Flora of Delaware AND THE Eastern Shore ROBERT R. TATNALL Hay and Ed Moul >i*-t^ ^^ ^ ~j" "^yu-v^yj^— , "c-.'-^ f H*^^-. >^?7/ je ^. Gray ^^ussum Warine Biological Ufe^fatory ^ h FLORA OF DELAWARE AND THE EASTERN SHORE Flora of Delaware AND THE Eastern Shore An Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of the Peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia By Robert R. Tatnall Published by The Society of Natural History of Delaware 1946 Printed in the United States of America BY the Intelligencer Printing Company Lancaster, Pa. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Outline Map of the Peninsula Frontispiece Introduction ix Phy togeographic Regions or Provinces ix The Piedmont Plateau x The Coastal Plain xi Transition Zone xiii Early and Later Collectors of Peninsula Plants xiv Early Botanical Societies in Wilmington xv Later Wilmington Botanists xvii The Annotated List xix The Card Catalog xx Distribution of Plant Species on the Peninsula xxi Nomenclature and Arrangement xxi Acknowledgments xxii Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii Collectors Cited in the Text xxiv Annotated List of Ferns and Flowering Plants 1 Synopsis of Orders, Families and Genera 285 Bibliography 289 Index of Scientific and Common Names of Plants 291 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS {Photographs hy Frank Morton Jones.) Facing page Eastern Hemlock, (Tsuga canadensis) 11 Bald Cypress, {Taxodium distichum) 12 Swamp Pink, {Helonias hullata) 81 Great White Trillium, {Trillium grandiflorum) 85 Canby's Orchis, {Hahenaria Canhyi) 90 Alders, {Alnus serrulata and A. maritima) 99 Featherfoil, {Hottonia inflata) 202 Sweet Leaf, {Symplocos tinctoria) 204 Cross-vine, {Bignonia capreolata) 240 VII INTRODUCTION In the Preface to Edward Tatnall's Catalogue of plants of New Castle County, published in 1860, the author quotes the belief of Dr. William Darlington, that "New Castle County possesses a richer flora than any other county in the Union." While this opinion, expressed more than eighty years ago, is hardly tenable in the light of present-day knowledge, yet it is true that the Peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, of which New Castle County is a part, is a natural geographic unit of exceptional interest botan- ically, with a flora exceeding in variety most areas of like extent in the eastern United States. This peninsula includes in its northern portion a strip of upland, with rocky, wooded hillsides, and rich alluvial soil of stream valleys. Farther south it presents a variety of plant habitats characteristic of the coastal lowlands. The Peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, as here defined, is the region lying south of the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, and bounded on the east by the Delaware River and Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay. It thus includes the entire state of Delaware, nine counties of Maryland (or about one-third of the land area of that state), and two counties of Virginia. Its length, north to south, is roughly 200 miles, and its greatest width 70 miles. Its total land area is about 6057 square miles. Phytogeographic Regions or Provinces. Two very distinct natural "provinces" are involved in the make-up of the Peninsula, namely, the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Plateau. Each of these has a characteristic flora, differing in many interesting re- spects from the other. The Coastal Plain of the Atlantic states is a low-lying strip of land along the seacoast. which in recent geological time has been a portion of the ocean floor. Its inner or landward limit is the line marking the farthest encroachment of the sea during the periods of submergence. Beyond the inner margin of the Coastal Plain the ground rises somewhat abruptly to a height of several hundred feet above sea-level, forming an area of more or less uniform altitude, extending inward toward the mountains. This is the Piedmont Plateau. As the name impUes, it may be regarded as a foot-hill ix Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore region of the Alleghenies. In the following pages it will usually be referred to as "the Piedmont." The boundary between the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain is known as the "Fall Line." This term is somewhat vague, since frequently the "line" becomes a band or zone, from two to four miles wide in our area, across which the streams descend rather rapidly from the quiet levels of the Piedmont meadows to sea-level, and within which abundant water-power is available. Thus, in the valley of Brandywine Creek, between Rockland and tidewater, an airline distance of about four miles, the total fall is 140 feet, while in the three miles of the same stream, from the Pennsylvania line down to Rockland, the fall is only about twenty feet. The term "Fall Line" is here used in its narrow sense, to mean the inner boundary of the Coastal Plain; that is, the line at which the streams approximately reach the tidewater level. This line cuts across the northern part of our Peninsula from near the mouth of the Susquehanna River to the city of Wilmington, thence follow- ing a course roughly parallel to the Delaware River, and within a mile or two of its shore, and crosses the state line near Claymont. It follows rather closely the right-of-way of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad through Cecil and New Castle Counties. Thus the Peninsula is divided into two provinces of very unequal size, with about 250 square miles, north of the Fall Line, referable to the Piedmont, and 5800 square miles south of that line, to the Coastal Plain.* The Piedmont Plateau. North of the Fall Line the land rises progressively, in Delaware reaching a height of about 440 feet at Centreville, and again along the state Hne about three miles east of Brandywine Creek. The highest point on the Peninsula is near Rock Springs in northwestern Cecil County, where an altitude of 540 feet is reached. The relatively narrow strip of Piedmont occupying the part of our territory north of the Fall Line presents a flora almost identical with that of the adjoining parts of Pennsylvania. The steep and often rocky hillsides and the rich alluvial soil of the stream-valleys * For detailed information regarding the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau and the Fall Line, see Fenneman: "Physiography of Eastern United States" (McGraw-Hill, 1938), especially the first two chapters, and the maps on Plates I to III. Introduction support a flora of great variety and richness, including many- species rare or non-existent on the Coastal Plain. The surface of this upland region is largely composed of rocks which are among the most ancient in the United States. They belong to the Pre-Cambrian age, and contain no fossils. Among them are extensive areas of schists, diorites and gabbro, the last locally known as ''Brand wine granite." They yield predominantly acid soils. Serpentine rock, with its characteristic flora, appears in Delaware as a single outcrop, about M by 13^ miles in extent, situated east and northeast of Mount Cuba. There are several much more extensive outcrops of serpentine along the northern and northwestern borders of Cecil County, Maryland. Limestone appears to reach the surface in but one locahty in Delaware, namely at the Eastburn quarries along Pike Creek, east of Pleasant Hill. However, this region seems to be lacking in Hme-loving plants. The Coastal Plain. South of the Fall Line the present surface of the land, in general, has an altitude only sHghtly above sea-level. If the level of the ocean should rise as much as fifty feet, most of the Peninsula south of Cecil and New Castle Counties would be reduced to an archipelago of small low islands, and the two Virginia counties would be entirely submerged. A rise of 100 feet would obhterate all but the northern extremity of the peninsular Coastal Plain. The oldest formations which appear on the Coastal Plain of the Peninsula belong to the Lower Cretaceous, and occur chiefly on Elk Neck, in the region lying north and west of Charlestown, and in the drainage areas of the Elk River and Christiana Creek. The soil of our portion of the Coastal Plain consists for the most part of sands, loams and gravels, of marine deposition during early Pleistocene times. These soils are underlain by much older forma- tions, which are exposed along stream valleys in the northern half of the Peninsula. In the material dredged from the bed of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, fossil remains of belemnites and giant clams belonging to Upper Cretaceous times, occur in abun- dance, especially along the recently excavated Reedy Point channel. Elsewhere, fossil wood (lignite) abounds in the excavated material. "Greensand marls," also of Cretaceous age, are exposed in many stream valleys, and are conspicuously in evidence on the slope of the deep cut of the canal, just east of Summit Bridge. The recent geological history of the Peninsula is one of gradual XI Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore submergence, and this subsidence, which still continues, has resulted in the formation of a coastline of the "drowned" type. This is especially in evidence on the Chesapeake Bay side, where the shore line is irregular, and is dissected into numerous islands.* The river estuaries are wide, and extend far into the land, providing extensive areas of tidal shore, whose saHnity varies from salt to brackish and finally fresh water, as one goes from the mouth of the stream to the head of tide. This furnishes suitable habitats for differing requirements as to salt. Farther upstream fresh-water river swamps are abundant, with a flora of their own. On higher levels, swamps dominated by "white cedar" (Chamaecyparis), and others by "bald cypress" (Taxodium) are found, and there are wide areas of pine-barren, both dry and moist. From Talbot and Sussex Counties southward one sees many pure stands of Loblolly Pine {Pinus Taeda) and others of Scrub Pine (P. virginiand) , and these open woodlands are always interesting to the botanical collector, since various species of plants not elsewhere found are to be expected on their floors. Sphagnous bogs in many places harbor acid-loving rarities. Along the coast, especially on the Atlantic side, are many square miles of salt marsh, often inaccessible except by boat, and on the ocean front are long stretches of white-sand beach, with accompany- ing dunes, salt meadows, and tide-washed salt flats. Nearly all of the fresh-water ponds on the Peninsula are arti- ficial, that is, mill-ponds, many of them botanically interesting. Among the few natural ponds, perhaps the most noteworthy from a botanical point of view are the Custis Ponds, a group of about five small pools among high wooded dunes on the property of Mr. Rufus P. Custis, on Savage Neck,t southwest of Eastville, Virginia. These are fed by rain-water, and perhaps also by sub-surface springs, and are semi-permanent. Here is the only station on the Peninsula, as far as is known, for Wolffia punctata, the smallest known flowering plant, and one of the two known localities in our area for Wolffiella fioridana, which also occurs in Dragon Marsh, near Delaware City. Sea-level ponds are formed at points along the coast, especially that of Chesapeake Bay, in places where wave-action has thrown * A detailed account of the geological history of our area may be obtained from the Geological Atlas of the United States, especially the Coatesville-West Chester, Elkton-Wilmington, Tolchester, Dover, and Choptank quadrangles. t Name sometimes given as "Savage's Neck," from Thomas Savage, who came to Virginia with Captain John Smith, and who was the first white settler on the Eastern Shore. xii Introduction sand bars across the mouths of small streams, thus forming natural dams which partially or completely impound the water. These "relic ponds" may be either brackish or fresh. Several of them are shown on the Betterton and Chestertown sheets of the Geological Survey maps. Behind the coastal dunes the so-called "dune hollows" are a characteristic feature. These are shallow depressions in the sand, kept more or less moist by rain water, which usually sinks out of sight as it falls. They furnish interesting plant habitats. Transition Zone. On the Peninsula a number of northern plant species reach their southern limits of natural distribution, at least as far as the coastal region is concerned, while a still greater number of species characteristic of the South extend no farther northward than our area. Thus, the southernmost Coastal Plain stations for Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) are on the Peninsula, while two mari- time plants of the North, Glaux maritima and Arenaria peploides var. rohusta, are to be found on our shores, the latter also at Cape Henry. The large white Trillium (T. grandiflorum) , rare on the Coastal Plain, is found in astonishing abundance at two stations in Cecil County, Maryland. According to J. K. Small (in "Peninsula Delmarva") the Peninsula is also the southern Coastal Plain limit for Gaultheria procumbens and Lycopodium lucidulum. A few characteristically southern species have barely gained foothold on the southern tip of the Peninsula, where they are limited to the southern half of Northampton County, Virginia. Among these are the minute floating aquatic Wolffia punctata, as well as Carex arenaria, Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish Moss), Quercus virginiana (the Live Oak, which, as we have it, has more the stature of a shrub than that of a tree), Teesdalia nudicaulis, and Ilex vomitoria. Other species, extending somewhat farther north but limited to the two Virginia counties, are Baptisia alba and B. pinetorum, which occur locally in central Accomac County, Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis (the Toothache Tree), Berchemia scandens (Supple Jack), and Borrichia frutescens (Sea Ox-eye), the last three reaching their northern limit at Chincotaegue Island. Of southern trees, the Sweet Leaf {Symplocos tinctoria) and Bald Cypress {Taxodium distichum) are not known to occur north of lower Sussex County, except that the latter has one station in Cape May County, New Jersey. The Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia) reaches its xiii Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore northern limit near Millsboro, Sussex County, Delaware, and the Cross-vine (Bignonia capreolata) has not been found north of Wor- cester County, Maryland. One plant is especially noteworthy, as being an endemic on our Peninsula. This is the Seaside Alder (Alnus maritima), which is abundant, not at the seaside, but farther inland, on margins of ponds and streams in Sussex County, Delaware, and the adjoining counties of Maryland. Elsewhere, it has been recorded only from southern Oklahoma, where, according to J. K. Small, "it has been collected once, long ago." Its identity there is doubtful. Dr. John K. Small, in "Peninsula Delmarva," says: "Floristic phenomena are abundant in Delmarva. However, in that land of intermediate position between the North and the South, the plenti- ful thickets of the evergreen calico-bush (Kalmia latifolia), on the one hand, reminded one of the mountains, while, on the other, the cypress-swamps occupied by the deciduous-leaved Taxodium dis- tichum were much more reminiscent of Florida." In view of the variety of habitats which results here from the presence of territory belonging to both Piedmont and Coastal Plain, including marine as well as inland influence, and from the existence on the Peninsula of a north-south transition zone, we should reasonably expect a rich and varied flora, with a wealth of species out of proportion to the area. That this may be the case is indicated by the fact that the number of species and varieties recorded in this Annotated List is about 2200, in an area of some- what more than 6000 square miles. The number reported in the Tatnall Catalogue of 1860, for New Castle County, is 1106, the area covered being 437 square miles. It is surprising that no catalog of the plants of Delaware and the Eastern Shore* has hitherto been published. A number of regional lists covering portions of the Peninsula have been issued from time to time. Most of these are listed in the Bibliography on page 289. Early and Later Collectors of Plants of the Peninsula. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Philadelphia was the center of scientific activity in this country. However, of the many botanists who resided in the Philadelphia local area, or who came from abroad and sojourned here for longer or shorter periods, only * Since early colonial times, the term "Eastern Shore" has been applied locally to the portions of Maryland and Virginia bordering the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. xiv Introduction a few left evidence, in the form of dried specimens, of having con- tributed to the knowledge of the flora of our Peninsula. Dr. Wilham Baldwin* (1779-1819), a native of Chester County, Pa., settled about 1807 in Wilmington, Del., where he practiced medicine, with botany as an avocation. The year 1811 finds him in correspondence with Muhlenberg, to whom he sent more than 500 of the local plants, as evidenced by the correspondence pre- served by Dr. Darlington, in his "Reliquiae Baldwinianae" (1843). These specimens are now at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where they are included in the Muhlenberg herbarium. (See Pennell, 1. c.) Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), arrived in Philadelphia from England in 1807 or 1808. Then a youth of 21 or 22 years, he im- mediately entered upon botanical studies, which were later to take him across the breadth of the continent and as far west as Hawaii, and were to make him one of the best-informed of our early botan- ists. One of his earliest collecting trips is of especial interest to us, namely, his visit in the summer of 1809 to "the mountainous part of Delaware, Sussex County. "t A packet of fragmentary specimens representing 43 species, collected on this expedition and sent to Benjamin Smith Barton, sponsor of the trip, is preserved at the Academy of Natural Sciences. The eccentric French naturalist, C. S. Rafinesque (1783-1840), spent many years of the first half of the nineteenth century in this country. He writes: "I came to North America in 1802, and trav- elled chiefly on foot until 1804, over New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, . . .". In 1804 he prepared for publication "Florula Delawarica, or a Catalogue of the Plants Found in the State of Delaware." However, this work was never published, and the manuscript is lost. After Rafinesque's death his herbarium became widely scattered, so that there is small chance of locating the specimens from our state. Early Botanical Societies in Wilmington. Considerable historic interest centers in the formation, a century ago, of two societies for the study of the flora of the Wilmington area. From the minute book of The Botanical Society of Wilmington we learn that "A pre- liminary meeting was held 5th-day, the 5th of First Month, 1843, at * See Pennell: Botanical Collectors of the Philadelphia Area, in Bartonia 21, 466 sqq. (1942). fSee Bartonia, No. 20, 1. 1940. XV Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore the home of Dr. Henry Gibbons; adjourned to meet 5th-day, the 12th, at Delaware Academy of Natural Sciences." The minutes were signed by Dr. William Gibbons Samuel Hilles Eli Hilles William Hogarth Abraham Alderdice Norris Palmer Ziba Ferris Edward Tatnall, Jr. Edward Tatnall Albert W. Smith Dr. Henry Gibbons. Originally, the admission fee was 50 cents; the monthly dues, 123^ cents. Dr. William Darlington was elected an honorary member. The Society issued a CATALOGUE of the PHAENOGAMOUS AND FILICOID PLANTS of NEW CASTLE COUNTY Arranged according to the Natural System with the Synonyms of Modern Authors Published by The Botanical Society of Wilmington, Del. 1844 This work was 12 pages long, with three columns to a page, and listed 739 species and 20 varieties. "Addenda" to the Catalogue, consisting of a single sheet, or two pages, was published in 1846, and contained the names of 129 species and 7 varieties. A copy of the Catalogue, and one of the Addenda, are preserved in the archives of the Society of Natural History of Delaware, deposited in the Institute Free Library. They are bare lists of names, without annotations. The last meeting of the Botanical Society of Wilmington was held October 1, 1859, when it merged with the Wilmington Insti- tute, turning over its assets to the Institute. Its herbarium was presented to Edward Tatnall and Dubre Knight. The Society's books are now in the custody of Wilmington Institute Free Library. At first, women were not admitted to membership in the Botan- ical Society of Wilmington. As a result of this somewhat ungallant xvi Introduction discrimination the Ladies' Botanical Society was organized. This survived until 1849, when the Botanical Society of Wilmington belatedly threw open its membership to the ladies, who, perhaps as a salve to former injuries, were exempted from payment of dues! The Ladies' Society showed no lack of enthusiasm for scientific endeavor. It was addressed, at least on one occasion, by Dr. William Darlington. A number of specimens from the collection of one of the members, Hannah W. Richardson, which she gathered and beautifully pressed a century ago, are now in the herbarium of the writer, her great-nephew. Later Wilmington Botanists. Our present knowledge of the flora of the Peninsula is due in large measure to the labors of three veteran Wilmington botanists of the last century — Edward Tatnall, Albert Commons and WiUiam M. Canby. Edward Tatnall (1818-1898) is believed to have taken part in the preparation of the twelve-page "Catalogue" above mentioned. A later and much more pretentious catalog, prepared by Edward Tatnall, and bearing the same title as its diminutive predecessor, was published by the Wilmington Institute in 1860. This work was widely distributed, and is to be found in most of the botanical libraries of this country. It is an annotated list, based on careful collecting throughout New Castle County, and presents a fairly complete account of the ferns and flowering plants growing wild in that area at the time of publication. It enumerates 1106 species and varieties. Included in the Catalogue is a list of Algae (Diatoms and Desmids, microscopic and for the most part unicellular plants), detected in the county by Christian Febiger, a brother-in-law of Edward Tatnall. These had been the objects of his study and occasional publication over many years. His extensive collection of microscopic slides is at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and duplicates of many of them are owned by the Society of Natural History of Delaware. After the publication of the Tatnall Catalogue of 1860, its author continued to assemble manuscript material looking toward the production of a second edition of that work. However, this was never published, although at the time of its author's death it had assumed substantial proportions, adding many species. Two bound copies of this manuscript work are now in the possession of the Society of Natural History of Delaware. xvii Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore Shortly after Edward Tatnall's death his herbarium was ac- quired by Colorado College, Colorado Springs, and the work of mounting the specimens and making them available for study has been completed by the botanical staff of that institution. Through correspondence with Asa Gray many of the Tatnall duplicates found their way to the Gray Herbarium, and others are in the Tatnall Herbarium at Wilmington, and at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Albert Commons (1829-1919) extended his botanical explora- tions throughout the state of Delaware, and assembled the most extensive collection of Delaware plants ever made. This included not only flowering plants and ferns, but also mosses, lichens and fungi. His herbarium was presented by two of his nephews to the Academy of Natural Sciences. It gives evidence of care and dis- crimination on the part of the collector in the identification of his specimens, and of his keenness in detecting new or rare material in the field. Wilham M. Canby (1831-1904) was the most widely known of the Wilmington botanists. He collected extensively in the southern and southwestern states and on the Pacific Coast, as well as in the local area. He was botanist in charge of the Northern Transconti- nental Survey of 1882-83.* He assembled a herbarium of some 30,000 sheets of plants of North America and the Old World, which was purchased by the New York College of Pharmacy in 1892. Upon the organization, in 1891, of the Society of Natural History of Delaware, of which he was a founder and the first president, he got together a second herbarium for the museum of the new Society, where it is now preserved in modern steel cases. This Canby herbarium now contains more than 22,000 sheets, accumulated gradually by a long series of accessions, continuing through the years up to the time of the donor's death, and obtained by him through purchase, exchange and personal collecting. Many duplicates of Canby's Peninsula plants were distributed to the U. S. National Herbarium, the Gray Herbarium, the Arnold Arboretum and other depositories. In the years 1900-1903 Canby and C. S. Sargent collaborated in a study of Crataegus of New Castle County, Delaware, and the results were published by Dr. Sargent (1903) in an important paper on this genus. Canby was the discoverer of a ♦ See J. N. Rose: "William M. Canby", Bot. Gazette 37: 346-352, May, 1904. xviii Introduction number of new species of plants, several of which were named in his honor. In 1896 Canby suggested the formation of the "Edward Tatnall Herbarium of New Castle County Plants." This plan has been carried out by segregating in separate cases all of the local speci- mens from the Canby Herbarium of the Society of Natural History of Delaware. John T. Pennypacker (1838-1926), a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and for many years treasurer of the Society of Natural History of Delaware, contributed a series of local plants to the Tatnall Herbarium. Rev. John P. Otis (1846-1934) made a considerable collection of plants of the Peninsula, chiefly from the vicinity of Wilmington, from Sussex County, Delaware, and from Cecil and Wicomico Counties, Maryland. The bulk of his herbarium is in Philadelphia, at the Academy of Natural Sciences, but many sheets are preserved in the Edward Tatnall Herbarium in Wilmington. The Philadelphia Botanical Club, affihated with the Academy of Natural Sciences, was founded in 1891, and adopted as its working range all counties within fifty miles of Philadelphia. This included the northernmost parts of Delaware and Maryland, and several members of the new Club soon organized expeditions into New Castle and Cecil Counties, and some of the more active extended their operations into lower Delaware. Most of the specimens collected on these trips are now at the Academy of Natural Sciences and the University of Pennsylvania. A noteworthy undertaking was the so-called "Symposium of 1909," led by C. S. Wilhamson, and participated in by several members of the Club. From July 4th to 9th a considerable part of Sussex County was explored, and many specimens obtained. An account of this expedition was published by Williamson in Torreya 9, 160-166 (1909). The Annotated List. The Society of Natural History of Dela- ware now accepts as its special field the entire peninsula of Dela- ware, Maryland and Virginia, instead of limiting it to the state of Delaware, as originally intended. Pursuant to this poUcy, the writer was asked to prepare a list of the known flora of the Penin- sula, and the work was begun in the spring of 1928. The Society provided the necessary equipment for mounting the specimens to be collected, and for a card catalog of the species. Data for the list came from several sources. The contents of xix Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore the general herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences and of the herbarium of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, together num- bering more than 650,000 sheets, were checked for specimens from the Peninsula. The herbaria of the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Delaware, the latter containing many plants from the collections of Professors C. O. and F. C. Houghton, Captain H. H. Hanson, H. R. Baker, and others, and the Canby and Tatnall herbaria of the Society of Natural History of Delaware, were also canvassed. Through the kindness of Dr. E. H. Walker and Mrs. Bertha B. Lambert, a number of records of Peninsula plants in the U. S. National Herbarium were sent me, a courtesy which is much appreciated. It is a matter of regret that the original herbaria of W. M. Canby and E. Tatnall are not readily available. However, it is doubtful whether they would have added much to the information obtained from other sources. Edward Tatnall's collecting in our area was practically limited to New Castle County, and his manu- script catalog, mentioned above, shows that his herbarium would probably have added no species to those otherwise known to grow here. Canby's Peninsula trips were limited, except in the immedi- ate vicinity of Wilmington, to some half-dozen localities accessible by rail, and from which exploration of the surrounding country could be made by means of "horse-and-buggy." These same localities are represented in his more recent collections for the Society's herbarium, so that we probably have nearly all of his local species here in Wilmington, Active collecting on the Peninsula by the writer began in 1928, and continued until 1941, when restrictions on travel prevented any further long trips by automobile. All of the fourteen counties have been visited several times, and most of them many times. From these trips a herbarium of over 4800 sheets of plants of the Peninsula has resulted. The Card Catalog. The plant records from all of the above sources have been entered on cards — one card (or more as needed) — to a species. Each entry shows the county in which the specimen was collected, the locality, name of collector, and date. A system of check-marks indicates in what herbaria the specimens have been deposited. On the back of each card is an outline map, on which the records are indicated by dots, so that the known distribution of each species on the Peninsula may be seen at a glance. XX Introduction The Card Catalog is the Society's permanent plant record. Each entry refers to a definite specimen in some herbarium, to which reference may be made in case it is desired to verify the determination. Since there are about 2200 species in our flora, and since the average number of entries for each species is about ten (a conservative estimate), the number of individual entries in the card catalog is at least 20,000. Distribution of Plant Species on the Peninsula. It is immedi- ately evident from the distribution maps of the card catalog that the collecting over the Peninsula to date has been far from adequate. For many common and well- distributed species the maps show a lack of dots in wide areas in which the plants would probably be found if sought for, but where they have been either missed or ignored. Hence, all statements in the Annotated List relative to frequency or range of occurrence must be regarded as tentative. Much more investigation is needed in order to reach final conclu- sions in regard to these matters. There are many species of plants which cannot survive within reach of the influence of salt, either in the soil or carried by spray from the sea in stormy weather. Among those species whose distribution maps show definite avoidance of the coast there are many that appear to be entirely absent from the two Virginia counties of Accomac and Northampton. This follows naturally from the fact that the extreme southern tip of the Peninsula forms a narrow tongue of land between bay and ocean, hardly any point of which is more than five miles from salt water. Among the species in this category are: Carex crinita, C . folliculata, C. intumes- cens, Peltandra virginica, Symplocarpus foetidus, Betula nigra, Ilex laevigata, Chionanthus virginica, Mimulus ringens, M. alatus, Utricularia inflata. Lobelia cardinalis, Sclerolepis uniflora. Nomenclature and Arrangement. The scientific names of species in the text follow the International Rules, and are those given in the seventh edition of Gray's Manual (1908), except as these have been modified by publication resulting from recent criti- cal study. Synonyms are put in parentheses, and follow the ac- cepted names. For the most part, sequences of famihes and genera follow Gray's Manual, although some variations from this have been adopted, in accordance with more recent practice. Common names are given when they exist and are Ukely to be XXI Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore helpful in identifying the species for persons who are not familiar with the scientific names. When there is a choice of common names, the one most generally used in our area has been given. Many species are inconspicuous and seldom noticed except by botanists, and so have never been given common names. No effort has been made to coin names for such as these. Some idea of the relative frequency of species in our area is given by the use of the terms common, frequent, infrequent, rare, and local. It seems best not to try to assign quantitative meanings to these terms, at least until the distribution of our species has been more closely determined. When a species is listed as "rare," citations of individual collections are usually given. Species not native in our area are referred to as either adventive (recently arrived and not established), introduced (intentionally brought in), or naturalized (fully established as part of the local flora). As a rule, species escaped from cultivation have been excluded unless they have become well estabhshed. Many of our species are found only in the Piedmont; others are limited to the Coastal Plain, while still others are at home in both provinces. In general, the status of each species in this respect is indicated. In many cases, the approximate times of flowering or of maturing fruit are given. Much valuable assistance in this has been obtained from the results of Bayard Long's thorough and protracted observa- tion of flowering and fruiting dates for southern New Jersey, as reported in Witmer Stone's "Plants of Southern New Jersey" (1910). The seasons are essentially the same in that area as in our own. Mr. Long's permission to use these unique data is gratefully acknowledged. Acknowledgments. A number of persons have generously given me advice and assistance, for which I wish to express my gratitude. Dr. Francis W. Pennell has revised my Scrophulariaceae and some smaller groups; Dr. Edgar T. Wherry has assisted me in Polemoniaceae and Ferns, and Dr. Walter M. Benner has kindly checked my specimens of Lycopus. Mrs. Agnes Chase has helped with some Grasses. Dr. A. V. Smith has given me the benefit of his familiarity with plant localities in the central part of the Peninsula. Mr. Bayard Long has been unfailingly generous of his time and his critical knowledge of our flora. With all of the above persons I xxii Introduction have been pleasantly and profitably associated at various times, on expeditions over the Peninsula. From Professor M. L. Fernald I have received many specimens from the Coastal Plain of Virginia, including a number collected in the portion of that state which is included in the Peninsula. Ernest J. Palmer, of the Arnold Arboretum, has helped with the critical genus Crataegus. To Professors C. 0. Houghton and F, C. Hough- ton, of the University of Delaware, and to Mr. H. Raymond Baker, of the State Board of Agriculture at Dover, I am indebted for valuable information as to localities for many Delaware species of plants. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my especial indebtedness to my friend Dr. Frank Morton Jones, biologist, of Wilmington. Dr. Jones has been a constant collaborator in the present project, and my companion on most of the longer journeys through the Peninsula and many of the shorter ones. His inspiration and wise guidance have been an important factor in initiating the undertaking, and carrying it through to completion. To my wife, and to my brother, S. A. Tatnall, I am indebted for helpful criticism of the text of the Introduction. Symbols and Abbreviations Used in the Text Counties. It is somewhat inconvenient for the present purpose that two counties on the Peninsula, in Delaware and Maryland, respectively, have been given the same name — Kent. They are contiguous for about three miles. However, the code which follows, and which is used throughout, will readily distinguish between them. Delaware Maryland NC = New Castle Ce = Cecil K = Kent Ke = Kent S = Sussex QA = Queen Anne's Ca = Caroline Ta = Talbot Virginia Do = Dorchester Ac = Accomac Wi = Wicomico No = Northampton Wo = Worcester So = Somerset xxiii Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore Places. Since three states are involved, names of places are frequently duplicated. For this reason, as well as to facilitate reference to maps, names of localities cited in the text are usually followed by the abbreviations (in parentheses) of the counties in which they are situated. Herbaria. When individual collections of any species are cited, the herbaria in which the specimens have been deposited are indi- cated in parentheses immediately after the date of collection. The following abbreviations are used : A = Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. D = Society of Natural History of Delaware, at Wilmington (Canby and E. Tatnall herbaria). G = Gray Herbarium, Harvard University. P = University of Pennsylvania. T = Herbarium of R. R. Tatnall, Wilmington. U = United States National Herbarium. UD = University of Delaware, Newark. Lists of authors of scientific names of plants are to be found in most of the manuals, and none is given here. The list in Bailey: "Manual of Cultivated Plants" (1924), and that in Rehder: "Man- ual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs" (1940), are especially satis- factory. In the present List, "Michaux" is abbreviated as "Mx." instead of the usual "Michx." The following collectors of Peninsula plants are among those most frequently cited in the Annotated List, often by surname only. Abbott, Dr. William L., 1860-1936 Baker, H. Raymond, 1896-, State Board of Agriculture, Dover, Del. Bartram, Edwin B., 1878-, Bushkill, Pa. Benner, Dr. Walter M., 1888- Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. Brinton, Dr. J. Bernard, 1835-1894 Brown, Stewardson, 1867-1921 Canby, William M., 1831-1904 Carter, Joel J., 1843-1912 Commons, Albert, 1829-1919 Crawford, Joseph, 1858-1936 Dreisbach, Robert R., 1888-, Midland, Mich. xxiv Introduction Earle, Miss Elizabeth C, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Pa., Phila- delphia, Pa. Fernald, Prof. Merritt L., 1873-, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. Fogg, Prof. John M., Jr., 1898-, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. Fosberg, Dr. F. Raymond, 1908-, Bur. Plant Ind., Washington, D. C. Houghton, Prof. Clinton 0., 1873-, Univ. of Del., Newark, Del. Houghton, F. Courtland, Univ. of Del., Newark, Del. Jones, Dr. Frank Morton, 1869-, Wilmington, Del. Larsen, Esther L. (Mrs. Kenneth D. Doak), R. D. 4, Crown Point, Ind. Leeds, Arthur N., 1870-1939 Long, Bayard, 1885-, Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. MacElwee, Alexander, 1869-1923 McVaugh, Dr. Rogers, 1909-, U. S. Dept. of Agric, Beltsville, Md. Meredith, Hugh B., 1853-1929 Moldenke, Harold N., 1909-, N. Y. Bot. Card., New York, N. Y. Moyer, Dr. Isaac S., 1838-1898 Nuttall, Thomas, 1786-1859 Otis, Rev. John P., 1846-1934 Pennell, Dr. Francis W., 1886-, Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Pa. Proctor, George R., 1920-, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. Shreve, Dr. Forrest, 1878-, Carnegie Inst., Tucson, Ariz. Small, Dr. John K., 1869-1938 Smith, Dr. Augustus V., 1902-, Central High School, Washing- ton, D. C. Stone, Hugh E., 1871-, Haverford, Pa. Stone, Witmer, 1866-1939 Tanger, Mrs. L. F. A., Lancaster, Pa. Tatnall, Edward, 1818-1898 Tatnall, Dr. Robert R., 1870-, Wilmington, Del. Tidestrom, Ivar, 1865-, Catholic Univ. of Amer., Washington, D. C. True, Prof. Rodney H., 1866-1940 Vanatta, Edward G., 1876-1939 Van Pelt, Samuel S., 1863-1935 XXV Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore Walker, Dr. Egbert H., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Wherry, Prof. Edgar T., 1885-, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. Wilkens, Hans, 1898-, Reading, Pa. Williamson, Charles S., 1857-1914. Robert R. Tatnall Wilmington, Del. 15 October, 1946 XXVI ANNOTATED LIST OF FERNS AND FLOWERING PLANTS OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Adder's Tongue Family) Ophioglossum L. Adder's Tongue. O. vulgatum L. var. pycnostichum Fern. See Rhodora 41, 494. 1939. Infrequent, in moist, shaded ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain, north of the Virginia line. Var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farwell. Rare: woods near Centreville (NC), Commons, 14 July 1873 (A). Botrychium Sw. Grape Fern. B. dissectum Spreng. (B. ohliquum var. dissectum (Spreng.) Clute.) Lace-leaved Grape Fern. Frequent throughout, in wet or dry woodlands. Var. obliquum (Muhl) Clute. {B. ohliquum Muhl.) Coarse- LOBED Grape Fern. Same habitats as B. dissectum, often in close association with it. Var. tenuifolium (Underwood) Farwell. Infrequent, in moist woods and thickets; known from Talbot^ Dorchester, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Frequent throughout, in meadows and rich woods. OSMUND ACE AE (Flowering Fern Family) Osmunda L. \Jt>. regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. Royal Fern. Common throughout, in meadows, swamps and wet woods. O. Claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. " Woods and swamps; frequent in the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: dry woods near Wattsville (Ac), {A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4354, 10 Aug. 1939 (A). [1] Osmunda OSMUNDAC— POLYPODIAC. Phegopteris O. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern. Common in moist ground. The Cinnamon Fern has been col- lected in every county of the Peninsula, except Wicomico. Var. frondosa Gray. Rare, in moist ground: by streamlet in woods, 1 mi. e. of Coldwell Corners (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 898, 30 May 1930 (T, A); bog 2 mi. s. of Milton (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2183, 9 June 1934 (T). SCHIZAEACEAE (Curly-grass Family) Lygodium Sw. Climbing Fern. L. palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. One known station : on a shaded slope bordering swampy ground, l}/i mi. w.n.w. of Bear Station (NC). A colony of about a dozen plants, detected by H. H. Hanson, 13 Feb. 1932. Very slowly spreading; sporophyls first developed in 1941. A second stand in the same vicinity, discovered by R. Earle Dickey, has probably been destroyed. Apparently not introduced, in our locality. POLYPODIACEAE (Fern Family) Polypodium L. Polypody. P. virginianum L. (P. vulgare of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rock Polypody. Common on rocks of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain, where it occasionally grows on banks, in rich soil, and even on trunks of trees. P. polypodioides (L.) Watt var. Michauxianum Weatherby. (P. incanum Sw.) Tree Polypody. Infrequent, on trunks of trees, usually at a considerable height above the ground, from Sussex County to central Accomac County. Phegopteris (Presl) F^e. Beech Fern. P. hexagonoptera (Mx.) F^e. Broad Beech Fern. Frequent in open deciduous woods of the Piedmont ; less common on the Coastal Plain. P. pol3rpodioides F^e. (P. connectilis Watt). Long Beech Fern. There is a sheet in the Canby herbarium in Wilmington, labeled **Woods, New Castle County, Miss Fell," probably collected about [2] Phegopteris POLYPODIACEAE Asplenium 75 years ago. In view of recent collections in southeastern Penn- sylvania, it seems reasonable to assume that this northern fern was actually found in Delaware. Adiantum L. A. pedatum L. Maidenhair Fern. Frequent in rich woodlands of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Pteridium Scop. Bracken. vP. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underwood. {Pteris aquilina of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Common Bracken. Common in thickets and on dry banks, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to the Virginia line. Var. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller. Infrequent, in very acid soil, Carohne County and south- ward; one collection from near the Fall Line: near Ogletown (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 7 Aug. 1922 (T). Cheilanthes Sw. C. lanosa (Mx.) Eaton. Hairy Lip-fern. Rare, on rocky hills: Cromley's Mount (Ce), Pennell, 1 July 1914, (A, U); several old collections (1864-1891), on banks of Brandywine Creek, in and near Wilmington, where now extinct (A, D). Anchistea Presl. -^ A. virginica (L.) Presl. {Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm.) Vir- ginia Chain Fern. Frequent in swamps and moist thickets throughout the Penin- . ^^ sula, south of the Fall Line. ^ V U< >6 (f^ - JO «y f"^"" Lorinseria Presl. L. areolata (L.) Presl. {Woodwardia areolata Moore.) Net- veined Chain Fern. Common throughout, except in the uplands, in swamps and wet acid woods. Asplenium L. Spleenwort. A. pinnatifidum Nutt. One collection: wooded ravine near Susquehanna River, IJ^ mi. n. w. of Pilot (Ce), L. F. A. Tanger, 4101, 11 Dec. 1940 (A). [3] Asplenium POLYPODIACEAE Polystichum A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. {A. eheneum Ait.) Ebony Spleen- wort. Common throughout, on grassy banks and in open pine woods. A. Trichomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Rare, in moist rock-crevices along the Brandywine and Red Clay Creeks (NC). Not collected since 1893. Athyrium Roth. {Asplenium L.) A. thelypteroides (Mx.) Desv. (Asplenium acrostichoides Sw.) Silvery Spleenwort. Frequent, in ditches and moist sandy woods. A. asplenioides (Mx.) Desv. Lowland or Southern Lady-fern. Frequent throughout, in wet woods and thickets, and on banks of streams. A. angustum (Willd.) Presl. Upland or Northern Lady-fern. In the same habitats as the preceding species, but less common. This species and the last preceding one seem to have roughly the same distribution in our area, both of them occurring in both Pied- mont and Coastal Plain. There is much intergrading, so that it is often difficult to separate the species. Some writers prefer to re- gard them as merely extreme forms of a single species, A. Filix- foemina (L.) Bernh, Camptosorus Link. Walking Fern. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Rare, on wooded rocky slopes of the Piedmont: Mt. Cuba (NC), Commons, July 1865 (A); near Centreville (NC), Commons, 13 June 1877 (A); woods above Rowlandsville (Ce), Long & Bartram, 31 May 1913 (A); Conowingo (Ce), Fogg, 30 May 1926 (P) ; high up the rocky slope, along east side of Brandywine Creek above Rockland (NC), (Charles R. Tatnall), R. R. Tatnall, 232, 24 March 1929 (T) ; near foot of rocky slope, just above deep railway cut, }/2 mi. n. of Mt. Cuba, about 40 feet from track, R. R. Tatnall, 1195, 27 June 1931 (T) ; same as last, but about 25 feet from track, R. R. Tatnall, 5004, 17 April 1942 (T). Polystichum Roth. P. acrostichoides (Mx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. Woods, ravines and stream banks, in rocky, sandy or rich soil, [4] Polystichum POLYPODIACEAE Dryopteris throughout our area; common in the northern portion; rarer south- ward. Var. Schweinitzii (Beck) Small. Reported from New Castle County only, with but one collec- tion in recent years: old race bank along Red Clay Creek, south of Lancaster Pike (F. M. Jones), R. R. Tatnall, 2 July 1927 (T). Dryopteris Adans. {Aspidium Sw.) Wood Fern. Shield Fern. D. spinulosa (Miiller) Ktze. Toothed Wood-fern. Frequent in wet, rocky, upland woods, and in low, moist woods of the Coastal Plain, southward to Accomac County. D. intermedia (Muhl.) Gray. {D. spinulosa var. intermedia (Muhl.) Underwood.) Evergreen Wood-fern. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont; rare in sandy woods southward to Wicomico County: pine woods 3 mi. n. e. of White- haven (Wi), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4564, 1 Aug. 1940 (T,A). D. marginalis (L.) Gray. Marginal Shield-fern. Common on rocky wooded slopes of the Piedmont; frequent on sandy banks of the Coastal Plain, southward to Wicomico County (A. V.Smith). D. Goldiana (Hooker) Gray. Giant Wood-fern. Infrequent, in rocky woods of the Piedmont. X D. celsa (Palmer) Small. (D. Goldiana X Clintoniana) . Rare. Abundant at a single station in woods on Sinepuxent Neck (Wo), 8 mi. s. s. w. of Ocean City (A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4755, 12 Oct. 1940 (T, A). D. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell. Broad Swamp-fern. Rare: Centreville (NC), Commons, 10 Aug. 1867 and 13 June 1877 (A); Mt. Cuba (NC), Commons, 10 Aug. 1867 and 26 May 1884 (A); swamp 1 mi. s. w. of Kenton (K), Wherry, 12 Oct. 1935 (A). D. cristata (L.) Gray. Crested Swamp-fern. Infrequent in swamps and low woods, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Wicomico County (A. V. Smith). [5] Dryopteris POLYPODIACEAE Cystopteris D. Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. Glandular Swamp-fern. Rare: near Wilmington, Commons, 3 July 1873 (A); near Centre ville (NC), Commons, 8 July 1876 (A). X D. atropalustris Small. (D. Goldiana X D. cristata.) Rare, in deep swamps: 1 mi. s. w, of Kenton (K), Leeds & Wherry, 3712, 21 Aug. 1936 (A); same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 3080, 21 Aug. 1936 (T). Wherry says of this hybrid, in "Guide to Eastern Ferns," ed. 2, 1942, "Known only in Kent County, Delaware, the Dismal Swamp of Virginia, and southeastern South Carolina." Apparently it has now ceased to exist at the Delaware locality. Thelypteris Schmidel. {Dryopteris Adans.) T. noveboracensis (L.) Niewl. New York Fern. Common in rich woods and moist ground northward ; rare in the Virginia counties: 2 mi. s. w. of Eastville (No), Leeds, 19 July 1936 (A). r/ T. palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fernald. {Aspidium Thelypteris (L.) Sw.) Marsh Fern. Frequent throughout, in swamps, ditches and damp woods. Var. Haleana Fernald. r^-^^T^^- ' *^. Rare: 2 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2317, 3 Sept. 1939 (P). T. simulata (Davenport) Niewl. Bog Fern. Rare, in bogs and moist woods: Salisbury (Wi), Canhy, Sept. 1887 (P); swamp 2 mi. n. e. of Longwoods (Ta), Wherry, 13 Oct. 1935 (P, A); same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 3112, 21 Aug. 1936 (T, G) ; along tributary of Beaverdam Creek, 3^ mi. s. of Johnson Pond, near Salisbury, A. V. Smith, Wherry & Tatnall, 3974, 8 Sept. 1938 (T, P, A); swamp at roadside, 3^ mi. s. of Bethel (S), A. V. Smith, Wherry & Tatnall, 3986, 8 Sept. 1938 (T, A). Cystopteris Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. protrusa Weatherby. (Rhodora 37, 373-378. 1935.) Lowland Brittle Fern. Frequent; wet rocks and alluvial soil. Piedmont province. [6] Cystopteris POLYPOD.— LYCOPOD. Lycopodium Var. Mackayii Lawson. Upland Brittle Fern. Rare, in rocky places of the Piedmont: west bank of Brandy- wine Creek, below High Bridge, Commons, June 1868 (A); crevices of retaining wall along highway, at low point just west of Smith's Bridge, e. of Granogue (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 5013, 28 May 1942 (T). Woodsia R, Br. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Cliff Fern. Infrequent, in rocky woods and on wooded slopes. Known from New Castle, Cecil, Queen Anne's and Talbot Counties. Dennstaedtia Bernh. {Dicksonia L'H^r.) D. punctilobula (Mx.) Moore. Hay-scented Fern. Frequent; thickets, banks and woods, north of the Virginia line. Onoclea L. O. sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Bead Fern. Common in swamps, ditches and river bottoms as far south as the Virginia line; one collection in Northampton County: 3 mi. s. w. of Eastville, Leeds, 3648, 19 July 1936 (A). LYCOPODIACEAE (Club-moss Family) Lycopodium L. Club-moss. L. lucidulum Mx. Shining Club-moss. Common in cool, damp woods, throughout, except south of the Virginia line. L. alopecuroides L. Fox-tail Club-moss. Coastal Plain species; common in Sussex County; infrequent in Wicomico and Worcester Counties; rare in New Castle County: swamps, Delaware City, Commons, 13 Aug. 1872 (A) ; Farnhurst, C. 0. Deakyne, Jr., Oct., 1938 (UD). V L. inundatum L. var. adpressum Lloyd & Underw. Frequent and generally distributed throughout, in swamps, sandy bogs and wet meadows. L. clavatum L. Running Club-moss. Rare, in the Piedmont area: "Swamps" (NC), E. Tatnall in 1842 (D); swamp, Farnhurst, Commons, 11 July 1866 (A); low woods [7] Lycopodium LYCOPODIAC— ISOETAC. Isoetes about a pondhole on Welch Point, Back Creek Neck (Ce), Long, 57070, 20 July 1941 (A). L. obscurum L. (Incl. var. dendroideum (Mx.) D, C. Eaton.) Ground Pine. Common in the Piedmont, and Coastal Plain, southward to the Virginia line. [L. carolinianum L. Reported by Redmond in "Flora of Worcester County, Md." No specimen seen.] L. complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fern. {L. flahelliforme Blan- chard.) Running Pine. Common in dry woods of the Piedmont area; frequent on the Coastal Plain southward to the Virginia line. L. tristachyum Pursh. Ground Cedar. Infrequent in sandy woods of the Coastal Plain; known from New Castle, Cecil, Sussex, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. SELAGINELLACEAE (Spike-moss Family) Selaginella Beauv. S. rupestris (L.) Spring. Rock Spike-moss. Rare, on dry rocks: east bank of Brandy wine Creek, above Augustine paper mill, Wilmington, Commons, July 1865 (A). This is the only known collection in our area, but in 1937 a small colony was discovered by Bayard Long on a rock some 200 feet north of the state line, in Delaware County, Pa., at Point Lookout, }/2 mi. n. w. of Granogue, Del. S. apoda (L.) Fern. (S. apus Spring.) Meadow Spike-moss. Frequent; Piedmont and Coastal Plain; on moist clay soil in meadows and on stream banks, and in salt meadows along the coast; also introduced on lawns in Wilmington. ISOETACEAE (Quillwort Family) Isoetes L. Quillwort. I. Engelmanni A. Braun. Ponds, ditches and low woods; rather frequent in the upland region of New Castle and Cecil Counties; rare on the Coastal [8] Isoetes ISOETAC— EQUISETAC. Equisetwn Plain, except near the Fall Line: ponds, Townsend (NC), Canby, 4 July 1896 (D); streamlet in swampy woods, just w. of Townsend (NC), Long, 3 July 1909 (A); ditches, Ellendale (S), Canhy, 24 July 1893 (D); edge of Custis pond in woods. Savage Neck (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5228, in 1935. Var. valida Engelm, Specimens from four collections from New Castle County, three of them dating from the last century, were determined by T. C. Palmer. Pondhole in field just w. of Vandyke Station (NC), Long, 3 July 1909 (A). I. riparia Engelm. Collected in tidal mud of Delaware River, at and north of Wilmington, by Canhy, Commons, and E. Tatnall, between 1862 and 1896; not seen since then. Wastes from oil refineries have nearly exterminated the littoral flora of this region. I. saccharata Engelm. Common in tidal mud of Elk, Bohemia, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers and their tributaries, in brackish to fresh water; also in a fresh- water pond at Milford (S), Long, 21 July 1908 (A). EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family) Equisetum L. Horsetail. E. arvense L. Common Field Horsetail. Common and abundant in the Piedmont area; less frequent southward on the Coastal Plain, to the Virginia line. In thickets and ditches and on roadsides and railroad banks, apparently pre- ferring sterile soil. Spores ripe in April. E. sylvaticum L. var. multiramosum (Fern.) Wherry. Wood Horsetail. Rare, if still present, in our area: Adams Mill, near Rockland (NC), Commons, May 1864 (A); damp roadside west of Hockessin (NC), Canby, 8 May 1897 (D). E. fluviatile L. {E. limosum L.) Water Horsetail. Infrequent to rare, on river shores and along streamlets: Bellevue (NC), near station, Commons, June 1868 (A); Port Penn (NC), J. [9] Equisetum EQUISETAC— PINACEAE Pinus J. Carter, 28 July 1884 (A) ; south bank of Drawyers Creek, above DuPont Highway, 1 mi, n. of Odessa (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4 July 1929 (T); along Iristown road, near North East (Ce), Otis, 8 April 1913 (D); streamlet west side of DuPont Highway, 1 mi. n. of Fieldsboro (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4188, 3 June 1939 (T, A). A northern species, here reaching its southern limit. E. praealtum Raf. {E. hyemale Pursh.) Tall Scouring Rush. Frequent on stream banks, railroad embankments and moist slopes, in the Piedmont, and central part of our Coastal Plain. PINACEAE (Pine Family) Pinus L. Pine. P. Strobus L. White Pine. Occasional young trees, probably introduced, have been seen in wooded areas: near Hazlettville (K), small tree in the woods, Otis, 15 May 1924 (A) ; small tree (6 feet) on the shore of Great Bohemia Creek, Middle Neck (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 5 May 1929 (T). There is a fine stand of mature White Pine 3 miles southwest of Harrington (K) on a farm along the road to Denton. A resident of the neigh- borhood told the writer that these trees had been planted by his grandfather: (W. S. Taber), R. R. Tatnall, 2849, 27 Oct. 1935 (T). P. Taeda L. Loblolly Pine. Common in the lower part of the Peninsula, where it forms pure stands of considerable area as far north as Sussex County, and occurring with increasing scarcity northward to Kent and lower New Castle Counties, Del. ^ >/p. rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Dry woods, swamps and coastal sand dunes; infrequent in New Castle County, more common in Sussex County and southward; usually occurring as scattered individual trees. P. serotina Mx. Pond Pine. Infrequent; river banks and pond margins, Sussex County and southward. P. pungens Lamb. Table Mountain Pine. Represented in our area by a single tree in a fencerow at Welsh Tract Church, three miles south of Newark (NC). [10] •v^^ Eastern Hemlock, (Tsuga canadensis) Photographed on the bank of Elk River, in lower Cecil County. This charac- teristically northern tree reaches its southernmost tidewater distribution on our Peninsula. Pinus PINACEAE Chamaecyparis ^ P. virginiana Mill. (P. inops Ait.) Scrub Pine. Common throughout; forming extensive pure stands in the southern portion. P. echinata Mill. Shortleaf Pine. Infrequent in Delaware and Maryland; one known report from Cecil County: Elk Neck, W. L. Ahhott, 1923 (A). Tsuga Carr. Hemlock. T. canadensis (L.) Carr, Eastern Hemlock. A single tree on the banks of Red Clay Creek at Greenbank (NC), first reported by Commons in 1856, is still standing, and is believed not to have been planted; several trees on the bank of Drawyers Creek, near Odessa (NC), may have sprung from planted trees in the grounds of near-by Drawyers Church. On the banks of Tuckahoe Creek, in both Caroline and Talbot Counties, south of Hillsboro, and along Choptank River and Watts Creek, below Denton (Ca), there are Hemlock groves of considerable extent. These appear to be native stands, probably remnants of an ancient forest. Taxodium Richard T. distichum Rich. Bald Cypress. River swamps, stream banks and ponds, from lower Sussex County southward to the Virginia line. The "Great Cypress or Cedar Swamp," about 15 square miles in area, extending from Frankford and Selbyville on the east to Gumboro on the west, and crossing the line into Worcester County, was explored by Thomas Nuttall in 1809; (See Bartonia No. 20, 1. 1940). It was formerly a center of supply for the logs from which "Cypress" shingles were made, but destruction of the swamp forest by fire, and the exhaustion of the supply of submerged trunks, have practically put an end to this once-flourishing local industry. Chamaecyparis Spach 1^ C. thyoides (L.) BSP. White Cedar. In fresh- water swamps and on the banks of ponds and streams; rare in New Castle County: Cedar Swamp, Commons, 1867 (A); frequent in the central portions of the Peninsula and southward. [11] )^ Juniperus PINACEAE— SPARGANIAC. Sparganium Juniperus L. Juniper. ^/j. virginiana L, Red Cedar. Common throughout; roadsides, fields, serpentine barrens, coastal dunes and beaches. •0. J. communis L, Juniper. Tree or shrub of the North and of the southern Appalachians, rare in our Piedmont area: "In Wilmington," Commons in 1863 and 1890 (A); also reported by E. Tatnall (MS Catalog) as occurring on "dry, sterile soil, Brandywine Hundred, scarce." Probably not now, if ever, to be found growing naturally in our area. TYPHACEAE (Cat-tail Family) Typha L. Cat-tail. y T. latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat-tail. Common throughout, in marshes and wet places generally. ^^ \^T. angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. Common throughout in wet ground, preferring salt or brackish habitats. < k a 5 -iy- t^ ■ Var. A slender form, perhaps deserving varietal status, 12 dm. or less in height, with leaf blades 2-4 (-5) mm. wide, and pistillate spikes 7-10 cm. long and 5-7 mm. thick, has been found on ^borders of salt marshes in Somerset County: 9 miles west of Princess Anne, on road to Deal Island, Jones & Tatnall, 945, 5 July 1930 (T); same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 1138, 30 May 1931, and 2667, 4 June 1935 (T, D, G) ; 4 miles west of Princess Anne, R. R. Tatnall, 1139, 30 May 1931 (T). SPARGANIACEAE (Bur-reed Family) Sparganium L. Bur-reed. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Frequent in marshes. May, June. S. americanum Nutt. (Incl. var. androcladum (Engelm.) Fernald & Eames.) Frequent; borders of ponds and streams. June, July. [12] Bald Cypress, {Taxodium distichum) Reaching its northern Hmit of natural distribution on our Peninsula, this tree accentuates the typically southern character of the landscape of its habitat. Photographed near Snow Hill, Maryland. (See text on page 11.) Potamogeton POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton POTAMOGETONACEAE (Pond weed Family) Potamogeton L. Pondweed. P. natans L. Infrequent in ponds and slow streams. Frt. July to Sept. P. epihydrus Raf. var. Nuttallii Fernald. Frequent in streams and ponds of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Frt. July to Sept. P. americanus C. &. S. (P. nodosus Poir. See Rhodora 45, 125. 1943.) Frequent in streams, chiefly in the Piedmont. Frt. Aug., Sept. P. pulcher Tuckerman. In ponds and ditches; frequent north of the Virginia line. Frt. late June, July. P. Richardsonii (Bennett) Rydb. {P. perfoliatus L. var. Richard- sonii (Fieb.) Graebn.) Infrequent; ponds and river shores, Cecil and Sussex Counties. Frt. Aug., Sept. ^ P. bupleuroides Fernald. (P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides (Fer- nald) Farwell.) Infrequent; in fresh and brackish streams, chiefly of the Coastal Plain. Frt. July to Sept. P. crispus L. Infrequent; in Brandy wine and Red Clay Creeks (NC); the last known collection made in 1880. P. Berchtoldi Fieber var. colpophilus (Fernald) Fernald. (P. pusillus L. var. colpophilus Fernald. See Rhodora 42, 246. 1940.) Rare: Snow Hill (Wo), Shreve & Jones, 1087 (U). Var. tenuissimus (Mertens & Koch) Fernald. Rare: Drummonds Pond, s. w. of Parksley (Ac), R. R. Tat- nall, 2654, 3 June 1935 (T) ; "Newark road under Del. R. R.," E. Tatnallm. 1896 (D). Var. lacunatus (Hagstrom) Fernald. Rare: stagnant pool along Big Elk Creek (Ce), Pennell, 26 July 1913 (A). [13] Potamogeton POTAMOGETONACEAE Zannichellia Var. mucronatus (Fieb.) Graebn. Rare: in Scott's Run, Ruthby (NO), Commons, 4 Sept. 1896 (A). P. foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fernald. In water of Brandy wine and Red Clay Creeks (NC). Not known to have been collected since 1886. P. diversifolius Raf. (P. hybridus, in part, of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in ponds and ditches, chiefly of the Coastal Plain. Frt. June, July. Var. multidenticulatus (Morong) A. &. G. Rare: shallow ponds, Rehoboth (S), Commons, 15 July 1897 (A); Ellendale (S), Long & Bartram, 6 July 1913 (A). P. Spirillus Tuckerm. Rare: Wilmington, Commons, July — (A); ponds, Rehoboth (S), Commons, 15 Aug. 1895 (A). Frt. late June to Aug. P. capillaceus Poir. Infrequent; ponds and ditches of the Coastal Plain. Frt. July, Aug. ^P. pectinatus L. Infrequent; in salt or brackish water, shores of Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay. Frt. July. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Known only from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, near Delaware City (NC), where it seems to have been last collected in 1897, by Tatnall & Commons. Ruppia L. • R. maritima L. Ditch Grass. Salt or brackish shores and streams; common on the Coastal Plain from southeastern New Castle County southward. Frt. July to Oct. Zannichellia L. V Z. palustris L. Horned Pondweed. Fresh or brackish streams and ditches in the northern part of our Coastal Plain area; infrequent. Frt. June to Oct. [14] Zostera ZOSTERACEAE— ALISMACEAE Sagittaria ZOSTERACEAE Zostera L. yZ. marina L. Eel Grass. Normally frequent in shallow coastal waters, but more or less periodically disappearing, as a result of the attacks of a parasite. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Triglochin L. Arrow Grass. j^T. striata R. & P. Rare; in salt marshes near the coast: below mouth of Indian River (S), Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A); Ocean City (Wo), Canby, 23 July 1893 (D); Greenbackville (Wo), Shreve, 1117 (U). A southern plant, here at or near its northern limit. ^T. maritima L. Rare, in coastal salt marshes: "Lewiston, Del." (Lewes (S)), Nuttall, without date, probably 1809 (A). A northern species, here at about the southern limit of its range. NAJADACEAE Najas L. N. flexilis (Willd.) R. &. K. One collection: Red Point, Northeast River (Ce), Otis, 9 Aug. 1912 (A, D). ^N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Infrequent; in fresh or brackish coastal waters, and in ponds of the Coastal Plain. N. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. Infrequent in ponds and streams of Sussex County; rare farther north: in Smyrna River, Smyrna (NC), Van Pelt & Long, 14 Aug. 1908 (A). ALISMACEAE (Water-plantain Family) Sagittaria L. Arrow-head. S. longirostra (Micheh) J. G. Sm. Infrequent; in ditches and springheads, in or near the Piedmont. Frt. Sept. [15] Sagittaria ALISMACEAE Sagittaria S. latifoUa Willd. Common and widely distributed on the Peninsula. Frt., Sept. S. pubescens Muhl. {S. latifolia var. pubescens (Muhl.) J. G. Sm.) Infrequent; swamps and banks of streams of the Piedmont. S. Engelmanniana J. G. Sm. Rare, ponds and ditches: Tubmill Pond, 2 mi. n. of Milford (K), Otis, 10 Sept. 1920 (A); pool in meadow above SaUsbury (Wi), Wherry & Pennell, 12833, 4 Sept. 1925 (A); near Vienna (Wi), F. Shreve, No. 1309 (U). j/' S. falcata Pursh. (S. lancifoUa of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent, swamps and brackish river shores, Caroline County and southward. S. rigida Pursh. Rare: several collections, from 1860 to 1896, on the shore of Delaware River and tributaries near Wilmington, later exterminated in these localities by industrial wastes; Dover (K), Commons, 1863 (A). S. graminea Mx. See Clausen: Rhodora 39, 29-31. 1937. Frequent; borders of ponds, wet fields and muddy banks of streams, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex County. Frt. July, Aug. S. Eatoni J. G. Smith. Rare: tidal mud of Delaware River, Gordon Heights, Commons, 10 Aug. 1894 (A). No other known collection. S. teres Wats. See Clausen : 1. c. Rare: Salisbury (Wi), Commons, Sept. 1863 (A); millpond at Milton (S), Commons, 17 Aug. 1899 (A). S. subulata (L.) Buch. Frequent in tidal mud of the Coastal Plain, southward to Wicomico County. Frt. Sept. Var. natans (Mx.) J. G. Smith. (*S. lorata (Chapm.) Small. See Fernald: Rhodora 42, 408. 1940.) Rare: in Hudson Pond, 5 mi. s. of Milford (S), Otis, in 1913 (D). The specimen is fragmentary and its determination uncertain. [16] Lophotocarpus ALISMACEAE— VALLISNERIAC. Vallisneria Lophotocarpus Durand L. spongiosus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Infrequent in ditclies, and tidal mud of Delaware River, in New Castle County, where not recently collected; reported from the shore of Nanticoke River in Wicomico County near Vienna, by F. Shreve, No. 1296 (U). Helianthium Engelm. H. parvulum (Engelm.) Small. {Echinodorus tenellus of Gray's Manual, ed. 7.) Rare: border of pond, Canterbury (K), Canhy, July 1874 (D). Alisma L. A. subcordatum Raf. (A. Plantago-aquatica of Gray's Man,, ed. 7.) Common in ponds and ditches, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Frt. Aug., Sept. VALLISNERIACEAE (Tape-grass Family) Anacharis B. & P. Water Weed. A. canadensis (Mx.) Planch. (Elodea canadensis of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent but seldom collected, in fresh water of streams and ponds: Delaware City (NC), Commons, 21 June 1897 (A); Noxon- town Pond (NC), C. 0. Houghton, 20 June 1916 (UD). A. occidentalis (Pursh) Victorin. {Philotria angustifolia (Muhl.) Brit.) A northern species, infrequent in New Castle and Cecil Counties ; rare farther south: in Miles River, n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2221, 4 July 1939 (P). Fl. June to Aug. A. densa (Planch.) Vict. Commonly grown in aquariums and fish ponds; occasionally escaping and persisting in ponds and streams : in Wicomico River, s. w. of Sahsbury (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 3962, 8 Sept. 1938 (T); Hoopes Reservoir, n. w. of Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 4980, 12 Oct. 1941 (T). Fl. Oct. Vallisneria L. Tape Grass. V. americana Mx. ( V. spiralis of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Common in ponds and slow streams of the Coastal Plain. Fl. July to Sept. [17] Limnohium HYDROCHARITACEAE— GRAMINEAE Bromus HYDROCHARITACEAE (Frog's Bit Family) Limnobium Richard L. Spongia (Bosc) Steudel. Frog's Bit. Rare: shallow ditches, Delaware City (NC), Commons in 1871, 1874, 1880 (A) ; border of Dragon Marsh, ^ mi. s. w. of Delaware City, R. R. Tatnall, 3427, 26 June 1937; 3439, 13 July 1937; 3853, 16 June 1938; and 4378, 16 Aug. 1939 (T, A, P, G), at the last date abundantly flowering and fruiting; in Furnace Creek (Ce), F. Shreve, No. 403 (U). A southern species, reaching its northern limit, for the Coastal Plain, at our stations, or possibly in southern New Jersey. GRAMINEAE (Grass Family) In the Grasses, the sequence of genera and species is that of Hitchcock: "Manual of the Grasses of the United States" (1935). Bambuseae Sasa Makino & Shibata S. japonica (S. & Z.) Makino. This introduced Bamboo is growing in a dooryard 2^ mi. w. s. w. of Libertytown (Wo), about ^ mi. n. w. of the bridge over Ninepin Creek: R. R. Tatnall, 4757, 13 Oct. 1940 (T). Festuceae Bromus L. Brome Grass. B. inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome. Escaped from cultivation at the University of Delaware Agric. Exp. Sta., Newark (NC), 0. A. Pope, in 1928 (UD). Introd. from Europe. B. purgans L. Canada Brome. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont. June, July. B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. ' Rare, in alluvial soil along streams: Bald Friar (Ce), Van Pelt, 1 Sept. 1909 (A); near Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 8 Oct. 1914 (D); woods 1 mi. s. s. w. of Rowlandsville (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 4722, 8 Oct. 1940 (T, G). Sept., Oct. B. brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Rattlesnake Chess. Occasional in waste ground: Wilmington, Commons, 6 July 1898 [18] Bromus GRAMINEAE Vulyia (D, A); weed in sandy ground, Rehoboth (S), A. S. Hitchcock, 19 June 1905 (A). June, July. Introd. from Europe. B. secalinus L. Cheat. Weed in grain fields. June. Introd. from Europe. B. japonicus Thunb. Japanese Chess. Rare weed in fields: 2}^ mi. s. x w. of Unionville (Ta), Earle, 3906, 18 June 1944 (P). Adv. from Europe. B. commutatus Schrad. Hairy Chess. Common weed throughout, on roadsides and in waste places. May, June. Adv. from Europe. B. mollis L. {B. hordeaceus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Soft Chess. Rare weed in cultivated ground: Centreville (NC), Commons, 14 June 1877 (A); Millsboro (S), Commons, 8 July 1884 (A); near Bloomfield (Ta), Earle, 4056, 16 June 1945 (P, A). June, July. Introd. from Europe. B. racemosus L. Rare weed in fields and waste places: near Rising Sun (Ce), True, 5507, 16 July 1938 (P). Adv. from Europe. B. sterilis L. Weed in waste places. June, July. Nat. from Europe. Y^'x/B. tectorum L. Downy Chess. Weed in fields and waste places. June. Nat. from Europe. Vulpia (Gmel.) Reichenb. V. octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. tenella (Willd.) Fern. (Festuca octoflora Walt. var. tenella (Willd.) Fern. Rhodora 47, 107-108. 1945.) Common in dry soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain, chiefly inland. Mid-May to mid-June. V. EUiottea (Raf.) Fern. {Festuca myuros L. Rhodora 47, 106. 1945.) Mouse-tail Grass. Frequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. May, mid-June. Nat. from Europe. [19] \ Festuca GRAMINEAE Glyceria Festuca L. Fescue. F. elatior L. Meadow Fescue. Frequent; fields, meadows and roadsides. June, July. Nat. from Europe. F. obtusa Biehler. (F. nutans Biehler. Rhodora 47, 199. 1945.) Frequent, on wooded slopes of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late May, June. F. paradoxa Desv. (F. Shortii Kunth.) Rare: Conowingo, J. J. Carter, July 1907 (A). F. rubra L. Infrequent in coastal marshes ; one collection on railroad cinders : under B. & O. R. R. bridge over Lovering Avenue, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 5089, 20 May 1944 (T, A). Puccinellia Pari. Alkali Grass. P. fasciculata (Torr.) Bicknell. (P. Borreri Hitchc.) Infrequent, in salt marshes along the coasts of Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean. May to Sept. Adv. from Europe. P. distans (L.) Pari. Rare, in moist soil: south side of Christiana Creek at Market Street, Wilmington, Commons & Tatnall, 30 June 1896 (D). Introd. from Europe. Glyceria R. Br. Manna Grass. G. acutiflora Torr. Rare, in swamps and shallow water of New Castle County; last collected in 1890. G. septentrionalis Hitchc. Frequent in ponds and ditches, chiefly Coastal Plain. May to July. The older reports of G. fluitans belong here. G. obtusa (Muhl.) Trin. Frequent in ponds and fresh-water marshes of the Coastal Plain. June to Sept. G. canadensis (Mx.) Trin. Rattlesnake Manna Grass. Rare in bogs and swamps of the Piedmont: swamps along Brandywine Creek above Rockland, Commons, 8 Aug. 1864 (A); [20] Glyceria GRAMINEAE Poa bogs, Ogletown, Canhy, 1 Aug. 1896 (D); moist roadside }4 mi. n. e. of Ogletown (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4883, 10 June 1941 (T). June, July. Var. laxa (Scribn.) Hitchc. (G. laxa Scribn.) Infrequent in swamps and ditches of the Coastal Plain. June, July. G. striata (Lam.) Hitchc. (G. nervata Trin.) Common in wet ground and shallow water of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, at least the northern parts. May, June. G. pallida (Torr.) Trin. Frequent in swamps and shallow water, Coastal Plain. May to early July. Poa L. Blue Grass. P. Chapmaniana Scribner. Rare in sandy soil: near Townsend (NC), Commons, 17 May 1883 (A); roadside, Wachapreague (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 3355, 31 May 1937 (T). P. annua L. Low Spear Grass. Frequent; fields, banks and yards of the northern half of the Peninsula. Introd. from Europe. All summer. yT. compressa L. Canada Blue Grass. Common in fields, woods, dry open roadsides and beach sand, throughout. Nat. from Europe. Mid-May to July. P. pratensis L. Kentucky Blue Grass. Common; open roadsides, fields, meadows and waste ground, throughout. Introd. from Europe. May, June. P. cuspidata Nutt. (P. hrachyphylla of Gray's Man. ed. 7.) Infrequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont. Mid- April to mid- May. P. trivialis L. Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. Rare, in moist ground: "Meadows," E. Tatnall, 25 June 1843 (D); meadows, Ogletown (NC), Canhy, 25 May 1897 (D); yard, Newark (NC), C. 0. Houghton, 5 June 1931 (UD). Nat. from Europe. May, June. [21] Poa GRAMINEAE Eragrostis P. alsodes Gray. Rare, in rocky woods of New Castle County: along Beaver Creek, Commons, 8 May 1897 (A); Harvey (NC), Pennell, 15 May 1909 (A) ; along Beaver Valley road, ^ mi. w. s. w. of Beaver Valley P. 0., R. R. Tatnall, 5011, 5 May 1942 (T, A). May. P. sylvestris Gray. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: on Grove Neck (Ce), 5 mi. w. of Cecilton, R. R. Tatnall, 2926, 16 May 1936 (T); 6 mi. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2471, 1 June 1940 (P). Mid-May to mid- June. P. nemoralis L. Rare, in meadows and fields of the Piedmont: near Centre villa (NC), Commons, 17 July 1870 (A), and 20 June 1876, (A). The southern limit of range for this northern plant. P. autumnalis Muhl. Infrequent, in dry woods of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Mid-May to mid-June. Briza L. Quaking Grass. B. minor L, Rare, in waste ground: Greenbank (NC), Commons, Aug. 1879 (A). Adv. from Europe. B. media L. Rare, in waste ground: Wilmington, Commons, June 1900 (A). This and the preceding species are sparingly introduced in waste ground; each collected but once. From Europe. Eragrostis Beau v. Love Grass. E. hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Rare: along canal, west of Delaware City (NC), Canhy, July 1862 (D); gravelly bank of canal, St. Georges (NC), Commons, 8 Sept. 1869 (A). Not collected since. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Lace Grass. Infrequent; in rocky soil of the Piedmont and sandy ground of the Coastal Plain. Late Aug. to early Oct. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Local: north bank of canal at Pivot Bridge (Ce), Long, 41138, [22] Eragrostis GRAMINEAE Eragrostis 15 July 1933 (A) ; same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 1920, 15 July 1933 (T). E. pectinacea (Mx.) Nees. {E. Purshii Schrad.) Frequent; in fields and waste places of the Coastal Plain. June to Sept. E. multicaulis Steud. {E. peregrina Wiegand. See Rhodora 47, 108. 1945.) Rare: Wilmington, street near Penna. R. R. station, Long, 24 July 1917 (A) ; Wilmington, sidewalk at Seventh & Harrison Streets R. R. Tatnall, 4917, 11 Aug. 1941 (T). E. megastachya (Koeler) Link. {E. cilianensis (All.) Link.) Common weed of fields, roadsides and waste ground, throughout our area. June to Oct. Introd. from Europe. E. poaeoides Beauv. (E. minor of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Occasionally collected in waste ground. New Castle and Sussex Counties. June to Sept. Introd. from Europe. E. neomexicana Vasey. Rare: Greenbank (NC), Commons, 8 Aug. 1880 (A), and 10 Oct. 1882 (A). Introd. from the West. E. mexicana (Hornem.) Link. Rare: Greenbank, Commons, 8 Aug. 1880 (A). Introd. from the West. E. hirsuta (Mx.) Nees. Rare; sandy roadsides and pine woods of Northampton County: Eastville, grassy roadside, Fernald & Long, 5219, 11-13 Oct. 1935, (G, A, T) ; pines west of Kiptopeke, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5220, 14 Oct. 1935 (P). Var. laevivaginata Fernald. One collection: sandy bank in Salisbury (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 4762, 13 Oct. 1940 (T, A, G). (Det. Agnes Chase.) E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (E. pectinacea var. spectahilis Gray). Common throughout, chiefly in sandy soil. July to Sept. E. refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. Infrequent in open sandy soil of Wicomico and Sussex Counties, where it reaches the northern limit of its range. Aug., Sept. [23] Distichlis GRAMINEAE Phragmites Distichlis Raf . rf /^ D. spicata (L.) Greene. Spike Grass. Salt meadows; common from southeastern New Castle County southward. Aug. to Oct. One of the chief constituents of "marsh hay." Uniola L. l/'U. paniculata L. Sea Oats. Collected but once: sandy beach, Kiptopeke (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5221, 14 Oct. 1935 (P, T). Sept., Oct. A southern species, here at the northern limit of its range. U. latifolia Mx. Rare, chiefly in alluvial soil: "sandy places on Brandy wine Creek," E. Tatnall, 20 Aug. 1845 (D); woods along Susquehanna River, % mi. s. of Octoraro Station, R. R. Tatnall, 4704, 3 Oct. 1940 (T, P, A, G); roadside just s. of Riverton (Wi), A. V. Smith, 19 July 1943 (U). Mid- July to early Oct. U. laxa (L.) BSP. Common in low woods and sandy soil, throughout. July to Sept. Dactylis L. Vi D. glomerata L. Orchard Grass. Common; fields, roadsides and waste ground. Nat. from Europe. Mid-April to June. Arundo L. A. Donax L. Giant Reed. Established at the border of a swamp near Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 2 'Nov. 1914(D). Cynosurus L. Dogtail. C. cristatus L. Crested Dogtail. Rare in fields and waste ground: fields near Centreville (NC), Commons, 9 July 1870 (A); lawn, Newark (NC), C. 0. Houghton, 26 June 1926 (UD). Adv. from Europe. Phragmites Trin. M V^P. communis Trin. Common Reed. Common; tidal shores, marshes and river banks of the Coastal [24] Phragmites GRAMINEAE Elymus Plain as far south as Sussex and Dorchester Counties: bank of Choptank River at Cambridge (Do), R. R. Tatnall, 4587, 2 Aug. 1940 (T). Aug. to Oct. Triodia R. Br. T. flava (L.) Smyth. (Tridens flavus Hitchc.) Purpletop. Common; fields and roadsides. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug. to Oct. Triplasis Beauv. ^^T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Sand Grass. Frequent on maritime sands of the Coastal Plain; one inland station: in a sandpit near bridge over Choptank River, 1 mi. s. of Choptank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 5047, 15 Sept. 1942 (T, A). Aug. to Oct. HORDEAE Agropyron Gaertner A. cristatum (L.) Beauv. Crested Wheat Grass. Accidentally introduced with grass seed at University of Dela- ware Experimental farm near Coochs Bridge (NC), 0. A. Pope, 14 June 1928 (UD). A. repens (L.) Beauv. Quack Grass. Common weed of roadsides and waste places. Nat. from Europe. June to Sept. Elymus L. Wild Rye. E. villosus Muhl. {E. striatus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent, in rocky woods and alluvial meadows of the Pied- mont and Coastal Plain. Late June, July. [E. canadensis L. Canada Wild Rye. Banks of streams, as reported by Commons and by E. Tatnall. No specimens have been seen. Probably to be referred to E. riparius Wieg.] E. riparius Wiegand. Frequent, on banks of streams. July to Oct. yjE. virginicus L. Infrequent, on borders of ponds and along streams. June to August. [25] Elymus GRAMINEAE Lolium Var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush. Frequent in moist ground along streams, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. l/Var. halophilus (Bickn.) Wieg. Shores of the Atlantic Ocean, from Sussex County south- ward: Rehoboth (S), Commons, 15 July 1897 (A); Ocean City (Wo), Otis, 29 July 1914 (D); Wachapreague (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 3199, 17 Oct. 1936 (T). Var. australis (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc. Moist shaded ground on banks of Brandy wine Creek (NC), infrequent. Hystrix Moench. H. patula Moench. Bottle Brush Grass. Rocky woods along Brandywine Creek (NC); infrequent, but abundant where it occurs; along Miles Creek (Ta), Earle, 2278, 6 July 1940 (P). Hordeum L, Barley. / H. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Infrequent weed, in fields, waste ground and salt meadows. May to July. , H. pusillum Nutt. Little Barley. Frequent; waste places, beaches and salt meadows. May, June. H. murinum L. Rare waif from Europe: waste ground, Wilmington, Commons, 1 June 1897 (A, D). Lolium L. Rye Grass. L. perenne L. Common; fields, meadows and waste ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June, early July. Introd. from Europe. Var. cristatum Pers. Rare, in Wilmington: DuPont and Tulip Streets, Commons, 31 May 1899 (D); "Wilmington, rare," Commons, 19 June 1899 (A). Adv. from Europe. L. multiflorum Lam. Italian Rye Grass. Infrequent weed from Europe. Late May to early July. [26] Lolium GRAMINEAE . Trisetum L. temulentum L. Darnel. Occasional in cultivated ground. June, July. Introd. from Europe. Pholiurus Trin. ,V. incurvus (L.) Schinz. & Thell. {Lepturus filiformis of authors.) Sickle Grass. Rare in borders of salt marshes: Bayside (Ac), Ellis Mears, 30 May 1882 (A); Magotha (No), R. R. Tatnall, 1800, 28 May 1933 (D, A), and 2620, 2 June 1935 (T, P, G); Quinby (Ac), R. R. Tat- nall, 2643, 3 June 1935 (T). AVENEAE Koeleria Pers. K. cristata (L.) Pers. June Grass. Fields near Centre ville (NC), "rare," Commons, 11 June 1871 (A). Sphenopholis Scribn. Wedgegrass S. obtusata (Mx.) Scribn. Rocky woods, meadows, serpentine soil; infrequent. June, July. Var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merrill) Scribn. Infrequent on sands of the coast, from s. e. New Castle County southward. Late May, June. S. intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. {S. pallens of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rhodora 42, 356. 1940.) Infrequent; moist or rocky woods of New Castle and Cecil Counties; one collection in Accomac County: Wachapreague, R. R. Tatnall, 2636, 3 June 1935 (T, A). Mid-May, early June. S. nitida (Biehler) Scribn. Frequent in dry or moist woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. May, June. Trisetum Pers. T. pennsylvanicum (L.) Beauv. {Sphenopholis palustris of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent; swamps and low ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late May, June. [27] Deschampsia GRAMINEAE Arrhenatherum Deschampsia Beauv. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common Hair Grass. Frequent; dry wooded slopes and open sandy soil, chiefly Coastal Plain. Mid-May, June. Aira L. Hair Grass. A. praecox L. Rare; dry sandy soil, Sussex County and southward: Millsboro (S), Long & Bartram, 4 July 1913 (A); upper beach w. of Kipto- peke (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3777-a, 21 May 1938 (T). Nat. from Europe. A. caryophyllea L. Silver Hair Grass. Frequent; sandy fields and roadsides of the Coastal Plain. Nat. from Europe. May, June. /a. capillaris Host. Rare ; in open sandy soil of the southern part of our area : b.^aQh, Cape Charles City, R. R. Tatnall, 1779, 27 May 1933 (T, G, A, P); roadside }/2 mi. s. of Beaverdam (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4245, 10 June, 1939 (T, G, P). Nat. from Europe. Here reaching the northern limit of its range on the eastern Coastal Plain. Avena L. Oats. A. fatua L. Wild Oats. Rare in cultivated ground: Faulkland (NC), Commons in 1884, (A). Introd. from Europe. A. pubescens Huds. Fields near Centreville (NC), Commons, 3 June 1877 (A). Adv. from Europe. Arrhenatherum Beauv. A. elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch. Tall Oat Grass. Infrequent; meadows, roadsides and waste places. May to July. Introd. from Europe. Var. bulbosum (Willd.) Spenner. Occasional introduction from Europe: Stockley (S), H. R. Baker, 16 June 1931 (UD). [28] Holcus GRAMINEAE Agrostis Holcus L. H. lanatus L. Velvet Grass. Fields, meadows and roadsides; common in the northern part of the Peninsula; less frequent southward. June. Introd. from Europe. Danthonia Lam. and DC. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Wild Oat Grass. Common throughout; dry roadsides, serpentine soil, slopes and pine woods. Mid-April to July. D. sericea Nutt. Downy Oat Grass. Infrequent, in dry open sand and sandy woods, Sussex County and southward. Late May to early July. [D. AUeni Austin. A "dubious" species, cited by Fernald in Rhodora 45, 239-246, as having been collected by Canhy, in Wilmington,] Agrostideae Calamagrostis Adans. Reed Grass C. canadensis (Mx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Rare; swamps and wet swales, New Castle County: swale s. of Wilson, Long, 27 June 1928 (A). ^C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton. Common in moist soil; woods, roadsides and salt meadows, from the Fall Line southward to Wicomico County. Late July to Sept. Ammophila Host. Beach Grass. ii^^A.. breviligulata Fernald. {A. arenaria of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) ' American Beach Grass. Deeply rooted in beach sands of the Atlantic Ocean and Dela- ware and Chesapeake Bays, Coastal Plain. Aug. to mid-Oct. Agrostis L. Bent Grass. A. stolonifera L. Common; fields, meadows, roadsides, open woods; Piedmont and Coastal Plain southward to Somerset County. June, July. A. palustris Huds. Rare; salt marshes along the coast; also occasional in meadows [29] Agrostis GRAMINEAE Alopecurus farther inland: salt marsh, Slaughter Beach (S), Commons, 12 Aug. 1897 (A); edge of salt niarsh, Wachapreague (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 3351, 31 May 1937 (T, P); i^ mi. s. e. of Harmony Mills (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 3872, 30 June 1938 (T). ^ A. alba L. Red Top. Infrequent in woods, fields and waste places. June to Aug. A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. {A. antecedens Bickn.) Hair Grass. Common in meadows and moist open ground of the Coastal Plain; occasional in brackish soil along the coast: Pickering Beach (K), Larsen, 887, 8 June 1935 (P). Late May to July. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. (Incl. A. Schweinitzii Trin.) Frequent in fields, low ground and open woods, Piedmont and Coastal Plain, southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. Mid- Aug., Sept. A. elata (Pursh) Trin. Rare: peaty clearing s. of Townsend (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5212. Cited by Fernald in Rhodora 38, 385. 1936. A. canina L. Rare: in stony soil near Centreville (NC), Commons, July 1870 (A). Introd. from Europe. Cinna L. Wood Reed Grass. C. arundinacea L. Common in moist woods and swamps. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug., mid-Sept. Alopecurus L. Foxtail Grass. A. myosuroides Huds. {A. agrestis of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare, in waste ground: Tatnall's nurseries, Wilmington, E. Tatnall, 27 June 1878 (A) ; near Jessup's Mill, Tatnall & Commons, 1 June 1897 (D). Nat. from Europe. A. pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Rare: field near Centreville (NC), Commons, 20 June 1876 (A). Introd. from Eurasia. A. aequalis Sobol. (A. aristulatus Mx.) Rare: banks of Susquehanna River, Port Deposit (Ce), /. C. Martindale, 5 July 1864 (A). [30] Alopecurus GRAMINEAE Muhlenhergia A. carolinianus Walt. (A. geniculatus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Water Foxtail. Rare, in wet places: low, marshy soil, Wilmington, Commons, 27 May 1884 (A); Vandyke (NC), wet field near station, Long, 24 May 1909 (A). Polypogon Desf. P. monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Rabbit's-foot Grass. Frequent in saline soil, from Cape Charles northward to Worces- ter and Wicomico Counties. Late May to July. Nat. from Europe Phleum L. P. pratense L. Timothy. Fields and roadsides; a common escape from cultivation. Introd. from Europe. Muhlenbergia Schreb. M. Torreyana (Schult.) Hitchc. (Sporoholus compressus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare, in moist meadows and pine-barren bogs: Felton (K), Commons, 25 Sept. 1873 (A); bogs, Ellendale (S), Commons, 27 Sept. 1895 (A) ; pasture thicket just east of Ellendale, R. R. Tatnall, 4743, 12 Oct. 1940 (T, P, G). M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont. July to Sept. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP. Infrequent; rocky slopes (NC). Mid- Aug. to mid-Oct. M. frondosa (Poir.) Fern. {M. mexicana of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Fernald: Rhodora 45, 221-239, 1943.) Frequent, in woods, fields and moist ground, northern New Castle County. Late Aug., Sept. M. sylvatica Torr. Rare, in rocky woods of the Piedmont: Carpenter (NC), Commons, 31 Aug. 1897 (A); }i mi. n. of Mt. Cuba station (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4953, 20 Sept. 1941 (T, A, G). M. Schreberi Gmel. Nimble Will. A common weed in door-yards and waste places. Sept. to mid- Oct. [31] Muhlenhergia GR AMINE AE Aristida M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Hair Grass. Rare, in rocky woods: Wilmington, Commons, 6 Nov. 1893 (A). Sporobolus R. Br. Drop-seed, S. vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood. Frequent, on dry banks and in sandy soil, including serpentine. Sept., Oct. S. asper (Mx.) Kunth. Rare, in dry, sandy soil: "Sussex County," Canhy, in 1887 (P); Oxford (Ta), P. M. Novik in 1908 (teste A. Chase) (U); near Win- chester (QA), A. V. Smith, (R. R. Tatnall, 4741), 12 Oct. 1940 (T). S. clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc. Rare, in dry sand: Millsboro (S), Commons in 1880 (A); Newark (NC), C. 0. Houghton, 11 Sept. 1928 (UD); sandy roadside }4 mi. e. of Blades (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3990, 8 Sept. 1938 (T, A, P). Heleochloa Host. H. schoenoides (L.) Host. Infrequent; wharves and waste places. New Castle County; not collected since 1908. Introd. from Europe. Brachyeljrtrum Beauv. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Infrequent; rocky woods of the Piedmont. July to mid- Aug. Oryzopsis Mx. Mountain Rice. O. racemosa (J. E. Sm.) Ricker. Rare; rocky wooded hillsides: Mt. Cuba (NC), Commons & Tatnall, 30 July 1874 (A, D); Mt. Cuba, R. R. Tatnall, 1196, 27 June 1931 (T). Stipa L. Needle Grass. S. avenacea L. Black Oat Grass. Infrequent ; dry wooded or open sandy soil, chiefly on the Coastal Plain. Late May to mid-June. Aristida L. Triple-awned Grass. [A. tuberculosa Nutt. The New Castle County record in Keller & Brown, "Flora of Philadelphia and Vicinity," should be referred to A. oligantha Mx. (See E. Tatnall: MS Catalog.)] [32] Aristida GRAMINEAE Cynodon A. dichotoma Mx. Poverty Grass. Common in dry open ground, including serpentine soil, Pied- mont and Coastal Plain. Sept., early Oct. A. oligantha Mx. Common in dry open soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late summer. A. longespica Poir. {A. gracilis of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in sandy soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Sept., Oct. A. lanosa Muhl. Dry sandy soil; infrequent in Sussex County; rare farther south: pine woods n. w. of Oyster (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5182, 14 Oct. 1935 (P); road bank 2 mi. s. w. of Sahsbury (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 4370, 11 Aug., 1939 (T, P); 3M mi. w. s. w. of Newark (Wo), along Old Mill Branch, R. R. Tatnall, 4759, 13 Oct. 1940, (T, G, A); near Sahsbury (Wi), A. V. Smith. A. purpurascens Poir. Frequent in dry sandy soil, chiefly on the Coastal Plain. Late Aug. to mid-Oct. A. virgata Trin. Moist sandy soil, Sussex County, rare: dried-up swamps, Georgetown (S), Commons, 26 Aug. 1897 (A); meadow-thicket H mi. east of Ellendale (S), R. R. Tatnall, 4409, 13 Oct. 1939 (T); same locahty, R. R. Tatnall, 4742, 12 Oct. 1940 (T, A). Chlorideae Diplachne Beauv. • D. maritima Bicknell. {Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray.) Infrequent; brackish meadows near the coast. Aug., Sept. Eleusine Gaertn. E. indica (L.) Gaertn. Goose Grass. Common weed of gardens and waste ground. Nat. from the Old World. Cynodon Richard. C. Dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda Grass. Common weed in fields and open waste places, throughout. [33] Cynodon ■ GRAMINEAE Anthoxanthum Often planted on railroad embankments as a soil binder. Nat. from Europe. Spartina Schreb. Cord Grass. t" v-^. pectinata Link. (S. Michauxiana Hitchc. See Rhodora 35, 258. 1933.) Slough Grass. Infrequent; fresh-water swamps and fresh or brackish river shores, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July, Aug. V S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth. (S. polystachya Beauv.) Salt Reed Grass. Common; saline shores and marshes of the Coastal Plain. Mid-July to Oct. fl y^. altemiflora Lois. (S. glabra var. alterniflora of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Smooth Cord Grass. Common in salt marshes along the coast. July to Oct. t^ )^ yS. patens (Ait.) Muhl. Common in salt meadows along the coast. June to Oct. Var. juncea (Mx.) Hitchc. Saline soil in the southern part of our area; infrequent. Gymnopogon Beauv. G. ambiguus (Mx.) BSP. Dry sand, usually in pine woods, Sussex County and southward. Mid-Aug. to mid-Oct. G. brevifolius Trin. Rare; dry sandy soil: Felton (K), Canby, Sept. 1867 (A, P); Ocean City (Wo), Canby, 5 Sept. 1878 (A); dry soil near George- town (S), Commons, 27 Sept. 1895 (A); fencerow }4 mi. e. of Ellen- dale (S), R. R. Tatnall, 4744, 12 Oct. 1940 (T). Phalarideae Anthoxanthum L. A. odoratum L. Sweet Vernal Grass. Fields and roadsides; abundant in the Piedmont area; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. April to June. Nat. from Europe. [34] f ,\! ( Phalaris GRAMINEAE Digitaria Phalaris L. P. canariensis L. Canary Grass. Waste places, Wilmington; no recent collections. The source of the canary seed of commerce. Adv. from Europe. P. arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. Swamps and wet depressions in fields and on roadsides; frequent in upper New Castle County; apparently local on the Coastal Plain: coal wharf, Delaware City (NC), Larsen, 18 June 1934 (P); ^ mi. n. of Marydel (Ca), R. R. Tatnall, 3890, 7 July 1938 (T, P); roadside 3^ mi. s. of Coochs Bridge (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 5094, 27 May 1944 (T, A). Late May to July. Oryzeae Leersia Sw. L. lenticularis Mx. Catchfly Grass. Rare and local: margin of cypress swamp, 2 mi. s. w. of Liberty- town (Wo), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4020, 9 Sept. 1938 (T, P, A, G). Our only known station, extending the range from southeastern Virginia. L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut-grass. Common in roadside ditches and on pond margins. Mid- Aug., Sept. L. virginica Willd. White Grass. Common in low woods and moist open places. Aug., Sept. Zizanieae Zizania L. Indian Rice. Z. aquatica L. (Z. palustris of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Common; tidal marshes, shores and ditches. July to Sept. Paniceae Digitaria Heister. D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crab Grass. Common in waste places and cultivated ground. Aug., early Sept. Nat. from Europe. D. Ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Smooth Crab Grass. This and the preceding species are troublesome weeds in lawns and gardens. Sept., early Oct. Nat. from Europe. [35] Digitaria GRAMINEAE Paspalum [D. serotina Mx. Attributed to Delaware by Gray's Manual and by Britton & Brown: 111. Flora, but no specimen or record has been seen.] D. filiformis (L.) Koehler. Frequent in sandy and sterile open ground. Late July to Sept. Var. villosa (Walt.) Fern. (Z). villosa of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare: Oldtown Neck, along Chesapeake Bay (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5193, 13 Oct. 1935 (P, G). Leptoloma Chase. L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. Fall Witch Grass. Local, in dry, sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: j&eld along Route 18, 5 mi. s. w. of Lewes (S), A. V. Smith, 22 Oct. 1938 (T) ; roadside 2 mi. e. of Harbeson (S), R. R. Tatnall, 4397, 13 Oct. 1939 (T, G); along railroad, 3^ mi. n. e. of Snow Hill (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4760, 13 Oct. 1940 (T, P, A, G). Axonopus Beauv. A. furcatus (Fliigge) Hitchc. Rare: pine woods near Townsend (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5207 (P, T) ; our only known station for this southern species, and probably the northern limit of its range. Paspalum L. P. dissectum L. Infrequent, in shallow water or wet places of the Coastal Plain. Mid-Sept, to mid-Oct. P. fluitans, of E. Tatnall, "Cat. Plants of New Castle Co., 1860," should probably be referred here. P. setaceum Mx. Infrequent, in open sandy soil and sandy woods of the Coastal Plain. July to Oct. '■■' ./ Var. supinum (Bosc) Trin. (P. supinum Bosc.) Rhodora . 390. 1935.) Rare: fields, Greenbank (NC), Commons, 8 Aug. 1883 (A), det. A. Chase; pine woods, Eastville (No), Fernald & Long, 5192, 11 Oct. 1935 (T, P). [36] Paspalum GRAMINEAE Panicum P. ciliatifolium Mx. var. Muhlenbergii (Nash) Fernald. (P. pubescens and P. Muhlenbergii of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent; dry soil, fields and roadsides, chiefly Coastal Plain. July to Sept. P. dilatatum Poir. Rare: grassy roadside, Eastville (No), Fernald & Long, 5190, 11-12 Oct. 1935 (T, 0); pine woods, Kiptopeke (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5191, 14 Oct. 1935 (P). P. laeve Mx. Common in open ground, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug. to Oct. Var. pilosum Scribn. (P. plenipilum of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rhodora 37, 390. 1935.) Infrequent; open sandy ground. Coastal Plain. July, Aug. Var. circulare (Nash) W. Stone. (P. circulare of Gray's Manual, ed. 7.) Frequent; open, usually moist, soil of the Coastal Plain. July to Sept. P. floridanum Mx. Infrequent in sandy soil, Coastal Plain, especially southward. Aug. to Oct. Var. glabratum Engelm. Frequent in sandy, usually salt or brackish, soil near the coast. Late Aug. to mid-Oct. Panicum L. Panic Grass. The sequences of sections and species follow Hitchcock: "Manual of the Grasses of the United States," (1935). Depauperata P. depauperatum Muhl. Frequent in dry sand and on serpentine soil. Piedmont and tal Plain. Late May, June. 'nearifolium Scribn. var. Werneri (Scribn.) Fernald. (P. Werneri of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) One collection: feldspar quarry near Centreville (NC), Com- mons, 6 July 1878 (A). [37] Panicum GRAMINEAE Panicum Angustifolia P. aciculare Desv. Rare, in the Coastal Plain: Broadkill (S), F. C. Daigh, in 1935 (UD); pine woods south of Pepperbox (S), Long & Tatnall, 3421, 15 June 1937 (T, A). P. angustifolium Ell. Rare, dry sandy pine woods, Sussex County and southward: Frankford (S), Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A); east of Eastville (No), Fernald & Long, 5201, 12 Oct. 1935 (P). Dichotoma P. microcarpon Muhl. Common in low woods and swamps, and occasional in dry open soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-June to mid-Sept. P. mattamuskeetense Ashe. Infrequent, in low ground of the Coastal Plain. July to mid- Oct. P. dichotomum L. Common in rocky woods and dry, open places, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June to mid-Aug. Var. barbulatum (Mx.) Fernald. (P. harbulatum Mx.) Frequent; same habitats and distribution as the species. Perhaps not deserving varietal rank. P. yadkinense Ashe. Infrequent; wooded slopes, valley of Brandy wine Creek (NC). June. P. lucidum Ashe. Frequent in low woods and bogs of the Coastal Plain. Mid- June to mid-Oct. Spreta P. spretum Schultes. Infrequent; meadows and moist sandy soil. Coastal Plain. Mid-June, July. P. Wrightianum Scribn. Rare, on the Coastal Plain: moist sandy soil, Ellendale (S), Long & Bar tram, 1595, 6 July 1913 (A). [38] Panicum GR AMINE AE Panicum Lanuginosa P. meridionale Ashe. Frequent in dry sandy soil and moist woods, throughout. Early June to Aug. Var. albemarlense (Ashe) Fernald. (P. albemarlense Ashe. Rhodora 36, 76. 1934.) Rare: swampy woods, Ellendale (S), Agnes Chase, 13 June 1916 (A). P. lanuginosum Ell. (See Fernald: Rhodora 36, 77. 1934.) Infrequent; sandy pine woods and open sandy soil, Sussex County and southward. Mid-June, July. Var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fernald. {P. huachucae Ashe; P. tennesseense Ashe.) Frequent; woods, swamps and serpentine soil. June, July. Var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fernald. (P. implicatum Scribn.) Infrequent; swamps and sandy woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June to Aug. Var. Lindheimeri (Nash) Fernald. (P. Lindheimeri Nash.) Dry woods, swamps, and sandy or clayey soil; frequent. Mid-June to Aug. P. auburne Ashe. Rare; sandy woods: south of Millsboro (S), Long & Bartram, 4 July 1913 (A). P. villosissimum Nash. Frequent throughout, in dry sandy soil. July to Oct. Var. scoparioides (Ashe) Fernald. (P. scoparioides Ashe.) Rare, in dry soil: Centreville (NC), Commons, July 1864 (A); Centreville, Commons, 25 June 1873, TYPE (A); Lewes (S), Long & Bartram, 5 July 1913 (A). Columbiana P. Commonsianum Ashe. Rare, on coastal sand dunes: Lewes (S), A. S. Hitchcock, 18 June 1905 (A); Rehoboth (S), Fogg, 16 June 1926 (P); Long Point, 53^ mi. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2566, 2 June 1940 (P). June, July. [39] Panicum GR AMINE AE Panicum P. columbianum Scribn. Rare; dry rocks and sandy woods: Choptank Mills (K), W. Stone, 29 May 1904 (A); near Lewes (S), A. Chase, 12 June 1906 (A); Point Lookout, 3^ mi. n. of Granogue (NC), Canhy, 30 May 1896 (D). June, July. Var. oricola (Hitchc. & Chase) Fern. (P. oricola of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rhodora 36, 79. 1934.) Frequent, on coastal sand dunes and beaches. June to Aug. Sphae^ocarpa P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Common on dry or moist soil, serpentine and dune hollows. June to Aug. P. polyanthes Schult. Common in damp woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late June, July. Oligosanthia P. Scribnerianum Nash. Infrequent, on sand, gravel and serpentine soil, chiefly in the Piedmont. Mid-June to mid-July. P. oligosanthes Schult. Infrequent, in sandy woods, Coastal Plain. May to July. P. Ravenelii Scribn. & Merrill. Rare: "Woods, New Castle County," Canhy, without date, as P. clandestinum; this specimen in Chicago Museum of Natural History, det. A. Steyermark. Scoparia P. scoparium Lam. Common throughout, in wet ground, swamps and ditches. June to Aug. P. scabriusculum Ell. Rare, in wet ground of the Coastal Plain: Millsboro (S), Com- mons in 1884 (A); Salisbury (Wi), J. J. Carter, 14 July 1904 (A); wet thicket, Millsboro, Long & Bartram, 4 July 1913 (A). [40] Panicum GRAMINEAE Panicum Commutata P. commutatum Schult. Frequent throughout, in rocky or sandy woods. June to mid- Aug. Var. Ashei (Pearson) Fern. (P. Ashei Pearson. See Rhodora 36, 83. 1934.) Frequent, in dry rocky or sandy woods. Mid-May to Sept. LatifoUa P. clandestinum L. Common in moist, or sometimes dry, soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late May to Sept. P. latifolium L. Infrequent, in rocky woods of the Piedmont. June, July. P. Boscii Poir. Frequent in woods of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. Late May to July. Var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase. Frequent in woods of the Coastal Plain. Late May to mid- Aug. Dichotomiflora P. dichotomiflorum Mx. Common weed of cultivated ground and city streets. Late Aug. to early Oct. Capillaria P. Gattingeri Nash. Rare; cultivated ground: edge of field, 43^ miles w. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3034, 2 Sept. 1940 (P). P. philadelphicum Bernh. Rare, in sandy or serpentine soil: dry woods, Collins Beach (NC), Commons, 30 Aug. 1879 (A); field by millpond, n. w. of Smyrna (NC), Long, 14 Aug. 1908 (A); on serpentine, 3^ mi. e. of Mt. Cuba Station (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4727, 8 Oct. 1940 (T, G). P. capillare L. Witch Grass. Infrequent in waste and cultivated ground. Mid-July to early Oct. [41] Panicum GRAMINEAE Panicum P. miliaceum L. European Millet. An occasional escape in waste ground, Wilmington. Adv. from Europe. Virgata ^ P. virgatum L. A common plant of salt or brackish shores and marshes of the Coastal Plain. Mid-July to Sept. Var. cubense Griseb. Infrequent: sand back of dunes, 2}/^ miles s. of Rehoboth (S), R. R. Tatnall, 4749, 12 Oct. 1940 (T). Det. A. Chase. Var. spissum Linder. Frequent on saline beaches and shores. Coastal Plain. July, Aug. P. amarum Ell. Common on maritime shores and dunes, Coastal Plain. Sept., Oct. P. amarulum Hitchc. & Chase. Infrequent; shore sands of the Atlantic Ocean, Sussex County and southward. Aug. to mid-Oct. Often difficult to distinguish from P. virgatum. Agrostoidea P. agrostoides Spreng. Common in swamps, meadows and low pine woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-July to Sept. Var. condensum (Nash) Fernald. (P. condensum Nash. See Rhodora36, 74. 1934). Marshes of the Coastal Plain; infrequent. Aug., Sept. P. stipitatum Nash. Frequent in moist soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July to Sept. P. longifolium Torr. Infrequent; moist soil of the Piedmont, and marshes of the Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. P. anceps Mx. Moist ground; fields, meadows and roadsides; common in the Piedmont area, less so southward. Late July to mid-Sept. [42] Panicum GRAMINEAE Echinochloa P. rhizomatum Hitchc. & Chase. Moist sandy soil, Coastal Plain; apparently rare: pine woods near Capeville (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5194, 5195 (P, T). Verrucosa P. verrucosum Muhl. Frequent in moist, sandy soil, throughout our area. Mid-Aug. to Oct. Hemitoma P. hemitomon Schultes. Maiden Cane. Ditches and borders of ponds, Sussex and Wicomico Counties; not often collected: Indian River n. of Millsboro (S), Long & Bartram, 4 July 1913 (A); Waples Pond, 3 mi. n. of Milton (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3413, 15 June 1937 (T); Horsebridge Creek, 6 mi. e. of Salisbury (Wi), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 3993, 9 Sept. 1938 (T). A plant of the southern Coastal Plain, here at or near the north- ern limit of its range. Sacciolepis Nash. S. striata (L.) Nash. Coastal Plain marshes and ponds, rare : Millsboro (S) , S. Brown, 21 Sept. 1907 (A); pond, Rehoboth (S), C. S. Williamsom, 31 Aug. 1908 (A, P); meadow, Fenwick Island (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2423, 25 Sept. 1934 (T). A southern plant, here approaching its northern limit. Echinochloa Beau v. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. Common in cultivated and waste ground, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July to mid-Sept. Nat. from Europe. . E. pungens (Poir.) Rydb. (E. muricata (Mx.) Fernald.) One collection: fields and wastes, Mt. Cuba (NC), Commons, 1 Oct. 1897 (A). E. Walteri (Pursh) Heller. Common in marshes and ditches, near the coast; apparently absent from the Piedmont. Late Aug. to mid-Oct. [43] Setaria GRAMINEAE Cenchrus Setaria Beauv. S. lutescens (Weigel) Hubb. (S. glauca of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Yellow Foxtail. Common in waste places and cultivated ground. July, Aug. Nat, from Europe. ff S. geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. {S. imberhis of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Moist, chiefly saline soil, Coastal Plain; infrequent. July to mid-Sept. S. verticillata (L.) Beauv. Barbed Foxtail. Frequent in waste places, cultivated ground and city streets. July to Sept. Nat. from Europe. Var. ambigua (Guss.) Pari. Sparingly introduced from Europe: yard in Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 10 July 1914 (D). S. magna Griseb. Giant Foxtail. Frequent in fresh and brackish marshes, and often along dikes and in other disturbed ground; Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. S. viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail. A weed of cultivated soil and waste places, throughout. Aug. to Oct. Nat. from Europe. S. Faberii Herrm. See Fernald : Rhodora 46, 57-58. 1944. A recent introduction from eastern Asia, becoming common in fields and on roadsides. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug. to Oct. S. italica (L.) Beauv. Hungarian Grass. Occasionally escaped from cultivation, and persisting in waste places. Cenchrus L. Sand Bur. C. longispinus (Hackel) Fernald. (C. carolinianus Walt. C. pauci- florus of auth. Rhodora 45, 387. 1943.) Field Sand Bur. Infrequent; in open sandy soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-July through September. / U C. tribuloides L. Dune Sand Bur. Common in sands of the seashore; infrequent inland; Coastal Plain. Late July to mid-September. ^_^. , [44] Amphicarpum GRAMINEAE Eulalia Amphicarpum Kunth A. Purshii Kunth. Locally abundant in open, sandy soil, Sussex County and southward. Late Aug., Sept. Andropogoneae Miscanthus Anderss, M. sinensis Anderss. Eulalia. Escaped from cultivation, and well established in fields and on roadsides in New Castle and Cecil Counties. July to Oct. Erianthus Mx. Plume Grass. See Fernald: Rhodora 45, 246-255. 1943. E. contortus Ell. Infrequent, in sandy meadows and pinelands, Sussex County and southward. Aug. to Oct. E. coarctatus Fern. {E. hrevibarhis Mx.) Infrequent; roadsides and ditches, Kent County, Del., and southward. Sept., Oct. E. saccharoides Mx. {E. giganteus (Walt.) Hubbard.) This southern grass has been collected in Dorchester County, 11 mi. s. w. of Cambridge, Earle, 1636, 5 Sept. 1937 (P). Var. compactus (Nash) Fern. (E. compactus Nash.) Common in ditches, low ground and maritime sands, Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. E. ravennae (L.) Beauv. Ravenna Grass. A rare escape from cultivation as an ornamental: sandy roadside at edge of field near Chester River, about 2 miles above Crumpton (QA), Samuel C. Palmer, 24 Oct. 1945 (A). Introd. from Europe. Eulalia Kunth. E. viminea (Trin.) Kuntze var. variabilis Ktze. Locally abundant: wet meadow along Pike Creek, 1 mi. e. by s. of Pleasant Hill (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 5053, 20 Oct. 1942 (T A, G, P), and below this point on Pike Creek, 13^ mi. n. of Choate, etc. Also abundant along White Clay Creek (NC), near the Pennsylvania line. Introd. from tropical Asia. [45] Andropogon GR AMINE AE Andropogon Andropogon L. Beard Grass. A. scoparius Mx. Common in dry ground, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Early Aug. to Oct. Fernald, in Rhodora 37, 143-146, 1935, has described seven varieties of this species, several of which are probably present in our area. Var. divergens Hackel. One collection: south of Townsend (No), Fernald, Long and Fogg, 5178, 5179, 14 Oct. 1935 (P, G). A. littoralis Nash. {A. scoparius var. littoralis (Nash) Hitchc.) Coastal sands; infrequent. Sept., Oct. A. Gerardi Vitman. {A. furcatus Muhl. A. provincialis Lam. See Rhodora 45, 255-258. 1943.) Infrequent; dry sandy soil of New Castle County. Mid- Aug. through Sept. A. ternarius Mx. {A. argyraeus Schult.) In dry, sandy soil; infrequent in southern New Castle and Kent (Del.) Counties; frequent from Sussex County to Cape Charles. Sept. to mid-Oct. A. virginicus L. (For varieties see Fernald: Rhodora 37, 139-143. 1935.) Common in dry ground; fields and roadsides, throughout. Mid- Aug. to mid-Oct. Var. hirsutior (Hackel) Hitchc, f. tenuisphatheus (Nash) Fern. In our area known only from southern Northampton County: pine woods south of Townsend, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5180, 5181; R. R. Tatnall, 3214, 18 Oct. 1936 (T, P, A). Var, abbreviatus (Hack.) Fernald. {A. glomeratus (Walt.) BSP.) Pond margins, savannas and wet woods; frequent. Sept., early Oct. A. EUiottii Chapm. Frequent in pine woods and dry open ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Sept., Oct. [46] Andropogon GRAMINEAE— CYPERACEAE Cyperus Var. projectus Fernald. See Rhodora 37, 139. 1935. Rare, in the Piedmont: Wilmington, Canhy in 1861; south of Goat Hill (Ce), Long & St. John, 2507, 1 May 1916 (A, P). Sorghum Moench. S. halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass. Open roadsides and waste places; an infrequent escape from cultivation. Aug. to mid-Sept. Sorghastrum Nash. S. nutans (L.) Nash. Indian Grass. Waste places, roadsides and railroad banks; Piedmont and Coastal Plain; frequent. Aug. to mid-Sept. S. Elliottii (Mohr) Nash. Collected by Canhy at Salisbury (Wi), the northern limit of its range, in Sept. 1867 (P). Manisuris L. M. rugosa (Nutt.) Ktze. {Rotthoellia rugosa of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Roadside ditches, savannas, and wet places in pine woods, Kent and Sussex Counties, Delaware; local, but abundant where found. Aug. to mid-Oct. A plant of the southern Coastal Plain, here reaching its northern limit. Tripsaceae Tripsacum L. T. dactyloides L. Gama Grass. Frequent along streams of the Coastal Plain, both fresh and brackish ; occasional in dry ground, as in rocky woods of the Brandy- wine valley (NC), and on a vacant lot in Wilmington: Delaware Avenue and Bancroft Parkway, R. R. Tatnall, 3155, 2 Sept. 1936 (T, P, A). June to mid-Oct. CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) Cyperus L. Galingale. C. tenuifolius (Steud.) Dandy. {Kyllinga pumila Mx. C. densi- caespitosus Mattf. & Ktikenth. See Fernald: Rhodora 47, 113. 1945.) [47] Cyperus CYPERACEAE Cyperus One known collection: "Moist soil, Baltimore Hundred," (southeastern Sussex County), Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A). The northern limit of range for this species. C. flavescens L. (Incl. var. poaeforinis (Pursh) Fern. Rhodora 41, 529-530. 1939.) Frequent in moist ground, in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces. Aug. to early October. C. diandrus Torr. Infrequent, in wet soil of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. C. rivularis Kunth. Frequent; ditches and banks of streams, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid- Aug., Sept. C. filicinus Vahl. (C Nuitallii of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in coastal salt marshes; occasional in upland meadows. Aug. to mid-Oct. C. polystachyos Rottb. var. texensis (Torr.) Fern. (C. micro- dontus Torr. See Rhodora 41, 530. 1939.) Infrequent; stream margins, tidal mud and pine woods, Coastal Plain. Aug. to mid-Oct. C. sabulosus Mart. &Schrad. (C.^afescens of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Sandy fields and clearings, in Accomac and Northampton Counties; "a frequent weed" in the latter. Aug. to Oct. C. compressus L. Infrequent; sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. C. virens Mx. {C . pseudovegetus Steud. See Rhodora 47, 109-110. 1945.) Common; ditches, low open ground and pine woods, in the Coastal Plain. July to mid-Oct. A southern species, here near its northern limit. C. dentatus Torr. Infrequent; sandy swamps and river shores of the Coastal Plain. Mid-July to Sept. C. rotundus L. Rare: sandy shore, Collins Beach (NC), Commons, 12 Oct. [48] Cyperus CYPERACEAE Cyperus 1865 (A); weed in garden, Eastville (No), Fogg, 10061, 16 Oct. 1935 (P). A southern species. C. esculentus L. Common; low ground, stream banks, beaches and waste places, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July to mid-Oct. C. erythrorhizos Muhl, Infrequent; alluvial soil and sandy shores. Mid- Aug. to mid- Oct. V" C. odoratus L. (C. ferax of Gray's Man. , ed. 7.) Frequent on stream banks, beaches and low ground, often in brackish soil, Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. C. Engelmanni Steud. Rare, in wet sandy places: Clothier's (Drummond's) Mill (NC), Commons & Tatnall, 9 Oct. 1896 (D) ; border of pond in sandy woods, Savage Neck (No), Fernald, Long cfc Fogg, 5228, 15 Oct. 1935 (A,T). A northern species. il C. strigosus L. Common throughout, in ditches, marshes and swampy woods. Aug., Sept. C. refractus Engelm. Rare, in dry soil: Bald Friar (Ce), J. Crawford, 30 July 1924 (A). C. lancastriensis Porter. Rather rare, in open ground and dry pine woods, Piedmont and Coastal Plain: Grove Neck, near Grove Point (Ce), Long, 45022, 13 Oct. 1934 (A); same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 3931, 3 Sept. 1938 (T); Kiptopeke (No), dry pine woods, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5229, 12 Oct. 1935 (P); roadside near Rowlandsville (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 5231, 10 Oct. 1945 (T, A). C. retrofractus L. (C. hystricinus Fern., in Rhodora 47, 110-113. 1945.) Rare, in dry sand: Sahsbury (Wi), 7. S. Moyer in 1867 (A); same, Canhy, Sept. 1887 (P), and July and Aug. 1893 (D); Wherry & Pennell, 3-4 Sept. 1925 (A); near Sharptown (Wi), Otis in 1914 [49] Cyperus CYPERACEAE Eleochans (D); sand pit west of bridge, 1 mi. s. of Choptank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 5048, 15 Sept. 1942 (T), and 5224, 19 Aug. 1945 (T, A). C. dipsaciformis Fern. Rare, in rocky woods and open sandy soil: Wilmington, woods along the Brandywine Creek, Commons, 28 July 1866 (A) ; Middle- town (NC), E. B. Bartram, 16 Aug. 1908 (A). C. Plukenetii Fern. (C. retrofractus of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rhodora 47, 110-113. 1945.) Rare, in dry ground: Rehoboth (S), Commons, 13 Aug. 1896, (A); Millsboro (S), S. Brown, 21 Sept. 1907 (A); city park, Salis- bury (Wi), (A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4325, 9 Aug. 1939 (T, P, G) C. ovularis (Mx.) Torr. Frequent in both Coastal Plain and Piedmont provinces, chiefly in dry sand, but occasionally in meadows. July to mid-Sept. C. retrorsus Chapm. (C cylindricus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent; dry fields, sandy pinelands, beaches and dune hol- lows on the Coastal Plain. Mid-July to Sept. y U C. Grayii Torr. Frequent on sand dunes and beaches of the Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. C. filiculmis Vahl. Fields, roadsides and sandy pine woods, chiefly on the Coastal Plain. July to early Oct. Var. macilentus Fern. Frequent; sandy fields and roadsides. July to early Sept. Dulichium Pers. D. arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Common in shallow water and on pond borders, chiefly on the Coastal Plain. Mid-July to early Oct. Eleocharis R. Br. Spike Rush, E. quadrangulata (Mx.) R. & S. Infrequent; swamps, streams and ponds of the Coastal Plain. Mid-July to Aug. [50] Eleocharis CYPERACEAE Eleocharis E. equisetoides Torr. Rare; in ponds: between Gumboro and Laurel (S), Commons, 5 Aug. 1874 (A); millponds, Salisbury (Wi), Canby, 21 July 1893 (D); pond 1 mi. s. of Sharptown (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 3139, 22 Aug. 1936 (T, G, A). E. Robbinsii Oakes. Rare, ponds and streams, in shallow water: Felton (K), Canby in 1874, cited by Svenson in Rhodora 31, 154. 1929; Millsboro (S), Commons, 8 July 1884 (A) ; pond w. of station, Milford (S), Long & Van PeZ^, 21 July 1908 (A). E. parvula (R. & S.) Link. (Scirpus nanus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent; marshes, ditches and salt meadows. Coastal Plain. July, Aug. E. rostellata Torr. Rare, ponds and salt marshes of the Coastal Plain: salt marsh, Collins Beach (NC), Commons, 20 June 1866 (A, D); Ocean City (Wo), Commons, 25 July 1878 (A); Love Creek, near Rehoboth (S), True, 20 June 1926 (P). E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Infrequent, in wet soil. New Castle County. July. E. obtusa (Willd.) Schult. Common in wet places, Coastal Plain. June to mid-Oct. Var. ellipsoidalis Fern. (See Svenson: Rhodora 31, 218. 1929.) "In quagmires at the borders of ponds on the Coastal Plain": Centreville (NC), Commons in 1864 (A); Greenbank (NC), Commons, 18 Aug. 1881 (A). Both cited by Svenson, 1. c, and both in the Piedmont. E. Engelmanni Steud. Infrequent; wet fields and roadsides. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-June to mid-Sept. E. olivacea Torr. Infrequent; wet open places and swampy woods. July to Sept. E. flavescens (Poir.) Urban. Rare: Ogletown (NC), Commons in 1866; cited by Svenson in Rhodora 41, 47. 1939. [51] Eleocharis CYPERACEAE Eleocharis E. calva Torr. (E. palustris var. calva (Torr.) Gray.) Rare; muddy margins of ponds and streams, Piedmont and Coastal Plain: Greenbank (NC), Commons, 13 Aug. 1879 (A); opposite Chestertown (QA), E. G. Vanatta, 29 May 1910 (A); river bed, Conowingo (Ce), Pennell, 1572, 1 July 1914 (A); bank of Pike Creek, 1 mi. n. of Choate (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 5026, 24 June 1942 (T, A). E. Smallii Britton. Rare, in fresh- water ponds and swamps of the Coastal Plain: Cherry Island Marsh, Wilmington, Commons, 25 June 1897 (A); Bivalve (Wi), J. J. Carter, 12 June 1906 (A); boggy margin of cypress swamp, Laurel (S), Fogg, 15 June 1926 (P). E. ambigens Fern. (See Fernald: Rhodora 37, 394. 1935; Svenson: Rhodora41, 64. 1939.) Rare; ''sea beaches, eastern shore of Maryland," Canhy (Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard., cited by Svenson, 1. c); Vandyke (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 899, 30 May 1930 (T). E. halophila Fern. & Brack. Rare; saline shores, Delaware and Chesapeake Bays: Slaughter Beach, Thorn Point (S), Commons, 16 July 1896 (A); tidal marsh. Plum Creek, 3 mi. w. s. w. of Elkton (Ce), Long, 37694, 25 June 1932 (A); Back Creek, 1 mi. n, of Chesapeake City (Ce), Long, 41111, 15 July 1933 (A). E. tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Common; swampy places and sandy shores, chiefly Coastal Plain. May to early July. Var. pseudoptera (Weatherby) Svenson. Rhodora 41, 65. 1939. Low ground, apparently rare: springy place in field, 1 mi. w. of Stanton (NC), Randolph, 107 (G); low ground, Claymont (NC), Svenson, 3457, 30 June 1929 (A, P). E. tricostata Torr. Rare, in wet soil of the Coastal Plain: Ellendale (S), C. S. Williamson, 29 Aug. 1908 (P). E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schult. Rare: salt marsh, Cape Henlopen (S), Commons, 14 July 1898 (A). [52] Eleocharis CYPERACEAE Bulhostylis E. microcarpa Torr. var. filiculmis Torr. (Incl. E. Torreyana Boeckl. See Svenson: Rhodora 39, 228. 1937.) Infrequent; pond margins and ditches of the Coastal Plain. July to Sept. E. tortilis (Link) Schult. See Svenson: Rhodora 39, 245. 1937. Infrequent, in wet soil, Maryland and southern Delaware. July to early Sept. Coastal Plain species. E. tuberculosa (Mx.) R. & S. (Incl. E. simplex (Ell.) Dietr.) Frequent in wet sand, pond margins and low pine woods, Kent County, Del., and southward. June to mid-Sept. E. melanocarpa Torr. Rare, in wet sand, Sussex County: "between Gumboro and Laurel," Commons, 5 Aug. 1874 (A) ; Ellendale, C. S. Williamson, 9 July 1908 (A, P). E. albida Torr. See Rhodora 39, 271-272. 1937. Rare, in wet sand: Eastville (No), Canby, in 1873 (A); Ocean City (Wo), Canby, 23 July 1893 (D); Sandy Hill Landing, Nanti- coke River (Wi), Otis, 30 June 1915 (D). Psilocarya Torr. Bald Rush. P. scirpoides Torr. Rare; pond margins and desiccated ponds. Coastal Plain: "Baltimore Hundred," s. e. Sussex County, Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A); pond 1 mi. s. of Sharptown (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 3138, 22 Aug. 1936 (T); Hudson Pond, 5 mi. s. of Milford (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3940, 7 Sept. 1938 (T, G); Salisbury (Wi), A. V. Smith, in Rhodora 41, 111. 1939. P. nitens (Vahl) Wood. Rare, on margins of ponds: Felton (K), Canby in 1868 (A, D); edge of millpond near Milford (S), Otis, 8 Sept. 1920 (A). Bulbostylis C. B. Clarke B. capillaris (L.) Clarke. {Stenophyllus capillaris of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Fernald: Rhodora 40, 391-396. 1938.) Rare, on serpentine soil and on waste ground: serpentine soil near Centreville (NC), Commons, Sept. 1866 (A); near Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 2 Nov. 1914 (D). [53] Bulbostylis CYPERACEAE Scirpus Var. isopoda Fernald. Rare: sand back of dunes, 63^ mi. n. of Ocean City (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4653, 4 Aug. 1940 (T). The only known col- lection. Var. crebra Fernald. Frequent on railroad ballast and other sterile soil. Coastal Plain. Late Aug., Sept. Fimbristylis Vahl. F. castanea (Mx.) Vahl. Frequent in salt and brackish meadows and marshes. Coastal Plain. Mid-July to Sept. F. caroliniana (Lam.) Fern. {F. puberula (Mx.) Vahl. See Rhodora 42, 246. 1940.) Frequent in salt marshes, Coastal Plain. July to Sept. F. Baldwiniana Torr. See Rhodora 37, 397-398. 1935. Rare; known from serpentine soil of New Castle County, and sandy river shores of Wicomico County; no recent collections. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Frequent in fields, pond borders and dune hollows, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug. to Oct. Scirpus L. Bulrush. S. planifolius Muhl. Infrequent; on rocky wooded slopes along Brandy wine and Red Clay Creeks (NC) ; not recently collected. April, May. A northern species. S. subterminalis Torr. In water, Sussex and Wicomico Counties; not recently collected. July to Sept. A northern species. S. Purshianus Fern. (S. debilis Pursh. See Rhodora 44, 479-483 1942.) Infrequent; shores of ponds and streams of the Coastal Plain. Mid-Aug. to early Oct. [54] Scirpus CYPERACEAE Scirpus f] f. Smithii Gray Rare: Holly Oak (NC), Commons, 17 Aug. 1896 (A). A northern plant. Var. setosus Fern. Rare; Milford (S), C. *S. Williamson, 1 Sept. 1908 (A). Y\ S. americanus Pers. Chair Maker's Rush. Common, on maritime shores, and borders of fresh and brackish streams, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-June to mid-Sept. . f \S. Olneyi Gray. Common in salt marshes; infrequent in shallow fresh water; Coastal Plain. Late June to Sept. S. etuberculatus (Steud.) Ktze. (*S. cylindricus (Torr.) Ktze.) Canby's Bulrush. Rare: "in streams, Salisbury" (Wi), Canhy, in 1864 (D) and Sept. 1894 (A); same. Commons, 31 Aug. 1863 (A). Reaches the northern hmit of its range in Sussex County. Us. validus Vahl var. creber Fern, {S. validus of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rhodora 45, 283. 1934.) Great Bulrush. Common in ponds, streams and tidal mud, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June to Aug. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. River Bulrush. Frequent on river shores and salt margins. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain as far south as Worcester County, where it appears to reach its southern limit. June to Sept. S. robustus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bulrush. Common in salt marshes of the Coastal Plain. July to Sept. S. novae-angliae Britton. Rare: brackish marsh, Augustine Beach (NC), Pennell, 7809, 3 Aug. 1916 (A). S. expansus Fern. {S. sylvaticus of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rho- dora 45, 293-295. 1943.) Not often collected: swamp near Centreville (NC), Commons, 22 July 1868 (A) ; boggy soil along Pike Creek (NC), Canby, 28 July 1896 (D); Conowingo (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1 June 1913 (A); l}i mi. s. w. of Elkton (Ce), Benner, 25 June 1932 (A). [55] Scirpus CYPERACEAE Fuirena S. atrovirens Willd. Common, in swamps, meadows and wet roadsides, chiefly in the Piedmont. June to Aug. Var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. (*S. georgianus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent; same range as the species. S. polyphyllus Vahl. Infrequent; swamps and meadows. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July to Sept. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool-grass. Frequent, in fresh or salt meadows and marshes, chiefly Coastal Plain. Mid-July to early Oct. Var. condensatus Fern. One known collection: swampy ground along the railroad, y2 mi. s. e. of Harmony (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4294, 22 July 1939, (T. G). H V S. rubricosus Fern. {S. Eriophorum Mx. See Rhodora 47, 124. 1945.) Wool-grass. Same habitats as S. cyperinus, but apparently less common. Mid.Aug. to Sept. Eriophorum L. Cotton Grass. E. gracile Koch. Rare, in bogs, New Castle County: Thompson's Swamp, IJ^ mi. n. e. of New Castle, E. Tatnall, in 1858 (D); McCrone's Swamp, near Farnhurst, Commons, 20 June 1876 (A); in sphagnum, e. of Vandyke, Commons, 7 June 1881 (A). E. virginicum L. Infrequent; swamps and ditches, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. Fuirena Rottb. F. pumila Torr. (F. squarrosa Mx. See Rhodora 40, 396-398. 1938.) Infrequent; swampy woods and sandy shores, Sussex County and southward. Aug. to mid-Oct. [56] Fuirena CYPERACEAE Rhynchospora F. squarrosa Mx. (F. hispida Ell. See above reference.) Frequent in swamps, ditches and salt marshes, Sussex County and southward ; rare in the Coastal Plain area of New Castle County : Kiamensi, Commons, 17 Aug. 1897 (A); "Glasgow Bog," H mi. n. e. of Glasgow Station, R. R. Tatnall, 1490, 24 July 1932 (T, G). Mid-July to Sept. Rhynchospora Vahl. Beak Rush. R. corniculata (Lam.) Gray. Horned Rush. Rare, in swamps and meadows: upland meadows, Ellendale (S), Canhy, Aug. 1874 (A); low ground near Cypress Creek (s. w. NC), Canhy, 5 Sept. 1898 (D, A) ; cypress swamp, 2 mi. s. w. of Liberty- town (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4651, 4 Aug. 1940 (T, A). July to Oct. ;^-i R. macrostachya Torr. Horned Rush. Frequent in meadows and on margins of ponds; occasionally found in tidal mud. Aug., Sept., R. inundata (Oakes) Fern. (R. macrostachya var. inundata of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare, in water: Waples Pond, 3 mi. n. of Milton (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2765, 31 Aug. 1935 (T, G). R. globularis (Chapm.) Small var. recognita Gale. (R. cymosa of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rhodora 46, 243-249. 1944.) Infrequent, in low ground. Piedmont and coastal Plain. July to mid-Aug. R. Torreyana Gray. Rare, in swamps and wet meadows, Coastal Plain: near Laurel (S), Commons, 5 Aug. 1874 (A); Ocean City (Wo), Canhy, 23 July 1893 (D); thicket 7}4 mi. s. e. of Salisbury (Wi), {A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4371, 11 Aug. 1939 (T, P, G). R. inexpansa (Mx.) Vahl. Rare: wet depression in pine woods, just s. of Townsend (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5246, 14 Oct. 1935 (P, T) ; same locaUty, R. R. Tatnall, 3216, 18 Oct. 1936 (T). A species of the southern states, here at its northern limit. R. fusca (L.) Ait. f . Rare, in meadows, glades and pine barrens, Sussex County: pine barrens near Millsboro, Commons, 18 June 1875 (A); "glades [57] Rhynchospora CYPERACEAE Rhynchospora south of Lewiston" (Lewes), Canhy, 13 July 1878 (A); upland meadows, Ellendale, Canhy, Aug. 1890 (D). The southern limit of this northern species. R. filifolia Gray. Rare: along railroad, east of Ellendale (S), Commons, 17 Aug. 1899 (A). R. gracilenta Gray. Infrequent, in low pine woods and pine barrens. Coastal Plain. July to mid-Oct. R. oligantha Gray. Rare, in bogs: 13^ mi. s. of Lewes (S), Canhy, July 1878 (A, D); near Lewes, Commons, 26 Aug. 1895 (A). Near the northern limit of range for this southern species. R. pallida Curtis. Rare: bog in pines, near Laurel (S), Commons, 19 Aug. 1880 (A); near SaUsbury (Wi), Canhy, cited by Gale in Rhodora 46, 166. 1944. Coastal Plain species. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Infrequent, in bogs and swamps of the Coastal Plain, chiefly in Sussex County. Aug., Sept. R. Knieskernii Carey. Rare: swamp near Gumboro (S), Commons, 5 Aug. 1874 (A); "Baltimore Hundred" (S), Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A). R. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Rare, in moist soil: near railroad bridge, Smyrna (NC), Com- mons, 10 Oct. 1866 (A); Seaford (S), Commons, 10 Aug. 1878 (A); near Slaughter Beach (S), Commons, 12 Aug. 1897 (A); pine woods s. of Townsend (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5243, 14 Oct. 1935 (P). R. capitellata (Mx.) Vahl. Common in moist soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid- July to mid-Sept. R. chalarocephala Fern. See Rhodora 42, 426. 1940. Rare: bog along railroad, 2 mi. s. of Lewes (S), Commons, 15 [58] Rhynchospora CYPERACEAE Scleria Aug. 1895 (A); abandoned pond near Sharptown (Wi), O'Neill, 7430, cited by Gale in Rhodora 42, 112. 1944. R. microcephala Britten. Rare: Salisbury (Wi), Commons, 28 Sept. 1863 (A); along Indian River, Millsboro (S), S. Brown, 21 Sept. 1907 (A). R. cephalantha Gray. (R. axillaris of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare, in moist sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: Ellendale and Redden (S), several collectors; edge of swamp in Salisbury (Wi), A. V. Smith, in Rhodora 41, 111. 1939. Cladium R. Br. Twig Rush. C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Frequent; marshes, pond borders and dune hollows, southern Kent (Del.) and Sussex Counties, and southward. July to Sept. Scleria Bergius. Nut Rush. (See Fernald: Rhodora 38, 397-398. 1936.) S. triglomerata Mx. Infrequent in meadows and moist pine woods of the Coastal Plain; rare in the Piedmont: moist soil, Centreville (NC), Commons 14 Aug. 1878 (A). July, early Aug. S. minor (Britton) W. Stone. Rare, in moist pine woods: Ij/^ mi. n. w. of Colbourne (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4627, 3 Aug. 1940 (T). S. nitida Willd. Rare, in dry woods, Coastal Plain and Piedmont provinces: meadow, Centreville (NC), Commons in 1863 (A); Salisbury (Wi), Canhy, Sept. 1894 (D). S. pauciflora Muhl. Infrequent; meadows; also dry sand and serpentine soil, Pied- mont and Coastal Plain. Late June to Aug. S. reticularis Mx. Infrequent; meadows, swamps and ditches, chiefly Coastal Plain. Seems not to have been collected since 1899. Aug., Sept. [59] Scleria CYPERACEAE Carex S. Muhlenbergii Steud. (S, setacea of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Fernald: Rhodora 45, 296-297. 1943.) Rare, in pine barrens and swampy woods of the Coastal Plain: Felton (K), Commons, 25 Sept. 1873 (A); Cedar Neck (S), Com- mons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A); swamp 2 mi. s. of Lewes (S), Commons, 26 Aug. 1895 (A) ; swampy woods s. of Kendall Grove (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5247, 13 Oct. 1935 (P, T). Carex L. Sedge. The sections and sequences of species here given follow the treatment of Mackenzie in North American Flora 18, 1-478. (1931-1935). Fruiting dates refer to the times when the perigynia have reached full development; previous to this, identification of species is often difficult or impossible. Arenariae C. arenaria L. Rare, in sand of the upper part of the beach of Chesapeake Bay, in Northampton County : sandy woods among dunes, Savage Neck, Fernald & Long, 5249, 11 Oct. 1935 (T) ; west of Kiptopeke, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5250, 14 Oct. 1935 (T) ; same locahty, R. R. Tatnall, 3775, 21 May 1938 (T, P, A); Cape Charles, s. of Kiptopeke, F. R. Fosberg, 14636, 18 Apr. 1938 (P). Bracteosae C. retroflexa Muhl. Infrequent; dry woods of the Piedmont. May, June. C. rosea Schk. Infrequent; rich woods of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-May to mid-June. C. convoluta Mack. (C. rosea of some authors, not Schkuhr.) Infrequent, in woods, chiefly of the Coastal Plain. May to July. C. radiata (Wahl) Dewey. (C. rosea var. radiata of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; woods and thickets: Stanton (NC), Canhy, 13 June 1896 (D) ; Wilmington, True, 24 June 1926 (P). C. cephalophora Muhl. Infrequent; in dry woods and on serpentine soil. Late May, June. [60] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex C. Leavenworthii Dewey. Rare; in dry open woodlands: near Union ville (Ta), Earle, 3606, 25 July 1942 (A). C. mesochorea Mack. Rare, in dry open places: 33^ mi. w. n. w, of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3524, 9 May 1942 (P). C. spicata Huds. (C. muricata L. ?) Infrequent; dry sandy soil, fields and pond margins. June. Locally nat. from Europe. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. Frequent; woods, stream banks and open sandy soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June to mid-July. Var. enervis Boott. (C. plana Mack.) Infrequent; dry rocky hillsides of the Piedmont; also marshy ground on the Coastal Plain. May, June. C. sparganioides Muhl. Infrequent; rich rocky woods. Piedmont. May, June. Multiflorae C. annectens Bicknell. (C. vulpinoidea var. annectens Farwell.) Infrequent; fields and roadsides, chiefly Coastal Plain. Mid- May to early July. C. vulpinoidea Mx. Common throughout, in swamps, ditches and wet meadows. June to mid-July. Vulpinae C. stipata Muhl. Infrequent; swamps and meadows, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-May, June. Var. maxima Chapm. (C. uberior (Mohr) Mack.) Infrequent; swamps, chiefly Coastal Plain. June. C. laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mack. Infrequent; river swamps and damp woods of the Coastal Plain. May, June. [61] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex Heleonastes C. trisperma Dewey. Rare; in bogs, usually in sphagnum. June. Apparently not collected since 1881. C. canescens L. var. disjuncta Fernald. Frequent; swamps, ditches and pond margins, Sussex County, and northward on the Coastal Plain. May, June. Stellulatae C. exilis Dewey. Rare; "bogs and acid soils, Labrador to Delaware, mostly near the coast" (Mackenzie): Cedar swamp, Millsboro (S), Commons, 18 June 1875 (A). See also Fernald: Rhodora 44, 244. 1942. C. seorsa Howe. Infrequent; swamps and low woods. Coastal Plain. Mid-May to early June. C. interior Bailey. (C scirpoides of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare: moist roadside. State Road Station (NC), True, 18 June 1926 (P); our only known collection. C. Howei Mack. (C. scirpoides var, capillacea (Bailey) Fernald.) Infrequent; moist woods and stream margins. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-May, June. C. incomperta Bicknell. (C. sterilis Willd., in part.) Infrequent; in bogs, chiefly of the Coastal Plain. May, June. C. atlantica Bailey. (C sterilis Willd., in part.) Infrequent; bogs and low woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late May, June. C. angustior Mack. Rare: swamp near Centreville (NC), Commons, 6 June 1867 (A); margin of pond, Rehoboth (S), True, 18 June 1926 (P). No other known collection. Deweyanae C. bromoides Schk. Rare; in swamps: Centreville (NC), Commons, in 1864 and 1878 (A); apparently not collected since. June. [62] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex Ovales C. scoparia Schk. Frequent; moist soil, chiefly on the Coastal Plain, June, July. C. normalis Mack. (C. mirdbilis Dewey var. perlonga Fernald.) Infrequent; meadows and thickets of the Piedmont. June, July. C. festucacea Schk. Frequent in low woods, Coastal Plain and Piedmont areas. May, June. C. brevier (Dewey) Mack. (C. festucacea var. hrevior of Gray's Man. ed. 7.) One collection: Dixon's quarry, near Wilmington, F. M. Jones, 3 June 1927 (P) ; locaHty now destroyed. C. Bicknellii Britton. One collection: on serpentine near Centreville (NC), Commons, 26 May 1863 (A). C. hormathodes Fernald. Frequent; in salt or brackish marshes. Coastal Plain. Mid- May, June. C. Richii (Fernald) Mack. (C. hormathodes var. Richii of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare, in moist soil: early collections near Wilmington and near Townsend (NC); ditch, Vandyke (NC), Long, 24 May 1909 (A). II C. Longii Mack. (C. albolutescens of some authors, not Schw.) Common; coastal sands, low woods and pond margins of the Coastal Plain. May to mid-July. C. silicea Olney. Infrequent, on sands of the seashore, in Sussex and Worcester Counties. June, July. A northern species, here at the southern limit of its range. C. straminea Willd. ("C. albolutescens Schw.") Frequent, in low, open ground and moist woods. Coastal Plain. May, June. C. alata Torr. Frequent; damp woods, marshy ground, and stream banks, Coastal Plain. June, early July. [63] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex C. tribuloides Wahl. Frequent, in low ground, chiefly Coastal Plain. June, July. C. cristatella Britton. (C. cristata of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare: meadow near Centreville (NC), Commons, Aug. 1873 (A); thickets along Mill Creek (NC), Canby, 16 June 1897 (D); river flats, Conowingo (Ce), /. Crawford, 31 July 1924 (A). Polytrichoideae C. leptalea Wahl. Infrequent; in swamps. New Castle and Sussex Counties; not recently reported. June. Var. Harperi (Fernald) Stone. (C. Harperi Fernald.) Infrequent; swamps and wet woods, Coastal Plain. May, June. Phyllostachyae C. Willdenowii Schk. Rare; northern New Castle County, in dry woods and on serpentine soil, June. Not reported since 1897. Montanae C. artitecta Mack. (C varia Muhl.) Common; dry woods or open places, chiefly in the Piedmont. April to June. C. Emmonsii Dewey Infrequent; dry woods and low ground, chiefly Coastal Plain. Late April, May. C. nigromarginata Schw. Frequent on serpentine soil and dry rocky hillsides of the Pied- mont, and on dry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. Mid-April, May. C. communis Bailey. Common; rocky woods of the Piedmont. April, May. C. pennsylvanica Lam. Frequent; rocky woods, serpentine soil and pond margins, in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid- April to June. [64] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex C. umbellata Schk. Rare; dry rocky or sandy soil: "Brandywine hills" (NC), Canhy, April 1866 (A); near Townsend (NC), Commons, 17 May 1883 (A); Bald Friar (Ce), Long, 42982, 6 May 1934 (A). C. rugosperma Mack. (C umhellata of many authors, not Schk.) Rare; dry wooded slopes: near Centreville (NC), Commons, 7 May 1864 (A); Octoraro Creek, above Cecil Paper Mills (Ce), Long & St. John, 2517, 1 May 1916 (A); 1 mile w. of Betterton (Ke), F. S. Fender, 1228, 10 April 1936 (P). C. tonsa (Fernald) Bicknell. (C. umhellata var. tonsa Fernald.) Rare; in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: clearings, Milford (S), Canhy, 18 April 1888 (D); oak scrub n. e. of Elk Neck (Ce), Long, 54296, 19 May 1940 (A) ; Middle Neck (Ce), bank of Great Bohemia Creek, Long, 7 May 1932 (A). Digitatae C. pedunculata Muhl. Rare; rocky wooded banks of Brandy wine Creek, Wilmington: Wills Rock, Canhy, May 1862 (D); above Wilmington, Commons, 3 May 1865 (A, D). Triquetrae C. hirtifolia Mack. (C. puhescens Muhl.) Infrequent; wooded slopes of the Piedmont. Late May, June. X C. Sullivantii Boott. (C. hirtifolia X C. gracillima.) Rare: moist banks, Stanton (NC), Commons, 3 June 1884 (A). Paniceae C. tetanica Schk. One collection: meadow s. of Sylmar (Ce), Long, 32107, 2 May 1925 (A). Northern species. C. Meadii Dewey. (C. tetanica var. Meadii of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare: known only from a swamp n. of Rockland (NC), Com- mons, 29 June 1893 (A). C. polymorpha Muhl. One known collection: Leslie (Ce), J. Crawford, 10 May 1891, (A). [65] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex Laxiflorae C. platyphylla Carey. Rare: rich wooded slope, Grove Neck, 6 mi. w. of Cecilton (Ce), Benner, 7101, 16 May 1936 (A), R. R. Tatnall, 2925, 16 May 1936 (T, P, A). C. abscondita Mack. (C. ptychocarpa of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent; in woods of the Coastal Plain. Late May, June. C. digitalis Willd. Infrequent; woods and thicket, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-May, June. C. laxiculmis Schw. Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont area; rare on the Coastal Plain: near Leipsic (K), R. R. Tatnall, 2567, 26 May 1935 (A, P, D, T); 6 mi. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2470, 1 June 1940 (P); near Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2770, 5 July 1940 (P). Late May, June. C. styloflexa Buckley. (C laxiflora var. styloflexa of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent; damp woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late April to June. Our specimens are all from New Castle and Sussex Counties. C. laxiflora Lam. (Including C. heterosperma Wahl., and C. anceps Muhl.) Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont; frequent in woods of the Coastal Plain. Late May, June. C. striatula Mx. (C. laxiflora var. divaricata Bailey.) Rare; wooded banks, Piedmont and Coastal Plain: Wilmington, Canhy, May 1893 (D); near Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2399, 11 May 1940 (P); along Pike Creek n. of Choate (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4495, 18 May 1940 (T, A). C. albursina Sheldon. (C. laxiflora var. latifolia of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; rich woods along the Susquehanna River: wooded valley, Conowingo (Ce), Fogg, no. 1930, 15 May 1927 (P); woods l}4 mi. w. of Rowlandsville (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 4497, 28 May 1940 (A, G, T). [66] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex C. blanda Dewey. (C laxiflora var. varians Bailey.) Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont province; rare in woods of the Coastal Plain: near Chop tank Mills (K), F. M. Jones, 21 June 1927 (P); 6 mi. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2480, 1 June 1940 (P); marsh w. of Taylor's Bridge (NC), Long, 58236, 10 May 1942 (A). C. gracilescens Steud. (C. laxiflora var. gracillima of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; meadows and thickets in the Piedmont: Greenbank (NC), Commons in 1880 and 1885 (A). Granulares C. granulans Muhl. Rare; meadows and low woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain: near Yorklyn (NC), Commons in 1875 (A); Greenbank (NC), Commons in 1884 (A); Windmill Branch, s. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3205, 17 May 1941 (P). Oligocarpae C. oligocarpa Schk. Frequent in woods and meadows of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: Frankford (S), Commons, 18 June 1875 (A). May, June. Griseae C. conoidea Schk. Rare; in meadows of the Piedmont: near Centreville (NC), Commons, June 1864 (A); near Ashland (NC), Commons, 18 June 1874 (A). C. amphibola Steud. var. rigida (Bailey) Fernald. See Rhodora 44, 311, 1942. (C. grisea var. angustifolia of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; in dry soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain: Greenbank, (NC), Commons in 1884 and 1885 (A); Brandywine Park, Wilming- ton, True, 26 June 1926 (P); near Choptank Mills (K), F. M. Jones, 21 June 1927 (P). C. grisea Wahl. Frequent in woods and meadows. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-May, mid-June. [67] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex C. glaucodea Tuckerm. Frequent in woods and meadows and on serpentine soil of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. May, June. Gracillimae C. gracillima Schw. Frequent in woods and meadows of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: Frankford (S), Commons, 18 June 1875 (A). May, June. C. prasina Wahl. Infrequent; meadows, wet woods and stream banks of the Pied- mont. Mid-May, June. C. Davisii Schw. & Torr. Rare; along Brandy wine Creek near Wilmington: above Wil- mington, Commons, 20 June 1874 (A); Brandy wine Park, Canhy, 27 May 1899 (D); at west end of Smith's Bridge, 3^ mi. n. e. of Granogue, R. R. Tatnall, 5012, 28 May 1942 (T, A). X C. aestivaliformis Mack. (C. gracillima X C aestivalis (L. H. Bailey)). Rare; woods in northern New Castle County, Commons in 1865 and 1866. June. Sylvaticae C. oblita Steud. (C venusta Dewey var. minor of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; bogs and swamps of the Coastal Plain: Millsboro (S), Commons in 1875 (A); Cypress Swamp near Frankford (S), Com- mons in 1875 (A). C. debiUs Mx. Frequent; woods, swamps and pond margins, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. May, June. A southern species. Longirostres C. Sprengelii Dewey. (C. longirostris Torr. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) One collection: Wilmington, J. H. Brakeley, without date (A). A northern species [68] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex Virescentes C. Swanii (Fernald) Mack. (C. virescens var. Swanii of Gray's Man,, ed. 7.) Frequent throughout, in dry or damp woods, and among coastal dunes. May, June. C. virescens Muhl. Infrequent in dry rocky woods of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: roadside between Snow Hill and Pocomoke City (Wo), True, 21 June 1926 CP); 6 mi. e. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2445, 31 May 1940 (P). June, July. C. complanata Torr, Infrequent; dry woods and open serpentine outcrops of the Piedmont, and pine woods of the Coastal Plain, May, June, C. hirsutella Mack. (C. hirsuta Willd.) Infrequent; dry woods and serpentine soil of the Piedmont, and dry sand of the Coastal Plain. June. C. caroliniana Schw. Infrequent; dry sandy soil, serpentine, meadows and woods, Piedmont and Coastal Plain of New Castle and Cecil Counties. June, July. C. Bushii Mack. (C. hirsuta var, cuspidata Dewey, in Wood, Class Book.) Rare; fields, woods and meadows, Piedmont and Coastal Plain: near Wilmington, Canhy, 18 June 1901 (A) ; ditch bank s. of Ellen- dale (S), True, 18 June 1926 (P); pond, Rehoboth (S), True, 19 June 1926 (P), Hirtae C. Walteriana Bailey. (C. striata Mx, var, brevis Bailey, of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in meadows, swamps and pine-barren bogs of the Coastal Plain; rare in the Piedmont: swamp near Centreville (NC), Commons, 14 June 1868 (A). June, July. C. lanuginosa Mx. Infrequent; meadows and swamps of New Castle County, in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas. Not reported since 1897. June. [69] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex C. vestita Willd. Infrequent, in sandy woods and swamps, New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late May to early July. Anomalae C. scabrata Schw. Rare, in swampy woods of the Piedmont: near Centreville (NC), Commons in 1864 (A); Conowingo (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1 June 1913 (A). Pendulinae C. Joorii Bailey. (C. macrokolea Steud. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; margins of cypress swamps: 20 mi. s. w. of Cambridge (Do), M. A. Chrysler, 26 Aug. 1904 (A); Vienna (Do), C. P. Smith, 13 Aug. 1913 (A); 2 mi. s. w. of Libertytown (Wo), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4019, 9 Sept. 1938, and later collections (T, P, A, G); Purnell Pond, 1 mi. n. e. of Snow Hill (Wo), (A. F. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4335, 9 Aug. 1939 (T, P, A). A southern species. C. glaucescens Ell. Rare; swamps in the Coastal Plain: open pine swamp near Snow Hill (Wo), A. V. Smith in Rhodora 41, 111. 1939; ditch along Sahsbury-Snow Hill highway, 1 mi. n. of Longridge (Wo), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4642, 3 Aug. 1940 (T). A southern species, here at its northern Umit of range. Limosae C. Barrattii Schw. & Torr. (C. littoralis Schw. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent; swamps and moist open places. Coastal Plain. May, June. C. limosa L. A northern species, in sphagnous bogs from Labrador "south- ward to southern Delaware" (Mackenzie). No specimen seen. Atrata£ C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Rare; in bogs and wet meadows: McCrones Swamp, Farnhurst (NC), Commons, 2 June 1868 (A); Pleasant Hill (Ce), Otis, 12 June [70] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex 1912 (A); marsh 23^ mi. n. e. of Conowingo (Ce), True, 4 Aug. 1935 (P). Mid-May to mid- June. Acutae C. stricta Lam. Tussock Sedge. Common throughout, forming tussocks in marshes. Mid-May, June Var. strictior (Dewey) Carey. (C strictior Dewey.) Marshy places; not often collected. May, June. Var. decora Bailey. (C. Haydenii Dewey.) Rare; marshes of the Coastal Plain: 3^ mi. n. w. of Pepperbox (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3740a, 19 May 1938 (T). Probably only a form of C. stricta. C. Emoryi Dewey. Rare; swampy places: Holly Oak (NC), Commons, 6 June 1866 (A). C. torta Boott. Frequent; rooting among rocks in running water; Piedmont. Late April, May. Cryptocarpae C. Mitchelliana M. A. Curtis. One collection: swamps, Millsboro (S), Commons, 18 June 1875 (A). C. gynandra Schw. (C. crinita var. gynandra Schw. & Torr.) One collection: margin of Tubmill Pond, 2 mi. n. of Milford (K), Tme, 18 June 1926 (P). C. crinita Lam. Common; swamps, ponds, stream banks and tidal flats, Pied- mont and Coastal Plain, southward to the Virginia line. Mid- May to July. Collmsiae C. Collinsii Nutt. (C. suhulata Mx. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Local; pond margins and "cedar" swamps in Sussex and Wico- mico Counties; also Polkville (NC), E. Tatnall, 16 J'une 1893 (D). Mid-June, July. [71] Carex CYPERACEAE Carex FolUculatae C. foUiculata L. Common; swamps and wet woods of the Coastal Plain, at least as far south as the Virginia line. Mid-May, June. Pseudo- Cypereae C. comosa Boott. Common throughout, in swamps and on pond margins. June, July. Paludosae C. riparia W. Curtis var. lacustris (Willd.) Kiikenth. (C. lacustris Willd.) Infrequent; in swamps along the Delaware River, above Wil- mington. Last collected by Canby and by Commons in 1875. June. C. trichocarpa Muhl. "Swamp above Rockland (NC), rare": Commons, 29 June 1893 (A). Squarrosae C. Frankii Kunth. Apparently collected but once in our area: road between Stock- ton and Girdletree (Wo), True, 166, 30 June 1928 (P). C. squarrosa L. Common; swamps, meadows and ditches, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. No known collection from south of Sussex and Talbot Counties. Mid-June to Aug. C. typhina Mx. (C. typhinoides Schw. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent; swamps and low woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain, southward to Worcester County. June, July. Vesicariae C. vesicaria L. Infrequent; swamps on the Coastal Plain of New Castle County. Mid-May, June. A northern species, here at about its southern limit. C. inflata Huds. var. utriculata (Boott) Druce. (C. rostrata Stokes. See Rhodora 44, 324-325. 1942.) Rare; in swamps and meadows: near Harmony Mills (NC), E. [72] Carex CYPERACEAE— ARACEAE Arisaema Tatnall, without date (D) ; Fiddler's Bridge, 1 mile s. of St. Georges (NC), Commons in 1877 and 1884 (A). A northern species, local in our area. C. bullata Schk. Frequent; swamps on the Coastal Plain. June to Aug. -H C. lurida Wahl. Common throughout, in swamps and ditches. Late May to July. Lupulinae C. intumescens Rudge. Frequent; swamps, ditches and wet woods of the Coastal Plain, at least as far south as Worcester County. Mid-May to July. C. lupulina Muhl, Common throughout, in swamps and ditches. June to Aug. C. lupuliformis Sartwell. Rare; swamps and ditches of New Castle County. Seems not to have been collected since 1897 (Canby (D)). Mid- June to Aug. C. gigantea Rudge. (C grandis Bailey.) Infrequent; swamps. Our specimens are all from the Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas of New Castle County. June to Oct. A southern species, here at the northern limit of its range. ARACEAE (Arum Family) Arisaema Mart. Indian Turnip. A. triphyllum (L.) Schott. (Including A. pusillum Nash and A. atroruhens (Ait.) Blume.) Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Common in rich woods of the northern half of the Peninsula. Late April to mid-May. The treatment in Gray's Manual, 7th edition, is here followed, as a tentative and unsatisfactory approach to the confused taxonomy of this group. See Fernald: Rhodora 42, 247-254. 1940. A. Dracontium (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. Infrequent in low ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late May to mid-July. [73] Peltandra ARACEAE— LEMNACEAE Wolffia Peltandra Raf. Arrow Arum. ff P. virginica (L.) Kunth. See Fernald : Rhodora 42, 430-432. 1940. . \ • Frequent on the Coastal Plain, in marshes, shallow water and L J^^ tidal mud. No specimens seen from south of the Virginia line. June, mid-July. Symplocarpus Salisb. S. foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk Cabbage. Common in wet places, at least north of the Virginia line. March, April. Orontium L. O. aquaticum L. Golden Club. Frequent; swamps and margins of streams on the Coastal Plain. April, May. Acorus L. U II A. Calamus L. Sweet Flag. Common in low ground, especially on the Coastal Plain north of the Virginia line. May, June. v^ ^ LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family) Spirodela Schleiden. Duckweed. S. pol3rrhiza (L.) Schleid. Common, floating on fresh-water ponds and slow streams, often densely covering the surface. Lemna L. Duckmeat. L. minor L. In the same habitats as Spirodela, and often accompanying it. Both are very common in our area, in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces. L. perpusilla Torr. Rare, in ditches about Wilmington: Canby in 1872, 1893 and 1899 (D). Wolflla Horkel. W. Columbiana Karst. Found floating in great abundance in a few ponds and canal coves in New Castle County: Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, near Delaware City, Commons & Talnall, Sept. 1896 (A, D) ; pool along [74] Wolffia LEMNACEAE— ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon Pennsylvania Railroad just north of bridge over Shellpot Creek, n. e. of Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 2993, 30 June 1936 (T, P, A, G) ; Dragon Marsh, ^ mi. s. w. of Delaware City, R. R. Tatnall, 3228, 14 Nov. 1936 (T, A) ; pond in railroad yards at Landlith, Wilming- ton, R. R. Tatnall, 3428, 29 June 1937 (T). W. punctata Griseb. One station: floating on small ponds back of the dunes, on property of Rufus P. Custis, Savage Neck, 4 mi. \v. s. w. of East- ville (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5251; R. R. Tatnall, 3209, 18 Oct. 1936 (T, P, G). This and the preceding species, floating globules about 1 mm. in diameter, are the smallest known flowering plants; not blooming, however, in our area, as far as is known. Wolffiella Hegelmeier. W. floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson. There are two known stations on this Peninsula: smallest of the Custis Ponds, 4 miles w. s. w. of Eastville (No), where it forms floating mats two inches or more thick ; Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5252, in 1935 (G, P), R. R. Tatnall, 3387, 1 June 1937 and 3763, in 1938 (T, A) ; edge of Dragon Marsh, ^ mile s. w. of Delaware City (NC), where it is associated with Wolffia columbiana, R. R. Tatnall, 3229, 14 Nov. 1936, and several later numbers (T, G, A, P). ERIOCAULACEAE (Pipewort Family) Eriocaulon L. Pipewort. E. decangulare L. Frequent; pine-barren swamps, river margins and seashore sands. Our specimens are chiefly from Sussex County, including one by Nuttall in 1809. Mid-July to Sept. E. compressum Lam. Rather frequent; pine-barren swamps, Sussex and Wicomico Counties. Late May to Aug. E. septangulare With. (E. articulatum, in part, of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Borders of fresh-water ponds; frequent in the central part of the Peninsula; one collection from New Castle County: shore of the Delaware River, Canhy, Aug. 1877 (D). Mid-July to early Sept. [75] \\ Eriocaulon XYRIDACEAE— COMMELINAC. Commelina E. Parkeri Robinson. Frequent in tidal mud of the Coastal Plain. Early Aug. to mid-Oct. XYRIDACEAE (Yellow-eyed Grass Family) Xjrris L. Yellow-eyed Grass. X. caroliniana Walt. (Including forma flaccida Fernald. Rhodora 42, 433. 1940.) Common on sandy margins of ponds, from lower Kent (Del.) and Talbot Counties, southward. July to Sept. X. difformis Chapman. (Often confused with X. communis Kunth.) Frequent in sandy ditches and on swamp margins, Sussex County and southward. June to Sept. X. Congdoni Small. (X. SmalUana Nash.) Rare; boggy shores, semi-aquatic: along the railroad, south of Ellendale (S), Long, 22 July 1908 (A); Ocean City (Wo), J. J. Carter, 12 Aug. 1909 (A); in water of Waples Pond, 3 mi. n. of Milton (S), R. R. Tatnall, 928, 4 July 1930 (T). X. torta J. E. Smith. {X. flexuosa of authors, not Muhl.) Frequent; bogs, meadows and swampy pine woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July, Aug. COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Family) Tradescantia L. Spiderwort. T. virginiana L. Frequent in the valleys of Brandywine and Red Clay Creeks (NC); rare along the Susquehanna River: Bald Friar (Ce), Long & SL John, 18 April 1913 (A), Fogg, 14 May 1927 (P). Mid-May to mid-June. Commelina L. Day-flower. C. communis L. See Pennell: Bartonia 19, 19-22. 1938. Pale- flowered Day-flower. Common weed in gardens and waste places. Early June to Sept. Introd. from China. C. debilis Ledeb. (C. communis ludens (Miquel) Clarke. See Pen- nell, 1. c, also Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 90, 31-38. 1938.) Dark-flowered Day-flower. [76] Commelina BROMELIAC— PONTEDERIAC. Heteranthera Locally frequent from Sussex and Caroline Counties, southward ; occasional in New Castle County. Early June to late Oct. Introd. from China. C. erecta L. Rare in open sandy soil and pine woods of the Coastal Plain: Salisbury (Wi), Commons, 27 July 1865 (A), and J. J. Carter, 14 July 1904 (A); Millsboro (S), Commons, 15 Aug. 1877 (A); Laurel (S), Commons, 21 Sept. 1880 (G). Var. angustifolia (Mx.) Fernald. Rhodora 42, 435-441. 1940. Rare: dry sand 1 mi. e. of Laurel (S), Commons, 19 Aug. 1880, (A, G, U) ; sandy pine woods near Cape Henlopen (S), Commons, 27 Aug. 1895 (A, G, U). C. virginica L. (C hirtella Vahl.) Infrequent, in wet woods and on banks of streams and ponds, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July to Sept. BROMELIACEAE (Pineapple Family) Tillandsia L. T. usneoides L. Long Moss. Spanish Moss. Occurs sparingly on holly and pine trees, in mixed woods, about % mi. s. w. of Eastville (No): Fernald & Long, 5256, in 1935, (U, T), R. R. Tatnall, 3025, in 1936, and 3378, in 1937 (T, A). Apparently this plant does not bloom at this locality, far north of its anticipated occurrence. PONTEDERIACEAE (Pickerel- weed Family) Pontederia L. i- P. cordata L. Pickerel- weed. Common, in shallow water, and on muddy shores of ponds and streams. June to mid-Sept. t-^ wt i > Heteranthera R. & P. H. reniformis R. & P. Mud Plantain. Infrequent; muddy pools and borders of streams, Piedmont and Coastal Plain, southward to Talbot County: Potts Mill Creek, ^ mi. s. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3465, 30 Aug. 1941 (P). July to Sept. [77] Heteranthera PONTEDERIACEAE— JUNCACEAE Juncus H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Star-grass. Infrequent, rooting on bottoms of streams in the Piedmont area. Aug., early Sept. JUNCACEAE (Rush Family) Juncus L. Rush |-V J. bufonius L. Toad Rush. Frequent throughout our area, in open, usually moist, clay or sandy soil. May to July. (*CUa>'7 Ca>--^- '' z l.i J* Gerardi Loisel. Black Grass. Common in salt marshes of the Coastal Plain. June, July. An important constituent of "marsh hay." ^,<.yv-i-*/ CP < J. tenuis Willd. See Fernald: Rhodora 47, 117 sqq. 1945. Common in fields and open woods, throughout, preferring foot- paths and cart tracks; also on coastal sand dunes. Mid-May to July. J. platyphyllus (Wiegand) Fernald. (J. tenuis var. platyphyllus (Wiegand) Cory.) Infrequent; tidal marshes, meadows and thickets of the Coastal Plain. Mid-June, July. J. secundus Beauv. Infrequent, on serpentine soil; occasional in thickets and open sandy places of the Coastal Plain. June, July. \^ J. dichotomus Ell. Common throughout the Coastal Plain, in sandy woods and on dunes along the seashore. June, July. v^^Jl 1.^-1 ( J. coriaceus Mack. (/. setaceus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent; salt marshes, borders of fresh- water ponds, and low pine woods, Sussex County and southward. June to Oct. VA J. effusus L. var. solutus Fernald & Wiegand. Common in swamps and meadows. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward at least to Worcester County. June, July. Var. costulatus Fernald. ^'*' 'K,/rf' Rare, in ditches and pond borders of the Coastal Plain: Rehoboth (S), True, 19 July 1926 (P); near Georgetown (S), [78] Juncus JUNCACEAE Juncus Fogg, 19 July 1932 (P); near Easton (Ta), Earle, 3397, 5 July 1941 (P). J. Roemerianus Scheele. Infrequent, in salt marshes, Talbot County and southward. Late May to Sept. ^ J. canadensis J. Gay. Common, in swamps, salt marshes, pond borders and pine woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June to Sept. H J« subcaudatus (Engelm.) Coville & Blake. (/. canadensis var. subcaudatus of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare, in swamps and margins of ponds. New Castle County: near Centreville, Commons, 27 July 1866 (A, U); swamp, Green- bank, Commons, 14 Sept. 1884 (A); pond, Christiana, R. R. Dreis- hach, 29 Aug. 1925 (A). ]> ,,< v. c hv P. \t, ^t^K O J. pelocarpus E. Meyer. Infrequent, in wet, open, sandy places, Kent (Del.) and Sussex Counties. Mid-Aug. to mid-Oct. .^ J. militaris Bigel. Rare, in shallow water: Millsboro (S), Commons, 8 July 1884 (A); Laurel (S), E. Tatnall, June 1893 (D); cypress swamp Ij^ mi. s. e. of Laurel, Fogg, 1684, 15 June 1926 (P); Waples Pond, Prime- hook Creek (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3412, 15 June 1937 (T); Salisbury ^^ (Wi), abundant in stream, A. V. Smith in Rhodora 41, 111, 1939. ^^^-^" J. nodosus L. One known collection: swamp, Ellendale (S), Canhy, 24 July 1893 (D). J. Torreyi Coville. Rare: low ground n. w. of Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 18 March 1916 (D). V J. scirpoides Lam. Common in wet sandy soil throughout the Coastal Plain. Late June to Sept. P^^'f/ji-h^ (u<^(^-^* \\ J. acuminatus Mx. Common in swamps, ditches and salt marshes, throughout. June, July. [79] Juncus JUNCACEAE Luzula J. EUiottii Chapm. But one known collection: Ellendale (S), Long, 22 July 1908 (A). Range extension from North Carolina or Virginia. J. debilis Gray. Frequent in wet sandy soil, marshes and low woods of the Coastal Plain. June, July. J. repens Mx. Frequent; wet meadows, dune hollows and running water, Coastal Plain. Mid-July, Aug. J. marginatus Rostk. Infrequent; in damp soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June, July. J. biflorus Ell. (J. aristulatus Mx.) Frequent; meadows, bogs, salt marshes and dune hollows, Coastal Plain. July, Aug. Luzula DC. Wood Rush. (For key, see Hermann, Rhodora 40, 83-85. 1938). L. acuminata Raf. (L. saltuensis Fernald. See Rhodora 46, 4 1944.) Our only record is based on a specimen collected on the south bank of Noxontown Pond, near Middletown (NC), by Canhy in June 1862 (A). L. multiflora (Ehrh.) Lejeune. (L. campestris (L.) DC var. muliiflora of manuals.) Wooded slopes, apparently rare: woods, Greenbank (NC), Commons, 29 May 1883 (A); Rowlandsville (Ce), woods along Octoraro Creek, Long & Bartram, 1223, 31 May 1913 (A); wooded slope along Duffy Creek, 2 mi. s. e. of Cecilton (Ce), Long, 48412, 16 May 1936 (A). L. bulbosa (Wood) Rydb. (L. campestris var. hulhosa Wood.) Frequent; dry woods, meadows and saline shores. Mid- April, mid-May. L. echinata (Small) F. J. Hermann. (L. campestris var. echinata of manuals.) Common in woods and meadows. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. April, May. [801 Swamp Pink, {Helonias bullata) Though ill its distribution not confined to our area, this showy bhjom is rarely seen elsewhere in the abundance it exhibits in a sphagnous woodland near Milton, Sussex County, Delaware, where, on April 17th, 1946, sixty foot-high flower-heads were counted from a single viewpoint. Narthecium LILIACEAE Amianthium LILIACEAE (Lily Family) Narthecium (Moering) Juss. N. americanum Ker. Bog Asphodel. Rare: swamp near Lewes (S), Commons, in fruit, 1 Aug. 1895 (A); also reported by E. Tatnall (MS Catalog) as having been found by Commons & Tatnall on damp railroad bank at Vandyke (NC), 26 Sept. 1894, no specimen seen. Xerophyllum Mx. X. asphodeloides (L.) Nutt. Turkey Beard. One collection: dry pine woods near Laurel (S), Commons, 5 Aug. 1874 (A). Helonias L. H. bullata L. Swamp Pink. In swamps of the Coastal Plain; frequent in Sussex County; infrequent in New Castle and Kent Counties, Del.; rare in Cecil County: low woods 23^ mi. s. e. of Elkton, R. R. Tatnall, 4479, 8 May 1940 (T). Early April to early May. Chamaelirium Willd. C. luteum (L.) Gray. Blazing Star. Infrequent, in rich woods and thickets of the Piedmont area. June. Tofieldia Huds. T. racemosa (Walt.) BSP. False Asphodel. Rare, in wet ground or shallow water: "Glades south of Lewes- ton" (S), Canby, 13 July 1878 (A); near Lewes, Commons, 15 Aug. 1895 (A) ; wet ground on east side of railroad, 34 nii- ^- w. of How- lands Glade bridge (S), and 3 mi. n. w. of Rehoboth, Otis, 14 Aug. 1923; same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 3173, 5 Sept. 1936 (T, P, G), and 3461, 5 Aug. 1937 (T, P, G). The above-mentioned localities probably all refer to the same or closely adjacent points, and the plant is not known to have been found elsewhere in our area. A southern species, here near its northern limit. Amianthium Gray. A. muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Gray. Fly Poison. Infrequent, dry hillsides or low woods, New Castle County; one [81] Amianthium LILIACEAE Allium collection in Kent County, Del. : along Penrose Branch, 5^ mi. w. of Dover, H. H. Hanson, 24 June 1930 (UD). Zygadenus Mx. Z. leimanthoides Gray. Infrequent; swamps and ditches of the northern Coastal Plain area of New Castle County. Late June to mid-July. Melanthium L. M. virginicum L. Bunch Flower. Infrequent in swamps and meadows, chiefly of the Coastal Plain; rare southward: ditch 2 mi. w. of Powellville (Wi), (A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4650, 4 Aug. 1940 (T). July. M. latifolium Desr. Infrequent, in rocky woods of northern New Castle County. Seldom blooming. Mid-May to early June. Veratrum L, V. viride Ait. False Hellebore. Swampy woods and thickets; frequent in northern Cecil and New Castle Counties; rare southward on the Coastal Plain: Talbot County, Earle, 2453, 11 May 1940 (P), and 3195, 17 May 1941 (P); swamp 5 mi. s. of Berlin (Wo), A. V. Smith in Rhodora 38, 278. 1940. May, June. Uvularia L. Bellwort. J^^ U. perfoliata L. Rich woods; frequent in the Piedmont area, becoming rare southward: Talbot County, Earle, 2464, 1 June 1940 (P), and 2793, 5 July 1940 (P). May. ( ^^ i/ ^' IX/ ''^ " U. sessilifolia L. (Oakesia sessilifolia of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Woods, thickets and ditches; common in the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: railroad ditch 2 mi. s. e. of Georgetown (S), R. R. Tatnall, 1722, 7 May 1933 (T, P) ; near Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2384, 11 May 1940 (P). Mid- April, May. Allium L. Garlic. Onion. A. tricoccum Ait. Broad-leaved Garlic. Infrequent; rocky woods. New Castle County. Leaves appear in April, flowers in July. [82] Allium LILIACEAE Erythronium A. cemuum Roth. Rare: rocky island in the Susquehanna River near Conowingo (Ce), J. Crawford, 29 June 1924 (A), locaUty destroyed. '' fr A. canadense L. Wild Garlic. Frequent; meadows and beaches, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. May, June. rn.i./'V C^ ' A. vineale L. Field Garlic. Common; fields, meadows and brackish shores, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June, July. Nat. from Europe. Nothoscordum Kunth. N. bivalve (L.) Britton. Rare: salt marsh near Kiptopeke (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5268, 14 Oct. 1939 (G, T). Hemerocallis L. H. fulva L. Day Lily. Escaped from cultivation, and well established on roadsides. June. Introd. from Europe. Lilium L. Lily. L. philadelphicum L. Wood Lily. Rare; dry ground in New Castle County: "New Castle County," Commons, July 1865 (A); Centreville, Commons, 17 June 1870 (A); near brickyard on ElUott Ave., Wilmington, E. Tatnall, June 1896 (D). L. superbum L. Turk's- cap Lily. Common in meadows and swampy woodlands, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July, Aug. L. canadense L. Wild Yellow Lily. Meadows and low woods; infrequent in the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: woods, Woodland Beach (K), Commons, 30 June 1898 (A); same, R. R. Tatnall, 1461, 4 July 1932 (T); woods 3 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2765, 5 July 1940 (P). Erythronium L. E. americanum Ker. "Dog's-tooth Violet." Trout Lily. Rich or sandy woods; common in the Piedmont area, infrequent on the Coastal Plain southward to Talbot County (Earle). April. [83] Ornithogalum LILIACEAE Polygonatum Ornithogalum L. n O. umbellatum L. Star of Bethlehem. A garden escape, well established on roadsides in the northern half of our territory. May. Introd. from Europe. /'''Jt^'UC' O. nutans L. A rare escape: site of old house, Bald Friar (Ce), Long & St. John, 13 April 1918 (A). Introd. from Europe. Muscari Mill. Grape Hyacinth. M. botryoides (L.) Mill. Blue Bottle. An infrequent escape to roadsides. Mid-April, May. Introd. from Europe. M. racemosum (L.) Mill. Blue Bottle. Escaped from gardens to fields and roadsides; becoming common. Mid-April to mid-May. Introd. from Europe. Yucca L. Y. filamentosa L. (7. concava Haw. See Rhodora 46, 5-9. 1944.) Spoon-leaved Yucca. Frequent in sandy pine woods and on dry sand back of beaches, Sussex County and southward. Asparagus L. / 'y A. officinalis L. Asparagus. j fij Frequently escaping and persisting. June, July. kW^^_]^^_^,....^ Smilacina Desf. I i S. racemosa Desf. var. cylindrata Fern. See Rhodora 40, 406. 1938. False Solomon's Seal. Common on wooded slopes, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid- May, early June. Apparently we do not have the northern, typical form of the species. / ^-^j^*' V Maianthemum Wiggers. M. canadense Desf. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. Common in rich woodlands, and occasional in swamps. Late April to early June. Polygonatum Hill. P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. (P. hiflorum of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Small Solomon's Seal. [84] Si eg St ■+^ -u 03 2 O ^ Q. > o; OS o3 - (D •s > d o 0)— 1 O o3 o g "2 cS ■^ a 1i « ^^ -IS bc o3-C o3 O S "^ . O Qj 0) -►^ ^^'3 ::::3 -^v (V^jL/ty ' \ ^P. tremuloides Mx. American Aspen. TV One tree: on race bank at Greenbank (NC). Commons in 1864. Late March, April. /-^rtj^J/vJ' .,, 'okv\ [95] Populus SALICACEAE— MYRICACEAE Myrica P. grandidentata Mx. Large-toothed Aspen. Frequent in woods, thickets and low ground of the Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Sussex and Talbot Counties. Early April. P. heterophylla L. Swamp Poplar. Frequent in low woods and on margins of ponds on the Coastal Plain, from lower New Castle County southward to the Virginia line. April, May. P. balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar. Rare; on stream banks in northern New Castle County: Stanton, bank of Red Clay Creek, Commons in 1863 (A); along Shellpot Creek, Wilmington, Commons in 1879 (A). I' P. deltoides Marsh. {P. monilif era Ait.) Cottonwood. Rare, on banks of streams: Wilmington, Commons in 1896 (A); shore of Delaware River near Holly Oak (NC), Commons in 1896 (A); Claiborne (Ta), Tidestrom, 5797, 21 May 1912 (U). MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) Myrica L. f ' M. cerifera L. Wax Myrtle. Common in sandy soil, Sussex and Talbot Counties and south- ward. May. M. heterophylla Raf. {M. carolinensis Mill, in part. See Fernald: ^ Rhodora 40, 409-410. 1938.) Bayberry. Sandy thickets, river banks and swamps; rather frequent from the Fall Line southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties, chiefly inland. May. |ri , M. pensylvanica Loisel. {M. carolinensis Mill, in part. See Fernald: Rhodora 37, 423. 1934.) Frequent throughout the Coastal Plain, on beaches and dunes, and in fresh and salt marshes. Chiefly maritime, but also occurring inland. May. M. pusilla Raf. Rare, in dry thickets: thicket bordering west side of white cedar swamp ii mi. w. of Concord (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3570, 2 Oct. 1937, and 3681, 7 May 1938 (T, P, G). [96] Comptonia MYRICACEAE— JUGLANDACEAE Carya Comptonia Banks. C. peregrina (L.) Coulter var. asplenifolia (L.) Fernald. {Myrica asplenifolia of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Rhodora 40, 410-412. 1938.) Sweet Fern. Infrequent on dry banks of the Piedmont, and on shaded sandy roadsides in Wicomico and Worcester Counties. April. JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) Juglans L. Walnut. J. cinerea L. White Walnut. Butternut. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont. Fl., May. J. nigra L. Black Walnut. In fencerows and woods; frequent in the northern portion; less common southward. Fl., May. Carya Nutt. Hickory. C. ovata (Miller) K. Koch. Shellbark Hickory. Hillsides, meadows and river banks; frequent in the northern portion. Fl., mid-May, early June. C. tomentosa Nutt. (C. aZ6a of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Mockerxut Hickory. Frequent northward, and occurring southward to Worcester County. Fl., May. C. ovalis (Wang.) Sargent. (C. microcarpa Nutt. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Small Pignut. Small-fruited Hickory. Infrequent on dry hillsides in the northern portion, Fl. May. C. glabra (Mill.) Spach. (Incl. var. villosa (Sargent) Robinson.) Pignut Hickory. Common on dry hillsides of the Piedmont area; infrequent southward to Sussex and Wicomico Counties. Fl., May. C. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. (C. amara Nutt.) Bitternut Hickory. Frequent along streams in the northern portion; becoming rare southward: Capeville (No), F. R. Fosberg, 14669, in 1938, (P); 3H mi. w. n. w. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3756, 6 Sept. 1942 (A). [97] Corylus BETULACEAE Betula BETULACEAE (Birch Family) Corylus L. Hazel. C. americana Walt. Hazel Nut. Frequent in thickets and fencerows in the northern part; infre- quent southward: near Greensboro (Ca), M. J. Fisher in 1938 (P); several collections in Talbot County, Earle in 1937 and 1940 (P). Fl., April, May; frt., July. C. cornuta Marsh. (C . rostrata Ait.) Beaked Hazel Nut. Rare in rocky woods along the Brandywine Creek near Wil- mington: east bank of creek, opposite duPont's upper powder mill, E. Tatnall in 1843 (D), William Tatnall in 1888 (D). Fl., April, May; frt., July. Ostrya Scop. O. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop Hornbeam. Rare; rocky woods of New Castle County: Mt. Cuba, Commons in 1886 (A), and later collectors; east bank of Brandywine Creek, in Brandywine Park, Wilmington, E. Tatnall in 1843 (D) ; west bank of Brandywine Creek, at Wills Rock, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, in 1934 and 1935 (T, P, G); in an open field. Holly Oak, J. B. Brinton, in 1888 (P). Late April, early May. Carpinus L. C. caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fernald. See Rhodora 37, 425. 1935. Ironwood. Hornbeam. Banks of streams; common in the Piedmont; less frequent southward to the Virginia line. Late April, May. Betula L. Birch. B. lenta L. Sweet Birch. Frequent in wooded stream valleys of the Piedmont area. Fl., April, May. B. lutea Mx. f. Yellow Birch. One collection: north side of Smyrna River, near Smyrna (NC), Commons & Tatnall, in 1894 (D). FL, May. B. nigra L. Black or River Birch. Common in low ground along streams. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain as far south as the Virginia line. Fl., April, May. [98] (Explanatory notes referring to the illustrations on the other side of this sheet.) Common Alder, (Alnus serrulata) Near the ends of the twigs are the staminate catkins, tightly closed, and the much smaller immature fertile catkins; both groups awaiting the coming of spring before opening. Lower on the stem are the remains of the fertile catkins of the preceding year, which have shed their seeds. Seaside Alder, {Alnus maritima) Each of the two twigs at the left bears one small fertile catkin, recently fei'til- ized. The staminate catkins, foi'merly attached to the extreme ends of these twigs, have shed their pollen and fallen off. The middle twig bears last season's fertile catkins, now nearly mature. On the right are shown catkins which matured and shed their seeds the previous season. Above: Common Alder, {Alnus serndata) Below: Seaside Alder, (Abius maritima) The specimens were all collected on the same date, 21 November, 1946, and are shown about three-quarters natural size. See page 99, and descriptive notes on the reverse of this sheet. Betula BETULACEAE— FAGACEAE Castanea B. populifolia Marsh. White or Gray Birch. Known only from near Townsend (NO), where it was collected by Commons in 1868 (A). Fl., April, early May. Alnus Hill. Alder. A. serrulata Willd. {A. rugosa (duRoi) Spreng.) Common Alder. Wet thickets and stream banks; common throughout, at least as far south as the Virginia line. Catkins opening in the spring (late Feb. to April). ^A. maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside Alder. Frequent on borders of streams and ponds, in Sussex, Dor- chester, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. In sharp contrast to the Common Alder, the Seaside Alder blooms in the autumn (mid- August, September), at which time fertilization takes place. The fertile catkins do not mature until the following September, that is, until the flowering period comes round again, so that flowers and ripe fruit appear simultaneously. This shrub, or tree, is endemic on our Peninsula, and probably does not occur anywhere else. "What appears to be the same plant was collected by Hall on the banks of the Red River in the Indian Territory. On the western tree, however, more information than now exists is needed." It occurs in closely related forms, in Japan (var. japonica), and in Manchuria (var. arguta). See C. S. Sargent, in "Garden and Forest" iv, 268. (1891). FAGACEAE (Oak Family) Fagus L. Beech. F. grandifolia Ehrh. (Incl. var. caroliniana Fern. & Rehd.) Common in rich woods of the Piedmont; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. Fl., late April, early May. Reported by R. M. Harper as "rather common from Somerset County southward." Castanea Hill. Chestnut. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut. Common in the Piedmont province; less so southward on the Coastal Plain, at least to Wicomico County. Fl., late June, July. In recent years largely destroyed by blight, and represented chiefly by short-lived sprouts from old stumps. [99] Castanea FAGACEAE Quercus C. pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. Frequent in Cecil, New Castle and Sussex Counties, and prob- ably elsewhere. Fl., May to July. Quercus L. Oak. Q. alba L. White Oak. Abundant and widely distributed. Fl., May. Q. stellata Wang. Post Oak. Frequent on dry rocky soil of the Piedmont; common on sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, southward to Accomac County. Fl., May. X Q. Fernaldii Trel. (f Q. stellata X Q. alba.) Rare: on bank of Choptank River, near Goldsboro (Ca), Otis in 1924 (A). Determined by Arnold Arboretum. Q. lyrata Walt. Over-cup Oak. Infrequent on river bottoms and banks of streams, in New Castle, Sussex, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. Fl., May, after the leaves appear. Q. macrocarpa Mx. Mossy-cup Oak. A single tree, believed to have been spontaneous, formerly grew in open ground at Lovering Ave. and Rodney St., Wilmington, (D, A, T). The site is now occupied by dwellings. Q. bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Infrequent in wet ground near streams and swamps in New Castle and Cecil Counties. FL, May. Q. Prinus L. (Q. Michauxii Nutt.) Basket Oak. Infrequent, but rather widely distributed ; woods, fencerows and margins of ponds. Fl., May. A southern species. Q. Mublenbergii Engelm. Yellow Oak. Rare: on serpentine soil near Centreville (NC), Commons in 1878, according to E. Tatnall (MS Catalog), no specimen seen; White House Farm, 3H mi. w. n. w. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3776, 6 Sept. 1942 (A, P). Q. prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Rare, in northern Delaware: Dixon's woods, 2 mi. s. of Centre- [100] Quercus FAGACEAE Quercus ville (NC), in serpentine soil, Commons, in 1868, 1876 and 1879 (A); low ground near Christiana, E. Tatnall in 1895 (D). Fl., May. Q. montana Willd. (Q. Prinus of authors). Rock Chestnut Oak. Common on rocky banks of the Piedmont; infrequent in dry sandy soil, southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. FL, May. Q. virginiana Mill. Live Oak. Known on this Peninsula from a single shrubby specimen in a thicket just s. of Townsend (No) : Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5294, in 1935 (G, T), R. R. Tatnall, 3369, 1 June 1937 (T, A), and 4205, 8 June 1939 (T). I4 Q. rubra L. (Q.borealisMx. i. vslt. maxima Ashe. See House: PI of N. Y. State (1924); Svenson: Rhodora 41, 521-524 1939.) Red Oak. '^' '" 1^ ■yA.yJ r^ Frequent in dry hilly woods of the Piedmont; infrequent in dry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. FL, late April, May. Q. palustris Muench. Pin Oak. Common and widely distributed. FL, late April, early May. Q. coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. Frequent in dry soil, preferring hilly woods of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. FL, May. Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak. Frequent in dry woods and fencerows of the Piedmont; less common on the Coastal Plain southward at least to Sussex and Talbot Counties. FL, May. Q. falcata Mx. (See the references under Q. rubra.) Spanish Oak. Frequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, northward to the Fall Line. FL, late April, May. Q. ilicifolia Wang. Scrub Oak. Rare in our area: near Laurel (S), Commons in 1874 (A); near Newark (NC), Commons in 1892 (A). FL, May. Q. nigra L. Water Oak. Common in wet ground of the Coastal Plain, from Cape Charles northward to Sussex County. FL, May. [101] Quercvs FAGACEAE— URTICACEAE Celtis Q. marilandica Muench. Black Jack Oak. Frequent on the Coastal Plain, in dry, sterile soil; rare in the Piedmont: rocky woods w. n. w. of Rock Springs (Ce), Long, 32199, in 1925 (A); rocky woods below Bald Friar (Ce), Long, 42985, in 1934 (A). Fl., early May. Q. imbricaria Mx. Shingle Oak. Rare, in New Castle County: "near Wilmington," Commons in 1863 (U); a tree in margin of woods, along road from Stanton to Christiana, }/^ mi. s. of Stanton Station, is tentatively referred to this species. Q. Phellos L. Willow Oak. Common throughout the Coastal Plain, preferring wet, sandy soil; occasional in the Piedmont. FL, early May. X Q. subfalcata Trel. ("Q Otisii" Sarg. A hybrid, probably of Q. Phellos and Q. falcata.) A single tree: corner of woods along the highway, and just inside the fence, 34 mi. w. of Wilson Station (NC), (A, T). X Q. heterophylla Mx. f. (Probably a hybrid, with Q. Phellos as one parent. See Sargent: Man. Trees of N. A.) Frequent on or near the Fall Line in New Castle County; occasional southward to Worcester County. URTICACEAE (Nettle Family) Ulmus L. Elm. U. rubra Muhl. {U. fulva Mx. Fernald: Rhodora 47, 203-204. 1945.) Slippery Elm. Common along streams and on rocky hillsides of the Piedmont; apparently rare on the Coastal Plain: along King's Creek, n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1394, 9 May 1937 (P); 4 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2780, 6 July 1940 (P). Fl. late April. U. americana L. White Elm. Frequent in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces. Fl. late March, early April. Celtis L. Hackberry. y y^ C. occidentalis L. Frequent in the Piedmont of New Castle and Cecil Counties; [ 102 ] ^l^vUiiS-U Celtis URTICACEAE Morus infrequent on the Coastal Plain, southward to the Virginia line. Fl. late April, May. A tall tree. Var. canina (Raf.) Sargent. Occasional at or north of the Fall Line, in New Castle and Cecil Counties. Var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray. Rare, in the valleys of the Brandy wine and Octoraro Creeks : Wilmington, Commons in 1897 (A); Porters Bridge (Ce), Pennell, 14572, in 1928 (A). C. pumila (Muhl.) Pursh var. georgiana (Small) Sargent. One collection: Centreville (NC), Commons in 1865, "6 feet high" (A). A shrub or small tree to 12 feet high. Cannabis L. Hemp. C. sativa L. Infrequent, in waste ground. Late June to early August. Adv. from Asia. Humulus L. Hop. H. Lupulus L. (Incl. H. amencanws Nutt.) (See Bailey: "Manual of Cultivated Plants" (1924), pp. 239-240.) Native, or occasionally escaping. Late July, Aug. H. scandens (Lour.) Merrill. (H. japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.) A rare escape from cultivation: Smyrna (NC), Long, 13 Aug. 1908 (A). Introd. from Japan. Madura Nutt. Osage Orange. M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneider. {M. aurantiaca Nutt.) Extensively planted for hedges, and often spontaneous. Fl. early June. Broussonetia L'H6r. Paper Mulberry. B. papyrifera (L.) Vent. Cultivated, and frequently escaping to roadsides. May. Introd. from Asia. Morus L. Mulberry. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. Infrequent throughout. Fl. early May; frt. ripe in July. [ 103 ] Morus URTICACEAE— SANTALACEAE Comandra M. alba L. White Mulberry. Sparingly escaped from cultivation in New Castle, Kent (Md.) and Talbot Counties, and probably elsewhere. Introd. from Europe. Urtica L. Nettle. U. dioica L. Stinging Nettle. Infrequent in waste ground and on roadsides in the northern part of the Peninsula. Nat. from Europe. Laportea Gaud. L. canadensis (L.) Gaud. Wood Nettle. Frequent in rich woods and low ground of the northern part of the Peninsula. Aug., Sept. A stinging herb. Pilea Lindl. P. pumila (L.) Gray. Richweed. Frequent in moist woods and river bottomland of both prov- inces. Aug., Sept. Smooth and stingless. Boehmeria Jacq. B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle. Common throughout, in moist woods. July, Aug. Stingless. Var. scabra Porter. One collection: near Goldsboro (Ca), Earle, 1573, 21 Aug. 1937 (P). Parietaria L. Pellitory. P. pennsylvanica Mill. Rare: Conowingo (Ce), along the Susquehanna River, Long, 32177, 3 May 1925 (A). June. Not stinging. P. debilis Forster. Waif in crevice between sidewalk and brick dwelling, west side of Jackson Street, just south of Delaware Ave., Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 5217, 8 June 1945 (T, A). Adv. probably from the Pacific coast. SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood Family) Comandra Nutt. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toad Flax. Frequent in dry or moist, usually sandy soil. Piedmont and [104] Comandra LORANTHACEAE— POLYGONACEAE Rumex Coastal Plain. Not known from south of the Virginia line. Mid- May, June. Parasitic on the roots of other plants. LORANTHACEAE (Mistletoe Family) Phoradendron Nutt. P. flavescens (Pursh) Nuttall. American Mistletoe. Frequent on the Coastal Plain. We have no records from the portion of the Peninsula north of the Fall Line. Fl., mid-Sept., Oct. (Probably). Parasitic on trees, chiefly Black Gum and Red Maple. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Birthwort Family) Asarum L. A. canadense L. Wild Ginger. Common in rich woods of the Piedmont province. Late April, May. Var. reflexum (Bicknell) Robinson. Rare: "north of Mt. Cuba Station" (NC), Van Pelt, 22 May 1904 (A). May. Aristolochia L. A. Serpentaria L. Virginia Snakeroot. Infrequent in rich woods of the Piedmont, and in sandy pine woods of the Coastal Plain southward to Wicomico County. FL, late May; frt., July. POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family) Rumex L. Dock. Sorrel. U R. crispus L. Curled Dock. Common in cultivated and waste ground, and in beach sand. May, June. Nat. from Europe. _c~~ w R. mexicanus Meisn. One collection: in waste ground, Marshallton (NC), Otis, 22 June 1917 (A). U R. verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. Frequent in swamps and on beaches of the Coastal Plain. June to early August. j ^, , [105] Rumex POLYGONACEAE Polygonum R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Common weed in waste places. June, July. Introd. from Europe. R. pulcher L. Rare, in waste ground and coastal sands, chiefly southward: waste ground, Wilmington, Commons, 9 July 1898 (A, D); waste ground, Accomac, R. R. Tatnall, 42, 31 May 1928 (T), and 335, 1 June 1929 (G); beach sand at Cape Charles City (No), R. R. Tatnall, 1776, 27 May 1933 (T, P, G). May, June. R. hastatulus Baldw. On coastal sands; one collection: Wallops Island (Ac), McAtee in 1913 (U). |( / R. Acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. A common weed in fields and waste places. May, June. Nat. from Europe. C* i /^«.-v^\ Polygonum L. Knotweed. Smartweed. ' P. glaucum Nutt. (P. maritimum L.) Seaside Knotweed. Frequent on beaches of the Atlantic coast. July. P. prolificum (Small) Robinson. Frequent on beaches and borders of salt marshes. Frt., Aug., Sept. P. aviculare L. Door Weed. A common weed in door-yards, foot paths and waste places. Frt., late Aug, to Oct. P. neglectum Besser. (P. aviculare var. angusiissimum Meisn.) Rare: Elk Neck (Ce), E. C. and G. M. Leonard, 5710, 12 Sept. 1925 (U); fields, Chincoteague Island (Ac), M. T. Travis, 681, 23 July 1938 (P). P. erectum L. Frequent but not often collected; in cultivated ground and waste places. Frt., Aug., Sept. P. ramosissimum Mx. Infrequent, in sandy soil near the coast. Frt., Sept., Oct. [106] Polygonum POLYGONACEAE Polygonum P. atlanticum (Robinson) Bicknell. Frequent on beaches and in tidal marshes along the Atlantic coast of Kent (Del.) and Sussex Counties. Frt., Sept., Oct. P. Bellardi All. A waif on river shores and in waste places: Wilmington, Com- mons, in 1897 and 1899 (A). P. tenue Mx. Frequent; sandy banks and fields, including serpentine soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Frt. mid-Aug., Sept. P. lapathifolium L. Frequent in New Castle County, in waste ground and on shores of Delaware River; occasional farther south on the Coastal Plain: Chestertown (Ke), Vanatta, 11 Aug. 1905 (A). Frt. Aug., Sept. P. densiflonim Meisn. Rare, in sandy soil of the seacoast: Lewes (S), Commons, 4 Aug. 1898 (A); Chincoteague Island (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 130, 13 Sept. 1928 (T, P, G). P. natans A. Eaton. {P. amphibium of authors.) One collection: 5 mi. s. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3069, 3 Sept. 1940 (P). Frt. late Aug., Sept. P. coccineum Muhl. (P. Muhlenhergii (Meisn.) Watson.) Infrequent, in swampy places on the Coastal Plain of New Castle County. Frt. late Aug., Sept. P. pensylvanicum L. Common throughout; wet fields, waste ground, beaches and salt marshes. Frt. mid-Aug. to Oct. Var. laevigatum Fern. Frequent from the Fall Line at least as far south as Worcester County, in similar habitats. P. Careyi Olney. Rare, in moist soil: Georgetown (S), C. S. Williamson, in 1908 and 1909 (A); Georgetown, Long & Bartram, 5 July 1913 (A); savanna 1 mi. n. of Georgetown, R. R. Tatnall, 4324, 8 Aug. 1939 (T, P). Frt., July, Aug. [107] Polygonum POLYGONACEAE Polygonum P. Hydropiper L. var. projectum Stanford. Water Pepper. Infrequent; low ground and vacant city lots, New Castle County. P. punctatum Ell. (P. acre HBK. in part.) Common throughout, in woods, and on beaches and roadsides. Frt., late July to Sept. P. robustius (Small) Fernald. (P. punctatum var. rohustius Small.) Rare, in swampy ground: tidal shore of Long Creek, 1 mi. n. of Chesapeake City (Ce), Long, 41118, 15 July 1933 (A); same place and date, R. R. Tatnall, 1926 (T) ; swamp 1 mi. s. of Church Creek (Do), C. P. Reed, 550, 27 Aug. 1939 (U). P. orientale L. Prince's Feather. A frequent escape from gardens. Introd. from India. H P. Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. Common in low ground. Frt., mid-Aug., Sept. Nat. from Europe. P. longisetum DeBruyn. (See S. F. Blake: Rhodora 34, 146. 1932.) Rather recently introduced from Asia, and spreading in New Castle and Cecil Counties. Fl. mid-Sept., early Oct. P. opelousanum Riddell. Infrequent in ditches and wet thickets on the Coastal Plain. P. setaceum Baldwin. One collection: wet ditch 2 mi. n. of Georgetown (S), Fogg, 4479, 19 July 1932 (P). P. hydropiperoides Mx. Mild Water Pepper. Common in wet places. Frt. late July to Sept. P. arifolium L. (Halberd-leaved Tear Thumb.) Common throughout, in wet places. Frt. late Aug. to Oct; P. sagittatum L, Arrow-leaved Tear Thumb. Common throughout, in wet places. Frt. mid-Aug. to Sept. P. Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. Frequent in waste places. Nat. from Europe. [108] Polygonum POLYGONAC— CHENOPODIAC. Chenopodium P. scandens L. Climbing False Buckwheat. Frequent in moist thickets, climbing over shrubs. Frt. late Aug., Sept. P. dumetorum L. Infrequent; woods, thickets and open ground, P. cristatum Engelm. & Gray. Infrequent in the Coastal Plain: near Chestertown (QA), E. G. Vanatta, 15 Aug. 1903 (A); pine woods w. of Kiptopeke (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5300, 14 Oct. 1935 (P). Associated with P. dumetorum, from which it is distinguished by its dentate calyx-wings. P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Cultivated, and frequently escaping to fencerows and woods. Introd. from Japan. -^' P. sachalinense F. Schmidt. Sachaline. Occasionally escaping, and rapidly spreading: roadside near Bacon Hill (Ce), Long, 54384, 26 May 1940 (A), and 57004, 13 July 1941 (A). Tovara Adans. T. virginiana (L.) Raf. {Polygonum virginianum L.) Virginia Knotweed. Common in rich woods and thickets, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Frt. Aug., Sept. Fagop3nrum L. F. esculentum Moench. Buckwheat. Escaping from cultivation. Polygonella Mx. P. articulata (L.) Meisn. Dry, sandy soil, preferring the seacoast, but also found inland; frequent in Sussex and Worcester Counties, and occasional in Kent County, Delaware. Fl. and frt. Sept., Oct. CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family) Chenopodium L. Goosefoot. \\ C. ambrosioides L. A weed of waste places, beaches, and borders of salt marshes; common throughout. Fl. mid-Aug., Sept. ' (;\^vy \>{^ ,■ [109] / Chenopodium CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium Var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray, In the same habitats as the species, but less common, and often hardly distinguishable from it. Var. chilense (Schrad.) Spegaz. (See Rhodora 44, 394. 1942.) Infrequent, in waste ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Differs from the species in having the stems white-villous. C. Botrys L. Jerusalem Oak. Infrequent; on railroad ballast and roadsides. Nat. from Europe. C. glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Infrequent in waste ground, New Castle County. Fl. Aug. Nat. from Europe. C. hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Waste places; infrequent and not recently collected. C. Vulvaria L. Stinking Goosefoot, Streets and dumps in Wilmington; not collected since 1900. Introd. from Europe. J^ C. album L. Lamb's Quarters. A common weed in waste and cultivated ground. Introd. from Europe. C. Berlandieri Moq. Rare: dump n. of Fair Hill (Ce), Benner, 5320, 7 Oct. 1933 (A); waste ground 3^ mi. n. of New Castle, Benner, 8602, 1 Oct. 1938 (A), (det. M. L. Fernald). C. Boscianum Moq. Rare: dry woods at Grove Point (Ce), w. of Cecilton, Long, 45015, 13 Oct. 1934 (A). C. murale L. Waste ground and city dumps, infrequent. Adv. from Europe. C. polyspermum L. Rare weed in waste ground: North East (Ce), Otis in 1911 (D). Adv. from Europe. [110] Atriplex CHENOPODIACEAE Salsola Atriplex L. Orach. / f A. patula L. var. hastata (L.) Gray. Common on salt and brackish shores on both sides of the Peninsula. Frt. Sept., Oct. /4 A. arenaria Nutt. Infrequent on beaches of the Atlantic coast, Sussex County and southward. Frt. late Aug., Sept. j , ^-t. i.,,[ ^x- : , ^^ •, / I - . ? Salicornia L. Samphire. f S. ^mucronata Bigel. j Coastal salt flats, s. e. Sussex County and southward; less common than either of the following species. Frt. Oct., Nov. ■^\ S. europaea L. Common on salt meadows and tidal flats, from Kent (Del.) County southward. Frt. Oct., Nov. S.(ambigua Mx.^ V {\o \.v^i cux L. Infrequent in salt meadows and on borders of salt marshes, Sussex County and southward. Frt. Oct., Nov. Suaeda Forsk. Sea Elite. ^ -H S. maritima (L.) Dumort. Rare, in salt marshes: Franklin City (Ac), S. Brown, 22 Sept. 1907 (A). Frt. Sept., Nov. ,^^- ^^ ^ V S. linearis (Ell.) Moq. Infrequent, in sands of the seacoast, Sussex County and south- ward. Frt. Sept., Nov. ^, 01 jjeiM^ (?f>'-*^' Bassia All. // B. hirsuta (L.) E. B. Bartram. Rare, on borders of salt marshes: Chincoteague Island (Ac), wharf on the bay shore, in the village, M. T. Travis, 679, 23 July 1938 (A); Ocean City (Wo), bay shore opposite Ninth Street, F. J. Hermann, Oct. 1941. Frt. Sept., Oct. />(.''/vV>^<-V Salsola L. Saltwort. Y.\ S. Kali L. Common on salt and brackish shores. Frt. late Sept., Nov. [Ill] Amaranthus AMARANTHACEAE Acnida AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family) Amaranthus L. Pigweed. A. retroflexus L. Frequent in cultivated and waste ground. Adv. from tropical America. A. hybridus L. (Including A. cruentus L. See D. C. Wheeler, Bartonia 21, 4. 1942.) Frequent in old fields, dumps and waste places. Nat. from tropical America. Frt. Sept., Oct. A. caudatus L. A rare escape from cultivation: Wilmington, dump at Fourth Street bridge Commons & Tatnall, 12 July 1896, according to E. Tatnall (MS Catalog). A. albus L. (A. graecizans of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Fernald: Rhodora 47, 139-140. 1945). Tumbleweed. Waste ground and roadsides. New Castle County; seldom collected: Centreville (NC), Commons, Aug. 1875 (A); roadside, Wilson Station, C. 0. Houghton, 15 Sept. 1927 (UD). A. graecizans L. {A. hlitoides Wats.). In streets of Wilmington; not collected since 1897. Introd. from western U. S. A. spinosus L. Thorny Amaranth. Infrequent, in waste places. Nat. from tropical America. A. pumilus Raf. Rare, on sea beaches: southeastern Sussex County, Commons, 10 Sept. 1875. Frt. Aug., Sept. Acnida L. Water Hemp. A. cannabina L. Common on sea beaches, and in fresh to salt tidal mud. Frt. Aug., Sept. A. tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. One collection: in a "moist field, unusual habitat," at Blue Ball Inn, near Wilmington, Commons, 21 Sept. 1896 (A). [112] Froelichia AMARANTHAC— CARYOPHYLLAC. Paronychia Froelichia Moench. ^ 7' F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Locally abundant and spreading; dry sandy fields and road- sides, Sussex, Wicomico and Dorchester Counties. Late July to Sept. '/u > ^ PHYTOLACCACEAE (Poke Family) Phytolacca L. "^ P. americana L. (P. decandra L.) Poke- weed. A weed of waste ground and meadows; common throughout. June to Aug. NYCT AGIN ACE AE (Four-o'clock Family) Oxybaphus L'H6r. O. nyctagineus (Mx.) Sweet. One collection: roadside bank, 2 mi. s. w. of Queen Anne (Ta), R. R. Tatnall, 3840, 7 June 1938 (T, A, P). Adv. from middle- western U. S. AIZOACEAE (Carpet-weed Family) Sesuvium L. Sea Purslane. S. maritimum (Walt.) BSP. Infrequent; in sands of the seashore, Sussex County and south- ward. June to Sept. Mollugo L. Carpet-weed. ^ -i-i M. verticillata L. Common in city streets and waste ground, and on coastal sands, New Castle County and southward. July to mid-Sept. A weed, native of tropical or sub-tropical America. ^x^ / ''/ - ;', CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) Scleranthus L. S. annuus L. Knawel. Frequent on the Coastal Plain, in sandy, usually cultivated, soil. May, June. Nat. from Europe. Paronychia Adans. Whitlow- wort. P. canadensis (L.) Wood. (Anychia canadensis (L.) BSP. See Fernald: Rhodora 38, 416-42L 1936.) [113] Paronychia CARYOPHYLLACEAE Corrigiola Infrequent in dry woods of the Piedmont, and in dry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, southward at least to Sussex County. Mid- June to August. P. fastigiata (Raf.) Fernald. (Anychia polygonoides Raf.) Infrequent in dry woods, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain. Late June to October. Var. paleacea Fernald. See Rhodora 38, 418-421. 1936. Rare: TYPE collection, Mt. Cuba (NC), Commons, 30 July 1875 (0, A). Spergularia J. & C. Presl. Sand Spurrey. S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Infrequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. June. S. marina (L.) Griseb. (Including S. salina Presl.) Frequent on salt or brackish sands of sea beaches and estuaries. Early June to September. .) ^' . Spergula L. Spurrey. S. arvensis L. Rare weed in cultivated ground: fields, Farnhurst (NC), Com- mons, 2 June 1868 (A); 2 mi. n. w. of Capeville (No), R. R. Tatnall, 2619, 2 June 1935 (T, G, P). May, early June. Nat. from Europe. Sagina L. Pearlwort. S. decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Frequent; dry, sandy roadsides and woods, chiefly on the Coastal Plain. May, June. S. procumbens L. Common in crevices of brick sidewalks in Wilmington; occasional on borders of salt marshes: Lgwe§J^S), Commons, 4 Aug. 1898 (A); 2 mi. n. w. of Woodland Beach (K), Larsen, 528, 21 June 1934 (P). Mid-May, June. Corrigiola L. C. littoralis L. One collection: on ballast of old railroad at east end of Vienna bridge (Wi), 2% mi. w. of Mardela Springs, R. R. Tatnall, 4585, 2 Aug. 1940 (T, A, G). A waif from Europe. [114] Arenaria CARYOPHYLLACEAE Stellaria Arenaria L. Sandwort. A. peploides L. var. robusta Fernald. Rare, on beaches of the Atlantic Ocean: 1 mi. s. of Bethany Beach (S), Fogg, 11267, 28 Aug. 1936 (P), and later collectors; 2^ mi.' s. of Fen wick Island (Wo), (A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4652, 4 Aug. 1940 (T, P, A). Early May, June. A. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Common; sandy fields and dry banks. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. May, June. Nat. from Europe. A. stricta Mx. Rare, on serpentine soil. New Castle County: near Centreville, Commons, in 1872 and 1874 (A, D). A. caroliniana Walt. Known from a single collection: near Little Hill Church (S), }/2 mi. n. e. of Pepperbox, in dry pine barrens, Commons, 5 Aug. 1874 (A). June, July. Stellaria L. Chiokweed. S. uliginosa Murray. Rare, in spring water. Piedmont province: springheads near Centreville (NC), Commons in 1868 and later (A); Mt. Cuba (NC), Commons in 1875 (A); Bald Friar (Ce), J. J. Carter, 3 June 1905 (A); brook near Point Lookout (NC), 3^ mi. n. e. of Centreville, R. R. Tatnall, 14 June 1926 (T). Mid-May to mid-July. S. longifolia Muhl. Infrequent, in wet ground, Piedmont province. Mid-May, June. S. graminea L. Infrequent in moist grassy places on the Coastal Plain; occa- sional in streets of Wilmington. Late May, June. Introd. from Europe. S. pubera Mx. Great Chickweed. Infrequent in rich woodlands, banks of the Susquehanna River: }/2 mi. n. w. of Octoraro Station (Ce), L. F. A. Tanger, 3024, 27 April 1939 (A); 1}4 mi. w. of Rowlandsville (Ce), Long, 56349 (A), and R. R. Tatnall, 4822, 30 April 1941 (T, G). April, May. [115] Stellaria CARYOPHYLLACEAE Holosteum S. media (L). Cyrill. Common Chickweed. Common throughout. Late March, April. Nat. from Europe. S. aquatica (L.) Scop. Frequent on muddy banks of the Brandywine Creek, from the state Hne nearly to tidewater. June, mid-July. Introd. from Europe. Cerastium L. Mouse-ear Chickweed C. arvense L. Rare, in rocky soil of the Piedmont: "Rocky places" (NC), E. Tatnall, without date (D); Bald Friar (Ce), Fogg, 1901, 14 May 1927 (P, A); woods 1 mi. s. of Rowlandsville (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 5213, 22 May 1945 (T). Var. villosum Hollick & Britton. Common on serpentine soil of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late April to June. "^ C. vulgatum L. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed. Common throughout, in fields and waste places. May, June. Nat. from Europe. C. viscosum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Frequent in grassy places. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. May, June. Nat. from Europe. C. semidecandrum L. Rare, in dry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: roadside at cross- roads 1 mi. n. of Bethel (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3678, 7 May 1938 (T, P); same place and date. Long, 51950 (A). Adv. from Europe. C. nutans Raf. Nodding Chickweed. Common in woods and meadows of New Castle and Sussex Counties, and probably farther south. Late April, May. Holosteum L. Jagged Chickweed. H. umbellatum L. Locally abundant in dry grassy soil of fields and roadsides; known from New Castle, Kent (Del.), S.ussex and Caroline Counties. Mid-April, early May. Nat. from Europe. [116] Agrostemma CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene Agrostemma L. A. Githago L. Corn Cockle. Common weed of cultivated ground. Introd. from Europe. May, June. Lychnis L. Campion. L. coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink. Cultivated, and occasionally established in waste ground. Introd. from Europe. L. dioica L. Red Campion. Rare, in waste ground: sandy woods, 3^ mi. s. of Laurel (S), Fogg, 1711, 16 June 1926 (P). Adv. from Eurasia. L. alba Mill. Roadsides and waste ground; frequent in northern Delaware; infrequent southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. Early May to mid-July. Introd. from Europe. Silene L. Catchfly. Campion. S. conica L. One collection: field, Selbyville (S), J. J. Carter, 18 May 1910 (A). Adv. from Europe. S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Frequent in dry soil of the Piedmont; occasionally collected southward to Worcester County. Late May, June. S. Armeria L. Sweet William Catchfly. An occasional escape from cultivation ; known from a few collec- tions in New Castle and Sussex Counties. Adv. from Europe. S. dichotoma Ehrh. Rare: Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Carter, 5 Aug. 1905 (A); Salis- bury (Wi), J. J. Carter, 15 July 1904 (A). Introd. from Europe. S. noctiflora L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Infrequent in cultivated ground. Nat. from Europe. S. caroliniana Walt. var. pensylvanica (Mx.) Fernald. Wild Pink. Frequent in dry sandy soil, Sussex County and southward. May, June. [117] Silene CARYOPHYLLAC— PORTULACAC. Claytonia S. virginica L. Fire Pink. Infrequent, in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas of New Castle County. June. S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. Starry Campion. Frequent in woods and open ground of the Piedmont, and in open sandy soil southward to Queen Anne's County. July, early Aug. S. Cucubalus Wibel. (S. latifolia (Mill.) Britt. & Rendle.) Blad- der Campion. Rare, in the Piedmont province: field at Point Lookout (NC), ^ mi. n. of Granogue, R. R. Tatnall, 1177, 17 June 1931 (T); roadside at Fair Hill (Ce), C. 0. Houghton, 16 June 1935 (UD). Nat. from Europe. Saponaria L. S. officinalis L. Bouncing Bet. Common throughout, in fields and on roadsides, June. Adv. from Europe. ) v S. Vaccaria L. Cow-herb. An infrequent weed in fields and waste ground, northern New Castle County; not collected since 1897. Adv. from Europe. Dianthus L. Pink. D. prolifer L. Rare, in sandy soil: near Millington (Ke). J. B. Brinton, 18 June 1887 (P, A); South Milford (S), Commons & Tatnall, 16 July 1896 (A); }4 mi. e. of ^Milford (S), Commons, 12 Aug. 1897 (A). Nat. from Europe. V D. Armaria L. Deptford Pink. Frequent in fields and on roadsides, Piedmont and Coastal Plain, southward at least to Talbot County. June to Sept. Adv. from Europe. PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family) Claytonia L. C. virginica L. Spring Beauty. Common in the northern portion; rare southward: 13^ mi. e. of Goldsboro (Ca), R. R. Tatnall, 4123, 19 April 1939 (T, P); 2}4 mi. w. n. w. of Bellevue (Ta). Earle, 2003, 30 April 1939 (P); border of [118] Claytonia PORTULACAC— NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea cypress swamp, 2 mi. s. w. of Libertytown (Wo), (A. V. Smith), R.R. Tatnall, 4428, 27 April 1940 (T, P, A). Reported from woods, }4 mi. w. of Lecato Station (Ac), A. V. Smith, May, 1943. Mid- April, May. Talinum Adans. [T. teretifolium Pursh. "Dry serpentine barrens, near Centreville" (NC), Commons, 24 June 1876 (A). Believed to have been introduced from Chester County, Pa., by the collector.] Portulaca L. P. oleracea L. Common Purslane. Common in waste and cultivated ground, New Castle County. Nat. from Europe. CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwoet Family) Ceratophyllum L. C. demersum L. Hornwort. Frequent in ponds and streams on the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. Frt. Aug. NYMPHAEACEAE (Water Lily Family) Nuphar Sibth. & Sm. Spatterdock. N. advena Ait. {Nymphaea advena Ait.) Upright Spatterdock. Common in ponds and slow streams, chiefly in the Piedmont. May to Sept. N. variegata Engelm. Floating Spatterdock. Rare, in ponds: Conowingo (Ce), Pennell, 1 July 1914 (A); Laurel (S), Fogg, 1828, 14 April 1927 (P); near Seaford (S), Earle, 1818, 3 Sept. 1938 (P). Nymphaea L. Water Lily. N. odorata Ait. {Castalia odorata of authors.) Frequent in ponds and streams, north of the Virginia line. May to Sept. N. tuberosa Paine. One known collection: bed of St. Georges Creek near Delaware City (NC), Commons cfc Tatnall, 8 Sept. 1896 (D). [119] Nelumho NYMPHAEAC— RANUNCULAC. Ranunculus Nelumbo Adans. N. pentapetala (Walt.) Fernald. (N. lutea (Willd.) Pers.) Ameri- can Lotus. Rare; ponds and slow streams: St. Jones Creek, 23^ miles below Dover (NC), Commons in 1863 (A); same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 965, 3 Aug. 1930 (T, G, P). Late July, Aug. Said to grow also in Drawyers Creek, below Shallcross Lake (NC), (Otis), and in Moore's (Wiggins) Pond, 1 mi. n. w. of Town- send (NC), (C. J. Speel); no specimens seen from either of these localities. Reported in bloom, Aug. 1945, in the southwestern end of McGinnis Pond, 2 mi. e. of Canterbury (K), by H. R. Baker. Brasenia Schreb. B. Schreberi Gmel. (B. peltata Pursh) Water Shield. Infrequent throughout, in ponds and slow streams. Early June, July. RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup Family) Ranunculus L. Buttercup. Crowfoot. R. longirostris Godron. (R. circinatus Sibth.) Stiff Water Crowfoot. Rare, in slow streams and ditches. New Castle County : ditches near Edgemoor, E. Tatnall, May 1859 (D) ; Cherry Island Marsh, Wilmington, Commons, several collections from 1863 to 1879 (A); Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, near Delaware City, Tatnall & Commons, 21 June 1897 (D, A). R. flabellaris Raf . (R. delphinifoUus Tott. See Fernald : Rhodora 38, 171. 1936.) Rare, in ponds and river bottoms of the Coastal Plain: pond near Ogletown (NC), E. Tatnall, "between 1836 and 1840" (A), and in 1842 (D) ; cypress swamp bordering Pocomoke River, 2 mi. s. w. of Libertytown (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4248, 10 June 1939 (T). R. ambigens Watson. (R. oUusiusculus Raf.) Water-plantain Spearwort. Infrequent, in ponds, ditches and swampy woods of the Coastal Plain, in New Castle, Cecil, Kent (Del.) and Caroline Counties. June, mid-July. [120] Ranunculus RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus R. laxicaulis (T. & G.) Darby. (R. ohlongifoUus of authors, not Ell. See Fernald: Rhodora 41, 541-542. 1939.) In shallow water, rooting in mud; infrequent on the Coastal Plain; Worcester County and northward to southern New Castle County, where it appears to reach its northern Umit. Late May, mid-June. R. pusillus Poir. Frequent in ponds, ditches and low woods; along the Susque- hanna River in the Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Talbot County: ditch 2}4 mi. s. w. of Easton, M. T. Travis, 426, 16 April 1938 (P). May. R. sceleratus L. Cursed Crowfoot. Common throughout, in meadows, ditches and tidal mud. Mid-April to June. R. abortivus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Common on rocky hillsides of the Piedmont, and in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. April, May. R. recurvatus Poir. Wood Crowfoot. Frequent in rich woods. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Talbot County (Earle). May. R. septentrionalis Poir. Swamp Buttercup. Infrequent in wet places. New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late April, May. R. hispidus Mx. Frequent on wooded hillsides of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: sandy woods 1}4 mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4443, 28 April 1940 (T). Late April, May. R. repens L. Creeping Buttercup. Infrequent, in ditches and low, grassy places, Sussex, Talbot and Accomac Counties. May, June. R. pensylvanicus L. f . One collection: "roadside, Red Lion Creek" (NC), E. Tatnall, 4 July 1887 (A). Late June, July. [ 121 ] Ranunculus RANUNCULACEAE Hepatica R. bulbosus L. Common in fields and meadows. May, June. Nat. from Europe. R. acris L. Tall Buttercup. Frequent in fields in the northern counties. Mid-June, July. Nat. from Europe. R. parviflorus L. Rare, in waste ground: Berlin (Wo), Canhy, May 1868 (A, U); Accomac village (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 43, 31 May 1928 (T). Introd. from Europe. Thalictrum L. Meadow Rue. T. caulophylloides Small. Rare, on wooded slopes along the Susquehanna River: Cono- wingo (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1287, 1 June 1913 (A); same locality, Long, 42971, 6 May 1934 (A). T. dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue. Infrequent; rocky hillsides and sandy woods, New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late April, early May. T. revolutum DC. Rare, in rocky woodlands: banks of Octoraro Creek (Ce), J. J. Carter, 21 June 1904 (A). Late May to early July. T. polygamum Muhl. Tall Meadow Rue. Frequent; meadows, swamps and river banks, Piedmont area of New Castle County, and southward on the Coastal Plain to the Virginia Hne. June, July. Anemonella Spach. A. thalictroides (L.) Spach. Rue Anemone. Common in woods of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain. April, May. Hepatica Hill. H. americana (DC) Ker. {H. triloba of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Liverwort. Common in woods of the Piedmont; infrequent southward to Talbot County (Earle). Late March to early May. [122] Anemone RANUNCULACEAE Aquilegia Anemone L. A. virginiana L. Tall Anemone. Frequent in rocky woods and on dry banks of the Piedmont; rare southward to Accomac County: woods 3^ mi. w. of Greenback- ville, R. R. Tatnall, 4338, 9 Aug. 1939 (T). June to early August. A. quinquefolia L. {A. nemorosa of manuals, not L.) Wood Anemone. Common in rich woods of the Piedmont ; less frequent in Coastal Plain woods, southward to Worcester County. April, May. Clematis L. Virgin's Bower. V. virginiana L. White Clematis. Frequent in thickets and on roadsides, Piedmont, and south- ward on the Coastal Plain to Talbot County (Earle). Late July, August. C. Viorna L. Leather Flower. Infrequent on rocky hillsides of the Piedmont. May to July. C. paniculata Thunb. An infrequent or rare escape from cultivation: ^ mi. s. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3981, 1 Oct. 1944 (P); Mt. Pleasant (NC), Moldenke, in Torreya 45, 106-109, Dec. 1945. Introd. from Japan. C. verticillaris L. Purple Clematis. Rare, in rocky woods of the Piedmont: Wooddale (NC), Com- mons, 17 May 1862, and later dates (A); along Octoraro Creek (Ce), J. J. Carter, 2 May 1864 (A); same. Long & St. John, 1 May 1916 (A, P). May, June. Caltha L. C. palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Frequent in swampy and muddy places. Piedmont, and south- ward on the Coastal Plain to northern Kent (Del.) County. Mid- April to mid-May. Aquilegia L. Columbine. A. canadensis L. Frequent on rocky hillsides of the Piedmont; locally abundant on the Coastal Plain: woods. Middle Neck (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, [ 123 ] ^r Aquilegia RANUNCULACEAE— MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia 1363, 7 May 1932 (T) ; shaded gravelly road-bank 1 mi. s. of Chop- tank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 2160, 3 June 1934 (T, P), and 3263, 29 May 1937 (T, G); bank of Wicomico River, 2 mi. s. w. of Salis- bury (Wi), {A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4367, 11 Aug. 1939 (T); 3H mi. w. n. w. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3763, 6 Sept. 1942 (A). Delphinium L. Larkspur. D. Ajacis L. A frequent escape from gardens to waste ground. July. Nat. from Europe. Cimicifuga L, Bugbane. C. racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: Middle Neck (Ce), Long, 37290, 7 May 1932 (A); 4 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2737, 5 July 1940 (P). Late June, July. Actaea (L.) Mill. A. alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. Rare, in rocky woods along Brandywine Creek (NC): Wills Rock, Wilmington, Commons in 1866 and 1893 (A); same, Canhy, 13 May 1899 (D) ; Rockford woods, E. Tatnall, 14 May 1897 (D) ; Wills Rock, along the railroad, R. R. Tatnall, 5085, 13 May 1944 (T). Mid-May, early June. Hydrastis Ellis. H. canadensis L. Orange-root. Golden Seal. Rare, on rocky hillsides of the Piedmont: woods along Brandy- wine Creek, above Rockland (NC), Commons, 29 June 1893 (A); woods above Rowlandsville (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1175, 31 May 1913 (A); Ashland (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1857, 17 June 1933 (T, G). Late April, early May. MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family) Magnolia L. M. virginiana L. Swamp Magnolia. Sweet Bay. Common in swampy thickets, from the Fall Line southward to Worcester County; seldom near the coast. Late May to early [124] Liriodendron MAGNOLIAC— BERBERIDAC. Berberis Liriodendron L. L. Tulipifera L. Tulip Tree. Common in rich soil of the northern half of our area. A single tree reported from Accomac County: 1 mi. n. e. of Silva, A. V. Smith in 1943. Late May, early June. ANONACEAE (Custard Apple Family) Asimina Adans. A. triloba Dunal. Papaw. Along streams, in rich, usually wooded, soil; common in the Piedmont area; frequent southward to the Virginia line, chiefly inland. Late April, May. MENISPERMACEAE (Moonseed Family) Menispermum L. M. canadense L. Moonseed. Frequent in shaded ground along streams, and on rocky hill- sides. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June. BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family) Podophyllum L. P. peltatum L. May Apple. Common in woods of the Piedmont; infrequent southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties; rare farther south: thicket ^^ mi. w. of Greenbackville (Wo), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4433, 27 April 1940 (T); thicket 1}4 mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4436, 28 April 1940 (T). May. Caulophyllum Mx, C. thalictroides (L.) Mx. Blue Cohosh. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont province. May. Berberis L. Barberry. B. Thunbergii DC. Cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous in northern New Castle County. Introd. from Japan. B. vulgaris L. Occasionally spontaneous: Richardson's Mill, 1 mi. w. of Wil- [125] Berheris LAURACEAE— PAPAVERACEAE Bocconia mington, Commons in 1867 (A), and E. Tatnall in 1874 (D). Nat. from Europe. LAURACEAE (Sassafras Family) Persea Gaert. f. Red Bay. P. Borbonia (L.) Spreng. forma pubescens (Pursh) Fern. (P. palustris (Raf .) Sarg. See Fernald : Rhodora 47, 149-151. 1945.) Frequent in Northampton County; rare farther north: Cypress Swamp, w. of Selbyville (S), where it reaches its northern Hmit, Nuttall, in 1809 (A), and W. S. Taher, Dec. 1941 (T). Early June. Sassafras Nees. / 14 S. albidum (Nutt.) Nees. {S. variifolium (Sahsb.) Ktze.) Sassa- fras. Common throughout, in rich woods or sandy soil. April. Var. molle (Raf.) Fern. Found chiefly in the northern portion; less common than the species. Lindera Thunb. Spice Bush. L. Benzoin (L.) Blume. (Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees.) Common in rich woods and in open sandy soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. April. PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family) Sanguinaria L. S. canadensis L. Bloodroot. Common in rich woods of the Piedmont; infrequent to rare on the Coastal Plain: woods }4 mi. w. of Greenbackville (Ac), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4341, 9 Aug. 1939 (T); thicket 1}4 mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4435, 28 April 1940, (T); woods 4 mi. n. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 3254, 17 May 1941 (A). April. Bocconia Plum, ex L. B. cordata Willd. Plume Poppy. Occasionally escaping from gardens, and persisting. July. Introd. from China. [126] Chelidonium PAPAVERACEAE— FUMARIACEAE Corydalis Chelidonium L. ^ C. majus L. Celandine. Common in damp woods and waste ground, northern New Castle and Cecil Counties. April, May. Nat. from Europe. Glaucium Hill. ' G. flavum Crantz. Horn Poppy. Rare, in waste ground: Greenbank (NC), Commons, 1 July 1880 (A). Adv. from Europe. Papaver L. Poppy. P. soniniferum L. Opium Poppy. Rare escape in waste places: Wilmington, Commons, 11 June 1897 (A). P. dubium L. Infrequent; fields and roadsides in New Castle County. May. Adv. from Europe. Argemone L. A. mexicana L. Prickly Poppy. Occasional escape in waste ground. Aug., Sept. Adv. from Mexico. FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Family) Adlumia Raf. Climbing Fumitory. A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. (A. cirrhosa Raf.) Infrequent; rocky banks of the Brandy wine Creek (NC). June. Dicentra Bernh. D. CucuUaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. Frequent in rich, rocky woods, Piedmont province. April, early May. Corydalis Medic. C. flavula (Raf.) DC. Locally abundant in rocky woods along the Susquehanna River; rare in northeastern New Castle County: moist woods along Naamans Creek, below Harvey (Arden) Station, Commons & Tatnall, 27 April 1894 (A). April, May. [127] Fumaria FUMARIACEAE— CRUCIFERAE Teesdalia Fumaria L. F. ofBcinalis L. Fumitory. An infrequent escape to cultivated ground. June. Adv. from Europe. CRUCIFERAE (Mustard Family) Draba L. D. verna L. Whitlow Grass. A common weed in waste and cultivated ground. Late March, April. Nat. from Europe. Thlaspi L. T. arvense L. Penny Cress. Infrequent; in fields and about mushroom houses. Late April, early May. Nat. from Europe. Lepidium L. Peppergrass. L. virginicum L. Wild Peppergrass. Common weed of fields and roadsides. May to November. L. densiflorum Schrad. (L. apetalum Willd.) Rare weed in dry ground: "Old fields and wastes" (NC), E. Tatnall, 2 June 1897 (D). Native of Eurasia. L. ruderale L. Narrow- leaved Peppergrass. An infrequent weed on city streets and wharves. Nat. from Europe. L. sativum L. Garden Cress. A rare escape to streets and waste places; Wilmington, Com- mons, 6 July 1898 (A). Introd. from Europe. Cjf s/ L. campestre (L.) R. Br. Field Cress. Common weed of fields and roadsides in the northern half of our area. May, June. Nat. from Europe. J" a S^**Y' , Teesdalia R. Br. T. nudicaulis R. Br. A single known station : sand of the upper beach of Chesapeake Bay, w. of Kiptopeke (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3777, 21 May 1938 (T, G, A, P). April, May. Adv. from Europe. [128] Coronopus CRUCIFERAE Raphanus Coronopus Ludwig. C. didymus (L.) Sm. Wart Cress. A waif from Europe, rare, but apparently spreading: wharves, Wilmington, Commons & Tatnall, in 1897 (D, A); edge of salt marsh, Wachapreague (Ac), Fernald & Long, 3946, 26 July 1934 (P, G); in lawn grass, Kiptopeke (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3773, 21 May 1938 (T, A); sidewalk, north side of Ninth St., just west of Wash- ington St., Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 5273, 14 June 1946 (T, A). Capsella Medic. C. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse. Common weed in cultivated ground, throughout. April, May. Nat. from Europe. Var. bifida Cr^pin. Rare weed in cultivated ground: Eastville (No), Fernald & Long, 5308; potato field 2}/2 mi. s. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 3793, 22 May 1938 (T, G, P). Camelina Crantz. False Flax. C. sativa (L.) Crantz. One collection: fields, Ashland (NC), Commons, 22 May 1876, (A). Nat. from Europe. C. microcarpa Andrz. Fields; infrequent in the Piedmont; occasional on the Coastal Plain: Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 3 June 1914 (D); 1 mi. n. e. of Snow Hill (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 1162, 31 May 1931 (T, P); 3^ mi. s. w. of Hockessin (NC), Long & Tatnall, 1671, 22 April 1933 (A, T, G). May. Nat. from Europe. Cakile Ludwig. C. edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Sea Rocket. Common on sands of the beach, from Cape Charles northward to Talbot and southeastern New Castle Counties. June to Nov. Raphanus L. Radish. ' R. Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. Frequent weed in cultivated ground. June, July. Nat. from Europe. [129] Raphanus CRUCIFERAE Sisymbrium R. sativus L. Radish. Fields and waste ground, escaping from cultivation. June. Introd. from Europe. Brassica L. Mustard. Turnip. B. hirta Moench. {B. alba of manuals. See Wheeler: Rhodora 40, 306, 1938.) White Mustard. Occasionally spontaneous after cultivation. Introd. from Europe. B. kaber (DC) Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler. (B. arvensis of manuals. See the reference under B. hirta.) Weed in fields and waste places. Nat. from Europe. B. juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. Fields and waste ground. New Castle County. Nat. from Asia. B. japonica Siebold. Curled Mustard. An escape in cultivated ground : Wilmington, Commons, 30 June 1896 (A). Introd. from Asia. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Common on roadsides and in waste ground, New Castle County. Nat. from Europe. B. campestris L. Rutabaga. An infrequent escape from cultivation. Introd. from Europe. Diplotaxis DC. D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. Rare weed in cultivated soil: near Georgetown (S), F. M. Jones, 24 May 1931 (T) ; field 1 mi. n. e. of Snow Hill (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 1161, 31 May 1931 (T). Late May. Adv. from Europe. Conringia Link. C. orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hare's-ear Mustard. Infrequent in door-yards and waste places. June, July. Introd. from Europe. Sisymbrium L. Hedge Mustard. S. officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum DC. Infrequent in meadows and about dwellings. May, June. Nat. from Europe. [ 130 ] Sisymbrium CRUCIFERAE Rorippa S. altissimum L. Tumble Mustard. Rare weed on roadsides: along causeway south of Wilmington, Commons, 6 July 1898 (A, D) ; along Duncan's road, Marshallton (NC), Otis, 30 May 1916 (A). Nat. from Europe. Arabidopsis (DC) Schur. A. Thaliana (L.) Schur. (Sisymbrium Thalianum of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Mouse-ear Cress. Frequent throughout, in fields, open woods and waste ground. Mid-April, May. Nat. from Europe. Hesperis L. Rocket. H. matronalis L. Dame's Violet. Occasional escape from gardens to waste ground. New Castle County. Introd, from Europe. Erysimum L, E. cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed Mustard. Rare: bank of Brandy wine Creek at Wilmington, E. Tatnall in 1841 (D); waste ground, Wilmington, Commons, 18 June 1897, (A). E. repandum L. One collection: Tarbutton Pond, n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2401, 11 May 1940 (P). Adv. from Europe. Nasturtium R. Br. N. officinale R. Br. {Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum L.) Water Cress. Frequent in ditches and slow streams. June. Nat. from Europe. Rorippa Scop. R. sylvestris (L.) Bess. (Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce.) Infrequent; fields, roadsides and meadows. New Castle and Cecil Counties. June, mid-July. Nat. from Europe. R. islandica (Murray) Borbas var. microcarpa (Regel) Fernald. {R. palustris (L.) Moench. See Rhodora 42, 271-274. 1940.) Marsh Cress. Frequent in wet places in the northern half of the Peninsula. May into autumn. [131] Rorippa CRUCIFERAE Cardamine Var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & Abbe. (R. palustris var. hispida (Desv.) Rydb.) Similar situations; infrequent, Armoracia Gaertn. A. rusticana Gaertn. Horse Radish. Escaped from cultivation, New Castle County. Introd. from Europe. Barbarea R. Br. Winter Cress. B. vulgaris R. Br. (Incl. B. stricta Andrz.) Yellow Rocket. Damp ground, fields and roadsides; rather frequent in the Pied- mont; less so on the Coastal Plain. Early May. B. veraa (Mill.) Asch. Common throughout, in fields and on roadsides. April. Introd. from Europe. Dentaria L. Toothwort. D. heterophylla Nutt. Infrequent in rich woods of the Piedmont. Early April. D. laciniata Muhl. Common in rich woods of New Castle and Cecil Counties; rare southward: roadside thicket 13^ mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4437, 28 April 1940 (T). Late April. Cardamine L. Bitter Cress. C. bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Spring Cress. Common in wet meadows of the Piedmont; one known collection from the Coastal Plain: near Easton (Ta), Earle, 1411, 9 May 1937 (P). Late April, May. C. Douglassii (Torr.) Britton. (C rhomhoidea var. purpurea Torr.) Locally abundant in alluvial soil along the Susquehanna River: "Cecil Co., Md.," J. J. Carter, 28 April 1887 (A); ^ mi. s. w. of Rowlandsville (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 4478, 6 May 1940 (T, P, A, G). May. C. rotundifolia Mx. Infrequent in swampy places in the Piedmont area. May. [132] Cardamine CRUCIFERAE Arahis C. hirsuta L. Rare: Piedmont and Coastal Plain: y^ mi. n. w. of Octoraro Station (Ce), L. F. A. T anger, 3029, 27 April 1939 (A); roadside 2% mi. s. of Milton (S), R. R. Tatnall, 4427, 27 April 1940 (T, P, G); thicket 1^ mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4440, 28 April 1940 (T). Late April, May. C. parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) 0. E. Schulz. (See Rhodora 29, 192. 1927.) Infrequent in rocky woods and sandy soil of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late April to mid-June. C. pennsylvanica Muhl. Frequent in wet meadows of the Piedmont area; several collec- tions in Talbot County, Earle (P) . Late April to June. C. Longii Fernald. One collection: tidal shore of North East River, Charlestown (Ce), Long, 57097, 20 July 1941 (A). Arabis L. Rock Cress. A. lyrata L. Frequent on rocky and sandy soils, including serpentine, New Castle and Cecil Counties. Mid-April to June. A. dentata T. & G. Known only from two collections along the Susquehanna River at Bald Friar (Ce) : J. J. Carter, 29 May 1907 (A) ; Long & St. John, 18 April 1913 (A). A. glabra (L.) Bernh. See Hopkins: Rhodora 39, 108. 1937. One collection: field near Concord Station, Wilmington, Com- mons, 31 June 1896 (A). A. Drummondii Gray. See Hopkins, 1. c. p. 139. One collection: Concord Station, Wilmington, Commons, June 1897 (A). A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Infrequent; rocky hills along Brandy wine Creek (NC), and Susquehanna River (Ce); apparently local. Mid- April, May. A. canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont. Late May, June. [133] Polanisia CAPPARIDACEAE— DROSERACEAE Drosera CAPPARIDACEAE (Caper Family) Polanisia Raf. P. graveolens Raf. Infrequent; shores of Chesapeake Bay and streams tributary thereto, in Cecil and Kent (Md.) Counties. July, August. Cleome L. C. spinosa L. (C. pungens Willd.) Spider Flower. Cultivated, and occasionally escaping. Introd. from tropical America. RESEDACEAE (Mignonette Family) Reseda L. Mignonette. R. alba L. Rare, in waste places: Centreville (NC), Commons, 22 July 1867 (A); Wilmington, Commons, 9 July 1898 (A, D). Adv. from Europe. SARRACENIACEAE (Pitcher-plant Family) Sarracenia L. S. purpurea L. var. gibbosa Wherry. Pitcher-plant. Frequent in Sussex County, and occasional in Wicomico and Worcester Counties; rare in New Castle and Kent (Del.) Counties: Thompson's Swamp, 13^ mi. n. w. of New Castle (NC), E. Tatnall, May 1843 (D), R. R. Tatnall, 4 June 1886 (T); Tubmill Pond (K), 2 mi. n. of Milford, Frank Morton Jones. May to mid-June. DROSERACEAE (Sundew Family) Drosera L. Sundew. D. rotundifolia L. Rare, in bogs. Piedmont and Coastal Plain: Centreville (NC), Commons, 18 Sept. 1868 (A); Thompson's Swamp (NC), l}4 nai- n. w. of New Castle, R. R. Tatnall,.2S July 1886 (T); Rehoboth (S), Commons, 15 July 1897 (A). ' ' The Rehoboth citation is the last known collection on the Peninsula, and the species is probably no longer to be found in our area. \l D. intermedia Hayne. (D. longifolia of manuals.) Frequent on the Coastal Plain, in New Castle, Sussex and Wicomico Counties. July. , , [134] ^' W Drosera PODOSTEMACEAE— SAXIFRAGAC. Saxifraga [D. filiformis Raf. Credited to "Del." in Gray's Manual, ed. 7; also by Fernald: Rhodora 33, 55, Map 29, in which the Cape Henlopen region is indicated; no specimens seen.] PODOSTEMACEAE (River Weed Family) Podostemum Mx. P. ceratophyllum Mx. River Weed. On rocks in the Brandy wine and Red Clay Creeks (NC); formerly rather frequent, but no longer to be found, having been exterminated by industrial waste in those streams: last collected at Greenbank (NC) by R. R. Tatnall, 24 Sept. 1886 (T). One collection from Wicomico County: Shreve & Jones, 1265, Aug. 1906 (U). CRASSULACEAE (Orpine Family) Penthorum L. Ditch Stone crop. P. sedoides L. Rather frequent in wet places, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-July to early Sept. Tillaea L. T. aquatica L. {T. simplex Nutt.) Rare on muddy shores: Salisbury (Wi), Bebh in 1863 (A); and 7. S. Moyer, 30 Aug. 1867 (A). Reported by E. Tatnall (MS Cata- log), as having been collected by Canhy in "Brandy wine Creek above (Penna.) railroad bridge," Wilmington, in 1867, but no specimen seen. Sedum L. Stone crop. S. ternatum Mx. Infrequent in alluvial soil along the Susquehanna River (Ce), and in rocky woods along the Brandywine and Red Clay Creeks (NC), Mid- April, May. S. Telephium L. Locally abundant in New Castle and Cecil Counties. Aug., Sept. Nat. from Europe. SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family) Saxifraga L. Saxifrage. S. pensylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage. Infrequent in wet places, New Castle County. May. [135] Saxifraga SAXIFRAGACEAE Ribes S. virginiensis Mx. Early Saxifrage. Common on dry, rocky hillsides of New Castle and Cecil Coun- ties, apparently restricted to the Piedmont. Late March to early May. Heuchera L. H. americana L. Alum Root. Frequent in woodlands, Piedmont area and southward on the Coastal Plain at least to Talbot County. May, early June. Mitella L. M. diphylla L. Mitrewort. Infrequent, in rich, rocky woods of the Piedmont; along Octo- raro Creek (Ce), and Brandy wine. Red Clay and Mill Creeks (NC). Late April, early May. Chrysosplenium L. Golden Saxifrage. C. americanum Schwein. Common in cold, shaded rivulets in the Piedmont; less frequent southward on the Coastal Plain to Caroline and Talbot Counties. Early April, May. Hydrangea L. H. arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. Rocky woods; frequent in western Cecil County; rare in New Castle County: Mt. Cuba, J. Crawford, 13 May 1892 (A). June, July. Itea L. I. virginica L. Frequent in swampy places throughout the Coastal Plain, ex- cept near the coast. Mid-May to mid-June. Ribes L. Currant. Gooseberry. R. americanum Mill. (R. floridanum L'H6r.) Wild Black Cur- rant. One known collection: Centreville (NC), Commons in 1866 (A). Reported by E. Tatnall (MS Catalog), from valleys of the Brandy- wine and Red Clay Creeks, but no confirming specimens seen. [ 136 ] Hamamelis HAMAMELIDACEAE— ROSACEAE Spiraea HAMAMELIDACEAE (Witch Hazel Family) Hamamelis L. Witch Hazel. H. virginiana L, Rich woods; frequent in the Piedmont area; occasional on the Coastal Plain: 3^ mi. n. e. of Pepperbox (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3861, 18 June 1938 (T); 3^ mi. s. e. of Salisbury (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 3976, 8 Sept. 1938 (T); 1^ mi. s. of the village of West (So), R. R. Tatnall, 4027, 9 Sept. 1938 (T). Fls. late Oct., Nov. ; fruit maturing the following autumn. Liquidambar L. L. Stj^aciflua L. Sweet Gum. Common throughout. Late March to mid-May. PLATANACEAE (Plane Tree Family) Platanus L. P. occidentalis L. Buttonwood. Sycamore. Frequent along streams of the Piedmont area; less common on the Coastal Plain. May. ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Physocarpus Maxim. P. opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark. Rare, on stream banks in the Piedmont: Greenbank (NC), Commons, 8 June 1882 (A); Leslie (Ce), J. B. Brinton, 28 June 1891 (P); ''Along Brandywine Creek" (NC), Canhy, 11 June 1896 (D) ; North East Creek (Ce), Otis, May 1913 (D). Late May, June. Spiraea L. S. alba duRoi. (*S. salicifolia L. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; known only from swamps near Wilmington: Commons, in 1896 (A); Canby in 1899 (A). July, Aug. S. latifolia Borkh. Meadow Sweet. Frequent in wet open ground near the Fall Line, in New Castle and Cecil Counties. Citations under S. salicifolia in E. Tatnall: (MS Catalog) are to be referred here. July, Aug. [137] Spiraea ROSACEAE Aronia S. tomentosa L. Steeple Bush. Common in low ground of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line to the Virginia boundary. Mid-July, Aug. Exochorda Lindl. E. racemosa (Lindl.) Rehder. (E. grandiflora Hooker.) A rare escape from cultivation : open place by highway, near the south end of Drawyers Creek bridge, at Old Drawyers Church, 1 mi. n. of Odessa (NC), E. H. Walker, 3304, 1 May 1942 (T). Introd. from China. Gillenia Moench. G. trifoliata (L.) Moench. Bowman's Root. Infrequent, in the Piedmont province, preferring rich woodlands. Late May to mid-July. Pyrus L. Pear, P. communis L. Common Pear. "Near Mt. Cuba, naturaUzed along roads, etc." (NC), Canhy, in 1897 (D). Introd. from Europe. Malus Hill. Apple. M. angustifolia Mx. (Pyrus angustifolia of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. Infrequent on coastal sands, Sussex and Worcester Counties; rare elsewhere: thicket 1 mi. n. of Green Spring (NC), Long, 54895, 28 July 1940 (A); Messongo (Ac), Ellis Mears in 1883 (A). May. M. coronaria (L.) Mill. (Pyrus coronaria L.) Wild Crab Apple. Frequent in thickets and on river banks in the northern counties; infrequent on borders of salt marshes along the Atlantic coast, from Rehoboth (S) to FrankUn City (Ac). May. M. pumila Mill. (Pyrus Malus L.) Apple. Frequently growing unplanted in hedgerows. Introd. from Europe. Aronia Pers. Chokeberry. A. arbutifolia Ell. (Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f.) Red Chokeberry. Common throughout, in swamps and wet thickets. May. [ 138 ] Aronia ROSACEAE Amelanchier A. prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder. (Pyrus arhutifoUa var. airopurpurea (Britton) Robinson.) Purple-fruited Chokeberry. Infrequent in thickets and swampy woods, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. A. melanocarpa (Mx.) Ell. (Pyrus melanocarpa (Mx.) Willd.) Black Chokeberry. Infrequent in moist woods, throughout. May. Amelanchier Medic. Shad Bush. Service Berry. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. {A. oUongifolia of Gray's Man., ed. 7. See Fernald: Rhodora 43, 559-567. 1941.) Frequent in thickets and low ground of the Coastal Plain. Late April, early May. An alder-like shrub. A. arborea (Mx. f.) Fern. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont; less common in woods of the Coastal Plain, at least as far south as Sussex and Wicomico Counties. Late April, May. Tree to 40 feet in height. A. laevis Wiegand. Infrequent; thickets and stream banks. New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late April, May. Shrub or small tree to 35 feet. A. stolonifera Wiegand. Rare with us: "Queen Anne's County," E. G. Vanatta, 17 April 1908 (A). Colonial and stoloniferous shrub to 5 feet, with erect and short racemes; usually upland. A. obovalis (Mx.) Ashe. (See Fernald, 1. c.) Infrequent, or seldom collected, in thickets of the Coastal Plain: along Barlow Branch, 1 mi. s. of Townsend (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 3252, 20 April 1937 (T) ; along Plum Creek, 4 mi. s. w. of Elkton (Ce), Long, 54322, 19 May 1940 (A); 4 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3518, 25 April 1942 (P). Mid-April, May. Low and stoloniferous; Coastal Plain form of A. stolonifera. [139] Crataegus ROSACEAE Crataegus Crataegus L. Hawthorn. This is generally regarded as the most difl&cult genus of flowering plants of eastern United States, from the standpoint of classifica- tion, so that botanists have very generally neglected it. The following treatment is chiefly based on C. S. Sargent's study of "The Genus Crataegus in New Castle County, Delaware," the field work for which was done by William M. Canby in the years 1900- 1903. Relatively few collections of Crataegus have been made in other parts of our area. The writer has had the assistance of Ernest J. Palmer, of the Arnold Arboretum, in the attempt to bring the nomenclature of our species up to date. C. Crus-galli L. Cockspur Thorn. Common in the northern part of our area; some collections have been made in the southern part: Ocean City (Wo), Canby, July 1891 (D); Chincoteague Island (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 3792, 22 May 1938 (T). Var. p3n"acanthifolia Ait. Rather frequent in northern New Castle County. Var. oblongata Sarg. Infrequent; meadows in northern New Castle County. Var. capillata Sarg. Rare: roadside 1 mi. e. of Christiana, on the road to New Castle, Canhy, 1 June & 26 Oct. 1901 (D), and 23 May 1903 (A). C. Canbyi Sarg. (Inch C. Pennypackeri Sarg.) Frequent in northern New Castle and Cecil Counties. The TYPE tree is, or was, "between Newport and Stanton" (NC), Canhy, 16 May & 16 Sept. 1899 (D). C. disperma Ashe. (C pausiaca Ashe.) Marshall's Thorn. Rare: "meadows" (NC), Canhy, 10 Oct. 1902 (A). C. punctata Jacq. Infrequent; along streams in northern New Castle County. C. viridis L. Rather frequent, but seldom collected; in bottomlands of streams, often growing in water: Choptank River, 1 mi. s. of Chop- tank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 2157, 3 June 1934, and several later collections (T, A). [140] Crataegus ROSACEAE Crataegus A tree, up to 30 or 40 feet high, ranging from Florida and Texas northward as far as our area. C. pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch. (Incl. C. delawarensis Sarg., C. arcana Beadle, and C. nemoralis Sarg.) One of the commonest Thorns of New Castle County, in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas. C. pedicellata Sarg. (C arcuata Ashe.) "Frequent in woods and hedgerows," New Castle County, (Canby); collected near Wilmington, n. w. of New Castle, and e. of Newport. C. macrosperma Ashe. (C tenella Ashe.) Common in New Castle County, in "meadows, banks and fields," (Canby); Rising Sun (Ce), J. J. Carter, 13 June 1905 (A), as C. cordata. » C. stolonifera Sarg. (C. populnea Ashe.) "Frequent; rocky hills, wood borders and waste ground" in and about Wilmington (Canby). C. Tatnalliana Sarg. Rather frequent: "old hedges and waste places near Wilming- ton"; also near Newport, Farnhurst and New Castle (Canby). Named in honor of Edward Tatnall. Regarded by some as a synonym of C. pennsylvanica Ashe, but this seems unlikely. C. intricata Lange. (C. apposita Sarg. C. straminea Beadle.) Numerous collections were made by Canby, from 1896 to 1900, in or near the valley of the Brandywine Creek, as C. apposita, (D, A) ; other collections are: Richardson's Mill, s. w. of Wilmington, Commons, 25 Aug. 1893, as C. coccinea var. flabellata (?); Easton Point (Ta), Earle, 3705, 2 Aug. 1942 (A), as C. straminea. C. foetida Ashe. (C. cuprea Sarg.) Rare: open lots in Wilmington, Canby, 1899 to 1902 (D, A) ; 1^/^ mi. s. w. of Ogletown, on the road to Wilson, R. R. Tatnall, 3299, 15 May 1937 (T). C. phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medic. (C. cordata Ait. C. populifolia Walt.) Washington Thorn. Hedgerows and fields about Wilmington and near Carpenter [141] Crataegus ROSACEAE Potentilla Station (NC), Canhy, in 1893 to 1903 (D, A); 5 mi. n. of Pocomoke City (Wo), along highway 113, R. R. Tatnall, 1822, 29 May 1933 (T) A southern species, naturalized northward to Pa. and N. J. C. Oxyacantha L. English Hawthorn. Cultivated, and sparingly escaped near Wilmington. Introd. from Europe. C. monogyna Jacq. May Thorn. Occasionally escaping from cultivation: hedgerows 2 mi. n. of Wilmington, Commons, 29 May 1875 (A); near Wilmington, Canhy, Sept. 1900 (A)- Introd. from Europe. Closely related to C. Oxyacantha, and often mistaken for it. C. unifiora Muench. (C. parvifoUa Ait. C. tomentosa of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Dwarf Thorn. Common in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. Fragaria L. Strawberry. F. virginiana Duchesne. Common Wild Strawberry. Common; moist woods, fields and roadsides. Late April, May. F. vesca L. European Wood Strawberry. Infrequent, in open ground, usually as an escape from cultiva- tion. April, May. F. grandiflora Ehrh. (F. chiloensis Duchesne var. ananassa Bailey.) One collection: sandy roadside along Elk River, Town Point (Ce), M. J. Popowski, 145, 30 May 1940 (A). Duchesnea Sm. D. indica (Andr.) Focke. Mock-strawberry. Frequent; roadsides and waste ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. May, June. Potentilla L. Cinquefoil, P. norvegica L. var. hirsuta (Mx.) Lehman. (P. monspeliensis L.) Frequent in waste places and on roadsides. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July. P. argentea L. Silvery Cinquefoil. One collection: Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 19 May 1915 (D). [142] Potentilla ROSACEAE Ruhus X P. recta L. Frequent; fields and roadsides, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain, southward at least to Worcester County. Late May, June. Nat. from Europe. j ^^i-J-^vwWV'-V.,- P. canadensis L. (P. pumila of authors. See Rhodora 33, 180- 191. 1931.) Infrequent, in dry soil, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Talbot and Sussex Counties. Late April, May. P. simplex (Mx.) var. calvescens Fern. (P. canadensis of authors.) Frequent in dry or moist sandy soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain southward to Talbot County. June, July. P. reptans L. One collection: banks of White Clay Creek above Newark (NC), Commons, 2 June 1896 (A). Adv. from Europe. Geum L. Avens. G. canadense Jacq. (G. album Gmel.) Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont; occasional on the Coastal Plain: near the Choptank River, n. w. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2759, 6 July 1940 (P). Late June, July. G. virginianum L. (G. flavum (Porter) Bicknell.) Infrequent throughout, in dry woods. Late June to Aug. G. laciniatum Murray. (G. virginianum of authors. See Rhodora 37, 292. 1935.) Infrequent; marshes and ditch banks, New Castle and Cecil Counties. Mid-May, June. Rubus L. Blackberries and Raspberries. R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Frequent in thickets and fencerows, especially northward. May. R. phoenicolasius Maxim. Wineberry. Frequently escaping to roadsides, and well established. Introd. from Japan. R. odoratus L. Purple-flowering Raspberry. Infrequent, in rocky woods of the Piedmont area. June, July. [143] Ruhus ROSACEAE Ruhus R. argutus Link. (Incl. R. ostryifolius Rydb.) Highbush Black- berry. Infrequent (or seldom collected), in open ground: railroad bank, South wood (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 908, 3 June 1930 (T); Ocean City (Wo), Redmond, 448, 8 June 1931 (US). Mid-May to mid- June. R. frondosus Bigel. Bush Blackberry. Frequent in woods, thickets and open ground, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Sussex County. Mid-May to mid- June. R. laciniatus Willd. Cut-leaved Blackberry. Escaping from cultivation, and frequently established in waste places. New Castle County. June. R. procerus P. J. Muell. Himalaya-berry. Escaping from cultivation. One collection: well established on roadside, Fredericktown (Ce), Commons, 13 June 1876 (A). Introd. from Europe. R. cuneifolius Pursh. Sand Blackberry. Frequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, Sussex County and southward; one collection in upper Kent County (Del.): Smyrna, Commons, 9 June 1894 (A). Late May, June. R. Enslenii Tratt. {R. villosus var. humifusus T. & G.) Dew- berry. Common in fields and on roadsides. Mid-May to mid-June. ^ R. flagellaris Willd. {R. procumhens Muhl. R. villosus Bailey.) Dewberry. Common in dry, open ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid-May to mid-June. ^ <^ , ^ -y - ^ R. hispidus L. Swamp Dewberry. Common in swampy thickets and low ground in pine woods of the Coastal Plain. June to early July. R. trivialis Mx. Rare, in pine woods of southern Northampton County : Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5312, 14 Oct. 1935 (P, G). [144] Aphanes ROSACEAE Rosa Aphanes L. A. arvensis Scop. (Alchemilla arvensis Scop.) Parsley Piert. One collection : sandy soil in a cypress swamp, s. w. of Millsboro (S), Commons, 23 May 1876 (A). Adv. from Europe. Agrimonia L. Agrimony. A. gr3rposepala Wallr. One known collection: along Quarryville Creek, % mi. s. e. of Bellevue (NC), Canhy, 13 July 1896 (D). A. pubescens Wallr. (A. mollis (T. & G.) Britton.) Infrequent, in woods, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid- July to mid-Sept. A. platycarpa Wallr. Rare, in pine woods, Northampton County: s. of Kendall Grove, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5315, 13 Oct. 1935 (G, P) ; Eastville, Fernald <$• Long, 5314 (G). A. parvifiLora Ait. Common in fields, meadows and bottom lands, New Castle and Cecil Counties; rare farther south: near Easton (Ta), Earle, 1743, 3 Aug. 1938 (P), and 3013, 2 Sept. 1940 (P). Mid-July to mid-Sept. A. rostellata Wallr. Infrequent in rocky or sandy woods, Piedmont of New Castle County; rare on the Coastal Plain: % mi. s. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3468, 30 Aug. 1941 (P); 1% mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4347, 10 Aug. 1939 (T). Aug., Sept. Sanguisorba L. Burnet. S. canadensis L. Canada Burnet. Infrequent, in bogs, Coastal Plain of New Castle County. Aug., Sept. S. minor Scop. One known collection: near Dagsboro (S), Nuttall, June 1809 (A). Adv. from Eurasia. Rosa L. Rose. R. Eglanteria L. (R. ruhiginosa L.) Sweetbrier. Eglantine. ' An infrequent escape from gardens. Introd. from Europe. [145] IR^ /\J^' Rosa ROSACEAE Prunus R. gallica L. A garden rose, occasionally escaping from cultivation. Introd. from Europe. R. Carolina L. {R. humilis Marsh.) Frequent in swampy places, and in sandy pinelands, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late June, July. R. virginiana L. {R. lucida Ehrh.) Infrequent, in dry ground, chiefly Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: dry sand, Rehoboth (S), Commons, 1 Aug. 1895 (A). Mid- June to mid- July. ^ j^ R. palustris Marsh. Frequent in swampy places on the Coastal Plain, north of the Virginia line. June, July. Prunus L. Plum. Cherry. •^ W^P. serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Common throughout, in fencerows, woods and sands of the seashore. Mid-May to early June. 'HCi-w ( «' > P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Rare: near Smyrna (NC or K), locality uncertain, Commons, 10 May 1894 (A). May, early June. P. pensylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. One known collection: near Chestertown (Ke), E. G. Vanatta, 4 Aug. 1904 (A). P. insititia L. Bulla ce Plum. Infrequent; hedgerows and open ground on the Coastal Plain of New Castle County. Adv. from Eurasia. Lu W'P. maritima Wang. Beach Plum. Common on dunes and beaches of Sussex County. Fl. April; frt. Sept. -^ P. angustifolia Marsh. (P. Chicasa Mx.) Chickasaw Plum. Rather frequent; Piedmont, and Coastal Plain north of the Virginia line. Early May. A southern species, apparently near its northern limit in New Castle County. [146] Prunus ROSACEAE— LEGUMINOSAE Gleditsia P. Mahaleb L. Mahaleb Cherry. Escaping from cultivation; collected at several localities about Wilmington, chiefly on the banks of the Brandy wine Creek, by Canhy and by E. Tatnall, between 1896 and 1900 (D). Introd. from Europe. P. Avium L. Sweet Cherry. Cultivated, and frequently escaping to hedgerows and margins of woods. Introd. from Eurasia. P. Cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Hedgerows and woods, escaping from cultivation in northern New Castle County. Introd. from Europe. P. americana Marsh. Wild Plum. Frequent in thickets, meadows and pine woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain, at least as far south as Sussex County. Fl. Mid- April, early May. P. Padus L. European Bird Cherry. Rare, in cultivation or escaped: Mount Cuba (NC), A. McElwee, 6 May 1893 (A); Hillcrest (suburb of Wilmington), in a lawn on Marsh Road, ca. 100 yards e. of Philadelphia Pike, (D. Y. Liver- sidge), R. R. Tatnall, 5085, 5 May 1944 (T, A). Amygdalus L. A. Persica L. {Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes.) Peach. Frequently escaping from cultivation to roadsides and waste places. Fl. April. Introd. from Asia. LEGUMINOSAE (Pulse Family) Gymnocladus Lam. G. dioica (L.) Koch. Kentucky Coffee Tree. Planted, and occasionally spontaneous: roadside, Marshallton (NC), "self-grown seedling," Otis, in 1916 (A). Gleditsia L. G. triacanthos L. Honey Locust. Widely planted, and sometimes escaping. [147] Cassia LEGUMINOSAE Baptisia Cassia L. Senna. C. hebecarpa Fern, (C. marilandica L. See Rhodora 39, 410-413. 1937.) Common in the Piedmont ; occasional farther south : ditch bank, Union ville (Ta), Earle, 3597, 22 June 1942 (A). July, Aug. C. marilandica L. (C Medsgeri Shafer.) One collection: alluvial soil, Noxontown Pond, near Middletown (NC), Commons, 9 Oct. 1896 (A). \ C. fasciculata Mx. (C Chamaecrista L. of manuals.) Partridge Pea. Common in sandy soil, from the Fall Line southward to Acco- mac County. Late July to mid-Sept. b> ^'^^^^ ^|>' ;*i C. nictitans L. Wild Sensitive Plant. Common throughout; fields, roadsides and moist dune hollows. Late July to mid-Sept. Var. hebecarpa Fern. See Rhodora 38, 423. 1936. Rare, in sandy soil: Oldtown Neck (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5316 (P). Cercis L. C. canadensis L. Judas Tree. Red-Bud. Common in rich, rocky woods of Cecil County; especially along the Susquehanna River and its tributaries; occasional in the Pied- mont region of New Castle County: rich woods near Centreville (NC), Commons in 1865 and later (A, G); fields w. of Newark, Canby in 1892 (D); rare on the Coastal Plain: Middle Neck, woods along Great Bohemia Creek (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 1064, 3 May 1931 (T), and Long, 37303, 7 May 1932 (A); along Sassafras River, Grove Point (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 2442, 13 Oct. 1934 (T); along Kings Creek, n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1341, 24 April 1937 (P); 4}4 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2781, 5 July 1940 (P). April, mid-May. Baptisia Vent. False Indigo. \\a B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo. Common throughout; fields, open woods and coastal dunes. June, July. Jv^ Ci" c V C<) / {^^ '■ '' r [ 148 ] Baptisia LEGUMINOSAE Lupinus Var. crebra Fern. Rhodora 39, 414-415. 1937. Rare: near Centreville (NC), Commons, 24 July 1883 (A); Elk Neck (Ce), W. L. Abbott, 18 June 1923 (A, G); 3^ mi. n. of Accomac, F. M. Jones, 29 June 1928 (Missouri Bot. Card.); woods w. of Wilmington, Tidestrom, 11514 (G); swampy woods s. of Kendall Grove (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5318 (P). B. alba (L.) R. Br. Local, in Accomac County: open pine woods 33^ mi. n. of Accomac, F. M. Jones, Aug. 1923 (P), F. M. Jones & R. R. Tatnall, 36, 31 May 1928, and several later numbers (T, G, P, A) ; True, 29 June 1928 (P); H. N. Moldenke, 19 May 1930 (P, US); pine woods 1 mi. s. of Accomac, R. R. Tatnall, 4209, 9 June 1939 (T). The species here reaches its northern limit in the U. S. (See Larisey, "Monograph of the Genus Baptisia," Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 27, 167-169. 1940.) Fl. late May to mid-June. X B. pinetorum Larisey (1. c. 189-190). {B. tinctoria var. crebra X B. alba.) Local: open pine woods 33^ mi. n. of Accomac, F. M. Jones, 29 June 1928 (TYPE, Herb. Missouri Bot. Gard.); True, 29 June 1928 (P) ; Moldenke, 1254, 19 May 1930 (P) ; R. R. Tatnall, 2656, 4 June 1935 (T, G). Late May to mid- June. Crotalaria L. C. sagittalis L. Rattle Box. Frequent in sandy soil, throughout, except near the coast. Late June to late Aug. Cytisus L. 1/ txtJ. scoparius (L.) Link. Scotch Broom. Widely planted on the banks of Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, and escaping. Mid-May to mid- June. i> v^> ^ v -i^ Lupinus L. L. perennis L. Lupine. Infrequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, from Cecil and southern New Castle Counties southward to Wicomico County. May, mid-June. [ 149 ] )t H. Trifolium LEGUMINOSAE Trifolium Trifolium L. Clover. T. arvense L. Rabbit-foot Clover. Frequent in dry, sandy soil and moist dune hollows of the Coastal Plain. Mid-June, July. Nat, from Europe. ,^ • '. i T. incarnatum L. Crimson Clover, Occasionally naturalized about fields, New Castle and Kent Counties, Del. Introd. from Europe. T. pratense L. Red Clover. Escaped from cultivation to fields and roadsides. June, July. Introd. from Europe. -. ' T. repens L. White Clover. Frequently escaping from cultivation, to fields and roadsides. Fl. all summer. Introd. from Europe. T. hybridum L. Alsike Clover. Rather frequent on roadsides and in fields, Cecil, New Castle and Sussex Counties. May to Sept. Introd. from Europe. T. carolinianum Mx. One collection: sandy soil, Milton (S), Commons, 17 Aug. 1899 (A). T. agrarium L. Hop Clover. Large Yellow Clover. Frequent in the Piedmont region; rare on the Coastal Plain: Assateague Island (Ac), True, 28 June 1928 (P); pine woods. Savage Neck (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3380, 1 June 1937 (T). Fl. all summer. Nat. from Europe. T. procumbens L. Low Hop Clover. Frequent in the Piedmont of New Castle County; rare south- ward to Talbot County: n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2772, 5 July 1940 (P), and 3244, 17 May 1941 (A). Fl. all summer. Nat. from Europe. T. dubium Sibth. (T. procumbens var. minus of Gray's Man., ed. 6.) Infrequent, in sandy soil chiefly south of the Fall Line. Fl. all summer. Nat. from Europe. [150] Melilotus LEGUMINOSAE Amorpha Melilotus Hill. Melilot. •i' M. officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Melilot. Common on roadsides and waste ground of the Piedmont; one collection on the Coastal Plain: 4 mi. w. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3383, 5 July 1941 (P). Fl. all summer. Nat. from Europe. M. indica (L.) All. Waste ground at Wilmington, Commons & Tatnall, 18 June 1897 (A, D). Adv. from Eurasia. • \ M. alba Desr. White Melilot. Common in the Piedmont area of New Castle County; less frequent on the Coastal Plain, southward at least to Talbot and Sussex Counties. Fl. all summer. Nat. from Europe. Medicago L. Medick. M. sativa L. Alfalfa. Frequently escaping from cultivation, and becoming established on roadsides. Introd. from Europe. M. falcata L. Occasional in streets of Wilmington, where collected by Commons in 1897 and 1898 (A) ; not seen since. Adv. from Europe. T" r.- ' i^wv- •^- Phaseolus LEGUMINOSAE Amphicarpa Phaseolus L. Kidney Bean. P. polystachios (L.) BSP. See Rhodora 44, 419. 1942. Infrequent in thickets, New Castle County, in both Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July, Aug. Vigna Savi. Cow Pea. V. sinensis (L.) Endl. Rare escape from cultivation: near Milford (S), Commons, 12 Aug. 1897 (A); Franklin City (Ac), S. Brown, 22 Sept. 1907 (A). Introd. from Asia. Strophostyles Ell. V S. helvola (L.) Britton. Frequent; stream banks, marshes and coastal sands, throughout. Aug. .SviLA-S^V C<\ S. umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. Infrequent, on serpentine soil, New Castle and Cecil Counties; frequent on dry, sandy soil, coastal dunes and borders of brackish marshes, southward to northern Accomac County. Aug., early Sept. Clitoria L. Butterfly Pea. C. mariana L. Frequent on dry, sandy soil of the Coastal Plain; rare on rocky hillsides of the Piedmont: bank of Brandy wine Creek at Bancroft's dam, R, R. Tatnall, 22 July 1886, and later collections (T, G, A). Glycine L. G. Soja Sieb. & Zucc. Soya Bean. Escaping from cultivation, to roadsides and fields. Introd. from Asia. Centrosema Benth. Spurred Butterfly Pea. C. virginianum (L.) Benth. Infrequent, in dry, sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, from northern Accomac County northward to Talbot and Queen Anne's Counties. July to mid-Sept. Amphicarpa Ell. Hog Peanut. A. bracteata (L.) Fern. {A. monoica (L.) Ell. See Rhodora 35, 276. 1933.) [159] Amphicarpa LEGUMINOSAE— LINACEAE Linum Common in rich woods of the Piedmont; rarely or seldom col- lected on the Coastal Plain: two stations near Easton (Ta), Earle, 3088 and 3121, both in 1940 (P); one station in Wicomico County: 3 mi. n. e. of Whitehaven, A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 3985, 8 Sept. 1938 (T). Aug., early Sept. Var. comosa (L.) Fern, {A. Pitcheri T, & G. See Rhodora 39, 318. 1937.) Infrequent in the Piedmont of New Castle County; rare on the Coastal Plain: 1}/^ mi. s. of Bohemia Mills (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 2093, 30 Sept, 1933, and 2813, 15 Sept. 1935 (T, P, A, G); 2 mi. s. s. e. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3491, 1 Sept. 1941 (P). Mid-July to mid-Sept. Galactia P. Br. Milk Pea. ^ G. regularis (L.) BSP. (G. glabella Mx.) Frequent in dry, sandy pinelands, Sussex, Wicomico and Worcester Counties ; one doubtful collection in New Castle County : "Brandywine," /. C. Martindale in 1867. July, mid-Aug. G. volubilis (L.) Britton. Rare in the Piedmont of New Castle County: dry, wooded hillsides along Brandywine Creek, Commons in 1874 (A) ; infrequent in dry sand of the Coastal Plain: Salisbury (Wi), Canby, 21 July 1893 (D); Georgetown (S), C. S. Williamson, 5 July 1908 (A). Pueraria DC. P. Thunbergiana (S. & Z.) Benth. Kudzu Vine. Escaping from cultivation, and running and climbing over wide areas: Bancroft's Banks, Wilmington; Rehoboth (S), etc. Rhynchosia Lour. R. tomentosa (L.) Hook. & Arn. (R. erecta (Walt.) DC. See Rhodora 44, 421-425, 1942.) Infrequent in dry, sandy woods. Coastal Plain, from Eastville (No) to Kent (Del.) and Caroline Counties. Aug. LINACEAE (Flax Family) Linum L. Flax. L. usitatissimum L. Common Flax. Cultivated, and sometimes escaping to roadsides. Introd. from Europe. [160] Linum LINACEAE— OXALIDACEAE Oxalis L. striatum Walt. Frequent in bogs, meadows and wet woods of the Coastal Plain, northward from Worcester County; rare in the Piedmont: Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Carter, 11 July 1908 (A). Late June to mid- Aug. L. virginianum L. Frequent in dry, usually sandy, ground. Coastal Plain. Mid- June to early Aug. , L. medium (Planch.) Britton. Common in dry sandy soil, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain south- ward to northern Accomac County. Late June to Aug. L. intercursum Bicknell. Infrequent; New Castle and Cecil Counties, in dry soil. Late June to mid- Aug. L. floridanum (Trel.) Planch. Known only from coastal sands of northern Accomac County: Chincoteague and Assateague Islands, True, June 1928 (P). OXALIDACEAE (Wood Sorrel Family) Oxalis L. Wood Sorrel. O. violacea L. Violet Wood Sorrel. Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain southward to Talbot County (Earle). May to early July. f^ O. striata L. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Frequent on the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex and Dorchester Counties; occasional farther south: Kipto- peke (No), R. R. Tatnall, 1793, 28 May 1933 (T); Savage Neck (No), Fernald & Long, 5341, 11 Oct. 1935 (forma viridiflora (Hus) Fern. (G, T, P, U). Early May through the summer. fiX^^U/U^ O. florida Salisb. (0. filipes Small.) Slender Yellow Wood Sorrel. Infrequent; Coastal Plain southward to Worcester County. Early May to July. O. europaea Jord. {Xanthoxalis cymosa Small.) Infrequent, Piedmont and Coastal Plain, in Cecil, Kent (Del.) and Talbot Counties (Earle). Late May, through the summer. /t^'^- [ 161 ] Oxalis OXALIDACEAE— GERANIACEAE Geranium O. corniculata L. (0. repens Thunb.) Infrequent, from northern New Castle County, southward to Kent (Del.) and Talbot Counties (Earle). Mid-May through the summer. GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family) Geranium L. Cranesbill. G. maculatum L. Wild Cranesbill. Common in woods and fields, in both provinces of the two northern counties; rare or neglected farther south: 4 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2753, 5 July 1940 (P). Late April to early June. G. Robertianum L. Herb Robert. Rare, in woods bordering estuaries of Chesapeake Bay : Bivalve (Do), J. J. Carter, 12 June 1906 (A); Miles River, 3M mi. w. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3762, 6 Sept. 1942 (A, P). G. carolinianum L. Common; woods, fields and rocky banks, Piedmont, and south- ward on the Coastal Plain to Sussex and Dorchester Counties. May, early June. G. pusillum Burm. f. Waste ground and tidal shores about Wilmington; not collected since 1866. Adv. from Europe. G. molle L. One known collection: at bridge 1 mi. e. of Willards (Wi), Earle, 2007, 1 May 1939 (Herb. Earle). Adv. from Europe. G. columbinum L. Long-stalked Cranesbill. Infrequent; Piedmont of Cecil County, and southward to northern Sussex County. Late May, June. Nat. from Europe. G. dissectum L. Rare, in waste or cultivated ground in the southern part of the Peninsula: streets of Accomac village (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 334, 1 June 1929 (T, G); fields 2 mi. s. of Princess Anne (So), R. R. Tat- nall, 1145, 31 May 1931 (T). Adv. from Europe. [162] Erodium GERANIACEAE— POLYGALACEAE Polygala Erodium L'H^r. Storksbill. f- V I E. cicutarium (L.) L'H6r. Frequent, chiefly in cultivated ground, from the Fall Line southward to Accomac County. Late March, April. Nat. from Europe. ^.,-^ RUTACEAE (Rue Family) Zanthoxylum L. Prickly Ash. Z. americanum Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. One collection: rocky wooded slope n, of Rockland (NC), Long, 32297, 14 May 1925 (A). Z. Clava-Herculis L. Southern Prickly Ash. "Toothache Tree." Infrequent in Accomac and Northampton Counties, near the shore. Fl. late May, June. Ptelea L. P. trifoliata L. Shrubby Trefoil. An occasional escape in waste ground about Wilmington. SIMARUBACEAE (Quassia Family) Ailanthus Desf. Tree-of-Heaven. A. altissima Swingle. (A. glandulosa Desf.) Common about Wilmington, and elsewhere; usually spontane- ous. Introd. from Asia. MELIACEAE (Mahogany Family) Melia L. M. Azedarach L. China-berry Tree. Pride-of-India. Cultivated, and sometimes spontaneous in Northampton County: edge of pine woods n. of Kendall Grove, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5357 (P). Nat. from the Himalayas. POLYGALACEAE (Milkwort Family) Polygala L. Milkwort. P. paucifolia Willd. Fringed Polygala. Very rare, in the Piedmont of New Castle County; known from a single station: J4 mi. n. of Mt. Cuba Station, on railroad bank, [163] Polygala POLYGALACEAE Polygala where first discovered by William Tatnall, Jr., in May 1890 (D) ; many later collections (A, P, T, U). Early May. P. Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Formerly rather frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont; now rare or perhaps extinct in our range: wooded slope just s. of Guyen- court Station (NO), Long, 27524, 23 June 1923 (A); and Mary H. Williams, 1 June 1924 (A). P. incarnata L, Rare in the Piedmont area: Milltown (NO), Commons in 1863, (A); frequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, especially in dry pine woods. Late June to mid-Oct. P. sanguinea L, (P. viridescens L.) Common in wet places. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Wicomico County. Mid-June to mid-Oct. P. mariana Mill. Common in dry woods and fields, and also in wet meadows. Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to southern Accomac County. Late June to mid-Oct. P. Nuttallii T. & G. Frequent in open, sandy soil, from just above the Fall Line to Worcester and Somerset Counties. Mid-July to mid-Oct. P. Curtissii Gray. Rare, in open sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: Elkton (Ce), /. J. Carter, 29 July 1884 (A, P); near the pond, Goldsboro (Ca), Otis, 13 Aug. 1924 (D); head of Choptank Pond, 1 mi. e. of Henderson (Ca), Otis, 18 Aug. 1924 (A). July, Aug. P. cruciata L. Frequent in wet sandy places and brackish meadows of the Coastal Plain; chiefly in the eastern half of the Peninsula. Late July to mid-Oct. P. verticillata L. var. isocycla Fern. Rhodora 40, 334. 1938. Infrequent in dry fields. Piedmont, and southward to Wicomico County; also in coastal dune hollows in Sussex County. Mid- July through Sept. [ 164 ] Polygala POLYGALACEAE— EUPHORBIAC. Crotonopsis Var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood. (P. ambigua Nutt, See Rhodora 42, 460. 1940.) Frequent in the Piedmont, chiefly in dry barrens, including serpentine; one station on the Coastal Plain: roadside, Ches- wold (K), /. H. Holmes, 18 Aug. 1890 (D). P. lutea L. Orange Milkwort. Common in moist, sandy places, Caroline and Sussex Counties, and southward to Cape Charles. Late May to early Oct. P. ramosa Ell. Pine-barren Milkwort. Locally abundant in moist meadows: Felton (K), Canhy in 1867 and 1870 (D, A, P, U); Ellendale, Commons, 16 Aug. 1877 (A), and later collectors. July to Sept. P. cymosa Walt. Tall Pine-barren Milkwort. Infrequent in ditches and meadows, Kent (Del.) and Sussex Counties. July to early Sept. This and the last preceding species appear to reach their north- ern limit in Kent Co., Del. EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family) Croton L. C. glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Muell. Arg. Rare, in waste ground: New Castle, Commons, 2 Oct. 1866, (A); sand pit just west of bridge over Choptank River, 1 mi. s. of Chop- tank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 5144, 27 Sept. 1944 (T, A). C. capitatus Mx. One collection: cultivated ground, 1^ mi. s. w. of Unionville (Ta), Earle, 3671, 30 July 1942 (A, P). C. texensis Muell. Arg. One collection: dry sand, Seaford (S), Commons, 10 Sept. 1896 (A). Adv. from southwestern U. S. Crotonopsis Mx. C. elliptica Willd. (C. linearis Mx.) On barrens and dry sterile soil of the Coastal Plain; rare north- ward: Grays Hill barrens, near Elkton (Ce), Long, 27 June 1928 (A); and R. R. Tatnall, 1320, 10 Oct. 1931 (T); common southward to Wicomico County, especially on railroad ballast. Aug., Sept. [165] Mercurialis EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia Mercurialis L. M. annua L. A waif from Europe, collected by E. Tatnall and by A. Commons, on a wharf at Wilmington, in 1897 (A, D, U). Acalypha L. Three-seeded Mercury. See Weatherby: Rhodora 29, 193-204 (1927), and 39, 14-16 (1937). A. rhomboidea Raf. {A. virginica of authors.) Common in the northern counties; rare or neglected southward: Salisbury (Wi), Tidestrom, 7444, in 1914 (U); ditch 13^ mi. n. of Cheriton (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3518, 3 Oct. 1937 (T). July to Mid- Sept. A. gracilens Gray. Infrequent in dry woods and fields, throughout our area. Early Aug., Sept. A. virginica L. {A.digyneia'RaS.) Frequent in woods and waste ground of the Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain, at least to Wicomico County. Aug., Sept. Ricinus L. Castor-oil Plant. R. communis L. An occasional escape from cultivation, New Castle County. Phyllanthus L. P. caroliniensis Walt. Infrequent in alluvial or moist sandy soil of the Coastal Plain; rare in the Piedmont: Conowingo (Ce), Van Pelt, 1 Sept. 1909 (A). Aug. to early Oct. Walter (Fl. Car., 228 (1788)) spelled the specific name as above. Euphorbia L. Spurge. ^ / "E. polygonifolia L. Seaside Spurge. Common on sea beaches of the Coastal Plain; one inland sta- tion: Ellendale (S), C. S. Williamson, 29 Aug. 1908 (A). Early Aug. into Oct. J, t^<,j. ^_A V [ 166 ] Euphorbia EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia E. maculata L. (E. Preslii Gussoni; E. nutans Lag. See Wheeler: Rhodora 43, 143-150. 1941.) Frequent as a weed in fields and waste places, Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces. Aug. into Oct. 4^ E. supina Raf. (E. maculata of Am. authors. Wheeler 1. c, p. 254.) Common weed of waste and cultivated ground and sandy shores. July into Oct. ^w- .( E. hexagona Nutt. One known collection: waste ground in Wilmington, Commons, 8 Aug. 1899 (A, D). Probably adv. from western U. S. E. corollata L. Flowering Spurge. Frequent in open sandy soil. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain north of the Virginia line. June to Aug. E. marilandica Greene. Rare: bank of Choptank River, near Goldsboro (Ca), Otis, 13 Aug. 1924 (D, A, P, G). E. Ipecacuanhae L. Frequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. May. E. purpurea (Raf.) Fern. {E. Darlingtonii Gray. See Fernald: Rhodora 34, 25-26. 1932.) Rare, in the Piedmont province: Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Car- ter, June 1869 (A); "swamp west of Hockessin" (NC), Commons, 8 June 1881 (A); along brook 1 mi. w. of Porters Bridge (Ce), Long, 32160, 2 May 1925 (A); woods 13^ mi. n. of Rowlandsville (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 203, 23 Sept. 1928 (T). E. Helioscopia L. Wart weed. Occasional escape from cultivation: roadside n. e. of Pocomoke (Wo), Moldenke, 19 May 1930 (P); field 2 mi. s. of Princess Anne (So), R. R. Tatnall, 1148, 31 May 1931 (T, G). Nat. from Europe. E. Cjrparissias L. Cypress Spurge. Infrequent escape from cultivation, New Castle and Talbot Counties, and probably elsewhere. Introd. from Europe. E. Peplus L. Petty Spurge. Rare: shipyard in Wilmington, Canby in 1863 (A), and E. Tai- [ 167 ] Euphorbia CALLITRICHAC— ANACARDIACEAE Rhus nail, 30 Oct. 1897 (D). Adv. from Europe, probably on ship's ballast. E. Lathyrus L. Caper Spurge. Infrequent escape from cultivation in the northern counties. Introd. from Europe. E. falcata L. One collection: on ballast of abandoned railroad at east end of Vienna bridge, 2^ mi. w. of Mardela Springs (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 4580, 2 Aug. 1940 (T, A). Adv. from Europe. CALLITRICHACEAE (Water Starwort Family) Callitriche L. Water Starwort. C. Austin! Engelm. (C. deflexa A. Br. var. Austini (Engelm.) Hegelm.) Infrequent in shaded muddy places. Piedmont and Coastal Plain in the northern portion. Frt. June. C. palustris L. Infrequent, in shallow water, Piedmont of New Castle County, and southward on the Coastal Plain to northern Accomac County. Frt. late May, early June. C. heterophylla Pursh. Common in ponds, ditches and slow streams, throughout the Peninsula. Frt. mid-April through July. LIMNANTHACEAE (False Mermaid Family) Floerkea Willd. False Mermaid. F. proserpinacoides Willd. Common in moist alluvial soil, northern New Castle and Cecil Counties. Early May. ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family) Rhus L. Sumac. R. typhina L. {R. hirta (L.) Sudw.) Staghorn Sumac. Infrequent, in dry soil. New Castle and Cecil Counties; less common farther south: 2 mi. n. e. of Longwoods (Ta), R. R. [168] Rhus ANACARDIACEAE— AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex Tatnall, 2952, 4 June 1936 (T); 4 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1753, 3 Aug. 1938 (P). June. R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac. Common in dry soil of the Piedmont; seldom collected on the Coastal Plain: near Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2239, in 1939 (P). June, July. ^^ y » R. copallina L. Dwarf Sumac. Common in dry soil, salt marshes and coastal sands, practically throughout the Peninsula. July, Aug. J vx _v t -'-^ R. Vernix L. (R. venenata DC.) Swamp Sumac. Poison Sumac. Frequent in swampy ground, chiefly on the Coastal Plain near the Fall Line; seldom collected farther south. Late May through June. / R. radicans L. See Fernald: Rhodora 43, 589-599. 1941. Poison Ivy. Common everywhere. May, June. v v,A C ^-Cr ^ r< R. Toxicodendron L. (R. quercifolia (Mx.) Steud. See Fernald, 1. c.) Poison Oak. Less common than the last, in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain. AQUIFOLIACEAE (Holly Family) Ilex L. Holly. I. opaca Ait. American Holly. Common from Cape Charles northward on the Coastal Plain, where it frequently attains a diameter of a foot or more ; less frequent in the Piedmont. Fl. May, June. e.^ I. vomitoria Ait. Cassena. Yaupon. Rare, in southern Northampton County: south shore of Old Plantation Creek, w. of Capeville, Mrs. R. R. Tatnall (R. R. T. 1796), 28 May 1933 (A, P, T, G), and later collections; near Town- send, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5354, in 1935 (G, P, T). Fl. May. /**■ I. verticillata (L.) Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. Common in moist thickets, from the Pennsylvania line south- ward at least to Worcester County. Fl. mid-June to early July. Ilex CELASTRACEAE— ACERACEAE Acer I. laevigata (Pursh) Gray. Smooth Winterberry. Frequent in swampy ground, from the Fall Line southward to Accomac County, apparently avoiding the coast. Fl. May, early June. I. glabra (L.) Gray. Ink Berry. Common in swampy ground and on coastal sands, Sussex County and southward; rare in s. e. New Castle County, in and near the Cedar Swamp: Commons & Tatnall, in 1863 (A, D); Long, 57772, in 1942 (A). Fl. June. CELASTRACEAE (Staff Tree Family) Evonymus L. E. atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Infrequent, in the Piedmont province, in alluvial soil and on rocky hillsides. Fl. June. E. americanus L. Burning Bush. Strawberry Tree. Common in rich woods, and in sandy pinelands, throughout the Peninsula, but usually avoiding the coast. Fl. late May, early June. CelastrusL. ^' v^ f ' ^l>t/< '' V C. scandens L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Frequent in thickets and hedgerows of the Piedmont; less com- mon southward to Talbot and Caroline Counties. Fl. late May, June. S^^ *. ^ / iO V STAPHYLEACEAE (Bladder Nut Family) Staphylea L. S. trifolia L. American Bladder Nut. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont. Late April j May. ACERACEAE (Maple Family) Acer L. Maple. A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. Rare in the Piedmont of New Castle County: near Granogue Station, Canhy in 1897 (D); rocky slope above Rockland, Long, 32291, 14 May 1925 (A). April. [170] !\ Acer SAPINDACEAE— BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens Var. nigrum (Mx. f.) Britton. Black Sugar Maple. Rare: roadside near Guyencourt (NC), Commons in 1873 and 1893 (A). A. saccharinum L. (A. dasycarpum Ehrh.) Silver Maple. Infrequent, on streambanks and roadsides, chiefly in the Pied- mont province. March, April. 4/ t A' rubrum L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Common along streams and in wet places of the Piedmont; less frequent southward on the Coastal Plain to Accomac County. Late March, April. ^ v, ^.^i. ■ tvi^-^ /**. Var. trilobum K. Koch. (Var. tridens Wood. See Rhodora 47, 217. 1945.) Infrequent, in the northern part of the Coastal Plain. A. platanoides L. Norway Maple. "Well naturahzed" at one station: wooded bank near Southwood (NC), Long, 39578, 22 April 1933 (A). Introd. from Europe. A. Negundo L. (Negundo aceroides Moench.) Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. Along streams; common in the Piedmont; less so southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. April. SAPINDACEAE (Soap Berry Family) Cardiospermum L. C. Halicacabum L. Balloon Vine. Escaping from cultivation, and persisting in waste ground in Wilmington. Introd. from tropical America. BALSAMINACEAE (Touch-me-not Family) Impatiens L. Balsam. Jewel Weed. I. pallida Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Infrequent, in moist ground of the Piedmont area. July to early Sept. I. biflora Walt. (/. fulva Nutt.) Jewel Weed. Spotted Touch- me-not. Common in moist ground, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Worcester County. July to early Sept. [171] Berchemia RHAMNACEAE— VITACEAE Vitis RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family) Berchemia Necker. B. scandens (Hill) Trel. Supple Jack. Known only fron Chincoteague Island (Ac), where it climbs over shrubs on the low ridges between "swales," just w. of the village: Canhy in 1878 (A); True in 1926 (P); F. M. Jones & R. R. Tatnall, 329, 31 May 1929 (T, G). Late May, early June. Rhamnus L. Buckthorn. R. cathartica L. Planted for hedges, and escaping to waste ground and roadsides about Wilmington. Introd. from Europe. Ceanothus L. C. americanus L. New Jersey Tea. In dry open woods; frequent in the Piedmont area; occasional southward on the Coastal Plain: Ellendale (S), Canhy, July 1893 (D); H. K. Henry, 10 June 1929 (P); pine woods s. of Accomac (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4212, 9 June 1939 (T); near Goldsboro (Ca), Otis, 13 Aug. 1924 (A). Early June, July. Var. intermedius (Pursh) K. Koch. Two mi. s. e. of North East (Ce), Long, 54405, 30 May 1940 (A). "First between New England and Virginia." VITACEAE (Grape Family) Parthenocissus Planch. ] i> P. quinquefolia (L.) Planch. {Psedera quinquefoUa (L.) Greene.) Virginia Creeper. Frequent in woods and thickets of the Piedmont; common in hedgerows, margins of woods and coastal sands, southward to Accomac County. Fl. early June through July. K*-Jucj*vi • Vitis L. Grape. V. Labrusca L. Northern Fox Grape. Common in moist thickets, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. FI. late May, early June. Frt. Sept., Oct. [172] Vitis TILIACEAE— MALVACEAE Sida V. aestivalis Mx. Summer Grape. Thickets, throughout; common in the Piedmont, and southward to Wicomico County; less frequent south of the Virginia line. Fl. late May, June; frt. Sept., Oct. V. vulpina L. ( V. cordifolia Mx. See Rhodora 41, 431-434. 1939.) Chicken Grape. Thickets; frequent in the Piedmont; less common southward to Talbot County. Fl. June; frt. Sept., Oct. V. riparia Mx. ( V. vulpina of authors.) Frost Grape. Rare, on the Coastal Plain: Ocean City (Wo), Canby, 804, without date (U). V. rotundifolia Mx. Muscadine. Southern Fox Grape. Common in thickets and on river banks, Cape Charles, and northward to southern Sussex County. Fl. late May, early June; frt. Sept. A southern species, reaching its northern limit in Sussex County, Del. TILIACEAE (Linden Family) Tilia L. T. americana L. American Linden. Basswood. Frequent on stream banks in the Piedmont of New Castle County. Late June, early July. MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) Abutilon Mill. Indian Mallow. A. Theophrasti Medic. (A. Avicennae Gaertn.) Common weed of cultivated and waste ground. Aug., Sept. Nat. from India. Modiola Moench. M. caroliniana (L.) G. Don. One collection: waif on a wharf in Wilmington, Tatnall & Commons, 6 Nov. 1897 (A). Probably introduced from south- eastern U. S. Sida L. S. hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. Rare: on railroad right-of-way, bank of Susquehanna River, 1^ [ 173 ] Sida MALVACEAE Hibiscus mi. n. of Bald Friar Station, at the extreme n. w. corner of Cecil County, L. F. A. Tanger, 3393, 20 July 1939 (A, P); and R. R. Tatnall, 4554, 27 July 1940 (T, G, A). Late July. S. spinosa L. A weed in cultivated ground and pastures; infrequent in the Piedmont area; occasional on the Coastal Plain: Ocean City (Wo), Canhy in 1894 (D); near Easton (Ta), Earle, 3028, 2 Sept. 1940 (P). Nat. from tropical America. Althaea L. A. rosea Cav. Hollyhock. Cultivated, and escaping to waste ground in New Castle County, and probably elsewhere. Malva L. Mallow. M. neglecta Wallr. {M. rotundifolia L. See Rhodora 39, 98-99. 1937.) Cheeses. A frequent weed about farm yards. July, Aug. Nat. from Europe. M. verticillata L. Curled Mallow. One collection: waste ground, Wilmington, Commons, 19 June 1898 (A). Adv. from Europe. M. sylvestris L. High Mallow. Infrequent escape from cultivation in New Castle County; also in a cultivated field 2 mi. s. of Princess Anne (So), R. R. Tatnall, 1147, 31 May 1931 (T, P, G). Introd. from Europe. M. moschata L. Musk Mallow. Infrequent; fields and roadsides, northern New Castle County. Mid-June to mid-Aug. Nat. from Europe. Kosteletzkya Presl. ^1 ^ K. virginica (L.) Presl. Common on borders of sa,lt marshes, from central New Castle County at least as far south as northern Accomac County. Late Aug., Sept. ^ y ■ Hibiscus L. H. syriacus L. Shrubby Althaea. Rose of Sharon. Frequently escaping from cultivation in New Castle County. Introd. from western Asia. [174] Hibiscus TERNSTROEMIAC— HYPERICAC. Hypericum p» H. palustris L. (H. Moscheutos L. H. oculirosev^ Britton.) Rose Mallow. Swamp Mallow. Common on the Coastal Plain, in marshes near the coast, and on river banks, usually in salt or brackish water. Late July to early Sept. H. Trionum L, Flower-of-an-hour. Rather frequent in cultivated and waste ground. Aug., Sept. Nat. from Europe. TERNSTROEMIACEAE (Tea or Camellia Family) Stewartia L. S. Malachodendron L. One station: "head of Messongo Creek" (Ac), Ellis Mears, in 1886 (G, A). Fl. mid-June. Not found in recent years, although carefully searched for. HYPERICACEAE (St. Johnswort Family) Ascyrum L. A. stans Mx. St. Peter's-wort. Frequent in low ground of the Coastal Plain; pinelands, dune hollows along the coast, and borders of salt marshes. Late July to mid-Sept. A. Hypericoides L. var. multicaule (Mx.) Fern. See Rhodora 38, 430-433. 1936. St. Andrew's Cross. Common in dry, sandy soil of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. July, mid- Aug. Var. oblongifolium (Spach) Fern. Infrequent; dry, sandy soil, Northampton and Accomac Counties. Hypericum L. St. John's-wort. H. Ascjrron L. Great St. John's-wort. Rare, on islands in the Susquehanna River: Conowingo, /. Crawford, 27 July 1924 (A). Locality now submerged. V H. perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. Common weed in dry ground; fields and roadsides. June. Nat. from Europe. [175] Hypericum HYPERICACEAE Hypericum H. punctatum Lam. Common throughout, in swampy ground, and in borders of salt marshes; infrequent on rocky hillsides. July, early Aug. H. prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's-wort. Rare, in either wet or dry soil of the Piedmont and northern Coastal Plain: river shore, Conowingo, S. Brown, 1 Sept. 1909 (A), and Pennell, 1 July 1914 (A); railroad bank at Wilson station (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1913, 8 July 1933, and later collections (T, G, A, P). July. H. densiflorum Pursh. Infrequent in swampy places and on sandy river shores, from the Fall Line to Somerset County. July to early Sept. H. adpressum W. P. C. Barton. Infrequent in swamps and meadows of the Coastal Plain. July, Aug. H. ellipticum Hooker. Rare, on river shores of the Piedmont and northern Coastal Plain: Delaware River at Grubb's Landing (NC), Canby, June 1886 (D, A); North East (Ce), S. Brown, 4 July 1903 (A); river bed, Conowingo (Ce), E. B. Bartram, 4 July 1907 (A), and Pennell, 1 July 1914 (A), this locality now submerged. Mid-June, early July. ^yH. denticulatum Walt. var. ovalifolium (Britton) Blake. {H. virgatum Lam. var. ovalifolium Britton.) Frequent in ditches and wet meadows of Sussex County; one collection near Wilmington: "south side Christiana Creek," Com- mons, 16 Sept. 1899 (A). Early July to early Sept. H. boreale (Britton) Bicknell. Rare, in wet places in southern Delaware: Ellendale (S), C. S. Williamson, 29 Aug. 1908 (A) ; edge of Tubmill Pond (K), 2 mi. n. of Milford, R. R. Tatnall, 2760, 31 Aug. 1935 (T, P, G); dune hollows s. of Bethany Beach (S), Fogg, 11261, 28 Aug. 1936 (P). Early July, Aug. H. mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's-wort. Common throughout, in meadows, ditches and swampy woods. July to early Sept. [ 176 ] Hypericum HYPERICACEAE— ELATINACEAE Elatine H. gymnanthum Engelm. & Gray. Infrequent in low ground of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line to Worcester County. July. H. majus (Gray) Britton. One collection: "Christiana Hundred" (NC), Commons in 1872 (A). H. canadense L. Common throughout, in swampy woods, pond margins and dune hollows. July to early Sept. H. Dnimmondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. One collection: 23^ mi. s. w. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 4012, 1 Oct. 1944 (P, A). r H. gentianoides (L.) BSP. {H. Sarothra Mx.) Pineweed. Common in sandy soil throughout. Mid-June into Sept. iU-i. v*^« I I r H. virginicum L. Pink St. John's-wort. Frequent in swamps and margins of ponds, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Worcester County. Aug., early Sept. >-*..w ^ *- ^ •.. ^ / . H. petiolatum Walt. (H. tuhulosum Walt. var. Walteri (Gmel.) Lott. See Fernald: Rhodora 47, 217. 1945.) Large Pink St. John's-wort. Frequent in swamps and pond margins, throughout the Coastal Plain. Aug., early Sept. ELATINACEAE (Waterwort Family) Elatine L. Waterwort. E. americana (Pursh) Am. See Fernald: Rhodora 43, 208. 1941. Infrequent in tidal mud of the Coastal Plain, from New Castle and Cecil Counties to Wicomico County. Early June to mid-Oct. E. minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. Known only from the sandy shore of Wicomico River, near Salisbury (Wi), Canby, in 1863 and 1864 (A). [177] Helianthemum CISTACEAE Lechea CIST ACE AE (Rock-rose Family) Helianthemum Mill. Rock-rose. H. canadense (L.) Mx. Frostweed. Frequent on the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to northern Accomac County, in dry woods and thickets, and on open banks. Petaliferous fl. May to July. H. Bicknellii Fern. {H. majus of authors.) Infrequent, usually on serpentine soil, New Castle and Cecil Counties. Petaliferous fl. late May, June. H. propinquum Bicknell. Infrequent, in dry sand of the Coastal Plain, from near the Fall Line southward to Sussex and Wicomico Counties. Petaliferous fl. late May through June. Hudsonia L. I H. ericoides L. Pine Barren "Heather." Rare, in dry sandy soil of the seacoast: sandy pineland, Cape Henlopen (S), Commons in 1895 and 1898 (A); along the railroad, 3 mi. n. w. of Rehoboth (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2578, 30 May 1935 (T, P, G), and 3695, 16 May 1938 (T). Mid-May, early June. rtU'6 jH ^ H. tomentosa Nutt. Beach "Heather." Common on sands of the shore;i_Sussex and Worcester Counties; less frequent in Northampton and Accomac Counties. Mid-May to late May. Lechea L. Pinweed. See Hodgdon's monograph, with Key: Rhodora 40, 29-69 and 87-131 (1938). L. villosa Ell. Large Hairy Pinweed. Rare, in dry soil: Ellendale (S), Commons, 17 Aug. 1899 (A); Choptank Mills (K), Otis, 13 Aug. 1924 (A); grassy bank 1 mi. s. of Choptank Mills, R. R. Tatnall, 5151, 27 Sept. 1944 (T). Late July to Sept. L. minor L. Thyme-leaved Pinweed. Infrequent, in the Piedmont, chiefly on serpentine soil, and in dry sand of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Northampton County. Early Sept. to mid-Oct. [178] Lechea CISTACEAE— VIOLACEAE Viola if i v^ L. maritima Leggett. Beach Pinweed. Frequent in Sussex^and Worcester Counties, on coastal sands. Sept., early Oct:"^" "^ ^vw-^-T . Var. virginica Hodgdon. Rare: dunes on Savage Neck (No), s. w. of Eastville, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5377, 11 Oct. 1935. L. Leggettii Brit. & HoU. Common in dry sandy soil, throughout. Mid-July to early Sept. L. racemulosa Mx. Frequent in dry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Talbot and Sussex Counties. Aug. to mid-Sept. VIOLACEAE (Violet Family) Hybanthus Jacq. Green Violet. H. concolor (Forster) Spreng. (Cubelium concolor (Forster) Raf.) Infrequent, but locally abundant, on rocky slopes along the Brandy wine and Red Clay Creeks (NC), and the Susquehanna River (Ce), preferring the base of the slope. Early to late May. Viola L. Violet. Flowering dates refer to the petaliferous flowers. V. pedata L. Bird-foot Violet. Infrequent, on rocky banks of the Piedmont province; frequent on dry sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, southward at least to Sussex County. Late April to mid-May. Var. lineariloba DC. Similar habitats; on Elk Neck (Ce), on the Coastal Plain. V. cucuUata Ait. Blue Marsh Violet. In wet places; common from the Pennsylvania line southward at least to Sussex and Talbot Counties; one collection from northern Accomac County: swamp e. of W^attsville, R. R. Tatnall, 4450, 28 April 1940 (T). Mid- April, May. V. affinis LeConte. Infrequent along the Susquehanna River; rare on the Coastal [179] Viola VIOLACEAE Viola Plain: woods along Peachblossom Creek, s. of Easton (Ta), F. R. Fosberg, 14586, 16 April 1938 (P). Mid- April, May. V. papilionacea Pursh. Infrequent in woodlands of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: along Duffy Creek, s. e. of Cecilton (Ce), Benner, 7091, 16 May 1936 (A). Mid- April to mid-May. V. Stoneana House. Witmer Stone's Violet. Infrequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont, New Castle and Cecil Counties. May. V. palmata L. Infrequent, in northern New Castle County; rare farther south: 7 mi. w. of Princess Anne (So), F. R. Fosherg, 14593, 17 April 1938 (P); Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3543, 10 May 1942 (P). Late April, mid-May. V. triloba Schwein. Common in rich woodlands of the Piedmont province; infre- quent southward to Queen Anne's County. Late April, mid-May. V. sororia Willd. Infrequent, in woods and fields, New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late April, mid-May. V. hirsutula Brainerd. Infrequent, in dry or moist woods of the two northern Counties. Late April, May. V. fimbriatula J. E. Smith. Infrequent, in dry sandy soil, including serpentine. New Castle County; one collection from the Coastal Plain: ditch bank, Angola Neck (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2889, 9 May 1936 (T, P, A, G). Late April, mid-May. V. sagittata Ait. (Including var. glabra Pennell, in Bartonia No. 12, pp. 13-20. 1930.) Frequent in the Piedmont area, in moist woods and on dry banks, often on serpentine soil; less common in dry sand and brackish meadows, southward to Talbot and Sussex Counties; rare south of the Virginia line: Temperanceville (Ac), F. R. Fosherg, 14605, 18 April 1938 (P). Late April, mid-May. [180] Viola VIOLACEAE Viola V. emarginata (Nutt.) Leconte. Infrequent, on dry banks and in sandy pine woods and brackish meadows, from southern New Castle County to Northampton County. Late April to early June. V. Brittoniana Pollard. Rare in the Piedmont area; Mt. Cuba (NC), E. Tatnall in 1894 (D); frequent in sandy swamps and brackish meadows, southern New Castle County to Sussex County; one collection in Accomac County: dry sandy pineland, 2 mi. s. of Accomac, R. R. Tatnall, 3779, 22 May 1938 (T). Late April through May. V. lanceolata L. Lance-leaved Violet. Common in wet places, Piedmont and Coastal Plain, southward to Wicomico County; infrequent south of the Virginia line. Mid- April into June. V. primulifolia L. Primrose-leaved Violet. Common in swamps, ditches and wet woods, throughout. Late April to early June. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Sweet White Violet. Frequent in bogs and low woods of northern New Castle County; rare farther south: bog 23^ mi. s. of Milton (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3243, 11 April 1937 (T), and 4811, 25 April 1941 (A, G). Mid- April to late May. V. blanda Willd. Red-stemmed White Violet. Frequent in rocky woods, and on cold, wet banks of the Pied- mont; rare in the northern Coastal Plain area: New Castle, J. T. Penny-packer, 23 April 1892 (D). Mid- April, May. V. rotundifolia Mx. Round-leaved Violet. Early Yellow Violet. Cold, wet, shaded banks; rare: on a springy, north-facing road- side bank, Wooddale (NC), Commons in 1856, and many later collections by Commons and others (T, D, A, G) ; persisting at this station up to the present time; Mt. Cuba (NC), J. Crawford, 13 May 1892 (A); 1 mi. n. by e. of Centreville (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1766, 20 May 1933, and several later numbers (T, A). Reported by Commons from Greenbank, Ashland and Pike Creek (all NC), but no specimens seen from these localities. Early to late April. [ 181 ] Viola VIOLACEAE— PASSIFLORACEAE Passifiora V. pubescens Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Infrequent, in rich, rocky woods of the Piedmont province. Early April to mid-May. V. eriocarpa Schwein. ( V. scabriuscula Schw.) Smooth Yellow Violet. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: }4 mi. e. of Betterton (Ke), F. S. Fender, 1254, 11 April 1936 (P); moist woods 1 mi. s. of Coochs Bridge (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 5079, 4 May 1944 (T, A). Mid- April through May. V. striata Ait. Cream Violet. Frequent in low, shaded ground, Piedmont. Late April, May. V. conspersa Reichb. ( V. Muhlenhergii Torr.) Dog Violet. Frequent in rocky woods and on dry banks of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: IJ^ mi. s. of Bohemia Mills (Ce), Benner, 4467, 7 May 1932 (A), and R. R. Tatnall, 3289, 13 May 1937 (T, P). Late April through May. V. arvensis Murr. Wild Pansy. Occasional on roadsides and in fields: roadside near Tub mill Pond (K), 2 mi. n. of Milford, R. R. Tatnall, 1727, 7 May 1933 (T, P, A); 1 mi. e. of Bridgeville (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3237, 11 April 1937 (T, P); sandy roadside 1}^ mi. w. of Porter (NC), R. R. Tat- nall, 5107, 8 June 1944 (T, A). Nat. from Europe. V. Kitaibeliana R. & S. var. Rafinesquii (Greene) Fern. ( V. Rafinesquii Green.) Field Pansy. Common on roadsides and in cultivated ground, throughout the Peninsula north of the Virginia line. Early April to early May. V. tricolor L. Pansy. Cultivated and occasionally spontaneous. Introd. from Europe. PASSIFLORACEAE (Passion Flower Family) Passiflora L. Passion Flower. P. lutea L. Local, in sandy woods and thickets of the Coastal Plain: Tol- chester Beach (Ke), C. S. Williamson, 4 Sept. 1905 (A) ; damp woods at Custis Ponds, Savage Neck (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3608, 3 Oct. [182] Passiflom CACTACEAE— LYTHRACEAE Rotala 1937 (T); thicket on Long Point (Ta), 5}i mi. w. of Easton (Ta), ^arZe, 2777, 5 July 1940 (P). P. incarnata L. Maypops. Rare: known only from Wicomico County: Bivalve, J. J. Carter, 12 June 1906 (A); Sharptown, Otis, 8 July 1914 (D); Salisbury, (A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4560, 1 Aug. 1940 (T, P). CACTACEAE (Cactus Family) Opuntia Mill. Prickly Pear. O. Opuntia (L.) Karst. (0. vulgaris of authors.) Common in dry sand, Sussex County and southward to Cape Charles. June. Ho. humifusa Raf. (0. Pollardi Brit. & Rose.) One station: hemlock grove 2}4 mi. s. of Hillsboro (Ca), R. R. Tatnall, 3118, 22 Aug. 1936 (T). This record should be regarded as tentative. It seems probable that we are not justified in maintaining; more than one species for the Peninsula. fS-^t THYMELAEACEAE (Mezereum Family) Dirca L. D. palustris L. Leatherwood. Rare, in rich, rocky woods along Brandywine and Red Clay Creeks, New Castle County: Mt. Cuba, Commons, 3 June 1864, and several later collections (A, T, P) ; west bank of Brandywine Creek, }i mi. below Henry Clay bridge, R. R. Tatnall, 10 April 1888, and many later numbers (T, P, 0), including Long, 22 April 1933 (A). Early to late April. LYTHRACEAE (Loosestrife Family) Rotala L. R. ramosior (L.) Koehne. {Ammannia humilis Mx.) Infrequent, in shallow pools, wet muddy places and moist dune hollows on the Coastal Plain. July to early Sept. [183] Ammannia LYTHRACEAE— MELASTOMACEAE Rhexia Ammannia L. A. Koehnei Britton. One collection: Greenbackville (Wo), Shreve & Jones, 1109, 11 Aug. 1906 (U). Decodon J. F. Gmel. * D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. (Nesaea verticillata HBK.) Water Willow. Common in swamps and shallow ponds on the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Wicomico County; occasional in the Virginia counties: swampy woods s. of Kendall Grove (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5387, in 1935 (G, P, A). Aug., early Sept. Ljrthrum L. Loosestrife. L. lineare L. Common in brackish marshes and salt meadows, from Queen Anne's County southward to Sussex and Worcester Counties. Early Aug. through Sept. L. Salicaria L. Purple Loosestrife. Infrequent, in marshes and borders of ponds and streams, New Castle County; Piedmont and Coastal Plain. July to mid-Sept. Cuphea P. Browne. C. petiolata (L.) Koehne. (C viscosissima Jacq.) Clammy Cuphea. Frequent; fields and roadsides. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain at least to Talbot County. Late July to mid-Sept. MELASTOMACEAE (Melastoma Family) Rhexia L. Deergrass. Meadow Beauty. p R. virginica L. Frequent in wet fields and swampy ground, from the Fall Line to Sussex County; rare south of the Virginia line: peaty clearing south of Townsend (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5388, in 1935 (P). Mid-July to mid-Sept. JL^U*'*-^'^" * ^ R. aristosa Britton. Rare and local, in sandy swamps and upland meadows: Ellen- dale (S), Canby, 24 July 1893 (D), and several later collectors; one collection at Wilmington, "South side of Christiana Creek," Commons, 21 Sept. 1896 (A). Late July through August. [184] Rhexia MELASTOMACEAE— ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia R. mariana L. Common in bogs and on borders of salt marshes, on the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line to Worcester County; infrequent in the Virginia Counties. Early July to mid-Sept. ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primose Family) Jussiaea L. J. diffusa Forsk. One station: pond at West Main Station, SaUsbury (Wi), {A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 3979, 8 Sept. 1938 (T, G). Ludwigia L. L. alternifolia L. Seed Box. Common in low woods, swamps and salt marshes, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Sussex County; occasional farther south: Crisfield (So), J. H. Holmes, in 1890 (D); Exmore (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3010, 19 July 1936 (T). July, August. L. hirtella Raf. Hairy Ludwigia. Infrequent, in sandy swamps, meadows and moist pinebarrens, Sussex County. July, August. L. sphaerocarpa Ell. Frequent in ditches and sandy swamps of the Coastal Plain, from southern New Castle County to Wicomico County. Mid- July to mid-Sept. Var. jungens Fern. & Grisc. Rare: Ellendale (S), Commons, 1 Sept. 1892 (A); millpond, Angola (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2019, 2 Sept. 1933 (T, P, G). (Det. M. L. Fernald.) L. linearis Walt. Infrequent; sandy swamps and road ditches, Kent (Del.) County to Worcester and Somerset Counties. July to early Sept. L. palustris (L.) Ell. var. americana (DC) Fern. & Grisc. (Rhodora 37, 176. 1935.) Marsh Purslane. Frequent in ditches and on stream margins, from the Fall Line southward to central Accomac County. Mid-June to mid-Sept. [185] f Ludwigia ONAGRACEAE Oenothera Var. nana Fern. & Grisc. Pine woods 33^ mi. n. of Accomac (Ac), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5390, in 1935 (P, T) ; dune hollows s. of Bethany Beach (S), Fogg, 11262, 23 Aug. 1936 (P). Epilobium L. Willow Herb. E. angustifolium L. Fireweed. Frequent in clearings and disturbed ground, Piedmont and northern Coastal Plain. June to early Sept. E. densum Raf. {E. lineare Muhl. Cat.) Rare, in bogs: near North East (Ce), Otis in 1911 (D); ^ mi. s. w. of Seaford (S), Earle, 1795, 3 Sept. 1938 (P). E. coloratum Biehler. Frequent in low ground, Piedmont area of New Castle and Cecil Counties; infrequent on the Coastal Plain southward to Talbot County (Earle) and Sussex County. July to early Sept. E. glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fern. Rare, on wharves and in waste ground, Piedmont area: Wil- mington, E. Tatnall, June 1896 (A); near North East (Ce), Otis in 1911 (D); door yard, Claymont (NC), F. A. McDermott, 21 July 1931 (T). Oenothera L. O. biennis L. Evening Primrose. Common in open ground, Piedmont and Coastal Plain of Cecil and New Castle Counties; infrequent southward to southern Kent (Del.) and Talbot Counties. Late June to Sept. O. humifusa Nutt. Common on sands of the seacoast, from Cape Charles northward to s. e. Kent County, Delaware. July to early Sept. ^ ^^ O. laciniata Hill. Frequent in waste places, salt meadows and seashore sands. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain at least to Wicomico and Worcester Counties. Late April to early July. ' O. fruticosa L. (KneiffiaRsdmann.) Sundrops. Common in dry ground of the Piedmont area, and in fields, low [ 186 ] Oenothera ONAGRAC— HALORAGIDAC. Myriophyllum ground and salt marshes of the Coastal Plain, southward to Accomac County. Mid-May to July. — f 'th'^ « O. tetragona Roth. { Kneiffia fruticosa Raimann, in part.) Frequent in woods and fields of the Piedmont area, and on the Coastal Plain near the Fall Line. Mid-June, July. O. perennis L. {Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spach. Infrequent, in open ground, northern Cecil and New Castle Counties; rare on the Coastal Plain: Selbyville (S), True, 221, 21 June 1926 (P); Assateague Island (Ac), True, 28 June 1928 (P). Late May to mid-July. O. speciosa Nutt. {Hartmannia, Small.) Roadsides in Accomac village: R. R. Tatnall, 40, 1 June 1928 (T), and later collections (T, P, G). Late May, June. Gaura L. G. biennis L. Infrequent, in or near the Piedmont area. Formerly collected on shores of Delaware River and Christiana Creek, New Castle County, but now known only from woods and hedgerows in Cecil County. Aug. to mid-Sept. Circaea L. C. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) F. & S. var. canadensis (L.) Hara. (C. lutetiana of authors; C. latifolia Hill. See Rhodora 41, 386-387. 1939.) Enchanter's Nightshade. Common in woods of the Piedmont; less frequent southward at least to Talbot County (Earle). HALORAGIDACEAE (Water Milfoil Family) Myriophyllum L. Water Milfoil. M. verticillatum L. var. pectinatum Wallr. Rare, in water: Delaware City (NC), Commons & Tatnall, 22 Sept. 1896 (A); Humphrey Pond, Salisbury (Wi), Shreve & Jones, 1208, 18 Aug. 1906 (U). M. heterophyllum Mx. Rare, in ponds and slow streams: Morris Pond, n. of Millsboro [187] Myriophyllum HALORAGIDAC— ARALIACEAE Aralia (S), C. S. Williamson, 5 July 1908 (A); Leipsic (K), F. C. Daigh, 24 June 1935 (UD). M. pinnatum (Walt.) BSP. {M. scabratum Mx.) Infrequent, in ponds and slow streams, Sussex County to Accomac County; one collection in the Cedar Swamp, s. e. corner of New Castle County, Commons, in 1867 (A). M. humile (Raf.) Morong. Rare; ponds and muddy shores: near Smyrna (K), Commons, 10 Oct. 1866 (A); Salisbury (Wi), Canby, Sept. 1887 (P); coves in canal at Delaware City (NC), Commons & Tatnall, 7 Sept. 1896 (D), and 21 June 1897 (D). M. brasiliense Cambess. {M. proserpinacoides Gill. Rhodora 41, 551. 1939.) Cultivated, and rarely escaping to ponds: Shallcross Lake near Odessa (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1945, 5 Aug. 1933 (A). Proserpinaca L. Mermaid Weed. P. palustris L. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc. Rhodora 37, 177. 1935. Common in ponds, dune hollows and salt marshes on the Coastal Plain. Early June to Sept. The typical form occurs in s. e. Virginia and southward. See the above reference. P. pectinata Lam. Frequent in swamps and ditches, in Sussex, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. Early July to Oct. ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Aralia L. A. spinosa L. Hercules Club. Common in woods in the lower half of the Peninsula; infrequent in southern New Castle County; occasional in hedgerows in the Piedmont area of New Castle County, where it is probably either planted or escaped. August. A. racemosa L. Spikenard. Frequent in rich woodlands of the Piedmont area. July, Aug. [188] Aralia ARALIACEAE— UMBELLIFERAE Sanicula A. nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla Common on rocky hills of the Piedmont; infrequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: woods, Middle Neck (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 5 May 1929 (T); low ground 1 mi. s. of Choptank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 4833, 9 May 1941 (T). May. Panax L. Ginseng. P. quinquefolium L, Ginseng. Infrequent in rich woodlands of the Brandywine and Red Clay Creek valleys (NC); one collection along the Sassafras River near Fredericktown (Ce), Mrs. L. R. Holmes, 6 Aug. 1938, (P). July. P. trifolium L. Dwarf Ginseng. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont, and occasional along or just south of the Fall Line. Late April to mid-May. UMBELLIFERAE (Parsley Family) Eryngium L. Eryngo. E. aquaticum L. (E. virginianum Lam.) Button Snakeroot. Frequent; ditches, river shores, beaches, dune hollows and swamps of the Coastal Plain, in fresh or brackish habitats. Mid- July, Aug. Sanicula L. Sanicle. S. marilandica L. Rare, in woodlands: near Wilmington, Canby, 23 June 1896, (D); near Centreville (NC), Commons, in 1878 and 1898 (A); Choptank Mills (K), Witmer Stone, 29 May 1904 (A). Late May to mid-June. S. gregaria Bicknell. Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont province; infrequent on the Coastal Plain as far south as Talbot County, (Earle). Mid- May, early June. S. canadensis L. Frequent on rich, wooded slopes of the Piedmont; infrequent southward on the Coastal Plain to Cape Charles. Mid-May, mid- June. [189] Hydrocotyle UMBELLIFERAE Osmorhiza Hydrocotyle L. Water Pennywort. H. umbellata L. Common throughout the Coastal Plain, in marshes and about pond margins. Early June to mid-Sept. H. verticillata Thunberg. Infrequent on borders of marshes, Coastal Plain. July to Sept, Var. triradiata (Rich.) Fern. {H. Canhyi Coulter & Rose. See Rhodora 41, 437-438. 1939.) Rare, in salt marshes: Deakyne's Ldg (s. e. NC), Commons, 6 July 1874 (A); Chincoteague Island (Ac), M. T. Travis, 658, 21 July 1938 (P). H. americana L. Frequent in low, usually alluvial, soil of the Piedmont area; one collection south of the Fall Line: Camp Rodney, Elk Neck (Ce), Benner, 25 June 1932 (A). June to Sept. H. ranunculoides L. f. Frequent in streamlets, pools and ditches, Piedmont, and south- ward on the Coastal Plain, at least to Talbot County, (Earle). June, July. H. rotundifolia Roxb. In lawn grass, Wilmington ; thought to have escaped from culti- vation in greenhouses. Centella L. C. erecta (L. f.) Fern. (C. asiatica (L.) Urban; C. repanda Small. See Rhodora 42, 295-298. 1940.) Infrequent in low, sandy meadows, pine woods and dune sands near the coast, Cape Charles to Sussex County, where it reaches its northern limit. Frt. Sept., Oct. Chaerophyllum L. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. Common in rich rocky woods of the Piedmont. Mid- April, early May. Osmorhiza Raf. Sweet Cicely. O. Claytoni (Mx.) Clarke. (0. hrevistylis DC.) Rare, in rocky woods of the Piedmont: near Rowlandsville (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1182, 31 May 1913 (A). [190 J Osmorhiza UMBELLIFERAE Cicuta O. longistyUs (Torr.) DC. Common in rich, rocky woods of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: 2 mi. s. e. of Cecilton (Ce), Long, 48419, 16 May 1936 (A); 5 mi. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3258, 17 May 1941 (P). May. Conium L. Poison Hemlock. C. maculatum L. Common in meadows along Brandy wine Creek (NC), where it appeared in great abundance in June 1935; previously collected a few times in the Piedmont of New Castle County; (see Bartonia 17, 23. 1936); rare on the Coastal Plain: Pea Patch Island (NC), Larsen, 601, 2 July 1934 (P); meadow }/2 nii. s. w. x s. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3988, 1 Oct. 1944 (P). June, early July. Nat. from Europe. Ptilimnium Raf, Mock Bishop's- weed. P. capillaceum (Mx.) Raf. (Discopleura capillacea DC.) Common throughout the Coastal Plain, in salt meadows and dune hollows, and occasionally found in fresh-water swamps. July through Sept. Aegopodium L. A. Podagraria L. Goutweed. Occasionally found in waste ground, New Castle County. The last known collection was reported from near Newark, by Commons in 1882. Adv. from Europe. Cicuta L. Water Hemlock. C. maculata L. Spotted Cowbane. Common throughout, in wet open ground. Mid-June through Aug. C. Curtissii Coult. & Rose. One collection: swampy woods s. of Kendall Grove (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5397, 13 Oct. 1935 (P). C. bulbifera L. One collection: wet ground at top of north bank of C. & D. Canal, w. of Summit Bridge (NC), Commons, 24 Aug. 1869 (A). [191] Sium UMBELLIFERAE Bupleurum Sium L. Water Parsnip. S. suave Walt. (S. cicutaefolium Schrank.) Frequent in low woods, ditches and tidal mud, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to northern Accomac County. July through Sept. Cryptotaenia DC. Honewort. C. canadensis (L.) DC. (Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze.) Common in rich woods of the Piedmont; apparently rare on the Coastal Plain: near Wye Mills (Ta), R. R. Tatnall, 372, 28 June 1929 (T); 4 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2741, 5 July 1940 (P). Early June to mid-July. Zizia Koch. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Golden Alexanders. Frequent in rich woods and meadows of the Piedmont area, Late April to early June. Z. aptera (Gray) Fern. (Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. See Rhodora 41, 441-444. 1939.) Frequent in fields and open woods of the Piedmont. May. Foeniculum Hill. Fennel. F. vulgare Hill. An infrequent escape in waste ground, northern New Castle County; common in fields and on roadsides, Accomac and North- ampton Counties. Aug., Sept. Introd. from Europe. Pimpinella L. P. Saxifraga L. Burnet Saxifrage. Rare: in a meadow along the railroad, ^ mi. s. s. w. of Yorklyn (NC) ,R.R. Tatnall, 5140, 16 Sept. 1944 (T, A) . Nat. from Europe. Taenidia Drude. T. integerrima (L.) Drude. Infrequent, in rocky woods of the Piedmont. May, June. Bupleurum L. Thorough-wax. B. rotundifolium L. One collection : waste ground near 7th Street bridge, Wilmington, E. Tatnall, 1 June 1897 (A). Waif from Europe. [192] Lilaeopsis UMBELLIFERAE Heracleum Lilaeopsis Greene. L. chinensis (L.) Ktze. (L. lineata (Mx.) Greene.) Frequent on coastal beaches; usually forming dense mats on salt- marsh peat, just below the level of high tide, and commonly asso- ciated with Scirpus americanus. On the Delaware Bay shore, its range extends from a point about 3^ mile north of the mouth of Red Lion Creek (NC) to 1^^ mi. south of Fraland Beach (K), an air- line distance of about 23 miles. (See papers by J. M. Fogg, Jr. and Esther L. Larsen, in Bartonia 16. 1934.) On the Chesapeake side, it is found on the shores of North East and Elk Rivers, and in the estuaries of Chester, Miles and Wicomico Rivers, several miles above their mouths. Late June to mid-August. Coriandrum L. Coriander. C. sativum L. Escaped from cultivation in waste ground at Wilmington and Centre ville (NC). Adv. from Eurasia. Aethusa L. Fool's Parsley. A. Cynapium L. In waste places in Wilmington, New Castle and Centreville (NC). Nat. from Europe. Thaspium Nutt. Meadow Parsnip. T. barbinode (Mx.) Nutt. Frequent in rich woods bordering the Brandywine and Red Clay Creeks (NC). Mid-May to early July. Pastinaca L. Parsnip. P. sativa L. Common in open ground, chiefly in the northern part of the Peninsula. Nat. from Europe. Heracleum L. H. lanatum Mx. Cow Parsnip. Common in low ground of the Piedmont; less frequent on the Coastal Plain. May, early June. [193] /i Oxypolis UMBELLIFERAE— CORNACEAE Cornus Oxypolis Raf. O. Canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Fern. (0. filiformis var. Caribyi Coulter & Rose. See Rhodora 41, 139. 1939.) Meadows and bogs at EUendale (S), the only known locality anywhere: Canhy, Aug. 1867 (A, D), Aug. 1874 (A), Aug. 1893 (D), Aug. 1894 (D); Commons, 16 Aug. 1877 (A). O. rigidior (L.) Raf. Common in swampy ground, Piedmont, and southward to the Virginia line. Aug., Sept. Angelica L. A. venenosa (Green way) Fern. {A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. See Rhodora 45, 298-301, 1943.) Hairy Angelica. Frequent in rocky woods and dry, sandy soil of Cecil and New Castle Counties; occasional farther south: damp woods near Chop- tank Mills (K), Otis, 13 Aug. 1924 (A); woods east of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4350, 10 Aug. 1939 (T). Mid-July to early August. A. atropurpurea L. Infrequent in northern New Castle County. May, early June. Daucus L. Carrot. D. Carota L. Wild Carrot. Common weed in fields and waste places. July. Nat. from Europe. ^* •• * ^ * CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Cornus L. Dogwood. C. florida L. Flowering Dogwood. Common in dry woods of the Piedmont, and southward to Talbot and Sussex Counties; rare farther south: Cape Charles, s. of Kiptopeke (No), Fosberg, 14634 (P). Late April, May. C. Amomum Mill. (C sericea of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Silky Dogwood. Frequent along streams and on pond margins of the Piedmont, and on the Coastal Plain southward at least to Sussex and Talbot Counties. June, early July. [194] Cornus CORNACEAE— ERICACEAE Pyrola C. racemosa Lam. (C. paniculata L'H^r. C. candidissima Marsh. See Rehder: Rhodora 12, 122. 1910.) Infrequent in rocky woods and along streams in New Castle and Cecil Counties. June. C. alternifolia L. f. Infrequent in low woods and thickets of the Piedmont; occa- sional southward to Talbot County: e. of Cordova, Earle, 20 May 1939 (P). Mid-May, early June. Nyssa L. Black Gum. Sour Gum. ■p^J. sylvatica Marsh. Common throughout, in low ground, along streams and on borders of salt marshes. Mid-May, early June. ,^v.vvU >.» ^ Var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg. In similar habitats, but less common, Talbot and Sussex Counties and southward. Var. dilatata Fern., in Rhodora 37, 436. 1945. One tree, at the corner of Park Drive and Scott Street, Wilmington. Probably planted. ERICACEAE (Heath Family) Clethra L, C. alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush. Common in wet thickets throughout the Coastal Plain. Mid- July to mid-Sept. Chimaphila Pursh. C. umbellata (L.) Barton var. cisatlantica Blake. (Rhodora 19, 241. 1917.) PiPsissEWA. Rather infrequent throughout, in dry sandy woods. Mid-June, early July. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. Spotted Pipsissewa. Common throughout, in dry rocky or sandy woods. Early June to mid-July. Pyrola L. P. secunda L. One known station: oak-pine woods, l}/^ mi. s. e. of Angola (S), F. C. Schmid, Jr., 5 April 1942, with leaves only (A). [ 195 ] Pyrola ERICACEAE Rhododendron P. virens Schweigg. (P. chlorantha Sw. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent, in sandy pine woods, Sussex County. May, early June. P. elliptica Nutt. Shin Leaf. Frequent, in rocky woods of the Piedmont area. Mid-June, early July. P. rotundifolia L. var. americana (Sweet) Fernald. (P. americana Sweet, of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont; infrequent southward to northern Accomac County: dry sandy woods 134 ^li- 6. of Watts- ville, R. R. Tatnall, 4449, 28 April 1940 (T). Mid- June to mid- July. Monotropa L. M. uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Frequent in rich woods, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Accomac County. Early June to mid-Sept. M. Hypopitys L. Pinesap. Common in rich woods of the Piedmont; infrequent southward to Worcester County. July into September. Var. rubra (Torr.) Farwell. {M. lanuginosa Mx.) Habitat of the species, but less frequent. One station in Northampton County: 1 mi. w. of Eastville, R. R. Tatnall, 3211, 18 Oct. 1936 (T). Rhododendron L. R. arborescens (Pursh) Torr. {Azalea arhorescens Pursh). Smooth Azalea. Rare: Bald Friar (Ce), along the Susquehanna River, E. B. Bartram, 4 June 1907 (A), and S. Brown, 1 Sept. 1909 (A). R. viscosum (L.) Torr. {Azalea viscosa L.) Clammy Azalea. Common in swamps and wet thickets, from the Fall Line to Cape Charles. Late May, June. Var. glaucum (Mx.) Gray. In the same habitats, but less frequent. R. nudiflorum (L.) Torr. {Azalea nudiflora L.) Purple Azalea. Common in dry or swampy woods, Piedmont area, and south- ward on the Coastal Plain to Sussex County; infrequent farther [196] Rhododendron ERICACEAE Kalmia south: Eastville (No). Fernald & Long, 5405, 12 Oct. 1935 (P); near Kendall Grove (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5406, 15 Oct. 1935 (P). May. Var. glandiferum (Porter) Rehder. Infrequent, New Castle and Cecil Counties. R. canescens (Mx.) G. Don. {Azalea canescens Mx,) Infrequent, New Castle and Cecil Counties; one collection from Sussex County: Millsboro, S. Brown, 21 Sept. 1907 (A). May, June. R. atlanticum (Ashe) Rehder. {Azalea atlantica Ashe.) See Wilson & Rehder: Monograph of Azaleas; Publ. Arnold Arbore- tum, No. 9 (1921). Frequent in sandy woods or open sandy ground of the Coastal Plain; known from Cecil, New Castle, Kent (Del.), Caroline, Talbot, Sussex and Somerset Counties. Fls. from about 10 May to 3 June. A southern species, reaching the northern limit of its range near the Fall Line. R. maximum L. Great Laurel. Rare: reported by Miss Mary R. de Vou to have been found at Egg Hill (Ce), % mi. s. of Pleasant Hill, 28 June 1913; about 2 mi. e. of Conowingo (Ce), Frank Morton Jones. No specimens seen. Kalmia L. Laurel. K. angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel. Infrequent, in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain in Cecil and New Castle Counties, chiefly near the Fall Line ; occasional farther south : Frankford (S), Commons, 18 June 1875 (A); Bethel (S), R. R. Tat- nall, 1403, 30 May 1932 (T). Fls. late May, early June, and excep- tionally to early November. K. latifolia L. Mountain Laurel. Frequent in the Piedmont and northern part of the Coastal Plain; occasional southward to Talbot and Sussex Counties: 4 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 810, 11 April 1936 (P); Selbyville (S), W. R. Haden in 1927 (UD). Late May, June. Var. laevipes Fern., in Rhodora 42, 53. 1940. Rare, in dry woods of central Cecil County : near North East, Long, 54428, 30 May 1940 (A); s. w. of Charlestown, Long, 54341, 26 May 1940 (A). [ 197 ] /%■ Leucothoe ERICACEAE Gaultheria Leucothoe G. Don. L. racemosa (L.) Gray. Fetter Bush. Common in wet thickets, throughout the Coastal Plain. Early- May, June. ( \j>^MA.*lrH r Lyonia Nutt. ^ L. mariana (L.) D. Don. Stagger Bush. Frequent in thickets and on open ground of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex County; rare farther south: Drummonds Ponds, n. w. of Accomac, R. R. Tatnall, 4217, 9 June 1939 (T). Late May, June. L. ligustrina (L.) DC. Common in moist thickets, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain south- ward to Worcester County; scarce farther south: ^ mi. n. of Belle Haven (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 2648, 3 June 1935 (T, P). Early June to early July. Chamaedaphne Moench. C. calyculata (L.) Moench. Leather Leaf. Bogs; first collected at Thompson's Swamp, 1^ mi. n. w. of New Castle, by Canhy in 1858 (D); Frankford (S), Commons in 1875 (A); Townsend (NC), Commons in 1890 (A). Reported {E. Tatnall, MS. Catalog) as "abundant near Townsend," but not recently found within our limits, in spite of careful search. April, early May. Oxydendrum DC. O. arboreum (L.) DC. Sorrel Tree. Common in woods, southern Accomac and northern Northamp- ton Counties. May, early June. Epigaea L. E. repens L. Trailing Arbutus. Frequent in rocky woods of the Piedmont, and in sandy woods of the Coastal Plain, southward to Talbot and Sussex Counties; one station in northern Accomac County: 3^ mi. e. of Wattsville, A. V. Smith & R. R. Tatnall, 4448, 28 April 1940 (T). April, early May. Gaultheria L. G. procumbens L. Wintergreen. Teaberry. Infrequent in the Piedmont of New Castle County; frequent [198] Gaultheria ERICACEAE Gaylussacia among pines in Sussex, Caroline, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. Mid-June, early July. Gaylussacia HBK. Huckleberries. G. brachycera (Mx.) Gray. Box Huckleberry. Rare; Sussex County, This plant, first collected by Michaux in Virginia (?) prior to 1800, was soon thereafter lost to botanical knowledge for about forty years, when another station was dis- covered for it in Perry County, Pennsylvania. Here, as studied by Coville in 1918 ("Science," Vol. 50: 30. 1919), it was found to occupy a continuous area of about eight acres; was considered to be repre- sented by a single plant, almost completely infertile to its own pollen; to be of slow annual growth, sprung from a seed germinating perhaps 1200 years previously, hence among the oldest of living things. Thus a botanical celebrity, search was made for other authenticated occurrences of the species, and from herbarium speci- mens it was learned that William M. Canby had collected it ("shores of Indian River") in Sussex County, Delaware, May 1870 (P, A), and that this station, in pine woods \}/2 mi. e. of Millsboro, had been visited by Commons in 1875, 1876, 1877. It was then again lost, for in the autumn of 1898 Canby undertook to show it to his friends. Dr. C. S. Sargent and John Muir, and they "passed a long day hunting for it without success in southern Delaware. He (Canby) was, I remember, a good deal chagrined at his failure to show us the plant and we always teased him about it" (unpublished letter, C. S. Sargent to H. M. Canby, June 8, 1920). In 1918 a botanist sent by Dr. Coville spent two days in una- vailing search for the plant, in the Canby locality, where however it was found by Dr. Wherry in 1919 after a search of three days. Living plants taken to Washington for cross-pollination with Pennsylvania material resulted in seeds fully fertile, thus confirming the individuality of its representation in these two isolated stations, then its only known habitats. Its known distribution has since been greatly expanded, and Wherry ("Bull. Torrey Bot. Club," 61: 81-84. 1934) records it from seven States. With these historic associations, members of the Society of Natural History of Dela- ware felt that full knowledge of the occurrence of this plant in Delaware should be entered in the archives of the Society, and on May 31, 1920, four members of the Society (H. M. Canby, Otis, Harvey, F. M. Jones), with the available data from the original [ 199 ] Gaylussacia ERICACEAE Vaccinium Canby labels, made search for it in the indicated area. Here it was found within a few minutes, by H. M, Canby, and material was collected for planting elsewhere and for preservation. When the writer first visited this locality, in 1926, under guid- ance of Dr. Frank Morton Jones, the stand measured perhaps 10 by 30 feet, and was rather thinly populated. Later, many pines were cut down, and the Box Huckleberry gradually disappeared, so that on a visit to the spot about 1939 not a trace of it could be found. A much more extensive station was discovered in July 1932 by W. S. Taher, Delaware state forester, on the wooded south bank of Broad Creek, 1 mi. w. n. w. of Portsville, and 0.3 mi. below Bailey's Landing. Here there is a dense growth of Box Huckleberry on the steep bank and adjoining level ground, 10 to 50 feet wide, and extending about half a mile along the creek, though interrupted by two or three gullies. Distributed from this station by R. R. Tat- nall, 2154, 3 June 1934 (T, P, A, G) ; 3677, 30 April 1938 (T); 3680, 7 May 1938 (T). Fls. late April, mid-May. G. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. Infrequent, dry sandy soil or sandy swamps on the Coastal Plain of New Castle and Sussex Counties. Late May, June. Var. Bigeloviana Fern. Rare: Kiamensi (NC), Commons in 1894 (A); Seaford (S), Commons in 1896 (A). G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. Blue Tangle. Frequent in dry or moist woods and thickets. Piedmont and Coastal Plain of Cecil and New Castle Counties; occasional farther south: near Cape Henlopen (S), Commons, 14 July 1898 (A); Long Point (Ta), 5 mi. w. of Easton, Earle, 1460, 30 May 1937 (P). Late May, June. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Black Huckleberry. Common in dry or swampy woods, and on open sandy soil. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward at least to Talbot and Sussex Counties. Early May, mid-June. Vaccinium L. Blueberries. Cranberries. V. stamineum L. Deerberry. Common in dry woods and open places on the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Worcester County; rare in the [200] Vaccinium ERICACEAE Vaccinium Piedmont: near Centre ville (NC), Commons in 1878 (A). May, early June. V. neglectum (Small) Fern. Common in dry sandy woods of the Coastal Plain. May. V. angustifolium Ait. ( V. pennsylvanicum Lam.) Low Sweet Blueberry. Infrequent, in rocky or sandy woods of New Castle County, n. late April, mid-May; Frt. late June, July. V. vacillans Kalm. Low Blueberry. Common in rocky woods and dry sandy soil in the two northern counties; less frequent southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties; rare south of the Maryland- Virginia line: 3 mi. s. of Accomac, Fosberg, 14613, 18 April 1938 (P); s. of Kiptopeke (No), Fosherg, 14632, 18 April 1938 (P). Fl. May; Frt. late June, July. Var. crinitum Fern. See Rhodora 13, 236. 1911. Rare: 2 mi. s. e. of North East (Ce), Long, 54396, 30 May 1940 (A). V. corymbosum L. High Blueberry. Common throughout, in low woods and dry open places. Fl. mid- April, mid-May; Frt. July, Aug. • /, t^fr; V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Black Blueberry. Frequent in moist thickets and low woods. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Worcester and Somerset Coun- ties. Fl. late April, mid-May; Frt. July. f^ V. caesariense Mack. New Jersey Blueberry. One known station: pine barrens 2 mi. n. e. of Charlestown (Ce), F. J. Hermann, 3407, 7 July 1932 (A). V. macrocarpon Ait. Large Cranberry. Infrequent in swamps, brackish meadows, and ponds in pine woods of the Coastal Plain, near Wilmington, along the seashore in Sussex County, and probably elsewhere. Fl. mid-June to mid- July; Frt. late Aug., Sept. -w^^ ,^\ i [201] i: Limonium PLUMBAGINAC— PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia PLUMBAGINACEAE (Leadwort Family) Limonium Hill. L. caroUnianum (Walt.) Britton. Sea Lavender. Common in salt meadows, southeastern New Castle County, and southward to Cape Charles. Late July into Sept. \fj^ C L. Nashii Small var. trichogonum Blake. Rare: border of salt marsh e. of Eastville (No), Fernald & Long, 5404. PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family) Hottonia L. H. inflata Ell. Featherfoil. Infrequently collected, but probably much more common than has been supposed, in shallow water of ponds and slow streams on the Coastal Plain. Known from New Castle, Kent (Del.), Caroline and Sussex Counties. First collected in our area by Edward Tatnall, who found a single plant in a pond near Ogletown (NC) in 1840 (D). The next and subsequent collections are: Choptank Millpond (Ca), Frank M. Jones, 22 May 1922 (A, D); upper end of Silver Lake, Dover (K), F. M. Jones and R. R. Tatnall, 914, 15 June 1930 (A, T, G) ; Wy- oming Pond (K), H. R. Baker, 17 June 1923 (UD); in Round Pole Branch, 2}4 mi. s. of Milton (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3245, 11 April 1937, and several later collections (T, A, P, G); in Choptank Pond (Ca), Julian V. Hill, 4 May 1941 (T). Flowers appear normally in April and May ; occasionally as late as November on young plants which have germinated in late summer. These sometimes bloom sparingly in the autumn, then, after surviving as winter annuals, burst into full bloom in early spring. Samolus L. S. parviflorus Raf. {S. floribundus HBK. See Weatherby & Griscom: Rhodora 36, 50. 1934.) Water Pimpernel. Common on fresh or salt tidal shores of the Coastal Plain. Late May through the summer. Lysimachia L. Loosestrife. L. vulgaris L. Rare, on banks of the Susquehanna River: Conowingo (Ce), [ 202 ] 4<' Featherfoil, {Hottonia inflata) The finely dissected floating foliage and inflated flower-stalks combine to give this plant unique interest and beauty. Lysimachia PRIMULACEAE Trientalis E. B. Bartram, 4 July 1907 (A); near Rowlandsville (Ce), L. F. A. Tanger, 4625, 11 Aug. 1941 (A). Nat. from Europe. L. quadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife. Common in sandy soil; roadsides and clearings, New Castle and Cecil Counties; less frequent southward: woods s. w. of Unionville (Ta), Earle, 3693, 1 Aug. 1942 (A). June. L. terrestris (L.) BSP. (L. stricta Ait.) Bulb-bearing Loose- strife. Frequent; swamps and margins of streams, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward at least to Sussex County. Mid-June, July. In autumn, the plant usually bears jointed bulblets in the axils. X L. producta (Gray) Fern. (L. quadrifolia X terrestris, probably.) One collection: Georgetown (S), Williamson, 4 July 1908 (A). L. Nummularia L. Moneywort. A frequent escape from cultivation. June. Introd. from Europe. L. ciliata L. {Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf.) Frequent in wet ground, northern New Castle and Cecil Coun- ties; rare southward: n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2746, 5 July 1940 (A). Early June, July. L. lanceolata Walt. {S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray.) One collection: Conowingo (Ce), islands in the Susquehanna River, J. Crawford, 27 July 1924 (A). This station is now sub- merged. L. hybrida Mx. (Steironema lanceolatum var. hyhridum of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in the Coastal Plain area of New Castle County; one station in Wicomico County: tidal flats, Salisbury, Wherry, 4 Sept. 1925 (A). July, Aug. Trientalis L. T. borealis Raf. {T. americana (Pers.) Pursh.) Chickweed Wintergreen. Star Flower. Rare, in Sussex County: cedar swamps, Millsboro, Commons in 1876 (A, U) ; bank of streamlet along "seven-gates-road," 2 mi. n. w. [203] h* Trientalu PRIMULACEAE— OLEACEAE Fraxinus of Rehoboth, F. M. Jones & R. R. Tatnall, 1828, 29 May 1933 (T, P, G). May, early June. Glaux L. G. maritima L. Sea Milkwort. Rare: between tides on both shores of Chester River, below Chestertown: (QA), E. G. Vanatta in 1903 and 1905 (A); (Ke), Vanatta, 2 July 1906 (A); south shore of river (QA), 1 mile below Chestertown bridge, R. R. Tatnall, 1631, 5 Sept. 1932 (T, G), and 3105, 21 Aug. 1936 (T, G). Anagallis L. Pimpernel. A. arvensis L. Poor Man's Weather-glass. Frequent in cultivated and waste ground, and on borders of salt marshes. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Worcester and Somerset Counties. June to Sept. Introd. from Eurasia. Centunculus L. C. minimus L. One collection: "near Lewiston" (S), Canhy, June 1866 (D, US). EBENACEAE (Ebony Family) Diospjrros L. D. virginiana L. Persimmon. Common throughout, in sandy fields and hedgerows, and on coastal dunes and beaches. Fl. late May, mid-June; Frt. Oct., Nov. STYRACACEAE (Storax Family) Symplocos Jacq. S. tinctoria (L.) L'H6r. Sweet Leaf. Infrequent, in rich dry or swampy ground, southern Sussex and northeastern Wicomico Counties, in and near the "Great Cedar Swamp," where first reported by Nuttall in 1809. May. OLEACEAE (Olive Family) Fraxinus L. Ash. F. americana L. White Ash. Frequent in the Piedmont area; probably frequent, but seldom [204] aj- O oi i- o &-C a<^ s^ 02 -fi • O CO^ d^ Q| •OCO 00- 00 -H » c o hH 3 +J . a £ s cj 3 ^ o3 ^ j!^ "03 43 o Q.c u S t^-iJ •*^ ■ — s 3 ->J 8 O oj ^ O^ "a. X 2 =S EC' •'-' S 5 o CO -ij feT S-^ < a •at yA ii H a; tH ^ 43^ M tn 03 °'C c 33 cc -►^ .t^ 03 03 S O) <^ ;-. •-I -^ >. :ii:xi c3 c Sri a; . > '^ ■1-^ +^ 03 S i- o3 -^ .^ 03:^ .2^ -^ r^ HB Fraxinus OLEACEAE— LOGANIACEAE Polypremum collected, on the Coastal Plain: along Miles River, n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1741, in 1938 (P). May. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. Frequent in low ground near the Fall Line, becoming less com- mon southward. May. F. lanceolata Borkh. (F. viridis Mx. f. F. 'pennsylvanica var. lanceolata of Gray's Man,, ed. 7.) Green Ash. Frequent along the Brandywine and Red Clay Creeks (NC); also Sussex County: along the Nanticoke River, s. w. of Seaford, Earle, 1802, in 1938 (P). May. F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Infrequent, in low ground, northern New Castle County, and southern Cecil County. Chionanthus L. C. virginica L. Fringe Tree. Frequent in moist woods of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward to Worcester County; occasional in the Piedmont area: rocky banks of the Brandywine Creek above Wilmington, Canhy in 1897 (D); near Rowlandsville (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1197, 31 May 1913 (A). Mid-May, early June. Ligustrum L. L. vulgare L. Privet. An infrequent escape from cultivation in northern New Castle County. June. Introd. from Europe . LOGANIACEAE (Logania Family) Gelsemium Juss. G. sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. Yellow Jessamine. Rare: in moist sandy woods back of dunes, s. w. of Eastville (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5411, in 1935 (P, G). April. Polypremum L. P. procumbens L. Frequent in dry sandy fields and open woods, from Cape Charles northward to lower Kent (Del.) and Talbot Counties. Late July to Sept. [205] Sahatia GENTIANACEAE Gentiana GENTIAN ACE AE (Gentian Family) Sabatia Adans. Centaury. S. difformis (L.) Druce. {S. lanceolata (Walt.) T. & G.) Infrequent, in swamps and meadows of Sussex and Dorchester Counties. Late July to early Sept. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Square-stemmed Centaury. In low ground throughout the Peninsula, preferring inland situations; frequent in the northern half; less so southward. Aug. to early Oct. S. stellaris Pursh. Sea Pink. Common on beaches, and in brackish or salt marshes of the Coastal Plain. Late July to mid-Oct. S. campanulata (L.) Torr. (Incl. var. gracilis (Mx.) Fern. See Rhodora 39, 443-444. 1937.) Infrequent in meadows and salt marshes, southern New Castle to northern Accomac Counties. Aug., early Sept. S. dodecandra (L.) BSP. Large Marsh Centaury. Frequent in brackish meadows and on tidal shores, from the Fall Line southward to Worcester and Wicomico Counties. Early Aug. to early Sept. Centaurium Hill. C. spicatum (L.) Fern. One station: Blackwater Migratory Waterfowl Refuge (Do), 1 mi. n. of Shorters Landing, on shoulders of an oyster-shell-paved causeway (Neil Hotchkiss), R. R. Tatnall, 4589, 2 Aug. 1940 (T, P, A, G). Nat. from Europe. C. pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. (Erythraea ramosissima Pers.) Cen- taury. Rare in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: north of Ocean View (S), Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A); "fields and wastes" (Ac), Ellis Hears, 17 July 1882 (A); meadows. Ocean City (Wo), Canby, 23 July 1893 (D); 4 mi. w. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1769, 5 Aug. 1938 (P). Nat. from Europe. Gentiana L. Gentian. G. crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian, Rare, New Castle County: near Centreville (NC), Commons in [206] / Gentiana GENTIANACEAE Bartonia 1865 and 1878 (A); Faulkland, R. R, Tatnall, 24 Sept. 1886 (T); near Southwood, Canby, Oct. 1894 (D); Brandywine Springs, Canby, 8 Oct. 1896 (D); roadside bank 1 mi. w. of Centreville, R. R. Tatnall, 221, 12 Oct. 1928 (T, P). Now extinct in most or all of the above localities. Mid-Sept, into Oct. G. Saponaria L. Soapwort Gentian. Frequent in low ground of the Coastal Plain as far south as Worcester County. Sept. to early Nov. G. Catesbaei Walt. (G. parvifolia (Chapm.) Britton. See Rho- dora41,555. 1939.) Infrequent, in low woods and thickets, Northampton County and northward to Ellendale (S) . Mid-Sept., mid-Oct. G. Andrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. Infrequent, in meadows of the Piedmont area; rare on the Coastal Plain: 3 mi. n. w. of Rehoboth (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3226, 19 Oct. 1936 (T). Mid-Sept., mid-Oct. G. clausa Raf. One known station: Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Carter, 11 Sept. 1906 (A). G. villosa L. (G. ochroleuca Froel.) Striped Gentian. Rare, in woods of the Piedmont province: near Centreville (NC), Commons, in 1875 to 1878 (A); North East (Ce), J. Crawford, 2 Oct. 1894 (A). G. Porphyrio Gmel. Pine Barren Gentian. One collection: 'Tine barrens, Sussex County," Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A). Bartonia Muhl. B. virginica (L.) BSP. Frequent throughout, in sandy woods and wet thickets. Aug., mid-Sept. B. paniculata (Mx.) Robinson. Infrequent, in low woods of the Coastal Plain, chiefly in Sussex County; occasionally as far north as the Fall Line; also in Virginia: near Wilmington (NC), Commons, 16 Sept. 1899 (A); Custis Ponds s. w. of Eastville (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3610, 3 Oct. 1937 (T). Mid- Sept., early Oct. [207] Obolaria GENTIANAC— APOCYNAC. Trachelosvermum Obolaria L. Pennywort. O. virginica L. Frequent in woods of the Piedmont, and of southern Cecil County; rare farther south: woods 6 mi. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2462, 1 June 1940 (P); east of Wattsville (Ac) (A. V. Smith), R. R. Tatnall, 4442, 28 April 1940 (T, G); reported as abundant under a tuUp-tree, 1 mi. n. e. of Silva (Ac), A. V. Smith, May 1943. Mid-April, mid-May. Menyanthes L. Buckbean. M. trifoliata L. Formerly rare in swamps of New Castle County: Thompson's Swamp, n. w. of New Castle, E. Tatnall in 1840 (D) ; Cedar Swamp, Commons in 1866, according to E. Tatnall (MS Catalog). Now probably extinct in our area. Nymphoides Hill. Floating Heart. N. cordatum (Ell.) Fern. {N. lacunosum (Vent.) Fern; Limnanthe- mum lacunosum Griseb. See Rhodora 40, 338. 1938.) Infrequent, on ponds, from central Kent (Del.) County to Wicomico County. July, Aug. N. aquaticum (Walt.) Fern. On ponds; frequent in Sussex and Wicomico Counties; rare farther north and south: Wyoming Pond (K), H. R. Baker, 17 June 1923 (UD); millpond, Wattsville (Ac), True, 29 June 1928 (P) ; Drummond's Ponds, n. w. of Accomac, R. R. Tatnall, 4229, 9 June 1939 (T). Early June to late July. APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family) Vinca L. Myrtle. V. minor L. Periwinkle. Frequently escaping and becoming established. Introd. from Europe. Trachelospermum Lemaire. T. difforme (Walt.) Gray. Climbing Dogbane. Rare: near Collins Beach (NC), moist thicket bordering the Cedar Swamp, Commons in 1865, 1867, 1874 (A); Townsend (NC), moist soil along a rivulet in woods. Commons, 9 July 1884 (A). [208] Apocynum APOCYNACEAE— ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias Apocynum L. Dogbane. /" A. androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. Infrequent, in dry ground, Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas of New Castle County. Mid-June, July. ilcw*-^ ^ aa-C . A. cannabinum L. Hemp Dogbane. Common throughout, at least as far south as Accomac County, preferring sandy soil. Late May, June. Var. pubescens (R. Br.) DC. Frequent; same habitats, but apparently limited to the Coastal Plain. Var. glaberrimum A. DC. One collection: roadside thicket, just south of Sassafras (Ke), R. R. Tatnall, 4899, 23 July 1941 (T, G). Var. hypericifolium (Ait.) Gray. Reported (in MS Catalog) as collected by E. Tatnall at Hamburg Cove (NC), and at Edgemoor (NC), in 1894. No specimens seen. A. medium Greene. Rare: near Centreville (NC), Commons in 1876 (A); fields, Wilmington, Commons, 18 June 1897 (A); Rehoboth (S), C. S. Williamson,8 July 1908 (A). " . Perhaps a hybrid, A. androsaemifolium X A. cannabinum. A. sibiricum Jacq. Infrequent, on shores of Delaware River (NC), and Susquehanna River (Ce). Var. sarniense (Greene) Woodson. One collection: in bed of Susquehanna River, Conowingo (Ce), Pennell, 1573, 1 July 1914 (A). Locahty now submerged. ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family) Asclepias L. Milkweed. A. tuberosa L. Butterfly- weed. Common in dry soil of the Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain, at least to Wicomico County. July, early Aug. y [ 209 ] Asclepias ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias A. lanceolata Walt. Orange Milkweed. Frequent on beaches and in salt marshes, Kent (Del.), Sussex and Worcester Counties. Late June, July. Var. paupercula (Mx.) Fern. Rare: salt meadow, Fen wick Island (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2278, 22 July 1934 (T, G), and 2383, 16 Sept. 1934 (T). July. Range extension northward from s. e. Virginia. A. rubra L. Red Milkweed. Infrequent, in all three counties of Delaware. July. A. purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed. Frequent in dry woods and fields, and on roadsides. Piedmont and northern portion of Coastal Plain, in New Castle and Cecil Counties. June, mid-July. / / A. incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Infrequent, in swamps of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain southward at least to Talbot County (Earle); one station in Acco- mac County: Wallops Island, McAtee in 1913 (U). Early June to mid-Aug. J^M^.^^'voy^ f Var. pulchra (Ehrh.) Pers. Common in swamps. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to northern Accomac County. June to Aug. A. syriaca L. {A. Cornuti Dene.) Common Milkweed. Common in dry ground; fields and roadsides. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. June, July. A. amplexicaulis Sm. {A. oblusifolia Mx.) Frequent in dry sandy soil, from the Fall Line southward to Accomac County. June. A. phytolaccoides Pursh. (A. exaltata of authors.) Poke Milk- weed. Frequent in moist thickets, northern New Castle County. Mid-June, July. A. variegata L. White Milkweed. Frequent in dry open woods and open sandy soil,. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to central Accomac County. Late May, June. [210] Asclepias ASCLEPIADACEAE— CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea A. quadrifolia Jacq. Infrequent, in dry hilly woods of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: woods 23^ mi. n. e. of Cecilton (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 4851, 21 May 1941 (T). Late May, mid-June. A. verticillata L. Whorled Milkweed. Infrequent; on serpentine soil of New Castle and Cecil Counties, and on sandy banks southward to Worcester County. Mid-July, Aug. Acerates Ell. A. longifolia (Mx.) Ell. {A.floridana (Lam.) Hitchc. See Fernald: Rhodora 46, 488-489. 1944.) Very rare; known only from upland meadows and ditches at Ellendale (S). First collected by Commons & Canby, in ditches along the railroad, south of the village, in 1877 (A) ; in same locality, by Long & Bartram in 1913 (A); R. R. Tatnall, 23 July 1926 (T), and 2175, 9 June 1934 (G); H. R. Baker, 20 June 1931 (UD). Now apparently extinct in our area. A. viridifiora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. Frequent on sandy soil, including serpentine, in the Piedmont area of New Castle and Cecil Counties; occasional on the Coastal Plain: Chestertown (Ke), E. G. Vanatta, 9 Aug. 1900 (A); Middle- town (NC), E. B. Bartram, 16 Aug. 1908 (A). Late June to mid- Aug. Gonolobus Mx. G. carolinensis (Jacq.) Schult. (G. hirsutus Mx.; Vincetoxicum caroUnense (Jacq.) Britton. See Perry: Rhodora 40, 285-286. 1938.) Angle-pod. Infrequent, in thickets, or climbing on fences, in southern New Castle, Cecil, Kent (Del. and Md.), and Queen Anne's Counties. Early June to mid-Sept. CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning Glory Family) Ipomoea L. Morning Glory. I. coccinea L. (QuamocUt coccinea (L.) Moench.) A frequent escape in cultivated and waste ground. July to Oct. Nat. from tropical America. [211] Ipomoea CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus I. hederacea Jacq. Ivy-leaved Morning Glory. Infrequent throughout; fields, roadsides and low ground. Mid- Aug. to mid-Oct. Adv. from tropical America. I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Common Morning Glory. Frequently escaped from gardens, and established in fields and waste places. July to Sept. Introd. from tropical America. I. pandurata (L.) Meyer. Man-of-the-earth. Frequent in dry sandy soil, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain south- ward at least to Worcester County. July to mid-Sept. I. lacunosa L. Infrequent, in cultivated ground, hedgerows and meadows of the Coastal Plain; one station in the Piedmont: shores of Susque- hanna River at Bald Friar (Ce), Van Pelt, 1 Sept. 1909 (A). Aug., mid-Sept. Convolvulus L. Bindweed. C. spithamaeus L. Upright or Dwarf Morning Glory. Infrequent; sandy banks and fields. New Castle County. Mid- May, early June. r Vfc. sepium L. var. communis Tryon. (See Tryon: Rhodora 41, 418-420. 1939.) Frequent along streams, and especially on borders of salt marshes along the coast; rare in the Piedmont area: Conowingo (Ce), E. B. Bartram, 4 July 1907 (A). June through Aug. "This is the com- mon plant throughout the northeastern U. S." (Tryon, 1. c). Var. americanus Sims. (Var. puhescens of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare; brackish shores and salt marshes: Oak Orchard (S), Fernald & Long, 4148, in 1934 (P) ; 3 mi. n. of Bethany Beach- (S), Fogg, 11354, 29 Aug. 1936 (P). ^ ''^^ijij^J^' C. arvensis L. Field Bindweed. Frequent in upland New Castle County; one collection in Talbot County: 4 mi. w. n. w. of Easton, Earle, 3043, 3 Sept. 1940 (P). July to Oct. E. Tatnall (Catalogue, 1860), mentions this species as "Rare. Detected by W. M. Canby, June 1860." Now a troublesome weed. [212] Cuscuta CONVOLVULACEAE— POLEMONIACEAE Phlox Cuscuta L. Dodder. C. Epilinum Weihe. Flax Dodder. Rare, in grain fields: Centreville (NC), Commons, 13 July 1863 (A); "New Castle County," Commons in 1865 (A). Introd. from Europe. C. Polygonorum Engelm. (C. ohtusiflora HBK.) Rare: Salisbury (Wi), Canhy in 1863 (D); near Wilmington, Canby, n. d. (A) ; river shore below New Castle, E. Tatnall, 13 July 1894 (D). C. pentagona Engelm. (C. arvensis Beyrich.) Infrequent, New Castle and Sussex Counties. Mid-July into Sept. C. campestris Yuncker. ( C. pentagona var. calycina Engelm.) Reported as "in dense colonies in field of Lespedeza stipulacea, Willards, Wicomico County," by Moldenke, 13847, in Castanea 7, 123. 1942. No specimen seen. C. Coryli Engelm. Hazel Dodder. One collection: beach of south bank of Chester River (QA), 1 mi. below Chestertown bridge, R. R. Tatnall, 3107, 21 Aug. 1936 (T). C. Gronovii Willd. Common; Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. C. compacta Juss. Frequent; northern New Castle County, and southward to Wicomico County. Aug., early Sept. POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family) Phlox L. P. paniculata L. Infrequent, in woods along the Susquehanna River. Collec- tions in Delaware (New Castle and Sussex Counties), probably represent escapes from cultivation. July to early Oct. P. maculata L. Wild Sweet William. Frequent in low ground, Cecil, New Castle and Kent (Del.) Counties. Mid-May to early July. [2131 Phlox POLEMONIAC— HYDROPHYLLAC. Hydrophyllum P. divaricata L. Blue Phlox. Frequent on rich wooded slopes, or occasionally in open ground along the Susquehanna River and Octoraro Creek, in western Cecil County; escaped from cultivation near Wilmington. Mid- April, May. P. pilosa L. Downy Phlox. Rare, in New Castle County: woods near Centreville, Commons, June 1863 (A); serpentine barrens near Centreville, Commons, 5 June 1874. No other collections are known. P. subulata L. Moss Phlox. "Moss Pink." Known in our territory only on serpentine soil of Cecil County: along Octoraro Creek, 1 mi. n. w. of Octoraro, Long, 32225, 3 May 1925 (A) ; Octoraro Creek, just south of Pennsylvania line. Wherry, 4 May 1930 (A); Bald Friar, Long, 42975, 6 May 1934 (A). Late April, May. Ipomopsis Mx. I. rubra (L.) Wherry. {Gilia rubra Heller; G. coronopifolia Pers. See Bartonia 18, 56. 1936.) Standing Cypress. Infrequent, in dry sandy soil; cultivated, and sometimes per- sisting on sites of old dwellings long after the buildings have disap- peared; southern Sussex County, and at Sharptown (Wi). Mid- June to early Sept. Polemonium L. Jacob's Ladder. P. reptans L. Frequent in northern New Castle County, one station in Talbot County: Windmill Branch, 1}4 mi. s. of Easton, Earle, 1402, 9 May 1937 (P). Late April, mid-May. HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family) Hydrophyllum L. Waterleaf. H. virginianum L. Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont; less so in the northern part of the Coastal Plain. Late April, May. H. canadense L. Rare; in moist rocky woods along the Susquehanna River: Conowingo (Ce), Long, 21 April 1909 (A); Fogg, 1915, 15 May 1927 (P). [214] Ellisia HYDROPHYLLAC— BORAGINAC. Cynoglossum EUisia L. E. Nyctelea L. Rare, in woods along the Susquehanna River: Bald Friar (Ce), J. J. Carter, 16 May 1908 (A); Fogg, 1899, 14 May 1927 (P). Phacelia Juss. P. dubia (L.) Small. Infrequent along the Susquehanna River; rare in New Castle County: ditch bank, 3^ mi. s. w. of Ogletown, on road to Wilson, C. 0. & F. C. Houghton, 11 May 1935 (UD); R. R. Tatnall, 3295, 13 May 1935 (T, A, P, G) ; on the same road, 1^ mi. w. of Ogletown, R. R. Tatnall, 5082, 4 May 1944 (T). Late April, mid-May. BORAGINACEAE (Heliotrope Family) Heliotropium L. Wild Heliotrope. H. europaeum L. Rare, in waste ground: Greenbank (NC), Commons, 3 July 1881 (A); Sharptown (Wi), Otis, in 1914 (D); shore of Nanticoke River, at east end of Vienna bridge (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 4576, 2 Aug. 1940 (T). Adv. from Europe. H. curassavicum L. Seaside Heliotrope. Rare, in brackish sand: shore of Delaware Bay, at Slaughter Beach (S), Commons, 16 July 1896 (A); beach, Wachapreague (Ac), Fernald & Long, 4151, 26 July 1934 (P); R. R. Tatnall, 3201, 17 Oct. 1936 (T). Cynoglossum L. Hound's Tongue. C. officinale L. Common Hound's Tongue. Occasional, in meadows and waste ground. New Castle County: fields along Pike Creek, Commons & Canhy, 5 June 1863 (A) ; along Brandy wine Creek, Rockland, Commons, 27 May 1865 (A) ; meadow on Pike Creek, 13^ mi. n. of Choate, R. R. Tatnall, 2161, 4 June 1934 (T, P). May, June. Nat. from Europe. C. virginianum L. Wild Comfrey. Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont; less common on the Coastal Plain, southward to Kent (Del.) and Talbot Counties, {Earle). May. [215] Hackelia BORAGINACEAE Myosotis Hackelia Opiz, Stickseed. H. virginiana (L.) Johnston. (Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. See Johnston: Contrib. Gray Herb. Ixvii, 45. 1923.) Beggar's Lice. Infrequent in rich woods of the Piedmont ; one collection on the Coastal Plain: Easton Point (Ta), Earle, 3968, 28 Sept. 1944 (P). Asperugo L. A. procumbens L. Madwort. A waif on wharves in Wilmington: E. Tatnall, 2 June 1897 (A, D); Commons in 1897, 1898 (A). Adv. from Europe. Symphytum L. S. officinale L. Comfrey. Escaping to waste ground, and persisting: Greenbank (NO), Commons, 7 Aug. 1872 (A); Millsboro (S), Commons, 8 July 1884 (A); 5 mi. w. of Dover (K), R. R. Tatnall, 1472, 9 July 1932 (T). July. Introd. from Europe. Myosotis L. Forget-me-not. M. scorpioides L. True Forget-me-not. Rare, in wet ground, New Castle County: Mundy's meadow, near Mt. Cuba, Frances R. Tatnall, 14 Oct. 1928 (T) ; bed of Brandy- wine Creek at Alapocas, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 1550, 21 Aug. 1932 (T). May, June. Nat. from Europe. M. laxa Lehm. Smaller Forget-me-not. Frequent in wet ground. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain of New Castle, Kent (Del.) and Cecil Counties. Mid-June to mid-Aug. M. versicolor (Pers.) Sm. Infrequent, in fields, upland New Castle County. Last col- lected in 1897. May, June. Nat. from Europe. M. micrantha Pallas. One station: on roadside, 34 mi. n. of Cedar Creek bridge, 5 mi. s. e. of Milford (S), F. M. Jones & R. R. Tatnall, 2504, 5 May 1935 (T, P, A, G). LocaUty since destroyed by widening the road. Nat. from Europe, [216] Myosotis BORAGINACEAE— VERBENACEAE Verbena M. verna Nutt. {M. virginica (L.) BSP. See Fernald: Rhodora 43, 488. 1941.) Infrequent in the Piedmont of New Castle County, and south- ward on the Coastal Plain to the Virginia Line. May, June. Mertensia Roth. M. virginica (L.) DC. Virginia (or Brandywine) Cowslip. Common in alluvial soil in the Piedmont area. Mid- April, May. Lithospermum L. Gromwell. L. arvense L. Corn Gromwell. Common; fields, meadows and roadsides. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain, at least to Sussex and Dorchester Counties. Mid-April, May. Nat. from Europe. Onosmodium Mx. False Gromwell. O. virginianum (L.) DC. Infrequent, in dry sandy ground. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain of New Castle, Kent (Del.) and Wicomico Counties. June, early July. Echium L. E. vulgare L. Viper's Bugloss. Infrequent, in fields and on roadsides along the Fall Line; one station in Queen Anne's County: near Chestertown, E. G. Vanatta, 8 Aug. 1903 (A). Nat. from Europe. VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family) Verbena L. V. officinalis L. European Vervain. Infrequent, in streets of Wilmington; also in Cecil, Sussex, Worcester and northern Accomac Counties. July to early Sept. Nat. from Europe. V. urticaefolia L. White Verbena. Frequent in thickets and waste places, chiefly in the Piedmont; occasional on the Coastal Plain: Noxontown Pond (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1519, 7 Aug. 1932 (G); near Easton (Ta), Earle, 1734, 31 July 1938 (P), and 3112, 4 Sept. 1940 (P). Late June to early Sept. [217] Verbena VERBENACEAE— LABIATAE Teucrium V. simplex Lehm. ( V. angustifoUa Mx. See Fernald: Rhodora 40, 182. 1938.) Rather frequent; Piedmont of New Castle County, and sandy- fields and roadsides of the Coastal Plain southward to Sussex and Dorchester Counties. Late May to July. V. hastata L. Blue Verbena. Common in meadows, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain as far south as Wicomico County. Late June through Aug. V. stricta Vent. Hoary Verbena. Occasionally established on roadsides and in waste ground, "Hares Corner road," (NC), E. Tatnall, Dec. 1881 (D, A) ; dry sand, Seaford (S), Commons, 10 Sept. 1896 (A); sandy wastes, shore of Nanticoke River at Seaford, R. R. Tatnall, 3122, 22 Aug. 1936, (T, P, G) and Earle, 1781, 3 Sept. 1938 (P). Introd. from west of the Alleghenies. Lippia L. Frog Fruit. L. lanceolata Mx. Infrequent; on river banks and saline shores, from Dover (K), E. Tatnall in 1895 (A), southward to Cape Charles. July to mid- Sept. Callicarpa L. C. americana L. French Mulberry. Frequent in pine woods of the southern half of Northampton County; one station at Salisbury (Wi), Canhy & Rose, 839, 25 Sept. 1894 (U). Mid- July, early Aug. C. purpurea Juss. Escaped and well established in a swampy thicket along Lea's Run, Wilmington: E. Tatnall, in 1876 and 1896 (D), and R. R. Tatr nall, 13 Sept. 1886 (T). Locality long since destroyed. Introd. from Asia. LABIATAE (Mint Family) Teucrium L. Germander. T. canadense L. (T. morale Bicknell. See Rhodora 35, 392. 1933.) Common in maritime salt marshes of the Coastal Plain. July to early Sept. C^'AU/U V^*^^ ^ [218] ' Teucrium LABIATAE Scutellaria Var. virginicum (L.) Eaton. {T. canadense of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent, in meadows and on river shores, northern Cecil and New Castle Counties. July. Trichostema L. Blue Curls. T. dichotomum L. Common throughout, in dry pinelands and sandy open ground. Late Aug., mid-Sept. T. setaceum Houtt. ( T. lineare Walt. See Rhodora 42, 478. 1940.) Rare; rocky banks and dry sandy soil: Salisbury (Wi), Canby, Sept. 1863 (A); Wilmington, Commons, 18 Aug. 1876 (A). Scutellaria L. Skullcap. S. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Frequent in moist thickets, from near the Fall Line to Talbot and Sussex Counties. Mid-July, Aug. S. saxatilis Riddell. Rare, in rocky woods: west bank of Brandy wine Creek, opposite Bancroft's dam, E. Tatnall, 10 June 1836 (A, G); same locality, R. R. Tatnall, 21 June 1886 (T), Commons, 19 June 1897 (A); near Centreville (NC), Commons, 9 July 1877 (A). S. serrata Andr. Rare, on banks of the Susquehanna River: Conowingo (Ce), J. J. Carter, 1 June 1906 (A). S. elliptica Muhl. (S. pilosa Mx. See Fernald : Rhodora 47, 200- 201. 1945.) Frequent on wooded slopes and in sandy soil, northern New Castle and Cecil Counties; apparently rare farther south: near Easton (Ta), Earle, 3640, 28 July 1942 (A). Mid- June to mid- July. S. epilobiifolia Hamilton. {S. galericulata of manuals. See Fernald: Rhodora 23, 85-86. 1921.) Infrequent, in wet places on the Coastal Plain of New Castle County. June to Aug. [219] J Scutellaria LABIATAE Nepeta S. integrifolia L. Common in moist ground of the Piedmont area; less frequent throughout the Coastal Plain. June, mid-July. S. parvula Mx. Rare, in dry sandy soil: Newport (NC), E. Tatnall, "May-" (A); Rehoboth (S), Canhy, n. d. (D). S. nervosa Pursh. (Incl. var. calvifolia Fern., in Rhodora 47, 174-175. 1945.) Rare, in woods of the Piedmont: Conowingo (Ce), J. J. Carter, 21 May 1865 and 19 Aug. 1906 (A) ; and E. B. Bartram, 30 May 1907 (A); open woods near Perry's tavern (NC), Canhy, 12 June 1897 (A, P) ; open woods near Hanby's Corner, Brandywine Hun- dred (NC), Canby, 22 May 1897 (D); woods near Point Breeze School House, Arden (NC), Canhy, 12 June 1897 (D). Marrubium L. M. vulgare L. Horehound. Escaping, and persisting in farm yards and waste ground. June, July. Nat. from Europe. Agastache Clayton. Giant Hyssop. A. nepetoides (L.) Ktze. (Lophanthus nepetoides Benth.) Infrequent in the Piedmont area; one collection from Talbot County: ^ mi. s. of Longwoods, R. R. Tatnall, 1623, 5 Sept. 1932 (T). Late July to early Sept. A. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Ktze. {Lophanthus Benth.) Infrequent, in valleys of Red Clay and Brandywine Creeks (NC). Mid- Aug., Sept. Nepeta L. N. Cataria L. Catnip. Common weed about dwellings and farm yards. July to Sept. Nat. from Europe. N. hederacea (L.) Trevisan. (N. Glechoma Benth.) Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground. Frequent in meadows and waste places. May to July. Nat. from Europe. [ 220 ] Prunella LABIATAE Stachys Prunella L. P. vulgaris L. Self Heal. Frequent throughout, in woods and fields, and on roadsides. June into Oct. Physostegia Benth. False Dragon Head. P. virginiana (L.) Benth. (Incl. P. denticulata (Ait.) Benth.) An infrequent escape from cultivation along the Susquehanna River (Ce), and in New Castle and Sussex Counties. July into Sept. Lamium L. Dead Nettle. L. amplexicaule L. Henbit. A common weed about gardens, fields and roadsides, throughout the Peninsula. Early April, May. Nat. from Europe. L. purpureum L. Infrequent, in fields and woods along the Brandy wine Creek; one station in Talbot County: field 3 mi. n. w. of Easton, Earle, 2368, 11 May 1940 (P). May. Nat. from Europe. L. maculatum L. An occasional escape from cultivation: Wilmington, Commons & Tatnall in 1897 (A); below Stanton (NC), Canhy in June 1902 (D). Introd. from Europe. Leonurus L. Motherwort. L. Cardiaca L. Common Motherwort. A frequent weed in waste places. June, July. Nat. from Europe. L. Marrubiastrum L. Frequent in waste ground; Piedmont of New Castle County. July, Aug. Adv. from Europe. Stachys L. Hedge Nettle. S. hyssopifolia Mx. Infrequent; meadows and pond margins on the Coastal Plain, from near the Fall Line to Sussex County. Late July to early Aug. S. aspera Mx. {S. amhigua (Gray) Britton.) Seldom collected: Kings Creek (So), J. H. Holmes, 24 July 1890 [221] Stachys LABIATAE Blephilia (UD) ; west of Dover (K), H. R. Baker, 9 July 1932 (UD) ; "marshes of Nanticoke River" (Wi), Shreve & Jones, 1305, 23 Aug. 1906 (U). June. S. tenuifoUa Willd. Infrequent in wet ground of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: near Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 10 Aug. 1910 (D); woods along the Susquehanna River, 3^ mi. n. of Port Deposit (Ce), Hans Wilkens, 4102, 2 Aug. 1935 (P). Aug., early Sept. S. hispida Pursh. (*S. tenuifoUa var. aspera (Mx.) Fern.) Common ; tidal shores, river banks and meadows. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Wicomico County. Mid-June, July. S. palustris L. One collection: river shore above New Castle, Commons, 30 June 1896 (U). Salvia L. Sage. S. lyrata L. Wild Sage. Common in dry sandy woods, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain as far south as Worcester County. Mid-May, mid-June. Monarda L. Horse Mint. Bergamot. M. clinopodia L. Rare, in the valley of Brandywine Creek (NC) : below Beaver Valley, Canhy, 3 July 1896 (D); Point Lookout, 3^ mi. n. w. of Granogue, R. R. Tatnall, 1481, 12 July 1932 (T). M. fistulosa L. Wild Bergamot. Frequent in dry open soil, in or near the Piedmont province. July, Aug. M. punctata L. Horse Mint. Common in dry sandy soil, Caroline and Kent (Del.) Counties, and southward to northern Accomac County; rare in the northern part of the Coastal Plain: Delaware Junction (NC), Commons, 16 Sept. 1863 (A), locahty destroyed by cultivation; roadside. Town Point (Ce), M. J. PopowsJd, 29 Aug. 1937 (A). Aug., mid-Sept. Blephilia Raf. B. ciUata (L.) Raf. One collection: fields, Centreville (NC), Commons, 17 June 1865 (A). [222] Blephilia LAB I AT AE Pycnanthemum B. hirsuta (Pursh) Bentham. Wood Mint. One collection : in woods along Beaver Valley road near Brandy- wine Creek (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 14 June 1925 (T). Hedeoma Pers. Pennyroyal. H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. Frequent in dry soil of the Piedmont; less common on the Coastal Plain. Aug. Melissa L. Balm. M. officinalis L. Escaped, and established about dwellings and on roadsides, northern New Castle County, July, Aug. Introd. from Europe. Satureja L. S. hortensis L. Summer Savory. Escaped to waste ground in Wilmington, Commons, 25 Aug. 1897 (A). Introd. from Europe. S. Nepeta (L.) Scheele. Basil Thyme. Occasional, on dry soil: dry hills, Fredericktown (Ce), Commons, 13 June 1876 (A); "Eastern Shore of Virginia," Canhy, Oct. 1891 (D); farm 3^ mi. w. n. w. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3738, 6 Sept. 1942 (P); % mi. s. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3984, 1 Oct. 1944 (P). S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch var. neogaea Fern., in Rhodora 46, 388. 1944. (Calamintha Clinopodium Benth.) Basil. Frequent in dry woods and on roadsides of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain, at least as far south as Sussex County. Late June to early Sept. Origanum L. O. vulgare L. Wild Marjoram. Frequent on dry sandy banks, New Castle and Cecil Counties. Mid-June to early Sept. Nat. from Europe. Appears to reach its southern limit in lower New Castle County. Pycnanthemum Mx. Mountain Mint. P. clinopodioides T. & G. Rare, in the Piedmont of New Castle County: Wills Rock, Wilmington, Commons, 18 Aug. 1876 (A). According to Commons, this species was collected by Canhy "near Swayne Station, W. & N. R. R." in 1872, but no specimens have been seen. [223] Pycnanthemum LABIATAE Thymus P. setosum Nutt. (P. aristatum Mx.) Infrequent, in pine barrens of Kent (Del.), Sussex, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. July, Aug. P. flexuGsum (Walt.) BSP. Frequent; dry thickets, fields and roadsides of the Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain at least to Talbot County (Earle). July, early Aug. P. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson. Rare, in Cecil and New Castle Counties: Elk Neck road (Ce), Otis, 5 Aug. 1913 (D); 2}4 mi. n. e. of Conowingo (Ce), True, 589, 4 Aug. 1935 (P). According to E. Tatnall (MS Catalog), "com- mon, dry thickets and old fields" (NC). P. verticillatum (Mx.) Pers. Infrequent, in wet ground of the Coastal Plain, in New Castle and Kent (Del.) Counties. July, Aug. P. incanum (L.) Mx. Infrequent in dry ground of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: 3^ mi. w. of Greenbackville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4340, 9 Aug. 1939 (T, P); Long Point, 5^ mi. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2270, 13 Aug. 1939 (P). July, Aug. Var. Loomisii (Nutt.) Fern. Cited for Delaware by Fernald in Rhodora 37, 440. 1935 (G). Specimens not seen. P. muticum (Mx.) Pers. Frequent in low ground along the Fall Line; less common southward to Sussex County. July, Aug. Thymus L. T. Serpyllum L. Wild Thyme. Infrequent on grassy banks in northern New Castle County; ''naturaHzed" at Nanticoke (Wi), J. J. Carter, 13 June 1906 (A). July, Aug. Nat. from Europe. T. vulgaris L. Garden Thyme. Occasionally escaping from gardens, and persisting on grassy roadsides: 1 mi. n. e. of Wilmington, Commons, 1 Sept. 1896 (A). Reported by E. Tatnall (MS Catalog) as collected by Canhy, 17 [224] Thymus LABIATAE Lycopus June 1897, along "road from Marshallton to Hockessin, 1 mi. n. w. of Greenbank," no specimen seen. Nat. from Europe. Cunila L. Dittany. C. origanoides (L.) Britton. (C. mariana L.) Frequent in dry woods, Piedmont of New Castle County; rare and local on the Coastal Plain: 5 mi. s. s. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3103, 4 Sept. 1940 (P); woods 3 mi. n. w. of Dover (K), R. R. Tatnall, 4670, 5 Sept. 1940 (T). Mid- Aug., Sept. Lycopus L. Water Horehound. See Benner: Bartonia 16, 46-47. 1934; Hermann: Rhodora 38, 373-375, 1936, with key to fruit characters. L. virginicus L. Bugle Weed. Frequent in moist soil. Piedmont and Coastal Plain southward to Northampton County. Late July into Sept. L. uniflorus Mx. Bugle Weed. Infrequent, in low ground. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain at least as far south as Sussex and Talbot Counties. Late July into Sept. L. amplectens Raf. (L. sessilifolius Gray. See Fernald: Rhodora 46, 56-57. 1944.) Infrequent in moist woods and low sandy soil, from the Pennsyl- vania line southward to Worcester County. Early Aug. into Oct. L. rubellus Moench. Infrequent, on the Coastal Plain, in swamps and shallow water. Mid-Sept., Oct. L. europaeus L. Common along streams, and on borders of fresh or brackish marshes, Coastal Plain of Cecil and New Castle Counties; rare far- ther south: n. of Ocean City (Wo), Fogg, 11380, 12 Sept. 1936 (P). Mid-Aug. into Oct. Nat. from Europe. L. americanus Muhl. Common in wet places, from the Pennsylvania line to Worcester County. Mid-July into Oct. [225] Lycopus LABIATAE Mentha Var. Longii Benner. In the same habitats, but less frequent, New Castle and Kent Counties, Del. Mentha L. Mint. M. longifolia (L.) Hudson. (M. sylvestris L.) Infrequent, in meadows and waste ground of New Castle and Cecil Counties. June, July. Nat. from Europe. M. rotundifolia (L.) Hudson. Escaping from cultivation in New Castle and Sussex Counties. Not reported since 1899. Nat. from Europe. M. spicata L. {M. viridis L.) Spearmint. Frequent; moist fields and stream banks of the Piedmont. July. Nat. from Europe. M. piperita L. Peppermint. Frequent in moist ground, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain at least to Wicomico County. July, Aug. Nat. from Europe. M. aquatica L. Water Mint. Two known localities: shore of Nanticoke River, Seaford (S), Canhy, Aug. 1874 (D, U); Commons, 1 Sept. 1882 and 10 Sept. 1896 (A); Cheswold (K), J. H. Holmes, Aug. 1890 (U). M. gentilis L. {M. saliva L.) Infrequent; in waste places and on river banks, in New Castle and Cecil Counties. July, Aug. Nat. from Europe. M. arvensis L. Rare: North East (Ce), S. Brown, 4 July 1903 (A); Red Point, shore of North East River (Ce), Otis, 9 Aug. 1912 (D); roadside, Newark (NC), P. W. Baker, 13 July 1924 (UD). Var. villosa (Benth.) Stewart. See Rhodora 46, 331-335. 1944. Wild Mint. Infrequent; meadows and stream banks in the Piedmont of New Castle County. July, Aug. [ 226 ] Collinsonia LABIATAE— SOLANACEAE Solanum CoUinsonia L. Horse Balm. C. canadensis L. Stone Root. Common in rich rocky woods of the Piedmont; local on the Coastal Plain southward to Talbot County (Earle). July to mid- Sept. Perilla L. P. frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Benth.) Deane. Frequent and rapidly spreading in the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: Moore's Pond, 4 mi. s. e. of Laurel (S), R. R. Tatnall, 4104, 12 Oct. 1938 (T, A) ; edge of woods, 2 mi. s. s. e. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3501, 1 Sept. 1941 (P, A). Aug., mid-Sept. Nat. from eastern Asia. SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family) Solanum L. Potato. S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet. Infrequent, in hedges and low ground, northern New Castle County. Mid-June, mid-July. Nat. from Europe. S. nigrum L. Common Nightshade. Frequent in fields, salt marshes and waste ground, throughout. Late June to Sept. S. carolinense L. Horse Nettle. Frequent in fields and waste ground. Piedmont province, and southward on the Coastal Plain at least to Talbot County (Earle). Late June to mid- Aug. , v v ,,. ^ - I- ' i S. sisymbriifolium Lam. Waif on waste ground near 7th Street bridge, Wilmington, Commons, 27 Oct. 1898 (A, D). Adv. from tropical America. S. rostratum Dunal. Waif along the Penna. Railroad at Shellpot bridge, Wilmington, Commons, 7 Sept. 1897 (A). Introd. from mid- western U. S. S. citruUifolium A. Br. A rare weed: Seventh Street near Clayton Street, Wilmington, Edna Thomas, in 1893 and 1894 (D) ; a single plant in a vacant lot at 7th & Rodney Streets, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 13 Oct. 1921 (T). Adv. from central U. S. [227] Physalis SOLANACEAE Lycium Physalis L. Ground Cherry. See Key in Deam : Flora of Indiana. P. ixocarpa Brotero. Tomatillo. Cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous in New Castle County: in sandy soil, Deakyne's Landing, Commons, 20 June 1866 (A); waste ground near Centreville, Commons, 3 Sept. 1869 (A); Wil- mington, Commons, 16 Oct. 1900 (A). Introd. from the Southwest. P. angulata L. Rare, in sandy soil, Sussex County: Cypress Swamp near Gumboro, Commons, 24 Sept. 1874 (A). P. pruinosa L. Strawberry Tomato. Rare, in sandy soil. New Castle County: fields and wastes, Centreville, Commons, 16 Sept. 1868 (A). P. Alkekengi L. Winter Cherry. Cultivated and occasionally escaping. (Eastern Asia.) P. heterophylla Nees. Frequent in fields and open pinelands, New Castle, Sussex and Wicomico Counties. Late May to mid-July. P. subglabrata Mack. & Bush. Frequent in fields and sandy soil, New Castle County; occasional farther south: near Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3500, 1 Sept. 1941 (P); 13^ mi. s. s. e. of Union ville (Ta), Earle, 3949, 27 Sept. 1944 (P). July. P. virginiana Mill. (P. lanceolata of manuals.) Infrequent, in dry sandy soil, Sussex and Wicomico Counties. Late May to July. Nicandra Adans. N. Physalodes (L.) Pers. Apple-of-Peru. Cultivated, and occasionally escaping to waste ground. Introd. from Peru. Lycium L. Matrimony Vine. L. halimifolium Mill. (L. vulgare Dunal.) Infrequent, about dwellings and in waste places. Introd. from Europe. [ 228 ] Datura SOLANACEAE— SCROPHULARIACEAE Verhascum Datura L. Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple. 'D. Stramonium L. (Incl. D. Tatula L.) Frequent in cultivated and waste ground. Late summer. Nat. from tropical America. [D. Metel L. Reported by E. Tatnall (MS Catalog) as collected by himself at "railroad crossing, Ninth Ward," Wilmington, no date. No specimen seen.] Hyoscyamus L. H. niger L. Black Henbane. A rare waif: waste ground near Centreville (NC), Commons, 9 July 1871 (A); yard of Methodist parsonage, Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 20 July 1914 (D). Nat. from Europe. Nicotiana L. Tobacco. N. longiflora Cav. An occasional escape from cultivation in northern New Castle County. Petunia Juss. P. parviflora Juss. One known station: upper edge of salt marsh, Wachapreague (Ac), Fernald & Long, 4169, 26 July 1934 (P, T). Native of tropical America. "An extension northward of the natural range, from Florida"; Rhodora 37, 440. 1935. P. violacea Lindl. Cultivated, and infrequently spontaneous in waste places about Wilmington. Native of Argentina. SCROPHULARIACEAE (Snap Dragon Family) Verhascum L. Mullein. V V. Thapsus L. Common Mullein. A common weed of fields and roadsides in the northern part of our range. Nat. from Europe. t-> i. v ^ .iv, »i V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Common weed northward; one collection from Talbot County: V->^*-^^ * [229] ^v Verhascum SCROPHULARIACEAE Scrophularia 4 mi. n. w. of Easton, Earle, 2294, 3 Sept. 1939 (P). Nat. from Europe. V. Lychnitis L. White Mullein. Rare, in waste places about Wilmington: Commons, in 1898 (D, A). Adv. from Europe. Linaria Hill. Toadflax. L. vulgaris Hill. Butter-and-Eggs. Common weed of fields and roadsides, throughout our range. June to Sept. Nat. from Europe. L. canadensis (L.) Dumont. Common in sandy soil throughout most of our range, especially on the Coastal Plain; rare south of the Virginia line: Chincoteague Island (Ac), True, 27 June 1928 (P); 3 mi. s. of Bayview (No), R. R. Tatnall, 2614, 2 June 1935 (T, A); Cape Charles, s. of Kiptopeke (No), Fosherg, 14640, 18 April 1938 (P). Late May, June. Chaenorrhinum Reichla."^^'^ '^ C. minus (L.) Lange. {Linaria minor (L.) Desf.) Rare, usually on railroad ballast: at Purnell Pond, 1 mi. n. e. of Snow Hill (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 31, 31 May 1928, and later collec- tions (T, G, A) ; same locahty, True, 30, June 1928 (P) ; Granogue Station (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4892, 5 July 1941 (T, A). Late May to mid-Sept. Adv. from Europe. Kickxia Dumortier. K. Elatine (L.) Dumort. {Linaria Elatine (L.) Mill.) Of rather frequent occurrence in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, from near the Fall Line southward to Somerset County. Mid- July to early Sept. Nat. from Europe. Cymbalaria Hill. C. muralis Gaertn. Kenilworth Ivy. Cultivated, and sometimes escaping and persisting. Scrophularia L. Figwort. S. marilandica L. Frequent in rich woods of the Piedmont, in New Castle and Cecil Counties; rare on the Coastal Plain: Grove Point (Ce), R. R. [230] Scrophularia SCROPHULARIACEAE Mimulus Tatnall, 2435, 13 Oct. 1934 (T); 23^ mi. e. s. e. of Cecilton (Ce), Long, 48415, 16 May 1936 (A); along Mill Creek 2 mi. n. of Long- woods (Ta), Earle, 3508, 22 Nov. 1941 (P). Mid- July to early Sept. S. lanceolata Pursh. {S. leporella Bickn.) Rare: shores of Delaware River near Wilmington, Canhy, 23 June 1896 (D). Penstemon Mitchell. (Pentstemon Ait.) Beard-tongue. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. {P. puhescens Willd.) Rare: Wooddale (NC), Commons, in 1865 (A); Leslie (Ce), J". Crawford, 12 June 1897 (A); Elk Neck (Ce), W. L. Abbott, 31 May 1923 (A). Late May, June. P. laevigatus Sol. Our only record is the following: "Delaware," Nuttall (A). Neither date nor specific locality is given, but the specimen was probably collected in Sussex County, in 1809. P. Digitalis Nutt. Frequent and rapidly spreading in the Piedmont province; rare on the Coastal Plain: west of Pocomoke City (So), R. R. Tatnall, 2666, 4 June 1935 (T, P, A); 1^ mi. so. of Exmore (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3390, 1 June 1937 (T). June. Chelone L. Turtlehead. C. glabra L. Frequent in damp ground. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain south- ward to Wicomico County. Sept. Mimulus L. Monkey Flower. M. ringens L. Frequent in wet ground in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of New Castle and Cecil Counties; infrequent farther south, to the Virginia line. Mid-July, Aug. M. alatus Ait. Infrequent in wet soil. Piedmont province, and southward on the Coastal Plain to the Virginia line. Mid-July to early Sept. [231] Bacoya SCROPHULARIACEAE Gratiola Bacopa Aublet. Water Hyssop. For revised treatment of Bacopa and Mecardonia see Pennell: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. XCVIII, (1946), pp. 83-98. B. Monnieri (L.) Pennell. (B. Monnieria (L.) Drake.) One collection: Smith Island (No), W. Palmer (U). The northern limit for this southern species. B. stragula Fern. ( Herpestis rotundifoUa Gaertn. f . See Rhodora 44, 434 sqq. 1942.) Rare, in tidal mud: SaHsbury (Wi), Canby in 1863 (A); Com- mons in 1867 (A); in Wicomico River at Shad Point, below Salis- bury, R. R. Tatnall, 3963, 8 Sept. 1938 (T). July to Sept. Here reaching its northern limit. Mecardonia Ruiz & Pavon. M. acuminata (Walt.) Small. {Bacopa acuminata (Walt.) Rob- inson.) One collection: Fruitland (Wi), A. Huy (G). Here reaching the northern limit of its range. Gratiola L. Hedge Hyssop. G. lutea Raf. (G. aurea Muhl.) Frequent in wet sand, from southern New Castle County to Sussex and Wicomico Counties. June to mid-Sept. G. ramosa Walt. One known collection: Salisbury (Wi), Canby, without date (A). G. viscidula Pennell. {G. viscosa Schwein.) Known in our area only from swamps along the Delaware River near Wilmington, where it was first collected by Commons in 1866 (A), and later by Commons & Tatnall in 1894 and 1897 (D, A). G. neglecta Torr. {G. virginiana L. of manuals.) Infrequent, in wet ground, New Castle County; occasional farther south: Chincoteague Island (Ac), Canby, no date (Field Mus.); moist woodroad, Wachapreague (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 2633, 3 June 1935 (T, P, G); woods 4 mi. w. n. w. of Easton (TA), Earle, 3419, 5 July 1941 (P). June, mid-July. [ 232 ] Gratiola SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindernia G. virginiana L. {G. sphaerocarpa Ell. of manuals.) Common in wet places on the Coastal Plain, throughout our area. Early May to mid-Oct. Var. aestuariorum Pennell. "A tidal extreme, . . . known only from the Wicomico River": Salisbury, Wherry & Pennell, 12845, 3 Sept. 1925 (A). Tragiola Small & Pennell. T. pilosa (Mx.) Small & Pennell. {Gratiola pilosa Mx.) Frequent; wet meadows, river shores and dry pinelands, from Caroline and Sussex Counties to Cape Charles. Aug., early Sept. Limosella L. Mudwort. L. subulata Ives. (L. aquatica L. var. tenuifolia (Wolf) Pers.) Rare, in tidal mud: shore of Delaware River, Bellevue (NC), Commons, 1 Oct. 1873 (A) ; shore of North East River, Charlestown (Ce), Long, 57098, 20 July 1941, in fruit (A). July to Oct. Hemianthus Nutt. (Micranthemum Mx.) H. micranthemoides Nutt. Infrequent, on sandy or muddy shores of rivers, between tides, in New Castle, Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset and Wicomico Counties. Aug. to Oct. Lindernia Allioni. (Ilysanthes Raf.) . L. dubia (L.) Pennell. (/. dubia (L.) Barnhart.) Frequent in wet ground, throughout our range, especially on the Coastal Plain. July to Sept. Var. inundata Pennell. Rare, in tidal mud: shore of Delaware River, Holly Oak (NC), Commons, 28 July 1898 (A); south of Sahsbury (Wi), Wherry & Pennell, 12852, 3 Sept. 1925 (A); Long Creek, 1 mi. n. of Chesapeake City (Ce), Long, 42267, 7 Oct. 1933 (A); Wicomico River at Shad Point, below Salisbury, R. R. Tatnall, 3963, 8 Sept. 1938 (T). L. anagallidea (Mx.) Pennell. (/. anagallidea (Mx.) Robinson.) Frequent, in wet sand or mud, from the Fall Line southward to Cape Charles. July to Sept. [ 233 ] Veronicastrum SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica Veronicastrum Fabr. {Leptandra Nutt.) V. virginicum (L.) Farwell. ( Veronica virginica L.) Culver's Root. Frequent in dry woodlands and open ground of the Piedmont province; occasional south of the Fall Line: Vandyke (NC), Van Pelt, 20 Sept. 1907 (A). July, Aug. Veronica L. Speedwell. V. americana (Raf.) Schw. American Brooklime. Rare; meadows and springheads in the Brandy wine valley: meadow, Wilmington, William Tatnall, 6 June 1888 (D) ; Granogue, Tatnall & Commons, 27 May 1896 (D, A). June to early Aug. V. officinalis L. Common Speedwell. Common in dry woods and open ground of the Piedmont prov- ince; becoming scarce southward on the Coastal Plain: woods 2J^ mi. n. e. of Cecilton (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 4841, 21 May 1941 (T, A); near Chestertown (QA), Vanatta, 30 May 1910 (A); woods 6 mi. e. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2451, 11 May 1940 (P). Mid-May to mid-July. V. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Infrequent in fields, meadows and woods of the Piedmont; oc- casional on the Coastal Plain: 1 mi. s. s. w. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3539, 10 May 1942 (P). May, June. Nat. from Europe. V. peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell. Frequent in the Piedmont area, in wet soil, often as a weed in cultivated ground ; less common on the Coastal Plain, southward to Talbot (Earle) and Wicomico (Shreve) Counties. May, June. V. arvensis L. Corn Speedwell. A frequent weed in rocky woods, cultivated soil and sandy open ground, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain at least as far south as Talbot and Sussex Counties. May. Nat. from Europe. V. persica Poir. ( V. Tournefortii Gmel.) Infrequent in cultivated and waste ground about Wilmington; occasional in sandy soil southward: field 2 mi. s. of Princess Anne (So), R. R. Tatnall, 1146, 31 May 1931 (T); 5 mi. s. e. of Milford (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3685, 16 May 1938 (T, P); 2 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 3228, 17 May 1941 (P). May. Adv. from Europe. [234] Veronica SCROPHULARIACEAE Gerardia V. hederaefolia L. Infrequent; wayside banks and waste places in the Piedmont province. April, May. Nat. from Europe. Aureolaria Raf. Yellow Foxglove. A. virginica (L.) Pennell. (Gerardia flava of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Downy False Foxglove. Frequent in rocky oak woods of the Piedmont, and under oaks in open sandy woods of the Coastal Plain, southward to Worcester County. July, early Aug. A. flava (L.) Farwell. {Gerardia quercifolia Pursh.) Smooth False Foxglove. Infrequent in dry oak woods in the valley of Brandywine Creek (NC); occasional on the Coastal Plain: thicket 13^ mi. w. of Ocean City (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 1602, 4 Sept. 1932 (T). Late July to Sept. Ssp. reticulata (Raf.) Pennell. One collection: sandy soil, Laurel (S), H. R. Baker, 15 Sept. 1926 (UD). A. pedicularia (L.) Raf. Infrequent; in oak woods, Piedmont province of New Castle County, and in Sussex County. Aug., Sept. Gerardia (L.) Bentham. (Agalinis Raf.) G. linifolia Nutt. Known only from Ellendale (S) : upland meadows, Canhy, Aug. 1874 (A), and Aug. 1891 (D); moist sand, Commons, 26 Aug. 1897 (A); C. S. Williamson, 29 Aug. 1908 (A, P). Here reaching its northern limit. G. purpurea L. Large Purple Gerardia. Common on borders of salt marshes, and in meadows and fields of the interior, from the Fall Line to the Virginia boundary. Late Aug., Sept. G. maritima Raf. Frequent in salt marshes and meadows along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay, from Accomac County [235] Gerardia SCROPHULARIACEAE Castilleja northward to southeastern New Castle County. Mid-July to mid- Sept. G. racemulosa Pennell. Rare, in sandy pine barrens: Felton (K), Canhy, without date (D) ; opposite Sharptown, in Dorchester County, Otis, without date (A). Sept., mid-Oct. G. setacea (Walt.) Gmel. {G. Holmiana Greene. See Pennell: Scroph. E. Temp. N. A., p. 450.) Rather rare, in dry sandy woods of the Coastal Plain: Elk Neck (Ce), W. L. Ahhott, 24 Sept. 1923 (A); near Cod Creek (S), east of Sharptown, Md., Otis, 28 Sept. 1914 (A); Ellendale (S), Pennell, 12883, 8 Sept. 1925 (A); near Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2333, 3 Sept. 1939 (P) ; American Corner (Ca), Moldenke, 13860. Mid-Sept., Oct. G. tenuifolia Vahl. Infrequent near and north of the Fall Line; rare on the Coastal Plain, in sandy soil: Vandyke (NC), S. Brown, 20 Sept. 1907 (A); Oak Orchard (S), F. S. Fender, 1085, 22 Sept. 1935 (P). G. decemloba Greene. One collection: sandy pine swamp, 2^ mi. s. e. of Ellendale (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3948, 7 Sept. 1938 (T, A). G. parvifolia (Hook.) Chapm. (G. obtusifolia (Raf.) Pennell.) Rare, in sandy pinelands of the Coastal Plain: Felton (K), Canhy, Sept. 1867 (D, A); Elk Neck (Ce), E. C. Leonard, 5769 (U). Buchnera L. Blue Hearts. B. americana L. Rare, in dry sandy or sterile soils. Piedmont and Coastal Plain: near Centreville (NC), Commons in 1873 (A); dry fields, Harvey Station (NC), Commons & Tatnall, 15 Aug. 1894 (D, A); Townsend (NC), Canhy, 5 Oct. 1896 and 4 Sept. 1899 (D); Rock Springs (Ce), barrens 3^ mi. n. w., L. F. A. Tanger, 2 Aug. 1938 (P). Aug., Sept. Castilleja Mutis. Painted Cup. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. Local, in meadows and along streams in the Piedmont province: J. Commons' meadow, near Centreville (NC), Commons, 30 May 1864 (A); low ground near Centre Meeting, 1 mi. e. of Centreville [236] Castilleja SCROPHUL.— LENTIBULARIAC. Utricularia (NC), Canhy in 1893 (D) ; Conowingo (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1273, 1 June 1913 (A) ; along rivulet, east side of Brandywine Creek, near Thompsons Bridge, R. R. Tatnall, 1769, 26 May 1933 (T); meadow at Mendinhall's Mill, on Mill Creek, 2 mi. s. of Hockessin (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1760, 15 May 1933 (T, P); 1764, 19 May 1933 (A); 2547, 12 May 1935 (T); 2930, 21 May 1936 (G). Mid-May to mid- June. Melampyrum L. Cow Wheat. U-'> M. lineare Desr. var. latifolium Barton. See Fernald: Rhodora 44, 446-452. 1942. Common in sandy woods of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line to southern Accomac County. June. Var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fern. Rare, in dry sandy pine woods: Cape Henlopen (S), Com- mons, 14 July 1898 (A); near Milton (S), Commons, 17 Aug. 1899 (A). Pedicularis L. Lousewort. P. canadensis L. Wood Betony. Frequent in open woods. New Castle County, chiefly in the Piedmont. Mid-April, May. P. lanceolata Mx. Infrequent, in low ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas of New Castle County; one collection from Salisbury (Wi), J. B. Brinton, 1 Sept. 1880 (P). Late July to early Oct. Schwalbea L. S. americana L. Rare, in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: dry soil south of the canal, St. Georges (NC), E. Tatnall in 1860 (MS Catalog), Com- mons, 22 July 1875 (A); Ocean City (Wo), Commons, 9 Aug. 1878 (A) ; Canhy, 23 July 1893 (D). Mid-June to mid- July. LENTIBULARIACEAE (Bladderwort Family) Utricularia L. Bladderwort. U. inflata Walt. Infrequent, in ponds and ditches, from central Kent County (Del.) to Worcester County. Late May to Sept. [ 237 ] Uiricularia LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia Var. minor Chapm. ( U. radiata Small.) Infrequent, in pools and ditches, Sussex County; collected once near Wilmington, E. Tatnall, 17 July 1858 (A), and once at Custis Ponds, 4 mi. s. w. of Eastville (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3208, 18 Oct. 1936 (T). U. geminiscapa Benj. ( U. clandestina Nutt.) Rare, in ponds of the Coastal Plain: "Cedar Swamp" (NC), E. Tatnall, 31 July 1838 (D); Records Pond, Laurel (S), Fogg, 1703, 15 June 1926 (P); Kitts Hammock (K), Larsen, 349, 350, 10 Oct. 1933 (P). U. macrorhiza LeConte. ( U. vulgaris L. var. americana Gray.) Frequent, floating in ponds and ditches. Coastal Plain, from Wilmington southward to Worcester County. Late May through August. U. gibba L. Frequent, in mud or shallow water, from the Fall Line south- ward to Worcester County. July to mid-Sept. U. biflora Lam. Rare, in shallow water, Sussex County: Morris Pond, n. of Millsboro, C. S. Williamson, 5 July 1908 (A) ; Betts Pond, 1 mi. n. w. of Millsboro, R. R. Tatnall, 412, 30 June 1929 (T, P); Hudson Pond, 5 mi. s. of Milford, R. R. Tatnall, 955, 6 July 1930 (T). June, early July. U. fibrosa Walt. Rare: ditches and ponds, in shallow water, Sussex County: swamp along Indian River, Millsboro, Commons, 18 June 1875 (A) ; ponds, Frankford, Commons, 18 June 1875 (A); ponds by railroad, 3 mi. n. w. of Rehoboth, R. R. Tatnall, 2214, 1 July 1934 (T, P), and later collections. July, Aug. U. intermedia Hayne. One collection: shallow water, Greenbank (NC), Commons, July 1863 (A). Now probably extinct. U. purpurea Walt. Infrequent, in shallow ponds and ditches, Kent (Del.) and Sussex Counties. Early July to early Sept. [238] Utricularia LENTIBULARIAC— OROBANCH. Conopholis U. resupinata B. D. Greene. Rare, in shallow margins of ponds, Sussex County: Milford, Van Pelt & Long, 21 July 1908 (A); Burton Pond, Angola, R. R. Tatnall, 484, 1 Sept. 1929, and 935, 4 July 1930 (T, P, A, G). Z' U. subulata L. Infrequent, in bogs and dune hollows of the Coastal Plain, New 7 Castle and Sussex Counties; one collection in Northampton County: wet depression, near beach, Savage Neck, R. R. Tatnall, 3764, 21 May 1938 (T). Mid-May to mid-Sept. U. cleistogama (Gray) Britton. ( U. subulata var. cleistogama Fern, of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Rare, in moist sandy soil. Coastal Plain: meadow e. of George- town (S), C. S. Williamson, 30 Aug. 1908 (A); dune hollows. Savage Neck (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5449, 15 Oct. 1935 (P). U. cornuta Mx. Rare, in Sussex County: wet shores, Millsboro, Canhy, Aug. 1877 (A); Red Millpond, near Lewes, Otis, 17 Aug. 1923 (A, D). Late June into Aug. U. juncea Vahl. Frequent in shallow ponds and ditches, from central Kent County (Del.) to Worcester County. Late July to Sept. U. virgatula Barnhart. Rare, in wet sand of the Coastal Plain: margin of Tubmill Pond, 2 mi. n. of Milford (K), Otis, 8 Sept. 1920 (A); moist dune hollows. Savage Neck (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5450, 15 Oct. 1935 (P, T). Aug., early Sept. "Tiny imitator of U. juncea," Fernald: Rhodora 42, 384. 1940. OROBANCHACEAE (Broom-rape Family) Epifagus Nutt, E. virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech Drops. Common parasite on roots of beech trees, in Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces. Sept., early Oct. Conopholis Wallr. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. Squaw-root. Infrequent parasite on roots of oak trees, in valleys of Naamans [239] fr ConophoUs BIGNONIACEAE— ACANTHACEAE Justicia and Brandywine Creeks, in the Piedmont of New Castle County, and probably elsewhere. May, early June. Orobanche L. Broom-rape. O. minor Sm. Clover Broom-rape. Infrequent; parasitic on roots of clover, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Late May, June. Nat. from Europe. O. unifiora L. (Aphyllon uniflorum T. & G.) Frequent in damp woods. Piedmont province; parasitic on the roots of various plants; one collection on the Coastal Plain: 6 mi. e. n. e. of Easton (Ta), EarU, 2417, 11 May 1940 (P). Mid-May, early June. BIGNONIACEAE (Bignonia Family) Tecoma Juss. Trumpet Creeper, T. radicans (L.) Juss. {Campsis radicans (L.) Seeman.) Common on cultivated ground, fencerows and dunes. Cape Charles and northward to the Fall Line. Early June to Aug. Catalpa Scop. C. bignonioides Walt. Catalpa. Indian Bean. Frequent on roadsides, as an escape from cultivation; Sussex County, and northward to the Pennsylvania line. Nat. from southern U. S. Bignonia L. B. capreolata L. Cross- vine. Locally abundant in Worcester County. Mid-May, early June. Climbs vertically on trees by tendrils. Transverse sections of the stem show the pith in the form of a "plus sign." ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus Family) Justicia Houst. Water Willow. J. americana (L.) Vahl. (Dianthera americana of manuals. See Fernald: Rhodora 43, 493. 1941.) Frequent in New Castle and Cecil Counties, in fresh water; one collection in Accomac County: Accomac, J. Crawford, 10 July 1895 (A). June, July. [ 240 ] Cross-vine, {Bignonia capreolata) Photographed near Snow Hill. Maryland, where it reaches its northern limit of natural growth. Its showy tubular flowers, and fruit pods, resemble, on a smaller scale, those of its more familiar relative, the Trumpet Creeper. Ruellia PHRYMACEAE— PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago Ruellia L. See Fernald: Rhodora 47, 1-38, 47-63, 69-70. 1945.) R. caroliniensis (Walt.) Steudel. Frequent in woods and thickets. Piedmont area of Cecil County, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Northampton County. Mid-June to mid-July. Several varieties of this species have been proposed by Fernald, 1. c. R. strepens L. Infrequent, in rich soil, shores of the Susquehanna and North East Rivers, and Chesapeake Bay, in Cecil and Kent (Md.) Coun- ties. July to early Sept. Paulownia Sieb. & Zucc. P. tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. (P. imperialis S. & Z.) Planted, and frequently spontaneous, especially in the Piedmont. Introd. from Japan. Considered by many authors to belong to Scrophulariaceae. PHRYMACEAE (Lopseed Family) Phryma L. P. Leptostachya L. Lopseed. Frequent in moist woods. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Talbot County ( Earle) ; rare farther south : sandy woods back of the dunes. Savage Neck (No) , Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5454, 11 Oct. 1935 (P); 2 mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4344, 9 Aug. 1939 (T). July, Aug. PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family) Plantago L. Plantain. P. major L. Common Plantain. Common weed of dooryards and waste places; widely distributed. June to Oct. Var. intermedia (Gilibert) Dene. (P. halophila Bicknell.) Seldom collected ; in salt marshes along the coast : Assateague Island (Ac), True, 28 June 1928 (P). [241] Plantago PLANTAGINACEAE— RUBIACEAE Asperula P. Rugelii Dene. Common in woods, fields and dooryards, Piedmont area, and southward to Talbot County (Earle). June to Sept. P. lanceolata L. English Plantain. Common in waste places, and on river shores and beaches. Piedmont, and southward at least to Sussex County. May to Oct. Nat. from Europe. |4 P. aristata Mx. Becoming common as a weed on sandy shores and dry roadsides, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. June to Oct. Nat. from central U. S. P. virginica L. Common; dry sandy woods, fields, roadsides and coastal sands, Piedmont, and southward to northern Accomac County. Mid- April to June. ' P. pusilla Nutt. ■ '^ " ' Infrequent; dry fields in the Piedmont of New Castle County, and on the Coastal Plain in Siiass.x and Wicomico Counties. Late April to June. P. heterophylla Nutt. One collection: moist sandy soil in Cypress Swamp near Gum- boro (S), Commons, 24 May 1876 (A). P. indica L. (P. arenaria W. & K.) One collection: sandy beach at Slaughter Beach (S), Larsen, 1082, 7 Aug. 1936 (P). Adv. from central Europe. RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) Sherardia L. Field Madder. S. arvensis L. Local, in cultivated ground: field 2 mi. s. of Princess Anne (So), R. R. Tatnall, 1149, 31 May 1931 (T, A, P, G); weed in lawn, 7 mi. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3438, 24 Aug. 1941 (P). Nat. from Europe. Asperula L. A. arvensis L. One collection: waste ground near Faulkland (NC), Commons, July & Aug. 1880 (A). Adv. from Europe. [242] Asperula RUBIACEAE Galium A. odorata L. Sweet Woodruff. Escaped from cultivation, and collected once: near Centreville (NC), Commons, 15 Sept. 1874 (A). Galium L. Bedstraw. G. Aparine L. Cleavers. Frequent in the Piedmont province, in thickets; less common on the Coastal Plain: 4 mi. w. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2382, 11 May 1940 (P); 6 mi. e. n. e. of Easton, Earle, 2476, 1 June 1940 (P). May, early June. G. varum L. Yellow Bedstraw. Local: Chesapeake City (NC), just n. of the village, R. R. Tat- nall, 367, 28 June 1929 (T, G, A); roadside. Middle Neck (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 2243, 4 July 1934 (T, P); roadside H mi. s. w. of Greenville (NC), on Barley Mill road, R. R. Tatnall, 4861, 25 May 1941 (T, G, A). Late May to early July. Nat. from Europe. G. pilosum Air. Hairy Bedstraw, Frequent throughout; thickets and woods, in dry sandy soil. Late June, July. Var. puncticulosum (Mx.) T. & G. Infrequent, in pine woods. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. G. circaezans Mx. Wild Licorice. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont province; less common on the Coastal Plain, at least as far south as Talbot County (Earle). June, early July. G. lanceolatum Torr. Wild Licorice. Infrequent, in rich woods. Piedmont province. June, early July. G. boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. Rare, in the Piedmont of northern New Castle County: near Hockessin, Commons, 19 June 1869 (A); along Red Clay Creek above Yorklyn, Commons, 23 June 1872 (D); rocky woods near Faulkland, Commons, 22 July 1884 (A). June, July. G. Mollugo L. Infrequent; fields and waysides of northern New Castle County; rare on the Coastal Plain: roadside 2}^ mi. w. of Easton (Ta), [243] >J Galium RUBIACEAE Galium Earle, 3265, 17 May 1941 (P). Mid-May to early July. Nat. from Europe. G. trifidum L. var. tinctorium (L.) T. & G. (G. Claytoni of manuals. See Fernald: Rhodora 37, 443 sqq. 1935.) Frequent, in low ground, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. June, July. G. obtusum Bigel. (G. tinctorium of manuals. See Fernald, 1. c.) Common; damp woods, meadows and pond margins; widely distributed north of the Virginia line. Late May through July. Var. filifolium (Wieg.) Fern. Apparently rare: low ground, 23^ mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1715, 30 May 1938. G. concinnum T. & G. Rare, along the Susquehanna River in Cecil County: Conowingo, E. B. Bartram, 4 July 1907 (A); Pennell, 1589, 1 July 1914 (A); alluvial thickets, Rowlandsville, Long & Bartram, 1178, 31 May 1913 (A). G. asprellum Mx. Rough Bedstraw. Frequent in wet places, sprawling over bushes, northern New Castle County. July, Aug. G. triflorum Mx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Common in rich woodlands of the Piedmont; less frequent on the Coastal Plain, as far south as Talbot County {Earle). July to early Oct. G. uniflorum Mx. Rare, in Northampton County: woods back of dunes. Savage Neck, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5457, 11 Oct. 1935 (T); pine woods s. of Kendall Grove, same, 5458, 13 Oct. 1935 (P). A southern species, here apparently at its northern limit. G. hispidulum Mx. (G. bermudense L.) Coast Bedstraw. Rare, in sands of the Atlantic coast, from Cape Charles to Cape Henlopen: Cape Charles City (No), Canhy, Sept. 1894 (D); dunes near Cape Henlopen (S), Commons, 27 Aug. 1895 (A); pine woods, Chincoteague Island (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 138, 13 Sept. 1928 (T); pine woods, Kiptopeke (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5460, 14 Oct. [244] t Galium RUBIACEAE Houstonia 1935 (P, T); dry sand, Savage Neck (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3382, 1 June 1937 (T, A); Kiptopeke, Fosberg, 14655, 19 April 1938 (P); salt marsh, Chincoteague Island, Travis, 638, 21 July 1938 (P). Diodia L. Buttonweed. D. virginiana L. Common; margins of fresh- water ponds, ditch banks, dune hol- lows and borders of salt marshes, from Cape Charles northward to Kent County, Del. Mid-July into Sept. Here near the northern limit of its range. ^;r D. teres Walt. Common in sandy open ground, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain to Worcester County; rare south of the Virginia boundary: border of pine woods s. of Kendall Grove (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5462, 13 Oct. 1935 (P). July to Sept. r \f. Var. hystricina Fern. & Grisc. (Rhodora 39, 306. 1937.) Dunes and beaches, Northampton County: Cape Charles City, Canhy, Aug. 1894 (D); same, Fogg, 9736, 8 Sept. 1935 (P); Savage Neck, Fernald & Long, 5464, 11 Oct. 1935 (P, T, U) ; west of Kiptopeke, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5465, 5466, 5467, 14 Oct. 1935, TYPE (P, U). Mitchella L. Partridge Berry. M. repens L. Common in dry, or sometimes low, woods, throughout our range. Late May, June. Cephalanthus L. Buttonbush. C. occidentalis L. Common in swamps and along streams, Piedmont and Coastal Plain at least as far south as Wicomico County. July to mid-Aug. - V * ■•. ^ *( 'it*'-' ' i " Houstonia L. Bluets. / ' H. caerulea L. Quaker Ladies. Common in meadows and pastures of the Piedmont, and along the Fall Line; local on the Coastal Plain: salt meadow near Fen wick Island (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3725, 18 May 1938 (T, P); J/^ mi. n. w. of Berhn (Wo), Earle, 2016, 1 May 1939 (P); west of Greenbackville (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4434, 27 April 1940 (T). Late April, May. [245] V ■^ Houstonia RUBIACEAE— CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera H. purpurea L, Frequent in woods of the Coastal Plain, Cape Charles and northward to Sussex and Talbot Counties; one station in the Pied- mont: woods along the Susquehanna River, north of Conowingo (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1 June 1913 (A). H. lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. One collection : woods 2 mi. s. of Easton (Ta), J. A. Jump, 3 June 1937 (P). Oldenlandia L. O. uniflora L. (0. glomerata Pursh). Infrequent, in damp places, from southern New Castle County (Townsend, Commons, 16 Sept. 1863, according to E. Tatnall (MS Catalog)), to Cape Charles. Late July to Sept. CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Diervilla Mill. Bush Honeysuckle. D. Lonicera Mill. (Z). trifida Moench). Rare, in rocky woods of New Castle County: Rattlesnake Run, Wilmington, "G. W. T.," 1 June 1844 (T); Mt. Cuba, Commons, in 1873 and 1896 (A), and E. Tatnall, 29 June 1893 (D); Point Look- out, }/2 mi. n. w. of Granogue, R. R. Tatnall, 3425, 20 June 1937, and earlier collections (T, P, A, G). June. Lonicera L. Honeysuckle. L. japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle. Escaped from cultivation, and widely established on roadsides and in thickets, to the detriment of all other vegetation. May to July. y' L. sempervirens L. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Infrequent, in thickets and fencerows. Piedmont and Coastal Plain southward to Talbot and Sussex Counties; also in Northamp- ton County: pine woods at the Cape, s. of Kiptopeke, Fosherg, 14635, 18 April 1938 (P) ; dune sand on Savage Neck, R. R. Tatnall, 4191, 8 June 1939 (T). Mid-May into July. L. dioica L. One known station: fencerow 1}4 mi. s. of Bohemia Mills (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 1090, 10 May 1931 (T, P), and 3291, 13 May 1937 (T, G) ; Long, 37245, 7 May 1932 (A). May. [246] Symphoricarpos CAPRIFOLIACEAE Viburnum Symphoricarpos Ludwig. S. orbiculatus Moench. (S. vulgaris Mx.) Indian Currant. Infrequent escape from cultivation, on roadsides in New Castle and Wicomico Counties. S. albus (L.) Blake. (*S. racemosus Mx.) Snowberry. Occasional on roadsides, New Castle County: 2 mi. e. of Iron Hill, Tatnall & Commons, 29 May 1896 (A) ; roadside above Con- cord Station, Wilmington, Tatnall & Commons, 21 Sept. 1896 (A). Triosteum L. Horse Gentian. T. perfoliatum L. Wild Coffee. Frequent, in rich woods of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain at least as far south as Talbot County. Late May, June. T. aurantiacum Bicknell. Frequent in fields and on rocky, wooded hillsides of the Pied- mont area. Mid-May, early June. T. angustifolium L. Infrequent, in dry woods of the Piedmont province. May, June. Viburnum L. Arrow-wood. V. acerifolium L. Arrow-wood. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont; infrequent in sandy woods of the Coastal Plain. Late May, early June. V. Rafinesquianum Schultes. ( V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. See Fernald : Rhodora 43, 647. 1941.) Downy Arrow- wood. Rare, in moist ground: near Christiana (NC), Canby, 18 June 1901 (D); Ocean City (Wo), J. J. Carter, 13 Aug. 1909 (A); Snow Hill (Wo), True, 21 June 1926 (P). V. recognitum Fern. ( V. dentatum of manuals. See Fernald, 1. c.) Common in low ground. Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Mid- May, mid-June. V. dentatum L. ( V. scabrellum (T. & G.) Chapm. See Fernald, 1. c.) Frequent in woods and thickets of the Coastal Plain and Pied- mont of New Castle and Cecil Counties; less common farther south. June, July. [247] / Viburnum C APRIFOLI AC. —VALERIAN ACE AE Valerianella V. cassinoides L. Withe-rod. Frequent in swampy ground, New Castle and Cecil Counties, chiefly on the Coastal Plain. Late April to June. V. nudum L. Common in swampy ground from the Pennsylvania boundary southward to Wicomico County; rare farther south: peaty clearing s. of Townsend (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5477, in 1935 (P, T); pine woods s. of Townsend (No), R. R. Tatnall, 3373, 1 June 1937 (T). June, July. V. prunifolium L. Black Haw. Common on banks of streams in the Piedmont; less frequent on the Coastal Plain; one collection in Northampton County: woods back of dunes. Savage Neck, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5472, in 1935. May, early June. Sambucus L. Elder. S. canadensis L, Common Elder. Frequent in open soil of the Piedmont province; infrequent on the Coastal Plain southward to the Virginia line. June, early July. S. pubens Mx. {S. racemosa of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Red- berried Elder. One collection, in the Piedmont of Cecil County : along Octoraro Creek, above Cecil Paper Mill, Long & St. John, 1 May 1916 (A). VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family) Valeriana L. Valerian. V. pauciflora Mx. Locally abundant in alluvial soil along the Susquehanna River, in Cecil County: Conowingo, J. J. Carter, 19 May 1910 (A), and Long & Bartram, 31 May 1913 (A); woods 1 mi. s. of Rowlandsville, R. R. Tatnall, 4515, 28 May 1940 (T, A, P, G). Mid-May, early June. Valerianella Hill. Corn Salad. V. clitoria (L.) Dufr. ( F. Locusta (L.) Betcke.) Cultivated, and occasionally escaping to waste places, in New Castle, Cecil and Caroline Counties. Introd. from Europe. [248] Valerianella DIPSACACEAE— CAMPANULAC. Specularia V. radiata (L.) Dufr. var. Fernaldii Dyal. (Rhodora 40, 185. 1938.) Rather frequent, on grassy roadsides and banks of streams, in Sussex, Talbot, Dorchester and Worcester Counties. Mid-May, early June. DIPSACACEAE (Teasel Family) Dipsacus L. Teasel. D. sylvestris Huds. Wild Teasel. Infrequent, in fields and on roadsides, New Castle, Kent (Del.) and Cecil Counties. July. Nat. from Europe. Cephalaria Schrader. C. syriaca Schrad. Escaped from cultivation to a vacant lot in Wilmington, Canhy, 1 July 1896 (D, A). Nat. from Europe. CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family) Sicyos L. One-seeded Cucumber. S. angulatus L. Infrequent, in moist thickets, climbing over bushes, in the Pied- mont area of New Castle County; rare on the Coastal Plain: 1 mi. s. of Choptank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 5044, 15 Sept. 1942 (T); meadow 3^ mi. s. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3993, 1 Oct. 1944 (P). Aug., Sept. Echinocystis T. & G. E. lobata (Mx.) T. & G. Wild Balsam-apple. Cultivated, and escaping to waste ground. New Castle and Kent (Del.) Counties. Aug., Sept. [Watermelon, gourd, squash, pumpkin, cucumber, etc., often appear spontaneously after cultivation, but do not become estab- lished.] CAMPANULACEAE (Bluebell Family) Specularia Fabricius. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' Looking-glass. Common; fields, roadsides and open woods, from the Pennsyl- vania line to Talbot, Dorchester and Sussex Counties; rare farther south: 3 mi. s. of Bay view (No), R. R. Tatnall, 2616, 2 June 1935 (T, P). June, early July. [249] Campanula CAMPANULACEAE— LOBELIACEAE Lobelia Campanula L. Bellflower. C. aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. Infrequent, in grassy swamps, northern New Castle County; also 1 mi. s. w. of Sharptown (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 1612, 4 Sept. 1932 (T). June, early Sept. C. rapunculoides L. Escaping to roadsides and thickets, and becoming established, New Castle County, and probably farther south. Introd. from Europe. LOBELIACEAE (Lobelia Family) Lobelia L. L. cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower. Common in meadows, ditches and swamps, in the Piedmont province of New Castle and Cecil Counties, and southward on the Coastal Plain to northern Accomac County. Late July to mid- Sept. L. siphilitica L. Great Blue Lobelia. Frequent in swamps and along streams, and occasionally on rocky hillsides. Piedmont province; seldom collected on the Coastal Plain: Elk Neck (Ce), W. L. Ahhott, 26 Sept. 1927 (P); clearing, 5 mi. s. s. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3122, 4 Sept. 1940 (P). Aug., Sept. [L. amoena Mx. McVaugh, in Rhodora 38, 283. 1936, refers specimens determined as L. amoena, collected by Commons in Sussex County, and by Canby in Somerset County, to L. elongata Small, stating that L. amoena reaches the northern limit of its range in North Carolina.] L. elongata Small. Rare, in wet places on the Coastal Plain : tidal marshes, Princess Anne (So), Canhy, Aug. 1865 (D), and 8 Sept. 1866 (A); ponds, Millsboro (S), Commons, in 1877 and 1880 (A); along Indian River, Millsboro, S. Brown, 21 Sept. 1907 (A); along Wicomico River at Upper Ferry (Wi), A. V. Smith, in Rhodora 42, 279. 1940. L. puberula Mx. Downy Lobelia Common in meadows, swamps and low woods, throughout the Coastal Plain. Mid-Aug., Sept. [250] Lobelia LOBELIACEAE— COMPOSITAE Vernonia L. spicata Lam. Infrequent, in rich, rocky woods and open sandy or serpentine soil of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: Frankford (S), Commons, 15 June 1875 (A). Early June, July. Var. campanulata McVaugh. See Rhodora 38, 316. 1936. The following collection is cited by McVaugh, 1. c: near Centreville (NC), Commons, 30 June 1866 (A). L. infiata L. Indian Tobacco. Common in dry open ground of the Piedmont province; infre- quent on the Coastal Plain, in New Castle, Kent (Md.), Queen Anne's and Talbot Counties. Mid-July to mid-Sept. L. Canbyi Gray. In our range known only from sandy swamps, meadows and ditches at or near Ellendale (S), where it has been collected many times, from 1874 to 1934. Late July to Sept. L. Boykinii T. & G. Rare; meadows and ditches, Ellendale (S): Canhy, 24 July 1893 (D), as L. Nuttallii; ditches along railroad, C. S. Williamson, 9 July 1908 and 20 June 1909 (A); Long & Bartram, 6 July 1913 (A), as L. paludosa. L. Nuttallii R. & S. Frequent in moist sandy ground, dune hollows and ditches, in Sussex, Wicomico, Worcester and northern Accomac Counties, Early July to mid-Sept. COMPOSITAE (Composite Family) Vernonia Schreb. Iron-weed. V. noveboracensis Willd. Common in low ground, Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain at least to Somerset County. Aug., mid-Sept. V. glauca (L.) Willd. Common in rocky woods of the Piedmont province; less frequent in sandy soil throughout the Coastal Plain. Aug., Sept. [251] Elephantopus COMPOSITAE Eupatorium Elephantopus L. Elephant's-foot. E. carolinianus Willd. Common in damp woods of the Piedmont; infrequent on the Coastal Plain southward to Talbot (Earle), and Sussex Counties. Aug., Sept. E. nudatus Gray Frequent in sandy soil, preferring open pine woods, from Cape Charles northward to Sussex County. Mid-Aug. to early Oct. E. tomentosus L. Infrequent, in dry pine woods, Cape Charles, and northward to Wicomico County: Sahsbury, Canhy, Sept. 1867 (P); J. J. Carter, 15 July 1904 (A), here reaching its northern limit. Sclerolepis Cass. C. uniflora (Walt.) BSP. Frequent in shallow water of ditches and pond margins, in Sussex, Wicomico and Worcester Counties; rare farther north: "Sassafras Cross-roads" (= Green Spring Station) (NC), Commons, in 1866 (D, A). Late June through Aug. Eupatorium L. Joe-Pye Weed. Boneset. E. dubium Willd. (E. purpureum L., sensu Mackenzie. For this and the next two species, see Wiegand & Weatherby: Rhodora 39, 297-306. 1937.) Joe-Pye Weed. Common in wet soil. Piedmont area, and Coastal Plain south- ward to northern Accomac County. Aug., mid-Sept. E. fistulosum Barratt. {E. maculatum L., sensu Mackenzie.) Hollow-stemmed Joe-Pye Weed. Infrequent, in meadows and damp woods. Piedmont province; one Coastal Plain collection: woods 5 mi. s. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3104, 4 Sept. 1940 (P). Aug., Sept. Y E. purpureum L. (Probably E. trifoliatum sensu Mackenzie.) „ Pale-flowered Joe-Pye Weed. V.f.-'i/IT - Rather frequent on rich, wooded slopes of the Piedmont, in New Castle and Cecil Counties. Aug., Sept. E. capillifolium (Lam.) Small. Dog Fennel. Frequent; meadows, fields and roadsides, Northampton and [ 252 ] Eupatorium COMPOSITAE Ewpatorium Accomac Counties; occasional farther north: thicket, 2 mi. w. of Ocean City (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 2380, 16 Sept. 1934 (T, P, A, G); near Gumboro (S), A. V. Smith in 1939; 1 mi. s. of Dewey Beach (S), M. T. Travis, 867, 4 Sept. 1938 (P); 2}4 mi. s. of Rehoboth (S), R. R. Tatnall, 4748, 12 Oct. 1940 (A, T, G). Mid-Sept, to mid-Oct. A southern species, reaching the northern hmit of its range in Sussex County. E. serotinum Mx. Frequent in coastal sands, edges of salt marshes, swamps and pine woods, Kent County (Md.) to Cape Charles; rare in the Pied- mont: shore of Susquehanna River, 1 mi. s. of Rowlandsville (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 5172, 10 Oct. 1944 (T, A), and 5239, 10 Oct. 1945 (T). Mid- Aug. to mid-Sept. E. album L. Infrequent, in dry sandy soil and moist dune hollows of the Coastal Plain, from Kent (Del.) and Caroline Counties to Cape Charles. Late July to mid-Sept. Var. monardifolium Fern., in Rhodora 39, 452. 1937. One collection: oak copse, Rehoboth (S), J. R. Churchill, 5 Sept. 1908 (G). y E. leucolepis T. & G. Infrequent, in sandy bogs, swampy meadows and dune hollows, Kent (Del.), Sussex, Wicomico and Worcester Counties. Mid- Aug. into Sept." ^\ E. hyssopifolium L. See Fernald: Rhodora 44, 458-461. 1942. Frequent in dry open soil and salt meadows, throughout the Coastal Plain. July through Sept. Var. linearifolium (Walt.) Fern. Frequent throughout the Coastal Plain. July through Sept. E. Torreyanum Short. Rare, in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: along Tanner Branch, e. of Choptank Mills (K), Otis, 12 Aug. 1924 (A); moist thicket at millpond e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 152, 14 Sept. 1928 (T). [253] Eupatorium COMPOSITAE Eupatorium E. verbenaefolium Mx. Common from the Fall Line southward to Northampton County, in swamps, salt meadows and dune hollows. July, Aug. E. rotundifolium L. Frequent in fields, meadows and dry pine woods, from near the Fall Line southward at least to Wicomico County. Mid-July to Sept. E. pubescens Muhl. {E. rotundifolium var. ovatum Fern., in Rhodora 37, 179-181. 1935.) Frequent in dry sandy ground and borders of salt marshes. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Wicomico County. Aug., Sept. E. sessilifolium L. Upland Boneset. Frequent on rocky, wooded slopes of the Piedmont province. Mid-July to mid-Sept. Var. Vaseyi (Porter) Fernald & Griscom. See Rhodora 37, 180. 1935. Occasional in dry sand of the Coastal Plain: between Quan- tico and Salisbury (Wi), Tidestrom, 7427 (see the reference to Rhodora); woods IM mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4351, 10 Aug. 1939 (T). Aug. E. perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort. Boneset. Common in low ground of the Piedmont, and less frequent on the Coastal Plain to Northampton County. Mid- Aug., Sept. E. resinosum Torr. Rare, in low pine barrens: near Gumboro (S), Commons, 5 Aug. 1874 (A); "Baltimore Hundred" (S), Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A). Aug., Sept. E. rugosum Houtt. {E. urticaefolium of manuals. See Rhodora 40, 293. 1938, and 43, 557-558. 1941.) Frequent, in woods and thickets of the Piedmont and northern part of the Coastal Plain; rare southward: woods 5 mi. s. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3113, 4 Sept. 1940 (P). Aug. to Oct. E. aromaticum L. Infrequent, in sandy woods and thickets of the Coastal Plain, [ 254 ] Eupatorium COMPOSITAE Grindelia from the Fall Line southward to Cape Charles; rare in the Piedmont: rocky soil e. of Rock Springs (Ce), Long, 28483, 11 Aug. 1923 (A). Aug., Sept. E. coelestinum L, Mist-flower, Rather frequent in rich, rocky soil of New Castle and Cecil Counties; less common southward to Cape Charles. Mid- Aug. to early Oct. Mikania Willd. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed. Common in swamps, ditches and dune hollows, and along streams, from the Fall Line southward to southern Accomac County; one upland station: Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Carter, 5 Aug. 1905(A). Aug., Sept. ji,^^^ \ ^.^ ^ Liatris Schreber. Blazing Star. L. cylindracea Mx. One collection: canal bank at St. Georges (NC), E. Tatnall, without date (D). Probably a waif from west of the Alleghenies. L. scariosa Willd. One station: "near Mt. Cuba, Fulton's Mill, rare," Commons, 12 Sept. 1867 (A). L. spicata (L.) Willd. Infrequent; meadows and roadsides. Piedmont area; one Coastal Plain station: near Gumboro (S), Commons, 24 Sept. 1877 (A). Aug., Sept. L. graminifolia (Walt.) Willd. Common on the Coastal Plain, in dry, sandy woods and on roadsides; also in dune hollows and borders of salt marshes, Sussex County and southward to Cape Charles. Sept. to mid-Oct. The more hirsute plant has been separated by Fernald as var. lasia Fern. & Grisc. Grindelia Willd. Tar Weed. G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. One collection: sandy field near Milton (S), Commons, 17 Aug. 1899 (A). [ 255 ] h Heterotheca COMPOSITAE SoUdago Heterotheca Cass. H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby. Common weed in dry pastures and on roadsides, Worcester County, and northward to central Kent (Del.) and northern Caro- line Counties. An introduction from the southern states, spreading rather rapidly northward, and now reaching its northern limit for the Peninsula as noted above. (Also abundant for several miles along highway (Route 44), s. w. of Westville, Gloucester County, N. J.) Aug., mid-Sept. .. ' - Chrysopsis Nutt. Golden Aster. ' C. nervosa (Willd.) Fern. (C graminifolia of authors, not Mx.) Ell. See Rhodora 44, 464-475. 1942.) Infrequent, in sandy pine barrens and open pine woods, on the Coastal Plain, from Cape Charles northward to Sussex County, where it reaches the northern hmit of its range. Sept., mid-Oct. Var. stenolepis Fern. Rare: open pine woods along Tonytank Creek, 2^ mi. s. of Salisbury (Wi), R. R. Tatnall, 3971, 8 Sept. 1938 (T, G), cited by Fernald, 1. c, as transitional. C. mariana (L.) Nutt. Common in dry, sandy soil, throughout our range. Sept., Oct. Solidago L. Goldenrod. S. squarrosa Muhl. Rare; one known station: rocky bank along railroad, opposite Speakman's millpond, 0.3 mi. n. of Mt. Cuba Station. First col- lected here by Commons, 7 Oct. 1864 (D, A) ; several collections by the writer, in 1932 to 1940 (T, A, G). Late Aug., Sept. S. caesia L. Woodland Goldenrod. Common in deciduous woods of the Piedmont; less frequent in sandy woods of the Coastal Plain, as far south as Kent County, Del. Sept., mid-Oct. S. latifolia L. {S. flexicaulis L., in part.) Infrequent, in rocky woods of the Piedmont. Sept. to mid- Oct. [256] Solidago COMPOSITAE Solidago S. bicolor L. White Goldenrod. Common in dry soil, in the northern part of our range; less common southward to Cape Charles. Late Aug. to mid-Oct. Var. ovalis Farwell. (S. hispida Muhl.) Infrequent, New Castle and Cecil Counties. S. erecta Pursh. Frequent in dry pine woods, and on sandy roadsides, Talbot and Sussex Counties, and southward to Cape Charles. Mid-Aug., Sept. S. puberula Nutt. Infrequent, in open, sandy soil. Coastal Plain of Cecil, New Castle and Kent (Del.) Counties. Sept. S. striata Ait. Rare: pine barren swamps near Gumboro (S), Commons, 24 Sept. 1874 (A). Cited by E. Tatnall (MS Catalog) from CoHins Beach (NC), Commons in 1865, and Townsend (NC), Tatnall & Commons, in 1896, specimens not seen. S. speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. Rare: near Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Carter, 23 Sept. 1905 (A). Records (in E. Tatnall, MS Catalog) of this upland species, from Vandyke (NC), Commons & Tatnall in 1894, and of var. angustata from McCrone's Swamp, Farnhurst (NC), Canhy in 1865, are per- haps to be referred to ;S. puherula; specimens not seen. Vf \/S. sempervirens L. Seaside Goldenrod. Common in seashore sands, and on brackish tidal river shores, throughout. Mid-Aug. to late Sept. S. patula Muhl. Infrequent, in swamps and along streams, chiefly in the Pied- mont; one collection from Sussex County: Georgetown, Commons, 1 Sept. 1896 (A). Aug., Sept. S. arguta Ait. Infrequent; banks, woods and thickets. New Castle and Cecil Counties, in both provinces. Late July to early Sept. S. ludoviciana (Gray) Small. Rare: pine woods n. w. of Oyster (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 1257] Solidago COMPOSITAE SoUdago 5512, 14 Oct. 1935 (P). "Very late flowering; in late September and October." S. juncea Ait. Early Goldenrod. Frequent, in woods and on banks, Cecil and New Castle Coun- ties, in both provinces. Mid-July to early Sept. S. uniligulata (DC) Porter var. neglecta (T. & G.) Fern. (5. neglecta of manuals. See Rhodora 23, 292. 1921.) Infrequent, in bogs, Coastal Plain, New Castle, Sussex and Dorchester Counties. Sept. S. odora Ait. Sweet Goldenrod. Common throughout, in meadows, woods and dry, open ground. Aug., early Sept. S. tortifolia Ell. Infrequent, in Northampton County, where first collected by Canhy, 8 Oct. 1891 (U). Sept., Oct. Here reaching its northern limit. S. fistulosa Mill. Frequent in clearings, edges of woods, dune hollows and borders of salt marshes, Sussex County; less common southward to Cape Charles. Late Aug., Sept. S. Elliottii T. & G. var. ascendens Fern. See Rhodora 38, 215-216. 1936. Infrequent, in moist woods, southwestern New Castle County; occasional farther south: 8 mi. n. of Ridgely (Ca), R. R. Tatnall, 3625, 16 Oct. 1937 (T); H mi. w. of Woodenhawk Bridge (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2801, 2 Sept. 1935 (T); woods % mi. n. of Belle Haven (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 2785, 1 Sept. 1935 (T). Sept., mid-Oct. Var. pedicellata Fern. See Fernald, 1. c. Rare: border of wet pine woods, east of Eastville (No), Fernald & Long, 5520, 12 Oct. 1935 (P, T, U). TYPE No. S. ulmifolia Muhl. Infrequent, in rocky woods. Piedmont of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Mid- Aug., Sept. S. rugosa Mill. See Fernald: Rhodora 38, 216-224. 1936. Common in damp woods and fields, and borders of swamps, [258] Solidago COMPOSITAE SoUdago Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Wicomico County. Late Aug., Sept. Var. aspera (Ait.) Fern. Similar habitats; frequent in the Piedmont and northern part of the Coastal Plain; also: pine woods 33^ mi. n. of Accomac village (Ac), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5523, 16 Oct. 1935 (P). Var. celtidifolia (Small) Fern. Rare: woods just n. w. of Vandyke (NC), Long, 9 Oct. 1909 (A); dry pine woods near Capeville (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5522, 14 Oct. 1935 (P); edge of low woods 2 mi. s. of Painter (Ac), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5521 (P). S. nemoralis Ait. See Rhodora 38, 224-227. 1936. Field Gold- ENROD. Common in dry, open soil, pine woods, dune sand on the coast, and borders of salt marshes; frequent in the Piedmont, and on the Coastal Plain southward to Talbot and Sussex Counties. Mid- Aug., Sept. Var. Haleana Fern. A plant of southeastern U. S., in our area known only from Northampton County: sandy pine woods, Eastville, Fernald & Long, 5524, 5525; and dry pine woods n. of Capeville, 5526 (U, P). S. canadensis L. Infrequent, in rich, open soil, in the Piedmont and northern part of the Coastal Plain. Sept. S. altissima L. Frequent in rich, open soil of the Piedmont, and sandy soil of the Coastal Plain southward to northern Accomac County. Sept. to mid-Oct. S. gigantea Ait. var. leiophylla Fern. (S. serotina Ait. of manuals. See Rhodora 41, 457-459. 1939.) Common in rich, open ground. Piedmont and adjacent part of the Coastal Plain, in New Castle County. Aug., Sept. S. rigida L. Rare in our area: Rock Springs (Ce), probably in serpentine soil, J. J. Carter, 16 Sept. 1905 (A). [259] Solidago COMPOSITAE Aster S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Bushy Goldenrod. Common in low ground in the Piedmont of Cecil and New Castle Counties, and on coastal dunes, beaches and salt meadows of Kent (Del.), Sussex and Worcester Counties. Late Aug. to early Oct. Var. NuttalUi (Greene) Fern. See Rhodora 10, 92. 1908. Fields and meadows, from the Fall Line southward to Talbot County (Earle). i^A^-vv ^^w.c y» *// . S. caroliniana (L.) BSP. (S. minor of manuals. See Fernald: Rhodora 46, 323-330. 1944.) Rare, in dry, sandy soil: Salisbury (Wi), Commons, 2 Sept. 1871 (U); between Quantico (Wi) and Salisbury, Tidestrom, 7437, 20 Sept. 1914 (U); near Capeville (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5529, Sept. 1937 (P, U). S. tenuifolia Pursh. See Fernald, 1. c. Common in salt marshes and dune hollows of the Atlantic coast, from southeastern New Castle County to Cape Charles City; also inland, in dry, sandy fields. Late Aug. to mid-Oct. S. gymnospermoides (Greene) Fern. See Rhodora 39, pp. 456, 484, 488. 1937. One collection: open thicket back of salt marsh, east of East- ville (No), Fernald & Long, 5528, 12 Oct. 1935. Boltonia L'H6r. B. asteroides (L.) L'H^r. See Fernald : Rhodora 42, 482-487. 1940.) Rare: rocky island in Susquehanna River, Conowingo, J. Crawford, 29 July 1924 (A). Var. glastifolia (Hill) Fern. Infrequent, in wet ground on the Coastal Plain, Kent (Del.), Sussex, Talbot and Wicomico Counties. Aug., Sept. Aster L. A. divaricatus L. White Wood Aster. Common in rich woodlands of the Piedmont. Sept., Oct. A. Schreberi Nees. Local, in moist, shaded ground of the Piedmont: Centreville (NC), Commons, 12 Oct. 1873 (A); Mt. Cuba (NC), J. Crawford, 24 Sept. 1895 (A); Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Carter, 5 Aug. 1905 [260] Aster COMPOSITAE Aster (A) ; Alapocas woods, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 568, 25 Sept. 1929 (T); moist bank, Wooddale (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1259, 8 Sept. 1931 (T). Sept. A. macrophyllus L. Rare, in woodlands of the Piedmont: Mt. Cuba (NC), J. Craw- ford, 30 Sept. 1896 (U); Porters Bridge (Ce), Long, 28548, 11 Aug. 1923 (A). A. spectabilis Ait. Rare, in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain: Harrington (K), Canby, Sept. 1872 (A); dry soil near Felton (K), Commons, 26 Sept. 1873 (A) ; near Vienna, but in Wicomico County, Shreve & Jones, 1113-a, 23 Aug. 1906 (U); "swamp 1 mi. below Taylors Bridge" (NC), Commons & Tatnall, 8 Oct. 1897, according to E. Tatnall (MS Catalog). A. gracilis Nutt. Frequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain; open roadsides, woods, ditches and dune hollows, from southwestern New Castle County to Worcester County. Aug., early Sept. A. radula Ait. Low Rough Aster. Infrequent, in swamps and road ditches on the Coastal Plain of northern New Castle County. Mid-July, Aug. A. novae-angliae L. New England Aster. Frequent in moist, open ground of both provinces. Early Sept., Oct. A. concolor L. Silvery Aster. Infrequent, in dry, sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, Kent County, Del., and southward to Cape Charles, preferring the seashore. Sept., mid-Oct. A. patens Ait. Late Purple Aster. Frequent, in dry soil, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Sussex County. Sept., mid-Oct. Var. phlogifolius Nees. Less common than the species, in rocky woods of the Pied- mont. Sept., early Oct. [ 261 ] Aster COMPOSITAE Aster A. undulatus L. Wavy-leaved Aster. Common in dry woods, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain at least as far south as Caroline and Talbot Counties. Early Sept., mid-Oct. A. cordifolius L. Blue Wood Aster. Common in dry woods of the Piedmont. Mid-Sept, to mid-Oct. A. sagittifolius Wedemeyer. One collection: near Centreville (NC), Commons, 19 Oct. 1876 (A). A. laevis L. Smooth Aster. Frequent in dry, rocky woods and on shaded roadsides in the Piedmont; one collection on the Coastal Plain: Laurel (S), Com- mons, 4 Sept. 1880 (A). Early Sept., Oct. A. concinnus Willd. Infrequent, in low ground. Piedmont of Cecil County: along Octoraro Creek, J. J. Carter, 6 Oct. 1903 and 22 Sept. 1909 (A) ; and southward on the Coastal Plain to Sussex County. Sept., early Oct. A. pilosus Willd. (A. ericoides L. var. villosus T. & G. See Blake: Rhodora 32, 138. 1930.) Seldom collected: railroad ballast along siding, Reybold (NC), Benner, 9162, 14 Oct. 1939 (A); meadow 3^ mi. s. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3999, 1 Oct. 1944 (P). "Stems conspicuously hairy." Var. demotus Blake. {A. ericoides of manuals.) Common in open ground, from the Pennsylvania line to the Virginia boundary. Mid-Sept, to mid-Oct. "With subglabrous stems." A. depauperatus (Porter) Fern. Rare, or seldom collected: rocky soil east of Rock Springs (Ce), Long, 28476, 11 Aug. 1923 (A) ; barrens i^ mi. n. w. of Rock Springs, L.F.A. Tanger, 18 Aug. 1938 (P). A. ericoides L. {A. multiflorus Ait. See Blake, 1. c.) One collection: dry soil near Smyrna (NC), Commons, 10 Oct. 1866 (A). [ 262 ] Aster COMPOSITAE Aster A. dumosus L. Bushy Aster. Infrequent, in sandy soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain south- ward to Sussex and Talbot Counties. Mid- Aug. to mid-Oct. Var. coridifolius (Mx.) T. & G. Rare: Greenbank (NC), Commons, 28 Sept. 1882 (A); Georgetown (S), C. S. Williamson, 30 Aug. 1908 (A). A. vimineus Lam. Infrequent, in moist ground, Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line southward at least to Talbot County ( Earle) . Mid- Aug. to Oct. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Infrequent or neglected, Piedmont of New Castle County; also roadside. Elk Neck (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 4110, 19 Oct. 1938 (T). Mid-Sept, Oct. Var. pendulus (Ait.) Burgess. Frequent on roadsides and in thickets. Piedmont and Coastal Plain of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late Sept., Oct. Var. thyrsoideus (Gray) Sheldon. Local ; salt meadows and marshes of the seacoast : Ocean City (Wo), Killip, 7338, 7 Sept. 1920 (U); Fenwick Island (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2387, 2418, 2821 (T, A); 3 mi. n. of Bethany Beach (S), R. R. Tatnall, 3636, 17 Oct. 1937 (T). Mid-Sept., Oct. A. paniculatus Lam. Common on ditch banks and tidal shores. Piedmont, and Coastal Plain of the northern counties; less common southward: 3H mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3185, 25 Sept. 1940 (P); shore of Broad Creek, n. w. of Portsville (S), R. R. Tatnall, 1658, 16 Oct. 1932 (T). Sept., Oct. Citations of A. carneus and A. salicif alius in E. Tatnall: MS Catalog, probably belong here. [A. Tradescanti L. (A. saxatilis (Fern.) Blanchard. See Rhodora 35, 312. 1933.) A northern species, quite beyond our range. Records in E. Tatnall: MS Catalog, and Catalogue of 1860, should probably be referred to A. 'paniculatus.] A. novi-belgii L. New York Aster. Common in swamps, ditches and borders of salt marshes, from [263] Aster COMPOSITAE Aster the Fall Line southward to Wicomico County; rare farther south: clearing s. of Townsend (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5538, 14 Oct. 1935 (P, U). Mid-Sept, to mid-Oct. Var. litoreus Gray. Rare: salt marsh 3 mi. n. of Bethany Beach (S), R. R. Tat- nail, 3219, 19 Oct. 1936 (T, P, G). A. puniceus L. Purple-stemmed Aster. Common in swamps and ditches, throughout New Castle County; rare, or its collection neglected, farther south: Millsboro (S), Commons, 25 Sept. 1877 (A); meadow just s. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3986, 1 Oct. 1944 (P). Late Aug. to early Oct. A. prenanthoides Muhl. Rare: damp, wooded hillside, Newark (NC), George R. Proctor, 1233, 16 Sept. 1944 (P). Records from New Castle County, by E. Tatnall (MS Catalog), as "borders of moist woods, frequent," are probably to be referred to A. puniceus; no specimens seen. A. umbellatus Mill. {Diplopappus umhellatus Hooker.) Rather infrequent, in low thickets. Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Caroline and Talbot Counties. Mid-Aug. to early Oct. A. infirmus Mx. (Diplopappus cornifoUus Less.) Infrequent, in dry, open woods, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Kent Co., Md. Late July, Aug. A. linariifolius L. (Diplopappus linariifolius (L.) Greene.) Stiff- leaved Aster. Frequent, on dry, sandy banks and coastal dunes. Piedmont, and southward to Wicomico County. Early Sept., Oct. A. nemoralis Ait. One collection: swamp e. of Frankford (S), "scarce," Commons, 10 Sept. 1875 (A). A. tenuifolius L. Large-flowered Salt Marsh Aster. Common in salt marshes and estuaries along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, between Cape Charles and southeastern New Castle County. Sept., mid- Oct. [ 264 ] Aster COMPOSITAE Sericocarpus A. subulatus Mx. Small-flowered Salt Marsh Aster, Common in the same habitats as the preceding species, from the Fall Line to the Cape Charles area. Late Aug. to mid-Oct. Erigeron L. Fleabane. E. pulchellus Mx. (E. helUdifolius Muhl.) Robin's Plantain. Frequent in fields, meadows and woods of the Piedmont; one station on the Coastal Plain: near Greenbackville (Wo), A. V. Smith, in Rhodora 42, 280. 1940. May, early June. •^' E. philadelphicus L. Daisy Fleabane. Frequent in fields and on moist banks of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: Long Point, 5}/^ mi. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1470, 30 May 1937 (P); roadside 1 mi. s. of Choptank Mills (K), R. R. Tatnall, 4:54:4:, 1 July 1940 (T). June, early July. \\ One station: swamps, Cape Charles City (No), Canhy, June 1894 (D). E. annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Common weed of fields, roadsides and waste places in the north- ern part; local southward on the Coastal Plain: 4 mi. n. e. of Trappe (Ta), Earle, 2785, 6 July 1940 (P); 3^ mi. s. of Beaverdam (Wo), R. R. Tatnall, 4241, 10 June 1939 (T). June, mid-July. E. strigosus Muhl. {E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP.) Frequent; fields and roadsides of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line to the Virginia boundary. June to mid-July. E. canadensis L. Canada Fleabane. Common weed in fields and waste places, throughout. Late June to mid-Oct. E. pusillus Nutt. Infrequent in sandy soil, especially on coastal dunes, Sussex and Worcester Counties. Mid- Aug., Sept. Sericocarpus Nees. White-topped Aster. S. asteroides (L.) BSP. {S. conyzoides Nees.) Common in dry woods and thickets, throughout. Late June, July. [265] Sericocarpus COMPOSITAE Antennaria S. linifolius (L.) BSP, (*S. soUdagineus Nees.) Frequent in fields, low ground, and borders of brackish marshes, Piedmont and Coastal Plain, southward to Worcester County. Mid-June to mid-Aug. Baccharis L. Groundsel Tree. B. halimifolia L. Very common in coastal sands and salt marshes, from the Fall Line to Cape Charles; infrequent inland. Sept. to mid-Oct. Pluchea Cass. Marsh Fleabane. P. foetida (L.) DC. Common in low woods, bogs and dune hollows, Sussex County, and southward to Cape Charles. Aug. to mid-Oct. P. purpurascens (Sw.) DC. var. succulenta Fern. (P. camphorata of manuals. See Fernald: Rhodora 44, 227-228. 1942.) Salt Marsh Fleabane. Common in salt marshes, and on the shores of Delaware River and Bay, and Atlantic Ocean; less frequent in fresh to brackish estuaries along Chesapeake Bay. Sept. to mid-Oct. P. camphorata (L.) DC. (P. petiolata Cass. See Fernald: Rho- dora 41, 459. 1939.) Rare, in fresh- water swamps and on borders of brackish marshes : Cypress Swamp e. of Gumboro (S), Commons in 1875 and 1877 (A); Oak Orchard (S), Fernald & Long, 4250, 11 Aug. 1934 (P); near Martins Siding (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5547, 13 Oct. 1935 (P). Gifola Cass. Cotton Rose. G. germanica (L.) Dumort. Herba Impia. Rare or overlooked, in dry fields, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain in Sussex County. Apparently not collected since 1895. July to Sept. Nat. from Europe. Antennaria Gaertner. Ladies' Tobacco. A. Parlinii Fern. Frequent throughout, in dry woods and on open roadsides. Late April, May. A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Common on rocky hillsides in the Piedmont, and sandy woods [266] Antennaria COMPOSITAE Gnaphalium and roadsides on the Coastal Plain as far south as Accomac County. Mid-April, May. A. fallax Greene. Common in fields and rich woods, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain as far south as Caroline and Talbot Counties. Late April to mid-May. A. neodioica Greene. Infrequent; upland and Coastal Plain of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late April, May. A. solitaria Rydb. One collection: east bank of Elk River, 2 mi. s. of Elkton (Ce), H. E. Stone, 8 May 1927 (A). A. neglecta Greene. Frequent in meadows and dry pastures of New Castle and Cecil Counties; rare southward: on a lawn 4 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 201, 20 April 1935 (P). Mid- April to mid-May. Anaphalis DC. Pearly Everlasting. A. margaritacea (L.) B. & H. var. intercedens Hara. (A. margor ritacea of manuals. See Rhodora 41, 391. 1939.) Infrequent, in dry fields and on hillsides, in the Piedmont of New Castle County. Also, Elk Neck (Ce), W. L. Ahhott, 25 Sept. 1923 (A). Mid-July to Sept. Gnaphalium L. Cudweed. G. obtusifolium L. {G. polycephalum Mx.) Common in dry fields, pine woods, meadows and borders of salt marshes. Piedmont province, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Sussex and Worcester Counties. Mid- Aug., Sept. Var. Helleri (Britton) Blake. Rare: dry pine woods, Eastville (No), Femald & Long, 5550, in 1935 (T). G. uliginosum L. Low Cudweed. Infrequent, in low ground, northern New Castle County. July, Aug. [267] V Gnaphalium COMPOSITAE Ambrosia G. purpureum L. Purple Cudweed. Common ; woods and fields, margins of ponds, and coastal sands, throughout. May, June. Inula L. I. Helenium L. Elecampane. Cultivated, and becoming established in fields and on roadsides, New Castle County. July, Aug. Nat. from Europe. Polymnia L. Leafcup. P. Uvedalia L. Locally abundant, in rich woods of the Piedmont: Alapocas woods, Wilmington, Canhy, in 1865 (D), and later collectors; roadside at milldam 3^ mi. n. of Wooddale (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1934, 27 July 1933 (T, A); rare on the Coastal Plain: moist woods. Woodland Beach (K), R. R. Tatnall, 1464, 4 July 1932 (T); edge of woods, 5 mi. s. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3057, 3 Sept. 1940 (P); Ocean City (Wo), Otis, 29 July 1914 (D); Cape Charles City (No), Canhy, Sept. 1894 (D); south bank of Old Plantation Creek (No), R. R. Tatnall, 1794, 28 May 1933 (T). July, Aug. Named for Dr. Robert Uvedale, English botanist (1642-1722); see Rhodora 47, 196. 1945. Chrysogonum L. C. virginianum L. One known station: woods above Rowlandsville (Ce), Long & Bartram, 1205, 31 May 1913 (A). Parthenium L. P. Hysterophorus L. Santa Maria. A waif on wharves, Wilmington, E. Tatnall, 13 Sept. 1897 (A). Iva L. Marsh Elder. I. frutescens L. var. oraria (Bartlett) Fern. Common in coastal salt marshes, from central New Castle County to Cape Charles (No). Aug., Sept. ._^_ Ambrosia L. Ragweed. A. trifida L. Great Ragweed. Very common, in low ground, dry fields and waste places, both provinces. Aug. to mid-Sept. [268] Ambrosia COMPOSITAE Rudheckia w A. artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descourtils. See Rhodora 37, 184-185. 1935. Low Ragweed. Common weed, in waste ground, woods, brackish marshes and dune hollows, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Accomac County. Aug., Sept. Xanthium L. Cocklebur. Compare Cronquist: Rhodora 47, 403. 1945. X. spinosum L. Occasional in waste ground. New Castle County: Wilmington, Commons, Sept. 1865 (A) ; Delaware City, Commons, 21 June 1897, (A). Introd. from tropical America. X. italicum Moretti. (X. commune Britton, probably.) Infrequent on roadsides and river shores. Coastal Plain. X. chinense Mill. Frequent; fields, roadsides and city streets, in both provinces. ^ X. echinatum Murr. Frequent in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain, Sussex County and southward to Cape Charles (No). Chiefly on sea beaches, but occasionally inland. Heliopsis Pers. Ox-eye. H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet. ( H. laevis Pers.) Frequent in thickets and meadows. Piedmont province; rare on the Coastal Plain: Barlow Branch, 1 mi. s. of Townsend (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 1235, 25 July 1931 (T); farm d}4 mi. w. n. w. of Long- woods (Ta), Earle, 3748, 6 Sept. 1942 (A). July to mid-Sept. Eclipta L. E. prostrata (L.) L. (E. alha (L.) Hassk. See Fernald: Rhodora 47, 196-197. 1945.) Infrequent, in waste places and wet ground, throughout the Peninsula. Late Aug. to early Oct. Rudbeckia L. Cone-flower. ^ ^ R. hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Common in dry fields and meadows. Piedmont, and Coastal [269] Rudheckia COMPOSITAE Helianthus Plain at least as far south as Talbot and Sussex Counties. Mid- June, July. "Introduced with seed from the West." R. Brittonii Small. One collection: dooryard, Sharptown (Wi), Otis, 20 July 1914 (D). R. fulgida Ait. Infrequent, in dry soil of the Piedmont area, and along the Fall Line. Mid-Aug., Sept. R. speciosa Wenderoth. One collection: moist soil, Lewes (S), Commons, 26 Aug. 1895 (A). R. laciniata L. Golden Glow. Frequent in low ground, Piedmont and Coastal Plain southward to Wicomico County. Late July to Sept. R. triloba L. Brown-eyed Susan. One collection, probably an escape from cultivation: near Easton (Ta), Earle, 3959, 27 Sept. 1944 (P). Borrichia Adans. Sea Ox-eye. B. frutescens (L.) DC. Infrequent, in shallow salt water and on borders of salt marshes. Mid-July to early Oct. A southern species, reaching its northern limit in Accomac County. Helianthus L. Sunflower. H. annuus L. Common Sunflower. Cultivated, and often escaping to waste ground. Two "starved" specimens, with disks about an inch in diameter, were found on roadside, IM cai- s. w. of Wooddale (NC), just w. of Gap-and- Newport turnpike, R. R. Tatnall, 1641, 17 Sept. 1932, (T, G). July to Sept. H. angustifolius L. Narrow-leaved Sunflower. Frequent in sandy swamps, meadows and dune hollows, chiefly along the coast, southern New Castle County to Worcester County. Sept., early Oct. [270] Helianthus COMPOSITAE Coreopsis H. grosseserratus Martens. One collection: roadside between Stanton and Kiamensi (NC), Otis, 10 Sept. 1918 (A). H. giganteus L. Tall Sunflower. Frequent in swamps, meadows and coastal dune hollows, Pied- mont, and southward on the Coastal Plain to Worcester County. Aug., Sept. H. divaricatus L. Infrequent, in dry woods of the Piedmont and the northern part of the Coastal Plain. Mid-July to mid-Oct. H. strumosus L. Pale-leaved Sunflower. Infrequent, chiefly on rocky, wooded slopes in the Piedmont region of New Castle County. Mid- Aug., Sept. H. decapetalus L. Thin-leaved Sunflower. Frequent in dry, rocky woods of the Piedmont. Aug., Sept. H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Cultivated, and abundantly established in meadows and waste places. Sept. Actinomeris Nutt. A. alternifolia (L.) DC. {A. squarrosa Nutt.) Infrequent, in rich woods of the Piedmont, and on the Coastal Plain of Cecil County, chiefly along the Susquehanna River, and shores of Elk River and Chesapeake Bay, Sept., early Oct. Here approaches its northern limit. Verbesina L. Crownbeard. V. occidentalis (L.) Walt. Frequent in rich soil, Cape Charles and northward on the Coastal Plain to southern Cecil County. Sept., mid-Oct. V. virginica L. One collection: Cape Charles City, Canhy, Aug. 1894 (D). Coreopsis L. Tickseed. C. rosea Nutt. Frequent in wet ground on the Coastal Plain, from southern [ 271 ] Coreopsis COMPOSITAE Bidens New Castle to Sussex and Dorchester Counties. Mid-July to early Sept. C. tinctoria Nutt. Escaping from cultivation at Wilmington and Ocean City (Wo). C. tripteris L. One collection: rocky islands in the Susquehanna River at Conowingo (Ce), J. Crawford, 29 July 1924 (A). Locahty now- submerged. Bidens L. Bur Marigold. B. bidentoides (Nutt.) Britton. (Coreopsis Nutt.) Infrequent; muddy, tidal shores of Delaware River, near Wil- mington, and of Elk River: Blair's Shore, 4 mi. s. of Elkton (Ce), Long, 57096, 20 July 1941 (A) ; stony shore of Susquehanna River, at Frenchtown (Ce), G. R. Proctor, 1227, 10 Sept. 1944 (P). Sept., early Oct. B. discoidea (T. & G.) Britton. Infrequent, in swamps and low ground of the Coastal Plain. Mid-Sept., early Oct. B. frondosa L. Beggar Ticks. Frequent in low ground, Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Sept., mid-Oct. B. vulgata Greene. Beggar Ticks. Rare, in northern New Castle County: marshes near Wilming- ton, Canhy, 23 Sept. 1899 (D) ; wet railroad bank, Southwood (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 3566, 30 Sept. 1937 (T). B. comosa (Gray) Wiegand. Infrequent in damp ground about Wilmington; rare farther south: Townsend (NC), Canhy, 4 Sept. 1899 (D); roadside ]4 mi- s. of Magnolia (K), R. R. Tatnall, 1559, 3 Sept. 1932 (T); field 6 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 1662, 19 Sept. 1937 (P). Sept. B. connata Muhl. Swamp Beggar Ticks. Infrequent in low grounds. New Castle County; seldom col- lected farther south: wet sand n. of Ocean City (Wo), Fogg, 11406, 12 Sept. 1936 (P); meadow s. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3997, 1 Oct. 1944 (P); 2 mi. s. w. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 4017, 1 Oct. 1944 (P). Sept., early Oct. [272] Bidens COMPOSITAE Cosmos B. cemua L. Nodding Bur Marigold. Infrequent, in low ground, in both provinces of Cecil and New Castle Counties. Aug., mid-Oct. B. laevis (L.) BSP. (B. chrysanthemoides Mx.) Large Bur Marigold. Common in swamps and shallow water of river shores, from the Fall Line to Kent (Del.) and Talbot Counties; rare in Northampton County: moist dune hollows. Savage Neck, Fernald & Long, 5560, 11 Oct. 1935 (P) ; swampy woods s. of Kendall Grove, Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5561, 13 Oct. 1935 (P). Aug. to mid-Oct. B. bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. Common; fields, roadsides and waste ground. New Castle and Cecil Counties; infrequent farther south: pine woods near the dunes, Rehoboth (S), Larsen, 442, 16 Oct. 1933 (A, P); roadside n. w. of Oyster (No), Fogg, 10059, 14 Oct. 1935 (P); woods 2 mi. s. w. of Unionville (Ta), Earle, 3735, 5 Sept. 1942 (A). Mid- Aug. to mid- Oct. B. coronata (L.) Fisch. var. trichosperma (Mx.) Fern. (Coreopsis trichosperma Mx. See Fernald: Rhodora 40, 348-351. 1938.) Infrequent; swamps, marshes and river shores, from the Fall Line to Sussex County. Late Aug. to early Oct. Var. brachyodonta Fern. (B. coronata of manuals.) Rare: high ground near Newport (NC), Canby, 9 Sept. 1899. Cited by Fernald, 1. c. B. polylepis Blake. (Coreopsis involucrata Nutt.) Very abundant in Delaware River marshes, Wilmington, and spreading inland to fields and roadsides; occasional southward: field n. of Georgetown (S), R. R. Tatnall, 2343, 25 Aug. 1934 (T P); roadside just n. of Oak Hall (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 2792, 2 Sept. 1935 (T, G). Mid- Aug. to mid-Sept. First appeared in our area, as an introduction from mid- western U. S., about the beginning of this century. See Canby: Rhodora 2, 34. 1900. Cosmos Cav. C. bipinnatus Cav. Cultivated, and often spontaneous in waste places in northern [273] Cosmos COMPOSITAE Anthemis Delaware; also, edge of pine woods s. of Kendall Grove (No), Fernald, Long & Fogg, 5562, 13 Oct. 1935 (P). Introd. from Mexico. Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavon. G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake. (G. parviflora of manuals.) Common in waste ground, northern New Castle County; rare southward: Little Creek (K), Larsen, 391, 11 Oct. 1933 (A, P); % mi. s. of Longwoods (Ta), Earle, 3547, 10 May 1942 (P). Sept., mid-Oct. Adv. from tropical America. Madia Molina. Tarweed. M. sativa Mol. Introduced with grass seed on a lawn in Wilmington, re-appear- ing the following season, but not thereafter: R. R. Tatnall, 31 July 1925 (T, P, A, G). Native of CaHfornia. Helenium L. Sneezeweed, H. nudiflorum Nutt. Purple-headed Sneezeweed. Infrequent, in meadows and on roadsides of the Piedmont, and southward on the Coastal Plain: roadside 3 mi. s. of Kenton (K), R. R. Tatnall, 1456, 4 July 1932 (T, P); 4 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3387, 5 July 1941 (P). July to early Sept. H. autumnale L. Yellow-headed Sneezeweed. Common in swamps, meadows, brackish marshes and dune hollows, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex County. Mid- Aug. to early Oct. H. parviflorum Nutt. One collection: river swamps, Seaford (S), Commons, 31 Aug. 1882 (A). Adv. from southeastern U. S. ^ Achillea L. Yarrow. A. Millefolium L, Frequent; fields, roadsides and coastal sands. June to Aug. Anthemis L. Chamomile. A. Cotula L. Frequent in waste places. July, Aug. Nat. from Europe. [274] Anthemis COMPOSITAE Artemisia A. arvensis L. Wild Chamomile. Common weed of pastures and cultivated ground, from the Fall Line southward to the Virginia line. Mid-May to July. Adv. from Europe. Matricaria L. M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter. {M. suaveolens (Pursh) Buche- nau.) Pineapple-weed. Waif at Old Town Point (K), on east shore of St. Jones' Creek, Mrs. W. S. Corkran, 1 June 1936 (T). Nat. from the Pacific slope. Chrysanthemum L. C. Leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lamotte. White or Ox-eye Daisy. Common weed in fields and meadows. June to Oct. C. Parthenium (L.) Bernh. Feverfew. Cultivated, and escaping to waste ground about Wilmington. June. Introd. from Europe. Tanacetum L. Tansy. T. vulgare L. Common Tansy. Escaped from gardens to roadsides near dwellings, in the northern counties. July, Aug. Artemisia L. Wormwood A. Abrotanum L. Southernwood. One collection, as an escape from garden: roadside, Cooch's Mill (NC), Commons, 8 Sept. 1891 (A). Introd. from Europe. A. gnaphalodes Nutt. (A. ludoviciana of manuals.) Western MUGWORT. Rare, in dry ground: near Seaford (S), E. Tatnall, Aug. 1892 (D); Townsend (NC), Commons & Tatnall, 21 Sept. 1894 (D, A). A. vulgaris L. Common Mugwort. In waste ground at Wilmington: Jackson & Sharp's, Commons in 1897 (A); along Greenhill Ave. at Sixth Street, R. R. Tatnall, 4669, 3 Sept. 1940 (T, A). Nat. from Europe. [275] Artemisia COMPOSITAE Cacalia ^[ ' A. Stelleriana Bess. Beach Wormwood. Frequent on coastal sands, Sussex County. Mid-May, June. Introd. from northeastern Asia. A. biennis Willd. Collected in waste ground at New Castle by Commons, in 1866 and 1869 (A, D). Introd. from west of the Alleghenies. A. annua L. Weed in waste places about Wilmington. Late July to Sept. Nat. from the Old World. A. pontica L. Roman Wormwood. Rare, New Castle County: waste ground, Centreville (NC), Commons, in 1876 (A); roadside, Townsend (NC), Commons, 8 June 1896 (A). Adv. from central Europe. Arnica L. A. acauUs (Walt.) BSP. Infrequent; sandy woods and roadsides on the Coastal Plain, Cecil and New Castle Counties. June. Erechtites Raf. Fireweed. E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf., (typical). See Fernald: Rhodora 19, 24-27. 1917.) Frequent, in clearings, thickets, meadows and dune hollows, from the Fall Line southward to Sussex County. Early June to mid-Sept. Var. intermedia Fern. See Fernald: 1. c. Frequent, in same habitats as the species. Cacalia L. Indian Plantain. C. suaveolens L. {Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf.) Known only from alluvial soil along the Susquehanna River, in Cecil County: 1 mi. s. s. w. of Rowlandsville, R. R. Tatnall, 4708, 30 Oct. 1940, and later collections (T, G, A). Through Oct. C. Muhlenbergii Fern. (C. reniformis Muhl. of manuals.) One collection: Elkton (Ce), Thomas Seal, Aug. 1852 (A). [276] Cacalia COMPOSITAE Arctium C. atriplicifolia L. Indian Plantain. Infrequent, in pastures, thickets and open woods of the Pied- mont province; rare on the Coastal Plain: along outlet of Purnell Pond, n. e. of Snow Hill (Wo), True, 30 June 1928 (P); woods }4 mi. e. of Wattsville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4358, 10 Aug. 1939 (T). Mid-July to early Sept. Senecio L. Groundsel. Ragwort. S. vulgaris L. Common Groundsel. Infrequent, in waste ground, Sussex County, and southward to Cape Charles. Mid-April, May. Nat. from Europe. S. aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Common, in wet meadows, swamps and low woods, chiefly in the Piedmont province; rather rare on the Coastal Plain: woods 1 mi. e. of Coldwell Corners (NC), Long, 48434, 16 May 1936 (A); wet roadside 1 mi. s. w. of Kenton (K), R. R. Tatnall, 2464, 20 April 1935 (T, G), and 3259, 29 April 1937 (T, P); IM mi. e. of Watts- ville (Ac), R. R. Tatnall, 4441, 28 April 1940 (T, G). Late April, May. Var. gracilis (Pursh) Wood. Infrequent, in meadows of the Piedmont; also near Cooch's Mill (NC), Commons, 29 May 1896 (A). S. pauperculus Mx. var. Balsamitae (Muhl.) Fern. Infrequent, on serpentine and open, sandy soil, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain near the Fall Line. May. S. Smallii Britton. Infrequent, in serpentine barrens of New Castle and Cecil Counties. A specimen from pine woods s. of Bay View (No), seems to belong here: R. R. Tatnall, 1791, 28 May 1933 (T, P). Late May to early July. S. tomentosus Mx. Woolly Ragwort. Frequent in dry, sandy soil, pine woods, ditches and wet mea- dows of the Coastal Plain, from southeastern New Castle County to Accomac County. May to early July. Arctium L. Burdock. A. minus (Hill) Bernh. Common Burdock. Common weed in waste ground of the northern counties; also, [ 277 ] Arctium COMPOSITAE Cirsium field 4 mi. w. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3609, 27 July 1942 (A). June to Aug. Carduus L. Plumeless Thistle. C. nutans L. Musk Thistle. One collection: cultivated ground l}4 mi. n. of Millington (Ke), R. R. Tatnall, 3829, 7 June 1938 (T, G). Cirsium Hill. Thistle. C. vulgare (Savi) Airy-Shaw. (C lanceolatum of manuals.) Bull Thistle. Infrequent, in fields and waste places of northern New Castle County; rare, or seldom collected, southward: grassy slope 3 mi. n. e. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3484, 1 Sept. 1941 (P). Aug. to early Oct. Nat. from Europe. C. horridulum Mx. (C. spinosissimum (Walt.) Scop.) Yellow Thistle. Infrequent, in meadows and dune hollows, along the Fall Line, and southward to Northampton County. Mid-May, June. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Field Thistle. Frequent in pastures, meadows and thickets, Piedmont area; occasional on the Coastal Plain: thicket IJ^ mi. s. of Bohemia Mills (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 3493, 20 Aug. 1937 (T); meadow 3 mi. n. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3485, 1 Sept. 1941 (P, A). Mid-Aug., Sept. C. altissimum (L.) Spreng. Spineless Thistle. Infrequent; fields and woods in the valley of Red Clay Creek (NC), and doubtless elsewhere. Late Aug., Sept. C. virginianum (L.) Mx. One collection: southeast of Georgetown (S), C. S. Williamson, 30 Aug. 1908 (A). C. muticum Mx. Swamp Thistle. Infrequent, in swamps and low thickets, on the Coastal Plain area of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Mid-Aug. to early Oct. C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. Pasture Thistle. Infrequent, in pastures of the Piedmont province. July. [278] )i Cirsium COMPOSITAE Centaurea C. arvense (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Frequent weed in fields and waste places of both provinces. Mid-July to early Oct. Var. integrifolium Wimm. & Grab. Occasional, in similar habitats: Rock Springs (Ce), J. J. Carter, 5 July 1910 (A); 2^ mi. s. w. of Summit Bridge (NC), F. M. Jones & R. R. Tatnall, 5020, 3 June 1942 (T, A). Onopordum L. Scotch Thistle. O. Acanthium L. One collection: waste ground, Centreville (NC), Commons, 11 Aug. 1874 (A). Nat. from Europe. Centaurea L. Star Thistle. C. Jacea L, Occasional, in waste ground: Coldwell Corners (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 904, 30 May 1930 (T, G); roadside bank, Augustine Cutoff, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 5032, 29 July 1942 (T, A); roadside 1.2 mi. w. of Newark (NC), G. R. Proctor, 1125, 12 Aug. 1944 (P). Nat. from Europe. C. Cyanus L. Corn Flower. Bachelor's Button. Frequent escape from cultivation, in fields and on roadsides. Late May to early June. Introd. from Europe. C. nigra L. Knapweed. Occasional, in fields and on roadsides: Chestertown (Ke), E. G. Vanatta, 4 Aug. 1904 (A) ; railroad bank, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 1185, 18 June 1931 (A, G, T); Shallcross Ave. near Van Buren Street, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 5063, 22 Aug. 1943 (T). Nat. from Europe. V C. maculosa Lam. Occasional, in sandy fields and on roadsides. Coastal Plain near Hurlock (Do), R. R. Tatnall, 391, 29 June 1929 (T, P, G) 4 mi. e. n. e. of Felton (K), R. R. Tatnall, 1882, 18 June 1933 (T, G) roadside just s. of Frederica (K), R. R. Tatnall, 2753, 31 Aug. 1935 (T). Adv. from Europe. S \A fi^'^-'^ ^ [ 279 ] Cichorium COMPOSITAE Tragopogon Cichorium L. Chicory, yC. Intybus L. Common weed of fields and roadsides, from the Pennsylvania boundary to Talbot and Sussex Counties. July to Oct. Kjigia Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion. \^ ' K. virginica (L.) Willd. In dry soil; infrequent in the Piedmont of New Castle County; common in pine woods and open, sandy soil, throughout the Coastal Plain. May, June. .f U CCfV K. biflora (Walt.) Blake. {Cynthia virginica (L.) D. Don. See Blake: Rhodora 17, 137. 1915.) Rare, in moist ground, New Castle County: "New Castle County," E. Tatnall, 1843 (T); moist meadows near Newark, Commons, 21 May 1890 (A) ; Townsend, E. Tatnall, June 1890 (D). Mid-May, mid-June. Hjrpochaeris L. Cat's-ear. H. radicata L. Infrequent, in lawns and fields, usually in sandy soil, from the Fall Line to southern Accomac County. Late May, June. Nat. from Europe. Leontodon L. Hawkbit. L. autumnalis L. Fall Dandelion. One known collection: waste ground in Wilmington, Canhy, Aug. 1891 (D). Nat. from Europe. Picris L. P. hieracioides L. One collection: Ocean City (Wo). J. J. Carter, 13 Aug. 1909 (A). Adv. from Europe. Tragopogon L. Goat's Beard. T. porrifolius L. Salsify. Oyster Plant. An infrequent escape from cultivation in New Castle County; also, ? near Lewes (S), Nuttall, June 1809 (A); roadside 2 mi. s. of Princess Anne (So), R. R. Tatnall, 11 50- A, 31 May 1931 (T). Introd. from Europe. [280] Chondrilla COMPOSITAE Sonchus Chondrilla L. . juncea L. Skeleton-weed. Rather frequent, and abundant where it occurs, in dry, sandy- fields, from Worcester County northward to central New Castle County. Late June to Aug. Nat. from Europe. ^: Taraxacum Ludwig. Dandelion. See Fernald: Rhodora 35, 369-383. 1933. T. palustre (Lyons) Lam. & DC. var. vulgare (Lam.) Fern. (T. officinale Weber.) Common Dandelion. Common weed in open ground, practically throughout our area. April to late autumn. Nat. from Europe. T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC. (T. erythrospermum Andrz.) Red- seeded Dandelion. Infrequent; fields and roadsides of the Piedmont; rare on the Coastal Plain: roadside, Choptank Mills (K), Otis, 15 May 1924 (A). Nat. from Europe. Sonchus L. Sow Thistle. S. arvensis L. Rare in our area: edge of marsh, Wilmington, Commons, 16 Oct. 1900 (A) ; ditch bank 4 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 3399, 5 July 1941 (P) Var. glabrescens (Guenth.) Grab. & Wimm. (S. uliginosus Bieb.) Infrequent, in fields and on serpentine soil. New Castle and Cecil Counties. Mid-July to Sept. Introd. from Europe. i^S. oleraceus L. Infrequent in waste places about Wilmington; also, roadside, Chincoteague Island (Ac), True, 27 June 1928 (P). Nat. from Europe. ^^ u j>S> r _^ S. asper (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle. Rather frequent, about Wilmington, and southward to Accomac County, in fields, waste ground, and sands of the seashore. May to July. Nat. from Europe. [281] Lactuca COMPOSITAE Lactuca Lactuca L. Lettuce. L. Scariola L. Occasional in dry, open ground: vacant lot, Wilmington, R. R. Tatnall, 1485, 19 July 1932 (T) ; roadside 4 mi. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2293, 3 Sept. 1939 (P). Adv. from Europe. Var. integrata Gren. & Godr. Infrequent, in waste places about Wilmington and Mar- shallton (NC). Late June to Sept. Nat. from Europe. L. saligna L. Rare: on serpentine soil at roadside, 14 mi- e. of Mt. Cuba (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 4688, 28 Sept. 1940 (T, A, P, G); roadside 4 mi. w. n. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2297, 3 Sept. 1939 (P). Adv. from Europe. \ L. canadensis L. var. typica Wiegand. (Rhodora 22, 10. 1920.) Infrequent in fields and on roadsides, chiefly of the Piedmont. Late June into Aug. ^.wc-t-i- y ^ i ^^L Var. latifolia O. Ktze. Frequent, in fields, woods and dry, open sandy places, practically throughout our area. Var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray. (L. sagittifoUa Ell.) Infrequent; roadsides and waste places, from the Pennsyl- vania boundary to Accomac County. Late June to early Sept. L. villosa Jacq. Infrequent, on wooded slopes in the Piedmont area; less common in sandy soil of the Coastal Plain : shore of White Swan Lake, 2 m. s. e. of Chesapeake City (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 3480, 14 Aug. 1937 (T); Woodland Beach (K), H. R. Baker, 29 Aug. 1932 (UD). Aug., early Sept. L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Frequent in rich soil of the Piedmont; less common in sandy woods of the Coastal Plain southward to Sussex and Talbot Coun- ties; one station in northern Accomac County: woods 1^ mi. e. of Wattsville, R. R. Tatnall, 4348, 10 Aug. 1939 (T). Late July to early Sept. [282] Lactuca COMPOSITAE Prenanthes L. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Infrequent, in low ground, Piedmont, and just south of the Fall Line. Late Aug., Sept. Pyrrhopappus DC. False Dandelion. P. carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Rare, in dry fields in the southern part of the Peninsula: Mills- boro (S), Commons, 18 June 1875 (A); Cape Charles City (No), Canhy, July 1894 (D); Chincoteague Island (Ac), True, 27 June 1928 (P). A southern species, reaching its northeastern limit in Sussex County. Crepis L. Hawk's Beard. C. capUlaris (L.) Wallr. Rare: grassy bank, Marshallton (NC), Otis, 27 June 1916 (A); roadside, IM mi. n. e. of Kenton (K), R. R. Tatnall, 1455, 4 July 1932, and 1867, 8 June 1933 (T, A, P, G). Adv. from Europe. Prenanthes L. Rattlesnake Root. P. autumnalis Walt. (P. virgata Mx.) Infrequent, in sandy soil, Sussex, Worcester and Wicomico Counties. Sept., Oct. P. alba L. Rare, on wooded slopes, in or near the Piedmont province: along Octoraro Creek, north of Cecil Paper Mill (Ce), R. R. Tatnall, 218, 23 Sept. 1928 (T, A) ; slope of Iron Hill, west of Cooch's Bridge (NC), Benner, 9508, 5 Oct. 1940 (A). Sept., early Oct. P. serpentaria Pursh. Lion's Foot. Infrequent, in dry woods and thickets of the Coastal Plain, from the Fall Line to Talbot and Sussex Counties. Sept., mid-Oct. P. trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. Gall-of-the-Earth. Infrequent, in woods, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain southward to Cape Charles City. Mid-Aug., Sept. P. altissima L. Infrequent, in rich woodlands of the Piedmont province. Sept., early Oct. [283] Hieracium COMPOSITAE Hieracium Hieracium L, Hawkweed. H. pratense Tausch. A rather recent introduction from farther north, becoming fre- quent; fields and roadsides, sometimes on serpentine soil, Piedmont and Coastal Plain of New Castle and Cecil Counties. Late May, June. Nat. from Europe. H. venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed. Common in dry, open woods, from the Pennsylvania line south- ward to Sussex and Talbot Counties; one station in Accomac County: edge of pine woods, Wachapreague, R. R. Tatnall, 2628, 3 June 1935 (T). Mid-May, June (Oct.) H. paniculatum L. Frequent in dry, open woods of the Piedmont province. Mid- July to mid-Sept. H. scabrum Mx. Frequent in dry woods of the Piedmont; occasional on the Coastal Plain: roadside near Ogletown (NC), R. R. Tatnall, 29 Aug. 1929 (T); near Delaney's Chapel (NC), Canhy, 5 Sept. 1898 (D); Long Point, 5}^ mi. w. of Easton (Ta), Earle, 2269, 13 Aug. 1939, (P). Mid- Aug. to early Oct. H. Gronovii L. Common throughout; open woods, roadsides, meadows, dune hollows, and borders of salt marshes. Aug. to mid-Oct. [H. marianum Willd. All of the Peninsula specimens which have been determined as H. marianum appear to be H. Gronovii.] [284] SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES Plants represented by a variety only are counted as species. PTERIDOPHYTA Number of Number of Species Vars. Species Vara, Filicales Lycopodiales Ophioglossaceae 4 2 Lycopodiaceae 7 Osmundaceae 3 1 Selaginellaceae 2 Schizaeaceae 1 Isoetaceae 3 1 Polypodiaceae 33 4 Equisetales Equisetaceae 4 SPERMATOPHYTA Gymnospermae Coniferales Pinaceae 12 ANGIOSPERMAE MONOCOTYLEDONES Pandanahs Xyridales Typhaceae 2 1 Eriocaulaceae 4 Sparganiaceae Najadales 2 Xyridaceae Commelinaceae Bromeliaceae 4 5 1 1 Potamogetonaceae 16 4 Pontederiaceae 3 Zosteraceae Scheuchzeriaceae 1 2 Liliales Najadaceae 3 Juncaceae 26 1 Alismaceae 13 1 Liliaceae 48 1 Vallisneriaceae 4 Haemodoraceae 2 Hydrocharitaceae Graminales 1 Dioscoreaceae Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae 1 2 7 Gramineae Cyperaceae Arales 224 214 32 13 Orchidales Orchidaceae 34 Araceae 6 Lemnaceae 6 [285] Synopsis of Orders and Families DlCOTYLEDONES Choripetalae Number of Number of Species Vara. Species Vara, Piperales Anonaceae 1 Saururaceae 1 Menispermaceae Berberidaceae 1 4 Salicales Lauraceae 3 1 Salicaceae 21 1 Papaverales Myricales Papaveraceae 7 Myricaceae 5 Fumariaceae 4 Cruciferae 50 2 Juglandales Capparidaceae 2 Juglandaceae 7 Resedaceae Sarraceniales 1 Fagales Sarraceniaceae 1 Betulaceae 10 Droseraceae 2 Fagaceae 26 Rosales Urticales Podostemaceae 1 Urticaceae 16 3 Craasulaceae 4 Santalales Saxifragaceae Hamamelidaceae 8 2 Santalaceae 1 Platanaceae 1 Loranthaceae 1 Rosaceae 84 3 Aristolochiales Leguminosae 100 5 Aristolochiaceae 2 1 Geraniales Polygonales Linaceae 6 Polygonaceae 42 1 Oxalidaceae Geraniaceae 5 8 Chenopodiales Rutaceae 3 Chenopodiaceae 23 2 Simarubaceae 1 Amaranthaceae 10 Meliaceae 1 Phytolaccaceae 1 Polygalaceae 12 1 Nyctaginaceae 1 Euphorbiaceae 23 Aizoaceae 2 Callitrichaceae 3 Caryophyllales Sapindales Caryophyllaceae 43 2 Limnanthaceae 1 Portulacaceae 2 Anacardiaceae Aquifoliaceae 6 5 Ranunculales Celastraceae 3 Ceratophyllaceae 1 Staphyleaceae 1 Nymphaeaceae 6 Aceraceae 5 2 Ranunculaceae 33 Sapindaceae 1 Magnoliaceae 2 Balsaminaceae 2 [286] Synopsis of Orders and Families Choripetalae — Continued Number of Number of ^ Species Vars. Species |Vars, Rhamnales Opuntiales Rhamnaceae 3 1 Cactaceae 2 Vitaceae 6 Myrtales Malvales Tiliaceae 1 Thymelaeaceae 1 Malvaceae 13 Ljrthraceae Melastomaceae 6 3 Violales Onagraceae 19 2 Ternstroemiaceae 1 Haloragidaceae 7 Hypericaceae Elatinaceae 19 2 1 Umbellales Cistaceae 10 1 Araliaceae 6 Violaceae 26 1 Umbelliferae 38 1 Passifloraceae 2 Cornaceae 5 2 Gamopetalae Number of Number of Species Vars. Species Vars, Ericales Labiatae 65 4 Ericaceae 36 6 Solanaceae 20 Primulales Scrophulariaceae Lentibulariaceae 64 14 4 1 Plumbaginaceae 2 Orobanchaceae 4 Primulaceae 14 Bignoniaceae 3 Ebenales Acanthaceae 4 Ebenaceae 1 Phrymaceae 1 Styracaceae 1 Plantaginales Gentianales Plantaginaceae 8 1 Oleaceae 6 Rubiales Loganiaceae Gentianaceae 2 20 Rubiaceae 25 3 Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae 6 14 4 2 Caprifoliaceae Valerianaceae Dipsacaceae 18 3 2 Polemonicdes Convolvulaceae 15 1 Campanulales Polemoniaceae 7 Cucurbitaceae 2 Hydrophyllaceae 4 Campanulaceae 3 Boraginaceae 16 Lobeliaceae 9 1 Verbenaceae 8 Compositae 237 26 [287] Synopsis of Orders and Families SUMMARY Species Varieties Pteridophyta 67 8 Spermatophyta 2053 140 Gymnospermae 12 Angiospermae 2041 140 Monocotyledones 631 54 Dicotyledones 1410 86 Choripetalae 787 33 Gamopetalae 624 53 Number of species listed 4 2111 Number of varieties listed 148 Total 2259 [288] BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOTANY OF THE PENINSULA. Tatnall, Edward (?); "Catalogue of the Phaenogamous and Filicoid Plants of New Castle County, Delaware," 1844. Tatnall, Edward: "Catalogue of the Phaenogamous and Filicoid Plants of New Castle County, Delaware." Wilmington Institute, 1860. Canby, W. M.: "Notes of Botanical Visits to the lower part of Delaware and the Eastern Shore of Maryland." Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, pp. 16-19. Chickering, J. W.: "A Season's Botanizing," Field and Forest 3, 154-155. June 1878. (Visit to Sahsbury and Ocean City, Md.) Canby, W. M.: (Notes on certain trees of the Delaware peninsula.) Bot. Gazette 6, 270-271. Oct. 1881. Sargent, C. S.: (Forests of Delaware and Maryland.) Tenth Census U. S. 9, 511. 1884. RusBY, H. H.: "A Botanical Excursion to Assateague Bay." BuU. Terr. Bot. Club 18, 250-255. Aug. 1891. Canby, W. M.: "Coreopsis involucrata on the Atlantic Coast." Rhodora 2, 34. 1900. Kearney, T. H.: (Northern Umits of austro-riparian plants.) Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5, 450-457. 1901. Curran, H. M.: "The Forests of Cecil County." Maryland Geological Survey, Cecil County, pp. 295-314. 1902. Sargent, C. S.: "The Genus Crataegus in New Castle County, Delaware." Bot. Gazette 35, 99-110. Feb. 1903. Shttll, George H.: "Geographic Distribution of Isoetes saccharata." Bot. Gazette 36, 187-202, with map. 1903. Clark, Hubert Lyman: "Notes on Maryland Plants." Rhodora 6, 176-177. Aug. 1904. Reports four extensions of range. Keller, I. A. and S. Brown: "Handbook of the Flora of Philadelphia and Vi- cinity." Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. Harper, R. M.: "Centers of Distribution of Coastal Plain Plants." Science 25, 539-541. 1907. Comments on the absence of the characteristic pine-barren plants from Maryland and Delaware. Sterrett, W. D.: "Report on Forest Conditions in Delaware." Del. Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 82. Dec. 1908. Williamson, C. S.: "Notes on the Flora of Central and Southern Delaware." Torreya 9, 160-166. 1909. Harper, R. M.: "Car-window Notes of the Vegetation of the Delaware Peninsula and Southern Virginia." Torreya 9, 317-226. 1909. Shreve, Chrysler, Blodgett and Besley: "The Plant Life of Maryland." Baltimore, 1910. This work contains a list of plants collected and observed throughout the state, comprising about 1400 species and varieties. Notes on distribution, appended to each species, make it clear which of these are at- tributed to the "Eastern Shore." [289] Bibliography Harper, R. M.: "A Forest Reconnaissance of the Delaware Peninsula." Journal of Forestry 17, 546-555. 1919. Jones, Frank Morton: "Delaware," in "Naturalists' Guide to the Americas," pp. 398-401. The WiUiams & Wilkins Co., 1926. Hamilton, C. C: "Maryland," in "Naturalists' Guide to the Americas," pp. 401-410. The WiUiams & Wilkins Co., 1926. Small, John K.: "Peninsula Delmarva." Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30, 62-71. 1929. A brief account of "a short reconnaissance" of the Peninsula, in the course of which "a collection of the rarer and more interesting plants encount- ered was made for the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden." Gives lists of typically southern species not found farther north than Delaware or neighboring Cape May, N. J. Four illustrations. Redmond, Paul J.: "A Flora of Worcester County, Maryland." 1932. Con- tribution from the biological laboratory of the Catholic University of America. An annotated check-list, based on two seasons of collecting, and hence some- what lacking in completeness. Small, John K.: "Ferns of the Vicinity of New York." 1935. Illustrated. Fernald, M. L,: "Midsummer Vascular Plants of Southeastern Virginia." Rhodora 37, 378-413, and 423-454. 1935; also "Plants from the Outer Coastal Plain of Virginia." Rhodora 38, 376-404, and 414-452. 1936. These papers record many species collected in Accomac and Northampton Counties, Va. Tatnall, R. R.: "Conium maculatum in the Brandywine Valley." Bartonia No, 17, 23. 1936. Taber, W. S.: "Delaware Trees." State Forestry Department, Dover, 1937. Finely illustrated by photographs and line drawings by the author, who is state forester. Beaven, G. F. and H. J. Costing: "Pocomoke Swamp; A Study of a Cypress Swamp on the Eastern Shore of Maryland." Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66, 367-389, June, 1939. A valuable ecological paper, including a list of several hundred species of plants collected in and about the swamp along the Poco- moke River in southeastern Maryland. Illustrated. Smith, A. V.: "Some Noteworthy Plants recently Found in the Coastal Plain of Maryland and Delaware." Rhodora 41, 111. 1939. Smith, A. V.: "Some Plants recently found in the Coastal Plain of Maryland." Rhodora 42, 277-280. 1940. Tatnall, R. R.: "Nuttall's Plant Collections in Southern Delaware." Bartonia No. 20, 1-6. 1940. Tatnall, R. R.: "Dirca palustris in New Castle County, Delaware," Bartonia No. 20, 24. 1940. Wherry, E. T.: "Guide to Eastern Ferns," Science Press Printing Co. Second edition, 1942. Illustrated. Reed, Clyde F.: "Distribution of Ferns and Fern Allies in Maryland, Delaware and the District of Columbia." Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Maryland, XIII, No. 3, 1943. Moldenke, Harold N,: "Contribution to our Knowledge of the Wild and Cultivated Flora of Delaware." Torreya 45, 106-109, Dec. 1945. Record of 66 species observed or collected throughout the state. [ 290 ] INDEX Scientific names of Families are in Capitals. Synonyms are in italics. Spe- cific names, when there are only a few in a genus, are usually omitted. Abutilon, 173 Acacia, Rose, 152 Acalypha, 166 ACANTHACEAE, 240 Acanthus Family, 240 Acer, 170 ACERACEAE, 170 Acerates, 211 Achillea, 274 Acnida, 112 Acorus, 74 Actaea, 124 Actinomeris, 271 Adam-and-Eve, 93 Adder's Mouth, 93 Adder's Tongue, 1 Adiantum, 3 Adlumia, 127 Aegopodium, 191 Aeschynomene, 152 Aethusa, 193 Agalinis, 235 Agastache, 220 Agrimonia, 145 Agrimony, 145 Agropyron, 25 Agrostemma, 117 Agrostis, 29 Ailanthus, 163 Aira, 28 AlZOACEAE, 113 Alchemilla, 145 Alder, 99 Black, 169 Seaside, 99 Aletris, 85 Alfalfa, 151 Alisma, 17 Alismaceae, 15 Alhum, 82 Alnus, 99 Alopecurus, 30 Althaea, 174 Shrubby, 174 Alum Root, 136 Amaranth, Thorny, 112 Amaranthaceae, 112 Amaranthus, 112 Amartllidaceae, 87 Amaryllis Family, 87 Ambrosia, 268 Amelanchier, 139 American Brooklime, 234 Amianthium, 81 Ammannia, 184 Ammannia, 183 Ammophila, 29 Amorpha, 151 Amphicarpa, 159 Amphicarpum, 45 Amygdalus, 147 Anacardiaceae, 168 Anacharis, 17 Anagallis, 204 Anaphalis, 267 Anchistea, 3 Andropogon, 46 Anemone, 123 Rue, 122 Tall, 123 Wood, 123 Anemonella, 122 Angelica, 194 Hairy, 194 Angle-pod, 211 Anonaceae, 125 Antennaria, 266 fallax, 267 neglecta, 267 neodioica, 267 Parlinii, 266 plantaginifolia, 266 solitaria, 267 Anthemis, 274 Anthoxanthum, 34 Anychia, 113, 114 Aphanes, 145 Aphyllon, 240 Apios, 158 Aplectrum, 93 Apocynaceae, 208 Apocynum, 209 Apple, 138 (Apple) Crab, 138 of Peru, 228 Thorn, 229 Aquifoliaceae, 169 Aquilegia, 123 Arabidopsis, 131 Arabis, 133 Araceae, 73 Arachis, 152 Aralia, 188 Araliaceae, 188 Arbutus, Trailing, 198 Arctium, 277 Arenaria, 115 Arethusa, 91 Argemone, 127 Arisaema, 73 Aristida, 32 Aristolochia, 105 Aristolochiaceae, 105 Armoracia, 132 Arnica, 276 Aronia, 138 Arrhenatherum, 28 Arrow Grass, 15 Arrow-head, 15 Arrow-wood, 247 Downy, 247 Artemisia, 275 Abrotanum, 275 annua, 276 biennis, 276 gnaphalodes, 275 ludoviciana, 275 pontica, 276 Stelleriana, 276 vulgaris, 275 Artichoke, Jerusalem, 271 Arum, Arrow, 74 Family, 73 Arundo, 24 Asarum, 105 Asclepiadaceae, 209 Asclepias, 209 amplexicaulis, 210 [291] Index (Asclepias) Cornuti, 210 exaltata, 210 incarnata, 210 lanceolata, 210 obtusifolia, 210 phytolaccoides, 210 purpurascens, 210 quadrifolia, 211 rubra. 210 syriaca, 210 tuberosa, 209 variegata, 210 verticillata, 211 Ascyrum, 175 Ash, 204 Black, 205 Green, 205 Prickly, 163 Red, 205 White, 204 Asimina, 125 Asparagus, 84 Aspen, 95, 96 Asperugo, 216 Asperula, 242 Asphodel, Bog, 81 False, 81 Aspidium, 5 Asplenium, 3 Asplenium, 4 Aster, 260 Blue Wood, 262 Bushy, 263 cameus, 263 concinnus, 262 concolor, 261 cordifolius, 262 depauperatus, 262 divaricatus, 260 dumosus, 263 ericoides, 262 ericoides, 262 Golden, 256 gracilis, 261 infirmus, 264 laevis, 262 Late Purple, 261 lateriflorus, 263 linariifolius, 264 Low Rough, 261 macrophyllus, 261 muUiflorus, 262 nemoralis, 264 (Aster) New England, 261 New York, 263 novae-angliae, 261 novi-belgii, 263 paniculatus, 263 patens, 261 pilosus, 262 prenanthoides, 264 puniceus, 264 Purple-stemmed, 264 radula, 261 sagittifolius, 262 salicifolius, 263 Salt Marsh, 264, 265 saxatilis, 263 Schreberi, 260 Silvery, 261 Smooth, 262 spectabilis, 261 Stiff-leaved, 264 subulatus, 265 tenuifolius, 264 Tradescanti, 263 umbellatus, 264 undulatus, 262 vimineus, 263 Wavy-leaved, 262 White-topped, 265 White Wood, 260 Athyrium, 4 Atriplex, 111 Aureolaria, 235 Avena, 28 Avens, 143 Axonopus, 36 Azalea, Clammy, 196 Smooth, 196 Purple, 196 Azalea, 196, 197 Baccharis, 266 Bachelor's Button, 279 Bacopa, 232 Bacopa, 232 Bald Cypress, 11 Rush, 53 Balloon Vine, 171 Balm, 223 Horse, 227 Balsam, 171 Balsam-apple, Wild, 249 Balsaminaceae, 171 Bamboo, (See Sasa, 18) Baneberry, 124 Baptisia, 148 Barbarea, 132 Barberry, 125 Barley, 26 Bartonia, 207 Basil Thyme, 223 Bassia, 111 Basswood, 173 Bay, Red, 126 Sweet, 124 Bay berry, 96 Beach Heather, 178 Plum, 146 Wormwood, 276 Bead Fern, 7 Bean, Indian, 240 Kidney, 159 Soja (Soy), 159 Wild, 158 Beak Rush, 57 Beard-tongue, 231 Bedstraw, 243 Coast, 244 Hairy, 243 Northern, 243 Rough, 244 Sweet-scented, 244 Yellow, 243 Beech, 99 Beech Drops, 239 Beggar Ticks, 272 Swamp, 272 Beggar's Lice, 216 Belamcanda, 88 Bellflower, 250 Marsh, 250 Bellwort, 82 Benzoin, 126 Berberidaceae, 125 Berberis, 125 Berchemia, 172 Bergamot, 222 Wild, 222 Betony, Wood, 237 Betula, 98 Betulaceae, 98 Bidens, 272 bidentoides, 272 bipinnata, 273 cernua, 273 chrysanthemoides, 273 comosa, 272 [292] Index (Bidens) connata, 272 coronata, 273 coronata, 273 discoidea, 272 frondosa, 272 laevis, 273 polylepis, 273 vulgata, 272 Bignonia, 240 BiGNONIACEAE, 240 Bindweed, 212 Black, 108 Field, 212 Birch, Black, 98 Gray, 99 River, 98 Sweet, 98 White, 99 Yellow, 98 Bird-foot Violet, 179 Bird's-foot Trefoil, 151 Birthwort Family, 105 Bishop's-weed, Mock, 191 Bittersweet, 227 Climbing, 170 Black Alder, 169 Gum, 195 Haw, 248 Henbane, 229 Blackberry, 143 Bush, 144 Cut-leaved, 144 High Bush, 144 Sand, 144 Blackberry Lily, 88 Black-eyed Susan, 269 Bladder Nut, 170 Bladderwort, 237 Blazing Star, 81, 255 Blephiha, 222 Bloodroot, 126 Bloodwort Family, 87 Bluebell Family, 249 Blueberry, 200 Black, 201 High, 201 Low, 201 Low Sweet, 201 New Jersey, 201 Blue-bottle, 84 Blue Cohosh, 125 Curls, 219 (Blue) Flag, 88 Hearts, 236 Tangle, 200 Bluets, 245 Blue-eyed Grass, 88 Bocconia, 126 Boehmeria, 104 Bog Asphodel, 81 Fern, 6 Boltonia, 260 Boneset, 252, 254 Upland, 254 BORAGINACEAE, 215 Borrichia, 270 Botrychium, 1 Bouncing Bet, 118 Bowman's Root, 138 Box Elder, 171 Brachyelytrum, 32 Bracken, 3 Brandywine Cowslip, 217 Brasenia, 120 Brassica, 130 Brier, Green, 86 Briza, 22 Bromeliaceae, 77 Bromus, 18 Brooklime, American, 234 Broom, Scotch, 149 Broom-rape, 239, 240 Clover, 240 Broussonetia, 103 Brown-eyed Susan, 270 Buchnera, 236 Buckbean, 208 Buckthorn, 172 Buckwheat, 109 Climbing False, 109 Bugbane, 124 Bugle Weed, 225 Bugloss, Viper's, 217 Bulbostyhs, 53 BuUace Plum, 146 Bulrush, 54 Canby's, 55 Great, 55 River, 55 Salt Marsh, 55 Bunch Flower, 82 Bupleurum, 192 Burdock, 277 Bur Marigold, 272 Large, 273 Nodding, 273 Burnet, 145 Saxifrage, 192 Bur-reed, 12 Bush Clover, 155 Honeysuckle, 246 Butter-and-eggs, 230 Buttercup, 120 Creeping, 121 Swamp, 121 Tall, 122 Butterfly Pea, 159 Spurred, 159 Butterfly Weed, 209 Butternut, 97 Buttonbush, 245 Buttonweed, 245 Buttonwood, 137 Button Snakeroot, 189 Cacalia, 276 Cactaceae, 183 Cactus Family, 183 Cakile, 129 Calamagrostis, 29 Calamintha, 223 Callicarpa, 218 Callitrichaceae, 168 Callitriche, 168 Calopogon, 91 Caltha, 123 Camelina, 129 Camellia Family, 175 Campanula, 250 Campanulaceae, 249 Campion, 117 Bladder, 118 Red, 117 Starry, 118 Campsis, 240 Camptosorus, 4 Cannabis, 103 Caper Family, 134 Capparidaceae, 134 Caprifoliaceae, 246 Capsella, 129 Cardamine, 132 Cardinal Flower, 250 Cardiospermum, 171 Carduus, 278 Carex, 60 abscondita, 66 [2931 Index (Carex) aestivalifonnis, 68 alata, 63 alboluiescens, 63 albursina, 66 amphibola, 67 anceps, 66 angustior, 62 annecteos, 61 arenaria, 60 artitecta, 64 atlantica, 62 Barrattii, 70 Bicknellii, 63 blanda, 67 brevior, 63 bromoides, 62 bullata, 73 Bushii, 69 Buxbaumii, 70 canescens, 62 caroliniana, 69 cephalophora, 650 Collinsii, 71 communis, 64 comosa, 72 complanata, 69 conoidea, 67 convoluta, 60 crinita, 71 crinita, 71 cristata, 64 cristatella, 64 Davisii, 68 debilis, 68 digitalis, 66 Emmonsii, 64 Emoryi, 71 exilis, 62 festucacea, 63 festucacea, 63 folliculata, 72 Frankii, 72 gigantea, 73 glaucescens, 70 glaucodea, 68 gracilescens, 67 gracillima, 68 gracillima, 68 grandis, 73 granulans, 67 grisea, 67 grisea, 67 gynandra, 71 (Carex) Harperi, 64 Haydenii, 81 heterosperma, 66 hirsuta, 69 hirsutella, 69 hirtifolia, 65 hormathodes, 63 hormathodes, 63 Howei, 62 incomperta, 62 inflata, 72 interior, 62 intumescens, 73 Joorii, 70 lacustris, 72 laevivaginata, 61 lanuginosa, 69 laxiculmis, 66 laxiflora, 66 laxiflora, 66 Leavenworthii, 61 leptalea, 64 limosa, 70 littoralis, 70 Longii, 63 longiroslris, 68 lupuliformis, 73 lupulina, 73 lurida, 73 macrokolea, 70 Meadii, 65 mesochorea, 61 mirabilis, 63 Mitchelliana, 71 Muhlenbergii, 61 muricata, 61 nigromarginata, 64 normalis, 63 oblita, 68 oligocarpa, 67 pedunculata, 65 permsylvanica, 64 plana, 61 platyphylla, 66 polymorpha, 66 prasina, 68 ptychocarpa, 66 pubescens, 65 radiata, 60 retroflexa, 60 Richii, 63 riparia, 72 rosea, 60 (Carex) rostrata, 72 rugosperma, 65 scabrata, 70 scirpoides, 62 scoparia, 63 seorsa, 62 silicea, 63 sparganioides, 61 spicata, 61 Sprengelii, 68 squarrosa, 72 sterilis, 62 stipata, 61 straminea, 63 striata. 69 striatula, 66 stricta, 71 strictior, 71 styloflexa, 66 subulata, 71 SuUivantii, 65 Swanii, 69 tetanica, 65 tetanica, 65 tonsa, 65 torta, 71 tribuloides, 64 trichocarpa, 72 trisperma, 62 typhina, 72 typhinoides, 72 uberior, 61 umbellata, 65 umbellata, 65 varia, 64 venusta, 68 vesicaria, 72 vestita, 70 virescens, 69 virescens, 69 vulpinoidea, 61 vulpinoidea, 61 Walteriana, 69 Willdenowii, 64 Carpet Weed, 113 Carpinus, 98 Carrion Flower, 86 Carrot, 194 Carya, 97 Cartophtllaceae, 113 Cashew Family, 168 Cassena, 169 Cassia, 148 [294] Index Castalia, 119 Castanea, 99 Castilleja, 236 Castor Oil Plant, 166 Catalpa, 240 Catchfly, 117 Night-flowering, 117 Sleepy, 117 Sweet William, 117 Catnip, 220 Cat's-ear, 280 Cat-tail, 12 Caulophyllum, 125 Ceanothus, 172 Cedar, Red, 12 White, 11 Celandine, 127 Celastraceae, 170 Celastrus, 170 Celtis, 102 Cenchrus, 44 Centaurea, 279 Centaurium, 206 Centaury, 206 Large Marsh, 206 Square-stemmed, 206 Centella, 190 Centrosema, 159 Centunculus, 204 Cephalanthus, 245 Cephalaria, 249 Cerastium, 116 Ceratophyllaceae, 119 Ceratophyllum, 119 Cercis, 148 Chaenorrhinum, 230 Chaerophyllum, 190 Chamaecyparis, 11 Chamaedaphne, 198 Chamaelirium, 81 Chamomile, 274 Wild, 275 Cheat, 19 Cheeses, 174 Cheilanthes, 3 Chelidonium, 127 Chelone, 231 Chenopodiaceae, 109 Chenopodium, 109 album, 110 ambrosioides, 109 Berlandieri, 110 Boscianum, 110 (Chenopodium) Botrys, 110 glaucum, 110 hybridum, 110 murale, 110 polyspermum, 110 Vulvaria, 110 Cherry, 146 Choke, 146 European Bird, 147 Ground, 228 Mahaleb, 147 Sour, 147 Sweet, 147 Wild Black, 146 Wild Red, 146 Winter, 228 Chess, 18, 19 Chestnut, 99 Chicasa Plum, 146 Chickweed, 115 Common, 116 Great, 115 Jagged, 116 Mouse-ear, 116 Nodding, 116 Chickweed Wintergreen, 203 Chicory, 280 Chimaphila, 195 China-berry Tree, 163 Chinquapin, 100 Chionanthus, 205 Chokeberry, 138, 139 Chondrilla, 281 Chrysanthemum, 275 Chrysogonum, 268 Chrysopsis, 256 Chrysosplenium, 136 Cichorium, 280 Cicuta, 191 Cimicifuga, 124 Cinna, 30 Cinquefoil, 142 Circaea, 187 Cirsium, 278 altissimum, 278 arvense, 279 discolor, 278 horridulum, 278 lanceolatum, 278 muticum, 278 pumilum, 278 spinosissimum, 278 (Cirsium) virginianum, 278 vulgare, 278 Cistaceae, 178 Cladium, 59 Claytonia, 118 Cleavers, 243 Cleistes, 91 Clematis, 123 Purple, 123 White, 123 Cleome, 134 Clethra, 195 Climbing Dogbane, 208 Hemp-weed, 255 CHtoria, 159 Clover, 150 Alsike, 150 Bush, 155 Crimson, 150 Hop, 150 Large Yellow, 150 Low Hop, 150 Rabbit-foot, 150 Red, 150 White, 150 Club-moss, 7 Cockle, 117 Corn, 117 Cocklebur, 269 Cockspur Thorn, 140 Coffee, Wild, 247 Cohosh, Blue, 125 Colic Root, 85 Collinsonia, 227 Columbine, 123 Comandra, 104 Comfrey, 216 Wild, 215 Commelina, 76 Commelinaceae, 76 compositae, 251 Composite Family, 251 Comptonia, 97 Cone-flower, 269 Conium, 191 Conopholis, 239 Conringia, 130 CONVOLVULACEAE, 211 Convolvulus, 212 Coral Root, 93 Corallorhiza, 93 Coreopsis, 271 Coreopsis, 272, 273 [295] Index Coriander, 193 Coriandrum, 193 Corn Cockle, 117 Flower, 279 Salad, 248 CORNACEAE, 194 Cornus, 194 Coronopus, 129 Corrigiola, 114 Corydalis, 127 Corylus, 98 Cosmos, 273 Cotton Grass, 56 Rose, 266 Cottonwood, 96 Cowbane, Spotted, 191 Cow-herb, 118 Cow Parsnip, 193 Pea, 159 Wheat, 237 Cowslip, Brandywine, 217 Virginia, 217 Crab Apple, 138 Cranberry, 200 Large, 201 Crane-fly Orchis, 93 Cranesbill, 162 Crasstjlaceae, 135 Crataegus, 140 apposita, 141 arcana, 141 arcuata, 141 Canbyi, 140 coccinea, 141 cordata, 141 Crus-galli, 140 cuprea, 141 delawarensis, 141 disperma, 140 foetida, 141 intricata, 141 macrosperma, 141 monogyna, 142 nemoralis, 141 Oxyacantha, 142 parvijolia, 140 pausiaca, 140 pedicellata, 141 pennsylvanica, 141 Pennypackeri, 140 phaenopyrum, 141 populifolia, 141 populnea, 141 (Crataegus) pruinosa, 141 punctata, 140 stolonifera, 141 straminea, 141 Tatnalliana, 141 tenella, 141 tomentosa, 142 uniflora, 142 viridis, 140 Creeper, Trumpet, 240 Virginia, 172 Crepis, 283 Cress, Bitter, 132 Field, 128 Garden, 128 Marsh, 131 Mouse-ear, 131 Penny, 128 Rock, 133 Spring, 132 Wart, 129 Water, 131 Winter, 132 Cross-vine, 240 Crotalaria, 149 Croton, 165 Crotonopsis, 165 Crowfoot, 120 Cursed, 121 Small-flowered, 121 Stiff Water, 121 Wood, 121 Crownbeard, 271 Cruciferae, 128 Cryptotaenia, 192 Cubelium, 179 Cucumber, 249 One-seeded, 249 CUCURBITACEAE, 249 Cud-weed, Low, 267 Purple, 268 Culver's Root, 234 Cunila, 225 Cuphea, 184 Clammy, 184 Curly-grass Family, 2 Currant, 136 Indian, 247 Wild Black, 136 Cuscuta, 213 arvensis, 213 campestris, 213 compacta, 213 (Cuscuta) Coryli, 213 Epilinum, 213 Gronovii, 213 obtusiflora, 213 pentagona, 213 Polygonorum, 213 Cut-grass, Rice, 35 Cymbalaria, 230 Cynodon, 33 Cynoglossum, 215 Cynosurus, 24 Cynthia, 280 Cyperaceae, 47 Cyperus, 47 compressus, 48 cylindricus, 50 dentatus, 48 diandrus, 48 dipsaciformis, 50 Engelmanni, 49 erythrorhizos, 49 esculentus, 49 ferax, 49 ' filicinus, 48 filiculmis, 50 flavescens, 48 flavescens, 48 Grayii, 50 hystricinus, 49 lancastriensis, 49 microdontus, 48 Nuttallii, 48 odoratus, 49 ovularis, 50 Plukenetii, 50 poaeformis, 48 polystachyos, 48 pseudovegetus, 48 refractus, 49 retrofractus, 49 retrofradus, 50 retrorsus, 50 rivularis, 48 rotundus, 48 sabulosus, 48 strigosus, 49 tenuifolius, 47 virens, 48 Cypress, Bald, 11 Standing, 214 Cypripedium, 88 Cystopteris, 6 Cytisus, 149 [296] Index Dactylis, 24 Daisy, Ox-eye, 275 White, 275 Dame's Violet, 131 Dandelion, 281 Dwarf, 280 Fall, 280 False, 283 Red-seeded, 281 Danthonia, 29 Darnel, 27 Datura, 229 Daucus, 194 Day Flower, 76 Day Lily, 83 Dead Nettle, 221 Decodon, 184 Deer berry, 200 Deergrass, 184 Delphinium, 124 Dennstaedtia, 7 Dentaria, 123 Deringa, 192 Deschampsia, 28 Desmodium, 153 acuminatum, 153 bracteosum, 153 canadense, 154 canescens, 153 ciliare, 155 Dillenii, 154 glahellum, 153 grandiflorum, 153 humifusum, 153 laevigatum, 154 lineatum, 155 marilandicum, 155 nudiflorum, 153 obtusum, 155 ochroleucum, 153 paniculatum, 154 pauciflorum, 153 rigidum, 154 rotundifolium, 153 sessilifolium, 154 strictum, 154 viridiflorum, 154 Dewberry, 144 Swamp, 144 Dianthera, 240 Dianthus, 118 Dicentra, 127 Dicksonia, 7 Diervilla, 246 Digitaria, 35 Diodia, 245 Dioscorea, 87 DiOSCOREACEAE, 87 Diospyros, 204 Diplachne, 33 Diplopappus, 264 Diplotaxis, 130 DiPSACEAE, 249 Dipsacus, 249 Dirca, 183 Discopleura, 191 Distichlis, 24 Ditch Grass, 14 Stonecrop, 135 Dittany, 225 Dock, Bitter, 106 Curled, 105 Swamp, 105 Dodder, Flax, 213 Hazel, 213 Dogbane, 208, 209 Climbing, 208 Hemp, 209 Spreading, 209 Dog's-tooth Violet, 83 Dogtail, 24 Dogwood, 194 Flowering, 194 Silky, 194 Dog Fennel, 252 Violet, 182 Door Weed, 106 Draba, 128 Dragon Head, False, 221 Dropseed, 32 Drosera, 134 Droseraceae, 134 Dryopteris, 5 Dryopteris, 6 Duchesnea, 142 Duckmeat, 74 Duckweed, 74 Dulichium, 50 Dutchman's Breeches, 127 Dwarf Dandehon, 280 Ginseng, 189 Ebenaceae, 204 Ebony Family, 204 Echinochloa, 43 Echinocystis, 249 Echinodorus, 17 Echium, 217 EcUpta, 269 Eel Grass, 15 Eglantine, 145 Elatinaceae, 177 Elatine, 177 Elder, 248 Box, 171 Marsh, 268 Red-berried, 248 Elecampane, 268 Eleocharis, 50 acicularis, 51 albida, 53 ambigens, 52 calva, 52 Engelmanni, 51 equisetoides, 51 flavescens, 51 halophila, 52 intermedia, 52 melanocarpa, 53 microcarpa, 53 obtusa, 51 olivacea, 51 palustris, 52 parvula, 51 quadrangulata, 50 Robbinsii, 51 rostellata, 51 simplex, 53 Smallii, 52 tenuis, 52 Torreyana, 53 tortilis, 53 tricostata, 52 tuberculosa, 53 Elephantopus, 252 Elephant's-foot, 252 Eleusine, 33 EUisia, 215 Elm, 102 SHppery, 102 White, 102 Elodea, 17 Elymus, 25 Enchanter's Nightshade, 187 Epifagus, 239 Epigaea, 198 Epilobium, 186 Epipaciis, 92 Equisetaceae, 9 Equisetum, 9 [297] Index Eragrostis, 22 capillaris, 22 cilianensis, 23 hirsuta, 23 hypnoides, 22 megastachya, 23 mexicana, 23 minor, 23 multicaulis, 23 neomexicana, 23 pectinacea, 23 pectinacea, 23 peregrina, 23 pilosa, 22 poaeoides, 23 Purshii, 23 refracta, 23 spectabilis, 23 Erechtites, 276 Erianthus, 45 Ericaceae, 195 Erigeron, 265 annuus, 265 bellidifoHus, 265 canadensis, 265 philadelphicus, 265 pulchellus, 265 pusillus, 265 ramosus, 265 strigosus, 265 vernus, 265 Eriocatjlaceae, 75 Eriocaulon, 75 Eriophorum, 56 Erodium, 163 Eryngium, 189 Eryngo, 189 Erysimum, 131 Erythraea, 206 Erythronium, 83 Eulalia, 45 Eupatorium, 252 album, 253 aromaticum, 254 capillifolium, 252 coelestinum, 255 dubium, 262 fistulosum, 252 hyssopifolium, 253 leucolepis, 253 maculatum, 252 perfoliatum, 254 pubescens, 254 purpureum, 252 (Eupatorium) purpureum, 252 resinosum, 254 rotundifolium, 254 rotundifolium, 254 rugosum, 254 serotinum, 253 sessilifolium, 254 Torreyanum, 253 trifoliatum, 252 urticaefolium, 254 verbenaefolium, 254 Euonymus, 170 Euphorbia, 166 coroUata, 167 Cyparissias, 167 Darlinglonii, 167 falcata, 168 Helioscopia, 167 hexagona, 167 Ipecacuanhae, 167 Lathyrus, 168 maculata, 167 maculata, 167 marilandica, 167 nutans, 167 Peplus, 167 polygonifolia, 166 Preslii, 167 purpurea, 167 supina, 167 Euphorbiaceae, 165 Evening Primrose, 186 Everlasting, Pearly, 267 Everlasting Pea, 158 Evonymus, 170 Exochorda, 138 Fagaceae, 99 Fagopyrum, 109 Fagus, 99 FaU Dandelion, 280 Witch Grass, 36 False Asphodel, 81 Dandelion, 283 Dragon Head, 221 Flax, 129 Indigo, 148, 151 Mermaid, 168 Featherfoil, 202 Fennel, 192 Dog, 252 Fern, Bead, 7 Beech, 2 (Fern) Bog, 6 Brittle, 6 Chain, 3 Christmas, 4 Cinnamon. 2 Cliff, 7 Climbing, 2 Flowering, 1 Grape, 1 Hay-scented, 7 Interrupted, 1 Lady, 4 Lip, 3 Maidenhair, 3 Marsh, 6 New York, 6 Rattlesnake, 1 Royal, 1 Sensitive, 7 Shield, 5 Sweet, 97 Walking, 4 Wood, 5 Fescue, 20 Festuca, 20 Festuca, 19 Fetter Bush, 198 Feverfew, 275 Field Bindweed, 212 Cress, 128 Garlic, 83 Madder, 242 Figwort, 230 Fimbristylis, 54 Fireweed, 186, 276 Flag, 88 Sweet, 74 Flax, 160 False, 129 Fleabane, 265 Canada, 265 Daisy, 265 Marsh, 266 Salt Marsh, 266 Floating Heart, 208 Floerkea, 168 Flower-of-an-Hour, 175 Fly Poison, 81 Foeniculum, 192 Fool's Parsley, 193 Forget-me-not, 216 Four-o'clock Family, 113 [298] Index Foxglove, False, 235 Yellow, 235 Foxtail, Barbed, 44 Giant, 44 Green, 44 Meadow, 30 Water, 31 Yellow, 44 Fragaria, 142 Fraxinus, 204 French Mulberry, 218 Fringe Tree, 205 Froelichia, 113 Frog Fruit, 218 Frog's Bit, 18 Frostweed, 178 Fuirena, 56 Fumaria, 128 FUMARIACEAE, 127 Fumitory, 128 Climbing, 127 Galactia, 160 Galingale, 47 Galinsoga, 274 Galium, 243 Aparine, 243 asprellum, 244 bermudense, 244 boreale, 243 circaezans, 243 Claytoni, 244 concinnum, 244 hispidulum, 244 lanceolatum, 243 Mollugo, 243 obtusum, 244 pilosum, 243 tinctorium, 244 trifidum, 244 triflorum, 244 uniflorum, 244 verum, 243 Gall-of-the-Earth, 283 Garden Cress, 128 Garlic, 82, 83 Gaultheria, 198 Gaura, 187 Gaylussacia, 199 Gelsemium, 205 Gentian, 206 Closed, 207 Fringed, 206 Horse, 247 (Gentian) Pine Barren, 207 Soapwort, 207 Striped, 207 Gentiana, 206 Andrewsii, 207 Catesbaei, 207 clausa, 207 crinita, 206 ochroleuca, 207 parvifolia, 207 Porphyrio, 207 Saponaria, 207 villosa, 207 Gentian ACE AE, 206 Geraniaceae, 162 Geranium, 162 Gerardia, 235 decemloba, 236 Holmiana, 236 Large Purple, 235 linifolia, 235 maritima, 235 obtusifolia, 236 parvifolia, 236 purpurea, 235 racemulosa, 236 setacea, 236 tenuifolia, 236 Gerardia, 235 Germander, 218 Geum, 143 Giant Foxtail, 44 Hyssop, 220 Gifola, 266 Gilia, 214 Gillenia, 138 Gill-over-the-Ground, 220 Ginger, Wild, 105 Ginseng, 188, 189 Dwarf, 189 Glaucium, 127 Glaux, 204 Gleditsia, 147 Glyceria, 20 Glycine, 159 Gnaphalium, 267 Goat's Beard, 280 Rue, 152 Golden Alexanders, 192 Aster, 256 Club, 74 Glow, 270 (Golden) Saxifrage, 136 Seal, 124 Goldenrod, 256 Bushy, 260 Early, 258 Field, 259 Seaside, 257 Showy, 257 Sweet, 258 White, 257 Woodland, 256 Gonolobus, 211 Goodyera, 92 Gooseberry, 136 Goosefoot, 109 Maple-leaved, 110 Oak-leaved, 110 Stinking, 110 Gourd, 249 Goutweed, 191 Gramineae, 18 Grape, 172 Chicken, 173 Fox, 172 Frost, 173 Summer, 173 Grape Hyacinth, 84 Grass, 18 Alkali, 20 Barnyard, 43 Beach, 29 Beard, 46 Bent, 29 Bermuda, 33 Black, 78 Black Oat, 32 Blue, 21 Blue-eyed, 88 Blue-joint, 29 Bottle-brush, 26 Brome, 18 Canary, 35 Catchfly, 35 Cord, 34 Cotton, 56 Crab, 35 Crested Wheat, 25 Ditch, 14 Downy Oat, 29 Eel, 15 Fall Witch, 36 Foxtail, 30 Gama, 47 [299] Index (Grass) Goose, 33 Hair, 28, 30, 32 Hungarian, 44 Indian, 47 Johnson, 47 June, 27 Kentucky Blue, 21 Lace, 22 Love, 22 Manna, 20 Meadow, 21 Mountain Rice, 32 Mouse-tail, 19 Needle, 32 Oat, 28, 29 Orchard, 24 Panic, 37 Plume, 45 Poverty, 33 Quack, 25 Quaking, 22 Rabbit's-foot, 31 Ravenna, 45 Reed, 29 Rye, 26 Salt Reed, 34 Sand, 25 Sickle, 27 Slough, 34 Spike, 24 Squirrel-tail, 26 Star, 87 Sweet Vernal, 34 Tall Oat, 28 Tape, 17 Triple-awned, 32 Velvet, 29 White, 35 Wild Oat, 29 Witch, 41 Wood Reed, 30 Yellow-eyed, 76 Grass Pink, 91 Gratiola, 232 Gratiola, 233 Great Laurel, 197 Green Brier, 86 Dragon, 73 Violet, 179 Grindelia, 255 Gromwell, 217 Corn, 217 False, 217 Ground Cedar, 8 Cherry, 228 Ivy, 220 Pine, 8 Groundsel, 277 Tree, 266 Gum, Black, 195 Sour, 195 Sweet, 137 Gymnocladus, 147 Gymnopogon, 34 Habenaria, 89 blephariglottis, 90 Canbyi, 90 ciliaris, 89 clavellata, 89 cristata, 89 fimbriata, 90 flava, 89 lacera, 90 nivea, 89 peramoena, 90 psycodes, 90 iridentata, 89 Hackberry, 102 Hackelia, 216 Haemodoraceae, 87 Haloragidaceae, 187 Hamamelidaceae, 137 Hamamelis, 137 Hartmannia, 187 Haw, Black, 248 Hawkbit, 280 Hawk's Beard, 283 Hawkweed, 284 Hawthorn, 140 English, 142 Hazelnut, 98 Beaked, 98 Heath Family, 195 Heather, Beach, 178 Pine Barren, 178 Hedeoma, 223 Hedge Hyssop, 232 Mustard, 130 Nettle, 221 Helenium, 274 Heleochloa, 32 Helianthemum, 178 Helianthium, 17 Helianthus, 270 angustifolius, 270 annuus, 270 (Helianthus) decapetalus, 271 divaricatus, 271 giganteus, 271 grosseserratus, 271 strumosus, 271 tuberosus, 271 Heliopsis, 269 Heliotrope, 215 Seaside, 215 Wild, 215 Heliotropium, 215 Hellebore, False, 82 Helonias, 81 Hemerocallis, 83 Hemianthus, 233 Hemlock, 11 Poison, 191 Water, 191 Hemp, 103 Hempweed, Climbing, 255 Henbane, Black, 229 Henbit, 221 Hepatica, 122 Heracleum, 193 Herba Impia, 266 Herb Robert, 162 Hercules' Club, 188 Herpestis, 232 Hesperis, 131 Heteranthera, 77 Heterotheca, 256 Heuchera, 136 Hibiscus, 174 Hickory, 97 Bitternut, 97 Mockernut, 97 Pignut, 97 Shellbark, 97 Hieracium, 284 Gronovii, 284 marianum, 284 paniculatum, 284 pratense, 284 scabrum, 284 venosum, 284 Himalaya-berry, 144 Hog Peanut, 159 Holcus, 29 Holly, 169 American, 169 Hollyhock, 174 Holosteum, 116 [300] Honewort, 192 Honey Locust, 147 Honeysuckle, 246 Bush, 246 Japanese, 246 Trumpet, 246 Hop, 103 Hop Hornbeam, 98 Hordeum, 26 Horehound, 220 Water, 225 Hornbeam, 98 Hop, 98 Horned Rush, 57 Horn wort, 119 Horse Balm, 227 Gentian, 247 Mint, 222 Nettle, 227 Radish, 132 Horsetail, 9 Hottonia, 202 Hound's Tongue, 215 Houstonia, 245 Huckleberry, 199 Black, 200 Box, 199 Dwarf, 200 Hudsonia, 178 Humulus, 103 Hybanthus, 179 Hydrangea, 136 Wild, 136 Hydrastis, 124 Htdrocharitaceae, 18 Hydrocotyle, 190 Hydrophyllaceae, 214 Hydrophyllum, 214 Hyoscyamus, 229 Hypericaceae, 175 Hypericum, 175 adpressum, 176 Ascyron, 175 boreale, 176 canadense, 177 densiflorum, 176 denticulatum, 176 Drummondii, 177 ellipticum, 176 gentianoides, 177 gymnanthum, 177 majus, 177 mutilum, 176 Index (Hypericum) perforatum, 175 petiolatum, 177 prohficum, 176 punctatum, 176 Sarothra, 177 tubulosum, 177 virgatum, 176 virginicum, 177 Hypochaeris, 280 Hypoxis, 87 Hyssop, Giant, 220 Hedge, 232 Water, 232 Hystrix, 26 Ilex, 169 glabra, 170 laevigata, 170 opaca, 169 verticillata, 169 vomitoria, 169 Ilysanthes, 233 Indian Bean, 240 Cucumber Root, 85 Currant, 247 Pipe, 196 Plantain, 276, 277 Rice, 35 Tobacco, 251 Turnip, 73 Indigo, False, 148, 151 Wild, 148 Ink Berry, 170 Inula, 268 Ipomoea, 211 Ipomopsis, 214 Iridaceae, 88 Iris, 88 Yellow, 88 Iron-weed, 251 Ironwood, 98 Isoetaceae, 8 Isoetes, 8 Isotria, 91 Itea, 136 Iva, 268 Ivy, Ground, 220 Kenilworth, 230 Poison, 169 Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 73 Jacob's Ladder, 214 Jerusalem Artichoke, 271 Oak, 110 Jessamine, Yellow, 205 Jewel Weed, 171 Jimson Weed, 229 Joe-Pye Weed, 252 Judas Tree, 148 Juglandaceae, 97 Juglans, 97 Juncaceae, 78 Juncus, 78 acuminatus, 79 aristulatus, 80 biflorus, 80 bufonius, 78 canadensis, 79 canadensis, 79 coriaceus, 78 debilis, 80 dichotomus, 78 effusus, 78 Elliottii, 80 Gerardi, 78 marginatus, 80 militaris, 79 nodosus, 79 pelocarpus, 79 platyphyllus, 78 repens, 80 Roemerianus, 79 scirpoides, 79 secundus, 78 setaceus, 78 subcaudatus, 79 tenuis, 78 Torreyi, 79 Juniper, 12 Juniperus, 12 Jussiaea, 185 Justicia, 240 Kalmia, 197 Kenilworth Ivy, 230 Kentucky Blue Grass, 21 Coffee Tree, 147 Kickxia, 230 Kidney Bean, 159 Knapweed, 279 Knawel, 113 Knotweed, 106 Seaside, 106 Virginia, 109 [301] Index Kneiffia, 186, 187 Koeleria, 27 Kosteletzkya, 174 Krigia, 280 Kudzu Vine, 160 Kyllinga, 47 Labiatae, 218 Lachnanthes, 87 Lactuca, 282 canadensis, 282 floridana, 282 sagittifolia, 282 saligna, 282 Scariola, 282 spicata, 283 villosa, 282 Ladies' Slipper, 88 Large Yellow, 88 Pink, 89 Ladies' Tobacco, 266 Ladies' Tresses, 92 Giant, 92 Nodding, 92 Lady-fern, 4 Lady's Thumb, 108 Lamb's Quarters, 110 Lamium, 221 Laportea, 104 Lappula, 216 Larkspur, 124 Lathy rus, 158 Lauraceae, 126 Laurel, 197 Great, 197 Mountain, 197 Sheep, 197 Lavender, Sea, 202 Leadwort Family, 202 Leafcup, 268 Leather Flower, 123 Leaf, 198 Leatherwood, 183 Lechea, 178 Leersia, 35 Leguminosae, 147 Lemna, 74 Lemnaceae, 74 Lentibulariaceae, 237 Leontodon, 280 Leonurus, 221 Lepidium, 128 Leptandra, 234 Leptochloa, 33 Leptoloma, 36 Lepturus, 27 Lespedeza, 155 acuticarpa, 155 angustifolia, 156 capitata, 156 cuneata, 156 daurica, 156 frutescens, 156 hirta, 156 intermedia, 156 Nuttallii, 155 procumbens, 155 repens, 155 stipulacea, 156 striata, 157 Stuevii, 155 violacea, 155 virginica, 156 Lettuce, 282 Leucojum, 87 Leucothoe, 198 Liatris, 255 Licorice, Wild, 243 Ligustrum, 205 Lilaeopsis, 193 LiLIACEAE, 81 Lilium, 83 Lily, 83 Blackberry, 88 Day, 83 Trout, 83 Turk's-cap, 83 Water, 119 Wild Yellow, 83 Wood, 83 LiMNANTHACEAE, 168 Limnanthemum, 208 Limnobium, 18 Limonium, 202 Limosella, 233 LiNACEAE, 160 Linaria, 230 Linaria, 230 Linden, 173 American, 173 Lindera, 126 Lindernia, 233 Linum, 160 Lion's Foot, 283 Liparis, 93 Lip-fern, 3 Lippia, 218 Liquidambar, 137 Liriodendron, 125 Lithospermum, 217 Live Oak, 101 Liverwort, 122 Lizard's Tail, 94 Lobelia, 250 amoena, 250 Boykinii, 251 Canbyi, 251 cardinalis, 250 downy, 250 elongata, 250 Great Blue, 250 inflata, 250 Nuttallii, 251 puberula, 250 siphilitica, 250 spicata, 251 LOBELIACEAE, 250 Locust, 152 Black, 152 Honey, 147 LOGANIACEAE, 205 Lolium, 26 Long Moss, 77 Lonicera, 246 Loosestrife, 184, 202 Bulb-bearing, 203 Purple, 184 Whorled, 203 Lophanthus, 220 Lophiola, 87 Lophotocarpus, 17 Lopseed, 241 LORANTHACEAE, 105 Lorinseria, 3 Lotus, 151 American, 120 Lousewort, 237 Ludwigia, 185 Hairy, 185 Lupine, 149 Lupinus, 149 Luzula, 80 Lychnis, 117 Lycium, 228 Lycopodiaceae, 7 Lycopodium, 7 Lycopus, 225 Lygodium, 2 Lyonia, 198 Lysimachia, 202 ciliata, 203 hybrida, 203 [302] (Lysimachia) lanceolata, 203 Nummularia, 203 producta, 203 quadrifolia, 203 strida, 203 terrestris, 203 vulgaris, 202 Lythraceae, 183 Ly thrum, 184 Madura, 103 Madder, 242 Field, 242 Madia, 274 Madwort, 216 Magnolia, 124 Swamp, 124 Magnoliaceae, 124 Mahaleb Cherry, 147 Mahogany Family, 163 Maianthemum, 84 Maiden Cane, 43 Malaxis, 93 Mallow, 173, 174 Curled, 174 High, 174 Indian, 173 Musk, 174 Rose, 175 Swamp, 175 Malus, 138 Malva, 174 Malvaceae, 173 Manisuris, 47 Man-of-the-Earth, 212 Maple, 170 Ash-leaved, 171 Norway, 171 Red, 171 Silver, 171 Sugar, 170 Swamp, 171 Marginal Shield Fern, 5 Marigold, Marsh, 123 Marjoram, Wild, 223 Marrubium, 220 Marsh Bellflower, 250 Cress, 131 Elder, 268 Fleabane, 266 Marigold, 123 Purslane, 185 Matricaria, 275 Index Matrimony Vine, 228 May Apple, 125 Maypops, 183 Meadow Beauty, 184 Foxtail, 30 Parsnip, 193 Rue, Early, 122 TaU, 122 Sweet, 137 Mecardonia, 232 Medeola, 85 Medicago, 151 Medick, 151 Black, 151 Meibomea, 153 Melampyrum, 237 Melanthium, 82 Melastomaceae, 184 Melia, 163 Meliaceae, 163 Melilot, 151 Yellow, 151 White, 151 Melilotus, 151 Melissa, 223 Menispermaceae, 125 Menispermum, 125 Mentha, 226 aquatica, 226 arvensis, 226 gentilis, 226 longifolia, 226 piperita, 226 rotundifolia, 226 saliva, 226 spicata, 226 sylvestris, 226 viridis, 226 Menyanthes, 208 Mercurialis, 166 Mercury, 166 Three-seeded, 166 Mermaid Weed, 188 False, 168 Mertensia, 217 Micranthemum, 233 Microstylis, 93 Mignonette, 134 Mikania, 255 Milk Pea, 160 Milkweed, 209 Common, 210 Green, 211 Orange, 210 (Milkweed) Poke, 210 Purple, 210 Red, 210 Swamp, 210 White, 210 Whorled, 211 Milkwort, 163 Orange, 165 Pine Barren, 165 Sea, 204 Millet, 42 Mimulus, 231 Mint, 218, 226 Horse, 222 Mountain, 223 Water, 226 Wild, 226 Wood, 223 Miscanthus, 45 Mist Flower, 255 Mistletoe, 105 Mitchella, 245 Mitella, 136 Mitrewort, 136 Moccasin Flower, 88, 89 Mock Bishop's-weed, 191 Modiola, 173 MoUugo, 113 Monarda, 222 Moneywort, 203 Monkey Flower, 231 Monotropa, 196 Moonseed, 125 Morning Glory, 211 Dwarf, 212 Ivy-leaved, 212 Upright, 212 Morus, 103 Motherwort, 221 Mountain Mint, 223 Rice, 32 Mouse-ear Chickweed, 116 Cress, 131 Mud Plantain, 77 Mudwort, 233 Mugwort, Common, 275 Western, 275 Muhlenbergia, 31 Mulberry, 103 French, 218 Paper, 103 [303] Index (Mulberry) Red, 103 White, 104 Mullein, 229 Moth, 229 Pink, 117 White, 230 Muscadine, 173 Muscari, 84 Mustard, 130 Black, 130 Curled, 130 Hare's-ear, 130 Hedge, 130 Indian, 130 Tumble, 131 White, 130 Worm-seed, 131 Myosotis, 216 Myrica, 96 Myrica, 97 Myricaceae, 96 Myriophyllum, 187 Myrtle, 208 Najadaceae, 15 Najas, 15 Narthecium, 81 Nasturtium, 131 N eg undo, 171 Nelumbo, 120 Nepeta, 220 Nesaea, 184 Nettle, 104 Dead, 221 False, 104 Hedge, 221 Horse, 227 Stinging, 104 Wood, 104 New Jersey Tea, 172 New York Aster, 263 Fern, 6 Nicandra, 228 Nicotiana, 229 Nightshade, 227 Enchanter's, 187 Nimble Will, 31 Nine-bark, 137 Nothoscordum, 83 Nuphar, 119 Nyctaginaceae, 113 Nymphaea, 119 Nymphaea, 119 Nymphaeaceae, 119 Nymphoides, 208 Nyssa, 195 Oak, 100 Basket, 100 Black, 101 Black Jack, 102 Chestnut, Dwarf, 100 Rock, 101 Jerusalem, 110 Live, 101 Mossy-cup, 100 Over-cup, 100 Pin, 101 Poison, 169 Post, 100 Red, 101 Scarlet, 101 Scrub, 101 Shingle, 102 Spanish, 101 Water, 101 White, 100 Swamp, 100 Willow, 102 Yellow, 100 Oakesia, 82 Oats, Wild, 28 Obolaria, 208 Oenothera, 186 Oldenlandia, 246 Oleaceae, 204 Olive Family, 204 Onagraceae, 185 One-seeded Cucumber, 249 Onion, 82 Onoclea, 7 Onopordum, 279 Onosmodium, 217 Ophioglossaceae, 1 Ophioglossum, 1 Opuntia, 183 Orach, 111 Orange Root, 124 Orchard Grass, 24 Orchidaceae, 88 Orchis, 88, 89 Bog-rose, 91 Crane-fly, 93 Crested Yellow, 89 Fringeless Purple, 90 Green Fringed, 90 (Orchis) Purple Fringed, 90 Rein, 89 Showy, 89 Small Green, 89 Snowy, 89 spectabilis, 89 tubercled, 89 White Fringed, 90 Yellow Fringed, 89 Origanum, 223 Ornithogalum, 84 Orobanchaceae, 239 Orobanche, 240 Orontium, 74 Orpine Family, 135 Oryzopsis, 32 Osage Orange, 103 Osmorhiza, 190 Osmunda, 1 OSMUNDACEAE, 1 Ostrya, 98 OXALIDACEAE, 161 Oxahs, 161 Ox-eye, 269 Sea, 270 Oxybaphus, 113 Oxydendrum, 198 Oxy polls, 194 Oyster Plant, 280 Painted Cup, 236 Panax, 189 Panicum, 37 aciculare, 38 agrostoides, 42 albemarlense, 39 amarulum, 42 amarum, 42 anceps, 42 angustifolium, 38 Ashei, 41 auburne, 39 barbulatum, 38 Boscii, 41 capillare, 41 clandestinum, 41 columbianum, 40 Commonsianum, 39 commutatum, 41 condensum, 42 depauperatum, 37 dichotomiflorum, 41 dichotomum, 38 [304] Index (Panicum) Gattingeri, 41 hemitomon, 43 huachucae, 39 implicatum, 39 lanuginosum, 39 latifolium, 41 Lindheimeri, 39 linearifolium, 37 longifolium, 42 lucidum, 38 mattamuskeetense, 38 meridionale, 39 microcarpon, 38 miliaceum, 42 oligosanthes, 40 oricola, 40 philadelphicum, 41 polyanthes, 40 Ravenelii, 40 rhizomatum, 43 scabriusculum, 40 scoparioides, 39 scoparium, 40 Scribnerianum, 40 sphaerocarpon, 40 spretum, 38 stipitatum, 42 tennesseense, 39 verrucosum, 43 villosissimum, 39 virgatum, 42 Werneri, 37 Wrightianum, 38 yadkinense, 38 Pansy, 182 Field, 182 Wild, 182 Papaver, 127 Papaveraceae, 126 Papaw, 125 Paper Mulberry, 103 Parietaria, 104 Paronychia, 113 Parsley, 189 Fool's, 193 Parsley Piert, 145 Parsnip, 193 Cow, 193 Meadow, 193 Water, 192 Parthenium, 268 Parthenocissus, 172 Partridge Berry, 245 Pea, 148 Paspalum, 36 Passiflora, 182 Passifloraceae, 182 Passion Flower, 182 Pastinaca, 193 Paulownia, 241 Pea, Butterfly, 159 Cow, 159 Everlasting, 158 Milk, 160 Partridge, 148 Spurred Butterfly, 159 Peach, 147 Peanut, 152 Hog, 159 Pear, 138 Prickly, 183 Pearlwort, 114 Pearly Everlasting, 267 Pedicularis, 237 PeUitory, 104 Peltandra, 74 Pencil Flower, 157 Penny Cress, 128 Pennyroyal, 223 Pennywort, 208 Water, 190 Penstemon, 231 Penthorum, 135 Pentstemon, 231 Pepperbush, Sweet, 195 Peppergrass, 128 Peppermint, 226 Perilla, 227 Periwinkle, 208 Persea, 126 Persimmon, 204 Petunia, 229 Phacelia, 215 Phalaris, 35 Phaseolus, 159 Phegopteris, 2 Philotria, 17 Phleum, 31 Phlox, 213 Blue, 214 divaricata, 214 Downy, 214 maculata, 213 Moss, 214 paniculata, 213 (Phlox) pilosa, 214 subulata, 214 Pholiurus, 27 Phoradendron, 105 Phragmites, 24 Phryma, 241 Phrymaceae, 241 Phyllanthus, 166 Physalis, 228 Alkekengi, 228 angulata, 228 heterophylla, 228 ixocarpa, 228 lanceolata, 228 pruinosa, 228 subglabrata, 228 virginiana, 228 Physocarpus, 137 Physostegia, 221 Phytolacca, 113 Phttolaccaceae, 113 Pickerel Weed, 77 Picris, 280 Pigweed, 112 Pilea, 104 Pimpernel, 204 Water, 202 Pimpinella, 192 Pinaceae, 10 Pine, 10 Loblolly, 10 Pitch, 10 Pond, 10 Scrub, 11 Shortleaf, 11 Table Mountain, 10 White, 10 Pineapple Family, 77 Pineapple Weed, 275 Pine Barren Heather, 178 Pinesap, 196 Pineweed, 177 Pink, 118 Deptford, 118 Family, 113 Fire, 118 Grass, 91 Moss, 214 Mullein, 117 Sea, 206 Wild, 117 [305] Index Pinus, 10 echinata, 11 inops, 11 pungens, 10 rigida, 10 serotina, 10 Strobus, 10 Taeda, 10 virginiana, 11 Pinweed, 178 Beach, 179 Hairy, 178 Thyme-leaved, 178 Pipewort, 75 Pipsissewa, 195 Spotted, 195 Pitcher Plant, 134 Plane Tree Family, 137 Plantaginaceae, 241 Plantago, 241 arenaria, 242 aristata, 242 halophila, 241 heterophylla, 242 indica, 242 lanceolata, 242 major, 241 pusilla, 242 Rugelii, 242 virginica, 242 Plantain, 241 English, 242 Indian, 276, 277 Mud, 77 Rattlesnake, 92 Robin's, 265 Platan ACE AE, 137 Platanus, 137 Pluchea, 266 Plum, 146 Beach, 146 BuUace, 146 Chickasaw, 146 Wild, 147 Plumbaginaceae, 202 Poa, 21 alsodes, 22 annua, 21 autumnalis, 22 brachyphylla, 21 Chapmaniana, 21 compressa, 21 cuspidata, 21 nemoralis, 22 (Poa) pratensis, 21 sylvestris, 22 trivialis, 21 Podophyllum, 125 PODOSTEMACEAE, 135 Podostemum, 135 Pogonia, 90 ophioglossoides, 90 Whorled, 91 Pogonia, 90, 91 divaricata, 91 pendula, 90 trianthophora, 90 verticillata, 91 Poison Hemlock, 191 Ivy, 169 Oak, 169 Poke- weed, 113 Polanisia, 134 POLEMONIACEAE, 213 Polemonium, 214 Poly gala, 163 ambigua, 165 cruciata, 164 Curtissii, 164 cymosa, 165 Fringed, 163 incarnata, 164 lutea, 165 mariana, 164 Nuttallii, 164 paucifolia, 163 ramosa, 165 sanguinea, 164 Senega, 164 verticillata, 164 viridescens, 164 POLYGALACEAE, 163 POLYGONACEAE, 105 Polygonatum, 84 Polygonella, 109 Polygonum, 106 acre, 108 amphibium, 107 arifolium, 108 atlanticum, 107 aviculare, 106 aviculare, 106 Bellardi, 106 Careyi, 107 coccineum, 107 Convolvulus, 108 cristatum, 109 (Polygonum) cuspidatum, 109 densiflorum, 107 dumetorum, 109 erectum, 106 glaucum, 106 hydropiper, 108 hydropiperoides, 108 lapathifolium, 107 longisetum, 108 maritimum, 106 Muhlenbergii, 107 natans, 107 neglectum, 106 opelousanum, 108 orientale, 108 pensylvanicum, 107 Persicaria, 108 prolificum, 106 punctatum, 108 pundatum, 108 ramosissimum, 106 robustius, 108 sachalinense, 109 sagittatum, 108 scandens, 109 setaceum, 108 tenue, 107 virginianum, 109 Polymnia, 268 POLYPODIACEAE, 2 Polypodium, 2 Polypody, 2 Rock, 2 Tree, 2 Polypogon, 31 Polypremum, 205 Polystichum, 4 Pondweed, 13 Horned, 14 Pontederia, 77 PONTEDERIACEAE, 77 Poor Man's Weather- glass, 204 Poplar, 95, 96 Poppy, 127 Horn, 127 Opium, 127 Plume, 126 Prickly, 127 Populus, 95 Portulaca, 119 PORTULACACEAE, 118 [306] Index Potamogeton, 13 americanus, 13 Berchtoldi, 13 bupleuroides, 13 capillaceus, 14 crispus, 13 diversifolius, 14 epihydrus, 13 foliosus, 14 hybridus, 14 natans, 13 nodosus, 13 pectinatus, 14 perfoliatus, 13 pulcher, 13 pusillus, 13 Richardsonii, 13 Robbinsii, 14 Spirillus, 14 POTAMOGETONACEAE, 13 Potato, 227 Potentilla, 142 Poverty Grass, 33 Prenanthes, 283 alba, 283 altissima, 283 autumnalis, 283 serpentaria, 283 trifoliolata, 283 virgata, 283 Prickly Ash, 163 Pear, 183 Poppy, 127 Pride-of-India, 163 Primrose, Evening, 186 Family, 202 Primtjlaceae, 202 Prince's Feather, 108 Privet, 205 Proserpinaca, 188 Prunella, 221 Prunus, 146 americana, 147 angustifolia, 146 Avium, 147 Cerasus, 147 Chicasa, 146 insititia, 146 Mahaleb, 147 maritima, 146 Padus, 147 pensylvanica, 146 serotina, 146 virginiana, 146 Prunus, 147 Psedera, 172 Psilocarya, 53 Psoralea, 151 Ptelea, 163 Pteridium, 3 Pteris, 3 Ptilimnium, 191 Puccinellia, 20 Pueraria, 160 Pulse Family, 147 Pumpkin, 249 Purpletop, 25 Purslane, 119 Common, 119 Marsh, 185 Sea, 113 Putty Root, 93 Pycnanthemum, 223 aristatum, 224 clinopodioides, 223 flexuosum, 224 incanum, 224 muticum, 224 setosum, 224 verticillatum, 224 virginianum, 224 Pyrola, 195 Pyrrhopappus, 283 Pyrus, 138 Pyrus, 138, 139 Quaker Ladies, 245 Quamoclit, 211 Quassia Family, 163 Quercus, 100 alba, 100 bicolor, 100 borealis, 101 coccinea, 101 falcata, 101 Fernaldii, 100 heterophylla, 102 ilicifolia, 101 imbricata, 102 lyrata, 100 macrocarpa, 100 marilandica, 102 Michauxii, 100 montana, 101 Muhlenbergii, 100 nigra, 101 Otisii, 102 palustris, 101 (Quercus) Phellos, 102 prinoides, 100 Prinus, 100 Prinus, 101 rubra, 101 stellata, 100 subfalcata, 102 velutina, 101 virginiana, 101 Quillwort, 8 Radicula, 131 Radish, 129, 130 Ragweed, 268 Great, 268 Low, 269 Ragwort, 277 Golden, 277 Woolly, 277 Ranunculaceae, 120 Ranunculus, 120 abortivus, 121 acris, 122 ambigens, 120 bulbosus, 122 circinatus, 120 delphinifolius, 120 flabellaris, 120 hispidus, 121 laxicaulis, 121 longirostris, 120 oblongifolius, 121 obtusiusculus, 120 parviflorus, 122 pensylvanicus, 121 pusillus, 121 recurvatus, 121 repens, 121 sceleratus, 121 septentrionalis, 121 Raphanus, 129 Raspberry, 143 Black, 143 Purple-flowering, 143 Rattle Box, 149 Rattlesnake Plantain, 92 Root, 283 Rattlesnake-weed, 284 Red Bay, 126 Bud, 148 Root, 87 Top, 30 [307] Index Reed, Common, 24 Giant, 24 Reseda, 134 Resedaceae, 134 Rhamnaceae, 172 Rhamnus, 172 Rhexia, 184 Rhododendron, 196 arborescens, 196 atlanticum, 197 canescens, 197 maximum, 197 nudiflorum, 196 viscosum, 196 Rhus, 168 copalUna, 169 glabra, 169 hirta, 168 guercifolia, 169 radicans, 169 Toxicodendron, 169 typhina, 168 venenata, 169 Vernix, 169 Rhynchosia, 160 Rhynchospora, 57 alba, 58 axillaris, 59 capitellata, 58 cephalantha, 59 chalarocephala, 58 corniculata, 57 cymosa, 57 filifolia, 58 fusca, 57 globularis, 57 glomerata, 58 gracilenta, 58 inexpansa, 57 inundata, 57 Knieskernii, 58 macrostachya, 57 microcephala, 59 oligantha, 58 pallida, 58 Torreyana, 57 Ribes, 136 Rice Cutgrass, 35 Indian, 35 Richweed, 104 Ricinus, 166 River Weed, 135 Robinia, 152 Robin's Plantain, 265 Rock Cress, 133 Rocket, 131 Sea, 129 Yellow, 132 Rock-rose, 178 Rorippa, 131 Rosa, 145 Carolina, 146 Eglanteria, 145 gallica, 146 humilis, 146 lucida, 146 palustris, 146 rubiginosa, 145 virginiana, 146 ROSACEAE, 137 Rose, 145 Acacia, 152 Cotton, 266 Mallow, 175 Rose-of-Sharon, 174 Rotala, 183 Rottboellia, 47 RUBIACEAE, 242 Rubus, 143 argutus, 144 cuneifolius, 144 Enslenii, 144 flagellaris, 144 frondosus, 144 hispidus, 144 laciniatus, 144 occidentalis, 143 odoratus, 143 ostryifolius, 144 phoenicolasius, 143 procerus, 144 procumbens, 144 trivialis, 144 villosus, 144 Rudbeckia, 269 Rue Anemone, 122 Goat's, 152 Meadow, 122 Rue Family, 163 Ruellia, 241 Rumex, 105 Ruppia, 14 Rush, 78 Bald, 53 Beak, 57 Chair Maker's, 55 Family, 78 Horned, 57 (Rush) Nut, 59 Scouring, 10 Spike, 50 Toad, 78 Twig, 59 Wood, 80 Rutabaga, 130 RUTACEAE, 163 Sabatia, 206 angularis, 206 campanulata, 206 difformis, 206 dodecandra, 206 gracilis, 206 lanceolata, 206 stellaris, 206 Sacciolepis, 43 Sachaline, 109 Sage, 222 Wild, 222 Sagina, 114 Sagittaria, 15 St. Andrew's Cross, 175 St. John's-wort, 175 Dwarf, 176 Great, 175 Pink, 177 Shrubby, 176 St. Peter's-wort, 175 Salicaceae, 94 Salicornia, 111 Salix, 94 alba, 94 babylonica, 94 Bebbiana, 95 Caprea, 95 cordata, 95 discolor, 95 fragilis, 94 humilis, 95 interior, 94 longifolia, 94 longipes, 94 lucida, 94 nigra, 94 purpurea, 95 rostrata, 95 sericea, 95 tristis, 95 Wardi, 94 Salsify, 280 Salsola, 111 [308] Index Saltwort, 111 Salvia, 222 Sambucus, 248 Samolus, 202 Samphire, 111 Sandalwood Family, 104 Sand Bur, 44 Sandwort, 115 Sanguinaria, 126 Sanguisorba, 145 Sanicle, 189 Sanicula, 189 Santalaceae, 104 Santa Maria, 268 Sapindaceae, 171 Saponaria, 118 Sarracenia, 134 Sarraceniaceae, 134 Sarsaparilla, 189 Wild, 189 Sasa, 18 Sassafras, 126 Satureja, 223 Saurtjraceae, 94 Saururus, 94 Savory, Summer, 223 Saxifraga, 135 Saxifragaceae, 135 Saxifrage, 135 Burnet, 192 Early, 136 Golden, 136 Swamp, 135 Scheuchzeriaceab, 15 Schizaeaceae, 2 Schwalbea, 237 Scirpus, 54 americanus, 55 atrovirens, 56 cylindricus, 55 cyperinus, 56 debilis, 54 Eriophorum, 56 etuberculatus, 55 expansus, 55 fluviatilis, 55 georgianus, 56 nanus, 51 novae-angliae, 55 Olneyi, 55 planifolius, 54 polyphyllus, 56 Purshianus, 54 robustus, 55 (Scirpus) rubricosus, 56 Smithii, 55 subterminalis, 54 sylvaticus, 55 validus, 55 Scleranthus, 113 Scleria, 59 Sclerolepis, 252 Scorpiurus, 153 Scotch Broom, 149 Thistle, 279 Scouring Rush, 10 Scrophularia, 230 Scrophulariaceae, 229 Scutellaria, 219 elliptica, 219 epilobiifolia, 219 galericulata, 219 integrifolia, 220 lateriflora, 219 nervosa, 220 parvula, 220 pilosa, 219 saxatilis, 219 serrata, 219 Sea Bhte, 111 Lavender, 202 Milkwort, 204 Oats, 24 Ox-eye, 270 Pink, 206 Purslane, 113 Rocket, 129 Sedge, 60 Tussock, 71 Sedum, 135 Seed Box, 185 Selaginella, 8 Selaginellaceae, 8 Self Heal, 221 Seneca Snakeroot, 164 Senecio, 277 Senna, 148 Sensitive Fern, 7 Plant, Wild, 148 Sericocarpus, 265 Service Berry, 139 Sesuvium, 113 Setaria, 44 Shad Bush, 139 Sheep Laurel, 197 Sorrel, 106 Shepherd's Purse, 129 Sherardia, 242 Shield Fern, 5 Marginal, 5 Shin Leaf, 196 Showy Orchis, 89 Sickle-pod, 133 Sicyos, 249 Sida, 173 Silene, 117 antirrhina, 117 Armeria, 117 caroliniana, 117 conica, 117 Cucubalus, 118 dichotoma, 117 latifoHa, 118 noctiflora, 117 stellata, 118 virginica, 118 SiMARUBACEAE, 163 Sisymbrium, 130 Sisymbrium, 131 Sisyrinchium, 88 Slum, 192 Skeleton- weed, 281 Skullcap, 219 Mad-dog, 219 Skunk Cabbage, 74 Slender Blue Flag, 88 Slippery Elm, 102 Smartweed, 106 Smilacina, 84 Smilax, 86 Bona-nox, 86 glauca, 86 herbacea, 86 hispida, 86 laurifolia, 86 Pseudo-China, 86 pulverulenta, 86 rotundifolia, 86 tamnifolia, 86 Waited, 86 Snakeroot, Black, 124 Button, 189 Seneca, 164 Virginia, 105 Sneezeweed, 274 Snowberry, 247 Snowflake, 87 Soap Berry Family, 171 Soja Bean, 159 SOLANACEAE, 227 [309] Index Solanum, 227 carolinense, 227 citrullifolium, 227 Dulcamara, 227 nigrum, 227 rostratum, 227 sisymbriifolium, 227 Solidago, 256 altissima, 259 arguta, 257 bicolor, 257 caesia, 256 canadensis, 259 caroliniana, 260 Elliottii, 258 erecta, 257 fistulosa, 258 flexicaulis, 256 gigantea, 259 graminifolia, 260 gymnospermoides, 260 hispida, 257 juncea, 258 latifolia, 256 ludoviciana, 257 minor, 260 neglecta, 258 nemoralis, 259 odora, 258 patula, 257 puberula, 257 rigida, 259 rugosa, 258 sempervirens, 257 serotina, 259 speciosa, 257 squarrosa, 256 stricta, 257 tenuifolia, 260 tortifolia, 258 ulmifolia, 258 uniligulata, 258 Solomon's Seal, 84 False, 84 Small, 84 Two-leaved, 84 Sonchus, 280 Sorghastrum, 47 Sorghum, 47 Sorrel, 105 Sheep, 106 Wood, 161 Sorrel Tree, 198 Sour Gum, 195 Southernwood, 275 Sow Thistle, 281 Soy Bean, 159 Spanish Moss, 77 Needles, 273 Sparganiaceae, 12 Sparganium, 12 Spartina, 34 Spatterdock, 119 Spearmint, 226 Spearwort, 120 Water-plantain, 120 Specularia, 249 Speedwell, 234 Common, 234 Corn, 234 Purslane, 234 Thyme-leaved, 234 Spergula, 114 Spergularia, 114 Sphenopholis, 27 Sphenopholis, 27 Spice Bush, 126 Spider, Flower, 134 Spiderwort, 76 Spike-moss, 8 Spike Rush, 50 Spikenard, 188 Spiraea, 137 Spiranthes, 92 Spirodela, 74 Spleenwort, 3 Ebony, 4 Maidenhair, 4 Silvery, 4 Sporobolus, 32 Sporobolus, 31 Spring Beauty, 118 Spurge, 166 Caper, 166 Cypress, 167 Flowering, 167 Petty, 167 Seaside, 166 Spurrey, 114 Sand, 114 Squash, 249 Squaw-root, 239 Stachys, 221 Stagger Bush, 198 Standing Cypress, 214 Staphylea, 170 Staphyleaceae, 170 Star, Blazing, 81 Star Flower, 203 Star Grass, 87 of Bethlehem, 84 Thistle, 279 Star-grass, Water, 78 Steeple Bush, 138 Steironema, 203 Stellaria, 115 Stenophyllus, 53 Stewartia, 175 Stickseed, 216 Stipa, 32 Stone Root, 227 Stonecrop, 135 Ditch, 135 Storksbill, 163 Strawberry, 142 Mock, 142 Wild, 142 Wood, 142 Strawberry Tomato, 228 Tree, 170 Strophostyles, 159 Stylosanthes, 157 Sttracaceae, 204 Suaeda, 111 Sumac, 168 Dwarf, 169 Poison, 169 Smooth, 169 Staghorn, 168 Swamp, 169 Summer Savory, 223 Sundew, 134 Sundrops, 186 Sunflower, 270 Narrow-leaved, 270 Pale-leaved, 271 Tall, 271 Thin-leaved, 271 Supple Jack, 172 Swamp Pink, 81 Swamp-fern, 5 Broad, 5 Crested, 5 Glandular, 6 Sweet Bay, 124 Cicely, 190 Fern, 97 Flag, 74 Gum, 137 Leaf, 204 William, Wild, 213 Woodruff, 243 [310] Index Sweetbrier, 145 Sycamore, 137 Symphoricarpos, 247 Symphytum, 216 Symplocarpus, 74 Symplocos, 204 Synosma, 276 Taenidia, 192 Talinum, 119 Tanacetum, 275 Tansy, 275 Tape Grass, 17 Taraxacum, 281 Tar Weed, 255, 274 Taxodium, 11 Tea Family, 175 New Jersey, 172 Teaberry, 198 Tear Thumb, 108 Teasel, Wild, 249 Tecoma, 240 Teesdalia, 128 Tephrosia, 152 Ternstroemiaceae, 175 Teucrium, 218 Thalictrum, 122 Thaspium, 193 Thelypteris, 6 Thistle, 278 Bull, 278 Canada, 279 Field, 278 Musk, 278 Pasture, 278 Plumeless, 278 Scotch, 279 Sow, 281 Spineless, 278 Star, 279 Swamp, 278 Yellow, 278 Thiaspi, 128 Thorn, 140 Cockspur, 140 Dwarf, 142 Marshall's, 140 May, 142 Washington, 141 Thorn Apple, 229 Thorough-wax, 192 Thoroughwort, 254 Thyme, 224 Basil, 223 (Thyme) Garden, 224 Wild, 224 Thymelaeaceae, 183 Thymus, 224 Tick Trefoil, 153 Tickseed, 271 Tiha, 173 TiLIACEAE, 173 Tillaea, 135 Tillandsia, 77 Timothy, 31 Tipularia, 93 Toad Flax, 230 Bastard, 104 Tobacco, 229 Indian, 251 Ladies', 266 Tofieldia, 81 Tomatillo, 228 Toothache Tree, 163 Toothwort, 132 Touch-me-not, 171 To vara, 109 Trachelospermum, 208 Tradescantia, 76 Tragiola, 233 Tragopogon, 280 Trailing Arbutus, 198 Tree-of- Heaven, 163 Trefoil, Bird's-foot, 151 Shrubby, 163 Tick, 153 Trichostema, 219 Tridens, 25 Trientalis, 203 Trifolium, 150 agrarium, 150 arvense, 150 carolinianum, 150 dubium, 150 hybridum, 150 incarnatum, 150 pratense, 150 procumbens, 150 procumbens, 150 repens, 150 Triglochin, 15 Trillium, 85 White, 85 Triodia, 25 Triosteum, 247 Triphora, 90 Triplasis, 25 Tripsacum, 47 Trisetum, 27 Trumpet Creeper, 240 Tsuga, 11 Tulip Tree, 125 Tumbleweed, 112 Turkey Beard, 81 Turnip, 130 Turtlehead, 231 Tussock Sedge, 71 Twayblade, 93 Twig Rush, 59 Typha, 12 Typhaceae, 12 Ulmus, 102 Umbelliferae, 189 Uniola, 24 Upland Boneset, 254 Urtica, 104 Urticaceae, 102 Utricularia, 237 biflora, 238 clandestina, 238 cleistogama, 239 cornuta, 239 fibrosa, 238 geminiscapa, 238 gibba, 238 inflata, 237 intermedia, 238 juncea, 239 macrorhiza, 238 purpurea, 238 radiata, 238 resupinata, 239 subulata, 239 subulata, 239 virgatula, 239 vulgaris, 238 Uvularia, 82 Vaccinium, 200 angustifolium, 201 atrococcum, 201 caesariense, 201 corymbosum, 201 macrocarpon, 201 neglectum, 201 pennsylvanicum, 201 stamineum, 200 vacillans, 201 Valerian, 248 Valeriana, 248 [311] Index Valerianaceae, 248 Valerianella, 248 Vallisneria, 17 Vallisneriaceae, 17 Venus' Looking-glass, 249 Veratrum, 82 Verbascum, 229 Verbena, 217 angustifolia, 218 Blue, 218 European, 217 hastata, 218 Hoary, 218 officinalis, 217 simplex, 218 stricta, 218 urticaefolia, 217 White, 217 Verbenaceae, 217 Verbesina, 271 Vernonia, 251 Veronica, 234 americana, 234 arvensis, 234 hederaefolia, 235 officinalis, 234 peregrina, 234 persica, 234 serpyllifolia, 234 Tournejortii, 234 Veronica, 234 Veronicastrum, 234 Vervain, 217 European, 217 Vetch, 157, 158 Viburnum, 247 acerifolium, 247 cassinoides, 248 dentatum, 247 dentatum, 247 nudum, 248 prunifolium, 248 pubescens, 247 Rafinesquianum, 247 recognitum, 247 scabrellum, 247 Vicia, 157 angustifolia, 157 caroliniana, 158 Cracca, 158 dasycarpa, 158 grandiflora, 158 hirsuta, 157 (Vicia) sativa, 157 tetrasperma, 157 villosa, 158 Vigna, 159 Vinca, 208 Vincetoxicum, 211 Viola, 179 affinis, 179 arvensis, 182 blanda, 181 Brittoniana, 181 conspersa, 182 cucuUata, 179 emarginata, 181 eriocarpa, 182 fimbriatula, 180 hirsutula, 180 Kitaibeliana, 182 lanceolata, 181 Muhlenbergii, 182 pallens, 181 palmata, 180 papilionacea, 180 pedata, 179 primulifolia, 181 pubescens, 182 Rafinesquii, 182 rotundifolia, 181 sagittata, 180 scabriuscula, 182 sororia, 180 Stoneana, 180 striata, 182 tricolor, 182 triloba, 180 Violaceae, 179 Violet, 179 Bird-foot, 179 Blue Marsh, 179 Cream, 182 Dame's, 131 Dog, 182 Dog's-tooth, 83 Downy Yellow, 182 Early Yellow, 181 Green, 179 Lance-leaved, 181 Primrose-leaved, 181 Red-stemmed White, 181 Round-leaved, 181 Smooth Yellow, 182 (Violet) Sweet White, 181 Witmer Stone's, 180 Viper's Bugloss, 217 Virginia Cowslip, 217 Creeper, 172 Snakeroot, 105 Virgin's Bower, 123 VlTACEAE, 172 Vitis, 172 Vulpia, 19 Wake Robin, 85 Walking Fern, 4 Walnut, 97 Wartweed, 167 Water Cress, 131 Foxtail, 31 Hemlock, 191 Hemp, 112 Horehound, 225 Hyssop, 232 Lily, 119 Milfoil, 187 Parsnip, 192 Pennywort, 190 Pepper, 108 Pimpernel, 204 Shield, 120 Star-grass, 78 Starwort, 168 Weed, 17 Willow, 184, 240 Water-plantain, 15 Waterleaf, 214 Watermelon, 249 Waterwort, 177 Wax Myrtle, 96 Wedgegrass, 27 Wheat, Cow, 237 White Ash, 204 Cedar, 11 Clover, 150 Elm, 102 Oak, 100 Pine, 10 Walnut, 97 Whitlow Grass, 128 Whitlow-wort, 113 Wild Balsam Apple, 249 Carrot, 194 Coffee, 247 Comfrey, 215 Ginger, 105 [312] (Wild Balsam Apple) Licorice, 243 Marjoram, 223 Mint, 226 Pansy, 182 Pink, 117 Plum, 147 Rye, 25 Willow, 94 Black, 94 Crack, 94 Glaucous, 95 Goat, 95 Golden, 94 Prairie, 95 Purple, 95 Sand Bar, 94 Shining, 94 Silky, 95 Water, 184, 240 Weeping, 94 White, 94 Willow Herb, 186 Wineberry, 143 Winter Cherry, 228 Cress, 132 Index Winterberry, 169, 170 Wintergreen, 198 Chickweed, 203 Wisteria, 152 Witch Hazel, 137 Withe-rod, 248 Wolffia, 74 Wolffiella, 75 Wood Betony, 237 Mint, 223 Rush, 80 Sorrel, 161 Wood-fern, 5 Evergreen, 5 Giant, 5 Toothed, 5 Woodruff, Sweet, 242 Woodsia, 7 Woodwardia, 3 Wool-grass, 56 Wormwood, 275 Beach, 276 Roman, 276 Xanthium, 269 Xanthoxalis, 161 Xanthoxylum, 163 Xerophyllum, 81 Xyridaceae, 76 Xyris, 76 Yam, Wild, 87 Yarrow, 274 Yaupon, 169 Yellow Foxglove, 235 Fringed Orchis, 89 Iris, 88 Jessamine, 205 Oak, 100 Rocket, 132 Thistle, 278 Yellow-eyed Grass, 76 Yucca, 84 Zannichellia, 14 Zanthoxylum, 163 Zizania, 35 Zizia, 192 Zostera, 15 ZOSTERACEAE, 15 Zygadenus, 82 [313] ■J 0 •I 3 ■II •I J1 •% 'i I V « M