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QK169
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pt.1-2
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Cratty, R.I.

The Flora of Emmet County,
Iowa, 11^

FLORA OF EMMET
COUNTY. IOWA

A LIST OF THE NATIVE
and INTRODUCED PLANTS

By R. I. Cratty

Reprinted from the lo'weL Acak.demy of Scierxce.
Vol XI, Pages 201-251. Sept. 1st. 1904.

THE FLORA OF

EMMET COUFnTY, IOWA, II.

By R. I. Cratty.

April 18, 1905.

/U' fi^/^ ^Cu^ot^ ^yu,t>f^.

The Iowa Naturalist.
36

The Flora of Emmet County, Iowa, H.

By R. 1. Cratty.

■,1, thP above title was written.' a number of ad-
Smce the first paper w,lh *= =ibove tn ^^^^^ ^^^

dulona, species have ^^^Cl^rmZ^loM be corrected, being

::re::::irr:;e:- f ir; credited .» .. .,o.. . ..o...

determinations, , p.„„nck of The State Historical Society

, ;:: r h^trlsyVelX severa, pn.>ln. forms, as well as

t!Z. Of the addition. ';o-— ^ rt ...-d S.o-

ROa Dactvlis glomerata L. urcnaru wi

Lnd soaringly in the streets of Ringsted.
pean species found sparingly ^^^^3. j^f^e-

178a. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) S. Watson, uy

^'^®''^- o t ^q rostrata Richards.) Bebb's

;96a. ^alix bebbiana Sargen (S^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.

Willow. Several clumps occur in a marsn

^^'°"^' ^. u qiikv Willow Infrequent in n^arshes

198a Salix sericea Marsh. Silky wuiow.

near Armstrong; a most beautiful species.

\,4 For As.rum canadense L. read A. acumina urn (Ashe B>cl^

n.n AH lowa specimens heretofore referred to the former spec, b.-

, "' \. th» latter or to A. reflexum Bicknell.

long to th. Utter ^^ ^^.^ ^^^^p^^^ ^p,.

245a. Cerastium -'g^;-^\^;^^^^,;^ ,,^,.,,ed marsh, two miles north
cies were found introduced m a recently arai

of Armstrong. albescens Rydb.,

253. For Delphinium carolmianum Walt, reaa u.

c c:n-cies confused with the preceding.

a sp>-cies cuuiu Mustard. Sparingly in-

276a. Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tower Musia

troduced near EstherviUe. intermedia Rydb.

t., /u/oit \ Rritton, read S. intermeaia ixj^^u
286 For Sophia pinnata (Walt.) briuon, ^

T.i„l.» h.. ... .... ..»-' » f,»* °~„. „.., .,..,

■ n A;t r<:.Qrl R nierobaccus baiiey. m'^

301 For Rubus viUosus Ait. read K. nigiu

-,>^:lowa Academy of sciences X., pp. 201-231. .904.

The Iowa Naturalist. 37

is the R. villosus of the Illustrated Flora and of most American authors,
not of Alton.

3C3. For Fragaria vesca L. read F. amsricana (Porter) Britton.
Our plant is now considered distinct from the European species which
is sparingly introduced in the Eastern states.

324a. TrifDlium aureum Poll. (T. agrarium L. in part.) Hop clov-
er Locally abundant in the streets of Estherville; a native of Europe.
356a. Polygala incarnata L. Very rare; found but once near
Armstrong.

368a. Acer negundo L. Box Elder. One of our commonest trees,
accidentally omitted from the previous list.

382. For Viola obliqua Hill, read V. papilionacea Pursh. (V. ob-
liqua of the illustrated Flora, not of Hill.)

395a. Panax quinquefolium L. Ginseng. Low woods, infrequent;
Iowa Lake and Armstrong's Grove.

398a. Conioselinum chinense (L.) B. S. P. Low ground in woods,
west of Estherville. A single, rather immature specimen, collected by
Mr. T. J. Fitzpatrick in July, 1903. The leaflets vary from the type
in not being cut into linear segments.

402a. Washingtonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Sweet-cicely.
Rare in lo'.v v/oods.

418a. For Fraxinus americana L. read F. lanceolata Borck.
[F. viridis Michx. f.] Green Ash. Our form very closely resembles
the former species except in the character of its fruit. However the
true While Ash probably occurs here.

432a. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Frequent on dry prairies.
481. For Gerardia purpurea L. read G. paupercula (A. Gray)
Britton.

513, For Lactuca scariola L. read L. virosa L. to which all our
pbnts seem to belong.

530. For Kuhnia eupatorioides L. read K. glutinosa Ell. This is
now recognized as a distinct species from the former which ranges from
New Jersey to Ohio and Texas, and probably does not occur in Iowa.

55 1 a. Brachyactis angustus ( Lindl. ) Britton. (Aster angustus Torr.
& Gray.) This interesting plant was for the first time collected in

38 77?^ Iowa Naturalist.

Iowa, in September. 1904. on the borders of a marsh, one mile North-
east of Armstrong. Its previously recorded range is from western
Minnesota to Colorado. Utah, the Northwest Territory, and Siberia.
It also occurs locally near Chicago where it has probably been introduced.

561a. Rudbeckia laciniata L. This handsome plant, the original
of the Golden Glow of the gardens, occurs infrequently in rich woods.

575. For Achillea millefolium L. read A. lanulosa Nutt. Western
Yarrow. This western species is becoming very common in pastures
where it has bsen introduced at least in this locality. The former spe-
cies which is sparingly introduced in the Eastern states is probably very
rare in Iowa if it occurs at all.

Armstrong-, Iowa.

1 1»,

Complinients of

F. I. Crfitty,

Armstrong, Iowa.

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V

FLORA OF EMMET COUNTY, IOWA.

BY R. I. CRATTY.

Emmet county lies in the northwestern part of the state,
bordering on Minnesota, and has an area of 408 square
miles. Its surface waters mostly find an outlet in the east
and west forks of the Des Moines river, both of which flow^
chrough the county in a southeasterly direction. A small
part of the northeastern towmship, near Iowa Lake, lies in
the drainage area of the Minnesota river, and its flora,
therefore, is represented in Prof. MacMillan's admirable
volume. The Metaspenme of the Minnesota Valley.

This county lies entirely within the area of the Wisconsin
drift and the retreating ice fields of our last glacial period
left within its borders many shallow depressions, the
deeper of which have become permanent lakes; while the
more shallow, which undoubtedly were once lakes and
ponds, have been gradually tilled by the erosive agency
of wind and water, aided by the decaying vegetation of
mosses and other aquatic plants, until at last the water-
loving sedges and grasses gradually narrow^ed the shore
line, till in most cases the whole was converted into a
juaking l)og; a few of which have an area of several
•undred acres, while there are a great many of less size.

The greater part of the county has a gently rolling sur-
face, there being no very high hills. The valleys of both
branches of the Des Moines river are much below the
level of the surrounding country, and show the effect of
extensive erosion. In the eastern part of Iowa Lake and

(201)

202 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Armstrong Grove townships, and occasionally elsewhere in
the northern half of the county, are low ranges of morainic
hills, which tend some\yhat to relieve the otherwise mo-
notonous landscape.

Drainage and cultivation are rapidly changing the
marshes and, in some cases, even the lakes, into pastures
and cultivable fields; and, therefore, the area once occupied
by a hydrophytic vegetation is being greatly diminished.

There are comparatively few xerophytic plants in the
county, and these usually occupy favorable localities along
the river bluffs, or on the sterile, morainic hills. The flora
of the woods and prairies resembles more closely that of
the adjacent territory to the east and north; only a few
typical western plants coming within our borders.

There are no rock exposures within our limits, and
therefore the soil is unsuited for many of the ferns and
other plants common to rocky woods. The forest area is
small, being confined to the banks of the lakes and streams,
but since the prairie fires have ceased, the wooded area
shows a tendency to increase.

So large a proportion of the county consists of cultivable
or pasture land, that very many of the indigenous species
of plants must eventually become extinct within our area.
Some few, already, can no longer be found, and it is with
the view of recording the original fiora, that this paper is
prepared, as the author resided many years in the county
when nine-tenths of its surface was covered by the virgin
forest and prairie vegetation.

Compared with the area, the number of plants listed is
small, only 590, including those introduced; but this may
be accounted for, partly at least, by the slight diversity in
surface and soil, and by the fact that it lies near the head-
waters of its drainage streams, and is thus less favored by
nature for seed distribution by natural agencies.

The climate of the county, like that of all portions of
the northern Mississippi valley, is subject to great variation
in temperature, the annual variation occasionally being
as much as 140 degrees, the yearly mean being about 45
degrees. The annual precipitation, according to rathe

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 203

fragmentary data is about 25 inches, and is usually so
distributed as to be sufficient for a£?ricultural operations,
though in some seasons vegetation suffers from hot, south-
west winds.

The synonomy adopted in the following catalogue is that
of the fllusfraied Flora, with such emendations as more
recent publications make necessary. The names used in
Graifs Manual, sixth edition, and the Illustrated Flora
when different from those adopted in this list, are printed
in parentlieses.

The author takes pleasure in acknowledging valuable
assistance in studying our native flora from numerous
specialists in this and other states. Among those in our
own state, whose aid has been freely given, are Prof. Thos.
H. Macbride and Prof. B. Shimek of the Iowa State Uni-
versity; Prof. L. H. Pammel of the Iowa State College at
Ames, and Prof. T. J. Fitzpatrickof Estherville,all of whom
have published valuable papers treating, different phases of
the Iowa flora.

PTERIDOPHYTA.

polypodiace.^.
Onoclea L.

1. 0. senslh/lis L. Sensitive Fern. Rare in woods^

Estherville; also introduced in an artificial grove
in Armstrong Grove township.

2. 0. struthiopteris (L.) Hoft'. Ostrich Fern. Infre-

quent, Estherville and Armstrong Grove town-
ships.
Cystopteris Bernh.

3. ('. frar/ilis (L.) Bernh. Rare in woods throughout.

ASPLENIUM L.

4. .4. fj'li.r-fo'HNna (L.) Bernh. Lady Fern. Woods,

and occasionally in artificial groves; our most
common species.
Adiantum L.

5. A. liedatum L. Maiden-hair Fern. Woods along
West Fork of the Des Moines.

204 • IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EQUISETACE^.

Equisetum L. Horse-tail, Scouring: Rush.

6. E. arrense L. Very common in low ground.

7. E. finviatilis L. {E. limosum L.) common in

marshes; frequently much branched, especially
the sterile stems.

8. E. hijemide L. Rare on dry banks.

9. E. laer'ujatum, A. Braun. Frequent on dry prairies.

SPERMATOPHYTA.

PINACE^.
JUNIPERUS L.

10. ./. virginiana L. Red Cedar. High banks of lakes;

becoming rare; our only native evergreen.

typhace^e.
Typha L.

11. T. latifoJia L. Cat-tail Rush. Common through-

out in marshes.
Sparganium L.

12. S. eiinjcarpmn Engelm Bur-reed. Frequent in

marshes and along shores of ponds.

13. S. simplex Hnds. Rare in marshes near Armstrong.

NAIADACE^.

PoTAMOGETON L. Poud-wced.

14. P. natans L. West fork of the Des Moines river at

Estherville. Also Spirit Lake, Dickenson county.

15. P. am/plifoUus Tuck. West Fork of Des Moines.

16. P. lonchltes Tuck. Common, streams and lakes.

17. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Common in marshes

throughout; a beautiful species.

18. P. iHinoense Morong. Lake east of Armstrong, the

station destroyed by the drying up of the lake.
Part of the type material was from this locality.

19. P. pnrlongus Wu\f. Rare; Iowa Lake.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 205

20. P. perfoliatus richardsonil A. Bennett. (P.perfo-

liatus lanceolatus Robbins.) Common in lakes and
quite variable; a most beautiful species.

21. F. zostencfolius Solium. Iowa Lake.

22. P. foliosus Raf. {P. paucifiortis Pursh.) Common

in lakes and slow streams.

23. P. foliosus nioijarensis (Tuck.) Morong. Swift

running water below mill-dam, Estherville, Aug.
7, 1897.

24. P. fricsii Uuprecht, {P. major (Fries) Morong.)

Iowa Lake, and probably in other lakes through-
out the region.

25. P. pecthiatiis L. Very common in lakes through-

out this and adjoining counties.
Naias L.

26. N. fiexilis (Willd.) Rost & Schmidt. Common in

shallow water in lakes. ^

scheuchzeriace^.

Triglochin L.

27. T. marithnum L. Rare in marshes. Ours is the

var elatum of (Iray's Manual..

SCHEUCHZERIA L.

28. S. palustris L. Very rare; bog three miles north-

west of Armstrong; the only known locality in
the state.

ALISMACE^.

Alisma L. Water-plantain.

29. .1. plantacjo-aqiiatica L. Very common in low ground.
Sagittaria L. Arrow-head.

30. S. latifolia \N\\]di. {S. r aria b His Engelm.) Frequent

throughout but much less common than the next.

31. S. ari folia Nutt. Very common in bogs and low

places. This and the preceding species present
great variation in leaf forms.

206 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

32. S. cristafa Eugelm. The type of this rare species

was discovered in 1881, in a small lake, east of
Armstrong. The station has since been destroyed
but the plant occurs in several localities in
Minnesota.

VALLISNERIACE^E.

Philotria Raf. Ditch-moss.

33. P. canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Rare in rivers and

lakes.
Vallisneria L. Eel-grass.

34. A. sjjiralis L. Rather frequent in lakes, but rarely

seen in flower.

POACE^.

Andropogon L. Beard-grass.

35. A. scoparius. Michx. Common on rather dry

prairies.

36. A. farcaius Muhl. {A provinciaUs Gray's Man.)

Crow-foot grass; very common; a valuable species
for hay and pastures, but like most of our native
grasses, quickly destroyed by close grazing.

SORGHASTRUM Nash.

37. *S'. arenaccum (Michx.) Nash. {Chnjsopofion avena-

ceus Michx.) Benth. {Sor(jhnin nutans Gray).
Common on prairies with the preceding species.
Stntherisma Walt.

38. S. sanguiitale (L.) Nash. [Panicum sa)i<ju'tnalc L.)

A worthless European species introduced in cul-
tivated and waste ground.

3y. S. linearis (Krock.) Nash. {Panicmn (jlahrum Gme-
lin.) Common; banks of lakes and streams.
EcHiNOCHLOA Beauv. Barn-yard Grass.

40. E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv. [Panicum crus-gaUi L.)
Introduced in cultivated and waste places.

iowa academy of sciences. 207

Panicum L.

41. P. scyihnerianuyn Nash. {Panicum 2^(inc{florHm A.

Gray.) Dry prairies and knolls; common.

42. P. dichotomnm L. Dry knolls; a hirsute form; in-

frequent.

43. P. depanpcratum Muhl. Dry ground, woods and

prairies; rare.

44. P. virgatum L. Very common.

45. P. capillare L. Very common, as well as useless.
Ch.^tochloa. Scribner. Fox-tail grass.

46. C ijlauca (L.) Scribner. {I.ropJionis glauciis (L.)

Nash. Setaria (/laHca Beauv.) A very trouble-
some weed, introduced in cultivated fields.

47. C. viridis (L.) Scribner. ilxopliorus vlridis (L.)

Nash. Setaria viridis Beauv.) Introduced like
the preceding, but less common.

ZiZANiA L. Wild Rice.

48. Z. aquaticn L. Common in marshes. The seeds of

this annual grass during very dry seasons will lie
dormant, only germinating when the proper
conditions of moisture exist.

HOMALOCENCHRUS Micg.

49. H. virginicus (Willd.) Britton. {Leerzia virglnica

Willd.) Low places in woods; common.

50. //. ori/zoides (L.) Poll. {Leerzia orgzoides Sav.)

Common in marshes, and along streams.
Phalaris L.

51. P. ariindinacea L. Rare, near Armstrong.
Savastana Schrank. Sweet vernal Grass.

52. S. odorota (L.) Scribner. {Hierochloa borealisU. and

S.) Our earliest flowering grass; common in low
ground, and quite difficult to subdue.
Stipa L.

53. S. spartea Trin. Porcupine Grass. Common in high

prairies.
Oryzopsis Michx.

54. 0. meJanocarpa Muhl. Frequent in woods.

208 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

MuHLENBERGiA Schreb.

55. J/, mexivana (L.) Trin. Common, woods and

prairies.

56. M. ravemosa {Wiohx.) B. S. P. [Muhlenberf/ia (jhni-

erata Trin.) Common and quite difficult to sub-
due in low ground.
Phleum L. Timothy.

57. F. pratense L. Escaped from cultivation.
Alopecurus L. Marsh Fox-tail.

58. A. fulvus Smith. Rare in marshes; the common

eastern species, A. geniculatus L. has not been
detected within our limits.
Sporobolus R. Brown. Rush-grass.

59. S. neglectus Nash. Very common in pastures,

where it is utterly worthless, never being eaten
by cattle.

60. S. cuspidatns (Torr.) Wood. A slender species,

quite common on dry knolls.

61. S. cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. Rare, east bank

of Iowa lake, and bank of Des Moines at Esther-
ville.

62. S. heterolepis A. Gray. A valuable bunch grass,

common on high prairies; called wire-grass by
haymakers, because the wirey culms when ma-
ture are difficult to cut with the mower.
CiNNA L. Wood Reed-grass.

63. C. arnndinacea L. Low ground in woods; Iowa

Lake.
Agrostis L.

64. A. alba L. (.1. vulgaris With.) Red-top. Natural-

ized from Europe.

65. A. liyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. [Agrostis scahra

Willd.) Hair-grass. Common on low prairies.
Calamagrostis Adans.

66. C canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Common, and very

variable.

67. C. conjinis (Willd.) Nutt. Common on low prairies.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 209

Calamovilfa Hack.

68. C longifolia (Hook.) Hack. {Calamcujrostis lonrji-
folia Hook). Rare in dry ground; just south of
state line on road to Iowa Lake from the south.

Spartina Schreb. Tall Slough-grass.
61). N ci/Ho.s lira ides (L.) Willd. Very common on low
prairies, and one of our most valuable native
grasses. The long white rhizomes are very num-
erous, and are difficult to cut with the plow.

Bouteloua Lag. Grama-grass.

70. B olif/osiachya (Nutt.) Torr. Rare; dry ground near

Estherville.
Atheropogon Muhl.

71. A curtipendula (Michx.) Fourn. [Bouteloim ciirtipen-

dtifa Torr). Common on upland prairies.
Phragmites Trin. Keed.

72. P. phragmites (L) Karst. (P. communis Trin). Our

tallest species of grass, everywhere common in
marshes.
Eragrostis Beauv.

73. E. franJdi Steud. Local; north shore of Iowa Lake.

74. E.purshii Schrad. Infrequent; shores of lakes and

along roadsides where the seeds have probably
been carried by the wheels of vehicles.
lo. E. major Host. [E. po(eoides var megastacliija A. Gray.)
Introduced in cultivated ground.

76. E hgpnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. (E. reptans Nees.)

Common on river banks.
Eatonia llaf.

77. E obfusata (Michx.) A. Gray. Common on dry

prairies.

78. E.pennsglvanicaiB.C.) A.Gray. Common in low

ground and marshes.

79. E. pennstjlvanica major Torr. Infrequent in low

places.

Koeleria Pers.

80. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Very common on high prairies.

14

210 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

POA L.

81. P. compressa L. [nfrequent, woods and prairies.

82. P. pratcHsis L. Keiituck}^ Blue-grass. Everywhere

along roadside, but not native to this region.

83. P. fiava L. (P. serofitia Ehrh.) Frequent, woods and

prairies.

84. P. si/lvesfris A. Gray. Frequent in woods.

ScoLOCHLOA Link.

85. S. festucacea. (Willd.) Link. Graphciihorum fes-

tiicaceum A. Gray. Frequent in marshes. This
is the southern limit of the species in the United
States so far as known.
Panicularia Faor.

86. P. nervati. (Willd.) Kuntze. {Glyceria iiervata

Trin.) Low woods and prairies; common.

87. P. americana. (Torr.) Mac M. {Glyceria grandis

Watson.) A robust species common in marshes.

88. P. finitans L. Kuntze. {Gli/ceria Jfulfa/is L.) Com-

mon in marshes.
Festuca L.

89. F. nutcms (Willd.) Low woods, Esther ville and Iowa

Lake.

Bromus L.

90. B. ciliatiis L, Common in woods and very variable.
9L B. secalimis L. Chess, Cheat. Becoming quite com-
mon; introduced from Europe into wheathelds.

Agropyron J. Gaertn.

92. A. occidentale Scribner. {Agropyrum spicatum Scrib.
& Smith.) Common on dry prairies; a very good
pasture grass.
^3. A. tenerum Vasey. Woods and prairies; common.

94. A. caniniim (L) R. and S. {Agropyrum loiihderale

Vasey.) Rare on dry praries.
Hordeum L.

95. JLJuhatunih. Wild Barley. A troublesome weed,

everywhere common.

IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 211

Elymus L. Wild Kye.

96. E. striatus Willd. Frequent in woods.

97. E. virginicus L. Frequent in woods, and on river

banks.

98. E. canadensis h. Common, and extremely variable.
Hystrix Moench.

99. //. hystrix (L.) Millsp. {Elijmus hystnx L.) Com-

mon in woods.

cyperace^.
Cyperus L.

100. C. riruluris Kunth. (C. diundrus var castaneus

Torr.) Very common and variable; banks of lakes
and rivers.

101. C. infexusMxxhX. [C. aristatasB^ckX;) Common;

banks of lakes and streams.

102. a. sehweinifzii Torr. North shore of Swan Lake;

also at Spirit Lake, Dickinson county.

103. C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Banks of lakes and streams;

our handsomest species.

104. C. spvciosa Vahl. Banks of lakes and streams, and

in marshes; very variable.

105. C. strif/osus L. Less common than the preceding

and in similar situations; variable.
.106. C. striyosus capitaius Breckl. Very distinct in ap-
pearance, but undoubtedly merely a state pro-
duced by very dry weather. Rare; slough one
mile northeast of Armstrong.
Eleocharis R. Brown.

107. E. pain sir is [h) R. & S. Common injiiarshes and

variable.

108. E. palnstr is ylaucescensi"^ iWd.) Gray. Very com-

mon in low ground.

109. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Everywhere in low

marshy places.

1 10. E. woljii Gray. Rare ; low prairies near Armstrong.

212 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SCIRPUS L.

111. *S\ lacustris h. (S. valid us Ysbhl.) Great Bulrush.

Very common in marshes, shallow lakes and
along streams.

112. S. fiuviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. Frequent in

marshes; our largest fruited species.

113. S. atrovirens Muhl. Low prairies, common.

Eriophorum L. Cotton-grass.

114. E. polijstachyon L. Marshes and low prairies.

115. E. (jrac'de Koch. Rare in marshes. Our plant is

the form called \ sly. pane inervium by Engelman.

Carex L. Sedge.

116. C. Uipulina Muhl. Low ground, Iowa Lake; rare.

117. C. nioiile Tuck. Rare in low ground, Armstrong.

118. C retrorsa Schwein. Rare in woods; Estherville

and Iowa Lake.
111). C. Jiysfricina L. Infrequent; Estherville and Spirit
Lake.

120. C. coiiiosa Boott. Marshes; Armstrong.

121. C. fricliocarpa Muhl. Ravines west of Estherville.

122. C. aristnia R. Br. Rare; marsh one mile east of

Armstrong.

123. C. ylparia W. Curtis. Frequent in marshes.

124. C. lanuginosa Michx. (C. fiUformis var. Jatifolia

Bffickl.) Frequent in low ground.

125. C. fiUformis L. Common in bogs; one of the

principal plants which help to form the tough,
floating sod in the quaking marshee.

126. C. fusca All. (C. huxhaumii Ten.) Rare; in

swamps near Armstrong.

127. C. sfricfa ancjastata (Boott.) Bailey. Infrequent;

shores of streams and lakes and occasionally in
marshes; variable.

128. C. liniosa L. Rare; in marshes in Armstrong

Grove township.

129. C. longirostris Torr. Common in woods. A very

distinct species.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 213

130. ('. at)iji/i//jo/(( Steiul. (('. (jrisra vai'. rnif/usfifolia

Boott.) Kare; woods west of Estherville.

131. C. crairei Dewey. A pretty little plant, but very

rare in Iowa; N. E. corner, sec. 11, T. 99 N.,
R. 31 W., one and one-half miles northeast of
Armstrong.

132. C. griscd Wahl. Rare in woods, south shore of

Iowa lake.

133. C. mcadii Dewey. Very common on low prairies.

134. C. hixi flora himida (Dew.) Boott. Frequent in

woods.

135. C. set/folia (Dew.) Britton. (C. c.btirnea Boott.)

Rare; dry hillsides in woods.

136. C. pennsij/vanica ]j^ni. Very common on upland

prairies. Our earliest sedge.

137. C. chordorh'izd L. f. Bog two and one-half miles

north of Armstrong. A common higli northern
species barely coming within our limits. The
only known station in the state.

138. C. stenophylla Wahl. Rare; dry ground; school-

house block, Estherville. The station since des-
troyed. The only other known locality in the
state is in Lyon county (Prof. Sliimek.)

139. C. stipafa Muhl. Common near water in low

woods.

140. ('. teretiuscula Gooden. Frequent in marshes.

140. C. terefiuscula prairea Dewey. Bogs; more com-

mon than the species.

141. C. (/rarida Bailey. Very common in woods, and

occasionally on open prairies.

142. C. vulpinoidea Michx. Very common in low

ground.

143. C'. saiiwcUii Dewey. Infrequent on low prairies.

Usually dicBcious.

144. C. rosea Scbkuhr. Frequent, woods and prairies.

145. C. rosea radiafa Dewey. Rare in dry woods.

146. C. interior Bailey. Woods and prairies. Usually

growing in dense tufts.

147. C. trihuloides hehhii (Olney Baily.) Infrequent in-

marshes.

214 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

148. C. rristdteUa Britton. (C cristata) Schwein.

Frequent in low woods.
1411. C. straminea Willcl. Rare in woods.

150. C. festucaccaWiWd. (C. straminea hrevior Dewey.)

Common, and extremely variable.

151. C. hichiieUii Britton. (C. sfraniinea var, crawei

Boott.) Common on upland prairies.

152. C. sychnocepliala Carey. Rare in a marsh east of

Armstrong; also at Spirit Lake.' A plant very
different in appearance from any other Ameri-
can species of the genus.

ARACE^.

Aris^ma Mart.

153. A. triphjiUum (L.) Torr. .Jack-in-the-pulpit;

Indian Turnip. Frequent in rich woods.

AcoRUS L.

154. A. calanmsL. Sweet-Hag; calamus-root. Infrequent

in marshes.

LEMNACE^E.

Spirodela Schleid.

155. S. polyrhiza (L. ) Schleid. {Leuina polyrldza L.)

Very common, floating on stagnant water,
especially in bayous along streams.
Lemna L.

15(1 L. trisulca L. Ponds and marshes; frequent.

commelinAce.^.

Tradescantia L.

157. T. cirginiana L. Spiderwort. Open woods and

prairies; common.

pontederiace^.

Heteranthera R. & P.

158. H. duhia (Jacq.) Mac M. {Schollera graminea A.

Gray.) Infrequent; shores of lakes.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 215-

JUNCACE^.

JuNCus L, Rush.

159. J. halticKsDeth. Very rare; saline soil; Armstrong.

160. ,/. tennis Willd. Very common on low prairies.

161. ./. iiodosns h. Infrequent; in low places.

162. J. torreyi Coville. {J. nodosus var. megucephalus

Torr.) Frequent in low ground.
JuNcoiDES Adans.

163. J. cauipestre (L) Kuntze. (Lnzida campestre DC.)

Rare, woods west of Estherville.

MELANTHACE^.

Zygadenus Michx.

164. Z. elerjaus Pursh. {Z. (jJ uncus Nutt.) Very com-

mon on prairies.
UvuLARiA L. Bellwort.

165. U. grand ifiora J. E. Smith. Frequent in rich

woods.

LILIACE.-E.

Allium L. Wild Onion. Leek.

166. A. fricoccnni Ait. Rare, woods near Estherville.

167. A. cernuum Roth. Common on prairies.

168. A. canadense Kahn. Frequent on low prairies.

LiLIUM L.

169. L. phihidelphlcnni. L. Red Lily. Common on

prairies.

170. L. snperhnni L. Turk's-cap Lily. Rare near

Estherville (James Espeset).
Erythronium L.

171. E. alhidnni Nutt. White Adder's-tongue. Fre-

quent in woods.

convallariace^.

Asparagus L.

172. A. officinalis L. Asparagus. A common species

escaped from cultivation.

216 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vagnera Adans.

173. T^ racemom (L.) Moron^ii^. {Smilaclna rareiuosa.

Desf.) Common in the woods.

174. r. stellata (L.) Morong. {SinUac'uKi siellata Desf.)

Common in woods.
PoLYGONATUM Adans.

175. P. comnnitntniii (R. k S.) Diet. (P. (//(/((Hteinn

Diet.) Frequent in low woods.
Trillium L. Wake-robin.

176. T. nivale liiddell. Very rare in the woods north

of Estherville.

177. T. crectum L. Rare in woods; Iowa Lake, and

Armstrong Grove. Oar form always has de-
clined flowers.

SMILACE^.

Smilax L. Smilax; Green-brier.

178. S. herhacea L. Common in woods.

179. >S'. hispida Muhl. Frequent in woods.

AMARYLLIDACE^.

Hypoxis L. Star-c^rass.

180. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. (//. ererta L.) Very

common on low prairies.

IRIDACE^.

Iris L. Blue Flag.

181. I. versicolor L. Common in low ground and

marshes.
SisTRiNCHiuM L. Blue-eyed Grass.

182. S. a mj list I folium Mill. Very common on low

prairies.

orchidace^.

Cypripedium L.

183. C. candidum Willd. Small White Lady-slipper.

Frequent on low prairies.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 217

184. C. /nrsKt/nii Mill. (('. puhrscens Willd.) Large

Yellow Lady-slipper. Rare in woods west of
Estherville.
H ABENAKI A AVilld. Reiii Orchis.

185. //. leacophn'ft (Nutt.) A. Gray. Frequent on low

prairies.
Oyrostach^s Pers.

1S(). G. ccrnua (L.) Kuntze. (Spirrmthes cernua L. C.

llicliards.) Very rare on low prairies.
Leptorchis Thouars.

187. L. Iwselil (L.) Mac M. {L'qxiris heselii L. C.

Richards.) Very rare; artificial grove, one and
one-half miles northeast of Armstrong, where
it w^as probably introduced by the birds. It is
not known from any other locality in the state.

JUGLANDACE^.
JUGLANS L.

188. J. jiirjra L. Black Walnut. This valuable tree

once quite common along streams, is becoming
rare.
HicoRiA Raf.

18y. 11. iiiinima (Marsh.) Britton. {Can/a amara Nutt.)
Bitter-nut. Frequent in woods; our only
hickory.

SALICACE.-E.
POPULUS L.

190. P. alba L, White or Silver-leaf Poplar. Escaped

from cultivation; the tree, although a hand-
some one, can not be recommended, as it
spreads badly by the roots.

191. P. fremuloides Michx. American Aspen. Infre-

quent in woods; rarely in clumps on the
prairie.

192. P. deltoldes Marsh. (P. uionilifeni Ait.) Cotton-

wood. Rare in the native state in several
localities in the county, but becoming very
common in cultivation and as an escape in low
ground.

218 iowa academy of sciences.

Salix L.

193. aS*. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Frequent alonor

streams.

194. S. amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow.

Common throughout, near lakes and streams.

195. S. alhu vitellina (L.) Koch. White Willow. This

European form is commonly cultivated through-
out this region, and is frequent as an escape.

196. S. Jfiiriafilis Nutt. (*S'. hugifoUa Muhl.) Sand-

bar Willow. One of our most common species.

197. *S'. hum His Marsh. A pretty little shrub, rare in

the border of woods, and on the prairies,

198. S. discolor Marsh. Pussy Willow. A pretty

shrub, or low tree; frequent in low ground.

199. S. cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Very

common along streams, and on low prairies.

200. -S'. mi/rfilloides L. Bog Willow. This northern

species, from one to three feet high, occurs in
a bog two miles north of Armstrong, the only
locality known in the state.

BETULACE.^.
OSTRYA Scop.

201. 0. virgin iafta (MiW.) WiWd. Hop Hornbeam, Iron-

wood. A small tree common in woods.

CORYLUS L.

202. C. americana Walt. Hazel-nut. Frequent on the

edges of woods, but much less common than
farther east.

FAGACE^.
QUERCUS L.

203. Q. ruhra L. Red Oak. Common in the woods in

the western part of the county.

204. Q. macrocMrpa Michx. Bur Oak. Our commonest

native tree; a species which exhibits the pioneer
spirit, reaching owt into the prairies in advance
of any other of the hard wood trees.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 219

ULMACE^.

Ulmus L.

205. U. americana L. White or Water Elm. Common

along streams; one of our most desirable shade
trees.

206. U. fiilva Michx. Slippery Elm. Frequent.
Celtis L.

207. C. occidcntalis L. Hackberr}'. Kather rare.

MORACE^.

Cannabis L.

208. C. sativa L. Hemp. A native of Europe and Asia,

escaped from cultivation.

urticace^.
Urtica L.

■ 209. U. gracilis Ait. Nettle. Common in woods, and
introduced into rich ground near dwellings,
where it is a troublesome weed.
Urticastrum Fabr.

210. U. divaricatum (L) Kuntze. (Laportea canadensis

Gaud.) Common in woods.
Adicea Raf.

211. A. pnmila (L.) Raf. (Pilea pnmila Gray.) Com-

mon in low woods.
Parietaria L.

212. F. potnsj/Ivanica Muhl. Infrequent, south shore

of Iowa Lake.

SANTALACE^.

Comandra Nutt.

213. C. mnhellata (L.) Nutt. Common on prairies.

ARISTOLOCHIACE^.
ASARUM L.

214. .1. canadense L, Wild Ginger. Rare in woods west

of Estherville.

220 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

• POLVGONACE^E.
RUMEX Tj.

215. U. (iliiss'ninis Wood. Peacb-leavcd Dock. CJom-

mon ill low ground.

216. //. britdunica L. Great Water-Dock. Fre([ueiit;

borders of ponds, and along streams.

217. /i*. crispus L. Curled Dock. An European species,

introduced into cultivated fields.

218. /?. jicrsicarioides L. (non Ji. luarifinins L.) Com-

mon in marshes.
Polygonum L.

219. P. aiujiJilhiHnt L. Ponds and sloughs; frequent, the

large leaves floating in the water.

220. P. hartivrigldii A. Gray. Very common in bogs,

but rarely seen in flower or fruit.

221. P. emersiim (Michx.) Britton. {P. miihlenhergii

Watson.) Very common in sloughs and low
ground.
221. P. incarnatum Ell. Common, especially in culti-
vated ground, or near dw^ellings.
P. peuusjjlranic}i}ii L. Everywhere common. '
pioKidtum Ell. {P. acre H. 13. K. non Lam.)
Water Smart-weed. Common in low, wet
ground.

ariciihu'c L. Knot-grass, Door-weed. Every-
where around dwellings.

erect Kit! L. Rather rare near dwellings. Neither
this nor the preceding species is probably native
to our county, though indigenous to North
America.

226. P.rmnosisslmum Mi(;hx. Common.

227. P. conrnlvulns L. Black Bind-weed. A trouble-
some European species, everywhere common in
cultivated fields.

228. P. scanthfts L. Climbing False Buckwheat. Com--
mon in woods, where it climbs high over bushes.

222.

P

223.

P,

224.

P

225.

P.

iowa academy of sciences. 221 ■

chenopodiace.e.

Chknopodium L.

229. C. album L. Lamb's-quarters, Pigweed. A com-

mon weed, naturalized from Europe.

230. r. hoscianum Moq. (jroosefoot. Common in

woods.

231. C. /ii/hri(/tnn L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Woods,

Iowa lake, and probably elsewhere in the
country.
Salsola L.

232. S. trar/its L, {S. h-ali var. tragus Moq.) Russian

Thistle. A noxious European weed, very com-
mon and troublesome in dry years.

amaranthace.e.

Amaranthus L.

233. A. reti-qffexus L. Pig-weed. A very common weed,.

naturalized from tropical America.

234. A. b/lfoides S. Watson. A common weed around

dwellings, naturalized from the western plains.

235. A. grwcizans L. (A. albut; L.) Our commonest

tumble-weed, introduced from tropical America.

ACNIDA L.

236. A. taniayhciua (Niitt.) Wood. Frequent along

streams, and in low cultivated ground— occa-
sionally in marshes; on muskrat houses.

NYCTAGINACE^.

Allionia Loefl.

237. A nydayinca Michx. (Ox//bajilnis nyctagineiiH

Sweet.) Frequent on knolls and in cultivated
fields.

238. A. liirsutaPursh. (Oxyba^'/ius hirsufusS'weet.)B.a.re;

dry ground along road south of Iowa Lake.

222 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PORTULACACE^.
POKTULACA L.

231). P. oleracea L. Purslane. A fleshy weed, very com-
mon in cultivated i^round, where it has become
naturalized from its native home in the south-
west, and tropical America.

carvophyllace^.
Agrostemma L.

240. A. yitJiago L. {Lychnis f/ifhrifjo Scop.) Corn

Cockle. An European plant, adventive in wheat
fields.

SiLENE L.

241. S. stelluta (L.) Ait. Starry Campion. Common

in woods.

242. S. cuitirrliina L. Frequent in woods and waste

places.

243. S. nodlflora L. Introduced into waste places,

Estherville.
Vaccaria Medic. Cow-herb.

244. V. vaccaria (L.) Britton. {Saponaria vaccaria L.:

Vaccaria ruh/aris Host.) A common Euro-
pean weed, adventive in wheatfields.
Alsine L.

245. A. lorif/ifolia (Muhl.) Britton. {Stcllaria io)i(/ifo-

lia Muhl.) Common in marshes.

NYMPH.EACE^.
NYMPHiEA L.

246. N. ad vena Soland. {Nupliar advena R. Br.) Yel-

low Pond-lily. Common in lakes and ponds.

Castalia Salisb.

247. C. tuberosa (Paine) Greene. {Nijmphcea tuherosa

Paine.) White Pond-lily. Once very com-
mon in lakes and ponds, but becoming rare.

ranunculace^.
Caltha L.

248. C. pahistrisL. Marsh Marigold. Rare: found only

in a marshy spring in the woods north of Esther-
ville.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 223

ISOPYRUM L.

219. /. hiferntitioH (Kaf.) Torr. and (iray. Common in
woods.
AcTiEA L. Bane-berry.

250. A. nihra (Ait.) Willd. {A. spirata var. ruhra Ait.)

Frequent in Woods.

251. A. alba (L.) Mill. Frequent in low woods.
Aquilegia L. Columbine.

252. A. cantideusis L. Common in woods.
Delphinium L. Wild Lark-spur.

253. D. caroluiiantDn Walt. (Z). azureion Michx.) Com-

mon on prairies, especially on gopher knolls.
Anemone L.

254. A. cylindi'ica Gray. Frequent; woods and prairies.

255. A. rirginiana.h. Rare; in woods and thickets.

256. A. canadensis L. (A. pennsylvanica L.) Anemone.

Very common; woods and prairies.
Hepatica Scop. Liver-leaf.

257. H. acuta (Pursh.) Britton. Frequent in the woods

along the West Fork of the Des Moines.
Pulsatilla Adans. Wind-flower.

258. P. hirsutissima (Pursh.) Britton. [Anemone patens

L. var; nuttalliana Grray.) Very common on
high prairies.
Clematis L.

259. C. firyiniana L. Virgin's Bower. Kara; in woods

west of Estherville. (Mrs. J. W. Harrison.)
Ranunculus L. Crowfoot.

260. R. delpJiinifolius Torr. (7?. muUifidns Pursh.)

Common in marshes.

261. R. ovalis Rsit. {R. i- horn /wideKS G oldie.) Frequent

in earliest spring on dry slopes.

262. R. abortihus L. A homely species, very common

in woods.

263. R. sceleratus L. Frequent near ponds and streams.

The plant has an acrid taste.

264. R. pennsi/lranicus L. Frequent in woods.

224 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

265. /?. sepfcnfrioiialis Poir, Very common on low

prairies; a variable plant.
Batrachium S. F. (Iray.

266. J). (lirdricafiiin (Schrank) Wimm. {Ji'ainnH-nlns

ciiriiiatus Sibtli.) Very rare; in a pond along
old C. M. k St. P. R. K., Estherville.
OxYGRAPHis Bunge.

267. 0. cf/mbalaria (Pursh) Prantl. [JianmicuJus <'ijni-

Jxdaria Pursh.) Frequent on low prairies.
Thalictrum L.

268. T. purpurascens L. Meadow-rue. Woods and

prairies; very common.

BERBERIDACE^.

Caulophyllum Michx.

269. C. thalirfroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. Bare;

woods west of Estherville.

menispermace^.
Menispernum L.

270. M. canadense L. Moonseed. Frequent in woods.

papaverace^.
Sanguinaria L.

271. S. canadensis L. Bloodroot. Common in woods.
BicucuLLA Adans. Dutchman's Breeches.

272. B. CHCuliaria (L.) Millsp. (Dicentra cucnllarla

Torr.) Low woods; common.
Capnoides Adans.
373. C. micranfhuni (Engelm.) Britton, (Con/dal/s
inirrantha Engelm.) Rare in dry soil; Esther-
ville and Iowa Lake^,

CRUCIFER^.

Lepidium L. Pepper-grass.

274. L. cinjinieum L. Waste places; less frequent than

the next.

275. L. apef alnui WiWd. Very common, fields and road-

sides.

iowa academy of sciences. 225

Sisymbrium L.

276. S. officinale (L.) Scopoli. A common weed,

naturalized from Europe.

Brassica L.

277. B. m'l/ra (L.) Koch. IMack Mustard. Waste places;

less common than the next. Introduced from
Europe.
•278. Ji. arrensi.s (L.) B. S. 1*. (B.' siiiapist rum Boiss.)
Charlock. Introduced from Europe into grain
fields, where it is very common and troublesome.

Roripa Scop.

279. li. pahi.sffis (L.) P.ess. {Nastartiion paliistre D C.)

Common in low fields and swamps; the pods
variable in shape.

280. B. arinoracia (L.) A, S. Hitchcock. ^Nasturtium

arnigracia Fries.) Horse-radish. An occasional
escape from cultivation; a native of Europe.
Cardamine L.

281. C. parriflora L. (C Jnr.suta var. si/Irafica Gray.)

Frequent in woods, Iowa Lake.

282. C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. (C. rhomhoidea

D C.) Frequent along w^ater courses.
Dentaria L.

283. D. laciniata Muhl. Pepper-root. Frequent in

rich woods.
Bursa Webber. Shepherds' Purse.

284. B. hursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. (Capsella hursa-

pdsturis Medic.) Naturalized from Europe;
very common.
Camelina Crantz.

285. C. sutira (L.) Crantz. False Flax. Adventive

from Europe in flax fields.
Sophia Adans.
285. S. pinHcita (Walt.) Britton. (Sisi/nihriuin canes-

ccfis Nutt.) Bare on dry prairies.
Arabis L.

287. .1. dentata Torr. & Gray. Rare in woods, Iowa Lake,

288. A. I/ir.sHf(( (L.) Scop. Rare in woods, Estherville.

15

226 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

289. A. hracln/ca7-j)a {Torr. &(jYay) Britton. [A.confinh

S, Watson; A. dnuHuioiidii (Jray.) Common in
dry woods.

Erysimum L.

290. E. cheiranthoidcs L. Worm-seed. Common in

woods.

CAPPARIDACE^.
POLANISIA Raf.

291. P. tracJii/>!pen)i(( Torr. & Gray. Common along

shores of lakes, growing in sand. The plant has
a strong, offensive odor.

crassulace^.
Penthorum L.

292. P. sedoules L. Common in low ground and

marshes.

saxifragace^.
Heuchera L.

293. //. hispida Pursh. Dry prairies; infrequent.
Parnassia L. Grass of Parnassus.

294. P. caroliniana Michx. A very pretty plant, once

common on low prairies, but rapidly disappear-
ing.

GROSSULARIACE^.
RiBES L.

295. B. cynoshati L. Prickly Gooseberry. Infrequent

in woods.

296. B, gracile Michx. Smooth-fruited Gooseberry. Very

common in woods. The fruit sometimes sold
in the market.

297. B. floridum L'Her. Wild Black Currant. Very

common in woods. The fruit, resembling the
black currant of the garden in flavor, is liked
by some people.

ROSACEA.

tSpiR^A L. Meadow-sweet.

298. S. salicifolia L. A pretty little shrub, common in

woods, and low prairies.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 227

RuBus L.

291). //. strir/nsiis Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. Fre-
quent in woods.

80(>. //. o(ri(/cnfa/is L. Black Raspberry. Very common
in woods, and introduced by birds into artificial
groves. The original of the blackcap of the
garden.

301. B. I'mosus Ait. Blackberry. Rare, in a ravine

west of Estherville.
Fragaria L. Strawberry.

302. F. rin/liiidinf Duchesne. {F. viiyiniana var. ////-

nocnsis Prince). Very common on the prairies.
808. F. vesra L. Rather rare in woods.

POTENTILLA L.

304. F. (u-(infa Pursh. Frequent on dry prairies.

305. P. niOHspclieii.si.s L. [P. ttorr('(jira L.) Common,

shores of lakes and streams, and in cultivated
fields.

306. P. paradoxa Nutt. (non P. siipina L.) Frequent

on the shores of lakes.

307. P. cioiadensis L. Very rare; collected but once

southeast of Armstrong.

COMARUM L.

308. C. pal list re \j. iPiAentilla pcdustris ^co]).) Marsh

Five-finger. Rare in bogs in the eastern half of
the county.
Oeum L.

309. (r. canadense Jacq. (G. dlbnm Gmelin) White

Avens. Frequent in woods.
Agrimonia L.

310. .1. hirsnta (Muhl.) Bicknell. (non A. eupatoria

L.) Common in woods.
Rosa L. Wild Rose.

311. R. blanda Ait. Common in woods. Leaflets 3 to 5;

prickles few.

312. P. arkansana Porter. Very common on prairies.

Very prickly; leaflets 5 to 9.

228 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

POMACES.

Malus Juss. Wild Crab-apple.

313. M. ioensis (Wood) Britton. (Pijrus ioensis Bailey.)

Rare in woods.
Amelanchier Medic. June Berry.

314. A. ahii folia Nutt. Frequent in woods. A western

species rarely found in this region.
Crat^gus L. Thorn Apple.

315. C. punctata Jacq. Rare in woods near Iowa Lake.

316. C. coccinea L. Our most common species.

317. C. mollis (Torr. and Gray.) Scheele. (C suhviUom

Schrad.) Frequent in timber. Our thorn apples
are much confused and perhaps include several
of the recently published species.

DRUPACE^.

a^nericana Marsh. Wild Plum. Very common

in open woods.

virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Very common

in open woods.

serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Rare in

woods west of Estherville.

C^ESALPINACE.E

Cassia L. Sensitive Pea.

321. C. chanueci'isfa L. Common in dry sandy soil.
Sometimes cultivated.

PAPiLIONACE^.

Baptisia Vent. Wild Tndigo.
.322. B.hradeata Ell. {B. leacopJum ^utt) Common;
prairies and border of woods.
Melilotus J uss.
323. M alba Desv. White Sweet-clover. Frequent;,
adventive from Europe.

Prunus

1 L.

318.

P.

319.

P.

320.

P.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 229

324. M. oJ/lriiHi/ls (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet-clover.

Infrequent; streets of Estherville. Adventive
from Europe.

Trifolium L.

325. T. praicnse L. Red Clover. Roadsides; escaped

fiom cultivation.
32(). T. hi/hridinti L. Alsike Clover. Rare; introduced
along road northeast of Armstrong, 1885.

327. 7'. jrpens L. White Clover. A very common

escape from cultivation.

PSORALEA L.

328. F. ar(joplnjlla Pursh. V^ery common on prairie

slopes. Flowering freely, but rarely perfecting

seed.
321). F. esculenta Pursh. Pomme de Prairie. Frequent
on high prairies. The large starchy roots were
used as an article of food by the Indians, and by
the French voyageurs.

Amorpha L.

330. A. fruflcosd L. False Indigo. A common shrub

on prairies and in open woods.
831. A. )iaiia Nutt, {A. 7)iicroph)/ll(( Pursh.) Frequent

on prairies. A pretty little shrub, somewhat

resembling box.

332. A. rauesre/is Pursh. Lead Plant. Shoestring. A

very common little shrub on prairies and borders
of woods.

KuHNisTERA Lam.

333. K. ccDKlida (Willd.) Kuntze. [Fddlostenion Candi-

das Michx.) White Prairie Clover. Common.

334. K. purpurea (Vent.) Mac M. [Petalosfemon violaceus

Michx.) Purple Prairie Clover. Very common
on prairies.

ROBINIA L.

335. R. pseudaracia L. Locust Tree. Rare, escaped

from cultivation.

230 iowa academy of sciences.

Astragalus L.

336. A. crassicarpus]:!i\itt.{A.cari/ora?')tus Ker.) Ground

Plum. An early flowering species, common on
dry prairies.

337. A. cayo/liiifinHs L. {A. ranadeusis L.) Woods and

prairies; common.
Glycyrrhiza L.

338. G. lepidoia Pursh. Wild Licorice. Frequent on

dry prairies.
Meieomia Adans.

339. M. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. [Desmodiuin canadense

D C.) Tick-trefoil. Open woods and prairies;
common.

340. M. (jratidiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. {Desniodnim acum-

inatum D C.) Common in woods.

Lespedeza Michx.

341. L.caplfafaW[Q\\y.. Frequent on prairies.

342. L. lepfostac/iija Engelm. Ffequent on dry prairies,

but rapidly disappearing.
ViciA L.

343. V. a)nericaiiaMuhl. Pea Vine. Woods and prairies;

very common.
Lathyrus L.

344. L. renosus Mnh\. Wild Pea. Woods and prairies;

common.

345. L. paluslris L. Rare in low ground; Armstrong.

346. L. orJirolrucus Hook. Rare; woods west of Esther-

ville.
Falcata Gmel.

347. F. coiHosa (L) Kuntze. Hog Pea-nut. Woods and

prairies; common. The flowers above ground
often produce fruit, while the pea-nuts by which
the plant is usually propagated, are produced
by underground, cleistogamous flowers.
Apios Moencli.

348. A. apios (L.) Mac M. A handsome plant, some-

times called False Wisteria, bearing edible
tubers. Frequent along river banks, climbing
over bushes.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 231

Strophostyles Ell.

349. S. Iielvoia (L.) Brittoii. {S. aiujulosa Ell; Pliaseolus:

diveysifnliiis Pers.) River banks near Arm-
strong^; rare.

350. N. jxiHciffoya (Bentli.) S. Watson. {Phaseolus

pancifforus Benth.) Sandy shore of Swan Lake;
rare.

OX.'\LlDACE.E.
OXALIS L.

851. (). ciolacea L. Violet Wood-sorrel. Woods and

prairies; very common.

852. 0. sU'icfa L. {(). corn icii lata var. strict a Sav.) Yel-

low Wood-sorrel. Very common.

LINAGES.
LiNUM L.

853. L. stdcdtuiii Riddell. Wild Flax. Frequent on

dry prairies.

854. L. uxitatissinuim L. Flax. Escaped from cultiva-

tion to roadsides, where it persists for a year or
two.

RUTACS^E.

Xanthoxylum L.

855. A'. (uucricauKiii Mill. Prickly Ash. A prickly

shrub, frequent in woods.

polygalace^.
Polpgala L.

856. P. rerticilUitd L. Frequent on low prairies.

857. 1\ r/ridescen.s L. (7^ saiujidnca L.) Very rare;

prairies near Armstrong.

EUPHORBIACE^.
ACALYPHA L.

85S. A. riryinica L. Common in the w^oods south of
Iowa Lake.

232 iowa academy of sciences.

Euphorbia L.

359. E. (/Itjpto.^perma Engelm. Spurge, Very common

on dry prairies.

callitrichace.e.

Callitriche L,

360. C. palitstris L. (C. rerun L.) Slough two miles

northeast of Armstrong; also 12 mile Lake,
(Prof. B. Shimek 1S99.)

anacardiace.^.
Rhus, L,

361. R. hirta {\j.) Sudw. {R. typhi na L.) Stag-horn

Sumac. A beautiful shrub, rare in this region.
Bank of west fork of Des Moines two miles
southwest of Armstrong, and on south shore of
Iowa lake.
362.' R. r/lahra L. Smooth Sumac. Very common
around timber.

363. Ji. radicans L. Poison Oak; Poison Ivy. Very

common in woods, and frequent on gopher
knolls on prairies. The climbing form does not
occur here.

CELASTRACE.^.
EUONYMUS L.

364, E. atropurjinrcuH Jacq. Wahoo; Burning Bush.

Rare, in woods along the west fork of the Des
Moines,
Celastrus L,

365, C. scandenH L, Climbing Bittersweet. Common

in woods and introduced by birds into artificial
groves,

STAPH VLEACEvE.

Staphylea L.

366. aS'. trifolia L. Bladder-nut. A pretty shrub; rare

in woods west of Kstherville.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 233

ACERACE^.

Acer L.

367. A. s((ccli(iriinnii L, (.1. (lasycarjnini Elirli.) Soft
Maple. Frequent on river banks, and very com-
mon in cultivation.

36S. -1. uifjruiit Michx. (.4. saccharuium var. nigrum
Torr. and Gray.) Harder Sugar Maple. Com-
mon in woods, preferring dryer ground than the
preceding species.

balsaminace^e.

Impatiens Ij.

369. /. hiilora Walt. (J. fulva Nutt.) Spotted Touch-

me-not. Springy places in woods.

370. /. anrea Muhl. (/. pallula Nutt.) Pale Touch-

me-not. With the preceding, and more com-
mon.

RHAMNACE^.
<JEAN0THUS L.

371. C. aiuerircniHs L. New Jerse}^ Tea. A pretty

shrub, frequent on dry prairies.

VITACE.-E.

ViTis L. Wild Grape.

372. V. uulpina L. (T^ riparia Michx.) Very common

in woods and artificial groves.
Parthenooissus Planch.

373. P. (jiiinquefolia (L.) Planch. {Anipclopsis (pdiKjiie-

folia Michx.) Virginia Creeper. Common in
woods, and also in cultivation.

TILIACE^.

TiLiA L. Basswood.

374. T. ((mericana L, Common in low woods. The

sweet scented flowers much frequented by bees.

234 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

MALVACE^.

Malva L.

375. ^f. s///r(\sfrls L. High Mallow. Streets of Esther-

ville; adventive from Europe.

376. M. r()ftni(Iif()Ii(( L. Running Mallow. Streets of

Estherville; introduced from Europe.

Hibiscus L.

377. II. frioiunH L. Bladder Ketmia. V^enice Mallow.

Rarely escaped from cultivation; a native of
southern Europe.

hypericace.e.

Hypericum L.

378. H. caiKidciise L. Rare in wet places.

Triadenum Raf.

379. T. rin/liilcHUi (L.) Raf. {Eloden anitpanuh/fa

Pursh.) Common in marshes.

CI STAGED.

Helianthemum Pers.

380. //. ainadeiise (L.) Michx. Frostweed. Very rare

on gravelly banks.

VIOLACE^.

Viola L.

3Sl. r. pe(]((f[fj(](i Don. (T^ del ph in [folia Nutt.)

Prairie Violet. Common on dry prairies.
382'. T^ ohIifjiKf Hill. ( C citculJata Ait.) Meadow

Violet. Very common in low ground; variable.

383. v. pubesceiis Ait. Yellow Violet. Common in

woods.

lythrace^.

Lythrum L.

384. L. a/afiim Pursh. Very common in low ground.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 235

ONAGRACE^.
LUDWIGIA L.

8<S5. L. pohjcnrpa Short caiid Peter. Low ground near
Armstrong; rare.

CHAMiENERiON Adans.

386. C. angustifoliiun (L.) Scop. {I-J/ii/ohiidu aii(/nsti-

fol/KiH L. Willow-herb. Very rare; collected
but once in low ground one mile northeast of
Armstrong.

Epilobium L.

387. E. lincaye Muhl. Frequent in low, marshy places.

388. E. coloratani Muhl. With the preceding, and more

common.

Onagra Adans.
38^). 0. biennis [h.) Scop. {(Enothera bicniiis h.) Even-
ing Primrose. Common on prairies, and as a
weed in cultivated fields.

Meriolix Raf.

3D0. M.sernilata (Nntt.) Walp. {(Enofhcra serruJata
Nutt.) Frequent on dry knolls.

CiRC.tA L.

391. r. Ititcfiand h. Frequent in woods.

HALORAC^IDACE^.

Myriophyllum L. Water Milfoil.

392. jf. spicfif/on L Common in lakes and ponds.

393. .V. hetfropliijIliDn Michx. Ponds and streams; less

common than the preceding.

araliace.-e.
Aralia L.

394. A. raceniom L. American Spikenard. Frecjuent in

low woods.

395. A. niidicaii/is L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Rare in the

woods along the west fork of the Des Moines.

236 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

APIACE.l-:.

Heracleum L.
39(). //. lanatKui Michx. Cow Parsnip. Infrequent in
woods.

Pastinaca L. Parsnip.

397. P. sdtiva L. Escaped from gardens; a native of

Europe.

Thaspium Nutt.

398. 1\ trifoliatnm aureum (Nutt.) Britton. (7\

mireHrn^uti.) Meadow Parsnip. Woods west
of Esthervilie.

Eryngium L.

399. E. aquaticinu L. [E. yucca'/oliiun Michx.) Rattle-

snake Master. Very common on prairies.

Sanicula L.

400. S. canadensis L. Snakeroot. Common in woods.

PiMPINELLA L.

401. P. infcf/errima (h.) A. Gray. Woods, Iowa lake,

infrequent.

Washingtonia Raf. Sweet-Cicely.

402. W.dantoni (Michx.) Britton ( Osmorrhiza brevistyl is

D C.) Frequent in rich w^oods.
SiuM L.

403. S,. cicutcefoHum Gmel. Common in sloughs, and

margins of ponds.

ZiziA Koch.

404. Z. attrea (L.) Koch. {Thaspium aureum var.

apterum A. Gray.) Meadow-parsnip, Very
common on low prairies.

405. Z. cordata (Walt.) D C. {Thaspium trifoUafum

var. apferum A. Gray.) Frequent on dry
' prairies.

Carum L. Caraway.
40G. C. carui L. Adventive from Europe.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 237

CiCUTA L.

4U7. C. mciculafa L. Water Hemlock. Common in low
ground; the tuberous roots are very poisonous.

408. C. hulhifera h. Rare in marshes. This plant bears

numerous clusters of bulblets in the leaf axils.

CORNACE^li.
CORNUS L.

409. C. ciirinata L'Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Rare

on shaded banks.

410. C. asjjcri/o/ia Michx. Infrequent.

411. C. stolonifcra Michx. Frequent in low woods and

on river banks.
422. C. caudidiss'una Marsh. (C panicn/ata L'Her.)

Panicled Dogwood. Our commonest species.
418. C. alfeniifolia L. f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood.

Rare; woods southwest of Armstrong.

PRIMULACE^.

Steironema Raf. Loosestrife.

414. S. ciliatuiH (L.) Raf. [Li/siniacliia ciliafa L.) Woods

and prairies; common.

415. S. lanceolafnm (Walt.) A. Gray. {Li/simachia

lauceolata Walt.) Rare; in low ground; some-
times growing in water.

416. S. qiiadrifiorKni (Sims.) Hitch. {Li/sitnachia lonyi-

folia Pursh; Ste'ironewa lo)i(j\follH)n A. (iray.)
Very common on low prairies.

Naumburgia Ma?nch.

417. A^ thiirsifiora (L.) Duby. {Lysimachia t/ii/rsi flora L.)

Tufted Loosestrife. Common in marshes.

OLEACE^.

Fraxinus L.

418. /''. americaua L. White Ash. Very common in

low woods, and along streams.

238 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

GENTIANACE^.

Gentiana L. Gentian.
411). G. detousa Rottb. Collected but once in low
ground near Armstrong.

420. G. qiiuH/Hcfolia (K-cidentalis (A. Gray) Hitchcock.

Rare in woods near Estherville.

421. G. puhendd Michx. Frequent on rather high prai-

ries.

422. G. andrewsii Griseb. Low ground; our common-

est species.

MENYANTHACE.^.

Menyanthes L. Buck Bean.

423. M. trifoliafa L. Frequent in bogs.

APOCYNACE^.

Apocynum L. Dogbane.

424. A. aHdros(vmifolium L. Common in woods;

branches widely spreading.

425. A. cannahinum L. Common in woods and on low

prairies.

ASCLEPIADACE^.
ASCLEPIAS L.

426. A. tuherosa L. Pleurisy-root. Common on dry

prairies.

427. A. hicarmda L. Swamp Milkweed. Common in

low ground.

428. A. sulliraniii Engelm. Frequent on low prairies.

429. ^4. syriaca L. (.4. cormdi L.) Common Milkweed

or Silkweed. Common near woods.

430. A. speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed. Common on

prairies, where it takes the place of the preced-
ing species which has much smaller flowers.

431. A. ovalifolia Decaisne. Dry woods and prairies;

frequent.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 239

432. A. verticiUdta L. Open woods and prairies; fre-

quent.
ACERATES Ell.

433. .1. laniKihiosa (Nutt.) Decaisne. Frequent on high

prairies.

convolvulace^.
Convolvulus L.

434. C. sepiiim L. {('(di/stcyia si'jiium II. Br.) Wild

Morning-! Jlory. Woods and prairies; very com-
mon and troublesome in cultivated fields.

CUSCUTACE.^.

CuscuTA L. Dodder.

435. C. arrensis Beyr. Parasitic on Artemisia on a dry

knoll east of Armstrong.

436. C. j)o/t/(/ofioruni Engelm. (C chloroaiypa Engelm.)

Iowa Lake; common on various tall herbs.

437. C. cepha/ant/ii Engelm. [C. fenuiffura Engelm.)

South of Iowa Lake; the last three species de-
termined by Prof. B. Shimek.

438. C. jyaradoxa Raf. {C. glomerafa Choisy.) Our

commonest species, looking like rope wound
round tall herbs.

POLEMONIACE.^.

Phlox L. Phlox; Wild Sweet William.

439. F. yilosa L. Very common; woods and prairies.

The flowers occasionally pure white,

440. P. divaricata L. Very common in woods.

hydrophyllace^.
Hydrophyllum L.
44L H. virgiuicum L. Water-leaf. Common in low
woods.
Macrocalyx Trew.
442. M. nydelea (L) Kuntze. [EUisia nydelea L.)
Common in low woods.

240 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

BORAGINACE^.

Lappula. M(pnch. Stickseed.

443. L. /ajtpidd (L.) Barst. {EcJuiiospeniuni lappula

Lelim.) Common in waste places; naturalized
from Europe.

444. Jj. ri)yiniaiia (L.) Greene. {Echiuosjx'ruuon

rirg'niicum Lehm; ('y)ior/lossum luorisoni D C.)
Woods and thickets; common.

LiTHOSPERMUM L.

445. L. caiicseeiLs (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon.

Indian Paint-root. Very common.

446. L. anyustifoliinn Michx. Rather rare; in dry

ground, river banks and shores of lakes.
Onosmodium Michx.

447. 0. caroli/(i(()unn (Lam.) D C. False (Iromwell.

Woods and prairies; common.

VERBENACE^.

Verbena L. Verbena.

448. T^ nrficifolia L. Common.

449. r. hasfata L. Common in dry ground.

450. r. stricfa L. Our commonest species on dry

prairies.

LABIAT^E.

Teucrium L.

45L T. canadense L. Wood-sage. Frequent in woods.

452. T. occidentale A. Cray. Common on low prairies
and in bogs.
Scutellaria L. Skull-cap.

458. S. later[fiora L. Common along streams.

454. S. 'parcida Michx. Frequent on low prairies.

455. aS". (jalericulata L. Very com men in marshes,

especially around old muskrat houses.
Agastache Clayt. Giant Hyssop.

456. A. scvophuhirhvfoJia (Willd.) Kuntze. {Lophqn-

tlius scrop)]ialari<('foliHs Benth.) Frequent in
woods.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 241

457. A. (iHi'(liio<Io)-(t (Nutt.) Britten. (Lophanthus ani-

satus Renth.) Rare in woods along West Fork
of Des Moines.
Nepeta L. Catnip.

458. N. cat((ri(i L. Introduced from Europe into waste

places.
Physostegia Bentli.

459. P. virginiana (L.) Benth. Common along streams.
Leonurus L.

4()0. L. canliaca L. Motherwort. Frequent as a weed
in waste places; introduced from Europe.
Stachys L.

4()1. S. pa/iisfi-is L. Common in swamps and on low
prairies.

MONARDA L.

462. M.fisfulosaL. Wild Bergamot. Very common;

woods and dry prairies.
K(ELLiA Moinch.

463. 7v". r /')■(// III (I jia (L.) MacM. {PijcnantJieiimiii lanceola-

tiiiii Pursli.) Everywhere common; woods and
low prairies.
Lyoopus L.

464. L. virgiiiicus L. Common in marshes. Aerial

stolons from tips of fruiting branches observed
in this species.

465. L. americaiiHs Muhl. (L. eiiropd'us var. simiatus A.

Gray.) Common in low'ground.
Mentha L.

466. M. canadensis L. Wild Mint. Frequent in low

ground.

SOLANACE^.

Physalis L. Ground Cherry.

467. P. iaiiceolafa Michx. Common on prairies and in

cultivated ground.

468. P. virginiana Mill. Similar situations to the pre-

ceding, and more common.

16

242 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SOLANUM L.

469. aS". nifjnuH L. liljick Nightsliacle. Very common;

the fruit sometimes used for pies.

470. S. rostratum Dunal. Rare; three miles south of

Armstrong; introduced from the southwest.
Datura L.

471. D. stnii}W)iiu)u L. Jimson weed. Infrequent,

waste places; introduced from the tropics.

scrophulariace.e.

Verbascum L.

472. V. tliapsKS L. Great Mullen. State line, Iowa

Lake, rare: naturalized from Europe.
Scrophularia \j. Figwort.

473. S. mari/iaiidica L. Woods and prairies; common.

474. S. leporella Bicknell. Woods w^est of Estherville.

(Prof. T. J. Fitzpatrick.)

MiMULUS L.

475. M. rimjens L. Monkey-flower. Frequent along

river banks and in low woods.
Gratiola L.

47(). G. virginiana L. Common on low prairies.
Ilysanthes Raf.

477. I. f/rafiololdes (L.) Benth. Low ground near rail-

road bridge south of Estherville; rare.

Veronica L.

478. V. anaf/aUis-cKpuiflca L. Water Speedwell. Fre-

quent along streams.
Leptandra I^utt.

471). L. virginica (L.) Nutt. {Veronica virginica L.)
Culver's-root. Common; woods and prairies.

Gerardia L. Gerardia.

480. G. aspera Dougl. Frequent on dry prairies.

481. G. purpurea L. Rare on low prairies near Arm-

strong.

482. G. tenuifolia Vahl. Common in low ground.
488. G. auriculata Michx. Infrequent on prairies.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 243

Castilleja Mutis.

484. C. sessiliffora Pursh, Painted-cup. Dry hillsides;

becoming scarce.
Pedicularis L. Lousewort.

485. r. lanceolata Michx. Low prairies; less common

than the following:

486. P. canadensis L. Low woods and prairies; very

common.

PINGUICULACE^.

Utriularia L. Bladderwort.

487. U. ntlf/arls L. Common in swamps.

488. U. inteDnedia Hayne. Rare in a marsh one mile

east of Armstrong; a most beautiful little
plant.

489. U. Di'nior L. Very rare in a marsh one and a half

miles northeast of Armstrong.

OROBANCHACE^.

Thalesia Kaf.

490. T. tiniflora (L.) Britton. {Aphyllon unifiorum

Torr. & Gray.) North shore of " Weller Lake,"
Armstrong Grove township; very rare.

phrymace.-e.
Phryma L.
49L P. leptosfacluja L. Lopseed. Common in woods,
and introduced into artificial groves.

PLANTAGINACE.-E.

Plantago L. Plantain.

492. P. tnnjor L. Dooryards and waste places.

Probably introduced from Europe.

493. P. riKjelii Decaisne. Growing with the last. In-

digenous to America, but undoubtedly intro-
duced here. This plant or the preceding was
known to the Lidiaus as White Man's Foot.

244

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

4*)4. P. puvsh'ti \i. and S. [P. patac/onica var. (juapha-
lioides A. Gray.) Rare in dry soil east of
Estherville.

rubiace^e.
Galium L.

495. G. horcale L. Northern Bsdstraw. Common near

timber.

496. (t. friffonoii L. Frequent in woods.

497. G. iinctoriu)}! L. (G. ififidum Auc.) Low prairies;:

very common.

498. G. trifiduDi L. (CV. frifidioii var. pusiUuni A. Gray.)

Rare in marshes,

499. G. concinnuni Torr. and Gray. Shining Bedstraw.

common in woods.

viburnace^.

Sambucus L.

500. S. canadensis L. Bhick Elderberry. Frequent near

timber, and along streams. Sometimes culti-
vated.

VlBURMUM L.'

501. V. puhescens [kit) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow-

wood. Rare in dry woods along west fork of
the Des Moines.

502. ^\ lentago L. Black Haw. Common in open woods-

and^along streams. The black edible fruit ripe
in September.
Triosteum L.

503. T. perfoliatnui L. Rare; in low woods.

Symphoricarpos Juss.

504. S. occidentalis Hook. Wolf-berry. Very common;

margins of w^oods, along streams and gopher
mounds on open prairies.

LONICERA L.

505. L. dloica''Jj. (L. fjlauca Hill.) Bush Honeysuckle.

Frequent in woods.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 245

CUCUKBITACE.'E.

MiCKAMPELis liaf. Wild Balsam-apple.

506. M. lohata (Michx.) Greene. {Echi)wc>jstis lohata

Torr & Gray.) Common in woods and along
streams, climbing over low bushes.

campanulace.-e.

Campanula L.

507. C. aparinoiih's Pursh. Marsh Belltlower. Frequent

in marshes.

508. C. americana L. Tall Bellflower. Frequent in

low woods.

Lobelia L.

509. L. sijphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Common on

low prairies.

510. />. spirata hirfella A. Gray. Very common on

low prairies.

CICHORIACE^.

Taraxacum Hall.

511. T. taraxacum (L.) Karst. (T. dens-leonis Desf.;

T. o[firin(de Weber.) Common, but probably
introduced.

SONOHUS L.

512. S. asper (L.) All. Streets of Armstrong; adven-

tive from Europe.
Lactuca L.

513. L. acariola L. A native of Europe, and but lately

introduced into our country.

514. L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Common on low

prairies. The pinkish flowers rarely opening.

515. L. piilcheUa (Pursh) DC. A recent introduction

from the Northwest.
Lygodesmia D. Don.

516. L.juncea (Pursh.) Don. Frequent on dry knolls.
NoTHOcALAis Grccne.

517. iV. ciispidata (Pursh) Greene. {Troximon cnspida-

tum Pursh.) Frequent on hillsides, especially
near streams.

246 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

HiERACiUM L. Hawk-weed.

518. II. nn/adoitse Michx. Woods west of Estherville;

infrequent.
Nab ALUS Cass.

519. N. alhns (L.) Hook. (Pre)i(uifhes alba L.) Rare;

woods alont; west fork of Des Moines.

520. X. asper (Michx.) Torr. and (iray. {Frenanthes

aspera Michx.) Frequent on prairies.

521. N. rarcniosKS (Michx.) I) C. ryenanilies racemosa

Michx. Frequent on prairies.

AMBROSIACE^.
IVA L.

522. 7. xanthiifolia (Fresen.) Nutt. A troublesome

weed in rich ground; introduced from the
Northwest about 1870.
Ambrosia L.

528. A. trifiila L. Great Ragweed. Very common;
woods and waste places.

524. A. artemisia'folia L. Common Ragweed. A very

common and troublesome weed.
Xanthium L.

525. X. raiHtdeiise Mill. Cockle-bur. Common along

streams and introduced into cultivated fields.

CARDUACE^.

Vernonia Schreb.

526. V. fascicnlata Michx. Iron-weed. Common in

low ground.

EUPATORIUM L.

527. K. jnirpiircam L. Trumpet-weed. Frequent in

woods along west fork of Des Moines.

528. E. afjeratoides L. f. White Snakeroot. Yery

common in woods.

529. E. perfoliatum L. Boneset. Common; low places,

woods and prairies.

KUHNIA L.

530. K. eiijiatorioides L. Dry knolls and river banks;

common.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 247

Lacinaria Hill. Blazing Star. Button Snakeroot.

531. L. pundafa (Hook.) Kiuitze. {Liatris punctata
Hook.) Frequent on dry gravelly knolls.

582. Tj. j)i/fHosf(icIti/(( (Michx.) Kuntze. {Liatris
plicnodacluja Michx.) Very common on low
prairies; rarely pure white flowers are seen.

533. L. scariom (L.) Hill. (.Liatris scariosa Willd.)

Common. The heads are usually sessile, but in
wet years they are frequently on peduncles an
inch or more in length, a form called var.
racemulosa Sheldon.

Solid AGO L. 0 olden-rod.

534. N. Jlcxiraidis L. {S. hitifolia L.) Frequent in

w^oods.
585. S. rigidiusciila (Torr. and Gray.) Porter. {S. speciosa
vav. auf/ustata A. Gray.) Rare on dry prairies,
growing in clumps.

536. S. serotina Ait. Frequent, especially near timber;

our tallest species.

537. S. missouriensis Nutt. Very common on prairies;

our earliest species in flower.

538. S. canadensis L. Very common and variable.

539. S. nenioralis Ait. Common on dry prairies and

gravelly knolls.

540. S. /-/(/Ida L. Very common.

541. S. riddel Hi Frank. Rare on low prairies. The

peculiar, grass-like leaves at once distinguish
this beautiful species.

EUTHAMIA Nutt.

542. E. (/ranunifolia (L.) Nutt. (Solidago lanceolata L.)

Frequent in low prairies.

BoLTONiA L'Her.

543. B. asteroidcs (L.) L'Her. Very common';on low

prairies, often growing in water.

Aster L. Aster.

544. .1. cordifoJinsh. Frequent in woods.

248 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

545. A. H(>r(r-(ni(//i(t' L. Very common; our largest

flowered species.
546.. A. /(('(is L. very common; leaves very smooth,

and often glaucous.

547. .4. serlcexs Vent. Common on dry prairies. A

very distinct and most beautiful species, with
silvery leaves and wiry stems.

548. A. ptarmicoides (Nees.) Torr and (Jray. Flowers

white. Rare; six miles west of Estherville on
road to Spirit Lake.

549. A. jirodculafiis Lam. Common on low prairies,

the leaves resembling those of the Black Wil-
low.

550. A. hiteriforus (L.) Britton. (A. (Jiffasus Ait; A.

miser Nutt.) Common in open woods.

551. A. nidltifioiiis Ait. Woods and prairies; very

common. The flowers, which are very numer-
ous, are white or tinged with purple.
Erigeron L.

552. E. phi/ctdslphicds L. Fleabane. Common in low

ground.

553. E.' ramosds {Wsi\t.) B. S. P. {E. strir/osus Muhl.)

Frequent on rather dry prairies.

Leptilon llaf.

554. L. canadense {h.) Britton. {Erijp'von canadensis 1j.)

Horseweed. A very common weed, especially
in waste places.

555. L. dib((ricatii)n (Michx.) Kaf. [Erigeron dirari-

catuni Michx.) Rare on prairies near Arm-
strong.
Antennaria Ga^rtn. Everlasting.

556. A. campestris Rydberg. Very common on prairies.

557. ^1. plantagini folia (L.) Richards. Open w^oods.

Both species sometimes called Indians' Tobacco.

SiLPHIUM L.

558. S. perfoliatum L. Indian Cup-plant. Frequent in

woods.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 249

55U. S. Jacinidtinn L. Gum weed; Rosin weed; Com-
pass plant. Common on prairies. The leaves
greedily eaten by horses and cattle.

Heliopsis Pers. Ox-eye.

%(). IJ. sni1>r(i Dimal. Woods and prairies; very com-
mon.

liUDBECKLA L.

561. R. Iiirfa L. Black Eyed Susan. Common on

prairies, and in timothy fields as a weed.

Hatibida Kaf.

562. R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. (Lejiaehi/.s j)i)inafa

Torr. and (iray.) Very common on dry prairies.

Brauneria Neck.

563. B. pallida (Nutt.) Britton. (EcJiuiarea am/usti-

folia DC.) Common on dry prairies.

Helianthus L.

564. //. annuus L. Common vSunfiower. Rare in waste

places; introduced from Europe.

565. TL jnaximUiani Schrad. Common on prairies, and

as a weed in cultivated fields.

566. //. f/ros.se-serratns Martens. Very common in low

ground, and our most troublesome species in
cultivated fields. All the species of sunflower
growing in fields are indiscriminately called
rosin-weeds by the farmers.

567. H. scaherrimx.s Ell. (//. rigidas Desf.) Very com-

mon on dry prairies.

568. H. stnunosHs L. Rare in woods; Iowa Lake and

Armstrong (Irove.

569. 11. tuherosiis L. Wild Artichoke. Woods and

prairies; infrequent.
Coreopsis 1j.

570. C. pahnata Nutt. Tickseed. Common on dry

prairies.
BiDENS L.

571. B. Im-is (L.) B. S. P. (B. chnjmnthenwides

Michx.) Large Bur-marigold. Margins of lakes
and ponds; frequent.

250 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

572. B. cenuKi L. Smaller Bur-Marigold. Veiy com-

. mon ill iiuirslies or other wet places; the heads
nodding in fruit.

573. B. frondom L. Spanish Needles. Common; a

troublesome weed in low fields.
Helenium L.

574. H. autionnale L. Sneezeweed. Common on low

prairies.
Achillea L.

575. A. ii/i/lcfoluiui L. Yarrow. Milfoil. A common

and troublesome weed, introduced in grass

seed, native to North America as well as Europe

and Asia.
Anthemis L. Mayweed.

57(). A. cofu/ah. {Maruta cotula DC.) Frequent around

old dwellings.
Artemisia L. Wormwood.

577. A. caudata Michx. Frequent on dry knolls.

578. A. dracunculoides Pursh. Woods and prairies; fre-

quent.

579. A. ahsiiifhiu]}! L. Introduced into waste places

from Europe.

580. A. biennis Willd. Very common, especially as a

weed in wet fields.

581. A. gnaphalodes Nutt. {A. ludoviciana Nutt. var.

gnaphalodes Torr. & Gray.) Woods and prairies;
very common.

Erechtites Kaf.

582. E. hieraci folia (L.) Raf. Fire-weed. Rare in cul-

tivated ground; probably introduced into our
county.
Mesadenia Raf.

583. il/. tuheroHa' i'^nit.) Britton. {Cacalia tnherosa

Nutt.) Common on prairies.
Senecio L.

584. S. (iKrcK.s L. Grolden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.

Frequent on prairies, usually growing in
patches.

IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 251

585. S. palustris {]j.) Hook. Occasionally appearing in

marshes and around lakes.
Arctium L.

586. A. lappa L. Burdock. Waste places; introduced

from Europe.
Cnicus L.

587. C. ioirensis Pamrnel. Our commonest thistle;

woods and prairies.

588. 0. ioirensis cratfi/i Paramel. Woods and prairies;

less common than the species. For a descrip-
tion of this and the preceding, see Proc. Iowa
Acad. Sciences, VIII, p. 231.

589. C. canescens (Nutt.) Pammel. (C iindn/atns var.

canescens Grray; Cirsium canescens Nutt.) A per-
ennial thistle growing in patches, and becoming
more plentiful.

590. C. UinceoIafHs (L.) Willd. [Cardmis lajireolatiis L.)

Common Pasture Thistle. Fields and waste
places; naturalized from Europe.

New Yo-k Bolanlcal Garden Library

cStty® Ro?Ir?im/Flora of Emmet Count

5185 00131 9886