} ‘ I \ : ' it i ‘ ' ) } } a | | \ 1 ' ' } ' | i ' i! } i! j | \ ' ' ' Heal ' i Yi Wh} \! ' ' ‘ j | , ' \ en » ' ' ‘ ‘| ' « \ ‘ MAP OF CONCORD, MASS. \ Showing Localities mentioned by \ Thoreau in his Journals ty Compiled by Herbert W.Gleason 1906 Poke Cc SCALE OF MILES 0 V4 Vo 1 2 L. Weth > Strawberry Z Hill = He 8.Hapgood , / — ei AnnursndeHpxs Farmer’s Ye ClPF Brod WiZa=> we Come ay ; ; Wy, ° Wl ii rs. Temples =) \ © Leaningf{{ e Hemlocks S ~ — Nawshawtiist; é ne or Lee's Hill e Ty, one MIS PNP IK, Wheete, " 127) 2- =} ) = BA 2nifo eg ~~ oa , 8 Oe oe ae ‘ Se ear Garden ~ - pa 1S nS) Pr tT en Mead ay! Clif = L8.Lee"t ; y/ Z—=_-~——F INDEX TO MAP OF CONCORD Figures in parentheses correspond with figures on the map. A letter and figure combined indicate the space within which the locality may be found, this space being determined by the intersection of imaginary lines drawn from the corresponding letter and figure in the margin. (i) Agricultural Fair Ground F7 (2) Almshouse G7 Andromeda, or Cassandra, Ponds J7 Annursnack Hill D3 (3) Arethusa Meadow H6 (4) Assabet Bath ES Assabet River, or North Branch ES (5) Assabet Spring ES Assabet Stone Bridge (See One-Arch Bridge) Baker Farm K7 Ball’s Hill D9 Bare Hill (See Pine Hill) (6) Barrett, Sam ES Barrett’s Pond D5 (8) Barrett’s Saw and Grist Mills ES Bateman’s Pond Cé Battle-Ground (See Old North Bridge) Bear Garden Hill H6 Bear Hill J9 Beaver Pond Lil Beck Stow’s Swamp E9 . Bedford Road (new) E8 Ball’s \\\ Bedford Road (old) E9 | A119 Hille yin ) Bittern, or Tupelo, Cliff J6 oe (Ge EN yg. (13) Boiling Spring H6 y Boston, or Lexington, Road F8 Boulder Field C7 Bound Rock LS Brister’s Hill G8 (14) __ Brister’s Spring G8 (18) Brown’s (J.P.) Pond Hole, or Cold Pool H4 Bull, E.W. F8 Button-bush Pond (See Clematis Pond) Mijpes Buttrick, Stedman D7 spine Buttrick’s Hill C8 MyM Calla Swamp B6é (19) Callitriche Pool G8 Cambridge Turnpike G8 (20) Cardinal Shore H6 Carlisle Bridge AQ BEDFORD Cedar Hill Jio LEVELS Cedar Swamp, White D4 (22) Cheney, J.M. F6 (23) Clamshell Bank or Hill G5 Clematis Brook K7 (25) Clematis, Button-bush, or Nightshade, Pond K7 (26) Cliffs 1s / (27) Clintonia Swamp G8 Cold Brook L4 College Road D4 (28) Columbine Cliff J6 (30) Conant House, Site of Old J6 Conantum J6 Corner Bridge (See Lee’s Bridge) Corner Road H6 (31) Corner Spring H5 Curly-Pate Hill B6 Dakin’s Brook (See Dodge’s Brook) Damon’s Mills G3 Davis’s Hill C9 Deep Cut H7 (35) Dennis’s Lupine Hill or Promontory G5 Derby’s Bridge F4 132 “% : | Dodge’s, or Dakin’s, Brook D6 EEN cee j Dugan, Jenny H4 / (39) Dugan Desert H4 Dunge Hole Brook K5 Easterbrook Country C6 (40) Easterbrook House, Site of C6 (41) Egg Rock E6 Emerson’s Cliff H8 Fair Haven Hill H7 Fair Haven Pond or Bay J7 (44) Fair Haven Pond Island (at high water) J7 Farmer’s Cliff C6 Fitchburg Railroad G7 Flint’s, or North, Bridge E7 Flint’s, or Sandy, Pond J1i0 (46) French’s Rock E7 (49) Gentian Lane E7 Goose Pond H8 Gowing, J. F9 Gowing’s Swamp F9 Great Fields F8 Great Meadows D8 Groton Road E3 (52) Harrington’s Spring G3 Hayward’s! Pond G2 (55) Heywood’s Brook J7 56 Heywood’s Meadow J7 57 Heywood’s Peak H8 58 Heywood’s Wood-lot H8 te} ““Hogepen-Walke”’ D4 (63) Holden, or Echo, Wood H6 Holden Spruce Swamp (See Kalmia glauca Swamp) (65) Holt, the D8 1This name is spelled “Heywood” by Thoreau. fee dd e > * : 4 a ‘ ; : . ak A FLORA OF CONCORD THOREAU THE BOTANIST “About half a dozen years ago I found myself attending to plants with more method. ...I1 began to bring them home in my hat .. . which I called my botany box.” A FLORA OF CONCORD An Account of the Flowering Plants, Ferns and Fern-Allies Known to Have Occurred Without Cultivation in Concord, Massachusetts from Thoreau’s Time to the Present Day Richard Jefferson Eaton Special Publication, No. 4 The Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 1974 © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 1974 Printed in the United States of America Designed by Patricia Chaudhuri To LUDLOW GRISCOM (1890-1959) “Ne quid quaeserveris extra te Concordiamque.”’ (Seek nothing outside thyself and Concord.) Attributed to Thoreau by William Brewster Sor CONTENTS Page Frontispiece ll Preface x1 Introduction 1 Geology and Soils 1 Physiography 3 Climate 6 Composition of the Flora 7 Localities and Habitats of Exceptional Botanical Interest 10 Summary of Botanical Activity 29 List of Collectors Cited in the Catalog 39 Endangered Native Species 41 Rare Species, Present Status Unknown 42 Extirpated Species 44 Species Doubtfully Determined 45 Species Reliably Reported, but Not Represented by Known Specimens 45 Excluded Species 46 Comparative Statistical Summary 51 Annotated Catalog 52 References 192 Appendix: List of Additional Species Known From the Middlesex Area 194 Plates 211 Index of Latin Names 227 Index of Colloquial and Other English Names 231 Additions to the Catalog, with Field Notes, Label Data, and Location of Voucher Specimens 237 1x PLATES Whorled Pogonia (l/sotria verticillata) Climbing Fern (Lygodium palmatum) Broad-leaved Panic Grass (Panicum latifolium) A Rare Sedge (Carex prairea) White Fringed Orchis (Habenaria blephariglottis) Sicklepod (Arabis canadensis) Labrador Tea (Ledum groenlandicum) Whorled Milkweed (Asclepias verticillata) Painted-cup (Castilleja coccinea) Lopseed (Phryma Leptostachya) Blazing-star (Liatris borealis) Page 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 PREFACE Because of its diversity of habitat and plant life Concord has attracted the attention of amateur and professional botanists for more than a hundred years. Despite the complete destruction of its ancient interglacial vegetation and soils by the last (Wis- consin) advance of Pleistocene ice in New England, and the resulting mantle of chiefly acid soils left behind by the retreat- ing ice sheet, about eleven hundred species of vascular plants are well documented as having been found in the town. This number is almost exactly twenty per cent of the species de- scribed in Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th Edition, which covers the vast region roughly described by its four corners: New- foundland, Minnesota, Missouri and Virginia. In addition, one hundred and fifty or more named varieties and forms are listed in the Catalog. Such a notable diversity within an area of twenty-seven square miles in temperate North America may be explained by the unusual combination of factors to be discussed in the introduction. My continuing interest in the local flora has been sharpened since World War II by the rapid increase in the population of Concord and the accelerating destruction of its natural habitats. The subdivider and his bulldozer were on the march. A syste- matic botanical survey of the town seemed imperative before it was too late. This was accomplished for the most part during the nineteen-fifties, resulting in the documentation of many com- mon plants and several rare ones previously overlooked or merely recorded. The importance of authenticating the occurrence of plants by actual specimens, annotated with adequate collecting data, can- not be over-emphasized. The mere listing of plants observed in Concord by the knowledgeable Minot Pratt, for instance, is in- conclusive. One must see concrete evidence that he correctly identified this or that fern, sedge, or aster. Thoreau left an herbarium, His identifications can be verified, but many speci- mens lack information about the place and date of collection. Therefore, they are unavailable for citation, with a few excep- tions, even though most of them presumably were collected in Concord. A more detailed discussion of the Thoreau Herbarium and the problem it involves is to be found in the Introduction. Xl For convenience, other prefatory matter is included at the beginning of the Catalog. This report on the vascular flora of Concord has been prepared primarily for students at the Concord Field Station of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. With a very few exceptions which are listed separately at the begin- ning of page 45, it is based on existing herbarium specimens of plants found growing without cultivation in the town, the oldest of which dates back to 1835. Many were collected by Thoreau and his friend Edward S. Hoar, mainly between 1855 and 1860. As a voucher, usually only one specimen is cited for each entry in the Catalog, it being the oldest coming to my attention. Unless otherwise stated, it is in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club at the Harvard University Herbaria. The aphorism appearing on page vii attributed to Thoreau by William Brewster is printed in Rhodora (Journal of the New England Botanical Club), Vol. 20, p. 205. I am indebted to and thank the President and Fellows of Harvard College for permission to quote freely from Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th Edition; to Frank Conkling Seymour for the detailed information of plant distribution contained in his “Flora of New England.” It is a pleasure to acknowledge the source of the end-papers as Gleason’s map of Concord, which accompanies the first edition of Thoreau’s Journal published by Houghton Mifflin Company. To Anton Kovar, my gratitude for the print of Thoreau, which is reproduced on the frontispiece. I am grateful as well to Ernst Mayr of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology and of its Field Station at Concord for giving me an adequate reason for converting a card catalog into this report. I thank Reed C. Rollins, Director of the Gray Herbarium, for many favors, including out-of-hours access to the Herbarium ; also Gladys I. Miner, former Curator, Herbarium of the Uni- versity of Massachusetts, for the loan of specimens in her custody originating from Concord. Without the imagination and skill of Dorothy Z. Waleka in transcribing my handwritten manuscript to neat and accurate typescript, this work might never have been completed. I also pay tribute to Penelope Naumann for her editorial skill, which has proved indispensable. My life-long friend, Laurence E. Richardson, deserves particular recognition as the doer of chores, notably biographical research, Xi local botanical exploration, and discoverer of novelties. His knowledge of local history and of the location of unfamiliar place-names has been very helpful. My wife deserves praise for invaluable help in many ways and for keeping my nose to the grindstone. I have dedicated this book to my friend and noted ornithologist the late Ludlow Griscom, not as author of the Birds of Concord, but as a competent and stimulating botanist who exposed me to much of what he had learned in the field and herbarium from such eminent companions as K. K. Mackenzie, M. L. Fernald, and C,. A. Weatherby. Xili INTRODUCTION Concord is centrally located in Middlesex County, Massachu- setts, about 18 miles WNW of the State House, Boston. It is roughly quadrilateral in shape, bounded on the north by Carlisle, on the east and southeast by Bedford and Lincoln, on the south- west by Sudbury, and on the west by Acton. The area thus included is about twenty-seven square miles. The town was settled in 1635 by persons attracted by the abundance of meadow hay along the rivers, by the rich lowland soils derived from a slowly vanishing glacial] lake, and by its several untilled corn fields, recently abandoned by the sparse Indian population. An added resource was the abundance of virgin pine and hardwood timber: white oak on the flanks of the six or more hills and drumlins, chestnut on the acid gravels of glacial kames and drift, white pine in many stands through- out the town. It was predominantly a farming community based on cattle, hay, and grain for over 200 years, gradually supple- mented by sales of cordwood and market garden produce to the growing Boston market (1). Thus Concord became a compact village surrounded by scattered farms, with much arable land, pasture, and many woodlots, the latter harvested in rotation without destroying woodland habitats. Such a picture, undocu- mented for the most part, implies many hedge- and fencerows, ditches, woods-borders, yards, gardens, and tillage awaiting the early invasion of weeds from the Old World. All this expansion of what for many plants formerly had been restricted habitat must have had a profound effect on the original indigenous vege- tation of the area. Habitats were provided for rare species to become common, and for species previously absent to invade the area. As will be noted elsewhere, presumed additions to the local flora have occurred within the last thirty years as a result of altered ecological conditions in the rivers and adjacent flood- plains (2). GEOLOGY AND SOILS The base-rock is metamorphic, consisting of successive beds of biotite and granitic gneisses, schists, quartz and gabbro- diorites, and contains a variety of mostly acid minerals. These beds were folded, base-leveled, and now are projected on the local U. S. geological map as bands of varying widths (1000 to 1 5000 feet) trending southwest to northeast. There are relatively few exposures, and those notably in the Conantum-Fairhaven Hill region and in the northern part of town. Two of the bands, known as the Marlboro Formation and the Salem-Gabbro-diorite, contain enough calcite in paper-thin layers to sweeten the soil significantly where it is exposed from Martha’s Point to Lee’s Bridge and westward to the vicinity of Garfield Road. Its buried northerly edge by-passes Fairhaven Cliff, the latter lying in the adjacent bed labelled granite gneiss on the current geological survey map. The influence of these exposures on the vegetation is discussed elsewhere. For the most part, the chemical nature of the underlying rock strata has little influence on the local flora. The last (Wisconsin) glaciation retreating from southern New England perhaps twelve to ten thousand years ago was the dominant factor in determining present-day soil conditions and in shaping the diverse physiographic features that characterize the town. The advancing ice sheet removed the ancient soils, scoured the drainage system and doubtless eroded many a cliff face, Later the rotting ice deposited its vast load of glacial debris chiefly in the form of loose rocks, boulders, clay, and more or less sorted gravels and sands. The action of glacial streams did much to rearrange this material into the eskers, kames and other more complicated surficial patterns which exist so conspicuously in the southeasterly and southwesterly quad- rants of the town. Blocks of ice of varying sizes were buried by gravel, later to melt and form kettle holes big and small, and still later to become a Walden or Goose Pond, a quaking sphag- num bog or merely dry depressions. Another important result of the melting ice was the formation of a large shallow glacial lake centering in the lowlands surrounding the present-day vil- lage. The natural drainage northeasterly to the Merrimack River was blocked by a dam formed by the ice front, thus creating the lake and forcing the rivers to flow south into the Charles River. Apparently the lake was lowered in stages, per- haps three, before the ice-dam disappeared and the Concord River resumed its ancient direction. These events resulted even- tually in an unusual variety of soils: sandy loams, alluviums, sandy peats, relict beaches and above all what have now become the extensive river meadows based on sandy clays with a deep overburden of peats and mucks. 2 PHYSIOGRAPHY The area of Concord is twenty-seven square miles centering around the valleys of the Assabet and Sudbury rivers, which join at Ege Rock near the middle of the town to form the Con- eord River. The latter two streams are remarkably sluggish, dropping only two feet in the twenty-four miles between Way- land and North Billerica (3).1 From Bound Rock at the south- west corner of the town to the Carlisle line the river trends NNE with many deviations caused by hills and bluffs. For the most part, it is bordered by meadows, notably the Great Meadows, two hundred or more acres in extent, which begin about a mile below Egg Rock. Much of this area was privately diked about 1928 to ‘create shallow impoundments for a water-fowl refuge and later given over as a National Wildlife Refuge. The Assabet River is a narrower and swifter stream, flowing between narrower meadows and more numerous constrictive banks. It enters Con- cord from Maynard and Acton to the west. The land for the most part is of low relief with the exception of the three major hills, the highest of which is 365 feet. The elevation above sea level varies from 112 feet along the Sudbury- Concord River to 200-250 feet in the northerly part of town. It seems not unreasonable to suppose that about half of this area lies below the 150-foot contour. The principal physiographic features follow, the names, where given, being those currently adopted by the U.S. Geological Survey, Concord Quadrangle (4), otherwise to be found on the map compiled by H. W. Gleason (5), accompanying the first edition of Thoreau’s Journal (8) and reproduced here in the end-papers. A. HILLS. (Heights stated to nearest 10-foot contour.) Annursnack. 365 feet. Boulder-clay overlying rock core (?). Fairhaven. 340 feet. Boulder-clay with exposure of Andover granite as a cliff on southerly side from summit to foot. Punkatasset. 316 feet. Boulder-clay overlying rock core (?). Nashawtuc. 250 feet. Drumlin. "A natural hard gravel bar a short distance above the dam at North Billerica is just two feet below the top of a similar bar in Wayland 25 miles upstream. Hubbard’s. 240 feet. Modified drumlin. Pine. 230 feet. Drumlin. Buttrick’s. 210 feet. Modified drumlin. Poplar (Ripley). 200 feet. Drumlin. B. RIVERS. Sudbury and Assabet to form the Concord at Egg Rock (5). C. Brooks. All except Elm drain into the three rivers. Second Division (4), including Hayward’s Mill Pond (5) and two other artificial ponds. Nashoba, including Warner’s Pond (artificial). Spencer, including Barrett’s Mill Pond (5) (artificial). Well Meadow (5), drains Andromeda Ponds (5). Hubbard’s (5). Dugan. (Nut Meadow (5) ; Jenny Dugan.) Mill, including south branch of Saw Mill (5) and artificial ice- pond. Cemetery (local name), including artificial duck pond. Source: Moore’s Swamp (5). Saw Mill, including artificial ice-pond. Source: Yellow Birch Swamp (5). Elm, headwaters of, draining through Bedford into Shawsheen River. D. PonpDs, natural. White. Forty acres. Subject to recent disturbance by abutting houses. Bateman’s. Eighteen acres. Virtually unspoiled. 4 18. Goose, Little Goose. Eleven and a half and one and a third acres. Both subject to periodic exsiccation, apparently correlated with low- water levels of Walden Pond. Partial destruction by fu- ture highway construction feared. Walden. Sixty-four and a half acres. Largest; deepest: 107 feet at high water (6). Exceedingly clear, mostly fed by springs. Thoreau has written interestingly of its changes in water level and other characteristics both physical and biological in a chapter of his book ‘‘Walden” entitled The Ponds (6). Fairhaven Bay. About seventy acres (6). Simulates an enlargement of the Sudbury River. . MEADOWS AND SWAMPS (5). Sudbury Meadows, a small portion of, south of Lee’s Bridge. Well Meadow, including Andromeda Ponds. Miles Swamp, a misnomer on Gleason’s map. Ministerial Swamp. Cedar Swamp. Calla Swamp (misplaced on Gleason’s map). Yellow Birch Swamp. Great Meadows (about 200 acres mostly under shallow water since 1928). Moore’s Swamp. Beck Stow’s Swamp. Mill Brook meadows and tributary swamps, unnamed. Hubbard’s Close. Andromeda Ponds, a chain of narrow, boggy swamps. SPHAGNUM BOGS. a. Bog, unnamed, at westerly extension of Ministerial Swamp (5). b. White Pond bog, unnamed southerly extension of swamp in upper reaches of Jenny Dugan Brook, misnamed on Gleason’s map as Miles’ Swamp. ce. Miles Swamp (7); local name: Ledum Bog. Now partially drained. Mislocated on Gleason’s map. d. Kalmia Swamp (5). e. Gowing’s Swamp (5). f. Heywood’s Meadow, south of Walden Pond, draining into Fairhaven Bay. 5) CLIMATE The town lies very close to the 20°F isotherm for the average minimum temperature of the coldest month, January. Being 25 miles west of the entrance to Boston Harbor its continental climate is considerably modified by proximity to the ocean, re- sulting in frequent wide fluctuations of temperature, particularly in the winter. Changes of 30° in 24 hours are not uncommon: of 50° and more, rarely. Similar variability in annual snowfall leads to winters lacking a continuous snow-cover and to much thawing and freezing. Occasional winter droughts may coincide with severe cold with sub-zero weather. Much of Concord is low with poor air drainage. The average growing season is 144 days as measured by the average dates, spring and fall, for the last and first killing frosts. The latest known was June 21, 1918, and the earliest, September 2, 1886 (8). In the severe winter of 1903-04, low temperatures were officially recorded for December at —10°F; January, —26°F; February, —20°F. Snowfall was 62.2 inches and provided a continuous snow-cover for over ninety days (9). The winter of 1856-57 provides another example of the extreme variability of the Concord climate. On December 6, 1856, Thoreau noted that the river was generally frozen over and the ice would bear quite across in a few places. A severe cold snap began on January 16, 1857, not breaking until] the 27th. On several days his dawn readings were —14° to —18° with an estimated low of —26°. Boston Harbor froze as far as Fort Independence and ‘“‘thousands on the ice” were cutting a channel to the city (7). Average annual precipitation is about 42.75 inches distributed almost uniformly month by month; for the growing season, 21.10 inches (8). Dry summers are infrequent; prolonged droughts for three or more successive years, rare. Exceptionally heavy summer rainfall resulting in flooded rivers occurs sporadically, perhaps as infrequently as every thirty to fifty years. The vege- tational effects are discussed elsewhere. Snowfall varies between wide limits: e.g., 94.1 inches during the winter of 1947-48 (No- vember—February) and a continuous snow-cover from December 24—March 17. The following winter was exceptionally mild. De- cember, 1948 — high, 55°, low, 7°; January, 59°, 7°; February, 61°, 2°. The average mean monthly temperature was 32.9°, or 8.0° above normal. The snowfall was only 22 inches up until the evening of February 28, 1949, with open ground bare about half 6 of each month (9). Dandelions were observed in full bloom in each of the three months. Such a pattern of climate variability doubtless is an important factor in determining the absence or rarity of many species of perennia! and woody plants. COMPOSITION OF THE FLORA The plant life of modern times is the resultant of two sets of influences: natural and human. Prior to 1650, say, the effect of disturbance by man may be safely ignored. Except for a few Indian clearings for dwelling sites and agriculture, and their burned areas, it is reasonable to assume that primeval conditions prevailed. The recapture of the postglacial gravels and sands, barrens, shallow lakes, and cold streams by vegetational types suited to such habitats was probably rapid. The latitude of the center of the town is 42° 27’. It is reasonable to postulate a temperate climate even when the retreating ice front was nearby, with hot summers frequently cooled by northwest winds from off the ice sheet, and cold, probably snowy winters. It is tempt- ing to believe that the 20° isotherm had shifted southward significantly, but that the summer and winter temperature ex- tremes were much the same as those recorded now. Doubtless northern forest species (poplar association), with the northern heaths occupying sphagnous depressions and pond-shores, were the first conspicuous elements of the advancing forest, providing humus and peat for herbaceous plants to push forward from the south and westward off the exposed but now drowned coastal plain. The next important episode was the melting of the ice- dam that had blocked the flow of the river into the Merrimack, thus permitting the drainage of Glacial-lake Concord and a re- sumption of the preglacial drainage pattern. Exposed sands, mucks, and peats suddenly provided a variety of habitats above and below floodplain levels for a lush vegetation. The transition to the primeval conditions alluded to above was now possible, although its time-scale, being still unknown, awaits investigation of peat horizons, pollen analysis and carbon-14 dating. Rem- nants of the postulated boreal flora still exist, chiefly in the cold sphagnum bogs. As the climate ameliorated a distinctly southern element crept in, the route unknown. This, too, is a feature of today’s flora. The dominant forest element in Concord for at least the past 7 three millenia has been the so-called oak-chestnut-hickory as- sociation with a lingering and perhaps an increasing (since 1000 A.D.) of species characteristic of the cooler upland forests of western and northern New England: hemlock, yellow and white birch, beech, striped maple (rare), sugar-maple (rare). Before the land was cleared by the colonists for general farming, one may visualize a mature forest, broken only by river mead- ows, Swamps, ponds and Indian clearings. Its understory must have been relatively free of shrubs and herbs, except in open- ings caused by blow-downs, fire, lightning and so on. For many species now common, suitable habitats were scarce. The settlement of Concord (1636) by Old World immigrants soon converted virgin forest to tillage, pasture and wood-lot, the latter to be systematically harvested for timber, ship’s masts, and firewood. An abundance of suitable habitat quickly became available for such woody plants as pitch pine (Pinus rigida), juniper (Juniperus communis var. depressa), red cedar (J. vir- giniana), willows (Salix ssp.), poplar (Populus ssp.), gray birch (Populus populifolia), alder (Alnus ssp.), scrub-oak (Quercus prinoides, Q. ilicifolia), shad (Amelanchier ssp.) hawthorn (Crataegus ssp.), blackberry (Rubus ssp.), cornel (Cornus ssp.), ericaceous shrubs: e.g., sheep-laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), blueberry (Vaccinium ssp.), Viburnum ssp., elder (Sambucus), and many others. A proliferation of roadsides, borders of woods, fence- rows, ditches —even pasture and arable land — greatly ex- panded the habitats for a large number of indigenous native herbs, as well as for introduced and adventive weedy plants from the Old World which now constitute nearly one-quarter of the species listed in the Catalog. Some of our most conspicuous wild flowers are in this category, e.g., pasture barberry (Berberis vulgaris), meadow butter-cup (Ranunculus acris), white daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), and several species of hawk- weed (Hieracium). The agricultural phase of human disturbance in Concord lingered longer than in much of New England. Very few farms "This statement is based on well-documented evidence for an essentially modern woody flora at several sites in eastern Massachusetts, e.g.: (10), (11), (12). Lacking direct evidence for Concord, it seems reasonable to extrapolate. Raup’s discussion of recent (7.e., within the last 3000 years) changes in climate and vegetation in southern New England is recom- mended; his bibliography is particularly valuable (10), 8 were actually abandoned as worthless in the 19th century. Except for a few truck farms on exceptionally fertile land, agriculture and dairying was virtually discontinued between the two World Wars (1918-1939). Many farms were purchased for country estates before the postwar inflation of land values (ca. 1950 and on), and later by subdividers for residential pur- poses. The transition to the rapidly growing town of 1974 with its large decentralized population was brief.1 However, the full impact of large-scale housing development has not yet been felt. Furthermore, a large acreage has been withdrawn from private use. If the impoundments in the Great Meadows and floodplain easements deeded to the Concord Conservation Land Trust be included, over 25 percent of the area of the town (7 sq. miles) is presently considered safe from future disturbance. Some irreparable damage has been done within living memory. The flooding of the sphagnous brook meadow on the old Calef farm near the junction of the Cambridge Turnpike and the highway (Route 2), destroyed a remarkable stand of Arethusa and Menyanthes (Buckbean). The housing development on Annursnack Hill and vicinity destroyed Grassy Pond and the only known station for Cladium (Twig-rush). Golf-course im- provements at the Concord Country Club have apparently eliminated several scarce species: Lycopodium inundatum, Cala- magrostis cinnoides (Reed-Bentgrass), Calopogon (Swamp- pink), Gentiana crinita (Fringed Gentian), Bartonia virginica. Repeated fires in Town Forest/Goose Pond/Walden Woods area depleted a large colony of Adiantum pedatum (Maiden-hair Fern) and Hepatica americana, and destroyed a small colony of Linnaea (Twin-flower). The partial drainage of Ledum Bog (Miles’ Swamp (7)) and farming operations destroyed Picea mariana (Black Spruce) and its parasite, Arceuthobium pusil- lum (Dwarf Mistletoe), Habenaria blephariglottis (White Fringed Orchis), and Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador Tea). Other locally rare plants which have disappeared include: Pinus resinosa (Red Pine). Two small indigenous groves: one recorded by Pratt (15) at Merriam’s Hill (Pine Hill), possibly cut down to improve pasturage; the other was destroyed by the removal of gravel from the ridge opposite Sleepy Hollow Ceme- tery, the last tree toppling down in the early 1900’s. ‘Exclusive of inmates of Concord Reformatory, population in 1860: 2246; EIVO 4792519402 7972519602 12.517: 1970; 16,148. Chamaecyparis thyoides (White Cedar). Two nearby sta- tions: 1. Swamp, now overgrown with red maple, west of Straw- berry Hill Road; 2. A small colony on west shore of Barrett’s Mill Pond (Angier’s) cut down about 1940. Carex oligosperma. Occurred at Ball’s Swamp north of Ball’s Hill (5), which was flooded in the mid-1920’s to make a pond for water-fowl. Potentilla fruticosa (Shrubby Cinquefoil). This plant oc- curred in the small boggy (southern) end of Hubbard’s Close (5) but was collected by E. S. Hoar after the construction of Fairyland Pond (now in the Concord Town Forest) nearly 100 years ago. The creation of the pond altered the level of the water table and gradually converted the boggy meadow to an alder/red-maple swamp, unsuitable for this species. It is chiefly a plant of calcareous soils, which suggests that formerly Brister’s Spring (5) and up-welling ground water feeding the area may have been derived from aquifers in the nearby under- lying calcium-rich Marlboro Formation (14). Present-day vege- tation gives no hint of hard groundwater or sweet soil. Cassia hebecarpa (Wild Senna). Destroyed by road-widening operations many years ago. Circaea alpina (Enchanter’s Nightshade). Occurred sparsely around Brister’s Spring, which was temporarily filled in with muck and gravel from slumping road shoulders. Asclepias verticillata (Whorled Milkweed). The last (?) re- maining plant at Martha’s Point disappeared about 1964. Much depleted by botanists in the late 19th century, and subjected to wear and tear by ever-increasing numbers of undiscriminating visitors. Solidago speciosa (Showy Goldenrod). Destroyed by excava- tions at Clam Shell Bluff between 1935 and 1940. The station was probably identical with that of Solidago stricta mentioned by Thoreau in his journal entry of December 11, 1857. His speci- men appears to be speciosa. LOCALITIES AND HABITATS OF EXCEPTIONAL BOTANICAL INTEREST At first, the feeling of a botanist visiting eastern Massachu- setts is one of disappointment. He is likely to dub its flora as depauperate. He misses ubiquitous rich woods with their carpets of Bloodroot, Hepatica, Claytonia, as well as several species of 10 Trillium and orchids aS common spring flowers. However, the region is compensated by the unusual number of different plant forms it possesses. Concord is particularly well favored in this respect. Its twenty-seven square miles harbor almost precisely twenty percent of the species occurring in the Gray’s Manual range. This rather surprising fact is due largely to a combina- tion of favorable ecological factors, among them being the diver- sity of habitats previously noted. Rock out-crops, the acid gravels underlying thin oak woods, north slopes of wooded eskers, ditches, brooks, natural ponds, the sluggish rivers with broad meadows and associated swamps, the deep loams of glacial lake bottoms and associated ‘fossil’ sand beaches — all support a somewhat specialized flora. This section of the Introduction contains a selection of localized habitats with an annotated list mostly of the uncommon native plants associated with each. The vegetation of the rivers and river meadows is discussed in some- what more detail. ANNURSNACK HILL AND VICINITY Adiantum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern). Fide L. E. Richardson. +Cladium mariscoides (Twig-rush). Station destroyed about 1963. Carex molesta 7 C. laxiculmis C. blanda Uvularia perfoliata (Bellwort). Carya tomentosa (Mockernut). Celtis occidentalis var. pumila (Hackberry). Actaea pachypoda (White Baneberry). Crataegus Holmesiana var. villipes (Hawthorn). Rubus E'nslenit (Blackberry). Desmodium nudiflorum Lespedeza virginica (Bush Clover). L. intermedia yAcalypha virginica (Three-seeded Mercury). Viola pubescens (Downy Yellow Violet). Fide L. E. Richardson. Chimaphila maculata (Spotted Wintergreen). Note: Daggers (+) preceding entries in the lists that appear in this section represent plants not known to occur elsewhere in Concord. 11 Moneses uniflora (One-flowered Pyrola). Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel). Gentiana crinita (Fringed Gentian). Not seen recently. Menyanthes trifoliata var. minor (Buckbean). Not seen recently. +Castilleja coccinea (Painted Cup). Apparently extirpated. BATEMAN’S POND AND VICINITY TIsoétes muricata (Quillwort). Sparganium androcladum (Bur-reed). Najas gracillima (Naiad). Agropyron trachycaulum var. glaucum. Northeast shore. Trisetum spicatum var. molle +Hleocharis Robbinsi. Northeast end in shallow water. EF. oliwacea. Floor of skating rink, north end. Carex laxiculmis. East side. C. projecta. Chamberlin Woods. (22) +C. hirsutella. Chamberlin Woods. Calla palustris (Wild Calla). Chamberlin Woods. Anemonella thalictroides Crataegus Crus-Galla Agrimonia gryposepala +Acer pensylvanicum (Moosewood). Ledges, east side. Viola primulifolia var. acuta. East side. V. pensylvanica (Downy Yellow Violet). Chamberlin Woods. Sanicula marilandica. East side. Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood). Chamberlin Woods. 12 +Bartonia paniculata. Shore-line, east side. Lindernia dubia Utricularia cornuta (Bladderwort). U. gibba CLAM SHELL BLUFF (Bank) (5) (Including the ten-acre field above the Bluff) This locality was the site of an important permanent Indian village, with a large shell-heap on the south-facing bank. It was under cultivation for many years prior to about 19380 and then allowed to become fallow. Some twenty-seven exotic plants, native to the Great Plains, became established, some abundantly so. The evidence suggests that they were inadvertently intro- duced with sheep manure purchased as fertilizer from a nearby woolen mill. The list is published in Rhodora (18), to which should be added Bidens aristosa var. mutica. Most of these plants persisted, despite increasing competition from rapidly growing weed-trees, until the site was almost completely de- — stroyed by road and school house construction, as well as by subdivisions for house lots. The following plants are considered indigenous at this locality: +Carex prairea. A rare lime-loving sedge, its occurrence perhaps associated with leachings from the ancient Indian shell-heaps at this site. Desmodium canescens (Beggar’s-ticks). Northeast limit of range at Concord. Orobanche uniflora (Broom-rape). +Solidago speciosa (Goldenrod). The station apparently obliterated about 1940. Aster pilosus var. pilosus CONANTUM (5) A. On the west side of the Sudbury River from Lee’s Bridge north to include Martha’s Point and Bittern Cliff (5) are nar- row exposures of Salem Gabbro-diorite and Marlboro Formation (4), the latter containing paper-thin layers of calcite and oc- easionally small pockets of limestone. Similar outcrops occur along Garfield Road. An unusual number of locally uncommon 13 or rare plants usually but not always associated with circum- neutral soils have been found there. When Thoreau first began to take a botanical interest in plants, he noted in his Journal: “There is a little grove in a Swampy place in Conantum where some rare things grow, — several bass trees, sassafras, maiden- hair fern, the white-berried plant [probably White Baneberry listed below], and the sweet viburnum [probably V. Lentago L.] ...’, Thoreau Journal 2: 64. He was to become more dis- criminating in later years. The only rarities are Maidenhair Fern and White Baneberry, but he was already aware of Conan- tum as a good place for botanizing. Botrychium virginianum (Rattlesnake Fern). +Pteretis pensylvanica (Ostrich Fern). +Asplenium Trichomanes (Maidenhair Spleenwort). Adiantum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern). Elymus virgunicus (Wild Rye). +Hystrix patula var. Bigeloviana (Bottle-brush Grass). Agropyron trachycaulum var. glaucum 7+Muhlenbergia sobolifera Carex digitalis C. blanda +Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm). +Parietaria pensylvanica (Pellitory). ~Ranunculus fascicularis (Early Crowfoot). Actaea pachypoda (White Baneberry). Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot). +Arabis canadensis (Sicklepod). TSaxifraga virginiensis (Early Saxifrage). Vitis aestivalis var. argentifolia (Summer Grape). *Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash). +Phryma Leptostachya (Lop-seed). +Galium lanceolatum (Wild Licorice). +¥Triosteum aurantiacum (Wild Coffee). +Eupatorium sessilifolium var. Brittonianum (Upland Boneset). B. In addition to the foregoing species, there are a number of locally rare or scarce plants, less dependent on sweet soils, that have occurred on the Marlboro Formation or adjacent to it. Woodsia obtusa Cystopteris fragilis var. Mackayu Asplenium platyneuron (Ebony Spleenwort). 14 Carex retroflexa tIsotria verticillata (Whorled Pogonia). Occurs outside of the Marlboro Formation area. Corallorhiza maculata (Spotted Coral-root). +Liparis lilifolia (Lilia-leaved Twayblade). Paronychia canadensis (Forked Chickweed). Anemone virginiana Desmodium glutinosum +Acer saccharum (Sugar or Rock Maple) .? Tila americana (American Linden). yAralia racemosa (Spikenard). Sanicula marilandica (Black Snakeroot). Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood). C. rugosa (Cornel). Moneses uniflora (One-flowered Pyrola). +Asclepias verticillata (Whorled Milkweed). +Myosotis verna (Spring Forget-me-not). Gerardia pedicularia (False Foxglove). Galium pilosum (Hairy Bedstraw). Specularia perfoliata (Venus’s Looking-glass). Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell). +Hupatorium fistulosum (Joe-Pye-weed). EGG RocK? AND ADJACENT AREAS (At the confluence of the Sudbury and Assabet rivers.) Panicum virgatum var. spissum P. latifolium Polygonella articulata (Jointweed). +¥Cerastium nutans. Not seen recently. Specimen in Thoreau Herbarium. Crataegus flabellata var. Grayana (Hawthorn). C. macrosperma var. roanensis (Hawthorn). *Presumably descendants of an indigenous grove mentioned by Minot Pratt (15). Of course, this species is abundantly naturalized from intro- duced nursery stock. "Egg Rock is a large outcrop at the confluence of the Sudbury and Assa- bet rivers near the base of Nashawtuc Hill. To remind posterity of the vanished race which inhabited the region, this inscription was chiselled on the rock-face at the water’s edge nearly one hundred years ago: ON THE HILL NASHAWTUG AT THE MEETING OF THE WG TEES AND ALONG THE BANK LIVED THE INDIAN OWNERS OF MUSKETAQUID BEFORE THE WHITE MAN CAME 15 C. Crus-galli (Hawthorn). Viola pubescens (Downy Yellow Violet). Not seen recently. V. conspersa forma conspersa (Dog Violet). forma Masonii (White Dog Violet). Fide R. J. Eaton; no specimen. Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood). Fide Thoreau; not seen recently. +Rhododendron roseum (Pink Azalea, Election-pink). Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel). Apocynum cannabinum (Indian Hemp). Fide Thoreau (18). E'STABROOK! WOODS AND ABUTTING AREAS (5) Athyrium thelypterioides. “Lime-kiln road near Esterbrook place”; fide Pratt (15). Adiantum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern). No specimen survives. Carex hirsutella (22). Calla palustris (Wild Calla). Anemonella thalyctroides (Rue Anemone). Anemone virginiana (Thimbleweed). Actaea pachypoda (White Baneberry). Geum canadense var. camporum Viola pubescens (Downy Yellow Violet). Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood). Asclepias exaltata (Milkweed). A. purpurascens (Purple Milkweed). +Galum circaezans var. circaezans (Wild Licorice). Lonicera sempervirens (Coral Honeysuckle). +Antennaria Parlinii (Pussy-toes). +Bidens discoidea (Bur-Marigold, Beggar’s-ticks). GREAT MEADOWS IMPOUNDMENTS AND VICINITY The impoundments are of recent construction, having been completed about 1929. Except during the spring freshets and ‘Thoreau spelled this word Esterbrook, which was his version of the spelling used by the farmer who settled there. For many years the town maintained the road sign reading Esterbrook Road. Recently, it has been officially renamed Estabrook Road to conform with the spelling thought to have been used by the Reverend Joseph Estabrook, one of ‘the early settlers. 16 occasional river overflows at other seasons, the water is derived from Cemetery Brook and extensive leachings from the Concord filter beds. In consequence, it is cireumneutral to slightly basic and relatively rich in nutrients, thus supporting a lush vegeta- tion, both aquatic and in adjacent meadow land, which was not present prior to the pollution. Potamogeton Berchtoldii var. polyphyllus (Pondweed). P. gramineus vars. gramineus and myriophyllus (Pondweed). P. Oakesianus (Pondweed). Alisma triviale (Mud-plantain). +Phragmites communis var. Berlandiert (Reed). Apparently a recent migrant from the Sudbury meadows near the lower Wayland bridge and well established as a small colony in an excavation for gravel for construction of a dike (ca. 1927). For a discussion of the prior status of this grass along the Sud- bury River, see Rhodora 54: 135 (1952). +Echinochloa Walteri. A southern species extending along the coast to eastern New Hampshire and in alkaline habitats inland to southwestern Quebec. Its appearance along the dikes of the impoundments may be associated with the basic character of sewage effluent. (See Rh. 50: 262, 1957). Cyperus erythrorhizos. (See Rh. 60: 317, 1958). +Scirpus fluviatilis (River-Bulrush). Probably another recent migrant from upstream in Sudbury and Wayland, where it oc- curs very locally at two stations. It is a species usually asso- ciated with circumneutral to basic muds. S. atrocinctus (Bulrush). 7S. Longii (Bulrush). Carex tribuloides (Sedge) (See Rh. 61: 294, 1959). Carpinus caroliniana’ (Ironwood). Several mature trees in low woods bordering the lower impoundment. {Hibiscus palustris (Rose-Mallow, Marsh Mallow). This showy plant of saline, brackish, or fresh marshes has occurred rarely along the banks of the Concord and Sudbury rivers from Lowell to Wayland. There are two clumps known to survive in Con- cord. Thoreau refers to a colony east of Heard’s Pond, but it appears to have disappeared from this its most inland station along the northeastern limit of its range. Peucedanum palustre. A recent discovery (1970) and the 17 Second recorded station in New England, the first record to my knowledge being in 1958. Peucedanum is a genus not included in Gray’s Manual. PETER’S PATH (5) (Filter-bed area and easterly along abandoned railroad.) This region was the site of extensive pre-colonial Indian habitations. The soil is light sandy loam overlying gravels. Presumably several of the plants persisted to modern times on the disturbed open soils of the railroad right-of-way which paral- lels the Great Meadows and the adjacent filter beds. +Digitaria filuformis (Finger-Grass, Crab-Grass). Andropogon Gerardi (Beardgrass). Carpinus caroliniana (Ironwood). Low woods. Polygonella articulata. Formerly local and becoming weedy and wi dispersed along New England roadsides. Cassia fasciculata (Partridge Pea). Crotalaria sagittalis (Rattlebox) ; cf. (7). Lechea tenmfolia (Pinweed). Gentiana Andrewsu (Bottle-Gentian, Closed Gentian). Liatris borealis (Blazing-star) . Solidago odora (Sweet Goldenrod). Sericocarpus linifolius (White-topped Aster). THE THREE RIVERS A. Assabet River! Prior to the closing of the large woolen mills in Maynard, this *The remnants of a remarkable grove of ancient hemlocks lean over the river’s edge a short distance upstream from Egg Rock. Thanks to Laurence Richardson, I am able to repeat what Hawthorne wrote about them: “At one point there is a lofty bank on the slope of which grow some hemlocks, declining across the stream with arms outstretched, as if resolute to take the plunge.” Margaret Fuller mentioned in her dairy “a trip to the Hem- locks with Waldo” [R. W. Emerson], A beloved Concordian of the next generation alluded to these trees in a poem about the Assabet entitled “Floating Hearts” (Nymphoides cordata). His admirers cut this in- scription on a nearby boulder at the foot of the bank!: BENEATH THE HEMLOCKS GRIM AND GRAY OUR BOAT DRIFTS SLOWLY ON ITS WAY MEMORIAL TO GEORGE mee a BARTLETT 1 MOST COURTEOUS AND KINDLY GENTLEMAN THE TENDER FRIEND OF ALL 18 river was rendered essentially sterile by chemical pollution. A few aquatics persisted at the mouths of brooks and near to its confluence with the Sudbury River at Egg Rock. No specific record exists of what species they were except for the locally rare Potamogeton nodosus E. 8. Hoar (1887) and Sagittaria subulata var. gracillima that was collected by A. W. Hosmer prior to 1903 and by R. J. Eaton prior to 1980. The mills were closed in 1952. Within the short space of five years or less the animal and plant life became abundant throughout, including up-river occurrences of |S. subulata and the riparian Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice). A detailed survey of the Assabet aquatics should be made and compared with a similar one of the Sudbury- Concord rivers, coupled with adequate present-day pollution data. B. Sudbury River Prior to about 1930, the Sudbury River was relatively unpol- luted. Its waters and underlying marginal muds were slightly acidic. Except for occasional bars or muddy shallows the chan- nel and its gravel bottom were clear. Along the marginal mud banks the indigenous submerged plants consisted chiefly of Potamogeton ssp.,: Najas flexilis, Hlodea Nuttallii, Ceratophyl- lum demersum (Hornwort), Myriophyllum humile formae capil- laceum and natans (Water-Milfoil), Utricularia inflata var. minor (Bladderwort), U. vulgaris (Common Bladderwort), Megalodonta Becki (Water-Marigold). Not included in the foregoing list were the uncommon or locally rare Potamogeton gramineus var. myriophyllus (1888), P. Oakesianus (1929), Utricularia purpurea (prior to 1893). Rising from this under- story were piants with floating leaves including Polygonum am- phibium var. stipulaceum forma fluitans, P. coccineum forma natans, the two yellow pond lilies: Nuphar microphyllum and variegatum as well as their hybrid X N. rubrodiscum, Nymphaea odorata (White Pond-lily), Brasenia Schreberi, Nymphoides cordata (Floating-heart). Along the shore, rooted in mud, large masses of Pontederia cordata (Pickerelweed) pushed out into *Eleven species of pond-weeds are well documented. Adequate field work under present conditions of gross pollution may well reveal the presence of unrecorded species and the absence of several previously collected. The present status of many river aquatics is uncertain. The presumed effect of river pollution is discussed in more detail in another context (see p. 20). The omission of Lemma minor (Duck-weed) is not an oversight. 19 relatively deep water with the less aggressive Peltandra vir- ginica nearby. In shallow water and on muddy banks the follow- ing plants were more or less conspicuous: Sparganium eury- carpum and S. americanum (Bur-reed), Alisma triviale and A. subcordatum (Mud-Plantain), Sagittaria latifolia, Acorus Cala- mus, occasional stands of Scirpus validus var. creber (Bulrush) and Juncus effusus vars., Polygonum amphibium var. amphib- ium, Ludwigia palustris var. americana, Proserpinaca palustris var. crebra. C. Concord River Although the Concord River is merely a continuation of the Sudbury River, it is augmented by the Assabet at Ege Rock and was contaminated by it. The record suggests rather inconclu- sively that some of the aquatics of the slightly acidic Sudbury were less abundant, scarce, or even absent from the Concord. The following species may belong in this category: Potamogeton gramineus var. myriophyllus, P. Oakesianus, Peltandra virginica (Arrow-Arum), Acorus Calamus (Sweetflag), Polygonum am- phibium vars., Nymphaea odorata (Pond-lily), Brasenia Schre- bert (Water-shield), Nymphoides cordata (Floating-heart), Megalodonta Beckii (Water-Marigold). On the other hand, two species of Potamogeton are known from the Concord River but not from the Sudbury, viz.: P. gemmiparus (1886), P. pulcher (1886) ; also Zizania aquatica (Wild Rice). In general, the effect of Assabet contamination was conspicuous only for a mile or so downriver, when dilution from tributary brooks and springs became significant. The vegetation of the three rivers appears to have been altered by pollution. In the mid-1930’s Lemna minor became a con- Spicuous weed on the Sudbury-Concord rivers, vegetatively re- producing on a vast scale as it floated downstream and often covering the entire surface of the water. Formerly it was un- common. The only indexed reference to the plant in Thoreau’s Journal relates to its occurrence on Cape Cod. Minot Pratt (15), contrary to his usual practice, briefly described it and specified the locality, perhaps implying he had not seen it elsewhere. It is remembered as occasional in stagnant woodland pools and back- waters, but not on the river. Eaton (20) came to the tentative conclusion that its weedy behavior — continuing to the present time (1974) — was due to a large increase in sewage pollution, 20 which supplied the nutrients as well as the basic water on which the Lemnaceae thrive. This explanation seems to have been widely accepted. Correct or not, it seems to be a fact that ecologi- cal changes have occurred concurrently with increased pollution, whereby at least a few aquatics have become much less abundant and others have increased spectacularly. Significantly, a few species, previously unrecorded in the acidic environment of our rivers, are now present. Although the status of most of them before and after pollution is unknown, the following species, formerly common or abundant, have definitely suffered a major decline: Najas flexilis, Acorus Calamus, Nymphaea odorata, Brasenia Schreberi, Ranunculus flabellaris, Nymphoides cordata. It is probable that Megalodonta Beckti should be included in this category. The following are plants known to have increased since 1930, including those previously unrecorded (the latter being indicated by an asterisk, or a dagger! or both) : Typha americana *+T., angustifolia. Abundant in the lower impoundment at the Great Meadows Wildlife Refuge. *+T. glauca. Several large clones at same locality. Sparganium eurycarpum S. americanum *+Phragmites communis var. Berlandieri Zizania aquatica. Becoming remarkably abundant in the lower Great Meadows impoundment by 1957, and rapidly increasing along the Assabet River in favorable locations (fide L. E. Richardson, 1969). *+Scirpus fluviatilis. First discovered in 1960 as three small but flourishing colonies in wet meadow near dike of lowest Great Meadow impoundment It is a plant usually of a calcareous habitat, but abundantly indigenous in deep wet silt at the mouth of Heard’s Pond in Wayland, and also associated with Phragmites in the meadow north of the lower Wayland bridge. Locally basic soil at each locality is presumed. | See note p. 11. 21 Spirodela polyrhiza. Now abundant along the dikes of the Great Meadows im- poundments, and presumably elsewhere. Lemna trisulca. First Concord collection in 1946. L. minor (Duck-weed). *Wolffia columbiana (Water Meal). First discovered in eastern Massachusetts in 1938 by Eaton (21). Now nearly ubiquitous, and massively abundant. *+W. punctata. First discovered in 1957 by C. E. Wood, Jr. and reported by Eaton. Locally abundant. [W. papulifera. Discovered in Concord River at Billerica in 1968 by W. D. Countryman (personal communication). Doubtless overlooked at Great Meadows impoundments. | *Cabomba caroliniana. First discovered in 1968 as abundant in Fairhaven Bay by W. D. Countryman. This dangerously agressive aquatic is ad- ventive from farther south and has rapidly choked some ponds and quiet streams in Massachusetts. The earliest collection known in Massachusetts, according to B. N. Gates (22), was in 1930. It is now known from many scattered stations through- out the state. Trapa natans (Water Chestnut). This naturalized plant from Eurasia was first collected in the Concord River by E. S. Hoar about ninety years ago. Until the onset of major pollution, it was widely dispersed throughout, but sparsely distributed in small patches about one to four meters in diameter along the margin of the rivers. By 1948, Trapa became so abundant in certain stretches of the Sudbury River “that no water at all was to be seen except along the thread of the stream. In fact, the shallow parts looked like dry land and it was difficult to shove a canoe through it.” This is a quotation from a letter to me in 1947 by Henry B. Bigelow, who lived beside the river for many years. RIVER MEADOWS The ecology of the river meadows is complex and the response to it often puzzling. The original settlers were attracted to Musketaquid by the abundant meadow hay which they and their 22 successors proceeded to cut annually as cattle food. This implies that the meadows were open grassy expanses in pre-colonial times. Between the two wars (1920-1940) mowing gradually ceased. Some meadows remained grassy but others developed alder-willow thickets with occasional elm and swamp oak (Quer- cus bicolor) gaining a foothold. Instances of the former are the extensive Sudbury Meadows above Sherman Bridge, and the smaller ones above Lee’s Bridge on the Concord side of the river and below the bridge in Lincoln. On the other hand the narrow ones below Fairhaven Bay, the wider stretches below Heath’s Bridge to the railroad bridge and again between Nashawtuc Bridge and Egg Rock are rapidly becoming obliterated, particu- larly the latter (except for a piece near the causeway which is still mown annually to provide good ice for skating). The con- struction of numerous causeways and bridges across the river has altered the flow of the river during high water by partial damming. This effect does not seem to cause a difference in condi- tions above and below the causeways. Why some meadows should remain grassy and others not, is a problem deserving study. There is also a tendency for Red Maple swamps to encroach on the upland borders of the meadows in certain places. This process seems to be held in check by occasional summer flooding, resulting in stagnant warm water lying over the tree roots long enough to kill the trees. Exceptionally heavy July/August rain- fall from tropical storms occurs on the average of about, say, every thirty years. Dead and dying maple saplings are a dis- figuring feature of the river landscape for a few years following. The herbaceous vegetation of the meadows is diverse. Grasses are dominant, but the numerous sloughs and mud-holes caused by ice frozen onto the dead vegetation and lifted away with its burden of turf during the spring freshets, provide a habitat for many species that cannot withstand the competition of the lush meadow hay, which consists primarily of Phalaris arundinacea (Reed-Canary-Grass) with Calamagrostis canadensis (Blue- joint), Spartina pectinata (Slough-Grass), and Sphenopholis obtusata var. lobata in lesser abundance. Leersia oryzoides and other Leersia ssp. are frequent. Among the commonest sedges were and are Eleocharis Smallu, Scirpus validus, S. cyperinus, Carex stricta often occurring in large patches without forming stools, C. crinita vars. crinita and gynandra, C. comosa, C. ros- trata var. utriculata, and C. vesicaria var. mobile. Phalaris ap- 23 pears to be much less abundant now than formerly in the Concord meadows. Were the Short-billed Marsh-Wren to make a come- back, a colony of this once abundant bird would be hard put to it to find the desired acre or more of its favorite grass for a nesting site. Around and on the sloughs and mud-holes the most conspicu- ous plants may consist of Sparganium eurycarpum (Bur-reed), S. americanum, Sagittaria latifolia (Arrowhead), Juncus ssp. (Rush) especially J. effusus vars., Polygonum (Knotweed) ssp. especially P. pensylvanicum var. laevigatum (Pinkweed), Ro- rippa islandica vars. In August, on the higher riverbanks and drier parts of the meadows Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra (Swamp Milkweed), EKupatorium dubium (Joe-Pye-weed), Bidens cernua and B. frondosa (Beggar’s-ticks, Stick-tight) become a colorful feature with an occasional exclamatory wand of Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal-flower) near the water’s edge. On September 28, 1967, the railroad end of the meadow beginning at Clam Shell Bluff was rapidly surveyed, the area examined being approximately one hundred meters square. Until 1920 or thereabouts it had been mowed annually. Except for occasional clumps of Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush) and Salix nigra (Willow) along the riverbank, herbaceous plants grew exclusively. In 1967, perhaps fifty percent of the area was occupied by dense thickets of Salix and Cephalanthus sheltering occasional trees of Ulmus (American Elm) and Acer rubra (Red Maple). The conspicuous vegetation included: Thelypteris palustris (Marsh Fern). Occasionally abundant in wet areas. Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern). Abundant in drier sections. Typha latifolia (Cattail). Scattered small patches. Not present prior to onset of pol- lution. Sparganium eurycarpum. Scattered colonies on riverbanks, in ditches and muddy places. . S. americanum. As above. Spartina pectinata. Rather common. 24 Phalaris arundinacea. Formerly dominant, now much less abundant, the decline possibly owing to a basic environment resulting from sewage pollution. Leerzia oryzoides. Scattered plants throughout. Seirpus validus var. creber. Conspicuous clumps in mud or shallow water. Carex stricta. Large patches, often to exclusion of other vegetation. Pontederia cordata (Pickerelweed). Large clumps in shallow water along shoreline. Salix nigra. Forming numerous thickets up to six meters high. Boehmeria cylindrica (False Nettle). Frequent in shade of Salix and Cephalanthus, where less competition. Polygonum coccineum. Frequent near riverbank. P. punctatum. Frequent in muddy places. P. pensylvanicum. Frequent on exposed mud. P. scandens. Frequent climber on Cephalanthus, etc. Lysimachia terrestris. Scattered among the Phalaris and Carex stricta. Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra (Swamp Milkweed). Abundant in meadow openings and along riverbank. Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush). Forming impenetrable thickets up to four meters high. Hupatorium dubium. Dense colonies in drier locations; also scattered along river- bank. Bidens cernua. Abundant. B. frondosa. Abundant. The foregoing is a sampling of a small piece of meadow rapidly lesing much of its herbaceous character. Frequent or even common species in other meadows not previously mentioned include: 25 Equisetum fluviatile (Water-Horsetail, Pipes). Rumex orbiculatus (Water-Dock). Penthorum sedoides (Ditch-Stonecrop).? Chrysosplenium americanum (Golden Saxifrage). Rosa nitida R. virginiana R. palustris Acer saccharinum (Silver, Soft, or River Maple). Common along the banks of the Great Meadows. Proserpinaca palustris vars. (Mermaid-weed). Cicuta bulbifera C. maculata Sium suave (Water-parsnip). Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry). Generally distributed in sphagnous areas. Lysimachia terrestris (Swamp Loosestrife) . L. Hybrida Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset). Solidago ssp. (Goldenrod). Aster ssp. Often abundant. Sericocarpus asteroides (White-topped Aster). Occasionally, in the higher edges bordering the upland, may be found small cranberry bogs on acid peat where Pogonia ophioglossoides occurs sometimes abundantly, and, rarely, Iris orismatica. Expected associates may include Hriophorum vir- ginicum (Rusty Cotton-Grass) and species of two Rhynchospora: R. alba and R. capitellata. In the open meadow above Lee’s Bridge is an interesting stand of Potentilla palustris (Swamp Cinquefoil) covering perhaps one-quarter of an acre to the ex- clusion of other vegetation ! Other common, local, or rare species not previously mentioned are: Carex lasiocarpa var. americana Viola Brittoniana. Usually restricted to a narrow strip at edge of normal high water, *Recent search for this plant in localities where it is known to have occurred was fruitless. Perhaps this species also is a casualty of pollution. 26 Ludwigia alternifolia. Known only from bank of Assabet River near mouth of Spencer Brook. Sicyos angulatus (Bur-Cucumber). A climber on shrubs, etc. Echinocystis lobata (Prickly Cucumber). Habitally similar to preceding species. Vernonia nove-boracensis (Ironweed). Abundant at a single locality near Flint’s Bridge. Mikania scandens (Climbing Hempweed). An uncommon climber on Cephalanthus, etc. Second Division Brook and Vicinity Taxus canadensis (American Yew). Habenaria fimbriata (Large Fringed Orchis). Tephrosia virginiana Rhus vernix (Poison Sumac). jE pigaea repens var. glabrifolia (Mayflower). Gentiana clausa (Bottle-Gentian). Apocynum medium (Dogbane). {Viburnum trilobum SPHAGNUM Boas! A sphagnum bog in this context may be thought of as a pond, big or little, partially or completely covered with a dense mass of floating vegetation mainly of wet sphagnum moss in which are embedded herbs, shrubs, and trees requiring or tolerating a wet, acid environment. Thoreau described Gowing’s Swamp (5) in detail with sketch maps in two entries in his Journal (16), giving physical measurements and listing the plants he found growing there (16). Eaton (17) has briefly summarized Tho- reau’s findings, adding supplementary information. Referring to Ledum Bog (C), Pratt (32) in his essay on Flowers and Flower Culture prophetically wrote 100 years ago: “...ina small shaking bog, all within the space of two square rods Ledum latifolium, Andromeda wpolifolia, Kalmia glauca, the White Fringed Orchis, all beautiful and rare, are now to be “For names, identifying letters and locations see Introduction, p. 5 under Sphagnum Bogs. No single bog contains all the plants listed below; a few species have been found in only one or two of them. The letters at the end of each entry indicate the bogs in which the plant occurs; sb preceding an entry denotes the occurrence of the plant in Concord only in a sphagnum bog. 27 found, though the vandal who claims to own the bog is rapidly pushing his improvements in such a direction as to threaten destruction of the worthy tenants of his soil.” For a brief reference to more recent disregard for rare plants by a later owner of this bog see Eaton in Rhodora 37: 413 (1935). As of 1955, the Ledum, Kalmia, and the White Fringed Orchis (Ha- benaria Blephariglottis) had disappeared, as had Black Spruce (Picea mariana) and Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) . Woodwardia virginica (Chain Fern). B, C. Picea mariana (Black Spruce). B, C, E. Larix laricina (American Larch). B, D, HE, F. Scheuchzeria palustris. A, E. Thoreau (15) describes the plant accurately, stating it to be abundant in Gowing’s Swamp. It has either been overlooked there or has disappeared in recent years. Trisetum pensylvanicum. F. sb Eriophorum spissum (Hare’s-tail). B, E. Carex seorsa. F. Calla palustris (Wild Calla). E. Habenaria blephariglottis (White Fringed Orchis). C. Pogonia ophioglossoides. F. Calopogon pulchellus (Grass Pink). F. +Arceuthobium pusillum (Dwarf Mistletoe). C. Drosera rotundifolia (Sundew). General. D. intermedia. C, and probably elsewhere. +Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador Tea). C, formerly rather abundant; station now destroyed. Rhododendron viscosum forma glaucum. C, E. sb Kalmia polifolia (Pale Laurel). C, D, E. sb Andromeda glaucophylla (Bog-Rosemary). C, E. Gaylussacia dumosa (Dwarf Huckleberry). C. E fide Thoreau. There is a specimen in the Thoreau Herbarium which may have come from either bog. G. frondosa (Dangleberry). E, probably elsewhere. sb Vaccinium oxycoccus (Small Cranberry). B, E. V. macrocarpon (American Cranberry). General. forma microcarpon, an unpublished herbarium name. E. sb Menyanthes trifoliata var. minor (Buckbean). E fide Tho- reau. F. Utricularia geminiscapa (Bladderwort). C. 28 SUMMARY OF BOTANICAL ACTIVITY The recorded history of Concord botany appears to begin with the Jarvis brothers, Charles (1800-1826) and Edward (1803- 1864), both born in Concord and both graduates of the Harvard Medical School, where courses in botany were required. Charles died after only three months of practice. His herbarium was incorporated with that of Edward, whose interest in plants con- tinued for many years. In 1858 the Jarvis collections were deposited by Edward in the “State Cabinet” under the juris- diction of the Secretary of Agriculture of Massachusetts and eventually found their way to the herbarium of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Most of the specimens represent- ing 773 species of vascular plants listed in the Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture for 1859 ‘“‘were collected by Dr. Edward Jarvis and Charles Jarvis” (23). Of these, ninety-seven, including five cultivated items, are labelled as from Concord, many precisely located (23). The names of the collectors of eleven of the specimens are given. They are absent from all the others, although in five cases a companion is named. Undoubtedly, Edward was the collector, as the dates range from 1833 to 1836. He had returned to Concord in 18382 and lived there until 1837 (24). The oldest specimen is Viola conspersa, collected by “‘C. [Charles] Jarvis, Concord Turnpike, May 25, 1823.” 3 Dr. Edward Jarvis was a man of considerable reputation. An autobiography written by him in the third person in longhand is owned by the Houghton Library, Harvard University. My friend, Laurence E. Richardson, a noted student of Concord history, very kindly brought the following quotation to my attention. It reflects Jarvis’s methodical procedures. The her- barium that he describes must have been extensive, one-third having been collected by his older brother, Charles. What hap- pened to it is a mystery. There is no mention of it in his will, nor have we been able to find a clue to its disposition. Obviously, it has nothing to do with the material at Amherst. After gradu- ation from college (1827) he taught school in Concord and “studied much botany this year. ... gathered and an- alyzed most of the plants of Concord. . .. Before he went to Boston for a course of lectures he arranged all the flowers he had gathered and pressed according to the Linnaean classification into an herbarium. He had 29 large sheets of coarse, brown paper, tarred, which would preserve the plants from insects. The plants were all labelled with the class, order, genera and spe- cific name, generally with the place of growth and date of gathering, and with many, some incident or circum- stance connected with it, as the companion of the time, ete. In making up this herbarium, Jarvis took first his brother Charles’ plants which were most of the plants which are found in eastern Massachusetts.” The next person in the botanical records of the town is Tho- reau (1817-1862). In a journal entry for 4 December 1856 (25), he mentioned that his first botany book was “Bigelow’s ‘Plants of Boston and Vicinity’”’ which he began to use when he was about nineteen years old, “looking chiefly for the popular names and the short references to the localities of plants,” but without regard to the plant itself. His scientific interest in them began “about half a dozen years ago [when] I found myself again attending to plants with more method, looking out the name of each one and remembering it.” This corresponds to what ap- pears to be his first use of the Latin name for a plant in May or June 1850: “Prunus depressa Pursh” (Th. J. 2: 12). Despite the fear he expressed fifteen months later that his knowledge was becoming more scientific year after year, his journal reflects a growing interest in plant identification and distribution, an interest not confined to Concord. He mentions a few plants observed on Mt. Wachusett in October, 1854, and many during his trip to Cape Cod in July, 1855 (26). His list of plants that he found on Mt. Washington (27) is meticulously arranged in six zonal categories according to altitude, and in more detail than his inventory made for Mt. Monadnock the previous month. His account of his visit to Monadnock in August 1860 (28), well illustrates his preoccupation with natural history, particu- larly botany. The list of articles he carried on this excursion included a microscope, plant book (his equivalent of a field- press), blotting-paper and a Botany (presumably Gray’s Manual 5th Ed.). In retrospect, and to judge only from Journal entries, Thoreau the Naturalist begins to compete with Thoreau the Philosopher in 1852, to the latter’s evident distaste. By 1857 botany has achieved intellectual status and is emotionally acceptable. Con- sidering his lack of adequate optical instruments, his lack of 30 professional guidance and professionally annotated herbarium material for purposes of comparison, his taxonomic competence seems to have developed rapidly to a remarkable degree. His capacity for keen observation both in the field and at the desk, and his careful attention to the need for accuracy were con- tributing factors in achieving the status of a good amateur botanist. Presumably, his friend, fellow townsman, and frequent companion in the field, Edward S. Hoar, was a stimulating influence. Just when Thoreau started his herbarium is uncertain, probably in 1850 when he collected an Andropogon, a Carex and a Juncus. It was about that year when he “‘began to bring them [plants] home in my hat, a straw one with scaffold lining in it, which I called my botany box” (25). The scaffold lining is also described in an entry for 23 June 1852, as made by gathering it mid-way so as to make a shelf, thus preserving his plants in the dark during a long walk. Presumably moisture from his brow helped. Despite his satisfaction with his improvised vasculum, its small size tempted him to collect small incomplete specimens, to the detriment of his herbarium. After Thoreau’s death, and at his request, his grasses repre- senting ninety-four species and two varieties were given to Kdward Hoar and the remainder to the herbarium of the Boston society of Natural History. The term “grasses” was liberally interpreted, for Hoar apparently received all of the Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and a few other plants which bore grass-like leaves. After Hoar’s death, his daughter, Mrs. Florence Hoar Bradford, presented her father’s excellent herbarium, including the Tho- reau collections, to the New England Botanical Club. These were carefully mounted on standard-sized sheets with Thoreau’s nearly illegible slips of paper and Hoar’s translation of them, and incorporated in the Club’s organized herbarium. Many bore a collection date and a locality such as Poke-logan, Bittern Cliff, Well-meadow and so on, these being Thoreau’s private place- names and easily identified as of Concord. Occasionally, speci- mens were erroneously attributed to Concord by Prof. M. L. Fernald, who had given them their correct, modern scientific names. These have been eliminated from the Catalog. Other specimens were named by Thoreau but lack annotation. If common in Concord, it is assumed that they were collected in Concord, an assumption reasonably valid because he habitually (but not always) dated and annotated plants collected elsewhere ol or sent to him by friends. An unannotated specimen of a plant not subsequently found in Concord is also eliminated from the Catalog; usually its exotic origin is obvious. The much larger portion of the Thoreau herbarium, repre- senting about seven hundred species and twenty varieties, was catalogued by a staff member of the Boston Society of Natural History. He used the same nomenclature and sequence followed by Thoreau, which was that of Gray’s Manual of Botany, 5th Edition. Numerous specimens were collected outside of Concord, the place of origin usually being written on scraps of paper; others lack annotation, but are obviously in the same category, such as salt-marsh plants and arctic-alpines. A number of speci- mens, usually of considerable interest, are annotated with Tho- reau’s local place names and clearly of Concord origin. Occa- sionally a significant specimen, annotated with a date only, may be assigned to Concord with confidence if the Journal indicated that Thoreau was in Concord throughout the day of collection. Of the remaining specimens that lack adequate collection data, only those representing plants known to have occurred in Con- cord are included in the Catalog. In 1880, the Natural History Society gave the herbarium to the Concord Free Public Library, where it remained under wraps for many years. Eventually, the Library gave it to Harvard University for deposit at the Gray Herbarium where it could be properly cared for in an air-con- ditioned insect-free building. Although accessible by appoint- ment to interested persons on written request to the Curator, the specimens are as Thoreau left them, fragile and insecurely mounted, and should be handled with extreme care. Casual visitors, wishing merely to satisfy their curiosity, are discour- aged from examining them. Sophia E. Thoreau (1819-1871), according to several biogra- phers and to evidence derived from the Journal, was of consider- able influence in persuading her brother to take a scientific interest in botany. She was musical, artistically inclined, and fond of flowers. The last trait extended to wild flowers. Accord- ing to an entry in the Journal on 22 September 1852, “Sophia has found in Concord which I have not seen this summer Po- gonia [= Isotria] verticillata, Hubbard’s Second Wood, Trillium “The exact number has not yet been ascertained. Several specimens were erroneously considered by Thoreau to be identical with previous collections; a few others were misidentified according to modern ideas and are duplica- tions. 32 erythrocarpum [= undulatum], Uvularia perfoliata.” These are rare plants, two being known today from single stations only, the third (Trillium) was last collected in 1901 from an unknown locality. Sophia had a keen eye indeed, and must have been an assiduous explorer in the town. What happened to the Isotria is a mystery. The other two are represented by un- named and unannotated specimens contained in a bundle of seventy-six mounted sheets of plants in the Concord Public Library bearing a covering statement that they “are part of the working Herbarium of Henry D. Thoreau given by Miss Sophia Thoreau after her brother’s death to Miss Eliza Hosmer... .” They were given to Middlesex School by the latter’s nephew, but subsequently sold to the Thoreau Society and placed in the Library for safe-keeping. Sophia evidently considered them her property; otherwise, she was in duty bound to turn them over to the Boston Society of Natural History. Aside from nineteen sheets of miscellaneous leaves, four specimens are annotated as from outside of Concord and one from Sleepy Hollow, which is the name of a cemetery in Concord. The remainder including Quercus prinus (Chestnut Oak), which recently has also been discovered at the eastern base of Fairhaven Hill, bear no col- lection date, but presumably were found in Concord, with the probable exception of Houstonia longifolia. Among them are two plants never recorded from the town: Habenaria hyperborea var. huronensis (Leafy Northern Green Orchis) and Gaultheria hispidula (Creeping Snowberry). These are not listed in the Catalog, their origin being uncertain. Edward Sherman Hoar (1823-1893), a grandson of Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a native of Concord and brother of two distinguished practising lawyers: one a judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court and U.S. Attorney General in the Grant administration, the other becoming a Senator from Massachusetts, serving in Washington in that capacity for thirty years. Edward, a botanist at heart, was also a lawyer, practising in his native town, with an inter- lude in California during the gold rush. He and Thoreau, six years older, were intimate friends and companions on numerous botanical field trips at and away from home, notably to Mt. Monadnock, the White Mountains, Mt. Katahdin, and the Maine woods. He made an important contribution to our knowledge of the local flora of a century and more ago, especially of the Do grasses and sedges. His herbarium was presented to the New England Botanical Club by his daughter, Florence Hoar Brad- ford, and annotated and remounted under Fernald’s personal direction. In addition to the ninety-four species and two vari- eties which he inherited from Thoreau, three hundred and fifty- SIx species, twenty varieties, and three named forms are cited in the catalog. Unlike his friend, he annotated his specimens legibly and for the most part included precise and ample data. By far the larger number were collected during the years 1857 through 1860; the most recent two appear to be Spartina pectinata in 1887 and Juncus acuminatus in 1890. Because of the uncertainty of the place of origin of most of Thoreau’s plants, priority of citation in the Catalog is frequently accorded to Hoar. He showed an unusual interest in Salix, often correlating the flow- ering, fruiting and mature leafy states of each sex of a species by the then uncommon practice of tagging and collecting from individual plants at appropriate seasons. Horace Mann, Jr. (1844-1868) appeared on the botanical scene of Concord when he and his widowed mother moved there in 1860. His competence as a naturalist quickly attracted Thoreau’s attention and led to a collaboration in the identification of plants, birds and small mammals. A year later, at the age of seventeen, he accepted an invitation from Thoreau to accompany him on the ill-advised trip to Minnesota which Thoreau’s doctor had recommended in a vain attempt to restore his rapidly deterio- rating health.t Prior to Mann’s premature death at the age of twenty-four, he made significant collections as far afield as Hawaii and had published some of his discoveries. Letters to his mother in 1861 refer to packages of plants sent home from Minnesota. In 1866, he was employed by a local committee headed by R. W. Emerson, Judge E. R. Hoar and others, to prepare and install a collection of twelve hundred plants in the Library. He nearly completed his obligation before his death, the deficiency being made up by his mother with specimens collected by him elsewhere in America. A few years ago the Library gave Mann’s so-called Concord Herbarium to the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University for disposition at its dis- ~ *Horace’s letters written to his mother during the trip have been edited in their entirety by Walter Harding and appear in Thoreau Society Booklet No. Sixteen, Geneseo, N.Y., 1962, under the title “Thoreau’s Minnesota Journey: Two Documents,” the first being Thoreau’s very interesting notes on his journey west, and the second, the letters. D4 eretion. The New England plants were given to the New Eng- land Botanical Club. Among the latter are forty-seven additions to the documented flora of the town. Minot Pratt (1805-1878) was a horticulturist (a lover of the growing plant) with botanical instincts and as such played an important role in stimulating his more scientifically minded contemporaries and successors. After an elementary school edu- cation, he was apprenticed to a printer in New Bedford; worked in Chelsea and Boston; spent four years at Brook Farm as its Treasurer, learning the art of growing produce for home con- sumption and marketing the surplus; and then moved to Con- cord to establish himself as a beloved farmer-naturalist, to use Frank Sanborn’s phrase. He was admired by Thoreau, who fre- quently alluded to him in the Journal. His name also appears in the Emerson, Hawthorne, and Louisa Alcott journals. Also while at Brook Farm he studied botany to further his horticul- tural pursuits. From his frequent walks about town with Tho- reau, he gained a surprisingly detailed knowledge of its native flora. As a hobby, he tried to naturalize plants from many sec- tions of temperate United States, placing them in such skillfully chosen sites that many persisted for years. This questionable practice presented an awkward problem to a later generation of botanists, who were faced with the question as to whether a local rarity was truly native to Concord or not. Luckily, he left a record of most, if not all his introductions in a manuscript that may be found in the Concord Free Public Library (15). Their status in 1899, as known to A. W. Hosmer, was published in the first volume of Rhodora (29). At the request of friends, he prepared an annotated list of the wild plants of Concord (15), indicated their status, and, in many cases, where they were to be found. For example, a grove of sugar maples (Acer saccharum) near the district school house at Nine Acre Corner is listed as indigenous and the only such he knew about in town. His list contains a few mistakes, as, for instance, his allusion to Parie- taria pensylvanica (Pellitory) as common, whereas it is one of the very rare plants of Massachusetts east of the Connecticut River valley. He may have confused Pellitory with Three-seeded Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea), which superficially resembles it. He listed the Long Beech-Fern, his Phegopteris polypodioides (= Dryopteris Phegopteris (L.) Christens.) as common. It is exceedingly rare in Concord, if indeed it is still present, being 35 known from a single collection by Hosmer more than seventy years ago. Another entry reads “Abies alba (White Spruce). Common in swamps.” It is uncertain what Pratt had in mind, certainly not Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (the White or Cat- Spruce of northern New England). He evidently confused Good- yera repens (L.) R. Br. var., which is local (Norfolk Co., Mass.) in New Hngland except in the north and west, with the locally rare Rattlesnake Plantain, G. tesselata Lodd., which he had found in Walden Woods and in the Punkatasset Hill region. As far as is known, he did not leave an herbarium; probably he did not make one. George Bartlett, in his Concord Guide Book (30), implies that he believed Pratt to have introduced the now rampant Water-Chestnut (Trapa natans) and Marsilea quadri- folia. Contemporary evidence is lacking as to Trapa. Hoar, on a collection label dated 1879, attributed the Marsilea introduction to him. Walter Deane (1848-1930), an enthusiastic amateur botanist of Cambridge, collected in Concord around the turn of the cen- tury during his ten years’ association with the noted ornitholo- gist William Brewster as curator of the latter’s large collection of birds. Brewster’s “October Farm” along the Concord River lay in the midst of a region of unusual botanical interest, which Deane exploited whenever he was invited to Concord. During nearly fifty years of botanical activity, he had built up a private herbarium of forty thousand sheets by personal collecting, pur- chase, and exchange, many of them annotated by specialists. As one of the twelve charter members of the New England Botani- cal Club he was influential in putting it and its journal Rhodora on a firm foundation. His close association with the Gray Her- barium and its successive curators, and with the other botanical establishments at Harvard, not to mention his outgoing, genial nature, was well-nigh crucial in establishing that symbiotic relationship between amateur and professional, Club and Uni- versity, which has continued ever since. Only thirty-eight of Deane’s specimens are cited in the Catalog. This meager number is explained by the fact that his will provided for the division of his herbarium between Harvard and the Club. Several years elapsed before it could be processed for insertion in the organized collections. In the meantime, the private herbaria of a number of other persons who had collected extensively in eastern Massa- chusetts were received. Inevitably, there were specimens from 36 Concord which pre-empted spaces that otherwise would have been filled by Deane’s beautifully prepared sheets. Furthermore, vouchers for the woody flora of the Concord Town Forest had already been accepted by the Club, as well as a numerous suite from the Goose Pond-Walden region. Thus, most of Deane’s collections from Concord were redundant and were distributed to other institutions. Even so, he well merits inclusion in this brief survey. His infectious enthusiasm and familiarity with the town stimulated a number of his friends, whose names appear on Concord labels, to explore and collect there. Alfred W. Hosmer (1851-1903) was a store keeper on the Milldam in Concord; he seems to have relied heavily on a clerk to deal with his customers while he, a frugal bachelor, followed in the footsteps of Thoreau, Hoar and Pratt, as well as blazing many a new trail himself. He collected assiduously, built up a large local herbarium, and otherwise busied himself by keeping an eye on Pratt’s introductions and gathering together an in- valuable collection of Thoreauviana before most people prized such relics. Somewhat of a lone wolf, he was uninstructed in the tech- niques of plant collecting, rarely preserving such important diagnostic features as roots, rhizomes, and basal leaves of herbs. Except for noting township of origin, detailed data such as habi- tat, locality, and date were generally omitted. He maintained a check-list of his collections, and for a decade recorded the dates of the onset of flowering of many species year by year. Accord- ing to his records, now preserved in the Library (31), he col- lected a number of plants previously of unknown occurrence in Concord and not seen since. After remaining neglected in family attics for over forty years, his herbarium was presented to the New England Botanical ‘Club. It proved to have been so badly damaged that only seventy-two Concord specimens were worth salvaging. In the first volume of Rhodora (1899) are three short articles by Hosmer, two concerned with Concord subjects: “Plants Introduced by Minot Pratt” and ‘Further additions to the Flora of Middlesex County.” Despite his go-it-alone tenden- cies, he was often accompanied by one or more youngsters on his walks about town, thus interesting them in plant identification and showing them the whereabouts of rarities. Alfred Hosmer died in middle age, much beloved by his fellow townsmen. He Oo” probably had a more detailed knowledge of the flora of Concord than anybody else. Emile Francis Williams (1858-1929) of Boston and Cam- bridge was yet another amateur who collected in Concord. His interest in botany was aroused in his mid-thirties by a chance encounter with Dr. G. G. Kennedy, who had been a pupil of Asa Gray, and soon developed into a major avocation. Through Kennedy, he met the botanists at the Gray Herbarium, as well as Edwin and Charles Faxon, Walter Deane, and other com- petent amateurs. Although still a confessed novice in 1896, Williams was one of the prime movers in the founding of the New England Botanical Club and served as its first Recording Secretary and Treasurer for twenty-five years. In 1904, he mar- ried Blanche E. Wheeler, daughter of George F. and Alice R. Wheeler of Concord. As a frequent visitor to the town, he did some casual but discriminating collecting there. In 1916, he gave his large herbarium to the Gray Herbarium, which in turn allowed the Club to select needed specimens from New England. Among them are thirty-two from Concord representing twenty- eight species, and four named varieties and forms hitherto un- represented in the Club’s holdings and therefore cited in the Catalog. To be sure, they constitute a less than modest addition to our documented knowledge of the flora of the town. Like Walter Deane, however, Emile Williams is a figure of botanical importance to Concord, because of his influence in establishing and perpetuating the New England Botanical Club where inter- est in local floristics was stimulated and perpetuated among his contemporaries and younger men, down to the present day. Among the sixty-eight persons listed whose names appear on the labels of Concord specimens there are a few others, now dead, who should be mentioned as having been cited in the Cata- log four or more times: Thomas Morong (1827-1894), a noted student of the genus Potamogeton: four times. Charles W. Swan (1838-1921) : eight times. Frank 8. Collins (1848-1920), co-author of the Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts : four times. Charles W. Jenks (1848-1929), 38 an active amateur of the neighboring town of Bedford: seven times. William Brewster (1851-1919), noted ornithologist of Cambridge and October Farm, Con- cord; a founder of Nuttall Ornithological Club; first presi- dent of Massachusetts Audubon Society: six times. Charles E. Perkins (1851-1883) : eight times. Roscoe Frohock (n.d.) : five times. Mary C. Rodman (1854-1919), of Concord: four times. Arthur B. Seymour (1854-1933) : four times. LIST OF COLLECTORS CITED IN THE CATALOG Anderson, Esther Howe (1891-— ) Bailey, Liberty Hyde, Jr. (1858-1954) Barrett, Emiline K. (1811-1892) Bartlett, Martha (1824-1890) Batchelder, Charles Foster (1856-1954) Boott, William (1805-1887) Brainerd, John Whiting (1918— ) Brewster, William (1851-1919) Buttrick, George (1845-1897) Cheever, Dr. Austin Walter (1887-— ) Churchill, Joseph Richmond (1845-1933) Collins, Frank Shipley (1848-1920) Cummin, Dr. J. W. Countryman, William Sips es (1920— ) Cummings, M. Dame, Dr. Lorin Low (1838-1903) Davenport, George Edward (1833-1907) Deane, Walter (1848-1930) Eaton, Richard Jefferson (1890-— ) Faxon, Edwin (1823-1898) Fernald, Merritt Lyndon (1873-1950) Field, C. C. Frohock, Rev. Roscoe Greenman, Jesse More (1867-1951) Griscom, Ludlow (1890-1959) a9 Hellquist, Carl Barre (1940-— ) Heyliger, Frederick Theodore (1916— ) Hicks, Alice Mayo Hoar, Edward Sherman (1823-1893) Hosmer, Alfred Winslow (1851-1903) Hoyle, Alexander Edward (1881-1969) Hunnewell, Francis Welles (1880-1964) Hunnewell, James Melville (1876-1954) Jarvis, Dr. Charles (1800-1826) Jarvis, Dr. Edward (1803-1889) Jenks, Charles Wilham (1848-1929) Joyce, Benjamin Robbins (1822-1899) Kennedy, Dr. George Golding (1841-1918) Logermann, Elma Pentilla (1918— ) Lund, James Mann, George Combe (1845-1921) Mann, Horace, Jr. (1844-1868) Manning, Warren Henry (1860-19388) McClintock, Mary (1921-— ) Morong, Rev. Thomas (1827-1894) Parsons, Miss (cited by D. C. Eaton as having collected Lygo- dium palmatum, Climbing Fern, in Concord in 1855) Perkins, Charles E. (1851-1883) Pratt, Caroline Hayden (18386-1866) Pratt, Minot (1805-1878) Procter, George Richardson (1920-— ) Purdie, Henry Augustus (1840-1911) Rich, William Penn (1849-1930) Richardson, Anne Weed (1899-— ) Richardson, Horatio Stillman (1846-1922) Richardson, Laurence Eaton (1893— ) Rodman, Mary C. (1854-1919) Seymour, Arthur Bliss (1859-1933) St. John, Harold (1892— ) Svenson, Henry Knute (1897-— ) Swan, Dr. Charles Walter (1838-1921) Teele, Katharine Hughes (1903— ) Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862) Thoreau, Sophia E. (1819-1876) Weatherby, Charles Alfred (1875-1949) Weir, Elizabeth Jordan (1830-1914) 40 Wheeler, Ruth Robinson (1890-1973) Williams, Emile Francis (1858-1929) Wood, Carroll Emory, Jr. (1921-— ) ENDANGERED NATIVE SPECIES Although a quarter of the area of the town is currently (1974) withdrawn from private use, all plants designated in the Catalog as rare are exposed to the danger of extermination through natural causes or by destruction of habitat or subtle ecological imbalances inevitable in a growing community. Among them are listed a few species which appear to be particularly vulner- able (see page 53 for orthography and abbreviations) : — Lycopodium inundatum vars. Biglovii and robustum. Increased competition from encroaching vegetation threatens survival in the Ministerial Swamp (Harrington’s Bog). Uvularia perfoliata, Perfoliate Wild-oats. Encroaching housing development and road construction on Annursnack Hill a real danger. Iris prismatica. Formerly occasional in the acid peaty margins of river meadows and two brooks; now becoming rare owing to pollution (?) and destruction of undisturbed habitat. Calopogon pulchellus, Grass Pink. Progressive elimination of undisturbed habitat has reduced this formerly scarce orchid to the status of a local rarity. Arethusa bulbosa. Formerly abundant in several sphagnous bogs and swampy places; now an occasional plant may be found along a single brook meadow. Thoreau mentions it at Hubbard’s Close and other localities where long since extirpated. Pratt recorded it as “abundant in mossy [2.e., sphagnous] swamps all over town.” The rapid waning of Arethusa throughout eastern Massachusetts may be due to thoughtless picking as well as destruction of habitat. Liparis lilifolia. Known in Middl. by a collection by T. Morong, 1878, in Ashland; in Concord, where three closely clustered plants were discovered by Mr. W. Y. Walworth on his property in Conantum in 1959, in a pocket of rich soil on a steep wooded slope, one plant still surviving (1974) despite danger of wash-out by spring melts and heavy rains; and in Lexington, where a single plant was discovered in 1970 on property of Rolla M. Tryon. Celtis occidentalis var. pumila, Hackberry. Only two individuals Al have been found in recent years: one a mature tree at foot of Nashawtuc Hill and the other, a sapling on Annursnack Hill. See comment on p. 107 of the Catalog. Ranunculus fascicularis, Early Crowfoot. Increasing scarcity noticed in a recreational area, despite precautions of inter- ested owners. Hepatica americana, Liverwort. When last visited, a small colony in the Ministerial Woodlot much reduced by earlier wood- land fires. Only about eight plants found. Cassia fasciculata, Partridge Pea. This and the next species occur near the foot of Punkatasset Hill and across the river near the filter bed. Both are subject to danger from encroaching woods and old-field vegetation. Crotalaria sagittalis, Rattlebox Lupinus perennis, Wild Lupine. The continued presistence of two or three plants on gravelly roadside bank on the Old Road to Nine Acre Corner may have already been termi- nated by road improvements. Hibiscus palustris, Marsh- or Rose-Mallow. Two plants were found in 1959 and still persist (1974). Asclepias tuberosa, Butterfly-weed. Known to occur as single plants in two localities near the river under Punkatasset Hill, each threatened by encroaching woods and thickets. Reproduction in neighboring open fields and roadsides re- mains undetected. Cuscuta Polygonorum, Dodder. When first discovered, this para- sitic twiner on Polygonum along the shore of Goose Pond was unrecorded elsewhere in New England. It is still re- gionally rare. Proposed state highway construction will obliterate it. Eupatorium pilosum, Thoroughwort. Vulnerable to manicuring near Lee’s Bridge along a private driveway, Bidens comosa, Beggar’s-ticks. Known in Concord only from shore of Goose Pond where threatened by proposed road construction. RARE SPECIES, PRESENT STATUS UNKNOWN The following incomplete list comprises indigenous plants designated in the Catalog as rare in Middl. or larger provinces in Massachusetts, but which have not been found in Concord for many years. 42 Ophioglossum vulgatum var. pseudopodum, Adder’s Tongue Lygodium palmatum, Climbing Fern. Probably destroyed many years ago by the dumping of rubbish between a wood road and the sphagnum bog at the southwest extension of the Ministerial Swamp (5), more recently referred to as Har- rington’s Bog. Apparently it was last observed by Wilfred Wheeler about 1920 when he was gathering a cart-load of sphagnum moss for his greenhouse. (Verbal report to the author.) Woodsia ilvensis, Rusty Woodsia Dryopteris disjuncta, Oak Fern D. Phegopteris, Long Beech Fern D. hexagonoptera, Broad Beech Fern D. spinulosa var. concordiana, Purdie’s Fern. A single plant discovered by H. A. Purdie and Wm. Brewster in 1902. Doubtless a mutant. See Rh. 6: 31-83 (1904). Poa angustifolia Muhlenbergia glomerata var. cinnoides. Record based on a Tho- reau collection from “Swamp below Hoar’s pond,’ 7.e., Fairyland Pond in the Concord Town Forest. Panicum virgatum P. latifolium Scleria triglomerata. Known only from a collection by E. S. Hoar found in “Wet meadow w. of Lee farm. Road to Concord. Edge of woods.” Carex disperma. Recorded in Middl. only from Concord: two stations. C. interior C. prairea. One of Hoar’s collections from the meadow under Clam Shell Bluff. (See pp. 13 and 83.) Chiefly a sedge of calcareous soils. C. oligosperma, The swamp where this plant was found is sus- pected to be one which was subsequently flooded. Trilium undulatum, Painted Trillium Habenaria dilatata. Two other records from eastern Massachu- setts: Sudbury (Middl.), Sandwich (Barnstable). H. orbiculata Liparis Loeselii Cerastium nutans Adlumia fungosa, Climbing Fumitory Potentilla fruticosa, Shrubby Cinquefoil. Found in the same small bog as Carex prairea. A3 Rubus odoratus, Flowering Raspberry Prunus maritimus, Beach Plum Oxalis montana O. violacea Geranium Robertianum, Herb-Robert. Records of indigenous occurrence not to be confused by occasional weedy escape from cultivation. Xanthoxylum americanum Elatine minima Osmorhiza longistylis Angelica atropurpurea Leucothoé racemosa Gaylussacia dumosa Pycnanthemum clinopodioides Phryma Leptostachya Linnaea borealis,.Twinflower. A tiny colony in the Ministerial Woodlot was destroyed about 1930 by the last of three forest fires. However, two other stations reported by Thoreau have not been re-discovered and may still exist. Eupatorium fistulosum E. pubescens Solidago flexicaulis Aster infirmus Cirsium pumilum EXTIRPATED SPECIES The following plants have not recently been found where they formerly occurred and are considered to grow no longer in Con- cord. Lygodium palmatum, Climbing Fern. It is suspected to have been destroyed by rubbish disposal. Chamaecyparis thyoides, White Cedar. Gradually eliminated as an indigenous species by cutting for fence posts, etc., the last three or four trees sometime after 1920. Pinus resinosa, Red Pine. Two small indigenous groves, one eliminated by unknown cause, the other undermined by gravel removal. Cladium mariscoides, Twig-rush. A single large colony at Grassy Pond was destroyed by a housing development. Habenaria blephariglottis, White Fringed Orchis. Destroyed by drainage operations. A4 Liparis Loeselii, Bog or Yellow Twayblade. Not reported since its original collection about 140 years ago in a habitat still undisturbed. Arceuthobium pusillum, Dwarf Mistletoe. Habitat destroyed by drainage operations and host tree cut down. Cassia hebecarpa, Wild Senna. Last seen about 1905; probably destroyed by highway improvements. Asclepias verticillata, Whorled Milkweed. The last plant to be found disappeared about eight years ago. Ledum groenlandicum, Labrador Tea. A thriving colony grad- ually eradicated by drainage operations and brush cutting. Castilleja coccinea, Painted Cup. A large colony well known to Hosmer and his predecessors has unaccountably disappeared. Solidago speciosa, Goldenrod. Station destroyed by soil removal. SPECIES DOUBTFULLY DETERMINED (INCLUDED IN CATALOG) Carex novae-angliae Schwein. C. Haydenii X nigra Betula papyrifera Marsh. var. cordifolia Marsh. Polygonum cristatum Engel. & Gray. H. decapetalus L. CENTAUREA NIGRA L. var. NIGRA HIERACIUM PILOSELLA L. and H. FLAGELLARE Willd. The dis- tinction between these species is sometimes difficult to draw. SPECIES AND LESSER TAXA RELIABLY REPORTED BUT NOT REPRESENTED BY KNOWN SPECIMENS Lycopodium inundatum L. var. Biglovii Tuckerm. See Rh. 33: 202. THUYA OCCIDENTALIS L. Occasionally spontaneous as an escape from cultivation. Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Pratt (15) wrote: “Some speci- mens of this, gathered from the wet meadow opposite Waldo Flint’s, but I have never found it myself.” Cypripedium acaule Ait. forma albiflorum Rand & Redfield. Occa- sional. ANEMONE CANADENSIS L. Reported as “A. Pennsylvanica L., dry open roadside in north part of Concord,” by Hosmer in Rh. 1: 228. Probably an escape from cultivation. 45 ROSA CANINA L., Dog-Rose. Reported by Hosmer as “‘persistent at three stations for twenty-five years” in Rh. 1: 223. To be distinguished from R. Eglanteria and R. micranthus by their leaves, glandless on both faces and teething gla- brous, not aromatic. KUPHORBIA COROLLATA L. Casually adventive from farther south. Brewster & Purdie in Rh. 3: 253 (1901). Vitis labrusca L. forma alba (Prince) Fern. Rare form with ripe fruits light pink to whitish. Open woods near Goose Pond. Station destroyed. MALVA SYLVESTRIS L. Reported from Concord by Hosmer in Raa. Viola conspersa Reichenb, forma Masonii (Farw.) House. Speci- men lost; collected by R. J. Eaton from bank of springhead northwest of Nashawtuc Hill, where it persisted for many years. Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch forma glaucocarpa (Robins.) Mackenz. Rather common. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Dry, often rocky woods. Thoreau twice mentions its occurrence at Conantum, but no speci- men has been found. However, there is no good reason to suppose that he was in error, as the species is easily recog- nized in the field and the habitat is favorable. Th. J. 4: 138; SeZeo: Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene. Reported from “ponds in Concord, Acton, and Lincoln” in Rh. 1: 224. EXCLUDED SPECIES Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. A. W. Hosmer (NEBC). Doubtless introduced by Pratt. A calcicolous species not known in Massachusetts east of Franklin Co. See Rh. 1: 171 (1899.) Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) Gray. A. W. Hosmer (NEBC.) Very rare in eastern Massachusetts. Probably introduced by Pratt. Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr. A. W. Hosmer (NEBC). Species not otherwise known in Massachusetts east of Franklin Co. Doubtless introduced by Pratt. Listed by Seymour (36) as from Concord. CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS (L.) Link, Walking Fern. Hosmer, n.d.; Eaton, 1956 (NEBC). Introduced by Minot Pratt 46 about 1860 on wall of lime quarry in Estabrook Woods. Searce but thriving in 1956; a well-developed specimen found by M. Cohen and collected for herbarium of Concord Field Station. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Attributed to Concord (as Hatonia obtusata) by Dame & Collins (33) as in her- barium of E. S. Hoar. Specimen not found. S. intermedia Rydb., (S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn.). A Thoreau specimen dated 11 July 1860: “James Baker’s . . . mud- hole behind his house.” Attributed to Concord on NEBC annotation label, but station in Lincoln according to Glea- son (5). Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Reported in Dame & Collins (33) by E. S. Hoar, but no specimen found. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S. var. major Sonder. An old- world species, according to H. K. Svenson, which does not occur in North America, and confused with our very com- mon £. Smallu Britt. See Rh. 44: 62 (1942). Scirpus verecundus Fern., (S. planifolius Muhl.), A Thoreau specimen dated 11 May 1859. Annotated on NEBC label as from Concord, but the locality cited by Thoreau as along the base of Smith’s Hill (5), which apparently is in Lincoln near the Concord line. Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. Its reported occurrence in Concord is based on: (1) a fragmentary specimen, collected by E. S. Hoar and mounted subsequently over two confusing labels with slips of paper in Hoar’s handwriting, one dated “8 June” and the other reading “Carex aquatilis Wahl., Identi- fied by Prof. Bailey, Conantum near sessile-leaved ash. Concord June 11th.” This latter slip probably refers to a missing specimen which Fernald saw and annotated as C. aquatilis before sending it to the mounting room, Hence, the June 8th slip refers to the fragment, which appears to be C. stricta Lam. Fernald’s annotation, erroneously pasted on the sheet bearing the two misleading slips, should be ignored. A Concord record also appears in Flora of Middlesex Co. (33), based on “specimen in Thoreau Herb. fide Walter Deane” which has not been found. Erythronium americanum Ker. Record based on a specimen labelled “Concord” with no other data. No well-documented collection from Concord is known. 47 Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Ex Herb. A. W. Hosmer, bearing a slip reading “Concord” with no other data. Being rare in Middl. except near the coast, and not otherwise recorded from Concord, it seems best to assume that it was cultivated or an unrecorded Pratt introduction. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salib. Ex Herb. A. W. Hosmer, no data other than Concord, and doubtless an introduction. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. var. Huronensis (Nutt.) Farw. In herbarium of Sophia E. Thoreau, but lacks col- lecting data. Although this plant is unrecorded from Con- cord, Miss Thoreau well may have found it there, sharp- eyed as she was. Carya laciniosa (Michx.) Loud. Record in Fl]. N. E. based on a presumed introduction. Specimen has been removed from NEBC. It was collected by R. J. Eaton from an old tree on the northwest boundary of the R. W. Emerson house and possibly was introduced by Emerson himself. Cerastium arvense L. Dame & Collins (23) attribute its presence in Concord to a report of H. S. Richardson. No specimen has been found to support the record. Thalictrum revolutum DC. A staminate specimen mounted on a sheet with scrappy specimens from Medford and Woburn is labelled “Concord or vic. June 17, 1880, ex Herb. C. E. Perkins.” The collector, whether Perkins or somebody else, was too vague about the locality for an acceptance of the record. Dentaria diphylla Michx. The Concord record is based on a collection by E. F. Williams in 1898 and annotated “Introd. on Minot Pratt place.” It was probably found in a large wild garden near the Pratt house where a number of intro- duced plants of rich soil flourished until it was made over into a lawn. Thoreau’s specimen is annotated “Brattleboro — Mrs. Brown.” Tiarella cordifolia L. Hosmer’s specimen (n.c.d.) unquestionably exotic, either from cultivation or from plants originally introduced by Minot Pratt. See Rh. 1: 171. Mitella diphylla L. Hosmer’s specimen (n.c.d.) in same category as Tiarella above. Rubus flagellaris Willd. Hoar’s specimen of 1858 was misidenti- fied (fide Hodgdon and Steele). Impatiens pallida Nutt. The specimen attributed to Concord by 48 A. W. Hosmer lacks collection data. Being unknown as an indigenous species east of Franklin Co. in Massachusetts it seems best to consider it an introduction, Lechea minor L. Another Hosmer specimen from Concord lack- ing collection data. Being otherwise known in Massachu- setts from Bristol and Barnstable counties, it seems proper to exclude this record. Viola rostrata Pursh. Without further evidence that this species is indigenous in Concord or persisting as a recorded intro- duction, Mary Rodman’s specimen (May, 1899) is regarded as garden grown. Hottonia inflata Ell. Eaton’s collection on 2 July 1960 was a portion of a two-year old plant appearing spontaneously in a sphagnum-bog garden in close proximity to leach-lines from a septic tank. Probably it was inadvertently intro- duced as a seed or seedling. The plant did not reproduce and is therefore considered a transient waif. Ipomaea hirsutula Jaq. f. E. S. Hoar’s specimen of 20 August 1858 was annotated by him: “Garden. Nat.” from which it is inferred that it was a spontaneous occurrence in his garden. There is no evidence of its having persisted without cultivation. As did Fernald in the Man., the record is here ignored also. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl var. parviflora Nutt. The citation in Fl. N. E. (p. 487) of a specimen in NEBC collected by R. J. Eaton on 17 August 1951, was based on a misidentification of G. paupercula (Gray) Britt. Opuntia humifusa Raf. A surviving introduction, undoubtedly by Minot Pratt. Lonicera Xylosteum L., Fly Honeysuckle. Reported from Con- cord in Fl. N. E. (p. 504), but no specimen cited or found. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. was collected by A. E. Hoyle (fide A. S. Pease) in May 1901, in “Concord or vicinity.” It is a rare shrub in Middl. east of Townsend and has never defi- nitely been reported from Concord. Lobelia Kalmii L. The only specimen in NEBC from Massachu- setts east of Franklin Co. is labelled by E. S. Hoar as from “Concord July 8th ’57 or Hopkinton Springs July 11-14, ’b7,” 1.€., 1857. Since there is no suitable habitat for this Species in Concord, it must be assumed that Hopkinton Springs is the more likely locality. 49 Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. The only record is a Hosmer speci- men annotated “Concord.” It is suspect because he cites the plant as introduced by Minot Pratt. See Rh. 1: 170. Gnaphalium Macounii Greene. Specimen in Thor. Herb. under synonym G. decurrens Ives is too immature to identify with certainty. CACALIA SUAVEOLENS L. Specimen in Thor. Herb. lacks collec- tion data, hence origin is uncertain. ARCTIUM LAPPA L., Great Burdock. Although probably collected in Concord, specimen in Thor. Herb. lacks collection data, hence origin uncertain. Naturalized from Europe. SONCHUS OLERACEUS L. Specimen in Thor. Herb. lacks collection data and likewise of uncertain origin. Naturalized from Europe. LACTUCA HIRSUTA Muhl. var. SANGUINEA (Bigel.) Fern. Speci- men in Thor. Herb. annotated L. canadensis L. var. san- guinea Torr. & Gray without collection data. Its origin doubtfully Concord, hence excluded from Catalog. HIERACIUM PILOSELLA L. var. NIVEUM Muell. Citation in FI. N. E. as from Concord based on a collection by Eaton in 1957, who now considers it a form of H. flagellare; speci- men filed in NEBC under this latter species. a0 COMPARATIVE STATISTICAL SUMMARY Concord* Fl.of N. E. Gray’s Man. (Seymour) 8th Ed. (Fernald) Families 120 151 168 Genera A64 790 1133 Species: Indigenous 866 2005 4425 Introduced 285 8T7 1098 Total 1151 2882 5523 Additional varieties: Indigenous 84 576 1487 Introduced 17 84 125 Total 101 660 1612 Additional named forms and hybrids: Indigenous 55 443 1121 Introduced 6 48 84 Total 61 491 1205 Species and additional varieties known from “Middlesex”? but not from Concord 419 Carex, largest genus Species 72 186 267 *Includes five species and one lesser taxon reliably reported but not represented by known specimens. al ANNOTATED CATALOG The reference work on which this catalog is based is Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th Edition (Fernald, 1950). A few of the nomenclatural changes convincingly proposed since its publica- tion are indicated in parentheses, or otherwise briefly discussed. The student is referred particularly to its Table of Contents, page xi, for page references to analytical key to the families, abbreviated names of authors, other abbreviations and signs, glossary, and indexes to Latin and colloquial names. Numeration. The numbering of all the taxa in the Manual is retained to facilitate rapid reference to it and to the insertion of subsequent additions to the flora of Concord. Keys. An analytical key to the families may be found on page xxx of the Manual. For the beginner the easier key in Britton and Brown’s New Illustrated Flora (Gleason, 1952) is recommended. Page references to the Manual are given for keys to the genera within the families and to the species within most of the genera at their appropriate places. Citations of Specimens. In general, only one specimen in a given entry is cited, and that one usually is the earliest col- lection to be found in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club. Many of these are seventy-five to over one hundred years old, identifiable but often scrappy or incom- plete. Occasionally citations of modern specimens are added. All citations are indicated in parentheses, e.g., (Thoreau, 1859.). The Club herbarium is so organized that an accredited student, with preliminary help from the Club curator, may find rapidly any desired specimen. In a few instances a cited specimen is located in the Gray Herbarium or the herbarium of the University of Massachusetts and is so indicated. Speci- mens in the Thoreau Herbarium (see Introduction, p. 31) which lack collecting data but which are presumed to have been collected in Concord are indicated by the symbol [Thor.]. Catalog entries based solely on such unauthenticated Concord specimens are enclosed by brackets: [ |]. Status. The status of plants in Concord and the Middlesex Area follows the citations of specimens, the latter in paren- theses if there is a significant difference. Whether a plant is considered common, frequent, uncommon and So on is a matter 52 of judgment, often an educated guess, but one based on ex- tensive field work. In a rapidly growing community, changes in habitat may alter the present status of plants or even exterminate them. Arethisa is a case in point. Minot Pratt considered it common one hundred years ago. At the turn of the century, it was abundant in a bog (now an artificial pond) but otherwise scarce in several other locations. Sixty years later I was able to find a few plants only, along the upper reaches of a single brook meadow, but it may not have sur- vived the desiccation of its habitat resulting from the long drought of the early 1960’s and subsequent lowering of the water table by driven wells. The connotation of the terms “common,” “frequent,” “uncommon” and so forth differs in respect to status in the Middlesex Area. The latter is indi- cated in parentheses if different from that of Concord and is often a rather arbitrary guess, based on the number of townships represented by specimens in NEBC. For example, Black Snakeroot (Sanicula marylandica) is designated as uncommon in Concord and frequent in Middlesex County, being known from, say, ten towns in the area. For aught I know, it may be rare in each of the ten towns. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS NATIVE SPECIES are indicated by bold face type. INTRODUCED, ADVENTIVE, or EXOTIC SPECIES are indicated by small capitals. COMMON or ENGLISH names are designated by regular type and follow the Latin species name. ABBREVIATIONS (excepting those of names of authors, which are listed in Gray’s Manual on pages [22-lviit) : Fl. Vt.— The Flora of Vermont, 1st Ed., F. C. Seymour, Burlington, Vermont, 1969. Fl. N. E.— The Flora of New England, 1st Ed., F. C. Sey- mour, Rutland, Vermont, 1969. GH — Gray Herbarium, Harvard University. Man. — Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th Ed., M. L. Fernald, American Book Company. Middl. — Middlesex Area, here defined as Middlesex County, Massachusetts, excluding the northwestern towns of Ashby, Dunstable, Pepperell, Townsend, and the brackish waters and adjacent salt marshes fringing the county in the east. Do NEBC — New England Botanical Club, herbarium of (pres- ently housed at 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massa- chusetts). n.c.d. — No collecting data. n.d. — No date; not dated. Rh. — Rhodora: Journal of the New England Botanical Club. ssp. — species (plural). Th. J. — Thoreau’s Journal, 14 volumes, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1906. Thor. Herb. — Thoreau Herbarium (see Introduction, page 31 et seq.). U. Mass. — University of Massachusetts, herbarium of, Am- herst. var. — varietas, variety. 54 DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA (VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS) Family 1. EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 1. EQUISETUM L. Horsetail Key: Man. p.3 1. E. arvense L.— Dry or moist, open or shady habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Common, often weedy. [Thor.] 4. KE. sylvaticum L. var. pauciramosum Milde forma paucira- mosum, Woodland Horsetail.— Woods, thickets, and openings. (Eaton, 1957.) Infrequent. (Frequent.) forma multiramosum Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1932.) Not common, Differs from the simply to only slightly forking branches of the preceding form by its copiously forking and reforking ones. [Thor.|] 7. E. fluviatile L., Water Horsetail, Pipes. — River margins, shallow water. (Hosmer, n.d.) Rh. 23: 45. Frequent. [ Thor. | 9. E. hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eat., Scouring Rush.— Dry or moist sandy woods, openings, etc. Forms large, dense, evergreen colonies, e.g., beside Sandy Pond Road near Lincoln line. (Eaton, 1956.) Not common. [Thor.] In addition to forma affine, two other forms of this variety have been described: forma pumilum and forma polystachyum. [Thor.] Family 2. LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB Moss FAMILY) 1. LYCOPODIUM L. Club Moss Key: Man. p.10 3. L. lucidulum Michx., Shining Club Moss.— Cool, moist, often wet woods. (Eaton, 1922.) Frequent, locally abundant. [Thor. | 6. L. inundatum L., Bog Club Moss. — Damp, sandy, or peaty open places. (Eaton, 1922.) Infrequent, often transient. var. robustum R.J. Eat. (Eaton, 1931, type speci- men.) Rh. 33: 202. Rare. 8. L. clavatum L., Staghorn Club Moss, Ground Pine. — Cool, dry, mostly evergreen woods. (Eaton, 1921.) Occa- sional. var. megastachyon Fern, & Bissell. (Hoar, 1858.) Rh. 12: 50. Rare. [Thor.] 9. L. obscurum L. var. obscurum, Ground Pine.— Dry or ays) moist woods. (Hoar, 1857.) Common, often abundant. [ Thor. | var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. Eat. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. [Thor. | 12. L. complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fern. — Similar habi- tats, “(Hoar 1857.) Common. hor 13. L. tristachyum Pursh.— Dry sandy woods, old pastures. (Swan, 1890.) Common. Family 3. SELAGINELLACEAE (SPIKEMOSS FAMILY) 1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Spikemoss Key: Man. p.16 2. S. apoda (L.) Fern.— Moist sands and peats. (Hoar, 1879.) Occasional. [Thor. ] 3. S. rupestris (L.) Spring.— Exposed flat ledge; thin starved soils. Rare. (Occasional.) Presumably collected by Thoreau in Concord: see Th. J. 7: 519 where he refers to “that little grayish-green and rigid moss-like plant on top of Lee’s Cliff.” [Thor.] Family 4. ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY) 1. ISOETES L. Quillwort Key: Man. p.17 4. I. muricata Dur.— Rooted on sandy pond margins in shallow water. (Eaton, 1957.) Uncommon. The com- monest species in Middl. where generally distributed, but not frequent. 7. I. riparia Engelm. — Submerged in shallow water along sandy pond shores. (Eaton, 1957.) Rare. 8. I. macrospora Dur. — Submerged in deeper water than preceding species. (Proctor, 1949; Eaton, 1957, both from Walden Pond.) Rare. Family 5. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY) 1. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Grape-Fern Key: Man. p.20 2. B. dissectum Spreng. forma dissectum.— Woods. (Wil- liams, 1897.) Uncommon. [Thor.] forma obliquum (Muhl.) Fern. — Woods. (Hoar, 1874.) Uncommon. [Thor.] —— forma oneidense Clute.— Woods. (Davenport, 1874.) Rare. 56 5. B. matricariaefolium A. Br.— Moist woods. (Eaton, 1932.) Scarce. 7. B. virginianum (L.) Sw., Rattlesnake-fern. — Woods, usu- ils ally in rich leaf mold. (Eaton, 1932.) Scarce. [Thor.] 2. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Adder’s-tongue Key: Man. p.23 O. vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farw. — Wet acid turfs, swales, sands, etc. (Manning, 17 June.) Reported in the Pratt MS, 1872, with the comment “Eureka.” Very rare. (Local; a single other collection from Middl.) Family 6. SMUNDACEAE (FLOWERING FERN FAMILY) 1. OSMUNDA L. Flowering Fern Key: Man. p.24 1. O. regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray, Royal Fern. — De De Low woods, peaty thickets and swampy meadows, etc. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] O. Claytoniana L., Interrupted Fern. — Thickets, roadsides, moist woods. Tolerates drier soil than next species. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. [Thor. | O. cinnamomea L., Cinnamon Fern.— Low woods and thickets, swamps. (Deane, 1886.) Abundant. [Thor.]| Family 7. SCHIZAKACEAE (CURLY-GRASS FAMILY) 2. LYGODIUM Sw. Climbing Fern 1. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. — Moist, peaty, or acid soils of thickets, open woods. (Thoreau, 1851; Miss Parsons, 1855. Ex Herb. D.C, Eaton, Aug. 1855.) Rare. There is a Specimen in Thoreau’s herbarium which I accept as his collection presumably on 24 November 1851, the day he recorded: in the Journal its discovery on the south side of Ministerial Swamp. Station probably destroyed; repeated search in recent years has been fruitless. Family 9. POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 1. WOODSIA R. Br. Woodsia Key: Man. p.27 1. W. ilvensis R. Br., Rusty Woodsia. — Dry, mostly sterile rocks, cliffs. (Thoreau, 1851; Miss Parsons, 1855.) Not seen in recent years. Rare. (Uncommon.) [Thor.] 57 io 4) eo . W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr.— Dry wooded slopes, rocky woods and ledges. (Thoreau, 1859; Batchelder, 1885; Eaton, 1921.) Rare. (Uncommon.) [Thor.] 2. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Bladder Fern. Key: Man. p.29 . C. fragilis Bern. var. Mackayii Lawson.— Damp cliff erevices, rock walls, damp rocky open woods. (H. Mann, Jr., ca. 1862; Eaton, 1965.) Scarce. ——— forma dentata (Dickson) Clute. — Wet cliffs, rock walls, and crevices. (Hosmer, n.c.d.) A single collection. Rare. 3. PTERETIS Raf. Ostrich-Fern . P. pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern., (Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raymond).— Rich or bottom-land thickets or woods; alluvium. (Eaton, 1958.) A single colony. Rare. (Local.) 4. ONOCLEA L. Sensitive Fern O. sensibilis L. — Low open ground, wet meadows, thickets, alluvial woods. Often weedy. (Eaton, 1957.) Very common. forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Gilbert. (Miss Weir, n.c.d.; ex Herb. Hoar.) Occasional. 5. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Shield-Fern, Wood-Fern Key: Man. p.31 D. Thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens (Lawson) Nakai, (Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott, var. Fern.), Marsh-Fern. — Swamps, bogs, low woods and thickets. (Seymour, 1912.) Common. [Thor.] D. simulata Davenp., (T. simulata Niewl.), Massachusetts Fern. — Mostly low, boggy woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1928, 1957.) Uncommon. D. noveboracensis (L.) Gray, (T. noveboracensis Niewl.), New York Fern. — Dry to damp woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1957.) Very common. [Thor.] D. disjuncta (Ledeb.) C.V. Mort., (7. dryopteris (L.) Slosson), Oak-Fern. — Cool mossy woods and banks. (H. Mann, Jr., ca. 1862; Kennedy, 1913.) Rare in eastern Massachusetts. D. Phegopteris (L.) Christens., (7. Phegopteris Slosson), 58 8. 10. 14. Beech-Fern. — Cool woods, thickets, rocky banks. (Hosmer, n.c.d.; no other coll.) Rare. (Local.) . D. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Christens., (7. hexagonoptera Slosson), Broad Beech-Fern. — Rich woods. (Hosmer, n.c.d.) Rare. (Local.) D. spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt var. spinulosa, Wood- Fern. — Low, or cool dry woods, thickets. (Eaton, 1957.) Rather common. var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell.— Woods, wet or dry. (Seymour, 1912.) Probably common. [Thor.] var. intermedia Muhl. — Woods, wet or dry. (Hoar, 1857.) Frequent. var. concordiana (Davenp.) Eastman, Purdie’s Fern. —lLow woods. (Purdie and Davenport, 1903.) Very local. Not recently collected, perhaps a transient mutant unworthy of taxonomic recognition. Cotypes at GH and NEBC. (See Rh. 6: 31, 1904.) x D. Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw., Boott’s Wood-Fern. — Woods. (Seymour, 1912.) Infrequent. A _ postulated hybrid between D. spinulosa var. intermedia and D. cristata, generally distributed in eastern Massachu- setts. | D. cristata (L.) Gray, Crested Wood-Fern.— Damp to wet woods and thickets, swampy open ground. (Hos- mer, n.c.d.) Frequent. [Thor.] D. marginalis (L.) Gray, Marginal Wood-Fern. — Shaded ledges, rocky wooded slopes, dry woods. (Hoar, 1857.) Rather common. [Thor. ] 6. POLYSTICHUM Roth Shield-Fern Key: Man. p.37 P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott, Christmas Fern. — Woods and rocky slopes. (Eaton, 1921.) Numerous stations, but scarce. [Thor.] 7. DENNSTAEDTIA Bernh. D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore, Hay-scented Fern. — Shady, rocky slopes and pastures, damp roadside banks. (Williams, 1908.) Common, often forming large domi- nant colonies. ['Thor. ] 8. ATHYRIUM Roth Key: Man. p.39 A. thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv., Silvery Spleenwort. — 59 Rich woods, shaded slopes. (Eaton, 1958.) Very scarce, but not rare in eastern Massachusetts. 3. A. Filix-femina (L.) Roth var. Michauxii (Spreng.) Farw., Lady-Fern. — Damp thickets, meadows and swamps. (Seymour, 1912.) Common. [Thor. forma?] forma elatius (Link) Clute, (Eaton, 1957.) Seem- ingly scarce. forma rubellum (Gilbert) Farw. (Eaton, 1930.) Probably common. forma confertum (Butters) Fern. (Katon, 1957.) Perhaps uncommon. 11. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort Key: Man. p.42 7. A. Trichomanes L., Maidenhair Spleenwort. — Shaded rock crevices, mostly calcareous. (Hoar, 1858.) Rare: two stations. (Uncommon in numerous localities in Middl. chiefly on metamorphic rocks containing traces of cal- cite.) [Thor. | 8. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes, Ebony Spleenwort. — Wooded slopes, rock banks, ledge crevices, chiefly in circum- neutral soil. (Eaton, 1921, 1957.) Uncommon: two stations, including Estabrook Woods. (Frequent.) [ Thor. ] 12. WOODWARDIA Sm. Chain Fern 1. W. virginica (L.) Sm. — Acid bogs, swamps. (Hoar, 1858, from Ledum Bog (see Th. J. 11: 148) but station now apparently destroyed; Eaton, 1957, second known sta- tion where abundant.) Uncommon. 17. ADIANTUM L. Maidenhair | 1. A. pedatum L., Maidenhair Fern.— Rich hardwoods, (Hoar, 1858; Eaton, 1930.) Four scattered stations, including Estabrook Woods. (Uncommon.) [Thor.] 18. PTERIDIUM Gleditsch Bracken 1. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw., Brake. — Dry to moist pastures, clearings, sterile open woods. (Eaton, 1930.) Common. [Thor. |] 19. POLYPODIUM L. Polypody ; 1. P. virginianum L., Rock Polypody.— Ledge crevices, shaded flat surfaces of rocks, tree bases. (Eaton, 1957.) 60 Not common; frequent in Estabrook Woods. (Fre- quent.) [Thor. | Family 10. MARSILEACEAE (MARSILEA FAMILY) 1. MARSILEA L. 1. M. QUADRIFOLIA L.— Quiet ponds and streams. (Hoar, 1879.) According to Hoar, introduced by Minot Pratt from Harvard Botanic Garden to Concord and Sudbury rivers where it increased abundantly, but now scarce, owing perhaps to pollution. Abundant on Bateman’s Pond. Introduced from Europe. DIVISION Il. SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED-PLANTS, PHANEROGAMS OR FLOWERING PLANTS) Subdivision I. GYMNOSPERMAE (Gymnosperms) Family 12. TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY) 1. TAXUS L. Yew 1. T. canadensis Marsh., American Yew. — Cool moist woods. (Hoar, 1858; Hoyle, 1901; Eaton, 1958; 1958.) Rare in eastern Massachusetts. See Th. J. 10: 506. [Thor.] Family 18. PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 2. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock 1. T. canadensis (L.) Carr.— Cool wooded slopes; in Con- cord mostly northern exposures. (Eaton, 1935.) Fre- quent. A meagre remnant of a remarkable stand of ancient hemlocks along the bank of the Assabet River under Nashawtuc Hill still survives (1974). 3. PICEA Dietr. Spruce Key: Man. p.54 3d. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. Black Spruce. — Locally, mostly in cold sphagnum bogs. (Eaton, 1921.) Scarce. P. ABIES (L.) Karst., Norway Spruce. — Woods and hedge- rows. (EKaton, 1935, 1961.) Occasionally spontaneous, near plantations (as in Town Forest) or horticultural specimens. Introduced from Europe. 4. LARIX Mill. Larch 1. L. laricina (DuRois) K. Koch, Tamarack. — Usually in sphagnum bogs, associated with Black Spruce, but. 61 more abundant. (Eaton, 1922.) Scarce and _ local. [ Thor. ] L. DECIDUA Mill., European Larch. — Leaves and cones longer, 2.5-3 mm and 2-8.5 cm respectively. Woods, dry or moist. (Eaton, 1935.) Occasionally spreads from cultivation, as in Concord Town Forest. Introduced from Europe. 5. PINUS L. Pine Key: Man. p.55 1. P. Strobus L., White Pine. — Chiefly dry woods and old 7 8. 1. fields, but tolerates wet or even swampy ground. (Eaton, 1935.) Very common. Many clear stands of mature trees destroyed by 1938 hurricane. P. resinosa Ait., Red Pine.— Dry woods. (Fernald and Svenson, 1928.) Ag an indigenous species, a small grove of mature trees formerly stood on a gravel ridge oppo- site Sleepy Hollow Cemetery near Bedford Road. It was gradually destroyed by under-mining for gravel. A lingering individual may have provided Fernald and Svenson with their specimen. According to Pratt “a few trees [grew] on the south-east side of Merriam’s Hill” which is adjacent to Virginia Road near the Bed- ford line, and obviously known to Hoar, who gave the locality for a specimen of Phytolacca americana as “. . hear Red Pines, Virginia Rd.” Pratt also men- tioned a station “on land of John Barrett near Buck School House,” and ‘‘a single tree in pasture of Brooks Bigelow, north of Ponkatasset [sic].”’ Many introduced plantings, e.g., Concord Town Forest, frequently repro- duce spontaneously. . SYLVESTRIS L., Scotch Pine. — Roadsides, fallow fields, dry open woods. (Eaton, 1969.) Frequent escape from cultivation. Naturalized from Europe. P. rigida Mill., Pitch Pine.— Dry gravel, sandy, often barren soil. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. [Thor. ] 8. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach White Cedar C. thyoides (L.) BSP., White Cedar. — Swamps, sphagnous bogs. (Hoar, 1858; Eaton, 1921.) Both collections probably from same area where not recently observed ; Hoar’s abundant colony apparently destroyed by wood- cutters. Rare. An entry in Thoreau’s Journal reads: 62 “To Annursnach [sic] and Cedar Swamp. ... There are white cedars two feet through, the only ones I know in Concord. It was here were cut the cedar posts which Alcott put into Emerson’s summer-house. They could not have been spared even for that.” (Th. J. 5: 502- 503.) 9. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper Key: Man. p.59 1. J. communis L. var. depressa Pursh, Ground Juniper. — Dry pastures, open rock woods, roadside banks. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. [Thor.] 3. J. virginiana L. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc., Red Cedar. — Pastures, old fields, persisting in recent woodlands; best developed on circumneutral soils overlying glacial till. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. [Thor.] Subdivision Il. ANGIOSPERMAE (Angiosperms) CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE, Monocotyledons Family 14. TYPHACEAE (CATTAIL FAMILY) 1. TYPHA L. Cattail Flag Key: Man. p.60 1. T. latifolia L., Cattail.— Swamps, river meadows, shallow water. (Eaton, 1922.) Common, often forming exten- sive stands. [Thor. ] — forma ambigua (Sonder) Kronf. Infrequent. 2. T. angustifolia L., Narrow-leaved Cattail.— Chiefly in alkaline or basic waters. (Eaton, 1957.) Status as an indigenous plant in Concord doubtful. Abundant in the Great Meadows impoundments, following the extensive pollution from sewage in the mid-1930’s. Not recorded from Great Meadows prior to their flooding. 3. T. glauca Godr. — Swamps, river meadows, shallow water. (Katon, 1957.) Rare, a single locality reported. Family 15. SPARGANIACEAE (BUR-REED FAMILY) 1. SPARGANIUM L. Bur-reed Key: Man. p.61 1. S. euryearpum Englem. — Shallow water, edge of river and brook meadows. (Frohock, 1880.) Now common along the banks of the polluted river, with leaves of sterile clumps often 1.5 m tall. [Thor.] 63 2. S. androciadum (Englem.) Morong.— Shallow water, peaty or muddy shores. (Eaton, 1932.) Scarce. - americanum Nutt. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1922.) Rather common. A, S. chlorocarpum Rydb.—Similar habitats. (Frohock, 1880.) Scarce. Collected from two stations. CO Cf Family 16. ZOSTERACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 2. POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed Key: Man. p.65 4. P. Robbinsii Oakes. — Still or gently flowing waters, root- ing in mud. (Hoar, 1886; Deane, 1886.) Formerly not uncommon in Sudbury River. Present status of this and subsequent species of pondweeds uncertain, owing to pollution of the rivers. 5. P. CRISPUS L.— Muddy, mostly calcareous or brackish waters. (Eaton, 1932.) Locally abundant in Sudbury River. Infrequent elsewhere in eastern Massachusetts. Naturalized from Europe. 7. P. zosteriformis Fern. — Quiet ponds and streams. (Hell- quist, 1971.) Uncommon, Found floating in Concord River. 18. P. gemmiparus Robbins. — Quiet ponds and _ streams. (Morong ex Herb. Hoar, 1886; Hosmer, n.d.) Uncom- mon; also two collections from Charles River. 17. P. Berchtoldi Fieber var. polyphyllus (Morong) Fern. — Shallow pools. (Eaton, 1956.) Rare. Known elsewhere in Massachusetts east of Berkshire Co. from So, Natick, Martha’s Vineyard, and Clinton. var. acuminatus Fieber. — Quiet waters. (Churchill, 1895.) Formerly common. ——— var. lacunatus (Hagstr.) Fern. — Quiet waters. (Eaton #5148, 1961.) Rare; represented also by a single collection from Concord River in Bedford. 20. P. Spirillus Tuckerm. — Quiet waters. (Thoreau, 1 August 1856; Hoar, 25 July.) Occasionally collected, probably common in the river. 22. P. capillaceus Poir.— Quiet, mostly acid waters. Hoar, 22 August.) Probably common. (General.) 24. P. epihydrus Raf. var. Nuttallii (C. & 8S.) Fern. — Pools, ponds, and slow streams. (Morong, 4 August, ex Herb. Hoar.) Common. Thor. Herb.: “Off Clamshell”; also 64 an unidentified Thoreau collection that appears to be the rare var. epihydrus but awaits the verdict of a special- ist of the group. 28. P. amplifolius Tuckerm.— Ponds and slow streams. (Deane, 1886; Morong, 1886.) Probably common formerly. [ Thor. | 29. P. pulcher Tuckerm. — Ponds and streams, slow or rapid. (Morong, 1886.) Uncommon. 30. P. nodosus Poir.— Ponds and streams, slow or rapid. (Hoar, 1887.) Uncommon, perhaps extirpated by later pollution. 31. P. gramineus L. var. gramineus. — Ponds and streams. (Hoar, 22 August; Hoar, n.d.) Formerly probably not uncommon. (Frequent.) var. myriophyllus Robbins. — Ponds and streams. (Hoar, 1888.) Uncommon. 33. P. natans L.— Ponds and slow streams. (Thoreau, ‘‘Assa- bet, July 27, 56”; Hoar, 8 Aug.) Common. Thor. Herb. 34. P. Oakesianus Robbins. — Acid peaty, sandy- or rocky- bottomed ponds. (Thoreau, Andromeda Pond, 31 July 1856; Eaton, 1929.) Uncommon. Thor. Herb. Thoreau also collected what appears to be this species at ‘““Walden Aug. 6, ’56.” It is among three unnamed specimens in his herbarium. Family 17. NAJADACEAE (NAIAD FAMILY) 1. NAJAS L. Naiad Key: Man. p.81 2. N. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. — Slow streams and ponds. (Eaton, 1929.) Formerly abundant in Sudbury and Concord rivers, even choking the uppermost im- poundment (privately owned) at Great Meadows. Re- cent attempts (1967, 1968) to collect specimens in Con- cord unavailing, possibly owing to excessive sewage pollution. Present status uncertain; colonies may per- sist in unpolluted backwaters and brooks. 5. N. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. — Muddy, peaty or sandy ponds and pools. (Eaton, 1957.) Collected from a single pond. Infrequent, possibly rare. (Frequent.) Family 18. JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW-GRASS FAMILY) 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. 1. S. palustris L. var. americana Fern. — Sphagnum bogs, 65 peaty shores. (Eaton, 1957, sterile; 1958, fruiting ma- terial.) Rare. Now known from a single bog only, viz.: west end Harrington’s Swamp, West Concord, where abundant. Thoreau found it growing abundantly in Gowing’s Swamp in 1855, and alluded to it several times later on. (Th. J. 7: 111; 12: 196, ete.) Does it still grow there? Family 19. ALISMATACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 14, 1. ALISMA L. Key: Man. p.84 A. triviale Pursh, Water-Plantain. — Riverbanks, meadow pools, muddy shores. (Brainerd, 1950.) Uncommon. A. subcordatum Raf.— Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor. | 4, SAGITTARIA L. Arrowhead Key: Man. p.87 . S. subulata (L.) Buchenau var. gracillima (S. Wat.) J. G. Sm. — Deep water of slow streams. (Joyce, 1882; Hos- mer, n.c.d.; Cummings, n.c.d.; L. E. Richardson, 1967.) This last specimen collected in Assabet River where abundant (a remarkable comeback after 75 or more years of severe chemical pollution from the woolen mills in Maynard), and noteworthy for exhibiting well- developed blades terminating the phyllodia. S. graminea Michx. — Wet mud and sand, often in shallow water. (Eaton, 1922.) Often abundant at a few sta- tions. [Thor. | S. latifolia Willd. var. latifolia.— Wet mud and sand, riverbanks, and meadows. (Eaton, 1930.) Common. forma hastata (Pursh) Robins. (Williams, 1896.) forma gracilis (Pursh) Robins. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wieg. (Deane, 1893.) Common. Family 21. HYDROCHARITACEAE (FR0G@’S-BIT FAMILY) De 1. ELODEA Michx. Waterweed Key: Man. p.93 E. Nuttallii (Planch.) St. John. — Slow streams and shal- low waters. (Eaton, 1953.) Formerly abundant in the rivers; still present but status in doubt (1974). 66 Family 22. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Represented in Middl. by Subfam. I Poacoideae, Tribes II, III, IV, V, VI, VU, VIII, IX; and Subfam. II Panicoideae, Tribes X, XI. For key to the tribes see Man. p. 95 (Subfam. I.) and p. 188 (Subfam. II.). The keys in Gleason (34), and Hitchcock and Chase (85) are very helpful alternatives. ite 22. Subfamily 1. POACOIDEAE TRIBE II. FESTUCEAE Nees Key: Man. p.96 2. BROMUS L. Brome-Grass Key: Man. p.98 B. ciliatus L. var. ciliatus. — Thickets, moist slopes, mea- dows, and shores. (Hoar, n.d., “Wall of Painted Cup meadow.) Rare, (Occasional.) The common plant northward and in subalpine areas. var. intonsus Fern. — Similar habitats. (Thoreau, 1860.) Infrequent. The common plant southward and at low altitudes. . SECALINUS L. — Fields, waste places, etc. (Thoreau, 1860.) Occasional. Naturalized from Europe. . TECTORUM L. — Roadsides, fields, waste places. (Eaton, 1958.) Casual, as yet. (Frequent, sometimes abun- dant.) Naturalized from Europe. 4. FESTUCA L. Fescue Grass Key: Man. p.104 . CAPILLATA Lam. — Dry open soil. (Eaton, 1932.) Occa- sional. Apparently indigenous in Newfoundland, per- haps in Nova Scotia; introduced elsewhere. . rubra L. var. rubra. — Sandy, rocky, peaty soils. (Thor- eau, 1859.) Frequent. (Common.) Two other varieties may occur in Concord. . ELATIOR L.— Fields, meadow, roadsides. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common, often weedy. Naturalized from Eu- rope. 5. VULPIA K. C. Gmel. Key: Man. p.107 . octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. tenella (Willd.) Fern. — Dry, open soil. [Thoreau, n.c.d.; 2 July 1860: ‘‘Yes- terday, I detected the smallest grass that I know, appa- rently Festuca tenella (?), in the dry path southwest 67 10. 11. 13. of the yew, only two to four inches high, like moss.” (Th. J. 18: 383.) He went to Well Meadow on 1 July 1860, “returning over the causeway.”] Uncommon. (Occasional.) 7. GLYCERIA R. Br. Manna-Grass Key: Man. p.111 . borealis (Nash) Batchelder.— Wet places, shallow water. (Hoar, 1858.) Uncommon. (Infrequent in southern New England.) . Septentrionalis Hitchc. — Swamps, meadows, wet woods. (Thoreau, 1857.) Uncommon. Concord is near north- eastern limit of range. . acutiflora Torr.— Muddy pools and pond margins. (Thoreau, 1860; “Laurel Glen Pool,” where near north- eastern limit of range.) Rare. (Uncommon.) . obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. — Peaty and wet sandy soils. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. . canadensis (Michx.) Trin.— Bogs, meadows, damp shores. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. . Striata (Lam.) Hitche. var. striata, Fowl-meadow Grass. — Moist ground. (Eaton, 1956.) Common. var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern. (Thoreau, 1859, “R. W. E.’s meadow — boat’s place [sic], not quite fowl meadow.” Rare. Four stations in Massachusetts, un- documented from Rhode Island or Connecticut. . grandis S. Wats., Reed-meadow Grass. (Thoreau, 1859.) Frequent. . pallida (Torr.) Trin., (Torreyochloa Church).— Pools, meadow sloughs, pond margins. (Thoreau, 1859.) Not common. . Fernaldii (Hitche.) St. John (Torreyochloa Church). — Shallow water and wet places. (Eaton, 1937.) Rare. (Uncommon. ) 9. POA L. Meadow Grass Key: Man. p.115 . ANNUA L., Low Spear Grass. — Cultivated ground, waste places. (Thoreau, 1859.) Very common. Natura- lized from Europe. . COMPRESSA L., Canada Bluegrass. Dry soil. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. Naturalized from Eurasia. . pratensis L., Kentucky Bluegrass, Speargrass. — Moist fields, meadows, shores, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. 63 19. 15. ie angustifolia L. — Dry open woods and clearings. (Eaton, 1958.) Apparently rare in southern New England, be- ing known from seven towns in Massachusetts; not yet documented from Rhode Island or Connecticut. . trivialis L. — Springheads, brooksides, wet glades, ete. (Hoar, “28 June; S. Hoar’s spring,” where probably indigenous.) Uncommon. (Known from six towns in Middl.) . palustris L., Fowl-meadow Grass. — Meadows, shores, moist thickets. (Thoreau, 1859.) Frequent, 12. DACTYLIS L. Orchard Grass . GLOMERATA L, var. GLOMERATA, Orchard Grass.— Fields, roadsides, waste ground. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. 13. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Love Grass Key: Man. p.122 - pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. — Sandy shores, dry fields, sometimes weedy in cultivated ground. (Eaton, 1961.) Not common. . spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. var. sparsihirsuta Farw., Tumble-grass. — Dry fields, sterile soil, roadside banks, ete. (Thoreau, 1858.) Common. 21. TRIODIA R. Br. Key: Man. p.129 . FLAVA (L.) Smyth, Tall Red-Top. — Old fields. (Eaton, 1934.) Adventive from farther west at a single station where abundant, but now mostly, if not completely, eradicated by new building operations (see Rh. 38: 64-67). (Scattered stations in New England except in northwestern Connecticut where frequent.) 25. PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed communis Trin. var. Berlandieri (Fourn.) Fern., (P. australis (Cavi) Trin. ex Steud. var. (Fourn.) Clayton). — Circumneutral, fresh to alkaline and brackish estua- rine marshes, pond shores, ditches, etc. (Eaton, 1968.) A single vigorous colony discovered by David Grice about 1938 growing within the boundary of an excava- tion for gravel for construction of a dyke at the Great Meadows impoundments completed about 1929, thus 69 fixing the earliest possible date of its appearance at this station. It is believed to have become established in the mid-1930’s, when the Concord River suddenly became severely polluted by sewage (which is basic in character). A probable source is a large, mostly sterile, colony upriver in the Sudbury meadows, from which rhizomes detached by anchor ice or muskrats may have floated downstream and found lodgement in a suitable place. Another large and conspicuous colony has developed in recent years in a meadow of the Con- cord River in Carlisle. This latter station surely would not have been overlooked in the early years of the century, had it existed then. (Infrequent colonies in border towns of eastern Middl.) TRIBE III. HORDEAE Lindl. Key: Man. p.132 28. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Key: Man. p.133 A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. glaucum (Pease & Moore) Malte.— Rocky or gravelly shores, boggy places. (Thoreau, 1859.) Infrequent; four stations. (Uncommon. ) . A. REPENS (L.) Beauv. var. REPENS, Witch Grass. — Gar- dens, fields, roadsides, waste places. A highly variable species of European origin, various forms of which comprise an aggressive weedy complex. Forma repens not yet noticed in Concord. forma TRICHORRHACHIS Rohlena. (Williams, 1908.) Abundant. forma PILOSUM (Scribn.) Fern. (Eaton, 1958.) Un- common. TRITICUM L. Wheat T. AESTIVUM L., Wheat. — Fields, waste ground. (Eaton, 1959.) Scattered stations, seldom persisting. Adventive from Eurasia. SECALE L. Rye S. CEREALE L., Rye. — Fields, waste ground, road shoul- ders. (Eaton, 1959.) An increasingly common adven- tive from Eurasia, widely planted on road banks as shade crop for grasses. 70 3838. ELYMUS L. Wild Rye, Lyme-Grass Key: Man. p.139 . Virginicus L. Rich thickets and shores. (Thoreau, 1858; Hoar, 20 Aug.; Eaton #6195, 1968.) Uncommon; two stations. Infrequent. 84. HYSTRIX Moench Bottle-brush Grass . patula Moench var. Bigeloviana (Fern.) Deam, (Elymus hystrix L.).— Rich, rocky woods. (Hoar, 1858; Tho- reau, 1859; Eaton, 1957. All from same area at Conantum on ‘‘Marlboro Formation.’”’) Rare. (Local in eastern Massachusetts.) TRIBE IV. AVENEAE Nees Key: Man. p.142 35. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat-Grass . ELATIUS (L.) Mert. & Koch, Tall Oat-Grass. — Fields and roadsides. (Hoar, 21 June.) Not common. Natura- lized from Europe. 36. HOLCUS L. . LANATUS L., Velvet Grass. — Sterile fields and former pastures. (Frohock, 1880.) Not common. (Common.) Naturalized from Europe. Th. J. 1 July 1859; 29 June 1860. 39. TRISETUM L. Key: Man. p.145 T. spicatum (L.) Richter var. molle (Michx.) Beal. — Pond and river shores. (Jenks and Swan, 1888.) Rare. . pensylvanicum (L.) Beauv. — Springheads, meadows, wooded swamps. (Thoreau, 1857, 1859; Eaton, 1961.) Rare. 40. AVENA L. Oat . SATIVA L., Oat. — Fields and waste places. (Thoreau, 1859.) Frequent escape from cultivation, seldom per- sisting. Introduced from Eurasia. 41. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hairgrass . flexuosa (L.) Trin., Common Hairgrass. — Dry open or partially shaded ground. (Thoreau, 1860; Hoar, 1874.) Common. 7 44. DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat-Grass Key: Man. p.148 . Spicata (L.) Beauv., Poverty Grass.— Dry ground, 71 bo sterile fields and thin woods. (Thoreau, 1859.) Very common. D. Alleni Aust. — Dry clearings, arid open ground, rocky woods. (Thoreau, 1858, 1859.) Rare. (Occasional.) TRIBE V. AGROSTIDEAE Kunth Key: Man. p.151 45. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed Key: Man. p.152 . S. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood, Poverty Grass. — Dry, open, sterile soil. (Williams, 1896.) Frequent. 46. CALAMAGROSTIS Adanson Reed-Bentgrass Key: Man. p.154 . C. canadensis (Michx.) Nutt., Blue-joint. — Meadows, Swampy ground, wet thickets. (Thoreau, 1856.) Com- mon, . C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Bart. — Damp, open, sandy or peaty soils. (Thoreau, 26 Aug.; Eaton, 1930.) Uncommon. 49. AGROSTIS L. Bentgrass Key: Man, p.159 . A. ALBA L. var. ALBA (A. stolonifera L.), Redtop. For nomenclature, see Woss in Rh. 68: 4387.— Dry and moist soils, fields and roadsides. (Hoar, 22 July.) Indigenous northward; probably introduced in Concord. Common. var. palustris (Huds.) Pers., Creeping-Bent. — Sloughs, shores, shallow water. (HKaton, 1932.) Not common. Indigenous. . A. TENUIS Sibth., Rhode Island Bent. — Fields, roadsides, thickets, ete. (Deane, 1887.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. . A. seabra Willd., Hairgrass. — Sterile, exsiccated or dry open soil. (Thoreau, 1858.) Common. . A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. var. perennans, Upland Bent. — Open woods, rocky banks, dryish soil. (Tho- reau, 4 Sept.; Eaton, 1958.) Apparently uncommon. var. aestivalis Vasey. — Woods, shaded banks and shores. (Hoar, 9 July.) Frequent. . A. CANINA L.—Sterile fields, exsiccated peats, pastures. 72 (Hoar, 8 July, 18 July.) Uncommon. Introduced from farther north. 51. CINNA L. Wood Reedgrass Key: Man. p.164 1. C. arundinacea L., Wood Reedgrass. — Moist woods, shaded swamps. (Thoreau, 1 Sept. 1859.) Common. 53. PHLEUM L. Timothy 1. P. PRATENSE L., Common Timothy. — Fields, roadsides. (Thoreau, 6 Sept.) Common. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized from Europe. 54. ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail Key: Man. p.166 2. A. PRATENSIS L., Meadow Foxtail. — Meadows, fields. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. Introduced and naturalized from Europe. 3. A. GENICULATUS L., Marsh Foxtail. — Ditches, pools, moist open soil. (Thoreau 1859.) Uncommon. Naturalized from Europe. 5. A. aequalis Sobol. — Shallow water, shores, ditches. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Uncommon. 55. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Key: Man. p.167 3. M. Schreberi J. F. Gmel., Drop-seed, Nimble Will. See lands, thickets, and weedy in gardens, roadsides, etc. (Eaton, 1958.) Occasional in natural habitats; some- times a troublesome weed. 5. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. — Rocky woods, ledges. (Hoar, 6 Sept.; Thoreau, 18 Sept.; Eaton, 1959; all from Marl- boro Formation.) Rare. (Occasional.) 7. M. sylvatica Torr. — Damp woods and thickets, banks of streams. (Eaton, 1961.) Rare. (Occasional in eastern Middl.) forma attenuata (Scribn.) Palmer & Steyerm. (Hoar, 24 Sept.) Rare. (Occasional.) 8. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. — Shores, damp clearings, thickets. (Thoreau, “Sept. 9th, Lee’s Cliff in prime.”) Appar- ently rare. (Uncommon.) 10. M. frondosa (Poir.) Fern. — Moist open woods, shores, 73 13. 14. in: = and sometimes weedy in shrubberies, shady roadsides, etc. (Eaton, 1932, 1959.) Becoming common. forma commutata (Scribn.) Fern. (Eaton, 1961.) Uncommon. - glomerata (Willd.) Trin. var. cinnoides (Link) F. J. Herm. — Bogs, swamps, peaty meadows, shores. (Tho- reau, 1 Sept.) Rare. Only four stations in Massachu- setts east of Worcester Co. of which three in Middl. uniflora (Muhl.) Fern. — Meadows, bogs, sandy shores, etc. (Hoar, 3 Sept.) Common. 56. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. . erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. var. septentrionale Babel. — Cool, dry to moist woods. (Hoar, 25 July; Eaton, 1956.) Rare; two stations. (Occasional in eleven towns.) 57. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Mountain-Rice Key: Man. p.172 - pungens (Torr.) Hitchc.— Dry, sandy fields, rocky open woods. (Thoreau, 1859.) Not uncommon. 59. ARISTIDA L. Triple-awned Grass Key: Man. p.174 . dichotoma Michx., Poverty-Grass.— Dry sandy soils. (Thoreau, 1858.) Rather common. purpurascens Poir.— Dry sandy soils, sandy beaches, etc. (Hoar, n.c.d.) Uncommon. Here near northeastern limit of range. TRIBE VI. CHLORIDEAE Kunth Key: Man. p.178 61. SPARTINA Schreb. Cord-Grass Key: Man. p.179 . pectinata Link, Freshwater Cord-Grass. — Meadows, shores, wet ditches. (Hoar, 1887.) Common in the Yiver meadows. TRIBE VII. PHALARIDEAE Link Key: Man. p.185 74. PHALARIS L. Canary-Grass . CANARIENSIS L., Canary-Grass. — Waste places, road- sides. (Hosmer, n.c.d.) Rare. (Occasional.) Adventive from Europe. TA Pe arundinacea L., Reed-Canary Grass. — River and brook meadows, shores, etc. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common, often the dominant vegetation in large stands, formerly affording favorite nesting sites for the now rare Short- billed Marsh-Wren. 75. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sweet Vernal Grass 1. A. ODORATUM L. — Fields, roadsides, orchards, (Thoreau, ae to IN se) 1858.) Very common. Naturalized from Europe. PUELII Lecoq & Lamotte.— Dry fields, rocky open woods, waste places. (Eaton, 1932.) Rare. Local else- where. Naturalized from Europe. 76. HIEROCHLOE R. Br. Holy Grass . odorata (L.) Beauv., Sweet Grass. — Meadows, swales, shores. (Hoar, 1858.) Rare. (Local inland, common along coast.) Long leaves of vegatative shoots used by Indians for basketry. TRIBE VIII. ORYZEAE Kunth 77. LEERSIA Sw. Cutgrass . oryzoides (L.) Sw., Rice-Cutgrass. — Meadows, shores, wet open places. (Thoreau, 1858.) Common. TRIBE IX. ZIZANIEAE Hitche. Key: Man. p.187 79. ZIZANIA L. Wild Rice . aquatica L. var. aquatica. — Wet meadows, riverbanks, often in shallow water. (Eaton, 1920.) Formerly scat- tered along riverbanks, now locally abundant. (Fre- quent.) Grains attractive to ducks and rails. Subfamily II. PANICOIDEAE TRIBE X. PANICEAE R. Br. Key: Man. p.189 80. DIGITARIA Heist. Finger Grass Key: Man. p.190 . filiformis (L.) Koel. — Dry sandy, sterile soils. (Tho- reau, 1858.) Formerly scattered stations, now rare. (Occasional. ) : ISCHAEMUM (Schreb.) Muhl. — Lawns, cultivated and waste ground. (Eaton, 1958.) Becoming common. Less 15 10. 10. 11. 16. 19; 21. obnoxious than following species. Naturalized from Europe. D. SANGUINALIS (L.) Scop., Common Crab Grass. — Dry sandy to rich cultivated soil. (Eaton, 1957.) An ob- noxious, ubiquitous weed. Naturalized from Old World. 83. PASPALUM L. Key: Man. p.191 P. ciliatifolium Michx. var. Muhlenbergii (Nash) Fern. — Sandy, usually dry fields and roadsides. (Thoreau, 24 Aug.) Common. The only species in Middl. 85. PANICUM L. Panic Grass Key: Man. p.195 P. dichotomiflorum Michx. var. dichotomiflorum. — Low ground, riverbanks, sometimes weedy in cultivated ground. (Katon, 1961.) Infrequent. var. geniculatum (Wood) Fern. — Similiar habitats. (Eaton, 1957.) Common, sometimes an aggressive weed. P. capillare L. var. capillare, Old-Witch Grass. — Sandy, gravelly soils, or weedy in cultivated land, (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. var. occidentale Rydb. — Similar habitats. (Tho- reau, 5 Sept.) Common; more weedy than preceding. P. philadelphicum Bernh. (Determined by T. R. Soder- strom.) — Sandy or rocky soils, alluvial banks. (Eaton, #5126.) Rare; a single collection only. (Local in New England except southwestern Connecticut.) P. MILIACEUM L., Millet. — Waste places. (Thoreau, 12 Sept.) Adventive from Europe; a rarely persistent escape from cultivation. P. virgatum L. var. spissum Linder, Switchgrass. — Dry to moist sandy shores, margins of meadows, fields. (Thoreau, 28 Aug.) Rare; not recently seen. (Locally common near the coast.) P. agrostoides Spreng. var. agrostoides. — Meadows, river- banks, sand, or peaty shores. (Thoreau, 1858.) Fre- quent. P. depauperatum Muhl. var. psilophyllum Fern. — Dry sandy, open soil. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. P. linearifolium Scribn. var. linearifolium. — Dry gravelly 716 34. 30. 40. 44. 45. a2. 62. 7A. 75. soil, open woods and fields. (Eaton, 1930.) Occasional. var. Werneri (Scribn.) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1930.) Common. P. boreale Nash. — Shores, meadows, moist fields and open woods. (Eaton, 1956.) Occasional. P. dichotomum L.— Dry thin woods, openings. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common, P. spretum Schultes.— Wet peats and sand, swampy places. (Thoreau, 1858.) Common. P. meridionale Ashe.— Dry open places, thin woods. (Eaton, 1961.) Rare. (Uncommon.) P. lanuginosum Ell. var. lanuginosum.— Dry sandy soil, thin woods, etc. (Hoar, n.d.; Eaton, 1929.) Common. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern. — Similar habi- tats. (Eaton, 1932.) Common. var. Lindheimeri (Nash) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1959.) Apparently rare. (Local.) P. columbianum Scribn.— Dry or sandy open ground or thin woods. (Deane, 1911; Eaton, 1961.) Frequent in Ball’s Hill area. (Uncommon.) P. oligosanthes Schultes var. Scribnerianum (Nash) Fern. — Dry, thin soils, fields and thin woods. (Thoreau, - 1858.) Frequent. P. clandestinum L.— Dry or moist shores, thickets, bor- ders of alluvial woods. (Perkins, “Concord or vic.’, 1880; Eaton, 1936.) Frequent. Usually occurs as large clones. P. latifolium L.— Usually dry open rich, or rocky woods. (Thoreau, 1858; Hoar, 18 Sept.) Apparently rare. (In- frequent.) There is a curious annotation in Thoreau’s handwriting on the mounting paper reading “low and spreading, whorled pogonia field.” For author’s com- ments, see entry under I[sotria, p. 98. 87. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Key: Man. p.2238 E}. CRUSGALLI (L.) Beauv., Barnyard Grass. — Waste and cultivated ground. (Thoreau, 1858.) An abundant weed. Naturalized from Old World. forma LONGISETA (Trin.) Farw. — Similiar habi- tats. (Williams, 1908.) Less common, but frequent. Naturalized from Old World. 17 4. EK. pungens (Poir.) Rydb. var. pungens.— Low open ground, riverbanks, shores. (Eaton, 1931, 1965.) Apparently rare. (Uncommon.) 5. E. Walteri (Pursh) Nash.— Basic to alkaline swamps, marshes, and shallow water. (Eaton, 1956.) Abundant at a single station. (Rare.) 89. SETARIA Beauv. Bristly Foxtail Key: Man. p.225 2. S. GLAUCA (L.) Beauv., Foxtail. — Cultivated ground, roadsides, waste places, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Abundant weed. Naturalized from Eurasia. 4. §S. VIRIDIS (L.) Beauv., Bottle-Grass. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Common weed of cultivated ground. Naturalized from Eurasia. TRIBE XI. ANDROPOGONEAE Presl Key: Man. p.228 95. ANDROPOGON L. Beardgrass Key: Man. p.230 1. A. scoparius Michx. var. scoparius forma calvescens Fern. — Dry fields, open woods and clearings. (Eaton, 1932.) Very rare. Known elsewhere in Massachusetts from Jamaica Plain, Cuttyhunk, and Nantucket. var. frequens F. T. Hubbard, Broom, Wiregrass. — Dry, usually sterile fields and sandy places. (Thoreau, 1850.) Abundant. Conspicuous and attractive, particu- larly in late autumn. 3. A. Gerardi Vitman.— Dry to moist open ground, (Hoar, 1858.) Not common, but widely distributed in Middl. Family 23. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.236 1. CYPERUS L. A. difficult genus. Material should exhibit rhizomes (or bases of annual species) and mature (ripe) spikelets to be readily identifiable. 3. C. diandrus Torr.— Wet sandy, peaty, muddy soils. (Eaton, 1931.) Uncommon. (Frequent, sometimes abundant elsewhere in Middl.) 4. C. rivularis Kunth. — Similar habitats. (Thoreau, n.d.) Uncommon. (Less frequent than preceding.) Some 718 13. 22. 10. 15. specialists consider this and No. 3 conspecific, thus relegating this to synonymy. . erythrorhizos Muhl.— Sandy shores, moist alluvium. (Brainerd, 1957, Great Meadows; Eaton, 1957, Walden Pond.) Rare. Not reported from the entire Merrimack River drainage system except from Concord and doubt- fully from Bedford. . esculentus L., Yellow Nutgrass.— Damp, sandy, or loamy soil. (Hoar, 1858.) Common; often a troublesome weed of cultivated ground and lawns, . dentatus Torr.— Sandy or gravelly shores and damp sands. (Thoreau, 1858.) Common. . Strigosus L.— Sandy or gravelly shores, damp loams. (Hoar, 1858.) Common; often weedy. . filiculmis Vahl var. macilentus Fern.— Dry rocky. sandy, gravelly soils. (Hoar, 1858.) Common; often a weed of railroad ballast and road shoulders. 2. DULICHIUM Pers. . arundinaceum (L.) Britt.— Wet places, generally in standing water. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. (Common.) [ Thor. | 3. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-Rush Key: Man. p.249 . Robbinsii Oakes. — Pond margins, peaty pools, shallow backwaters. (Eaton, 1932.) Rare. (Occasional.) acicularis (L.) R. & S.— Sandy or muddy shores, ex- posed flats. (EKaton, 1929.) Common. Often forming a dense turf. forma longicaulis (Desmaz.) Hegi. — Submerged muds or sands... (Eaton, 1929.) Infrequent. A com- monly sterile state with much elongated culms and basal leaves. . olivacea Torr. — Wet muds, sands and peats. (Eaton, 1961.) Known from a single station, where abundant. (Infrequent.) . obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. obtusa. — River and brook meadows, wet muds and sands. (Hoar, 1858.) Com- mon. — var. jejuna Fern. — Similar habitats. (Williams, 1897; specimen in GH.) Much less common. Perhaps better treated as a form. 19 [25. 35. 36. 10. 12. 16. . palustris (L.) R. & S. var. major Sonder. — Shallow or even deep water, often on exposed muds. Concord ma- terial and probably all eastern North American ma- terial which has been passing for this species should be referred to E. Smalli Britt., possibly as an ecological variant. See Svenson in Rh. 49: 62ff.] . Smallii Britt. — Peaty meadows and swamps or wet sands. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. . tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. — Similar habitats and even dryish sands and peats. (Deane, 1886.) Rather com- mon. (Common.) . elliptica Kunth.— Similar habitats, occasionally Swampy woods, (Eaton, 1921.) Uncommon. (Fre- quent. ) : 6. BULBOSTYLIS (Kunth) C. B. Clarke . capillaris (L.) C. B. Clarke var. crebra Fern. — Dry, chiefly sandy or gravelly soils. (Hoar, 1858.) Common, often abundant, especially on road shoulders. Our only species. 7. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl - autumnalis (L.) R. & S.— Sandy or peaty shores and low ground. (Perkins, 1886.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) Our only species. 8. SCIRPUS L. Bulrush Key: Man. p.262 . Purshianus Fern. — Peaty, muddy, sandy shores, and swamps. (Perkins, 1888.) Rather common. . subterminalis Torr. — Submerged in slow, often deep (1.5 m or more) streams, dead waters and ponds; emersed form occurs on peaty shores, quaking bogs. (Hoar, 8 Aug., a sterile specimen; Deane, 1886, Assabet River where still common in 1974.) Abundant in Assa- bet River. (Frequent.) . Torreyi Olney.— Muddy shores of ponds and dead waters. (Perkins, 1881; Eaton, 1930.) Locally abun- dant at a single station in years of low water. (Un- common.) . validus Vahl var. creber Fern. — Riverbanks and mea- dows, usually in shallow water. (Hoar, 1858.) Com- mon. 30 21. 25. Day, 34. al. 28. forma megastachyus Fern. (Thoreau, n.d.) Un- common in river meadow sloughs. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. — Meadows, pond shores, the soils often basic, frequently in shallow water. (Eaton, 1960.) Rare. (See Introduction, p. 17) S. rubrotinctus Fern.— River meadows, shores, damp open soil. (Thoreau, n.d.) Common. S. atrovirens Willd. var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Katon, 1931.) Common. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. cyperinus. — Wet meadows, shores, swampy mowings. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. var. pelius Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1930.) Common. S. atrocinctus Fern. — Wet meadows, swamps. (Thoreau, n.d.; Eaton, 1959.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) Two specimens of this species mis-named S. eriophorum in Th. Herb.: 1) ‘‘Wheeler’s Meadow,” 2) ‘“R. Brown’s Meadow,” hence definitely from Concord. forma brachypodus (Fern.) S. F. Blake, (Griscom, 1931.) Uncommon. S. Longii Fern. — Wet meadows, swamps. (Thoreau, 1859: Brainerd, 1950). Both from the Great Meadows. Rare. 9. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton-grass Key: Man. p.276 E. spissum Fern. — Sphagnum bogs. (Thoreau, n.d.; Hoar, 1858.) Local and scarce; confined to about four sphagnum bogs. (Local.) E. tenellum Nutt.— Peaty meadows, bogs. (Thoreau, 1859.) Frequent, but scarce. E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. —Peaty meadows. bogs and shores. (Thoreau, 1859.) Uncommon. (Gen- eral, often abundant.) [Thor.] EK. virginicum L.— Bogs, peaty meadows, and shores. (Hoar, 1858; Thoreau, 1858.) Frequent. (Common.) [ Thor. ] 13. RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl Beak-rush Key: Man. p.281 R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl.— Wet meadows, peaty shores, bogs. (Hoar, n.d.) Rather common. R. alba (L.) Vahl. — Bogs, peaty sands, and shores. (Hoar, 1859.) Uncommon. (Common.) 81 14. R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. — Bogs, wet peat or sand. (Thoreau, 1858, 1859). Apparently rare. (Frequent.) 14. CLADIUM P. Br. Twig-rush 1. C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr.— Peaty swamps, pond shores, wet sands. (Eaton, 1957, 1958.) Rare. A single station, destroyed ca. 19638. (General, but uncommon.) 15. SCLERIA Bergius Nut-rush 1. S. triglomerata Michx.— Dry to moist open woods and wood margins. (Hoar, n.d.) Rare; a single collection from a single station. (Rare: So. Sudbury, W. P. Rich, 1899.) 18. CAREX L. Sedge A large critical world-wide genus, of which 267 species are maintained by Fernald (Man.). Specimens collected in Concord, an area of 27 square miles, represent 72, species or about 27 percent of those known to occur throughout the Manual range. The study of Carex should be attempted only with fully mature and complete specimens (7.e., including rhizomes, basal leaves, sterile and fruiting culms). A good 7X hand lens is usually sufficient to observe key characters. Subgenus I. VIGNEA (Beauv.) Ktkenth. Key: Man. p.294 S7. ARENARIAE Kunth 12. C. foenea Willd. — Dry, often sterile open soil. (Eaton, 1930.) Uncommon. (Widely distributed.) $9. BRACTEOSAE Kunth Key: Man. p.304 15. C. retroflexa Muhl.— Dry rocky or sandy woods. (Eaton, 1959, two stations on wooded outcroppings of Marlboro Formation.) Rare. (Infrequent and scarce.) 17. C. convoluta Mackenz.— Dry woods and moist wooded slopes. (Thoreau, 1860.) Common. 19. C. radiata (Wahlenb.) Dew. — Open woods and swamps. (Eaton, 1930.) Locally rather common. (Infrequent, perhaps overlooked.) 20. C. cephalophora Muhl.— Dry woods, openings, mowings. (Hoar, n.d.) Frequent. 24. C. SPICATA Huds.— Dry fields, roadsides, orchards. (Hoar, 18 July.) Scarce. Widely distributed. Natura- lized from Eurasia. 82 3D. 39. 43. 47. 48. D2. BYE aC. C. . Muhlenbergii Schkuhr. — Dry woods and fields. (Tho- reau, 1860.) Rather common. $10. MULTIFLORAE Kunth Key: Man. p.308 . Vulpinoidea Michx.— Low ground, pond and stream margins. (Hoar, 7 July.) Common. . annectens Bickn. var. annectens. — Dry, or moist, often sandy, open soils. (Eaton, 1963.) Rather common. var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. — Similar habi- tats. (Eaton, 1934.) Uncommon. $11. PANICULATAE Kunth A single species with us. . prairea Dew. — Bogs, meadows, wet thickets. (Hoar, 30 June.) Very rare, not collected since. §12. VULPINAE Kunth Key: Man. p.310 . Stipata Muhl. — Low grounds, river and pond margins. (Hoar, 1858: poor, immature specimen; Bailey, 1886.) Common. 813. HELEONASTES Kunth Key: Man. p.311 . disperma Dew. — Mossy, or damp wooded banks and clearings. (Thoreau, 1860; Eaton, 1958.) Rare. (Infre- quent.) . trisperma Dew.— Mossy woods, swamps and bogs. (Thoreau, 1859.) Specimens from four stations. (Fre- quent.) . canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern.— Swamps, bogs. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. var. subloliacea Laestad. (Eaton, 1932.) Not com- mon. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. var. sphaerostachya (Tuckerm.) Ktkenth. — Dry or moist open woods. (Thoreau, n.d.; Eaton, 1958.) Uncommon in Middl. 815. STELLULATAE Kunth Key: Man. p.315 exilis Dew. — Sphagnum bogs, open peaty meadows and swamps. (Hoar, 1890; Boott, ex Herb. A. Gray, n.d.) Rare. (Occasional, but often locally abundant.) 83 60. 61. 66. 68. 69. 70. 12. 73. 74. 79. 80. 83. 84. C. C. eG On 3 . interior Bailey. — Damp or wet, often calcareous soils. (Eaton, 1958.) Rare. (Only two other collections from Middl.) - Howei Mackenz.—Sphagnous bogs, mossy wooded swamps. (Hoar, 15 June; Eaton, 1958.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) - incomperta Bickn. (Recently treated as C. atlantica Bailey var. incomperta (Bickn.) F. J. Herm.) — Swampy, peaty woods. (Thoreau, 1859.) Rare. (Occa- sional.) . cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn. — Peaty swamps, meadows and shores. (Eaton, 1932.) Common. - angustior Mackenz. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 11 June; Thoreau, n.d., mounted on a sheet of C. incomperta; Katon, 1961: this latter specimen with perigynia nerved on inner face!) Frequent. - seorsa Howe. — Bogs, swamps, wet woods. (F. W. Hun- newell, 1915; Eaton, 1961.) Rare. $16. OVALES Kunth Key: Man. p.318 - scoparia Schkuhr. — Moist to dry open ground, thickets, and open woods. (Hoar, 9 July). Very common. forma condensa (Fern.) Ktikenth. (Eaton, 1961.) Infrequent. forma moniliformis (Tuckerm.) Ktikenth. (Perkins, 1880.) Infrequent. tribuloides Wahlenb. — Swamps, meadows, low woods. (Deane, 1887.) Rather common. projecta Mackenz. — Moist to wet woods, shaded stream banks. (Eaton, 1959.) Uncommon. This and the pre- ceding species can reproduce vegetatively. See Rh. 61: 294 (1959). ; . hormalis Mackenz.— Damp or dry open woods and fields. (Eaton, 19438.) Not common. (Frequent.) . tenera Dew. — Moist to dry fields, shaded wood-roads. (Eaton, 1932.) Common. . Longii Mackenz. — Wet or damp, peaty or shady soils. (Eaton, 1930.) Rare. (Frequent nearer the coast.) . cumulata (Bailey) Mackenz. — Dry to boggy acid soils, mostly open ground. (Thoreau, 1859.) Rare. (Uncom- mon.) 84 86. 87. 92. 94. 102. 104. 117. 120. 123. 127. 142. C. brevior (Dewey) Mackenz.— Dry open ground. (Tho- reau, n.d.) Common. C. molesta Mackenz. — Dry to moist open fields, borders of woods. (Eaton, 1934.) Very rare. Two collections from New England; Concord the most northeasterly known locality. C. alata T. & G.— Wet meadows, swamps, and low open woods. (E. Jarvis, 1835: specimen at U. Mass., Am- herst; Thoreau, 1859.) Occasional. (Uncommon.) C. straminea Willd. — Meadows, swamps. (Eaton, 1932, 1957, 1961.) Uncommon. Northeast limit of range apparently along line of Concord, Bedford and Reading. C. argyrantha Tuckerm. — Open woods, clearings. (Jenks and Swan, 1888.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Subgenus II. EUCAREX Coss. & Germ. §17. POLYTRICHOIDEAE Tuckerm. A single species. C. leptalea Wahlenb.— Wet woods, meadows, swamps. (Thoreau, 1859.) Rare. (Uncommon.) $27. MONTANAE Fries Key: Man. p.332 C. pensylvanica Lam.— Open, dry, often sterile soil or dry open woods. (Thoreau, 1858.) Very common. forma gracilifolia (Peck) Kiikenth. — Mostly dry open woods. (Katon, 1936.) Common. C. Emmonsii Dew. — Dry woods, shady banks, thickets. (Thoreau, 1859.) Uncommon. (Uncommon, but gen- eral.) C. novae-angliae Schwein. — Woods, chiefly moist. (Eaton, 1956.) Rare. (Occasional.) The identity of the Con- cord plant has been questioned. C. umbellata Schkuhr. — Rocky woods, or dry sandy soil. (Thoreau, n.d.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) §32. CRYPTOCARPAE Tuckerm. Key: Man. p.338 C. crinita Lam. var. crinita.— Wet meadows, wooded swamps. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1932.) Common. 85 146. 148. 150. 156. 165. 168. 169. 170. 172. 174. C. C. §33. ACUTAE Fries Key: Man. p.340 nigra (L.) Reichard. — Swamps, peaty turf, wet mea- dows. (Thoreau, 1859.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) stricta Lam. var. stricta.— Swamps, meadows, wet woods. (Hoar, 1858.) Very common. Forms hard stools in standing water. var. strictior (Dew.) Carey incl. forma curtissima (Peck) Ktikenth. (Hoar, 11 June: a fragmentary specimen; Eaton, 1961: two stations.) Occasional, seldom collected. . Haydenii Dew. — Swamps and meadows. (Hoar, n.d.; Eaton, 1932.) Occasional. . Haydenii < nigra. — Wet meadow, where putative par- ents present. (Eaton, 1932.) A putative hybrid, hence questionable. $34. ATRATAE Kunth A single species with us. . Buxbaumii Wahlenb. — Wet meadows, swamps, shores. (Hoar, 1858; Eaton, 19382.) Uncommon. (Occasional.) $38. ANOMALAE Carey A single species with us. . Seabrata Schwein. — Wet woods, glades and meadows. (Thoreau, 1859; Hoar, 21 July.) Uncommon, (Fre- quent.) $39. HiIRTAE Tuckerm. Key: Man. p.348 . lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fern. — Swamps, wet meadows, bogs. (KE. Jarvis, 1835, specimen at U. Mass., Amherst; Hoar, 21 June.) Frequent. . lanuginosa Michx.— Wet meadows, swamps, shores. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common, . vestita Willd. — Dry, sandy or gravelly deciduous woods. (Hoar, 12 June.) Common. $40. VIRESCENTES Kunth Key: Man. p.350 . pallescens L. var. neogaea Fern. — Grasslands, mea- dows, glades. (Hoar, 12 June.) Common. . hirsutella Mackenz. — Open woods, clearings, and fields. (Eaton, 1957.) Very rare. 86 178. C. 179. C 182. C. 190. C. 995 C: 206. C. 216. C. 27. C. 219. C. mol. C. 229. C. virescens Muhl.— Dry woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1959.) Frequent. Swanii (Fern.) Mackenz. — Woods, thickets, clearings. (Hoar, 12 July.) Common. $42. GRACILLIMAE Carey Key: Man. p.352 gracillima Schwein. — Dry or moist woods, meadows. (Hoar, 11 June.) Rather common. $43. SYLVATICAE Boott A single species with us. debilis Michx. var. Rudgei Bailey. Woods, openings, moist fields. (Thoreau, 1859.) Very common. §47. OLIGOCARPAE Carey Key: Man. p.357 conoidea Schkuhr. — Meadows, grassy swales. (Hoar, 15 June.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) $48. PANICEAE Tuckerm. Key: Man. p.360 PANICEA L.— Meadows and grasslands. (Thoreau, 1850.) Infrequent. (More frequent near coast.) Nat- uralized from Europe. $49. LAXIFLORAE Kunth Key: Man. p.362 digitalis Willd. Dry to moist, usually rich deciduous woods and glades. (Katon, 1932, 1957, 1960.) Un- common. (Frequent.) laxiculmis Schwein. — Rich woods, and glades. Tho- reau, 1859; Eaton, #5148, 1961.) Occasional. laxiflora Lam.— Rich dry woods and shady banks. (Eaton, 1932.) Uncommon. (Uncommon but general.) blanda Dew. — Rich woods. (Hoar, 1858; Eaton, 1932, from same station.) Uncommon. §50. EXTENSAE Fries Key: Man. p.368 flava L. var. fertilis Peck. — Meadows, shores, low open ground. (Deane, 1886.) Uncommon. (Uncommon but general.) 87 240. 262. 266. $53. PALUDOSAE Fries Key: Man. p.371 A single species with us. . lacustris Willd. — Circumneutral meadows and Swamps. (Hoar, 17 June.) Rare. (Occasional.) $54. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE Tuckerm. Key: Man. p.373 - comosa Boott.— Meadows and swamps. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. . lurida Wahlenb. — Meadows, swamps, wet woods. (Tho- reau, 1859.) Very common. (One of the commonest species in North America.) $56. FOLLICULATAE Mackenz. A single species with us. . folliculata L.— Peaty meadows and swampy woods. (Hoar, 12 July.) Common. $57. LUPULINAE Tuckerm. Key: Man. p.376 . Intumescens Rudge. — Moist open woods and meadows, swales. (Thoreau, 20 June.) Common. - lupulina Michx. var. lupulina. Swamps and wet woods. (Thoreau, 1859.) Frequent. (Common.) [Thor.] $58. VESICARIAE Tuckerm. Key: Man. p.378 . rostrata Stokes var. rostrata. — Wet meadows, swamps, Shores. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey. — Similar habitats. (Thoreau, 1859.) Frequent. . oligosperma Michx. — Peat bogs, acid swamps. (Hoar, 20 June; Deane, 1886.) Rare. (Local: from two other towns in Middl.) . bullata Schkuhr.— Wet meadows, bogs, acid swamps. (Hoar, 10 June.) Common. . vesicaria L. var, vesicaria.— Wet meadows, swales, shores. (Thoreau, 1859.) Rather common. var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fern. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. var. jejuna Fern. (Eaton, 1961.) Uncommon. 88 Family 24. ARACEAE (ARUM FAMILY) Key: Man. p.382 1. ARISAEMA Mart. Indian Turnip Key: Man. p.382 . A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume, Jack-in-the-Pulpit. — Low, often wet woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1955.) Common. [ Thor. ] . A. Stewardsonii Britt., Jack-in-the-Pulpit. — Similar habi- tats. (Eaton, 1958.) Infrequent. (Frequent.) 2. PELTANDRA Raf. Arrow-Arum . P. virginica (L.) Kunth, Arrow-Arum. — Shallow water along slow streams, swamps. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] Includes several named forms, based on leaf- outline. (Key to forms: Man. p.383.) 3. CALLA L. Water-Arum, Calla . C. palustris L., Wild Calla. — Shallow muddy pools, bogs, quagmires. (Hosmer, n.d.,; Eaton, 1955.) Rare: a single known surviving station northeast of Bateman’s Pond. See Th. J. 9:-.411, but no specimen in Thor. Herb! (Scattered stations, especially west of Concord; locally abundant in Lexington until 1968, station since destroyed by land-fill.) 4. SYMPLOCARPUS Salish. Skunk-cabbage . S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. — Low, wet or swampy woods; mea- dows. (Eaton, 1956.) Very common. [Thor.] 6. ACORUS L. Sweetflag, Calamus . A. Calamus L.— Shallow water, bordering slow streams, wet meadows. (Eaton, 1922.) Formerly common, now apparently very scarce owing perhaps to river pollution. (Frequent.) [Thor.] Family 25. LEMNACEAE (DUCKWEED FAMILY) Key: Man. p.385 1. SPIRODELA Schleid. . S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., Water-flaxseed. — Floating on pools, and stream and pond margins. (Deane, 1886.) Locally common along river, especially on Great Mea- dows impoundments, sparingly elsewhere. (Frequent.) 89 2. LEMNA L. Duckweed Key: Man. p.386 1. L. trisulea L., Star Duckweed. — Floating beneath surface of still, shallow water. (Eaton, 1946.) Apparently rare. 4. L. minor L., Duckweed. — Floating on quiet waters. (Hos- mer, n.d.) Sparsely common in our normally acidulous waters; an abundant weed in midstream on the river in summer since the mid-1930’s, a phenomenon attrib- uted to massive pollution from sewage. See Rh. 49: 165-171. Pratt (15) apparently considered this species sufficiently uncommon and perhaps rare to have noted: “A small floating plant covering the stagnant pools at the side of the road below Sleepy Hollow and along the brook below.’ Thoreau’s specimen lacks collecting data except the date: “June ’55.”’ There is no surviving collection by Hoar. It may well be that the most abun- dant plant in Concord —to be counted by billions of individuals — was indeed rare 100 years ago. [Thor.] 3. WOLFFIA Horkel Water-meal Key: Man. p.386 1. W. columbiana Karst. — Floating just beneath surface of quiet waters. (Eaton, 1938.) Very rare when first dis- covered. Previously unknown in Massachusetts except for a single collection at Holyoke; now abundant in the Sudbury-Coneord river drainage system and rapidly spreading throughout southern New England. See Rh. 41: 42-48. 2. W. punctata Griseb. — Floating on the surface of quiet waters. (Eaton, 1957.) Very rare when first dis- covered; previously unknown from New England; now usually but sparsely associated with No. 1 wherever the latter occurs. See Rh. 60: 318 (1958). Family 26. XYRIDACEAE (YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY) A single genus with us. 1. XYRIS L. Yellow-eyed Grass 2. X. torta Smith.— Damp, peaty or siliceous soils, often pond and brook margins. (Eaton, 1922.) Infrequent, but general in Middl. [Thor.] 6. X. caroliniana Walt. — Similar habitats. (Hosmer, n.d.) Infrequent. (Not uncommon.) 90 Family 27. ERIOCAULACEAE (PIPEWORT FAMILY) A single genus and species with us. 1. ERIOCAULON L. Pipewort 3. E. septangulare With., Pipewort.— Shallow water of ponds, river meadows; when exsiccated, plants with nearly sessile heads. (Eaton, 1920.) Common. [Thor.] Family 29. COMMELINACEAE (SPIDERWORT FAMILY) Key: Man. p.392 1. COMMELINA L. Dayflower 1. C. COMMUNIS L. var. COMMUNIS, Dayflower. — Waste ground, dooryards, ditches, etc. (Eaton, 1957.) Infre- quent, except as garden weed, when often abundant. Naturalized from Asia. var. LUDENS (Miquel) C. B. Clarke. — Similar habi- tats. (Eaton, 1965.) Very rare. A single record from New England. Naturalized from Asia. 3. TRADESCANTIA L. Spiderwort Key: Man. p.394 4. T. VIRGINIANA L. — Roadsides, moist banks, meadows, etc. (Eaton, 1958.) Occasional. Escaped from cultivation. Introduced from farther south and west. Family 30. PONTEDERIACEAE (PICKERELWEED FAMILY) A single genus and species with us. 2. PONTEDERIA L. Pickerelweed 1. P. cordata L., Pickerelweed.— Shallow water, muddy shores. (Eaton, 1957.) Very common. [Thor.] Family 31. JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY) Key: Man. p.397 1. JUNCUS L. Rush A difficult genus for inexperienced students. Seed characters not always visible with hand lens. For useful supplementary key, consult Seymour: Fl. N. E. 1. J. bufonius L.— Damp or exsiccated open ground, road- sides, cultivated soils. (Thoreau, 3 July.) Common, often weedy. 3. J. Secundus Beauv.— Dry, sandy or gravelly soils, rock pockets. (Eaton, 1957.) Infrequent. 7. J. tenuis Willd. var. tenuis. — Damp, wet or dry open soils, 91 roadsides, paths, etc. (Thoreau, 1858.) Very common. var. Williamsii Fern. (Eaton, 1928.) Infrequent. (Frequent. ) 8. J. platyphyllus (Wieg.) Fern.— Dry or moist, usually sandy soil. (Thoreau, 1860.) Uncommon. 14. J. Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. — Dry to moist siliceous open soils. (Thoreau, 1859.) Occasional. (Rather common.) 20. J. effusus L. var. decipiens Buchenau. — Low, marshy ground, wet pastures, etc. (Eaton, 1957.) Occasional. var. costulatus Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1956.) Frequent. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. (Deane, 1886.) Com- mon. 21. J. balticus Willd. var, littoralis Engelm.— Sandy shores, peaty meadows. (Thoreau, 1850.) Infrequent. (Fre- quent.) 28. J. marginatus Rostk. — Moist, sandy pond margins, peaty soils, etc. (Thoreau, 1858.) Rather common. 31. J. nodosus L.— Pond and river margins, swamps, wet pastures. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Rare. (Uncommon.) 39. J. canadensis J. Gay. — Pond and river shores, meadows, moist sands and peats. (Thoreau, 1858.) Common. forma conglobatus Fern. (H. Mann, Jr., n.d.) Occa- sional. 41. J. brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. — Shores, muddy and wet places. (Hoar, 1858; Thoreau, 1860.) Common. 43. J. acuminatus Michx.— River meadows. (Hoar, 1890.) Locally common. (Infrequent.) 49. J. militaris Bigel.— Riverbanks and _ shallow water. (Deane, 1886.) Uncommon. forma subnudus Fern. (Deane, 1886.) Occasional. 52. J. articulatus L. var. obtusatus Engelm.— Wet soil, shores, meadows. (Thoreau, 1860.) Apparently very scarce. 54. J. pelocarpus Mey.— Pond shores, wet sands, peaty marshes, ditches. (Thoreau, 1858.) Common, 2. LUZULA DC. Woodrush Key: Man. p.416 Apparently a single species with us. 8. L. multiflora (Retz.) Lej. — Fields, meadows, open woods. (Thoreau, 1859.) Common. 92 Family 32. LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) Key: Man. p.420; also Seymour, p.180 10. VERATRUM L. False Hellebore A single species with us. . viride Ait., White Hellebore. — Wet woods and swamps, wet open peats. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. [Thor. | 11. UVULARIA L. Wild-oats, Bellwort Key: Man. p.429 . perfoliata L.— Rich, usually thin dry woods. (Hoar, 1857; Eaton, 1960.) Rare. Hoar’s station not redis- covered. Station on Annursnack Hill discovered by R. and E. Corey. (Occasional.) [Thor., Sophia E., fide Thor.: see Introduction, p. 33.] . sessilifolia (L.), Wild-oats. — Woods, clearings, moist fields. (Eaton, 1922.) Common, often abundant in large patches. [Thor. | COLCHICUM L. Description: Man. p.429 . AUTUMNALE L., Wild Crocus.— Moist fields and meadows. (Fernald, 1910.) Rare, perhaps ephemeral. Known in New England from this single collection. Introduced from Europe, Escaped from cultivation. 12. ALLIUM L. Onion, Garlic, Leek Key: Man. p.430 . canadense L., Wild Garlic.— Low woods, meadows. (Hoar, 1887.) Frequent. 14. HEMEROCALLIS L. Day Lily . FULVA L., Orange Day Lily. — Roadsides, waste places, old houselots. (Eaton, 1958.) Frequent, often locally abundant. [Thor.] Introduced and naturalized from Eurasia. 16. LILIUM L. Lily Key: Man. p.433 . philadelphicum L., Wood-Lily.— Dry, open, usually deciduous woods and clearings. (Eaton, 1920.) Fre- quent, but scarce. [Thor.] . canadense L., Nodding Lily, Canada Lily. — Meadows, low open woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1922.) Com- mon. [Thor.] . TIGRINUM L., Tiger-Lily. — Roadsides, old house-sites, 93 etc. (Katon, 1958.) Occasional escape from cultivation. Introduced and naturalized from eastern Asia. 19. ORNITHOGALUM L. Star-of-Bethlehem . QO. UMBELLATUM lL.— Meadows, grasslands, roadsides. (Eaton, 1958.) Infrequent, but locally abundant, often weedy. Introduced and naturalized from Europe. 22. ASPARAGUS L. Asparagus . A. OFFICINALIS L., Garden Asparagus. — Sandy fields, orchards, roadsides. (Hoar, 1858.) Common escape from cultivation as single plants, apparently spread by birds. Introduced from Europe. 23. CLINTONIA Raf. A single species with us. . C. borealis (Ait.) Raf.— Low woods and shaded banks. (Sophia E. Thoreau, “Sleepy Hollow,” n.d.; Eaton, 1921.) Frequent, often in large patches. [Thor.] 24. SMILACINA Desf. False Solomon’s-seal Key: Man. p.439 - §. racemosa (L.) Desf. var. racemosa, False Solomon’s- seal, False Spikenard. — Open woods, shady rocky road- sides, in moist or dry soil. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Very scarce. (Common northward.) var. cylindrata Fern. (Thoreau, ‘Concord,’ n.d.; Eaton, 1929, fruiting; 1930, in flower.) Common. It is more southern than var. racemosa, reaching southern New Hampshire for its northern limit in New England. 25. MAIANTHEMUM Weber A single species in the Manual range. . M. canadense Desf., False Lily-of-the-Valley, Two-leaved Solomon’s-seal.— Pine or deciduous woods, shady banks. (H. Mann, Jr., 1802.) Very common, often form- ing extensive mats. [Thor. | 28. POLYGONATUM Mill. True Solomon’s-seal Key: Man. p.442 . P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. — Open rock woods and road- sides, shaded niches in outcroppings. (Eaton, 1958.) Rather common, occasionally abundant. [Thor.] . P. CANALICULATUM (Muhl.) Pursh, Great Solomon’s-seal. — Rich woods and shaded alluvium. (Hosmer, n.d.) In- 94 12. 3. 7. Tr: troduced from farther west. Location of Concord sta- tion unknown. 29. CONVALLARIA L. Lily-of-the-Valley . MAJALIS L.— Open woods, roadsides, cemeteries, etc. (Hosmer, n.d.; Eaton, 1957.) Occasional; generally abundant where it occurs. Escaped from cultivation. Introduced and naturalized from Europe. 80. MEDEOLA L. Indian Cucumber-root A single species in the Manual range. . Virginiana L.— Low woods, usually in leaf-mold or deep humus. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Widely distributed, rather common. Sterile plants simulate those of the uncommon orchid, Whorled Pogonia, Isotria verticillata. [ Thor. ] 31. TRILLIUM L. Wakerobin, Birthroot Key: Man. p.443 cernuum L., Nodding Trillium.— With us usually in rich, damp circumneutral soils of open woods, near brooks. (Eaton, 1922.) Uncommon. (Widely dis- tributed.) ['Thor.] . undulatum Willd., Painted Trillium. — Acid to subacid moist woods, usually in deep humus. (S. E. Thoreau, n.c.d., but collected in Concord fide Thoreau. See Intro- duction, p. 32; reported by Pratt (15), who wrote: “Rare. Have found it only in a small grove near Fitch- burg R.R.”; Hoyle, 1901.) Rare, or perhaps extirpated. (Uncommon to frequent west and northwest of Con- cord; formerly abundant locally in Acton.) 33. SMILAX L. Catbrier, Greenbrier Key: Man. p.447 S. herbacea L., Carrion-flower. — Rich or alluvial thickets; meadows, damp open woods. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent, but somewhat sporadic. [Thor. ] S. rotundifolia L.— Low, moist or dry thickets and open woods. (H. Mann, Jr., n.d., probably 1802.) Common, especially near the rivers; often forming impene- trable entanglements. [Thor. ] 10. S. glauca Walt. var. leurophylla Blake, Sawbrier. — Dry to moist sandy thickets, open woods. There is a speci- men in the Thoreau Herbarium annotated “June 1885,” but there is no mention of the plant in the Journal for 95 that month. However, since this species has been col- lected in Weston and Waltham, and since Thoreau ap- parently was in Concord throughout the month, it is accepted as found in Concord. Rare. Family 35. AMARYLLIDACEAE (AMARYLLIS FAMILY) 1. CN e H. pox e A single native species with us. 1. BHYPOXIS L: hirsuta (L.) Coville, Yellow Stargrass. — Open woods, clearings, meadows, in dry or moist soil. (Hoar, 1867.) Common. [Thor. ] Family 36. IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY) Key: Man. p.456 3. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass Key: Man. p.457 . montanum Greene var. crebrum Fern. — Mostly damp open soil, meadows, shores, margin of woods. (Eaton, 1958.) Common, often abundant. . angustifolium Mill. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. The old name, S. Bermudiana L., has re- © cently been revived. See Rh, 59: 159 (1957). . atlanticum Bickn. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Common, often abundant. 4. IRIS L. Iris, Fleur-de-lis Key: Man. p.459 . prismatica Pursh, Slender Blue Flag. — Peats, sands, shores, marshes. (Frohock, 1880; Eaton, 1920.) Be- coming rare, formerly occasional in suitable brook mea- dows. (Frequent to common near the coast.) Concord apparently at northwestern limit of range in New England, versicolor L., Blue Flag. — Meadows, swamps, brook margins, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. [Thor.] . PSEUDACORUS L., Yellow Iris. — River and pond banks, meadows, wet wasteland. (Brewster, 1898.) Sporadic. Local populations generally eradicated by summer flooding of river, only to become re-established in inter- vening years. (Locally abundant, but sporadic.) Na- turalized from Europe. 96 Family 39. ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) Key: Man. p.463 1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lady’s-slipper, Moccasin-flower Key: Man. p.466 5. C. acaule Ait., Common Lady’s-slipper.— Dry to moist acid soil in oak or pine woods. (Eaton, 1921). Common. [ Thor. ] 3. HABENARIA Willd. Fringed Orchis Key: Man. p.469 In the Orchidaceae the lip is an extremely important diagnostic character. It should be examined preferably when fresh, with adequate magnification. When preparing specimens for the press, students are advised to lay a flower between waxed papers so as to display the lip and other flora] parts in their entirety without their sticking to the pressing paper. 3. H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. including var. ophioglos- soides Fern. — Mossy or wet sandy woods, springheads, and pond shores. (Hoar, 1857.) Perhaps rare. (Occa- sional, more frequent westward.) [Thor.] 4. H. flava (L.) R. Br. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Ames & Correll. —Springy meadows, wet shores. (Perkins, 1880; Fro- hock, 1880.) Uncommon. (Occasional.) [Thor.] 9. H. dilatata (Pursh) Hook.—Springy meadows, bogs. shores. (Jarvis, n.d. but ca. 1835. Specimen at U. Mass. and annotated: “Found in meadow before Ed- mund Hosmer’s”’; identification confirmed by C. Schweinfurth.) Rare, Also Sudbury (Hosmer) and Sandwich (Svenson) in eastern Massachusetts. 12. H. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. — Dry to moist woods. (Hos- mer, n.d.) Rare. (Known otherwise in Middl. from Reading and Sherborn.) Pratt (15) wrote of this species: “Rare. Have found but three plants native to Concord, but’ had previously introduced it from Wachusett. Two of the natives are on Ponkatasset [hill], and one in the north part of town.” [Thor., 1857. | 17. H. blephariglottis (Willd.) Hook., White Fringed Orchis. — Sphagnum bogs, wet peaty meadows and mossy low woods. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Rare, perhaps extirpated. (Occasional). [Thor., n.d., but see Th. J. 6: 345; 6: 408; 11: 83. He found this species at three different sta- _ tions in Concord, abundantly at Ledum Bog, where now apparently extirpated. | 97 18. . lacera (Michx.) Lodd. — Acid soils in dry to wet fields, meadows, ete. (Hoar, 1858.) Sporadically common and widely distributed. [Thor., 1857.] . psyeodes (L.) Spreng., Small Purple Fringed Orchis.— Swampy open woods, meadows, shores, etc. (Eaton, 1930.) Uncommon, perhaps rare. Pratt commented: “Common in moist meadows.” (Frequent, well distrib- uted.) [Thor. ] . fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br., Large Purple Fringed Orchis. — Along brooks in rich woods, swampy woods, mea- dows. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Occasional; less uncom- mon in Concord than No. 20 of which it is considered a variety (var. grandiflora (Bigelow) Gray) by many orchidologists. [Thor. ] 4. POGONIA Juss. . ophioglossoides (L.) Kern., Rose Pogonia. — Sphagnous meadows, shores and bogs, (Hoar, 1878.) Formerly locally abundant in sphagnous peats in our river mea- dows. (Formerly common throughout, but habitats gradually being destroyed.) [Thor.] 6. ISOTRIA Raf. . verticillata (Willd.) Raf., Whorled Pogonia. — Acid to sub-acid woods. (Eaton, 1961.) Rare. (Local; known from five stations in Middl., where frequently in abun- dant colonies.) Found in Concord by S. E. Thoreau fide H. D. Thoreau but no specimen survives. Mrs. Elma P. Logermann discovered the station in pine woods near the Kalmia Swamp at Conantum from which the Eaton specimen was collected. Whether it was the same as Miss Thoreau’s station is in doubt. Perhaps her brother misunderstood her report, thus explaining the curious annotation on the Thoreau specimen of Panicum lati- folium (q.v.). Certainly, a field is a curious habitat for ‘“Whorled Pogonia” (currently known as Isotria), but a reasonable habitat for Whorled Polygala (P. verti- cillata). See Introduction, p. 32. Sterile plants re- semble Medeola (Indian Cucumber). 8. CALOPOGON R. Br. Grass-pink . pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br.— Sphagnum bogs, peaty meadows, wet shores. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862). Uncom- 98 ‘mon. Several localities, some destroyed. (Generally distributed, now decreasing.) 9. ARETHUSA L. Arethusa 1. A. bulbosa L. — Sphagnous or peaty meadows, bogs. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862; Eaton, 1921.) Formerly locally abun- dant; now very rare, perhaps extirpated. Pratt con- sidered it ‘abundant in mossy swamps in all quarters of the town.” (Formerly widely distributed, now scarce.) [Thor.] 10. EPIPACTIS Sw. Helleborine 1. E. HELLEBORINE (L.) Crantz.— Open woods, shady allu- vial thickets, near settled areas. (HKaton, #5957, 1966; #5959, 1966.) Rare. No. 5957 collected as one of nu- merous albino plants mingled with perhaps fifty others of normal color, as weeds among shrubs on edge of wooded riverbank; No. 5959 collected as a portion of the inflorescence from a single plant appearing on edge of dry oak woods near a rock garden about three miles distant from site of No. 5957. Both were discovered in 1966 by experienced and observant gardeners. Known also in eastern Massachusetts from Boxford (Essex Co.), Newton (Middl.), and Woods Hole (Barnstable Co.). Adventive from Europe; first recorded in the New World from Rochester, New York, ca. 1879. To judge from NEBC specimens, its spread eastward was slow, the first New England collection being from Stock- bridge, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, in 1902, and the second from Woods Hole in 1926. Only two stations were added within the next fifteen years. Specimens from nine more townships were collected from 1940 to 1949; three more towns were added from 1950 to 1959; and an additional fifteen from 1960 to 1969. Thus the plant is being noticed with increasing frequency and is now (1974) spreading throughout the six states, often appearing as if indigenous in places far removed from habitations. 11. SPIRANTHES Richard Ladies’-tresses Key: Man. p.477 2. S. lacera Raf., Northern Slender Ladies’-tresses. — Dry to 99 moist fields, peaty meadows. (Hoar, 27 July.) Fre- quent. . S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck, Southern Slender Ladies’-tresses. — Dry to moist sterile, often sandy open soil. (Hoar, 1857.) Uncommon. Where the range overlaps that of No. 2, as in southern New England, many confusing intergrades occur, prompting some prominent orchidol- ogists to lump this species with S. lacera. [Thor. | . S. cernua (L.) Richard var. cernua, Common Ladies’- tresses. — Wet to dryish fields, shores, sterile open ground. (Hoar, 1879.) Common. [Thor.] var. ochroleuca (Rydb.) Ames. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1930, det. by C. Schweinfurth.) Rare, Five other Massachusetts collections: Carlisle: 1; Bristol Co.: 2; Berkshire Co.: 2. 12. GOODYERA R. Br. Rattlesnake-plantain Key: Man. p.480 . tesselata Lodd.— Dry to moist woodlands, frequently on northern slopes. (Jenks and Swan, 1890; Hosmer, n.d.) Rare. (Infrequent.) . pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1887.) Frequent. [Thor.] | 15. CORALLORHIZA Chatelain Coral-root Key: Man. p.483 - maculata Raf., Spotted Coral-root. — Dry woods. (Hoar. 1879.) Scarce. (Frequent.) [Thor.] 17. LIPARIS Richard Twayblade For description of the two species: Man. p.485—486 . lilifolia (L.) Richard. — Loamy or sandy woods or rich rocky wooded banks. (Eaton, 1961.) Very rare. (Rare.) For comment, see Endangered Native Species, p. 41. . Loeselii (L.) Richard, Bog or Yellow Twayblade. — Peaty, mossy thickets, meadows and bogs. (Jarvis, 1835.) Rare. (Infrequent.) Specimen preserved in U. Mass. Identification confirmed by C. Schweinfurth. CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONEAE, Dicotyledons Subclass I. ARCHICHLAMYDEAE (CHORIPETALAE, APETALAE, and POLYPETALAE) 100 Family 41. SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY) (Key: Man. p.487 1. SALIX L. Willow, Osier Key: to sections and species, Synoptic, Man. p.488; to Staminate Ma- terial, Artificial, p.493; to Material with Mature Foliage, including Sprouts, p.499. A useful set of artificial keys appears in FJ. Vt., pp. 144-147, which includes all species reported from Middl. with the exception of two intro- duced species, viz.: the uncommon S. pentandra L. and the rare S. vimi- nalis L. On the preceding pp. 140-143 are excellent photographic illustra- tions of mature leaves. 1. S. nigra Marsh., Black Willow. — Riverbanks, meadows, pond shores. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. | 5. S. lucida Muhl., Shining Willow. — Similar habitats, low ground. (Hoar, 24 May 1858, o'; July, in leaf.) Com- mon. 9. S. ALBA L. var. VITELLINA (L.) Stokes.— Riverbanks, low ground. (Hoar, n.d., 3; July 1858, in leaf.) Naturalized from Europe and much planted. Formerly a common and conspicuous large tree along the river from Lee’s Bridge to Great Meadows, often forming groups or rows of great height and beauty; now largely extirpated by disease. 25. S. rigida Muhl. var. rigida.— River and brook banks, shores, low thickets. (Hoar, May 1858, 9; n.d., in leaf.) Common. Often confused with S. cordata Michx.; to distinguish see Rh. 48: 33 (1946). var. angustata (Pursh) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1960.) Uncommon. Perhaps undeserving of formal recognition; resembles No. 40 and easily mis- taken for it. 33. S. Bebbiana Sarg. var. Bebbiana. — Moist to dry thickets, meadows, roadsides. (Hoar, May 1858, 3, 9; July, in leaf.) Very common. 36. S. pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca Fern. — Low acid ground, meadows, bogs. (Hoar, 1858, 9.) Frequent along the river. (Common.) < §. rigida. (Hoar, 1858.) See specimens of S. rigida xX — var. pedicellaris. (Hoar, May 1858, @; July 1858, in leaf.) This putative hybrid implies presence of latter var. which has not yet been detected in Concord. 101 38. 39. 40. Al. S. discolor Muhl., Large Pussy-Willow. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, April 1858, 3; July, in leaf.) Common. S. humilis Marsh. var. humilis.— Dry thickets, sterile ground, open oak scrub. (Hoar, April 1858, 3; July, in leaf.) Common. var. microphylla (Anderss.) Fern. — Similar habi- tats. (Hoar, May 1858, ¢; July, in leaf.) Common. S. gracilis Anderss. var. textoris. Fern. — Meadows, Swamps, river thickets. (Hoar, May 1858, ¢, 9; July, in leaf.) Common. x? (Perhaps Nos. 40 and 41 described as X S. subsericea (Anderss.) Schneid., fide G. W. Argus, Jr.) (Eaton, 1961.) Scarce. S. sericea Marsh. — Riverbanks, low thickets, brook mea- dows. (St. John, 1913.) Rather common. 2. POPULUS L. Poplar, Aspen Key: Man. p.520 P. tremuloides Michx., Quaking Aspen. — Dry open woods, recent clearings and burns, fallow fields. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. A weed-tree of short life, important locally as a nurse-tree in natura] reforestation. P. grandidentata Michx., Large-toothed Aspen. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. P. DELTOIDES Marsh., Cottonwood. — Woods, river bot- toms, ete. (Eaton, #6639, 1970.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Pistillate trees unusual in Middl., hence frequency of spontaneous occurrence much restricted. Introduced from farther west and south. < P. GILEADENSIS Rouleau, Balm-of-Gilead. — Roadsides. (Hoar, n.d.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Origin unknown. Probably a hybrid of P. deltoides Marsh. and P. bal- samifera, spreading from cultivation by sprouts and cuttings, according to Fernald. Family 42. MYRICACEAE (WAX-MyYRTLE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.523 1. MYRICA L. Key: Man. p.5238 1. M. Gale L. var. Gale, Sweet Gale. — Pond margins, sphag- nous bogs, shallow water. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. 102 © var. subglabra (Chev.) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858; April ¢ 9, May, leafy branches.) Rather common. . pensylvanica Loisel., Bayberry. — Dry or wet sterile soil near the coast. (Eaton, 1932.) Rare, three known stations, two destroyed, (Uncommon.) 2. COMPTONIA L’Her. peregrina (L.) Coult., Sweet-fern. — Sterile soil, open oak scrub, gravel banks, etc. (Hoar, 1858; June, stami- nate and pistillate flowers; July, leaves.) Common, often dominant. Family 44. JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY) J. J. Key: Man. p.525 1. JUGLANS L. Walnut cinerea L., Butternut. — Rich soil. (Eaton, 1957.) Local, two known stations. (General but not common.) NIGRA L., Black Walnut. — Rich soil; with us, hedge- rows, thickets, shrubberies, etc. (L. E. Richardson, 1970.) Introduced from farther west and south, occa- sionally escaping from cultivation. Known in Concord as a single colony, ranging in size from seedlings to well-grown trees; orginated from three lawn specimens planted about 1850, now destroyed. 2. CARYA Nutt. Hickory Key: Man. p.526 . ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, Shagbark Hickory. — Woods, roadsides, pastures. (Eaton, 1935.) Formerly common, now scarce. (Frequent.) . tomentosa Nutt., Mockernut. — Similar habitats, dry or moist. (Eaton, 1959.) Uncommon; Concord is at or near northern limit of range. (Infrequent, but well dis- tributed in southern half of Middl.) . glabra (Mill.) Sweet, Pignut. — Dry woods, slopes, pas- tures. (Eaton #5864, 1965.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) . ovalis (Wang.) Sargent var. ovalis, False Shagbark, Sweet Pignut.— Woods, pastures, etc., commonly on rich soils. (Hoar, 1857; Eaton #5547, 1962; 1963: showing winter buds, flowers and fruit from same tagged tree.) Frequent. Ranges farther north than No. 7, into southern New Hampshire and Vermont. 103 bo .) ws e var. obcordata (Muhl. & Willd.) Sargent. — Similar habitats. (Eaton #5985, 1966: leaves and winter buds; #6006, fruits. Both from same tagged tree.) Apparently rare in eastern Massachusetts. Family 45. CORYLACEAE (HAZEL FAMILY) Key: Man. p.530 1. CORYLUS L. Hazelnut, Filbert - americana Walt. var. americana. — Thickets, borders of woods, roadsides, (Eaton, 1935.) Common. (Common.) . cornuta Marsh.— Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1935.) Frequent. 2. OSTRYA Scop. Hop-Hornbeam . Virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch var. virginiana. — Woods, mostly rich and dry. (Lund, n.d.) Occasional. (Well distributed but infrequent.) 3. CARPINUS L. Ironwood, Hornbeam . caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern., Blue or Water-Beech, Ironwood. — Low or wet woods, stream banks. (Eaton, 1957; 1966.) Uncommon. Pratt (15) considered it rare, having reported it only from ‘“‘near north-east of Fairhaven Bay,” where it still occurs (1974). Now known from three localities. 4. BETULA L. Birch Key: Man. p.5382 . lenta L., Black Birch.— Dry or moist, mostly rich woods. (Eaton, 1935.) Common in southeast section. (Common.) . lutea Michx. f., Yellow Birch. — Rich woods, with us mostly on cool north-facing slopes. (Eaton, 1935.) Un- common. (Frequent, becoming common in northwestern Middl.) . NIGRA L., Red or River Birch. — Borders of streams. (Eaton, 1957.) A small thriving colony naturalized from an introduced specimen in Pritchard’s Woods on bank of Sudbury River. (Occasional escape from culti- vation.) . populifolia Marsh., Gray Birch.— Dry or wet, sterile or rich soils, especially old fields and roadsides. (Hoar, 1857, 1858.) Abundant throughout. A shortlived weed- tree, valuable as a nurse-tree. 104 9. B. papyrifera Marsh. var. papyrifera, Canoe or Paper Birch. — Cool, mostly north-facing wooded slopes or rich woods. (Hoar, 1857.) Infrequent throughout, occa- sionally abundant as in Town Forest. (Common north and west.) var. cordifolia Marsh. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1957.) Rare. A plentiful colony with strongly cordate leaves, but identity in doubt in the absence of pistillate aments; perhaps should be transferred to Excluded Species (p. 46). < populifolia. (Eaton, 1957.) This presumed hy- brid rare. 5. ALNUS B. Ehrh. Alder Key: Man. p.537 2. A. rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. forma rugosa, Speckled Alder. — Swamps, stream borders, low ground. (Hoar, June, July 1857.) Common. forma Emersoniana Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1857.) Frequent. 3. A. serrulata (Ait.) Willd., Common Alder. — Similar habi- tats. (Eaton, 1949.) Frequent. Family 46. FAGACEAE (BEECH FAMILY) Key: Man. p.539 1. FAGUS L. Beech Key: FI. N. E. p.223 1. F. grandifolia Ehrh. var. grandifolia, Beech. — Dry woods. (Eaton, 1957.) Scarce. (Infrequent, except in north- western portion of Middl.) 2. CASTANEA Mill. Chestnut Key: Man. p.540 1. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., Chestnut. — Dry, gravelly, mostly acid soil. (Eaton, 1935.) Still common as sprouts from trees destroyed by the Chestnut-bark disease. Occasional sprouts survive long enough to produce staminate flowers, rarely nuts. 3. QUERCUS L. Oak. Key: Man. p.541 1. Q. alba L., White Oak. — Dry woods, roadsides, pastures. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. d. Q. bicolor Willd.. Swamp White Oak.— Mostly bottom- 105 13. ING lands, margins of streams and meadows, swamps. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. . prinoides Willd., Scrub Oak, Dwarf Chestnut-Oak. — Dry sterile woods and gravel plains. (Eaton, 1935.) Common in suitable habitats. . Prinus L., Chestnut-Oak. — Dry, often rocky woods. (Wheeler, 1971.) Rare, presently known as a mature tree and several sprouts and saplings from a single station. (Occasional: Common, east side of Sandy Pond, Lincoln.) ['Thor.] . rubra L., Red Oak. — Mostly dry woods and roadsides. (Eaton, 1935.) Abundant. (Common.) - coccinea Muenchh., Scarlet Oak. — Dry woods in light soil, roadsides. (Eaton, 1935.) Frequent. . Velutina Lam., Black Oak.— Dry woods. (Eaton, 1935.) Common, but much less so than No. 11. Puta- tive hybrids X No. 11 often confusing. . ilicifolia Wang., Scrub Oak, Bear Oak. — Dry, sterile scrub woods or sandy-gravelly plains. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. Much commoner than No. 8 in Middl. Family 47. ULMACEAE (ELM FAMILY) Key: Man. p.551 1. ULMUS L. Elm . rubra Muhl., Slippery or Red Elm. — Rich woods, bluffs and cliffs, often calcareous soils. (Hoar, April/July 1858; Thoreau, Lee’s Cliff, n.d.) Rare. A single sta- tion, perhaps now extirpated. Last known collection in 1932. (Rare.) . PROCERA Salisb., English Elm. — Low ground, thickets, roadsides. (Haton, 1970.) Rare escape from cultiva- tion by abundant suckering. (Occasional.) Introduced from Europe. . americana L. forma americana, American Elm. — Rich soils, especially along streams. (Eaton, 1935.) Com- mon. (Common.) Large trees extensively destroyed by the so-called Dutch elm disease, a fungus spread by an elm-bark beetle. forma alba (Ait.) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Wil- hams, 1908.) Occasional. 106 38. CELTIS L. Hackberry iL C. occidentalis L. var. pumila (Pursh) Gray, Hackberry. — Damp to dry slopes, borders of woods. (Hoar, Sept. 1857: ‘“‘Lee’s Hill.) Rare. (Occasional, becoming rare.) Thoreau records on 28 September 1857 discovery of a colony at foot of Lee’s Hill, doubtless informing Hoar; a single large tree survives (1974). A sapling was recently discovered near the summit of Annursnack Hill. [Thor.] Family 48. MORACEAE (MULBERRY FAMILY) 1. MORUS L. Mulberry 2. M. ALBA L., White Mulberry. — Roadsides, waste ground. (Eaton, 1963.) Rare. (Occasional.) Escaped from cul- tivation. Naturalized from Europe. Family 49. CANNABINACEAE (HEMP FAMILY) 1. CANNABIS L. Hemp, Marijuana 1. C. SATIVA L. — Waste ground, roadsides, railroad ballast. (L. E. Richardson fide R. J. Eaton, 1971.) Rare. A single plant appeared in 1971 after destruction of an abundant colony in 1970. Adventive from Asia. Family 50. URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.556 1. URTICA L. Nettle 2. U. procera Muhl. — Roadsides, waste grounds, moist thickets. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. 4. U. DIOICA L., Stinging Nettle. — Roadsides, waste ground, barnyards, etc. (Hoar, 1888.) Uncommon. (Infrequent, but general.) Naturalized from Europe. 3. PILEA Lindl. Richweed, Clearweed Key: Man. p.558 1. P. pumila (L.) Gray, Clearweed. — Moist or wet shaded ground. (Hoar, 1858.) Uncommon in natural sites; common, often abundant as garden weed. 4. BOKHMERIA Jacq. False Nettle 1. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. cylindrica. — Moist shady ground, wet shores, swamps. (Hoar, 1888.) Frequent. (Common.) 107 5. PARIETARIA L. Pellitory 1. P. pensylvanica Muhl. — Rich rocky woods, usually on cal- careous soils, occasionally as weed in waste places. (Eaton, 1857.) Rare. (Only two other recorded sta- tions east of Connecticut River.) See Rh. 60: 316. Concord station originally discovered by Thoreau: see Ang) dis HB Sle, Family 51. SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY) 1. COMANDRA Nutt. Bastard-Toadflax 1. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt.— Dry, sterile, or acid ground. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Family 52. LORANTHACEAE (MISTLETOE FAMILY) 2. ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb. 1. A. pusillum Peck, Dwarf Mistletoe. — Dioecious parasite on Pinaceae, with us known only on Picea mariana. (Eaton and Griscom, 1930.) Very rare. (Absent.) In Concord, on southeastern limit of range, at a single bog, recently destroyed by owner. In the Journal entry on 12 February 1858, Thoreau noted its debilitating effect on the spruce at this same bog without discovering the cause. For a brief account, see Rh. 33: 92, and Bie 45s. Family 53. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY) 1. ASARUM L. Wild Ginger 1. A. canadense L. var. canadense. — Rich, often calcareous woods and ledges. (F. W. Hunnewell, 1915.) Rare, not seen in recent years. (Occasional.) Possibly introduced, although not recorded by Pratt as one of his intro- ductions. Thoreau’s specimen is annotated ‘“Brattle- boro.” Family 54. POLYGONACEAE (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) Key: Man. p.565 38. RUMEX L. Dock Key: Man. p.566 10. R. orbiculatus Gray, Water Dock. — Wet meadows, swamps, shores. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. (Uncommon.) An indigenous species. 108 11. R. crispus L., Yellow Dock. — Cultivated land, waste 14. R. 17. R. ground. (Hoar, 1889.) Common. Weed. Naturalized from Europe. OBTUSIFOLIUS L., Blunt-leaved Dock, Bitter Dock. (Wil- liams, 1898.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. ACETOSELLA L., Sorrel, Sheep Sorrel. — Moist to dry sour soil. (Hoar, 1858.) Ubiquitous weed. Naturalized from Europe. 5. POLYGONUM L. Knotweed, Smartweed Key: Man. p.572. For supplementary key for New England species, see F]. N. E. p.236. 8. P. ramosissimum Michx. forma ramosissimum, Bushy 12. 18. 19. Knotweed. — Sandy and light soils, roadsides. (Eaton #6058, 1967.) Rare. P. AVICULARE L. var. AVICULARE, Knotweed. — Disturbed, sterile soils, starved lawns, sidewalks, gardens, etc. (Eaton, 1957.) Ubiquitous weed throughout. Very variable; see footnote in Gray’s Manual, page 579. Naturalized from Europe. var. VEGETUM Ledeb. — Similar habitats, (Hoar, 1857.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. . P. tenue Michx.— Dry, open soil. (Hoar, 1858.) Un- common. (Occasional.) P. amphibium L, var. stipulaceum (Coleman) Fern. forma fluitans (Eat.) Fern.— Fully aquatic in streams. (Eaton, 1929.) Occasionally abundant. (Frequent.) P. coccineum Muhl. forma coccineum. — Riverbanks, pond sae shores, meadow sloughs. (H. S. Richardson, 1886.) Frequent. (Infrequent.) forma natans (Wieg.) Stanford. — Aquatic, leaves floating. (EKaton, 1920.) Rare. (Occasional.) . P. pensylvanicum L. var. laevigatum Fern., Pinkweed. — Meadows, shores, waste and cultivated ground. (Hoar, 1858.) A common and abundant weed. . P. lapathifolium L. var. lapathifolium. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Common, often weedy. SCABRUM Moench. — Ditches, wet places, cultivated ground. (Eaton, 1957.) Apparently rare. Naturalized from Europe. P. ORIENTALE L., Princess-feather. — Waste places, rich soils. (Eaton, 1957.) Rare. (Occasional.) Escaped from cultivation. 109 26. 27. 31. 33. 34. 3D. 38. 39. Al. AZ. AS. 44, . Careyi Olney. — Meadows, roadsides, low clearings, cul- tivated ground. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. . Hydropiper L., Common Smartweed.— Damp soils, weedy places in cultivated ground, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. . PERSICARIA L., Lady’s Thumb. — Damp clearings, culti- vated ground, waste places, etc. (Hoar, 1857.) An ubiquitous weed. Naturalized from Europe. - punctatum Ell. var. punctatum, Water-Smartweed. — Meadows, shores, ditches, bogs. (Eaton, 1928.) Com- mon. var. leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small. — Similar habi- tats. (Eaton, 1957.) Rare. (Not reported elsewhere from Middl.) Known from a single station. . robustius (Small) Fern.— Pond shores, banks of streams, wet places. (Williams, 1902.) Uncommon. . hydropiperoides Michx.— Shallow water of ponds, streams. (Hoar, 1858.) Rather common, sagittatum L., Arrow-leaved Tearthumb. — Meadows, bogs, low ground. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. arifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fern., Halberd- leaved Tearthumb. — Meadows, swamps. (Hoar, 1857.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) . CONVOLVULUS L. var. CONVOLVULUS, Black Bindweed. — Waste and cultivated ground. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. Naturalized from Europe, var. SUBALATUM Lej. & Court. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1857.) Uncommon. Naturalized from Europe. P. cristatum Engelm. & Gray. — Low thicket bordering artificial pond. (Eaton, 1957.) Rare. (Uncommon.) The identification of this specimen has been questioned. see entry on page 45. P. scandens L., Climbing False Buckwheat. — Meadows, swamps, damp thickets, pond shores. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc., Japanese Knotweed. — Road- sides, waste places, neglected cultivated ground. ( Hoar, 1890.) Occasional. (Frequent.) An obnoxious plant where established; difficult to eradicate without use of poisons. 110 6. FAGOPYRUM Mill. Buckwheat 1. F. SAGITTATUM Gilib., Buckwheat. — Waste places, old fields. (Hoar, 1858.) Occasional. Rarely persistent after cultivation. Introduced from Asia. 7. POLYGONELLA Michx. Jointweed 1. P. articulata (L.) Meisn.— Dry sands, gravel road shoulders, cliffs. (Hoar, 1857.) Uncommon. (Formerly infrequent, now rapidly spreading along disturbed road- side gravels.) Thoreau mentions its occurrence at Jenny’s Desert where it still persists. (Th. J. 4: 363.) Family 55. CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY) Key: Man. p.590. A single genus with us. 5. CHENOPODIUM L. Pigweed 4. C. hybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau, 10. 11. 12. 16. (C. gigantospermum Aellen), Maple-leaved Pigweed. — Thickets, clearings, neglected fields, waste ground. (Williams, 1908.) Infrequent. (Occasonal.) . Boscianum Mog., (C. Standleyanum Aellen). — Road- sides, waste ground, thickets. (Eaton, 1957.) Appar- ently rare. (Not reported elsewhere in Middl.) . LANCEOLATUM Muhl., Pigweed. — Waste or cultivated ground. (Eaton, 1962.) Occasional. Naturalized from Europe. . ALBUM L., Pigweed, Lamb’s-quarters. — Mostly as weed in cultivated ground or waste ground. (J. M. Hunne- well, 1908.) Very common. Naturalized from Europe. . PAGANUM Reichenb., (C. Bushianum Aellen), Pigweed. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Occasional. Natura- lized from Europe. . AMBROSIOIDES L., Mexican-Tea. — Waste ground, thick- ets, cultivated ground. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. Natu- ralized from tropical America. Family 56. AMARANTHACEAE (AMARANTH FAMILY) Key: Man. p.601 2, AMARANTHUS L. Amaranth Key: Man. p.601 4. A. hybridus L., Green Amaranth, Pigweed. — Waste ground, cultivated soils, old fields, etc. (Eaton, 1957.) 111 Common. An abundant weed, especially in cultivated fields. Semi-cosmopolitan. 5. A. retroflexus L., Green Amaranth, Pigweed, Redroot. — Similiar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Semi-cosmo- politan weed. 3. ACNIDA L. Water-Hemp (Habit of Amaranthus, and our species placed with it by some authors.) 1. A. cannabina L.— Salt marshes and tidal shores. (Wil- liams, 1899.) Rare. Probably not persisting. Known from a freshwater habitat in our area by this single collection. Specimen in GH. 2. A. ALTISSIMA Riddell var. ALTISSIMA. — Riverbanks, low ground, disturbed soil. (Williams, 1899.) Casual ad- ventive from the Midwest. Not seen in recent years. Family 57. NYCTAGINACEAE (FourR-0’CLOCK FAMILY) A single genus with us. 1. MIRABILIS L. Four-o’clock, Umbrella-wort Key: Man. p.606 2. M. NYCTAGINEA (Michx.) MacM.— Waste ground, old farmyards, rich soils. (Eaton, 1957.) Rare. (Uncom- mon.) Adventive from Midwest. 3. M. HIRSUTA (Pursh) MacM.— Open dry or sandy soils. (Eaton, 1932.) Rare. Adventive from the Plains States. Family 58. PHYTOLACCACEAE (POKEWEED FAMILY) A single genus with us. 1. PHYTOLACCA L. Pokeweed 1. P. americana L., Poke, Pokeweed.— Rich soil, waste ground, roadsides, gardens. (Hoar, 21 Aug.) Common. Often abundantly weedy. Family 59. AIZOACEAE Key: Man. p.607 4. MOLLUGO L. i. M. VERTICILLATA L., Carpetweed. — Cultivated ground, moist, sandy and gravelly places. (Hoar, 1858.) Weedy, often abundant immigrant from _ tropical America. Family 60. PORTULACACEAE (PURSLANE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.608 112 1. PORTULACA L. Purslane Key: Man. p.608 1. P. OLERACEA L., Common Purslane, Pusley. — Cultivated and waste ground. (Eaton, 1957.) Common, often abundant. Naturalized from Europe. 3. CLAYTONIA L. Spring-Beauty 1. C. CAROLINIANA Michx., Broad-leaved Spring-Beauty. — Rich open woods. (Hosmer, n.d.) Rare. Doubtless introduced and naturalized; station unknown; other- wise not reported from east of Mt. Watatic in north- central Massachusetts. Family 61. CARYOPHYLLACEAE (PINK FAMILY) Key: Man. p.611 1. SCLERANTHUS L. 1. S. ANNUUS L., Knawel.— Dry sandy soil, waste places, road shoulders. (Eaton, 1961.) Abundant at a single station, but probably elsewhere. (Common.) Natural- ized from Europe. 2. PARONYCHIA Mill. Whitlow-wort 4. P. canadensis (L.) Wood, Forked Chickweed. — Rich, rocky woods; occasionally a garden weed. (Rodman, 1901, “Our yard”; Eaton, 1959, in a natural habitat.) Rare. (Occasional.) Thoreau, in a journal entry 4 July 1853, mentions ‘‘Anychia dichotoma, forked chickweed, near the Parietaria at Lee’s Cliff under the Slippery Bina. iG ha dee os 132.) 4, SPERGULARIA J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurrey 1. S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl.— Dry sandy sterile soils, gravel sidewalks, etc. (Hosmer, n.d.) Uncommon in natural habitats, occasionally abundant as sidewalk weed. (Frequent.) See Th. J. 4: 277. 5. SPERGULA L. Spurrey 1. S. ARVENSIS L. var. ARVENSIS. — Fallow fields, cultivated ground. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Uncommon. (Frequent. } Naturalized from Europe. ) 6. SAGINA L. Pearlwort Key: Man. p.615 2. S. procumbens L., Birdseye. — Shores, damp open soil! 113 13. (Hosmer, n.d.; Eaton, 1957.) Frequent, occasionally abundant. (Common.) 8. ARENARIA L. Sandwort Key: Man. p.617 A. lateriflora L.— Meadows, damp or dry open woods, shores. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. . SERPYLLIFOLIA L., Thyme-leaved Sandwort. — Dry sterile soil, fields, roadsides, etc. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Occasional. Naturalized from Europe. 9. STELLARIA L. Chickweed Key: Man. p.621 . MEDIA (L.) Cyrillo, Common Chickweed.— Cultivated ground; damp places about buildings, (Hosmer, n.d.) Abundant. A cosmopolitan weed. Naturalized from Europe. . GRAMINEA L., Common Stitchwort. — Meadows, grass- lands. (Hosmer, n.d.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. . calycantha (Ledeb.) Bongard var. isophylla Fern. — Meadows, springy places. (Eaton, 1921.) Frequent. 10. CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed Key: Man. p.624. For an alternative key to New England species of Cerastium, see Fl. N.E. p. 258. 3 4. C. VULGATUM L., Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Fields, 6. cultivated ground, old lawns, waste places. (Hoar, 1858.) Abundant weed. Naturalized from Eurasia. C. nutans Raf.— Moist ledges and rocky outcroppings, rich alluvium, moist sands. (Thoreau, 1856.) Very rare. The only known specimen to have been collected in New England east of the Connecticut River except in Connecticut. It may be seen in the Thor. Herb. and was annotated by Thoreau as from ‘Island Rock” with the name “Cerastium nutans’ in his handwriting. Under date of 31 May 1856, Thoreau wrote in his jour- nal: “To Hill [Nashawtue Hill] and Island” (Kgg Rock, where the Sudbury and Assabet rivers meet to form the Concord River) and with a reference to collecting a Cerastium there. Despite the lack of collecting data accompanying the specimen, the date of the entry in the journal is considered conclusive evidence of date 114 The 12. and place. Although the pedicels are shorter than typical C. nutans, the seeds are (0.4—)0.6(—0.7) mm wide and shallowly papillate in contradistinction to the tuberculate seeds of C. vulgatum and C. arvense, all three being viewed in the same field under high power. See Th. J. 8: 352 and 8: 366, 12. AGROSTEMMA L. Corn-Cockle . GITHAGO L., Purple Cockle. — Fallow fields, edges of cultivated ground, waste places. (Eaton, 1957.) Occa- sional. Naturalized from Europe. 13. LYCHNIS L. Campion Key: Man. p.629 . DIOICA L., Red Campion. — Waste places, roadsides, etc. (Eaton, 1957.) Infrequent. (Rather common.) Natu- alized from Eurasia, . ALBA Mill., White Cockle or Campion. — Cultivated ground, waste places, roadsides, etc. (Haton, 1957.) Common. Naturalized from Eurasia. . CHALCEDONICA L., London-pride, Scarlet Lychnis. — Roadsides, fallow fields near habitations. (Hosmer, n.d.) Occasional. Introduced from Asia and escaped from cultivation. 14. SILENE L. Catchfly, Campion Key: Man. p.631 . CUCUBALUS Wibel, Bladder Campion, Maiden’s-Tears. — Roadsides, edges of waste places, cultivated ground. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. Naturalized from Eurasia. . antirrhina L., Sleepy Catchfly.— Dry or rocky open woods, fields, waste places, etc. (Deane, 1893.) Com- mon, occasionally abundant. forma Deaneana Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1958.) Uncommon. S. ARMERIA L., Garden Catchfly. — Roadsides, fallow fields near habitations. (Hosmer, n.d.) Occasional. Intro- duced from Eurasia and escaped from cultivation. S. NOCTIFLORA L., Night-flowering Catchfly. — Cultivated ground, waste places, roadsides, etc. (Hoar, 1882.) Common, often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. . S. caroliniana Walt. var. pensylvanica (Michx.) Fern., Pink 115 Catchfly or Campion. — Dry, sandy, gravelly or rocky woods, and openings. (Eaton, 1930.) Occasional. 15. SAPONARIA L. 1. S. OFFICINALIS L., Bouncing-Bet, Soapwort. — Roadsides, waste places, railroad ballast, etc. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. 16. GYPSOPHILA L. 4. G. MURALIS L. — Roadsides, fields, waste places. (Hosmer, n.d.) Local. Naturalized from Europe. 17. DIANTHUS L. Pink, Carnation Key: Man. p.635 2. D. ARMERIA L., Deptford Pink. — Dry fields, roadsides. (Eaton, 1935.) Infrequent. (Frequent.) Naturalized from Europe. Family 62. CERATOPHYLLACEAE (HORNWorRT FAMILY) 1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. 1. C. demersum L. — Streams, ponds, quiet water. (H. S. Richardson, 1886.) Common. Family 68. NYMPHAEHACEAE (WATER-LILY FAMILY) Key: Man. p.637 1. NUPHAR Sm. Cow-lily, Yellow Pond-lily Key: Man. p.637 1. N. microphyllum (Pers.) Fern., Small Cow-lily. — Slow streams, pond margins, (Williams, 1908.) Formerly common, becoming scarce. (Common.) 2. X N. rubrodiscum Morong.— Similar habitats. (Katon, 1920.) Frequent. (Uncommon.) Widely accepted as a fertile hybrid of Nos. 1 and 3. 3. N. variegatum Engelm., Common Cow-lily. — Similar habi- tats. (Hoar, 1858.) Very common. 2. NYMPHAEA L. Water-lily Key: Man. p.640 1. N. odorata Ait., Fragrant Water-lily, Pond-lily. — Slow streams, pond margins. (Hoar, 1858.) Formerly abun- dant, recently becoming scarce. (Common.) River pol- lution believed to have depleted this species. 2. N. tuberosa Paine.— Slow streams. (Hellquist, 1971; 116 #9069, 1973.) An addition to the flora of New Eng- land. Hellquist reports that this plant is commoner in the Sudbury River than N. odorata, perhaps because of the basic character of the river water owing to pol- lution, 3. NELUMBO Adans. Sacred Bean 1. N. LUTEA (Willd.) Pers. — Ponds, slow streams. (Martha Bartlett, 1886.) Uncommon. (Rare.) The Bartlett specimen is annotated “Concord River, introduced.” Now abundant in Great Meadows impoundment; also occurs in Bateman’s Pond, possibly indigenous; a single plant found in Sudbury River near Clam Shell Bluff in Orde. 4, BRASENIA Schreb. Water-shield A single species with us. 1. B. Schreberi Gmel., Water-shield.— Ponds and _ slow streams. (Hoar, 1886.) Formerly common to abundant, now scarce except in unpolluted waters. (Common.) 5. CABOMBA Aubl. 1. C. CAROLINIANA Gray, Fanwort.— Ponds and_ slow streams. (Countryman and Richardson #1883, 1968.) Abundant in Fairhaven Bay and occurs downstream in the river in Carlisle, Bedford, Billerica, and Lowell. (Reported elsewhere in Middl. from Framingham, Way- land, and Stowe.) Naturalized from farther south and rapidly spreading. Earliest Massachusetts specimen seen was collected in Bridgewater, Plymouth Co., Massachusetts, in 1935, Family 64. RANUNCULACEAE (Crowfoot Family) Key: Man. p.642 1. RANUNCULUS L. Crowfoot, Buttercup Key: Man. p.648 2. R. trichophyllus Chaix var. trichophyllus, White Water- Crowfoot. — Ponds, brooks, river margins. (Hoar, 1858.) Uncommon. | 7. R. flabellaris Raf., Yellow Water-Crowfoot. — Quiet streams, pools, ponds. (Hoar, 1858.) Rather common. (Uncommon.) 13. R. reptans L. var. ovalis (Bigel.) T. & G.— Sandy, 117 21. 25. 30. R 32. 33. 34. 10. gravelly, or muddy shores. (Perkins, 1880.) Uncom- mon. . abortivus L. var. abortivus, Kidneyleaf-Buttercup. — Moist low woods, wet clearings. (Eaton, 1961.) Fre- quent. (Common.) . recurvatus Poir.— Swampy rich woods, wooded brook- sides. (Eaton, 1958.) Infrequent. (Frequent.) . fascicularis Muhl., Early Crowfoot. — Thin, sweet soils in open woods, cliffs or ledges, (Hoar, 1858.) Uncom- mon, becoming rare. (Uncommon.) . REPENS L. var, REPENS, Creeping Buttercup. — Moist lawns, wet open ground, ditches, etc. (C. Jarvis or EK. Jarvis, n.c.d.; Hoar, 1858.) Common. A difficult weed to eliminate. Naturalized from Europe. var. VILLOSUS Lamotte. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Apparently rare. Naturalized from Europe. . ACRIS L., Tall Buttercup. — Fields, meadows, roadsides, pastures, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Abundant, Ubiquitous weed. Naturalized from Europe. . BULBOSUS L. var. BULBOSUS, Bulbous Buttercup. — Open woods, fields, pastures. (Eaton, 1961.) Frequent. (Common.) Naturalized from Europe. var. VALDEPUBENS (Jord.) Briq. — Dry open rocky woods. (Eaton, 1956.) Rare. (Not recorded elsewhere from Middl.) Naturalized from Europe. Plant is copi- ously hoary-villous. 4. THALICTRUM L. Meadow-Rue Key: Man. p.656 . dioicum L., Early Meadow-Rue. — Rich open woods, often rocky. (Hoar, 1857.) Rare. (Infrequent.) . DASYCARPUM Fisch. & Lall., Purple Meadow-Rue. — Waste ground, low ground. (Eaton, 1958.) Rare. (Not otherwise reported in Massachusetts.) Adventive from Midwest, probably a garden escape. . polygamum Muhl. var. polygamum, Tall Meadow-Rue. — Meadows, swamps, low thickets. (Deane, 1886.) Common. 5. ANEMONELLA Spach . thalictroides (L.) Spach, Rue-Anemone. — Open woods, usually on dry circumneutral soils. (Eaton, 1922.) Un- common. (Occasional.) 118 10. A 6. HEPATICA Mill. Liverleaf, Hepatica . americana (DC.) Ker, Hepatica.— Rich open woods. (Eaton, 1922.) Rare. (Occasional.) A single station where scarce. 7. ANEMONE L. Anemone Key: Man. p.660 . virginiana L., Thimbleweed.— Dry or rocky open woods. (Eaton, 1958.) Uncommon, but widespread. . quinquefolia L., Wood-Anemone. — Open woods and clearings. (Hoar, 1858.) Common, often abundant. 8. CLEMATIS L. Clematis Key: Man. p.663 . virginiana L., Wild Clematis, Virgin’s-bower. — Moist or swampy thickets, roadsides. (Anne Richardson, 1958.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) 10. CALTHA L. Marsh-Marigold . palustris L., Cowslip, Marsh-Marigold. — Wet, wooded and open swamps, brook borders. (Hoar, 1887.) Com- mon. 12. COPTIS Salish. Goldthread . groenlandica (Oeder) Fern., Goldthread. — Mossy or wet woods and glades. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. 13. AQUILEGIA L. Columbine Key: Man. p.668 . canadensis L. var. canadensis, Wild Columbine. — Rocky woods, niches in ledges, mostly in circumneutral to slightly alkaline soil. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Infrequent. (Frequent. ) . VULGARIS L., Garden Columbine. — Roadsides, shrub- beries, disturbed soil. (Hosmer, n.d.) Occasional, especially around dwellings. Introduced from Europe and escaped from cultivation. 17. ACTAEA L. Baneberry . rubra (Ait.) Willd., Red Baneberry, Snakeberry. — Rich woods, thickets, roadsides. (EK. Barrett, 1835; Hosmer, n.d.) Rare. (Uncommon.) The Barrett specimen is in U. Mass., ex Old Mass. Cabinet. Not recently collected. . pachypoda Ell., White Baneberry. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1956.) Rare. (Infrequent.) Known from only two stations. 119 L Ww bo 19. XANTHORHIZA Marsh. X. SIMPLICISSIMA Marsh., Shrub-Yellowroot. — Moist ground. (Hosmer, n.d.; R. Bye #2059, 7 May 1972, Estabrook Woods where well established.) Rare. The only records from Middl. Introduced from farther south and escaped from cultivation. Family 65. BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY) @ Key: Man. p.672 1. PODOPHYLLUM L. May-apple, Mandrake . PELTATUM L. — Rich soils along roadsides, near habita- tions. (Hosmer, n.d.; Eaton, 1961.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Introduced from farther west or south and escaped from cultivation. 4, CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Blue Cohosh . THALICTROIDES (L.) Michx. — Rich woods, shaded road- sides. (Hosmer, n.d.) Rare. In Concord, introduced from farther west by Minot Pratt (Rh. 1: 170). Be- lieved not to occur as an indigenous plant in Middl. 5. BERBERIS L. Barberry Key: Man. p.674 . VULGARIS L., Common Barberry. — Pastures, roadsides, thickets. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. . THUNBERGII DC., Japanese Barberry. — Moist low woods, old orchards, pastures, etc. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. Often an abundant escape from cultivation, and thoroughly naturalized from Asia. Family 67. MAGNOLIACEAE 1. MAGNOLIA Key: Man. p.675 . TRIPETALA L., Umbrella-tree. — Low deciduous woods. (Eaton #6678; Katharine H. Teele, 6 June 1974.) Spreading freely from three mature trees about 10-12 meters high and 2 decimeters in diameter, with several half-grown flowering specimens and many seedlings scattered over an area of about one-quarter acre. Prob- ably introduced by Minot Pratt prior to 1875. 120 Family 70. LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY) Key: Man. p.677 2. SASSAFRAS Nees Sassafras S. albidum (Nutt.) Nees var. albidum, White Sassafras. — Dry open woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1957.) Uncom- mon. var. molle (Raf.) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1957.) More common than the preceding. 4. LINDERA Thunb. Wild Allspice, Feverbush L. Benzoin (L.) Blume, Spicebush.— Low woods, damp clearings, brooksides. (Hoar, 19 Sept.) Frequent. Family 71. PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy FAMILY) Key: Man. p.679 1. SANGUINARIA L. Bloodroot canadensis L., Bloodroot. — Rich woods, fencerows, road- sides, etc., on sweet soil. (Hosmer n.d.; Eaton, 1922, 1958.) Uncommon. Two known stations, (Infrequent.) 3. CHELIDONIUM L. Celandine . . C. MAJUS L.—Rich soil in settled area. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Usually weedy. Naturalized from Europe. 8. ADLUMIA Raf. Climbing Fumitory . A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. — Rocky wooded slopes and moist ledges. (Hosmer, n.d.) Rare. (Rare and local.) Reported by Eaton as a casual climber on Berberis hedge, Concord, ca. 1910, not persisting, 9. DICENTRA Bernh. D. CUCULLARIA (L.) Bernh., Dutchman’s-Breeches. — Rich open moist woods, often on calcareous soil. (Hosmer, n.d.) Introduced from farther west by Minot Pratt (see Rh. 1: 170). Present status unknown. 10. CORYDALIS Medic. A single species with us. C. sempervirens (L.) Pers., Pale Corydalis. — Cliffs, ledges, rocky places, disturbed roadside gravels. (G. C. Mann, 1862; Eaton, 1922.) Rare. (Occasional, but generally distributed.) Thoreau reported finding plants on top of Fairhaven Cliffs, where fertilized by spring burnings, cut as weeds in September, and measuring 214 feet 121 I. high and 5% of an inch thick at base, still well in bloom and gone to seed, (Th. J. 9: 87.) 11, FUMARIA L. Fumitory F. OFFICINALIS L., Common Fumitory. — Cultivated and waste ground. (Deane, 1893.) Rare and casual. Ad- ventive from Europe. Family 72. CAPPARIDACEAE (CAPER FAMILY) Key: Man. p.684 3. CLEOME L. 2. C. SPINOSA Jacq., Spider-flower. — Waste ground or allu- vium. (Eaton, 1959.) (Records of spontaneous occur- rences from Barnstable, Massachusetts, 1973, and southwestern Connecticut, 1905 and 1941.) Introduced and naturalized from the tropics. Family 73. CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY) Key: Man. p.685 1. DRABA L. A single species with us. 20. D. VERNA L. var. VERNA, Whitlow-grass. — Fallow fields, I nurseries, edges of cart tracks, etc, (Hosmer, n.d.; Eaton, 1962.) Abundant at a single station. (Infre- quent; increasing.) Mostly weedy and often abundant where established. Two vars.: var. verna and var. Boerhaavu Van Hall are recognized, the latter more common with us, but require fruiting material for separation. Naturalized from Europe. 2. BERTEROA DC. B. INCANA (L.) DC., Hoary Alyssum. — Fields, roadsides, and waste places. (Eaton, 1936.) Common, often abun- dant. Rapidly spreading, Naturalized from Europe. 6. THLASPI L. Penny-Cress . ARVENSE L., Field Penny-Cress, Fanweed, Stinkweed. — Cultivated fields, roadsides, waste places. (Katon, 1957.) Infrequent. (Common.) Naturalized from Europe. 8. LEPIDIUM L. Peppergrass, Pepperwort Key: Man. p.701 3. L. CAMPESTRE (L.) R. Br., Cow-Cress. — Fields and waste 122 bo places. (Eaton, 1935.) Infrequent. (Common.) Natu- ralized from Europe. . Virginicum L., Poor-Man’s Pepper. — Cultivated fields, dry open soil, waste places. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. An indigenous weed in eastern United States. . DENSIFLORUM Schrad.— Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. Naturalized from farther west and south, weedy. 138. CAPSELLA Medic. Shepherd’s-Purse . BURSA-PASTORIS (L.) Medic. var. BURSA-PASTORIS, Shepherd’s-Purse. — Cultivated ground, roadsides, waste ground. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. A widespread weed. 19. RAPHANUS L. Radish . RAPHANISTRUM L., Wild Radish. — Fields, waste places, roadsides, railroads, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. (Common). Naturalized from Europe. [Thor.] . SATIVUS L., Garden Radish. — Old fields and waste places. [Thor.] Uncommon; seldom persisting. Intro- duced from Europe. 20. BRASSICA L. Mustard Key: Man. p.707 . KABER (DC.) L. C. Wheeler var, PINNATIFIDA (Stokes) L. C. Wheeler. — Cultivated fields, waste places, Natu- ralized from Eurasia. . NIGRA (L.) Koch, Black Mustard. — Cultivated fields, waste places. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Naturalized from Eurasia. 25. ALLIARIA B. Ehrh. Garlic-Mustard . OFFICINALIS Andrz.— Rich roadside _ soils, waste ground, shaded banks, etc. (lL. E. Richardson, 1969.) Abundant at a single station, (Uncommon.) Introduced and naturalized from Europe. 26. SISYMBRIUM L. Key: Man. p.709 . OFFICINALE (L.) Scop. var. LEIOCARPUM DC., Hedge- Mustard. — Waste land, neglected fields, roadsides. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. A widespread weed. . ALTISSIMUM L., Tumble-Mustard. —Similar habitats. 123 (Williams, 1908.) Common. Specimens 3 m tall occur on moist enriched soils such as abandoned piggeries, cowyards, etc. Naturalized from Europe. 30. HESPERIS L. Rocket 1. H. MATRONALIS L., Common Rocket.— Waste places, about dwellings, moist banks. (Haton, 1958.) Frequent. occasionally abundant. Introduced and naturalized from Europe and escaped from cultivation. 381. ERYSIMUM L. Treacle-Mustard Key: Man. p.712 Only two species with us, both from the Old World. 1. E. CHEIRANTHOIDES L., Wormseed-Mustard. — Cultivated fields, waste places, rich low ground. (Deane, 1900.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) Naturalized from the Old World. 7 32. RORIPPA Scop. Yellow Cres Key: Man. p.714 8. R. ISLANDICA (Oeder) Borbas var. ISLANDICA. — Shores, wet ground. (Rodman, 1905, her specimen poorly pre- pared, determination doubtful.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Partly native, partly naturalized from Europe. var. fernaldiana Butt. & Abbe. — Meadows, shores. wet ground. (Eaton, 1961.) Not common. (Frequent.) Native. var. hispida (Desv.) Butt. & Abbe, Marsh Cress. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. Often abun- dant in our river meadows. Native. 33. NASTURTIUM R. Br. Watercress 1. N. OFFICINALE R. Br. var. OFFICINALE, (Rorippa Nastur- tium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell.), True Water- cress. — Brooks, rills, and springs. (lL. E. Richardson, 1962.) Uncommon. Introduced and naturalized from Europe. var. MICROPHYLLUM (Boenn.) Thell. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Uncommon. Naturalized from Europe. 34. ARMORACIA Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. 1. A. LAPATHIFOLIA Gilib., Horseradish. — Moist ground, roadsides, old gardens. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Occa- 124 L. bo e 10. 11. sional. Spread from cultivation and very persistent. Naturalized from Europe. 35. BARBAREA R. Br. Winter-Cress Key: Man. p.717 B. VULGARIS R. Br. var. VULGARIS, Common Winter-Cress. — Moist fields, roadsides, meadows. (Eaton, 1961.) Frequent. Naturalized from Europe. var. ARCUATA (Opiz) Fries. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1961.) Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1961.) Com- mon. Naturalized from Europe. Often an abundant weed in cultivated ground. [Thor.] Al. CARDAMINE L. Bitter Cress Key: Man. p.720 . bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP., Spring-Cress. — Springheads, wet woods. (Hosmer, n.d.) Uncommon. Generally dis- tributed, . PRATENSIS L. var. PRATENSIS, Cuckoo-flower. — Mea- dows, brooksides. (L. E. Richardson, 1966.) Rare: two stations. (Occasional.) Naturalized from Europe. Casual in newly seeded lawns. . pensylvanica Muhl. var. pensylvanica. — Meadows, shores, borders of streams. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Common. 43. ARABIS L. Rock-Cress Key: Man. p.723 . glabra (L.) Bernh., Tower-Mustard. — Ledges, cliffs, and fields; rich soil. (Fernald #9562, 1913.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Formerly abundant as a weed in a fallow field; see Rh. 38: 64 et seq. A specimen in Thor. Herb. is annotated “Turritis glabra?? Sacra- mento [words illegible].” In Th. J. 10: 502-503 he records pressing the specimen found “in a rich grass- field on Sacramento Street” in Cambridge. He correctly identified the plant, the genus Turritis now included in Arabis. . Drummondi Gray.— Basic or circumneutral ledges cliffs, or talus. (Hoar, 1858; Fernald #9565,. 1913.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Formerly frequent in fallow field as a weed; see Rh. 38: 64 et seq. [Thor.] . canadensis L., Sicklepod.— Rich, rocky woods and 125 banks. (Eaton, 1932; 1958.) Rare: two stations. (Occa- sional.) [Thor. | Family 75. SARRACENIACEAE (PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY) 1. SARRACENIA L. Pitcher-plant Key: Man. p.728 1. S. purpurea L., Pitcher-plant, Sidesaddle-flower. — Sphag- nous bogs, swamps, and pond margins. (Perkins, 1886.) Rather common. Family 76. DROSERACEAE (SUNDEW FAMILY) 1. DROSERA L. Sundew Key: Man. p.729 1. D. intermedia Hayne. — Acid peats and sands, often sphagnous. (Hoar, 1879.) Common. 4. D. rotundifolia L.— Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1920.) Common. Family 78. CRASSULACEAE (ORPINE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.731 2. SEDUM L. Stonecrop, Orpine Key: Man. p.732 12. S. purpureum (L.) Link, Live-forever. — Moist grassland, open banks, near old habitations, etc. (Eaton, 1961.) Common. Often an abundantly aggressive weed, repro- ducing vegetatively. Family 79. SAXIFRAGACEAE (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.735 1. PENTHORUM L. Ditch-Stonecrop 1. P. sedoides L.— Wet, low ground, meadows, riverbanks. (Hoar, 1857.) Scarce: formerly common; perhaps a casualty of river pollution. (Common.) 5. SAXIFRAGA L. Saxifrage Key: Man. p.737 7. S. virginiensis Michx., Early Saxifrage. — Cliffs, ledges, dry rocky open woods. (Hoar, 1858.) Infrequent. 10. S. pensylvanica L., Swamp Saxifrage.— Wet meadows, Swamps. (Eaton, 1932.) Frequent. 9. CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. Golden Saxifrage 1. C. americanum Schwein., Water-mat, Water-carpet. — 126 Springy ground, rills, riverbanks. (Hoar, 1858.) Fre- quent. 15. RIBES L. Gooseberry, Currant Key: Man. p.748 hirtellum Michx. — Rocky or swampy woods and clear- ings. (Eaton, 1935.) Formerly common. Much less frequent since the attempted eradication of all species of Ribes in effort to control pine-tree blister. . SATIVUM Syme, Garden or Red Currant. — Open woods, thickets. (Williams, 19385.) Formerly frequent. See comment above. Introduced and naturalized from Europe. . ODORATUM Wendland f., Buffalo Currant. — With us, rich moist open ground. (Cheever and Cooke, 1910; Eaton, 1960.) Rare. Introduced from farther west and escaped from cultivation. Eaton’s specimen was found on the side of a dike at the filter beds, and was spread- ing by natural layering. Family 80. HAMAMELIDACEAE (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY) 1. H. 1. HAMAMELIS L. Witch-hazel virginiana L.— Dry or moist woods and clearings. (Eaton, 1935.) Frequent. Family 81. PLATANACEAE (PLANE-TREE FAMILY) ily. fe P. Ze SS PLATANUS L. Sycamore, Buttonwood, Plane-tree occidentalis L.— Low woods, stream banks, alluvial soils. (Eaton, 1957.) Infrequent. Scattered trees along Spencer Brook near Barrett’s Mill Road; a single tree on riverbank below Flint’s Bridge. Occasionally planted as a shade tree. Family 82. ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.753 1. PHYSOCARPUS Maxim. . OPULIFOLIUS (L.) Maxim. — Roadsides, abandoned house sites, near dwellings. (Eaton, 1963.) Rare. Es- caped from cultivation or adventive from farther south. 2. SPIRAEA L. Spiraea Key: Man. p.755 latifolia (Ait.) Borkh., Meadow-sweet. — Dry or usually 127 we * 11. C2 2 moist open ground. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. Often abundant in old pastures, forming thickets. . tomentosa L., Hardhack, Steeplebush. — Old pastures, sterile low ground, pond shores. (Eaton, 1930.) Very common. 4. SORBARIA A. Br. False Spiraea . SORBIFOLIA (L.) when Thoreau was in Concord is doubtfully determined. It may not have originated in Concord. . tinctorium L.— Wet meadows, shores, etc. (C. Jarvis, 1882-1830”; “Causeway near Corner Bridge.”) Fre- quent. The Jarvis specimen is in U. Mass. . obtusum Bigel. — Meadows, stream banks, shores. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Frequent. . asprellum Michx., Rough Bedstraw. — Meadows, moist thickets, low ground. (Hosmer, n.d.) Common. [Thor.] 6. MITCHELLA L. Partridge-berry . repens L. forma repens, Partridge-berry.— Dry or 172 moist woods. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862; Frohock, 1880.) Common. [Thor. ] forma leucocarpa Bissell. (L. E. Richardson, 1970.) Rare. 7. CEPHALANTHUS L. Buttonbush 1. C. occidentalis L. — Riverbanks, pond shores, meadows and swamps. (Eaton, 1922.) Common. [Thor.] 8. HOUSTONIA L. Key: Man. p.1328 1. H. caerulea L., Bluets, Quaker-ladies. — Moist fields, pas- tures, and wet turfy slopes. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. [Thor. | Family 162. CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY) Key: Man. p.1330 1. DIERVILLA Duham. Bush Honeysuckle 1. D. Lonicera Mill.— Dry open woods, roadsides, railroad banks, etc. (Eaton, 1939.) Frequent. [Thor.] | 2. LONICERA L. Honeysuckle Key: Man. p.13831 4. L. MORROWI Gray.— Low woods, roadsides, thickets. (Eaton, 1935.) Frequent. Becoming common; locally abundant, being attactive to birds. Introduced from Eurasia. 5. X L. BELLA Zabel. — Roadsides and thickets. (Fernald, 1911.) Scarce. (Frequent.) Introduced from Asia. 11. L. sempervirens L.— Open woods and thickets. (Hosmer, n.d.; Eaton, 1922: on wall along Estabrook Road). Rare (two stations). (Uncommon.) 3. SYMPHORICARPOS Duham. Snowberry 1. S. ALBUS (L.) Blake var. LAEVIGATUS (Fern.) Blake. — Roadsides, near old dwellings. (L. E. Richardson, 1972.) Rare. Escaped from cultivation and spreading along roadsides. Introduced from Pacific Coast, 4. LINNAEA Gronov. Twinflower 1. L. borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Rehd. — Cool woods, locally chiefly on north-facing slopes. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862; Eaton, 1930.) Rare. Not seen since 1931, subsequent to an extensive fire in Walden Woods which spread from untended municipal dump. Thoreau found 173 12. 14. 15. Linnaea in at least three Concord localities, e.g., “Hol- den wood-lot”. (Th. J. 7: 401.) [Thor.] 5. TRIOSTEUM L. Horse-gentian, Feverwort . aurantiacum Bickn. — Rich woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1933.) Very rare. (Occasional.) [Thor.] 6. VIBURNUM — L. Viburnum, Arrow-wood Key: Man. p.1338 . cassinoides L., Witherod. — Thickets, meadows, borders of woods. (Eaton, 1935.) Common. V. Lentago L., Sweet Viburnum, Wild-raisin, Nannyberry. — Moist thickets, stream banks, borders of woods. (Hoar, 1857.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) [Thor.] V. recognitum Fern., Arrow-wood. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1935.) Common, [Thor.] . acerifolium L., Maple-leaved Viburnum. — Dry or rocky woods. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Common. [Thor.] V. trilobum Marsh., Highbush-Cranberry. — Cool woods, thickets, rocky slopes. (Eaton, 1958.) Rare. Known from a single plant in open woods on the bank of Second Division Brook. Minot Pratt is said to have introduced it in Concord, locality unknown, but A. W. Hosmer did not record its survival. . OPuLUS L., Guelder-Rose. — Roadsides, moist low thickets. (Eaton, 1964.) Occasional. Introduced from Europe. Frequently planted and sometimes escaping. 7. SAMBUCUS L. Elder . canadensis L., Elderberry, Common Elder. — Wet to dry thickets, roadsides, meadows. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. [ Thor. ] Family 166. CUCURBITACEAE (GoURD FAMILY) Key: Man. p.1348 5. SICYOS L. Bur-Cucumber 1. S. angulatus L. — Riverbanks, rich waste ground, dumps. (Williams, 1896.) Uncommon, but abundant at one locality. (Infrequent.) [Thor.] ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. Wild Balsam-apple 1. E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G., Wild or Prickly Cucumber. — Riverbanks and in thickets along brooks. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent, especially along Concord River. 174 Family 167. CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY) iL Key: Man. p.1350 SPECULARIA Fabricius Venus’s Looking-glass 1. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC.— Woods, ledges, open sterile Sails 10. L. ground. (Williams, 1908 “in a strawberry bed”; Eaton, 1932.) Rare. (Uncommon but generally distributed in Middl.) [Thor.] 2. CAMPANULA L. Bellflower Key: Man. p.1351 . TRACHELIUM L., Nettle-leaved Bellflower, Throatwort. (Brewster, 1905: ‘“Waif, springing up by the cabin near Concord River.) Casual. Naturalized from Eu- rope. . RAPUNCULOIDES L. — Roadsides, near former dwellings. (L. E. Richardson, 1968.) Occasional. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized from Europe. . rotundifolia L., Harebell.— Ledges, rocky banks, low ground, shores. (Fernald, 1909.) Scarce and uncom- mon, but several stations in Concord. (Frequent.) [ Thor. | . aparinoides Pursh, Marsh Bellflower. — Meadows, shores, swampy places. (Williams, 1898.) Frequent. [ Thor. | 4. LOBELIA L. Lobelia Key: Man. p.1354 . Cardinalis L., Cardinal-flower. — Riverbanks, damp shores, brook meadows, etc. (Hoar, 1857.) Frequent, usually scarce, occasionally and transiently abundant. [ Thor. | forma rosea St. John. — Similar habitats. (L. E. Richardson, 1971.) Occasional. spicata Lam., Pale-spike lLobelia.— Rich meadows, moist fields and low thickets. (Deane, 1886.) Common. [ Thor. | inflata L., Indian-tobacco. — Fields, roadsides, waste ground. (Hoar, 1858.) Common, often weedy. [Thor. | Family 168. COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) Key to Subfamilies and Tribes: Man. p.1358; for an artificial key to all the genera, with five subsidiary keys, see Fl. N. E. p.513. 175 14. 15. 12. Subfamily I. TUBULIFLORAE TRIBE I. VERNONIEAE Cass. 1. VERNONIA Schreb. Ironweed Key: Man. p.1859 - hoveboracensis (L.) Michx.— River and brook mea- dows. (Hoar, 1858, “Low ground near Dr. Riply’s [= Monument St. or Flint’s] bridge.”) Rare. (Un- common.) At northern limit of range in Middl. Form- erly a small colony in river meadow southwest of Nashawtuc Hill; still abundant at MHoar’s station. [Thor.]| See Th. J. 4: 276. V. FASCICULATA Michx. —Rich open soils. (Eaton, 1934.) Adventive from the Midwest. See Rh. 38: 64—67. V. MISSURICA Raf.— Rich open soils. (Eaton, 1934.) Adventve from the Midwest. See Rh, 38: 64-67. TRIBE II. EUPATORIEAE Cass. Key: Man. p.1361 4. EUPATORIUM L. Thoroughwort Key: Man. p.1862 . dubium Willd., Joe-Pye-weed. — Meadows, damp swales, shores. (Eaton, 1938.) Very common, often dominant in large patches up to a quarter acre or more. [Thor.] . fistulosum Barratt, Joe-Pye-weed — Similar habitats. (Hoar, n.d.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Not seen in recent years. Hoar’s station: “Conantum, foot of cliff near spring’ [= Martha’s Point]. . pilosum Walt.— Moist open ground, shores, etc., in acid soil. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862, “fide A. Gray.”) Un- common. Confined mostly to within 30 miles of coast in New England; at northeastern limit of range in Middlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts. . pubescens Muh]. — Moist to dry woods, thickets, mea- dows. (C. Jarvis “With C. C. Field,” 1835; Williams, 1908.) Rare. (Occasional.) New England distribution somewhat similar to that of No. 14. [Thor.] . perfoliatum L., Boneset. — Meadows, shores, wet open ground. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] forma truncatum (Gray) Fassett. (Eaton, 1957.) Infrequent. 21. E. SEROTINUM Michx.— Fallow fields. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare. Adventive from farther west. See Rh. 38: 64—67. 176 | 5. MIKANIA Willd. Climbing Hempweed 1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. — Riverbanks, low thickets, swamps. (Eaton, 1923.) Frequent. [Thor.] 8. LIATRIS Schreb. Blazing-star 9. L. borealis Nutt. — Dry sandy fields and banks. (Cum- mings, 1879.) Rare. (Occasional.) Still present in vicinity of “Caesar’s Well’ where noted by Thoreau. See Th. J. 4: 348, 9 Sept. 1852. [Thor.] TRIBE III. ASTEREAE Cass. Key: Man. p.1376 | 10. GRINDELIA Willd. Tarweed 1. G. SQUARROSA (Pursh) Dunal.— Fallow fields, waste places. (Eaton, 1934.) Uncommon. Adventive from Great Plains. See Rh. 38: 64—67. 14. SOLIDAGO L. Goldenrod For artificial key to the New England taxa, of which 22 species are known to occur in Middl, see Fl. N. E. p.522. For the more comprehensive key to 75 species, see Man. p.1881. 1. S. caesia L., Blue-stem Goldenrod. — Sparse, often dry rocky woods, clearings. (Eaton, 1929.) Common. [ Thor. | : < rugosa Ait. (Eaton, 1958.) Occasional hybrid. Putative parents in close proximity. 3. S. flexicaulis L.— Rich woods. (Hoar, 1858.) Rare. (General but uncommon.) Not seen in recent years. 9. S. bicolor L., White Goldenrod, Silver-rod. — Dry, sterile open soil, sparse dry woods. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [ Thor. ] 11. S. puberula Nutt.— Dry open woods, clearings, sterile peaty soils. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Sometimes abun- dant on recent burns. [Thor. ] 28. S. speciosa Nutt.— Dry to moist thickets, borders of woods. (Thoreau, 1857; Eaton, 1934.) Rare. (Occa- sional.) A single station, now destroyed, at Clam Shell Bluff, at the precise place where Thoreau found his (misidentified) “S. rigida.”’ See Th. 10: 30. 34. S. juncea Ait.— Dry open soil, roadsides, waste places. (Hoar, 1857.) Very common. [Thor.] 37. S. uliginosa Nutt. var. uliginosa.— Wet peaty ground, acid swamps and meadows. (Thoreau, 1856; Eaton, 177 1932.) Infrequent. (General.) The Thoreau specimen in Thor. Herb. was not identified, but annotated “Radula Swamp, Aug. 10, 56.” Thoreau went to Fairhaven Hill and Walden on that day. — var. linoides (T. & G.) Fern. — Sphagnous peats. (Eaton, 1931.) Rare. (Uncommon.) [Thor.] 38. S. arguta Ait.— Open woods, clearings, roadside banks, 48. etc. (Eaton, 1957.) Apparently rare. (Infrequent but general.) S. nemoralis Ait.— Dry sterile soils, sandy fields, road- sides, etc. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] 51. S. odora Ait., Sweet Goldenrod. — Dry soils, thin woods, DO- ~]| bo Sy S. roadsides. (Katon, 1954.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) Occurs in two areas below Flint’s Bridge: vicinity of filter beds and across the river near Ball’s Hill. ['Thor.] Crushed foliage has odor of anise seed. ulmifolia Muhl.— Dry, often rocky woods, rarely in meadows. (Thoreau, n.d.) Rare. (Uncommon.) North- eastern limit of range in Essex Co., Massachusetts. Thoreau’s specimen in Thor. Herb. mounted on a sheet of Penthorum sedoides with annotation ‘Concord — what ?” S. rugosa Ait. var. rugosa. — Fields, thickets, clearings, open woods, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Abundant. var. aspera (Ait.) Fern. (S. aspera Ait.).— Dry or damp open soil or thin woods and thickets. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. S. candensis L. — Fields, roadsides, borders of river mea- dows, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Abundant. [Thor.] S. altissima L.— Dry to moist deep open soils, roadsides, 2S. S. thickets, etc. (Eaton, 1930.) Uncommon. (Infrequent but general.) ['Thor. | gigantea Ait. var. gigantea. — Moist to dry open soil. (Thoreau, 1856; Hoar, 1857.) Common. Thoreau speci- men in Thor. Herb. annotated “By R.R., Aug. 23, 1856.” var. leiophylla Fern. (var. serotina (Ait.) Cronq.). — Similar habitats, usually in better soils. (Eaton, 1932.) Common. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. var. Nuttallii (Greene) Fern. — Dry fields and roadsides, moist open ground, shores, swampy ground. (Hoar, 18 Sept.) Common. [Thor.] 178 19. ASTER L. Aster, Frost-flower For artificial key to the New England taxa of which 23 species are known to occur in Middl., see Fl. N. E. p.529. For the more comprehensive key to 68 species, see Man. p.1416. 2. A. divaricatus L.— Dry or moist woods and clearings. 10. 14, 15. 18. A. A. A. A. (Thoreau, 1856; Hoar, 1857.) Common. Thoreau speci- men in Thor. Herb. and annotated “Corner Spiny Path” and “Above Hemlocks, Aug. 9, ’56.” . macrophyllus L. var. macrophyllus.— Dry to moist open woods, thickets and clearings. (Eaton, 1957.) Un- common. (General.) Forms large clones up to 3 m and more in diameter. [Thor.] var. sejunctus Burgess. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1957.) Uncommon. (General. Common westward.) var. ianthinus (Burgess) Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1932.) Apparently rare. (Uncommon.) cordifolius L. var. cordifolius. — Thickets, roadsides, usually in moist, partially shaded ground, (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. (Common.) Unaccountably scarce in Concord; often abundant and weedy in Middl. [Thor.] undulatus L. var. undulatus. — Dry open, often rocky woods, fields, roadsides. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [ Thor. | patens Ait.— Dry open woods, fields. (Hoar, 1857.) Frequent. [Thor.] novae-angliae L. forma novae-angliae, New England Aster. — Damp fields, shores. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. Rapidly increasing in abundance. The status of this species as an indigenous plant in Concord is question- able. Formerly much cultivated, but apparently un- recorded as occurring in a natural state prior to the mid-20th century. Specimens from eastern Massachu- setts in NEBC are scanty and suggestive of its infre- quent if not rare occurrence in former times. It may well be a rapidly increasing escape from cultivation. forma roseus (Desf.) Britt. (Eaton, 1934.) Occa- sional. 23. A. puniceus L. var. puniceus. — Meadows, open wooded Swamps, etc. (Eaton, 1931.) Common, often abundant. [ Thor. ] forma candidus Fern. (Eaton, 1961.) Occasional. 179 var, firmus (Nees) T. & G. (Eaton, 1961.) Uncom- mon. 28. A. laevis L. forma laevis. — Dry open ground. (Hoar, 1857.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) [Thor.] forma latifolius (Porter) Shinners. (Eaton, 1931.) Uncommon. 33. A. radula Ait.— Bogs, sphagnous swamps and _ shores. (Hoar, 1858; Williams, 1908.) Rare. (Uncommon.) [ Thor. ] 34, A. pilosus Willd. var. pilosus.— Dry fields, roadsides, waste places. (Eaton, 1938; 1961; 1968.) Uncommon. (Rare?) This var. is occasional in New England and known in Middl. from Concord and Bedford. The com- mon var. demotus Blake has not yet (1974) been col- lected in Concord. 37. X A. amethystinus Nutt.— Dry or moist open ground. (Eaton, 1958.) Rare. Generally considered a recurrent hybrid between Nos. 38 and 18. 38. A. ericoides L.— Dry fields, waste places. (EKaton, 1931.) Common. [Thor.] 40. A. dumosus L. var. dumosus.— Dry to wet sandy and clayey open ground, thickets and shores. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] 41. A. vimineus Lam. var. vimineus. — Fields, often in moist to wet depressions, shores, meadows, etc. (Katon, 1956.) Very common. [Thor.] var. subdumosus Wieg. (Eaton, 1958.) Rare. AZ. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britt. var. lateriflorus. — Dry to moist fields, thickets, meadows, shores, etc. (Eaton, 1931.) Common. var. pendulus (Ait.) Burgess. (Hoar, 1857.) Rare. (General, but uncommon.) 46. A. simplex Willd. var. simplex. — Meadows, shores, damp thickets. (EK. Faxon, 1890.) Common. var. ramosissimus (T. & G.) Cronq. (Eaton, 1931.) Common. In Middl., the commoner variety. [Thor.] 56. A. novi-belgii L. var. novi-belgii. — Meadows, shores, damp thickets, ete. (Hoar, 1857.) Very common. [Thor.] 61. A. acuminatus Michx.— Dry or moist woods and recent clearings. (Eaton, 1921.) Common, often abundant. [ Thor. | 180 63. A. umbellatus Mill. Meadows, damp thickets, swamps. (Hoar, 1857.) Very common. [Thor.] 64. A. infirmus Michx. — Dry, deciduous, usually rocky woods. (C. C. Field, 1835 (1839?); Collins, 1886.) Rare. At northeastern limit of range in Middl. The Field speci- men is at U. Mass. [Thor.] 65. A. linariifolius L. forma linariifolius. Dry sandy open soil, ledges and rocky banks. (Eaton, 1928.) Common. [ Thor. | forma leucactis Benke. (Hosmer, n.d.) Occasional. 20. ERIGERON L. Fleabane Key: Man. p.1442 . E. pulchellus Michx., Robin’s-plantain. — Fields, copses. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Common. [Thor.] E. annuus (L.) Pers., Daisy Fleabane. — Fields, roadsides, waste places. (Eaton, 1957.) Common, often weedy. [ Thor. | . E. strigosus Muhl. var. strigosus, White-top, Daisy Flea- bane. — Fields, dry open soil. (Hoar, 1857.) Very com- mon, often weedy. [Thor.] var. septentrionalis (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Uncommon. 15. E. canadensis L., Horse-weed, Hog-weed. — Waste ground, cultivated fields, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Very common. Weedy. [Thor.] 21. SERICOCARPUS Nees White-topped Aster 1. S. asteroides (L.) BSP.— Dry, open woods. Clearing, roadsides. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. [Thor.] 2. S. linifolius (L.) BSP.— Dry woods, clearings. (Jenks, 1890.) Infrequent, scarce. (General, but scarce.) [Thor.] The specimen in Thor. Herb. lacks collection data and was misidentified as No. 1 above. Ou we te) TRIBE IV. INULEAE Cass. Key: Man. p.1448 25. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Dog’s-toes, Pussy’s-toes, Ladies’-tobacco Key: Man. p.1450 18. A. neglecta Greene. — Sterile fields, pastures, roadsides. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. 181 22. A. neodioica Greene var. neodioica. — Dry fields, pastures, 28. 29. lawns, etc. (Eaton, 1956.) Very common. Our com- monest species. var. chlorophylla Fern.— Dry open woods and fields. (Eaton, 1930.) Rare. Apparently the only Massachusetts record east of Worcester Co. . fallax Greene.— Dry open woods, fields, roadsides. (Eaton, 1956.) Uncommon. (General, but infrequent.) A. Parlinii Fern. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1956.) Ap- parently rare. (Uncommon, but rather general.) . plantaginifolia (L.) Hook. — Fields, pastures, dry open woods, etc. (Eaton, 1956.) Common, [Thor.] 26. ANAPHALIS DC. Everlasting . MARGARITACEA (L.) C. B. Clarke var. MARGARITACEA. — Dry fallow fields, where adventive from the west. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare. See Rh. 38: 64. var. intercedens Hara. — Dry fields, clearings, open woods. (Hoar, 1857.) Frequent. Indigenous. This is the showy “Everlasting” sought for dried winter bou- quets. [Thor.] 27. GNAPHALIUM L. Cudweed, Everlasting Key: Man. p.1463 . obtusifolium L. var. obtusifolium.— Dry fields and clearings. Waste places. (Fernald, 1916.) Common. [ Thor. | . uliginosum L. — Ditches, damp roadsides, waste places, open woods and clearings. (Hoar, 1857.) Common, often weedy. [Thor.] 28. INULA L. . HELENIUM L.— Roadsides, damp pastures, fencerows and clearings. (Hoar, 1885.) Rare. (Occasional.) Natu- ralized from Europe. [Thor.] TRIBE V. HELIANTHEAE Cass. Key: Man. p.1465 32. AMBROSIA L. Ragweed . artemisiifolia L. var. artemisiifolia. — Roadsides, culti- vated land. (L. E. Richardson, 1966.) Apparently rare. Seldom collected. Perhaps overlooked. var. elatior (L.) Descourtils, Common Ragweed, 182 18. iT, 18. 20. 21. Roman Wormwood. — Waste places, roadsides, culti- vated land. (Williams, 1908.) Abundant. A pernicious weed, its pollen being a common allergen. [Thor.] forma villosa Fern. & Grisc. (Eaton, 1957.) Prob- ably frequent, seldom collected. 44, RUDBECKIA L. Coneflower Key: Man. p.1480 R. laciniata L.— Rich low open ground and swampy thickets. (Eaton, 1957.) Apparently rare; known from a single station where scarce. (Infrequent, but general.) [ Thor. ] . SEROTINA Nutt., Yellow Daisy, Black-eyed Susan. — Fields, roadsides, waste places. (Hoar, 1858.) Abun- dant, weedy. Indigenous in the Great Plains, and spreading eastward rapidly after settlement of the in- tervening land. [Thor. | 49. HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower Key: Man. p.1487 . ANNUUS L., Common Sunflower. — Waste places, fallow fields, roadsides. (Katon, 1957.) Infrequent. Adventive from farther west or spreading from cultivation. [ Thor. | . LAETIFLORUS Pers. var. LAETIFLORUS. — Waste places, fields. (Eaton, 1957.) Occasional. Adventive from farther west or spreading from cultivation. var. RIGIDUS (Cass.) Fern., Prairie Sunflower. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1934; 1957.) Rare. Adven- tive from farther west. H. divaricatus L.— Roadsides, dry thickets and open H. woods. (Hoar, 1858.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) [Thor.] strumosus L. — Similar habitats. (Collins, 1886.) Un- common. (Frequent.) A specimen in Thor. Herb. is annotated “Tall Helianthus, Aug. 11, 756. Corner Rd.,” but doubtfully determined. decapetalus L.— Open woods and thickets. (Thoreau, 1856.) Rare. (Uncommon.) Specimen annotated “Aug. 29, °56, Assabet R.”’ Doubtfully determined. . TUBEROSUS L., Jerusalem Artichoke. — Rich open soil, fields, waste land. (Eaton, 1958.) Uncommon. (Fre- quent.) Adventive from farther west or escaped from 183 cultivation and generally naturalized. Often a per- sistent weed in cultivated land. [Thor.] [54. COREOPSIS L. Coreopsis No members of this genus have been reported from Concord, but the native C. rosea has been found in Sudbury, Framingham, Natick, and (commonly) at Winter Pond in Winchester. A speci- men in Thor. Herb. lacks collection data. Five other species, all either adventive or escapes from cultivation and originating from farther west or north, are occasionally found in New Eng- land and may turn up in Concord. The key to these six species may be found in FI. N. E. p.551.] 55. BIDENS L. Bur-Marigold, Beggar’s-ticks Key: Man. p.1499 1. B. laevis (L.) BSP. — Marshy riverbanks, margins of pools and brooks. (Hoar, 1858.) Uncommon. [Thor.] 2. B. cernua L. var. cernua. — Meadows, stream banks, pond shores. (Williams, 1896.) Common. var. elliptica Wieg. (Williams, 1899.) Frequent. 4. B. connata Muhl. var. connata.— Meadows, shores, swamps. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] 10. B. comosa (Gray) Wieg.— Wet shores and swamps. (Eaton, 1928.) Rare(?): known in Concord from the shore of Goose Pond. (Occasional.) This species is infrequent in New England. 12. B. vulgata Greene, Beggar’s-ticks, Stick-tight. — Moist low ground, ditches, roadsides, waste ground. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. Weedy. 13. B. frondosa L.— Meadows, shores, moist places. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] 14. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britt. — Marshy pond shores and wet peats or sands. (Eaton, 1957.) Local. (Uncom- mon). Abundant along swampy borders of pond-holes beside Estabrook Road. 17. B. ARISTOSA (Michx.) Britt. var. MUTICA Gray. — Fal- low fields, waste places. (Eaton, 1934.) A rare adven- tive from the west at Clam Shell Bluff, to be added to the list reported in Rh. 38: 64. 57. MEGALODONTA Greene Water-Marigold 1. M. Beckii (Torr.) Greene.— Ponds and slow streams. 184 (Hoar, 1857.) Formerly common, now rather scarce. (Frequent.) This showy yellow-flowered riverweed may have been depleted by pollution. [Thor.] 59. GALINSOGA R. & P. Key: Man. p.1510 . CILIATA (Raf.) Blake.— Waste places, cultivated ground. (Haton and L. E. Richardson, 1958.) Frequent, becoming too common and weedy. (Common.) Natu- ralized from tropical America. TRIBE VI. HELENIEAE Cass. Key: Man. p.1511 65. HELENIUM L. Sneezeweed Key: Man. p.1512 . NUDIFLORUM Nutt. (now generally accepted as dH. flexusosum Raf.).— Fields, meadows, damp waste places. (Eaton, 1920.) Occasional. (Uncommon.) Ad- ventive from farther south and rapidly spreading north- ward into New England where locally sometimes abundant. . AUTUMNALE L. var. AUTUMNALE (fide H. L. Rock, 1956.) — Fields, meadows. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare. Ad- ventive from farther west. See Rh. 38: 64. An un- identified variety of this species occurred abundantly in Wheeler’s Meadow near Nashawtuc Bridge about 50 years ago. TRIBE VII. ANTHEMIDEAE Cass. Key: Man. p.1514 69. ACHILLEA L. Yarrow . MILLEFOLIUM L., Common Yarrow. — Fields, road- sides, thin lawns, dry waste places. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Ligules often pinkish, sometimes shading to deep rose-purple in forma rosea Rand & Redfield. Naturalized from Europe. 70. ANTHEMIS L. Chamomile Key: Man. p.1515 . COTULA L., Dog-Fennel, Stinking Chamomile. — Waste ground, roadsides, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. Natu- ralized from Europe. [Thor.] 185 10. 14. ve A. A. 71. MATRICARIA L. Wild Chamomile Key: Man. p.1516 MATRICARIOIDES (Less.) Porter, Pineapple-weed. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1957, when infrequent.) Fre- quent. (Common.) Odor of bruised plant suggestive of pineapple. Naturalized from Pacific States. 72. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Chrysanthemum . LEUCANTHEMUM L. var. PINNATIFIDUM Lecog & La- motte, White Daisy, Ox-eye-Daisy. — Fields, roadsides, waste land, etc. (Eaton, 1958.) Abundant. A beautiful but pernicious weed. Naturalized from Europe, [Thor.] 73. TANACETUM L. Tansy . VULGARE L. forma VULGARE, Common Tansy. — Waste places, roadsides. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. Often aggregated in large, showy patches. Naturalized from Europe. forma CRISPUM (L.) Hayek. — (Jenks, 1889.) Un- common. 75. ARTEMISIA L. Wormwood Key: Man. p.1519 VULGARIS L., Common Mugwort. — Waste land, thick- ets, roadsides, railroads. (Rodman, 1891.) Uncommon. (Frequent.) Naturalized from Europe. [Thor.] LUDOVICIANA Nutt., Western Mugwort, White Sage. — An excessively variable species. For a key to the vars. see Man. p. 1523; for a key to vars. known from New England, see Fl. N. E. p. 562. The Concord citations refer to collections made at Clam Shell Bluff; not yet recorded elsewhere from the township. See Rh. 38: 64-69. All varieties adventive from the west. (Scarce.) var. LUDOVICIANA Nutt. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare. Two other records from New England. var. GNAPHALODES (Nutt.) T. & G. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare, var. LATIFOLIA (Bess.) T. & G. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare. Not reported, otherwise, from Massachusetts east of Berkshire Co, var. AMERICANA (Bess.) Fern. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare: no other record from New England. Plentiful at Clam Shell Bluff. 186 A. TRIDENTATA Nutt., Sagebrush. (Eaton, 1934.) Plenti- ful at Clam Shell Bluff until destroyed by extensive building operations many years later. Apparently the first and only report of its spontaneous occurrence in Man. range. Adventive from Plain States. Species not keyed in Man. or FI. N. E. See Rh. 38: 64-69 for this and the following Nos. 16 and 17. 16. A. ABSINTHIUM L., Wormwood, Absinthe. (Eaton, 1934.) — Rare. (Uncommon.) Originally introduced from Eu- rope, spreading from cultivation and naturalized very sparingly throughout much of New England. 17. A. FRIGIDA Will., Prairie Sage-wort. (Eaton, 1934.) Rare. First record from Massachusetts east of Worcester Co. TRIBE VIII. SENECIONEAE Cass. Key: Man. p.1524 [76. TUSSILAGO L. Colt’s-foot The common representative of the genus, 7. Farfara L., sur- prisingly has not yet been reported from Concord where it un- doubtedly occurs along some railroad or moist bank. Introduced from Europe. | 79. ERECHTITES Raf. 1. E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf. var. hieracifolia, Fireweed. — Damp woods, clearings, wet fields, burns. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] Note: see Fl. N. E. p. 563 for com- ment on the taxonomic validity of this and the two other varieties recognized in Man. p. 1528. var. praealta (Raf.) Fern. (Eaton, 1959.) Com- mon. 81. SENECIO L. Ragwort, Groundsel Key: Man. p.1529 19. S. aureus L. var. intercursus Fern., Golden Ragwort. — Wooded swamps and brook margins, meadows, etc. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. [Thor. ] 82. ARCTIUM L. Burdock Key: Man. p.1537 . NEMOROSUM Lej. & Court. — Waste ground, borders of cart roads, etc, (Eaton, 1957.) Occasional. Naturalized from Europe. 4. A. MINUS (Hill) Bernh., Common Burdock. — Waste land, roadsides. (Eaton, 1958.) Common, often a weed in Co = 187 undisturbed shrubberies, barnyards, etc. Naturalized from Europe. 85. CIRSIUM Mill. Common or Plumed Thistle 1 -C: 15. C. AG. Ge ite: LiG: Key: Man. p.1539 VULGARE (Savi) Tenore, Common or Bull-Thistle. — Pastures, fields, clearings, roadsides. (Eaton, 1959.) Common. An aggressive weed. Naturalized from Eu- rope. [Thor. | pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng., Pasture or Bull-Thistle. — Dry open soil. (Hoar, 1888.) Rare. (Infrequent.) [ Thor. | ARVENSE (L.) Scop., Canada Thistle. — Fields, pas- tures, waste ground. (L. E. Richardson, 1964.) Very scarce! (Common, often abundant.) ‘Ubiquitous weed”: M. L. Fernald. Naturalized from Europe. 87. CENTAUREA L. Star-Thistle Key: Man. p.15438 . CYANUS L., Bachelor’s Button, Cornflower. — Waste land, dumps, roadsides, etc. (Deane, 1893.) Occasional. Escaped from cultivation. Introduced from Europe. . NIGRA L. var. NIGRA (?), Knapweed, Spanish-buttons. — Fields, meadows, clearings. (Katon, 1920.) Occa- sional. Naturalized from Europe. A variable species. Includes var. radiata DC. (= forma radiata DC.) F. C. Seymour. [Thor. | MACULOSA Lam.— Fields, roadsides, waste places. (Eaton, 19384.) Uncommon. Spreading rapidly else- where in New England and locally abundant. Natu- ralized from Europe. Subfamily II. LIGULIFLORAE Key: Man. p.1358 TRIBE X. CICHORIEAE Spreng. Key: Man. p.1546 92. CICHORIUM L. Chicory, Succory INTYBUS L., Common Chicory. — Waste places, fields, roadsides, railroads, (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent, rare prior to 1900. (Common.) [Thor.] Naturalized from Europe. 183 gee Ny 10. 93. KRIGIA Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion K. virginica (L.) Willd. — Dry sterile soil in open woods, clearings, fields. (Eaton, 1929.) Common. [Thor.] 95. LEONTODON L. Hawkbit L. AUTUMNALIS L. var. AUTUMNALIS, Fall Dandelion. — Fields, roadsides, lawns. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. An ubiquitous weed. Naturalized from Europe. [Thor.] 97. TRAGOPOGON L. Goat’s-beard T. PRATENSIS L., Goat’s-beard. — Fields, roadsides, etc. (L. E. Richardson, 1959.) Frequent. Locally abundant and becoming a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. 99. TARAXACUM Zinn Dandelion Key: Man. p.1550 T. ERYTHROSPERMUM Andrz., Red-seeded Dandelion. — Dry thin soil, pastures, lawns. (Eaton, 1922.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. T. OFFICINALE Weber, Common Dandelion. — Lawns, grasslands, waste places. (Hoar, 1858.) Abundantly ubiquitous. Naturalized from Europe. [Thor. | 100. SONCHUS L. Sow-Thistle Key: Man. p.15538 S. ARVENSIS L., Field Sow-thistle. — Roadsides, fields, waste places. (Eaton, 1957.) Infrequent. (Frequent.) Often a noxious weed. Naturalized from Europe. S. ASPER L., Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle. — Waste places, roadsides, etc. (Hoar, 1888.) Common. Naturalized from Europe. 101. LACTUCA L. Lettuce Key: Man. p.1554 L. SCARIOLA L, forma SCARIOLA, Prickly Lettuce. — Road- sides, waste ground. (Eaton, 1957.) Infrequent. Natu- ralized from Europe. forma INTEGRIFOLIA (Bogenh.) G. Beck. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. Naturalized from Europe. . L. canadensis L. var. canadensis forma canadensis, Wild Lettuce. — Thickets, borders of woods, clearings, road- sides. (Eaton, 1958.) Frequent. forma angustata Wieg. — Similar habitats. (Hoar, 1858.) Occasional. 189 11. var. longifolia (Michx.) Farw. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. var. latifolia Ktze.— Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1957.) Common. [Thor.] . biennis (Moench) Fern., Blue Lettuce. — Damp thickets, clearings, low open ground. (Hoar, 1858.) Common. | Thor. | 106. PRENANTHES L. Rattlesnake-root Key: Man. p.1560 . alba L., Rattlesnake-root. — Rich woods and thickets, mostly moist. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. [Thor.]| . Serpentaria Pursh, Lion’s-foot.— Dry open woods, thickets, clearings. (Hoar, 1857.) Uncommon. Middl. near northern limit of range. . trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern., Gall-of-the-earth.— Dry or moist open woods, clearings, thickets. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. . altissima L. forma altissima. — Woods, usually moist. (Thoreau, 1857.) Uncommon. Specimen in Thor. Herb. annotated “‘Botrychium Swamp, 757” which is in the Estabrook Woods. forma hispidula Fern.— Moist woods. (Hoar, 1858.) Uncommon. The species is variable both as to indument and foliage. Three formae are recognized in Middl. and are equally uncommon. 107. HIERACIUM L. Hawkweed Key: Man. p.1562. For an artificial key to the New England species, see Fl. N. E. p.576. 1. H. PILOSELLA L., Mouse-ear.— Dry, open soil, often in lawns. (Haton #5206, 1962.) Scarce. Rapidly spread- ing, often forming large patches elsewhere in southern New England. Often confused with No. 2. Naturalized from Europe. . FLAGELLARE Willd. — Similar habitats. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. Has become an obnoxious, rapidly spreading weed in recent years. Naturalized from Europe. . AURANTIACUM L., Orange Hawkweed, Devil’s Paint- brush. — Fields, clearings, grassland. (L. E. Richard- son, 1958.) Common. A relatively recent arrival in Middl., apparently spreading eastward from western New England where long established as a troublesome 190 12. 15. 16. 17. H weed of hay fields, lawns, and gardens. Naturalized from Europe, . PRATENSE Tausch, King Devil. — Fields, roadsides, grasslands. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. Rapidly increas- ing in recent years. Naturalized from Europe. . FLORENTINUM All., King Devil. — Fields, roadsides, waste places, etc. (Eaton, 1958.) Common. A very aggressive weed of grasslands. Naturalized from Eu- rope. . VULGATUM Fries. — Thickets, open groves, roadsides, etc. (Eaton, 1958.) Infrequent. An aggressive weed elsewhere, but not yet common in Middl. Naturalized from Europe. . canadense Michx. var. fasciculatum (Pursh) Fern. — Dry open woods, clearings, roadsides. (Hoar, 1858.) Frequent. (General.) ['Thor.] . venosum L. var. nudicaule (Michx.) Farw. — Dry open woods, clearings. (H. Mann, Jr., 1862.) Common. [ Thor. | . paniculatum L.— Dry open woods. (Eaton, 1957.) Frequent. [Thor.] . secabrum Michx.— Dry open woods, clearings. (Hoar, 1857.) Common. [Thor.] H. marianum Willd. — Dry sandy soil, open woods, rail- roads, etc. (Eaton, 1938.) Uncommon. Previously col- lected in Middl. by F. S. Collins in 1895. According to Fernald, combining traits of Nos. 15, 16, and 17 in a heteromorphic series and presumably of hybrid origin and somewhat apomictic. 191 REFERENCES SHATTUCK, LEMUEL. 1835. History of the Town of Concord. Bos- ton: Russell Odiorne and Co. See especially chapters 1, 12, and 18. Griscom, LupLow. 1949. The Birds of Concord. Cambridge: Har- vard University Press. See pp. 3-4 for brief description of area; pp. 35-54 for geology, climate, and vegetation; and pp. 55-73 for disturbance by man. Commissioners’ Report of Experiments and Observations on Concord and Sudbury Rivers in 1861. 1862. Boston. (Manuscript in Con- cord Public Library.) U.S. Geological Survey, Concord Quadrangle. 1943 Edition. Reprint 1947, with corrections. Map of Concord, Massachusetts. 1906. Showing Localities Mentioned by Thoreau in his Journal. Compiled by Herbert W. Gleason. THOREAU, H. D. Walden. 1915. Vol. II. Riverside Pocket Edition. Writings of Henry David Thoreau. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin Co. ——_—_—_———. 1906. Journal, 18387-1861. Bradford Torrey, Ed. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin Co. TAYLOR, NORMAN. 1936. The Garden Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Page 485. U.S. Weather Bureau. Records for Concord, Massachusetts. Boston: U.S. Weather Bureau. (MS.) RauP, HucH M. 19387. Recent Changes of Climate and Vegetation in Southern New England and Adjacent New York. J. Arnold Arboretum, 18(2): 79-117. REDFIELD, A. C. Personal Correspondence. JOHNSON, FREDERICK ET AL. 1942. The Boylston Street Fish Weir. Andover, Masachusetts: R. S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeol- ogy, Vol. 2. Also The Boylston Street Fish Weir II, by E. S. Baarghoorn et al. 1946. Op. cit., Vol. 4, pp. 49-88. Map of Concord. 1852. Boston: H. F. Walling. U.S. Geological Survey. Report of Bedrock Geology of Concord, 1969. (Unpublished as of 1974.) PRATT, MINoT. 1878. Plants of Concord. (Manuscript in Concord Public Library.) THOREAU, H. D. Journal, 6: 467; 10: 267-273; 18: 125. See entry (7). EATON, R. J. 1969. Gowing’s Swamp. Massachusetts Audubon, 53 (4): 31-34. . 1936. Some Adventitious [sic] Plants in Concord, Mass. Rhodora, 38: 64-67. THoREAU, H. D. Journal, 8: 447. See entry (7). EATON, R. J. 1947. Rhodora, 49: 165-171. 1939. Ibid., 41: 42. ——— 19585 bid o0rocie TorREY, R. E. AND Davis, E. L. 1948. Rhodora, 55: 7-14. MINER, GLADys I. Personal correspondence. (Nomenclature revised to conform to Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th Ed.) THOREAU, H. D. Journal, 9: 156-157. See entry (7). Ibid., 7: 431-443. Ibid., 11: 59-61. Ibid., 14: 8-52. 192 (29) Hosmer, A. W. 1899. Rhodora, 1: 168-170. (30) BARTLETT, GEORGE. 1885. The Concord Guide Book, from Concord. Historic, Literary, and Picturesque. 3rd Ed. (To be found in the Concord Public Library.) (31) ee ALFRED W. List of Wild Flowers of Concord. Vols. I-VI. MS. (32) Pratt, Minot. Flowers and Flower Culture. (Manuscript in Con- cord Public Library.) (33) DAME, L. L. AND COLLINS, F. 8. 1888. Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Malden: Middlesex Institute. Page 129: Hatonia obtusata Gray now treated as Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribner. (84) GLEASON, H. A. 1952. New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora. Three volumes. New York: the New York Botanic Garden. (35) HitcHcock, A. S. AND CHASE, AGNES. 1950. Manual of Grasses of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. (36) SEYMouUR, FRANK C. 1968. The Flora of New England. Ist Ed. Rutland, Vermont: C. E. Tuttle Co. (37) CLAPHAM, A. R., TUTIN, T. G., AND WARBURG, HE. F. 1962. Flora of the British Isles. 2nd Ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts by L. L. Dame and F. S. Collins. Malden: Middlesex Institute, 1888. Flora of New England, The by Frank C. Seymour, 1st Ed. Rutland, Ver- mont: C. E. Tuttle Co., 1968. Flora of the British Isles by A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin, and E. F. War- burg, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1962. Gray’s Manual of Botany by M. L. Fernald, 8th Ed. New York: American Book Co., 1950. Manual of Aquatic Plants by N. C. Fassett, lst Ed. New York: McGraw, Hill, 1940. Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs by Alfred Rehder, 2nd Ed. New York: The MacMillan Co., 1940. Manual of the Grasses of the United States by A. S. Hitchcock and Agnes Chase. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora by H. A. Gleason. Three volumes. New York: The New York Botanic Garden, 1952. Post-Glacial History of Boston. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 53: 441-4638 (1918). Rhodora. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. 1899- Soil Survey of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Report No. 26, Series 1924. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. Surficial Geology of Concord Quadrangle, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Introduction and Map. G.Q.-331. U.S. Geological Survey, 1964. 193 APPENDIX List of plants occurring in Middlesex which are not repre- sented by known specimens or reliable reports from Concord, but which may occur there, the presumed likelihood of occur- rence being indicated by one of three symbols: P. — Probable. U. — Rather unlikely, but to be looked for. V.U.— Very unlikely. Rarities mostly limited by ecological factors or specialized habitats known to exist sparingly in Concord. Species within the genera are arranged alphabetically. Excluded from the list are plants that are represented by a single specimen from a single location and deemed to be casual or too rare to be accepted as a permanent element of our local flora. ISOETACEAE V.U. Isoétes Engelmanni A. Br. U. I. Tuckermani A. Br. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE V.U. Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstr. var. angustiseg- mentum Pease & Moore V.U. B. multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. var. multifidum U. — var. intermedium (D. C. Eat.) Farw. POLY PODIACEAE V.U. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. fragilis U. Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray var. Clintoniana (D. C. Eat.) Underw. U. Athyrium Filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw. V.U. Woedwardia areolata (L.) Moore SPARGANIACEAE V.U. Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Robins. V.U. S. minimum (Hartm.) Fries ZOSTERACEAE U. Potamogeton Berchtoldi Fieber var. Berchtoldi var. lacunatus (Hagstr.) Fern. P. ——— var. tenuissimus (Mert. & Koch) Fern. 194 = ere Selec aia Lea oe es toa P. foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern. P. Friesii Rupr. P. illinoencis Morong P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Billerica, C. B. Hellquist, 10 June 1971, A rare species in eastern Massachusetts. P. perfoliatus L. var. bupleuroides (Fern.) Farw. P. praelongus Wulfen P. pusillus L. (The only specimen from Massachusetts east of Berkshire Co. in NEBC was collected in Sudbury River, Wayland. Although a rare species in New England, perhaps it should be considered Probable in recone) P. Vaseyi Robbins ALISMATACEAE Alisma triviale Pursh Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Sm. S. rigida Pursh S. teres S. Wats. Sandy Pond, Lincoln, Massachusetts, 1894 HYDROCHARITACEAE Elodea canadensis Michx. GRAMINEAE BROMUS COMMUTATUS Schrad. B. Dudleyi Fern. B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitche. (B. purgans L.). See nomenclatural changes in Bromus. Wagner, H. K. Rh. 52: 211-15. B. MOLLIS L. B. purgans L., (B. pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.). See note under B. latiglumis. B. THOMINII Hardowin, incl. var. (forma) HIRSUTUS Holmb. Festuca obtusa Biehler F. OVINA L. var. DURIUSCULA (L.) W. D. J. Koch F. rubra L. var. multiflora (Hoffm.) Aschers. & Graebn. Glyceria laxa Scrib. G. melicaria (Michx.) F. T. Hubbard Poa nemoralis L. BRIZA MEDIA L. DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. var. CILIATA Peterm. 195 < : = ; aq mnaqacayna a < < < nl Ciel cliciel Eyelet] sie! elele? by ee Cd Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. (Occurrence perhaps Probable.) E. MEGASTACHYA (Koel.) Link, (EF. cilianensts (All.) EK. Mosher). For name, see Rh. 68: 441 (1966). E. multicaulis Steud. E. POAEOIDES Beauv. AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) Beauv. var. SUBULATUM (Schreb.) Reichenb., including the more (locally) com- mon forma VAILLANTIANUM (Wulf. & Schreb.) Fern. A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Fern. LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM Lam. L. PERENNE L. Hordeum jubatum L. Elymus canadensis L. E. villosus Muhl. Hystrix patula Moench var. patula Sphenopholis intermedia Rydb. Thoreau: Lincoln, 10 July 1860; “J. Baker’s mud hole.” S. nitida (Biehler) Scribn. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. lobata (Trin.) Scribn. Thoreau: Lincoln, 4 July 1859; ‘“‘Pleasant Meadow.” This specimen erroneously attributed to Concord on the NEBC accession label. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. f. Danthonia compressa Aust. D. spicata Beauv. var. longipila Scrib. & Merr. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. var. glomerata. Thoreau: “Lincoln, Mass. Sept. 17, 1858; Beaver Pond.” M. tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. O. racemosa (Sm.) Ricker Stipa avenacea L. Aristida longespica Poir. var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern. Spartina pectinata Link var. Suttiei (Farw.) Fern. Al- though uncommon in Middl., it has been found in the Concord River meadows at Bedford. Leersia virginica Willd. var. ovata (Poir.) Fern. 196 << SSGCCeEH & 6 Eemeade eee = Panicum Boscii Poir. - commutatum Schultes var. Ashei (Pearson) Fern. . depauperatum Muhl. var. depauperatum . dichotomiflorum Michx. var. puritanorum Svenson . dichotomum L. var. barbulatum (Michx.) Wood . Sphaerocarpon Ell. . xanthophysum Gray SETARIA ITALICA (L.) Beauv. var. ITALICA. Occurs in several vars. and many forms. For their classification, see Hubbard, F. T. in Am. Journ. Bot. II, 187-188, 1915. Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. Andropogon virginicus L. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash CYPERACEAE Cyperus filiculmis Vahl var. filiculmis C. inflexus Muhl. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. ellipsoidalis Fern. E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. E. tuberculosa (Michx.) R. & S. Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C. B. Clarke. Perhaps Prob- able. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern. Scirpus acutus Muhl. Concord River meadows at Bed- ford. S. americanus Pers. Abundant at Heard’s Pond, Wayland. S. atrovirens Willd. var. atrovirens S. expansus Fern. S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fern. S. Smithii Gray. Heard’s Pond, Wayland. Eriophorum gracile W. D. J. Koch Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax. Abundant over large areas of exposed flats at Sandy Pond, Lincoln, during the four-year drought of the mid-1960’s. Carex artitecta Mackenz. : C. atlantica Bailey C. Bicknellii Britt. C. bromoides Schkuhr C. communis Bailey ae} tae) tae} tae} tae} [ae] 197 aS aio (e ser as << 2S ww Gi SSeS ae C. Crawfordii Fern. C. crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. C. flava L. var. flava C. gracilescens Steud. C. HIRTA L. One of the very few naturalized sedges. Frequent in Essex Co. C. laxiflora Lam. var. serrulata F. J. Herm. (Lincoln, where the only occurrence recorded from New England.) C. leporina L. C. leptonervia Fern. To be looked for on circumneutral soils, e.g., overlying the Marlboro Formation as at Martha’s Point. . limosa L., C. lupulina Muhl. var. Doduienlata Gray C. pedunculata Muhl. C. prasina Wahlenb. C (Ca o) - Pseudo-Cyperus L. |. sparganioides Muh]. Rare. Middl.: Melrose, Woburn; Suffolk County: Oak Is., Revere (formerly). LEMNACEAE Lemna valdiviana Phil. Wolffia papulifera C. H. Thompson. Billerica in Concord River, 1968: hence Probable. Very rare in New England: recorded elsewhere in New England only from Fairfield Co., Connecticut. Wolffiella floridana (J. ‘D. Sm.) C. H. Thompson. Far- rar’s Pond, Lincoln, Massachusetts, 1937, which drains into Sudbury River in Concord above Fairhaven Bay. Although this is the only record from New England, the presence of the plant in Concord is deemed Probable. XYRIDACEAE Xyris montana Ries COMMELINACEAE Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. Perhaps Probable. JUNCACEAE Juncus articulatus L. J. dichotomus Ell. 198 S ac J. effusus L. var. Pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg. J. tenuis Willd. var. anthelatus Wieg. LILIACEAE Allium tricoccum Ait. A. vineale L, Erythronium americanum Ker Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. Streptopus roseus Michx. Smilax glauca Walt. ORCHIDACEAE Cypripedium Calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll Habenaria Hookeri Torr. H. macrophylla Goldie H. viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray. Carlisle: Fernald, 1911. Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eat.) Ames Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. C. trifida Chatelain SALICACEAE SALIX ALBA L. var. ALBA S. FRAGILIS L. S. gracilis Anderss. River meadows: Bedford, Wayland. S. PURPUREA L. Populus deltoides Marsh. J UGLANDACEAE Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch CORYLACEAE BETULA PENDULA Roth Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng, var. americana (Regel) Fern. A. serrulata (Ait.) Willd. var. subelliptica Fern. CANNABINACEAE HUMULUS JAPONICUS Sieb. & Zucce. H. Lupulus L. Perhaps Probable. 199 < < ee: Wiel el a a < < caqgqaaqag sac eece c Hee 5 Gadn POLYGONACEAE RUMEX ACETOSA L. Lincoln, where abundant at a single station. R. DOMESTICUS Hartm. Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf. Polygonum cilinode Michx. P. erectum L. CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray C. Botrys L. C. GLAUCUM L. C. LANCEOLATUM Muhl. AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus albus L. A. CRUENTUS L. A. graecizans L. A. SPINOSUS L. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Stellaria Alsine Grimm S. longifolia Muhl. Cerastium arvense L. LYCHNIS FLOS-CUCULI L. SILENE DICHOTOMA Ehrh. SAPONARIA VACCARIA L. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum echinatum Gray RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus abortivus L. var. acrolasius Fern. R. acris L. var. latisectus G. Beck R. allegheniensis Britt. Damp rocky woods, sweet soil as on Marlboro Formation. R. micranthus Nutt. var. delitescens (Greene) Fern. R. REPENS L. var. ERECTUS DC. var. GLABRATUS DC. R. scleratus L. R. trichophyllus Chaix var. calvescens W. B. Drew Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. var. hebecarpum Fern. 200 > > > > > > 209 y GSN aacwa Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. C. muticum Michx. ONOPORDUM ACANTHIUM L. CENTAUREA JACEA L. LAPSANA COMMUNIS L. Occasionally locally abundant on roadsides and waste places. Sonchus oleraceus L. Lactuca canadensis L. var. canadensis var. obovata Wieg. L. hirsuta Muhl. var. sanguinea (Bigel.) Fern. CREPIS CAPILLARIS (L.) Wallr. Uncommon (rare?), but locally frequent elsewhere. HIERACIUM FLORIBUNDUM Wimm & Grab. Doubtless over- looked in Concord. 210 PLATES Eel, GEIR LOI Fiona or Mass., , oe bless oo . . oe aml soon en shows weds. Dronlh bing cpa Bok 6 si hed: ade, balou 8a, we BJ. Y Fans Wei eS : j pe, ae Goa ee Le Seamed ww tebe thug Ths yaar hs sa the : Le — Plate 1. WHORLED PoGonia (Jsotria verticillata) — There is some con- fusion regarding Thoreau’s statement that his sister Sophia found this rare orchid in Hubbard’s Second Wood, since there is no specimen to sup- port it. In doubt also is the exact location of Hubbard’s Second Wood, but it is thought to be Kalmia Woods in Conantum, the site of Mrs. E. P. Logermann’s recent discovery of a Whorled Pogonia and the origin of this photograph. (See page 98.) 213 Plate 2. CLIMBING FERN (Lygodium palmatum) — This locally rare fern-ally was first discovered by Thoreau in 1857. It was last seen by Wilfred Wheeler about 1920. (See page 57.) 214 YOR IIIION, C8 WRWAEDS & ORE. PMMEBE SGML BY, HELE, VEE L At Cou hfe A x Lo a Le BGs Middlesex Gy irae Caled rbrrttnn, p ome. poe oe Met greeks, ey A Z fb bt ha pt iT" pe Plate 3. BROAD-LEAVED PANIc GRASS (Panicum latifolium) — Although this handsome perennial is rather common throughout much of New Eng- land, it is seldom encountered in Concord. (See page le) 215 FREARIOM OF ROWARD §. HOAR ‘Preheat ho Che ie Rages Betanined Ghd ee We, AB. Red Hhee, PFET nae So SNe K ® ‘ hr. a aa BEN Plate 4. CAREX PRAIREA — The provenance of this interesting specimen may thus be summarized: Found by Thoreau on 8 June 1859 in the meadow under Clam Shell Bluff; its collection by him authenticated by his hand- writing on the slip pasted over the specimen; annotated by E. S. Hoar in his handwriting as No. 104 from Thoreau’s Herbarium; presented by Hoar’s daughter, Mrs. M. B. L. Bradford, to the New England Botanical Club; labelled by a student under the direction of Prof. M. F. Fernald. Notice the successive changes of nomenclature. It may be speculated that leachings from the ancient Indian shell-heaps provided the calcium ions needed by this locally very rare sedge. (See page 83.) 216 “Ma VOI. i. VOB, Ee OE HES j Vpn) Ghuasa TD. j Vow. & Moti Cie. Oa, S74 of, fe. Y de e li fig fhere bhp han, tole is 4 : . / GZ Bi I Pe Tiiag 8 is i : Bee Ese Se ‘ Stan btimttnin Cia fal % he (litle) At Ry LM ae # foe Plate 5. WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS (Habenaria blephariglottis) — The bo- tanically precocious Horace Mann, Jr. collected this specimen of an uncommon orchid in the year following his and Thoreau’s return from Minnesota. Alfred Hosmer was probably the last person to have seen this on plant growing in Concord about seventy-five years ago. (See page 97. 217 FLORA OF Whos Moun | yg] CBS, 0g BS MBO Plate 6. SIcKLEPOD (Arabis canadensis) — This plant is one of the six species of the mustard family native to Concord. It is restricted to sweet soils such as occur at Martha’s Point. (See page 125.) 218 POS MAGS IIGEDL GES Bete ig Warasawon EE PUTAGR GEYHBSR. BRGY WSS Bo GS Nescg Gouge RC So Cesena ee PRR Gre Oe foo ; Lf i Ae : RUA pidge” ee iy oy, Br fb CEM Mga Bs GAL CE ag C WUBBARIUM OF EDWARD B. MOAR SCOALA AED SAG. BEARDED YS 8, Be Bs Se BABA, ASS eaten pacar potent Plate 7. LABRADOR TEA (Ledum groenlandicum) — “To Miles’ Swamp. Discover the Ledum ... quite abundant just east of the small pond hole. ...I1 had a presentiment that I should find the ledum in Concord... . in the case of the most interesting plants which I have discovered in this vicinity, I have anticipated finding them perhaps a year before discovery.” (See page 154.) 219 Yj BE Yj 26 Z ay) a (neon / a YY yy Yiyyyjj EX REBARIUM OF RICHARD LATOR Yj Yj 7 D7 F ¢ fing, mia = On [YO GO PY VIDE : YW) YYYYyyNYNUYUUW Wh YY YOU”)’"/7?—0h, pap Mbit erbize lle x Qs as, | Yy Plate 8. WHORLED MILKWEED (Asclepias verticillata) — Formerly plen- tiful at Martha’s Point, the last known survivor of a slowly diminishing population apparently succumbed to the long drought of the early 1960’s. (See page 161.) 220 Searih fete buf zy cs y fee “ (ome. hitad™ pug 7 Y Jad GAh, Yene by nif 6 VERBARIUM OF EWABD 3. UDAR Deaa is On Mere Way WRAL ORD 7 Wie, Te Be Sy GAA. VD YAbEL OBOE PELeE Plate 9. PAINTED-CUP (Castilleja coccinea) — The disappearance of the once abundant, brilliantly scarlet Painted-cup is a mystery. The suggestion that seed-production may have been prevented by an extended period of early mowing for green forage fails to take into account Thoreau’s obser- vation that somewhat dwarfed plants “first appear on the side of the hill in drier ground .. .” (See page 169.) 221 VOLLERTER XO TAY, CORT BLES Me DR Lb, SIDA MMMM ‘WA YA Es YUL JAE LAD Ge: y Y jhe: ti Ve aah BST Chiicp te fh. Z wey j 7 Uo foe bho tii, iy, och, Su Bee es y yy Vi emrrin, fbi hud, Yep gate Ye y, pe pean th 4 Plate 10. LopsEED (Phryma Leptostachya) — Another member of the exclusive fraternity inhabiting the sweet soil of Martha’s Point. Although not seen in recent years, dormant seeds produced prior to the long drought of the early 1960’s may yet rescue this locally rare plant from oblivion. Surprisingly, Thoreau overlooked it. (See page 171.) 222 MERE ET Ge ee fer 4G f 3 . oO 5, Oramieg, OS COB AISSNOM OF OL SUSIES 3. UAVOR HESSBA OL BAERS BINS, BAYS VR CO LY 1 cs 3 heolris wavics, Wil) Biiics yn ie 440444 bn FY. Qwole 4 g Plate 11. BLazinG-sTarR (Liatris borealis) — When, in 1852, Thoreau wrote of finding “Liatris by Caesar’s Well,” he was emerging from the philosophical ‘me-thinks” stage of his botanical development. Scientific names in reckless profusion were now obtruding willy-nilly on the pages of the Journal. For many years the northeastern Liatris borealis was confused with the more southerly L. scariosa, hence Thoreau’s use of the latter name. (See page 177.) 223 — a INDEX cr Abutilon Acalypha Acer Aceraceae Achillea Acnida Acorus Actaea Adiantum Adlumia Aegopodium Aethusa Agrimonia Agropyron Agrostemma Agrostis Ailanthus Aizoaceae Ajuga Alisma Alismataceae Alliaria Allium Alnus Alopecurus Alyssum Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Amaryllidaceae Ambrosia Amelanchier Amorpha Ampelopsis Amphicarpa Anacardiaceae Anagallis Anaphalis Andromeda Andropogon Anemone Anemonella Angelica, Antennaria Anthemis Anthoxanthum Apios Apocynaceae Apocynum Aquifoliaceae Aquilegia Arabidopsis Arabis Araceae Aralia Araliaceae Arceuthobium Arctium Arctostaphylos Arenaria Arethusa Arisaema Aristida Aristolochiaceae Armoracia, Arrhenatherum Artemisia Asarum Asclepiadaceae Asclepias Asparagus Asplenium Aster Athyrium Avena Balsaminaceae Baptisia Barbarea Bartonia Berberidaceae INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 28, 45, 108 179-181, 209 59, 194 71 143 134 125, 201 159 120 Berberis Berteroa Betula Bidens Bignoniaceae Boehmeria Boraginaceae Botrychium Brachyelytrum Brasenia Brassica Briza Bromus Bulbostylis Cabomba Calamagrostis Calla Callitrichaceae Callitriche Calopogon Caltha Camelina, Campanula Campanulaceae Campsis Cannabinaceae Cannabis Capparidaceae Caprifoliaceae Capsella Cardamine Carex alata angustior annectens argyrantha atlantica. var. incomperta blanda brevior brunnescens bullata Buxbaumii canescens cephalantha cephalophora comosa conoidea convoluta crinita cumulata debilis digitalis disperma Emmonsii exilis flava foenea folliculata gracillima Haydenii hirsutella Howei incomperta interior intumescens lacustris lanuginosa lasiocarpa laxiculmis laxiflora leptalea Longii lupulina lurida molesta Muhlenbergii nigra normalis 125, 201 82-88, 197-198 BSLSGRERSIRRRSRSSRBRSBRVL Keg weo 227 novae-angliae oligosperma pallescens panicea pensylvanica prairea projecta radiata retroflexa rostrata scabrata scoparia seorsa spicata stipata straminea stricta Swanii tenera tribuloides trisperma umbellata vesicaria, vestita virescens vulpinoidea Carpinus Carum Carya Caryophyllaceae Cassia Castanea Castilleja Catalpa Caulophyllum Ceanothus Celastraceae Celastrus Celtis Cenchrus Centaurea Centaurium Cephalanthus Cerastium Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum Chamaecyparis Chamaedaphne Chelidonium Chelone Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium Chimaphila Chionanthus Chrysanthemum Chrysoplenium Cichorium Cicuta Cinna Circaea Cirsium Cistaceae Cladium Claytonia Clematis Cleome Clethra Clethraceae Clintonia Colchicum Collinsonia Comandra Commelina Commelinaceae Compositae Comptonia Conium Conopholis Conringia Convallaria Convolvulaceae Convolvulus Coptis Corallorhiza Coreopsis Cornaceae Cornus Coronilla Corydalis Corylaceae Corylus Crassulaceae Crataegus Crepis Crotalaria Cruciferae Cryptotaenia, Cucurbitaceae Cuscuta Cynanchum Cynoglossum Cyperaceae Cyperus Cypripedium Cystopteris Dactylis _ Danthonia Daphne Datura Daucus Decodon Dennstaedtia Deschampsia Descurainia Desmodium Dianthus Dicentra Diervilla Digitaria Draba Drosera Droseraceae Dryopteris Dulichium Echinochloa Echinocystis Echium Elaeagnus Hlatinaceae EBlatine Eleocharis Elodea Elymus Epifagus Epigaea Epilobium Epipactis Equisetaceae Equisetum Eragrostis Erechtites Ericaceae Erigeron Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon Eriophorum Erodium Erysimum Erythronium Euonymus Eupatorium Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Fagaceae Fagopyrum Fagus Festuca Fimbristylis Forsythia Fragaria 161 161 119 100, 199 184, 209 152 152 161-162, 206 161 206 78 78-79, 197 97, 199 58, 194 145 79, 197 66, 195 71, 196 208 155, 205 149, 205 Fraxinus Fumaria Galeopsis Galinsoga Galium Gaultheria Gaura Gaylussacia Genista Gentiana Gentianaceae Geraniaceae Geranium Gerardia Geum Glechoma Gleditsia Glyceria Gnaphalium Goodyera Gramineae Gratiola Grindelia Guttiferae Gypsophila Habenaria Hackelia Haloragaceae Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis Hedeoma Helenium Helianthemum Helianthus Hemerocallis Hemicarpha Hepatica Heracleum Hesperis Hibiscus Hieracium Hierochloé Holcus Hordeum Hottonia Houstonia Humulus Hydrangea Hydrocaryaceae Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocotyle Hyoscyamus Hypericum Hypoxis Hystrix Tlex Impatiens Inula Iridaceae Iris Isoétaceae Isoétes Tsotria Juglandaceae Juglans Juncaceae Juncaginaceae Juncus Juniperus Kalmia Krigia Labiatae Lactuca Lamium Lapsana Larix Lathyrus 228 185, 209 172, 208 155, 205 138, 203 169, 207 131, 202 68, 195 182, 209 97, 199 183, 209 17, 144 190-191, 210 178, 208 150, 205 144, 204 71, 196 141, 204 56, 194 65 91, 198-199 63 154 189 163 189-190, 210 164 210 61 138, 203 Lauraceae Lechea Ledum Leersia Leguminosae Lemna Lemnaceae Lentibulariaceae Leontodon Leonurus Lepidium Lespedeza Leucothoé Liatris Ligustrum Liliaceae Lilium Linaria Lindera Lindernia Linnaea Linum Liparis Lithospermum Lobelia Lolium Lonicera Loranthaceae Lotus Ludwigia Lunaria Lupinus Luzula Lychnis Lycium Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium Lycopus Lygodium Lyonia Lysimachia Lythraceae Lythrum Magnolia Magnoliaceae Maianthemum Malva Malvaceae Marrubium Marsilea Marsileaceae Matricaria Matteuccia Medeola Medicago Megalodonta Melampyrum Melastomataceae Melilotus Mentha Menyanthes Mikania Mimulus Mirabilis Mitchella Mollugo Monarda Moneses Monotropa Moraceae Morus Muhlenbergia Myosotis Myrica Myricaceae Myriophyllum Najadaceae Najas Nasturtium Nelumbo Nemopanthus 121 146 154 75, 196 133 19, 20, 90, 198 155 157, 206 147 4 148, 205 Nepeta Nuphar Nyctaginaceae Nymphaea Nymphaeaceae Nymphoides Nyssa Nyssaceae Oenothera Oleaceae Onagraceae Onoclea Onopordum Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum Orchidaceae Ornithogalum Orobanchaceae Orobanche Oryzopsis Osmorhiza Osmunda Osmundaceae Ostry2 Oxalidaceae Oxalis Panax Panicum Papaveraceae Parietaria Parnassia Paronychia Parthenocissus Paspalum Pastinaca Pedicularis Peltandra Penstemon Penthorum Petunia Peucedanum Phalaris Phleum Phlox Phragmites Phryma Phrymaceae Physalis Physocarpus Physostegia Phytolacca Phytolaccaceae Picea Pilea Pinaceae Pinus Plantaginaceae Plantago Platanaceae Platanus Poa Podophyllum Podostemum Pogonia Polemoniaceae Polemonium Polygala Polygalaceae Polygonaceae Polygonatum Polygonella Polygonum Polypodiaceae Polypodium Polystichum Pontederia Pontederiaceae Populus Portulaca Portulacaceae _Potamogeton Potentilla 163 116 112 116 116 159 148 148 149, 205 158 112 64, 194-195 130, 202 Prenanthes Primulaceae Proserpinaca Prunella Prunus Ptelea Pteretis Pteridium Pycnanthemum Pyrola Pyrolaceae Pyrus Quercus Ranunculaceae Ranunculus Raphanus Rhamnaceae Rhamnus Rhexia Rhododendron Rhus Rhynchospora Ribes Robinia Rorippa Rosa Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rubus Rudbeckia Rumex Rutaceae Sagina Sagittaria Salicaceae Salix Sambucus Sanguinaria Sanguisorba Sanicula Santalaceae Saponaria Sarracenia Sarraceniaceae Sassafras Satureja Saxifraga Saxifragaceae Scheuchzeria Schizaeaceae Scirpus Scleranthus Scleria Scrophularia Scrophulariaceae Scutellaria Secale Sedum Selaginella Selaginellaceae Senecio Sericocarpus Setaria Sicyos Sida Silene Sisymbrium Sisyrinchium Sium Smilacina Smilax Solanaceae Solanum Solidago Sonchus Sorbaria Sorghastrum Sparganiaceae Sparganium Spartina Specularia 229 153 128, 202 105 117 117, 200 123 143 143, 204 148 154 140, 204 81 127, 202 136, 203 124, 201 132, 203 127 172 131, 202 83 166-167, 207 177-178, 209 189, 210 Spergula 113 Spergularia 113 Sphenopholis 196 Spiraea 127 Spiranthes 99, 199 Spirodela 89: Sporobolus 72, 196 Stachys 164, 207 Stellaria 114, 200 Stipa 196 Streptopus 199 Symphoricarpos 173, 208 Symphytum 206 Symplocarpus 89, 173, 208 Syringa 158 Tanacetum 186 Taraxacum 189 Taxaceae 61 Taxus 61 Tephrosia 136 Teucrium 163, 206 Thalictrum 118, 200 Thlaspi 122 Thymus 166 Tilia 144 Tiliaceae 144 Torreyochloa 68 Tovara 200 Tradescantia 91, 198 Tragopogon 189 Trapa 22, 36, 148 Trichostema 163 Trientalis 157 Trifolium 134, 203 Trillium 95 Triodia 69 Triosteum 174 Trisetum 71 Triticum 70 Tsuga 61 Tussilago 187, 209 Typha 63 Typhaceae 63 Ulmaceae 106 Ulmus 106 Umbelliferae 150 Urtica 107 Urticaceae 107 Utricularia 170, 171 Uvularia 93 Vaccinium 156-157, 205-206 Veratrum 93 Verbascum 167, 207 Verbena 162, 163 Verbenaceae 162 Vernonia 176 Veronica 168-169, 207 Viburnum 174 Vicia 137, 203 Vinca 160 Viola 146, 204 Violaceae 146 Vitaceae 143 Vitis 143, 204 Vulpia 67 Wolfha 90, 198 Wolffiella 198 Woodsia 57 Woodwardia 60, 194 Xanthium 209 Xanthorhiza 120 Xanthoxylum 139 Xyridaceae 90 Xyris 90, 198 ZFizania 75 Zizia 150 Zosteraceae 64 INDEX OF COLLOQUIAL AND OTHER ENGLISH NAMES Abbreviations 53-54 Absinthe 187 Adder’s-tongue 57 Family 56 Agrimony 132 Alcott, A. Bronson 63 Alcott, Louisa May, ; journal of 35 Alder 105 Black 141 -Buckthorn 143 Alfalfa 135 Allspice, Wild 121 Alyssum, Hoary 122 Amaranth 111, 112 Family 111 Amaryllis Family 96 American Dog-Violet 147 Mountain Ash 129 Pennyroyal 165 Andromeda 155 Anemone 119 Angelica 152 Anise-root 150 Annursnack Hill 8, 11, 41, 42 Apple 128 Arbutus, Trailing 155 Arethusa 99 Aromatic Wintergreen 155 Arrow -grass Family 65 -wood 174 Arrowhead 66 Arum 89 Family 89 Ash 158 Prickly 139 Wafer 139 Asparagus 94 Aspen 1 Assabet River 3, 4, 18, 27 Aquatics of 1 Aster 179-181 White-topped 181 Avens 131 Purple 131 Water- 131 Azalea 154 Bachelor’s Button 188 Bailey, Prof. 47 Ball’s Hill 10 Swamp 10 Balm-of-Gilead 102 Balsam -apple, Wild 174 Family 143 Baneberry 119 Barberry 120 Barrett’s Mill Pond 10 Bartlett, George B. 18, 36 Basil 165 Basswood 144 Bastard Pennyroyal 163 Toadflax 108 Bateman’s Pond 4,12 Bayberry 103 Beak-rush 81 Bean, Indian- 170 Bearberry 156 Beardgrass 78 Beard-tongue 168 Bedstraw 172 Bee-balm 164 Beech 105 Family 105 -Fern 59 Beggar’s -lice 162 -ticks 184 Bellflower 175 Bellwort 93 Bentgrass 72 Bergamot, Wild 165 Bigelow, Henry B. 22 Bigelow’s Plants of Boston and Vicinity 30 Bignonia Family 170 Bindweed 161 Black 110 Birch 104, 105 Bird’s-eye 169 Birdseye 113 Birthroot 95 Birthwort Family 108 Bittern Cliff 13 Bittersweet 142 Black Snakeroot 150 Black-eyed Susan 183 Bladder Fern 58 Bladderwort 170 Family 170 Blazing-star 177 Bloodroot 121 Blue -eyed Grass 96 Flag 96 -joint 72 Bluebell Family 175 Blueberry 156-157 Bluecurls 163 Bluegrass 68 Bluets 173 Bog Laurel 155 -Rosemary 155 Bogs, Sphagnum 5 Boott’s Wood-Fern 59 Borage Family 162 Boston Society of Natural History 31, 32, 33 Botanical Activity, Summary of 29 Bottle -Gentian 159 -Grass 78 Bouncing-Bet 116 Box Elder 142 Bracken 60 Bradford, Mrs. Florence Hoar 31, 34 Bramble 131 Sow-teat 132 Brewster, William 36, 39, 43, 46 Brister’s Spring 10 Bristly Sarsaparilla 150 Brook Farm 35 Brooks 4,27 Broom 78 Broom-rape 170 Family 170 Buckbean 159 Buckthorn 143 Family 143 Buckwheat 111 Family 108 Bugleweed 163 Bull-Thistle 188 Bulrush 80 Bunchberry 152 Bur -Cucumber 174 - Marigold 184 -reed 63 231 Family 63 Burdock 18 Bush -Clover 137 Honeysuckle 173 Butter-and-Eggs 167 Buttercup 117, 118 Butterfly-weed 160 Butternut 103 Buttonbush 173 Buttonwood 127 Buttrick’s Hill 4 Calamus 89 Calla Campion 115, 116 Canada Lily 93 Thistle 188 Caper Family 122 Caraway 151 Cardinal-flower 175 Carnation 116 Carpetweed 112 Carrot 152 Cashew Family 140 Cassandra 155 Catalog, Annotated 52 Catalpa 170 Catbrier 95 Catchfly 115, 116 Catgut 136 Catmint 163 Catnip 163 Cattail 63 Family 63 Cedar 62-63 Celandine 121 Cemetery Brook 17 Centaury 158 Chain Fern 60 Chamomile 185 Wild 186 Charles River 2 Checkerberry 155 Cheeses 144 Cherry 133 Chestnut 105 -Oak 106 Chickweed 114 Forked 113 Chicory 188 Chinese Lantern-Plant 167 Chokeberry 128 Christmas Fern 59 Chrysanthemum 186 Cicely, Sweet 150 Cigar-tree 170 Cinnamon Fern 57 Cinquefoil 130 Clam Shell Bluff 10, 13, 24, 43 Clearweed 107 Cleavers 172 Clematis 119 Clethra 153 Climate 6 Climbing Fern 57 Fumitory 121 Hempweed 177 Clintonia 94 Closed Gentian 159 Clover 134, 135 Bush- 137 Tick- 136 Club Moss 55 Family 55 Cockle 115 Cockspur Thorn 129 Cohosh 120 Collectors cited 39-41 Collins, Frank S. 38 Colt’s-foot 187 Columbine 119 Composite Family 175 Composition of the Flora 7 Conantum 2,18, 14, 46, 47 Concord Botany, History of 29-38 Deane, Walter 36 Hosmer, Alfred W. 37 Hoar, Edward S. 33 Jarvis, Charles 29 Jarvis, Edward 29 Mann, Horace, Jr. 34 Pratt, Minot 35 Thoreau, Henry D. 30 Thoreau, Sophia E. 32 Williams, Emile F. 38 Concord Country Club 9 Conservation Land Trust 9 Field Station, Herbarium of 47 Free Public Library 32, 33 Guide Book 36 Minot Pratt’s MS 35 Population of 9 River 2, 4, 20, 36 Settlement of 8 Town Forest 10, 37, 43 Coneflower 183 Convolvulus 161 Family 161 Coral-root 100 Coreopsis 184 Corn -Cockle 115 Speedwell 169 Cornel 152 Cornflower 188 Corydalis, Pale 121 Cotton-grass 81 Cottonwood 102 Countryman, W. D. 22 Cow -Cress 122 -lily 116 -wheat 170 Cowbane, Spotted 151 Cowslip 119 Crab-Grass Cranberry 156-157 Highbush 174 Creeping- Bent ress 124, 125 Cow- 22 Penny- 122 Rock- 125 Crocus, Wild 93 Crown-Vetch 136 Crowfoot 117, 118 Cuckoo-flower 125 Cucumber-root, Indian 95 Cudweed 182 Curly-Grass Family 57 Currant 127 Cutgrass 75 Daisy Fleabane 181 Ox-HEye 186 White 186 Yellow 183 Dame & Collins 47, 48 Dandelion 189 Dwarf 189 Dangleberry 156 Dayflower 91 Day Lily 93 Orange 93 Dead-Nettle 164 Deane, Walter 38, 47 Biographical Note 36 Deergrass 148 Deptford Pink 116 Devil, King 191 Devil’s Paint-brush 190 Ditch-Stonecrop 126 Dock 108, 109 Dodder 161 Dogbane 160 Family 159 Dog’s-Toes 181 Dog-Violet, American 147 Dogwood 152 Family 152 Drop-seed 72, 73 Duckweed Family 89 Dutchman’s-Breeches 121 Dwarf Cornel 152 Dandelion 189 Mistletoe 9, 108 Egg Rock 3, 15, 18, 23 Eglantine 132 Elder 174 Box 142 Elm 106 Family 106 Emerson, R. W. 18, 35, 48, 63 Enchanter’s Nightshade 149 Endangered Species 41 Estabrook Woods 16 Euonymus 141 European Mountain Ash 129 Evening-Primrose 149 Family 148 Everlasting 182 Excluded Species 46 Extirpated Species 44 Eyebane 140 Fairhaven Bay 5, 22 Cliff 2 Hill hy By os Fairyland Pond 10, 43 False Climbing Buckwheat 110 Fox-glove 169 Hellebore Indigo 134, 135 Lily-of-the- Valley 94 Nettle 107 Pimpernel 168 Shagbark 103 Spiraea 128 Solomon’s Seal 94 Fanweed 122 Fanwort 117 Faxon, Charlesand Edwin 38 Fern Beech 58 Bladder 59 Chain 60 Christmas 59 Cinnamon 57 Climbing 57 Family 57 Flowering 57 Grape- 56 Hay-scented 59 Interrupted 57 Lady- 60 Maidenhair 60 Marsh 58 Massachusetts 58 New York 58 Oak 58 Ostrich 58 232 Purdie’s 59 Rattlesnake 57 Royal 57 Sensitive 58 Shield 59 Sweet 103 Wood- 59 Fernald, M. L. 31, 47, 49 Fetter-bush _ 155 Feverbush 121 Feverwort 174 Figwort 167 Family 167 Filbert 104 Filter beds 17, 18 Fireweed 149, 187 Fleabane 181 Fleur-de-lis 96 Flint, Waldo 45 Flint’s Bridge 27 Floating-heart 159 Flora, Composition of 7 Flowering Dogwood 152 Flowering Fern 57 Family 57 Forget-me-not 162 Forked Chickweed 113 Forsythia 158 Four-o’clock 112 Family 112 Foxglove, False 169 Foxtail 73, 78 Bristly 78 Fringed Gentian 159 Frog’s-bit Family 66 Frohock, Roscoe 39 Frost - flower 179 Frostweed 146 Fuller, Margaret 18 Fumitory 122 Gall-of-the-earth 190 Garlic 93 -Mustard 123 Gates, B. W. 22 Gaura 149 General Reference Works 193 Genista 134 Gentian 159 Family 158 Horse- 174 Geology and Soils 1 Geranium 138 Family 138 Gerardia 169 Germander 163 Giil-over-the-ground 164 Ginger, Wild 108 Ginseng Family 150 Glacial-lake Concord 7 Glaciation, Wisconsin 2 Gleason, H. A. 3, 47 Goat’s-beard 189 Goat’s Rue 136 Golden Ragwort 187 Goldenrod 177-178 Goldthread 119 Goose Pond 5 Fires in area of 9 Shore of 42 Gooseberry 127 Goosefoot Family 111 Gourd Family 174 Goutweed 151 Gowing’s Swamp 27, 28 Grape 143-144 -Fern 56 Grass Barnyard 77 Bent 72 Blue-eyed 96 Blue-joint 72 Bottle- 78 Bottle-brush 71 Brome- 67 Canada Blue- 68 Canary- 74 Cord- 74 Cotton- 81 Crab- 76 Drop-seed 73 Family 67 Fescue 67 Finger 75 Fowl-meadow 68, 69 Foxtail 73 Hair 71 Holy 15 Kentucky Blue- 68 Love- 69 Low Spear 68 Lyme- 71 Manna- 68 Meadow 68 Millet 76 Mountain-Rice 74 Nimble Will 73 Oat- 71 Old-Witch 76 Orchard 69 Panic 76 -pink 98 Poverty 72, 74 Redtop Reed-meadow 68 Rhode Island Bent 72 Sweet 75 Sweet Vernal 75 Switch 76 Tall Redtop 69 Timothy 73 Triple-awned 74 Upland Bent 72 Velvet 71 Wild Rice 15 Wire- 78 Witch 70 Wood Reed- 73 Yellow-eyed 90 Yellow Star- 96 Grassy Pond 44 Gray, Asa 38 Gray Herbarium 36 H. Mann Jr. Herb. given to 34 Thoreau Herb. given to 32 Great Meadows 9,18 Impoundments 21, 22 Greenbrier 95 Ground -cherry 167 -Ivy 164 Pine 55 Groundnut 138 Groundsel 187 Gypsvweed 169 Guelder-Rose 174 Hackberry 107 Hardhack 128 Harebell 175 Harrington’s Bog 41, 43 Harvard University 32, 36 Hawkbit 189 Hawkweed 190 Hawthorn 129 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 18 Journal of 35 Hay-scented Fern 59 Hazel Family 104 Hazelnut 104 Heal-all 164 Heard’s Pond, Wayland 21 Heath Family 154 Heath’s Bridge 23 Hedge Bindweed 161 -hyssop 168 -Mustard 123 -Nettle 164 Hellebore False 93 White 93 Helleborine 99 Hemlock 61 Water- 151 Hemlocks, The 18 Hemp 107 Family 107 Indian 160 Water- 112 Hempweed, Climbing 177 Hepatica 119 Herb-Robert 138 Hickory 103 Shagbark 103 Highbush Blueberry 156 -Cranberry 174 Hill Annursnack 9, 11 Punkatasset 36, 42 Hills 3,4 Hoar, Edward S. 10, 22, 31, 36, 37, 43, 47-49 Biographical Notes 33-34 Herbarium of 47-49 Hoar, Judge E. R. 34 Hoar’s Pond 43 Hoary Pea 136 Verbena 3 16 Hodgdon and Steele 48, 131 Hog-Peanut 138 Holly 141 Family 141 Honey - Locust 133 Honeysuckle 173 Family 173 Pink 154 Swamp- 154 op -Hornbeam 104 -tree 139 Horehound, Water- 166 Hornbeam 104 Hornwort Family 116 Horse -gentian 174 -nettle 167 -weed. 181 Horsemint 164 Horseradish 124 Horsetail 55 Family 55 Hosmer, A. W. 35, Ae 45, Eliza 33 Hoyle, Alexander E. 49 Hubbard’s Hill 4 Huckleberry 156 Hyssop, Hedge- 168 Indian Cucumber-root 95 Hemp 160 -pipe 153 -Tobacco 175 Turnip fy) Indigo, False 134, 135 Interrupted Fern 57 Iris 96 Family 96 Tronweed 176 235 Ironwood 104 Ivy, Ground- 164 Jack-in-the-Pulpit 89 Jacob’s-ladder 162 Japanese Knotweed 110 Jarvis Charles 29 Edward 29 Jenks, C. W. 38 Jerusalem Artichoke 183 Jewelweed 143 Jimsonweed 167 Joe-Pye-weed 176 Jointweed 111 Juniper 63 Kennedy, Dr. G. G. 38 King Devil 191 IXnawel 113 IXnotweed 109, 110 Labrador-tea 154 Ladies’-tobacco 181-182 Ladies’-tresses 99-100 Lady-Fern 60 Lady’s-slipper 97 Lady’s Thumb 110 Lambkill 154 Lamb’s-quarters 111 Lantern-Plant, Chinese 167 Larch 61-62 Laurel 154-155 Family 121 Leather-leaf 155 Ledum Bog 5, 9 Lee Farm 43 Leek Lee’s Bridge Lemna, Weedy 93 13, 23, 26, 42 Behavior of 20 Lettuce 189-190 Licorice, Wild 172 Lilac 158 Lily 93 Family 93 Lily-of-the- Valley 95 Wild 153 Lime Quarry 47 Linden 144 Family 144 Lion’s-foot 190 Little Goose Pond. 5 Live-forever 126 Liverleaf 119 Lobelia 175 Localities, Exceptional 10-28 Locust 136 Honey- 133 London-pride 115 Loosestrife 147, 148, 157 Lopseed 171 Family 171 Lousewort 170 Lupine 134 Wild 134 Madder Family 172 Mad-dog Skullcap 163 Magnolia 120 Maidenhair 60 Maiden’s-Tears 115 Maine woods 33 Maleberry 155 Mallow 144 Family 144 Rose 17 Mandrake 120 Mann, Horace J., Biographical note 34 Maple 142 Family 142 Maple-leaved Viburnum 174 Marigold Bur- 184 Water- 184 Marijuana 107 Marlboro Formation Y 0, 1183, Teh UG Marsh -Fern 58 - Marigold 119 Marsilea 61 Family 61 Martha’s Point 2, 10, 13. Massachusetts Fern 58 May-apple 120 Meadow -Rue 118 -sweet 127 Meadows 53, BP, OB Medick 135 Black 135 Melastoma Family 148 Mermaid-weed 150 Merrimack River 93. ‘0 Mexican-Tea iat Middlesex School 33 Milkweed 160-161 Family 160 Milkwort Family 139 Milldam 37 Millet 76 Ministerial Swamp 41, 43 Ministerial Woodlot 42, 44 Mint 166 Family 163 Mountain 165 Mistletoe 108 Family 108 Moccasin-flower 97 Mock Pennyroyal 165 Moneywort 157 Monkey-flower 168 Moosewood 142 Morning-Glory, Wild 161 Morong, T. 38 Motherwort 164 Mt. Katahdin 33 Mt. Monadnock 33 Mountain s 129 Holly 141 Laurel 154 Mint 165 -Rice 74 Mouse-ear 190 Chickweed 114 Mount (See Mt.) Mugwort 186 Mulberry 107 Family 107 Mullein 167 Musketaquid 15, 22 Mustard 123, 124, 125 Family 122 Naiad 65 Family 65 Nannyberry 174 Nashawtue Bridge 23 Nashtawtue Hill 3, 15, 42, 46 Nettle 107 Dead- 164 Family 107 Hedge- 164 Horse- 167 Nettle-leaved Bellflower 175 New England Botanical Club 31, 34-38 New Jersey Tea 143 New York Fern 58 Nightshade Enchanter’s Family Nimble Will Nodding Lily Trillium Nut-rush Oak Oat-Grass October Farm Olive Family One-flowered Pyrola Onion Orange-Grass Oswego-tea Ox-Eye Daisy Paint-brush, Devil’s Painted-cup Painted Trillium Pale Laurel Panic Grass Parsley Family Parsnip Water- Partridge Hoary Partridge- Wild Pearlwort Pellitory Penny-Cress Pennyroyal American Pennywort, Water- Pepperbush, Sweet Peppergrass Peppermint Pepperwort Periwinkle Perkins, C. E. Herbarium of Peter’s Path Petunia Physiography Pickerelweed Family Pignut Sweet - Pigweed Pimpernel Pimpernel, False Pine Family Pine Hill Pineapple-weed Pinesap Pineweed Pink Family Pinkweed Pinweed Pipewort Family Pipsissewa Pitcher-plant Family 234 Plane-tree 127 Family 127 Plantain 171 Family 171 Robin’s- 181 Pleurisy-root 160 Plum 133 Plumed Thistle 188 Pogonia 98 Poison Dogwood 140 Elder 140 Flag 96 Ivy 141 Sumac 140 Pokeweed 112 Family 112 Polemonium Family 162 Pollution 17, 26 Assabet River 18-19 River 20-21 Polygala 139 Polypody 60 Pond-lily 116 Ponds 4-5 Bateman’s 12 Pondweed 64 Family 64 Poor-Man’s Pepper 123 Poplar 102 Hill 4 Poppy Family 121 Population of Concord 9 Poverty-grass 72, 74 Prairie Sage-wort 187 Pratt, Minot 9, 15, 16, 20, 27, 41, 45, 48-50 Biographical note 35-36 Prickly Ash 139 Lettuce 189 Primrose Family 157 Princess-feather 109 Pulse Family 133 Punkatasset Hill 3, 36, 42 Purdie, H. A. 43, 46 Purdie’s Fern 59 Purslane 113 Family 112 -Speedwell 169 Pusley 113 Pussy - Willow 102 Pussy’s-toes 181-182 Pyrola 153 One-flowered 153 Quaker-ladies 173 Queen Anne’s Lace 152 Quillwort 56 Family 56 Radish 123 Horse- 124 Wild 123 Ragweed 182 Ragwort 187 Rare Species, Status Unknown 42 Raspberry 131 Rattlebox 134 Rattlesnake -plantain 100 -root 190 Raup, H. M. 8 Redroot 112, 143 Redtop 72 Reed 69 References 192-193 Rhode Island Bent 72 Rhododendron 154 Rhodora 154 Rice -Cutgrass 75 Mountain 74 Wild Richardson, L. H.. 11, 18, 21, 29 Richardson, H. S. 48 Richweed 107 Ripley Hill 4 River Meadows 22-23 Rivers 2,4, 18 Robin’s-plantain 181 Rock-Cress 125 Rocket 124 Rockrose 146 Family 145 Rodman, Mary C. 39, 49 Roman Wormwood 183 Rose 132 Family 127 Guelder- 174 -Mallow 144 Pasture 133 Pogonia 98 Rosebay 154 Rosemary Bog- 155 Rough Bedstraw 7 Round-leaved Dogwood 152 Royal Fern 57 Rue - Anemone 118 Family 139 Goat’s- 136 Rush 91-92 Beak- 81 Family 91 Nut- 82 Scouring 55 Spike- 79 Twig- 82 Rusty Woodsia 57 Rye 70 Wild 71 Sacred Bean 117 Sage, White 186 Sagebrush 187 Sagewort, Prairie- 187 Sanborn, F. B. 35 Sand Spurrey 113 Sandalwood Family 108 Sandwort 114 Sarsaparilla 150 Sassafras 121 Sawbrier 95 Saxifrage 126 Scouring Rush 55 Second Division Brook 27 Sedge 82-88 Family 78 Selfheal 164 Senna 133 Wild 133 Sensitive Fern 58 Seymour, A. B. 39 Shadbush 129 Pink-leaved 129 Shepherd’s- Purse 123 Sherman Bridge 23 Sherman, Roger 33 Shield Fern 59 Shinleaf 153 Shrubby Cinquefoil 130 Sicklepod 125 Sidesaddle-flower 126 Silky Dogwood 152 Silvery Cinquefoil 130 Spleenwort 59 Skulleap 163 Skunk-cabbage &9 Sleepy Hollow Cemetery 9, 33 Smartweed 109, 110 Smith’s Hill 47 Snakeberry 119 Snakehead 168 Snakeroot 150 Sneezeweed 185 Snowberry 173 Soapwort 116 Soils 1 Solomon’s-seal 94 Sorrel 109 Sour-Gum 148 Family 148 Sow-Thistle 189 Spearmint 166 Species Doubtfully Determined 45 Species Reliably Reported 45 Speedwell 168-169 Spencer Brook Nef Sphagnum Bogs BS X/ Spider-flower 122 Spiderwort 91 Family 91 Spike-Rush 79 Spikemoss 56 Family 56 Spikenard 150 Spindle-tree 141 Spiraea, 127 False 128 Spleenwort 59-60 Spotted Cowbane 151 Spring- Beauty 113 Spruce 61 Spurge 140 Family 139 Spurrey 113 St. John’s-wort 144, 145 Family 144 Staff-tree 142 Family 141 Staghorn Club-Moss 55 Star -Thistle 188 -flower 157 Stargrass 96 Star-of-Bethlehem 94 Statistical Summary 51 Steeplebush 128 Stickseed 162 Stick-tight 184 Stinging Nettle 107 Stinking Chamomile 185 Stinkweed 122 Stitchwort, Common 114 Stonecrop 126 Storksbill 139 Stramonium 167 Strawberry 130 Succory 188 Sudbury and Assabet rivers, confluence of Sudbury River Aquatics of Sumac Summary, Statistical Sundew Family Sunflower Svenson, Henry K. Swamp -Honeysuckle Milkweed White Oak Swamps Swan, Dr. C. W. Sweet -brier Cicely -fern -flag Gale Grass Pepperbush 239 a) 3, 4, 18, 17, 22 -scented Bedstraw 172 Viburnum 174 Switchgrass 76 Sycamore 127 Tamarack 61 Tansy 186 ey eed 177 Fea doee 154 Mexican- 111 New Jersey 143 Tearthumb 110 Thimbleweed ° 119 Thistle 188 Sow- 189 Thoreau, H. D. 14, 16, 27, 28, 37, 41, 44, 46-48 Biographical notes 30-32 Minnesota trip 34 Thoreau Herbarium 15, 50 Description of 31, 32, 34 Thoreau’s Journal 3-20 Thoreau, Sophia E. 48 Biographical notes 32-33 Thorn 129 -apple 167 Thoroughwort 176 Three-seeded Mercury 139 Throatwort 175 Thyme 166 Thyme-leaved Speedwell 168 Tick 136 -clover 136 -trefoil 136 Tiger-Lily 93 Timothy 73 Toadflax 167 Bastard- 108 Tobacco Indian- 175 Ladies’ - 181-182 Touch-me-not 143 Tower- Mustard 125 Town Forest, fires in ) Trailing Arbutus 155 Treacle- Mustard 124 Trefoil 134 Trillium 95 True Forget-me-not 162 Trumpet -creeper 170 -flower 170 -vine 170 Tryon, R. M. 41 Tumble-Mustard 123 Tupelo 148 Turtlehead 168 Twayblade 100 Bog- 100 Yellow 100 Twig-rush &2 Twinflower 173 Umbrella -tree 120 -wort 112 University of Mass. 29 Vascular Cryptogams 55 Venus’s Looking-glass 175 Verbena 162 Hoary 163 Vervain 162-163 Family 162 Vetch 137 Crown- 13 Tufted 137 Vetchling, Yellow 138 Viburnum 174 Vine Family 143 Violet Family American Dog- Viper’s Bugloss Virginia Creeper Virgin’s-bower Wakerobin Walden Pond Walden Woods fires in, Walnut Family Walworth, W. Y. Water -Avens -Chestnut Family Weedy behavior of -flaxseed -Hemlock -Hemp -Horehound -lily Family - Marigold -parsnip Pennywort -Plantain Family -shield -Starwort Family Watercress Waterweed. Waterwort Family Wax-Mpyrtle Family 146, 36, 147 1 Wayland Bridge Wheat Wheeler Blanche E. George F. Wilfred White Alder Family Daisy Mountain Pond -topped Aster Whitewood Whorled Milkweed Pogonia Whitlow -grass -wort Wild Allspice Balsam-apple Bean Bergamot Chamomile Crocus Geranium Ginger Lettuce Licorice Lily-of-the-valley Morning-Glory -oats Rice Sarsaparilla Senna Thyme 236 Williams, E. F. Biographical note Willow Family -herb Large Pussy- Winter-berry Wintergreen Aromatic Family Spotted Wiregrass Witch-hazel Family Witherod Wood Anemone -betony -Fern -Lily -Sorrel Family Woodbine Woodrush Wood, C. E. Jr. Woodsia Wormwood Roman Woundwort Yarrow Yellow Daisy Stargrass Yellow-eyed Grass Family Yellowroot Yew Family Additions to the Catalog, With Field Notes, Label Data, and Location of Voucher Specimens Additions to the Catalog Additions to the Catalog Additions to the Catalog 68 i Ra RN RS Fe Be | Ate CONCORD, MASS. oy : A Seperate a ae by Pode (Es ei | Compited by Herbert W.Gleaton ig BS; ; i | i | SCALE oF Mruxs AR a en hy oes Mice: a y Ye z a. 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