a single trunk ; branehlets very leafy ; branch- lets and petioles with two kinds of pubescence, a short fine tomentum and long spreading stifSsh hairs arising amongst it, the long hairs abundant and sometimes shaggy, or few and extremely scanty or scattered, usually not glandular or only slightly so; leaves pubescent or nearly glabrous, green or pale, the blades ovate to narrowly or broadly oblong, acute, obtuse to siibeordate at base, entii-e or rarely spinulose-serrulate, margins and midribs sometimes hirsutulose, 1 to 2i/2 inches long ; bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower or all f oliaceous, 14 to 1 inch long ; pedicels HEATH FAMILY 49 pubescent to almost glabrous, non-g-laudular ; flowers white, in compact clusters ; ovary densely pubescent, non-glandular ; berry depressed, 3 to 4 lines in diameter, microscopically and sparingly white-hairy ; nutlets distinct or more or less imited, rugulose. Wooded or brushy slopes, ridges and flats, 50 to 2500 feet : along the coast from Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co. North to Washington. Peb.-Mar. Field note. — Arctostaphylos columbiana keeps close to the coast line save that it is found rather generally through the main redwood belt from Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co. At many stations it has been observed as to reaction to fire: it does not sprout from the root-crowTi. Char- lotte M. Hoak also reports that settlers when clearing land on the Mendocino coast cut off this shrub a foot or two above the ground, leave the trunk for a year or two, and then dig it out, know- ing that it will not stump-sprout. Seedlings are produced very freely. The branchlets exhibit two kinds of trichonies, (a) a close or dense tomentulum, from which arise (b) long spreading usually stiffish hairs. These long hairs vary: sometimes they are mod- erate in number, sometimes so long and dense as to be shaggy (the form A. setosissima Eastw.), sometimes scanty and short (Lakeside, Ore., Cooper 135). Sometimes, though infrequently, the long hairs are more or less glandular (Ft. Bragg, Mathews 139; betw. Kennys and Usal, Jepson 2155). The form Arctostaphylos tracyi Eastw. of the central Humboldt coast needs special men- tion: the pubescence of the branchlets is fine and close, and the spreading hairs are scanty (Table Bluff, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 6168) or apparently none (Patrick's Pt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 6142) ; the old leaves are remarkably glabrate, as sometimes is the case with shrubs of A. columbiana on the Oregon coast. Locs. — Fort Bragg, Mathews 139 ; Kennys sta., Mendocino north coast, Jepson 2155 ; Look Prairie, South Fork Eel River, Constance 638 ; Table Bluff, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 6169 ; Kneeland Prairie, Tracy 6606; Berry's ranch, Eedwood Creek, n. Humboldt Co., Jepson 1953 ; Big Lagoon, n. Humboldt Co., Jepson 9410 ; betw. Camp Six and Gasquet, Del Norte Co., M. S. Balcer 327. Yar. virgata (Eastw.) McMinn comb. n. Bolinas Manzanita. Erect shrub, 5 to 8 (or 14) feet high, rather densely leafy ; branchlets, petioles and rachis puberulent and with short spread- ing glandular hairs or bristles, dark-colored ; branchlets with the leaves ascending in close ranks, tending to embrace or half -conceal the panicle; leaf -blades ovate to oblong, acute at apex, acute or obtuse at base, dark green, their midribs and margins glandular-hairy when young, almost gla- brous when mature, 1 to 2 inches long ; petioles short ; panicles very compact ; bracts f oliaeeous ; pedicels glandular-puberulent ; corolla white; ovary densely covered with gland-tipped hairs; berry viscid. — Woods of caiion sides and ridges, 200 to 2000 feet: coastal Marin Co. from Mt. Tamalpais to Point Reyes Peninsula on either side of the San Andreas Fault. Jan.-Mar. Field note. — Arctostaphylos columbiana var. virgata is associated with Sequoia sempervirena or grows in its forest borders. It also is found associated with Pinus muricata on the Point Reyes Peninsula which is destitute of E-edwood. There is no evidence of root-crown sprouting in this species. The stem is commonly densely leafy just below the panicle in such a way that this bunch of leaves seems to stand above the dovra-curving panicle which is cylindrically compact and com- paratively few-flowered. The general cast of the herbage is yellow-green. The leaves are thin and somewhat willow-like, and commonly very acute. The following stations validate it: Mt. Tamalpais (s. slope), Geo. D. Allin; Bolinas Ridge, Jepson 10,309; San Geronimo Ridge, Ewan 10,176; Inverness, Jepson 502a; Inverness Ridge, Ewan 9376. Refs. — ArcotostaphyTjOS columbiana Piper, Fl. Nw. Coast, 279 (1915), type loc. Union City, Mason Co., Wash., Piper 898; Jepson, Man. 749 (1925). A. tomentosa Jepson, Madroiio 1:87 (1923), not Lindl. A. setosissima Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:78 (1933), type loc. Mendocino City, Eastwood; branchlets bristly as well as pubescent. A. tracyi Eastw., I.e. 1:79 (1933), type loc. Big Lagoon, Humboldt Co., Tracy 6141 ; branchlets puberulent, not bristly. Var. virgata McMinn. ^. tnV(7a(a Eastw. ; Sarg., Trees and Shrubs 1:203 (1905), type loc. "Mt. Tamalpais and the hills west of Tomales Bay ; most abundant and characteristic at the lower part of the Boot- jack trail on Mt. Tamalpais not far from Eedwood Caiion," Eastwood. A. glandulosa var. virgata Jepson, Madrono 1:87 (1922), Man. 749 (1925). 22. A. andersonii Gray. Doctors Manzanita. (Fig. 299.) Erect shrub, 4 to 8 (or 14) feet high ; branchlets with copious straight spreading hairs or bristles and with glandular indument ; leaves crowded or almost imbricated on the branch- lets, the blades oblong or ovate, cordate at base or even auriculate, rounded to lance- shaped at apex, entire or serrulate below the middle, puberulent or densely pubes- cent, or becoming glabrous, 1 to 2% inches long, commonly sessile, or sometimes with a petiole 1 to 2 or 3 lines long; bracts mostly f oliaeeous, 2 to 6 lines long; pedi- cels glandular-puberulent; corolla 3 lines long; berry viscid-pubescent. 50 ERICACEAE Clay or slialy slopes, 500 to 2000 feet : South Coast Ranges from the Oakland Hills to the Santa Cruz Mts. and the Santa Lucia Mts. Feb. Biol. note. — The main stem or trunk of Arctost.iphrlos andevsonii, as observed iu the Oak- land Hills, does not thicken at the ground and has not the capacity to sprout from the root- crown. In consequence the shrubs are killed outright by chaparral fires. Mutilation by the axe has similar results. Trunks 4 feet high have been noted which did not regenerate. In morpho- logical characters it is a variable species. It is very variable in size and form of leaf and in character and degree of pubescence. This statement is especially true in its center of distribution, the Santa Cruz Mts. In these mountains also chances to be the locality (Ben Lomond) for the nomenclatorial type of the species. While the leaves are usually markedly cordate at base, some- times they are merely subcordate or obtuse at base. Leaves obtuse at base and leaves subcordate at base may be found on one branchlet. Locs. — Oakland Hills, Jepson 5715 ; Pilarcitos Lake, San Mateo Co., Davy 1049 ; Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker 271 ; Mt. Madonna, s. Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson 9682 ; Pajaro HiUs, Chandler 429 ; Sur ranch, Santa Lucia Mts., Davy 7408. Var. auriculata (Eastw.) Jepson. Leaves mostly % to l^i inches long, the blades elliptic, entire, cordate, sessile, usually canescent. — Mt. Diablo region : Antioch, K. Brandegee ; Sycamore Creek (head ot), Jepson 9662. Var. pechoensis (Dudley) Jepson. Bishops Man- ZANITA. Branchlets puberulent and bristly (as in the type collection) or merely tomentulose; leaf -blades % to IVi inches long; pedicels mostly glabrous. — Near the San Luis Obispo coast : Cuesta Pass, Santa Lucia Mts. ; San Simeon ; Morro Bay. Var. viridissima (Eastw.) Jepson comb. n. Leaf- blades bright green, auriculate at base or truncatish, subsessile, % to 1 inch long ; stems hairy. — Hills along the Santa Barbara coast (Lompoc; Pt. Sal); Santa Rosa Isl. ; Santa Cruz Isl. ; Santa Catalina Isl. (betw. Avalon and the Isthmus, Wolf 3626). Eefs. — Akcto.staphylos andeesonii Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11:83 (1876), type loc. Ben Lomond, Santa Cruz Mts., Anderson: Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 371 (1901), ed. 2, 313 (1911), Man. 750, fig. 731 (1925). IJva-ursi anderson ii Ahrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:98 (1914). A. imbricata Eastw., Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 4, 20:149 (1931), tjTie loc. San Bruno Hills, Cantphell 4' Meiere. A. pallida Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:77 (1933), type loc. Oakland Hills opposite East Oakland, W. W. Carruth. A. regismontana Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:77 (1933), type loc. Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., Sutliffe; corolla pink or white. Var. aurioi'L.4TA Jepson, Madrono 1 :88 (1922) ; Jepson, Man. 750 (1925). A. auriculata Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club 32:202 (1905), type loc. trail above Uva-ursi auriculata Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:98 (1914). Var. PECHOENSIS Jepson, Madrono 1:89 (1923) ; Jepson, Man. 750 (1925). A. pechoejisis Dud- ley; Abrams, N. Am. Fl. 29:98 (1914), type loc. head of Wild Cherry Canon, San Luis Obispo Co., Dudley. Uva-ursi pechoensis Abrams, I.e. Var. viridissim.4 Jepson. A. pechoensis var. viridissima Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1:62 (1933), type loc. China Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl., /. T. Howell 6368. A. confertiflora Eastw., I.e. 1:122 (i934), type loc. Black Mt. (s. of), Santa Eosa Isl., Ralph Hoffmann. 23. A. insularis CTi-eene. Island Manzanita. Shrub 6 to 10 (or 16) feet high; branchlets glandular-puberulent and with short spreading glandular bristles ; leaf- blades ovate to elliptic or oblong, obtuse or rarely subacute at apex, mostly truncate at base, bright green, nearly glabrous, % to 2 inches long; peduncles and rachises glandular-puberulent ; pedicels bearing spreading glandular hairs ; flowers in a large panicle of elongated racemes, leafy-bracteate at base ; bracts small ; sepals with searious timbi'iate gland-tipped margins; corolla white; ovary white-woolly; berry depressed-globose, yellowish-brown, nearly glabrous, 3 to 6 lines broad, 2 to 3 lines high ; nutlets distinct, only slightly ridged. Dry rocky slopes, 10 to 1000 feet : Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands. May- July. Fig. 299. Arctostaphylos andee- sonii Gray. a. fl. branchlet, X % ; 6, long. sect, of fl., X 2 ; c, stamen, X 3. the Boyd Eanch, Mt. Diablo, Eastwood. HEATH FAMILY 51 Field note. — Ou the hill slopes near Pelican Bay, Santa Cruz Island, a number of large shrubs are noted: one 14 feet high has a trunk diameter of 1 foot; another individual 16 feet high has a cro'vvn 22 feet broad, the trunk at the ground is 2 feet in diameter but parted into several stems. Trunks 2 to 4 feet high before branching and 6 to 8 inches in diameter are, however, frequent. This species has the capacity to sprout from the root croivn (Jepson Field Book, 45:192, — 1927. ms.). Loes. — Pelican Bay, Santa Cruz Isl., Jepson 12,102 ; Friar's Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl., Peirson 11,041; Santa Eosa Isl. (Zoe 1:141). Refs. — ARCTOSTAPHYLO.S iNSULARis Greene; Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2:494 (1887), type loc. Santa Cruz Isl., Greene; Jepson, Man. 750 (1925). A. insularis var. pubescens Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 1 :62 (1933), type loc. Santa Cruz Isl., Greene; bracts and ovary pubescent. 24. A. drupacea Mebr. Coahuila Manzanita. Diffuse shrub 3 to 9 (or 15) feet high ; brauehlets and inflorescence glandular sliort-pilose and pubescent ; leaf- blades elliptic, obtuse but abruptly mueronate, glaucous, puberulent (and some- times glandular) or subglabrous, li^ to 21/4 inches long ; petioles 2 to 4 lines long; pedicels and bracts pink ; pedicels glandular-hairy, 6 to 7 lines long ; bracts mem- branous, lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, deciduous ; sepals whitish, glandular-eiliate ; ovary glandular-pubescent; berry red, oval, 3 lines long, the surface rugose and glandular short-hairy ; stone solid. Mountain slopes and mesas, 2000 to 7500 feet : San Bernardino ilts. to the Cuya- maea Jits. South to Lower California. May-June. Field note. — Arctostaphylos drupacea, as observed on the summit of Monument Peak, La- guna Mts., is noteworthy for its very large compact clusters of pink or rose-colored flowers which, when in full bloom, form a gorgeous sight. It may be considered one of the finest shrubs of the Southern California chaparral. When it goes into the fruiting stage, the berries are extremely sticky. — F. W. Peirson. Locs. — Seven Oaks, San Bernardino Mts., Pai-isli 3709 ; Mill Creek, e. end San Bernardino Valley, Jepson 5588 ; Strawberry Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, Jepson 1305 ; Hot Springs Mt., Warner Sprs., Jepson 8744 ; Cuyamaca Peak, T. Brandegee. Refs. — Arctostaphylos drupacea Mcbr., Contrib. Gray Herb. 53:16 (1918) ; Jepson, Man. 750 (1925). A. pringlei Parry var. drupacea Parry, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2 :495 (1887), type loc. mts. e. of San Diego, Orcutt 543. Uva-ursi drupacea Abrams, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6:434 (1910). 25. A. bicolor Gray. Mission Manzanita. Shrub 3 to 6 (or 10) feet high; leaves coriaceous, brittle, the blades oblong or elliptic, tapering to base and apex, tending to be revolute, dark gi-eeii, shilling and glabrous above, white-tomentose or felt-like beneath, 1 to 2i/4 inches long, not vertical ; pedicels and calyx at first densely tomentose; pedicels short (1 to 2 lines long) ; calyx dark red; corolla rose-color, 4 lines long ; ovary a little haiiy at summit ; berry reddish, eventually with smooth highly polished dark red or almost black surface, 3 to 3% lines broad ; style-base persistent as a sort of short beak or papilla ; stone solid, smootli. Dry slopes and mesas, 50 to 2000 feet : Santa Catalina Isl. ; coastal Los Angeles Co. ; central and western San Diego Co. South to Lower California. Dee. -Mar. Locs. — Santa Catalina Isl., Blanche TrasJc ; South Fork La Tuna Caiion, Verdugo Mts., Mac- Fadden ''f'') lines long, paler beneath, entire, thickish, reticu- ■*■' late-veiny (especially beneath) ; flowers solitary or in 2s; pedicels 1 to 2 (or 3) lines long; calyx deeply 5-parted ; corolla pink, ovoid to globose, 3 Q to 4 lines long; berry large, blue, somewhat glau- „. ^,„ ,, cous, 5 to 6 lines broad, borne on a drooping pedicel. Fig. 300, \ACCINIT:IM OCCIDENTALE ' , , nc\ £ ^ TI 1 1 Ti i^ -NT il. Gray a, f r. branchlet, X Va ; b, fl., Sphagnum bogs, 20 feet : Humboldt Co. North X 3; c, fr., X 2. to Alaska, east to New England and Labrador. Europe, Asia. July. Geog. note. — Vaccinium uliginosum was discovered in California in 1924 by J. P. Tracy at Big Lagoon in Humboldt Co. (no. 6725). This is our only knowni station and is doubtless the southernmost station on the Pacific Coast and perhaps in North America. The leaves in the Hum- boldt shrub are mucronulate at apex and thus answer to var. mucronatum Herder, but such a variety seems inconsiderable, since in size, shape, reticulation and apex of leaves, the plant of HEATH FAMILY 53 Big Lagoon does not differ in any essential manner from many Alaskan or north European (espe- cially Scandinavian) plants representative of V. uliginosum, in which muerouulate or quite obtuse leaves are often found on one individual. Typical Vac- cinium uliginosum, as it occurs at Iliuliuk, Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, has, sometimes, mucronulate and ob- tuse leaves on the same bush {Jcpson 133). In Alaska the berries are an important article of food both to the Indians and the white settlers. Refs. — Vaccinium unGiNosnii L., Sp. PI. 350 (1753), type from Sweden; Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 411 (1901). 3. V. membranaceum Dougl. Thin-leaf Huckleberry. (Fig. 302.) Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with widely spreading branches; branch- lets slightly angled, those of the sea-son bearing 3 to 5 (not crowded) leaves; leaf -blades ovate or obovate to oval, mostly acute or acuminate, finely serrulate, membranous, both sides nearly alike, 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; calyx entire; corolla depressed-globose, greenish-white, 2 lines broad ; pedicels erect in fruit; berry black or red (or at least red at first). Mountain bogs, 5000 to 7000 feet: Hum- boldt, Del Norte, Siskiyou and Modoc Cos. North to British (Columbia. May-June. Loes. — Fig. 301. Vaccinuim uliginosum L. a, fl. branchlet, X % ; 6, long. sect, of fl., X 3 ; c, stamen, X 5; d, fr., X ¥2- Trinity Summit, n . Hum- boldt Co., Davy 5759 ; Knownothing Creek (head of), near Salmon Summit, Tracy 14,419; Bear Basin, e. Del Norte Co., Huhy Van Deventer G7 ; Ilaypress Mdw., Marble Mt. region, w. Siskiyou Co., Chandler 1577 : Lassen Creek, Modoc Co., L. S. Smith 907. Kefs. — Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl.; Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 32 ( 1834) , type from the "North- west Coast," Menzies; Jepson, Man. 752 (1925). V. myrtiUoides var. macrophyllum Hook., I.e. V. iriacro- phyllum Piper, Contrib. U.S.Nat. Herb. 11 : 443 (1906). 4. V. caespitosum Miehx. Dwarf Bil- berry. (Fig. 303.) Dwarfish, depressed, 2 to 4 inches high, or at lower altitudes to 9 inches high; branehlets not angled; herbage glabrous; leaf -blades obovate, mostly acute, usually cuneate at ba.se, finely serrulate, I/2 to % (or 1-V4) inches long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; calyx rim a wavy border or entire; corolla pendulous, pink or white, ovoid, mostly 5-toothed; berry blue with a bloom, globose, 2i'2 to 3I/2 lines in diameter, on a curved pedicel. Montane wet meadows and rocky ridges : Sierra Nevada, 6500 to 11,600 feet, from Tu- lare Co. to Modoc Co. ; high North Coast Ranges, 5000 to 7000 feet, from Humboldt and Trinity Cos. to Siskiyou Co.; along the coast (in wet meadows), 5 to 100 feet, from Himi'boldt Bay to Del Norte Co. North to Alaska, ea.st to Colorado and New England. June-July. Fig. 302. Dougl. a, long. sect, of fl., X 3 berry, X 1. Vaccinium membranaceum flowering branch, X Vz ; h, c, stamen, X 5; d. 54 EKICACEAE Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Hockett Mdw., Tulare Co., Jepson 14,690; Erolution Basin, Fresno Co., E. Ferguson 483; Crescent Lake, Mariposa Co., Congdon; Mt. Dana, Jepson 3267; Cold Creek, Tuolumne River. Jepson 4492 ; Suzy Lake, Eldo- rado Co., Ottley 1143 ; Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Baker 4" Nutting; Mt. Shasta (N. Am. Fauna 16:158); Mt. Warren, Modoc Co., Frances Payne 723. North Coast Ranges: Humboldt Bay, Chandler 1181; Crescent City (2 mi. e.), Tracy 12,392; Cuddihy Valley, w. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 2851. Var. arbuscula Gray. Thick-bushy and erect with red branches, 1% to 2 feet high. — Mt. Shasta at lower altitudes than the species ; Plumas Co. Eefs. — Vaccinium c.\espitosum Michx., Fl. 1:234 (1803), type loc. Hudson's Bay, Canada: Jepson, FI. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 315 (1911), Man. 752 (1925). Var. ARBuscuLA Gray, Syn. PI. 2:24 (1878), type from Plu- mas Co., E. If. Austin. V. arhuscula Merriam, N. Am. Fauna 16:159 (1899). 5. V.parvifoliumSm. Red Huckleberry. (Fig. 304.) Shrub 3 to 12 (or 25) feet high; branches and branchlets slender, very sharply angled, green, articulated; leaf -blades mostly oval, entire, mncronulate, thin, pale beneath, o to 8 or 12 lines long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, deflexed in fruit or sometimes curved; calys. slightly 5-lobed; corolla globular, greenish; berry bright red, somewhat translucent, 4 to 6 lines in di- Fig. 303. Vaccikium caespitosttm Michx. a, flowering branch, X % ; b, long. sect, of fl., X 3 ; c, stamen, X 5 ; d, berry, X 1. am e 1 6 r , pleasantly flavored. Wooded slopes and flats and in wet places on serpentine : Coa.st Ranges, 100 to 4700 feet, from Santa Cruz Co. to Del Norte Co.; Sierra Nevada, 2500 to 5900 feet, from iladera Co. to Shasta Co. North to Ala.ska. Apr.-May. It is also called Coral Berrv in Humboldt Co. (J.P.Tracy). Locs. — Coast Ranges: Santa Cruz Co. (Anderson, Nat. Hist. Santa Cruz Co. 40) ; Butano Creek, San Ma- teo Co., Elmer 4924; Fort Ross, H. F. Bracelin 22; Brandon's MUl, Noyo, Jepson 17,835 ; Sherwood Valley, Mendocino Co., Bavy 5159 ; Bull Creek, South Fork Eel River, Constance 759; Newell Camp, Kneeland Prairie road, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4879; betw. Korbel and An- gels ranch, Humboldt Co., Jepson 1926 ; Horse Mtn., Tracy 8133; near Preston Peak, Siskiyou Mts., Jepson 2866; Camp Sbc, Middle Fork Smith River, Del Norte Co., If. S. Baker. Sierra Nevada: Fresno Big Trees, Jepso7t 15,972 ; Red Cloud Mine, Mariposa Co., Cong- don; Rock Creek, Eldorado Co., 0. M. Evans; Sugar Pine ranger sta., Placer Co., L. S. Smith 2542 ; Cow Creek Caiion, e. Shasta Co., AI. S. Baker. Refs. — Vaccinium parvipolium Sm., Rees' Cycl. 36:no. 3 (1819), type loc. "Northwest Coast," ilcnzies: Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 373 (1901), ed. 2, 315 (1911), Man. 751 (1925). Fig. 304. V.ACCINIUM Sm. a, fl. branehlet, X % PARVIPOLIUM b, long. sect. of fl., X 3 ; c, stamen, X 5; d, f r., X 1. 6. V. myrtillus L. Mountain Bilberry. (Fig. 305.) Stems freely branched, 3 to 10 inches high; branchlets angled, green, rather straight and disposed to be somewhat fastigiate; leaf -blades obovate to ovate, Vo to 1 inch long, serrulate or HEATH FAMILY 55 almost entire; pedicels 1 to 2 (or 3) lines long; calyx-limb entire or very sliallowly lobed; corolla ovoid or subglobose, its lobes more or less erosulate; berry red. Montane, 6000 to 7000 feet : Siskiyou Co. (rare in California) . North to Alaska. Europe. Loc. — Marble Mt., Chandler 1617. Refs. — Vaccinium myrtillus L., Sp. PI. 349 (1753), type loc. European; Jepson, Man. 752 (1925). V. myrtillus var. micro phylhim Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2:33 (1834), type loc. "Alpine woods near the Height of Land and Columbia Portage," n. Rocky Mts., Drummond. V. scoparium Leiberg, Mazama 1:196 (1897). 7. V. ovatum Pursh. California Huckleberry. (Fig. 306.) Erect shrub 4 to 8 feet high; leaves coriaceous, shining above, the blades oblong-ovate, serrate, I/2 to 1V4 inches long, short-petioled; racemes short and dense, 4 to 7 ( or 9 ) -flowered, axil- lary and shorter than the leaves, often form- ing compact clusters; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; corolla pink, broadly bell-shaped, 3 to 31/^ lines long; berry black, without bloom, globose-ovoid, 3 to 4 lines long. Hill slopes and canon valleys, 10 to 2500 feet : San Diego Co. (rare) ; along the coast from Santa Barbara Co. to Del Norte Co., especially in the Redwood belt. North to British Columbia. Feb.-May. Field note. — As a Redwood asso- ciate, Vaccinium ovatum is extremely abundant as ground cover in the forest and is often a dominant. In Mendocino County it may take on an arborescent form and develop a trunk 5 to 7 inches in diameter. In logged Redwood lands it is commonly the first woody species to repopulate the area, but it is likely later to be overtopped by Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. If the crown of the shrub is cut off or fire-killed, Vaccinium ovatum usually stump- sprouts freely. Logs. — Bottle Peak near Escondido, C. V. Meyer; upper Mis- sion Caiion, Santa Barbara, TucTcer 106; Santa Cruz Isl. (Zoe 1:141) ; Purisima Hills, Lompoe ; Cerro Alto Mt. near San Luis Obispo, Condit 4' Waters; Monterey, Jepson; San Vicente Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Jepson; Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., Elmer 4561; Redwood Peak, Oakland Hills, H. JI. Eaworth; Olema, Marin Co.,Jepson 14,687 ; Gualala, Mendocino Co., Bobt. Brandt ; Cahto, Mendocino Co., Jepson 14,088; Bull Creek, near Dyerville, Jep- son; Eureka, Tracy 2017 ; Trinidad, Humboldt Co., Geo. Parrish; Crescent City, ShocTclcy ; Quartz Creek, Del Norte Co., Jepson. Var. saporosum Jepson. Berry glaucous. — Montere}- ; Santa Cruz Co.; Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co. (Patrick Creek, C. B. Wolf 1773). The berry ripens earlier than in the species and has a more agreeable flavor. In the Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mts., H. A. Button observes that the leaves are a darker green th.an in the species, that the berry is pear-shaped while it is globose in tlic species. On the Mendocino coast, says Charlotte M. Hoak, the shrubs with blue or glaucous berries are favored by school-children who call them blue-berries; the shrubs with non-glaucous black or purple berries are called huckleberries. The berries of the former are thin-skinned, mellow and sweet; the berries of the latter are tougher or thicker-skinned Fig. 305. Vaccinium myrtillus L. a. fl. branchlet, X % ; &, long. sect, of fi., X 3; e, stamen, X 5; d, fr., X 1. Fig. 306. Vaccinium ova- tum Pursh. Fruiting branch- let, X %. 56 ERICACEAE and carry a twangy taste. These two forms are not ecological ; sun or shade, forest or cut-over lands do not alter their character. In Humboldt County J. P. Tracy has observed that black- berried bushes may have fruit as early, as large and as good-flavored as glaucous-fruited bushes growing beside them ; but it is true that the glaucous berries are more generally large, tender and sweet. Eefs. — Vaccinium ovatum Pursh, Fl. 290 (1814), tvpe loc. Columbia Eiver, Lewis; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 373 (1901), ed. 2, 315 (1911), Man. 751, fig. 732 (1925). Var. saporosum Jepson, Man. 751 (1925), type loc. Gualala, Mendocino Co., Eobt. Brandt. VACCiNrcM MACROCARPON Ait., Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2:13, pi. 7 (1789). Oxycoccus macrocarpus Pursh, Fl. 263 (1814). American Cranberry. (Subgenus OsTCOccus.) Stems slender, ascend- ing, simple or sparingly branched, 5 to 7 inches high, rather densely clothed with evergreen leaves ; leaf-blades oblong, the margin revolute, green and shining above, whitened or pale below, 3 to 5 lines long ; petioles ^4 line long ; flowers 1 to 4 in a terminal cluster, borne on long filiform pedicels; corolla pink or pale rose-color, deeply 4-parted, the lobes lanceolate, reflexed; anthers exserted, awnless; berry globose, red, 4 to 5 lines in diameter. — Bogs or sphagnum swamps, New- foundland to Arkansas. Also found (doubtless introduced) in a swamp (old hydraulic diggings) near North Columbia (1 mi. s.), Nevada Co., 3000 feet, L. S. Smith (det. by W. A. Dayton). 13. CHIMAPHILA Pursli. Pipsissewa Low perennial evergreen suffruteseent plants. Leaves in irregular whorls or a little alternate, seiTulate. Flowers white or pink, waxy, in a terminal naked corymb. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate; petals 5, distinct, orbicular, concave, spreading. Stamens 10; filaments with a conspicuous roundish dilation. Stigma orbicular-peltate, crowning the ver^' short style which is concealed in the iimbili- cate summit of the ovary. Capsule 5-celled, dehiscent from above downwards. — Species 5, North America, Europe and Asia. (Greek cheima, winter, and phileo, to love, the plants evergreen.) Leaves oblanceolate, many; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered 1. C. umiellata. Leaves ovate, few; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered 2. C. menziesii. 1. C. umbellata Bart. var. occidentalis Blake. Prince's Pine. Stems often simple, 6 to 10 or 12 inches high, bearing several clusters or whorls of leaves and a tei-minal 3 to 6-flowered peduncle; leaf -blades oblanceolate, varying to oblong, sharply serrulate from near the base. IV2 to 2V2 inches long; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; flowers 3 lines broad, pinkish or flesh-color; filaments with a roundish dilation at base which is hairy on the margin only. Pine woods or brushy slopes, 1000 to 6000 (or 9000) feet, rather common : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada from Tuolumne Co. to Modoc Co. and eastern Siskiyou Co.; North Coast Kanges from Lake Co. to western Siskiyou Co. North to British Columbia, ea.st to Colorado. June- Aug. In the Sierra Nevada this species is a rarity south of Eldorado Co. Locs. — S. Cal.: Saunders Mdw., San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer 451 ; South Fork Santa Ana Elver, San Bernardino Mts., Peirson 49C4 ; Dollar Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Feirson. Sierra Nevada: "Big Oak Flat road" (probably Tuolumne Co.), J. A. Midgway; Glen Alpine, Eldorado Co., McGregor ; Pioneer road sta.. North Fork Yuba Eiver, Jepson 16,830; Eieh Pt., Plumas Co., Jepson 10,634; Digger Creek, e. Shasta Co., J. Griniiell: Mt. Shasta, Copeland 432; Forestdale, sw. Modoc Co., Nutting: Lassen Creek, Warner Mts.. L. S. Smith 162. North Coast Eanges: Mt. Sanhedrin, Eeller 5935 ; Squaw Creek, South Fork Eel Eiver, Constance 873 ; Kneeland Prairie, Chesnut J- Dreiv ; betw. Dyers ranch and Hawkins Bar, w. Trinity Co., Jepson 1989 ; betw. Salmon Forks and Salmon Summit, Jepson 2088; Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Jepson 14,654; Shackel- ford Creek, w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 58 ; Dunn Creek, ne. Del Norte Co., Jepson 18,528. Eefs. — CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA Bart., Veg. Mat. Med. U. S. 1:17, t. 1 (1817) ; Nutt., Gen. 1:274 (1818). Pyrola umbellata L., Sp. PI. 396 (1753"), tvpe from Europe. Var. occidentalis Blake, Ehod. 19:242 (1917). C. occidentalis Eydb., N. Am. Fl. 29:30 (1914), type loc. Pine Creek, near Farmington, Latah Co., Ida., Sandberg, McDougal <)?• Heller 519. C. umbellata Jep- son, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 368 (1901), ed. 2, 309 (1911), Man. 736 (1925). 2. C. menziesii Spr. "Western Pipsissewa. More or less branched from the base, 3 to 6 inches high; leaf -blades ovate, mostly acute, serrulate or entire, % to HEATH FAMILY 57 1^2 inches long; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered; flowers wliitisli; filaments with a roundish dilation at the middle which is covered with short hairs on the back. Pine and fir woods, plants scattered, probably never abundant, 2600 to 6500 feet: mountains of coastal Southern California; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Tehama and Modoc Cos.; North Coast Kanges from northern Napa Co. to north- ern Humboldt Co. North to British Columbia. June-July. Logs. — S. Cal. : Palomar Mt., Esther Hewlett 23 ; Saunders Mdw., San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer C87; Mill Creek Falls, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 2525; Icehouse Caiion, San Antonio Mts. Sierra Nevada: Round Mt., Kaweah Kiver basin. Hopping 126; betw. Tehipite Valley and Gnat Mdw., E. Ferguson 533 ; Briglitman Plat, Tuol- umne Co., A. L. Grant 891 ; Georgetown, Eldorado Co., M. A. Kelley ; Truckee, Sonne; Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., KecTc 453 ; Mt. Turner, e. Tebama Co., J. Grinnell; Forestdale, sw. Modoc Co., If. S. Baier. North Coast Eanges: Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 14,655; Bartlett Mt., n. Lake Co., Maiel Hazell; Elk Mt., n. Lake Co., Tracy 2327 ; Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., Davy 5620; Trinity Summit, Manning 71. Refs. — Chimaphila menziesii Spr., Sys. 2:317 (1825) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 368 (1901), ed. 2, 309 (1911), Man. 736 (1925). Pyrola menziesii R. Br.: D. Don, Mem. Werner. Soc. 5:245 (1824), type loc. Northwest Coast, N. Am., Memies. 14. MONESES Salisb. Perennial herb with a short decumbent leafy base which bears a solitary drooping flower on a slender scape. Leaves thin, in 1 to 3 whorls or opposite pairs. Cal}^ 5 (or 4)- parted. Petals 5 (or 4), rotate, distinct. Sta- mens 10 or 8. Stigma peltate, with 5 (or 4) narrow radiating lobes. Capsule 4 or 5-celled, loculicidal from the summit, its valves not cobwebby. — Species 1. (Greek monos, single, and esis, delight, the plant one-flowered.) 1. M. uniflora Gray. Forest Wintergreen. (Fig. 307.) Scape 2 to 5 inches high; leaf -blades roundish-ovate, serrate-dentate, reticulately veined, 4 to 9 lines long; petioles winged, 2 to 3 lines long; flower fragrant, 6 to 8 lines broad. Cool forests, 500 to 3500 feet, very rare with us : Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Alaska, east to Labrador. Europe, Asia. May. Locs. — Prairie Creek, Humboldt Co., Tracy 7515; Sisson, near Mt. Shasta, Lemmon. Alas.: Orca, Jepson 444. Tax. note. — Our Pacific Coast plant, collected by Nuttall on the lower Columbia River in 1835, was first described as Moneses reticulata by Nuttall in 1843 and defined more recently as Moneses uniflora var. reticulata by Blake (Rhod. 17:28, — 1915) by reason of its "more ovate less orbicular acute or acutish leaves serrate-dentate rather than crenate, characters by no means constant" and which are further weakened, especially as to outline, apex and reticulation of the leaves, by the series of Oregon and Washington specimens before us. Refs.— Moneses uniflora Gray, Man. ed. 1, 273 (1848) ; Jepson, Man. 736 (1925). Pyrola uniflora L., Sp. PI. 397 (1753), type European. M. reticulata Nutt., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 8:271 (1843), fir woods of the Columbia River not far from the sea, Nuttall. M. uniflora var. reticulata Blake, Rhod. 17:28 (1915). Fig. 307. Moneses uniflora Gray. a, habit, X % ; fc, stamen, X 3; c, style and stigma, X i; d, capsule, X 1%- 15. PYROLA L. "Wintergreen Perennial herbs with slender rootstocks, basal evergreen leaves (rarely leaf- less), and leafless scapes. Flowers in a terminal raceme, 5-merous, mostly nodding Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, distinct, concave or incurved, more or less converging. Stamens 10; filaments subulate, naked. Stigma 5-lobed or -toothed, on an elongated 58 ERICACEAE style. Capsule 5-eelled, depressed-globose and 5-lobed. lunbilieate at apex and base, dehiscent from the base upward; edges of the valves cobwebby when opening, persistent on the axis. Embryo minute. — Spe- cies 15, North America, Europe and Asia. (Di- minutive of Pyrus, classical name of the Pear Tree, on account of resemblance in the leaves of one si^ecies.) Stigma peltate, without rhig or collar ; style straight ; flowers 2% to 3 lines wide. Eaeeme not one-sided; style included; leaf -blades roundish 1. P. viinor. Bacenie one-sided ; style slightly exserted ; leaf- blades ovate 2. F. secunda. Stigma 5-lobed, subtended by a distinct ring or collar; style curved, longer than the corolla, the apex upturned; flowers 4i/o to 6 lines wide. Plants with green leaves. Flowers pink or red ; leaves thin..3. P. asarifolia. Flo%vers white or whitLsh to brownish; leaves coriaceous. Leaves white-veined 4. P. picta. Leaves not white-veined 5. P. dentata. Plants with few leaves or with reduced (scale-like) leaves or at times leafless or apparently so. G. P. apUylla. 1. (Fir Fig. 308. Ptrola minor L. a, habit, X %; ft, stamen, X 4; c, pis- til, X 3 ; d, capsule, X 4. P. minor L. English Wintergreen. 308.) Scapes 5 to 9 inches high; leaf- blades round to oval, mi- nutely serru- late, thin, % to 114 inches long, the margined petiole mostly shorter; raceme % to 1 inch long; corolla globose, white or rose-color. High montane, 7000 to 10,000 feet : San Ja- cinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra b L Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. North America, Europe and Asia. Rare in California. July-Aug. Q \ II Locs. — S. Cal.: Bound Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Munz 6395 ; South Fork Santa Ana Elver. San Bernar- dino Mts., Muns 6189. Sierra Nevada: Junction Mdw., Kern Canon, Jepson 5025 ; Big Mdws., Bubb's Creek, Fresno Co., S. W. Avstin 631 ; Palisade Creek, Middle Fork Kings Elver, E. Ferguson 520 ; Home Camp Creek, Huntington Lake, A. L. Grant 1418; Lassen Creek, Mo- doc Co., E. M. Austin 142. Eefs. — Pyrola minor L., Sp. PI. 396 (1753), type European; Jepson, Man. 737 (1925). 2. P. secunda L. One-side Wintergreen. (Fig. 309.) Scapes 5 to 9 inches high; leaf- blades ovate, minutely serrulate, thin and green, 1/2 to 1% inches long, the margined petiole shorter than the blade; raceme one-sided, dense, % to 1 inch long; petals white, with two tubercles at ba.se inside. IMontane pine woods, 4500 to 7800 (or 10,500) feet: San Jacinto and San Ber- nardino mountains; Siei'ra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Humboldt Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Alaska, east to ilaryland. Europe. Asia. July. Fig. 309. Ptrola secunda L. a. habit, X V2 ; 6. A., with 2 petals re- moved on one side, X 3 ; c, petal, X 3 ; d, stigma, X 4 ; e, f r., X 3. HEATH FAMILY 59 Lops. — S. Cal.: Round Valley, San Jacinto Mts. ; Lost Canon, upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Mts., Peirson. Sierra Nevada : Huckleberry Mdw., Giant Forest, Ncwlon 19 ; Heart Lake, Rock Creek lake basin, w. Inyo Co., Peirson 11,294; betw. Silver Pass and Fish Valley, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1554; Shadow Lake, Madera Co., A. L. Grant 1571; Kennedy Mdw., South Fork Relief Creek, Stanislaus River, A. L. Grant; Glen Alpine, Lake Tahoe, Chesnut 4- Drew; Donner Lake, Sonne 209 ; Lassen Creek, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 161 ; Forestdale, Modoc Co., Nutting; Medicine Lake, Siskiyou Co., If. S. BaJcer 131. North Coast Ranges: South Fork Mt., Humboldt Co., Chesnut # Drew; Trinity Summit, Tracy 10,737; Shackelford Creek (head of), w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 57 ; Poker Flat, ne. Del Norte Co., E. Van Deventer 210. Refs. — Pyeoi^ secunda L., Sp. PI. 396 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 368 (1901), ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. 737 (1925). 3. P. asarifolia ilichx. var. incarnata Fer. Northern Shin-leaf. (Fig 310.) Scapes 9 to IS inche.s high, a single scaly bract borne at the middle; leaf blades thin, orbicular, cordate to rounded at base, rounded at apex or rarely sub acute, entire to finely crenate or serrulate, 1 to 3I/4 inches long, the petioles as long; ra- ceme loose, scaly-bracted, 2 to 6 inches long; corolla pink or red, drying rose-purple. Pine woods : San Bernardino Mts., 8000 feet; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8200 feet, from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; Siskiyou Co., 4000 to 6000 feet. North to Alaska, east to New England. July-Aug. Locs. — S. Cal. : Vivian Creek, San Bernardino Mts., Munz 7593. Sierra Nevada: Whitney Mdws., Tulare Co., Furpus 1895 ; Simpson Mdw., Middle Fork Kings River, H. M. Eliot; Mirror Lake, Yosemite, Jepson 3126; Colby, Butte Co., li. M. Austin; Forest- dale, sw. Modoc Co., M. S. BaJcer. Siskiyou Co.: Mt. Shasta, Jepson 14,665 ; Castle Lake, Alexander 4' Kel- logg 342. Var. bracteata (Hook.) Jepson comb. n. Leaves elliptic-ovate, shortly acute, coriaceous, shiny, 2 to 3 inches long ; flowers bright rose-pink. — Moist woods, outer North Coast Range from Mendocino Co. to Sis- kiyou Co. North to British Columbia. Locs. — Noyo, Mendocino Co., Bolandcr 6542 ; di- vide betw. Cow Creek and Bear Creek, South Fork Eel River, Constance 835 ; Redwood House road, Hum- boldt Co., M. S. Baker 63 ; Eureka, Tracy 1191 ; Knee- land Prairie, Tracy 248 ; Bald Mt. betw. High Prairie and Snow Camp, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4552. Refs. — Pyrola asarifolia Michx., Fl. 1:251 (1803). Var. incarnata Fer., Rhod. 6:178 (1904) ; Jepson, Man. 737 (1925). P. rotundifoUa var. incar- nata DC, Prod. 7:773 (1839). tvpe loc. Dahuria. P. incarnata Fisch. ; DC, I.e. P. uliginosa T. & 6. ; Torr., Fl. New York 1 :45"3, t. 69 (1843), type loc. Oriskany, Oneida Co., N. Y., Knieshern. P. rotundifoUa var. uliginosa Gray, Man. ed. 2, 259 (1856). Var. bracte.ata Jepson. P. iracteata Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2:47 (1834), type loc. Northwest Coast, Scouler. P. rotundifoUa var. brac- teata Gray; B.&W.,Bot. Cal. 1:460 (1876). Fig. 310. Pyrola asarifolia Michx. var. INCARN.\TA Fer. a. base of plant, X % ; 6, infl., X % ; c, stamen, X IV2 ; d, pistil, X 3; e, capsule, X 1%. 4. P. picta Sm. White-vein Shin-leaf. (Fig. 311.) Scapes 8 to 15 inches high; leaf-blades ovate to elliptic, very coriaceous, mottled or veined with white, entire or serrulate, 1 to 3 inches long, the narrowly winged petiole mostly shorter than the blade; raceme 3 to 5 inches long; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, usually acute; corolla greenish-white. Humus or sandy soil of pine and fir forests, 4000 to 9200 feet : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Mt. Shasta and Modoc Co.; North Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to British Columbia, east to Wj'oming. July-Aug. 60 ERICACEAE Locs. — S. Cal. : Dark Canon, San Jacinto Mts., Hall; Dollar Lake, San Bernardino Mts., Mum 6226. Sierra Nevada: Giant Forest, Tulare Co., Newlon 61; Dinkey Mdw., Fresno Co., Jepson 16,022; Huntington Lake, A. L. Grant 1156; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,048; Pioneer sta., Sierra Co., Jepson 16,829 ; Truekee, Sonne 210 ; Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., Fritz # Harris; Milford, Lassen Co., If. S. Baker; Forestdale, sw. Modoc Co., U. S. Balcer 536 ; Cedar Spr., Mt. Shasta, Jepson 14,660. North Coast Ranges: Elk Mt., Lake Co., Tracy 2331 ; Castle Peak, ne. Mendocino Co., Jepson 14,661; South Fork Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 9033; Trinity Summit, Tracy 10,569; Summerville, sw. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 2084; Dunn Creek, ne. Del Norte Co., Jepson 18,525. Refg. — Pyrola picta Sm., Rees' Cycl. 29 : Pyrola no. 8 (1819), tvpe loc. Northwest Coast, Menzies; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 368 (1901), ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. 737, fig. 718 (1925). 5. P. dentata Sm. Nootka Wintergeeen. (Fig. 312. ) Plants 4 to 9 inches liigli ; leaf -blades ovate to olDOvate, coriaceous, serrate, often pale or glaucous, 1 to 2 inches long; raceme 1 to 3 inches long; petals cream-color. Pine woods. 200 to 5000 feet : Mendocino Co. to Humboldt Co. ; Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to jModoc Co. North to British Columbia. June. Locs. — North Coast Ranges: Fort Bragg, TV. C. Mathews 18; South Fork Mt., Humboldt Co., Chesnut 4r Drew; Hupa Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 7564; Brannan Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 3437; Twin Valley, Del Norte Co., R. Van Deventer 212. Sierra Nevada : Rich Pt., Plu- mas Co., Jepson 10,633 ; Chico Mdws., Butte Co., Heller 11,597; Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Nutting; Forest- dale, Modoe Co., M. S. Balcer. Var. integra Gray. Leaves entire, glaucous, often blue-glaucous beneath. — Montane pine woods, 5000 to 9000 feet : San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. and Mt. Shasta; Humboldt Co. to western Siskiyou Co. North to Wash- ington. Locs. — S. Cal.: Whitewater River (head of), Mt. San Gorgonio, C. M. Wilder 1118; Coldwater Canon, San Ga- briel Mts., Peirson 519a; Prairie Fork, San Gabriel River, Feirson 2512. Sierra Nevada: betw. Shotgun Creek and Farewell Gap, Jepson 1003; betw. Tehipite Valley and Gnat Mdw., E. Ferguson 531; Huntington Lake, A. L. Grant 1098 ; betw. Graveyard Mdw. and Silver Pass, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1514; Eagle Mdw., South Fork of Middle Stanislaus River, A. L. Grant 376; Cascade Lake, near Fallen Leaf, Ottley 1192; Truekee, Sonne 210a; Lassen Peak, Lcmmon; Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Nutting ; Lassen Creek, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 161; Mt. Shasta, Condit. North Coast Ranges: Hupa Mt., n. Humboldt Co., Davy 5644 ; Salmon Summit, Tracy 14,356 ; Humbug Mt., Siski- you Co., Butler 1574. Refs. — Pyrola dentata Sm., Rees' Cycl. 29: Pyrola no. 6 (1814), type loc. Nootka, Vancouver Isl., Mensies; Jep.son, Man. 737 (1925). P. picta var. dentata Piper, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11:434 (1906). Var. inteqra Gray, Pac. R. Rep 12=: 54 (1860), type loc. "high wooded hills oast of Mt. Adams," Wash., Cooper. P. pallida Greene, Pitt. 4:39 (1899), type loc. Yreka, "northern California" (the region first cited), Greene 933. Fig. 311. Pyrola picta Sm. a habit, X % ; b, stamen, X 2% ; c, pis til, X 2. d Fig. 312. Pyeola dentata Sm. a, habit, X % ; b, stamen, X 3 ; c, pistil, X 4 ; d, capsule, X 2. HEATH FAMILY 61 6. P. aphylla Sm. Red Canker. Scapes red, often many and clustered, from a scalj'-bracted rootstock, 9 to 12 (or 16) inches high; leaves few or scale-like or at times apparently none; raceme (2% or) 4 to 7 inches long; calyx red; petals obovate or elliptic, whitish or flesh-color; capsule 3 lines broad. Wooded mountains, 100 to 8000 feet : mountains of coastal Southern California; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to eastern Siskij-ou Co.; Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz Co. to western Siskiyou Co. North to British Columbia. June-July. Biol. note. — Ordinary or imperfect specimens of Pyrola aphylla, as found in herbaria, are so often leafless that this species has been regarded by various authors as a parasite or a sapro- phyte. Expanded green leaves are, however, not infrequently borne at the base of the flowering scape (Kneeland Prairie, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3047). Terminal rosettes of foliaceous leaves are produced also on sterile shoots of the season (Long Gulch, Yreka, Butler 38). It is probably true that flowering shoots of a season always arise from the terminal bud of the sterile shoots of the preceding season. Long ago, Theodore Holm demonstrated, chiefly on anatomical grounds, that Pyrola aphylla is an autophyte, and neither a parasite nor saprophyte (Bot. Gaz. 25:246^254, pi. 17, — 1898). He also emphasized the significance of the large number of scale leaves which are produced. Pyrola aphylla is not known east of the Sierra Nevada, but it occurs in that portion of the Sierra Nevada range which lies in western Nevada, namely the east side of Lake Tahoe. On Nov. 18, 1936, Jos. P. Tracy writes from Humboldt Co.: "Pyrola aphylla, picta and den- tata are closely allied species. Specimens of these species bearing small leaves require some notice. I have plants of undoubted P. picta with small reduced but stOI round and spotted leaves. I have other plants that I would refer to P. aphylla, although they possess small leaves shaped like those of P. dentata or its var. integra. The habitat of these three species is similar, and all occur spo- radically, that is, never in extensive colonies, but onl.y a small clump here and there, spaced often as widely as one hundred feet" (Jepson Corr. 39:868. ms.). The flowers of Pyrola aphylla and P. picta, as observed on plants at Dorrington, Calaveras Co., resemble each other closely: in P. aphylla the flowers are 31/2 to 4 lines long, on pedicels 3 to 314 lines long, the corolla is white or greenish or sometimes pinkish, the upper pair of petals closely approximate above the anther mass with the tips incurving so as to make a sort of hood : in P. picta the flowers are 5 lines long, on pedicels 1% to 3 lines long, the corolla is brown-pink, the upper pair of petals spreading loosely above the stamen mass or only slightly approximate. Locs. — S. Cal. : Cuyamaca Mts., StoTces : Palomar Mt., Esther Hewlett 15 ; San Jacinto Mts., Condit ; Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., J. Grinnell. Sierra Nevada: Pine Eidge, Fresno Co., Ball $• Chandler 583; Mariposa Big Trees, Bolander 4979; Confidence, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 7694; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,075; Milford, Lassen Co., M. S. Balcer ; ne. Shasta Co., M. S. Baker; Mt. Shasta, Brewer 1411. Coast Ranges: Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mts., ace. C. A. Seed; Pescadero, San Mateo Co., Elmer 4297; Bear Valley, Marin Co., G. Syme; betw. Guerneville and Monte Rio, lower Russian River, E. Ferguson 230; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson 14,644; Signal Ridge, Yorkville, Mendocino Co., W. W. Carruth; Bull Creek, South Fork Eel River, Con- stance 792; betw. Willow Creek and Hupa, Jepson 2023 ; betw. Dyers ranch and Hawkins Bar, w. Trinity Co., Jepson 1998 ; Humbug Mt., Siskiyou Co., Butler 1575. Refs. — Pyrola aphylla Sm., Bees' Cycl. 29: Pyrola no. 7 (1814), type from "west coast of North America" (Nootka Sound, ace. D. Don, Card. Diet. 3:864), Menzies; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 368 (1901), ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. 737 (1925). 16. ALLOTROPA T. & G. Fleshy saprophytic perennial herb. Stems bright red with longitudinal white stripes in sharp contrast, densely clothed with scales at base and with scattered scales above. Flowers brownish-red in a dense spike-like raceme. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla none. Stamens 10, or at summit of spike 8; anthers short and thick, some- what 2-lobed, apiculate at apex, turned inward and downward on the apex of the filament and thus somewhat pendulous, each cell opening by a chink on the back which reaches from the base to the middle. Ovary globose, 5-celled; style short; stigma peltate-capitate, shallowly 5-lobed. — Species 1. (Greek alios, different, and tropos, turned, the raceme not nodding as in Monotropa.) 1. A. virgata T. & G. Sugar Stick. Plants 1/2 to 2 feet high; raceme virgate, mostly 6 to 9 inches long; scales of the stem often bluish-white; flowers 21/2 to 3 lines long, on pedicels 1 line long; sepals rhomboidal or ovate, thin, whitish, shorter than the red or purple-black stamens; ovary dark red or purple-black, the style white. 62 ERICACEAE Montane, nnder pines and firs : Sierra Nevada, 6000 to 8700 feet, from Tulare Co. to Siskiyou Co.; North Coast Ranges, 2000 to 7000 feet, from Sonoma Co. to Del Norte Co. North to Washington. June-July. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: Giant Forest, Xeidon 43; Kaiser Ridge, Jepson, 13,257; Porcupine Flat, Yosemite, Hutchinson Sr LeConte ; Philips sta., Eldorado Co., C. W. Cadle ; Cascade Lake, near Lake Tahoe, Newlon; Tinkers KJnob, Placer Co., Sonne 437; Mt. Shasta, Jepson 14,651. North Coast Ranges: Annapolis, Sonoma Co. (Madrono 4:138); Signal Ridge near Yorkyille, W. TV. Carruth; Soldier Ridge, se. Trinity Co., Jepson 14,652; Trinity Summit, Jepson 2117; Marble Mt., Chandler 1546 ; Quartz Creek to Jones Creek, Del Norte Co., Jepson 2892. Refs.— Allotropa virgata T. & G., Pac. R. Rep. 62:80 (1857), type loc. Cascade Mts., Ore., FicTcering 4- Braelenridqe ; Jepson, PI. W. Mid. Cal. 367 (1901), ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. 738 (1925). 17. MONOTROPA L. Glabrous waxy-white herbs whieli turn black on drying. Stems scape-like, scaly, springing in a cluster from a ball of matted roots and ending in a solitary uodding flower. Sepals 2 to 4, scale-like or bract- like, deciduous. Petals 5 or 6, distinct, oblong, dilated a little at apex, erect, tardily deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the petals; anthers some- what reniform, opening at first by two transverse chinks, at length 2-valved, the valves almost equal and spreading. Ovary 10-grooved, 5-celled; style short, thick; stigma fuunelform, naked, obscurely crenate. Disk at base of ovary with 8 to 12 slender deflesed teeth. Seeds numerous, minute. — Species 3, North and South America and Asia. (Greek mono, one, and tropos, turned, the flower drooping. ) 1. M. uniflora L. Indian Pipe. (Fig. 313.) Stem 4 to 7 inches high; flower 8 to 10 lines long; petals saccate at base, the teeth of the disk project- ing into the sacs. Dark damp woods, 100 to 2000 feet : Del Norte Co. North to Alaska, east to Newfoundland and Florida; Mexico. Asia. July- Aug. Geog. note. — While by no means common, Monotropa uniflora is widely distributed almost throughout the United States except in arid regions. In California it has been found only in Del Norte Co., where it grows in deep Redwood for- ests: betw. Fort Dick and Bear Creek, Mnhy Van Deventer; divide betw. Mill Creek and Wilson Creek, aec. E. Fritz. The cluster of young stems when first starting to grow from the matted underground ball presents a markedly fungoid aspect. Sp. PI. 387 (1753), "Marilandia, Virginia, Canada"; Jep- '^ Fig. 313. Monotropa uniflora L. a, habit, X % ; b, long. sect, of fl., X 1 ; c, anther, X 7 ; d, cross sect, of ovary, X 1%. Refs. — Monotropa uniflora L., son, Man. 738 (1925). 18 HYPOPITYS Hill White, yellowish or reddish saprophytic herbs with scaly simple stems arising from a ball-like cluster of matted fibrous roots. Raceme several to many-flowered, at first nodding, soon erect. Flowers yellowish-white or -red, mostly 3 or 4-merous, the terminal usually 5-merous. Sepals 2 and lateral, or a third one in front, or a fourth behind. Petals 3, 4 or 5, distinct, each bearing a gibbous nectary on each side at base. Stamens 6 to 10; filaments pubescent; anthers reniform, the cells con- fluent, opening by 2 valves. Ovary 4 to 7-celled ; style columnar, expanding at sum- mit into an umbilicate stigma. Disk with 8 to 12 .short deflexed teeth. Capsule ovate-globose, the placentae covered with numerous minute seeds. — Species about 3, North America, Europe and Asia. (Greek hypo, beneath, and pitus, fir, on account of the habitat.) HEATH FAMILY 63 1. H. lanuginosa Nutt. Pine-sap. Stem fleshy, white or yellowish-red, mi- nutely pubesi'eut. i to 10 inches high; scales and bracts ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly erose, imbricated below, scattered above; raceme ratlier dense; flowers white; calyx and corolla hairy inside; style densely hairy below the stigma; ovary 4 or 5-celled. Deep humus of forests, 1000 to 4000 feet : IMendocino Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Canada, east to New England and Florida. June- Aug. Locs. — Mt. Sanhedrin, Hall 9483 ; betw. Acorn and Green Point ranch, Humboldt Co., Jepson 1946; Hupa Valley, Davy 5773; Happy Camp, Siskiyou Mts., Morgan; Medicine Lake mountains, 8. Siskiyou Co., M. S. Baker. Refs. — Hypopitys lanuginosa Nutt., Gen. 1:271 (1818) ; Jepson, Man. 738 (1925). Mono- tropa lanuginosa Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 1:266 (1803), type from North Carolina. Hypopitys finihriata Jepson, Man. 738 (1925), (f not H. fimbriata Howell). The bracts and sepals are sometimes irregularly or variably a little erose ; but since this character has no con- stancy it seems to be, as to California plants, without signifi- cance in the differentiation of a second species iu our area. m 19. PTEROSPORA Nutt. Reddish-brown saprophytic herb with a single tall stem arising from a thick ball of matted fibrous roots and ending above in a many-flowered raceme. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla white, globular- urnshaped, with 5 short recurved lobes, withering- persistent. Stamens 10; anthers 2-a\vned on the back near the base, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 5- celled; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed. Seeds innumerable, broadly winged from the apex. — Species 1. (Greek jDteron, a wing, and spora, a seed.) 1. P. andromedea Nutt. PineDrops. (Fig. 314.) Stem stout, fleshy, 1 to 3 (or 4) feet high, glandular- pubescent throughout, bearing numerous lanceolate or linear scales; raceme virgate, den.se at first; pedi- cels slender, spreading, soon recurved ; calyx about % as long as the corolla; corolla white, 2V2 to BY2 lines long. Rich humus beneath pines, 4000 to 7500 feet, com- mon : San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; North Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Alaska, east to Pennsylvania and Arizona, south to Mexico. June-July. Biol. note. — In such collections as have been made by us in the Sierra Nevada this species appears to be monocarpic, but it is evidently polycarpic in the Rocky Mts., where it was studied by D. T. MacDougal. He states that the short rootstock continues to send up flowering shoots "for two or possibly three seasons" (Ann. Bot. 13:31). Locs. — S. Cal. : Onstatts Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Hall ; Arrowhead Lake, San Bernardino Mta., Braunton 1060 ; San Antonio Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 2272. Sierra Nevada: Giant Forest, Newlon 52 ; betw. Palisade Creek and Simpson Mdw., E. Ferguson 522 ; Huntington Jjake, A. L. Grant 1144; Brightman Flat, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 368; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,170; Silver Lake, Amador Co., E. MuUiken 132; Truckee, Nevada Co., K. J. Stirring; Mineral, Tehama Co., J. Grinnell ; Bear Valley mountains, ne. Shasta Co., M. S. Baher; North Fork Bidwell Creek, Warner Mts., Jepson. North Coast Ranges: Big Horse Mt., Lake Co., Jepson 14,668; Soldier Ridge, se. Trinity Co., Jepson: Horse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 7673; Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Jepson 14,667; Humbug Mt., Siskiyou Co., Butler 1817. Refs. — PTERO.SPORA ANDROMEDE.\ Nutt., Gen. 1 :269 (1818), type loc. Niagara Falls, Toronto, Whitlow; Lindl., Coll. Bot. t. 5 (1821); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. 738, fig. 719 (1925). Fig. 314. Pterospora an- dromedea Nutt. a, fl. stem, X Vx; b, fl., X 2; c, stamen, X 4% ; d, cross sect, of ovary, X 5; e, capsule, X I'/s- 64 ERICACEAE 20. SARCODES Torr. Brig-lit red or crimson saprophytic perennial herb with a single fleshy scaly stem arising from a thick ball of brittle roots and ending in a raceme of fleshy crim- son flowers. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, nearly equaling the corolla, glandular. Corolla red, campanulate, 5-lobed, glabrous. Stamens 10; anthers muticous but not awned, opening bj' terminal pores. Ovary low-eonical, 5-celled, 10-lobed; style rather long; stigma capitate, somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule depressed, many-seeded, surrounded by the persistent calyx and corolla, the cells loculicidally dehiscent from top to bottom, the slit widest below and permitting the seed to fall out at the bottom. — Species 1. (Greek sarx, flesh, and oeides, resembling.) Bibliog. — Austin, E. M., Sarcodes sauguinea (Bot. Gaz. 8:284-285,-1883). Oliver, F. W., On Sarcodes sanguinea (Ann. Bot. 4:303-326, pis. 17-21,-1890). Elwes, J. H., The Snow Plant of California (Madrono 1:131-132,-1923). 1. S. sanguinea Torr. Snow Plant. (Fig. 315.) Stems 6 to 15 inches high; scales ovate, the upper strap-shaped, all ciliate; sepals cili- ate; corolla 6 to 9 lines long. Pine woods, 4000 to 8000 feet, common: Siskiyou, Trinity and Humboldt Cos.; Sierra Nevada from eastern Siski.you Co. to Tulare Co.; mountains of coastal Southern California. Lower California, western Nevada, and south- ern Oregon. June- July. Eeol. note. — Under coniferous trees in rich deep humus is a favored habitat for Sarcodes sanguinea. The stems arise from a tuberous base to which is attached the large rather dense ball of coralline roots. This bulb- ous base sends up 1 to 3 or 4 flowering shoots or some- times as many as 16. These shoots appear shortly after the snow melts from the slopes, probably never pushing up through the snow, although a late and light snow fall after they appear may give this impression. Sometimes the plants occur locally in great abundance. On the headwaters of the North Fork Tuolumne River, 45 stems were counted in a space four feet square (Frida Aber- nathy), and some 32 plants were found in a Tanirac Pine wood between Lily Creek and Gentry station near Yosemite in a space thirty feet square (Jepson Field Book, 41:16, — 1924. ms.). Loes. — North Coast Ranges: Cuddihy Valley (ridge above), w. Siskiyou Co., Jejjson 2859; South Fork Mt., e. Humboldt Co., Tracy 8943 ; Lasseck Peak, Humboldt Co., Goddard 681. Sierra Nevada: Mt. Shasta (N. Am. Fauna 16:157) ; Morgan Sprs., Tehama Co., Jepson; Westwood, Lassen Co., comm. Mary G. Clark: Truekee, Sonne; Silver Lake, Amador Co., E. Mullil-en 117; Gentry sta., Yosemite, Jepson 10,506a; Nellie Lake, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1077; Round Mdw., Giant Forest, Jepson 711. S. Cal.: Mt. Pinos, n. Ventura Co., Epling 4" Dunn ; Icehouse Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 4G0 ; Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Mill Creek, San Ber- nardino Mts., Jepson; Saunders Mdw., San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer 157; Santa Rosa Mts., Jepson. Refs. — Sarcodes sanguinea Torr., PI. Frem. 18, pi. 10 (1853), type loc. "Sacramento Valley, * * * probably on the Yuba River" (undoubtedly in the Sierra Nevada), Fremont; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 367 (1901), ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. 739, fig. 720 (1925). a Fig. 315. Sarcodes sanquinda Torr. o, habit, X %,; 6, long. sect, of fl., X 1% ; c, cross sect, of ovary, X 2. 21. NEWBERRYA Torr. Saprophytic herb. Stem white, scaly, short and often subterranean. Inflores- cence flesh-pink, capitate, dense, composed of short 2 to 5-flowered cymose spikelets. Sepals bract-like, 2 in the lateral flowers, mostly 4 in the terminal ones, hairy within, less so externally. Corolla tubular-campanulate (or slightly urnshaped), very HEATH FAMILY 65 white-hairy within, slightly so or subglabrous outside, deeply 4-lobed in the lateral flowers, mostly 5 or 6-lobed ou the terminal ones, withering-persistent. Stamens 6 to 12, mostly 8 or 10; filaments long-hairy at and above the middle; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Ovary ovoid, 1-eelled, hairy; placentae 4 to 10, sometimes with a placenta 2-lamellate; style short, long-hairy, the hairs appearing as a sort of collar beneath the yellow stigma; stigma strongly anmilar-umbilicate. — Spe- cies 1 or 2, Pacific North America. (Dr. J. S. Newberry, botanist of one of the Pacific Railroad surveys in 1855, and author of a memoir on the forest trees of northern California and Oregon.) 1. N. congesta Torr. (Pig. 316.) Gnome Plant. Stem 1 to 4 inches high, very thick; corolla 4 to 7 lines long, the linear or oblanceolate sepals as long or longer ; stigma conspicuous, forming a yellow eye to the flower. Forest humus, 500 to 2500 feet : Redwood belt from Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co. Also in Nevada Co. North to Washington. June. Flower note. — Segregation of this species into sev- eral is dependent upon structural features of the flower, which is, however, found to be more and more variable, as to its various parts, with each new gather- ing of this seldom-collected plant. The type of Hemi- tomes pumilum Greene agrees perfectly with the fig- ures of Newberrya congesta (Hemitomes eongestum Gray) in the Pacific Railroad Report (6^:80, pi. 12), except in the cross section of the ovary. The ovary of Hemitomes pumilum shows 8 or 9 cord-like or round- ish placentae, but towards the upper part of the ovary these placentae often become 2-lamellate. Since the structure of the placentae varies from top to bottom of the ovary-cell in our material, it is to be suspected that ample material of typical Newberrya congesta might show similar differences. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Brookdale, Santa Cruz Mts., Edwina Booth; Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mts., C. A. Heed; Philo, Mendocino Co., J. L. Collins; ridge betw. Little River and Redwood Creek, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4740. Nevada Co. : Camptonville, E. V. Schtirr. Refs. — Newberrya congesta Torr., Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 8:55 (1867); Jepson, Man. 739 (1925). Hemitomes eongestum Gray, Pac. R. Rep. 6':80 (1857), type loe. s. Ore., Newberry. Newber- rya spicata Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 15:44 (1879), type loe. North Fork Mad River, Rattan. Hemitomes pu- milum Greene, Erythea 2:121 (1894), type loe. Men- docino coastal woods, W. G. Wright (typ. possideo). Newberrya snxbterranea Eastw., Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. Fig. 316. Newberrya congesta Torr. a, habit, X % : &. long. sect, through plant, X % ; c, fl. bud, y.\; d, long. sect, of fl., X 1% ; ", pistU, X 2 ; /, cross sect, of ovary, X 5. 3, Bot. 1:80, pi. 7, fig. 4 (1897), type loe. Willow Greek canon, south-central Santa Lucia Mts. in Monterey Co., B. A. PlasTcett. 22. PLEURICOSPORA Gray Whitish or light brown saprophytic herb with imbricated scales. Stems simple, arising in clusters from a thick ball of fibres and terminating in a dense spike. Flower parts all glabrous. Sepals 4 or 5 (or 6), distinct, scale-like, the margins remotely fimbriate. Petals 4 or 5 (or to 8), distinct. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments linear-filiform, glabrous. Ovary ovate, 1-celled, the 4 to 8 parietal placentae large, or 1 or 2 of them small. Style columnar; stigma umbilicate-capitate. Fruit a wat- ery berry. — Species 1. (Greek pleuricos, at the side, and spora, seed, the placentae parietal.) 1. P. fimbriolata Gray. Sierra-sap. (Fig. 317.) Stems thick, fleshy, 2 to 8 inches high; corolla whitish, 5 to 8 lines long; sepals involute, the petals nearly 66 ERICACEAE plane; stamens in 2 equal sets, the stamens of each set more approximate on one side than on the other ; fruit whitish or at length blue-black. Deep forest humus : Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8300 feet, from Siskiyou Co. to Tulare Co.; Mendocino Co. to the Santa Cruz Mts., 1500 to 4000 feet. June-Aug. Locs. — Sierra Nevada : Mt. Shasta (N. Am. Fauna 16: 157) ; Brush Creek, Butte Co., Con<7er; Truckee Elver, Sonne; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,052; Cascade Creek, Middle Fork Stanislaus Eiver, Jepson 6528 ; Strawberry, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6496 ; Hazel Green, Mariposa Co., Jepson 14,607 (upper bracts vrith 2 ligulate lobes at base; lower flowers on pedicels % inch long, the upper sessile) ; Wawona, Jepson 4301 (stamens 8 in 2 sets, the sets more approximate on one side than the other) ; Huntington Lake, A. L. Grant 1143; McKinley Big Trees, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1204; Huckleberry Mdw., Giant Forest, Newlon 53. Coast Ranges: Signal Ridge near Yorkville, Mendocino Co., IF. W. Carruth; Healdsburg (Zoe 4:154) ; Big Basin, Santa Cruz Mts., C. A. Reed. Eefs. — Pleuricospora riMBRiOLATA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:369 (1868), type loc. Mariposa Grove, Bolander; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 367 (1901), ed. 2, 310 (1911), Man. C / \ 740, fig. 721 (1925). s 23. PITYOPUS Small Dull white saprophytic herb resembling Pleuri- cospora. Stems erect, .simple, one or few from a small globular root-cluster and terminating in a sub-pj-ramidal raceme, the lowest pedicels % to 1% inclies long. Sepals 4 or 5, glabrous, sometimes in- distinguishable from subtending calyx-bracts, these 2 to 4 or (apparently) suppressed. Corolla white; petals 4 or 5, distinct or nearly so, pubescent within, slightly exceeding the sepals, entire, more or less carinate toward the base and broadened just be- low the abruptly acute summit. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments pilose, densely so above, dilated below. Ovary globose, glabrous, 1-celled; placentae 6 to 10, large (almostfillingeavity of ovary). Style equal- ing the ovary, hairy; stigma yellow, annular-um- bilicate, a heavy collar of hairs beneath the annulus. Fruit unknown. — Species 1. (Greek pitus, pine, and pus, foot, from the habitat.) 1. P. californica Copel. f. Stems 21/2 to 8 inches high; herbage glabrous; leaves scale-like, scattered, broadly ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, entire or erose, % to 3^ inch long; bracts resembling the stem leaves but smaller and lance-acute, those of lower pedi- cels linear-subulate, 2 to 3 lines long; sepals elliptic or narrowly oblong, acute, erosulate at summit; corolla white, 5 to 10 lines long; nectai-y disk-like, encircling base of ovary, bearing mamilliform teeth; anthers "red," globoid. Deep forest shade, 1000 to 3000 feet, widely scattered and rare : Redwood belt from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co.; Fresno Co., Sierra Nevada. North to Oregon. June-July. Tax. note. — In the excellent material collected by Virginia P. Fox on Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., in 1919, the petals, while markedly hairy within, are also hairy on the outside. They are 4 in number and united at the base in pairs, the pairs being anterior and posterior, and distinct laterally. The petals in the material examined by H. F. Copeland (cf. Madroiio 3:155-156) are described as glabrous without. Locs. — Little Carson Creek, Marin Co. ; Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., Virginia P. Fox; Hupa, Humboldt Co., Chandler; Sequoia Lake, Fresno Co. (Madrono 3:155). Eefs. — PiTYOPUS CALIFORNICA Copel. f., Madroiio 3:155, pi. 5-8, fig. 1 (1935). Monotropa californica Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club 29:75 (1902), type loc. Little Carson Creek, Mt. Tamalpaia, Eastwood. M. hypopitys var. californica Domin, Sitzber. boehm. Ges. Wiss. 2^:24 (1915). Pity- opus oregona Small, N. Am. Fl. 29:16 (1914), type loc. Mt. Hood, Ore., T. Howell. Hypopitys californAca Hel., Muhl. 9:68 (1913). Fig. 317. Pleumcospora fim- BRIOLATA Gray, a, fl. stem, X V2 ; b, fl., X 1; c, pistil, X 2; d, cross sect, of ovary, X 4. PBIMULACEAE 67 PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family Herbs with simple undivided leaves. Flowers perfect, regular and symmetri- cal, 4 to 8-merous, commonly 5-merous, axillary and solitary, or in terminal racemes or umbels. Calyx toothed, lobed or parted. Corolla sympetalous, lobed or parted. Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube at base. Ovary 1-celled, with a single style and stigma, superior, except in Samolus, where it is attached to the base of the calyx; ovules on a free central placenta. Fruit a cap- sule.— Glaux has no corolla, Samolus has 5 staminodia alternate with the sta- mens.— Genera 22, species about 500, all continents, but poorly represented in the tropics and in Australia. Bibliog. — Gray, A., Essay towards a revision of Dodecatheon (Bot. Gaz. 11:231-234, — 1886). Greene, E. L., Some species of Dodeeatheon (Pitt. 1:209-214, — 1888; Erythea 3:37-40, — 1895). Brandegee, K., Dodeeatheon meadia (Zoe 1:17-20, — -1890) ; in this strange little paper all the species of the genus Dodeeatheon are reduced to one. Pax, F., and Knuth, E., Primulaceae (Engler, Pflzr. 4=": 1-386, figs. 1-75, maps 1-2,-1905). Hall, H. M., Dodeeatheon in the Sierra Nevada (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4:201-207,-1912). St. John, H., Revision of certain N. Am. species of Androsaee (Victoria Memorial Mus. 126:45-55, — -1922). WiUiams, L. O., Eevision of the Western Primulas (Am. Midland Nat. 17:741-748, fig. 1, — 1936). Eastwood, A., New species of Dodeeatheon (Lflts. W. Bot. 2:36-38,-1937). Ovary superior (whoUy free) ; flowers not in racemes (except no. 5). Stems scape-like, the leaves all basal ; flowers in umbels. Corolla-lobes reflexed; stamen-filaments monadelphous 1. Dodecathbx)N. Corolla-lobes erect or spreading; stamen-filaments distinct (as in all the following). Flowers large; corolla open at the throat, its lobes emarginate 2. Primula. Flowers very small ; corolla constricted at the throat, its lobes entire..3. Andeosace. Stems leafy. Stems with the leaves in a single whorl at summit 4. Teientalis. Stems leafy throughout. Leaves opposite. Flowers in dense oblong racemes; corolla pale yellow 5. Lysimachia. Flowers axillary and solitary. Corolla none 6. Glaxts. Corolla present, red 7. Anaoallis. Leaves alternate; corolla pinkish, minute 8. Centuncultjs. Ovary adnate by its lower half to the calyx ; flowers in racemes 9. Samolus. 1. DODECATHEON L. Shooting Stab Low perennial herbs with basal leaves and a naked scape bearing an umbel of few or many flowers. Corolla 5-parted, with very short tube and dilated thickened throat, the long and narrow divisions reflexed in flower (as also the calyx-lobes). Stamens on the throat of the corolla; filaments short and flat, monadelphous, but at length separable above. Style filiform, exserted. Fruit a capsule with colum- nar placenta, surrounded at base by the now erect calyx. — Species about 20, North America. (Greek dodeka, 12, and theos, god, the Primrose being under the care of the deities. Singular flowers similar to those of the cultivated Cyclamen. ) Filament-tube obsolete, or very short. Capsule elliptic to broadly oblong, valvate from the very apex; leaves mostly acute or sub- acute; high montane or alpine species. Herbage wholly glabrous ; leaves 1 to 4 inches long ; style not glandular 1. D. alpinum. Stems and pedicels minutely glandular ; leaves mostly 3 to 6 inches long ; style usually glandular towards the base 2. D. jcffreyi. Capsule narrow or cylindric, circumscissUe near the apex ; leaves mostly obtuse ; Modoc Co 3. D. conjugens. Filament-tube % to nearly as long as the anthers. High montane ; filament-tube very narrow, nearly as long as the anthers 4. D. cusickii. Foothills and valleys, cismontane ; filament-tube much shorter than the anthers, usually broader than long. Boot-crown without rice-grain bulblets; pedicels minutely glandular -hirsutulose, often obscurely or weakly so, the scapes glabrous or weakly or obscurely glandular- hixsutulose ; leaves glabrous. 68 PRIMULACEAE Plants mostly % to l^/i feet higli; umbels mostly 8 to 15-flowered; anthers 2 lines long, the connectives strongly rugose; mostly S. Cal. (cismontane) 5. D. clevelandU. Plants mostly 3 to 5 inches high; umbels 2 to 7-flowered; anthers 1 line long, the connectives delicately rugulose ; mostly Great VaUey and bordering foot- hill ranges 6. D. patulum. Root-crown with rice-grain bulblets ; herbage usually glabrous ; Coast Range and Sierra Nevada foothills ; San Bernardino Mts 7. D. hendersonii. 1. D. alpinum Greene. Alpine Shooting Star. (Fig. 318.) Scapes slender, 3 to 13 inches high; leaves 1 to 4 (or 5) inches long, the blades narrowly spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, narrowed below to margined petioles; flowers mostly 4-mer- ous; petals pink-crimson, the base whitish with a yellow zone edged beneath by a purple baud; anthers 3 to 4 lines long; style ex- ceeding the anthers i/i to % line; capsule ex- ceeding the calyx, valvate from the very apex. High montane meadows, 7000 to 10,900 feet : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains; northern Veutura Co.; Sierra Nevada from western Inj^o Co. and Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. ; high North Coast Ranges from northern Hum- boldt Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Oregon. July. Loes. — San Jacinto Mts. : Tahquitz Valley, Con- dit; Round Valley, C. V. Meyer 560. San Bernardino Mts.: Blufe Lake, Parish 3337; Bear Valley, Parish 3726 ; South Fork Mdws., Santa Ana Canon. Ventura Co.: Sawmill Peak near Mt. Pinos, Hall 6520. Sierra Nevada: Cottonwood Lakes, w. Inyo Co., W. P. Taylor; East Fork Mdw., upper Kern Canon, Jepson 5046 ; un- der West Vidette, Bubbs Creek, Jepson 821 ; Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 165; Pacific Valley, Alpine Co., Jep- son 10,163 ; Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldorado Co., Ottley 870 ; Squaw Peak, Placer Co., C. J. Fox; Brokeofif Mt. near Lassen Peak, J. Grinnell; High Grade, Warner Mts. (n. end), L. S. Smith 958. North Coast Ranges: South Fork Mtn., Humboldt Co., Tracy 8930 ; Trinity Summit, Manning ; Marble Mt., Chandler 1572. Refs. — DODECATHEON ALPINUM Greene, Erythea 3:39 (1895). B. meadia var. aXpinum Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:467 (1876), type loc. high Sierra Nevada; Syn. Fl. 2:57 (1878). V. jefreyi var. alpinum Gray, Bot. Gaz. 11:232 (1880). D. alpinum f. nanum Hall, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4:205 (1912), type loc. Mt. Dana, Hall f BabcocJc 3618 (typ. vidi), a dwarf alpine form, Mari- posa Co. to Tulare Co. D. tetrandrum Suksd., Erythea 3:40 (1895), "throughout eastern Wash, and Ore.," Suksdorf et alii. D. jeffreyi var. tetrandrum Jepson, Man. 754 (1925). D. suhalpinum Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 2:37 (1937), type loc. Silliman Crest, Tulare Co., Derby {typ. vidi). 2. D. Jeffrey! Moore. Sierra Shooting Star. (Fig. 319.) Scapes 9 to 15 (or 19) inches high; herbage glabrous or microscopically glandular-hirsutulose; leaves 3 to 6 (or 11) inches long, the blades oblong-oblanceolate, gradually nar- rowed below to a winged petiole % to i/4 as long; peduncles, pedicels and calyx short-pubescent and somewhat viscid-glandular; flowers mostly 4-merous; corolla 8 to 12 lines long, the petals pink-crimson, a yellow zone at base edged below by a purple band; anthers 4 lines long; style equaling the anthers or exceeding them lA line; capsule broadly oblong, shorter than, rarely exceeding the calyx, valvate- dehiscent from verj' apex, or from a circle just below the enlarged base of the style. High montane, along streams and in moist meadows : Sierra Nevada, (4700 or) 7000 to 10,000 feet, from Tulare Co. to Tuolumne Co.; White Mts.; North Coast Ranges, 3500 to 7000 feet, from the Yollo Bolly Mts. to Siskiyou Co. North to "Washington. June-Aug. Fig, Greene. 318. DODECATHEON ALPINUM a, base of plant, X % ; b, fl. stem, X V2; c, stamen circle with as- serted style, X 2; d, long. sect, of ovary, X 2. PRIMROSE FAMILY 69 Locs. — Sierra Nevada : Hockett Mdws., Tulare Co., Culbertson 4380 ; Round Mdw., Giant Forest, Jepson 674 ; Huckleberry Mdws. near Grant Park, Newlon 208 ; Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1022 ; Hog Eaneh, near Hetch-Hetchy, A. L. Grant 973 ; Piute Mt., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 4578; Eancheria Mt., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 3405 (4, 5 and 6-merous flowers may be found on a single individual) ; White Wolf, Tioga Eoad, H. M. Evans; Herring Creek, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 107. North Coast Eanges: South YoUo BoUy, Jepson 14,589; High Prairie, Bald Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 8340 ; Trinity Summit, Jepson 2105 ; Devils Canon Mts., Trinity Co., Tracy 14,602; Marble Mt., w. Siskiyou Co., Chandler 1573; Summit Valley, Del Norte Co., B. Van Deventer 163. Var. redolens Hall. Mountaineers Shooting Star. Scapes 10 to 27 inches high; herbage odorous ; leaves 6 to 19 inches long, often nearly equaling the scape, sometimes glandular, the blades oblong, acutish, gradually narrowed below to broad petioles about as long ; flowers mostly 5-merous; corolla pink or purple with a yellow band below the white or whitish base, 7 to 13 lines long, not closely reflexed as in the species, but covering the base of the anthers ; style exserted 1 to 2 lines.— Wet meadows, 7000 to 12,000 feet : San Jacinto Mts. ; San Gabriel Mts. ; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Mariposa Co. ; White Mts. Western Nevada. Loos. — S. Cal.: Deer Sprs., San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer 544 ; Prairie Fork, San Gabriel Eiver, Peirson 2516. Sierra Nevada : Mt. Whitney, Jepson 1068 ; upper Kern Canon, Jepson 5045; Giant Forest, K. Brandegee; Kaiser Peak, A. L. Grant 1441 ; Eagle Peak Mdws., Yosemite, Hall 9203. White Mts. : Poison Creek, Jepson 7376. Nev. : Lee Canon, Charleston Mts., Heller 11,027. Befs. — DODECATHEON JEFFREYI Moore; Van Houtte, Fl. des Serres 16:99, t. 1662 (1867), based on a garden plant cultivated in Europe, the original collection by Jef- frey doubtless made in the Cascade Mts. ; Jepson, Man. 753 (1925). Meadia jeffreyi Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2:398 (1891). D. meadia var. lancifolium Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:467 (1876). D. jeffreyi f. pygmaeum Hall, Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 4:203 (1912), type loc. Pyramid Peak, Lake Tahoe, Hall 4- Chandler 4739 (typ. vidi) ; plants about 3 to 6 inches high, the leaves (as compared with the typical form) correspondingly smaller; leaves (as well as the pedicels and calyces) more markedly glandular-hirsutulose than in the typical form ; filament-tube short but evident. D. glan- dulosum Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 2 :36 (1937), type loc. Deso- lation Valley, region of Lake Tahoe, Eastwood (typ. vidi), is the same as forma pyqmaeum Hall. Var. redolens Hall, Bot. Gaz. 31:392 (1901), type loc. Mt. Goddard, Hall # Chandler 132 (typ. vidi) ; Jepson, Man. 754 (1925). D. jeffreyi var. odoraium Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 2:36 (1937), type loc. Peregoy Mdw., Yosemite, Enid Michael (typ. vidi). Fig. 319. DODECATHEON JEFFREYI Moore, a, habit, X %; fc, fl., X V2 ; c, capsule, X 1%. 3. D. con jugens Greene. Modoc Shooting Stab. Scape.s 4 to 7 inches high ; leaf-blades elliptic to oblong, 1 to 2i/4 inches long, contracted to a mostly short petiole; flowers 5-merous ; corolla purple, 7 to 9 lines long; filament-tube obsolete or nearly so; anthers distinct, 3 to 3i/^ lines long, the connective rugulose; capsule narrowly oblong or cylindric or tapering upwards, 4^ to 7 lines long, circumscis- sile just below the apex. Damp places, 4000 to 5500 feet : Modoc Co. North to Washington, east to Idaho and ilontana. Apr. -June. Locs.— Goose Lake Valley, B. M. Austin; West Valley Camp, Warner Mts., E. E. Steffen 5; Lake City mountain, Bruce 2302. Refs. — DODECATHEON CONJUGENS Greene, Erythea 3:40 (1895), type loc. Drew's Creek, se. Ore., B. M. Austin; Jepson, Man. 754 (1925). D. glastifolium Greene, Erythea 3:71 (1895), type loc. "lava beds of Modoc Co.," B. M. Austin 174; Jepson, Man. 754 (1925). 4. D. cusickii Greene. Columbia Shootixg Stab. Scapes slender, 2 to 6 inches high; leaf -blades oblong to obovate, I/2 to 1% inches long, attenuate below to a short or long petiole; corolla purplish, small (3I/2 to 4V2 lines long) ; filament- column yellow or commonly yellow, very narrow, as long or nearly as long as the slender anthers; anther-connective purplish, smooth; style usually much exserted. 70 PBIMULACEAE Montane slopes, 4000 to 6000 feet : Modoe Co. North to Washington and Idaho. May-July. Locs. — Mt.Biiwell, Manning. Nev. : Paradise Valley, Humboldt Co., KenTied)/ 1046. Ore.: Steins Mts., CusicTc 2007. Var. yosemitanum (Mason) Jepson comb. n. Eoot-crown producing rice-grain bulblets; filament-column purple ; otherwise similar to the species. — Wet meadows or flats, 8000 to 10,000 feet, Sierra Nevada: Kaiser Peak, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1011 ; head of Yosemite Creek. Eefs. — DODECATHEON cusiCKil Greene, Pitt. 2:73 (1890), type loc. "dry mountain ridges," e. Ore., Cusich 1527. Meadia cusickii Ktze., Eev. Gen. PI. 2:398 (1891). Var. yosemitantjm Jepson. D. hendersonii var. yosemitanum Mason, Madrono 1:187 (1928), type loc. head of Yo- semite Creek near Porcupine Flat, Mariposa Co., Mason 322. 5. D. clevelandii Greene. Padres Shooting Star. Scapes 1 to IV2 feet high; root-cro-ivn not producing rice-grain bulblets at flowering time; scapes, pedicels and calyces minutely glandular; leaves II/2 to 2% inches long, the blades obovate, ir- regularly and sometimes saliently erose-dentate or entire, shortly or long-petioled; flowers 5-merous; corolla bright purple to white, 6 to 11 lines long; connective of the anthers transversely much folded, usually yellow; capsule 4 to 5 lines long, twice as long as the calyx, dehiscent in a circle beneath the enlarged base of the style, then valvate-dehiscent below this; seeds reddish brown. Dry hills and mesas, 20 to 2300 feet : cismontane Southern California. North to San Luis Obispo Co. Jan.-Apr. Locs." — San Diego, R. TV. Sumner; La Mesa, Jepson 6688; La Jolla, Jepson 11,864; Witch Creek, S. D. Alderson; Escondido, C. V. Meyer 24; San Bernardino, Parish 3632; Claremont, Chandler; Santa Monica Mts., Barber; Carrizo plain, se. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 12,005; Arroyo Grande, Alice King; San Luis Mt., Summers. Refs.- — DODECATHEON CLEVELAKDH Greene, Pitt. 1:213 (1888), type loc. San Diego, Cleve- land; Jepson, Man. 754 (1925). Meadia clevelandii Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2:398 (1891). 6. D. patulum Greene. Lowland Shooting Star. Scapes only 3 to 5 (or 10) inches high; leaf -blades obovate, obtuse, V2 to li/4 inches long, gradually narrowed to a broad petiole about I/2 fs long; corolla white, pale cream-color or rarely pinkish or purplish; anthers short and broad (1 line long), truncate or obscurely refuse at apex, the connectives wholly (or partially) yellow or white; fllament-tube purple, always broader than long ; capsule short-oblong or subglobose, circumscissile near the summit. Slightly alkaline areas, 5 to 1500 feet: Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and their bordering foothills; valleys of the South Coast Ranges and their border- ing foothills, mostly toward the interior. Mar. Also called Prairie Pointers. Locs. — Chico, Purdy; Oroville, Heller 11,178; College City, Colusa Co., Alice King; Sacra- mento, M. S. Baker; Mountain Pass, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 620; Rocky Peak, Vacaville, Jepson 8217; Main Prairie, Solano Co., Jepson 14,590; Livermore, Greene; Fresno, Maud Min- thorn; Delano (foothUls e.), Kern Co., Hoover 743. As this species ranges southward it is diffi- cult to distinguish from D. clevelandii, which species were, perhaps, better made a variety. In the Santa Clara Valley, and on hills bordering it or near it, grows a form of D. patulum (var. BEBNALLANDM Greene) which is somewhat taller (6 to 10 inches high) with the corolla usually purplish or rose-purple, but sometimes white. — Buriburi Ridge, San Mateo Co., Jepson 9556; Los Buellis HUls, E. J. Smith; Arroyo Mocho, Mt. Hamilton Range, Jepson 10,679; GUroy; Pacheco Pass (e. base), Hoover 1664 (an intermediate to D. clevelandii). Refs. — DODECATHEON PATULUM Greene, Pitt. 1 :211 (1888), type loc. "low moist places along the lower Sacramento" River (the first cited station and the best representative of the prevailing form) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 377 (1901), ed. 2, 318 (1911), Man. 754 (1925). D. meadia var. ellipticum K. Brandegee, Zoe 1:20 (1890). Meadia patula Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2:398 (1891). Var. BEBNALIANUM Greene, Erythea 3:72 (1895), type loc. Bernal Heights, San Francisco, Greene; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 377 (1901). Z>. hendersonii var. bernalianum Jepson, Man. 755 (1925). D. laetiflorum Greene, Pitt. 5:112 (1903), type loc. Gilroy, C. F. Bal.er 1945. D. patulum var. laetiflorum Jepson, Man. 755 (1925). D. patulum var. gracile Greene, Erythea 3:72 (1895), tjrpe loc. Loma Prieta, Davy (corolla white, the petals twisted) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 377 (1901). DODECATHEON ELLIPTICUM Nutt. ; Dur., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plula. ser. 2, 3:94 (1855), is as to the diagnosis a mixture of two or more species. Durand mentions first the plant of Pratten (Nevada City), nest that of Heermann (Calaveras) and lastly that of Nuttall (plains of the Co- PRIMROSE FAMILY 71 lumbia Eiver). Pratten's plant is not in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Nuttall's species, however, in the mind of Nuttall, rested on his own plant from the Columbia River, and though not mentioned first by Durand, should properly be taken as the type. 7. D. hendersonii Gray. California Mosquito Bills. Sailor Caps. Scapes red or reddish, 9 to 14 inches high, from a strong cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots; leaf- blades roundish-obovate to elliptic, the margin more or less crisped, 1 to 3 inches long, on petioles I/2 to 2 times as long; umbels 3 to 13-flowered, the pedicels % to 3% inches long; flowers 5 or sometimes 4-merous; calyx cleft into ovate-lanceolate lobes; corolla-lobes oblong, 6 to 7 lines long, % to l^/^ (or 2) lines wide, pink-crim- son, with a transverse yellow zone at base, which is edged above by white and bounded below by a black-purple band; filament- tube black-purple, commonly broader than long, sometimes slightly longer than broad; anthers linear or clavate, 2 lines long; capsule oblong or sliort-cylindric, circumscissile well below the sum- mit, then valvate. Low slopes to high ridges in the foothills, 25 to 3000 feet : San Bernardino Mts; Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills from Tulare Co. to Shasta Co. North to Oregon. The most common species in California. It rarely occurs as high as 6700 feet. Feb. -Apr. Biol. note. — The very short perennial root-cro^vn in Dodecatheon hendersonii is somewhat corm-like. It bears a cluster of fleshy-fibrous roots as in our other species generally and also pro- duces tuberous rootlets or elongated fleshy bulblets which are borne on the sides, often in great quantity. These bulblets are cast off in the autumn and in the next season each gives rise to a single leaf, forming distinct plants, which do not flower, however, until the second or third year. The bulblets are white and suggestive of the "rice-grain" bulblets of the Checker Lily (FritiUaria lanceolata). The corolla not infrequently varies to white. Locs.— S. Cal.: Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts. (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 22:10). Coast Ranges: Pozo Range, se. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 11,989; Monterey, N. E. Berg; Los Gatos, Seller ; Smith Creek, Mt. Hamilton, Jepson 4197; Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9848; Mill Valley, Marin Co., Jepson 14,584; Vaca Mts., Jepson 14,586; St. Helena, Jepson 14,587; Ukiah, Furdy ; Hupa Mt., Tracy 8061; Cold Spr., 3 mi. sw. of Peanut, Trinity Co., Jepson 16,643; Quartz Valley, Siskiyou Co., Butler 1230. Sierra Nevada foothills: betw. Oak Flat and Badger, Tulare Co., H. P. Kelley; Columbia, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 629; Jackson, Hansen 986; Pilot Hill, Eldo- rado Co., Jepson 18,590 ; Shasta Creek, Shasta Co., BlanJ:inship. Refs.- — Dodecatheon HENDERSONn Gray, Bot. Gaz. 11:233 (1886), type loc. Tualatin plains. Ore., Henderson. Meadia hendersonii Ktze-jBev. Gen. F\. 2:398 (1891). D. meadia var. hender- sonii K. Brandegee, Zoe 1:20 (1890). D. meadia var. irevifolium Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:467 (1876), "warmer parts of the state." D. cruciatum Greene, Pitt. 1:213 (1888), type loc. San Francisco, Greene; (single individuals may bear both 4 and 5-merous flowers). D. hendersonii var. cmei- atum Greene, Pitt. 2:75 (1890). D. hendersonii var. hansenii Greene, Erythea 3:71 (1895), type loc. Sierra foothills in Amador Co., Hansen; leaves entire, narrower than in the species; androecium shorter; anthers with spreading tips (ex char.). D. sanctarum Greene, Pitt. 5:113 (1903), type loc. s. Santa Lucia Mts., E. A. Plaskett, perhaps belongs here. 2. PRIMULA L. Perennial herbs with basal leaves and scape-like stems bearing involucrate umbels. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its lobes obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 5, included, the filaments short. Capsule 5-valved at the top, many- seeded. — Species about 200, North America, Europe and Asia, and southern South America. (Latin primus, first, because of the early flowering. ) 1. P. suffrutescens Gray. Sierra Primrose. (Fig. 320.) Scape 2 to 4 inches long, bearing an umbel of several flowers; leaves thicldy crowded on creeping stems, % to 11/4 inches long, the blades cuneate-spatulate, toothed at apex, narrowed be- low to broad petioles; corolla red, its tube surpa.ssing the calyx, its limb 1/2 inch broad with spreading lobes. Crevices of rocks and open slopes, alpine, 7000 to 13,500 feet : Sierra Nevada from Pluma.s Co. to Tulare Co.; Trinity Co. July. Locs. — Mt. Pleasant, Plumas Co., ace. P. G. Haddock; Castle Peak, Nevada Co., Sonne 214; Clouds Rest, Chesnut 4- Drew; East Branch North Fork San Joaquin River, Kennedy; Minarets, 72 PRIMULACEAE Madera Co., A. L. Grant 1586; Kaiser Peak, A. L. Grant 1447; Bullfrog Lake, Bubbs Creek, Jep- son 853; Alta Peak, Hopping 148; Kaweah Peak, Jepson; Mt. Whitney, Jepson 14,592. Trinity Co. : Devils Caiion Mts., Tracy 992. Eefs.- — Primula suftbutescens Gray, Proc. Am. Aead. 7:37 (1868), based on spins, from the Sierra Nevada, Lobb, Brewer (SUver Mt.) ; Jepson, PI. W. Mid. Cal. 377 (1901), ed. 2, 316 (1911), Man. 755 (1925). 3. ANDROSACE L. ^T^^ M!>^^ d Ours small annual herbs, with rosulate basal sessile leaves and few to several scapes bearing- an involucrate umbel of small white or pink-tinted flowers. Calyx-lobes 5. Co- rolla somewhat salverform, its lobes 5 (or 4), its tube shorter than the calyx, its throat con- stricted; stamens short and inserted low down upon the tube. Style mostly short. Capsule subglobose, dehiscent by valves. — Species 84, North America, Asia and Europe. (Andro- sakes, Greek name of a now unknown sea- plant.) Bracts linear, acute ; scapes many; pedicels ascending, shorter than the scapes; alpine 1. A. septentrionalis. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, the tip attenuate-caudate; scapes few (commonly 1 to 4) ; pedicels stiffly ascending or divergent, often longer than the scapes; foothills and plains of ovary, X 5 2. A. occidentalis. a c Fig. 320. Primula sufprutescens Gray, a, habit, X ^/i ; 6, long. sect, of X % ; c, capsule, X 2 ; d, cross sect. fl 1. A. septentrionalis L. var. subumbellata A. Nels. (Fig. 321.) Plants very much con- densed, 1/2 to 1 inch high, the scapes many from the dense tuft of basal leaves; leaf -blades linear, obtuse, sometimes remotely denticulate, 2 to 6 lines long; umbels 3 to 7-flowered, the pedicels 1 to 5 lines long, shorter than the scapes; corolla verv slightly exceeding cah'x-lobes. Alpine, 11,400 to 12,700 feet : Mt. San Gorgo- nio; Mt. Whitney; Mt. Dana; White Mts. East to the Rocky Mts. The stations are few and scat- tered. July. Locs. — Mt. San Gorgonio, Hall 7647 ; Twin Lakes, Mt. Whitney, Peirson 856; Mt. Dana, Jepson 3306; McAfee Mdws., White Mts., Jepson 7399. Eefs. — Andkosace septentrionalis L., Sp. PI. 142 (1753), Lapland and Russia. Var. subumbellata A. Nels., Bull. Wyom. Exp. Sta. 28:149 (1896), type loe. Union Peak, Wyo., Nelson 998; Jepson, Man. 755 (1925). Fig. 321. Androsace septen- trionalis L. var. subumbellata A. Nels. a, habit, X 1 ; 6, fl., X 5 ; c, corolla spread open, X 5 ; -pe loc. Contra Costa Co. A. septcntrionalis Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 376 (1901), ed.2,316 (19il). 4. TRIENTALISL. Low and glabrous perennials. Root-stocks tuberous, sometimes stoloniferous. Stem simple, bearing scales or small leaves below and a single whorl of large leaves above, from the center of which the filiform pedicels arise. Flowers commonly 6 (5 or 7)-merous. Corolla rotate, deeply parted. Filaments long and filiform, united at base into a very short ring. Style filiform. Capsule valves 5, revolute. — Species 3, North America, Europe, Asia. (Latin trientalis, containing one-third of a foot, in allusion to the height of the plants.) 1. T. europaea L. var. latifolia Torr. Star- flower. (Fig. 322.) Stems 4 to 6 inches high, from tubers Vi? to nearly 1 inch long; leaves of the terminal whorl commonlj^ 4 or 5 (rarely 3, 6 or 7 ) , the blades broadly obovate, abruptly acute, 1 to 2yo (or 31/^) inches long, drawn down to a very short petiole; pedicels % to 2 inches long; corolla white or rose-red, 4 to 8 lines broad, its divisions abruptly acuminate and prolonged into a slender point; calyx-lobes narrowly linear- lanceolate, mucronate, exceeding the capsule. Shade of woods, 100 to 4000 feet: Coast Ranges, mostly in the seaward and middle ranges from San Luis Obispo Co. to Siskiyou Co.; Si- erra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Shasta Co. North to British Columbia. May-June. Logs. — Coast Ranges: San Luis Obispo, Unangst; Santa Lucia Mts., J. S. Barker; Santa Cruz, F. P. McLean: Berkeley, Jepson 14,583 ; Mill Valley, Tidestrom; Howell Mt., Jepson; South MUl Creek, XJkiah, Jepson 9264; Ft. Bragg, IF. C. Mathews; Bull Creek, near DyervUle, Jepson; Eureka, Tracy 798; Forest Glen, South Fork Trinity River, Trinity Co., Jepson; Shasta Sprs., Geo. B. Grant 5245; Humbug, Siskiyou Co., Butler 765. Sierra Nevada: Crockers sta., Mariposa Co.; Yankee HiU, Columbia, A. L. Grant 674; Calaveras Big Trees, A. L. Grant; Rich Pt., Plu- mas Co., Jepson; near Viola, Tehama Co., J. Grinnell; Hatchet Creek, Shasta Co., M. S. Baker; McCloud River near Bartles, If. S. BaTcer. Eefs. — Trientalis europaea L., Sp. PI. 344 (1753), type European. Var. lattfolia Torr., Pac. E. Eep. 4:118 (1860) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 375 (1901), ed. 2, 316 (1911), Man. 756 (1925). T. latifolia Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2:121 (1838), type loc. "about Fort Vancouver. Walla- waUah River," Tolmie. Alsinanthemum europaeum Greene var. latifolium Greene, Man. Eeg. S. F. Bay 238 (1894). 5. LYSIMACHIA L. Perennial herbs, the herbage glabrous (in ours), the stems arising terminally from rootstocks, leafy throughout. Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted. Corolla yellow (in ours), rotate, very deeply parted (with hardly any tube), its lobes con- volute in the bud. Capsule few to several-seeded. — Species 110, all continents but mostly northern hemisphere. (Greek lusis, loose, and mache, strife.) Fig. 322. Trientalis europaea var. LATIFOLIA Torr. o, habit, X % ; 6, fl., X 1. 74 PRIMULA CEAE Flowers solitary in the axils ; corolla without teeth between the lobes ; filaments slightly mona- delphous at base 1. L. nummularia. Flowers in axillary racemes; corolla Avith a small tooth in each sinus; filaments distinct 2. L. thyrsiflora. 1. L. nummularia L. Moneywort. Stems creeping, 4 to 12 inches long; leaf- blades orbicular to broadly ovate, 6 to 9 lines long, on petioles 1 to 2 lines long; calyx-lobes cordate-ovate; corolla 6 to 7 lines broad. Moist meadows, 3400 to 3600 feet, naturalized from Europe : Quincy. June- July. Eefs. — Lysimachia nummulama L., Sp. PI. 148 (1753), type from Europe; Syme, Engl. Bot. 7:t. 1144 (1867). 2. L. thyrsiflora L. Tufted Loosestrife. Stems erect, simple, % to 2 feet high; herbage glabrous; leaf -blades sessile, linear- to broadly lanceolate, ll^ to 4%^ inches long, those on the lower part of the stem reduced to short broad scales; racemes i/o to 1 inch long, dense, usually 1 or 2 pairs in the lower leaf-axils, borne on pe- duncles % to 2 inches long; corolla ly^ to 2 lines long, the style much exserted. Wet bogs and in shallow water of lakes, 3000 to 4400 feet : Plumas Co. to Shasta Co. North to Oregon and Alaska, east to Pennsyl- vania. Europe, Asia. May-June. Locs. — Big Mdws., Plumas Co., S. M. Austin; Goose Valley, Shasta Co., Baker ^- Nutting. Eefs. — Lysimachia thyrsiflora L., Sp. PI. 147 (1753), tj'pe European. Xanmburgia thyrsiflora Reichb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 410 (1832). 6. GLAUXL. Somewhat succulent perennial with oppo- site leaves, distinguished from all other genera of the family by the absence of a corolla. Calyx purplish or white, campanulate, 5-lobed, as- suming tlie appearance of a corolla, the sta- meus alternating with its lobes. Capsule 5- valved at apex. Seeds few, immersed in the tissue of the plaeenta.^ — Species 1. (Greek glaukos, sea-green.) Fig. 323. Glaux makitima L. a, habit, X Mi ; ft, fi., X 3 ; c, long. sect. of fl., X 3 ; d, capsule with persistent style, X 4 ; e, cross sect, of ovary, X 5. 1. G. maritima L. Sea Milkwort. (Fig. 323.) Stems 8 to 14 inches high, erect or as- cending, simple or eventually branching, arising from slender running rootstocks; leaf -blades oblong, 4 to 9 lines long; flowers 2 lines long, solitary in the axils, almost sessile; caljrx-segments elliptic; capsule globose, a little over 1 line long. Marshy shores of bays and sea coasts, 5 to 25 feet, or on saline flats in the in- terior, 25()0 to 4500 feet : San Luis Obispo Co. north to Humboldt Bay. North to Alaska, east through the Great Basin and far east to New Jersey and Newfound- land. Europe, Asia. May-June. Locs. — Pismo, San Luis Obispo Co., Condit ; Martinez, Davy 6GC5 ; Suisun, C. F. BaTcer 3244; Petaluma, Vavy 4060 ; Pt. Reyes, Davy 6735 ; Hookton, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 3698. Refs.— Glaux maritima L., Sp. PI. 207 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 375 (1901), ed. 2, 316 (1911), Man. 756 (1925). G. acutifolia Hel., Muhl. 2:109 (1906), type loc. Gazelle, Shasta Co., Heller 8073 ; leaves mainly linear, acute; calyx divided almost to the base; anthers oblong-elliptical (ex char.). PRIMROSE FAMILY 75 7. ANAGALLIS L. Pimpernel Low annuals with opposite or sometimes ternate entire leaves. Flowers axil- lary, on slender pedicels. Calyx deeply 5-eleft into narrow segments. Corolla ro- tate, deeply 5-parted, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 ; filaments hirsute or pubescent. Capsule cireumscissile. — Species about 24, all continents. (Greek, meaning delightful.) 1. A. arvensisL. Poor Man's Weather-glass. Stems % to 2 feet long, pro- cumbent or ascending; leaf -blades ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, sessile, 4 to 6 (or 10) lines long, shorter than the pedicels; flowers opening only under a clear sky; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined toward the base, nearly distinct; corolla vermilion, 4 to 5 lines broad, the petals lightly joined at base, minutely glandular-ciliate at apex; capsules on recurved pedicels; seeds ^A line long, tri- angular, the surface pitted. Naturalized Old World weed, in open ground, 5 to 2000 feet : mostly near the coa.st. Mar. -Apr. Locs. — Coastal: Crescent City, Howell; Eureka, Tracy in 1906 ; Dyerville, South Fork Eel River, Constance 703 ; Pt. Reyes, Davy in 1900; Berkeley, Jepson in 1891; Oakland, Brewer in 1864; San Francisco, Jepson 10,594; Carmel River, near Car- mel, Jepson in 1896 ; Santa Barbara, Brewer in 1861 ; Lukens Peak, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 331 ; Claremont, Chandler in 1897; Riverside, Jepson in 1901; Escondido, San Diego Co., C. V. Meyer 268; La Jolla, Jepson 11,872. Interior: San An- dreas, Jepson in 1923 ; Barnafee Flat, Tulare Co., W. Fry 127. Var. coerulea Ledeb. Corolla blue. — Bear River Ridge, Humboldt Co., Tracy 9936 ; Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9865 in 1923 ; Altadena, ace. Peirson; Fallbrook, in 1884 (ace. Parish, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 19<:23) ; Escondido, C. F. Meyer 271 in 1927. Refs. — Anaoallis arvensis L., Sp. PI. 148 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 375 (1901), ed. 2, 317 (1911), Man. 756 (1925). Var. coerulea Ledeb., Fl. Rossica 3:30 (1847). A. coerulea Sehrcb., Spicilegium Fl. Lipsicae 5 (1771). 8. CENTUNCULUS L. Fig. 324. Centuncultjs MINIMUS L. a, habit, X 1 ; b, fl., X 8 ; c, corolla spread open, X 8; d, dehiscing capsule, X 5. Very small annuals with alternate entire leaves and minute solitary flowers in their axils. Calyx 4 (or 5)-parted, the narrow lobes linear-lanceolate, acu- minate. Corolla 4 (or 5) -cleft, the tube subglobular and lobes acute. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Capsule globose, cireumscissile. Seeds many. — Species 1. (Meaning of name obscure.) 1. C. minimus L. Chaffweed. (Pig. 324.) Slender, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches high; leaf -blades obovate, sessile or short-petioled, 1 to 2 (or 3) lines long; flowers sessile or very nearly so, shorter than the leaves, mostly 4-merous; filaments much dilated at base. Moist ground or beds of former winter pools, 10 to 1400 feet : mostly near the coast from San Diego Co. to Humboldt Co. ; Merced Co. to Calaveras Co. North to British Columbia, east to Illinois and Florida. South America, Europe. May. Locs. — Coastal: La Jolla, San Diego Co., Jepson 11,850; Ramona, K. Brandcgee; Red Hill, Upland, Muns 5556; Berkeley Hills, Tracy 2072; Suisun, Greene; Fort Seward, Humboldt Co., Tracy 13,384; Eureka, Tracy 1943. Sierra Nevada foothills from Merced Co. to Calaveras Co.: Le Grand, Hoover 1085 ; Burson, Jepson 9927. Refs. — CENTUNCULUS MINIMUS L., Sp. PI. 116 (1753), type European; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 317 (1911), Man. 757 (1925). 76 PLUMBAGINACEAE 9. SAMOLUSL. Brookweed Glabrous perennial herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers small, white, S-merous, in terminal racemes. Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary, campanulate. Corolla nearly campanulate. Stamens 5, borne on the tube of the corolla, their filaments short; a second series of stamens represented bj'' 5 sterile filaments or staminodia inserted in the sinuses of the corolla and alternating with the anther-bearing sta- mens. Capsule opening at the apex by 5 valves. — Species 10, all continents. ( Celtic name.) 1. S. floribundusH. B. K. Water Pimpernel. Stem commonly solitary, erect, simple or branching above into 2 or 3 racemes, or paniculate, 6 to 15 inches high; basal leaves rosette-like, their blades round-obovate to oblong-spatulate, obtuse or almost truncate, narrowed toward the base into a broad short petiole, 1 to 2% inches long; cauline leaves similar, the uppermost varying to elliptic, I/2 to 1 inch long; pedicels slender, bractless, but bearing minute bract lets at their middle; flow- ers % to V/o lines long; calyx-teeth short, broadly triangular; corolla very small, white, its lobes almost distinct. Brooks and marshes, 5 to 4000 feet : Solano and Contra Costa Cos. ; cismontane Southern California. North and South America. July-Sept. Loc3. — Suisun Marshes, Davy 4113; Antioeh, K. Brandegee ; Santa Cruz Isl., Greene; To- panga Canon, Santa Monica Mts., Barber; San Bernardino Mts., Geo. Soiertson (Arrowhead Sprs.), R. J. Smith (Morton Creek) ; San Bernardino, Parish; Riverside, Jcpson 14,581; Santa Ana Canon, Orange Co., J. T. Howell 2775; Bolsas Creek, Orange Co., Booth 1284; Ramona, K. Brandegee. Eefs. — Samolus flombondus H. B. K., Nov. Gen. 2:224 (1817), type loo. Callao, Peru; Jep- son, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 316 (1911), Man. 757 (1925). -S. valerandi var. americanus Gray, Man. ed. 2, 274 (1856) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 374 (1901). PLUMBAGINACEAE. Thrift Family Maritime perennial herbs with hard or coriaceous scapes and basal leaves. Flowers regular, perfect, 5-merous throughout. Calyx tubular or funnelform, plaited. Petals with long claws barely united into a ring at base. Stamens oppo- site the petals, adnate to the base of the claw. Ovary superior, 5-angled at summit, containing a single ovule which hangs from an elongated funiculus arising from the base of the cell. Styles 5. Fruit a utricle or achene, borne in the base of the persistent calyx. Seed with endosperm ; embryo straight. — Genera 10, species about 325, all continents. Bibliog. — Gray, A., Plumbaginaeeae in Syn. Fl. 2:53-55 (1878). Blake, S. F., Limonium in N. Am. & Mex. (Rhod. 18:53-66, pis. 118-119,-1916) ; Statice in N. Am. (Rhod. 19:1-9,— 1917) ; N. Am. species of Limonium (Rhod. 25:55-60,-1923). Leaves narrowly linear; inflorescence head-like 1. Statice. Leaves broad ; inflorescence paniculate 2. Limonium. 1. STATICE L. Thrift Scape naked, terminating in a globose head of flowers. Leaves narrowly linear, sedge-like, in a close tuft. Heads composed of numerous crowded clusters, each cluster subtended by a scarious bract, the outer bracts forming an involucre, the two outermost united and forming a reversed sheath to the summit of the scape. Flowers pediceled or subsessile, subtended by bractlets. Calyx scarious, funnel- form. Styles filiform, united at the very base. — Species about 35, all continents except Australia. (Greek, statike, astringent.) , 1. S. arctica Blake var. calif ornica Blake. California Sea-Pink. ( Fig. 325. ) Scapes few or solitary, 7 to 20 inches high; leaves involute-channeled, Vs to 1 line wide, bluntish at tip, (II/2 or) 4 to 8 inches long; flowers dull pink or flesh-color; ealyx-tube 5-ribbed, the ribs hairy. STYRACACEAE 77 Sea-beaches, sea-bluffs or sandy fields along the ocean, 1 to 100 feet : Monterey Co. to Humboldt Co. Apr. -June. Locs. — Carmel, Newlon 139 ; Pcscadero, A. L. Grant 940; San Francisco, Davy 821 ; Pt. Reyes, Jepson 118S; Salmon Creek, Sonoma Co., Jepson 15,944; Pudding Creek, Ft. Bragg, Jepson 17,731 ; Humboldt Bay, Chandler 1153. Eefs. — Statice arctica Blake, Ehod. 19 :8 (1917). Armeria vulgaris Willd. f. arctica Cham., Linnaea 6:566 (1831), type loc. Unalaska, Aleutian Isls., Chamisso. Armeria arctica Wallr., Beitr. 2:193 (1844). Var. CAiiroBNiCA Blake, Rhod. 19:9 (1917); Jepson, Man. 758 (1925). Armeria andiana Poepp. var. calif omica Boiss. ; DC, Prod. 12:682 (1848), type from Cal., Coul- ter. A. vulgaris Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 378 (1901), ed. 2, 318 (1911), and other Cal. authors. 2. LIMONIUM Hill. Marsh Kosemart Leaves broad, fleshy, in a ba.sal tuft. Flow- ers seeund, in short spikes or clusters termi- nating the many branchlets of a branching scape. Calyx vase-shaped. Styles wholly dis- tinct.— Species about 120, sea-beaches, all con- tinents. (Greek name of the wild beet.) 1. L. commune S. F. Gray var. califor- nicum Greene. Western Marsh Rosemary. Scapes % to 1% (or 2) feet high, loosely pani- culate, the root % to 1 inch thick, reddish, woody; leaves 4 to 9 inches long, the blades obovate- to oblong-spatulate, obtuse or some- times retuse, tapering below into a rather long petiole; flowers violet-purple; calyx hairy on the angles below; petals oblong, 2 to 2i/2 lines long. Salt marshes and sea-beaches along the coast and its bays, 1 to 50 feet : San Diego Co. to Humboldt Co. July-Dec. Locs.- — San Diego (Rhod. 25:59) ; Newport Bay, Orange Co., Booth 1229; Wilmington, Parish 959; Pt. Mugu, Ventura Co., J. T. Howell 3131; Palo Alto, C. F. Baker 1516; West Berkeley, Jepson 14,593; Manzanita sta., Marin Co., Jepson 10,656 ; Benicia, Jepson 14,594 ; Samoa, Tracy 1254. Var. mexicanum (Blake) Jepson comb. n. Calyx glabrous. — -San Diego Bay. South to Lower California. This form matches the species in all details of habit, leaves, inflorescence, flowers and fruit, save only that the calyx-ribs are not hairy. Since it is said by Blake to occur in the San Francisco Bay region, it would in such case lose geographic significance and much of its slight claim to even varietal rank. Refs. — LiMONiUM COMMUNE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. British Pis. 2:296 (1821), type loc. sea- shores of Britain. Var. californicum Greene, Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 235 (1894) ; Jepson, Man. 758 (1925). Statice californica Boiss.; DC, Prod. 12:643 (1848), based on spms. from San Francisco (Barclay) and Santa Clara (Sinclair). S. limonium var. californicum Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:466 (1876) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 378 (1901), ed. 2, 318 (1911). L. californicum Hel., Cat. N. Am. PI. ed. 1, 6 (1898). Var. mexicanum Jepson. L. mexicanum Blake, Ehod. 18:59 (1916), type loc. San Diego, Palmer 216. Limonium sinuatum MUl., Gard. Diet. ed. 8, n. 6 (1768). Statice sin-uata L., Sp. PI. 276 (1753), "Sicilia, Palestina, Africa." Scapes 1 to 2 feet high, corymbosely -paniculate, the inter- nodes of the scapes and inflorescence broadly or narrowly winged, the wings produced upward at the nodes into 3 (or 2) linear-lanceolate appendages % to 1% inches long; leaves pinnatifid; calyx blue ; corolla yellowish-white. — Garden plant from the Mediterranean region, occasionally escaped, 5 to 100 feet: San Diego coast (Del Mar, F. M. Reed; Imperial Beach, Peirson 3397). STYRACACEAE. Storax Family Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves. Flowers regular and perfect, the calyx in ours slightly adherent to the base of the ovary; petals 4 to 10, united or con- Fig. 325. Statice arctica Blake var. CALIFORNICA Blake, a, base of plant, X Ys ; 6, infl., X % ; c, fl., X 2 ; d, calyx, X 2V2; e, petal and stamen, X 3 ; /, pistil, X i; g, long. sect, of ovary, X 5. STYEACACEAE nivent at base into a short tube; stamens about twice tlie number of petals. Ovary 2 to 5-ceIled; style 1. — Genera 7, species 117, all continents. Bibliog. — Lindley, J., Styracaceae in Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, 179-180 (1830). Perliins, J., Styracaceae (Engler, Pflzr. 4-":l-lll, figs. 1-18,-1907). Fig. 326. Styras officinalis L fl. branchlet, X 1; b, fr., X %. 1. STYRAXL. Storas Corolla white, seated in a eampanulate calyx whose truncate border is denticu- late, irregularly toothed or split down one side. Stamens 10 to 18, their filaments united for nearly their whole length into a tube, the lower portion of which is ad- herent to the base of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled through imperfect partitions but 3-celled at base. Style slender. Fruit globose, 1-celled, commonly splitting into 3 valves, with a single large nut-like or bony seed. — Species 60, North and South America, Europe, Asia. (Ancient Greek name, used by Theophrastus, for the species which produces storax.) 1. S. oflBcinalis L. Snow-drop Bush. (Fig. 326.) Deciduous shrub 5 to 10 feet high; leaf -blades orbicular to ovate (or some- what rhomboidal ) , entire, minutely stellate or rusty-pubescent beneath, or in age glabrate, 1 to 21/2 inches long, on tomentose petioles 2 to 4 lines long; flowers a little resembling orange blossoms, 2 or 3 (to 5) in a terminal a, corymbose raceme, the cluster borne on a very short peduncle; pedicels somewhat elavate; calyx border with 5 to 7 short teeth ; petals 5 to 10, oblong or somewhat narrowed towards the base, 6 to 7 lines long; stamen-tube pubescent with short soft hairs within; seeds 6 lines in diameter. Gallons, frequently on south slopes, often on shale, 400 to 3000 feet: inner North Coast Range from Lake Co. to western Shasta Co.; Sierra Nevada foothills from eastern Shasta Co. to Tulare Co.; south to San Diego Co. May-June. Also called Bitter Nut. Geog. note. — The author has collected Styrax officinalis on the banks of the brook of Kishon and on the rocky slopes of Mt. Carmel in Palestine (Jepson 11,129). This collection of Styrax officinalis from the Near East, in all particulars of herbage and flowers, differs no more from the shrub named Styrax californica by Torrey than various specimens of Styrax califomica do from each other. While the leaves of California shrubs are said to be less pubescent, we have many California specimens in which the leaves beneath are more pubescent than in specimens from the Mediterranean region. Therefore, we hold the California plant to be quite conspecific with that of Asia Minor, as has been done before us by J. Perkins of the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Berlin. Locs. — North Coast Ranges: Soda Bay, Clear Lake, B. H. Piatt; Indian Valley (mts. e.), ne. Lake Co., Jepson 8983; Mud Plat, w. Glenn Co., Heller 11,535; Bedding, BlankinsMp ; Delta, Shasta Co., Jepson 6177. Sierra Nevada foothills: Cow Creek Caiion, Shasta Co., M. S. Baker; Pitt Eiver, Loremen; Feather River, G. C. Bills; Rattlesnake Bend, Placer Co., Alice King; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1819 ; Piedra, near Tivy Mt., Fresno Co., R. P. Kelley (leaves large, cordate at base) ; Kaweah, Hopping. S. Ca!.: Waterman CaSon, San Bernardino, Jepson 5551; Trabuco Cafiort, Santa Ana Mts., Peirson 3493; betw. Pala Mission and Fallbrook, Evelyn Gray; Nigger grade, Palom.ar Mt., C. V. Meyer 495; Mesa Grande, San Diego Co., E. Ferguson 65. Var. f ulvescens M. & J. Petioles rusty-tomentose ; leaves often cordate at base ; calyx -border sometimes more strongly denticulate. — Santa Barbara Co. : Painted Cave Ranch ; San Marcos Pass, Santa Inez Mts., J. B. Hall. A rather immaterial variety. Refs. — Styrax officinalis L., Sp. PI. 444 (1753), type from Syria. S. californica Torr., Smithson. Contrib. 6:4 (1853), type loc. upper Sacramento River (probably in the caiion), Fre- mont. S. officinalis var. californica Rehd., Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Gesellsch. 24:226 (1915); M. & J., Bull. Torr. Club 51:298 (1924) ; Jepson, Man. 758, fig. 739 (1925). Var. fulvescens M. & J., Bull. Torr. Club 51:297 (1924). 5. californica var. fulvescens Eastw., Bot. Gaz. 41:286 (1906), type loc. near Painted Cave Ranch, Santa Inez Mts., Eastwood. OLEACEAE 79 OLEACEAE. Ash Family Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or sometimes alternate, deciduous in ours. Flowers small, commonly in compact panicles or clusters, mostly unisexual, some- times perfect. Corolla sympetalous, choripetalous or none. Stamens few (1 to 4). Ovary superior, 2-celled; style 1. Fruit a samara, capsule or drupe. — This family includes Forsythia, Lilac, Olive and Privet of the gardens. — Genera 20, species about 380, all continents. Bibliog. — Gray, A., Revision of the genus Forestiera (Proc. Am. Acad. 4:363-6, — 1860). Wenzig, Th., Die Gatt. Fraxinus (Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 4:165-188, t. 2, 3,-1883). Sterrett, W. D., The ashes: their characteristics and management (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 299:1-88, pis. 1-16,— 1915). Lingelsheim, A., Oleaceae-Oleoideae (Engler, Pflzr. 42*3-1-2. i_i25j ggg. 1-22,-1920). Steyermark, J. A., A revision of the genus Menodora (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 19:87-176, ligs. 1-6 and pis. 4-11,-1932). Leaves compound, opposite; fruit a samara 1. Fraxinus. Leaves simple ; fruit not a samara. Fruit a drupe; leaves opposite 2. Forestiera, Fruit a circumscissile capsule ; leaves mostly alternate, entire 3. Menodora. 1. FRAXINUS L. Ash Trees or shrubs. Leaves deciduous, pinnately compound. Flowers dioecious, perfect or polygamous, borne in small crowded panicles, appearing just before the leaves and from separate buds. Calyx small, truncate, with toothed border. Co- rolla with 2 equal petals or none. Stamens 2 (rarely 1 or 3) . Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, with terminal wing.— In F. anomala the leaves are usually simple. — Species about 39, North America, Asia and Europe. (The Latin name of the ash. ) Trees; corolla none; style conspicuously 2-lobed. Flowers dioecious ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 2 inches long or more ; branchlets terete. Leaflets oblong to oval, the lateral commonly sessile ; wing narrowed or decurrent down- ward on each side of the body of the fruit, the body therefore clavate ; Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges mainly 1. F. oregona. Leaflets lanceolate to oval, the lateral on petiolules % to 6 lines long; vring strictly terminal, not decurrent on the body of the fruit, the body nearly cylindric ; S. Cal. mts 2. F. velutina. Flowers polygamous ; leaves simple, rarely with 2 or 3 leaflets ; branchlets of the season 4- sided; e. Mohave Desert 3. F. anomala. Shrub ; corolla present ; flowers perfect ; style obscurely lobed ; leaflets mostly stalked, less than 2 inches long; branchlets of the season 4-3ided; cismontane 4. F. dipetala. 1. F. oregona Nutt. Oregon Ash. Tree 30 to 80 feet high; shoots of the sea- son, leaflets beneath and rachises pubescent or puberulent, more or less glabrate; leaves 6 to 12 inches long; leaflets 5 to 7 (or 9), oblong to oval, or often broadest toward the apex and abruptly short-pointed, usually sessile except the terminal one, entire or toothed above the middle, 2 to 51/2 inches long; stamens 2 (sometimes 1 or 3) ; samaras oblong-lanceolate, 1% to 1% inches long, the wing 21/2 to 4 lines wide, narrowly decurrent on the body, the body therefore clavate, 6 to 7 lines long. Along streams in caiions or valleys, or in lake "bottoms," 10 to 4000 feet : Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to Siskiyou Co.; delta region of the Great Valley; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Shasta and Modoc Cos. North to British Colum- bia. Apr. -June, fr. July-Oet. Field note. — While Fraxinus oregona is closely restricted to very definite habitats along streams and in moist spots, it is, nevertheless, rather frequent in the North Coast Range country. On the flats of the lake "bottom" in Little Lake Valley, Mendocino Co., it formed at one time a considerable forest. In other places it is abundant enough to be of economic importance, since the heavy and hard timber has been used for wagon frames, furniture and barrels. As to the distribution of Fraxinus oregona it is not known to us in the Coast Ranges south of Santa Clara County but it will probably be found in the Santa Lucia Mountains, or with less liielihood in the mountains of Santa Barbara County. It has long been attributed to cismontane 80 OLEACEAE Southern California (Sargent, Man. Trees N. Am. 777; Sudworth, Forest Trees Pac. Slope, 425; Parish, Zoe 4:344), specimens of Fraxinus velutina and its var. coriacea having been mlsdeter- mined as Fraxinus oregona. The best distinction between Fraxinus oregona and Fraxinus velu- tina resides in the fruit. The wing of the fruit in F. oregona extends to the base of the body, much narrowed to be sure, often almost obsolete, but still observable. The fruit in F. velutina is winged only at the summit ; the body is unwinged and rounded or cylindric in a way which F. ore- gona never is. Both Fraxinus velutina and its variety coriacea are rather rare in Southern Cali- fornia and infrequently met with in the field, both as to eismontane and transmontane areas. Fraxinus velutina is extremely variable in outline of leaflets, but the fine villous tomentulum on the under surface of the leaflets is usually unmistakable. As to the variety coriacea one can collect in an extremely narrow area on Ash Creek, Owens Lake, a striking diversity of leaflet form. Even so, neither of these compare in range of leaf variation with Fraxinus oregona as it occurs in Napa Valley and elsewhere in the North Coast Range country. Locs.— -Coast Ranges: GUroy, Jepson 14,603; Walnut Creek, Jepson; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson 14,601; Cordelia, Jepson 3079; St. Helena, Jepson 508; GuernevUle, Jepson 2364; MiU Creek, Ukiah, Jepson ; Tomki Creek, e. Mendocino Co., Jepson 14,600 ; Briceland, Humboldt Co., Jepson 2205 ; Trinity River Valley at Willow Creek, Tracy 8414 ; Redding, Blankinship ; Dunsmuir, Shasta Co., Geo. B. Grant 5181 ; Cottage Grove, Klamath River, Jepson. Lower San Joaquin Valley : Dry Creek, Modesto, Hoover 3879 ; Stockton. Sacramento Valley : Rio Vista ; Walnut Grove, Tyler Isl., Jepson 14,606. Sierra Nevada: North Tule River, Furpus 1711; North Fork Kaweah River, Jepson; El Portal, Mariposa Co., Jepson; Berry Creek, Butte Co., Jepson; Belden, Plumas Co., Jepson; Middle Creek sta., Shasta Co., Heller 7956 ; Egg Lake, Modoc Co., M. S. Baker. Refs. — Fraxinus oregona Nutt., Sylva 3:59, t. 99 (1849), type loc. "Oregon territory," Nuttall; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 385 (1901), ed. 2, 319 (1911), Silva Cal. 278 (1910), Trees Cal. ed. 2, 230 (1923), Man. 759, fig. 740 (1925). 2. F. velutina Torr. Arizona Ash. Tree 15 to 30 feet high; shoots of the season and rachises villous or puberulent, the leaflets beneath villous-tomentulose or puberulent, above glabrous or nearly so ; leaflets 5, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, oval or obovate, acute or less commonly attenuate, I14 to 4 inches long; samaras 1 to IV2 inches long, the wing 11/4 to 31-^ lines wide, not decurrent on the body or rarely weakly on upper portion, the body therefore essentially cylindric. Caiion sides and bottoms, 250 to 2500 feet : San Gabriel Mts. ; San Jacinto Mts. ; Cuyamaca Mts. East to Arizona. May, fr. July-Nov. Locs. — West Fork San Gabriel River, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 2459; Kenworthy (e. of), San Jacinto Mts., Hall 959 ; Warner Pass, e. San Diego Co., B. W. Sumner ; near Mountain Sprs., e. San Diego Co., B. W. Sumner. The petiolules of the two last-cited spms. are as long as those of the var. coriacea. In the species the lateral nerves of the leaflets are weaker and less straight than in the leaflets of the var. coriacea. Var. coriacea Rehd. Shoots of the season and rachises glabrous; leaflets 3 to 7, oval or round-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, often abruptly acute or attenuate, glabrous or slightly puberulent beneath, the lateral nerves straight, regular, sharply defined ; samaras similar to those of the species, 11 to 14 lines long, the wing 2% to 2% lines wide. — Canons and along streams, 600 to 4000 feet: Cuyamaca, San Jacinto, San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains; north to the Sierra Nevada in Kern Co. and to Inyo Co. East to Nevada and Utah. Locs. — Cuyamaca, B. W. Sumner; above Ribbonwood, betw. Pinon Flat and Vandeventer Flat, Santa Rosa Mts., Clary 1206; Palm Canon of San Jacinto Mts., Jepson 14,599; Pipe Creek, Kenworthy, Munz 5810; Santa Ana River near Corona, Johnston 1804 (doubtless a waif) ; San Bernardino, Parish; Lytle Creek, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 2144; Victorville, Parish 10,547; Onyx, South Fork Valley, Kern Co., E. JV. Voegelin 24 ; Greenhorn Mts., Purpus 5555 ; Ash Creek, Owens Lake, Jepson 5130. Refs. — Fraxinus velutina Torr.; Emory, Mil. Reconn. 149 (1848), type loc. "betw. the waters of the [Rio Grande] Del Norte and the Gila" rivers; Jepson, Silva Cal. 279 (1910), Trees Cal., ed. 2, 230 (1923), Man. 759 (1925). Var. coriacea Rehd., Proc. Am. Acad. 53:206 (1917) ; Jepson, Trees Cal. 230 (1923), Man. 759 (1925). F. coriacea Wats., Am. Nat. 7:302 (1873), type loc. Ash Mdws., Nov., Wheeler; Jepson, SUva Cal. 279 (1910). F. oregona var. glabra Lingelsh. ; Engler, Pflzr. i-'^^''^-- -.43 (1920). From the citations and synonymy it is to be observed that Watson's F. coriacea was independently reduced by three different authors, Rehder, Lingels- heim and the writer. 3. F. anomala Torr. Dwarf Ash. Tree 15 to 20 feet high, or a low spreading shrub; leaves simple, the blade roundish or broadly ovate, li/4 to 2 inches long, or compound with 2 or 3 similar leaflets; flowers perfect and pistillate; samaras with an oblong rounded wing which surrounds the body, 8 to 9 lines long and 4 to 5 lines wide. ASH FAMILY 81 Desert ranges, 5000 to 11,000 feet : Inyo Co. and eastern Mohave Desert. East to Colorado and Texas. May, fr. July. Geog. note. — Fraxinus anomala reaches its western limits on the eastern desert borders of California and is known only from a few stations : Telescope Peak, Panamint Range, Jepson 7017 ; Gilroy Caiion, Providence Mts., Jepson 18,230. At both these stations the species is represented by one or a few individuals and there is no present evidence of extension of area by seedlings. The station in Gilroy Caiion is a favorable spot in the caiion bottom protected from intense insolation by a high south wall where the original individual has been replaced by a circle of root- crown sprouts, the circle being 8 feet in diameter. The sprouts were, in. 1937, 12 feet high with stem diameters of 1 to 3 inches at 4 inches above the ground. Eefs. — Fraxinus anomala Torr. ; Wats., Bot. King 283 (1871), type from Utah, New- herry; Jepson, Silva Cal. 280 (1910), Trees Cal. ed. 2, 139 (1923), Man. 759 (1925). 4. F. dipetala H. & A. Foothill Ash. Shrub 5 to 15 (or 22) feet high; herb- age glabrous or nearly so; leaves 2 to 6 inches long; leaflets 3 to 9, serrate above the middle, % to l^/^ (or 2I/4) inches long; petals 2, white, about 3 lines long; samaras oblong, % to 114 inches long, 3 to 31/2 lines wide, the wing frequently notched at tip. Canon .sides and mountain slopes, 400 to 3700 feet : Sierra Nevada from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co. ; inner North Coast Range from Siskiyou Co. to Solano Co. ; South Coast Ranges from Contra Costa Co. to San Luis Obispo Co.; coastal Southern California south to Orange Co. Apr.-lMay, fr. June- Aug. Field note. — This species is sometimes distinctly arborescent and is a showy species when the panicles are in full flower. For this reason it is sometimes called Flowering Ash, since it differs markedly in this from our arboreous species with their inconspicuous flowers. The center of dis- tribution from the standpoint of abundance, size of individuals and uniformity of character is, perhaps, on the west side of the San Carlos Range in San Benito County. It also attains a large size on the Arroyo Seco in the Santa Lucia Mts., where individuals 22 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter have been found (Jepson Field Book 24:98. ms.). Locs. — Sierra Nevada: betw. Fourteen Mile House and Forest Ranch, Butte Co., Heller 11,405; Kinsley, Mariposa Co., Hoak ; betw. North Fork and Fish Creek, San Joaquin River, Madera Co., Jepson 12,876; Davis Ranch to Watson Spr., North Fork Kaweah River, Jepson 571; Grouse Valley, Tulare Co., Jepson; North Tule River, Purpus 1712. Coast Ranges: Dunsmuir, X. E. Smith; Hough's Sprs., ne. Lake Co., Jepson; Weldon Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 2187; Arroyo Seco, Santa Lucia Mts., Jepson; Paso Eobles, Benj. Cobh; Waltham Creek, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson. S. Cal.: Los Olivos, Virginia P. Fox; Zaca Lake, Santa Barbara Co., Condit ; Ojai, Olive Thacher; Pacoima Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 383; Mill Creek Caiion, San Bernardino Mts., Parish 2033 ; Santa Ana River Caiion, Santa Ana Mts., J. T. Howell. Eefs. — Fraxinus dipetala H. & A., Bot. Beech. 362 (1841), type from Cal., Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 385 (1901), ed. 2, 319 (1911), Silva Cal. 280 (1910), Man. 759 (1925). 2. FORESTIERA Poir. Shrubs with opposite simple leaves. Flowers inconspicu- ous, dioecious or polygamous, few in a small panicle. Calyx minute or obsolete. Corolla none, or rarely 1 or 2 small pet- als. Stamens 2 to 4. Ovules 2 in each cell; style slender. Drupe 1-seeded. — Species 14, North and South America. (M. Forestier, a French physician.) Fig. 327. FORESTI- ERA neo-mexicana Gray. Fruiting branch- let, X %. 1. F. neo-mexicana Gray. Desket Olive. (Fig. 327.) Glabrous shrub with spiny branchlets, 5 to 14 feet high; bark smooth, light gray or yellowish; leaves often fascicled, the blades obovate to oblong, acute, serrulate above the cuneate base or entire, I/2 to 11/2 inches long, the petiole 1 to 3 lines long; flowers in sessile clusters; drupe blue-black, ovoid, 3 to 4 lines long. Valley flats and mountain caiions, 150 to 5500 feet : South Coast Ranges; Mo- have Desert and its bordering ranges; San Jacinto Mts. ; Inyo Co. East to Colorado and Texas. Apr.-May, fr. Aug.-Oct. 82 OLEACEAE Locs. — Nortonville, Contra Costa Co.; Mt. Diablo (ridge west of Mt. Zion), Sowerman 3414; Arroyo Mocho, Mt. Hamilton Eange ; Pacheco Pass, JcjJson 17,004 ; Pinnacles, Monterey Co., H. A. Button; Soledad, Salinas River, BicTcman; Paso Robles, Barker; Lancaster, Davidson; Mint Canon, n. of Santa Clara Eiver, Los Angeles Co., E. E. Allen ; Rock Creek, San Gabriel Mts., Feir- son 483 ; Palm Caiion, San Jacinto Mts., Jepson 1340 ; Santa Rosa Mts. (10 mi. se. of Kenworthy), Clary 965; Cameron sta., Tehachapi Mts., Jepson 15,SS0; Ord Mt., Mohave Desert, Jepson 5890; Barnwell, New York Mts., K. Brandegee ; Lone Pine, Jepson 5138; Alabama Hills, Inyo Co., Jep- son 911; Coso Mts., Inyo Co., Ferris 7864. Refs. — PORESTIEEA NEO-MESICANA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:63 (1876) ; Jepson, Man. 760 (1925). F. acuminata var. parvifolia Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 4:364 (1860), type loc. near Santa Fe, N. Mex., Fendler 547. Adelia parvifolia Cov., Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:148 (1893). 3. MENODORA H. & B. Low desert shrubs. Leaves simple, sessile or subsessile, the upper alternate, the lower often opposite. Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply cleft into 5 to 10 linear or subulate lobes. Corolla 5 (or 6)-lobed. Stamens 2. Ovules 4 in each cell; style slender. Fruit deeply 2-parted, each lobe splitting around the middle horizontally (the upper part falling as a lid) or sometimes splitting irregularly; seeds usually 2 in each cell. — Species 15, North and South America, Africa. (Greek menos, force, anddoron, gift.) Corolla-lobes % to Vi as long as the tube ; flowers shortly peduncled or subsessile, solitary or some- what fascicled on the short branchlets 1. M. spinescens. Corolla-lobes longer than the tube ; flowers few in a terminal corymb. Herbage glabrous 2. M. scoparia. Herbage scaberulous-puberulent 3. M. scabra. 1. M. spinescens Gray. Ground Thorn. Shrub with very divaricate branches and short stout spiny branchlets, ^ to 2, rarely 3 feet high ; branches minutely pu- berulent; leaves alternate, the blades linear to spatulate-oblong, 3 to 6 lines long on the flowering branchlets, fascicled and often reduced to mere scales on the main stems; flowers solitary or clustered, on peduncles 1 to 6 lines long; calyx-lobes 5 and equal (or 6 or 7 and more or less unequal) ; corolla white, brown-purple tinged out- side, funnelform, 3 to 7 lines long, the limb 3 to 4 lines broad and with short broad lobes; capsule yellowish, its lobes globose, 3 lines in diameter, diverging and, indeed, almost separate. Plains and stony slopes, 2300 to 5500 feet: eastern Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. East to southern Nevada. Apr. -May. Loes. — Calico "Wash, ne. of Barstow, Jepson 5415; Coolgardie Yucca Mesa, Jepson 6635; New York Mts., Jepson 5467; Argus Mts. (Bot. Gaz. 65:340) ; Lee Flat, n. of Darwin, ace. J. Grinnell; Westgard Pass, Ferris 4" Bacigalupi 8060. Refs. — Menodora spinescens Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 7:388 (1868), type loc. se. Nevada, Anderson; Jepson, Man. 760, fig. 742 (1925). if. spinescens var. mohavensis Stym., Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 19:155 (1932), type loc. Barstow (14 mi. ne.). Parish 9795, a larger-flowered form. 2. M. scoparia Engelm. Branches of the season slender, elongated, erect, more or less clustered, from a woody base, 10 to 15 inches high, not spinescent, sparsely leafy except at base; leaf -blades linear or lanceolate, or the lower obovate; calyx- lobes 7 or S; corolla yellow, almost rotate, 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes ovate, exceeding the tube; lobes of the capsule globose, not diverging. Dry gravelly hills, 1500 to 3500 feet : eastern Mohave Desert; western Colorado Desert. East to Arizona, south to Mexico. May-June. Locs." — New York Mts., near Leastalk, Parish 10,260; Providence Mts., T. Brandegee; San Felipe (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 19:148) ; Jacumba, e. San Diego Co., Ahranis 3641. Befs. — Menodora scoparl4. Engelm.; Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:471 (1876), type loc. "se. borders of Cal.," Cooper, Palmer ; Jepson, Man. 761 (1925). 3. M. scabra Gray. Near no. 2; stems erect, numerous from a woody base or root-crown, 5 to 12 inches high, not spinescent; leaf -blades lanceolate or oblance- olate to linear, 4 to 11 lines long; calyx-lobes 5 to 10; corolla bright yellow, 4 to 5 lines long, its lobes obtuse, its tube 1 line long, slightly short-hairy inside at apex. GENTIANACEAE 83 Rocky soil, 4000 to 5000 feet : Providence Mts., eastern Mohave Desert. East to Colorado and Texas, sontli to Mexico. May. Locs. — Mitchells Caverns, Providence Mts., Jepson 18,169. A form (var. laevis Steyerm.) with shorter and broader (or ovatish) leaves and acute corolla-lobes is found in the New York Mts. (Barnwell, K. Brandegee) and east to Texas. Refs. — Menodoba scabra Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 14:44 (1852), type from N. Mex., Wlslizevu3, Fendler fi03, Wright 563; Jepson, Man. 761 (1925). Var. laevis Steyerm., Ann. Mo. Bot.Gard. 19:137 (1932). M. iaew Woot. & Sta., Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16:158 (1913), type loc. Organ Mts., N. Mex., Vasey. GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family Glabrous herbs with a colorless bitter juice. Leaves simple and entire, the caul- ine opposite and sessile, the basal or lower sometimes drawn down to a petiole or petiole-like base, in Menyanthes the leaves all basal and 3-foliolate. Flowers per- fect, regular. Calj^ persistent, 4 or 5-toothed or -parted. Corolla 4 or 5-lobed or -parted, usually withering-persistent, its lobes commonly convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, as many as its lobes. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae; style 1 or none; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-valved septicidal capsule, the incurved edges of the valves bearing the seeds. Embryo minute, terete, in copious endosperm. — Eustoma is rarely 6-merous. A few Swertias are puberulent and several have whorled leaves.- — (jenera 64, species about 750, all continents and all climates. Bibliog. — Grisebach, A. H. E., Genera et species Gentianarum, 1-364 (1839). Huxley, T. H., The Gentians: notes and queries (Jour. Linn. Soc. 24:101-124, pi. 2, — -1887). Engelmann, Geo., Papers on Gentianeae (Collected Works, 478^87, — 1887). Greene, E. L., N. Am. species of Amarella (Lflts. 1:53-56,-1904) ; Genus Pneumonanthe (1. c. 68-71). Femald, M. L., Forms of Am. Gentians (Rhod. 19:149-152, — 1917). Card, H. H., A revision of the genus Frasera (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18:245-282, — 1931). Lindsey, A. A., Anatomical evidence for the Menyan- thaceae (Am. Jour. Bot. 25:485, figs. 1-21,-1938). Leaves simple, entire, sessile except some basal ones. Corolla without glands. Corolla salverf orm ; annuals. Flowers yellow; anthers unchanged after anthesis 1. Microcala. Flowers red or pink; anthers twisting spirally after shedding pollen 2. Centaurtum, Corolla campanulate to funnelform, blue or white. Style filiform; stamens inserted on the corolla-throat 3. Eustoma. Style stout, short or none; stamens inserted on the corolla-tube 4. Gentiana. Corolla-lobes with conspicuous fringed glands 5. Swertia. Leaves 3-foliolate; coroUa-lobes bearded with white filaments 6. Menyanthes. 1. MICROCALA Hoffmgg. & Link Almost minute annual. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches terminat- ing in a 4-merous yellow flower. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla short-salverform, the 4 short stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers cordate-ovate. Stigma of 2 fan- shaped lobes which at length separate. — Species 2, North and South America, Eu- rope and Asia. (Greek mikros, small, and kalos, beautiful.) 1. M. quadrangularis Griseb. Tim-wobt. Stem commonly 1 to 2 inches high, with 1 to 3 pairs of oval or oblong leaves below, these 11/2 to 3 lines long; peduncle naked, quadrangular; calyx short, strongly quadrangular, and seeming as if trun- cate at base and apex, especially in fruit, when it is 2 to 2^2 lines long; corolla deep yellow, the lower half membranous, twice as long as the calyx, open under a sunny sky, closing in afternoon. Moist fiats in the neighborhood of low hills or in open woods, 10 to 1000 feet : west side of the upper Sacramento Valley in Sha,sta and Tehama Cos. ; Humboldt Co. to Alameda and Santa Cruz Cos. (mostly in the outer Coast Range) ; Sierra Nevada foothills and their near plains bordei-s from Calaveras Co. to Merced Co. South America. Mar.-May. 84 GENTIANACEAE Locs. — Shasta Co.: Redding, BlanhinsMp ; Olinda, Blankinship ; Anderson, Alice King. Tehama Co.: HenlejTille (10 mi. w. of Corning), Virginia Bailey. Coast Eanges: Hydesville, Humboldt Co., Tra'ci/ 3583; Dobbyn Creek, Bloeksburg region, Humboldt Co., Tracy 13,902; Mendociuo-Noyo coastal plain, Bolander 4726; Ukiah, Lemmon; Corte Madera, Marin Co., Eeller 7368; Martinez, Chesnut # Drew ; Pt. Richmond, Contra Costa Co., Davy 6516; Thousand Oaks, Berkeley, Jepson; Santa Cruz, Anderson. Sierra Nevada foothills and their bordering rolling plains: Kentucky House, South Fork Calaveras River, Jepson 10,040; Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., Tracy 5591 ; Oakdale (4 mi. s.). Hoover 491 ; Snelling, Merced Co., aec. Hoover. Refs. — MiCROCALA QUADRANGUi^ABis Griseb. ; DC, Prodr. 9:63 (1845) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 380 (1901), ed. 2, 321 (1911), Man. 761 (1925). Gentiana quadrangularis Lam., Diet. 2:645 (1790), type loc. Lima, Peru, Donibey. 2. CENTAURIUM HUl. Low erect leafy annuals with sessile leaves. Flowers 5 or sometimes 4-merous, in cymes. Calyx deeply parted, its lobes narrow, carinate. Corolla salverform, pink or rose-color, the stamens inserted on its throat. Filaments slender; anthers twisting spirally after shedding their pollen and commonly exserted. Style fili- form, deciduous; stigmas oblong to fan-shaped. Capsule oblong-ovate to fusiform, 1-celled, but the seed-bearing edges of the valves more or less approximate in the center. Seeds oblong or spherical, reticulate-pitted. — Species about 20, North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. (Latin centum, a hundred, and aurium, gold piece, certain species valued medicinally.) Basal leaves in a dense tuft; outer North Coast Range 1. C. umhellatum. Basal leaves not tufted. Anthers oblong ; corolla-lobes % to % as long as the tube. Flowers all on pedicels. Corolla-lobes oblong, 1 to 2 lines long ; pedicels slender ; cismontane S. Cal. (infre- quent) and transmontane deserts 2.C. exaltatum. Corolla-lobes ovate to broadly oblong, 2 to 3 lines long ; pedicels stoutish ; coastal (Mendocino Co. to Santa Barbara Co.) 3. C. muMenhergii, Flowers in the forks sessile or subsessile, the others sessile or shortly pediceled ; corolla- lobes 1 to 2 lines long; North Coast Ranges, Sacramento Valley and n. Sierra Nevada foothills 4. C. fioribundum. Anthers linear ; corolla-lobes mostly 3 to 7 lines long, % to nearly as long as the tube ; flowers pediceled to subsessile. Stigmas spatulate-fanshaped; style very shortly branched; S. Cal. and Sierra Nevada.... 5. C. venustmn. Stigmas short, not spatulate; style not branched; Coast Ranges 6. C. trichanthum. 1. C. umbellatum Gilib. European Centaury. Stems erect, strictly branched, 10 to 16 inches high, the branches ending in dense cymes; basal leaves in a dense tuft, the blades broadly oblong, 1 to 1% inches long, 5 to 8 lines wide; blades of the cauline leaves mostly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, % to IV2 inches long; flowers numerous, nearly sessile; corolla rose-color, its lobes ovate, obtusish or subacute, 214 to 2% lines long, about % a.s long a-s tlie tube; stigmas oval. Introduced European species, naturalized on dry flats or sand bars, 10 to 500 feet : near the coast, Mendocino Co. to Del Norte Co. July-Aug. Locs. — Little Lagoon, Big River, Mendocino Co., Jepson 17,800; Fort Bragg, IF. C. Mathews 143 ; Dobbj-n Creek, Bloeksburg region, Humboldt Co., Tracy 13.347 ; Myers, South Fork Eel River, Jepson 12,361; Bull Creek, South Fork Eel River, Jepson 16,424; Blue Slide, Van Duzen River, Tracy 9610; betw. Willow Creek and Hupa, Jepson 2022; Wakefield, 4 mi. n. of Crescent City, Jepson 9386. Refs. — Centauritjm umbellatum Gilib., Fl. Lithuanica 1:35 (1781). Gentiana centanrium L., Sp. PI. 229 (1753), type from Europe. Erythraea centanrium. Pers., Syn. 1 :283 (1805). 2. C. exaltatum Wight. Desert Centaury. Stem very slender, very strict, (3 or) 8 to 14 inches high; blades of the basal leaves oblong, 4 to 15 lines long, those of the cauline lanceolate to linear, 5 to 12 lines long; flowers on elongated ( Y^ to 2^^ inches long) pedicels in a loose cyme; corolla pale pink, 6 to 7 lines long, its lobes 1 to 2 lines long. GENTIAN FAMILY 85 Moist soil along watei- courses and about springs, 3700 to 4800 feet : cismontane Southern California; San Gabriel Mts., north side; east side of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. to Lassen Co. North to Washington, east to Utah. July. Locs. — S. Cal. : San Pasqual, San Diego Co., S. B. > > > glands yoke- or horseshoe-shaped, fringed all around; cap- sule terete-lanceolate, 7 to 8 lines long. Open ground, 1400 to 5000 feet : coastal Southern California from the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains to the Cuyamaca Mts. East to Arizona, south to Lower Califor- nia. Apr.-July. Loes. — Betw. Live Oak and San Dimas canons, San Gabriel Mts. (Bull. Torr. Club 49:37) ; Cajon Canon, Jepson 6101 ; San Bernardino, Jepson 14,646 ; Saunders Mdw., San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer 581 ; Hemet Val- ley, Clary 1210; betw. Coahuilla Valley and Aguanga, Jepson 1476; Witch Creek, Alderson; Cuyamaca Mts., Clara A. Hunt ; Descanso, M. F. Spencer. Refs. — Swertia parryi Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2:430 (1891); Jepson, Man. 767 (1925). Frasera parryi Torr., Pac. R. Rep. 4:126 (1857), type loc. mts. of San Diego Co., Parry; Bot. Mex. Bound. 156 (1859). 6. S. albomarginata Ktze. Desert Fra- sera. (Fig. 345.) Plants 8 to 15 inches high; Fig. 344. Swertia parryi Ktze. Stems single or several from the taproot; herb- a-b, habit, X %; c, fl. with one side of age glabrous or minutely pubescent; leaf- calys and corolla removed, X iVj; d, blades spatulate Or oblanceolate, disposed to be capsule, X ly, ; e, seed, X 4%. eonduplicate, IVa to 3 inches long, ornamented M'ith a bright-silvery margin; stem-leaves in whorls of 3 or 4; panicle rather broad, with the lower branches elongated and thus corymbose; corolla greenish-white. 4 to 5 lines long, its lobes dark-dotted; gland GENTIAN FAMILY 97 single, elongated-oblong, fringe-margined all around, the dilated summit obcor- date, at base produced downward as a tube into the tissue of the petal. Gravelly or stony places, 4500 to 7000 feet : eastern Mohave Desert. East to Colorado and Arizona. June-Aug. Locs. — Providence Mts., T. Brandegee. Nev.: Charleston Mts., Furpus 6083. Var. purpusii Jepson. Herbage puberulent ; gland small, elliptic, not obcordate at summit. — Canons, western Inyo Co. Kefs. — SWERTIA ALBOIIASGINATA KtzB., Ebv. Gen. PI. 2 :431 (1891) ; Jepson, Man. 766 (1925). Frasera alhomarginata Wats., Bet. King 280 (1871), type loc. St. George, s. Utah, Palmer. F. in- duta Tidestrom, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 36:183 (1923), type loc. Charleston Mts., Nev., Ptirpiis 6083. F. alho- marginata var. induta Card, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18:275 ...jastA j (1931). Var. pukpdsii Jepson, Man. 767 (1925), type sM^^S^fes " loc. Cottonwood Creek Canon, Inyo Co., Furpus 3065. a 7. S. radiata Ktze. Giant Deer Tongue. Plants 2 to 6 feet high; stem very stout, erect, single from the stout taproot ; herbage very mi- nutely puberulent; leaf -blades oblong-oblance- olate (or narrowly oblong or obovate), acute, 9 to 13-nerved, 5 to 11 (or 15) inches long, scarcely petioled; stem-leaves in whorls of 3 to 7; panicle narrow, 1 to 2 feet long; flowers on pedicels 1 to 2V2 inches long; corolla greenish-white, purple- dotted, 1 to 114 inches wide, its lobes ovate, acute, each with fringed or laciniate appendages at base; glands 2 to each lobe, narrowly oblong, long-fringed all around; crown at the base of the lobes cut into setaceous segments which reach to the middle or summit of the glands; capsule 8 to 9 lines long, ovate, flattened contrary to the valves, which are boat-shaped. Open coniferous woods, 7000 to 9000 (or 10,100) feet : Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Eldorado Co.; North Coast Ranges from Mendo- cino Co. to Siskiyou Co. North to Washington, east to the Rocky Mts. June-July. Field note. — ^With its tall unbranched main axis rising from a ground rosette of large leaves and often flowering from near the base, this species is a striking feature of the forest where it occurs. WhUe widely distributed, it is seldom met with and the plants are few in a colony and usually solitary. A record of plants found together in numbers has been made by F. W. Peirson who observed in 1935 a scattering colony of twenty or thirty individuals along the stream below Moat Lake in the Virginia Lakes region, Mono Co., at an altitude of 10,100 feet. In open country, with low chaparral or none, here at this spot was an exceptionally fine display, the individuals imposing in appearance. Locs. — West Vidette, Bubbs Creek, Fresno Co., Jepson 815 ; Bench Mdw., Kaiser Eidge, Jep- son 13,229 ; Glacier Pt., Yosemite, Jepson 4345 ; Tuolumne Mdws., Bolander 6361 ; Sonora Pass, A. L. Grant 259 ; betw. Hope Valley and Luther Pass, Alpine Co., Ottley 1143 ; Echo sta., Eldo- rado Co., eomm. Margaret A. Kelley. North Coast Eanges: Mt. Sanhedrin (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18:262) ; Grouse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 4851 ; Trinity Summit, Jepson; Salmon Summit, Jep- son 2075 ; Shackelford Creek, w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 417. Refs. — SwERTiA RADIATA Ktze., Eev. Gen. PI. 2:430 (1891) ; Jepson, Man. 767 (1925). Tes- sarantMum radiutum Kell., Proc. Cal. Acad. 2:144, fig. 41 (1862), type loc. summit of Sierra Nevada at headwaters of Carson Eiver, C. D. Gibbs. Frasera speciosa Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:66, t. 153 (1838), type loc. upper Columbia River region, Douglas; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 320 (1911) ; not Swertia speciosa Wall. (1828). 8. S. tubulosa (Cov.) Jepson. Kern Frasera. Plants % to 2^4 feet high; stem stout, erect, glaucous, arising from a deep-seated taproot, usually single; herb- age glabrous; leaves mainly basal, 1^4 to 3 inches long, the blades spatulate, white- Fig. 345. SvrEKTIA ALBOMARGINATA Ktze. a, habit, X % ; &, long. sect, of fl., X 2 ; c, capsule, X 2% ; d, seed, X 41/0. 98 LOGANIACEAE margined, tending to be conduplicate, narrowed to a petiole-like base; stem-leaves in whorls of 5 or 6 ; panicle virgate or spike-like, very dense, or interrupted below, often much longer than the stem proper; corolla pale white with bluish veins, 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes oblong-obovate, acuminate; gland none; crown a deeply 2- lobed tube with lobes fringed or laciniate, the anterior lobe the shorter; capsule elliptic, flattened, 4 lines long. Open coniferous woods, 6000 to 9.300 feet : southern Sierra Nevada in the Kern Eiver basin from Farewell Gap to Olancha Peak. June-Aug. Locs. — Broder's Cabin, near Farewell Gap, Furpus; Trout Mdws., Little Kern River, Jepson 4917 ; Olancha Peak, S. W. Austin. Eefs. — SwERTiA TUBULOSA Jepson, Man. 767 (1925). Frasera tuhulosa Gov., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7:71 (1892), type loc. Soda Sprs., South Fork Kern River, Coville 1598; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:151, pi. 13 (1893). 6. MENYANTHES Tourn. Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks. Leaves all basal and the inflorescence raised on a naked scape. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or pink, short-f unnelform, 5-cleft, the lobes spreading, copiously white-bearded on the inside. Stamens 5. Capsule inclined to burst irregularly. — Species 2, North America, Europe and Asia. (Greek men, mouth, and anthos, flower, blooming about that long.) 1. M. trifoliata L. Buckbean. Plants 8 to 15 inches high ; leaves long-peti- oled, 3-foliolate; leaflets oval or obovate, 1 to 3^4 inches long; flowers in a raceme; corolla white, 5 to 6 lines long. Bogs and shallow lake shores, 3000 to 10,000 feet : Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Siskiyou Co.; San Francisco. North to Alaska and all northern regions around the earth. May -July. Loes.— Black Mt., Fresno Co., Ball ^ Chandler 732; Echo Ridge, Lake Tahoe, Ottley 1174; Castle Peak (Mt. Stanford) trail, Nevada Co., Sonne; Big Mdws., Plumas Co., Ji. M. Austin; East Fork King Creek toward Twin Lakes, se. Shasta Co., Jepson 4111 ; Goose Valley, Shasta Co., M. S. Baker; Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Jepson 14,643. San Francisco (Zoe 2:4). Alas.: Glacier Val- ley, XJnalaska, Jepson 260. Refs. — Menyanthes trifoliata L., Sp. PI. 145 (1753), type from Europe; Jepson, PI. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 2, 320 (1911), Man. 768 (1925). LOGANIACEAE. Logania Family Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, the stipules combined and interpetiolar, or reduced to an interpetiolar line, or occa-sionally dis- tinct. Flowers perfect, regular, borne in cjones or rarely racemes. Calyx 4 (5)- lobed. Corolla usually 4-lobed, the stamens as many as and alternate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube or throat. Ovary superior, 2-celled, many-ovuled; style 1; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule or a berry. — Genera 30, species about 400, mainly tropical, all continents save Europe. 1. BUDDLEIAL. Ours shrubs. Herbage with a dense or woolly indument. Flowers commonly small, 4-merous, rarely 5-merous, borne in dense heads, rarely in panicles. Calyx campanulate. Corolla open-campanulate or sometimes salverform, its lobes im- bricated in the bud. Stamens with the anthers sessile or nearly so in the corolla- throat. Fruit a septicidal capsule. — Species 70, North and South America, Africa, Asia. (Adam Buddie, died 1715, an English botanist who corresponded with John Ray.) 1. B. utahensis Gov. Densely branched shrub % to 1^2 feet high; leaf-blades oblong to linear, 6 to 9 lines long, entire to irregularly and sparsely crenate, shortly APOCYNACEAE 99 petioled (Vs line) or subsessile, 6 to 9 lines long, ■with smaller leaves fascicled in the axils; cjrmes forming dense head-like whorls in the axils of the opposite leaves, and thus interruptedly spieate at the ends of the branches; calyces densely tomen- tose; corolla-tube narrow-campanulate, 2 to 2i/2 lines long, its limb salverform, 1 to 1% lines wide. Montane slopes, 3000 to 6000 feet : Kingston Range, northeastern Mohave Des- ert. East to southern Utah. May. LoC3. — Kingston (5 mi. sw.), ace. C. B. Wolf (Eep. Eancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard., Oct. 1935- Apr. 1936, 15). Nev.: Indian Spr., Cliarleston Mts., Jones; Jean, Clark Co., K. Brandegee. Refs. — BUDDLEIA DTAHENSis Cov., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7:69 (1892), type loc. St. George, s. Utah, Palmer; Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:149, pi. 12 (1893). APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family Ours perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves simple, entire and opposite. Flowers complete, regular, 5-merous except the pistils which are 2. Calyx free or nearly free from the ovaries, imbricated in the bud and persistent. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens borne on the corolla alternate with its lobes; anthers produced at base into a sterile appendage, connivent around the stigma. Ovaries 2 and distinct (though their styles and stigmas are united into one), developing into follicles. Embryo large, straight, in scanty albumen. — A family closely allied to the milkweeds. Amsonia has alternate leaves. — Genera 130, species about 1000, all continents but mostly tropical. Bibliog. — Brown, K., Apocineae (Mem. Wem. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1:59-78, — 1811). Greene, E. L., New Species of ApoejTium (Pitt. 5:64-66, — 1902) ; Accessions to Apocynum (Lflts. 2: 164^189, — 1911-1912). Beguinot, A., & Beloserksy, N., Revisione monografica del genre Apo- cynum L. (Atti Acead. Lincei, Mem. 01. Fis. ser. 5, 9:595-734, tt. 1-12,-1913); "more of a curiosity than a scientific work" (R. E. Woodson). Woodson, R. E., Jr., Monograph of the genus Amsonia (Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 15:379^35, pis. 51-53, — 1928) ; Studies in the Apoeynaceae (I.e. 17:1-212, figs. 1-9, pis. 1-18,-1930; 23:169-438, pis. 1-7,-1936); The identity and nomen- clature of Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (Rhod. 34:30-31, — 1932). Macfarlane, J. M., The evolution and distribution of * * * Apoeynaceae and Asclepiadaceae 1-181, with phyl. tables. 1933. Woodson, R. E., Jr., & Moore, J. A., The vascular anatomy and comparative morphology of apocynaceous flowers (Bull. Torr. Club 65:135-166, pis. 3-5, — 1938). Stamens borne on the summit of the corolla-tube ; anthers free from the stigma ; buds sinistrorsely convolute ; seeds not eomose. Leaves alternate ; flowers without glands 1. Amsonia. Leaves opposite ; flowers with 2 glands alternate with the carpels 2. ViNCA. Stamens borne on the base of the corolla-tube ; anther-cells produced at base into sterile appen- dages connivent around the stigma and adnate to it by a point at the base of the fertile portion; follicles not torulose; seeds eomose. Style very short, not appendaged ; corolla-tube with 5 small appendages alternate vfith the stamens; buds dextrorsely convolute 3. Apocynum. Style filiform, bearing a conspicuous annular membrane ; corolla-tube with a minute appen- dage behind each stamen; buds not convolute 4. Ctcladenia. 1. AMSONIA Walt. Leaves numerous. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Corolla-lobes ro- tate, its tube in ours dilated upwards, constricted at the mouth, within (below the stamens) beset with reflexed hairs. Anthers free from the .stigma. Stigmas sub- tended by a globose thickening (in ours). Follicles slender, torulose. — Species 5 in North America, 1 in Japan. (Charles Amson of South Carolina.) Herbage tomentose; sinuses of calyx rounded; stigma purplish 1. A. tomcntosa. Herbage glabrous; sinuses of calyx acute; stigma whitish 2. A. brevifolia. 1. A. tomentosa Torr. & Frem. (Fig. 346.) Stems many from the crown of a stout taproot, 8 to 15 inches high; herbage cinereous-tomentose; leaf -blades ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, nearly sessile, 1 to 2 inches long; calyx-lobes apparently 100 APOCYNACEAE narrowly membranoiLs-margined ; corolla wliitish, often indigo in age, its lobes half as long as the tube; follicles inclined to break into one-seeded joints. Desert plains and canons, 2300 to 4000 feet : north side of the Colorado Desert; eastern Mohave Desert. Ea.sttoUtah. Apr.-May. Locs. — North side of Colorado Desert: Monsen Ca- non, Eagle Mts., Weeks; Cottonwood Pass, Cottonwood Mts., Eall 6007 ; betw. Quail Spr. and Lost Horse Canon, Clary 1173. Eastern Mohave Desert: Cactus Flat, n. slope San Bernardino Mts., Parish 3769; Mitchells Caverns, Providence Mts., Mary Beal 476; Leastalk, Parish. Eefs. — Amsonia tomentosa Torr. & Frem.; Frem., Bep. Sec. Exped. 316 (1845), "probably west of the Rocky Mts.," Fremont. A. brevifolia var. tomentosa Jepson, Man. 768 (1925). 2. A. brevifolia Gray. (Fig. 347.) Similar to A. tomentosa; stems 6 to 10 inches high; herb- age glabrous ; calyx-lobes membranous-margined ; corolla whitish with a tinge of lavender, drj-ing bluish; ovary obtusish. Di-y flats and canon sides, 3000 to 5000 feet : north side of Colorado Desert; southern Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. East to Utah. Mar. -Apr. Tax. note. — Amsonia brevifolia is remarkably similar to A. tomentosa in habit, leaves, inflorescence and flowers. The range of these two species is the same and probably they are never Pig. 347. Amsonia brevifolia Gray, a, habit, X % ; 6, fl., X 1% ; c, long. sect, of fl., X 1% ; d, follicle, X%. 1. V. major L. Peeiwinkle. corolla blue, 1 to li/4 inches broad. Fig. 346. Amsonia tomentosa Torr. & Frem. a, habit, X % ; 6, fl., X 2^2; <", cor. spread open, X 2V2. found separately. There is a striking lack of intergradation as to pubes- cence, but other differences are doubtful. Woodson in his Monograph of Amsonia assigns pointed seeds to A. tomentosa and truncate seeds to A. brevifolia, but Pur- pus' collections of these two species at Ash Meadows, Nevada, show no significant difference as to seeds, while A. tomentosa, as collected by Parish at Leastalk, New York Mts., reveals quite truncated seeds. Locs. — Monsen Caiion, Eagle Mts., Weeks; Lookout Mt. n. of Indio, Jepson 5980 ; White Tank, Piute Mts., Riverside Co., Jepson 12,626 ; Rabbit Sprs., s. Mohave Desert, ace. Parish; Cactus Flat, n. slope San Bernardino Mts., aec. Peirson : Mitchells Caverns, Providence Mts., ilary Beal 477; Willow Canon, Panamint Mts. (Contrib. IT. S.Nat. Herb. 4:148). Refs. — Amsoni.i BREvrFOLiA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:64 (1876), based on spms. from s. Utah, Thompson, w. Ariz., Parry, and se. Cal., Palmer; Jepson, Man. 768 (1925). 2. VINCA L. Flowers solitai-y and axillary. Corolla sal- verf orm, witli a callous constriction at the throat, its lobes broad. Stigma annular, bordered below by a reflexed membranous wing or cup, and above by a truncate upper portion. Follicles narrow, terete. — Species 5, Europe, Asia, north Africa. (Ancient Latin name.) Sterile stems trailing, the flowering ones erect ; DOGBANE FAMILY 101 Native of Europe, escaped from gardens into protected areas along water- courses, 5 to 800 feet : Mendocino coast; caiions about San Francisco Bay; San Luis Obispo Co.; coastal Southern California. June-Sept. Logs. — Westport, w. Mendocino Co., Jepson; Berkeley; Oakland Hills near Mills College; San Luis Obispo, L. C. Watson. Refs. — ViNCA MAJOR L., Sp. PI. 209 (1753), type European; Jepson, Man. 768 (1925). 3. APOCYNUML. Flowers small, in terminal cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, its tube by means of a disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the stamens. Sta- mens borne at base of corolla; filaments short and broad; anthers sagittate, acute. Style very short or hardly any; stigma ovoid, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, pointed, terete. Seeds numerous, flattish. — Species 5 to 18, North America, Eu- rope, Asia. (Greek apo, from, and kuon, dog, ancient name of the Dogbane.) Low herb ; leaves greenish above ; corolla rose-purple to white, its lobes spreading. Leaf -blades ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 2 to 2% inches long; corolla campanulate; follicles pendulous -- - -- 1. A. androsaemifolium. Leaf -blades orbicular to oblong-ovate or ovate, mostly % to 1% inches long; corolla short, but nearly cylindric; follicles erect 2. A. pumilum. Tall herb; leaves yellowish; corolla greenish-white, its lobes erect 3. A. cannabinum. 1. A. androsaemifolium L. Bitter Dogbane. Stem diffusely branched, 8 to 15 inches high; herbage glabrous to finely pubescent; leaf -blades ovate to oblong- ovate, nearly always very acute, usually mucronate, dark gi-eeu above, pale be- neath, (% or) 2 to 2% inches long, on short petioles; flowers in short cjonose clusters at the ends of the branches, or a few solitary in the upper axils; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla- tube; corolla campanulate, red-purple or pink to nearly white, 2 to 4 lines long, its lobes broadly ob- long; follicles pendulous, 3^/2 to 5V2 inches long. Mountain slopes, 5000 to 8400 feet : San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains. East to Georgia and Nova Scotia, north to Canada. July-Aug. Locs. — San Jacinto Mts. : Tamarack Valley, Hall 2595. San Bernardino Mts.: near Mt. San Gorgonio, Blasdale; Mt. San Bernardino, E. J. Smith; Glen Mar- tin, .E. /. Smith; Sugar Loaf, Peirson 9034; Water- man Caiion (head of). Ball 1290. No California specimens before us are in fruit, but plants beyond our borders bear pendulous pods. Eefs. — Apoctnum androsaemifolium L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 311 (1762), "Virginia, Canada"; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 280 (1794). 2. A. pumilum Greene. Mountain Hemp. (Fig. 348.) Plants smaller than in A. androsaemifolium, 5 to 8 (or 14) inches high; herbage glabrous to puberulent; leaf- blades ovate to elliptic or orbicular, fre- quently obtuse at apex, varying from obtuse to cordate at ba.se, iLsually rounder than in no. 1, % to 11/2 (or 2%) inches long, short- petioled to subsessile; corolla pinkish or whitish, short and often broad but nearly cylindric, 2 to 31/2 lines long; follicles erect, 2% to 4% inches long. Fig. 348. Apocynum pumilum Greene, a, fl. branchlet, X V2 ; b, fl., X 1% ; c, long. sect, of fl., X 4%. 102 APOCYNACEAE Loamy slopes or rocky rifts : Southern California mountains, 5000 to 9000 feet; North Coast Ranges from Napa Co. to Siskiyou Co., 300 to 5500 feet; Sierra Nevada from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co., 3000 to 9000 feet. East to Nevada, north to Idaho and British Columbia. June-July. Note on variation.^ — In the higher Sierra Nevada the herbage is commonly glabrous. At lower altitudes in the Coast Eanges or Sierra Nevada the plants may be (a) glabrous (Whitmore, Shasta Co., Alma Weigart) ; or (b) the stems and petioles may be puberulent, the leaves glabrous or essentially so (Hamilton sta., Mariposa Co., A. L. Grant 831) ; or (c) the plants may be pu- berulent (St. Helena, Jepson 14,622) ; or (d) the plants may be puberulent save the upper side of the leaves or the upper side be provided with extremely scattered microscopic hairs (betw. Dyers ranch and Hawkins Bar, New River, Jepson 1987). Pubescence or various degrees of it or the lack of it is not a.ssociated with any other characters. Between Marble Fork Kaweah River and Round Mdw. we observed two plants growing side by side which were in every apparent way identical save that one was glabrous and the other puberulent {Jepson 696). On the erect stems of Apocynum cannabinum the leaves stand in rather closely erect pairs, whereas on the diffuse branches of Apocynum pumilum the spreading leaves display their upper surface to the sky. High temperatures may bring a marked change in this position in the case of A. pumilum. On exposed ridges or dry slopes the leaves borne on spreading stems m.ay take up a hanging or pendulous position during the high insolation period of midsummer days. The assumption of such a protective position was observed to great advantage on the Devil's Back- bone near Trinity Summit in July, 1902. The opposite leaves turn directly downward, back to back, and thus lessen transpiration, as was also noted on the Marble Pork Kaweah River in June, 1900. Locs. — S. Cal. mts. : Palomar Mt., Jepson 14,626; Tahquitz, San Jacinto Mts., Sail; Pre- dalba, San Bernardino Mts., Airams 2775 ; Vincent Gulch. San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 882. North Coast Ranges : Howell Mt., Napa Range, Jepson 14,024 ; Lyons Valley, M.iyacamas Range, Jep- son 2252 ; Asa Bean Plat, Middle Eel River, se. Trinity Co., Jepson 14,620 ; Devil's Backbone, near Salmon Summit, Jepson 2097 ; Cold Spr., Woolly Creek, w. Siskivou Co., Butler 77 ; Sisson, Jepson 14,625 ; Yreka, Butler 75. Sierra Nevada : Wolverton Creek, Tulare Co., W. Fry 369 ; Bubbs Creek, Kings Canon, Jepson 808 ; Huntington Lake, Jepson 12,984 ; Hazel Green to Big Mdws., Mariposa Co., Jepson 14,623; Kennedy Mdws., Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 171; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson 14,621 ; Pioneer sta.. North Fork Yuba River, Jepson 16,785 ; Martin Sprs., Eagle Lake, Brown 4' Wieslander 3; Butte Lake, Lassen Co., J. Grinnell; Mt. Bidwell, Modoc Co., Manning. Refs. — -Apocynum pumilum Greene, Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 240 (1894) ; Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17:101 (1930). A.androsaemifolium\3.T. pumilum Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:83 (1878), "Cali- fornia to British Columbia"; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 380 (1901)", ed. 2, 321 (1911), Man. 769, fig. 755 (1925). A. rhomloideum Greene, Pitt. 5:60 (1902), type loc. Napa Valley floor e. of St. Helena, Jepson 14,625. A. viarum Hel., Muhl. 2:110 (1906), type loc. Nevada City, Heller 8110. A. androsaemifolium var. incanum DC, Prod. 8:439 (1844) ; Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17:91 (1930). A. stenolohum Greene, Lflts. 2:183 (1912), type loc. Davis Creek, Modoc Co., M. M. Austin. A paniculatum Greene, Lflts. 2:183 (1912), type loc. Warner Creek, Modoc Co., S. M. Austin. A pulchellum Greene, Lflts. 2:186 (1912), type loc. "mountain meadows of Lassen Co.," B. M. Austin. A. rotundifolium Greene, Lflts. 2:186 (1912), type loc. Placer Co., Carpenter. A. arcuatum Greene, Lflts. 2:187 (1912), tj'pe loc. Gravelly Valley, South Fork Eel River, n. Lake Co., Jepson. A. eercidium Greene, Lflts. 2:188 (1912), type loc. Fort Bidwell, Modoc Co., Man- ning. A. austinae Greene, Lflts. 2:188 (1912), type loc. Lassen Creek, Modoc Co., R. M. Austin. A. luridum Greene, Lflts. 2:189 (1912), type loc. Lassen Creek, Modoc Co., B. M. Austin. A diver- sifolium Greene, Lflts. 2:189 (1912), type loc. Fredalba, San Bernardino Mts., Abrams. A. an- drosaemifolium var. nevadense Jepson, Man. 769 (1925), type loc. Huntington Lake, A. L. Grant 1124. 3. A. cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Stems erect, rather strict, simple below, 2 to 4 feet high ; herbage of a light almost yellowish green, glabrous or sometimes more or less puberulent; leaf-blades oblong or oval to oblong-ovate or lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, obtuse at base or the lower often subcordate, 2i/2 to 414 inches long, sessile or short-petioled; calyx-lobes a little exceeding the corolla-tube; co- rolla greenish, 11/4 to 1% lines long; follicles pendulous, 3 to 3^2 inches long. Stream- and river-banks and moist flats, ^250 to 7500 feet : vndely distributed in California, more common toward the interior. Ea,st to Florida and Nova Scotia, north to British Columbia. May-July. Field note.- — The herbage of Apocynum cannabinum is poisonous to cattle. The native tribes used the mature stems for making rope and cord ; from their fibres they manufactured a superior product. Apocynum pumilum Greene was also used as a source of fibre. DOGBANE FAMILY 103 Locs. — S. Cal.: Palomar Mt., San Diego Co., Esther Hewlett 35; San Bernardino Valley, Parish 11,427; Devils Punch Bowl, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 146; Lockwood-Piru forks, Mt. Pinos, Dudley 4' Lamb 4657; Piute Creek, e. Mohave Desert, Wilson. Coast Banges: upper San Benito River at Lorenzo Creek, Jepson 12,225; Nacimiento Elver, Jepson; Los Gatos (foothOls w.), Heller 7518; Aetna Sprs., Napa Co., Zeile; Scott Valley, Lake Co., Jepson 14,617; Dyerville, main Eel Eiver, Constance 848 ; Kneeland Prairie, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3838; Trinity River Val- ley at Willow Creek, Tracy 10,148. Great Valley : Greenfield near Bakersfield, Davy 1852 ; Stock- ton, Sanford; Hass Slough, e. Solano Co., Jepson 20,925. Sierra Nevada: Onyx, Kern Co., Voegelin 23; betw. Big Mdws. and Yosemite, Jepson 14,618; Heteh-Hetchy, Jepson; South Fork Tuolumne bridge, A. L. Grant 840; Clinton Bar, Amador Co., Hansen 1162; Little Chico, C. C. Bruce; Fall River Lake, Shasta Co., M. S. Baker. East of the Sierra Nevada: Eagle, Death Val- ley, Jepson 6941; Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., ShocMey 428; Middle Lake, Modoc Co., Austin 4" Bruce 2336. Var. floribundum (Greene) Jepson comb. n. Herbage glabrous; leaf-blades ovate, mostly acute, mucronate, 1V4 to 3 inches long; corolla cylindric, its tube longer than the width of the limb ; otherwise similar to the species. — Montane valleys and slopes, 4000 to 7500 feet : Middle Fork Lockwood Creek, Mt. Pinos, Hall 6649; Nine-mUe Creek, Tulare Co., Zeile; Yosemite, Alice King. East to Nevada. Eefs. — Apocynum cannabinum L.,Sp. PI. 1:213 (1753), "Virginia, Canada"; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 381 (1901), ed. 2, 321 (1911), Man. 769 (1925). A. puhesccns Mitchell; E, Br., Mem. Wern. Soc. 1:68 (1809), type loc. Virginia. A. cannabinum var. pubescens DC, Prodr. 8:440 (1844) : Woodson, Ann Mo. Bot. Gard. 17:122 (1930). A. cannabinum var. glaberrimum DC, I.e. 439, type loc. Canada. A. salignum Greene, Pitt. 5:64 (1902), type loc. Humboldt Co., Ches- nut 4' Brew. A. hypericifolium Ait. var. salignum Beg. & Bel., Monog. Apocynum 118, pi. 7 (1913). A. oblongum Greene, Pitt. 5:65 (1902), type loc. Clinton Bar, Mokelumne River, Hansen 1162. A. vestitum Greene, Man. Reg. S. F. Bay 240 (1894), type loc. "hills w. of Napa Valley," Greene. A. medium var. vestitum Woodson, I.e. 116. A. suksdorfii Greene, Pitt. 5:65 (1902), tj-pe loc. Columbia River, Suksdorf ; Woodson, I.e. 117. A. palustre Greene, Lflts. 1:58 (1904), type loc. Suisun, C. F. Baker 3247. A. bicolor McGregor, BuU. Torr. Club 37:261 (1910), type loc. Glen Alpine, Lake Tahoe, McGregor 32. A. bolanderi Greene, Lflts. 2:175 (1912), type loc. Wawona (Clark's sta.). South Fork Merced, Bolander. A. hreweri Greene, Lflts. 2:176 (1912), type loc. Yosemite Valley, Brewer 1673. A. densiflorum Greene, Lflts. 2:176 (1912), type loc. Tehachapi, Greene. A. thermale Greene, Lflts. 2:177 (1912), type loc. Tassajara Hot Sprs., Santa Lucia Mts., Elmer. A. longifolium Greene, Lflts. 2:177 (1912), type loc. Sespe Creek, near Ten Sycamore Plat, Ventura Co., Abrams # McGregor. Var. floribundum Jepson. A. floribundum Greene, Erythea 1:151 (1893), type loc. mts. "west of Mohave Desert in Kern Co." (undoubtedly Teha- chapi), Greene. A. medium var. floribundum Woodson, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 17:113 (1930). 4. CYCLADENIA Benth. Stems simple, one to many from a large fleshy root, bearing 2 to 5 pairs of leaves and 2 or 3 axillary peduncles with 2 or 3 rose-purple flowers on slender pedicels. CaJyx parted into 5 slender lobes. Corolla fuunelform with 5 broadly oblong or roundish lobes and 5 minute appendages alternate with the lobes, one behind each stamen. Stamens borne on the tube towards the base. Style filiform, with a con- spicuous membranous reflexed collar under the stigma. Disk an entire cup sur- rounding the base of the ovaries. — Species 1. (Greek kuklos, a ring, and aden, a gland, referring to the disk.) 1. C. humilis Benth. Stems ascending or diffuse, 3 to 6 inches high ; herbage glabrouis; leaf -blades thickish, ovate or roundish, obtuse to cordate at base, 1% to 2% inches long, on petioles i/4 to 2 inches long; corolla 7 to 10 lines long, its lobes with crinkly edges, its tube bearing a narrow band of reflexed hairs at the insertion of the stamens, the filaments also clothed with similar hairs; pedicels 7 to 10 lines long; follicles li/4 to 2 inches long. Rocky mountain slopes or gravelly ridges, 3500 to 8500 feet: North Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to western Siskiyou Co. ; Sierra Nevada from Lassen Co. to eastern Siskiyou Co. June-July. Locs. — North Coast Ranges: Cobb Mt., Lake Co., C. F. Leithold ; Snow Mt., Purpus 851; Devil's Backbone, near Salmon Summit, Jepson 2072 ; Bally Mt., Shasta Co., Brewer 1448 ; Sis- son, M. S. Baker. Sierra Nevada: Silver Lake, Lassen Co., M. S. Baker; Brokeoff Mt., Tehama Co., J. Grinnell; Hot Springs Valley (ridge n.), Lassen Peak, Jepson 12,295; Medicine Lake, e. Siskiyou Co., M. S. Baker. 104 ASCLEPIADACEAE Var. tomentosa Gray. Herbage densely tomeutose-pubescent ; calyx hirsute. — Plumas Co. to Siskiyou Co. : Dutch Hill, Plumas Co., B. M. Austin; Butte Co., R. M. Austin; Viola, Tehama Co., J. Grinnell; Sisson, K. Brandegee. Var. venusta Woodson. (Fig. 349.) Calyx and corolla soft-pubescent; corollas paler than the average of the species. — Eastern San Gabriel Mts. (Mt. San Antonio, Peirson 147; Mt. Dis- appointment, Ewan 7237) ; Santa Lucia Mts. (Santa Lucia Peak, Jepson 4746). Eef s. — Cycladenia humilis Benth., PI. Hartw. 323 (1849), type loc. n. Sierra Nevada, Eartweg 309 : Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 381 (1901), ed. 2, 322 (1911), Man. 769 (1925). Var. tomentosa Gray, Svn. Fl. ed. 2, 2:400 (1886); Jepson, Man. 769 (1925). C. tomentosaGraj, Bot.Ca\.l:i7i (1876), type loc. betw. Big Mdws. and Indian Valley, Plu- mas Co., Lcmmon. Var. venusta Woodson; Munz, Man. S. Cal. Bot. 379 (1935). C. venusta Eastw., Bull. Torr. Club 29:77 (1902), type loc. Santa Lu- cia Peak, Eastwood. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family Perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers regular. Ca- lyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed. Pistils 2, with distinct superior ovaries ; styles distinct below but united above into a short-cylin- dric stylar disk. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla and united into a tube which is blended above with the stylar col- umn, the united filaments (filament-column) and united anthers (anther-column) being here called the stamen-column and com- monly bearing hoods (or appendages). An- thers tipped with a scarious membrane inflexed on the summit of the stylar disk; between the anthers, on the sides of the sty- lar organ, are cloven glands or elevated ridges slit longitudinally. Pollen grains in each anther-cell united into waxy pear-shaped masses which are stalked and sus- pended in pairs from the summit of the cloven glands, each pair of stalks deriving its pollen-masses, not from the cells of one anther, but from contiguous anther-cells of different anthers. Pollination entomophilous; the foot of the insect is caught in the cloven gland or slit, and when drawn upward, drags out and bears away the pollen-masses; in walldng over other flowers, the insect's foot is again drawn through a slit, and the pollen-masses are left behind on the stigma, which is con- cealed beneath the cloven structure. Fruit of 2 follicles. Seeds with a silky tuft of hairs at the micropyle; embryo nearly as long as the seed, the cotyledons plane; endosperm scanty. — (lenera 220, species about 1800, all continents, chiefly the warmer regions of the earth. Bibliog. — Gray, A., Asclepias, etc. [of N. Am.] (Proc. Am. Acad. 12:65-73, — 1876) ; Gono- lobus and Laehnostoma (I.e. 74-79, — 1876). Greene, E. L., On the classification of Asclepiads (Pitt. 3:231-238,-1897). Vail, A. M., Studies in the Asclepiadaceae (Bull. Torr. Club 24:305- 310,-1897; 25:30-39, 171-182,-1898; 26:423-431,-1899; 28:485,-1901; 29:662-668,-1902; 30:178-179,-1903; 31:457-460,-1904). Frye, T. C, Morphological study of certain Asclepia- daceae (Bot. Gaz. 34:389^13, pis. 13-15,-1902). Marsh, C. D., and Clawson, A. B., Asclepias mexicana as a poisonous plant (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 969, p. 1-16, pis. 1-2, — 1921) ; Woolly-pod Milkweed, a dangerous stock-poisoning plant (U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 272:1-3, — 1923). Marsh, C. D., The Milkweed Family in "Stock-poisoning plants of the range" (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1245: 25-27, pis. 32-35,-1924). Ball, W. S., & Bobbins, W. W., Mexican Whorled or Narrow- leaf Milkweed (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 24:219-220, col. pi.,— 1935). Fig. 349. CTCL.4DENIA HUMILIS Benth. var. VENUSTA Woodson, a, habit, X Vs ; h, fl., X % ; c, long. sect, of fl., X%; d, long. sect, of fl., X 2; e, seed, X %. MILKWEED FAMILY 105 Stems twining. Stamen-column without appendages; corolla-lobes cucullate 1. Astephantjs. Stamen-column with appendages ; corolla-lobes plane. Appendages of the stamen-column attached at base, scale-liie 2. Philibertia. Appendages plate-like, uniting the stamen-column with a corolla-like crown 3. GoNOLOBtrs. Stems never twining ; stamen-column with appendages. Corolla-lobes reflexed ; hoods distinct, adnate to the stamen-column above the base. Stems strongly flattened, prostrate 4. Solanoa. Stems terete, commonly strictly erect, rarely decumbent 5. Asclepias. Corolla-lobes rotate ; hoods inserted at base of stamen-column, joined to each other by a lobed disk 6. ASCLEPIODORA. 1. ASTEPHANUS R. Br. Stems in ours slender, twining. Flowers small, in axillary umbels. Corolla short-campanulate, shortly 5-clef t, glabrous. Appendages of the corolla or stamen- column none." — Species 12, North and South America, Africa. (Greek astephanos, crownless.) 1. A. utahensis Engelm. (Fig. 350.) Stems many from the crown of a taproot, diffuse or a.scending, 9 to 15 inches long; herbage nearly glabrous; leaf -blades nar- rowly linear, acuminate, % to l^i inches long, spreading or often reflexed; umbels 7 to 16-flowered, the pedicels 2 to 3 lines long; flowers ocher-colored, 1 to 1^/4 lines broad; caljrx-lobes subulate or lanceolate; corolla glabrous, sub- campanulate. shallowly cleft, its short lobes cucullate with ^ZuE^!is:EngeZ^tong. the points inflexed, so that the throat is almost closed; sta- gggt. of fl., x 11. men appendages none. Gravelly valleys, 500 to 2500 feet : Colorado Desert; southeastern Mohave Des- ert. East to Arizona and southern Utah. Apr. -June. Locs. — San Felipe, S. B. 4- W. F. Parish 1402 ; Coyote Holes, east of Warrens Well, Jepson 5966; Nipton, ace. P. A. Mum. Refs. — ASTEPHANUS UTAHENSIS Engelm., Am. Nat. 9 :349 (1875), type loc. St. George, Utah, Parry; Jepson, Man. 770, fig. 756 (1925). 2. PHILIBERTIA H.B.K. Stems in ours twining. Flowers small, dull purplish or yellowish, borne in axil- lary umbels. Calyx and corolla 5-parted or -cleft. Corolla deeply lobed, with a membranous ring adnate to it at base, pubescent on the outside. Stamen-column short, with 5 scales at base. — Species 30, South ^^nerica, southern North America. (J. C. Philibert, editor of a French dictionary of botany, 1804.) Herbage glabrous or nearly so ; leaf -blades linear to lanceolate, auriculately or obtusely lobed at base; corolla purplish, its base bearing a narrow but distinct wing-like crown 1. P. heterophylla. Herbage vUlous-puberulent ; leaf -blades tapering or acute at base; corolla greenish-yellow, with- out crown 2. P. hirtella. 1. P. heterophylla Jepson. Climbing Townula. Stems 2 to 4 or 8 feet long, climbing freely; herbage green, thinly puberulent or glabrous; leaf -blades com- monly linear (1 line wide), varying to lanceolate (5 lines wide), obtuse, acute or auriculately lobed at base, 1 to 2 inches long, .shortly petioled; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; flowers 4 to 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, very acute; corolla purplish, its lobes elliptic-ovate, purple-veined, 2 lines long; base of corolla bearing a narrow but distinct wing-like crown; stamen appendages roundish-ovate, as broad or broader than long. Dry slopes and flats, 100 to 2000 feet : Colorado Desert and westward toward the coast. East to Texas, south to Lower California and Mexico. IMar.-July. 106 ASCLEPIADACEAE Locs. — Brawley, Parish 8327 ; Alamo Eiver, Calexico, Parish 8328; Box Canon, Blair Valley, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8708 ; Palm Canon of Mt. San Isidro, Jepson 8801 ; San Felipe Gap, T. Brandegee; Palm Canon, Mt. San Jacinto, Jepson 1393a; San Gorgonio Pass, Jepson 6071; San Bernardino, Parish 3814; Claremont, C. F. Baker 3676; San Jacinto, Gregory; Aguanga, sw. Riverside Co., Jepson 1483; Santa Ana Caiion, near Anaheim, J. T. Howell 2819; San Luis Eey, San Diego Co. (S}-n. FI. 2:88). Refs. — Philibertia heterophylla Jepson, Man. 770, fig. 757 (1925). Sarcostemma hetero- phyllum Bngeim.; Torr., Pao. E. Rep. 5:362 (1857), type loc. Ft. Yuma, Cal., Thomas 0. f, pania, Pavon," (S^fBL t) that is, Me.xico, but probably Sesse cf- Mocino (since "Pavon himself was never in Mex- ico," cf . Hems- ley in Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent.-Am. 4:120) ; Torr., Pac. E. Eep. 5:362, pi. 7 (1857) ; Jepson, Man. 774 (1925). Pig. 359. ASCLEPIAS SUBULATA Deo. a, flowering branchlet, X % ; b, fl., XI; c, hood, X 2 ; d, long. sect, of hood showing the short horn, X 2 ; e, follicle, X ^,3. 9. A. californica Greene. Round-hood Milkweed. (Fig. 360.) Vegetative aspect of A. vestita; stems 12 to 22 inches high; herbage white-tomentose, somewhat cobwebby, the to- mentum on the stems persistent, on the leaves largely deciduous; leaves in whorls of 2, the blades oval to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply acuminate, 1% to 3 inches, the lower to 6 inches long; petioles 1 to 6 lines long; um- bels nearly sessile, about 6 to 9-flowered ; corolla purplish; hoods dark maroon, semiorbicular. laterally compressed, centrally attached and reaching nearly to the middle of the anthers, 2-clef t half-way down the back and destitute of horn, shorter than the stamen-column ; follicles ovate, very acute, 1% to 2 inches long. Dry, grassy or sparsely wooded slopes, 1200 to 6000 feet : South Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada in Tulare and Kern Cos. ; south to San Diego Co. Lower California. May-June. Pig. 360. ASCLEPIAS CALIFORNICA Greene, a, fl. branch, X V; ; &, fl., X 1 ; c, hood, X Syo; d, follicle, X Va. MILKWEED FAMILY 115 Locs. — South Coast Ranges: Mt. Diablo (near upper Pme Canon), F. A. Leach; San Antonio trail, Santa Lucia Mts., Jepaon 1661; Treat ranch, upper San Benito Eiver, Jepson 12,206; Los Gatos Creek (head of), w. Fresno Co., Jepson 12,190. Tulare and Kern Cos.: Badger road, e. of Orosi, H. P. Kelley; Lloyd Mdws., Kern Eiver, Jepson 4893 ; Greenhorn Mts., Erames. Teha- chapi Mts. : Caliente, Jepson 15,-136. S. Cal. : Mt. Pinos, Ball 6398 ; Rock Creek, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 3541 ; Cajon Pass, Jepson 6109 ; San Bernardino Valley, Jepson 5583 ; betw. Vandeventer Flat and Coj'ote Caiion, Santa Rosa Mts., Jepson; Elsinore, Jepson 12,426; Mesa Grande, San Diego Co., E. Ferguson 7 ; Julian, T. Brandegee ; San Diego, M. F. Spencer. Eefa. — AscLEPiAS californica Greene, Erythea 1:92 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 384 (1901), ed. 2, 324 (1911), Man. 774 (1925). Acerates tomentosa Torr., Bot. Mex. Bound. 160, pi. 44 (1859), type loe. mts. east of San Diego, Parry. Gompliocarpus tomentosus Gray, Bot. Cal. 1 :477 (1876) ; var. xantii Gray, I.e., type loc. Ft. Tejon, Xantus. 10. A. cordifolia Jepson. Purple Milkweed. Stems IY2 to 2V2 feet high; herbage green and more or less purplish, perfectly glabrous ; leaves mostly in whorls of 2, rarely in 3s, the blades ovate and mostly acute, the upper varying to ovate- lanceolate, the lower varying to elliptic-ovate or orbicular, all sessile with cordate- clasping base, 2 to 4 inches long; umbels loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels equaling or shorter than the peduncles; corolla dark red-purjile. its lobes 3 to 4 lines long; hood purplish, oblong, the summit obliquely truncate dorsally and pro- duced at the ventral margins into an ascending cusf), the fissure down the front narrow; follicles lanceolate to oblong, often long-attenuate, glabrous, 2 to 3^4 (or 5) inches long. Open or openly wooded slopes, from the foothills, 500 feet, up to 5000 feet: North Coast Ranges from Siskiyou Co. to Solano Co.; Marysville Buttes; Sierra Nevada from Modoc Co. to Kern Co. Western Nevada to southern Oregon. May- July. Geog. note. — Asclepias cordifolia is one of a considerable number of species which inhabit the North Coast Ranges and the entire length of the Sierra Nevada, but are not found in the South Coast Ranges nor in Southern California. It occurs also on the easterly slopes of the Sierra Ne- vada in western Nevada and in southern Oregon, as do many other species of this distribution category, but it is not found in the outer North Coast Ranges. Stations throughout its range are not infrequent, but the individuals are usually solitary. Locs. — North Coast Ranges: Humbug, Siskiyou Co.^ Butler 763 ; Sisson, Jepson 14,529 ; Red- ding, Blankinship ; Devils Backbone, n. Humboldt Co., Jepson; East Weaver Creek, Trinity Co., H. S. Tales 332; Hupa, Chandler 1347; South Fork Mt., Trinity Co., Jepson; Castle Peak, ne. Mendocino Co., Jepson 14,530; Mt. Sanhedrin, Heller 5918; Mt. Konocti, Jepson 14,531; St. Helena, Jepson; Dunns Peak, Vacaville, Jepson 14,532. Sierra Nevada: Modoc Co., If. S. Ba'ker ; Hot Springs Valley, Plumas Co., Jepson; Little Chico Creek, S. M. Austin; Sierra Valley, Lem- mon; Canon Creek, South Fork Yuba River, L. S. Smith 1796 ; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson; Italian Bar, South Fork Stanislaus Eiver, Jepson 6389; Hetch-Hetehy, Jepson; Snow Creek, Yo- semite, Jepson 10,483 ; North Fork, Madera Co., Jepson; Big Creek sta., Fresno Co., Jepson; Kings River Canon, Newlon 227; Burnt Corral Mdw., Little Kern River, Jepson; lower Kern River Ca- non, near Democrat Sprs., Peirson 7312. Eefs.— Asclepias cordifolia Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 384 (1901), ed. 2, 324 (1911), Man. 774, fig. 761 (1925). Acerates cordifolia Benth., PI. Hartw. 323 (1849), type loc. Marysville Buttes, Eartweg 338. Gomphocarpus cordifolius Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:477 (1876). 6. ASCLEPIODORA Gray Stems low and stout. Leaves alternate. Corolla rotate, the ovate lobes greenish, rotate-spreading. Hoods inserted at base of the stamen-column, narrow and elon- gated, the .sides involute-approximate so as to form a sort of tubular process which is incurved at apex and somewhat hooded, the apical cavity bearing a deltoid crest or wing ending in a short acute point; bases of hoods joined to each other by a disk or ring of undulate lobes opposite the glandular slits. Anther wings widest at the middle. — Species 4, North America. (Greek Asklepios, Asclepias, and doron, gift, the gift of the celebrated ancient physician.) 1. A. decumbens Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending; herbage green, sca- brous-puberulent; leaves elongated, linear-lanceolate, (3 or) 4 to 6 inches long. 116 CONVOLVULACEAE short-petioled; corolla 5 lines broad; hoods purplish, overtopping the stamen- column. Dry slopes, 4000 to 5000 feet : eastern Mohave Desert. East to Arkansas and Texas. June. Loc3. — Fountain Canon, Providence Mts., Mary Beal ; Clark Mt., Mum. Eefs. — ASCLEPIODORA DECUMBENS Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:66 (1876) ; Jepson, Man. 775 (1925). Anantherix decumhens Nutt., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 5:202 (1837), type loc. hills near the junction of the Kiamesha and Red rivers, Ark., Nuttall. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning-glory Family Ours twining or trailing herbs. Leaves simple, alternate, or the plants leafless parasites. Flowers complete and perfect. Sepals 5, distinct or nearly so, imbri- cated, persistent, often unequal. Corolla regular, usually showy, usually open- funnelform or more or less campanulate, entire or shallowly 5-lobed, commonly folded longitudinally and twisted in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, in- cluded (exserted in Cressa). Pistil 1; ovary superior, 2 (rarely 1) -celled, with 2 ovules (rarely 1) in each cell. Styles 1 or 2. Fruit most frequently a capsule, 1 to 4 (or 6) -seeded. Embryo with folded cotyledons; endosperm scanty. The em- bryo of Cuscuta is filamentous and sometimes destitute of cotyledons.- — Species about 1100 in 47 genera, mostly warm regions, all continents. Bibliog. — Choisy, J. D., De Convolvulaceis dissertatio tertia (Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneva 9:201-288, t. 1-5, — 1841). Engelmann, Geo., papers on Cuscutineae in Collected Works, 59-108 (1887). Brandegee, T. S., Convolvulus occidentalis Gray (Zoe 1:85-80,-1890). Greene, E. L., New species of Convolvulus (Pitt. 3:320-333, — 1898). House, H. D., A new species of Dichondra (Muhl. 1:130-131, — 1906) ; Synopsis of the Californian species of Convolvulus (Muhl. 4:49-56,-1908). Heller, A. A., New w"estern plants (Muhl. 8:137-142,-1913). Gray, G. P., Sprayiag for control of Wild Morning Glory, Convolvulus arvensis L., in the fog belt (Cal. Agr. Exp."Sta. Circ. 168:1-7, — 1917). Yuncker, T. G., Revision of the N. Am. and West Indian species of Cuscuta (Univ. HI. Biol. Monog. G--^:1-U1, pis. 1-13,-1921); The genus Cuscuta (Mem. Torr. Club 18:109-330,-1932). Farwell, O. A., Notes on Volvulus (Am. Midland Nat. 12:129- 131, — 1930), where many of our species are transferred to Volvulus. Ball, W. S., & Eobbins, W. W., Wild Morning-glory (Mo. Bull. Cal. Dept. Agr. 24:192-194, col. pi.— 1935). Ovary deeply 2-lobed ; styles 2, distinct or only slightly united at base ; corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud; creeping herbs 1. Dichondea. Ovary entire. Style 1, entire or cleft at the apex only; corolla plicate and twisted in the bud; prostrate or twining herbs, one species woody. Stigma filiform or ovate; corolla-limb pale purple to white 2. Convolvulus. Stigma capitate; corolla limb dark blue or rose 3. Ipomoea. Styles 2, distinct ; corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud. Erect non-twining leafy herb 4. Cbessa. Leafless twining parasites 5. Cuscuta. 1. DICHONDRA Forst. Perennial herbs (siiggesting acaulescent violets) . Stems slender, creeping, with reniform leaves and very small obscure solitary flowers at or just below the surface of the ground on short axillary peduncles. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens short. Ovary deeplj^ 2-lobed, separating when ripe into 2 one-seeded utricles which sometimes break open irregularh^ Styles 2, in ours united at base or apparently distinct. — Species 4 or 5, temperate and tropical regions, all continents. (Greek, di, double, and chondra, grain, on account of the deeply parted and twin fruit.) 1. D. repens Forst. Stems pubescent to tawny hirsute, rooting freely; leaf- blades entire or retiise, green and appressed silky pubescent below, ^^ to l^/^ inches wide, on petioles about twice their lengtli; calyx in flower shallowly lobed, hairy, but accrescent, and in fruit deeply cleft, glabrate and somewhat thinnish; corolla MOENING-GLORY FAMILY 117 white or piu-plisli; ovary densely hairy; peduncles abruptly recurved in fruit, so that the pods are turned down to or into the soil. Ravines and edges of thickets on open hills, 50 to 1500 feet : widely distributed tropical and subtropical plant, naturalized in central California at scattered locali- ties, especially near the coast. June. Locs. — Sierra Nevada foothills: Eldorado Co. (betw. Salmon Falls and Pilot Hill and also in New York Ravine), K. Brandegee. Coastal: Trinidad, Tracy 9785; Trinity River Valley at South Pork, Tracy 7764; Mt. Tamalpais (Zoe 2:366) ; Presidio, San Francisco (Man. Reg. S. P. Bay 266) ; Mission Hills, San Francisco (Zoe 2:367) ; Monterey (Zoe 2:366). Var. occidentalis (House) Jepson comb. n. Leaf -blades wholly glabrous or with scattered hairs, especially beneath, 1 to 2 inches wide, the five to seven veins often conspicuous. — Mesa head- lands of coastal Southern California where it is possibly native. Also in northern Lower Califor- nia. April-May. Locs.- — Avalon, Santa Catalina Isl. (Zoe 1:114) ; Santa Rosa Isl. (Zoe 1:142) ; Mt. Soledad, Newlon 327; La Jolla, Jepson 11,854; San Diego, Geo. B. Grant 1842. Refs. — DiCHONDBA REPENS Forst., Char. Gen. 40, t. 20 (1776), type loc. "ad insulas maris australis"; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 386 (1901), ed. 2, 325 (1911), Man. 775 (1925). Var. occi- dentalis Jepson. D. occidentalis House, Muhl. 1:130 (1900), type loc. San Diego, Orcutt. 2. CONVOLVULUS L. Bindweed. Moening-glory Twining or prostrate herbs, ours perennial except one. Corolla funnel form to campanulate. Style entire, or cleft at the apex only. Stigmas ovate to linear. Capsule globose with 4 seeds in 2 cells (or by abortion 1-celled), mostly 2 to 4-valved. — In Convolvulus macrostegius and C. purpuratus the stems are woody below, in our other species, hei'baceous. — Species about 200, temperate and tropical regions, all continents. (Latin convolvo, to entwine.) Flowers showy ( % or) 1 to 2% inches long; leaf-blades sagittate (or reniform in no. 1) ; perennial. Calyx subtended by a pair of bracts ; bracts large, calycoid, ovate to orbicular, embracing and commonly enclosing the calyx. Flowers pink, purple or lavender, 1% to 2% inches long. Leaf -blades broadly reniform, % to 2 inches wide ; slightly succulent seaside herbs.... 1. C. soldanella. Leaf -blades long, triangular-sagittate, 2% to 3% inches long; minutely puberulent climber with thinnish leaves; swamps or river-bottoms 2. C. sepium. Flowers white or cream color (sometimes pinkish outside; sometimes pinkish in no. 5). Leaf -blades usually triangular-hastate to ovate-lanceolate; herbage glabrous or nearly so. Leaf -blades little longer than wide or as wide as long, broadly triangular ; co- rolla 1% to 2 inches long; coastal islands 3. C. macrostegius. Leaf -blades distinctly longer than wide, almost lanceolate-sagittate ; corolla % to 114 inches long ; along the S. Cal. coast 4. C. occidentalis. Leaf -blades ovoid-deltoid, sagittate to almost truncate at base. Herbage glabrous; corolla IV^ inches long; low herbaceous plant; n. Cal 5. C. atriplicifolius. Herbage more or less pubescent. Leaves subglabrous or slightly hairy; corolla 1% to 2 inches long; low tufted plants, the leaves and peduncles basal ; cent. Coast Ranges. 6. C. sJibacaulis. Leaves almost felty, covered with a dense villous to almost tomentose pu- bescence; corolla small, 1 to 1% inches long. Low trailing plant ; leaf -blades triangular-deltoid, thick, % to 1 inch long; bracts whitish-tomentose; Coast Ranges and Sierra Ne- vada foothills 7. C. malacophyllus. Rather wiry climbing plant ; leaf -blades orbicular-deltoid, thinnish, 1 to 2 inches long; bracts tawny; Sierra Nevada at middle altitudes 8. C. chartaceus. Calyx with subulate or reduced bracts more or less distant. Bracts sagittate (like the leaves), inserted about % to % inch below the calyx; corolla white, 1 to 1% inches long; slender erect plants, slightly pubescent throughout. 9. C. fuleratus. Bracts narrowly ovate to lanceolate (without basal lobes as in the leaves). 118 CONVOLVULACEAE Bracts inserted less than their length below the calyx. Low herbaceous plant ; herbage puberulent ; leaf -blades 14 to 1 inch long ; co- rolla yellowish, 1 inch long 10. C. polymorphus. Strong woody climber ; herbage glabrous or nearly so ; leaf -blades 1 to 2 or 3 inches long; corolla white or usually so, 1 to 2 inches long 11. C. ■purpuratVfS. Bracts distant twice or at least more than their length below the calyx ; leaf -blades V2 to 2 inches long. Stems erect and feebly twining; leaf -blades linear -hastate, less than 3 lines wide; corolla white, 1 inch long 12. C. longipes. Stems prostrate ; leaf-blades elliptic or oblong-sagittate, very obtuse, more than 3 lines wide; corolla white, purplish outside, 8 to 10 lines long 13. C. arvcnsis. Flowers small, 3 lines long ; leaf -blades linear- to oblong-oblanceolate, without basal lobes ; annual. 14. C. simnlans. 1. C. soldanella L. Beach Mokning-glory. Stems prostrate, % to 1% feet loug from deep-seated rootstoeks; herbage glabrous and slightly succulent; leaf- blades thick, decidedly reniform, retuse, mueronulate, deep green and shining, prominently veined, % to 1 or 2V2 inches broad, broader than long, the petioles stout, 1 to 3 times as long; eal.yx enclosed in broad membranous bracts 4 to 8 lines long, and about as broad as long; corolla broadly funnelform, pinkish or pale purple, 1}^ to 2I0 inches broad and about half as long as broad; capsule 6 to 7 lines long; seeds triquetrous, rounded on outer face, 2 or 3 lines long, very finely puberulent. Beaches and dunes along the coast : San Diego Co. to Humboldt Co. North to Washington. Widely distributed in the Pacific Islands; also in Euroj^e. Apr.- June. Locs. — Coronado Beach, San Diego, Jepson ICIO; Del Mar, T. Brandegee : Newport, Alice King: Playa del Eey, Parish 11,879; Surf, K. Brandegee; Pacific Grove, Chandler 339; West Berkelev, Ilavy 861 ; Pt. Arena, I)avy:163 (1907) N. propinqua Suksd., Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 12:26 (1906), type loc. Spokane Co., Wash., Suksdorf. 5. N. tagetina Greene. Stem erect, simple or corymbosely branching, 3 to 12 inches high, the heads solitary and termiufJ or sometimes congested ; herbage puber- ulent; leaves 4 to 15 lines long, bipinnatifid into short subulate or filiform segments ; bracts bipinnatifid into rigid acicular or spiny divisions crowning the much-dilated and mostly entire basal portion of the rachis ; bracts and calyces finel.y pubescent, sometimes tomentulose (especially on the body of the bracts) ; calj'x-segments (or 150 POLEMONIACEAE some of them) pmnatifid with cuspidate or subulate sefrments; corolla pale blue, 3^2 to 5 lines long, about l^/i times as long as the ealj-x, the throat funnelform ; sta- mens inserted on base of corolla-throat; style 3-cleft; capsule 2 to several-seeded, not regularly dehiscent; seeds pitted. Low open hills and valley floors, 30 to 1000 (or 4300) feet: Cuyamaca Mts., Southern California ; North Coast Ranges from Sonoma and Napa Cos. to western Siskiyou Co. ; Sacramento Valley ; Sierra Nevada foothills from Tuolumne Co. to Butte Co. North to Washington. Apr. -June. Biol. note. — By mid-May or June the foliage leaves, both basal and cauline, of the stems of Navarretia tagetina have largely disappeared, and the slender divisions of the bracts and calyces of the flower heads have become indurated or spiny. The innermost bracts are not only spiny- bipinnatifid above, but are armed with forked spines inside the margin of the much -broadened lower portion of the raehis which is somewhat coriaceous and is glabrous inside. Since these spiny inner bracts invest closely the spiny-tipped calyces, they become physiologically a part of the fruit and thus make of the capsule a sort of bur. Because these calyces and bracts invest the capsule so closely, they sometimes simulate an outer capsule! The capsule itself is extremely thin-walled. Towards maturity the thin capsular walls collapse closely about the seeds and become somewhat indurated. The capsule is, therefore, not regularly dehiscent. The stamens are shortly exserted, with the filaments inserted on or near base of the corolla- throat. The style is rarely 2 or 4-cleft. Locs. — Cuyamaca Mts., 8. Cal.: Cuyamaca Lake, K. Brandegee. North Coast Ranges: Davis Hills, Vaea Mts., Jepson 15,023; betw. Santa Eosa and Sebastopol, K. Brandegee ; Howell Mt., Napa Range, Jepson 15,027 ; Pope Valley, Napa Co., Jepson 15,689; Calistoga (hills sw.), Jepson 15,022 ; Cobb Mt., sw. Lake Co., M. S. Baler 225Sa ; HuUville, Gravelly Valley, n. Lake Co., Jepson 15,026; Ukiah Valley, Jepson 9278; Dobbyn Creek forks, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4709; Mail Ridge, 8. Humboldt Co., Jepsnn 16,386; Grasshopper Ridge, head of Canoe Creek, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4758; Yreka, Butler 740. Sacramento Valley: Birds Ldg., s. Solano Co., Jepson 15,024; Vaca- ville, Jepson 4246; Sweeney Creek, nw. Solano Co., Jepson 9052; Pleasant Grove, Sutter Co., Hoover 2217; Pine Creek road sta., Tehama Co., Jepson 12,351; Sourgrass Creek, 7 mi. s. of Cor- ning, Jepson 18,969. Sierra Nevada foothills: Chinese Camp, Tuolumne Co., Hoover 2370; Salt Springs Valley, Calaveras Co., Tracy 5661 ; lone, Amador Co., Braunton 1030 ; Pilot Hill, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee ; Oroville (8 mi. n.), Heller 11,383 ; Hutton Creek, near Hornbrook, e. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 19,966. Refs. — Navarretia tagetina Greene, Pitt. 1:137 (1887), type loc. Siskiyou Co., Greene. N. pubescens var. tagetina Jepson, Man. 789 (1925). 6. N. subuligera Greene. Stem erect and subsimple or branching, somewhat flexuous, 2 to 6 inches high, microseopicall.y puberulent; leaves glabrous or sub- glabrous, Yo to 11/4 inches long, pinnately divided into linear-filiform or subulate lobes with 1 to 3 pairs of lobes below the middle, the terminal lobe elongated; low- est leaves linear-filiform, entire; flower heads borne racemosely on short peduncle- like branches along the main stem, the peduncles 14 to 1 inch long ; bracts ovate, coriaceous, spiny-pinnatifid, the central spine prominent and much surpassing the head proper, the back of the bracts bearing spines just inside the margin ; calyx- lobes 4 or 5, all entire, 2 or 3 rather short; mouth of calyx-tube inside with a ring of hairs; corolla white, 3 lines long, shorter than the calyx ; stamens included; style 3-cleft ; capsule translucent, closely invested b.v the bracts so as to form a sort of bur ; seeds several, agglutinated in a mass. Rocky plains or mountain slopes, 400 to 2500 feet: foothill or rocky borders of the Sacramento Valley, but little-known and very rare (Amador Co. ; Mt. St. Helena; Tehama Co.). North to southern Oregon. May-June. Field note. — A rocky plain of rubble stones, anciently derived from one of the great eruptions of Lassen Peak, lies 3 to 6 miles northeast of Red Bluff, in the upper Sacramento Valley. On it two collections have been made of the plant here called Navarretia subuligera. namely Jepson 16,355 and 16,347. These specimens are conspecific with specimens found on Mt. St. Helena (East- wood 4670), teste Virginia Bailey, as also with specimens from near Trail, Jackson Co., Ore., J. T. Howell 6778. No material has been seen from the type locality of this species. Ref. — N.^VARRETiA SUBULIGERA Greene, Pitt. 1:137 (1887), type loc. "Amador Co." (that is. Sierra Nevada and undoubtedly in the foothills), Curran. 7. N. nigellaeformis Greene. Adobe Gilia. Stems 3 to 5 inches high, simple, or branched from the base, minutely puberulent; leaves subglabrous, 3^ to 1% GILIA FAMILY 151 inches long, the blades bipinnatifid, the segments filiform, rather crowded, pun- gent ; bracts not dilated at base, or sometimes with an oblong dilation, spinosely pinnatifid or bipinnatifid above, glandular-puberulent, and often tomentose about the middle; flowers 5-merous; calyx nearly equaling corolla- tube, its tube mem- branous, puberulent outside, markedly villous-pubesceut at throat, its teeth green- herbaceous, the long teeth pinnatifid and about as long or IV2 times as long as the calyx-tube, the 2 or 3 short teeth entire ; corolla pale yellow or buckskm color, usu- ally with 5 brownish quadratish spots in the throat, 4 to 6 lines long; stamens un- equally inserted on the middle of corolla-throat, the anthers exserted from the throat ; style 2-clef t ; capsule 1-celled or sometimes imperfectly 2-celled, 4-valved above the translucent base, 4 to 8-seeded. Low places on valley floors, 100 to 1200 feet : Great Valley and its lowest border- ing foothills; South Coast Ranges in San Benito and San Luis Obispo Cos. May. Locs. — Great Valley and its low borderingj foothills: Dry Creek, sw. of Pentz, Butte Co., Heller 11,402; Willows, Glenn Co., Jepson 20,955; Antioch; Athlone, Merced Co., Hoover 604; Merced, Congdon; Porterville, Tulare Co., T. Brandegre; Long Tom Mines, Greenhorn Mts., Char- lotte N. Smith. South Coast Ranges: San Miguel, Norton: Paso Robles, Cobb 6; Goodwin, e. San Luis Obispo Co. This species flowers later than Navarretia cotulaef olia when growing with it. Eefs. — Navarretia nigellaeformis Greene, Pitt. 1:132 (1887), type loc. Visalia, T. J. Pat- terson; Jepson, Man. 789 (1925). N. oceUata Eastw., Zoe 5:88 (1900), type loc. Goodwin, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared (typ. vidi). N. nigellaeformis var. radians J. T. Howell, Lflts. W. Bot. 2:136 (1938), type loc. Paicines (12 mi. s.), San Benito Co., J. T. Howell 12,962; ovary 2-eelIed. 8. N. cotulaefolia H. & A. Stem erect, corymbosely branching from above base, 2 to 6 (or 13) inches high ; hex-bage finely puberulent and minutely glandular ; leaves % to 3 inches long, bipinnatifid, the segments linear, soft, barely cuspidate; bracts and calyx glandular-villous, glabrous or subglabrous at the base ; flowers commonly 4-merous ; calyx about % as long as corolla, its lobes varj'ing from nearly equal and entire to unequal, with the longer variously toothed; corolla creamy or dull white, 3^2 to 5 lines long, somewhat exceeding the calyx; stamens equally in- serted about middle of corolla-throat; style 2-cleft; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved, de- hiscing from the base, 1-seeded ; embryo with entire cotyledons. Depressions in valley floors, 15 to 1500 feet : Coast Ranges (back of the coast line) from San Benito Co. to Sonoma and Lake Cos. ; Sacramento Valley. May. Loes. — Coast Eanges: HoUister, A. H. Kemp; Balsa, east of Giiroy, Jepson 15,002 ; Newark, Alameda Co., Davy 1100; Kirker Pass (n. of), Contra Costa Co., Brewer 1110; Wilfred sta., Cotati "Valley, Sonoma Co., Jepson 9307; Pope Valley, Ewan 8857; Lakeport, If. S. Bal-er ; Bear Valley, sw. of Leesville, w. Colusa Co., Jepson 8965. Sacramento Valley: Vacaville, Jepson 15,000 ; Sutter, Sutter Co., Ewan 9627; Willows, Glenn Co., Jepson 15,003. Eefs.— Navarretia cotulaefolia H. & A., Bot. Beech. 368 (1840) ; Jepson, Man. 789 (1925). Aegochloa cotulaefolia Benth., Bot. Eeg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. Gilia cotu- laefolia Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2, 1:683 (1840) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 427 (1901), ed. 2, 332 (1911). 9. N. bowmanae Eastw. Stem erect, simple or branched, 3 to 12 inches high ; herbage minutely but densel}^ whitish-puberulent ; leaves 1/4 to 1% inches long, the blades bipinnately divided with filiform divisions ; heads dense, white-woolly; bracts finely bipinnatifid, the more or less dilated base densely white- woolly, often puberu- lent to the tips of the acerose teeth, 1/3 to 1% inches long, surpassing the heads ; flowers 4 or 5-merous; calyx % to nearly as long as corolla, its lobes unequal, acerose-tipped, the longer often pinnately toothed ; corolla 3I/2 to 5 lines long, blue (with white throat) or white, a dark purple spot in throat below each lobe; stamens unequally inserted about middle of corolla-throat; style more or less 2-cleft; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved, 1-seeded. Low dry gravelly hills and valley flats, 15 to 1500 feet : North Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Solano Co. ; Great Valley from Shasta Co. to Stanislaus Co. ; Sierra Nevada foothills from Eldorado Co. to Tuolumne Co. May-June. Field note. — At intervals for three or four decades botanists have been collecting in the S.i<;- ramcnto Valley and northern Sierra Nevada foothills a Navarretia which has been referred with 152 POLEMONIACEAE Eed Bluff (6 mi. n.), Soover 2288; doubt to Navarretia cotulaefolia or to Navarretia pubescens or indicated as allied to one or the other but different. This material has been segregated by Virginia Bailey and a diagnosis prepared for this unit. It seems to be the same as Navarretia bowmanae Eastw. of Lake County and that name is here tentatively used, although Navarretia bowmanae lies outside the main range of this unit. Navarretia bowmanae rests, as to its type, upon specimens collected at Anderson ranch near Lower Lake in Lake County. For this problem two excellent collections, one in flower and one in fruit, have been made at the type locality by Mabel H. Hazell. The corollas in the Hazell plants are either blue or white. The corollas in the type were described as yellow. In the Sacramento Valley plant the corolla is blue, but in one instance has been observed to change from blue to dull yel- low in drying. As here described, the following stations are cited for collections of Navarretia bowmanae : Locs. — North Coast Ranges : Anderson ranch, Lower Lake, Lake Co., Mabel H. Hazell; Button Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 21,104. Great Valley: Cottonwood, Shasta Co., J. T. Howell 12,233; near Cana, Butte Co., Hoover 2239; Sourgrass Creek, 9 mi. n. of Orland, Jepson 18,971 ; Koseville, Placer Co., E. E. Arp ; Browns Valley, nw. Solano Co., Jepson 15,013; Hass Slough, e. Solano Co., Jepson 15,037 ; betw. Oak- dale and La Grange, e. Stanislaus Co., Jepson 21,103. Sierra Nevada foothills : betw. Pilot Hill and Cool, El- dorado Co., E. Brandegee; San Andreas (5 mi. w.), Jepson 9945 ; Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., Tracy 5593 ; Chinese Camp, Tuolumne Co., Hoover 2371. Refs. — Navarretia bowmanae Eastw., Bot. Gaz. 37:444 (1907), type loc. Anderson ranch. Lower Lake, Lake Co., Agnes Bowman (typ. vidi). N. cotulaefolia var. towmanae Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4==<':158 (1907). 10. N. pubescens H. & A. (Fig. 376.) Stem erect, usually branching above, 5 to 18 inches high ; herbage puberulent ; leaves % to 2 inches long, pinuately divided with the divi- sions pinnatifid or pinuately divided or toothed, terminal portion of the upper leaves less deeply divided or merely laeiniate-toothed, so that the raehis appears as if spatulate-dilated; bracts villous, palmately parted above the broad base, the spinose divisions spinosely pinnatifid or en- tire, the broad base covered outside with a web of villous hairs or subglabrous; basal portion of bracts and calyces white-chartaceous; middle portion of calyces villous, sometimes merely pu- berulent ; calyx-lobes unequal, 3 entire and the 2 longer toothed, or all pinuately toothed; co- rolla narrowly funnelform, deep blue (a white line in throat below each sinus, or throat and t times as long as the calyx ; corolla-throat longer than corolla-lobes; stamens esserted, the filaments inserted in base of throat; style 2-cleft; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved, dehiscent from below, 1 (or rarely 2) -seeded; cotyledons of the embryo pai'ted into 3 lobes, the divisions so deep as to give the appearance of 6 cotyledons. Dry soil of low hills and valleys and on sandy plains, 10 to 1500 (or 2100) feet : Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo Co. to Humboldt Co. ; Great Valley from Kern Co. to Tehama Co. ; Sierra Nevada foothills from Kern Co. to Butte Co. North to southern Oregon. May-June. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Estrella, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared; Paso Eobles, Cot}) 7 ; Los Gates foothills. Heller 7484 ; Kirker Pass, Contra Costa Co., Breioer 1113; Davis Hills, Vacaville, Jepson 15,042 ; Putah Creek ford, near Pleasants Valley, nw. Solano Co., Jepson 21,222 ; Calistoga, Jepson 15,040; Coyote Valley, s. Lake Co., Jepson 20,963; Knoxville, ne. Napa Co., Jepson 20,964; Venado, sw. Colusa Co., Jepson 16,256; Asa Bean Ridge, ne. Mendocino Co., Jepson 15,043 ; Alder Point, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4733. Great Valley: Edison, Kern Co., Jepson 18,143 ; Clovis, Fresno Co., E. Brandegee; Turlock, Morced Co., Hoover 602; Burnet sta., se. San Joaquin Co., Jepson Fig. 376. Navarretia pubescens H. & A. a, habit, X Vs ; 6, bract, X 2 ; c, fl., X IV2; d, calyx spread open, X IV2. Drawn from Douglas type. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Herb. Benth.). tube white) , 41/2 to 8 lines long, l^ GILIA FAMILY 153 15,041; Montezuma Hilla, se. Solano Co., Jepson 15,039; College City, Colusa Co., Alice King; Pleasant Grove, Sutter Co., Hoover 2216; Pine Creek road sta., Tehama Co., Jepson 12,352. Sierra Nevada foothills: Woody (4 mi. e.). Greenhorn Mts., Kern Co., C. N. Smith 195; betw. Davis ranch and Watson Spr., North Fork Kaweah River, Jepson 579; betw. Badger and Miramonte, Fresno Co., Newlon 184; Cathay Valley, Mariposa Co., Jepson 12,706; Chinese Camp, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6314; Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., Tracy 5592 ; Valley Springs, Calaveras Co., Jepson 10,033; San Andreas (5 mi. w.), Jepson 9941; Sweetwater Creek, Eldorado Co., E. Brandegee; Auburn, Shociley; Pentz, Butte Co., Heller 10,757. Kefs. — Navarretia pubescens H. & A., Bot. Beech. 368 (1840) ; Jepson, Man. 789 (1925). Aegochloa pubescens Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. Gilia pu- iescens Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1:684 (1840) ; Jepson, Fl. W". Mid. Cal. 428 (1901). 11. N. mitracarpa Greene. Stem with few to several slender branches from or near the base, 2 to 10 inches high, erect or sometimes diffuse, sometimes reduced to a short stem (1 inch hig-h) and a single head; herbage puberuleut; leaves i/^ to 11/2 inches long; lower leaves (sometimes only the very lowest) pinuately divided so as to be remotely and regulai'ly pectinate, the segments short-acerose, entire, cus- pidate, 1/2 to iy2 lines long; upper leaves pinnately divided, the acerose segments bipartitely lobed, the terminal segment (in all or some of the leaves) oblaneeolate with the margin cut into upwardly pointed laciniae; bracts glandular-pubescent, similarly twice piunatifid but with the terminal segment oblaneeolate, its margin laciniately toothed; calyx about % as long as corolla, its lobes nearly twice as long as the calyx-tube, entire or 1 or 2 of the longer lobes toothed ; corolla blue, S^/o to 5 lines long, the tube white, filiform, the throat ample, yellowish above and white below, about as long as corolla-lobes or a little shorter, the limb 2 to 2i/4 lines broad ; stamens inserted at base of corolla-throat; capsule 4-angled at summit, 1-celled, 1-seeded, 4-valved; apex of capsule with a papilla-like apiculation; cotyledons as if 6, each of the 2 cotyledons deeply parted into 3 lobes. Clay soil of dry hills and flats, 800 to 1500 feet : Santa Barbara Co. ; South Coast Kanges from San Luis Obispo Co. to San Benito and Montei-ey Cos. ; Lake Co. May. Field note. — In southern San Benito and Monterey counties and in northern San Luis Obispo County in the drainage basin of the upper Salinas River, is an area inhabited by a Navarretia of quite constant aspect. Its stems are slender and erectly or somewhat corymbosely branched from the base ; the terminal segment of the pinnatifid leaves tends to be lanceolate with upwardly- pointed marginal laciniae; the heads are somewhat glandular and rather constantly uniform in size. This plant has been described as Navarretia jaredii Eastw. (1900), but it agrees in every detail of habit, flower, fruit and embryo with an isotype of Navarretia mitracarpa Greene (1887). Navarretia mitracarpa was first collected in June, 1884, by M. K. Curran, "somewhere in Lake County." On account of the disorderly habits of the collector, M. K. Curran, in handling and labeling plant materials, and by reason of the fact that Navarretia mitracarpa has not since 1884 been collected in Lake County, it is a natural query whether the type specimens may not liave come from Monterey County. On the other hand, this is to be said: an itinerary of M. K. Curran (K. Brandegee), although compiled from doubtful, incomplete, fragmentary and sometimes contradic- tory records, seems to show that M. K. Curran was definitely in Lake County in June, 1884, and it is here suggested that Navarretia mitracarpa should be sought for on or near Kelsey Mountain. In Lake County and in southwestern Colusa County a Navarretia resembling Navarretia mitracarpa has been frequently collected and labeled as that species. It is a coarser plant than Navarretia mitracarpa, has a prostrate habit, finely bipinnatifid leaves and larger heads. It dif- fers from Navarretia mitracarpa also in details of flower and capsules. It is a different thing and is described below as new. The representation of Navarretia mitracarpa in the South Coast Ranges is distinguished by an outstanding character of the embryo, namely this, that the cotyledons are so deeply cleft into three lobes as to seem like six cotyledons. As soon as it was established that the embryo in the isotype material of Navarretia mitracarpa had also this remarkable character of deeply cleft cotyledons, then the prostrate plants of Lake County, referred to above, were not merely excluded on thus being uncovered, they became at once fugitives from Navarretia mitracarpa. Nameless, they have been named Navarretia jepsonii V. Bailey. Their cotyledons are entire. Locs. — South Coast Ranges: San Miguelito rancho, near Jolon, Monterey Co., Jepson 1630; upper San Benito River near Lorenzo Creek, Jepson 12,238 (sufiiciently abundant to furnish food for the honey bee); divide at head of Los Gatos Creek, w. Fresno Co., Jepson 12,194; Stone Canon, se. Monterey Co., Condit; San Miguel (5 mi. n.), KecJc 2837; Paso Robles, E. Brandegee ; Templeton, Davy 7579; Santa Margarita, Summers; Coalinga (hills w.), Fresno Co., Condit. Santa Barbara Co.: Figueroa ranger sta., San Rafael Mts., Hoffman. 154 POLEMONIACEAE Eefs. — Navakretia mitracaepa Greene, Pitt. 1:135 (1887), type loc. "somewhere in Lake Co.,"(7»rra«; Jepson, Man. 790 (1925). N. jarediiEastw.,Zoe5:S9 (1900), type loc. Paso Eobles Creek, San Luis Obispo Co., L. Jared; Jepson, Man. 789 (1925). 12. N. jepsonii V. Bailey sp. n. Stem branching at or above the base, prostrate or diffuse, the branches slender, 4 to 6 inches long, often proliferous from beneath the initial subsessile heads ; herbage minutely puberulent ; leaves 4 to 7 lines long, bipinnately divided into filiform or subulate segments I/2 to 2 lines long; bracts bipinnatifid into subulate segments; calyx-teeth lanceolate, cilia te, equaling or ex- ceeding the calyx-tube, all entire or the 3 longer toothed ; calyx-tube glabrous or subglabrous, with narrow membranous intervals beneath the sinuses running half- way to base; corolla purple with a darker purple spot at the base of each lobe, 3 to 4 lines long, equaled by the longer calj^-teeth ; stamens mserted a little above base of corolla-throat, the filaments exserted; style 2-cleft; capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded, more or less membranous (especially below), the rounded summit with a papilla- like apiculation, acutish at base, 8-valvate from base; cotyledons 2, entire. — (Planta ramosa, prostrata vel diffusa, ramis gracilentis 4-6 unc. longis, saepe proliferis ab basi capitulorum primorum subsessilium ; pubes minuta; folia 4-7 lin. longa, bipinnatifida, segmentis filiformibus aut subulatis ; calycis dentes lanceolati, ciliati, integri vel 3 longiores denticulati, tubo aequantes vel superantes; corolla 3-4 lin. longa, purpurea, lobis maculatis ad basin ; stamina exserta; stylus bifidus; capsula uniloculata, unisperma, plus minusve membranaeea, oetovalvata, apiculata ad api- cem ; cotyledones 2, integrae.) Deeply checked clays of valley floors or flats in the dry hills, 1500 to 2500 feet : North Coast Ranges from southwestern Colusa Co. to central Napa Co. June-July. Field note. — Navarretia jepsonii is a rather narrow endemic of the Clear Lake region. It comes into flower in the dry season and is an inhabitant of low spots on valley floors or flats in the hills. The following stations validate its range: Epperson sta., Bear Valley, sw. Colusa Co., K. Brandegee ; Indian Valley, ne. Lake Co., K. Brandegee ; Mt. Kouocti (Uncle Sam Mt.), (Ery- thea 1:16) ; Knoxville Ridge, se. Lake Co., Jepson 20,956; Coyote Valley, s. Lake Co., Jepson 20,966; Aetna Sprs., Pope Valley, K. Brandegee. The differentials between Navarretia mitracarpa, chiefly of the South Coast Ranges as at present known, and Navarretia jepsonii of the Clear Lake region have been worked out by Vir- ginia L. Bailey as follows: "In Navarretia mitracarpa the corolla-throat is as long or nearly as long as the corolla-lobes, the corolla-tube is glandular-puberulent outside; the style is definitely 2-cleft to barely 2-cleft; the capsule, about 1% lines long, is 4-ridged or d-angled at the summit and 1-seeded, and it is also 4-valved from the base. "In Navarretia jepsonii the corolla-throat is shorter than the coroUa-lobes, the corolla-tube is glabrous outside; the style is barely 2-cleft to entire; the capsule, 1 to 114 lines long and 1-seeded, is not 4-angled or 4-ridged at summit but is 4-nerved at summit with the nerves branch- ing and thus 8-nerved at base. At base, too, the capsule is S-valved." — Virginia L. Bailey. Segregation of the species, Navarretia jepsonii, is the result of careful and conscientious work by Virginia L. Bailey as a research assistant on the Flora of California. She was the first to dis- tinguish this Lake County plant from the true Navarretia mitracarpa. (See sub no. 11.) Eefs. — Navarretia jepsonii V. Bailey; type loc. Coyote Valley, s. Lake Co., Jepson 20,966 (typ. in Herbario Jepsoniano). N. mitracarpa Jepson, Erythea 1:16 (1893) ; not Greene (1887). 13. N. setiloba Cov. Stem erect, branching from near the base or subsimple, 4 to 9 inches high; herbage minutely puberulent; leaves Y^ to 1% inches long, bipinnatifid with short acicular segments, the terminal lobe conspicuous, ovate- lanceolate, 4 to 9 lines long, its margin irregularly and finely laciniate ; bracts with lanceolate terminal lobe and subregnlar acerose-toothed margin, the raehis bearing on and above the dilated base 2-forked acerose segments; calyx rather shorter than the corolla-tube, its lobes lanceolate with broad base, entire or with very small teeth, Y2 ^s long as the calj-x-tube ; corolla blue, 4 to 5 lines long; stamens inserted at base of corolla-throat; style 2-cleft; capsule translucent at base and closely adherent to the single whitish seed, the coriaceous top of the capsule dehiscent like a lid. HUlslopes and plateau flats in red gravelly clays, 5000 to 7000 feet : southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co. June. GIIJA FAMILY 155 Field note. — Navarretia setiloba is similar in appearance to the variable and wide-spread N. atractyloides. A very narrow endemic and only slightly collected, it is, in consequence, but little known. Two localities are all that can here be recorded: betw. Havilah and Kernville, jr. Brandegee ; betw. Walker Basin and Hackberry Caiion, K. Brandegee. Refs. — Navarretia setiloba Gov., Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4:153, pi. 14 (1893), type loc. divide between Kernville and Havilah, Kern Co., Coville 1049; Brand in Engler, Pflzr. 42^": 161 fig. 34 A-C (1907) ; Jepson, Man. 789 (1925). 14. N. filicaulis Greene. Stems 1 to several from the base, very slender or wiry, erect, 2 to 10 inches high; herbage minutely glandular-puberulent ; leaves filiform, entire, % to l^/i inches long, or pinnately divided with 1 or 2 pairs of short-filiform lobes near the base, or at the middle and remote; flowers in small heads, the heads 11/2 to 2^/2 lines broad, borne in a panicle on peduncles ^^ to 1 (or IV^) inches long ; bracts palmately 3 or 5-cleft, the body ovate or orbicular, the central lobe prolonged with subulate-spinose tips exceeding the flowers; calyx II/2 lines long, the teeth unequal, 2 or 3 longer and about 1/2 length of calyx-tube; corolla dark purple, 21/2 lines long; stamens and style exserted, l^/^ times as long as corolla; stamens in- serted on base of corolla-throat; style entire or nearly so; capsule thin-walled, 1-celled (or imperfectly 2-celled), 4-valved from the apex, 4 to 8-seeded. Dry hills, 500 to 2500 feet : Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta Co. to Mariposa Co. June-July. Locs. — Between Morley road sta. and Stevens ranch, ne. Shasta Co., M. S. Baker; Forest Eanch, Butte Co., Seller 11,626; Grass Valley, Nevada Co., Beller 8111; Cape Horn, Placer Co., K. Brandegee; Sweetwater Creek, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee ; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 2174a; Moccasin Creek (head of), Mariposa Co., Hoover 2461; Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Jepson 20,958. Refs. — Navarretia filicaulis Greene, Pitt. 1:134 (1887) ; Jepson, Man. 790 (1925). Gilxa filicaulis Torr.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:270 (1870), type from Cal., Jeffrey 1474. N. dnbia Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=='':157 (1907), type from the Sierra Nevada, Jeffrey 1474. 15. N. prolifera Greene. Main stem erect, simple, 1 to 3 inches high, bearing a single terminal head, with 2 to several branches proliferous from beneath the pri- mary head, these branches slender or filiform, naked, 1 to 3 inches long, each bear- ing a single head; herbage glabrous, the bracts white-tomentulose; leaves 5 to 11 lines long, filiform and entire, or with 1, 2 or 3 remote pairs of short filiform lobes 1/2 to 1 line long; bracts palmately 3 to 5-cleft, the undivided portion white- chartaceous; calyx about % as long as corolla, its teeth subulate, about twice as long as the chartaceous calyx-tube, entire, villous or somewhat tomentulose ; corolla purple or yellow, 3 to 5 lines long, its throat broadly expanded ; stamens very shortly exserted, the filaments inserted on upper half of corolla-throat; style 3-cleft; cap- sule 3-celled, 3-valved, about 3 to 5 seeds to each cell. Chaparral slopes, 2000 to 4000 feet : Sierra Nevada foothills from Plumas Co. to Tulare Co. June. Geog. note. — The center of distribution of Navarretia prolifera, a rare species as at present known, is in Eldorado Co. where it has been collected a number of times: Sly Park, Hall 11,381; Fyffe, 12 mi. e. of Placerville, K. Brandegee ; Camino, K. Brandegee. Other localities for this species are : Foster, Amador Co., Curran, and Cherry Gulch, Plumas Co., ace. JV. I. FoUett. Between Amador Co. and Tulare Co. ("near Visalia") there is a broad gap in which the species is not knoivn to occur. Habit note. — The initial flower head in Navarretia prolifera is terminal on the main axis which varies in length. If, however, as in some individuals, the main axis becomes so extremely shortened as to be called obsolescent, in such case no flower head is produced on the main axis, that is to say no flower head is developed at the ground. This condition is in contrast to Navarretia prostrata where the initial head is regularly sessile on the ground with the branches rotately pro- liferous from beneath it. In Navarretia leucocephala and in N. mitracarpa the initial flower head is not infrequently sessile or subsessile on the ground, but perhaps more commonly it is lifted more or less on the main axial stem. Refs. — Navarretia prolifera Greene, Pitt. 1:135 (1887), type loc. "near Visalia" (un- doubtedly in the Sierra Nevada foothills east), 2". ,7. Fatler.wn ; Jepson, Man. 790 (1925). ^V. pro- lifera var. luiea Brand, Ann. Conserv. et Jard. Bot. Geneve, 15-16:338 (1913). 156 POLEMONIACEAE 16. N. divaricata Greene. Plants I14 to 3% inches high, usually mueli broader than high; main stem terminated by a head of flowers, then proliferously and diffusely branched ; leaves filiform or acicular, 4 to 9 lines long, entire or with 2 pairs of short-aeicular teeth near the base ; herbage villous or glabrate ; body of heads 3 to 5 lines broad ; bracts white-pubescent at base, palmately cleft into 3 to 5 acerose divisions, equaling or exceeding the flowers; calyx 2 to 2% lines long, exceeding or at least equaling the coi-olla, rarely a little shorter, its lobes very un- equal, acerose, entire, cobwebby, the longer ones 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx- tube; corolla minute (1^,4 to 2 lines long), pinkish or purplish, sometimes whitish; stamens included in corolla-throat ; capsule-cells 2 to 4-seeded. Sandy flats and borders of meadows or dry openly forested slopes and ridges, abundant but inconspicuous, often forming dense colonies : Sierra Nevada, 3500 to 8200 feet, from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co. and eastern Siskiyou Co. ; North Coast Ranges, 1000 to 5500 feet, from Trinity and Humboldt Cos. to western Siskiyou Co. North to southern Oregon. July. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: near Cahoon Mdw., Tulare Co., Jepson 722 ; Huntington Lake, Jepson 12,980; Lake Merced, above Yosemite, Jepson 4422; Hazel Green, Mariposa Co., Jepson 15,047; Dorrington, Calaveras Co., Jepson 21,105; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., Jepson 10,092; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson 15,046; Bucks Valley, Plumas Co., Jepson 10,644; betw. Deadwood Ravine and Eich Gulch, Plumas Co., Follett 93;" Cliico Mdws., Butte Co., Heller 11,499; Davis Creek, Warner Mts., E. M. Atistin 308; Fowlers Camp, McCloud River, se. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 20,068. North Coast Ranges : Soldier Ridge, Yollo Bolly Mts., Jepson 15,044 ; South Fork Mt., e. Humboldt Co., Tracy 9065; Horse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 9119; Corral Prairie, Trinity Summit, Tracy 10,395; Woolly Creek (head of), w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 104. Habit note. — In its most well-developed and characteristic form Navarretia divaricata is markedly proliferous. The main stem is usually short (% to % inch high, rarely 2 inches) and terminated by a head of flowers with several divaricate or ascending branches proliferating from beneath this primary head. The branches are each in turn terminated by a head with 1 to 4 branches proliferous from beneath the secondary heads, these latter branches again ending in a head or cluster of heads. The branches are markedly slender. A coarser form is as follows : Var. vividior Jepson & Bailey var. n. Plants a little coarser and larger, 2 to 7 inches high ; bracts and calyces glandular-puberulent ; body of heads denser, 5 to 7 lines broad ; corolla or its lobes blue; capsule-cells 3 to 6-seeded. — (Plantae erassiores majoresque, 2-7 unc. altae; brac- teae et calyces glanduloso-puberulentes; capitula densiora; corolla azurca; capsulae loculi 3—6- spermi.) — Sandy flats and brushy mountain slopes, 1000 to 3500 (or 6000) feet: North Coast Ranges from western Shasta Co. to Lake Co. ; Sierra Nevada from Modoc Co. to Butte Co. Locs. — Castella, Shasta Co., Condit ; Hyampum, Trinity Co., Chesnut 4' Drexo; Van Duzen River Valley, opp. Buck Mt., Tracy 2721; Chamise Mt. (n. of Bell Sprs.), Mendocino Co., Tracy 13,320 ; Bartlett Sprs., n. Lake Co., Jepson 18,938 ; Mt. Hanna, sw. Lake Co., Jepson 15,045 (type). Sierra Nevada: Little Hot Springs Vallev, sw. Modoc Co., M. S. Balcer; Fall River Sprs., ne. Shasta Co., Hall 4- Baicocl: 4214; Sutton House, Butte Co., R. M. Auslin 827. Var. peninsularis (Greene) Jepson comb. n. Rachis of leaves about ^/i line wide, its terminal segment entire or with a pair of short teeth ; corolla 3 lines long. — Cismontane Southern Califor- nia: Mt. Pinos, n. Ventura Co., Hall 6615; Cuyamaca Mts., T. Brandegee. Eefs. — Navakretia divaricata Greene, Pitt. 1:136 (1887) ; Jepson, Man. 790 (1925). Gilia divaricata Torr. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:270 (1870), type loc. "foothills of the Sierra Nevada," Shelton (the first named collector). Gilia atrata Jones, Contrib. W. Bot. 12:55 (1908), (type loc. Salmon Mdws., Ida., Jones), belongs here as to the plant cited from Soda Sprs. sta., Nevada Co., Cal., Jones 2465. Var. vrviDiOR Jepson & Bailey, type loc. Mt. Hanna, sw. Lake Co., Jepson 15,045 (typ. in Herbario Jepsoniano). Var. peninsularis Jepson. N. peninsularis Greene, Pitt. 1:136 (1887), type loc. Hanson ranch, n. L. Cal., Orcutt 1113 (isotyp. ridi). 17. N. breweri Greene. Stem branched into very short branches ending in capitate clusters, thus forming a usually dense or congested plant 1 to 3i/4 (or 6) inches high and commonly as broad; herbage puberulent; leaves pinnately divided, 4 to 7 lines long, the 5 or 7 divisions acicular, subulate or lanceolate, sometimes the divisions replaced by unequal bipartite or tripartite divisions; bracts with tripar- tite divisions ; calj^-teeth subulate, entire, twice as long as the tube, exceeding the corolla; corolla yellow, sometimes white, snbsalverform, 21/2 to 3i/o lines long; stamens exserted, the filaments inserted at base of corolla-throat; style 3-cleft; capsule-cells 1 or 2-seeded. GILIA FAMILY 157 Montane valleys or flats, 4000 to 10,200 feet : easterly summits or easterly slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. to Modoc Co. ; White Mts. North to eastern Oregon and Idaho, east to Wyoming and Colorado. June-July. Locs. — Sierra Nevada : Cottonwood Creek, w. Inyo Co., Jepson 5069 ; Pickle Mdws., West Fork Walker River, Mono Co., Otiley 1125; Fales Hot Sprs., Alpine Co., OWey 1039; Boca, e. Nevada Co., K. Brandegee ; Sierra Valley, Sierra Co., Lemmon; Susanville, T. Brandegee ; Big Valley, Modoc Co., M. S. Baler; Willow Creek Vallej', Modoc Co., B. M. Austin. White Mts.: Silver Canon, near Big Prospector Mdw., Jepson 7346. Eefs.— Navarretia breweri Greene, Pitt. 1:137 (1887); Jepson, Man. 790 (1925). Gilia hreweri Gray, Proe. Am. Acad. 8:269 (1870), type loc. Ebbets Pass, Alpine Co. (first named locality). Brewer. 18. N. squarrosa H. & A. Skunkweed. Stem erect, branching at or above the base, 8 to 16 inches high; herbage pubescent and noxiously glandular; leaves 1/2 to 1% inches long, once or twice pinnatifid, the rigid segments lanceolate and often crowded; calyx 5 to 6 lines long, thinly villous (especially on the lobes), the tube broadly searious between the ribs, the lobes lanceolate and pungent, usually entire, a little longer than the tube ; corolla blue, sometimes very pale, 5 to 6 lines long, little or scarcely at all exceeding the calyx; stamens included in corolla-throat, the filaments unequal ( I/2 to 1 line long) , unequally inserted about middle of corolla- tube, the longer usually inserted higher ; capsule many-seeded, the seeds small, 8 to 14 in each cell. Dry clay or sandy flats in valleys and on caiion flooi-s and opens m forest, 20 to 2300 feet : Coast Kanges (mostly the outer and middle ranges) from Monterey Co. to Del Norte Co.; northern Sierra Nevada foothills from Amador Co. to Eldo- rado Co. North to British Columbia. June-Aug. Field note. — A vegetatively vigorous type, Navarretia squarrosa, in branching, in foliage and in calyces, is somewhat distinctively marked and in consequence readily kno\Tn by its field habit. It is of frequent occurrence. In early stages of growth, as found in the beds of former shallow winter pools, the aspect is curiously like that of young Centromadia pungens (Hemizonia pun- gens). For the virility of this species there is some evidence: it has emigrated to the state of Victoria, Australia, where it is now an established weed. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Monterey, Jepson 20,947; Pajaro Hills, Chandler 467; Wrights sta., Santa Cruz Mts., Elmer 5009; Niles, Nntting ; Oakland Hills; Pt. Reyes, Davy 6816; York Creek, St. Helena, Jepson 2353 ; Cobb Mt., sw. Lake Co., Jepson 20,942 ; Mt. Konocti, Hoover 3813 ; Blue Lakes, nw. Lake Co., Jepson 20,944; Low Gap, Mendocino Co., Jepson 2236; Albion, Mendocino coast, Jepson 17,684; WUlits, Jepson 16,373; Laytonville, Jepson 9320; Englewood, lower Eel River, Constance 931 ; Table Bluff, Humboldt Co., Tracy 14,103 ; Dows Prairie, Humboldt Co., Tracy 5857; Big Lagoon, Humboldt coast, Jepson 9416; Elk Valley, e. of Crescent City, Tracy 15,483 ; Gilbert Creek, nw. Del Norte Co., Jepson 9353. Sierra Nevada: lone, Amador Co., Braun- ton 1136 ; Sweetwater Creek, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee. The var. agrestis Brand has 3 of the calyx-lobes with 1 or 2 spinose teeth near apex; it is not otherwise different. — Mt. Davidson, San Francisco, Jepson 10,595 ; San Mateo Co. Spinose calyx -lobes or the lack of them is so frequently a weak, a variable or immaterial character in Navarretia that occurrence of spinose calyx -lobes in N. squarrosa is to be expected anywhere within the range of the species (as at Englewood, main Eel River). Refs. — Navaeretia squarrosa H. & A., Hot. Beech. 368 (1838) ; Jepson, Man. 790 (1925). Uoitsia squarrosa Esch., Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. 6, 10:282 (1826), tj^ie loc. "in Novae Cali- forniae arenosis" (probably at San Francisco), Eschscholtz. Gilia squarrosa H. & A., Bot. Beech. 151 (1833). G. pun gens Dongl.; Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 2977 (1830), type loc. "mountain valleys near source of the Multnomack [Willamette] River," 3. Ore., Douglas. Aegochloa pungens Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1022 (1833). Navarretia pungens Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2:75 (1838). N. pterosperma Eastw., Bot. Gaz. 37:445 (1904), type loc. Bodega Pt., Sonoma Co., Eastwood; depauperate in- dividuals 1V4 to 2 inches high (typ. vidi). N. squarrosa var. agrestis Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-^": 159 (1907). 19. N. mellita Greene. Stem slender, diffusely branching from the base or sometimes subsimple and erect, often reddish, 3 to G (or 13) inches high; herbage bright green, glandular-villous; leaves % to 1^,4 inches long, pinnately parted into linear-subulate entire or toothed segments; bracts dilated and laciniately toothed or cleft into narrow divisions, or the middle division ovate, abruptly cuspidate and often entire; heads small, 4 to 6 (or 10) lines broad; calyx equaling or exceeding 158 POLEMONIACEAE the corolla, its lobes 2 to 3 times as long as the ealj-x-tube; corolla very slender- funnelform, veiy pale blue or white, 2^2 to 3 lines long; stamens included iu corolla-tube, the filaments very short (i/i-, to Y^ line long), equally or somewhat unequally inserted below middle of corolla-tube; capsule-cells 6 to 12-seeded. Dry hills and flats, 200 to 3500 feet: Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. July. Loc3. — Mail Ridge (5 mi. s. of Harris), Humboldt Co., Tracy 13,333; Bennett Spr., w. Glenn Co., Heller 11,538; South Mill Creek (head of), se. of Ukiah, Jepson 3018; Cache Creek bridge, 2 mi. n. of Lower Lake, Jepson 18,907; Kelsej^ille, Lake Co., Jepson 20,950; Eeiff, Knoxville Eidge, Jepson 19,002; Calistoga, Greene; Gates Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 20,952; Mt. Diablo, Bowerman 910; Moraga Pass, Oakland Hills, Davy; Black Mt., Santa Clara Co., Pendleton 1475; Pajaro Hills, Monterey Co., Chandler 377; Burro trail, Santa Lucia Mts., K. Brandegee; Santa Lucia Mts. n. of San Luis Obispo, Palmer 410. Refs.— Navarretia mellita Greene, Pitt. 1:134 (1887); Jepson, Man. 790 (1925). Gilia mellita Greene, Pitt. 1:71 (1887), type loe. Belmont, Sau Mateo Co., Greene; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 1, 428 (1901), ed. 2, 333 (1911). N. eastwoodiae Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=50.157 (1907), type loc. Mt. Tumalpais, Eastwood 872 (isotyp. vidi). 20. N. heterodoxa Greene. Stem slender, erect, branching, rarely simple, 4 to 11 inches high, the internodes long; herbage slightly glandular-puberulent; leaves Y2 to IVl inches long, the lower with narrowly linear or filiform rachis and few or several pinnate short-subulate segments towards the base (or the lowermost often entire); uppermost leaves lanceolate and entire except at the laciniately toothed base; bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, laciniate-toothed towards the base; calyx- segments entire, nearly equal; corolla blue, 5 lines long, with exserted declined stamens, the filaments inserted on base of throat; capsule-cells 2 to 6-seeded, the seeds smaU. Dry hillslopes and summits, back of the coast, 500 to 1500 feet : Coast Ranges from Sonoma and Napa Cos. to Santa Clara Co. Jime-Aug. Locs. — Petrified Forest, e. Sonoma Co., Jepson 20,959; Hope Valley, Sonoma Co., M. S. Baker 3041b; Hoods Peak, Michener 4' Bioletti; Rebecca ranch, se. of Calistoga, Jepson 20,962; Howell Mt., Napa Range, Jepson 1731 ; Napa Soda Sprs., ne. of Napa, Jepson 20,960 ; Adobe Creek, near Black Mt., Santa Clara Co., Pendleton 1483; Eva sta., e. slope Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson 20,961; New Almaden, Davy 380. Var. rosulata (Brand) Jepson comb. n. Stamens included. — Marin Co. (betw. West Point and Willow Camp, Mt. Tamalpais, K. Brandegee ; Big Carson, Eastwood) ; San Mateo Co. Refs. — Navarretia heterodoxa Greene, Pitt. 1:134 (1887) ; Jepson, Man. 791 (1925). Gilia heterodoxa Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 1:10 (1884), type loe. Calistoga (hills w.), Greene; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. ed. 1, 428 (1901), ed. 2, 333 (1911). G. viscidula Tar. heterodoxa Gray, Syn. Fl. ed. 2, 2:409 (1886). G. parvula Greene, Pitt. 1:72 (1887), type loc. Crystal Sprs., San Mateo Co., Greene. N. parvula Greene, Pitt. 1:134 (1887). Var. rosulata Jepson. N. rosulata Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4"° : 154, fig. 34 G-J (1907), type loc. San Anselmo, Marin Co., Eastwood. N. fallax Brand, I.e. 156 (1907), type loe. Belmont Lake, San Mateo Co., Alrams 2998. 21. N. atractyloides H. & A. Stems freely branched, stoutish, 2 to 8 (or 11) inches high, the branches short and spreading or procumbent; herbage villous- pubescent, more or less glandular, often somewhat purplish ; leaves rigidly coria- ceous, Y2 to 2^/4 inches long, the main body or raeliis oblong-lanceolate to ovate or linear, (1 or) 2 to 4 lines broad, the margin armed with subulate or aristate teeth or spines, the teeth or spines mostly remote or discrete; bracts similar to the leaves, very coriaceous and saliently spiny; calyx-lobes moderately unequal to very un- equal, ovate to lanceolate, cu.spidate, entire (or rarelj' some of the calyces with the larger lobes 3-toothed) ; corolla narrowly funnelform, purple, sometimes white or yellow, 7 'to 9 lines long; stamens included in or shortly exserted from coroUa- throat ; capsule-cells 4 to 10-seeded. Dry rocky or clay hills or sandy valleys, 20 to 1500 (or 4000) feet : Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; San Joaquin Valley from eastern Contra Costa Co. to Madera Co.; coastal Southern California. July. Note on variation. — While generally regarded as a variable unit Navarretia atractyloides as here conceived, sensu lato, is marked by certain fairly constant boundaries: (a) Its habit is uni- GUilA FAMILY 159 form in essentials, altliough tlie short branches are sometimes much congested, (b) It varies slightly in villosity; a state slightly more villous than the usual form is Navarretia hirsutissima Brand. No form of Navarretia atractyloides is, however, set off by a distinctive pubescence char- acter, (c) The corolla is usually purple, though occasionally white or yellow (var. flavida Jepson), which are not exceptional color variations amongst Polemoniaceous annuals, (d) The leaf de- velops marked eccentricities but the eccentricities lie within the limits of a fairly definite type. The leaf may vary much in one particular, namely in breadth, even on one individual ; the body or raehis varies from 1 to 4 lines in breadth and bears fine or coarse teeth or lobes, or it may be filiform with filiform lobes ; but with all this the subulate or aristate or lanceolate or spiny lobes follow a rather constant pattern. A special leaf form is discussed below. The preponderance of fundamental resemblances and the unimportant character of differences makes Navarretia atrac- tyloides one unit as here described. Locs.- — Coast Eanges: Hupa, n. Humboldt Co., Davy 5870; Trinity Eiver Valley near the South Fork, Tracy 7206; Hyampum, Trinity Co., Chesnut ^ Drew; Epperson road sta., Bear Valley, sw. Colusa Co., K. Brandegee; Kelseyville, Lake Co., Jepson 15,028; Santa Cruz (n. of), Jepson 9778; Gilroy (w. of), Jepson 21,018; Monterey, Jepson 21,017; San Miguelito rancho, Jolon, Jepson 1627; Santa Margarita, Condit ; San Luis Obispo, Jared. San Joaquin Valley: Antioch, K. Brandegee ; Madera, Buckminster. Coastal S. Cal.: Santa Eita sandhills, Lompoc, Condit; Water Canon, Santa Eosa Isl., Eartwell 791; Prisoners Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl., Jepson 12,076 ; betw. Glendale and Burbank, Braunton 898 ; Claremont, Chandler ; San Bernardino, Parish 2001; Eamona, n. San Diego Co., K. Brandegee; Dulzura, San Diego Co., Howell 2966; Witch Creek, San Diego Co., Alderson. A marked but inconstant leaf form is var. hamata (Greene) Jepson: leaves mostly small, the raehis varying from filiform to 1 line broad with spreading spines, the three terminal spines divaricate or often spreading horizontally. — It occurs within the range of the species as follows : Judsonville, Contra Costa Co., K. Brandegee ; Pacific Grove, Heller 6782 (passing into the ordi- nary form) ; Oak Park, San Luis Obispo, E. P. Vnangst; San Marcos Pass, Santa Ynez Mts., Hoffmann; Santa Catalina Isl., T. Brandegee ; Eainbow, San Diego Co., Parish 4466; Escondido, Chandler 5353; Del Mar, San Diego Co., Jepson 1609; San Diego, Orcutt 1454. The two first cited specimens show leaf forms intermediate to the usual leaf form. Plants from the Pajaro Hills, n. Monterey Co., Chandler 378, exhibit both the leaf types usual to N. atractyloides and that leaf type characteristic of var. hamata, even on one individual. The plants from this station are worthy of comment in that the ovate spiny-margined base of the leaf is contracted at apex into a narrow peduncle-like process which bears at apex a circle of 3 horizontally divergent spines equally spaced. So much for the variable var. hamata. Contrariwise, collections referable to N. atractyloides may bear occasional leaves with the shape and spine-pattern of var. hamata. Eefs. — Navaebetia atractyloides H. & A., Bot. Beech. 368 (1840) ; Jepson, Man. 791 (1925). Aegochloa atractyloides Benth., Bot. Eeg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. Gilia atractyloides Steud., Norn. Bot. ed. 2, 1:683 (1840); Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 428 (1901), ed. 2, 333 (1911). N. foliacea Greene, Pitt. 1:138 (1887), type loc. San Diego, Orcutt. N. atrac- tyloides var. foliacea Jepson, Man. 791 (1925). N. hirs^ltissima Brand in Engler, Pflzr. 4-™:153 (1907), type from Cal., Palmer 4091A, and N. macrantha Brand, I.e. 154 (1907), type loc. between Foster and Eamona, San Diego Co., Abrams 3765, are perhaps other synonyms. A', atractyloides var. flavida Jepson, Man. 791 (1925), type loc. North Fork San Gabriel Eiver, Peirson. Var. HAMATA Jepson, Man. 791 (1925). N. hamata Greene, Pitt. 1:139 (1887), type loc. Guadalupe Mt., L. Cal., Orcutt. 22. N. viscidula Benth. (Fig. 377.) Stem erect, divaricately or somewhat proliferously branched, sometimes spreading or subprostrate, sometimes dwarfish and simple, 1 to 8 (or 10) inches high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves % to 2^2 inches long, narrow, the lower with slender or filiform raehis and remote filiform lobes, the upper with broader raehis and remote short-subulate lobes; bracts little dilated, palmately parted, the lobes incisely toothed or entire, or ovate with 1 or 2 laciuiate teeth on each side; calyx-lobes entire (very rarely the longer lobe with one tooth), the longer lobes as long or longer than the calyx-tube; corolla blue- purple or rose-purple, rather large (5 to 7 lines long) , l^/^ to 2 times as long as the calyx, the limb 2 lines broad, its lobes elliptic; stamens exserted from coroUa-throat ; capsule-cells 1 to 6-seeded. Rocky slopes, sandy flats or sun-baked clays of low hills, plains or valleys, 100 to 2100 feet : North Coast Eanges, mostly back of the coast, from Humboldt Co. to western Solano Co. and Marin Co.; Contra Costa Co.; Sacramento Valley, mostly on its rolling plains ; Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta Co. to Tulare Co. and the bordering rolling margins of the Great Valley plains. May- Aug. 160 POLEMONIACEAE v'IpF' N ', Biol. note. — Variability in branching or the lack of it characterizes Nararretia viscidula to some considerable degree. Most commonly it is 3 to 5 inches high and divaricately branched, though sometimes the stem is simple. Under favorable soil conditions this divaricate type of branching becomes highly developed, as on the rich loam soil of alluvial fans at mouths of caiions. In such habitats luxuriant states are produced; the stems are several from the base, -n-idely diver- gent or decumbent and form plants 10 to 15 inches broad, with peduncle-like divaricate branches terminating usually in a single head. Plants of this sort (Gates Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 15,033) in habit and aspect recall vigorous plants of Trifolium tridentatum. Under unfavorable moisture and soil conditions of a given season, extensive colonies are reduced to dwarfs 1 or 2 inches high with a single unbranched axis and one terminal head of flowers. The rolling foothills between Valley Springs and Burson, Calaveras County, provide a characteristic habitat for this dwarf state, which, in the latter half of May, occurs so abundantly on the very hard gravelly red soil as to impart a red-purple flush to the country — a vegetation stand all the more marked since usually consisting, at this season, of only this species. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Alder Point, Humboldt Co., Tracy 4732; White Thorn Valley, s. Humboldt Co., Tracy 5036; betw. Potter Valley and Travelers Home, Mendo- cino Co., Jepson 20,954; Windsor, Sonoma Co., Jepson 9298; St. Helena, Jepson 2347; Gates Canon, Vaca Mts., Jepson 15,033; Cordelia, v.: Solano Co., Jepson 1741; Shellville, s. Sonoma Co., Bioletti ; Ross Valley, Marin Co., Jepson 15,029. Contra Costa Co.: Walnut Creek, Greene. Sacramento Valley: Hawes ranch, lower Cow Creek, Shasta Co., Blartlinship ; Cottonwood, Shasta Co., Howell 12,232; Jellys Ferry, Tehama Co., Jepson 18,981; Chico (5 mi. n.), Heller 11,427; Cannon sta., Solano Co., Jepson 15,034. Sierra Nevada foothills and the near bor- ders of the Great Valley plain: Auburn, Placer Co., K. Brandegee ; betw. Salmon Falls and Pilot Hill, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee ; lone, Amador Co., Hoover 2422 ; Bur- son, Calaveras Co., Jepson 9938; Columbia, Tuolumne Co., Chesnut 4" Drew; La Grange, Stanislaus Co., Jepson 15,030 ; Snelling, Merced Co., Hoover 592 ; Sanger, Fresno Co., Condit; Rogers Valley, n. of Auberry, Fresno Co., Jepson 12,880 ; Sand Creek Valley, e. of Orange Cove, Tulare Co., Hoover 2580 ; Watson Spr., North Fork Ka- weah River, Jepson 583 ; Middle Tule River, Tulare Co., Purpus 5612. Ref s. — Navarretia viscmtrLA Benth., PI. Hartw. 324 (1848), type loc. "in montibus Sacramento" (that is, un- doubtedly, in n. Sierra Nevada foothills), Hartweg 388; Jepson, Man. 791, fig. 770 (1925). Gilia viscidula Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:271 (1870) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 429 (1901), ed. 2, 333 (1911). N. pur- purea Greene; Brand in Engler, Pflzr. 4"'': 156 (1907), type loc. Middle Fork, Amador Co., Hansen 130. N. riscidida var. purpurea Jepson, Man. 792 (1925). (?) N. macgregorii Brand, Ann. Conserv. et Jard. Bot. Geneve 15-16:339 (1913), type loc. Water Canon, Tehachapi Mts., Abram-s ^ McGregor 498; teeth of bracts hyaline-margined; calyx-tube hyaline (ex char.). Fig. 377. Navarretia viscidula Benth. o, habit, X 1 ; 6, bract, X 2 ; c, long. sect, of fl., X 2. 5. HUGELIA Benth. Herbs lauate when young;, not at all glandular. Leaves or their simple divisions linear or filiform and rigid. Flowers crowded into capitate leafy-bracted clusters. Bracts 3 to 5-cleft, these and the calyces densely woollj^-matted. Calyx-lobes sub- ulate, pungent. Corolla salverform. Stamens commonly exserted ; anthers deeply sagittate. Capsule many-seeded or in some species 3 to 6-seeded. Seed-coats chang- ing under water.- — Species 9, western North America. (Baron Charles de Hugel of Vienna. ) Tax. note.- — The genus Hugelia Benth. was published in the Botanical Register (sub t. 1622) in 1833. It has a prior homonym in Hugelia Rcichenb., a genus of Umbelliferae, published in Reichenbaeh's Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis in 1828 and now referred to Didiscus by Engler and Prantl (Nat. Pflzfam. 3':120, — 1898). The only other name available for this Polemoniaceous genus is Welwitschia Reichenb. (1837), but its homonym, Welwitsehia Hook. (1862), has been conserved under the International Rules of Nomenclature for a South African Guetaceous genus GILIA FAMILY 161 (also known as Tumboa Welw., 1861). See Nomina Conserranda List, Kew Bull. 1921:326. Hugelia Benth. is, therefore, the only published name at present available for designating this Polemoniaceous genus and its inclusion in the next Nomina Conservanda supplement to the Inter- national Eules of Botanical Nomenclature is expected. Perennial (woody-based) ; corolla 2 to 3 times longer than calyx; South Coast Eanges and s. Sierra Nevada to S. Cal 1. S. densifolia. Annuals. Anthers % to 1 line long, strongly sagittate, well-exserted from corolla-throat ; corolla bright blue or yellow. Stamens inserted in sinuses of corolla ; corolla-tube 2 to 3 times as long as calyx ; San Joaquin VaUey and bounding ranges and vp. Mohave Desert 2. B. pluriflora. Stamens inserted at base of corolla-throat; corolla- tube about as long to 2 times as long as calyx. Corolla bilabiate, the tube 1% to 2 times as long as calyx; stamens unequal; heads terminal on the branchlets of the diffusely or dichotomously branched plants; leaves pinnately 3 to 7-cleft; outer bracts mostly pinnately 3 to 5-cleft 3. H. eremica. Corolla regxiiar, the tube about as long as the calyx ; stamens subequal ; heads mostly racemosely disposed, sometimes corymbose, 2 to 6 lines broad ; leaves fili- form, entire or with only 1 (rarely 2) pair of lobes at the base ; outer bracts palmately 3 to 5-cleft. Corolla yellow ; Monterey Co. to Orange Co., near coast line 4. H. hitea. CoroUa dark-blue, the throat yellow; Monterey Co. to cismontane S. Cal. and Mohave Desert 5. H. virgaia. Anthers % to ^2 line long, oval or not conspicuously sagittate, mostly included or only shortly exserted from corolla-throat ; corolla light-blue to white, its tube not exceeding the calyx, its lobes Yi to % as long as corolla-tube and throat. Corolla 3*4 to 7 lines long, the throat yellowish. Plants erect, the stems white-tomentulose or glabrate ; bracts mostly straight; corolla 1*4 to 1% times as long as calyx; widely distributed, both cismontane and transmontane 6. S. filifolia. Plants diffusely or divaricately branched, the stems wiry, red-brown, glabrous ; bracts or their lobes curved; corolla little or not at all exceeding calyx; Mohave and Colorado deserts 7. H. diffusa. Corolla 2 to 3 lines long, the throat not yellowish. Corolla pure white, bilabiate or regular; bracts dull green, tomentose below; leaves entire; San Joaquin Valley S.H. hooveri. Corolla white or pale blue, not bilabiate; bracts bright intense green (contrasting strongly with the white matted wool on lower part) ; leaves pinnately 3 to 5-divided; Lake Co. and Santa Cruz Mts 9. H. abramsii. 1. H. densifolia Benth. Stems many, tufted on a much-branelied woody root- crown, erect, simple or branched above, 5 to 14 inches (or 2 feet) high; herbage lanate-tomeutose when young, glabrate in age; leaves i/i to 2i/4 inches long, the rachis or body narrowly linear, bearing 1 to 3 (or 5) pairs of lobes, the lobes lan- ceolate or short-subulate, spinulose-tipped, sometimes the rachis with only a single pair or two pairs of lobes towards the base (the upper elongated linear or linear- lanceolate part of the leaf thus entire), rarely the leaf wholly entire; flowers in dense terminal clusters, the clusters variable in size but often markedly capitate (1/4 or 1/4 to 11/2 inches broad), the foliaceous bracts and the calyces implexed- woolly; corolla deep blue, 5 to 10 lines long, its lobes oblong, 2 to 21/0 lines long. Dry chaparral slopes or mesas or sandy flats, 1000 to 7000 (or 8500) feet : south Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; cismontane Southern California from Santa Barbara Co. and northern Ventura Co. to San Diego Co. ; Tehachapi Mts. ; southern Sierra Nevada in Kern and Inyo Cos. South to Lower California. June-Sept. Note on variation. — Hugelia densifolia represents an unstable aggregate. There is much variation in habit, in persistence of pubescence, in leaf lobation and in size of the flower heads, the range in size of heads being to a considerable degree associated with the degree of branching. The leaves vary in length and in width of rachis and as to the number, position and discreteness of the lobes and size of the lobes. The coast line of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties is the habitat of a form of the species with non-rigid leaves: the rachises of the leaves are very narrow (% to % line wide), especially on the basal leaves, and the 1, 2 or 3 pairs of lobes are mostly set below the middle or sub-basal. Sometimes the lobes are reduced to one tooth-like sub- 162 POLEMONIACEAE basal pair, or again the leaves may be quite entire. A conspicuous feature is the fascicles of short leaves in the axils along the stems. This form of the coast line corresponds fairly well to a speci- men collected by David Douglas, a part of the original Douglas collection of Hugelia densifolia made in California (Herb. Univ. Cal., the contemporaneous label bearing the citation "Bot. Eeg. t. 1622" and "Hort. Soc. 1833"). Douglas was sent to California by the London Horticultural Society. He journeyed by land from Monterey to Los Angeles and although he doubtless made an expedition to the inner Coast Eange, it is probable, indeed practically certain, that the type of Hugelia densifolia was collected by him along the coast line. Coast line collections of this typical form from San Luis Obispo Co. to Santa Barbara Co. may be cited: Morro, Hoadliouse ; Santa Maria, Bloclnnan; Lompoc, Hoffmann. In the Blochman collection (as occasionally in this coast line form), flowers or flower heads are developed on short branehlets arising from the buds of the axillary fascicles (thus simulating H. virgata). There is, however, in coast liue forms every shade of intergrade from the form with the leafy fascicles just described to a form with weak buds in the leaf -axils or mth naked axils. The form with weak axillary fascicles corresponds to the Douglas collection described by Bentham under the name Hugelia elongata, as evidenced by a Douglas collection (Univ. Cal. Herb., contemporaneous label, with citation of "Bot. Eeg. 1622" and "Hort. Soc. 1833"). This form is in reality a part of a series and is in this sense indistin- guishable from the coast line form with axillary leaf fascicles and occasional small lateral heads as noted above, which chances to represent the botanical or formal type. The presence of lateral as well as terminal flower clusters is not significant, since such a condition may break out at various interior stations of the "elongata" form (Banning, Gilman 746) ; such plants differ only slightly from the "elongata" form. Moreover, a terminal head is sometimes replaced by a corymbose cluster of small heads which approximates in form the development of lateral heads from lateral leafy buds. In the "elongata" form 1 or 2 pairs of lobes are usually set below the middle of the leaf -rachis or sub-basally set, with the terminal lobe or rachis much elongated, entire and gladiate. The range of the species may be validated as follows. South Coast Eanges: mts. of Santa Clara Co. (Greene, Man. Eeg. S. F. Bay 249) ; "Vancouver Pinnacles (6 mi. n.), San Benito Co., Howell 11,524; Tassajara road, Santa Lucia Mts., Hall 10,077; Callender, San Luis Obispo Co., Cooper 157; Estrella, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared. Cismontane S. Cal.: Casmalia, Santa Barbara Co., Cooper 244; Big Pine Mt., San Eafael Mts., Hoffmann; Mono Flat, upper Santa Inez Eiver, A. L. Grant 1688; Cuddy Canon, Mt. Piiios, H. # M. Hearing 1383; Aliso Canon, Santa Monica Mts., Barber 192; Mt. Wilson, Peirson 521; Mt. San Antonio, San Gabriel Mts., Abrams 2682; San Bernardino, S. B. # W. F. Parish; Santa Ana Eiver near Eedlands, Parish; Banning, If. F. Gilman 746 ; Saunder's Mdw., San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer 622 ; Hemet Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Orcutt ; Laguna Mts., Cleveland ; Jacumba, San Diego Co., Cleveland. Eanges on south side Mohave Des- ert: Black Eock, near Warrens Well, Epling 4" Sobison; Eock Creek, n. slope San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 482. Southern Sierra Nevada: Kern Co. (Greenhorn Summit, C. N. Smith 35; Pahute Peak, Purpus 5087 ; Onyx, Voegelin) ; Inyo Co. (Bishop, Almeda Nordyke; Kcarsage Mill, Jepson 902 ; Independence, Aliee Rhine; Hunters Flat, Otto Renner 66; Cottonwood Creek, near Tknosea Peak, Jepson 5091). Within the range of the species occur three phases described as varieties. All of these inter- grade numerously to the usual form but each has some geographic significance, and intergradation is mainly on the borders and not ■within the limits of the most marked areal development in each case. Var. mohavensis (Craig) Jepson comb. n. Plants low (3 to 11 inches high) ; herbage white- lanate; leaves % to 1 (or 2) inches long, with 1 to 3 pairs of tooth-like lobes; heads many to numerous. — Sandy flats or sand dunes, 2000 to 4000 feet: Inyo Co. (Independence) ; Mohave Des- ert (Kelso; Eedrock Canon; Muroc; Lancaster, — all ace. Bull. Torr. Club 64:392-3). Var. sanctanun (Mlkn.) Jepson. Herbage and heads densely white-woolly; corolla longer (1 to 1% inches long). — San Bernardino Valley (San Bernardino, Parish 4178; MUl Creek, Lem- mon; Santa Ana Eiver betw. Eedlands and Highlands, F. M. Eeed 3107). Var. austromontana (Craig) Jepson comb. n. Stems rather densely leafy; herbage mostly subglabrate; leaves mostly shorter than the prevailing form (% to 1 inch long), the 2 to 4 pairs of lobes equally spaced on the rachis as a rule, the terminal lobe thus short. — Montane, 4000 to 6000 feet: Lake Arrowhead, San Bernardino Mts., Braunton 1065; San Jacinto Mts., Gilman 747 ; Dos Palmos Spr., near Pinyon Flat, Santa Eosa Mts., Mum 15,105 ; Palomar Mt., Chandler 5372; Laguna Mts., Cleveland. Though there is, in a sense, so much of variation in this species group, it should be noted that variational differences have here been emphasized. The features common to this species are marked — so well marked as to unite the entire representation of it in one species unit with dis- tinctive characteristics. It is seldom, indeed almost never, that a misdetermination is found in collections of Hugelia densifolia. Eefs.— Hugelia densifolia Benth., Bot. Eeg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Houalas; Jepson, Man. 792 (1925). Giliu densifolia Benth.; DC, Prodr. 9:311 (1845) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 427 (1901), cd. 2, 332 (1911). Navarretia densifolia Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4==0:165 (1907). Gilia hugelia Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1:683 (1840). H. elongata Benth., Bot. Eeg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. Gilia elongata Steud., I.e. G. densifolia var. elongata GILIA FAMILY 163 Brand, I.e. Navarretia densifolia subsp. elongata Brand, I.e. Var. mohavensis Jepson. Gilia densifolia var. molmvensis Craig, Bull. Torr. Club, 61:392 (1934), type loe. betw. Rosamond and Mohave, Craig 1360. Var. sajjctarum Jepsou, Man. 792 (1925). Gilia densifolia var. sanctarum Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:39 (1904), type loc. Santa Ana River near Riverside, Hnll 683. G. densifolia var. longiflora Gray, in herb. Var. austromontana Jepson. Gilia densifolia var. austromontana Craig, I.e. 61:391, type loc. Nellie, Palomar Mt., Mum 8341. Eugelia densifolia subsp. austromontana Ewan, Bull. Torr. Club 64:520 (1937). 2. H. pluriflora Ewan. Stem erect, mostly simple below and branched above, 5 to 9 inches high; leaves % to I14 inches long, shortly petioled or subsessile, pin- nately divided into 3 to 7 filiform or subulate segments, the segments remote; heads few to many, densely tomentose, (^,4 or) V2 to mostly 1 inch broad; bracts pinnately divided ; calyx-lobes inconspicuously margined ; corolla almost salverform or the tube slightly funnelform, vivid blue, 6 to 9 lines long, its tube and throat 2 to 4 times as long as calyx, hairy on the inside; corolla- throat blue or yellow; stamens inserted in the corolla-sinuses, exserted from throat. Sandy flats in the valleys and mountains, 100 to 6000 feet : San Joaquin Valley plain and its bordering foothills and ranges, that is, inner South Coast Range from Alameda Co. to northeastern Santa Barbara Co., Sierra Nevada (mostly in the foothills) from Mariposa Co. to Kern Co., and Tehachapi Mts.; western Mohave Desert. May-Aug. Loes. — South Coast Ranges : Corral Hollow, e. Alameda Co., Brewer 1212 ; Cholame Valley, se. Monterey Co., Lemmon; Estrella, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared; Carrizo plain, se. San Luis Obispo Co., KecTi 2808. Santa Barbara Co.: upper Cuyama Valley, Munz 11,416. San Joaquin Valley: betw. Mossdale School and Atlanta, Jepson 15,048; Livingston, Merced Co., Congdon; Kettleman plain. Kings Co., Jepson 12,172; Edison, Kern Co., Boover 666; Taft, Kern Co., Hoffmann. Sierra Nevada: Mariposa, Dodd; betw. Huntington Lake and Caseada, A. L. Grant 1397; Big Creek, Fresno Co., Jepson 13,121; Dunlap, s. Fresno Co., Eastuwod; betw. Halstead ranch and Davis ranch, North Fork Kaweah River, Jepson 567; Alder Creek, Tulare Co., TV. Fry 342; upper Grouse Valley, Tulare Co., Jepson 4712; Middle Tule River, Purpus 1355; Poso Creek, Greenhorn Mts., Kern Co., C. N. Smith 191. Tehachapi Mts. : near Caliente, Davy 1939 ; Ft. Tejon, Parish 1897. Mt. Piiios region: Ballinger Caiion, ne. Santa Barbara Co., H. ^ M. Dearing 1384. Western Mohave Desert: Lancaster, K. Brandcgee. Refa. — HuGELiA pluriflora Ewan, Bull. Torr. Club 64:520 (1937). Gilia pluriflora Hel., Muhl. 2:113 (1906), resting on G. virguta var. florihunda Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:272 (1870), type from Cal., Fitch; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 426 (1901), ed. 2, 331 (1911). Navarretia virgata var. florihunda Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-'°:168 (1907). Gilia brauntonii Jepson & Mason, in Jepson, Flora of the Econ. Plants Cal. 130 (1924), resting on Gilia virgata var. floribunda Gray. Hugclia brauntonii Jepson & Mason, in Jepson, Man. 793 (1925). For Giba virgata var. flori- bunda. Gray mentions three collectors, but the collection of Fitch as the first cited, may well be taken as the type. During the 1870s and later Fitch collected at various places in central Cali- fornia. He was for some time at Stockton, near which place, in that early day, the plant described by Gray as Gilia virgata var. floribunda was abundant. The plant called Gilia sherman-hoytae Craig (Bull. Torr. Club 61:415, — 1934), type loc. 10 mi. s. of Muroc, w. Mohave Desert, Mum 4" Craig 12,925 (isotyp. vidi), is not distinguishable by any definite character from Hugelia pluri- flora. Variation in size of flower heads is continuous. The type of Gilia sherman-hoytae consists mostly of unbranched plants which seem to represent a depauperate phase of Hugelia pluriflora. 3. H. eremica Jepson. Stems many from the base, diffusely and often dicho- tomously branched, 4 to 6 inches high ; leaves 5 to 9 lines long, pinnately divided into (3 or) 5 to 7 short linear lobes, or the short lateral lobes approximate and sub- basal with the terminal lobe elongated ; heads small, numerous, 2 to 5 lines broad, densely woolly; outer bracts pinnately divided; corolla violet or lavender, ly.y to 2 times as long as the calyx, its lobes bilabiately arranged, usually with 3 lobes in upper lip, and 2 lobes spreading right and left as a lower lip; stamens unequal, exserted from corolla-throat, the filaments inserted at base of throat ; capsule about 6 to 9-seeded. Sandy flats and mesas, 300 to 5000 feet : Inj^o Co. ; eastern and central Mohave Desert; valleys and mountains on the west borders of the Colorado Desert. East to Nevada and Arizona, south to Lower California. June. Note on bilabiation. — The corolla in Hugelia eremica is thought to be generally bilabiate, but not constantly of one form. Wliile there are usually 3 lobes in the upper lip and 2 in the lower 164 POLEMONIACEAE one, sometimes 4 lobes go to form the upper lip and only 1 the lower. The cleft between the lobes of the lower Up is usually deeper than the clefts in the upper lip or between the upper lip and lower lip. At Cima, in the eastern Mohave Pesert, this species is frequent on the Ivanpah Valley floor. The plants at that locality exhibit chiefly two marked corolla patterns: (1) upper lip of corolla with 4 lobes, the 2 uppermost lobes of the 4 forming a pair and marked alike with a purple pattern, the 2 lateral lobes of the 4 forming a pair with a common color pattern, while the lower lip, consisting of a single lobe, is destitute of a color pattern; (2) sometimes the single lobe of the lower lip "captures" a lateral lobe of the upper lip, in which case the corolla consists of an upper lip of 3 lobes all marked alike and a lower lip with 2 lobes colored or marked alike. On the sandy plain about Essex, on the southeast side of the Providence Mts., where this species is abun- dant, the corolla appears to be uniformly with 3 lobes in the upper lip and 2 in the lower, and without color patterns. Sometimes, apparently, there are colonies in wliich the corolla is sub- regular or only obscurely bilabiate. Locs. — Inyo Co.: Crag Canon, Grapevine Mts., Gilman 3268; Darwin Mesa, Otto Benner 8; Panamint Valley, Parish 10,162; Coso Hot Sprs., Coso Mts., C. N. Smith 148. Mohave Dosert: Essex, Jepson 18,160; Mitchell Caverns, Providence Mts., Mary heal 520; Cima, Ivanpah Valley, Jepson 15,838; betw. Halloran Sprs. and Windmill road sta., Jepson 15,809; Ord Mt., Jepson 5929; Calico Wash, Calico Mts., Jepson 5414; Barstow, Jepson 5368; Amargo, Jepson 15,773; Babbit Sprs., Parish. Colorado Desert and west-bordering ranges: Whitewater bridge, San Gor- gonio Pass, jepson 12,643; Palm Springs (of Mt. San Jacinto), Jepsnn 8915; Vandeventer Flat, S.anta Rosa Mts., Jepson 1418 ; Borrego Valley, C. V. Meyer 395 ; Wagon Wash near Sentenac Canon, Jepson 12,495 ; San Felipe Narrows, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 12,533. Eefs. — HcGELiA EREMICA Jepson, Man. 793 (1925), type loc. Calico Wash, ne. of Barstow, Jepson 5414. Navarretia densifoUa var. jacumliana Brand, Ann. Conserv. et Jard. Bot. Geneve, 15-16:340 (1913), type loc. Jacumba, San Diego Co., Abrams 3640. 4. H. lutea Bentli. Stem erect, nearly simple or branched from the base, 2 to 7 inches high; herbage araehnoid-tomeuto.se or glabra te, the heads woolly; leaves linear, entire or with 1 or 2 short lobes at base, ^/^ to 1^/4 inches long ; heads tending to be racemose or capitately disposed ; corolla bright yellow, salverform, 4 to 5 lines long, its lobes narrow-ovate, nearly as long as the tube ; ovary-cells 1 or 2-ovnled. Hillslopes, 500 to 3000 feet : Monterey Co. and southward to the Santa Ana Mts., Orange Co., in valleys or caiions just behind the outer coastal ranges. May-Jime. Locs. — San Miguelito rancho near Jolon, Monterey Co., Jepson 1629 ; betw. Nacimiento River and Gorda, Monterey Co., E. Brandegee; Santa Lucia Mts., n. of San Luis Obispo, Lemmon ; Highland School, nw. of Pozo, San Luis Obispo Co., Eendrix; Ravenna, Los Angeles Co., K, Bran- degee; Santiago Peak, Santa Ana Mts., Mum 7103. Eefs. — HuGELiA LUTEA Benth., Bot. Reg. sub 1. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas; Jepson, Man. 792 (1925). Navarretia lutea Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=""'':168 (1907). Gilia lutescens Steud.; Benth. in DC, Prodr. 9:311 (1845) ; not Gilia lutea Steud. (1840). 5. H. virgata Benth. Monterey Gilia. Stem mostly erectly branched from the base or sometimes simple and erect, 5 to 15 inches high; herbage more or less tomentose when young but soon glabrate or nearly so; leaves filiform, entire or the uppermost with a pair of short lobes at base, Yo to 1% inches long; flowers in rather large (9 to 11 lines long) broadly turbinate heads, the heads 6 to 8-flowered, ter- minal or borne along the stem or branches in the leaf-axils and either subsessile or on short or long branchlets ; body of the heads 5 to 12 lines broad, conspicuously surpassed by aU or some of the lobes of the palmately 3 to 5-divided bracts ; bracts and calyces densely woolly; calyx-lobes markedly membranous-margined (as also in all the vars.) ; corolla tubular-funnelform, blue (the throat yellow), 7 to 9 lines long, the throat scarcely exceeding the subulate calj'x-lobes; corolla-lobes % to as long as the corolla-tube and -throat; stamens about equal, exserted from the corolla- throat, the filaments inserted at base of throat ; anthers 1 line long. Sand dunes or sandy flats, 5 to 90 feet : shores of Monterey Bay. May-June. The corolla-lobes are sometimes iri-egularly disposed. Locs. — Pajaro Hills, Chandler 454; Seaside sta.. Heller 6753; near Monterey, Breioer 642. Var. dasyantha (Brand) Jepson. Stems one or several from the base, simple and erect or much branched and diffuse, 5 to 14 inches high, the heads borne along the axes on short branchlets and thus racemosely or virgately disposed, or the branches much elongated, repeatedly branched and thus corymbose; leaves filiform, all entire or the uppermost with 1 (or 2) pair of teeth or short lobes near the base; heads small (5 to 6 lines long) and mostly rather narrow (the body GUilA FAMILY 165 2 to 3 lines wide), 2 to 5-flowered (or a few 1-flowered), the bracts mostly palmately divided, exceeding the body of the heads; corolla 5 to 6 lines long, its tube glabrous inside, slightly or not at all exceeding the calyx; stamens inserted at base of corolla-throat. — Dry valley floors and low canons, 50 to 2000 feet: Monterey Co.; cismontane Southern California from Ventura Co. to San Diego Co. June. Does. — South Coast Ranges : Carmel Valley, nw. Monterey Co., M. 4" E. Ferguson 254 ; Cho- lame Valley, se. Monterey Co., Lemmon. Cismontane S. Cal.: Santa Susanna Pass, Ventura Co., F. G-rinnell; Decker Canon, Santa Monica Mts., H. '':116 (1907). Var. texana Jepson. Cal- listeris texana Greene, Lflts. 1:160 (1905), type loc. Guadalupe Mts., w. Tex., V. Havard. G. ag- gregata var. bridgesii Jepson, Man. 794 (1925), as to Mohave Desert plants; not Gray. Fig. 379. Gilia aggregata Spr. a, lower part of plant; b, infl. X 1%. GILIA FAMILY 175 2. G. congesta Hook. Stems few to many, simple or branelied, erect or ascend- ing, 2 to 10 inches liigli; herbage sparingly villons or somewhat floccose-villons; leaves pinnately (rarely bipinnately) divided into 4 to 7 lobes but frequently with only o lobes, the lobes linear, revolnte-margined, cuspidate, 1 to 3 lines long, often crowded at the end of the dilated petiole; flowers in dense bracteate capitate clus- ters, the clusters 5 to 7 lines broad, solitary and terminal or 2 to 5 and corymbosely arranged ; calyx about equaling the corolla-tube, its lobes linear, cuspidate, villous- pubescent, about % as long as the tube; corolla short-sal verform, white, 21/^ to 3 lines long, its tube 1V1> lines long and the lobes about as long; stamens evidently but not con- spicuously exserted, the filaments inserted in the corolla-sinuses; capsule oval, about 1 line long, 1 to 3-seeded; seed-coats changing when wet fed. Dry ridges and Hats or plateaus, mainly transmontane, 2500 to 8000 feet : Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Modoc Co. and eastern Sis- kiyou Co. ; North Coast Ranges in western Sis- kiyou Co. East to Colorado and Montana, north to Idaho and Washington. June-Aug. Locs. — Northern Sierra Nevada : Truckce, Nevada Co. (Am. .Tour. Bot. 23:438) ; Pine Creek, Lassen Co., M. S. Baker: Thousand Lakes Basin, ne. Shasta Co., Peirsnn 10,201; Forestdale, Modoc Co., M. S. Bakrr ; Mt. Bidwell, Warner Mts., Manning 345. Western Sis- kiyou Co.: Montague, T. Brandegec; Marble Mt., Chan- dler 1G66. Such collections represent the loose form of mostly lower altitudes. It intergrades freely into the congested high montane (probably environmental) form described as follows : Var. montana Constance & Rollins. Caespitoso plant, the leaf -rosettes of sterile shoots forming matted cushions.— High montane (8500 to 12,000 feet) in the northern Sierra Nevada on easterly sunimit.s, slopes or plateaus from Mono Co. to Shasta Co., and also on the east side (transmontane) from Inyo Co. to Modoc Co.: Waucoba Canon, Inyo Mts. (Am. .Tour. Bot. 23:440); McAfee Mdw., White Mts., Diiran 558; Sonora Pass, Brewer 1883; Silver Mt., Alpine Co., Brewer 2053; Srju.aw Peak, Placer Co., C. J. Fox Jr.; Castle Peak, Nevada Co., Sonne; Lassen Peak, Lemmon 1203; Squaw Peak, Warner Mts., L. S. Smith 1052. East to Washoe Co., Nev., and north to Klamath and Harney Cos., Ore. Refs. — GiLiA CONGESTA Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. 2:75 (1838), type loc. "sandy plains of the Co- lumbia" River, Douglas; Jepson, Man. 794 (1925). Var. Montana Constance & Rollins, Am. Jour. Bot. 23:439 (1930). G. montana Nels. & Kenn., Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash. 19:37 (190C), typo loc. summit of Mt. Rose, Washoe Co., Nov., Kennedy 1170. G. c.onqesta subsp. palmifrons Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=^0:122, fig. 26 (1907), Camp Harney, c. Ore., Cusich 809. 3. G. leptalea Greene. (Fig. 380.) Stemfreely and divaricately, often dicho- tomously branched or sometimes simple, erect, 2 to 12 inches (or to 2% feet) high, tke leaves scanty, all cauline, the lowest pairs of leaves opposite but these early dis- appearing; herbage glabrate to puberulent, microscopically glandular; leaves sub- filiform or narrowly linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire (very rarely incised), 1/2 to IVi inches long, mostly Vj to i is (or 1) line wide, often somewhat fascicled; flowers diffusely cymose, borne on filiform pedicels 2 to 10 lines long; calyx li/j to 2 lines long, its lobes ^2 to as long as the tube, the hyaline intervals broad ; corolla rose to purple or magenta, funnelform, 4 to 9 lines long, the tube very narrow, dilated into a large throat; throat light or whitish, often with blue markings, the tube yellowish ; stamens included or exserted, more or less unequal, the filaments inserted in the corolla-throat ; capsule oblong, its cells 2 to 4-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted. Fig. 380. GiLiA LEPTALEA Greene. a, habit, X Yi; b, &., X 2; c, long. sect, of fl., X 2. 176 POLEMONUCEAE Sandy open slopes, sandy flats or forest swales in the mountains or in glacial valleys, (2000 or) 4000 to 9000 feet, common : North Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Lake Co. ; Sierra Nevada from eastern Siskiyou Co. to Tulare Co. June- Aug. Geog. note. — One of the most abundant species of the Transition and Canadian zones in the Sierra Nevada is Gilia leptalea. The plants, developing in the montane spring of June and July, are usually only 1 to 2 or 3 inches high, but occur in countless millions of individuals, color lightly the opens here and there, empurple broad aisles in the forest and form marked colonies in the gla- cial valleys. It is vastly more abundant than Gilia capillaris which is relatively infrequent. Sometimes the lower leaves are sparingly toothed. Locs. — North Coast Ranges: Hyampnm, Trinity Co., Chesnut 4" Drew; Buck Mt., Hum- boldt Co., Tracy 2920 ; betw. Castle Peak and Middle Eel River, ne. Mendocino Co., Jepson 15,082 ; Middle Creek, base of Elk Mt., nw. Lake Co., Jepson 15,085; Glenbrook, sw. Lake Co., Jepson 15,084; Mt. St. Helena (n. side), Tracy 2242. Sierra Nevada: Mt. Shasta, F. W. Morse; Dana, ne. Shasta Co., Jepson 5754; Martin Sprs., Eagle Lake, Brown •$■ Wieslander 86; betw. La Loma and Little Summit, Butte Co., Heller 11,590 ; Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., Fritz 4" Harris; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson 21,241 ; French Mdw?., Middle Fork American River, Placer Co., L. S. Smith 1679; Glen Alpine Sprs., Eldorado Co., Ottley 781; Cascade Creek, Middle Stanislaus River, Jepson C526; Calaveras Grove, Jepson 10,078; Rodgers Creek, Tuolumne River, Jepson 33S7; Mather, near Hetch-Hetchy, Jepson 4619; Yosemite, Jepson 21,067; Devils Postpile, Madera Co., A. L. Grant 1557; Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1463; J. O. Pass, near Mt. Silliman, Jepson 736. Refs.— Gilia leptalea Greene, Erythea 4:58 (1896); Jepson, Man. 798, fig. 775 (1925). Collomia leptalea Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:261 (1870), based on Sierra Nevada material "from Plumas to Mariposa Co.," the first cited collection that of Bridges. 4. G. capillaris Kell. Stem erect, commonly branching above, 2 to 9 inches high; leaves linear to narrow-lanceolate, entire, 4 to 12 lines long, mostly i/o to 1 line wide ; calyx y^ as long as corolla, cleft to middle into subulate cuspidate lobes ; corolla white or pink, tubular-funnelform, 2 to 3 lines long, the tube much less con- spicuously dilated than in G. leptalea. Moist northerly slopes or half -shaded areas : cismontane Southern California ; Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 8500 feet, from Tulare Co. to Modoc Co.; North Coast Ranges, 2500 to 6000 feet, in Humboldt, Trinity and Siskij'ou Cos. North to "Wash- ington, east to Colorado. June- Aug. Tax. note. — It is evident that Gilia capillaris and Gilia leptalea are closely related but, although seeming so very close, they are in this treatment held distinct. Field evidence is, here, of interest. In 1923 Gilia leptalea was collected near Silver Lake in Silver Valley, Alpine Co. (Jepson 10,093) ; near it Gilia capillaris was also found (Jepson 10,099). On the basis of living colonies in this locality contrasting characters for these two species were worked out in the field and are summarized as follows: Gilia leptalea (no. 10,093), (a) leaves aeicular ; (b) foliage scanty; (c) herbage thinly glan- dular; (d) calyx lobes subulate or narrow-lanceolate, acuminate; (e) calj-x-tube narrow-elliptic, the scarious intervals indefinitely separated by pale greenish-yellow nerves; (f) corolla bright pink with a brown-purple spot on the base of each lobe, 4 lines long ; (g) corolla-tliroat f unnelf orm ; (h) corolla-limb 3 lines broad; (i) anthers yellow; (j) style reaching the tips of coroUa-lobes. Gilia capillaris (no. 10,099), (a) leaves narrow but expanded; (b) foliage moderately abun- dant; (c) herbage densely glandular; (d) calyx-lobes aeicular or linear, cuspidate; (e) calyx- tube oblong, the scarious intervals separated by sharply defined green nerves; (f) corolla pale blue or whitish, 2% lines long; (g) corolla-throat broadly clavate; (h) corolla-limb 1 line broad; (i) anthers blue; (j) style reaching the middle of corolla-lobes. This tabulation represents a considerable array of morphologic difference. While some of these characters are not invariable, the sum totals furnish differentiation. Gray considered Gilia leptalea and Gilia capillaris sjnionymous, while Brand makes G. capillaris a subspecies of G. lep- talea and states there are intermediate forms. The more recent research in California favors the preservation of both as distinct specific units. To this statement of the case may be added the following note: "I have seen no plants which seem to be intergrades or which cannot be referred with certainty to the one species or the other. While Gilia capillaris has a wider geographic range than Gilia leptalea (a species restricted to California), it is comparatively a rare plant, although it may be overlooked as a small-flowered form of Gilia leptalea." — R. F. Hoover. Locs. — S. Cal. : Palomar, San Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains and Mt. Pinos, ace. P. A. Mum. Sierra Nevada: Frog Mdw., Greenhorn Mts., C. N. Sinith 33; Middle Tule River, Farptis 5130; Alta Mdws., Tulare Co., Newton 23a; Mt. Buena Vista, Mariposa Co., Con/jdon; Big Mdw., North Fork Stanislaus River, Calaveras Co., Peirson 11,544 ; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., Jepson 10,099; Bear Valley, Amador Co., Hansen; Donner Lake, Nevada Co., Heller 7042; Pine GILIA FAMILY 177 Creek, Lassen Co., Nutting; Big Valley, near Lookout, Modoc Co., Baker 4' Nutting. North Coast Ranges: Yollo Belly Mts., T. Brandegee; Humboldt Co., Tracy 8864 (Brannan Mt.), 7679 (Horse Mt.), 3365 (betw. Three Creeks and Willow Creek), 10,374 (Trinity Summit); Union Creek, Salmon Mts., Hall 6595 ; Poker Flat, w. Siskiyou Mts., R. Van Deventer 267 ; Klamathon, Siskiyou Co., Copeland 3560. Eefs. — GiLiA CAPiLLARis Kell., Proc. Cal. Acad. 5:46 (1873), type loc. Cisco, Placer Co., Sierra Nevada, Kellogg ; Jepson, Man. 799 (1925). G. leptalea subsp. capillaris Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 42=0:98 (1907). G. Unearifolia Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 461 (1903), type from s. Ore. G. sub- alpiiia Greene; Brand, I.e., type loc. Donner Lake, Heller 7042. 5. G. tenuiflora Benth. (Fig. 381.) Stem erect, paniculately branching above, 7 to 20 inches high, glabrous or glandular-puberulent above ; leaves mostly basal, 1 to 2 inches long, glabrous or puberulent, the blades once or twice piunately divided into small segments % to 1 line long; flowers on short or long pedicels in a loose panicle or cyme, solitary or clustered; calyx 1 to 2V2 lines long, its intervals scarious, its acute teeth i/4 to V2 as long as the tube; corolla fmmelform, purple with dark purple throat, 3 to 8 lines long, its tube usu- ally not exceeding the calyx (sometimes 2 to 3 times as long) , gradually enlarged into the throat (in type) or sometimes abruptly expanded, the throat usually much longer than the tube, the limb 3 to 5 lines broad; stamens unequal, in- cluded or slightly exserted, the filaments equally inserted below the corolla-sinuses ; capsule many- seeded, equaling or exceeding the calyx; seed- coats developing mucilage when wetted. Sandy flats and hill slopes, 50 to 2200 feet: South Coast Ranges from Santa Clara Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. and Santa Rosa Isl. Apr.-June. Locs. — Coyote sta., Santa Clara Co., Jepson 15,086; Mission Soledad, Monterey Co., Jepson 8434a ; upper San Antonio River, Monterey Co., Jepson 1657; betw. Brad- ley and San Miguel, Salinas Valley, Wieslander ; Paso Robles, Barher ; Cholame, e. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 16,189; Elkhorn Scarp, se. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 16,231 ; Old Ranch Caiion, Santa Rosa Isl., Hoffm-ann. Geog. note. — The type of Gilia tenuiflora Benth. is a Douglas plant from California and therefore came from the Coast Ranges, most likely from Monterey Co. or San Luis Obispo Co., since a collection made on the Mission Trail at Paso Eobles {Barter) matches very closely the type preserved in the Royal Botanic Gar- dens at Kew. Even within the somewhat narrow limits of the Salinas Valley of Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties and its bordering hills, Gilia tenuiflora displays a certain variability as to herbage and relative length of corolla-tube and calyx that is prophetic of the great variations found in the species southward and in the transmontane deserts. In those regions it breaks into a large number of diverse forms exhibiting corolla variables and leaf variables. So great is the variability in size and shape of corolla and in leaf structure that the extremes, often published as species, might well be regarded as valid species save for the truly overwhelming number of inter- grade forms representing not one or a few but many phases of intergradation. Two marked leaf types frequently occur: (a) leaf -lobes of the pinnately divided leaves narrow and long and entire or sparingly laciniate-toothed or -lobed ; and (b) leaf -lobes short and broad and pinnately divided, the sinuses rounded and the lobes mainly obtuse. Each leaf tjqie develops secondary types. Each secondary type tends to be associated with two main corolla forms, one with long tube, one with short tube. Brought into this complex also are plants with corollas of varying sizes, but varying like length of corolla-tube independently of the leaves or other organs. Pubescence, glabrosity and glandulosity are less easily describable but continuous variables, which like the other variables are usually devoid of geographic correlations. As here described Gilia tenuiflora is an inclusive species, evaluated as an indivisible unit within which variation is very great, continuous and ^vithout constant coordination or correlations of variable factors. It is the kind of complex which is frequently spoken of by taxonomists as "hopelessly confused," "deeply entangled" or "an aggregate of numerous hopelessly intergrading Fig. 381. GiUA TENUIFLORA Benth. a, habit, X % ; b, fl., X IVz. Drawn from Douglas type. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Herb. Benth.). 178 POLEMONIACEAE races." Continued field study over wide areas for several decades gives, however, a contrary im- pression. Such developments should not be regarded as odious because defeating formal system- atic methods. The numerous small races of Gilia tenuiflora in its broad sense seem to represent symmetrical fragments of a large pattern. If so, aggregates of this sort would seem to offer a highly tempting field of exploration to the systematic botanist who can evolve a suitable method of experiment and study. Meanwhile, it here seems desirable to describe the variations of various organs and to describe under varietal names such extreme phases of subspecific races as it is pos- sible to segregate geographically and to some extent morphologically, that is, limiting description to the most characteristic collections. Leaf size varies relatively little, but leaf segmentation varies greatly — especially in depth of segmentation and in shape and spacing of the segments: (a) In pinnately divided leaves with long segments, the segments may be acute, discrete, remote or crowded, linear and entire or mostly sparingly toothed, or again the leaves may be saliently or laciniately pinnate-toothed with the rachis broad, (b) In pinnately divided or lobed leaves the short segments may be obtuse, approxi- mate or crowded, merely toothed or again pinnately parted or divided. Two diverse leaf forms may often be found in one collection. For example, peetinately pinnatifid leaves and entire leaves may be found in one colony, as in Pacoima Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 385. Simply pinnate and twice pinnate leaves occur in such material as Mission Soledad, Salinas Valley, Jepson 8434a. The flowers vary greatly also, not merely in one collection but even on a single individual — in size of corolla and especially as to relative length of corolla-tube and throat. Two collections may seem to belong to one close taxonomic unit, save that in some one flower factor they may differ markedly, as in relative length of corolla-tube and corolla-throat (San Jacinto Catiou, San Jacinto Mts., Jepson 1284, the corolla-tube not exceeding calyx; Mt. Wilson, Peirson 155, the corolla-tube 1% times as long as the calyx). Conversely two collections may agree in flowers and in other features but differ in leaves. These two factors, flower-shape and leaf-shape, do not, therefore, necessarily vary together, nor do they characterize forms with geographic meaning. Certain broad features of GiUa tenuiflora are fairly constant. The position of the stamens, the structure of the calyx, the loose inflorescence, the position of the leaves (that is mostly in a basal tuft) are the characters which may be weighed as most dependable. It seems impracticable to delimit proper varieties or subspecies. Instead a number of the extremes have been described in as nearly precise terms as may be, and accorded varietal names for the sake of convenience. Only by some such means can the extent and diversity of the complex contained mthin the species be at all adequately presented in this treatment. Gilia tenuiflora, proper, representing the taxo- nomic type, is here limited to the South Coast Ranges and is segregated geographically, although two varieties, var. arenaria and var. latiflora, occur on the borders of its territory. It would appear from a study of Gilia tenuiflora as a whole that reduction or increase in plant size, development of glandulosity, marked leof-segmcntation, variations in distribution of pu- bescence, reduction in corolla size or striking elongation of corolla-tube may have arisen inde- pendently at many different points in the series and thus have brought into close simulation elements of different origin genetically. The forms described varietally below may not be in every case, as to entire content, natural races or only partially such, but a descriptive treatment is needed because of the circumstance that the differences among the several forms are so great in their extreme expression. Such extremes are more unlike than some units of the genus accepted as species. These varieties are, to be sure, of unequal value, as will appear from the manner of treatment. Moreover, all seem to merge by intergrades one with another, mostly on a broad front. They are here described as follows ; Var. arenaria (Benth.) Jepson comb. n. Stems 1 or several from the base, ascending, 1 to 5 inches high, these and the pedicels and calyx densely clothed with short spreading gland-tipped hairs ; leaves pinnately divided to shallowly toothed, or the leaves merely toothed above or sub- entire, % to 1^2 inches long, mainly basal; flowers racemosely cymose, the pedicels short (Vo to 7 lines long) ; corollas 4% to 5 lines long. — Sand dunes, Monterey Bay: Seaside near Del Monte, Heller 6651. The type collection, made by Douglas, is at Kew. It consists of a single dwarf plant two inches high. It is exactly matched as to characters by Elmer 3556, Pacific Grove. The leaves in the type resemble in miniature a double-edged woodman's saw; the basal leaves are glabrous and non-glandular; the stems, pedicels and calyces are clothed with short gland-tipped hairs. Var. esllis (Gray) Jepson comb. n. Stems % to 2 feet high, narrowly paniculate or often bushy-paniculate, the brauehlets slender or filiform; leaves small, mainly basal, 1 to 3 times pin- nately parted with the segments mostly long-linear, or the blades rarely entire ; corolla 3 to 5 lines long, its tube very slender, little exceeding the calyx (mostly 1^4 times as long), the limb broad (2 to 4 lines) relatively to the size of the flowers. — Mountain slopes, mesas and valley flats, mostly 800 to 5500 feet: cismontane Southern California. The prevailing form of the Gilia tenuiflora complex in cismontane Southern California is var. exilis. Its flowers display corollas with the throat gradually but strongly expanded and tlie tube about IVa times as long as the calyx. Var. exilis intergrades freely with var. grinnellii of the San Gabriel Mts., remarkable for its extremely long corolla-tube, and' with forms of var. sinuata of the Mohave Desert, the intergrades as easily referable to one named form as the other. This form, var. exilis, is noteworthy for its altitudinal range; it occurs at Mission San Luis Eey at 100 feet, on Tahquitz Peak in the San Jacinto Mts. at 8000 feet, and on the summit of Mt. Piiios, 8000 feet. GILIA FAMILY 179 Locs. — Seymour Creek, Mt. Pinos, n. Ventura Co., Mu7iz 6945; Portal Ridge, n. Los Angeles Co., Jepson 17,060; Kentucky Sprs., Santa Monica Mts., Barber 208; Mt. Wilson, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 155; Mill Creek (mouth), San Bernardino foothills, Parish 2043; San Jacinto Val- ley, Jepsun 1270 ; Strawberry Valley, Mt. San Jacinto, Jepson 1300b ; Thomas Valley, San Jacinto Mts., Jepson 1316; Hemet Valley, San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer 774; Temescal Canon, sw. River- side Co., Jepson 19,132; Cootca, Palomar Mt., Jepson 1520; San Luis Rey, San Diego Co., Cleveland. Var. grlnnellii (Brand) Jepson comb. n. Leaves mainly basal or sub-basal, % to li/4 inches long, thin, twice pinnately dissected into small (% to % line long) crowded segments; corolla red, 7 to 12 lines long, the tube 3 to 9 times as long as the calyx. — San Gabriel Mts.: Icehouse Caiion, Peirson 457; West Fork San Gabriel River, Peirson 286;"Rock Creek Divide, Peirson 2485. This is a remarkably striking phase published as a species by Brand. But length of corolla-tube is so extremely unstable in this group that the weakness of this form, even as a variety, is perhaps too great. Var. altissima Parish. Stems 1 or few, strictly erect, 1% to 2 feet high, leafy at base and on lower part; leaves bipinnately divided into fine somewhat crowded segments, the segments % to 1 line long; corolla 3 to 3% (or 10) lines long. — Inner valleys and montane slopes and flats, 1200 to C400 feet, coastal Soutliern California from northern Ventura Co. and the interior moun- tains of Santa Barbara Co. to the San Bernardino Mts. and western Riverside Co. Gilia tenuiflora var. altissima is a tall or robust plant, the leaves large with long-linear often crowded segments and the stem leafy on lower part and at base. It inhabits a distinctive phyto- geographic area but is relatively uncommon. Stations are cited as follows: Mt. Piiios, TV. B. Holt; San Rafael Mts., E. Sr M. Bearing 1438; McKinley Mt., Hoffmann; betw. Lake Arrowhead and Big Bear Lake, H. 4" J^I- Bearing 1436; San Bernardino, Parish; Colton, Cleveland; Elsinore (5 mi. n.), Jepson 12,434. Var. caruifolia Munz. Stem erect, panieulately branching above, 1% to 2 feet high; the leaves basal and on lower part of stem ; herbage glabrous or subglabrous and often glaucous, the panicle branches slender or capillary, furnished with scattered taek-sliaped glands; leaves 2 to 3 inches long, bipinnately divided into linear segments, the segments short, acute; panicle large, broad, the flowers solitary; corolla purple, 2% to 3 lines long, its tube included in the calyx or little surpassing it, the throat rather abruptly expanded from the tube (broadly top-shaped), the limb 2 to 2'/" lines broad. — Mountain slopes and flats, 4000 to 7000 feet, Laguna and Cuyamaca mountains, San Diego Co. : Laguna Mts., Cleveland ; Talleys ranch, Cuyamaca, Bunn; betw. Julian and Cuyamaca, K. Brandegee ; Julian, I. Brandegee. June- July. In its best development var. caruifolia is most readily known by its large broad panicle, small corollas with abruptly and broadly dilated throat, and the short-linear segments of its pinnately divided leaves. Although it is not the most extreme form in this aggregate, it possesses more nearly distinct features than any other. While it develops small or dwarfish states, otherwise it seems to be the only form in its area save on the outer margins of its localized range. Var. newloniana Jepson var. n. Stems 1 to several from the base, rather sparingly branched, 8 to 20 inches high; herbage puberulent or villous, often glandular throughout; leaves 2 to 5 inches loug, bi- or tripinnately divided into oblong or linear segments, the segments mostly 1 to 3 lines long, remote or discrete, somewhat divaricately spreading; flowers somevvliat dichotomously or racemosely cymose; corolla funnelform, 3% to 4% lines long, its tube usually included in the calyx, its throat not abruptly expanded. — (Caules ab basi unus vel plures, simplices, 8-20 uuc. alti; herba puberulens vel villosa, saepe perglandulosa ; folia 2-5 unc. longa, bi- vel tri-pinnatifida, segmentis oblongis vel linearibus, remotis, discretis, 1-3 lin. longis, subdivaricatis; inflorescentia subdichotomo- vel racemoso-cymosa ; corolla infundibuliformis, 3V4-414 lin. longa, tubo calyce subbreviore.) — Valley flats and caiion bottoms, 200 to 1500 feet: west and north sides of the Colorado Desert. In the western Colorado Desert var. newloniana is a plant with large thin leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided or toothed, the segments in their extreme expression very remote and sometimes divaricately curved. It iutergrades on the north side of the Colorado Desert with the "stellata" form (G. stellata Hel.) of var. latiflora, a form mainly of the Mohave Desert with more condensed bipinnately divided leaves, the segments somewhat stellately toothed. This "stellata" form in turn intergrades freely with var. latiflora and var. sinuata of the Mohave Desert. The following sta- tions are cited in validation of var. newloniana : Mountain Springs grade, sw. Imperial Co., New- Ion 377; Vallecito, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 8587; Andreas Caiion, San Jacinto Mts., Newlon 433 (type); Coral Reef ranch, sw. of Coachella, Clary 1623; Deep Caiion, Santa Rosa Mts., Munz 11,988; Santa Maria Mts., e. Riverside Co., Schellenger. Var. sinuata (Dougl.) Jepson comb. n. Stems 1 or several from the base, erect, branching mostly above, erect or difl'use, 5 to 9 (or 24) inches high; herbage puberulent to glabrous, some- times tomentose or arachnoid, nearly always furnished above with minute gland-tipped hairs, the stems sometimes glandular tliroughout, including the pedicels and calyx; leaves V^ to 2% inches long, mostly in a basal rosette, usually not glandular, pumately (sometimes bipinnately) divided into narrow segments, the segments discrete or remote, short or elongated, entire or toothed, or 180 POLEMONIACEAE the leaves often merely toothed; cauline leaves reduced and bract-like or the lowermost similar to the basal; flowers loosely eymose-paniculate, borne on slender pedicels; calyx 1 to 2 lines long, equaling corolla-tube to % or V^ as long, its teeth broadly lanceolate to triangular, usually very acute, its tube with scarious intervals between the ribs ; corolla white to blue, purple, pink or red, funnelform, 2% to 4 lines long, its tube equaling the throat to twice as long; corolla limb 1 to 2 (or 2%) lines broad. — Open sandy or clay valleys, flats and hillslopes, chiefly transmontane, 10 to 5000 (or 8000) feet: northern Colorado Desert; Mohave Desert and mountains on its north side; San Joaquin Valley and its bordering westerly hills; southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.; east side of the Sierra Nevada from Inyo Co. to Modoc Co. North to eastern Oregon and eastern Washington, east to Colorado, south to Mexico. Apr.-July. The prevailing phase of var. sinuata (Gilia inconspicua Dougl.), here treated as almost wholly transmontane and enjoying a very wide range, is a plant mth compact basal leaf rosette and naked or nearly naked stems, the cauline leaves mostly reduced or bract-like, the corolla-tube once to twice as long as the calyx. In plant size, in leafage, in inflorescence and in flower color and size it is more variable, perhaps, than any other named variety in this group. The stems usually branch low and the flowering commonly begins low, whereas in var. exilis the flowering panicle tends to be elevated above the basal rosette on a naked stem. In the transmontane deserts, var. sinuata is abundant and has developed an almost endless number of localized strains. The following citation of stations indicates the wide geographic range of what is here assem- bled under this name, Gilia tenuiflora var. sinuata. Although so highly variable a subgroup, an attempt has been made to include: (a) only plants with small corollas in which the tube is not esserted from the calyx or only slightly exceeds it (rarely twice as long) ; and (b) for the most part plants with leaves once pinnately di\dded, the segments narrow and entire or sometimes short and toothed. Such plants approximate topotypes of the original Gilia sinuata Dougl. from the inner Columbia River region. For California, mainly transmontane collections from the Mohave Desert and along the east side of the Sierra Nevada to Modoc Co. are cited below, but a small- flowered form also occurs in the San Joaquin Valley. Locs. — Colorado Desert (n. side) : Cottonwood Spr., Eagle Mts., Jepson 12,556. Mohave Desert: Lancaster, Jepson 17,034; Mohave sta. (2 mi. n.), Jepson 18,383; Mohave sta. (15 mi. e.), Jepson 15,441; Amargo, Jepson 15,590; Red Rock Caiion, e. end El Paso Mts., Krames; Victor- Wile, Newlnn ill ; Hinkley, Jepson 20,603 ; Calico Wash, near Calico Mts., Jepson 17,211 ; Kessler Peak, Ivanpah Mts., Jepson 15,835 ; New York Mts., Jepson 5476. Ranges on north side of Mohave Desert: Frazier Mt., Hoffmann; Fort Tejon, Davy 2377; Caliente (hills near), Tehachapi Mts., Davy 1877 ; Piute Mts., Kern Co., C. N. Smith 164. San Joaquin Valley and its bordering westerly hills (discovered and determined by R. P. Hoover) : Shaffer, Kern Co. (7 mi. se.), Hoover 1S43; mouth of Puerto Canon, w. Stanislaus Co., Hoover 2856 ; Corral Hollow, w. San Joaquin Co., Hoover 1745. East side of the Sierra Nevada: Bradbury Well, s. end of Black Mts., C. L. Hitch- cock 12,359; Hanaupah Caiion, Panamint Range, Jepson 7029; pass between Coso Mts. and Inyo Mts., Jepson 19,536; Grapevine Canon, Grapevine Mts., C. N. Smith 111; Independence (w.), 5. W. Avstin 424; Watterson Mdw., Mono Co., Senner 7; Red Rock, Lassen Co., Blanlinship; Likely, Modoc Co., C. C. Bruce 2328. Ore.: Lexington, Morrow Co., Leiierg 15. Wash.: Priest Rapids, Geo. N. Jones 6369. Var. cana (Jones) Jepson comb. n. Plants 2^/2 to 8 inches high, the stem stout, solitary but often branched low, glandular-puberulent ; leaves % to IV2 inches long, typically very white- woolly, the blades pinnately divided into ovatish lobes, the lobes erenate, cuspidate ; panicle small ; corolla 6 to 9 (or 12) lines long, the limb and slender tube probablv blue and throat yellow. — East slope of the Sierra Nevada, 7000 to 10,000 feet: Inyo Co. (Nine-mile Caiion, C. N. Smith 158; Cottonwood Creek, Jepson 928; near Lone Pine, Jones; Guadalupe Caiion, S. W. Aiistin 453) ; Alpine Co. (Ebbett Pass, ace. Eastwood) . This variety is, perhaps, no more than a densely woolly form of var. latiflora, but it has a definitely exclusive and highly localized distribution. Var. latiflora Gray. Plants 4 to 14 inches high, usually bushy or diffuse and usually of shorter stature than the species, the stems glandular-pubescent or puberulent or glabrous, pa- niculately branched above, usually very floriferous but the flowers borne singly (not condensed in close clusters or less commonly) ; leaves tomentulose or glabrate; calyx glandular-pubescent or glabrous, 1 line long ; corolla blue, purple or lavender or pink, 4 to 6 or 7 lines long, its tube little exceeding the calyx or often varying to 3 times as long, gradually passing into the usually narrow throat, the limb 2 to 5 lines mde; corolla-throat wliite, often with yellow zone; corolla-limb 3 to 4 lines wide. — Plains and mesas, 2000 to 6000 feet: Inyo Co.; Tulare and Kern Cos. in the Sierra Nevada; Mohave Desert; Colorado Desert. Apr. Locs. — Inyo Co.: Grapevine Mts., Jepson 19,823; Towne Pass, Panamint Range, C. K. Smith 128 ; Hanaupah Caiion, Panamint Range, Jepson 7091 ; Darwin Wash, Senner 26 ; Johnson Canon, Panamint Range, Jepson 19,629 ; Nine-mile Cafiou, w. Inyo Co., C. N. Smith 159 ; Alabama Hills, Rentier 46. Tulare and Kern Cos.: Portuguese Mdw., 3 mi. e. of Peel Peak, C. N. Smith 15; Walker Pass, Jepson 19,877; Kehso Valley, C. N. Smith 179. Mohave Desert: Granite Mts. (s. of Avawatz Mts.), Jepson 17,308; Cedar Caiion, Mid Hills, Providence Mts., Jepson 18,330; Old Dad Mts., Jepson 20,423 (intergrade to var. sinuata) ; Kelso Mts., Jepson 20,578; Ord Mt., Jepson 5875; Barstow, Jepson 17,204; Cajon Pass, Jepson 17,167; Kramer, ilary Deal 394; Mohave sta. GILIA FAMILY 181 (2 mi. n.), Jepson 18,384. Colorado Desert: Cottonwood Spr., Eagle Mts., Jepson 12,600; Indian Canon, Collins Valley, ne. San Diego Co., Jepson 8841. The foregoing variety passes by inter- grades into the : Var. speciosa Jepson var. n. Similar to var. latiflora; flowers mostly in rather close clusters; corolla-tube 5 to 11 lines long (4 to 8 times as long as calyx), the limb (4 or) 5 to 8 lines wide. — (Var. latiflorae similis; flores glomerati, plerumque subdensi ; corollae tubus 5-11 liu. longus, calyce 4-8-plo longior; corollae limbus 4-8 lin. latus.) — Eastern Mohave Desert: Granite Mts. (near Avawatz Mts.), Jepson 17,295; Garlic Spr. (4% mi. sw.), near Tiefort Mt., Jepson 20,338; Red Rock Canon, w. end El Paso Mts., Allison Krames (type) ; Paradise Spr. (mesa near). Para- dise Mts., Jepson 17,311; Calico Mts., Mary Beal; Ord Mt., Mary Beal 114. Var. davjrl Mason. Stems 1 or several from the base, 8 to 13 inches high, glabrous but often glandular-puberulent above, or sometimes nearly throughout; basal leaves 1 to 3 inches long, puberulent, tomentulose or glabrous, the blades pinnately parted, the segments short (2 to 3 lines long), toothed or cleft; cauline leaves few, scattered and reduced or bract-like; flowers clustered at the ends of the branches, the clusters usually rather compact; calyces and pedicels glandular- pubescent; calyx 2 lines long; corolla 9 to 11 lines long, blue, purple or lavender, the tube equal- ing calyx to 2 times as long, abruptly expanded into the throat, the throat very wide; corolla-limb 6 to 9 lines wide; corolla-throat usually ysit\\ 5 yellow spots iu lower part opposite the lobes, with 5 purple spots below them in mouth of tube, or sometimes the throat merely pale or whitish. — Sandy flats and plains, 2100 to 3200 feet: Mohave Desert; southern Inyo Co. Apr. The flowers are sometimes fragrant. Locs. — Mohave Desert: Palmdale, Hoffmann ; Big Rock Creek, San Gabriel Mts., Craig 1043; Leona School, Leonis Valley, n. Los Angeles Co., Jepson 19,227 ; Lancaster, Jepson 17,047 ; Amargo, Jepson 15,591; Kramer, Jepson 17,328; Hicks sta., Newlon 493; Hinkley, Mary Beal; Rabbit Sprs., Jepson 5943; Barstow, Jepson 6620; Daggett, Mary Beal; Calico Wash, near Calico Mts., Jepson 20,324; Kelso Sand Dunes, Jepson 20,549. Inyo Co.: Slate Range, Allison Krames; pass between Coso Range and Inyo Range, Jepson 19,537 (iutergrade to G. tenuiflora var. latiflora Gray). Refs.— GiLlA TENUIFLORA Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal. (probably Monterey Co.), Douglas (typ. vidi) ; Bot. Reg. t. 1888 (1836). G. splendens T)oug\. ; Paxton, Mag. Bot. 3:260 (1837), type from Cal., Douglas. G. latiflora Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 426 (1901), ed.2,331 (1911) in part. G.tenuiflorasuhsp. eu-tenulfioraBrand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=50:102 (1907). G. tenuiflora var. genuina Brand, I.e. 102. G. inconspicua var. milesii Brand, I.e. 105, type loc. San Luis Obispo Co., Miles. G. arenaria var. alieiae Brand, I.e. 103, type loc. Santa Lucia Mts., Eastirnod 12, perhaps belongs here. G. hoffmannii Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 2:283 (1940), type loc. Santa Rosa Isl., Hoffmann (typ. vidi). Var. akenasia Jepson. G. arenaria Benth. I.e., type from Cal., Douglas, probably in the sand dunes of Monterey Bay, since it has not been collected else- where. G. arerean'a var. fit-arf nana Brand, Pflzr. 4-^": 103 (1907). Var. EXiLis Jepson. G. lati- flora var. exilis Gray, Syn. Fl. ed. 2, 2:411 (1886), "S. Cal. and e. to Nev." (typ. vidi). G. arenaria subsp. exilis Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-'™:104 (1907). G. exilis Abrams, Fl. L. Ang. 289 (1917). G. latiflora Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 426 (1901), ed. 2, 331 (1911), Man. 798 (1925) in part. G. leptantha Parish, Zoe 5:74 (1900), tyjje loc. Seven Oaks, San Bernardino Mts., Grout. G. are- naria subsp. leptantha Brand, I.e. 103. G. inconspicua var. oreophila Brand, I.e. 105, as to Cal. plant cited. G. inconspicua var. variegata Brand, I.e. 105, type loc. Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Grin- nell 8. G. inconspicua var. diegensis Munz, Man. 599 (1935), Laguna Mts., Mnns 9694. Var. GRiNNELLii Jepson. G. grinnellii Brand, I.e. 101, type loc. Mt. Wilson, San Gabriel Mts., Grinnell. G. collina var. grantii Brand, I.e. 101, type loc. Mt. Wilson, San Gabriel Mts., Grant 503. Var. ALTISSIMA Parish, Erythea 6:90 (1898), type loc. Canon Diablo, foothills near San Bernardino, Parish 1592. G. tenuiflora var. genuina subvar. altissima Brand, I.e. 102. G. tenuiflora var. triceps Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4='''>: 102 (1907), type loc. near San Bernardino, Paris/i 1592 ; as to the type only which is same collection number as the type of var. altissima ParLsh. Var. CARUiroi.lA Munz, Man. 394 (1935). G. caruifolia Abrams, Bull. Torr. Club 32:540 (1905), type loc. Cuyamaca Mts., between Cuyamaca Lake and Oriflamme Canon, Abrams 3940. G. arenaria var. caruifolia Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=^0:104 (1907). G. latiflora var. caruifolia Jepson, Man. 798 (1.925). Var. NEWLONiANA Jepson; type loc. San Andreas Cafion, San Jacinto Mts., Newlon 433. Var. SINUATA Jepson. G. sinuata Dougl., Benth. in DC, Prodr. 9:313 (1845), type loc. near Oakanagon on the Columbia River, Douglas (typ. vidi) ; (Asa Gray has pencilled on the type sheet at Kew, "longer and shorter corollas on the same plant"). G. inconspicua sulisp. sinuata Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4"<>:105 (1907). G. inconspicua Dougl.; Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 2883 (1829), "sandy barren on the southern branches of the river Columbia on the northwest coast of America, growing under the shade of Purshia tridentata and some species of Artemisia," Douglas ; not Gilia inconspicua Sweet (1827). G. inco7ispicua subsp. cuinconspicua Brand, I.e. G. latiflora Jepson, Man. 798 (1925) in part. G. modoccn.<^is Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 2:283 (1940), type loc. betw. Likely and Jess Valley, Modoc Co., Eastwood 4" Howell 8073 (typ. vidi). Var. cana Jepson, Man. 798 (1925). G. latiflora var. cana Jones, Contrib. W. Bot. 8:35 (1898), type loc. Lone Pine, Inyo Co., Jones. G. cana Hel., Muhl. 2:266 (1907). G. tenuiflora subsp. cana Brand, Ann. Conserv. et Jard. Bot. Gen&ve 15 & 16:330 (1913). G. collina var. coronata Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=-'"):101 (1907), type 182 POLEMONIACEAE loc. Guadalupe CaCon, Inyo Co., S. TV. Anstin 453. G. tenuiflora var. triceps subvar. speciosissima Brand, I.e. 102, type loc. Olancha, Inyo Co., T. Brandegee. G. alpina Eastw., Lflts. W. Bot. 2 :282 (IQiO), type loc.Carson Pass, EasUoood # Howell 8414 (typ. vidi). Var. latiflora Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:278 (1870), "Los Angeles County ? Fremont, Wallace" (typ. vidi) ; (first collected by Fremont, undoubtedly in the Mohave Desert, although there was no "Los Angeles County" at the time of Fremont's 1844 expedition through the Mohave Desert; the collection of Wallace, of later years, must have been made on the desert side of Los Angeles Co.) ; Jepson, Man. 798 (1925) in part. G. latiflora Gray, Syn. Fl. 2:147 (1878). G. tenuiflora siibsp. latiflora Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4"'':102 (1907). G. tenuiflora var. purpvsii Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:29 (1904), type loc. Hockett Mdws. (mountain near), Purpux ; Jepson, Man. 798 (1925). G. collina Eastw., Bot. Gaz. 37 :445 (1904), tvpe loc. a mountain near Hockett Mdws., Tulare Co., Purpus 1783. G. collina var. typica Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-='>:101 (1907). G. stellata Hel., Muhl. 2:117 (1906), type loc. Randsburg, Kern Co., Heller 7698. Var. speciosa Jepson; type loc, Eed Rock Cafion, w. end El Paso Mts., Kramex. Var. DAVY! Mason; Jepson, Man. 597 (1925). Gilia davyi Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2 :30 (1904), type loc. Tehachapi (not "Antelope Valley"), Daf?/ 2178. G. arenaria var. davyi Brand, I.e. 104. G. tenuiflora var. excellens Brand, I.e. 103, "near Cameron" (that is, on the desert side of the lower Tehachapi Pass), Kern Co., K. Brandegee. 6. G. ochroleuca Jones. Stems sleuder, one to several from the base, branched, erect or ascending, 4 to 9 inches high, glandular-puberiilent or glabrous ; leaves vil- lous or tomentulose to glabrate, disposed in a basal tuft but also cauline and reduced upwards; flowering branches and calyces with scattered tack-shaped glands; basal leaves petioled, ^ to l^/^ inches long, pinnately divided into 5 to 9 lobes, the lobes linear, entire or sometimes toothed; cauline leaves palmately divided into 5 (or 3) lobes or sometimes pinnately 5-divided, sessile, mostly 3 to 9 lines long ; flowers on slender spreading or divaricate pedicels in loose open cymes; calyx about 1 line long, its triangular-acute teeth 1/5 to 1/4 as long as the tube ; corolla yellow, sometimes white, rarely purplish-tinged, slender-funnelform, 2 to 4 lines long, 2 to 3 times as long as the cahrs, its tube shorter than the calyx to twice as long; stamens included in corolla-throat; capsule ovate, its cells several-seeded; seeds showing spirieles when wetted. Desert slopes and mesas, 2000 to 5000 (or 6800) feet : Mt. Pinos region; Mohave Desert ; southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.; Inyo Co.; Mono Co. East and north to Nevada. Peb.-June. Locs. — Mt. Piiios region: Frazier Mt., Hoffman. Mohave Desert: Rabbit Sprs., Parish 9808; Box S ranch (20 mi. n.), Mum 12,418; Kramer, K. Brandegee : Providence Mts., Jepson 18,210 (Fountain Canon), 18,285 (Bonanza King Canon), 18,332 (Cedar Cafion, Mid-Hillsl ; Barnwell, New York Mts., K. Brandegee. Southern Sierra Nevada : Erskine Creek, Purpus 5524. Inyo Co.: Darwin Valley, Hall 4- Chandler 7103; Independence, S. TV. Austin 423; Red Hill, w. of Bishop, Heller 8429. Mono Co.: Rock Creek, Pcirson in litt. Rofs. — GiLiA OCHROLEUCA Jones, Contrib. W. Bot. 8 :35 (1898), type loc. Darwin Mesa, Argus Mts., Jones; Jepson, Man. 797 (1925). G. inconspicua var. ochroleuca Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4250:105 (1907). 7. G. scopulorum Jones. Stem branching from or near the base, 4 to 12 inches high, the branches slender; herbage clammy glandular-pubescent or the inflores- cence nearly glabrous; leaves mostly in a basal tuft, the cauline few, the upper re- duced to few-lobed or entire bracts; blades of basal leaves 1 to 1% inches long, pinnately divided (with pinnatifid lobes), or pinnatifid or sometimes merely in- cisely or coarsely toothed, petioled; cauline leaves similar to the basal, sessile; flowers loosely cymose-panieulate; cal.yx % to 2 lines long, cleft if, to lA ; corolla tubular-funnelform, livid red, pink, lavender or white with yellow throat, 4 to 6 lines long, the slender tube IY2 to 3 times as long as the calyx, the lobes apiculate; stamens with very short filaments inserted in sinuses. Desert flats and caiions, 500 to 4000 feet : eastern Mohave Desert and north to Mono Co. East to Utah. Apr.-May. Locs. — Mohave Desert: Copper Basin Creek, Whipple Mts., Peirson 11,484; Needles, Jones 3846; Kelso, Jones; Red Rock Canon, w. end El Paso Mts., se. Kern Co., Mum 12,447. Inyo Co.: Johnson Caiion, Pananiint Range, Jepson 19,779; Nelson Range, S. TV. Austin; Kcelor, T. Brande- gee. Mono Co.: Mono Lake, Oitley 1109. GILIA FAMILY 183 Kefs. — GiLiA scOPULORUM Jones, Bull. Torr. Club, 8:70 (1881), type loc. St. George, Utah, Jones. G. scopulorwii var. covillei Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4"'''':109 (1907), type loc. Funeral Mts., Inyo Co., Coville 450. G. tenuiftora var. triceps Brand, I.e. 102, as to Coville 620, the second cited coUectlon. 8. G. capitata Dougl. Globe Gilia. (Fig. 382.) Stem simple or eommouly strictly branched above, slender, 73 to 3 feet high, the leaves both basal and cauline, the cauline gradually reduced upwards ; herbage glabrous to puberuleut, sometimes minutely glandular; leaf-blades 1 to 4 inches long, pinnate to bipinnate with linear lobes 1 line to II/2 inches long, petioled, the petioles 2 to 12 lines long; flowers in terminal usually spherical heads, the heads dense, 5 to 8 (or 11) lines broad, borne on long (2 to 13 inches) naked peduncles ; calyx glabrous to thinly woolly, typically turbinate, cleft half-way, ruptured in fruit, its lobes lanceolate ; corolla funnelf orm, white to blue, purple or lavender (but, whatever the color, usually pale), 3 to 4 lines long, its lobes linear; stamens exserted, the filaments inserted in the corolla-sinuses, the anthers blue; capsule ovate, several-seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted. Open slopes and sandy or loamy flats, 50 to 5000 (or 8000) feet: North Coast Ranges from Marin and Solano Cos. to Siskiyou Co. ; Sierra Ne- vada from Mariposa Co. to Shasta Co. North to Washington. Apr.-Aug. Loes. — North Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Bodega, Sonoma Co., Chandler 696; Santa Rosa, M. S. Baher 593; Howell Mt., Napa Range, Jepson 15,073; Col- lins Camp, Vaca Mts., Jepson 15,078 ; Bartlctt Mt., n. Lake Co., Jepson 18,925 ; Yorkville, s. Mendocino Co., W. I. Follett 89; South Mill Creek, se. of Ukiah, Jepson 3009; Fort Bragg, Mathews 70 ; Round Valley, ne. Mendocino Co., GoMard 618; Alder Sprs., w. Glenn Co., Heller 11,453; Paskenta, sw. Tehama Co., Virginia Bailey ; Look Prairie, Bull Creek, Humboldt Co., Constance 621 ; Rosewood, w. Tehama Co., Jepson 15,075 ; French Camp Ridge, Hum- boldt Co., Tracy 13,995; Trinity Summit, Tracy 14,345; Cedar Creek Flat, Del Norte Co., R. Van Veventer 234; Marble Mt., w. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 2832 ; Yreka, Butler 741. Sierra Nevada: Yosemite, Jepson 15,079; Kennedy Mdw., e. Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 217; Rich Gulch, Plu- mas Co., TV. I. Follett 79; Colby, Butte Co., E. M. Austin 833; Goose Valley, Shasta Co., Balcer # Nutting. Refs. — Gilia capftata Dougl.; Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 2698 (1826), type loc. Ft. Vancouver, Wash., Oott^!a5; Jepson, Fl.W. Mid. Cal. 426 (1901), ed. 2, 331 (1911), Man. 795 (1925). G. pal- lida Hel., Muhl. 1 :43 (1901), type loc. Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co., Heller 5739. G. glandulifera Hel., Muhl. 2:114 (1906), type loc. Redding, Shasta Co., Heller 7868 (isotyp. vidi). G. capitata var. glandulifera Brand, Ann. Conserv. et Jard. Bot. Geneve 15 & 16:331 (1913). G. tenuisecta Hel., I.e. 2 :115, type loc. Redding (3 mi. ne.), Shasta Co., Heller 7898. G. capitata var. irisperma T. Bdg.; Brand in Engler, Pflzr. 4250:112 (1907), type loc. Trinity Co., Eastwood. Fig. 382. Gilia capitata Dougl. a, cauline leaf, X % ; 6, infl., X % ; c, fl., X 3. Drawn from Douglas type. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, (Herb. Benth.). 9. G. staminea Greene. (Fig. 383.) Range Gilia. Stems erect, branching, % to 21/4 feet high, puberuleut and often minutely glandular or glabrate, the peti- oles often villous-arachnoid, the blades glabrous; leaf-blades V2 to 3^2 inches long, pinnately or mostly bipinnately divided into linear lobes 2 to 8 lines long; petioles very short to as long as the blade; heads densely globose or somewhat 2 or 3-lobed, commonly % to l^A inches broad (commonly larger than in 6. capitata) ; calyx densely woolly, sometimes glabrate, its tube with broad membranous intervals be- tween the ribs, its lobes broadly membranous-winged and in this way ovate and abruptly acuminate-cuspidate, I/2 to as long as the tube ; corolla blue or whitish. 184 POLEMONIACEAE fuimelform, 4 to 5 lines long, its lobes ovate to oblong; stamens a little exserted from corolla-throat. Open hillslopes and valleys, 25 to 2500 (or 7700) feet: Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. to Kern Co. ; Great Valley; Tehachapi Mts.; South Coast Ranges from Contra Costa Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; western Mohave Desert ; cismontane Southern California. South to Lower California. Apr.-May. Tax. note. — As here formally set down, the ranges of GUia staminea and Gilia capitata are indicated as if mutually exclusive, a situation not wholly true, but true to a significant degree. There is some slight or occasional overlapping, and intermediate individuals are also found. In the central and southern Sierra Nevada many collections occur which, though in the main referred to Gilia staminea, often verge towards Gilia capitata. In the South Coast Range territory of GUia staminea, infrequent colonies appear which approach Gilia capitata closely. Considering the entire range of either species, such intermediates are, however, relatively few; typical indi- viduals of either species occur only -vvithin the main range of its species. Exceptions are few: for example, Jepson, 15,080, which is tj-pical Gilia staminea, is found in Weldon Canon, Vaca Mts., that is, in the North Coast Range territory of Gilia capitata. The flower heads in GUia staminea are usually larger than in Gilia capitata. They are sometimes quite spherical but frequently loose and irregular and (as it were) 2 or 3-lobed. Sometimes the heads of Gilia sta- minea, in association with free branching, break up into numerous very small or few- flowered heads. While not invariable, the breadth of the corolla-lobes is the most satis- factory differentiating character as between these two species. In California Gilia sta- minea is more widely distributed than Gilia capitata and is distinctly more variable. The following are cited as Gilia staminea. Locs. — Sierra Nevada: American Val- ley, Plumas Co., Lemmon; Colfax, Placer Co., Sonne; Avery sta., Calaveras Co., A. L. Grant; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1759; Columbia, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 683 ; Yosemite, Jepson 10,479 ; Fresno Flats, Madera Co., Jepson 12,855 ; betw. Dunlap and Pinehurst, Fresno Co., Newlon 156 ; Grapevine Spr., Tulare Co., P. S. Woolsey; Poso Creek (near Poso Mine), Greenhorn Mts., C. N. Smith 276. Tehachapi Mts.: Bear Mt., Jepson 7170; Rowen, Jepson 6740. Great Valley: Marys- ville Buttes, Jepson 15,077; Sacramento; Antioch, Davy 892; French Camp, San Joaquin Co., Sanford; Modesto, Hoover 581; Livingston (5 mi. sw.), Merced Co., Jepson 12,754; Orosi, Tulare Co., H. P. Eelley; Bakersfield, Davy 1886. Vaca Mts.: Weldon Canon, Jepson 15,080. South Coast Ranges: San Francisco, Blasdale ; NortonvOle, Contra Costa Co., Jepson 15,723; Corral Hollow, w. San Joaquin Co., Jepson 9582; Cupertino, Santa Clara Valley, Pendleton 790; James- burg, Monterey Co., E. M. Solman; Estrella, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared. Western Mohave Des- ert: Manzana, Davy 2546; Llano Verde, West Palmdale, Davy 2307. Cismontane S. Cal.: Salisbury Potrero, Santa Barbara Co., H. 4- M. Dearing 1411; Santa Barbara, Lemmon; Mande- ville Canon, Santa Monica Mts., Clokey cf- Templeton 4476 ; Rubio Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 154; Pacoima Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 384; San Bernardino foothills. Parish; Saunders Mdw., San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer; Cootca, Palomar Mt., Jepson 1515; Mesa Grande, San Diego Co., E. Ferguson 34. Eefs. — Gilia staminea Greene, Erythea 3:105 (1895), "very common throughout the interior of Cal." G. capitata var. slamineaBrand; 'Eng]eT,PiizT. 4-^°:lll (1907). G. achilleaefolia Gray, Syn. PI. 2:147 (1878), mainly ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 426 (1901), ed. 2, 331 (1911) ; not Benth. G. capitata var. achilleaef olia Mason; Jepson, Man. 795, fig. 772 (1925). 10. G. chamissonis Greene. Dune Gilia. Stems 10 to 20 inches high, robust, divaricately branched or simple, arising from a basal or sub-basal dense tuft of leaves; herbage conspicuously glandular; leaves 1 to 31/2 inches long, bipinnate, the narrowly linear or filiform divisions spreading or curving; flowers densely capitate, the heads spherical, 3,4 to 1% inches broad ; pedicels densely long-woolly, the calj^ces less so ; calyx inflated, somewhat accrescent and therefore not usuall.y ruptured in fruit, the hyaline intervals very full ; corolla deep blue, funnelform, 4 to 5 (or 7) lines long, 4 to 5 lines wide; stamens conspicuously exserted, the filaments inserted in the corolla-sinuses; anthers pale blue. Fig. 383. Gilia STAMINEA Greene, a, infl., XI; b, fl., X 3. GILIA FAMILY 185 Saiid dunes and beaches along the coast line, 5 to 50 feet : Humboldt Co. to San Francisco Bay and south to Santa Barbara Co. ; also on an arm of Suisun Bay in the lower San Joaquin Valley. May-June. Locs. — Betw. Trinidad and Little River, Humboldt Co., Tracy 2583; Alton, Humboldt Co., Tracy 3672; Bodega Pt., Sonoma Co., Cooper 88; Bolinas Bay, K. Brandegee; Antioeh (relict sand dune in interior but situated on an arm of Suisun Bay), Swenson; Presidio, San Francisco, Jepson 15,081; Lake Merced, San Francisco, K. Brandegee ; Antonio siding betw. Casmalia and Surf, Santa Barbara Co., K. Brandegee. Geog. note. — In its best developed or most typical form, perhaps always, Gilia chamissonis is an inhabitant of pure sand on ocean dunes. This fact, in connection with its morphological char- acters, furnishes the basis for its recognition as a species. It does, however, in reality or in appear- ance intergrade to Gilia staminea in the South Coast Ranges, while northern plants of it simulate Gilia capitata in certain particulars. Such evidence tends to argue that it should be disposed as a variety of Gilia staminea or Gilia capitata. If the principle of even moderate intergradation be enforced too strongly against specific validity, the fall of Gilia chamissonis would also drag down Gilia capitata, G. staminea, G. achilleaefolia, G. multicaulis and various other species in this genus. While Gilia chamissonis is, admittedly, kept as a species with considerable diffidence, it is re- tained, partly by reason of its geographic consistency. Var. regina Jepson comb. n. Stem once or twice forked, arising from a conspicuous basal tuft of leaves ; leaf -segments broader, the rachis somewhat woolly ; peduncles long, stout and naked ; heads large (1 to 1% inches wide) ; corolla large (4% to 5 lines long, 3 to 6 lines wide) ; anthers large. — Sand dunes. Point Reyes peninsula, Marin coast (L. Tinsley). Refs. — GuiA CHAMISSONIS Greene, Erythea 3 : 105 (1895), type loc. "sand-hills of San Francisco," Greene, based on the same characteristic plant of the San Francisco sandhills as Polemonium capitatum Esch., Mem. Acad. Petrop. 10:282 (1826), "in Novae Californiae arenosis" [San Francisco], Eschscholtz ; not Gilia capitata Dougl. (1826). G. achilleaefolia subsp. chamissonis Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-^": 111 (1907), in part. G. achilleaefolia var. chamissonis Nels. & Mcbr., Bot. Gaz. 61:34 (1916). G. achilleae- folia var. tmnentosa Eastw. ; Brand in Engler, Pflzr. 4"'':111 (1907), type loc. Bodega Pt., Sonoma Co., Eastwood 2. Var. eeoina Jepson. G. capitata var. regina Jepson, Man. 795 (1925), type loc. Pt. Reyes peninsula, Jepson 8315. Fig. 384. Gilia achilleaefolia Benth. a, lower part of plant, X % ; 6, infl., X % ; c, fl., X 2%. Drawn from Douglas type. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Herb. Benth.). 11. G. achilleaefolia Benth. (Fig. 384.) Stem erect, erectly branching or simple, 7 to 17 inches high ; herbage glabrous to puberulent ; leaves 1 to 5 inches long, the blades pinnately or mostly bipinnately divided into linear segments; flowers about 5 to 15 in rather dense terminal cymes, the cymes capitate but not globose; calyx puberulent, 3 to 3i/4 lines long, its triangular-acute or lanceolate teeth 1/2 as long as the tube; corolla violet-blue or rarely white, broadly funnelform, 5 to 81/^ lines long, 21/0 to 4 times as long as the calyx; corolla-throat and -limb ex- ceeding (sometimes much exceeding) the corolla-tube, the throat extremely ample and the lobes ovate to oblong; corolla-tube much shorter than, equaling or only slightly exceeding the calyx; stamens included in corolla-throat; style usually exserted. Rocky foothills and fiats, 100 to 1200 feet: mostly along or near the coa.st line from Santa Clara Co. to Los Angeles Co. Mar.-May. Tax. note. — The true Gilia achilleaefolia Benth., as here described, appears to be the plant on or near the coast line from middle California to Los Ajigeles Co., that is, the species described as Gilia abrotanifolia Nutt. by Greene. It is remarkable for its broad or turbinatcly expanded corolla-throat which usually exceeds the short narrow tube. The inflorescence is a much con- 186 POLEMONIACEAE densed or capitate cyme with the flowers all erect; the calyces are villous or puberulent ; the sta- mens are included. The species here described as Gilia staminea Greene, that is Gilia aehilleaef olia of Gray (Syn. Fl. 2:147,-1876) in great part, Jepsou, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 426 (1901) and many other authors, is a plant which often simulates the true Gilia achilleaefolia in habit and in flowers very closely ; its inflorescence is likewise a dense head-like cyme, but its heads, whether symmetric- ally or irregularly globose, bear the flowers spreading (all around) outwards; the stamens are exserted; the calyces are densely woolly to glabrate; it ranges widely in the ulterior, although also occurring along the coast. In the mass, the technical differences between the two species are slight in degree and are apparently degraded by intermediates. The decision here made that Gilia abrotanifolia Nutt. equals Gilia achilleaefolia Benth. is based first upon Douglas specimens now in the University of California Herbarium which are presumably part of tlie original Douglas collection of Gilia achilleaefolia made in California; second, upon the illustration of Gilia achil- leaefolia in the Botanical Eegister (t. 1682) ; and third, upon a drawing of the type specimen made under the direction of the author in the Herbarium Benthamianum. That the Bo- tanical Register illustration represents the south coast line plant heretofore called Gilia abrotanifolia Nutt. is noted by R. F. Hoover. It is not the more widely dispersed plant hith- erto called G. achilleaefolia in American floras which latter is now described as Gilia staminea Greene. Gilia achilleaefolia Benth. is also closely allied to Gilia multicaulis Benth. Both are coastal species, but GUia multi- caulis has a more extensive longitudinal range and extends further to the interior. In the northern and southern parts of its range Gilia achilleaefolia intergrades with Gilia multi- caulis, but has its extreme expression in coastal San Luis Obispo County where, apparently, typical Gilia multicaulis is less common. Collections of Gilia achilleaefolia are cited as follows : Mt. Hamilton Range (w. slope) : Alum Eock, Pendleton 6S4; Coyote Caiion (mouth), e. of Madrone, Hoover 3268. Santa Cruz Mts.: Stanford (foothills near), C. F. Baker 643; Los Gates (foothills w.). Heller 7396. Gabilan Range: San Juan, San Benito Co., Elmer 5037. San Luis Obispo Co.: Paso Robles, Barber; San Luis Obispo, M. M. Miles 134; Arroyo Grande, Alice King. Coastal S. Cal.: Gaviota Pass, Santa Barbara Co., Brewer 390 ; Saugus, Los Angeles Co., Geo. B. Grant 5433 ; Claremont, Chandler. Desert slope San Bernar- dino Mts.: headwaters Mohave River, Palmer 411. Refs. — Gilia achille.\efolia Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas; Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 1682 (1835) ; not of Gray, Jepson and other American authors. G. abrotanifolia Nutt.; Greene, Erythea 3:104 (1895), type loc. Santa Inez Mts., back of Santa Barbara, Nnttall ; (since the binomial is Nuttall's, it seems better to designate Nuttall's specimen as the type of Greene's description, although it is not mentioned first by Greene). G. achilleaefolia subsp. abrotani- folia Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-^'':lll (1907), excluding reference to Mariposa Co. G. multicaulis var. eximia Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:35 (1904), type loc. Evergreen, Santa Clara Co., Davy 1883. G. muUicaxdis subsp. eximia Brand, I.e. 110. 12. G. multicaulis Benth. (Fig. 385.) Stem simple to bushy-branching, strict to ascending, 6 to 20 inches higli; herbage glabrate or puberulent, the inflorescence puberulent or with short gland-tipped hairs; leaves chiefly basal or sub-basal, slightly reduced up the stem, the blades never glandular or rarely so, pinnate or bipinnately divided, the lobes filiform or linear, remote or crowded, 1^/2 to 5 (or 7) lines long ; lower leaves 1 to 4 inches long, petioled, upper ones sessile ; flowers 2 to 7 in terminal glomernles, or sometimes solitaiy ; calj^x cleft %, its lobes triangular- lanceolate, cuspidate, the scarious intervals often purple ; corolla funnelform, whit- ish or smoky-blue or pinkish, Sy^ to 5 (usually aboiit 4) lines long, about twice as long as calyx, its tube yellowish ; stamens shorter than the corolla-lobes, inserted at the sinuses ; capsule ovate-oblong, the cells many-seeded ; seeds showing spiricles when wetted. Dry rocky or gravelly hills and flats, 175 to 3000 feet : Marin Co. ; South Coast Ranges; cismontane Southern California; west side of the Colorado Desert; south to Lower California. Apr.-June. Fig. 385. Gilia multicaulis Benth. a, habit X % ; b, fl., X 3. DrawTi from Douglas type. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Herb. Benth.). GILIA FAMILY 187 Tax. note. — Gilia multicaulis, based on a Douglas plant from California, was, almost -n-ith- out doubt, discovered in the South Coast Eanges. The type (preserved at Kew; see fig. 38i) is a plant 8 inches high with several erect stems from the base and the flowers borne in terminal 2 to 7-flowered glomerules. The stems are somewhat leafy and a few pinnately divided leaves are borne at base. The calyx and pedicels are provided with short gland-tipped hairs. The calyx- lobes are about % as long as the tube. The throat of the funnelform corolla is shorter than the corolla-tube. On the one hand Gilia multicaulis approaches so closely to Gilia achilleaefolia that some collections seem as well referred to one species as to the other. On another hand, through a chain of simulations, it exhibits the habit and the corolla markings of Gilia tricolor. Corollas so marked are, however, quite small and present a sufficient contrast to the ample corollas of Gilia tricolor. In its prevailing form Gilia multicaulis is a leafy-stemmed plant without marked basal leaf- rosette, its flowers borne in few- to several-flowered glomerules. In its inflorescence it is extremely variable and solitary flowers or loosely flowered forms are frequent. Like most highly plastic Gilia species it has been much subject to specific segregation by some botanists. A few of its extreme phases are described below as subspecies or varieties. The following collections arc cited as validating the range of the species: Loes. — Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais, Jcpson 7556. South Coast Eanges: Berkeley Hills, Jepson 15,072; Mt. Diablo (Erythea 1:176) ; Mt. Day, Mt. Hamilton Eange, K. J. Smith; Ben Lomond, Santa Cruz Mts., K. Brandegee; Carmel Mission, Heller 6525; Cholame, San Luis Obispo Co., Wiggins 5778. Cismontane S. Cal.: Santa Rosa Isl. and Santa Cruz Isl., T. Brandegee ; Santa Maria (7 mi. se.), Jepson 19,098; Tepusquet Canon, near Sisquoc Eiver, n. Santa Barbara Co., M. 4" ^- Bearing 1430 ; Big Tujunga Caiion, San Gabriel Mts.. Peirson 157a ; Saugus, Davy : Eaton Cation, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 424; Henninger Flat, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 157; San Ber- nardino, Parish; Banning, Clokeif 4" Templeton 4661; Anaheim plains, Alice King; Eiverside, Jepson 1230; Elsinore, Munz 12,024; Oak Grove, ne. San Diego Co., Jepson 17,149; San Pasqual, San Diego Co., Jepson 19,176; Viejas Valley, San Diego Co., Jepson 11,836; Mesa Grande, San Diego Co., E. Fergxison 39; La Junta, near Jamul, San Diego Co., Newlon 342. West side Colo- rado Desert: Andreas Canon, San Jacinto Mts., Newlon 433b. Var. clivormn Jepson var. n. Stem branched or sometimes simple, 4 to 15 inches high; herb- age densely glandular to glabrate; leaves 6 to 12 lines long, pinnately or bipinnately divided into very narrow rather remote lobes, the upper leaves sessile, the lower petiolate ; flowers in terminal few-flowered glomerules; calyx cylindric, cleft %, the hyaline intervals extremely narrow and typically dark purple; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, l^fj to 2 times as long as calj^, dull blue, the throat ornamented with 5 dark purple spots ; corolla-lobes narrowly oblong to broadly ovate, little spread- ing in anthesis; stamens inserted at sinuses, shorter than corolla-lobes; capsule ovate, 2 to 2% lines long, the cells many-seeded; seeds with a narrow membranous margin. — (Caulis ramosus vel subsimplex, 4—15 une. altus; herba dense glandulosa vel glabrata; folia 6-12 lin. longa, uni- vel bi-pinnatifida, lobis angustis subremotisque; glomeruli terminales pauciflores; calyx cylindricus, intervallis hyalinis angustissimis atropurpureisque; corolla 3-4 lin. longa, caerulea remissa, calyce 1%-2-plo longior, fauce maculis 5 atropurpureis ornata; corollae lobi anguste oblongi vel late ovati ; stamina sinibus affixa, corollae lobis breviora; capsulae loculi polyspermi; semina anguste membranacea alata.) — Gravelly hillslopes or canon sides, 20 to 1200 feet: South Coast Eanges from Contra Costa and San Mateo Cos. to San Luis Obispo Co.; northwestern Santa Barbara Co. Mar.-May. Here are included plants of the South Coast Eange hills back of the coast line which previously have been named Gilia millefoliata or Gilia multicaulis var. millefoliata. The true Gilia millefoliata P. & M. is, however, a plant of the coast line sand dunes from Sonoma Co. to Del Norte Co., which is here referred to Gilia inconspicua Sweet and is held different from Gilia multicaulis var. clivorum of the South Coast Eange hills. "Var. clivorum is a slender plant with smaller corollas; its calyx is not very markedly accrescent; its capsules are oblong-ovate and 2 lines long. The stems of Gilia inconspicua by contrast are a little stoutish and rigid ; the calyx is strikingly accrescent; the oblong capsules are 3 to 4 lines long. There is also marked geogra- phic segregation. The following are citations of var. clivorum: Locs. — Mitchell Caiion, Mt. Diablo, C. F. Balcer 2951; Crystal Springs Lake, San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker 467; San Martin, Santa Clara Co., Chandler 897; Hayes sta., s. end Panoche Hills, w. Fresno Co., Jepson 16,980; Paso Robles, Barber (type) ; San Luis Mt., Summers. Santa Barbara Co.: San Miguelito Canon, Lompoc, Mum 10,249. Var. millefoUa Gray. Stem leafy; leaves Va to 1% inches long, thrice pinnate with numerous short linear or subfiliform segments, the segments crowded, % to 1% lines long; calyx-teeth spreading; corolla bluish, very narrowly funnelform, its tube more slender, the throat scarcely expanded, 3% to 4 lines long; capsule long-oblong. — Sant-i Barbara Isls. ; Santa Cruz Isl., T. Bran- degee ; Green Caiion, Santa Rosa Isl., Hoffmann; San Clemente Isl., Mum 6633. South to Gua- dalupe Isl., Anthony 235. Var. peduncularis (Eastw.) Jepson comb. n. Stem slender, erect and sparsely branched, 8 to 16 inches high, sometimes diffusely branched from the base; herbage subglabroiis or thinly and finely villous, the peduncles or pedicels minutely glandular-puberulent ; leaves % to 2% inches long, the blades pinnately divided into 3 to 7 (or 9) somewhat remote segments, the segments 188 pou:moniaceae linear or narrow-oblanecolate, 2 to 7 lines long, entire (or rarely mth 1 prominent lobe) ; flowers solitary on filiform naked pedicels 1^ to 2 inches long, or sometimes some of the flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 on very short pedicels and the clusters on long naked peduncles ; calyx puberulent, % to % as long as the corolla, its lanceolate teeth about equaling the calyx-tube ; corolla blue or whitish, tubular-f unnelform, 3 to 5 lines long, its tube included in the calyx-tube or barely exserted. — Hill- slopes, 500 to 2100 feet: Vaca Mts. ; South Coast Ranges from Contra Costa Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. and western Fresno Co.; Greenhorn Mts., Kern Co.; coastal Southern California (rare) ; north- western Colorado Desert. South to Lower California. Apr. Geog. note. — Gilia multicaulis var. peduncularis seems little more than a loose form of Gilia multicaulis but is here given varietal status because of the characters developed in its extreme phase : the slender habit, the few long remote segments of the pinnately divided leaves, the long naked filiform pedicels, the frequently solitary flowers and the small corollas. This varietal group, however, as here defined, does not seem to represent a natural entity of a single genetic origin since it occurs sporadically throughout the range of the species. The case against recognition of Gilia peduncularis as a species may be stated thus: Its aspect indicates it as a merely tenuous form of Gilia multicaulis. Typically the stems are remotely leafy and the basal cluster of leaves weak, but when the basal leaf-cluster is strongly developed, the cauline leaves are often much reduced and the plant tends again to suggest the species. Although the flowers are solitary in the type of Gilia peduncularis, collections often show flowers in glomerules (as in Gilia multicaulis) as well as solitary. A plant with pcdicelled flowers may often be found in a collection consisting of plants displaying quite glomerate flowers (that is, with 4, 5 or 6 flowers in a cluster), or often several of the flowers of a glomerate plant are solitary. Furthermore, those plants whose flowers are solitary rather than glomerate, or wholly solitary, differ so greatly among themselves that it seems unnatural to segregate them as a species or perhaps even as a variety. Nor are they segre- gated geographically from Gilia multicaulis, since they occur, rather, throughout the geographic area of Gilia multicaulis. To give these long-pedicelled plants specific rank would do violence to the plant population of Gilia multicaulis, as a whole, as found in its natural range. To the fore- going the following note may be added. "In Gilia tricolor two forms likewise occur, the typical form in which the flowers are congested and var. longipedicellata with a loose inflorescence. To all appearances var. peduncularis bears the same relation to Gilia multicaulis as does var. longi- pedicellata to Gilia tricolor." — R. F. Hoover. Locs. — Vaca Mts.: Dutton Canon, Jcpxon 15,068; Graveyard Hill, se. of Vacaville, Jepson 15,071 (grading towards var. clivorum). South Coast Ranges: Mt. Diablo, Bowerman 2839; Kings Mt., San Mateo Co., Kcclc 2931; Mt. Hamilton Range (foothills e. of Gilroy), Hoover 3272; Charmichael Mill, Santa Cruz Mts., Pendleton 935; Sur River, Monterey Coast, Eastwood ; Tassajara Hot Sprs., Santa Lucia Mts., Ferris 8320 ; Zapato Canon, Diablo Range, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 15,376 (flowers sometimes in compact clusters, thus approaching typical Gilia multicaulis). Greenhorn Mts., Kern Co.: Poso Mine (3 mi. sw.), Poso Creek, C. N. Smith 50; Kern River Park, Kranifs. Coastal S. Cal.: Zaca road, Santa Ynez Valley, Hoffniann : Refugio Pass, Santa Ynez Mts., Hoffmann; Prisoners Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl., Hoffmann 794; Ramona, San Diego Co., K. Brandcgce. Northwestern Colorado Desert: Andreas Canon, San Jacinto Mts., Newlon 432 (grading towards the species). Rets. — GiMA MULTICAULIS Benth., Bot. Reg. sub 1. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douplas (typ. vidi) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 425 (1901), ed. 2, 331 (1911), Man. 796 (1925). G. multicaulis var. tenera Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:278 (1870), type from "Cal."; very slender, peduncles long, the terminal clusters usually 2 or 3-fiowered or reduced to one flower and thus transitional towards var. peduncularis; of the collections named by Gray the following is selected as lectotype (Santa Cruz Redwoods, Bolander 55; Gray Herb.) in order to define the relation to var. peduncularis. G. multicaulis var. detonsa Gray; Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:35 (1904), type loc. Berkeley Hills. G. multicaulis var. alba Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:35 (1904), type loc. Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co., A. L. Jag gar. G. oreophila Greene, Baker's West American I'lants 1:9 (1902), C. F. Baker 865 [foothills near Stanford, Santa Clara Co], nomen nudum. G. inconspicua var. oreophila Brand; Engler, Pfizr. 4-''°: 105 (1913). Var. clivorum Jepson. Var. millepolia Gray in Wats., Proc. Am. Acad. 11:118 (1876), type loc. Guadalupe Isl., Palmer. G. vevinii Gray, Syn. Fl. ed. 2, 2:411 (1886), type loc. San Clemente Isl., Nevin ^ Lyon. G. multicaulis var. nevinii Jepson, Man. 796 (1925). Var. peduncularis Jepson. G. peduncularis Eastw.; Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:34 (May, 1904), type loc. Dutard ranch, near the boundary line betw. Santa Barbara Co. and San Luis Obispo Co. (probably w. of Santa Maria), Fastwood; Jepson, Man. 796 (1925). G. pe- dunculata Eastw., Bot. Gaz. 37:446 (June, 1904), type loc. "Alamo Creek," near Santa Maria, "Santa Barbara Co.," Eastwood (this Alamo Creek is probably in San Luis Obispo Co.). G. pe- dunculata var. calycina Eastw. I.e. 447, type loc. betw. Huasna and Pozo, San Luis Obispo Co., Eastwood. G. peduncularis var. typica subvar. calycina Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-'^'*:108 (1907). G. pedunculaia var. minima Eastw., I.e. 447, type loc. Cuyama, Eastwood. G. peduncularis var. minima Brand, I.e. 108. G. multicaulis var. stricta Brand, I.e. 110, the name based on G. stricta Scheele, Llnnaea 21:755 (1848), a garden plant cultivated in Germany. 13. G. inconspicua Sweet. Stem stoutish, 1 or several from the base, erect or ascending, 5 to 10 inches high; herbage, peduncles and calyces glandular-puberu- GILIA FAMILY 189 lent; leaves V2 to 2 inches long, the blades pinnately divided into discrete linear segments, the segments entire or with 1 or 2 teeth or lobes, 1 to 3 lines long ; upper leaves with coarser and fewer divisions ; flowers 2 to 5 in close short-pedicelled ter- minal clusters or sometimes solitary and terminal; calyx 3 lines long, its teeth lan- ceolate ; corolla blue, tubular or sliglitly expanded upward, 3V2 to 4 lines long, its tube and throat shorter than or not exceeding the calyx; corolla-throat with dark purple spots ; fruiting calj^x conspicuously accrescent, 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes broadly short-lanceolate; capsules large (3 to 4 lines long). Ocean sand dunes or sandy soil, 5 to 40 feet : along the coast line from Del Norte Co. to Sonoma Co. May-June. History of the species. — The binominal Gilia inconspicua Sweet rests directly on Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm., a species based on a garden plant ^rown in the year 1793 at Sion House, on the north bank of the Thames River opposite the Roj-al Botanic Gardens at Kew, England. The plant was raised from seed thought to have come from "America." No herbarium specimens were pre- served, but the describer of the species, J. E. Smitli, illustrated the diagnosis with a colored draw- ing in his Exotic Botany (vol. 1, t. 14, — 180i). Notwithstanding the fairly extended description and the illustration, the identity of Ipomopsis inconspicua has been doubtful. Traditionally it has been regarded as the same species as Gilia inconspicua Dougl., a small-flowered Gilia published by W. J. Hooker in 1829 on the basis of a collection made by David Douglas on the "sandy barren on the southern branches of the river Columbia on the northwest coast of America, growing under the shade of Purshia tridentata and some species of Artemisia." Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. could not, however, have been discovered in the interior of Oregon and Washington, because at the time of its cultivation in England no white man had ever traversed that region, and Gilia incon- spicua Dougl. does not grow west of the Cascade Mountains. Moreover, the various forms of Gilia inconspicua Dougl. in California, here described under the name Gilia tenuiflora Benth. var. sinuata (Dougl.), do not correspond well to the description and illustration of Ipomopsis inconspicua. The origin of the seed stirs curiosity, since in that early day it must have been derived from some coastal region, rather than an unknown and untraveled interior. Although few of them car- ried scientific explorers, a good many ships had visited the coast of California in the eighteenth century. Therefore, in the sense of possible physical access, the seed, to be sure, could have come from the Coast Ranges of California and it is well to consider more curiously this possibility. In the South Coast Ranges the species Gilia multicaulis Benth. is widely distributed and often occurs near the coast line. GUia inconspicua Sw. could not be this species, however, for the follow- ing reasons: 1. The stems and branches of Gilia multicaulis are more slender than in Ipomopsis inconspicua. 2. The foliage of Gilia multicaulis is finer or more finely divided than in Ipomopsis inconspicua. 3. The peduncles in Gilia multicaulis are more slender tlian in Ipomopsis inconspicua and usually with more flowers in the terminal cluster. One of the peduncles in the illustration of Ipomopsis inconspicua is rather short, rigid and 1-flowered. This type of peduncle is exactly that which is sometimes found in Gilia millefoliata of the north coast line. The peduncles of Gilia multicaulis var. peduncularis (Eastw.) are not infrequently 1-flowered, as sometimes in I. incon- spicua, but the peduncles are usually long and slender or even filiform, whereas they are short and stout in I. inconspicua. 4. The inflorescence in Gilia multicaulis tends to be naked, that in I. incon- spicua tends to be leafy. 5. The corolla in the type specimen of Gilia multicaulis has a slender tube with a broadly expanded throat. The corolla in Ipomopsis inconspicua is broadly tubular (and approximates the corolla of Gilia millefoliata of the North Coast Ranges). 6. In Gilia multicaulis, the corolla is H4 to 3 times as long as the calj'x. In Ipomopsis inconspicua, the corolla only slightly exceeds the calyx; it is, as it were, crowded dovra into the calyx (a condition which recalls that in Gilia millefoliata of the North Coast Ranges). The region of the North Coast Ranges may next be considered. In 1838 Fischer and Meyer published a small-flowered Gilia from Bodega in Sonoma Co. as Gilia millefoliata. On the basis of the description, reprinted in Linnaea (13: Litt.-Bericht. 109, — 1839) and in Erythea (2:164, — 1894), and a topotype from Bodega, this is an ocean sand dune plant, usually rather low, with stoutish branching stems, flowers few in rather close glomerules or sometimes solitary, the corollas little exceeding the calyx and corolla-tube and throat not at all exceeding it, and, of most critical importance, the corolla-tube and throat tubular or only slightly expanded upwards. Nearly all, perhaps all, Gilias whose flowers are borne in close clusters or even dense heads, develop occasion- ally or frequently loosely-flowered or openly cymose or paniculate forms. Gilia millefoliata some- times occurs in loosely-flowered inflorescences. Most interesting in this connection is the fact that a loose-flowered specimen of this species, which has been preserved, was grown in a garden by J. P. Tracy. On the whole, then, it is believed that a loosely flowered form of Gilia millefoliata corresponds more closely to the illustration and description of Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. than any other available material. Arguments for the decision that Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm., and not Gilia inconspicua Dougl., is the equivalent of Gilia millefoliata F. & M., or a form of it, are here summarized as follows: 1. Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. is a leafy-stemmed plant, whereas Gilia inconspicua Dougl. in its 190 POLEMONIACEAE prevailing form exhibits a close dense basal rosette and nearly naked stems. 2. The leafage, and especially the lobation, of Ipomoposis inconspicua Sm. correspond to occasional collections of Gilia miUefoliata. It is noteworthy that the upper leaves in Gilia millefoliata have often fewer coarser lobes than the lower leaves and that this coarser type of leaf corresponds better to the upper leaves in Ipomopsis inconspicua, the only ones shown in the illustration. 3. The loose in- florescence of Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. is well matched by such a form of Gilia millefoliata as Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 1921. 4. The corolla of Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. barely ex- ceeds the calyx, just as in Gilia millefoliata F. & M., whereas in the tj'pe of Gilia inconspicua Dougl. it is twice as long and in prevailing forms often 2 to 4 times as long. 5. The tube and throat of the corolla in Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. are broadly tubular, just as in Gilia miUefoliata F. & M., whereas in Gilia inconspicua Dougl. the very slender tube abruptly expands into a broad throat. 6. The calyx-teeth in Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. are depicted as linear ; in the type and in the prevailing form of Gilia inconspicua Dougl. the calyx-teeth are triangular-acute. Nothing quite like the linear calj'x-teeth of Ipomopsis in- conspicu.a Sm. is known either in Gilia inconspi- cua or Gilia millefoliata, but in Gilia millefoliata the teeth are commonly lanceolate. 7. The seed of Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. could not have come from the untraveled interior of the Colum- bia Eiver basin in that very early day; it is, as a speculation, quite possible that it was obtained on the California coast in 1792 by Archiljald Menzies of the Vancouver Expedition. The seeds collected by Menzies went first to England. It must be pointed out that in the region of the type locality of Gilia inconspicua Dougl., col- lections of this species, such as that made at Lexington, llorrow Co., northeastern Oregon, Leiherg 15, simulate rather closely in leafage and somewhat in inflorescence the original illustration of Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm., but the sum total of the evidence, morphological and geographic, leans towards the view that Ipomopsis inconspi- cua Sm. is Gilia millefoliata F. & M. and this view is here adopted. Since no type specimen exists for Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm., the following lectotype is so designated as answering most nearly the original description and illustration: Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 1921 (in Herbario Jepsoniano). The Fig. 386. Gilia tkicolor Benth. a, cauline leaf, X V2 ; b, infl., X V-i ; c. fl., X 1%. Draivn from Voualas type, Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Herb. Benth.). following collections validate the range of Gilia inconspicua Sweet : Smith Eiver Indian Eeserva- tion, Del Norte Co., R. Van Deventer 309; Little Eiver Beach, Tracy 4794; Samoa, Humboldt Bay, Tracy 14,833; Bucksport, Humboldt Co., Tracy 2190; Fort Bragg, Mathews 55; Bodega Pt., Sonoma Co., Eastwood. Eefs. — Gilia inconspicua Sweet, Hort. Britt. ed. 1, 286 (1827), resting on Ipomopsis Incon- spicua Sm., Exotic Bot. 1:25, t. 14 (1804), a garden plant cult, in England from seed believed to be from "America." Ipomeria inconspicua Nutt., Gen. 1:125 (1818), resting on Ipomopsis incon- spicua Sm. Cantua parvifiora Pursh, Fl. 730 (1814), resting directly on Ipomopsis inconspicua Sm. G. parvifiora Spr., Sys. Veg. 1:626 (1825), resting on Cantua parviflora Pursh. G. mille- foliata F. & M., Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 5 :35 (1838), type loc. Bodega Bay, Sonoma Co.; Linnaea 13: Litt.-Bericht. 109 (1839); Erythea 2:164 (1894). G. multicaxdis var. millefoliata Jepson, Man. 796 (1925), as to north coast plants. G. millefoliata var. maritima Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=^0:100 (1907), type loc. Humboldt Bay, Eastwood. 14. G. tricolor Benth. Braos Eyes. (Fig. 386.) Stem slender, erect, with few branches from or above the base, or with many branches from the base and ascend- ing, 8 to 16 (or 21) inches high, more or less leafy on lower part, the thin basal rosette of leaves usually disappearing early; herbage glabrate to somewhat glandu- lar ; leaf-blades pinnate. 1 to 1% (or 31^) inches long, the petioles 14 to V2 as long, the segments linear, mostly remote, entire or pinnately tootlied or laciniately cleft, 3 to 9 lines long; flowers 1 to 5 on short (i/^ to 2 lines) pedicels, borne in dense ter- minal cymes, the cymes on slender peduncles; cah'x cylindrie to turbinate, some- GILIA FAMILY 191 what glandular, 2 lines long, the slendei- teeth V2 to as long as the tube, the longitudinal hyaline intervals beneath the sinuses more or less dark purple ; corolla funnelf orm, 5 to 9 lines long, tricolored, the orbiciilar-ovate lobes light violet-blue, shading into white toward the base, tube and base of throat yellow, top of throat spotted with dark violet; stamens equal, equally inserted just below the sinuses; anthers oval; stj'le exceeding the stamens ; capsule many-seeded. Open foothills and flats and valley floors, 50 to 3000 feet : Coast Eauges from Humboldt Co. to Santa Clara Co. and southwestern Kern Co. ; Great Valley ; Sierra Nevada foothills from Butte Co. to Fresno Co. Mar.-May. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Paskenta, sw. Tehama Co., Virginia Bailey; Phillipaville, Humboldt Co., Tracy 5467; Round Valley, ne. Mendocino Co., Westerman ; Ukiah, Purdy ; Lakeport, Af. S. Bazell; Kelseyville, Lake Co., Hardin Irwin; Healdsburg, Alice King ; St. Helena, Jepson; Cor- ral Hollow, BW. Sau Joaquin Co., Jepson 9558; Halls Valley, Mt. Hamilton Range, Jepson 8239; Gilroy (hills w.), C. F. Balcer 1942; upper Waltham Creek, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 16,161; San Emigdio, Kern Co. (Zoe 4:146). Great Valley: Chico, E. M. Austin 92; College City, Colusa Co., Alice King; Marysville Buttes, Jepson 15,064; Woodland, BlanTcinship ; Fair Oaks, Sacramento Co., M. S. Balcer ; Vacaville, Jepson 15,065; Antioch, A. L. Grant; Linden, San Joaquin Co., F. W. Gunnison ; Irrigosa, Madera Co., Boover 3937; Goshen, Tulare Co., T. Brandegee. Sierra Nevada: Oroville (hills 6 mi. n.). Heller 10,724; Knights Ferry, Stanislaus Co., F. IV. Bancroft; Merced Falls, Mariposa Co., J. T. Howell 4163 ; Sparkville, e. of Friant, Fresno Co., Jepson 15,143. Var. longipedicellata Greenm. Flower-clusters loose, the pedicels % to 1% (or 2) inches long. — Sierra Nevada foothills from Shasta Co. to Kern Co.; San Joaquin Valley; Tehachapi Mts. This variety is separated from the species by only one character, but it is rarely that intergrades are found. It tends to replace the species in great part in the Sierra Nevada foothills, Tehachapi Mts. and upper San Joaquin Valley. It does not occur in the Coast Ranges unless possibly in Humboldt Co. Locs. — Sierra Nevada foothills: Redding, Balcer ^ Nutting ; Bed Bluff (rubble plain ne.), Jepson 16,349; Auburn, Placer Co., Bolander 4574; Sweetwater Creek, Eldorado Co., K. Brande- gee; Willow Sprs. sta., Amador Co., Jepson 15,253; Italian Bar, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant; Mountain Pass (1% nii. w.), Tuolumne Co., Jepson 18,084; Chowchilla School, Mariposa Co., Jepson 12,799; Pinehurst, Fresno Co., Newlon 193; Limekiln Creek, Tulare Co., Jepson 2795; Kaweah, W. Fry 109; foothills 12 mi. ne. of Bakersfield, Allison Krames. San Joaquin Valley: Tracy, Benj. Cobb (an intergrade to the species); El Nido, Merced Co., Hoover 4007; Orosi, Tulare Co., H. P. Kelley ; Tipton, Tulare Co., Jepson 11,591; Arvin, Kern Co., Clokey 6813. Tehachapi Mts.: Bena, Caliente foothills, Jepson 11,612; Rowen, Jepson 6719; Fort Tejon, Jepson 8937. Refs.— Gn^iA tricolor Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas; Trans. Hort. Soc. Loud. ser. 2, 1: t. IS, fig. 3 (1835) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 426 (1901), ed. 2, 331 (1911), Man. 795, fig. 773 (1925). Var. longipedicellata Greenm., Rhod. 6:154 (1904), type loe. Lawrence, Mass., J. A. Collins Jr., an introduction from Cal. G. diffusa Congdon, Erythea 7:186 (1900), type loc. "new Coulterville road," Mariposa Co., Congdon; (isotype material is too mature for certainty, but in habit, aspect, foliage, pubescence and calyces it corresponds to this variety. — R. F. Hoover). G. inconspicua var. oreophila subvar. diffusa Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 42°'':105 (1907). 15. G. leptomeria Gray. Stems few to many from the base, diffusely branch- ing, 3 to 9 inches high; herbage, or mainly the stems, glandular-puberulent; leaves all basal or all the largest basal in a dense rosette, the blades linear or oblanceolate, dentately toothed or pinnately lobed, 14 to 1 (or IY2 ) inches long, shortly petioled ; bracts small, oblong or linear, subtending the branches of the open-paniculate cymes; calyx 1/2 to 1 line long, i/{> to V2 as long as corolla, cleft y^ or less into ovatish lobes ; corolla white, pinkish or purplish, narrow-f unnelform, 2 to 3 lines long, its lobes ovate-acute, often with 1 to 3 cuspidate teeth; stamens inserted in tlu-oat, very short ; capsule oval or oblong, the cells many-seeded; seeds unchanged when wetted. Desert valleys and open sagebrush plains, 2000 to 6700 feet : eastern Mohave Desert (rare) ; Inyo Co. and north to eastern Sierra Co. Ea.st to Arizona and Colo- rado, north to eastern Washington. Apr.-June. Locs. — Eastern Mohave Desert: Barstow, Jepson 17,205a (det. R. F. Hoover); New York Mts., Jepson 5476a. Inyo Co.: Inyo, T. Brandegee; Darwin Wash, Ferris 7924; Bishop Creek, Hall 4- Chandler 7277; Laws, Heller 8344; Owens River Gorge (on volcanic table-land near), Duran 3443. Sierra Co.: Sierra Valley, LcnniioH. Refs. — GiLiA LEPTO.MERiA Gray, Proc. Am. Aead. 8:278 (1870), "mountain valleys of Nev. and Utah," Watson; Gray in Wats., Bot. King 270 pi. 26, figs. 6-11 (1871) ; Jepson, Man. 798 192 POLEMONIACEAE (1925). G. leptomeria var. tridentata Jones, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 2, 5:713 (1895), tj'pe loc. Emery, Utah, Jones 5445n. G. Iriodon Eastw., Zoe 4:121 (1893), type loc. Ruin Canon, a branch of McElmo Creek, se. Utah, Eastwood. Aliciella trindon Brand, Helios 22:77 (1905); Engler, Pflzr. 4-^'':150 (1907). A. triodon var. humillima Brand, I.e. 150, type loc. Inyo Co., T. Brandegee. 16. 6. latifolia "Wats. Coarse plants 3 to 13 inches high, the stem branchmg from the base with several ascending' branches, or sometimes simple and erect ; herb- age glandular-villoiis; leaves snbrosulate basally or the plants leafy below the in- florescence or only on the lower half, the blades 1 to Sy^ inches long, ovate-oblong to orbicular, coarsely serrate or irregularly incised, the teeth or lobes cuspidate; lower leaves petioled, the petioles 5 to 11 lines long, tlie upper leaves subsessile; flowers borne in subpaniculate cymes ; pedicels i/4 to 12 lines long; calyx glandular- hairy, cleft V2. its lobes subulate, exceeding corolla-throat or about as long ; corolla short-salverform, pinkish or rose-color, 3V2 to 4 lines long, the white tube about equaling the calyx-teeth, the lobes ovate, broader at the middle than at base, acute; stamens unequal, inserted on the corolla-tube; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded ; seeds not showing spiricles when wetted. Sandy desert plains and caiion washes or rocky mesas, -10 to 4000 feet, abun- dant: Colorado and Mohave deserts; Inyo Co. East to Utah. Mar .-May. It has the odor of Datura meteloides. Locs. — Colorado Desert: Coyote Wells (3 mi. w.), sw. Imperial Co., Newlon 399; Split Mt., T. Brandegee ; Bailey Well, w. Imperial Co., Jepson 17,091; Borrego Spr., ne. San Diego Co., Jepson 8887 ; Seventeen Palms (caiion above). Clary 2033 ; County Well, n. of Indio, Jepson 6027 ; Painted Caiion, Mecca Hills, Jepson 11,643. Mohave Desert: Barstow, K. Brandegee; Calico Mts., Lemmon; Bagdad, Hall 60S3; Mohave Pinnacles, 15 mi. s. of Trona, C. N. Smith 79. Inyo Co.: Johnson Caiion, Panamint Range, Jepson 19,791; Furnace Creek, Puneral Mts., Death Val- ley, Jepson 6913; Emigrant Sprs., Parish 10,043; pass betw. Coso Mts. and Inyo Mts., Jepson 19,539; Silver Canon, White Mts., E. Brandegee. Refs. — GiLiA LATirOLiA Wats., Am. Nat. 9:347 (1875), type loc. valley of the Virgin River, Utah, Parry; Jepson, Man. 799 (1925). 17. G. gilmanii Jepson sp. u. Stems 1 or a few from the base, erect or ascend- ing, 5 to 10 inches high, the persistent bases woody and borne on a perennial root ; herbage glandular-pubescent, its odor disagreeable; leaves in a basal or sub-basal tuft, the blades obovate, coarsely and somewhat sinuately dentate with spine-tipped teeth, cuneate at base, 1 to 1% inches long, % to 1^/4 inches wide (including the spines), borne on petioles Vi to I/2 inch long; lateral nerves conspicuously strong; eauline leaves reduced and bract-like, lanceolate, toothed or entire, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers borne in a corymbose panicle, the pedicels filiform, 2 to 6 lines long ; calyx- lobes lanceolate-subulate, exceeding or a little shorter than the tube, nearly equaling corolla-tube ; corolla fimnelform, pink, 4i/^ to 5 lines long, cleft nearly Yz "it^o ovate lobes; ovules about 23 to each cell; seed not known. — (Planta perennis, subfruti- culosa; caules unus vel pauci ab basi, erecti vel ascendentes, 5-10 une. alti; herba glanduloso-pubens, odioso-odorata ; folia caespitosa vel subcaesi^itosa ; laminae obo- vatae, remote et subsinuate spinoso-dentatae, basi cuneatae, 1-1% une. longae, %-li/4 une. latae; petioli ^4-% t-Uic- longi ; nervi laterales manifeste validi ; canlis folia parva et bracteata, 1-2 lin. louga; panieula corymbosa, pedicellis filifor- mibus, 2-6 lin. longis; calyces lobi lanceolato-subulati, tubo superantes vel sub- breviores; corolla infundibnliformis, rubella, 4Vi;-5 lin. longa, lobis ovatis tubo subaequantibus ; ovarii loculi circiter 23-ovulati; semen incognitum.) Limestone cliffs, 3500 to 4500 feet : Panamint Range and Grapevine Mts. in Inyo Co. June. Geog. note. — Found only in the ranges about Death Valley, Gilia gilmanii is a notable addi- tion to the list of narrow endemics peculiar to these desert mountains. Two stations are known, one on the limestone cliffs just above (southerly from) Shadscale Spring in Johnson Caiion of the Panamint Range (Oilman 4271, type; Jepson 19,789), the other in Titus Caiion, Grapevine Mts. (Gibnan 4265). Tlie species is named for M. French Gilman, the discoverer, in recognition of arduous feats of field work in highly difficult and inaccessible terrain of the desert ranges. GILIA FAMILY 193 Gilia gUmanii is somewhat allied to G. latifolia. Gilia gilmanii is a woody-based perennial, the flowers with 4 short stamens and 1 long stamen which are inserted near base of corolla-tube and included in the tube. Gilia latifolia is an annual, the flowers with 3 short and 2 long stamens which are inserted near middle of corolla-tube and exserted from the throat. The leaf-blades of Gilia gUmanii are coarsely spiny-dentate ; those of Gilia latifolia are spiny-dentate with the lower ones frequently pinnately divided. Ref . — Gilia gilmanii Jepson ; type loc. limestone cliffs above Shadscale Spr., Johnson Canon, Panamint Eange, Gihnan 4271. 18. G. depressa Jones. Stem diehotomously branched from or above the base, somewhat divaricately dif3Euse, the plants 2 to 4 inches high and 3 to 9 inches broad ; herbage grayisli-puberulent; leaf -blades linear-lanceolate or narrowly rhomboid- lanceolate, thiekish, entire, cuspidate at apex (rarely with a pair of cuspidate teeth or small lobes above the middle), 6 to 10 lines long, subsessile or narrowed to short petioles; bracts foliaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or with two lateral teeth ; flowers solitary along the branches, or mainly or wholly in loose leafy terminal glomerules; calyx cleft %, the lobes subulate; corolla white, tubular (or nearly so), 3 lines long, 1 to 1^4 times as long as calj'x, its lobes about 1 line long; stamens included in the corolla-throat ; capsule globose-ovate, its cells several-seeded; seeds showing spii'icles when wetted. Desert flats or canons, 2900 to 5000 feet, rare : Mohave Desert ; Inyo Co. East to Utah. May-June. Locs. — Mohave Desert: Eabbit Sprs., Parish 1326. Inyo Co.: Argus Mts., Purpus; Deep Spring Valley, Purpus 5809 (in part). Kefs. — Gilia depkessa Jones; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 16:106 (1880), type loc. Deseret, s. Utah, Jones; Jepson, Man. 796 (1925). 19. G. polycladon Torr. Stems few or several from the base, widely spreading, 4 to 8 inches high, the leaves remote along the branches and in a basal rosette (which disappears early) ; herbage minutely puberulent, the stems sometimes a little glan- dular; leaves 14 to 1^4 inches long, the blades pinnatifid with 3 to 7 cuspidulate segments, narrowed gradually to a winged or un winged petiole; flowers in close or head-like terminal clusters, the clusters very leafy-bracteate, % to % inch broad ; bracts few-toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes entire, equaling or a little exceeding (rarely l^/o times as long as) the flower-clusters ; corolla tubular, white, 1 to 2 lines long, little or scarcely at all exceeding the calyx ; stamens included, inserted on short filaments in the corolla-throat; capsule oval, the cells 2 (occasionally 1)- seeded; seeds showing spiricles when wetted. Sandy soil or dry gravelly slopes, 500 to 5000 feet : Inyo Co. and eastern Mohave Desert. East to Colorado and western Texas, south to northern Mexico. Apr.-May. Locs. — Deep Spring Valley, Inyo Co., Purpus 5809 in part ; Daylight Pass, Grapevine Mts., Jepson 19,817; Johnson Canon, Panamint Range, Jepson 19,678; Argus Mts. (ace. P. A. Mum) ; Needles (ace. P. A. Mum). Nev. : near TraU Canon, White Mts., V. Duran 557; Palmetto Eange, Purpus 5850. Eefs. — GiLLn POLYCLADON Torr., Bot. Mex. Bound. 146 (1859), type loc. near El Paso, Tex., Parry; Jepson, Man. 796 (1925). 20. G. campanulata Gray. Stem diffusely branched from or above the base, 1 to 3 inches high, the branches slender; herbage obscurely puberulent, the stems somewhat glandular ; leaves linear or narrowed a little towards the base, entire or with a few narrow divergent teeth, 3 to 8 lines long, subsessile, the cauline longer than the basal ; flowers cymose, the filiform pedicels 1 to 4 lines long, solitary, or the flowers clustered in small glomerules; calyx parted nearly to base, the lobes broadly lanceolate with white scarious margins; corolla white (the throat yellow- ish), narrowly campanulate, 3 to 4 lines long, its lobes % the length of the tube, the tube 11/2 to 2 times as long as the calyx; stamens included, unequal, inserted at base of corolla-tube; stj'le included; capsule ovate, the cells several -seeded. Sandy washes and arid slopes, 5000 to 6500 feet : eastern Inyo Co. East to south- ern Nevada. May-June. 194 POLEMONIACEAE Locs. — Deep Spring Valley, e. Inyo Co., Purpus 5828. Nev. : Belleville, Shoclcley 321; Las Vegas, Goodding 2321; Moapa, Goodding 2196. Eefs. — GiLiA CAMPANULATA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:279 (1870), type loc. "foothills of Trinity Mts., Nev.," Watson; Gray in Wats., Bot. King 271, pi. 26, figs. 16-18 (1871) ; Jepson, Man. 799 (1925). 21. G. micromeria Gray. Stems few or several from the base, branching, 2 to 4 inches high, a little diffuse ; herbage glandular-piiberulent or th^ basal tuft of leaves subglabrous ; leaves linear or oblong, pinnately parted or dentate, or entire, subsessile, 3 to 6 lines long; flowers terminating the branches, borne on pedicels 2 to 5 lines long, subpauiculate; calyit-lobes oblong; corolla white, cami^anulate, li/^ lines long, cleft half-wa.y, nearly twice as long as the calj^s; ovary cells 1-ovuled. Sandy valleys, 4000 to 6000 feet : Inyo Co. North to northwestern Nevada and southeastern Oregon. May-July. Loc. — Only one collection is known from California and that uncertainly, since it lacks a definite station, namely, S. W. Austin 160 (det. A. Eastwood), from the east slope of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo Co. Another plant, Gilia inyoensis Jtn. var. breviuscula Jepson, bearing also the number, Austin 160, was collected in the Sierra Nevada, west of Olancha, Inyo Co. Kefs. — Gn^iA micromeria Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:279 (1870), type loc. "mountain valleys of Nevada," Watson; Wats., Bot. King 271, pi. 26, figs. 12-14 (1871). 22. 6. inyoensis Jtn. Plants diffusely and usually dichotomously branched from the base, li/4 to 4 inches high, the cauline leaves small and remote, the branches thus rather naked ; herbage thinly and minutely glandular-puberulent ; leaves ses- sUe, those of the basal rosette obovate to oblong or luiear, sparsely dentate to entire, the upper ones linear to lanceolate, mostly entire, 1 to 2 lines long, the lower cauline ones (just above the basal rosette) often incised-dentate; flowers eymose, the pedi- cels filiform, divaricate, 1 to 8 lines long ; calyx spreading, cleft about to middle, the lanceolate lobes scarious-margined; corolla white (the throat yellow), turbinate- campanulate, 2 to 21/1; lines long, cleft % to base, the lobes broad, often emarginate or denticiflate at apex; stamens equal, included, inserted at middle of corolla-tube ; style exceeding or shorter than the stamens. Sandy soil, 5200 to 7000 feet : Mono Co. ; foothills on west side of Owens Valley, Inyo Co. East to western Nevada. May. • , Locs. — Watterson Mdw., Mono Co., Otto Renner 8; Bishop (w. of), K. Brandegee ; Lone Pine I Creek, Hall # Chandler 7213. Nev.: Queen sta.. Mineral Co., SliocMey 374. Var. breviuscula Jepson comb. n. Plants 4 to 5 inches high; corolla 2 to 2% lines long, less [ spreading; stamens unequal, the longer exserted.- — Southern Sierra Nevada in Tulare and Inyo Cos.: Lloyd Mdws., Tulare Co.; Sierra Nevada w. of Olancha, Inyo Co., S. W. Austin 160. Eefs. — Gilia inyoensis Jtn., Contrib. Gray Herb. 75:39 (1925), type loc. foothills west of Bishop, Inyo Co., Heller 8281. Var. BREvnrscULA Jepson. G. campanulata. var. breviuscula Jep- [ son, Man. 799 (1925), type loc. Lloyd Mdws., upper Kern River, Jepson 4902. 'I 23. G. filiformis Parry. Stem branching from near the base, diffuse or erect, 3 to 8 inches high; herbage glabrous, sometimes with a faint bloom, sometimes mi- nutely glandular above ; leaves all cauline, filiform, entire, % to 1 inch long; flowers paniculately eymose, borne on filiform pedicels 21^ to 12 lines long ; calyx about V2 as long as corolla, cleft about half way, its lobes lanceolate, scarious-margined; corolla yellow, turbinate-campanulate, l^/^ to 3 lines long, parted nearly to base into oblong lobes; stamens unequal, inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; , capsule ovate, the cells several-seeded; seeds mucilaginous when wetted. H Sandy desert mesas and talus slides in caiions, 900 to 4000 feet : eastern Mohave Desert; Inyo Co. East to Utah. May. Field note. — The stamen filaments incurve with their anthers appro.ximate about the style. Below the 5 apertures formed by the incurving filaments are 5 .semi-transparent spots on the corolla- tube towards the base. There are also 2 parallel oblong faintly orange spots towards the base of each lobe of the corolla. Locs. — -Eastern Mohave Desert: Barstow, K. Brandegee ; Calico Mts., Lemmon 3115; New- berry (on lava sw.), Neivlon 512; betw. Kelso and Baker, Jepson 20,583; Cave Sprs., Avawatz Mts.", H. 4- M. Bearing. Inyo Co.: Bradbury Well, s. end Black Mts., C. L. Hitchcock 12,360; GILIA FAMILY 195 lanaupah Cauon, Panamint Mts., Jepson 7030; Emigrant Spr., Inyo Co., Parish 10,193; Argus tange (n. end), C. N. Smith 136; SUver Canon, White Mts., Heller 8220. Ha Range (n. end), Eefs. — GiLiA FiLiroRMis Parry; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:75 (1874), type from s. Utaii, Parry; Jepson, Man. 799 (1925). Tintinabulum filiforme Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mts. 698 (1917). 24. G. gracilis Hook. Beggar Gilia. (Fig. 387.) Stem erect, branched at or above the base, often diffuse or frequently simple, usually 2 to 6 (or 12) inches high, villous-pubeseent, the hairs commonly glandular ; leaf -blades l^ to 1 (or l^/^) inches long, puberulent or often glabrous beneath, linear to lanceolate, entire, ses- sile, the lowest often ovate or oblong and frequently shortly petioled; flowers few or several in terminal cymes, the cymes usually dense ; calyx glandular-pubescent, cleft % to Yo its length, much distended by the enlarging fruit and split deeply or down to the base in age, the subulate lobes usually strongly recurved beneath the globose cap- sule ; corolla red, pink or rarely white, salver- form, 3% to 5 lines long, the tube shorter than or usually little surpassing the calyx, the throat or tube often yellow or greenish-yel- lowish; corolla-limb 1 to l^/o (or 3) lines broad, its lobes ovatish or roundish, emarginate or entire; stamens included in the corolla-throat, the filaments inserted in the throat, 1 or 2 higher than the rest; style included, very shortly 3-cleft; capsule 1-seeded, the seeds with a thin narrow margin. Open hills, sandy flats or opens in woods, 300 to 8600 feet : Coast Ranges from western Siskiyou Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; Great Valley; Sierra Nevada from eastern Siskiyou Co. to Kern Co. ; east side of the Sierra Nevada from Modoc Co. to Inyo Co.; Tehachapi Mts. ; cismontane and intramontane Southern Cali- fornia. South to Lower California, east to New Mexico, Colorado and Montana, north to Alaska. South America. Mar .-May. Geog. note. — In habit Gilia gracilis varies from plants with slender erect simple stems to plants with branched erect stems or to plants much branched and extremely diffuse. Such variations are not associated with other differences and have no obvious geographic correlations. Morphologically, as to herb- age, flowers and fruit, and in the features of pubescence and glandulosity, the prevailing plant in California is sufficiently constant to be taken as one unit. This prevailing form is one of vnde dispersion in the various topographic areas of California, since it is absent only from the Colorado and Mohave deserts. In Southern California it is both cismontane and intramontane, while in the Sierra Nevada region it is both cismontane and transmontane. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys it is of rare occurrence. The following citations are mainly of the low often (as compared with var. stricta) somewhat coarse plants which are glandular above and sometimes glandular throughout. Locs. — Coast Ranges : Yreka, Butler 570 ; Black Butte, Sisson, Jepson 15,054 ; Summit Valley, Del Norte Co., B. Van Deventer 151; Grouse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 12,699; South Fork Mt., Trinity Co., Jepson 16,060; Paskenta, sw. Tehama Co., Jepson 16,329; Larrabee Valley, Hum- boldt Co., Tracy 8691; Lodoga, w. Colusa Co., Jepson 16,276; Ukiali, Purely; Davis Hills, Vaca- ville, Jepson 15,051; St. Helena (hills e.), Jepson 15,056; Mt. Tamalpais, Chesnut ^ Drew; San Bruno Hills, San Francisco, Jepson 15,053 ; Mt. Diablo, Jepson 9846 ; Mt. Hamilton, Jepson 4215 ; San Benito Peak, San Carlos Range, Jepson 2717 (condensed dwarfs % inch high) ; Zapato Chino Creek, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 15,368; Carrizo Plain, Jepson 12,013; San Luis Hot Sprs., Condit. Great Valley: Marysville Buttes, Jepson 15,057; College City, Colusa Co., Alice King; Tracy, Hoover 1736; Kettleman Hills, Hoover 2933. Sierra Nevada: Bear Flat, se. Siskiyou Co., Jepson 20,120; Burney Valley, Shasta Co., Ba^er 4- Nutting ; Blairsden, Plumas Co., Eu-'on 8240; Smarts- Fig. 387. Gilia gracilis Hook, a, habit, X 1/2; 6, fl., X 2; c, long. sect, of corolla, X 2 ; d, capsule with recurving calyx-lobes, X 2. 196 POLEMONIACEAE ville, Tuba Co., Jcpson 15,052 ; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson 15,05S ; Fallen Leaf Lake, Eldo- rado Co., Ottley S19; Hodgdon Eanch near Tuolumne Grove, Jepson 10,536; Marble Fork near Giant Forest, Jepson 652; Junction Mdw., upper Kern Caiion, Jepson 1049a; Greenhorn Pass, Kern Co., Fiirpus 5701. East side Sierra Nevada: Egg Lake, Modoc Co., Nutting; Madeline Plains, Lassen Co., Loughridge ; Sierraville, KecTc 433; Jackass Spr., Nelson Range, Inyo Co., Hall ^ Chandler 7125. Tehaehapi Mts. : betw. Monolith and Tehachapi, Allison Erames; Bear Mt., Jepson 7179. Cismontane and intramontane S. Cal.: Loekwood Valley, Mt. Pifios, Hoffmann; San Marcos Pass, Santa Ynez Mts., Hoffmann; Leonis Valley, n. Los Angeles Co., Davy 2630; Pinon Ridge, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 24S4; San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Witch Creek, e. San Diego Co., Alderson; Banner, e. San Diego Co., T. Brandcgee. In the northerly parts of California two slight and hazy variants emerge through the medium of intergrades: Var. stkicta Brand. Stems slender, very strictly or rigidly erect, glandular- pubescent (at least above), commonly non-glandular below, frequently sub-glabrous or glabrous below, mostly 8 to 11 inches high, simple or branched only at summit, the cymes relatively loose; leaves narrowly lanceolate, glabrous or subglabrous, at least below, sometimes finely ciliolate or villous-ciliolate ; calyx glandular-pubescent. — Montane valleys or fiats, 2300 to 5200 feet: eastern Tehama Co. (Battle Creek Mdw., Mineral, Jepson 12,272) ; Siskiyou Co. (Edgewood, Kisling) ; Humboldt Co. (Larrabee Valley, Tracy 8791, "flowering a month later than associated small plants of the species" ; Corral Prairie, Trinity Summit, Tracy 14,146). North to Washington. In no two collections studied is the segregation of pubescence on the various parts of the plant the same. Var. GLABELLA Brand. Habit of the species ; up- per portions of stem and calyces glabrous, lower part of stem pubescent but less glandular than in the spe- cies; leaves as in the species, glabrous beneath; cymes open. — Valley flats, 2000 to 2500 feet: Humboldt Co. (Larrabee Valley, Tracy 8692 ) . North to Washington. In the Sierra Nevada foothills is a form of more significance because definitely restricted to a limited area: Var. villosa Jepson & Hoover var. n. Simple, erect, usually markedly villous, especially above ; co- rolla purple or crimson throughout (both the lobes and the tube). — (Caulis simplex, erectus, fere valde villosus, praesertim supra ; flos per totam coroUam purpureus vel puniceus. ) — Lower foothills from Placer Co. to Calaveras Co.: Auburn, Bolander 4508; Pilot Hill, Eldorado Co., Jepson 15,762 (type) ; Nashville, Eldorado Co., Jepson 18.055; lone, Amador Co., Jep- son 18,666 ; Mokelumne Hill, Blaisdell. Refs. — GiLiA GRACILIS Hook., Hot. Mag. t. 2924 (1829), based on a cultivated plant (London Horticultural Society), originally collected by Douglas "on light soils, on the banks of the Spokane River [Wash.] and on high ground near Flathead River [Ida.], in Northwest America"; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 425 (1901), ed. 2, 330 (1911). Collomia gracilis Dougl. ; Hook., I.e. Phlox gra- cilis Greene, Pitt. 1 :141 (1887) ; Jepson, Man. 787, fig. 767 (1925). iticrosteris gracilis Greene, Pitt. 3:300 (1898). Collomia micrantha Kell., Proc. CaJ. Acad. 3:18, fig. 3 (1863), type loc. Silver City, Nev., Dunn. Microsteris micrantha Greene, Pitt. 3:303 (1S98). G. gracilis var. micra7i(7(a" Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4"0:91 (1907). Microsteris californica Greene, Pitt. 3:302 (1898) , "Coast Range of middle and northern Cal., thence eastward to the Sierra Nevada" ; (corolla described as wholly red but plants having such corollas are not known in the Coast Ranges. — R. F. Hoover). G. gracilis var. eritrichoid.es subvar. californica Brand, I.e. Var. stricta Brand; Eng- ler, Pflzr. 4=5»:S9 (1907). Microsteris stricta Greene, Pitt. 3:302 (1S9S), "ne. Cal. and adiacent Ore." Var. glabella Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4==°: 91 (1907). M. glabella Greene, Pitt. 3:301 (1898), type loc. Falcon Valley, Wash., Sul'sdorf. G. humilis var. glabella Piper, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11:461 (1906). Var. villosa Jepson & Hoover. G. gracilis var. eritrichoides subvar. californica Brand, I.e. 91; probably not Microsteris californica Greene. 25. G. gilioides Greene. (Fig. 388.) Stem erect, loosely branching, leafy, 4 to 15 (or 23) inches high, or the few branches diffusely spreading, i/o to 2^4 feet long; herbage more or less villous or pilose and glutinous ; leaves y^ to 1% (or 2%) inches long, mostly petioled, the blades narrow-obovate to oblanceolate or linear, entire or with a salient tooth on each side, or the blades pinnately cleft or pinnate with 3 to Fig. 388. GnjA gilioides Greene, a, habit, X % ; 6, fl., X 4. Drawn from Douglas t^-pe. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Herb. Benth.). GILIA FAMILY 197 5 (or 13) lobes or leaflets; lobes or leaflets entii-e, rarely toothed, commonly very unequal; blades of upper leaves commonly trifid, often very different in shape from the lower leaves; flowers on slender pedicels, arranged in open irregular cymes or glomerate, minutely bracteate or conspicuously leafy-braeteate ; calyx very glandular-hairy, searious below sinuses to base ; calyx-lobes erect, linear or subulate, equaling the tube or longer; corolla tubular-funnelform, white, blue, purple or rarely red-pink, 2i/2 to 5 lines long, 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx, the limb 1 to 11/4 lines broad; stamens unequal and unequally inserted on the corolla-throat (about the middle or below), included in the throat or the longer with anthers barelj^ exserted; style included or rarely exserted; capsule globose, its cells 1 (rarely 2) -seeded; seeds becoming mucilaginous when wetted. Dry sandy flats or hills or wooded canon sides, 2500 to 9000 feet: common throughout the Coast Ranges (mostly towards the interior). Sierra Nevada and cismontane Southern California, less frequent on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, rare in the Sacramento Valley (100 to 500 feet) and absent from the San Joaquin Valley, Mohave Desert (except west side) and Colorado Desert. South to Lower California, east to western Nevada and north to southern Oregon. Mar.-Aug. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Jepson 15,061; Hyampum, Trinity Co., dies- nut 4- Brew; Greasewood Hills, near Mt. Tom, w. Tehama Co., Jepson 15,067; Alder Sprs. (10 mi. e.), n. Glenn Co., Heller 11,4.38; Mt. Konoeti, Lake Co., Jepson 15,059; Howell Mt., Napa Range, Jepson 15,060; Mt. Diablo, Bowerman 1907; Saratoga (s. of), Santa Cruz Mts., Pendleton 130; Lopez Caiion, San Luis Obispo Co., Unangst. Sacramento Valley: Sacramento, T. Brandegee. Sierra Nevada: Jonesville, C op eland ; Pioneer road sta.. North Fork Yuba River, Jepson 16,799; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson 15,062; Strawberry road sta., Eldorado Co., Jepson 16,886; Myers sta., near Lake Tahoe, Ottley 940; SUver Valley, Alpine Co., Jepson 10,148; Cow Creek, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6514; Heteh-Hetehy, Jepson 3449; Lake Merced, Merced River, Jepson 3197 ; Fresno Big Trees, Madera Co., Jepson 15,973 ; Graveyard Mdw., near Silver Pass, Fresno Co., A. L. Grant 1513b; Big Creek, Fresno Co., I. T. WalTier; Shaver Lake, Fresno Co., Jepson 16,097 ; betw. Tehipite Valley and Gnat Mdw., E. Ferguson 535 ; South Fork Middle Tule River, Jepson 4872; Portuguese Mdw., s. Tulare Co., C. N. Smith 16. East side of the Sierra Nevada: Forestdale, 3W. Modoc Co., M. S. BaTcer; Susanville, T. Brandegee; Sierra Valley, Lemnion; Mo- gul, Mono Co., Yates 5310; Pleasant Caiion, Panamint Range, Hall ^ Chandler 6967. Western Mohave Desert: Manzana, Antelope Valley, Davy 2516. Cismontane S. Cal.: Mt. Piiios, Hoff- mann; Zaca road, San Rafael Mts., Hoffmann; Vandeventer Flat, Santa Rosa Mts., Jepson 1416; Escondido, San Diego Co., C. V. Meyer 117; Cuyamaca Mts., Palmer 234. Note on variation. — Gilia gilioides is remarkably unstable; it is unstable in habit, in shape of leaves and in form of inflorescence, — these are the features most subject to variation. A char- acteristic leaf diversity as found on a single individual is as follows: leaves entire or toothed on the lower part of the plant, leaves pinnately divided (with 3 to 5 or 9 or sometimes 13 lobes) at the middle of the plant, and leaves trifid above. The segments of the leaves or leaflets vary greatly in size and shape. Variation in habit, ranging from coarse plants to delicate plants, is equally striking. Notwithstanding all this, variation is confined within certain limits and tends to charac- terize or place its peculiar seal upon the entity. The character of the variation, in other words, marks well the species, almost as well as an invariable constant. Collections are, therefore, usually referred with certainty to this species. Only three varieties are here described: Var. volcanica (Brand) Jepson & Hoover comb. n. Corolla 6 to 10 lines long, 2 to 3 lines broad, the tube purple, the lobes white or pale; stamens unequal, the longer conspicuously exserted, the filaments unequally inserted, the upper at about middle of throat, the lower at base of throat; style shorter than corolla-tube. — Sierra Nevada foothills from Eldorado Co. to Mariposa Co. ; also in Lake Co. (intermediate towards the species). Locs. — Sierra Nevada foothills: Sweetwater Creek, Eldorado Co., K. Brandegee; Avery sta., Calaveras Co., A. L. Grant; Bear Mt., Calaveras Co., Davy 1456; Yankee Hill, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6416; Columbia, Jepson 6418; Cold Spr., Bald Mt., Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6465; Coultor- ville, Mariposa Co., Hoover 2160. Lake Co. (corolla similar, but stamens apparently never ex- serted) : Snow Mt., T. Brandegee; Binkley ranch, near Cobb Mt., Jussel 159. Var. ianthina Jepson & Hoover var. n. Leaves or their lobes usually narrow, the lower leaves (save in depauperate plants) mostly with 5 to 15 lobes ; flowers 3 to 7, crowded in capitate clusters; corolla bright violet-blue. — (Folia vel lobi fere angusti; folia basilaria plerumque 5-15-lobata; flores 3-7, dense capitati; corolla violaceo-azurea.) — Inner Coast Range and its cast-side foothills from western Shasta Co. to southwestern Kern Co. ; Sierra Nevada foothills from Fresno Co. to Kern Co. ; south to the western San Gabriel Mts. It intergrades to typical Gilia gilioides. Locs. — Inner Coast Range: Anderson, Shasta Co., Alice King; Paskenta (6 mi. w.), Virginia Bailey; Lodoga, Colusa Co., Jepson 16,271 (type) ; Mt. Diablo, Bowerman 2919; Mt. Hamilton, 198 POLEMONUCEAE Pendleton. 904; Little Panoche Pass, San Benito Co., Hoover 3012; North Fork Lewis Creek, se. Monterey Co., Jepson 2679; Alcalde, sw. Fresno Co., T. Brandegee ; San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., Davy 2019. Sierra Nevada: betw. Dunlap and Pinehurst, Fresno Co., Newlon 158; Cedar Creek, Tulare Co., W. Fry 351; Laver's Mdw., Greenhorn Mts., Erames. Tehachapi Mts. : Keene, Jepson 7186 ; Bear Mt., Jepson 7178. San Gabriel ilts. (w. end) : Tujunga Caiion, MacFadden 20r. Var. glutinosa (Benth.) Jepson. Leaves sometimes bipinnatifid, the lobes broader than in var. ianthina; corolla 2 to 3 Unes broad; stamens unequal, the longer conspicuously exserted, the filaments equally or somewhat unequally inserted on base of corolla-throat. — Coastal S. Cal. : San Marcos Pass, Santa Tnez Mts., Hoffmann 793; Santa Barbara, Jepson 12,132; Ojai Valley, Ven- tura Co., Thacher 75 ; Malibu, Los Angeles Co., Barter; Topanga, Los Angeles Co., Barter ; Eaton Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 153; Big Dalton Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 293; San Bernardino foothills. Parish; San Jacinto Mts., Gondii; Temescal, Riverside Co., Hall 582; Palo- mar Mt., Jepson 1513 ; Dehesa, San Diego Co., Spencer 63. South to L. Cal. Refs.— GiLlA GiLioiDES Greene, Erythea 1:93 (1893) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 425 (1901), ed. 2, 330 (1911), Man. 797, fig. 774 (1925). CoUomia gilioides Benth., Hot. Reg. 19: sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. G. divaricata Nutt., Jour. Acad. Phila. n. ser. 1:155 (1848), type loc. Monterey, Gambel. G. violacea Hel., Muhl. 1:56 (1904), type loc. Bonner Lake, Nevada Co., Heller 6873. G. gilioides var. henthamiana Brand; Engler, Pfizr. 4=50; 93 (1907), type loc. Grants Pass, Ore., Howell. G. gilioides var. greeneana Brand, I.e., type from Sonoma Co., Greene; Jepson, Man. 797 (1925). G. gilioides var. integrifolia Brand, I.e., type loc. Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., Hall 4" Chandler 67. Var. volcanica Jepson & Hoover. G. divaricata var. volcanica Brand, I.e. 94, type loc. Volcano, Amador Co., Hansen 1764. Var. ianthina Jepson & Hoover, type loc. Lodoga, w. Colusa Co., Jepson 16,271. Var. glutinosa Jepson, Man. 797 (1925). CoUomia glu- tinosa Benth., I.e., type from Cal., Douglas. C. gilioides var. glutinosa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:260 (1870). G. ^iuiinosa Gray, Syn. Fl. ed. 2, 2 : 408 (1880). G. trashiae Eastw.; Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:26 (1904), type loc. Santa Catalina Isl., Trash; Jepson, Man. 796 (1925). The original description was based on two collections (both Santa Catalina Isl.): the type collection (Trask) in the California Academy of Sciences Her- barium is now destitute of flowers; the T. Brandegee collection in the University of California Herbarium has no perfect flowers and none at all in situ. Knowledge of the corolla and stamens is, in consequence, inadequate, but it is possible that both the Santa Catalina collections represent very young plants, in which case the original diagnosis of the corolla might be specially inter- preted. It may be remembered that in many Polemoniaceae, some time after the corolla-limb attains its full diameter, the corolla-tube often elongates conspicuously. Aside from the little- known flower, this may be said: In habit, branching, aspect and inflorescence, and especially in leaves and pubescence Gilia traskiae agrees remarkably with various collections of Gilia gilioides var. glutinosa. The pattern and the lobation of the pinnately divided leaves of the type collection are matched by the leafage of Gilia gilioides var. glutinosa in such a collection as Eaton Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 153. Both the villous spreading hairs and the very short hairs of Gilia traskiae are closely matched by the pubescence in Peirson 153. These collections are also similar in that the calyces in both are rather deeply cleft into ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate lobes. This reference of the name Gilia traskiae is further confirmed by a recent flowering collection of Gilia gilioides var. glutinosa in Hamilton Canon, Santa Catalina Island, Fosberg 15,413. 8. GYMNOSTERIS Greene Diminutive annuals with leafless simple stems. Proper leaves none, the cotyle- dons persistent, eonnate-perfoliate. Flowers few in terminal heads, the 4 bracts united at base and forming a distinct involucre. Calyx-tube membranous, the lobes lanceolate, slightly unequal, about as long as the tube. Corolla salverfoi-m or slender-funnelform, white or yellow. Anthers sessile in the corolla-throat. Cap- sule 3-celled, dehiscent, 10 to 18-seeded. — Species 3, North America. (Greek gym- nos, naked, and steros, foundation or prop, referring to the leafless stem.) Cotyledons remote from involucre; involucre several (3 to 6) -flowered; style cleft %; var. par- vula of 1. G. nudicaulis. Cotyledons closely subtending involucre or rarely somewhat removed; involucre 1 (or 3) -flowered; style cleft to middle or a little below 2. G. minuscula. 1. G. nudicaulis Greene var. parvula (Rydb.) Jepson. Plants 1 to 1% inches high; involucre 3 to 4% lines long; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, its lobes acutish, V-? to 1/4 the length of the tube. Canon bottoms, 4000 to 5000 feet : east side of the Sierra Nevada in Nevada Co. East to Colorado, north to eastern Oregon and to Idaho. Apr. -May. Loc. — Prosser Creek, Nevada Co., Sonne. GILIA FAMILY 199 Eefs. — Gtmnosteris nudicauus Greene, Pitt. 3:304 (1898). Collovim midicaulis H. & A., Bot. Beech. 368 (1840), type loc. "Green River, Snake Country," Tolmie. Gilia nudicaulis Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:266 (1870). Linanthus nudicauUs Howell, Fl. Nw. Am. 456 (1903). Var. PARVULA Jepson, Man. 809 (1925). Gilia parvula Bydb., Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1:320 (1900), type loc. Swan Lake, Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 823. Gymnosteris parvula Hel., Muhl. 1:3 (1904). Gymnosteris pulchella Greene, Pitt. 3:304 (1898), type loc. Steamboat Sprs., Washoe Co., Nev., Sonne. 2. G. minuscula Jepson. Plants 2 to 4 lines high ; involucre 1% to 1% lines long; corolla white, fading yellowish, I14 lines long, exceeding the calyx, its throat yellowish, its lobes short, obtuse, % to % the length of the tube ; capsule about 13 to 18-seeded. Alpine gravelly or sandy slopes, 10,300 to 11,800 feet : "White Mts., Mono Co. July. Locs. — Sheep Mt.; Big Prospector Mdw., Jepson 7309. Eef. — Gymnosteris minuscula Jepson, Man. 809 (1925), type loc. Sheep Mt., White Mts., Mono Co., Jepson 7326 (typ. in Herbario Jepsoniano). 9. LINANTHUS Benth. Low slender annuals. Leaves opposite, palmately divided to the base into fili- form, narrowly linear or oblanceolate divisions (thus almost seeming as if in whorls in some species), very rarely entire, rarely some uppermost ones alternate. Flowers scattered or in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-tube commonly scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth usually equal. Corolla campanulate, funnel- form, or salverform. Stamens equally inserted on the corolla. Capsule with few to many seeds in each cell. — Linanthus maculatus has entire leaves, as have also species of the section Eulinanthus, partially or wholly. — Species about 50, western North America and Chile. (Greek linon, flax, and anthos, flower.) A. Corolla campanulate to fimnelform, its proper tube very short or obscure, much shorter than the throat; transmontane deserts or mostly so (except no. 6). — Subgenus Parkta. Flowers 2 to 4 lines long; corolla-throat mthout protuberances; calyx-lobes a little unequal; corolla white. Leaves oblong-linear, entire ; disk at base of corolla 5-lobed ; Colorado Desert.. 1. L. maculatus. Leaves mostly trifid; disk at base of corolla entire; e. Mohave Desert and Inyo Co 2. L. demissus. Flowers 5 to 9 lines long; calyx-lobes equal. Corolla-lobes entire ; filaments glabrous ; leaves palmately cleft or parted. CoroUa pink; calyx-lobes ovate; stems filiform-wiry, almost naked; se. San Diego Co 3. L. belhis. Corolla white ; calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate ; stems a little stouter, leafy. Corolla-throat without protuberances ; calyx-lobes subulate, not membranous-mar- gined or only slightly, arising abruptly from the truncate border of the membranous calvx-tube; San Antonio Mts., S. Cal....- i. L. concinnvs. Corolla-throat with somewhat sac-like protuberances ; calyx -lobes lanceolate, broadly membranous-margined, the sinuses acute; Mohave Desert (and its border- ing ranges), South Coast Ranges and Inyo Co 5. L. parryae. CoroUa-lobes dentate ; corolla usually pink ; filaments hairy at base ; leaves linear and entire ; cismontane S. Cal. and w. Colorado Desert 6. L. dianthifloriis. B. CoroUa f unnelf onn or salverform, the tube equaling the throat, usually several times longer. 1. Flowers mostly scattered, usually solitary in the axils or terminal. Leaf-blades mostly linear and entire (some parted or divided in nos. 7 and 10). — Subgenus Edunanthus. Corolla 9 to 15 lines long, 12 to 15 lines broad, the throat almost obsolete; stamens inserted near base of corolla-tube, hairy at base; anthers linear-oblong; seeds with a loose honey-comb testa; leaf -blades palmately divided or linear and entire; cismontane and transmontane 7. L. dichotomus. CoroUa 3 to 6 (or 8) lines long, 1 to 4 lines broad; corolla-throat % to as long as corolla-tube, obscurely differentiated from the tube ; stamens inserted at base of throat, glabrous; anthers oblong ; seeds with a close testa ; mostly transmontane deserts. 200 POLEMONIACEAE Plants 214 to 9 inches high; leaf -blades linear and entire. Flowers mostly sessile; corolla white; seeds angular, narrowly margined, often pointed at one end 8. L. higelovii. Flowers pedicelled; corolla yellow; seeds narrowly margined, notched on one side, the notch with a white horseshoe-shaped border 9. L. jonesii. Plants Vi to 21/^ inches high; leaves 3-parted, or linear and entire; seeds reniform, con- stricted at the hilum 10. L. arenicola. Leaf -blades palmately parted or dirided into 3 to 7 linear or oblanceolate segments; flowers % to 8 lines long.- — Subgenus Dacttlophyllum. Corolla golden or cream yellow; stamens inserted on upper part of corolla-throat; S. Cal. Flowers mostly in close glomcrules, subsessile to short-pedicelled (the pedicels % to 1% lines long) 11. L. lemmonii. Flowers paniculately cymose, long-pediceled (the pedicels 2 to 8 lines long) 12. L. aureus. Corolla white (sometimes pink in no. 13; blue in nos. 16 and 17). Stamens inserted on lower part of corolla-throat; calyx turbinate or cup-shaped; corolla white (rarely pink-tinged) ; capsule-cells several-seeded. Corolla 2 to 8 lines long, 2 to 3 times as long as calyx; filaments hairy at base. Plants diffuse, branching from the base, the branches at length dichotomous; foothills of North Coast Kanges and Sierra Nevada 13. L. filipes. Plants erect, the stem simple below, branching above, the branches mostly simple; widely distributed 1-1. L. liniflorus. Corolla % to 2 lines long, 1 to l^A times as long as calyx; filaments glabrous at base (except in var.) ; capsule-cells 1-seeded (except in var.) ; North Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada 15. L. harlcnessii. Stamens inserted about the middle or upper part of corolla-throat, glabrous, no hairy ring at insertion of stamens, often a hairy ring on lower part of coroUa-tube inside. Corolla blue, purplish or lilac. Corolla 6 to 10 lines long; calyx clavate-cylindric, its lobes % to % as long as the tube; Coast Ranges 16. L. rattanii. Corolla 3 to 4 (or 6) lines long; calyx cylindric, its lobes broadly lanceolate, Ve to Vi as long as the tube ; Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada 17. L. holanderi. Corolla white, 1% to 2% lines long; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, about % to as long as the tube; widely distributed IS. L. pygmaeus. S. Flowers sessile in dense clusters or heads. Corolla f unnelform or tubular-funnelform, the tube as long to twice as long as throat.^Subgenus Pacificus. Calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx-tube, not membranous-margined; corolla-tube % to % as long as the corolla-lobes; outer Coast Ranges 19. L. grandiflorus. Calyx -lobes 3 to 4 times as long as the ealyx-tube, membranous-margined; corolla-tube longer than the corolla-lobes; San Diego Co 20.L.orc-itttii. CoroUa strictly sah-erform, the tube slender-filiform, mostly 10 to 20 times (or at least 4 or 5 times) as long as the throat; calyx cleft nearly to base or at least half-way. — Sub- genus Leptosiphon. Cal)^ not membranous or only slightly membranous below the sinuses. CoroUa-lobes 2% to .5 lines long, 1% to 3 lines broad; stamens inserted about middle of corolla-throat, the anthers barely exserted from throat; bracts and calyces coarsely ciliate or hispid-pubescent to glabra te. Corolla-tube 1% to 2 times as long as calyx; corolla white to cream-color; capsule-cells 1 to 3-seeded; Sierra Nevada 21. L. serrulatus. Corolla-tube 3 to 6 times as long as calyx ; corolla white to crimson, lavender or yellow; capsule-cells about 3 to 6-seeded; Coast Ranges and Santa Ana Mts 22. L. androsaceus. Corolla-lobes 1 to 3 lines long, ',4 to 1% lines broad; stamens inserted in lower part of corolla-throat, exserted from corolla-throat but not as long as corolla- lobes. Corolla-lobes 1^4 to 3 lines long; corolla purple, pink, pale yellow or white; liracts and calyces finely puberulent, the calyx-lobes sometimes ciliate ; mainly Coast Ranges and coastal S. Cal 23. L. parviflorus. Corolla-lobes 1 to 1% lines long; corolla pinkish or purplish (or white) with a yellow throat, or golden; bracts and calyces often coarsely pubes- cent, the calyx-lobes coarsely ciliate to nearly glabrous; cismontane Cal., widely spread 24. L. bicolor. GILIA FAMILY 201 Calyx membranous to base below sinuses. Bracts of inflorescence 6 to 9 (5 to 13) lines long, coarsely long-ciliate. Corolla pink or purple, its lobes 1 to 1% lines long, with or without a purple spot at base; cismontane Cal., ividely spread 25. L. ciliatus. Corolla pink or white, its lolies 2% to 3% lines long, a purple spot at base; Sierra Nevada; San Bernardino Mts 26. L. monianus. Bracts of inflorescence 2 to 3 lines long, short-hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaf -segments linear; corolla 7 to 15 lines long, its lobes obovate, obtuse; flowers in both axillary and terminal clusters or only terminal. Corolla 7% to 15 lines long, its limb 5 to 7% lines broad, its tube glabrous; calyx hirsutulous ; cent. Mohave Desert and San Bernardino Mts. 27. L. brevicnJus. Corolla 7 to 9 lines long, its limb 4 to 5 lines broad, its tube finely but rather densely spreading-hirsutulous; s. Sierra Nevada and Tehachapi Mts 28. L. nashianus. Leaf -segments oblanceolate ; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, its lobes quadrate, trun- cate or emarginate ; flowers in terminal clusters, occasionally 1 or 2 in the uppermost axils; upper Kern River basin 29. L. olilaiiceolatus, 1. L. maculatus Mlkn. Stem branched from the base, % to I14 inches high, sparsely pubescent, equably leafy ; leaf -blades oblong-linear, entire, cuspidate, thick, puberulent above, glabrous below, 1 to 2 lines long; earlier flowers subsessile in the lower forks, the later ones crowded above in small head-like clusters; calj'x parted almost to ba.se, nearly equaling the corolla-lobes; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, ciliate, with a hyaline margin, evidently unequal, cuspidate ; corolla campanulate, white, 2 lines long, the lobes broader than long, about % as long as throat and tube ; sta- mens included in throat, inserted at the summit of the very short proper tube; capsule oval, the cells several-seeded ; seeds unchanged when wetted. Sandy flats and washes, 500 to 2200 feet: northwest arm (Conchilla Desert) of the Colorado Desert and desert floor on the north side of the Conchilla Mts. Mar.-Apr. Note on endemism. — Linanthus maculatus is a narrow endemic restricted to the flats and valleys bordering the Conchilla Range, that is, the Conchilla Desert on the south side and the desert floor on the north side. Not only is it a narrow endemic, but the number of stations for it and the number of individuals of it appear to be limited, five collections only being known to us: "Whitewater River, Wilder 704 ; probably Conchilla Desert, Wright 1820 (bearing no exact station, but S. B. Parish says that Wright on this trip from San Bernardino went no further into the Colo- rado Desert than Palm Springs and its immediate valley floor) ; Coyote Holes (Bull. S. Cal. Acad. 24:50); betw. Morongo Valley and Twentynine Palms, Daniels; Twentynine Palms (8 mi. s.), J. Kech 3843. Refs. — Linanthus maculatus Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:55 (1904) ; Jepson, Man. 800 (1925). Gilia maculata Parish, Bull. Torr. Club 19:93 (1892), type loc. "Agua Caliente, San Diego Co." (that is. Palm Sprs., e. base Mt. San Jacinto, now Riverside Co.), IF. G. Wright. 2. L. demissus Greene. Stem branched from or near the base, the branches ascending, 1/2 to 3 inches long, equally leafy throughout; herbage glabrate or thinly puberulent, sparingly and microscopically glandular; leaves trifidly divided with spreading or divergent lobes, or entire, the blade or its lobes linear, conspicuously cuspidate, 2I/2 to 5 lines long ; flowers in close leafy cymes, short-pediceled ; calyx divided nearly to base into lanceolate lobes with hyaline or white-scarious margins, exceeding the corolla-throat; calyx- tube below sinuses searious; corolla campanu- late, white with purple-streaked throat, 2i^ to 4 lines long; corolla-lobes quadratish- oblong, % as long as throat, the proper tube very short, pale yellow, the stamens inserted almost on its summit, about as long as corolla-throat; capsule oblong-oval, 1/2 as long as the calyx ; cells several-seeded ; seeds unchanged when wetted. Desert plains and cailons, 2000 to 7500 feet: eastern Mohave Desert; south- eastern Inyo Co. East to Arizona and Utah. Apr. -May. Flower note. — The lobes of the corolla are a little twisted and thus resemble the fans of a turbine windmill. The calyx-lobes are unequal, 3 large and 2 sm.nll. Locs. — Mohave Desert: Barstow, Jepaon 17,200; Calico Wash, Calico Mts., Jepson 5408; Daggett, Mary Beal; Kelso Mts., Jepson 20,581; Willow Springs Caiion, Old Dad Mts., Jepson 20,503; Banhy, Newlon 52S; Tief ort Mt. (flats near), J'epstwi 17,263. Inyo Co.: near Gold Valley, 202 POLEMONIACEAE Black Mts., Saylor 280 ; Pleasant Canon, Panamint Range, Hall 4" Chandler 6943 ; Emigrant Sprs., Death Valley, Parish 10,195. Refs.— LiNANTHUS DEMissns Greene, Pitt. 2:257 (1892) ; Jepson, Man. 801 (1925). Gilia demissa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:203 (1870), based on "se. Cal. and adjacent Ariz.," Fremont; Rothrock, Bot. Wheeler Exped. pi. 19B (1878). Gilia dactylophylla Torr., Bot. Ives 22 (1860), "mouth of Diamond River," Ariz., Newherry, is cited by Gray as a sjTionym of Gilia demissa Gray (Linanthus demissus Greene). On the basis alone of the few words of description, Torrey's name might as easily apply to any one of several species of Linanthus. It is, therefore, a nomen subnudum. L. dactylophyllus Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mts. 698 (1917). 3. L. bellus Greene. Stems several to many from the base, subprostrate, fili- form-wiry, giabrous or nearly so, nearly naked (bearing one whorl of leaves at the base or middle), 1 to 1% inches long; leaves 3-cleft, 1 line long, sparingly villous at base, the lobes carinate; flowers 1 to 3, sessile in close terminal clusters; calyx equaling the throat of the corolla, 2 lines long, glabrous, deeplj- cleft into ovate lobes, the lobes 3-ridged on back, membranous-margined; corolla rotate-campanulate, pink or rose-purple, with purple spots in throat, 6 lines long, the very short tube (I/O line long) and the throat (2 lines long) shorter than the lobes; stamens inserted at summit of corolla-tube, included in throat ; filaments slightly dilated downwards, with a trench-like pit at insertion ; ovary 3-angled. Hillslopes, 2500 to 3000 feet : southeastern San Diego Co. and southwestena Colorado Desert. South to northern Lower California. May. Logs. — Boulevard sta. (3% mi. w.), nw. of Jacumba, Tf. I. Follett 33; sw. Colorado Desert (Erythea3:61). Refs. — Linanthus bellus Greene, Pitt. 2:250 (1892). Gilia iella Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20:301 (1885), type loc. Hanson ranch, L. Cal., Orcittt. L. peirsonii Mason, Madrono, 2:23 (1931), type loc. Tecate (14 mi. se.), L. Cal., Peirson 5844. 4. L. concinnus Mlkn. Stem loosely branched, the branches ascending, 2 to 5 inches high ; herbage sparingly puberulent and obscurely glandular, the bracts and calyx-lobes a little villous-ciliate; leaves opposite, at least below, palmately 3 to 7-parted into linear or linear-spatulate acerose or cuspidate lobes, 3 to 6 lines long ; flowers in bracteate loosely glomerate cjanes; calyx -tube conspicuously hyaline- membranous, its 5 narrow ribs excurrent from the markedly truncate border as subulate lobes, the lobes % to ifi as long as the tube; corolla funnel-form, white with a yellowish tube and throat, 5 to 7iA lines long, 4% to 6 lines wide, the limb equal- ing the tube and throat, the tube about % line long; filaments inserted in the corolla- tube, somewhat dilated at base ; capsule ovoid-oblong, the cells 2 to 4-seeded; seeds about a line long, unchanged wheu wetted. Sandy hill slopes or dry rocky habitats in the mountains, 5000 to 8000 feet, in- frequent : San Gabriel Mts. ; San Bernardino Mts. May-June. Locs. — San Gabriel Mts. : Mt. Lowe, Peirson in litt. ; North Fork San Antonio Creek, e. San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 2142 ; Swartout Caiion, Eall; Icehouse Canon, Johnston; Lytle Creek Caiion. San Bernardino Mts.: Baldwin Lake, ace. Peirson. Refs. — Linanthus concinntts Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:53 (1904), based on Gilia modesta Hall; Jepson, Man. 801 (1925). Gilia modesfa Hall, Bot. Gaz. 31:389 (1901), type loc. Lytle Creek Canon, trail to Mt. San Antonio, Eall 1443 ; not G. modesta Philippi (1895). G. par- ryae var. modesta Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-^'*:145 (1907). Gilia concinna Munz, Man. 396 (1935). 5. L. parryae Greene. Stem compactly branched from the base or usuall.v, 1 to 2yo (or 3) inches high; herbage puberulent; leaves opposite, at least below, the blades palmately 3 to 7-parted into acerose segments, 2 to 5 lines long; flowers sev- eral to numerous, congested in leafy cymes; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, broadly scarious-margined, microscopically ciliate, 2 to 3 times as long as the calj-x-tube ; corolla funnelform, yellow (with dark throat) or bluish-lilac, or white, 5 to 8 lines long, 6 to 9 lines wide, the lobes nearly twice as long as tube and throat combined, the very short tube 14 to % as long as the throat ; throat bearing beneath each corolla-lobe a pair of pui-ple or white saccate protuberances or reniform arches, the tips of the arches continued down the throat as line-like ridges; filaments dilated GILIA FAMILY 203 at base, inserted at fhe summit of the corolla-tube ; anthers barely exserted from corolla-throat ; ovary 3-angled ; capsule obovate, the cells many-seeded ; seeds mi- nute, scarcely % li'^e long, showing spiricles slightly when wetted. Sandy desert flats, alkaline or sterile playas, or hard soil of arid mountain slopes, 2000 to 6300 feet : South Coast Ranges in Monterey and San Luis Obispo Cos. ; southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co. ; Mono Co. ; Inyo Co. ; Mohave Desert. Mar.- June. Logs. — South Coast Ranges: Vineyard Canon, Monterey Co., Wiggins 8016; Creston, San Luis Obispo Co., Otto Renner ; Estrella, San Luis Obispo Co., Jared. Teliaeliapi Mts. : Tehachapi (Zoe 2:77). Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.: betw. Greenhorn Summit and Kernville, C. N. Smith 381; Walker Pass, Purpus 5405; Cottonwood Creelc, Piute Mts., C. N. Smith 177. Mono Co.: Benton sta., Duran 3242. Inyo Co.: Lone Pine, T. Brandegee ; Homewood Canon, Argus Range, Bailey 4' Bohison. Mohave Desert (and the desert slopes of its bordering ranges) : Red Rock Canon, w. end El Paso Mts., Allison Kramcs ; Calico Wash (n. of Daggett), Jepson 5402; betw. Barstow and Stoddard Well, Mary Beal; Amargo, Jepson 15,581; Kramer, Jepson 5402a; Luna Mt., n. slope San Bernardino Mts., Axelrod 403; Horsethief Canon, Clolcey 6823; Cajon Pass, Jepson 6118; Neenach, Antelope Valley, Jepson 19,243; Little Eoek Creek, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 940. Refs.— LiNANTHUS PARRTAE Greene, Pitt. 2:256 (1892); Jepson, Man. 801 (1925). Gilia parry ae Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:76 (1876), type loc. near head of the Mohave River, n. slope San Bernardino Mts., Parry 4r Lemmon; Lemmon, Pac. Rural Press 13:34 (1876). G. kennedyi Porter, Bot. Gaz. 2 :77 (1877), type loc. Kern Co., W. L. Kennedy. 6. L. dianthiflorus Greene. Fringed Gilia. Stem branching, erect or spread- ing, 2 to 6 inches high; herbage subglabrous or minutely puberulent; leaves opposite below but frequently alternate above, linear-filiform, entire, 2 to 7 (or 15) lines long ; plants abundantly florif erous, the flowers in small few-flowered leafy cymes, the pedicels shorter than the calyx ; caljrx usually cleft to the middle, its lobes linear, membranous-margined at base; corolla funnelform, bright pink or lilac (the lobes often white at base, sometimes wholly white), 6 to 9 lines long, 5^/2 to 10 lines wide, its lobes dentate, about equalling the combined length of tube and throat; throat yellow, marked with 5 spots, 1^4 to 2 times as long as the yellowish or pur- plish tube; stamens inserted in corolla-tube, included in the throat, the filaments hairy and dilated at the base ; stigmas spirally twisted, spreading horizontally ; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded ; seeds winged. Sandy ground of open valley fields or open hillsides or sometimes in canon flats, 50 to 4400 feet : coastal Southern California from Santa Barbara to the San Ber- nardino Valley and south to San Diego Co. ; west side of the Colorado Desert. South to Lower California. Jan. -May. Loc3. — Coastal S. Cal.: Santa Barbara, /. E. Boadhou-se; Christys Harbor, Santa Cruz Isl., Hoffmann; Santa Catalina Isl. (Erj^thea 7:142) ; San Fernando Valley, Brewer 161; Claremont, C. F. Balder 4062; San Bernardino, Parish; Lugonia, e. San Bernardino Valley, Parish; San Ja- cinto Lake, Jepson 1238a; betw. Coahuilla Valley and Aguanga, Jepson 1478; Anaheim, Alice King; Elsinore, Jepson 19,144 ; Ramona, Jepson 8516 ; Oak Grove Valley, e. San Diego Co., Jepson 17,147; Warner Pass, Jepson 8746; Santa Isabel, Jepson 17,140; Mesa Grande, San Diego Co., E. Ferguson 45; Mt. Soledad, near La Jolla, Neu'lon 2,14:\ San Diego, Jepson 6056. Refs. — LiNANTHUS DiANTHirLORUS Greene, Pitt. 2:254 (1892); Jepson, Man. 801 (1925). Femlia dianthiflora Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. Gilia dian- thoides Endl., Atakta Bot. t. 29 (1833). G. fenzlia Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1:683 (1840). Fenzlia speciosa Nutt., Proc. Acad. Phila. 4 :12 (1848), type loc. Santa Catalina Isl., Gamhel. F. concinna Nutt., I.e. type loc. San Diego, Nuttall. Gilia dianthoides var. farinosa Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 42^": 131 (1907), type loc. San Bernardino Co., Parish 36. 7. L. dichotomus Benth. Evening Snow. (Fig. 389.) Stem simple or dieho- tomously branched, 3 to 6 (or 15) inches high; flowers on short pedicels in the forks or terminal, the pedicels Y^ to 2 lines long ; herbage glabrous with a glaucous tinge ; leaves entire or palmately 3 to 5 or 7-divided, the blade or its divisions narrowly linear or filiform, 6 to 12 lines long; flowers opening in late afternoon or at sunset and closing the next morning; calyx cylindraceous with conspicuous hyaline inter- vals, glabrous, its subulate lobes spreading, y^ or 14 as long as the tube; corolla 204 POLEMONIACEAE tubular-salverform, white with a brownish throat, Y^ to 1^/4 inches broad, % to 1^4: inches long, about 2 times as long as calj'x, the lobes a little exceeding the tube and strongly convolute in the bud; stamens inserted ui lower part of corolla-tube, in- cluded in the throat ; filaments with a hairy pad at base ; style very short, about equaling the ovary; capsule oblong, the cells many-seeded; seeds with a loose white bladdery testa, the testa alveolate, the hilum seated at the base of a small and rather deep circular cavity. Dry hillslopes and sandy or gravell.y flats, 600 to 5000 feet ; Coast Ranges from Tehama Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. (always back of the coast line) ; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Nevada from Butte Co. to Kern Co. ; Inyo Co. ; Jlohave Desert and its bordering ranges ; Santa Rosa Mts. (west side of the Colorado Desert). Mar.-June. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Paskenta (6 mi. w.), w. Te- hama Co., Virginia Bailey; Indian Valley, ne. Lake Co., M. S. Bazell; Conn Valley, Napa Range, Jepson 10,313; Dry Creek, nw. of Napa, aec. E. M. Smith ; Sonoma, Brewer 969; Corral Hollow, w. San Joaquin Co., Jepson 9597; Stanford, C. F. Baker 529; Mt. Hamilton, JeiJSon 4194; Jolon, Monterey Co., Wiggins 8032 ; San Carlos Creek, San Carlos Range, Jepson 2723; Hernandez (4 mi. nw.), s. San Benito Co., S. S. Ferris; Coalinga, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 17,013; Carrizo plain (low hills at n. end), se. San Luis Obispo Co., Jepson 12,020; San Emigdio (Zoe 4:146). Sacramento Valley: Crane Creek near Rosewood, w. Te- hama Co., Jepson; Marysville Buttes, Jepson 20,926 ; Rose- ville. Placer Co., Slwckley. Sierra Nevada: Butte Co. (Man. S02) ; Sweetwater Creek, Eldorado Co., K. Brande- gee ; Hetch-Hetchy, A. L. Grant; Yosemite Valley, Jepson 10,4S2a; Ahwahnee, Madera Co., Jepson 12,825; Sequoia Park, Fry ; lower Kern River foothills, Benson 2977. Inyo Co.: Bishop Creek, Hall :131 (1907), type loc. Ventura Co. Grinnell 7. G. aurea f. pallescens Brand, I.e., type from S. Cal., Jones 3186. Var. decorus Jep'son, Man. 803 (1925). Gilia aurea var. decora Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:264 (1870), type from Cal., Fremont. G. aurea f. decora Brand, I.e. 13. L. filipes Greene. (Fig. 390.) Stem dichotomously and diffusely much branched, or sometimes erect, 2 to 6 inches high, the branches filiform; herbage puberulent, sometimes villous at base ; leaf-blades palmately 5-parted into filiform or acicular segments, l^/^ to 4 lines long ; inflorescence dichotomously paniculate- eymose; pedicels filiform, 2 to 5 lines long; calyx usually narrow-turbinate, his- pidulose, % as long as the corolla, the lobes Vs to nearly as long as the calyx-tube, somewhat pungent-tipped ; corolla short-funnelform, white to pink or lilac, 2 to 3 lines long, with a hairy ring in the tube ; stamens exserted from the corolla-throat, the filaments inserted near the base of the throat; style exceeding the stamens; capsule-cells several-seeded. Open or openly wooded slopes or flats in the foothills, 200 to 4500 feet : North Coast Ranges from Solano Co. to Shasta Co. (and the rolling plains immediately 208 POLEMONIACEAE bordering their foothills on the west side of the Sacramento Valley) and to Hum- boldt Co.; Marysville Buttes; Sierra Nevada foothills from Kern Co. to Shasta Co. and also on the rolling plains immediatelj' bordering the foothills on the east side of the Great Valley. Abundant. Apr.-July. Field note. — Linanthus filipes, an inhabitant of open grassy hills and openly wooded slopes, is of early summer-flowering annuals doubtless the species of greatest abundance in individuals throughout the length of the Sierra Nevada foothills, that is, during the period of initial dryness. Frequently it forms quite pure colonies 10 to 12 feet in diameter. The leaf -divisions are densely fascicled on the lower part of the stem. When the internodes of the lower part of the stem are very short and the congestion of fascicles in such cases vary marked, this feature is reminiscent of the main stems of Leptodactylon species, notwith- standing that plants of Linanthus filipes are annual and so delicate and those of Leptodactylon are peren- nial and so coarse. Locs. — North Coast Ranges and the rolling plains bordering their foothills on the Sacramento Valley side: Hartley sta., nw. Solano Co., C. F. Baker 2883; Martin ranch. South Fork Trinity River, Jepson 2016 ; Paskenta (6 mi. w.), sw. Tehama Co., Virginia Bailey ; Dibble Creek, w. of Red Bluff, Jepson 20,928 ; Sims 3ta., Shasta Co., Jepson 20,922. Marysville Buttes: South Peak, Jepson 20,929. Sierra Nevada foothills and the rolling Great Valley plains immediately bor- dering them: Sycamore Gulch, Greenhorn Mts., C. N. Smith 315; Three Rivers (e. of), TV. Fry 123; betw. Pinehurst and Badger, Fresno Co., Newlon 174; Ah- wahnee, Madera Co., Jepson 12,827; Ruth Peirce Mine above Hornitos, Mariposa Co., Jepson 10,707 ; Snell- ing (5 mi. n.), Merced Co., Hoover 965; LaGrange, se. Stanislaus Co., Jepson 20,923; Harden ranch, s. Tuolumne Co., Jepson 10,559 ; Columbia, n. Tuolumne Co., Jepson 6392; Black Creek (5 mi. ne. of Copper- opolis), Calaveras Co., Tracy 5632; Dry Creek hills, n. of lone, Amador Co., Jepson 15,215; Placerville, E. Brandegee; Chico (plains e.), B. il. Austin 152; Oak Run, ne. Shasta Co., Blanhinship. R«fs. — Linanthus filipes Greene, Pitt. 2:255 (1892); Jepson, Man.803, fig. 777 (1925). Gilia filipes Benth., PI. Hartw. 325 (1849), type loe. "Sacramento Valley" (the upper valley, east side; cf. Erythea 5 :55), Eartioeg 233. G. liniflora var. filipes Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4==»:134 (1907). L. pusillus Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:49 (1904) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 430 (1901), ed. 2, 334 (1911) ; not L. pusillus Benth. Gilia pusilla var. calif arnica Gray, Pro'e. Am. Acad. 8:263 (1870), based on G. filipes Benth. 14. L. liniflorus Greene. Stem erect, usually simple below, but freely and widely branched above, 1/2 to l^/o feet high, glabrous; leaf-blades palmately 3 to 7-divided into linear-filiform segments, minutely scaberulous, puberulent in the sinuses, 3 to 5 (or 10) lines long; flowers on long capillary pedicels in a dichoto- mously branched paniculate cyme, the pedicels mostly 4 to 14 lines long; calj'x minutely puberulent to glabrate, narrow-campanulate to turbinate. 1% to 2yo lines long, its lobes oblong or lanceolate, 1/0 to as long as the tube; corolla short-funnel- form, white or tinged with pink or lilac, 4 to 6 (or 8) lines long, the tube very short (i/o to 1 line long), the throat about IVo to 2 lines long; stamens inserted in or near base of corolla-throat, about M> the length of the lobes; filaments pilose at very base or sometimes on lower part, the throat and tube usually puberulent at their in- sertion and below ; capsule oval, the cells 2 to several-seeded ; seeds mucilaginous when wetted. Dry open ridges and sandy flats. 100 to 5000 feet: South Coast Kanges from San Francisco Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; western Mohave Desert ; cismontane Southern California from Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co.; Sacramento Valley (west side) ; San Joaquin Valley ; southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co. ; Tehachapi Mts. Apr.-June. Fig. 390. Linanthus filipes Greene. a. habit, X Va ; 6, A., X 2 ; c, long. sect, of coroUa, X 2 ; d , calyx, X 2. QILIA FAMILY 209 Tax. note. — Linanthus liniflorus vs. Linanthus pharnaceoides. These two forms were first published under Gilia by George Bentham. The descriptive terms used by Bentham in the original diagnoses of Cilia liniflora and Gilia pharnaceoides (Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622), both collected by Douglas in "California," are e.xactly the same, save that in the former the corolla is described as thrice longer than the calyx, in the latter twice longer. In DeCandoUe's Prodromus (9:315), Bentham adds that the throat is very pilose in G. liniflora and puberulent in G. pharnaceoides. Since the types were collected by Douglas in California it would seem that both forms must have been discovered in the coastal region, almost certainly in the South Coast Eanges, which were traversed by Douglas; but in such case the described differences, when applied to our California material, do not differentiate two distinct units. Corolla length in relation to calyx is unstable in this species group and often notoriously so in Polemoniaceae generally. Moreover, the presumed pubescence character is slight and obviously variable in different collections otherwise alike. On the basis of the known material such characters seem insufficient for use in separating two specific units in the region of the South Coast Eanges ; and no other characters are available. Locs. — South Coast Eanges : Potrero HiUs, San Francisco (Zoe 2 :364) ; Woodside, San Mateo Co., C. F. Baker 760; Mt. Hamilton, Eeller 7438; Loma Prieta, Santa Cruz Mts., Davy 371; Cold Spr., Big Sur Eiver, Monterey Co., Jepson 2598 ; Tassajara Hot Sprs., Santa Lucia Mts., IF. I. Follett 76; San Miguelito rancho, near Jolon, Monterey Co., Jepson 1642; La Panza, cent. San Luis Obispo Co., Summers; Cuyama Valley, se. San Luis Obispo Co., Hoffmann. Western Mohave Desert: Willow Sprs., Mnm 10,048. Cismontane S. Cal.: San Marcos Pass, Santa Ynez Mts., Hoffmann (puberulent calyces and glabrous calyces occur on one individual) ; Agua Caliente, Santa Ynez Mts., A. L. Grant 1681; Cow Caiion divide, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 456; San Ber- nardino Mts., Parish 462; Beaumont, Riverside Co., Jepson 6076; San Jacinto River near San Jacinto, Jepson 1259; Hemet Valley, San Jacinto Mts., C. V. Meyer 765 (calyx glabrous) ; Tra- buco Canon, Santa Ana Mts. (Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. ed. 2, 292) ; Lakeside, San Diego Co., K.Bran- degee; Deseanso, San Diego Co., Wolf 2212. Great Valley, 10 to 500 feet (the usual plant is a slight form, var. vallicola Jepson, with the following features : pedicels ascending, or often divari- cate and curved at tip, the flower thus erect; calyx usually glabrous; corolla- throat commonly with a puberulent or somewhat "frosty" zone at the stamen insertion near base of throat and below; filaments usually hairy at base) : Willows, Glenn Co., Jepson 21,242 ; Main Prairie, e. Solano Co. Jepson 20,935 (in both Main Prairie and Willows spms. the filaments are inserted in upper part of corolla-throat, both the free and adherent parts glabrous) ; Byron, e. Contra Costa Co. C. F. Baher 2864 ; Deadman Creek, n. of El Nido, Merced Co., Jepson 17,480 ; Shaf ter, Kern Co., Hoover 942; Famoso, Kern Co., Jepson 12,415 (individuals with glabrous calyces and individuals with puberulent calyces occur in one narrow colony a few yards square, the plants plainly of one genetic constitution) ; Lerdo, Kern Co., Jepson 17,343. Southern Sierra Nevada in Kern Co.: Greenhorn Mts., Allison Krames. Tehachapi Mts.: Tehachapi, K. Brandegee. Refs. — Linanthus liniflorus Greene, Pitt. 2:254 (1892); Jepson, Fl. W Mid Cal 430 (1901), ed. 2, 334 (1911), Man. 803 (1925). Gilia liniflora Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas; DC, Prodr. 9 :315 (1845). G. liniflora subsp. eu-liniflora Brand ; Engler' Pflzr. 4=™:133 (1907). G. pharnaceoides Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal.' Douglas; DC, Prodr. 9:315 (1845). G. liniflora var. pharnaceoides Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8 :263 (1870). Linanthus pharnaceoides Greene, Pitt. 2:254 (1892) ; Jepson, Man. 803 (1925). Gilia liniflora subsp. pharnaceoides Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4"'':133 (1907). Var. vallicola Jepson Man. 803 (1925), type loc. plain near Bakersfield, Jepson 8944. 15. L. harknessii Greene. Stem strictly erect, very slender, 3 to 10 inches high, branching mostly above the base and ending above in a dichotomously branched paniculate cyme; herbage sparsely puberulent to glabrate; leaf -blades palmately 3 to 5-parted into linear segments 1% to 8 lines long ; flowers minute, solitary on filiform pedicels, the pedicels 3 to 10 lines long; ealj'x cupshaped or turbinate, glabrous or nearly so, little shorter than the corolla, its lobes y^ to nearly as long as the calyx-tube; corolla funnelform, white, % to 11/2 lines long, glabrous; stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-throat, included in throat, glabrous; capsule ovoid, the cells 1-seeded. Open places, usually in granitic soil, 3000 to 8000 feet : North Coast Ranges from northern Lake Co. to western Siskiyou Co. ; Sierra Nevada from Fresno Co. to Modoc and Siskiyou Cos. North to Oregon. June. Locs. — North Coast Eanges: Snow Mt., n. Lake Co., T. Brandegee; Soldier Ridge, Tollo Bolly Mts., Jepson 20,932 ; Grouse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 12,832 ; Big Flat, Salmon Mts., Hall 8644 ; Shackelford Creek, w. Siskiyou Co., Butler 1657. Sierra Nevada: Jackass Mdw., South Fork San Joaquin River, E. Ferguson 447 ; Huntington Lake, Fresno Co., Jepson 12,982 ; Fallen Leaf Lake Eldorado Co., M. S. BaTcer ; Dog Valley, e. Nevada Co., Jepson 20,931 ; Summit sta., Nevada Co.' Jepson 20,933; Webber Lake, Sierra Co., Lemmon; Jonesville, Butte Co., Heller 11,671; Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., Jepson 10,646; Feather Lake, sw. Lassen Co., C. S. Sobinson; South Fork 210 POLEMOXIACEAE Peak, Lassen Co., Jepscm 7814; Forestdale, sw. Modoc Co., M. S. Baker; Big Bear Flat, se. Sis- kivou Co., Jepsoji 20,115. Var. septentrionalis (Mason) Jepsou & Bailey comb. n. Corolla 1 to 2 lines long, the throat usually with a ring of fine pubescence at insertion of stamens; capsule-cells 2 to 5-see(led. — Mono Co. (betw. Mono Lake and Bridgeport, Keel- 2914). East to Nevada and Wyoming, north to Montana, Idaho and eastern Oregon. Plants of var. septentrionalis from a wide range are uniform in character and are like Linanthus harknessii in habit, aspect, hue, leafage and inflorescence and essentially in flowers. The variety differs from the species most reliably in the number of seeds in the capsule. Eefs.— LiNAXTHUs HARJ lines long, glabrous or rarely puberulent, its subulate teeth commonly closely erect (especiall.y in bud), in age often spread- ing horizontally, about equaling the calyx-tube; calyx-tube usually 3-nerved be- neath the lobes, in age slightly thickened or distended; corolla white, IVi to 2^ lines long, shorter than the calyx or only slightly exceeding it ; corolla limb Y-i to 1 line broad ; stamens exserted shortlj- from corolla-throat, the filaments inserted unequally about middle of throat, glabrous ; cap.sule linear-oblong, the cells sevei-al- seeded. In chaparral or on openly wooded sloj^es, 50 to 5000 feet : Butte Co. ; Nortli Coast Ranges from western Yolo Co. to Napa Co. ; South Coast Ranges from Contra Costa Co. to southwestern Fresno Co.; Teliachapi Mts.; eismontane Southern California from the San Bernardino Valley to the Laguna Mts. South to Guadalupe Isl., Lower California. Apr. -May. Locs. — Butte Co.: plains near the Sierra Nevada foothills e. of Chico, R. M. Austin 168. North Coast Ranges: Eumsey (hills n.), Yolo Co., Hoover 3191 ; Kelseyv-ille, Lake Co., Eastwood 4- Eoxvell 5734; Howell Mt.,"Napa Range, Tracy 1502; Conn Valley, Napa Range, Jepson 20,920. South Coast Ranges: Antioch, T. Brandegee; Stanford, C. F. Baker 680; Mt. Hamilton, J. T. Howell 4661; Pacific Grove, Heller 6796; Milpitas Creek, Santa Lucia Mts., Eastwood 4- Howell 2401; Hernandez, s. San Benito Co., Eastwood ; Priest Valley, se. Monterey Co., Eastwood ; Al- calde, sw. Fresno Co., Easticood. Tehachapi Mts.: Tehachapi, T. Brandegee. Cismontane S. Cal.: Santa Ana Hills, San Bernardino Valley, Parish 1413; Laguna Lake, Laguna Mts., Peirson 5924. Eefs. — LlN.^NTHU.s PYGM.VEUS Howell, Lflts. W. Bot. 2:100 (1938). Gilia pygmaea Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4="''J:134 (1907), type loe. Guadalupe Isl., L. Cal., Palmer 79. L. pusillus Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 430 (1901) ; not Gilia pusUla Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type loc. La Punta de Cortes, Chile, Bertero. 19. L. grandiflorus Greene. Stem simple, erect, 3 to 10 (or 14) inches high, glabrous or glabrate; leaf-blades palmately parted into narrowly linear lobes, 7% to 1214 lines long, puberulent to glabrous; flowers few to .several in dense terminal heads or rarely 1 or 2 in the subterniinal axils; bracts villous-ciliate; calyx villous, its tube scarious to base below the sinuses, its lobes a little shorter than the tube; corolla funnelform, pure white, aging lilac or pink, 7^^ to 121/^ lines long, the throat long-tapering, about equaling the tube ; stamens inserted near the base of the throat, equaling the throat ; style exserted a little from throat ; capsule-cells 1 to 5-seeded. Openly wooded grassy hill slopes or sandy valley flats, 20 to 2600 feet : Marin Co. and western Alameda Co. to northern Santa Barbara Co. Mav-June. 212 POLEMONIACEAE Locs. — Pt. Reyes, Marin Co., KecJ; 4574; San Francisco (Zoe 2:364) ; Alameda, Bolander ; Mt. Hamilton, Jepson 4230; Paeheco Pass, w. Merced Co., Hoover 3285; Greeninger Creek, w. of Gilroy, Jepson 9696; Soquel Canon, Santa Cruz Mts., Jepson 20,934; Monterey Co. (Jepson, Man. 804) ; Los Alamos Valley, n. Santa Barbara Co., Jepson 20,265. Refs.— LiNANTHUS GRANDITLORUS Greene, Pitt. 2:260 (1892); Jepson, Man. 804 (1925); Tansey, J. W., Addisonia 20:57, pi. 669 (1939). Leptosiphon grandiflorus Bentli., Bot. Reg. sub t.l622 (lS3d),tjpeiiomCa\., Douglas. Gilia grandiflora Steud.,Nom.Bot. 1:6S3 (1840). Lepto- sip)wn densiflorus Benth., I.e., type from Cal., Bouglas. Gilki densifiora Benth. ; DC, Prodr. 9:316 (1845). Linanthus densiflorus Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 431 (1901); ed. 2, 335 (1911). Gilia leptosiphon Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1:684 (1840), based on Leptosiphon densiflorus Benth. 20. L. orcuttii (Parry & Gray) Jepson. Stem branched from the base, 3 to 6 inches high; herbage thinly puberulent; leaf-blades palmately parted, IV2 to 3 lines long; flowers in terminal capitate clusters, sometimes in small clusters in the axils or solitary iu the forks; calyx deeply cleft, the lobes membranous-margined, 3 to 4 times as long as the tube, the tube membranous to base below the sinuses ; corolla funuelform, pink-white, 8 to 12 lines long, the tube equaling the calyx, the tliroat Ys to % as long as the tube ; filaments inserted on the base of the corolla- throat and as long, the anthers barely exserted from the throat ; style exceeding the stamens ; capsule oblong, the seeds small. Opens on brushy or wooded hillslopes, 3000 to 3500 feet : Palomar Mt., San Diego Co. South to northern Lower California. May-June. Field note. — Linanthus orcuttii occurs locally on the northerly slope of Palomar Mt., in the mountain valley called Cootca, where it is a shoivy annual in the latter part of May and early June. It also occurs elsewhere on that mountain. Other stations in California are not kno%vn to us. Refs. — Linanthus orcuttii Jepson, Man. 804 (1925). Gilia orcuttii Parry & Gray, Proc. Davenport Acad. 4:40 (1883), type f rom L. Cal., Orcutt. L. pacificiis Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:53 (1904), type loc. Cootca, Palomar Mt., San Diego Co., Jepson 1523 (t.yp. in Herbario Jepso- niano) and Hall 1954. Gilia pacifica Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-^*>:134 (1907). 21. L. serrulatus Greene. Stem erect, simple or branched, 4 to 8 inches high, puberulent; leaves in few whorls, the blades palmately 5 to 7-parted into linear lobes, the lobes spinulose-ciliate; flowers capitately and terminally congested, occa- sionally a few flowers in the axils of the branches ; calyx mostly chartaceous, not at all or only slightly membranous below the sinuses, its lanceolate or subulate lobes 2 to 4 times as long as the calyx-tube ; corolla salverform, white to cream-color, the tube purple, 3 to 5 lines long, pilose-puberulent, the tliroat yellow, often with black markings at base ; corolla-lobes 2I/2 to 4 lines long; filaments inserted about middle of corolla-throat, the anthers barely exserted from the throat; style exceeding the anthers; capsule-cells 1 to 3-seeded. Mountain valleys and eaiion slopes, 2000 to 4000 feet : Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Kern Co. June. Field note. — Linanthus serrulatus has been little collected and is known but from few sta- tions: Mariposa, Congdon; Coarsegold, Madera Co., Benson 3582; Big Creek, Fresno Co., I. T. Walker; Eshom Valley, Tulare Co., Jepson 2807; Bear Creek, Tulare Co., Furpus 1737; Laver's Mdw., Greenhorn Mts., Krames. It is closely allied to and perhaps no more than varietally separable from Linanthus androsaceus. Refs. — Linanthus serrulatus Greene, Erythea 3:120 (1895), type loc. "near Madera" (most likely in the Sierra Nevada foothills eastward), Buckminster ; Jepson, Man. 804 (1925). Gilia androsacea subsp. serrulata Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4--''<':142 (1907). L. mariposanus Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:57 (1904), type loc. below Mariposa, Mariposa Co., Congdon. Gilia mari- posana Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-»'':l'37 (1907). 22. L. androsaceus Greene. Shower GrLL\. (Fig. 391.) Stem simple or branched from the base, 3 to 14 inches high, puberulent; leaf-blades palmately di- vided into oblanceolate or linear lobes, commonly ciliate or sometimes puberulent, 2 to 12 lines long; flowers in dense heads; bracts few to many; calyx herbaceous, coarsely hairy to glabrous, cleft nearly to base into subulate lobes, not at all mem- branous or only slightly below the sinuses; corolla salverform, white, pink, crimson, lavender or yellow, the throat purple or dark brown, the tube 6 to 13 (or 16) lines GILIA FAMILY 213 long, 3 to 6 times as long as the calyx, often yellow or darker in color than the corolla-lobes; corolla-lobes broadly obovate to oblong, 3 to 5 lines long; stamens inserted about middle of corolla-throat, little surpassing the throat ; capsule-cells about 3 to 6-seeded. Open hillslopes and valleys, 50 to 3500 feet: Shasta Co.; Coast Ranges from Humboldt Co. to Monterey Co. ; Orange Co. Apr.-June. It is very variable as to size and color of corolla and not well differentiated from L. parviflorus. Locs. — Shasta Co. : Furnaceville, M. S. BaTcer ; MillvUle, M. S. Baker. Coast Ranges : Yager Creek, Humboldt Co., M. S. Baker 45 ; Larrabee Valley, Humboldt Co., Tracy 16,553 ; Upper Look Prairie, Bull Creek, Humboldt Co., Constance 723; Mail Ridge, Humboldt Co., Jepson 1884; Cahto School, cent. Mendocino Co., Jepson 1855; Putah Creek (bluffs of), w. of Winters, Jepson 20,905; Signal sta., Vaea Mts., Jepson 20,904; Howell Mt., Napa Co., E. Ferguson 352 ; Bodega, Sonoma Co., Ewan 9200 ; Ross Valley, Marin Co., Jepson 20,901; San Francisco, Jepson 2634; Berkeley Hills, Jepson 20,902; Fish Ranch, w. Contra Costa Co., Jepson 20,906; Corral Hollow, Mt. Hamilton Range, May Arnold; Pescadero, San Mateo Co., A. L. Grant 936 ; Mt. Hamilton, Jepson 4208 ; Pacific Grove, Tidestrom. Orange Co.: Trabuco Canon, Santa Ana Mts., A. J. Perkins. Refs. — LiNANTHDS ANDROSACEUS Greene, Pitt. 2 :258 (1892) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 431 (1901), ed. 2, 335 (1911), Man. 805, fig. 778 (1925). Leptosiphon andro- saceus Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. Gilia androsacea Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1:683 (1840). G. androsacea subsp. eu-androsaeea Brand; Engler, Pflzr. i.-'-'^ -.lil (1907). G. longituba Benth., PI. Hartw. 324 (1849), type loc. in woods near Monterey, Hartweg 11. G. micrantha var. longitulia Gray, Syn. Fl. 2 : 139 (1878). Linanthnslongitiibus Uel., Muhl. 1:43 (1901). Gilia longituba suhsp. eu-longituba Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 42^0:140 (1907). G. androsacea var. detonsa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:266 (1870), type from Cal., Bridges; also in "mts. of Monterey Co." (Bot. Cal. 1 :491). Leptosiphon parviflorus var. rosaceus Hook., Bot. Mag. t. 5863 (1870), type cultivated in England, "native of Cal." Gilia androsacea var. rosacea Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:491 (1880). Linanthus rosaceus Greene, Pitt. 2:259 (1892), "San Francisco peninsula." Linanthus parviflorus var. rosaceus Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 431 (1901), ed. 2, 336 (1911), Man. 805 (1925), based on Linanthus rosaceus Greene. Gilia longituba var. rosacea Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-^°:140 (1907). Linanthus roseus Thomps., Gard. 31:1264 (1871), type from Cal. Gilia lutea rosea Regel, Gartenfl. 20:97, t. 682 (1871). XinaJifftMi croff us Eastw., Bot. Gaz. 37:442 (1904), type loc. near Pt. San Pedro, San Mateo Co., Eastwood (typ. vidi). Linanthus parviflorus var. croceus Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:59 (1904), type loc. betw. Colma and Blenheim, San Mateo Co., Eastwood. Gilia rosacea subsp. crocea Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-'''':141 (1907). Linanthus androsaceus var. croceus Jepson, Man. 805 (1925). 23. L. parviflorus Greene. Stem simple and erect, or diffusely branched from the base, 3 to 6 or 11 inches high; herbage subglabrous to puberulent; leaf -blades palmately 3 to 7-parted, the lobes spatulate or oblanceolate to linear, 21/2 to 6 lines long; bracts finely puberulent or hir.sutulous, commonly 3 to 4 lines long; flowers capitately congested; calyx puberulent, % to % as long as corolla-tube, its lobes slender-lanceolate, about 1 to 4 times as long as calyx-tube, the tube not scarious below the sinuses; corolla purple, pinkish, white, pale yellow or golden, % to II/2 inches long, the lobes oval, 11/2 to 3I/2 (or 3) lines long, tinged with red or brown on the outside, the throat yellow; corolla-tube puberulent to glabrous, often micro- scopically glandular; stamens half or commonly more than half as long as corolla- lobes, inserted in lower part of corolla-tliroat; cells of the capsule several-seeded. Open ground or open woodlands in the hill country, 200 to 3000 (or 5000) feet, a very abundant species : Coast Ranges from Tehama Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; Fig. 391. Linanthus androsaceus Greene, a, upper part of flowering stem, X 1; 6, fl., X iy2. 214 POLEMONIACEAE Sierra Nevada foothills from Biitte Co. to Eldorado Co. aud also in Kern Co. ; south to coastal southern California as far as San Diego Co. Mar. -May. Locs. — Coast Eanges: Ely, sw. Tehama Co., Jepson 16,334; Redwood Vallev, cent. Mendocino Co., Tracy 16,541; Bartlett Mt., n. Lake Co., M. S. HazeU ; Little Cow Mt., w. LaJce Co., il. S. Hazell ; Calistoga (sw. of), Jepson 20,940; Conn Valley, Napa Range, Jepson 6255; Graveyard Hill, Vacaville, Jepson 20,937 ; Wright School, Sebastopol, Sonoma Co., Eu-an 9258 ; Bracken Brae, Boulder Creek, Santa Cruz Co., T. F. Hesse 117a; near Point Lobos, Carmel River, E. Ferguson 312 ; Chews Ridge, Santa Lucia Mts., Follett 74; Lewis Creek, s. San Benito Co., Jepson 16,151a ; Stone Caiion, se. Monterey Co., Jepson 12,036 ; Cantua Creek, n. of Coalinga, Jepson 17,010 ; Zapato Chino Creek, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 15,367 ; Kettleman Hills, near Avenal, Hoover 3323 ; Carrizo Plain, se. San Luis Obispo Co., Condit. Sierra Nevada foothills: Table Mt., 8 mi. n. of Oroville, Heller 11,258; Salmon Falls, Eldorado Co., Jepson 15,750; Jack ranch (2 mi. n.). White River, Tulare Co., C. N. Smith 510; Howling Gulch, near Woody, Kern Co., C. N. Smith 337. Coastal S. Cal. : Buckhorn Canon, n. Santa Barbara Co.. H. ^ if. Bearing 1407; Zaca Lake, San Rafael Mts., Hoffmann : Knapps Lodge, Santa Ynez Mts., Hoffmann ; Santa Cruz Isl., T. Brandegee; Ojai Valley, Ventura Co., Thachcr 36; Bouquet Caiion, n. Los Angeles Co., Clolcey 4765; Pacoima Caiion, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 377; San Bernardino foothills. Parish ; Santa Ana, Orange Co., Alice EinQ ; Palomar Mt., Jepson 1491; Escondido, San Diego Co., C. V. Meyer 92; Deseanso, San Diego Co., TTolf 2200. Refs.— LiNANTHUS PARVirLORTJS Greene, Pitt. 2:258 (1892) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 431 (1901), ed. 2, 335 (1911), Man. 805 (1925). Lcptosiphon parviflorus Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622 (1833), type from Cal., Douglas. Leptosiphon lutcus Benth., I.e., t^'pe from Cal., Douglas; (this name, Leptosiphon luteus Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622, precedes Leptosiphon parviflorus Benth., Bot. Reg. sub t. 1622, on the page, but Greene, Pitt. 2:258, definitely chose the name Leptosiphon parviflorus for use as the basis of his Linanthus parviflorus because of certainty attending it, at the same time placing a query on Leptosiphon luteus as a synonym because of uncertain identity. L'nder the Intern.itional Rules, Linanthus parviflorus Greene is, therefore, valid). Gilia lui'ea Stcud., Nom, Bot. ed. 2, 1:684 (1840). Gilia micrantha Steud., I.e.; Benth. in DC, Prodr. 9:315 (1845), type from Cal., Douglas. G. lutea subsp. micrantha Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4--<':142 (1907). G. micrantha var. a«rfa Benth., PI. Hartw. 325 (1849), type loc. Sacra- mento Valley, Eartweg 234. Linanthus nudatus Greene, Erythea 3:120 (1895), type from Lake Co., agrees (ex char.) sufBciently well mth Linanthus parviflorus as here understood, save that the calyces are described as "scarious between the angles." Linanthus breviculus var. nudatus Mason; Jepson, Man. 806 (1925), the varietal name resting on L. nudatus Greene, a Lake Co. plant. Linanthus luteolus Greene, Erythea 3:121 (1895), type loc. Cuyamaca Mts., Yasey ; be- longs here ace. S. B. Parish in litt. and essentially ex char. Linanthtis parviflorus var. luteolus Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:58 (1904). GiJia liitea var. luteola Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=»'':143 (1907), probably belongs here. Linanthus asprellus Greene in Baker, West Am. Plants 2:13 (1903), nomeu nudum, type from "Mid. W. Cal.," Baker 3064, perhaps belongs here. Linanthus graciosus Mlkn., L'niv. Cal. Puljl. Bot. 2:59 (1904), ty^e loc. La Graciosa, Santa Barbara Co., Eastwood (typ. vidi) ; bracts % as long as calyces; calyces rather densely puberulent vdth spread- ing or reflexed hairs. Linanthus plasl-ettii Eastw., Bot. Gaz. 37:443 (1904), type loe. Santa Lucia Mts., Plaslcett 90 ; here referred on the basis of a collection named L. plaskettii by the author of the species. Gilia exigtia Brand, I.e. 139, type loc. Lake Co., Brandegee (typ. ridi). Gilia tas.'ia- jarae Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-''":140 (1907), type loc. Tassajara Hot Sprs., Santa Lucia Mts., Elmer 3255. G. lutea var. longistylis Munz, Man. 599 (1935), type loc. San Diego, C. F. Baker 1608 ; style exserted. 24. L. bicolor Greene. Stems one and simple, or several and a.seending from the base, 1 to 4 (or 7) inches liioh. puberulent ; very near L. parviflorus but reduced or dwarf; leaf -blades palmately divided into linear segments, 2 to 4 lines Ions', these and the bracts puberulent and hispid-ciliate ; flower-clusters often densely brac- teate; calyx hispid or hispidulous, 3V2 to 3% lines long, cleft % or nearly to base, its lobes subulate, 2 to 4 times as long as the tube, the intervals not scarious; corolla purple or pink (or sometimes white or cream-color turning lavender) with j-ellow throat, or golden, 7 to 15 lines long, its lobes very .short (1 to l^/^ lines long) in proportion to the tube which is 6 to 12 lines long; stamens inserted between middle and base of corolla-throat, about Y^ to % as long as the corolla-lobes ; capsule cells few (2 to 4) -seeded. Open grassy or thinly wooded hills or gravelly flats, 300 to 3.500 (or 5000) feet : coastal Southern California from Los Angeles Co. to Santa Barbara Co.; Coast Ranges from western Fresno Co. to Humboldt Co. ; Tehachapi Mts.; Sierra Nevada foothills from Kern Co. to Plumas Co. North to Vancouver I.sl. Apr.-May. GILIA FAMILY 215 Distrib. note. — Though Linantlius bieolor ia so widely distributed in the foothills in cismon- tane California it seems infrequent in individuals, perhaps in part because of its inconspicuous character and in part because often masked by luxuriant growth on grass lands. Occasionally it is notably gregarious. Along the South Fork American River near Salmon Falls in Eldorado County, the opens of the thinly wooded slopes, carrying only a few scattered oaks, are frequently pale or pink-creamy in April with its broad colonies. It is also common throughout all the low openly oak-wooded hill country of Cottonwood Creek and its tributaries in western Tehama County. In this region it apparently replaces Linanthus parviflorus which is so common on the hills in west central California. The calyx in Linanthus bieolor is usually hispid or hirsute, the corolla is glabrous or sometimes microscopically glandular-pulierulent. Locs. — Coastal S. Cal. : Wilson Peak, San Gabriel Mts. (Abrams, Fl. Los Ang. ed. 2, 293) ; San Clemente Isl., Murharger 21; Santa Catalina Isl. (Millsp. & Nutt., Fl. Santa Catalina Isl., 214) ; Santa Barbara (Dav. & Mox., Fl. S. Cal. 293). Coast Ranges: Zapato Chino Caiion, Jepson 15,383; upper Waltham Creek, sw. Fresno Co., Jepson 16,155; Rattlesnake Butte, Mt. Hamilton Range, Wilson 612; Mt. Diablo, Bowerman 625; Conn Valley, Napa Range, Jepson 10,315; Calla- yomi Valley, s. Lake Co., Jepson 17,417; Lakeport, Tracy 5514; Willits, Mendocino Co., Jepson 2496; Sherwood Valley, Mendocino Co., Jepson 1832 ; Upper Look Prairie, Bull Creek, Humboldt Co., Constance 816; Paskenta, w. Tehama Co., Virginia Bailey ; Willow Creek, Trinity River Val- ley, Tracy 15,287; Hupa Mt., n. Humboldt Co., Tracy 12,576. Tehachapi Mts.: Rowen, Jepson 6711. Sierra Nevada foothills: Kern River Park, Krames; Kaweah, Tulare Co., W. Fry 113; Big Creek, Fresno Co., /. T. Walker; Fresno Flats, Madera Co., Jepson 12,844; betw. Warnerville and Oakdale, Stanislaus Co., Jepson 18,101 ; Chinese Camp, Tuolumne Co., Jepson 18,060 ; Italian Bar, South Fork Stanislaus River, A. L. Grant 6a; Avery (3 mi. w.), Calaveras Co., Tracy 5723; Salmon Falls, Eldorado Co., Jepson 15,751; Cherry Gulch, Plumaa Co., ace. IF. /. Follett. Refs.— Linanthus bicolor Greene, Pitt. 2:260 (1892) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 432 (1901), ed. 2, 336 (1911), Man. 805 (1925). Leptosiphon bicolor Nutt., Proc. Acad. Phila. 4:11 (1848), type loe. "on the Oregon [that is, the Columbia River] near the outlet of the Wahlamet" [River], Gambel. Gilia tenella Benth., PI. Hartw. 325 (1849), tj'pe loe. Sacramento Valley (more exactly, near the junction of the Feather and Yuba rivers; cf. Erythea 5:55), Eartweg 228. L. acicularis Greene, Pitt. 2:259 (1892), type from Cal. ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 432 (1901), ed. 2, 336 (1911), Man. 805 (1925). L. eastwoodae Hel., Muhl. 1:126 (1905), type loe. Clear Creek, Butte Co., Heller. Gilia eastwoodae Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4-''": 139 (1907), type loe. "Madera," Buckminster (the first-cited locality) ; Zaca Mts., Santa Barbara Co., Eastwood, also cited. Gilia exigua Brand, I.e., type loe. Lake Co., T. Brandegee ; folia plerumque tripartita, segmento intermedio oblanceo- lato, lateralibus linearibus (ex char.). 25. L. ciliatus Greene. Stem simple or branched, somewhat rigid, 4 to 5 (rarely to 12 or 17) inches high; herbage finely puberulent; leaves palmately parted into linear lobes, ciliate, 2 to 6 (rarely 9) lines long ; flowers capitately congested; bracts ciliate; calyx cleft half-way or a little more, membranotis to base below the sinuses, % to as long as corolla-tube, its lobes acerose ; corolla deep rose-red, pink or purple (the throat yellow) , salverform, 6 to 9 lines long, only slightly exceeding the bracts, the lobes elliptic or oblong, often with a purple spot, 1 to 1^2 lines long; stamens inserted about middle of corolla-throat, about % as long as the corolla-lobes; capsule- cells 1 or 2-seeded. Openly wooded hills and mountain slopes, 300 to 8000 feet : inner and middle Coa.st Ranges from western Siskiyou Co. to San Luis Obispo Co. ; Marysville Buttes ; Sierra Nevada from Tehama and Lassen Cos. to Tulare Co.; coa.stal Southern Cali- fornia from Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co. Apr.-May. Locs. — Coast Ranges: Highland Mine, w. Siskiyou Co., Bntler 944; Sisson, Jepson 20,916; Hennessey road. South Fork Trinity River, Tracy 6995 ; Grouse Mt., Humboldt Co., Tracy 12,923 ; Rockville, w. Glenn Co., Jepson 16,303; Indian Valley, ne. Lake Co., M. S. Hazcll; Putah Creek (s. bank), above Winters, Jepson 20,913; Weldon Carion, Vaca Mts., Jepson 20,908; Rutherford (hills w.), Napa Co., Jepson 20,909; Mt. Diablo, Bowerman 3042; Pozo (7 mi. se.), San Luis Obispo Co., Hcndrix 179. Marysville Buttes: South Peak, Jepson 20,914. Sierra Nevada: Battle Creek Mdw., e. Tehama Co., J. Grinnell ; Long Valley (mts. w.), se. Lassen Co., Hanks 90; Bear Valley, Nevada Co., Jepson 20, 912 ; Alder Creek near Folsom, Sacramento Co., Alice King ; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., Jepson 10,094; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1793 (an e.xcellent match in size, habit, pubescence and flowers for llartwcg 268, the type. — Kew Herbarium, 1906, W. L. J.) ; Calaveras Grove, A. L. Grant; Duck Bar, Stanislaus River, A. L. Grant 724; Hetch-Hetchy, A. L. Grant 8G6 ; Hodgdon ranch, s. Tuolumne Co., Jepson 10,521 ; Owens Creek, w. Mariposa Co., Jepson 12,759; Fresno Grove, Jepson 15,995; Rogers Valley, n. of Auberry, Fresno Co., Jepson 12,896; Huntington Lake, Jepson 12,983; Mono Mdws., South Fork San Joaquin River, E. Fergu- son 417; Cahoon Mdw., w. of Mt. Silliman, Jepson 721; Alta Mdws., Tulare Co., Newlon 39. 216 POLEMONIACEAE S. Cal.: Big Pine Mt., San Rafael Mts., Hoffmann; North Pork San Antonio Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Peirson 455; San Bernardino Mts., Parish; Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mts. (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 1:103) ; San Diego Co. (Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:62). Var. neglectus (Greene) Jepson. Stem simple, very slender, 1 to 2 inches high; corolla-lobes pink, the throat yellow, the yellow extending into the base of the lobes and bearing a crimson spot. — Montane slopes. Sierra Nevada, 6S00 to 9000 feet, from Alpine Co. to Mariposa Co. : Carson Pass, Yates 3945 ; McClure Fork Merced River, Jepson 4429c. Eefs.— LiNANTHUS CILIATUS Greene, Pitt. 2:260 (1892) ; Jepson, Fl. W. Mid. Cal. 432 (1901) ed. 2, 336 (1911), Man. 805 (1925). Gilia ciliata Benth., PI. Hartw. 325 (1849), type loc. Sacra- mento Valley, Hartweg 268. Var. neglectus Jepson, Man. 806 (1925). L. neglectus Greene, Erythea, 3:24 (1895), type from the Sierra Nevada. 26. L. montanus Greene. Mustang Clover. Stem commonly simple, erect, 4 to 22 inches liigli, coarsely pubescent near the base, puberulent above ; iuternodes usually long; leaf -blades palmately 5 to 7-parted into oblanceolate or linear lobes, 3 to 15 lines long, hi.spid or hispidulose; flowers capitately congested; bracts densely and coarsely bristly-ciliate; calyx membranous to base below sinuses, about ^ as long as corolla-tube ; calyx-lobes subulate, about as long as calj'x-tube ; corolla long- salvei-form, white or pink-red with a purple spot toward the base of the lobes, 1 to 11/2 inches long, the tube 10 to 14 lines long, pubescent, the throat yellow, short, the lobes 2^/4 to 3% lines long; stamens inserted about the middle of corolla- throat (often one shorter and inserted lower than the rest), the anthers crowded at mouth of throat or exserted at most to about 14 length of corolla-lobes; capsule-cells 1 or 2-seeded. Openly wooded slopes or open gravelly flats, 1100 to 5000 feet: Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. to Kern Co.; San Bernardino Mts. Apr.-May. Field note. — Linanthus montanus forms marked colonies in the open foothill woodlands of Quercus wislizenii and Pinus sabiniana, or at higher altitudes in woodlands of Pinus ponderosa, Pinus lambertiana and Abies concolor — colonies so strikingly beautiful for delicacy and coloration that this species may be regarded as the handsomest of the Linanthi. While there is some varia- tion in color, the color areas and markings are very constant. Technically, the species is somewhat indefinitely differentiated from Linanthus androsaceus and has been reduced to a subspecies of the latter by Brand. However, the calyx is membranous to the base below the sinuses in Linanthus montanus, while it is usually not membranous in Linanthus androsaceus. It is of some significance, also, to note that Linanthus montanus occupies a unified geographic area from which Linanthus androsaceus is quiie absent. Locs. — Nevada Co., ace. to Greene ; Bisbee Peak, Amador Co., Nordstrom 743 ; Gwin Mine, Calaveras Co., Jepson 1806 ; Pine Log sta.. South Fork Stanislaus River, Tuolumne Co., A. L. Grant 706; Lookout Mt., Mariposa Co., Schlobohm 132; Big Creek, Fresno Co., /. T. Wallcer; Rogers Valley (n. of Auberry), Fresno Co., Jepson 12,899; betw. Squaw Valley and Dunlap, s. Fresno Co., jepson 2752; betw. Oak Flat and Badger, Tulare Co., E. F. Eelley; betw. Colony Mill and Marble Fork, Tulare Co., Jepson 665; Democrat Sprs., lower Kern River, Greenhorn Mts., Jepson 19,894. San Bernardino Mts.: Bear Valley, ace. P. A. Mtinz. Refs. — Linanthus montanus Greene, Erythea 3:120 (1895), "Sierra Nevada from Nevada Co. southward to the San Bernardino Mts."; Jepson, Man. 806 (1925). L. ciliatus var. montamis Greene, Pitt. 2:260 (1892), type from the "Sierra Nevada at higher than middle elevations." Gilia androsacea subsp. montana Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4='''': 141 (1907). G. ciliata var. montana Munz, Man. 398 (1935). 27. L. breviculus Greene. Stem simple or much branched from the base, pu- berulent or glabrate, 4 to 12 inches high ; leaf-blades palmately divided into 3 to 5 linear lobes, finely pilose, 1 to 5 lines long ; leaf -whorls on lower part of stems usu- ally crowded (often concealing the stem), 1 to 2 lines long, the lobes blunt; flowers capitately congested in small clusters at the summit of the stem or ends of the branches and usually also in sessile or subsessile clusters in the uppermost forks, or a small cluster or a single flower proliferous from a terminal cluster; bracts few; calyx hirsutulose, its lobes lanceolate, i a to ^/o as long as the tube, its intervals mem- branous and of equal width to the base below the sinuses ; corolla salverform, white to purple or lavender-crimson, 71/2 to 15 lines long, the limb 5 to 7% lines broad, the tube 2 to 3 times as long as the calj-x ; tube and lower portion of the throat dark blue or purple; stamens inserted near the middle to the base of the corolla-throat; style exceeding the anthers; capsule-cells several (6 to 12) -seeded. GILIA FAMILY 217 Open or brushy mountain slopes or flats or on mesas, 1300 to 7000 feet : central Mohave Desert ; San Bernardino Mts. and both its bordering cismontane and trans- montane foothills and mesas. Apr.-July. Geog. note. — The center of distribution of Linauthus brevieulus lies in the Mohave Desert in those desert ranges extending from Ord Mountain westerly tow-ards Stoddard Well. Although hitherto not know-n in the desert, it occurs in greatest abundance (and in definite patterns) in this montane portion of the desert. South of Barstow about three miles it is a dominant in April and colors the broad washes in colonies from four to five miles long {Jepson 20,363). Similarly, on the slopes north of Ord Mountain, it is abundant for miles in years of above average precipitation and in various areas "covers the ground like a delicate lavender mist" (upper Ord road, Mary Beal 780). In the region southward the following stations in the San Bernardino Mountains and their near borders are cited: Oajon Pass, Jepson 6120; Horsethief Caiion, Clohey 4' Anderson 6826; Seeleys Flat, Parish; Arrowhead Lake, Braunton 1061; San Bernardino Valley, Jepson 5536. Eefs. — LiNANTHUS BREVicuLus Greene, Pitt. 2:259 (1892) ; Jepson, Man. 806 (1925). Gilia hrevicuJa Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:79 (1876), type loc. "Mohave River" (that is, on its head- waters, north slope San Bernardino Mts.), Palmer. L. androsacev-s var. ireviculus Mlkn., Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 2:57 (1904). (?) Gilia royalis Brand, Ann. Conserv. et Jard. Bot. Geneve 15-16: 336 (1913), type loc. Swartout Canon, San Gabriel Mts., Ahrams 4" McGregor 642; calyx-teeth shorter and corolla longer than in typical Linanthus brevieulus. 28. L. nashianus Jepson sp. n. Stems several from the base, sometimes one and branching above, 1^/^ to 8 inches high, pubenileut; leaf and bract divisions 2 to 4 lines long, densely and regularly ciliate, otherwise subglabrous; calyx intervals searious to base, the intervals narrower below; calyx-teeth scarious-margined on lower half; corolla white, 7 to 9 lines long, the limb 4 to 5 lines broad, the tube finely and rather densely spreading-puberulent, 3 to 5 times as long as the lobes.- — (Caules nunc plures ab basi, nunc unus et superus ramo-sus, II/2-8 unc. alti, puberulentes ; foliorum bractearumque segmenta 2-4 lin. longa, dense et regulariter ciliata ; caly- cis intervalla scariosa usque ad basim, angustiora infra ; calyeis dentes ab basi ad mediam partem scarioso-marginati; corolla alba, 7-9 lin. longa, limbo 4—5 lin. lato, tubo minute subdense patenter puberuleuti, lobis 3-5-plo longiore.) Openly wooded mountain slopes or flats, 2800 to 7300 feet: southern Sierra Nevada in Tulare and Kern Cos. ; Tehachapi Mts. May-June. Locs. — S. Sierra Nevada: Lloyd Mdws., Kern Eiver, se. Tulare Co., Jepson 4903 ; Kelly Camp, Greenhorn Mts., C. N. Smith 32a; Poso Creek, Kern Co., C. N. Smith 192; Greenhorn Summit, Greenhorn Mts., C. N. Smith 32; Davis ranger sta.. Greenhorn Mts., Charlotte Nash Smith 209 (type) ; Piute Mts., Kern Co., C. N. Smith 174. Tehachapi Mts.: Bear Mt., Jepson 7182. Bef s. — Linanthus nashianus Jepson ; type loc. Davis ranger sta.. Greenhorn Mts., Char- lotte Nash Smith 209. L. parviflorus Cov., Contrib. XJ. S. Nat. Herb. 4:153 (1893). GiUanudata Brand; Engler, Pflzr. 4=50:138 (1907), as to Kern Co. plants; not L. nudatus Greene (1895). L. brevieulus var. nudatus Mason; Jepson, Man. 806 (1925). 29. L. oblanceolatus Eastw. Stem simple or with a few short branches, IV2 to 6 inches high; herbage scantily puberulent; cotyledons connate-perfoliate, per- sistent ; leaf-blades palmately parted, the lobes spatulate or oblanceolate to linear- oblanceolate, somewhat callous-margined, IY2 to 4 lines long; flowers congested in a terminal head or occasionally 1 or 2 flowers in the uppermost axils; calyx-tube membranous below the sinuses, somewhat distended by the maturing capsule ; calyx- lobes lanceolate, equaling or a little longer than tube ; corolla salverform, white, 4 to 6 lines long, the lobes quadrate, truncate or emarginate, the tube equaling or somewhat exceeding the bracts, the throat yellow; stamens inserted in the middle of corolla-throat, barely exserted from throat, exceeding the style; capsule-cells 1 -seeded. Mountain flats and slopes, 8400 to 1 0,000 feet : basin of upper Kern River be- tween Volcano Creek and the mouth of the Little Kern. July. Field note. — Linanthus oblanceolatus is a narrow endemic of Tulare Co. in the basin of the upper Kern River and also on its tributaries south of the Grand Canon of the Kern. It seems to be relatively uncommon or at least inconspicuous and apparently known from only the following definite stations: Hockett Mdws., Ciilbertson 4221; Chagoopah plateau, Sharsmith 3827; Crab- tree Mdw., Mt. Whitney, Hall # Babcock 5554 ; Templeton Mt., near Kern Peak, Jepson 4969 ; Smith Mdw., Fish Creek (Engler, Pflzr. 4"0:136). 218 POLEMONIACEAE Refs. — LINANTHUS OBLANCEOLATXTS Eastw. ; Brand in Engler, Pflzr. 4-''": 136 (1907) ; Jepson, Man. 806 (1925). Gilia oblaticeolata Brand, I.e., type loc. upper Keru River, Hall 4' Babcock 5554. G. oblanccohita var. culbertsonii Brand, I.e. 137, t.vpc loc. Hockett Mdws., Tulare Co., Culbertson 4221 (isotyp. ridi). G. tidarensis Brand, I.e., 136, type loc. Smith Mdw., Fish Creek, Tulare Co., Hall