McF^ne Biolog'cal Laljoratory LIBRARY JULl 01967 WOODS HOLE. MASS. THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Monograph No. 7 -:) THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Monograph Series EDITORIAL STAFF Robert E. Gordon Zoology Editor. University of Notre Dame RoLLix H. Baker Mammalogy Michigan State University, East Lansing B. D. Burks Entomology U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Elon E. Bvrd - Parasitology University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Albert L. Delisle Plant Morphology Sacramento State College, Sacramento, California Theodosius Dobzhansky Genetics & Cytology Columbia University, New York Carroll Lane Fenton Invertebrate Paleontology New Brunswick, New Jersey David G. Frey Animal Ecology Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Robert K. Godfrey Systematic Botany Florida State University, Tallahassee Paul J. Kramer Plant Physiology Duke University, Durham, North Carolina W. Gardner Lynn Embryology Catholic University of America, Washington 17, D. C. George W. Martin Mycology State University of Iowa, Iowa City Calvin McMillan Plant Ecology University of Texas, Austin Robert W. Pennak Invertebrate Zoology University of Colorado, Boulder Edward C. Raney Ichthyology Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Monograph No. 7 Edited by Robert E. Gordon Published by the University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana m FLORA OF ILLINOIS Containing; keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns By GEORGE NEVILLE JONES Professor of Botany and Curator of the Herbarium University of Illinois THIRD EDITION The University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana 1963 Copyright 1963 by The American Midland Naturalist University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 1 Flora and Vegetation 3 Description of the Arer. 3 Vegetational Divisions 4 Systematic Treatment 8 Key to the Sections 8 Key to the Families 9 Keys to the Genera and Species 40 Glossary 356 Conspectus of Classification 369 Index of Plant Names 374 FIGURES Vegetational Map of Illinois vi County Map of Illinois 355 [Uj ( L I : ^ ARY Vegetational Map of Illinois. The boundaries of the principal geo- graphical divisions of the state are indicated by solid lines, and their subdivisions by broken lines. Shading, as shown in the key, indicates approximately the areas that formerly were forested. (Reproduced by permission from A. G. Vestal's map of 1930, which was based on C. J. Telford's map in Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. vol. 16, 1926.) VI ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA Third Edition, Flora of Illinois, 1963 Page 4, line 25; for rhombipetatu read rhombipetala 4, line 26; for Lithospermum croceum read L. cctroliniense 5, line 30; for Stylisma pickeringii read S. pattersoni 15, delete the first four lines and substitute: 35. Ovary inferior. 36. Stamens 3; leaves equitant; flowers blue or white 136. Iridaceae 36. Stamens 6; leaves not equitant; flowers white or yellow 135. Amaryllidaceae 35. Ovary superior 130. Liliaceae 21, line 31; after purplish, insert: or minute, greenisfi 24, line 2 from bottom; delete Penthorum in 60. Crassulaceae and add 61. Penthoraceae 31, line 13 from bottom; after stamens 5 insert: Parihenocisius in 52. V'iiacea'J 47, line 6; for A. rhi:iophyllus read A. rhizophyllum 50, line 35; for 14. Hepatica read 15. Hepatica 58, under Cabomba add: also Vermilion Co. 64, line 10 from bottom; for leaves prickly read leaves not prickly 67, line 40 (under Cristatella) after counties add: also Whiteside Co., V. H. Chase. 79, line 5; for leaves subulate read leaves subulate to linear. 86, line 35; after occasional, insert: introd. from Eur. 91, line 2 from bottom; delete: also Kankakee Co. 106, line 13 from bottom; for Aesciilus glabra L., read A. glabra Willd. 115, line 19; for G. verum read G. vertmm 122, line 4 from bottom; transfer caly,x lobes ucually glandular-serrulate to end cf bottom line after pubescent. 132, line 7 from bottom; for Pods straight read Pods 1-seeded, reniform, reticulate 133, line 4; after 1904; insert: more recently in Peoria Co. by V. H. Chase 136, line 14 from bottom; after scabrous insert above 167, line 21; after Jackson, insert Peoria, 188, line 12; for Peoria read Tazewell 188, line 7 from bottom; delete and 197, line 9, for 15. read 18. 199, line 20; delete: apparently the only 111. collection; add: collected by /. A. Bouseman in 1961. 225, line 11; for 4. Leaves 2-8 mm long read cm. 231, line 2 from bottom; for Peoria read Tazewell 237, line 5; after columnar insert: 31. Echinacea 237, line 8; for 18. Boltonia read 18. Boltonia 2'^7 , line 14 from bottom; after Marshall, insert Bureau, 254, line 30; for Daily read Daisy 270, line 29 (under Krigia) insert: 1. Plants annual; pappus of 5-7 short rounded scales and an equal number of longer bristles; scapes slender, each with one head; leaves basal; invo- lucre 6-8 mm high; dry soil in fields and op)en woods, chiefly in the valleys of the Illinois and Wabash rivers. May-July K. virginica (L.) Willd. Page 273, line 5; for light yellow read whitish 274, line 6 in the key to Alismaceae, after base insert: or leaves linear-lanceolate; 282, line 5 from bottom; delete Peoria Co.: Schoenbeck. 309, line 10; for Nu.t. read Honck. 323, line 2 from bottom; after spikelets several-flowered add: (except Hordenm and some Chlorideae ) . 328, line 10; for 4. Glumes 3. read 4. Glumes apparently 3. 337, line 8; delete Marshall Co. 338, line 13; after spontaneous, insert: native of Eurasia. Index to Plant Names 374 insert: Adiantum 47 before Adoxa 374 insert : Agrostemma 85 before Agrostis 375 insert : Asclepias quadrifolia 185 375 insert : Asplenium platyneuron 47 376 insert : Atnplex 89 376 insert : Barbarea 71 376 insert : Berberis 59 377 insert: Brassica 70 380 insert : Citrullus 162 380 insert: Claytonia 87 380 insert : Coffee-weed 130 382 insert: Diarrhena 334 382 insert : Diplotaxis 71 385 insert : Gramineae 323 386 after Hoary Cress, for 176 read 76 387 insert: Jack-in-the-pulpit 298 388 insert: Liatris pycnostachya 242 388 insert: Limnobium 293 389 insert: Matteuccia 44 390 insert: Naias 276 391 insert : Paronychia 92 392 insert: Partridge-pea 130 392 insert: Pastinaca 175 393 insert : Polystichum 45 394 insert : Pyrrhopappus 274 396 insert: Sanguisorba 1 16 397 insert : Sisyrinchium 292 398 insert : Solomon's-seal 283 398 insert : Spring Beauty 87 399 insert : Styrax 178 399 insert : Taxodium 49 400 insert: Uniola 334 Fl ora ot IMinois Introduction As the second edition (1950) has been out-oi-print for more than two years, continued demand seems to warrant publication of a re- vised third edition. Thanks largely to the activities of several botanists in various parts of the state, many additional data are now at hand, particularly regarding the occurrence and distribution of species. The preparation of a third edition of this book has aflforded oppor- timity to make certain revisions. A number of rearrangements and corrections have been made in the analytical keys. Many of the keys have been rewritten entirely. Some species have been added, some others have been deleted, and a few nomenclatural changes have been made. New monographs and taxonomic revisions during the past decade have necessitated revisionary treatment in some groups. The main objective of this work is that of the previous editions, to afTord a ready means of identification of the approximately 2400 species of flowering plants and fernworts growing without cultivation in Illinois. The keys to species include, in addition to diagnostic characters, a statement of habitat, frequency and distribution, time of flowering, and some relevant synonymy, the intention having been to correlate the valid name of the species with other names that may be found in the older manuals. Suitable popular names have been provided for many species. For rare plants, specimens are often cited by collector and number or date. When the first edition of Flora of Illinois was published in 1945, two of the standard botanical manuals of eastern United States were between thirty and forty years old. Five years later when the second edition appeared in 1950, these manuals were still in use, although the eighth edition of Gray's Manual appeared somewhat later in the same year, and H. A. Gleason's New Britton & Brown Illustrated Flora of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada was published in 1952. Publication in 1955 of Vascular Plants of Illinois, with its exten- sive synonymy, 1375 distributional maps, and a bibliography of several thousand entries, has rendered largely unnecessary the repetition in this edition of the extensive 27-page bibliography of the second edition. Moreover, there is a list by R. H. Mohlenbrock (Rhodora 63: 19-24, 1961) comprising 51 ])ublications on the Illinois flora since 1955 by more than a dozen difTerent authors. All species of vascular plants regarded by the writer as growing spontaneously in Illinois have been included, provided there is evidence that they are established and maintain themsehes year after year with- out cultivation. Further study may reveal the presence of additional species. With few exceptions, no species has been admitted, unle.ss authentic specimens from Illinois have l)ecn examined. Known or suspected hybrids often are mentioned, or keyed out when practicable, 1 2 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 when they constitute a part of the recognizable flora. Stray plants or waifs, and especially those that have not been collected within the past half century in Illinois, and which presumably no longer occur spon- taneously, and species reported for the state for which no reliable voucher specimens have been found, usually have been excluded. Un- critical acceptance of all published records is not a satisfactory basis for dealing with the species of a flora. In this edition the taxonomy has been extensively reviewed, not only in the treatment of genera and species, but especially in the sequence of families by breaking away from the familiar but partly outmoded Englerian system which as early as 1893 was characterized by C. E. Bessey as "a makeshift maintained by conservatism." The stimulus of Bessey, and later of the great modern botanical phylogenist, John Hutchinson of Kew, whose Families of Flowering Plants, one of the most important botanical works of its kind produced in the twenti- eth century, has influenced not only the study of phylogenetic botany but other related fields, such as systematic plant anatomy. Although we are unable to accept Hutchinson's system in its entirety, we have adopted many of the principles and practices so ably expounded by him. The sequence of families followed herein will be more or less familiar to those botanists who are acquainted with Hutchinson's British Flowering Plants, Metcalfe & Chalk's Anatomy of the Dicotyle- dons, and Clapham, Tutin & Warburg, Flora of the British Isles. According to theories of Bentham & Hooker, Bessey, Hallier, Wie- land, Arber & Parkin, Hutchinson, and their many followers. Dicotyle- dons beginning with Ranales are placed first, and Monocotyledons follow as a derived subclass. The orders of the Archichlamydeae of Engler are extensively rearranged, but those of the Metachlamydeae, considered to comprise a polyphyletic series that has reached a similar evolutionary level, have been retained largely as Engler left them. Monocotyledons show two evolutionary divergent lines, the first large- ly entomophilous from Alismales to Orchidales, the second progressively anemophilous from Arales to Graminales. This study is based mainly upon material contained in the herbari- um of the University of Illinois, including more than 400,000 specimens from various parts of the earth. Of these approximately one-fourth were collected in Illinois. Directly or indirectly ten other institutional herbaria in Illinois have been drawn upon, particularly Chicago Nat- ural Histoiy Museum, Illinois State Natural History Survey, Southern Illinois University, and Illinois State Museum, representing a total of more than 150,000 Illinois collections of vascular plants. Acknowledgments I am under obligation to so many persons for assistance that it is scarcely practical here to mention all, but I should like to express cordial thanks to Dr. Virginius Heber Chase of Peoria Heights, Illinois, for his continued collaboration, and for reference to his magnificent herbarium of nearly 50,000 specimens recently purchased by the Uni- Jones: Flora of Illinois 3 versity of Illinois; to Professor R. H. Mohlenbrock of Southern Illinois University for initial assistance in organizing the manuscript, for the key to Cyperus, and for data concerning some plants in southern Illi- nois; to my colleague Professor Dale M. Smith for advice concerning Asplenium and Hclianthus: to Mr. E. H. Daubs on Lemnaceae; and finally to my wife for help in proofreading and preparation of specimens. FLORA AND VEGETATION Description of the Area Illinois is part of the Great Central Plain of North America, and is situated between 37° and 42° N. lat., and 87° and 91° W. long. It is bounded on the north by Wisconsin, on the east by Indiana, on the west by Iowa and Missouri, and on the south by Kentucky. The maximum length is 380 miles, and the width more than 200 miles. Its area is approximately 57,926 square miles. Physiographically, most of this state except the southern portion lies in the Till Plains Section of the Central Lowland Province. Biogeographically, almost all of Illinois lies in the Austral Zone. The great majority of native species of plants are therefore of southern affinities, and the boreal element is extremely small. The Austroriparian Province enters the state only at its extreme southern end. The average elevation above sea level is about 600 feet. The highest point is 1241 feet altitude at Charles Mound in Jo Daviess County along the Wisconsin- Illinois boundary. Although most of the area has a low elevation and comparatively level surface there is a good drainage system with more than 275 streams, which may be grouped in two river systems, one having the Mississippi River, and the other the Wabash and Ohio rivers as its outlet. The soils of Illinois are remarkable for their fertility, and agriculture is one of the important occupations. The better agricultural districts are characterized by a black loam, and the alluvial soil of the river valleys is especially fertile. On many of the river blufTs the soil is loess. Nearly all the rocks of Illinois are sedimentary and belong to the Paleozoic era. Igneous rocks are found only in a few places, and metamorphic rocks are almost unknown. During the Glacial period there were four advances of the ice-sheet into Illinois. The ice of the third, or Illinoian, stage co\ered approxi- mately nine-tenths of the state, and extended southward to the Ozark Ridge, the most southerly latitude reached by the North American ice- sheet. Hence, there are only three districts in Illinois that may have remained untouched by the Pleistocene glaciation. These are 1 ) the seven southernmost counties of the state, 2) an area between the Mis- sissippi and Illinois rivers in Calhoun County, and 3) Jo Daviess County and a small portion of Carroll County. The second and third districts are part of a much larger nonglaciated region known as the Driftless Area, which occupies adjacent portions of Wisconsin, Min- nesota, and Iowa. The flora and fauna of Illinois are similar to those of adjacent 4 American Midland Naturalist Mo?-iograph No. 7 states. Extensive forests and grasslands formerly covered the entire region. In the northeiTi part there were large prairies with tongues of forest extending along the principal watercourses. At the present time, although the vegetation has been greatly disturbed, the flora is still rich and varied, with a large number of species of grasses, as well as other herbs and ligneous plants. The more extensive forested areas are chiefly in the southern counties, especially on the flood plains of the principal rivers, and in the Ozark Hills. These forests are com- posed almost entirely of hardwoods. Oak, hickoiy, maple, elm, and ash are among the more common kinds of trees. Formerly one of the most remarkable features of the state of Illinois was its great stretches of prairies covered with rich growth of tall grasses and several himdred species of other herbaceous flowering plants. The most extensive of these prairies occiured in northern and central Illinois, and were interspersed with numerous swamps and shallow ponds which have long since disappeared. However, the orig- inal prairie has all but vanished from the Illinois landscape, and no typical area of upland prairie remains for botanical study. Extensive tracts of these upland prairies were swampy, but almost all have been drained and their natural vegetation has since disappeared except from roadsides and along the railroads. Other areas are covered chiefly with sand or sandy loam, and support a flora of psammophilous species, including Leptoloma cognatum, Tephrosia virginiana, H elianthemum canadense, Oenothera rhomhipetata, Phlox bifida, Lithospermum croceum, and Chrysopsis villosa. The principal sand-areas are in the northeiTi half of the state. Vegetation al Divisions The spontaneous flora of Illinois comprises a vegetation that is rather sharply diff'erentiated into prairie and forest. Each of these two types of vegetation includes a number of communities or associations, reflecting the transitions in temperature and rainfall, as well as the topographic and edaphic conditions. On the accompanying map the ecological divisions are based principally upon the broader topograph- ical features, including the effects of glacial geology. The area afTected by the recent (Wisconsin) glaciation is mostly treeless, and extensive areas of upland prairie formerly occurred in the western division. It will be noted that the botanical areas are correlated with the various agricultural districts, and are thus intimately connected with various phases of human geography. Moreover, it is obvious that faunal areas parallel the natural botanical divisions, and thus these divisions are useful to zoologists, as well as to students of the applied branches of biology, including plant pathology, agriculture, etc. The biotic divi- sions now recognized are as follows: Grand Prairie Division Southern Division Western Division Wabash Border Jo Daviess Hills Ozark Hills Mississippi Border Tertiary Division Jones: Flora of Illinois GRAND PRAIRIE DIVISION I'he term is applied to the eastern portion ol Illinois, and includes all the area of recent or Wisconsin glaciation which is for the most part treeless. This area has the youngest soils of the state, in which leaching of dissoKed materials has not progressed to any great extent. Characteristic prairie-plants, including Silphium terehinthinaceum, Eryngium yuccifolium, Sorghastrum nutans, Andropogon furcatus, and Sporobolus heterolepis, are frequent in these areas of black prairie soil. The morainal country of Lake and McHenry counties is hilly, and was formerly extensively forested. Small tracts of timber still remain. Quercus macrocarpa is one of the conspicuous trees. Tilia americana and Quercus rubra are frequent in drier habitats. Many of the lower areas are occupied by marshes, bogs, and lakes, and in these places colonies of Larix laricina are to be found. The counties near Lake Michigan contain a number of northern species, including Larix laricina, Pinus banksiana, Scheuchzeria amer- icana, Carcx aurca, Eriophorum angustijolium, Betula pumila, Ribes liirtellum, Shcpherdia canadensis, Cornus canadensis, Andromeda glaucophylla, and Chamaedaphne calyculata. The beach area of Lake Michigan has numerous sand-ridges and dunes, with intervening sand- prairies and sloughs. Several species are peculiar to this area, such as: Juniperus canadensis, J. horizontalis, Ammophila breviligulata, Cal- amovilfa longifolia, Salix adenophylla, Cakilc edentula, Potentilla anserina, Prunus pumila, Lathyrus maritimus, Chamaesyce polygoni- folia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and Artemisia caudata. WESTERN DIVISION This division includes most of the western part of Illinois. Much of the area is covered by relatively old glacial drift (lUinoian) with recent deposits of loess. These prairie areas contain several xerophytic western species, including Boutcloua gracilis, Stylisma pickeringii, Lesquerella argentea, Amorpha canescens, Opuntia rafinesquii, and Synthyris bullii. Areas of lower elevation include prairie sloughs. Southwest of the Grand Prairie, and west of the Illinois River, more than half the area is occupied by forest, and only a few flat upland prairies of fair size, such as the Bushnell and Carthage prairies occur. This condition has been brought about by the extensive dissection of the country near the larger rivers. jo DAVIESS HILLS The Driftless Area in Jo Daviess County has served as a refuge for preglacial plants. At the present time there are several species of lim- ited distribution within the state, including Adoxa moschatellina, Dodecatheon amethystinum. Primula mistassinica. Ranunculus rhom- boideus. Anemone ludoviciana, Hackelia americana and others. Much of the terrain is maturely dissected, and consists of steep, forested slopes. The tops of the plateaus are treeless or only sparsely forested. Along the cliffs of the larger streanis there are several northern species 6 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 of trees and shrubs, including Pinus strobus, Taxus canadensis, and Betula papyrijera, as well as a number of herbaceous plants. MISSISSIPPI border The dry western-exposed bluffs of the Mississippi River and of the lower Illinois River have intermittent areas of grassland vegetation containing western prairie species. Sand-prairies are present in the Hancock and Oquawka areas. In a few places sand has been carried by the wind from the river valley to the uplands. Along the northern and central river bluffs the terrain has been deeply eroded, with result- ant interruptions of the mantle of loess, and are thus at present not continuously forested. The American beech. Fagus grandifolia, and the tulip tree, Liriodcndron tulipifera, extend northward to Randolph and Jackson counties. The common trees of the northern part of the river bottoms of the Mississippi River are Acer saccharinum, Ulmus americana, Betula nigra, Quercus palnstris, and Fraxinus aniericana. In the southern part of this area Liqnidavibar styraciflua and Quercus lyrata are common. SOUTHERN DIVISION The Southern Division is the area of oldest Illinoian Drift. Later depositions of loess with subsequent weathering have complicated the soil profiles. With the exception of the bottomlands, which have a vegetation similar to that of the alluvial soils of the Mississippi Border, the soils throughout the Southern Division are generally poor for plant growth on account of their fine texture and impervious subsoil. Thus they prevent good drainage and aeration, with the result that there is too much water in spring and early summer, and too little in late summer. The principal upland species of woody plants are Quercus palustris, Q. imbricaria, Q. stellata, and Gleditsia triacanthos. Sassafras albidurn and Diospyros virginiana are of not infrequent occurrence. WABASH BORDER This division includes the bottomlands and bluffs of the Wabash and Ohio rivers, as well as the adjoining upland areas. A great variety of species of ligneous plants is to be found in the forested areas, includ- ing Celtis laevigata, Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Nyssa aquatica, and Liriodcndron tulipifera. Three species of oak, Quercus falcata, Q. prinus, and Q. shumardii, as well as Catalpa speciosa, are characteristic species of this part of the state. The sweet gum, Liquidambar styraci- flua, extends northward to Crawford County, and the mistletoe, Pho- radendron flavescens, parasitic principally on elm and other bottom- land trees, is known to occur as far north as Lawrence and Crawford counties. This bottomland vegetation extends many miles up the trib- utaries of the Wabash River. OZARK HILLS The Ozark Ridge of southern Illinois is the most conspicuous topo- Jones: Flora of Illinois 7 graphic feature in the state. The axis of the ridge Hes along an east- west line across the southern part of the state from Jackson and Union counties to Gallatin and Hardin counties. The highest point is Wil- liams Hill in Pope County, with an elevation of 1065 feet. The flora of the Ozark Hills has been little affected by the Illinois ice-sheet, which apparently did not reach beyond the northern edge of the area. There are several species of vascular plants which have not extended their ranges northward in Illinois and are therefore peculiar to this part of the state. Some of these plants are: Polypodmrn pulypudioides, Pinus echinata, Smilax bona-nox, Ulmus alata, Magnolia acuminata, Sedurn pulchellum. Rhododendron roseum, and \'accinium arhoreurn. TERTIARY DIVISION The Mississippi Embayment of the Coastal Plain of the south Atlantic and Gulf states extends into Illinois as far as the southern base of the Ozark Hills. The tertiaiy deposits in the bottomlands of Alexander, Pulaski, and Massac counties contain a number of austro- riparian species that have not migrated northward into the glaciated areas. Some of these are: Taxodium distichum, Arundinaria gigantea, Quercus phellos, Planera aquatica, Itea virginica, Wisteria macro- stachya, Nyssa aquatica, Bumelia lycioides, and Bignonia capreolata. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT Key to the Sections Group I. Seed Plants. Plants normally reproducing by seeds containing an embryo. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. A. Herbaceous Plants 1. Plants grasses, sedges, or rushes; perianth green or brownish or absent Section 1, p. 9 1. Plants not grasses, sedges, or rushes. 2. Terrestrial plants, not floating on or submerged in water; sometimes growing at the edge of water but then usually erect. 3. Leaves compound, composed of few or many leaflets, or divided to the midrib or base Section 2, p. 9 3. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed, but the lobes usually not extending to the midrib or base (leaves rarely absent or reduced to spines or scales). 4. Stems not climbing or twining; tendrils absent; plants never cacti or cactus-like. 5. Plants green, normally possessing chlorophyll, not parasitic or saprophytic or noticeably so. 6. Plants without a leafy stem, or the stem underground, the flower-stalks leafless, or with a single leaf or a pair or whorl of leaves subtending the inflorescence Section 3, p. 12 6. Plants with leafy stems, the leaves sometimes reduced to scales; stem sometimes with only a single leaf, but this borne far below the inflorescence. 7. Leaves evidently parallel- veined ; mostly Monocotyledons (ex- cept Eryngium and Tragopogon) with the floral parts, or some of them in threes, not in fives; stem in cross-section showing the vascular bundles irregularly distributed throughout the pith or around a central cavity; cotyledon 1 Section 4, p. 15 7. Leaves not evidently parallel-veined, almost always net- veined (or sometimes apparently only 1 -veined) ; mostly Dicotyledons (except Trillium and Smilax) with the floral parts often in fives or fours, only exceptionally in threes; stem in cross-section showing a central pith (or, in hollow stems, a cavity) surrounded by a circle of vascular bundles; cotyledons 2. 8. Leaves, or at least some of them, opposite or whorled. 9. Leaves entire Section 5, p. 15 9. Leaves more or less toothed or lobed Section 6, p. 19 8. Leaves alternate. 10. Leaves entire Section 7, p. 20 10. Leaves toothed (or sinuate) or lobed, sometimes cordate at base Section 8, p. 23 5. Plants parasitic or saprophytic, without chlorophyll; leaves re- duced to scales; fruit a capsule Section 9, p. 25 8 Jones: Flora of Illinois 9 4. Stems either twining or climbing (tendrils sometimes present); or else cactus plants with conspicuously jointed, succulent, spiny stems Section 10, p. 26 2. Aquatic plants, floating on or submerged in water (sometimes growing on muddy or sandy shores) Section 11, p. 27 B. Trees and Shrubs (Including Woody Climbers and Trailers) 11. Gymnosperms. Lea\-es needle-like (acicular), linear, scale-like, or subulate, evergreen (deciduous in Larix and Taxodium) Section 19, p. 39 1 1. Angiosperms. Lea\es not as above: "broadleaf" trees and shrubs (except Hudsonia) . 12. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves. 13. Leaves opposite or whorled Section 12, p. 28 13. Leaves alternate. 14. Leaves compound Section 13, p. 31 14. Leaves simple. 15. Leaves entire Section 14, p. 32 15. Leaves toothed or lobed, not entire. 16. Leaves lobed Section 15, p. 34 16. Leaves toothed, but not lobed Section 16, p. 35 12. Flowers on leafless or almost leafless twigs, appearing before the leaves (or in autumn when they are falling, in Hamamelis) Section 1 7, p. 37 Group IL Fern and Fern-allies. Plants without flowers or seeds, reproduc- ing by spores borne in sporangia Section 18, p. 38 Key to the Families Section 1. Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes 1. Flowers enclosed by chaffy scales; perianth none, or of bristles; fruit a grain or an achene. 2. Stem cylindrical and usually hollow except at the nodes; leaves in 2 rows on the stem, the sheaths usually split; fruit a grain 146. Gramineae 2. Stem cylindrical or triangular, solid, the nodes usually not conspicuous; sheaths not split; fruit an arhene 145. Cvperaceae 1. Flowers not enclosed by chaffy scales; perianth 6-parted; stems terete; fruit a capsule 131. Jttncaceae Section 2. Herbs With Compound (or Deeply Divided) Leaves 1. Plants without leafy stems, the leaves all basal. 2. Leaves 2-cleft; flowers white; fruit a capsule opening by a lid 9. Podophvllaceae 2. Leaflets 3 or more; fruit not opening by a lid. 3. Flowers on a spadix surrounded by a spathe; fruit a berry Arisaema in 141. Araceae 3. Flowers in racemes or umbels. 4. Leaflets 3. 5. Leaflets entire; flowers regular; stamens 10 38. Oxalidaceae 5. Leaflets not entire. 6. Flowers papilionaceous; stamens 10 54. Leguminosae 6. Flowers regular; stamens numerous 53. Rosaceae 4. Leaflets numerous; flowers irregular 14. Fumariaceae 10 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Plants with stems bearing 1 or more leaves. 7. Flowers borne in a dense head on a common receptacle surrounded or subtended by an involucre of bracts; fruit an achene: stipules none 125. COMPOSITAE 7. Flowers not borne in a dense head on a common receptacle surrounded or subtended by an involucre. 8. Flowers on a spadix surrounded by a spathe; fruit a berry Arisaema in 141. Araceae 8. Flowers not borne on a spadix surrounded by a spathe. 9. Flowers in umbels; petals 5; stamens 5; ovary inferior. 10. Fruit dry. composed of 2 carpels; styles 2 92. Umbelliferae 10. Fruit a berry; styles 5, or 3, or 2 91. Araliaceae 9. Flowers not in umbels, or if so, the flowers not as above in all re- spects. 11. Corolla papilionaceous; fruit a legume or loment; leaves alter- nate, usually stipulate 54. Leguminosae 11. Corolla not papilionaceous. 12. Stem bearing only a single leaf or a pair or whorl of leaves. 13. Pistil 1. 14. Style or stigma 1. 15. Sepals and petals each 4; fruit a pod; leaflets 3 or 5, toothed Dentaria in 18. Cruciferae 15. Sepals 6; petals small, gland-like; seeds berry-like 9. Podophyllaceae 14. Styles 4 or 5 ; fruit a drupe 64. Adoxaceae 13. Pistils several to many, separate, simple; fruit achenes or follicles 3. Ranunculaceae 12. Stems with usually 2 or more alternate leaves, or 2 or more pairs of leaves. 16. Leaves, or some of them, opposite. 17. Leaves pinnate or pinnately lobed. 18. Sepals 4, purple, petaloid ; petals none; stamens numerous; plants climbing; achenes with per- sistent styles Clematis in 3. Rani;nculaceae 18. Sepals not as above; corolla present; stamens few; plants not climbing. 19. Flowers blue or white; fruit a capsule. 20. Corolla regular; stamens 5 106. Hydro? hvllaceae 20. Corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4 108. ScROPHt'LARIACEAE 19. Flowers yellow or pink. 21. Flowers yellow; stamens 10; fruit 5-angled, spiny Tribulus in 40. Zygophyllaceae 21. Flowers pink; stamens 3; fruit 1 -seeded .... 123. Valerianaceae 17. Leaves palmately lobed, or digitate, or trifoliolate; petals none; fruit an achene. 22. Flowers small, green, unisexual; leaves digitately divided into 5-11 serrate, acuminate divisions 72. Cannabinaceae 22. Flowers not green; sepals petal-like 3. Ranunculaceae Jones: Flora of Illinois H 16. Leaves alternate. 23. Steins climbint^; flowers purple (or white); leaves ovate or hastate, often 3-lobed or 3-divided 107. Solan ACEAE 23. Stems not climbing. 24. Corolla of united petals, blue, white or red; leaves pinnate or pinnately lobed; fruit a capsule. 25. Leaflets entire; style 1 104. Polemoniaceae 25. Leaflets toothed or lobed; styles 2, or style 2- cleft 106. Hydrophyllaceae 24. Corolla of separate or nearly separate petals, or petals none, or only one. 26. Flowers spurred. 27. Stamens numerous; fruit of follicles 3. Ranunculaceae 27. Stamens 6; fruit a capsule 14. FUMARIACEAE 26. Flowers not spurred. 28. Leaflets 3, obcordate, otherwise entire; flowers yellow; fruit a capsule 38. OXALIDACEAE 28. Leaflets not obcordate. 29. Leaves with stipules. 30. Flowers small, green, unisexual; leaves digitately divided into 5- 11, serrate, acuminate divisions 72. Cannabinaceae 30. Flowers pink, yellow, white, or purple. 31. Flowers small, pink; leaves pin- nate, the leaflets incised; plants annual, pubescent ....Erodium in 36. Geraniaceae 31. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. 32. Leaflets entire; fruit a leg- ume 54. Leguminosae 32. Leaflets toothed or lobed; fruit not a legume. 33. Stamens and petals pe- rigynous 53. ROSACEAE 33. Stamens and petals hy- pogynous, or flowers unisexual and the plants dioecious 3. Ranunculaceae 29. Leaves without stipules. 34. Petals and sepals each 3 ; flowers very small, axillary; annual plants with pinnate leaves 39. Limnanthaceae 12 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 34. Petals and sepals 4 or more, or ab- sent; or the sepals united, some- times only 2. 35. Sepals 2, caducous (falling as the flower opens) ; plants with milky or yellowish juice; sta- mens numerous, hypogynous; fruit a capsule 13. Papaveraceae 35. Sepals 4 or 5; plants with watery juice. 36. Petals and sepals each 4, fruit a pod. 37. Leaves trifoliolate; sta- mens 6 or more, ex- serted 17. Capparidaceae 37. Leaves not trifoliolate; stamens 6, four long and two short 18. Cruciferae 36. Petals 5 or none; sepals usually 5, sometimes 4; fruit an achene or follicle, or rarely a berry. 38. Stamens and petals hy- pogynous; sepals free 3. Ranunculaceae 38. Stamens and petals pe- rigynous; sepals united at base ...53. Rosaceae Section 3. Herbs Without Leafy Stems; Leaves Simple 1. Leaves either pitcher-like or covered with glandular appendages; petals 5; fruit a capsule; insectivorous plants growing in bogs. 2. Leaves large, pitcher-like; flower solitary, nodding 21. Sarraceniaceae 2. Leaves small, covered with glandular appendages; flowers in a raceme 15. Droserageae 1. Leaves not as above; plants not insectivorous. 3. Flowers sessile in dense heads, or in spikes. 4. Flowers in heads. 5. Leaves parallel-veined, grass-like, stiff, flat, linear, twisted; flowers yellow, perfect; capsule many-seeded 132. Xyridaceae 5. Leaves net-veined, or rarely apparently only 1-veined. 6. Involucre of 4 white bracts; leaves whorled at the summit of the stem; calyx minutely 4-toothed ; petals 4; stamens 4; drupe red Cornus canadensis in 90. Cornaceae 6. Involucral bracts otherwise; calyx in the form of a pappus; sta- mens 5, inserted on the corolla, their anthers united into a tube; fruit an achene 125. Compositae 4. Flowers in spikes (or on a spadix). Jones : Flora of Illinois 13 7. Flowers crowded on a cylindrical apparently lateral spadix 6-8 cm long; petals 0; sepals 0: stamens 6; leaves linear; rhizomes thick, aromatic; plants of swampy ground Acoius in 141. Araceae 7. Flowers not as above. 8. Ovary superior. 9. Stamens 6; leaves cordate; flowers blue or white, 2-lipped; fruit 1-seeded 134. Pontederiaceae 9. Stamens 4, or rarely 2; flowers greenish; corolla 4-lobed ; calyx of 4 persistent sepals 111. Plantaginaceae 8. Ovary inferior; flowers irregular; stamens 1 or 2 140. Orchidaceae 3. riowers not sessile in dense heads or spikes. 10. Scapes with more than 1 flower. 1 1 . Leaves terete or nearly so. 12. Flowers green, small, numerous, in elongated, bractless, spike- like racemes; perianth 6-parted 127. Juncaginaceae 12. Flowers pink, not in racemes. 13. Flowers in umbels; perianth 6-parted; stamens 6; plants with onion flavor and odor Allium in 130. Liliaceae 13. Flowers in cymes; petals 5; sepals 2; plants inodorous Talinum in 25. Portulacaceae 11. Leaves not terete. 14. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, often spurred; stamens 2 or 1 ; fruit a capsule. 15. Ovary superior; leaves absent, or dissected and bladder- bearing 112. Lentibulariaceae 15. Ovary inferior; leaves entire, parallel-veined 140. Orchidaceae 14. Corolla regular. 16. Flowers on branches of the inflorescence in several or many whorls; achenes numerous, flattened; petals 3, white; leaves oval, cordate, hastate, or sagittate 126. Alismaceae 16. Flowers not whorled; fruit a capsule. 17. Leaves evidently parallel-veined, narrow: petals 3, or perianth 6-parted. 18. Leaves 2-ranked (equitant) ; flowers usually blue, sometimes white, rarely reddish brown; stamens 3; ovary inferior 136. Iridaceae 18. Leaves not 2-ranked. 19. Flowers 4 or fewer (except Aletris) , yellow or white; leaves sometimes pubescent; ovary in- ferior 135. Amarvlmdaceae 19. Flowers numerous, or if few, orange or pink; leaves glabrous; ovary superior (or y> in- ferior) 130. Liliaceae 17. Leaves net-veined; petals 5 or 4. 20. Flowers in an umbel, or 1-3 on slender pedicels; petals and stamens each 5 (rarely 6); calyx 5- lobed 97. Primulaceae 20. Flowers in cymes, panicles or racemes. 21. Corolla of 4 petals; sepals 4; stamens 6 18. Cruciferae 21. Corolla of 5 petals. 14 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 22. Sepals 2 Claytonia in 25. Portulacaceae 22. Sepals 5. 23. Styles 2; anthers opening longitudinally; leaves not evergreen; fruit 1-loculed 62. Saxifragaceae 23. Style 1 ; anthers opening by terminal pores; leaves evergreen; fruit a 5- loculed capsule 93. Ericaceae 10. Scapes or peduncles 1 -flowered. 24. Leaves toothed or lobed ; petals separate, or absent. 25. Leaves large, peltate, palmately 7-9-lobed; petals 6-8, white; sepals 6, petaloid, fugacious; fruit a yellowish green berry 9. Podophyllaceae 25. Leaves not peltate. 26. Fruit an achene; flowers yellow, bluish or white; petals sometimes absent, the sepals then petal-like; juice watery 3. Ranunculaceae 26. Fruit a capsule ; petals present. 27. Plants with red juice; leaves thickish; petals 4-15 (usu- ally 8), white; flower regular; capsule acute Sanguinaria in 13. Papaveraceae 27. Plants with colorless juice; leaves thin; petals 5; flowers irregular, blue, yellow, or white; capsule obtuse 1 1. Violaceae 24. Leaves entire. 28. Leaves reniform. cordate, or ovate; fruit a capsule. 29. Leaves pubescent beneath, reniform; flowers brownish purple; calyx 3-lobed ; petals none; stamens 12; ovary inferior; woodland plants Asarum in 87. Aristolochiaceae 29. Leaves glabrous; flowers blue or white. 30. Petals, sepals, stamens each 5; staminodia present; stig- mas 4; plants of bogs and springy places 63. Parnassiaceae 30. Perianth 6-parted ; staminodia none; stamens 3; stig- mas 3; plants of muddy shores Heteranthera in 134. Pontederiaceae 28. Leaves not as above. 31. Flowers on a spadix surrounded by a spathe; fruit a berry 141. Araceae 31. Flowers not on a spadix; spathe none; fruit not a berry. 32. Leaves orbicular, peltate; flowers 10-25 cm in diameter, pale yellow; petals and stamens numerous 6. Nelumbonaceae 32. Leaves not peltate; flowers smaller. 33. Flowers irregular; ovary inferior; stamens 1 or 2 .... 140. Orchidaceae 33. Flowers regular. 34. Pistils numerous, simple, borne on a slender spike-like receptacle; stamens 5-20; sepals 5, minutely spurred at base; petals 5; leaves all basal, linear-spatulate Myosurus in 3. Ranunculaceae 34. Pistil 1, compound. Jones : Flora of Illinois 15 35. Leaves equitant; flowers blue or white; ovary inferior; stamens 3 136. Iridaceae 35. Leaves not equitant; ovary superior: sta- mens 6 130. LiLIACEAE Section 4. Mostly Monocotyledonous Herbs (Except Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes) With Leafy Stems 1. Flowers in dense heads or spikes. 2. Leaves cordate; flowers blue, 2-lipped ; stamens 6 Pontederia in 134. Pontederiaceae 2. Leaves not cordate. 3. Plants growing in wet places: flowers greenish. 4. Spikes cylindrical, the upper part staminate, the lower pistillate; plants 2-3 m tall 143. Typhaceae 4. Heads spherical; plants not so tall 144. Sparganiaceae 3. Plants of dry ground: flowers not green. 5. Leaves spiny- or bristly-margined: plants with watery juice Eryngium in 92. Umbelliferae 5. Lea\'es smooth-margined; plants with milky juice Tragopogon in 125. Compositae 1. Flowers not in dense heads. 6. Ovary or ovaries superior. 7. Ovaries 3 or 6, nearly separate; stamens 3 127. Juncaginaceae 7. Ovary 1, compound. 8. Flowers irregular, blue, enclosed or subtended by a small spathe; petals 3, unequal Commelina in 133. Commelin.aceae 8. Flowers regular. 9. Flowers blue or purple; filaments pubescent; juice mucilaginous Tradescantia in 133. Commelinaceae 9. Flowers not blue (sometimes lavender) ; filaments glabrous or nearly so. 10. Stamens 3 134. Pontederiaceae 10. Stamens 6 130. Liliaceae 6. Ovary inferior, compound. 11. Stamens 3; flowers regular; leaves equitant 136. Iridaceae 11. Stamens 1 or 2 ; flowers irregular; leaves not equitant 140. Orchidaceae Section 5. Dicotyledonous Herbs (Except Trillium) With Opposite or Whorled Entire Leaves 1. Flowers sessile in dense heads on a common receptacle surrounded or sub- tended by an involucre of bracts; fruit an achenc. [Pycnanthemum (Labiatae), with flowers in dense head-like clusters, might also be sought here.] 2. Stem with small prickles; chaflP of the receptacle (among the flowers) with long rigid spine-like tips; stamens 4, distinct 124. Dip.sacaceae 2. Stem not prickly; chaflf of the receptacle not as above, sometimes absent; stamens 5, united by their anthers (syngenesious) 125. Compositae 1. Flowers not sessile in dense heads on a common receptacle surrounded or subtended by an involucre of bracts. 3. Corolla of separate petals (or apparently so), or corolla absent (the calyx sometimes petal-like). 16 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Leaves with black or pellucid dots, opposite, entire; flowers yellow or pink. 5. Styles 2-6; stamens more numerous than the petals 19. Hypericaceae 5. Style 1 ; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes 97. Primulaceae 4. Leaves not punctate. 6. Leaves with stipules; petals minute or absent; stigmas 2-4. 7. Petals 2 or 3; capsule several-seeded, the seeds reticulated; leaves oblanceolate or obovate; small plants of wet ground 20. Elatinaceae 7. Petals none; fruit a 1-seeded utricle 29. Illecebraceae 6. Leaves without stipules. 8. Plants with milky juice; capsule deeply 3-lobed; upper leaves usually whorled; flowers small, white or greenish 43. EUPHORBIACEAE 8. Plants with colorless juice. 9. Flowers solitary; stamens 6; ovary superior, 3-loculed genera in 130. Liliaceae 9. Flowers not as above in all respects. 10. Flowers irregular, in spikes or racemes; sepals 5, three of them small, and two larger and colored like the 3 petals; fruit flattened 42. Polygalaceae 10. Flowers regular. 11. Leaves in whorls. 12. Flowers axillary; leaves in fives or sixes; petals none; sepals 5 ; fruit a small 3-valved capsule ; plants annual, prostrate 26. Aizoaceae 12. Flowers in cymes or panicles; petals 5; plants perennial. 13. Leaves (at least the lower) in threes; flowers in cymes; petals entire; fruit a follicle Sedum in 60. Crassulaceae 13. Leaves mostly in fours, acuminate; inflorescence paniculate; petals laciniate; fruit a capsule .... Silene in 24. Caryophyllageae 1 1. Leaves not whorled (or if so, not thick and succulent). 14. Calyx and corolla absent; flowers small, green, soli- tary, axillary; leaves spatulate or linear; styles 2, filiform; fruit notched; small plants of wet soil 85. Callitrichaceae 14. Calyx present; corolla present or absent. 15. Sepals separate. 16. Petals none; flowers crowded into an inter- rupted spike; calyx woolly; bracts scarious; leaves lanceolate, sessile 28. Amaranthaceae 16. Petals usually present; inflorescence not as above. 17. Sepals 2; stamens 5; style 3-cleft Claytonia in 25. Portulacaceae -17. Sepals 5; leaves more than 1 pair. 18. Sepals equal gr nearly so. Jones: Flora of Illinois 17 19. Petals white (sometimes absent) ; leaves with ordinary flat blades; stems usually soft 24. Caryophyllaceae 19. Petals yellow; leaves small, scale- like or subulate, appressed or nearly erect ....19. Hypericaceae 18. Sepals unequal, the 2 outer much nar- rower than the 3 inner ones; petals yellow, greenish, or purplish; stems rigid and almost woody 12. Clstaceae 15. Sepals united at least below. 20. Flowers surrounded by a calyx-like involucre, the calyx blue or pink, corolla-like; sta- mens 3-5, e.xserted 31. Nyctaginaceae 20. Flowers not surrounded by an involucre; calyx green. 21. Petals and stamens hypogynous, or the flowers without a pistil 24. Caryophyllaceae 21. Stamens inserted on the calyx. 22. Stigma capitate; style 1; petals pres- ent (absent in Peplis) ; fruit a capsule 75. Lythraceae 22. Stigmas 2, sessile or nearly so; petals none; fruit a utricle Scleranthus in 29. Illecebraceae 3. Corolla sympetalous (petals united, at least below). 23. Corolla irregular (flowers zygomorphic) . 24. Fruit of 4 small nutlets; ovary 4-lobed; stem 4-angled; leaves usually glandular-punctate; plant usually with mint odor 1 18. Labiatae 24. Fruit a capsule ; ovary not 4-lobed ; plants without mint odor. 25. Seeds few, borne on hooks in the elastically dehiscent capsule 1 10. Acanthaceae 25. Seeds numerous, not borne on hooks; capsule not elastically dehiscent. 26. Ovary 1-loculed with 2 parietal placentae; corolla 3-5 cm long, gibbous, campanulate, 5-lobed and somewhat 2- lipped ; capsule 10-15 cm long, the beak longer than the body; odoriferous glandular annuals 114. Martyniaceae 26. Ovary 2-Ioculed; placentae axial ....108. Scrophularlaceae 23. Corolla regular or nearly so (flowers actinomorphic) . 27. Leaves whorled. 28. Flowers in a head surrounded by 4 white bracts; petals 4; stamens 4; drupe red 90. Cornaceae 28. Flowers not as above. 29. Flowers in a pyramidal panicle 30-60 cm long; fruit a compressed, 2-valved capsule; corolla greenish yellow with brownish purple dots Frasera in 102. Gentianaceae 29. Inflorescence otherwise. 18 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 30. Flowers in umbels; corolla with 5 reflexed lobes; fruit a many-seeded follicle; seeds with a tuft of silky hairs; plants with milky juice 100. Asclepiadaceae 30. Flowers not in umbels. 31. Flowers yellow (or white) ; fruit a capsule 97. Primulageae 31. Flowers white or greenish, axillary or cymose; fruit of 2 united indehiscent 1-seeded nutlets 1 19. Rubiaceae 27. Leaves not whorled. 32. Leaves evergreen, opposite; stems trailing; flowers axillary; plants glabrous. 33. Leaf-base narrowed; corolla blue, 5-lobed, 1.5-3 cm long; calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 ; stigma annular, its apex penicillate Vinca in 99. Apocynaceae 33. Leaf-base rounded or cordate; corolla white or pink, usual- ly 4-lobed, 1-1.5 cm long; calyx 4-toothed; stamens 4, stigmas 4; fruit a red double drupe Mitchella in 119. Rubiaceae 32. Leaves rarely evergreen; plants not as above in all respects. 34. Ovary inferior. 35. Leaves with stipules, or the petioles connected by a (sometimes bristle-bearing) stipular membrane or line 1 19. Rubiaceae 35. Leaves without stipules 120. Caprifoliaceae 34. Ovary or ovaries superior. 36. Ovaries 2, or if 1, deeply lobed; fruit usually of 2 fol- licles; seeds with a tuft of silky hairs; plants usually with milky juice. 37. Flowers in cymes, or solitary 99. Apocynaceae 37. Flowers in umbels 100. Asclepiadaceae 36. Ovary 1; fruit a capsule or drupe; plants with watery juice. 38. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes; corolla tube short or none; flowers bright yellow, or solitary in the axils 97. Primulageae 38. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla; flowers not yellow (rarely yellowish white). 39. Corolla-tube long and slender. 40. Stamens 5. 41. Stigmas 3; pistils 3-carpellate; capsules 3-loculed, 3-seeded Phlox in 104. Polemoniaceae 41. Stigmas 3; pistils 3-carpellate; capsules 2-loculed; flowers red 101. Loganiageae 40. Stamens 4; stigma simple or two-lobed, the apex of the style recurved ; pistils 2- carpellate; capsule 6-20-seeded Ruellia in 110. Acanthaceae 39. Corolla tube short or none, (or more than 3 mm thick). 42. Stamens 5 or 4; capsule 1-loculed 102. Gentian ageae Jones: Flora of Illinois 19 42. Stamens 2; capsule 2-loculed 108. SCROPHULARIACEAE Section 6. Dicotyledonous Herbs With Toothed or Lobed Opposite or Whorled Leaves 1. Flowers sessile in dense heads on a common receptacle surrounded by an involucre of bracts. 2. Stem with small prickles; chaff of the receptacle (among the flowers) with long rigid spine-like tips; stamens 4, distinct 124. Dipsacaceae 2. Stem not prickly; chaff of the receptacle not as above, sometimes absent; stamens 5, united by their anthers (syngenesious) 125. Compositae 1. Flowers not sessile in dense heads on a common receptacle surrounded or subtended by an involucre of bracts. 3. Corolla of separate petals, or absent. 4. Leaves deeply lobed. 5. Plants glabrous; leaves 2, peltate; flower solitary; petals 6-9, white 9. Podophyllaceae 5. Plants (at least the stem) pubescent; leaves 2 or more, not peltate; flowers usually more than 1. 6. Petals present; stamens 10; styles 5; fruit of 5 carpels 36. Geraniaceae 6. Petals none, but the sepals colored and petal-like; stamens more than 10; fruit of numerous achenes 3. Ranunculaceae 4. Leaves merely toothed. 7. Plants with milky juice (or if with watery juice, the pubescence stel- late) ; the fruit deeply 3-lobed ; corolla none, but the flowers surrounded by an often corolla-like involucre ....43. Euphorbiaceae 7. Plants with watery juice; fruit not 3-lobed. 8. Flowers green, without petals; fruit 1-seeded. 9. Plants scurfy with minute whitish scales; stipules none Atriplex in 27. Chenopodiaceae 9. Plants glabrous, or pubescent with slender, sometimes stinging hairs, never scurfy or scaly; leaves stipulate 73. Urticaceae 8. Flowers with white or colored petals; fruit usually with more than 1 seed. 10. Petals large ( 1 cm or more in length), pink or purplish; leaves 3-4-ribbed; plants bristly-hairy 82. Melastomaceae 10. Petals small (less than 1 cm in length) ; leaves not ribbed; plants not bristly-hairy. 11. Ovary inferior; seeds with a tuft of soft hairs, or else the fruit with short, hooked hairs 83. Onagraceae H. Ovary superior; seeds without hairs; fruit never bristly .... 62. Saxifragaceae 3. Corolla sympetalous, the petals united, at least below. 12. Leaves evergreen, small, oval or obovate, crenate above the middle; stems slender, trailing; flowers in pairs, nodding, pink, fragrant, about 1 cm long Linnaea in 120. Caprifoliaceae 12. Leaves not evergreen; plants not as above. 13. Fruit of 2 or 4 nutlets; stems usually 4-angled. 14. Ovary not lobed, the style terminal on it; plants lacking a mint odor; corolla usually nearly regular 116. Verbexaceae 20 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 14. Ovary deeply 4-iobed, the style arising between the lobes; plants usually with a mint odor; corolla usually bilabiate, rarely nearly regular 118. Labiatae 13. Fruit of only 1 nutlet, or else a capsule with many seeds. 15. Flowers reflexed and becoming appressed to the stem in fruit; fruit a single nutlet in the bottom of the calyx; calyx-teeth hooked at the tip; corolla purplish; median and lower leaves slender-petioled 117. Phrymaceae 15. Flowers not reflexed and appressed to the stem; calyx-teeth not hooked. 16. Ovary inferior; stamens 3 123. Valerianaceae 16. Ovary superior; stamens usually 2, or 4, rarely 5 108. Scrophulariaceae Section 7. Dicotyledonous Herbs (Except Smilax) With Alternate Leaves 1. Flowers sessile in dense heads on a common receptacle surrounded by an involucre of bracts 125. Compositae 1. Flowers not sessile in dense heads on a common receptacle surrounded or subtended by an involucre of bracts. 2. Stem-leaves reduced to minute scales; corolla irregular, spurred; plants small, growing in wet soil 112. Lextibulariaceae 2. Stem-leaves not all reduced to scales. 3. Leaves with stipules, these sometimes united to form a sheath (some- times fugacious). 4. Stipules united and forming a membranous sheath at the nodes; fruit an achene 32. Polygonaceae 4. Stipules not sheathing; fruit a several-seeded capsule or pod. 5. Petals none; fruit a small 3-loculed capsule 43. Euphorbiaceae 5. Petals present; plants pubescent; fruit a 1-loculed pod. 6. Leaves sessile or nearly so; flowers yellow, papilionaceous Crotalaria in 54. Leguminosae 6. Leaves petioled; flowers greenish white Hybanthus in 11. Violaceae 3. Leaves without stipules, or stipules minute. 7. Petals separate, or none; calyx sometimes petal-like. 8. Plants with milky juice; stem umbellately branched above; upper- most leaves whorled; involucres with white petal-like append- ages 43. Euphorbiaceae 8. Plants without milky juice; stems and leaves not as above. 9. Calyx and corolla absent; flowers in spikes; leaves cordate, petioled 33. Saururaceae 9. Calyx present; corolla present or absent. 10. Flowers small, green. 11. Flowers in umbels; perianth 6-parted; fruit a berry Smilax in 130. Liliaceae 11. Flowers not in umbels; perianth not 6-parted; fruit not a berry. 12. Plants perennial, pubescent; fruit a capsule, with more than 1 seed; leaves small and narrow 12. Cistaceae 12. Plants annual, glabrous or pubescent; fruit an achene, or a 1 -seeded capsule. 13. Flowers all in loose cymose axillary clusters; style Jones: Flora of Illinois 21 1, not branched; plants pubescent Parietaria in 73. Urticaceae 13. Flowers all or mostly in spikes or terminal cymes or panicles, or else all in dense, sessile, axillary clusters; styles 2 or 3, or 1 and branched. 14. Flowers subtended by scarious bracts, the sepals sharp-pointed ; leaves not linear or with spiny tips; plants never white-mealy 28. Amaranthaceae 14. Flowers not subtended by scarious bracts; sepals not awn-pointed; leaves linear and with spiny tips; or the plants whitish-mealy at least about the inflorescence or the lower surface of the leaves 27. Chenopodiaceae 10. Flowers not green; petals present, or the calyx colored and petal-like. 15. Leaves cordate, velvety-pubescent; petals yellow; carpels 10-17, pubescent, dehiscent at the apex Abutilon in 23. Malvaceae 15. Leaves not cordate, or if so, not velvety-pubescent. 16. Sepals 2 25. Portulacaceae 16. Sepals more than 2 (rarely cohering in pairs). 17. Flowers borne on the lower part of the stem near the ground; calyx S-shaped; petals none; leaves petioled, cordate or halberd-shaped Aristolochia in 87. Aristolochiaceae 17. Flowers borne on the upper part of the stem; calyx never curved. 18. Ovary inferior. 19. Petals yellow or purplish; fruit a several- seeded capsule 83. Onagraceae 19. Petals none, the sepals whitish and petal- like; fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent; plants glabrous, glaucous 88. Santalaceae 18. Ovary superior. 20. Petals none, the 5 sepals petal-like; flow- ers in racemes; fruit a juicy dark purple berry 30. Phytolaccaceae 20. Petals 4-6; fruit a capsule or pod. 21. Flowers regular; anthers opening lon- gitudinally. 22. Style 1. or stigma sessile. 23. Petals and stamens hypogy- nous. 24. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 5 ; fruit a 5-loculed capsule 37. Linaceae 24. Sepals and petals each 4 ; stamens 6, four long and two short; fruit a 1- or 2-loculed capsule 18. Cruciferae 22 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 23. Petals and stamens inserted on the calyx; branches usually more or less angled 75. Lythraceae 22. Styles 2; petals 5; sepals 5, re- flexed; stamens 10; leaves chief- ly basal 62. Saxifragaceae 21. Flowers irregular; anthers opening by terminal pores 42. Polygalaceae 7. Petals united (the corolla sympetalous). 25. Corolla regular (actinomorphic) . 26. Flowers large (1.5-6 cm long) ; fruit a capsule. 27. Plants with milky juice, often climbing; capsules few- seeded 105. Convolvulaceae 27. Plants with watery juice, never climbing; capsules many- seeded 107. Solan ACE AE 26. Flowers smaller. 28. Plants with milky juice ; fruit of 1 or 2 large pods, the seeds with a tuft of silky hairs. 29. Flowers in umbels; filaments united into a tube en- closing the pistil 100. Asclepiadaceae 29. Flowers in cymes, purplish blue; stamens free Amsonia in 99. .\pocynaceae 28. Plants with watery juice. 30. Fruit of 4 (or sometimes fewer) nutlets; plants rough- hairy, often bristly, or glabrous and with blue flowers 1 15. Boraginaceae 30. Fruit a capsule or berry. 31. Flowers blue; fruit a capsule. 32. Ovary superior; styles 2 106. Hydrophyllaceae 32. Ovary inferior: style 1 121. Campanulaceae 31. Flowers not blue. 33. Style 3-cleft 104. Polemoniaceae 33. Style not 3-cleft. 34. Flowers in umbels 100. Asclepiadaceae 34. Flowers not in umbels. 35. Plants climbing or twining; flowers purple (rarely white) in small cymes; berries ovoid, red So- lanum dulcamara in 107. Solanaceae 35. Plants not climbing or twining. 36. Flowers white or pink or yellow; fruit a capsule ; calyx not en- larged in fruit ...97. Primulaceae 36. Flowers yellowish or whitish, often with a dark center; fruit a berry, enclosed by the 5-lobed, 10- ribbed, often 5-10-angled, reticu- lated, inflated calyx Physalis in 107. Solanaceae 25. Corolla irregular ( zygomorphic ) . 37. Ovary superior. Jones: Flora of Illinois 23 38. Ovary 2-loculed. with numerous ovules; fruit a many- seeded capsule 108. Scrophulariaceae 38. Ovary deeply 4-lobed ; fruit of 4 nutlets; stamens 5, exserted, unequal; plants pubescent, biennial; flowers 1.5-2 cm in diameter, bright blue Echium in 115. Boraginaceae 37. Ovary inferior; capsule 2-loculed, many-seeded, opening at the top; stamens 5, the anthers cohering in a tube around the style 122. Lobeliaceae Section 8. Dicotyledonous Herbs With Toothed or Lobed Alternate Leaves 1. Flowers sessile, small, in dense heads on a common receptacle surrounded or subtended by an involucre of bracts; fruit an achene 125. Compositae 1. Flowers not as above. 2. Fruit and ovary covered with hooked bristles; corolla minute, greenish yellow; leaves deeply lobed; flowers in small compact head-like umbels Sanicula in 92. Umbelliferae 2. Fruit and ovary never with hooked bristles. 3. Leaves conspicuously lobed. 4. Corolla of united petals (sympetalous). 5. Corolla irregular 108. Scrophulariaceae 5. Corolla regular. 6. Stems usually twining; plants with milky juice 105. Convolvulaceae 6. Stems not climbing; plants with watery juice. 7. Styles 2 106. Hydrophyllaceae 7. Style 1 107. Solanaceae 4. Corolla of separate petals, or petals absent. 8. Calyx-lobes 3; flowers small, sessile, axillary, greenish, apetalous; upper leaves toothed, the lower ones deeply pinnately lobed ; plants of wet habitats; fruit sharply angled Proserpinaca in 119. HaloraGACEAE 8. Calyx-lobes or sepals more than 3. 9. Sepals and petals each 4. 10. Ovary superior; stamens 6; capsule 2-valved 18. Cruciferae 10. Ovary inferior; stamens 8; capsule 4-valved 83. Onagraceae 9. Sepals 5 or 6 (or 0 in sp. of Atriplex) . 11. Petals none; flowers small, green or greenish; fruit an achene or utricle. 12. Leaves stipulate; sepals 6; stamens 6; fruit an achene 32. Polygon aceae 12. Leaves without stipules; sepals 5 (or 0 in sp. of Atri- plex) ; stamens 5; fruit a utricle ....27. Chenopodiaceae 11. Petals usually present. 13. Flowers regular. 14. Ovary inferior; stamens numerous; fruit a capsule 80. LoAs aceae 14. Ovary superior. 15. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), free or nearly so; ovan.- 5-lobed. each lobe becoming a 1 -seeded nutlet 36. Geraniaceae 24 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 15. Stamens more than 10. 16. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-loculed; fruit a capsule, or of 5 or more carpels arranged in a ring 23. Malvaceae 16. Stamens free; anthers 2-loculed; fruit an achene. 17. Stamens perigynous 53. Rosaceae 17. Stamens hypogynous ....3. Ranunculaceae 13. Flowers irregular. 18. Leaves with stipules; stamens 5; fruit a capsule 1 1. Violaceae 18. Leaves without stipules; stamens many; fruit an achene or a follicle 3. Ranunculaceae 3. Leaves not lobed, merely toothed, or sinuate. 19. Petals more or less united; fruit a capsule or berry. 20. Ovary inferior; corolla blue or red (rarely white). 21. Corolla split down one side, irregular; stamens united by their anthers 122. Lobeliaceae 21. Corolla not split, regular; stamens free 121. Campanulaceae 20. Ovary superior; flowers not red or blue. 22. Stamens 5. 23. Calyx spurred, petal-like; flowers axillary; leaves exstipu- late; plants smooth and succulent ....41. Balsaminaceae 23. Calyx not spurred or petal-like. 24. Flowers in spikes or racemes; fruit a smooth capsule Verbascum in 108. Scrophulariaceae 24. Flowers axillary or in cymes; fruit a berry or a spiny capsule 107. Solan aceae 22. Stamens 4 or 2. 25. Low branching odoriferous glandular annuals with cor- date oblique leaves; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed; capsule 8-15 cm long, the curved beak longer than the body 1 14. Martvniaceae 25. Erect perennials; sepals 4; corolla campanulate, 2-3- lobed; stamens 2; capsule short, emarginate Synthyris in 108. Scrophulariaceae 19. Petals separate or none. 26. Petals none. 27. Plants with stinging hairs; leaves petioled, serrate, stipulate; flowers in axillary cymes, unisexual; sepals 5; stamen 1; style 1 ; fruit an achene Laportea in 73. Urticaceae 27. Plants without stinging hairs. 28. Stamens numerous; petals 0; sepals petal-like, bright yellow; pistils 3-12; plants glabrous, succulent, with hollow stems and cordate or reniform leaves Caltha in 3. Ranunculaceae 28. Stamens fewer. 29. Styles 5 or 6 ; stamens twice the number of the sepals; flowers perfect, in 1 -sided spikes or cymes; stipules none; fruit many-seeded, dehiscent Penthorum in 60. Crassulaceae 29. Styles 1-3, Jones : Flora of Illinois 25 30. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule; stigmas fringed; leaves with small stipules Acalypha in 43. Euphorbiaceae 30. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle; stipules none. 31. Flowers with scarious bracts 28. Amaranthaceae 31. Flowers bractless 27. Chenopodiaceae 26. Petals present. 32. Ovary inferior; stamens usually twice as many (rarely the same number) as the petals and calyx-lobes; fruit a cap- sule, rarely indehiscent 83. Onagraceae 32. Ovary or ovaries superior. 33. Corolla irregular. 34. One of the petals spurred. 35. Stipules present; ovary 1-loculed 11. Violaceae 35. Stipules none; ovary 5-loculed; plants smooth and succulent 41. Balsaminaceae 34. Flowers not spurred; stipules none; ovary 2-loculed 42. Polygalaceae 33. Corolla regular or nearly so, not spurred. 36. Sepals and petals each 4; stamens 6 (rarely 2) ; fruit a pod; stipules none 18. Cruciferae 36. Sepals 5; petals usually 5, rarely 1-3. 37. Sepals separate; petals yellow; fruit achenes 3. Ranunculaceae 37. Sepals united, at least below. 38. Leaves mostly basal, more or less hairy, the blades roundish, cordate at the base; flowers paniculate Heuchera in 62. Saxifragaceae 38. Leaves mostly on the stem. 39. Stipules none; leaves thickish; plants glabrous; stamens free 60. Crass ulaceae 39. Stipules present; leaves not succulent; plants usually more or less pubescent. 40. Stamens monadelphous; plants often with stellate hairs ....23. Malvaceae 40. Stamens free, perigynous; pubescence not stellate ....Geum in 53. Rosaceae Section 9. Parasitic or .Saprophytic Herbs; Stems Not Climbing or Twining 1. Flowers regular. 2. Ovary superior; stamens 6-12; plant waxy-white or reddish, drying black Monotropa in 93. Ericaceae 2. Ovary inferior; plants annual, very small 139. Burmanniaceae 1. Flowers irregular. 3. Ovary inferior; petals and sepals each 3, distinct 140. Orchidaceae 3. Ovary superior; corolla 2-lippcd 113. Orobanchaceae 26 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Section 10. Plants Twining or Climbing; or Cacti 1. Cactus plants, with conspicuously jointed stems, the internodes flattened, succulent, bristly or spiny; leaves none, or reduced to bristles; flowers perfect, regular, solitary, showy ; sepals, petals, and stamens numerous 79. Cactaceae 1. Not cactus plants; stems twining or climbing; plants sometimes with tendrils. 2. Plants with tendrils. 3. Leaves entire. 4. Flowers in umbels; perianth 6-parted; stamens 6; stigmas thick, almost sessile; fruit a berry; leaves with 3 or more principal veins from the base Smilax in 130. Liliaceae 4. Flowers in slender axillary and terminal racemes; calyx 5-parted; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; fruit an obtusely triangular achene enclosed in the indurated calyx; leaves with 1 main vein Brunnichia in 32. Polygonaceae 3. Leaves lobed or toothed, or compound. 5. Flowers solitary, perfect; petals separate; stipules present 78. Passifloraceae 5. Flowers unisexual, in racemes or corymbs. 6. Petals united; fruit a pepo 81. Cucurbitaceae 6. Petals separate; fruit an inflated capsule 45. Sapindaceae 2. Plants without tendrils. 7. Leaves somewhat peltate, the petiole attached on the underside of the blade near the margin, the blades usually angled or lobed; fruit juicy, 1-seeded; flowers small, in axillary panicles 10. Menispermaceae 7. Leaves not peltate. 8. Leaves opposite or whorled. 9. Leaves entire. 10. Plants with milky juice: petals 5, united; fruit a follicle; seeds with silky hairs. 11. Stamens distinct; flowers cymose 99. Apocynaceae 11. Filaments united into a tube enclosing the pistil, the an- thers adnate to the stigma, and the pollen cohering in masses 100. Asclepiadaceae 10. Plants without milky juice. 12. Sepals 4, petal-like; petals 0; stamens numerous; style per- sistent on the achene, often pubescent Clematis in 3. Ranu.nculaceae 12. Flowers otherwise. 13. Perianth 6-parted; stamens 6; plants dioecious; fruit a 3-angled capsule 137. Dioscoreaceae 13. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5; flowers perfect; fruit a follicle; seeds with a tuft of hairs Ampelamus in 100. Asclepiadaceae 9. Leaves toothed or lobed. 14. Leaves triangular-hastate; flowers pink, in small heads Mikania in 125. Compositae 14. Leaves not triangular-hastate; flowers green, unisexual, in cat- kins or panicles 72. Cannabinaceae 8. Leaves alternate, or reduced to inconspicuous scales. 15. Plants with chlorophyll, not parasitic; leaves not reduced to scales. Jones: Flora of Illinois 27 16. Leaves with sheathing stipules; corolla none; calyx 5-lobed; flowers perfect; fruit an achene 32. Polygonaceae 16. Leaves without sheathing stipules. 17. Plants dioecious; perianth 6-parted ; stamens 6. 18. Flowers in drooping racemes or panicles; styles 3, dis- tinct; fruit a 3-angled or -winged capsule 137. DiOSCOREACEAE 18. Flowers in umbels: stigmas thick, almost sessile; fruit a small bluish black berry SmiUix in 130. Liliaceae 17. Flowers perfect; corolla sympetalous; stamens 5. 19. Corolla funnelform; fruit a capsule; plants often with milky juice 105. Convolvulaceae 19. Corolla rotate, purple or blue (or white) ; anthers yellow, connivent around the style, opening by api- cal pores; berries red; juice watery Solanum dulcamara in 107. Solanaceae 15. Plants bright yellow or orange, parasitic on other plants and lacking chlorophyll; leaves reduced to scales; fruit a capsule Cuscuta in 105. Convolvulaceae Section II. Aquatic Plants, Floating on or Submerged in Water 1. Plants very small, free-floating, thalloid, without stems and leaves 142. Lemnaceae 1. Plants larger, normally with leaves and usually with stems. 2. Leaves entire or finely toothed. 3. Blades roundish, cordate at base, or peltate; flowers large, solitary. 4. Leaves peltate; carpels immersed in a fleshy turbinate receptacle 6. Nelumbonaceae 4. Leaves and carpels otherwise 5. Nymphaeaceae 3. Blades neither cordate nor peltate. 5. Floating leaves spatulate; leaves opposite, small; flowers minute, unisexual, sessile, 1-3 in the axils; stamen I; styles 2, filiform; fruit 4-lobed, notched at the apex 85. Callitrichaceae 5. Leaves never spatulate. 6. Plants acaulescent; leaves long, linear; fertile flowers on long slender scapes; fruit many-seeded Vallisneria in 138. Hydrocharitaceae 6. Plants with stems. 7. Leaves alternate, or all basal, or imperfectly opposite. 8. Flowers green, in spikes; sepals 4; stamens 4; carpels usually 4; stipules present, membranous; fruit 1-seeded 129. Potamogetonaceae 8. Flowers not green. 9. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 10. Ovary or ovaries superior. 11. Ovaries several or many, simple, 1-ovuled, forming achenes 126. Alismaceae 11. Ovary one, compound; fruit several-seeded 134. Pontederiaceae 10. Ovary inferior 138. Hydrocharitaceae 9. Leaves net-veined. 28 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 12. Ovary 1-ovuled; fruit 1-seeded; flowers rose-pink, in a spike-like panicle; stipules united to form a cylindri- cal membranous sheath Polygonum in 32. Polygonaceae 12. Ovary with 2 or more ovules: fruit a capsule. 13. Ovary superior Neobeckia in 18. Cruciferae 13. Ovary inferior 83. Onagraceae 7. Leaves opposite or whorled. 14. Aquatic monocotyledons. 15. Perianth 3- or 6-parted ; fruit several-seeded; leaves 5-15 mm long, minutely spinulose-toothed Elodea in 138. Hydrocharitaceae 15. Perianth none; fruit 1-seeded. 16. Leaves spinulose-toothed; carpel 1 ...128. Naiadaceae 16. Leaves entire; carpels 2-5 ....129. Potamogetonaceae 14. Dicotyledons; stamens 4. 17. Corolla absent or of separate petals 83. Onagraceae 17. Corolla sympetalous ...Bacopa in 108. Scrophulariaceae 2. Leaves, or most of them, deeply lobed or divided. 18. Leaves finely dissected (or sometimes root-like), often bearing small bladders; flowers (in our species) yellow, bilabiate; fruit a capsule 112. Lextibulariaceae 18. Leaves not bladder-bearing, all or most of them finely dissected. 19. Flowers white or yellow, solitary. 20. Floating leaves peltate, narrowly elliptical, 1.5-2 cm long; sub- merged leaves opposite or verticillate; petals 3; sepals 3; pistils 3 4. Cabombaceae 20. Floating leaves, if any, not peltate. 21. Leaves alternate; petals 5; sepals 5; pistils more than 3 Ranunculus in 3. Ranunculaceae 21. Leaves opposite, the upper lanceolate, serrate; heads soli- tary, radiate; rays 6-10, yellow; achenes 1-1.5 cm long, with 3-6 slender awns Bidens in 125. Compositae 19. Flowers small, green or whitish. 22. Flowers green, minute; leaves alternate or whorled. 23. Leaves simple, entire 86. Hippuridaceae 23. Leaves not entire. 24. Leaves all dissected into rather rigid divisions; fruit 1- seeded Ceratophyllaceae 24. Upper leaves sometimes merely pectinate; fruit 4-lobed 84. Halor.\gaceae 22. Flowers whitish, whorled at the nodes of the erect, hollow, in- inflated, almost leafless flowering stem; corolla 5-lobed; sepals 5, linear; stamens 5, included; fruit a many-seeded capsule Hottonia in 97. Primulaceae Section 12. Trees or Shrubs (Including Woody Climbers) With Opposite or Whorled Leaves 1. Leaves compound. 2. Leaflets 3 or 2. 3. Stems climbing or trailing. Jones: Flora of Illinois 29 4. Leaflets 2, ovate, cordate, acuminate, entire, dark green; tendrils branched; cymes 2-4-flowered ; corolla red, 4-5 cm long; stamens 4; capsules linear, 10-20 cm long; seeds winged, elliptical; cross- section of wood showing a cross Bignonia in 109. Bignoniaceae 4. Leaflets 3, coarsely toothed; tendrils none; plants dioecious, the flowers white, numerous in panicles; stamens numerous; achenes pubescent, plumose Clematis in 3. Ranu.xculaceae 3. Stems not climbing or trailing. 5. Leaflets coarsely toothed; flowers greenish, unisexual; fruit a pair of samaras Acer negundo in 50. Aceraceae 5. Leaflets finely serrate; flowers whitish, perfect; fruit an inflated, 3- lobed capsule 46. Staphyleaceae 2. Leaflets 5-11 (rarely 3-5). 6. Leaves palmately compound, the leaflets, serrate, straight-veined; flowers irregular, in large panicles, most of them sterile ; capsule leathery, smooth or spiny, usually with a single large glossy seed 47. HiPPOCASTANACEAE 6. Leaves pinnately compound. 7. Plants climbing or trailing; leaflets 9-11, serrate, 3-6 cm long; flowers perfect, the corolla red, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, 6-9 cm long; capsules cylindrical, 8-12 cm long Campsis in 109. Bignoniaceae 7. Erect trees or shrubs. 8. Branches with a large pith; fruit a drupe; flowers regular, per- fect, numerous, small, whitish, cymose; stamens 5; ovary inferior Sambucus in 120. Caprifoliaceae 8. Branches with a small pith; fruit a samara; flowers small, green- ish, unisexual, appearing before the leaves. 9. Leaflets 3-5 (rarely 7-9), at least some of them usually coarsely toothed; samaras in pairs; stamens 4-6 Acer negundo in 50. Aceraceae 9. Leaflets 5-11, entire to shallowly serrate; samaras single; sta- mens 2 Fraxinus in 98. Oleaceae 1 . Leaves simple. 10. Margins toothed or lobed. 11. Margins toothed, not lobed; shrubs. 12. Young branchlets often somewhat quadrangular; leaves serru- late; flowers perfect, axillary, greenish or purplish; petals 4-6; calyx 4-5-cIeft; stamens 4-5, inserted on the disk; fruit deeply 3-5-lobed Euonymus in 44. Celastraceae 12. Branchlets terete or nearly so. 13. Leaves evergreen, small, oval, crenate above the middle; stems slender, trailing; flowers in pairs, nodding, pink, fra- grant, about 1 cm long Linnaea in 120. Caprifoliaceae 13. Leaves otherwise. 14. Margins dentate or sharply serrate; ovary inferior. 15. Principal lateral veins 1-5 pairs; corolla of 4 separate petals; stamens more than 5; capsule many-seeded 55. Hydra ngeaceae 15. Principal lateral veins 5-10 pairs; corolla sympetalous, 5-lobed or 2-lipped, the 5 stamens inserted in the tube; fruit a 1 -seeded drupe or a many-seeded cap- sule 120. Caprifoliaceae 30 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 14. Margins crenate; ovary superior; stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite them; fruit a drupe Rhamnus in 51. Rhamnaceae 11. Margins lobed and often toothed. 16. Lobes acute, toothed. 17. Trees; styles 2; fruit a pair of samaras 50. Aceraceae 17. Shrubs; style 3-lobed; fruit a 1-seeded drupe Viburnum in 120. Caprifoliaceae 16. Lobes obtuse, entire; shrubs; stamens 5, inserted on the pink sympetalous corolla; fruit a 2-seeded drupe Symphoricarpos in 120. Caprifoliaceae 10. Margins entire, or merely undulate or slightly crenulate or denticulate. 18. Plants parasitic on the branches of trees; leaves thick, leather)'; fruit a berry 89. Loranthaceae 18. Not parasitic. 19. Leaves beneath, and branchlets covered with minute silvery scales; flowers small, axillary, unisexual; calyx 4-parted; corol- la 0; stamens 8; fruit a drupe 77. Elaeagnaceae 19. Leaves not sihery. 20. Leaves with small black dots; low shrubs; flowers yellow, cymose; sepals and petals each 4 or 5; stamens numerous; fruit a capsule 19. Hypericaceae 20. Leaves not black dotted. 21. Leaves large (15-50 cm long), ovate or cordate. 22. Leaves usually in whorls of 3; flowers whitish, marked with yellow and purple; anther-bearing stamens 2; capsules cylindrical Catalpa in 109. Bignoniaceae 22. Leaves opposite; flowers purple; anther-bearing sta- mens 4; capsules ovoid Paulownia in 109. Bignoniaceae 21. Leaves usually smaller. 23. Twining or climbing shrubs; flowers perfect; corolla sympetalous. 24. Follicles 2, slender, many-seeded; seeds comose; calyx glandular inside; corolla regular Trachelosperrnurn in 99. Apocynaceae 24. Fruit a few-seeded berry; corolla irregular Lonicera in 120. Caprifoliaceae 23. Erect shrubs or small trees. 25. Leaves slightly crenate near the middle, lanceo- late, acuminate at each end; plants dioecious or polygamous, the flowers apetalous, or petals small and deciduous; stamens 2-4; drupe with 1, or rarely 2 seeds Forestlera in 98. Oleaceae 25. Leaves entire, not acuminate. 26. Leaves short-petioled. 27. Bark of stems and branches more or less loose and shreddy; ovary inferior; calyx and corolla 5-lobed 120. Caprifoliaceae Jones: Flora of Illinois 31 27. Bark smooth; ovary superior; corolla and calyx 4-lobed; stamens 2: flowers small, white, regular, in terminal panicles; fruit a 2-loculcd, 1-2-seedcd, black, berry-like drupe Ligustrum in 98. Oleaceae 26. Leaves with petioles usually 1 cm or more in length; calyx and corolla each 4-lobed; stamens 4. 28. Leaves glabrous, or sparsely pubescent along the midvein, at least the upper ones usually in whorls of three; flowers in globose heads Cephalanthus in 119. Rubiaceae 28. Leaves pubescent, at least on the lower surface, never whorled; flowers in cymes 90. CORNACEAE Section 13. Trees or Shrubs With Alternate, Compound Leaves 1. Leaves once compound, i.e., not decompound. 2. Leaflets 3. 3. Prickles present. 4. Flowers rose; carpels enclosed in a hypanthium ("hip") which be- comes red and succulent in fruit; achenes bony Rosa in 53. Rosaceae 4. Flowers white; fruit of several or many fleshy drupelets inserted on a convex receptacle Rubus in 53. Rosaceae 3. Prickles none. 5. Leaflets silky-pubescent; stipules present; flowers yellow, perfect; achenes densely pubescent Potentilla in 53. Rosaceae 5. Leaflets not silky-pubescent, either glabrous or only short-pubescent; stipules absent; flowers greenish; plants polygamous or dioecious. 6. Leaflets sessile, pellucid-punctate; fruit a suborbicular samara, 1.5-3 cm in diameter Ptelea in 34. Rutaceae 6. Leaflets, at least the terminal one, petiolulate; fruit a drupe 49. Anacardiaceae 2. Leaflets more than 3. 7. Leaves palmately compound. 8. Stems prickly; tendrils none; stamens numerous Rubus in 53. Rosaceae 8. Stems not prickly; tendrils present; stamens 5. 7. Leaves pinnately compound. 9. Leaflets entire or undulate, or remotely denticulate. 10. Leaflets 3-7, silky-pubescent, revolute-margined; flowers yellow; fruit an achene; shrub 30-100 cm tall Potentilla in 53. Rosaceae 10. Leaflets 5-51. 11. Leaflets with pellucid dots; flowers greenish yellow in small axillary cymes, appearing before the leaves; branches often with sharp stout stipular prickles; fruit ellipsoid, 4-6 nmi long, 1-seeded, spicy flavored Zanthoxylum in 34. Rutaceae 11. Leaflets without pellucid dots. 32 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 12. Fruit a pod; flowers often papilionaceous 54. Leguminosae 12. Fruit a drupe; flowers never papilionaceous 49. Anacardiaceae 9. Leaflets more or less toothed. 13. Leaflets 11-41, entire except for two or more coarse teeth at the base, lanceolate, 7-15 cm long; leaves 20-90 cm long, ill- scented; flowers small, greenish, polygamous, in erect panicles 10-30 cm long; samaras 3-4 cm long, twisted, with the com- pressed seed in the middle 35. Simarubaceae 13. Leaflets with numerous teeth. 14. Stipules none; flowers greenish. 15. Trees; staminate flowers in catkins; fruit a nut 67. Juglandaceae 15. Shrubs; flowers in panicles; fruit a drupe 49. Anacardiaceae 14. Stipules present (sometimes soon disappearing) ; flowers not green or in catkins 53. Rosaceae 1. Leaves 2-3-compound. 16. Petioles and midribs often with small prickles; leaflets ovate, acute, ser- rate to entire; flowers small, white, in umbels; drupes numerous, small, black, ovoid; shrub or small tree with prickly branches Aralia spinosa in 91. Araliaceae 16. Petioles and midribs never spiny; fruit a legume. 17. Leaflets 12-28, obtuse, 2-3.5 cm long, remotely denticulate; trees, usually with spines on the trunk and branches Gleditsia in 54. Leguminosae 17. Leaflets 30-60, acute, 4-8 cm long, entire; trees without spines Gyrnnocladus in 54. Leguminosae Section 14. Trees or Shrubs (Including Woody Climbers) With Alternate Simple Entire Leaves 1. Branches or stems more or less prickly or spiny. 2. Leaves usually with a pair of tendrils at the base of the petiole Srnilax in 130. Liliaceae 2. Tendrils absent. 3. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; twigs with sharp spines; flowers small, greenish, unisexual; fruit yellow, as large as a grape- fruit; trees with milky juice Madura in 71. Moraceae 3. Leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, often fascicled on short lateral branchlets. 4. Trailing or climbing shrubs with arching or spreading light gray an- gular branches; flowers greenish purple; berries red, many-seeded Lyciuni in 107. Solan aceae 4. Erect shrubs or small tree; flowers white; drupe black, 1 -seeded 96. Sapotaceae 1. Plants without spines or prickles. 5. Plants prostrate or climbing. 6. Stems prostrate; tendrils none 93. Ericaceae 6. Stems climbing or twining. 7. Tendrils usually present at base of petioles; flowers in umbels, green- ish; fruit a berry Smilax in 130. Liliaceae 7. Tendrils none. Jones: Flora of Illinois 33 8. Flowers axillary; leaves cordate; fruit a capsule 87. Aristolochiaceae 8. Flowers in small cymes, purple (or rarely white) ; berries ovoid, red Solarium dulcamara in 107. Solan'aceae 5. Plants erect; trees or shrubs. 9. Leaves cordate, palmately veined; pods 6-8 cm long; shrub or small tree Cercis in 54. Leguminosae 9. Leaves not cordate. 10. Leaves bristle-tipped Quercus in 65. Fagaceae 10. Leaves not bristle-tipped. 11. Stipules usually present. 12. Flowers large, greenish yellow, white, or purplish, solitary; trees 1 . Magxoliaceae 12. Flowers not as above. 13. Flowers in catkins; fruit a capsule 69. Salicaceae 13. Flowers axillary; fruit a drupe 51. Rhamnaceae 1 1. Stipules none. 14. Leaves somewhat palmately veined with 3 principal veins from near the base, often with one or more lateral lobes; leaves and bark spicy-aromatic Sassafras in 74. Lauraceae 14. Leaves pinnately veined or 1-veined. 15. Pith of the twigs chambered, or divided by woody plates; trees with imperfect flowers. 16. Leaves crowded towards the ends of the branches; twigs soon glabrous; drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, 1- seeded; flowers 5-merous ....Nyssa in 90. Cornaceae 16. Leaves not crowded; young twigs pubescent; berry large, globose, 4-12-seeded, reddish yellow and sweet when ripe, astringent when green 94. Ebenaceae 15. Pith continuous; flowers perfect. 17. Leaves large, 15-40 cm long at maturity, oblanceo- late; buds naked, reddish-pubescent; flowers axil- lary, dark purple or green, 2-4 cm in diameter; sepals 3 ; petals 6 ; stamens numerous, in a globose mass surrounding the pistils 2. Annonaceae 17. Leaves smaller. 18. Leaves evergreen. 19. Leaves scale-like, numerous, 1-2 mm long, closely imbricated, hoary-pubescent; flow- ers yellow; fruit an ovoid, 3-angled, gla- brous 1-2-seeded capsule; heath-like shrubs 10-30 cm tall 12. Cistaceae 19. Leaves larger, fewer; flowers not yellow; cap- sules many-seeded 93. Ericaceae 18. Leaves deciduous. 20. Base of petiole hollow, covering the lateral buds; terminal bud absent; leaves oval; bark tough and fibrous; flowers pale yel- low, appearing before the leaves; fruit an ellipsoid drupe Dirca in 76. Thymelaeaceae 20. Petioles otherwise; terminal bud present. 34 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 21. Leaves glabrous or more or less pubes- cent, but not strigillose beneath. 22. Leaves minutely resinous-dotted be- neath, elliptical-obovate, ciliolate; flowers in axillary drooping ra- cemes; corolla ellipsoid, greenish or pink Gaylussacia in 93. Ericaceae 22. Leaves not resinous-dotted. 23. Petioles usually 1 cm or more in length ; ovary superior. 24. Bark spicy-aromatic ; buds scaly; drupe red, 1 cm long at maturity Lindera in 74. Lauraceae 24. Bark not aromatic; winter buds naked ; drupe 6-8 mm in diameter, dark purple when ripe Rhamnus in 51. Rhamnaceae 23. Petioles shorter; buds scaly; ovary inferior; fruit a several-seeded berry Vaccinium in 93. Ericaceae 21. Leaves strigillose and pale green beneath; lateral veins running parallel to the margins, the upper ones ending in the apex; petals 4; sepals 4; flowers white, cymose; fruit a bluish black drupe 6-8 mm in diameter Cornus alternifolia in 90. Cornaceae Section 15. Trees and Shrubs With Alternate, .Simple, Lobcd Leaves 1. Leaves palmately veined and lobed. 2. Plants climbing by tendrils 52. Vitaceae 2. Plants not climbing; tendrils none. 3. Some of the leaves usually 3-lobcd, not serrate, aromatic Sassafras in 74. Lauraceae 3. Leaves usually serrate or sinuate-dentate as well as lobed. 4. Trees. 5. Leaf-lobes not serrate or sinuate; blades white-tomentose beneath at first; flowers and fruits in catkins ....Populus in 69. Salicaceae 5. Leaf-lobes serrate or sinuate-toothed. 6. Flowers and fruits in dense, globose heads. 7. Leaf-lobes serrate; leaves glabrous or pubescent, never white- tomentose; 2-year-old branchlets often corky-ridged Liquidamba? in 58. Hamamelidaceae 7. Leaf-lobes sinuate-toothed; blades white-tomentose beneath when young, becoming nearly glabrous at maturity; branchlets terete; bark exfoliating 59. Platanaceae 6. Staminate flowers in catkins; pistillate flowers ripening into a succulent multiple fruit (a mulberry) ; leaf-lobes serrate- dentate Morus in 71. Moraceae Jones: Flora of Illinois 35 4. Shrubs. 8. Stamens 5; ovary inferior; fruit a berry; branches sometimes spiny or prickly 57. Grossulariaceae 8. Stamens numerous; ovaries superior, separate, or united at the base, becoming follicles or drupelets; branches never spiny 53. ROSACEAE 1. Leaves pinnately veined. 9. Lobes of the leaves serrate or crenate. 10. Fruit of 2-5 follicles; bark shreddy; flowers in corymbs; branches never spiny Physocarpus in 53. Rosaceae 10. Fruit a pome; branches often spiny. 11. Flowers in cymes; styles united below the middle; pome large, the carpels papery or leathery; branches (but not the twigs) some- times with rather blunt spines Malus in 53. Rosaceae 11. Flowers in corymbs; pomes small, the carpels bony; branches (and twigs) often with sharp spines Crataegus in 53. Rosaceae 9. Lobes of the lea\es not serrate. 12. Leaves with a truncate apex and two broad lateral lobes; buds cov- ered by the membranous stipules; flowers large Liriodendron in 1 . Magnoliaceae 12. Leaves not truncate at apex; flowers small. 13. Leaves pinnatifid with many rounded lobes on each side of the midvein; monoecious shrub with fragrant foliage; flowers in erect catkins; fruit an ovoid nutlet surrounded by subulate bracts 68. Myricaceae 13. Leaves with few lobes. 14. Leaves with three principal \'eins from the base, aromatic; flowers yellow, 6-8 mm broad, in racemes 3-5 cm long Sassafras in 74. L.\uraceae 14. Leaves with one vein from the base, not aromatic; flowers greenish, the staminate in catkins; fruit an acorn Quercus in 65. Fagaceae Section 16. Trees and Shrubs With Alternate, Simple Leaves, the Blades Toothed but Not Lobed 1. Base of blade symmetrical or nearly so. 2. Flowers, at least the staminate (except Fagus) in catkins. 3. Fruit a small several-seeded capsule, the seeds with a tuft of silky hairs; both staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins; stigmas 2, often 2-lobed (sometimes 3) ; dioecious shrubs or trees 69. Salicaceae 3. Fruit not a capsule; seeds without a tuft of silky hairs; styles 2 or 3. 4. Fruit a 1-loculed, 1-seeded nut; plants monoecious. 5. Styles 3 65. Fagaceae 5. Styles 2-cleft, or stigmas 2 66. Betulaceae 4. Fruit a juicy multiple fruit; plants often with milky juice; styles 2 71. Moraceae 2. Flowers never in catkins. 6. Leaves with 1 principal vein from the base. 7. Leaves with 15-25 pairs of nearly straight, conspicuous lateral veins; margins sharply double-serrate; fruit a samara 70. Ui.maceae 7. Leaves with fewer, less conspicuous veins; fruit not a samara. 8. Stamens fewer than 15. 36 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 9. Anthers opening by apical pores; pith of the branches soHd 93. Ericaceae 9. Anthers opening lengthwise; flowers white or greenish. 10. Pith chambered, or separated by woody plates. 11. Leaves stellate-pubescent beneath; flowers perfect, white, nodding, on slender pedicels; calyx 4-toothed; petals 4, united below; fruit dry, bony within, 1-seeded, 4- winged Halesia in 95. Styracaceae 11. Leaves not stellate-pubescent. 12. Flowers greenish, unisexual; fruit a drupe - Nyssa in 90. Cornaceae 12. Flowers white, perfect; fruit a 2-valved, ellipsoid, 2- loculed, several-seeded capsule tipped with the 2 styles 56. Escalloniaceae 10. Pith solid. 13. Stems climbing, twining or trailing; leaves elliptical to roundish, finely serrate, glabrous; flowers in terminal racemes; capsules subglobose, yellow, with crimson seeds Celastrus in 44. Celastraceae 13. Stems erect. 14. Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils; fruit a small, berry-like drupe with 4-8 bony nutlets 48. Aquifoliaceae 14. Flowers in small dense panicles or corymbs; fruit a 3- loculed capsule, or drupaceous 51. Rhamnageae 8. Stamens 15 or more; fruit a drupe, pome, or follicle 53. ROSACEAE 6. Leaves with 3 or more principal veins from the base. 15. Leaves cordate, slender-petioled, abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate; trees 22. Tiliaceae 15. Leaves not cordate. 16. Low shrub; pith continuous; flowers white; fruit a capsule; leaves ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, short-petioled, finely toothed Ceanothus in 51. Rhamnaceae 16. Trees or shrubs; pith of branches chambered; flowers greenish, apetalous; fruit a red drupe; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lance- olate, acuminate, scabrous Celtis in 70. Ulmaceae 1. Base of blade noticeably asymmetrical. 17. Leaves sinuately or obtusely toothed, obovate or oval; flowers appearing in autumn when the leaves are falling; petals 4, yellow, linear; calyx 4-parted; stamens 8, short; styles 2; fruit a capsule Hamamelis in 58. Hamamelidaceae 17. Leaves serrate; flowers appearing in spring; fruit not a capsule. 18. Leaves cordate, glabrous, or the lower surface pubescent or with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins; flov/ers appearing after the leaves, in drooping cymes, small, fragrant, the peduncle united with the membranous bract: fruit small, globose indehiscent 22. Tiliaceae 18. Leaves scabrous or hispidulous; flowers apetalous, appearing with or before the leaves. 19. Flowers in catkins; leaf-buds acute Ostrya in 66. Betulaceae 19. Flowers not in catkins; leaf-buds obtuse 70. Ulmaceae Jones: Flora of Illinois 37 Section 17. Flowers on Leafless (or Almost Leafless) Twigs 1. Leaf-buds and leaf-scars opposite. 2. Flowers perfect, large, violet, in terminal panicles; leaves large, cordate, petioled, pubescent; fruit a capsule with numerous small winged seeds Paulownia in 1 09. Bignoniaceae 2. Flowers unisexual (rarely perfect), the plants dioecious, polygamous, or monoecious; styles or stigmas 2; fruit of samaras. .3. Bud-scales scurfy brown or black; bundle-scars forming a crescent- shaped line; calyx small, 4-cleft or obsolete; stamens usually 2; fruit a single samara Fraxinus in 98. Oleaceae 3. Bud-scales not scurfy, paler; bundle-scars not forming a curved line; calyx usually 5-lobed; stamens 4-10, usually 8; fruit a pair of samaras 50. Aceraceae 1. Leaf -buds and leaf-scars alternate. 4. Flowers (at least the staminate) in catkins, apetalous. 5. Style 2-cleft, or stigmas 2 (or 3 or 4). 6. Perianth none. 7. Fruit a many-seeded capsule; plants dioecious 69. Salicaceae 7. Fruit a I-seeded nut; plants monoecious 66. Betulaceae 6. Perianth of 4 sepals; fruit a syncarp 71. Moraceae 5. Style or stigmas 3 (or 4) ; fruit a 1-seeded nut 65. Fagaceae 4. Flowers not in catkins. 8. Branches with sharp stipular prickles; plants dioecious; sepals 0; petals 4-5, greenish yellow; stamens 4 or 5 ; pistils 2-5; leaves pinnate Zanthoxylum in 34. Rutaceae 8. Branches not prickly; leaves simple. 9. Flowers white (or pink), perfect; petals 5; sepals 5. 10. Style 1 Prunus in 53. Rosaceae 10. Styles 5 Amelanchier in 53. Rosaceae 9. Flowers not white. 11. Corolla papilionaceous, red-purple; flowers perfect, in umbel-like clusters; stamens 10; fruit a legume Cercis in 54. Leguminosae 11. Corolla not papilionaceous; fruit not a legume. 12. Flowers with 4 linear yellow petals; calyx 4-parted; stamens 8, short; styles 2; fruit a capsule; flowers appearing in autumn when the leaves are falling Hamamelis in 58. Hamamelidaceae 12. Flowers greenish, purplish, or yellowish, appearing in spring. 13. Flowers greenish or purple. 14. Stamens numerous; petals 6; sepals 3; leaves entire, alternate 2. Annonaceae 14. Stamens 2-9; petals 0. 15. Stamens 2-4; calyx 0; leaves opposite Forestiera in 98. Oleaceae 15. Stamens 4-9, inserted on the calyx; calyx 4-9 cleft; trees with serrate alternate leaves 70. Ulmaceae 13. Flowers yellowish or yellow; leaves entire or lobed. 16. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5 49. Anacardiaceae 16 Sepals 6 or 4. 38 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 17. Calyx 6-parted; stamens 9; anthers opening by valves; flowers fragrant, in small clusters; twigs with spicy odor and flavor 74. Lauraceae 17. Calyx tubular, corolla-like, obscurely 4-toothed .... 76. Thymelaeaceae Section 18. Ferns and Fern- Allies (Lycosphens) 1. Plants attached to the substratum by roots, either growing on land or sub- merged in water, but not free-floating. 2. Leaves not quadrifoliolate or clover-like. 3. Leaves narrow, sessile, 1 -veined, subulate or linear or oval, simple, not "fern-like." 4. Leaves not whorled : stem solid, not conspicuously jointed. 5. Stems elongated, leafy. 6. Cones terete (or in some species the sporangia borne in the axils of ordinary leaves) ; spores of only one kind; leaves without a ligule 1. Lycopodiaceae 6. Cones more or less 4-angled; spores of two kinds, large (mega- spores), and small (microspores), borne in different sporangia in the same cone; ligule present 2. Selaginellaceae 5. Stem short, thick, corm-like ; leaves rush-like, in a basal tuft; plants aquatic or growing in wet soil 3. Isoetaceae 4. Leaves whorled. united to form toothed sheaths at the conspicuous nodes on grooved, usually hollow stems; sporangia in a terminal cone 4. Equisetaceae 3. Leaves usually broad and "fern-like" in most species, petiolate, often compound, with numerous or several free (rarely netted) veins. 7. Small delicate ferns with filmy translucent leaves usually consisting of a single layer of cells; sporangia sessile on a filiform receptacle within a tubular or urceolate indusium 6. Hymenophyllaceae 7. Larger ferns with the leaves membranous to coriaceous, consisting of several layers of cells; sporangia not as above. 8. Sporangia large, sessile, opening by a transverse slit, borne in a stalked terminal spike or loose panicle, the sterile blade appear- ing lateral; vernation erect or inclined 5. Ophioglossaceae 8. Sporangia small, stalked, borne in clusters (sori) on the back of ordinar>- or modified foliar leaves, or in pod-like divisions of modified leaves; vernation usually coiled. 9. Sporangia covering some or all divisions of the fertile leaves, densely crowded, short-stalked, globose, opening by a longi- tudinal slit into two valves; annulus none; veins free 7. Osmundaceae 9. Sporangia in sori on the back or margin of ordinary or modified leaves, long-stalked, opening by a nearly complete vertical ring (annulus) 8. Polypodiaceae 2. Leaves quadrifoliolate, clover-like, long-stalked ; sporocarps ovoid, borne at the base of the stalks and containing both megaspores and micro- spores; plants perennial with slender rhizomes 9. Marsileaceae 1. Plants not attached by roots, minute (5-25 mm broad), free-floating; leaves imbricated, 2-lobed; sporocarps in pairs beneath the stem „ , ,,,..,....,...,,....,..... , 10. Salviniaceae Jones: Flora of Illinois 39 Section 19. Gyninosperms 1. Leaves (and cone-scales) spirally arranged, i.e., fascicled or alternate, never opposite or whorled. 2. Fruit berry-like, red, 1 -seeded, the seed nearly enclosed by the pulpy aril; microsporophylls with 3-8 pollen-sacs; cotyledons 2; leaves linear, ever- green 1 . Taxaceae 2. Fruit a woody cone 3. Cone-scales subtended by distinct bracts; microsporophylls with 2 pollen-sacs; branchlets not deciduous 2. Pinaceae 3. Cone-scales without distinct bracts; microsporophylls with 3-8 pollen- sacs; lateral branchlets (in our species) deciduous, the leaves light green, flattened, 2-ranked; bark fibrous 3. Taxodiaceae 1. Leaves and cone-scales opposite or whorled, the leaves small, scale-like or subulate 4. Cupressaceae KEYS TO GENERA AND SPECIES Division I. Pteridophyta. Ferns and Fern-allies 1. Lycopodiaceae Rich. — Clubmoss Family 1. Lycopodium L. — Clubmoss 1. Sporangia borne in the axils of foliar leaves, not in distinct ter- minal cones. 2. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, glossy, widest above the middle, erose-denticLilate toward the apex; cool moist woods, rare L. lucidulum Michx. 2. Leaves lanceolate-linear, widest at the base, nearly or quite entire; cool woods, rare; Cook, La Salle, and Ogle counties L. porophilum Lloyd & Underw. 1. Sporangia borne in terminal cones; sporophylls similar to the foliar leaves. 3. Sterile branches creeping; Cook Co., L. N. Johyison in 1890; /. A. Steyermark in 1947 L. inundatum L. 3. Sterile branches erect; shaded sandstone ledges; Pope Co., /. W. Voigt & J. R. Swayne 1170 L. flabellijorme (Fern.) Blanch. 2. Selaginellaceae Waxming 1. Selaginella Beauv. — Selaginella L Leaves numerous, uniformly imbricated, many-ranked, subulate, short-awned; dry sandstone rocks, local; n. 111., extending southward to Henderson and La Salle counties; also Pope Co. Rock Selaginella ^. rupestris (L.) Spring 1. Leaves of two kinds, 4-ranked, spreading in two planes, ovate, acute or cuspidate; moist soil, local. Creeping Selaginella iS". apoda (L.) Morren 3. Isoetaceae Warming — Quillwort Family 1. Isoetes L. — Quillwort L Megaspores 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter, nearly smooth, or with low tubercles; microspores finely spinulose, ashy-gray; wet meadows or shallow ponds, rare; has been reported from Cook, Fulton, Madison, McHenry, Menard, St. Clair and Stark counties /. nielanopoda Gay & Dur. 1. Megaspores 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter, honeycomb-reticulate; microspores smooth or nearly so; ponds, rare. St. Clair Co /. engelmanni A.Br. 40 5. Ophioglossaceae 41 4. Equisetaceae Rich. — Horsetail Family 1. Equisetum L. 1. Stems all alike, usually simple; stomata in regular rows in the grooves. 2. Stems usually tall, 10- to 50-angled, hollow; teeth of the sheaths soon deciduous. 3. Sheaths about as long as broad, short-cylindrical, appresscd, ashy-gray, with a black band near the base; stems dark green, perennial, rough-tuberculate; cones rigidly apicu- late; moist sandy soil, common. Tall Scouring-rush [E. prealtum Raf.]* E. hyemale L. 3. Sheaths slightly longer than broad, dilated upward and some- what fimnelform, green, and usually with a narrow black rim; stems pale, annual, smooth or nearly so; cones blunt or with a small apiculus; sandy soil, common. Smooth Scouring-rush [E. kansanum Schaffner] ....E. laevigatmn A.Br. 2. Stems low, slender, 5- to 10-angled; teeth of the sheaths persist- ent; cones apiculate. 4. Stems 15-30 cm tall, 1-3 mm thick, 5- to 10-angled; central cavity one-third the diameter of the stem; sheaths 5- to 10- toothed ; cones 5-10 mm long; moist sandy soil in the n. half of the state. Variegated Scouring-rush [E. nelsoni (A.A.Eaton) SchafTner] E. variegaturn Schleich. 4. Stems 5-15 cm tall, 0.5-1 mm thick, 6-angled; central cavity absent; sheaths mostly 3-toothed; cones 3-5 mm long; moist ground, rare. Lake and McHenry counties. Dwarf Scouring-rush E. scirpoides Michx. 1. Stems annual, flexible; stomata scattered: cones blunt. 5. Stems all alike, green, usually branched at inaturity. 6. Stems 10- to 30-grooved; central cavity one-half or more the diameter of the stem; sheaths tight; along ditches or in marshes or shallow water in the n. half of the state. Water Horsetail E. fluviatile L. 6. Stems 5- to 10-angled; central cavity about one-sixth the diameter of the stem; sheaths loose; wet soil, rare. Peoria and Tazewell counties. Marsh Horsetail E. palustre L. 5. Stems of two kinds, the sterile green and branched, the fertile whitish or brownish, appearing in early spring and soon withering; moist sandy soil, common, particularly on railroad embankments. Field Horsetail E. arvense L. 5. Ophioglossaceae Presl — Adder's-tongue Family 1. Sterile blade pinnately divided; venation free; sporangia in a panicle 1. Botrychium 1. Sterile blade simple, entire; venation reticulate; sporangia in two rows in a simple slender spike 2. Ophioglossum * Synonyms appear in brackets. 42 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Botrychium Sw. — Grape Fern 1. Sterile blade stalked, attached near the base of the plant; lateral veins of the leaf-segments forked ; epidermal cells with straight walls. 2. Leaf-segments incised; woods, locally throughout 111 B. dissectum Spreng. 2. Leaf-segments merely crenate or serrulate. 3. Blades thin; segments acutish; woods, locally throughout 111. B. obliquum Muhl. 3. Blades thick, somewhat coriaceous; segments obtuse; woods, rare, n. Ill B. multifidum (S.G.Gmel.) Rupr. L Sterile blade nearly or quite sessile, attached near the middle of the plant, thin, membranous, the segments unbranched; epi- dermal cells with flexuous walls; moist woods, common B. virginianum (L.) Sw. 2. Ophioglossum L. — Adders-Tongue L Sterile blades usually 2-5, oval, apiculate, the principal veins 13 or more, forming broad areolae containing numerous included veinlets; spores pitted; hillsides, banks, thickets, chiefly on lime- stone, rare; known from Hardin, Jersey, and Randolph counties O. engelmanni Prantl I. Sterile blades usually solitary, or sometimes 2, oval, obtuse, the principal veins 7-11, forming narrow areolae containing few in- cluded veinlets; spores reticulate; meadows, open woods, swamps, moist thickets, rare; Jackson and Union counties. [O pusillurn Raf.] O. vulgatum L. 6. Hymenophyllaceae Gaud. — Filmy Fern Family 1. Trichomanes L. — Filmy Fern T. boschianum Stunn. On sandstone near a spring, Jackson Hol- low, Pope Co. First collected Aug. 2, 1923, by Mary M. Steagall 37 ; several subsequent collections from near the same locality. 7. Osmundaceae R.Br. — Royal Fern Family 1. Osmunda L. L Leaves twice pinnate, some of them fertile at the apex and form- ing an erect terminal panicle; swampy ground or wet woods, local. Royal Fern O. regalis L. 1. Leaves once pinnate. 2. Leaves of two kinds, the fertile and sterile ones separate; sterile leaves longer than the fertile, each pinna with a tuft of to- mentum at base; swampy ground; chiefly in the n. part of the state; also Pope Co. Cinnamon Fern O. ciiii^amomea L. 8. POLYPODIACEAE 43 2. Sterile and fertile leaves similar, the latter bearing 2-6 pairs of fertile pinnae near the middle: pinnae of the sterile leaves lacking tufts of tomentum at base; moist ground in woods, local. Interrupted Fern O. claytoniana L. 8. Polypodiaceae S.F.Gray — Fern Family 1. Sporangia enclosed in globose or necklace-like brownish portions of the contracted and modified fertile leaves; fertile and sterile leaves dissimilar. 2. Sterile leaves 1-pinnatifid. the veins reticulate; fertile leaves 2-pinnate; rhizome horizontal, the leaves therefore solitary 1. Onoclea 2. Sterile leaves 2-pinnatifid, the veins free; fertile leaves 1-pinnate; rhizome short, erect, the leaves therefore tufted 2. Matteuccia 1. Sporangia on the margin or back of ordinary foliar or modified leaves. 3. Indusium inferior or partly so (often evanescent). 4. Sori dorsal. 5. Indusium partly inferior, delicate, hood-like, attached by its base at one side 3. Cystopteris 5. Indusium wholly inferior, roundish at first, soon splitting ...-4. Woodsia 4. Sori marginal, in minute cup-like inferior indusia at the ends of the veins; leaves bipinnate, delicate, fragrant, sparsely glandular- pubescent 5. Dennstaedtia 3. Indusium superior or none. 6. Sori dorsal, i.e., on the back of the leaves away from the margin, or if apparently near the margin not co\ered by the revolute edge of the leaf-segments. 7. Sori roundish. 8. Stipes not jointed to the rhizome; indusium (if present) con- spicuous, but often soon deciduous. 9. Indusium orbicular, peltate; leaves (in our species) 1-pinnate, the stipe and rachis scaly, the pinnules spinulose-serrate, auriculate at the base of the upper margin 6. Polystichum 9. Indusium (lacking in some species) reniform, attached at its sinus; leaves 1-3-pinnately compound 7. Dryopteris 8. Stipes jointed to the rhizome; blades pinnately lobed; indusium none 8. Poly podium 1 . Sori elongated, oval to oblong or linear, straight or cur\ed, two or more times as long as wide. 10. Leaves simple, entire, 5-30 cm long, lanceolate, tapering from a truncate or cordate or even hastate base, rooting at the tip and thus giving rise to new plants; veins forking and anastomosing 9. Camptosorus 10. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. 11. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, small (5-40 cm long); stipes firm, slender, wiry, brown or black 10. Asplenium 11. Leaves not evergreen, herbaceous; stipes soft, stoutish, stramineous (when dry). 12. Sori in chain-like rows parallel to the midveins; veins united to form a series of narrow areolae along the midrib, elsewhere free 12. Woodwardia 12. Sori and venation otherwise 11. Athyrium 6. Sori marginal, i.e., borne at the edges of the lobes or segments of the leaves, either in definite sori or in a conspicuous line and covered bv the revolute leaf-margin. 44 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 13. Leaves pedate, the stipe forked at the summit, dark brown or black, smooth, glossy; pinnules flabellate; sori several, distinct 15. Adianturn 13. Leaves not pedate, the stipe simple; sori apparently continuous along the margin of the pinnules. 14. Sori borne near the tips of separate veins; rhizomes scaly; chiefly small, rupestral ferns. .15. Leaves delicate, strongly dimorphic; stipe straw-colored or pale brown 13. Crypto gramma 15. Leaves firm, nearly or quite uniform; stipes dark brown or blackish. 16. Leaf-blades glabrous 14. Pellaea 16. Leaf-blades pubescent 16. Cheilanthes 14. Sori borne on a heavy marginal vein extending around the lobes; leaves coarse, ternate; rhizomes horizontal, black, not scaly 17. Pteridium. 1. Onoclea L. — Sensitive Fern O. sensibilis L. Moist woods, or edges of meadows, common. 2. Matteuccia Todaro — Ostrich Fern M. struthiopteris (L.) Todaro. Wet ground, not common; n. 111., southward to Peoria Co. [Pteretis struthiopteris (L.) Nieuwl.]. 3. Cystopteris Bernh. 1. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, 20-40 cm long, the basal pair of pinnae usually slightly shorter; bulblets none; moist soil in woods, common; the most abundant fern in 111. Brittle Fern C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. 1. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 30-120 cm long when mature; axils of some of the upper pinnae usually bearing small bulblets on the lower surface; basal pair of pinnae the largest; on moist cliffs in shaded ravines, not uncommon. Bulblet Fern C. bulbifira (L.) Bernh. 4. Woodsia R.Br. 1. Leaves 20-50 cm long, minutely glandular; petiole not jointed; indusium ample, with few broad spreading jagged lobes; cliffs, not common. Clift' Fern W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. 1. Leaves 5-15 cm long, rusty-chaffy beneath; petiole jointed a short distance above its base; indusium inconspicuous, the divisions filiform; cliffs, rare; Ogle Co. Rock Woodsia !: W. ilvensis (L.) R.Br. 5. Dennstaedtia Bernh. D. puncfilobula (Michx.) Moore. Hay-scented Fern. Sandstone cliffs in wooded ravines, rare; Wabash Co., Schneck; Lusk Creek, Pope Co., Bailey & Swayne 2759. 8. Poly FODi ACE AE 45 6. Polystichum Roth — Christmas Fern P. acrostic hoides (Michx.) Schott. In wooded ravines, conmioii. 7. Dryopteris Adans. 1. Indusiuni none; leaves triangular; rhizome slender, horizontal. 2. Leaves ternate, glabrous, the three divisions stalked ; rachis not winged; wooded ravines, rare; Ogle and St. Clair counties. Oak Fern [Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee] D. disjuncta (Ledeb.) Morton 2. Leaves twice pinnatifid, pubescent or glandular beneath, the pinnae all sessile, adnate to the rachis. 3. Rachis terete and wingless above the lowest pair of pinnae; moist ravines, cliffs, and woods, rare; Henderson, La Salle, Menard, Ogle and Pulaski counties. Long Beech Fern D. phegopteris (L.) C.Chr. 3. Rachis winged above the lowest pair of pinnae by their adnate bases; rich woods and ravines, not uncommon. Broad Beech Fern D. hexagonoptera (Michx.) C.Chr. 1. Indusium present. 4. Leaves membranous, not evergreen ; vascular bundles of the stipe two, free or united ; rhizomes slender, almost without scales. 5. Lowest pinnae reduced in length, widely spaced, deflexed, the blade therefore conspicuously narrowed toward the base; margins of the pinnules flat; indusium glandular; veins mostly simple; woods and thickets, rare. New York Fern D. noveboracensis (L.) A.Gray 5. Lowest pinnae only slightly reduced; margins of the pinnules revolute; indusium ciliate; veins of the sterile blades forked; marshes, common, except in the southern counties. Marsh Fern D. thelypteris (L.) A.Gray 4. Leaves of firm texture, often evergreen; vascular bundles of the stipe five or more; rhizome stout, conspicuously scaly. 6. Leaves 1 -pinnate, or rarely 2-pinnate. 7. Sori on the margin of the obscurely crenate or entire pin- nules; leaves coriaceous; sandstone clifTs and wooded ravines, not uncommon. Marginal Wood Fern D. marginalis (L.) A.Gray 7. Sori near the midvein; pinnules toothed. 8. Leaf-blades 20-40 cm wide, ovate in outline, scarcely narrowed below; pinnae broadest near the middle; rich woods in ravines, rare; known from Fulton, Gnmdy, La Salle, McLean, Peoria, and \Vill counties. Goldie's Fern D. goldiana (Hook.) A.Gray 8. Leaf-blades narrower, elliptical in outline, narrowed at the base; lower pinnae broadest at the base; swampy 46 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 woods, rare; n. 111., known from Boone, Cook, Kan- kakee, Lake, La Salle, Ogle, and Winnebago counties. Crested Wood Fern D. cristata (L.) A.Gray 6. Leaves 2-3 pinnate, the pinnae spinulose-toothed. 9. Pinnae at right angles to the rachis; inner pinnules of the basal row equalling or shorter than the next outer ones; leaves (at least the rachis) usually with a few small scattered stipitate glands; indusium with marginal glands; moist woods, locally throughout 111., except the eastern and central counties. Common Wood Fern D. intermedia (Muhl.) A.Gray 9. Pinnae oblique to the rachis; inner pinnules of the basal row longer than the next outer ones; leaves and indusia not glandular; woods, local; n. 111.; also Pope and Union counties. Spinulose Wood Fern D. spinuhsa (O.F.Muell.) Watt 8. Polypodium L. — Polypody 1. Leaves glabrous on both sides; rocky ledges, locally abundant. [P. vulgare of auth., non L.] P. virginianum L. 1. Leaves copiously scaly-scurfy beneath; on rocks, rarely on trees; s. Ill P. polypodioides (L.) Watt 9. Camptosorus Link C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Fern. Moist rocky ledges, not rare. 10. Asplenium L. — Spleenwort 1. Stipe green at least above; rachis green throughout, flat. 2. Leaves pinnatifid, or pinnate below, lanceolate, tapering to a long narrow tip, the segments obtuse, crenate; sandstone clifTs, rare, s. 111. Pinnatifid Spleenwort ....A. pinnatifidum Nutt. 2. Leaves 2- to 3-pinnate, rhombic in outline, the segments cuneate, finely toothed at the apex; usually on calcareous cliffs; s. 111.: without definite locality, Brcndel. Rue Spleenwort [A. crypto- lepis Fern.] A. ruta-rniiraria L. 1 . Stipe dark ; rachis black or brown, or green on upper part, terete. 3. Rachis brown on lower half, green above. 4. Blades with 3-6 pairs of doubly serrate to subentire not lobed pinnae; stipes dark brown or black, not glossy; sandstone clifTs, very rare; "s. 111.", F. S. Earle about 1890. Kentucky Spleenwort A. kentuckiense T.N. McCoy 4. Blades with 8-18 pairs of lobed (or with pinnules), sharply toothed pinnae; stipes chestnut-brown, glossy; sandstone cliflfs, s. 111.; known from Jackson, Randolph, and Union counties. Cliff Spleenwort A. bradleyi D.C.Eaton 3. Rachis black or brown throughout. 8. POLYPODIAGEAE 47 5. Leaves pinnatifid, the apex caudate, the segments lanceolate, sessile, variable in size, more or less auriculate at the base; on a rocky, wooded hillside along the Mississippi R., near McClure, Alexander Co., E. J. Palmer in 1919; Jackson Co., J. McCree in 1941. Scott's Spleenwort. [Asplenium platyneuron X A. rhizophyllus; Asplenosorus X ehenoides (R.R.Scott) Wherry] X A. ehenoides R.R.Scott 5. Leaves pinnate, with 15-40 pairs of pinnae. 6. Pinnae auriculate on upper side near base, serrate. 7. Leaves vmiform, all fertile; pinnae mostly opposite, ellip- tical; rachis black; limestone cliffs, rare; Jackson and Union counties. Black Spleenwort A. resiliens Kunze 7. Leaves dimorphous, the sterile smaller, spreading; pinnae alternate, lanceolate; rachis chestnut-brown; rocky woods, not common. Ebony Spleenwort A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes 6. Pinnae crenate, oval, obtuse, not auriculate; sandstone cliffs, southern 111., local. Maidenhair Spleenwort A. trichomanes L. 1 1 . Athyrium Roth 1. Leaves bipinnate or bipinnatifid. 2. Leaves bipinnate; pinnules sharply serrate or incised; woods, local. Lady Fern. [A. filix-femiyia ex p. of Am. auth., non L. A. angustum (Willd.) Presl 2. Leaves bipinnatifid; segments crenate-serrate ; woods, not infre- quent. Silvery Spleenwort A. thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv. 1. Leaves 1 -pinnate; pinnae entire or crenulate, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; moist woods, common. Glade Fern A. pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr. 12. Woodwardia Sm. — Chain Fern W. virginica (L.) Sm. Tamarack bog near Antioch, Lake Co. 13. Cryptogramma R.Br. C. stelleri (S.G.Gmel.) Prantl. Rock-brake. On damp, usually calcareous rocks, rare; n. 111. 14. Pellaea Link — Cliff-brake Fern 1. Stipes and rachises glabrous or nearly so; leaves 5-25 cm long, pale bluish-green; chiefly calcareous rocks, local P. glabella Mett. 1. Stipes and rachises with numerous jointed hairs; leaves 10-50 cm long, grayish-green; dry calcareous rocks, not common; s. 111. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link 15. Adiantum L. — Maidenhair Fern A. pedatum L. Moist woods, fairly common throughout 111. 48 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 16. Cheilanthes Sw. — Lip Fern 1. Leaves 3-10 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, densely tomentose beneath; stipes becoming nearly or quite glabrous; indusia continuous; among rocks, principally limestone, not common; chiefly in the western and southern counties C. feei Moore 1. Leaves 10-30 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, hirsute- villosulous beneath; stipes persistently hirsute; indusia discontinuous; chiefly on non- calcareous rocks in the southern counties C. lanosa (Michx.) D.C.Eaton 17. Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. — Bracken P. latiusculum (Desv.) Hieron. Open woods, common. [Pteris aquilina and Pteridium aquilinum of auth., non L.]. 9. Marsileaceae R.Br. 1. Marsilea L. M. quadrifolia L. European Marsilea. Ponds, etc., introd. from eastern U.S.; native of Europe. Known from Jackson, McDonough, and Vermilion counties. 10. Salviniaceae Reichenb. 1. Azolla Lam. A. mexicana Presl. Mosquito Fern. Floating on stifl water, not uncommon; of local distribution, but chiefly in the western counties. Division IL Spermatophyta. Seed Plants Subdivision L Gymnospemiae. Gymnosperms 1. Taxaceae Lindl. — Yew Family 1 . Taxus L. — Yew T. canadensis Marsh. Canada Yew. Ground-hemlock. Wooded hillsides near streams, rare; n.w. 111., extending southeastward to La Salle and Kankakee counties. 2. Pinaceae Lindl. — Pine Family L Leaves evergreen, in fascicles of 2-5, surrounded at the base by a sheath; cones usually maturing the second year 1. Pinus 1. Leaves deciduous, in clusters of 20-40 on short lateral spurs; cones maturing the first year 2. Larix 1. Pinus L. — Pine 1. Leaves five in each fascicle, slender, bluish-green, 6-12 cm long; each leaf with one vascular bundle; cones cylindrical, often curved, pendent, 10-15 cm long; n. 111., known from Carroll, Cook, Jo Daviess, Lake, La Salle, Lee, Ogle and Winnebago counties. Eastern White Pine P. strobus L. 1 . Leaves two or three in a fascicle ; each leaf with two vascular bundles. 1 . Magnoliaceae 49 2. Leaves 2-4 cm long, rigid, twisted, spreading; cone-scales spine- less; n. 111., in Cook and Lake counties, and formerly in Ogle Co. Jack Pine P. banksiana Lamb. 2. Leaves 7-12 cm long, straight; cone-scales with a sharp prickle about 1 mm long; s. 111., Jackson, Randolph, and Union counties. Shortleaf Pine P. echinata Mill. 2. Larix Mill. L. laricina (DuKoi) K.Kocli. Tamarack or American Larch. Bogs in Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties. 3. Taxodiaceae Schimper 1. Taxodium Rich. T. distichum (L.) Rich. Bald Cypress. Swampy ground, s. 111., extending northward to Lawrence and Marion counties. 4. Cupressaceae Horan. 1. Branchlets flattened in one plane; leaves all scale-like; cones woody 1. Thuja I. Branchlets not flattened; some or all of the leaves usually subulate; cones berry-like or drupe-like, bluish, glaucous 2. Juniperus 1. Thuja L. — Arbor- vitae. White Cedar T. occidentalis L. Chiefly on cliffs and bluffs of St. Peter sand- stone; also in tamarack bogs; known from Cook, Kane, Lake, and La Salle counties; also Peoria, Brendel in 1853, but now extinct there. 2. Juniperus L. — Juniper 1. Leaves all subulate, sharp-pointed, mostly in threes, 7-15 mm long; low shrub with spreading or decumbent branches; sand dunes near Lake Michigan; Cook and Lake counties. Low Juniper [/. communis var. depressa Pursh ; /. communis of auth., non L.] /. canadensis Burgsd. 1. Leaves of two kinds, scale-like on the mature branchlets, subulate on the young growth, mostly opposite. 2. Tree 10-25 m tall; cones on straight peduncles; locally abun- dant on bluffs and wooded slopes. Eastern Red Cedar [/. virginiana var. crebra Fern. & Grisc] /. inrginiana L. 2. Prostrate shrub; cones on recur\ed peduncles; sand dunes near Waukegan and Lake Bluff, Lake Co., the most southerly stations for this species. Trailing Juniper /. horizontalis Moench Subdivision II. Angiospermae. Flowering Plants Class I. Dicotyledoneae (Juss.) DC. 1 . Magnoliaceae J.St.Hil. — Magnolia Family 1. Leaves entire, acute or acuminate; buds pubescent 1. Magnolia 1. Leaves with a truncate apex and two broad lateral lobes; buds glabrous 2. Liriodendron 50 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 I. Magnolia L. — Cucumber Tree M. acuminata L. Woods, s. 111., as far north as Jackson, Johnson, and Pope counties. May. 2. Liriodendron L. — Tulip Tree L. tulipifera L. Woods, local; s. 111., extending northeastward to Vermilion Co. May. 2. Annonaceae R.Br. — Custard-apple Family 1. Asimina Adans. — Pawpaw A. triloba (L.) Dunal. Woods, nearly throughout 111., extending northward to Cook and Lee counties. Apr. -May. 3. Ranunculaceae Juss. — Buttercup Family I. Flowers yellow. 2. Petals none; sepals petal-like, yellow, deciduous; leaves crenate; carpels several-ovuled, becoming follicles 1. Caltha 2. Petals present; sepals green; carpels 1-ovuled, becoming achenes 9. Ranunculus 1. Flowers not wholly yellow. 3. Flowers white to pink. 4. Stems climbing; leaves opposite; flowers in panicles 16. Clematis 4. Stems not climbing; leaves not opposite. 5. Flowers zygomorphic, spurred; leaves palmately divided or cleft; inflorescence a raceme 7. Delphinium 5. Flowers actinomorphic, spurless. 6. Aquatic plants with finely dissected leaves; sepals 5, green; petals 5, white; carpels 1-ovuled, becoming achenes 9. Ranunculus 6. Not aquatic, mostly woodland plants. 7. Flowers racemose; petals small, stamen-like or none; leaves ternately compound. 8. Racemes simple, short; fruit red or white, berry-like, poisonous 5. Actaea 8. Racemes paniculate, elongate: fruit a follicle 6. Cimicifuga 7. Flowers solitary or in pairs, or 3 or 4 in an umbel, not racemose. 9. Flowers with an involucre of 3 sepal-like bracts immediately beneath the calyx; leaves 3-lobed 14. Hepatica 9. Flowers without an involucre, or the involucre similar to the leaves, and remote from the flowers. 10. Sepals 3, petaloid, evanescent; petals none; carpels 2- ovuled, becoming berries; leaves reniform, palmately lobed 2. Hydrastis 10. Sepals 5 or more, petal-like; petals none; fruit of achenes or follicles. II. Leaves palmately lobed or cleft, the segments usually sessile; fruit of achenes; plants with a rhizome or caudex 12. Anemone 1 1 . Leaves ternately compound, the leaflets stalked. 3. Ranunculaceae 51 12. Flowers solitary; leaflets mucronulate; carpels 3- 4, each 2- to 3-ovuled, becoming divaricate, slender-beaked follicles 5 mm long; style present; roots not at all or only slightly thickened 3. Isopyruni 12. Flowers usually 3 or 4 in an umbel; leaflets not mucronulate; carpels 4-15, each 1-ovuled, be- coming ribbed achenes 8-12 mm long at matur- ity; stigma sessile; roots tuberous-thickened 13. Anemonella 3. Flowers red, blue-purple, or greenish. 13. Leaves entire, basal, linear; sepals minutely spurred at base; recep- tacle becoming conspicuously elongated 8. Myosurus 13. Leaves lobed, parted, or compound. 14. Flowers red, spurred, nodding so that the five spurs point up- ward; stamens exserted ; anthers yellow 4. Aquilegin 14. Flowers not red. 15. Flowers spurred, blue; leaves alternate 7. Delphinium 15. Flowers spurless. 16. Leaves pedate; flowers solitary, nodding 14. Helleborus 16. Leav'es not pedate; flowers usually not solitary. 17. Leaves alternate. 18. Leaves simple, palmately lobed; flowers all perfect. 19. Flowers solitary, subtended by 3 small sessile bracts simulating a calyx; sepals 6-12 15. Hepatica 19. Flowers corymbose; involucres none; sepals 3- 5, usually 4 11. Trautvetteria 18. Leaves ternately compound; flowers polygamous or plants dioecious 10. Thaliclrum 17. Leaves not alternate; flowers solitary. 20. Leaves (of the stem) whorled, dissected 12. Anemone 20. Leaves opposite 16. Clematis 1. Caltha L. — Marsh-marigold C. palustris L. Wet ground, n. and central 111., southward to Christian, Shelby, and Coles counties. Apr. -May. 2. Hydrastis Ellis — Goldenseal H. canadensis L. Woods, not common. Apr. -May. 3. Isopyrum L. — False Rue Anemone /. hiternatum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray. Moist woods, common throughout 111. Mar.-May. 4. Aquilegia L. — Columbine 1. Flowers scarlet and yellow; spurs straight; wooded ravines. throughout 111. Apr.-June. [A. coccinea Small] ....A. canadensis L. 1. Flowers blue, purple, pink, or white; spurs strongly hooked; some- times escaped from cultivation, but not established in 111. Garden Columbine A. vulgaris L. 52 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Actaea L. — Baneberry 1. Pedicels in fruit nearly as thick as the peduncle; petals usually truncate at apex; fruit greenish-white, tipped with the sessile purple stigma; seeds 3-10, each 4-5 mm long; rich woods, com- inon. Apr.- June. White Baneberry. Doll's Eyes [A. pachypoda Ell.] A. alba (L.) Mill. 1. Pedicels slender; petals spatulate, tapering to the tip; fruit red [white in f. neglect a (Gillman) Robins.] seeds 10-16, each 3-4 mm long; woods; n. 111. Apr. -June. Red Baneberry - A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. 6. Cimicifusa L. 1. Leaflets oval or ovate, tiamcate to subcordate at base; racemes puberulent ; woods, very rare; St. Clair and Wabash counties. June- July. Black Cohosh C. raccrnosa (L.) Nutt. 1 . Leaflets broadly ovate to suborbicular, at least the terminal one deeply cordate at base; racemes pilosulous; rich woods, rare; Pope Co. July-Aug. Bugbane C. cordifolia Pursh 7. Delphinium L. — Larkspur 1. Carpel 1; follicle erect, pubescent; flowers blue, pink, or white; annual, nat. from Eur., frequently cult, and occasionally escaped to roadsides, fields, and waste places. June-Aug D. ajacis L. 1. Carpels 3; native perennials. 2. Follicles erect, puberulent; roots elongate; racemes 10-20 cm long. 3. Flowers whitish; racemes virgate; prairies and open woods, w. 111., rare; Augusta, Hancock Co., S. B. Mead. May- June. Prairie Larkspur [D. albescens Rydb.; D. penardi of auth., non Huth] D. virescens Nutt. 3. Flowers bluish or white; racemes lax; Henderson, Macon, Mercer, and Moultrie counties. Blue Larkspur [D. azureum Michx.] D. carolinianum Walt. 2. Follicles widely divergent; roots short, tuberous; racemes lax; flowers bluish-purple (rarely white) ; woods, locally through- out central and s. 111., extending northward to Henry, McLean, and Iroquois counties. Apr. -June. Dwarf Larkspur D. tricornc Michx. 8. Myosurus L. — Mousetail M. minimus L. Moist ground in woods or fallow fields, local; chiefly in the s. half of 111., extending northward to La Salle Co. Apr.- June. 9. Ranunculus L. — Buttercup {Bntrachium S.F.Gray) 1. Petals white; mature achenes transversely wrinkled; plants aquatic. 3. Ranunculaceae 53 2. Beak of achene 0.5-1 mm long; leaves rigid, sessile or nearly so, usually 1-1.5 cm long, not collapsing when withdrawn from the water; ponds and slow streams, not common. May- July. [R. circinatus sensu auth., non Sibth.] R. longirostris Godr. 2. Beak of achene minute; leaves soft, mostly petioled, 2-2.5 cm long, usually collapsing when withdrawn from the water; ponds and slow streams; absent from the s. counties. May- July. [R. aquatilis L. \ar. capillaceus DC] - R. trichophyllus Chaix 1. Petals yellow; achenes not trans\ersely wrinkled. 3. Achenes thin-walled, distinctly striate or ribbed, minutely apiculate, in ellipsoid heads 5-15 mm long; plants stolonifer- ous, the cordate or renifonii crenate glabrous leaves basal and at the nodes of the stolons; flowers 6-8 mm in diameter, the 5-8 petals slightly shorter than the oval sepals; wet sandy soil, not common; Cook, Du Page, Henry, Kane, and Mc- Henry counties. May- July R. cymbalaria Pinsh 3. Achenes not thin-walled or striate. 4. Plants aquatic, immersed in water or creeping on mud, the leaves palmately lobed or divided, or finely dissected. 5. Submersed leaves divided into linear-filiform segments; petals 7-15 mm long; ponds and ditches. Apr.-Jime [R. di'lphinijolius Torr.] R. jlahellaris Raf. 5. Submersed lea\es orbicidar with 3-5 lobes; petals 4-7 mm long; ponds, rare; Cook Co., Munroe in 1877 R. purshii Richards. 4. Plants not floating; if stems creeping in mud and rooting at the nodes, the leaves not finely dissected. 6. Basal leaves merely denticulate or crenate (rarely lobed). 7. Leaves lanceolate or linear, or the basal ovate. 8. Achenes turgid, 0.7-1 mm long, apiculate; head of achenes 2-4 mm in diameter; annuals with linear or linear-lanceolate stem-leaves. 9. Petals 1-3, pale yellowish, not more than 1-1.5 mm long; stamens 3-10; wet ground, s. 111., not com- mon, extending northward to Macoupin Co. May-June. [R. oblongifolius Ell.]...i?. pusillus Poir. 9. Petals 5-7, bright yellow, 3-7 mm long; stamens 20-25; wet ground, chiefly in s. 111., but extend- ing northward to Fulton Co. May-June. [R. texensis Engelm.] R. laxicaulis (Torr. & Gray) Darby 8. Achenes compressed, the body 2 mm long, the subu- late beak 1 mm long; head of achenes 5-8 mm in diameter; petals 5-7 mm long; stamens 30-50; 54 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 leaves lanceolate; plants perennial; swamps or ditches, local, chiefly in s. 111. June-Aug R. anibigens Wats. 7. Basal leaves reniform or cordate, merely crenate (some of the later ones often lobed or cleft) ; stem-leaves cleft or lobed; achenes minutely beaked, in globose heads. 10. Petals much longer than the sepals. 1 1 . Basal leaves oval or ovate, not cordate ; stamens in 3-5 series; sepals long-villous; prairies, n. 111.; rare, Jo Daviess, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. May. Prairie Buttercup [R. ovalis Raf.] R. rhomboideus Goldie 1 1 . Basal leaves reniform or orbicular, cordate ; stamens in 1-2 series; sepals sparsely pilosulous; sandstone ravines, rare, s. 111.; Jackson and Randolph counties, R. H. Mohlcnbrock in 1954 and 1957. April-May R. harveyi (A.Gray) Britt. 10. Petals somewhat shorter than the sepals; flowers less than 1 cm in diameter; plant glabrous or nearly so; moist ground, very common. Apr. -May. Small- flowered Buttercup R. abortivus L. 6. Leaves all or nearly all lobed or divided. 12. Achenes muriculate; flowers axillary; waste ground; native of Eur.; Jackson Co., R. H. Mohlcnbrock 2437 in 1954 R. parviflorus L. 12. Achenes smooth (or sparsely tuberculate in R. sardous) ; flowers mostly terminal. 13. Petals not longer than the sepals; flowers less than 1 cm in diameter. 14. Stem glabrous or nearly so, hollow; achenes merely apiculate, in ellipsoid heads; along ditches, locally nearly throughout 111. May- July R. sceleratus L. 14. Stem usually pubescent. 15. Basal leaves usually 3-lobed; woods, not com- mon; chiefly s. 111., n. to Shelby and Cumberland counties. Apr.-May R. lyiicranthus Nutt. 15. Basal leaves deeply parted or divided. 16. Leaf-divisions merely serrate; heads of achenes globose, the achenes with slender, hooked beaks; woods. Apr.- June R- recurvatus Poir. 3. Ranhnculaceae 55 16. Leaf-divisions cleft or incised; heads of aciienes ellipsoid, the achenes with short, nearly strait^ht beaks; wet ground, not common. July-Aug R. pennsylv aniens L.f. !3. Petals longer than the sepals; flowers 1..5-2.5 cm in diameter. 17. Beak of the mature achene less than 1 mm long, recurved. 18. Stem more or less cormose-thickened at base; leaves with the temiinal division stalked; sepals reflexed; fields and roadsides, occa- sional; nat. from Eur.; May-July. Bulbous Buttercup R. hulbosus L. 18. Stem not swollen at base. 19. Sepals reflexed; achenes usually low tuberculate; terminal leaflet often peti- olulate; pastures, wet fields, and road- sides; adv. from Eur.; s. 111. May R. sardous Crantz 19. Sepals spreading; achenes smooth; ter- minal leaflet sessile; roadsides and fields; nat. from Eur. May-July. Tall Buttercup R. acris L. 17. Beak of the mature achene 1 mm or more in length. 20. Petals broadly obovate; plants stoloniferous. 21. Beak of the achene cui'ved; mature achene 2-2.5 mm in diameter; road- sides and fields, common ; adv. from Eur. Apr.-Jime. Creeping Buttercup R. re pens L. 21. Beak nearly straight; mature achene .3-4 mm in diameter; wet woods, common. Apr. -June. Marsh Buttercup R. scptcntrionaUs Poir. 20. Petals oval, oblong, or narrowly obovate; achenes 2-2.5 mm in diameter; plants not stoloniferous. 22. Stem strigose; leaf-lobes narrow; some ot the roots tuberous-thickened; woods and meadows. Apr.-May. Tufted But- tercup [R. illinoensis Greene] R. fascicularis Muhl. 22. Stem villous; leaf-lobes oval to oblanceo- late; roots scarcely thickened; woods or roadsides; chiefly in s. 111., but extend- ing northward to Hancock, McLean, 56 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 and Champaign counties. Apr.-May. Bristly Buttercup R. hispidus Michx. 10. Thalictrum L. — Meadow-rue 1. Leaflets glabrous on both suifaces. 2. Leaflets thin, suborbicular in outline, obtusely 5- to 9-lobed; stem-leaves slender- petioled; rich woods. Apr.-May. Early Meadow-rue T. dioicum L. 2. Leaflets thick, oval, sharply 3-lobed, revolute-margined ; stem- leaves sessile or nearly so; moist thickets and hedge-rows. June-July T. hypoglaucum Rydb. L Leaflets glandular or short-pubescent beneath; stem-leaves sessile. 3. Leaflets finely glandular with short-stipitate or sessile glands on the lower surface; woods and roadsides, local. May- June. Waxy Meadow-rue -... T. revolutum DC. 3. Leaflets finely short-pubescent on the lower surface, not glandu- lar; moist ground, local. May-June. Purplish Meadow-rue T. dasycarpiun Fisch. & Lall. 1 1. Trautvetteria Fisch. & Meyer — False Bugbane T. carolinicnsis (Walt.) Vail. Near Beardstown, Cass Co., C. A. Geyer in 1842. June- July. 12. Anemone L. {Pulsatilla Adans. ) 1. Styles elongate, plumose; plant silky-villous; leaf-segments linear; sepals 5-7, bluish-purple to white, 2-3.5 cm long; prairie soil; n. 111. Mar.-Apr. Pasque Flower [A. patens var. wolfgangiana sensu A.Gray, non (Besser) W.J.D. Koch] A. ludoviciana Nutt. 1. Styles shorter, glabrous or pubescent, not plumose; sepals white to purplish. 2. Sepals 10-20, linear-elliptical, pubescent outside; stem 8-20 cm tall, arising from a small tuber; prairie soil, gravelly slopes, rocky banks or bluffs in the n. part of the state, extending southward to Pike, Menard, and Macon counties. Apr.-May. Carolina Anemone A. caroliniana Walt. 2. Sepals 5 or 6; plants with a rhizome. 3. Stem usually branched, several-flowered, 30-90 cm tall; sepals pubescent. 4. Stem-leaves sessile; sepals 12-17 mm long, white; fruiting heads globose; achenes flat, wing-margined, orbicular, sparsely pubescent, the style 3 mm long; roadsides and open woods, common; s. to Jackson Co. May- July. Meadow Anemone [A. pennsylvanica L.] ..A. canadensis L. 4. Stem-leaves stalked; sepals 8-10 mm long, greenish-white; achenes densely villous. 3. Ranunculaceae 57 5. Fruiting heads cylindrical, more than twice as long as wide; style 1 mm long; leaf-divisions narrow, cuneate; roadsides and open woods in the n. half of the state, s. to Macoupin and Coles counties. May-July. Long- fruited Anemone A. cylindrica A.Gray 5. Fruiting heads ellipsoid, about twice as long as wide; style 1.5-2 mm long; leaf-di\isions ovate or ovate- lanceolate; woods throughout 111. June-Aug. Tall Anemone A. virginiana L. 3. Stem simj)le, one-flowered, 10-30 cm tall, from a slender rhizome; stem-leaves stalked; basal leaf solitary, appearing later than the flower; sepals glabrous; achenes pubescent, fusiform, the hooked beak 1-2 mm long; rich woods in n. 111., extending southward to Kankakee and La Salle count- ties. Apr. -May. Wood Anemone [A. nemorosa of auth., non L.; A. quinquejolia var. interior Fern.] A. quinquejolia L. 13. Anemonella Spach A. tJialictroides (L.) Spach. Rue-anemone. Dry open woods, local. Apr.-May. Plants with petaloid stamens are found occasionally. 14. Helleborus L. — Hellebore H. viridis L. A garden escape; native of Europe. 15. Hepatica Hill 1. Leaf-lobes acute or acutish; flowers varying from purplish to white; woods, not uncommon. Mar. -May. [H. acuta (Pursh) Britt.] H. acutiloba DC. 1. Leaf-lobes rounded at the apex; woods, n.e. 111.; Cook, Du Page, Lake, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. [H. triloba sensu auth., non Chaix] H. americana (DC.) Ker 16. Clematis L. {Viorna Reichenb.; Atragene L.) 1. Flowers solitary, nodding; sepals purplish. 2. Leaves conspicuously reticulate beneath; sepals thick, leatheiy, the tips recurved, marginless or only narrowly margined; fruiting styles glabrous or nearly so; moist woods and thickets, common. June-Aug. Leather-flower ...C. pitcheri Torr. & Gray 2. Leaves thin, not conspicuously reticulate. 3. Sepals thick, leathery, 1.5-2.5 cm long; fruiting styles plu- mose; thickets and stream banks, rare; Richland (-o.. R. Ridgway in 1910. June-July. [I'iorna ridgwayi Standi.] C. viorna L. 58 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Sepals thin, 3-4.5 cm long, with wide undulate or crisped margins; fruiting styles pubescent but not plumose; wet woods, not common; known from Alexander, Pulaski, and St. Clair counties C. crispa L. 1. Flowers panicled; sepals white, thin, spreading. 4. Leaflets usually 3, thin, toothed or lobed; sepals 9-11 mm long; moist ground, locally nearly throughout 111. July-Aug. Virgin's Bower C. virginiana L. 4. Leaflets 5, entire, coriaceous; sepals 10-17 mm long; roadsides and borders of woods, occasional ; known from Crawford, Jackson, and Peoria counties; native of e. Asia. Aug.-Oct. - C. dioscoreifolia Levi. & Van. 4. Cabombaceae A.Gray — Watershield Family 1. Leaves all peltate, entire, floating; stamens 12-18; carpels 4-18 1. Brasenia 1. Submersed leaves dissected; stamens 6; carpels 2-3 2. Cabomba 1. Brasenia Schreb. — Watershield B. schreberi Gmel. Ponds and slow streams, rare. June- July. 2. Cabomba Aubl. C. caroliniana A.Gray. Carolina Watershield. Ponds, rare; s. 111.; Mt. Carmel, Wabash Co., Oct. 12, 1876, Schneck 40; LaRue Swamp, Union Co. May-Sept. 5. Nymphaeaceae DC. — Waterlily Family [.Leaves oval; flowers yellow; sepals 5-7; petals 10-20, small filament-like 1. Nuphar 1. Leaves orbicular; flowers white; sepals 4; petals numerous 2. Nymphaea 1. Nuphar Sm. 1. Petioles round in cross-section; ponds and slow streams, occasional. June-Aug. Yellow Pond-lily A'^. advena Ait. 1. Petioles flattened; ponds, rare; n. 111., Cook and Lake counties. June-Aug. Variegated Pond-lily A^. variegatum Engelm. 2. Nymphaea L. — Waterlily 1. Flower not fragrant, 10-25 cm in diameter; petals spatulate; rhizome with numerous self-detaching tubers; seeds 3-4.5 mm long, globose-ovoid; ponds and slow streams, rare. June-Aug. White Waterlily A^. tuberosa Paine 1. Flower very fi^agrant, 6-12 cm in diameter; petals elliptical; rhi- zome without tubers; seeds 1.5-2.5 mm long, ellipsoid; lakes and shallow ponds, rare. June-Sept. Fragrant Waterlily A'^. odor at a Ait. 9. PODOHII^LLACEAE 59 6. Nelumbonaceae Lindl. — Lotus Family 1 . Nelumbo Adans. — American Lotus (Nelumbium Juss. ) A^. lutea (Willd.) Pers. Shallow water and muddy shores, local. July-Aug. 7. Ceratophyllaceae A.Gray — Hornwort Family 1 . Ceratophyllum L. — Hornwort L Leaf-divisions linear, rather rigid, flattened, serrate; achenes with a spine on each side at the base; ponds and slow streams, not uncommon C. demersum L. L Leaf-divisions filifonn, flaccid, entire or with a few short bristles; achenes with 3-5 spines on each side; ponds and slow streams, local; Hancock, Henderson, Kankakee, and Ogle counties C. echinatum A.Gray 8. Berberidaceae Torr. & Gray — Barberry Family L Berberis L. — Barberry \. Leaves entire; flowers usually solitary, or 2-4; spines usually simple; petals notched; commonly cultivated and occasionally escaped to waste ground and woodlands; native of Japan. Apr.-May. Japanese Barberry B. tliunbergii DC. 1. Leaves spinulose-serrate; flowers in pendulous racemes. 2. Leaves with 2-10 teeth on each side; twigs brownish or pur- plish; racemes few-flowered; petals notched; fruit 7-8 mm long; Spring Lake, Tazewell Co., G. C. Curran in 1924. American Barberry B. canadensis Mill. 2. Leaves with 13-25 teeth on each side; twigs gray; racemes many-flowered; petals entire; fruit 8-12 mm long; escaped from cult, to pastures, edges of woods and waste places, occasional; native of Eur. Apr.-May. European Barberry B. vulgaris L. 9. Podophyllaceae DC. — Mayapple Family 1. Leaves simple; flowers solitary, white; petals 6-8. 2. Leaves 7- 9-lobed; berry yellowish-green, pulpy, 4-5 cm long 1. Podophyllum 2. Leaves 2-cleft; capsule obconical, 1.5-2 cm long, opening at the top by a lid 2. Jeffersonia 1. Leaf ternately compound; flowers yellowish-green, in a terminal panicle; sepals 6; petals 6, small, thick, spatulate, gland-like; seeds bluish- black, berry-like, about 8 mm in diameter 3. Caulophyllum 1. Podophyllum L. — Mayapj)le P. peltatum L. Woods, common. Apr.-May. 60 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Jeffersonia Bart. — Twinleaf /. diphylla (L.) Pers. Woods, local. Apr.-May. 3. Caulophyllum Michx. — Blue Cohosh C. thalictr aides (L.) Michx. Woods, common. Apr-May. 10. Menispermaceae DC. — Moonseed Family 1. Leaf-blades usually as broad as or broader than long; petioles 3-20 cm long; drupe black. 2. Leaf-blades reniform in outline, slightly peltate near the base, palmately 3- to 7-angled or shallowly lobed, dark green and glabrous above, paler and sparsely pilosulous along the veins beneath; panicles 2-6 cm long; petals 6-9; sepals 4-10; stigma flabellate; stamens 12-18, or 24; drupe bluish-black, about 1 cm in diameter 1. Menispermum 2 Leaf-blades deeply palmately lobed, cordate at the base, the lobes acuminate; panicles 10-20 cm long; sepals 9; petals 0; stamens 9 or 12; stigma radiate ; drupe black, ovoid, 2-2.5 cm long ....2. Calycocarpum 1 Leaf-blades usually somewhat longer than broad, ovate or deltoid, smuately lobed or entire, softly pubescent beneath; petioles 1-5 cm long; petals, sepals, and stamens each 6, or the stamens in the pistillate flowers reduced or lacking; stigma subulate; drupe red, 6-8 mm long . .....^ 3. Coccunis 1. Menispermum L. — Moonseed M. canadense L. In alluvial soil in woods, thickets, or along fences, common. May-June. 2. Calycocarpum Nutt. C. lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. Cupseed. Moist thickets, rich woods, and river banks, s. 111., rare. June-July. 3. Cocculus DC. C. carolinus (L.) D.C. Carolina Snailseed. Banks of streams, s. 111., rare. July- Aug. 11. Violaceae DC. — Violet Family 1 Corolla merely gibbous at the base; sepals not auricled; stamens united . , /u ..1. Hybanthus into a sheath - ; J. 1 Corolla spurred; sepals more or less auricled at the base; stamens distinct ,. , , , • I. viola slightly cohering or 1 . Hybanthus Jacq. — Green Violet H concolor (Forst.) Spreng. Moist ravines and rich woods, rare; generally distrib. throughout 111., except the northern counties. Apr.- june. [Cubeliurn concolor (Forst.) Raf.]. 2. Viola L. — Violet 1 Plants acaulescent, or without manifest stems at flowering time, the leaves and pedicels arising directly from the rhizome or from stolons. 1 1 . ViOLACEAK 61 2. Rhizome short, thick, stout (3-10 iiiiii in diameter); petals violet to white. 3. Leaves more or less lobed or dissected. 4. Leaves dissected into narrow divisions. 5. Petals all t^labrous within, lilac, or the upper two dark violet; style clavate, beakless, obliciue at apex; jjlants without cleistogamous flowers; prairies and borders of woods, locally throughout 111. Apr.-June. Bird-foot Violet _ V. pedata L. 5. Lateral petals hirsute within; corolla violet; style cap- itate, with a conical beak on the lower side; plants producing cleistogamous flowers; prairies or dry open woods, locally throughout 111., except the southern counties. May. Prairie Violet [V . delphmifolia Nutt.] V. pcdatifida Don 4. Leaves usually lobed or cleft; plants producing cleistoga- mous flowers. 6. Leaves all 5- to 11 -lobed or -parted. 7. Plants glabrous or nearly so; gravelly areas; Peoria Co., L. H. Chase V. viarum Pollard 7. Plants pubescent; woods and prairie soil in the n. half of the state. Apr. -May V. beruardi Greene 6. Leaves usually of two kinds, the earliest and latest not lobed, the other 5- to 7-parted; woods, locally through- out 111. Apr.-May. [V . triloba var. dilatata (Ell.) Brainerd] V. falcata Greene 3. Leaves merely crenate-serrate, not lobed. 8. Leaves ovate-cordate to reniform or deltoid. 9. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 10. Hairs of the lateral petals not clavate; cleistoga- mous flowers on shoit prostrate or ascending pedicels. 11. Leaves ovate-cordate to reniform, acute or ob- tuse; flowers violet-purple (except albinos). 12. Leaf-blades obtuse or obtusish, broadly cor- date or renifonii at maturity; spiuTcd petal glabrous or nearly so within; cleistogamous flowers on short prostrate pedicels; capsules 10-15 mm long; seeds dark brown. 13. Flowers violet-purple; capsules green; woods and roadsides, the common species throughout 111. Apr.-May. But- terfly Violet V. papilionacea Pursh 13. Flowers grayish white with violet veins on the lower petals; capsules purplish; occasional in disturbed ground; a recent migrant from s.e. U.S., now known to 62 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 occur in 111. as far north as Bureau Co. Apr.-May. Confederate Violet T'. priceana Pollard 12. Leaf-blades acutish, narrowly cordate, usually longer than broad; spurred petal hirsute within; cleistogamous flowers on ascending pedicels; seeds light brown; moist soil, not common. May-June. Woodland Blue Violet V. affinis LeConte 11. Leaves deltoid, acuminate; petals lilac; spurred petal glabrous within; open woods. Apr.-May V . jnissouriensis Greene 10. Hairs of the lateral petals conspicuously clavate- capitate; cleistogamous flowers on slender erect pedicels ; wet ground, not coinmon. May- June. Marsh Blue Violet L. cucullata Ait. 9. Leaves decidedly pubescent ; petals violet or lavender, rarely white; sepals ciliolate; woods, common through- out 111. Apr.-May. Downy Blue Violet V . sororia Willd. 8. Leaves sagittate-lanceolate. 14. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, rather long-petioled, lanceolate, often dilated and incised at base; open woods. Apr.-May. Arrow-leaved Violet V. sagittata Ait. 14. Leaves pubescent, mostly short-petioled, ovate, crenate; hillsides, not common; chiefly in the n. half of the state. Apr.-May. Sand Violet [F. ovata Nutt.] V . fimbriatula Sm. 2. Rhizome slender (1-2 mm in diameter); plants usually stolo- niferous. 15. Flowers small, white, the lower petals purple-veined; style not hooked; seeds brown or black; native species. 16. Leaves tapering or tioincate at base. 17. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, several times as long as broad and usually less than 2 cm wide, tapering at the base; borders of swamps, local; s. to Wabash Co. May- June. Lance-leaved Violet L. lanceolata L. 17. Leaves ovate, not more than twice as long as wide, usually more than 2 cm broad, truncate at base; borders of swamps; Kankakee Co. May- June. Primrose Violet V. prwjulifolia L. 16. Leaves cordate, glabrous; pedicels usually somewhat longer than the leaves; springy ground, rare; Cook, Lake, Ogle, and Winnebago counties. Apr.-May. Smooth White Violet [L. blanda sensu auth., non W^illd.] V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd 12. CiSTACEAE 63 15. Flowers large (1-2 cm broad), violet, or sonietiuu's white, very fragrant; style hooked; leaves broadly o\ate, cordate, crenate, finely pubescent; stolons rooting at the nodes; seeds cream colored; roadsides and waste places, occa- sional; introd. from Eur. and often cultivated. A]jr.-June. Sweet Violet V. odorata L. 1. Plants caulescent at flowering time; flowers axillary. 18. Plants perennial; stipules toothed or entire, bract-like. 19. Petals yellow. 20. Plants nearly glabrous; basal leaves usually ])resent at flowering time; seeds 2-2.5 mm long; woods, com- mon. Apr.-May. Common Yellow Violet [V . pen- sylvanica Michx.; ] . scahriuscula Schw.] V . eriocarpa Schw. 20. Plants decidedly pubescent; basal leaves usually absent at flowering time; seeds 2.6-3 mm long; moist woods; chiefly n. 111. ; also Pulaski Co. Apr.-May. Downy Yellow Violet V. pubescens Ait. 19. Petals violet or white. 21. Stipules entire, scarious; petals violet or white; woods, rare. Apr.-June. Canada Violet [F. canadensis sensu auth., non L.] V . rugulosa Greene 21. Stipules dentate or fimbriate. 22. Petals creamy- white; sepals ciliolate; upper leaves acute; stipules 1.5-2.5 cm long; alluvial soil, common; apparently absent from the n.w. coun- ties. Apr.-June. Cream Violet V. striata Ait. 22. Petals pale violet; sepals glabrous; leaves obtuse; stipules usually less than 1.5 cm long; woods, rare; Cook Co., A. Chase. Apr.-May. Dog Violet I '. conspcrsa Reichenb. 18. Plants annual; stipixles large, pectinate; sandy soil in fields and open woods, common. Apr.-June. Wild Pansy. Johnny- jump-up V . rafinesquii Greene 12. Cistaceae Horan. — Rockrose Family 1 . Low shrubs; leaves scale-like; petals 5, yellow, fugacious; styles slender, elongate I. Hudsonia 1. Herbs; leaves not scale-like. 2. Petals 5, yellow, fugacious; style short; pubescence stellate 2. Helianthemurn 2. Petals 3, greenish or red, persistent; style none; pubescence not stellate 3. Lechea 1 . Hudsonia L. H. tomentosa Nutt. Sandy soil, local: Fulton. Jo Daviess, and Lee counties. May-July. 64 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Helianthemum Mill. — Frostweed 1. PetaliferoLis flowers 5-12, pale yellow, in a short terminal cymose raceme, their capsules 3-5 mm in diameter; seeds reticulate; sandy soil in open woods, local. June- July. [H. rnajus sensu Bickn., non (L.) BSP.] H. bicknellii Fern. 1 . Petalif erous flowers solitaiy ( or rarely 2 ) , bright yellow, their capsules 6-9 mm in diameter; seeds papillose; in similar hab- itats. June. [Lechea major L. ; Cistus canadensis L. ; H. majus (L.) BSP.] _.... ...H. canadense (L.) Michx. 3. Lechea L. — Pinweed 1. Stem with spreading (villous) pubescence; leaves of the basal shoots oval; stem leaves oval, 10-25 mm long, 6-12 mm wide; sandy soil. July-Aug L. villosa Ell. 1. Stem with appressed (strigose) pubescence, or sometimes nearly glabrous. 2. The narrow outer sepals equalling or exceeding the inner ones. 3. Stems 25-70 cm tall; leaves narrowly elliptical; sandy soil. July-Aug L. minor L. 3. Stems usually 10-20 cm tall; leaves linear; sandy or sterile soil in woods. July-Aug. [L. tenuifolia var. occidentalis Hodgdon] L. tenuifolia Miclix. 2. The narrow outer sepals shorter than or equalling the inner ones. 4. Plants pale green, finely canescent; panicle strict, virgate; sandy soil; n. 111. July-Aug L. stricta Leggett 4. Plants dark green, more or less pubescent, but not canescent. 5. Panicle strict, virgate; capsules globose, 2-3 mm in diam- eter; sandy soil, rare. July-Aug. L. intermedia Leggett 5. Panicle-branches spreading; capsules ellipsoid, 1-1.5 mm in diameter; sandy soil, known from Cook, Iroquois, Kankakee, Lake, Will, and Winnebago counties. Jvily- Aug. [L. juonilijormis Bickn. J ...L. leggettii Britt. & Hollick 13. Papaveraceae B. Juss. — Poppy Family 1. Flowers white or whitish. 2. Petals none; sepals 2, cream-colored 1. Macleaya 2. Petals 4-15, white; sepals 2 or 3. 3. Petals usually 8 or more, fugacious; leaves prickly; juice red 2. Sanguinaria 3. Petals 4-6: leaves with prickly teeth; juice yellow 3. Argemone 1. Flowers not white. 4. Leaves ternately dissected; capsules long and slender 4. Eschscholtzia 4. Leaves pinnatifid; capsules linear, ovoid, or ellipsoid. 5. Leaves prickly; capsules ellipsoid, prickly 3. Argemone 5. Leaves not prickly; capsules not ellipsoid, glabrous or bristly-hirsute. 6. Flowers yellow; leaves pinnatifid; capsules dehiscent from the base; juice yellow. 13. Pai'averaceae 65 7. Petals 18-25 nitii lonsj: huds erect, ovoid; capsules ovoid, acute at each end, bristly-hirsute 5. Stylophorum 7. Petals 8-13 mm long; buds nodding, obovoid; capsules linear, glabrous 6. Chelidonium 6. Flowers red or pink; juice milky; capsules globose or pyriform, opening by 4-20 tooth-like lids under the margin of the discoid stigma 7. Papaver 1. Macleaya R.Br. — Plume Poppy M. cordata (W'illd.) R.Br. Introd. from e. Asia; cull, and rarely persistent; has been collected in Cook and Henry counties. 2. Sanguinaria L. — Bloodroot S. canadensis L. Woods, common. Mar.-Apr. 3. Argemone L. — Prickly Poppy 1. Flowers sessile; petals orange, yellow, or creamy; sparingly escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste places; Henderson and Mason counties. Jime-Sept. Mexican Poppy A. mexicana L. 1. Flowers pedimculate; petals white. 2. Peduncles leafy; adv. from w. U.S.; Lawrence. Morgan, and Whiteside counties. June-Sept A. intermedia Sweet 2. Peduncles leafless; adv. in 111.; cultivated and occasionally spon- taneous. White Prickly Poppy A. alba Lestib. f. 4. Eschscholtzia Cham. — California Poppy E. calif arnica Cham. Cult., and rarely spontaneous; nati\e of Cali- fornia; Kane and Wabash counties. 5. Stylophorum Nutt. — Celandine Poppy S. diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Woods, not common; s. 111. Apr.- June. 6. Chelidonium L. — Celandine C. rnajus L. C)cca.sionally found in waste places, roadsides, and woods, usually near towns; nat. from Eiu". May-Aug. 7. Papaver L. — Poppy 1. Plants glaucous, glabrous; leaves lobed, clasping the stem; capsules globose; waste places; introd. from Eur. June-Aug. Opium Poppy P. somniferiun L. 1. Plants hirsute, not glaucous; leaves pinnate, tapering to the peii- oled base; capsules obovoid, tiubinate, or clavate. 2. Capsules obovoid or turbinate; waste places; introd. from Eur. May-July. Corn Poppy P. rlweas L. 2. Capsules clavate; introd. from Eur.; Wabash Co P. dubiiun L. 66 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 14. Fumariaceae DC. — Fumitory Family 1. Corolla with each of the two outer petals spurred or saccate at the base; capsules several-seeded 1. Dicentra 1. Corolla with only one petal spurred. 2. Flowers yellow or pinkish; capsules linear, several-seeded, dehiscent; style persistent 2. Corydalis 2. Flowers deep purple, tipped with crimson; pods globose, 1 -seeded, in- dehiscent, glabrous, minutely tuberculate; style deciduous 3. Fumaria 1. Dicentra Bernh. 1. Corolla with 2 divergent spurs; inner petals minutely crested; flowers not fragrant; stem from a bidb-like corm; woods, com- mon. Mar. -May. Dutchman's-breeches D. cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 1. Corolla heart-shaped, the spurs short and rounded; crests of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting; flowers fragrant; stem from a short horizontal rhizome bearing small whitish or yellowish corms; woods, usually less common than the preceding species, beginning to flower a week or ten days later. Squirrel-corn D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 2. Corydalis Vent. 1. Flowers rose, tipped with yellow, 12-15 mm long; spur short, rounded, less than 54 the length of the corolla; capsules 3-4 cm long, the pedicels 6-10 mm long; rocky woods. Cook, La Salle, and Ogle counties. May-Aug. Pink Corydalis C. sempervirens (L.) Pers. 1. Flowers yellow throughout; plants 10-30 cm tall. 2. Flowers 5-9 mm long; outer petals crested on the back. 3. Outer petals dentate; capsules pendulous, on slender pedicels 1-1.5 cm long; seeds pimcticulate, sharp-margined; moist woods, local. Apr.-May. Pale Coiydalis [C. aurea of auth., not Willd.] C. ftavula (Raf.) DC. 3. Outer petals entire; capsules erect or ascending, the pedicels 2-3 mm long; seeds smooth, round-margined; woods, local. May-July. Small-flowered Corydalis C. micrantha (Engelm.) A.Gray 2. Flowers 12-16 mm long; outer petals not crested. 4. Capsules spreading or pendent, torulose; bracts lanceolate; seeds smooth; gravelly soil, rare; Cook, La Salle, Ogle, and Winnebago covmties. May-Aug. Golden Corydalis C. aurea Willd. 4. Capsules erect or ascending. 5. Bracts ovate-lanceolate; seeds smooth; rocky woods. Cook, Henderson, Kankakee, Lee, and Peoria counties. Apr.-May C. montana Engelm. 17. Cai'faridaceae 67 5. Bracts lanceolate; seeds finely pitted; Meredosia, Morgan Co., D. H. Thompson in 1928 C. campestris (Britt.) Buchh. & Palmer 3. Funiaria L. — Fumitory F. officinalis L. Waste places, occasional; native of Eur. May-Aug. 15. Droseraceae S. F.Gray — Sundew Family 1 . Drosera L. — Sundew 1. Leaf-blades suborbicular; seeds fusifonn, striate, glossy, 1-1.5 nmi long; bogs, Lake and Ogle counties. July-Sept. Round- leaved Sundew -. D. rotundijolia L. 1 . Leaf-blades linear-spatulate; seeds ellipsoid, papillose, 0.7-1 mm long; bogs, rare; Cook and Kankakee counties. July-Sept. Long-leaved Sundew [D. longifolia of auth.] D. intermedia Hayne 16. Resedaceae S.F.Gray — Mignonette Family 1. Reseda L. — Mignonette R. alba L. Rarely escaped from gardens; native of Europe. 17. Capparidaceae Lindl. — Caper Family 1. Petals entire, or notched at the apex. 2. Petals notched; pod sessile or nearly so on its pedicel; stamens more than 6 1. Polanisia 2. Petals entire; pod long-stipitate on its pedicel; stamens 6 2. Cleome 1. Petals laciniate, unequal; stamens 6-14; pod long-stipitate on its pedicel 3. Cristatella 1. Polanisia Ral. 1. Petals whitish, 4-5 mm long; stamens 9-12; sandy soil, often along railroads. July-Aug. Clammyweed [P. graveolcns Raf.] P. dodicandra (L.) DC. 1. Petals pale yellow, 8-10 mm long; stamens 12-16; sandy soil, not common; probably spread eastward into 111. along railroads. June-Aug P. trachysperma T. & G. 2. Cleome L. 1. Plants glabrous; dry soil; adv. from w. U.S.: Fayette, Henderson, Hemy, Jackson, Sangamon, and Wabash counties. July-Sept. [C. integrifolia T. & G.] C. serrulata Pursh 1. Plants pubescent; escaped from gardens; Jackson Co C. speciosissima Deppe 3. Cristatella Null. C. jamesii T. & G. Sandy soil: Jo Daviess and Mason counties. June-Aug. 68 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 18. Cruciferae B.Juss. — Mustard Family 1. Petals yellow, yellowish, or cream (sometimes fading whitish). 2. Pods several times longer than wide. 3. Pubescence of simple hairs or plants glabrous. 4. Pods with a distinct beak. 5. Seeds in a single row in each locule : pods terete or slightly angular. 6. Racemes leafy-bracted ; leaves pinnatifid with obtuse lobes; seeds oval 4. Erucastrum 6. Racemes bractless; seeds subglobose 5. Brassica 5. Seeds more or less in two rows in each locule; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid; pods flattened, 2.5- 4 cm long, 2 mm wide 6. Diplotaxis 4. Pods merely tipped with the style or stigma. 7. Leaves lobed to pinnatifid; petals yellow. 8. Pods 4-angled; seeds in 1 row in each locule; valves of the pod 1 -nerved 7. Barbarea 8. Pods terete or nearly so. 9. Valves nerveless; seeds in 2 rows in each locule 8. Rorippa 9. Valves of the pod with \-?) nerves; seeds in 1 row in each locule 9. Sisymbrium 1 . Leaves entire, cordate-clasping the stem, glabrous, glaucous; petals cream, 8-10 mm long; pods linear, ascending, 8-10 cm long 1 1. Conringia 3. Pubescence (at least of the leaves) of branched hairs. 10. Leaves entire to dentate; pubescence of appressed, 2-branched hairs which appear as if attached by the middle; petals more than 3 mm long; pods 4-angled 13. Erysimum 10. Leaves bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid, usually finely dissected, sparse- ly pubescent with short, branched hairs; petals 2-3 mm long; pods terete or nearly so 14. Descurainia 2. Pods short, not more than three times as long as wide. 11. Pods flattened parallel to the broad septum, orbicular, 3 mm broad, shallowly notched at the apex; leaves linear-spatulate, entire, densely stellate-canescent 24. Alyssum 1 1 . Pods turgid, not compressed, or only slightly so, ellipsoid, obovoid, or globose. 12. Leaves pinnately parted or lobed; pods ellipsoid 8. Rorippa 12. Leav'es entire or toothed, and except in Lesquerella, sagittate- clasping the stem. 13. Pods globose 27. Lesquerella 13. Pods obovoid 28. Camelina 1. Petals white, pink, or purple (rarely absent), never yellow. 14. Pods sev^eral times longer than wide (a silique). 15. Pods indehiscent, cylindrical, several-seeded, with pith between the seeds but no true partitions, breaking at maturity into 1 -seeded segments; petals purple or white. 16. Upper part of fruit thicker and longer than lower. 17. Pods 2-seeded, 2-jointed 1. Cakile 17. Pods several-seeded, several-jointed 2. Raphanus 16. Upper part of fruit consisting of a flattened beak 3. Eruca 15. Pods dehiscent by 2 valves, without transverse partitions. 18. Pods more or less flattened parallel to the septum. 18. Cruciferae 69 19. Leaves palmatcly cleft and divided 16. Dentaria 19. Leaves otherwise. 20. Pubescence of simple hairs or none; leaves simple or pinnately divided; valves of the pod nerveless, elas- tically dehiscent and recurving at maturity 18. Cardamine 20. Pubescence, at least in part, of branched hairs. 21. Pods strongly flattened, 2-15 mm long; leaves chiefly basal (except D. brachycarpa) 15. Draba 21. Pods slightly flattened, or nearly terete, more than 1.5 cm long; stem leafy 19. Arabis 18. Pods terete or tetragonal, not flattened. 22. Valves of the pod conspicuously keeled, 3-nerved; leaves deltoid-cordate, dentate, petiolate; plant with garlic odor 10. Alliaria 22. Valves of the pod rounded or flat. 23. Leaves simple, pinnately lobed to entire. 24. Petals 1.5-2 cm long, purple, or rarely white; leaves ovate-lanceolate, denticulate 12. Hesperis 24. Petals less than 1.5 cm long. 25. Petals purple; plant glabrous; lower leaves some- times pinnatifid at the base, dentate, the upper ones lanceolate, dentate, tapering to an auricu- late base; pods 2-3 cm long; stigma entire 17. lodanthus 25. Petals white; plant sparsely pubescent with forked hairs; pods 1-1.5 cm long; stigma 2-lobed 20. Arabidopsis 23. Leaves odd-pinnate with 1-11 roundish or oval leaflets; petals white; mature pods 1-2 cm long, somewhat curved; aquatic glabrous perennial 21. Nasturtium 14. Pods short, usually not more than three times as long as wide (a silicle) . 26. Pubescence, if any, of simple hairs. 27. Pods terete, ellipsoid, or subglobose, not flattened, plants glabrous. 28. Basal leaves smaller, often finely divided (if in water) ; pods 1-loculed, the style 2-3 mm long 22. Neobeckia 28. Basal leaves 15-30 cm long, oval or ovate, crenate; root large, thick, pungent; pods 2-loculed, seldom maturing, the style 0.5 mm long 23. Armoracin 27. Pods more or less compressed or flattened. 29. Plants grayish-pubescent: upper leaves ovate, clasping, dentate, the lower oblanceolate; pods broadly ovate, in- dehiscent, papillose, 4 mm broad, notched at the base, the style 1-2 mm long 29. Cardaria 29. Plants green; pubescent or glabrous; pods suborbicular, dehiscent, notched at the apex. 30. Pods 2-seeded, less than 5 mm broad : branches puberulent 30. Lepidium 30. Pods several-seeded, 1-1.5 cm broad; plants glabrous 31. Thlnspi 26. Pubescence of forked or stellate hairs, at least on the stem. '10 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 31. Petals deeply bifid; pods ellipsoid to nearly globose, scarcely flattened; seeds several in each locule, winged 26. Berteroa 31. Petals entire or nearly so; pods strongly flattened. 32. Pods triangular 32. Capsella 32. Pods rounded or nearly so. 33. Plants densely stellate-pubescent 24. Alyssum 33. Plants with 2-pointed hairs 25. Lobularia 1. Cakile Mill. — Sea Rocket C. edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Shore of L. Michigan, not common. July-Sept. [C. americana Nutt.] 2. Raphanus L. — Radish 1. Pods conspicuously torulose and longitudinally ridged when dry, 3-4 mm thick; petals yellowish, spatulate, clawed, veiny, fading whitish or purplish; fields and waste ground; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. Wild Radish R. raphanistrum L. 1. Pods smooth, not torulose, 5-9 mm thick; petals purple, less com- monly white, 1.5-2 cm long, conspicuously veined; fields and waste ground; escaped from cult. May-Sept. Radish R. sativus L. 3. Eruca Adans. — Rocket Salad E. sativa Mill. Nat. from Eur. ; Peoria Co. F. E. McDonald in 1907. 4. Erucastrum (DC.) Presl — Dog Mustard E. gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz. Waste ground; adv. from Eur. June-Oct. 5. Brassica L. 1. Leaves not clasping the stem. 2. Pods hispid, 3 cm long, with a flattened beak half the length of the pod; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. Apr.-Aug. White Mustard [B. alba sensu auth., non Gilib.; Sinapis alba L.J B. hirta Moench 2. Pods glabrous. 3. Pods ascending at maturity, 3-5 cm long, 2-3 mm thick, the beak 4-8 mm long; pedicels ascending, 6-10 mm long. 4. Beak of the mature pod flattened, nearly as wide as the body, usually containing one seed in the basal part; pedicels stout, 4-6 mm long; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. Mav-Sept. Field Mustard [B. arvensis Rabenh., non L.]' B. kabcr (DC.) L. C. Wheeler 4. Beak of the mature pod terete, seedless ; pedicels slender, 7-10 mm long; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur- asia. July-Sept. Indian Mustard B. juncea (L.) Cosson 3. Pods erect, 1-1.5 cm long, 1-1.5 mm thick; beak terete, 1.5-2 mm long; pedicels erect, 3-5 mm long; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. Apr.-Sept. Black Mustard B. nigra (L.) Koch 18. Cruciferae 71 1. Upper leaves sessile and clasping by the auriculate base. 5. Plants glaucous, usually partly hispid when young. 6. Roots slender: leaves not fleshy: fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. Apr.-Oct. Yellow Mustard B. campestris L. 6. Roots thicker; leaves fleshy; fields and waste places; introd. from Eur. Cabbage B. oleracea L. 5. Plants not glaucous; roots thickened; persisting occasionally from cult. Turnip B. rapa L. 6. Diplotaxis DC. — Sand Rocket D. muralis (L.) DC. Waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. June-Aug. 7. Barbarea R.Br. — Wintercress 1. Petals bright yellow, 6-8 mm long; basal leaves with 2-8 lateral leaflets; mature pods 1.5-2.5 cm long, the pedicel not as thick as the pod; roadsides, fields, and waste places, very common; nat. from Eur. Apr.-June. Common Wintercress [B. stricta sensu auth., non Andrz.] B. vulgaris R.Br. 1. Petals pale yellow, 4-6 mm long; basal leaves with 8-16 lateral leaflets; mature pods 5-6 cm long; pedicels about as thick as the pods; waste places; nat. from Eur. Early Wintercress [B. praecox R.Br.] B. verna (Mill.) Aschers. 8. Rorippa Scop. — Yellow Cress 1. Petals 3-5 mm. long; perennials with rhizomes. 2. Leaves pinnately divided, not auriculate at base; pods linear, the style 0.5 mm long; moist ground; nat. from Eur. May- Sept R. sylvestris (L.) Besser 2. Leaves pinnately lobed, auriculate at base; mature pods cylin- drical, the style 2-3 mm long; river banks. Apr.-Aug R. sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. L Petals 1-2 mm long; leaves with small auricles at ba.se; style on mature pods 0.5-1 mm long; annual or biennial natixe species. 3. Pedicels short, not more than 1-2 mm long; pods 6-10 mm long, ellipsoid; stem glabrous; median and upper leaves shallowly toothed or sinuate; muddy creek banks, or in fields, common. May-Oct R. sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. 3. Pedicels and pod usually 3-5 mm long; leaves usually pinnatifid, especially toward the base. 4. Stem and leaves hirsutulous; p>ods 1-2 times as long as wide and slightly shorter than the pedicel, wet ground, rare; Cook Co., E. J. Hill, A. Chase; McHenry Co., W. A. Nason R. hispida (Desv.) Britt. 4. Stem and leaves glabrous; pods about twice as long as wide, and longer than the pedicels; wet ground or in water, common throughout 111. May-Oct. [R. palustris (L.) Besser] R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas 72 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 9. Sisymbrium L. 1. Pods 1-1.5 cm long, on very short pedicels closely appressed to the stem; petals 3 mm long; stem divaricately branched above; leaves pinnatifid into 5-13 lobes; waste ground, common; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Hedge Mustard S. officinale (L.) Scop. 1. Pods 3-10 cm long, spreading or ascending on slender pedicels; petals 5-8 mm long. 2. Lower part of stem spreading-hirsute ; upper leaves with linear divisions; petals pale yellow, 6-8 mm long; pods 7-10 cm long, the ascending pedicels 5-8 mm long; a common weed in fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. May- Aug. Tumble Mustard S. altissimum L. 2. Lower part of the stem retrorsely hirsute; upper leaves with lanceolate divisions; petals bright yellow, 5-6 mm long; pods 3 cm long, on spreading pedicels 1-1.5 cm long; fields and waste places; adv. from Eur. May-Nov S. loeselii L. 10. Alliaria B.Ehrh. — Garlic Mustard A. officinalis Andrz. Roadsides, waste places, and in woods; nat. from Eui'.; known to occur in Carroll, Piatt, Sangamon, Tazewell, and Winnebago counties. May- June. 11. Conringia Adans. — Hare's-ear Mustard C. orient alis (L.) Dum. Waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. May-July. 12. Hesperis L. — Rocket H. matronalis L. Roadsides, waste places, cultivated ground; escaped from cult. ; introd. from Eur. June-July. 13. Erysimum L. 1. Petals 1.5-2 cm long; pods 4-8 cm long, 2 mm thick; sandy soil; Cass, Fulton, Hancock, La Salle, Mason, and Menard counties. May-June. Western Wallflower [E. arkajisanurn Nutt.] E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. 1. Petals 4-8 mm long. 2. Fruiting pedicels 3-8 mm long; petals 6-8 mm long. 3. Pods 6-8 cin long, divaricately spreading; leaves mostly repand-dentate or denticulate; waste places, roadsides, or fields; adv. from Eur. Apr. -June E. repandum L. 3. Pods 3.5-4.5 cm long, nearly erect; leaves entire; dry ground, not common; chiefly in the northern half of 111. [E. parvi- florujn Nutt., non Pers.] E. inconspicuum (Wats.) MacM. 2. Fruiting pedicels slender, 1 cm long; pods ascending, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide; petals 4-5 mm long; leaves entire or nearly so; fields and waste places; chiefly in the n. half of the state. June-Aug. Wonnseed Mustard E. cheiranthoides L. 18. Cruciferae 73 14. Descurainia Webb & Berth. — Tansy Mustard 1. Pods cla\ate, 7-10 mm lonj^; sandy soil or roadsides, common. Apr. -June D. brachycarpa (Ricliards.) O. E. Scluilz 1. Pods linear, about 2 cm long; waste places, not common; adv. from Eur D. sophia (L.) Webb 15. Draba L. — Whitlowcress 1. Stem leafy-branched; pods narrowly oval, acute, 2-3 mm long, 1 nun wide, glabrous, 6- to 16-seeded, equalling or exceeding the pedicels; petals entire, whitish, sometimes minute or none; diy soil, s. 111., extending northward to Coles Co. Apr. -May D. brachycarpa Nutt. 1. Stem scapose, the leaves chiefly basal; pods 15- to 60-seeded. 2. Petals entire or emarginate, 3-5 mm long; pods mostly longer than the pedicels. 3. Pods linear, 8-12 mm long, 1-2 nun wide, glabrous or hispidu- lous; rachis and pedicels glabrous; leaves entire or nearly so; sandy soil, locally abundant; Apr. -May D. repians (Lam.) Fern. 3. Pods oval to linear-elliptical, 6-15 mm long, 2 mm wide, pubescent; rachis and pedicels pubescent; leaves dentate above the middle; sandy soil, s. 111., Monroe and Randolph counties. Mar.-May D. cuneijolia Nutt. 2. Petals deeply 2-cleft; pods oval, glabrous, 4-10 mm long, shorter than the pedicels; cultivated ground and waste places, occa- sional; nat. from Eurasia. Mar.-May D. verna L. 16. Dentaria L. — Toothwort D. laciniata Muhl. Woods, common throughout 111. Mar.-May. [D. laciniata var. intcgra (O.E.Schul^:) Fern.]. 17. lodanthus T. & G. /. pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Woods, especially near streams, local. May-July. 18. Cardamine L. — Bittercress 1. Leaves toothed or entire; petals 7-12 mm long; plants perennial; .stem with a tuberous base. 2. Petals white; stem 15-50 cm tall, puberulent at base, otherwise glabrous; basal leaves oval; cauline leaves 4-8; wet ground. May-June C. bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. 2. Petals pale lavender; stem 10-25 cm tall, sparsely hirsute, vary- ing to glabrous; basal leaves orbicular; cauline leaves 2-6; woods. Apr. -May C. douglassii (Torr.) Britt. 1. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; petals white, 2-3 mm long; plants annual. 3. Leaves nearly all basal, more or less pubescent; stamens 4; an occasional weed in cultivated ground and greenhouses; nat. from Eur. Apr.-May C. hirsuta L. 74 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Stem more or less leafy, the leaves glabrous; stamens usually 6; native plants. 4. Leaflets or leaf-segments of the median and upper leaves oblong to oval, often toothed, the terminal one larger; rachis narrowly winged; wet soil. Apr.-Aug C. pensylvanica Muhl. 4. Leaflets or leaf-segments of the median and upper leaves linear, entire, not decurrent, the terminal one similar; rachis not winged; moist soil. Apr.-May ....C. arenicola Britt. 19. Arabis L. — Rockcress 1 . Pods erect or ascending. 2. Stem-leaves and basal leaves pinnatifid; pods ascending, 2-2.5 cm long; petals 1.5-3 mm long; rocky woods and waste ground; in the southern half of the state, extending to Han- cock and Fulton counties. Apr.-May. [Sihara virginica (L.) Rollins] A. virginica (L.) Poir. 2. Stem-leaves entire or dentate. 3. Stem-leaves not auricled at the base, spatulate or linear, 1-3 cm long; basal leaves pinnatifid; pods ascending, 2-3.5 cm long; petals 6-8 mm long; rocky or sandy soil; n. third of 111., extending southward to Henderson and Kankakee counties. May-July A. lyrata L. 3. Stem-leaves auricled at the base; basal leaves entire or dentate. 4. Mature pods erect or appressed, not more than 1 mm wide. 5. Pods 5-9 cm long, nearly terete; seeds almost wingless, in two distinct rows; petals 3-4 mm long, cream or pale yellowish; waste places; nat. from Eur. May- July. Tower Mustard A. glabra (L.) Bernh. 5. Pods 4-5 cm long; flat; seeds winged, in only 1 row; petals 4-5 mm long, white or pale pink; among rocks near streams; s. to Hancock and De Witt counties. May-June. [A. hirsuta of Am. auth.; A. ovata (Pursh) Poir. (?)] A. pycnocarpa Hopkins 4. Mature pods spreading or ascending, 1.5-2 mm wide, flat; seeds winged, in two rows; petals 5-8 mm long, pink; river banks, rare; Kane and Lee counties. Jime-July, \A. drummondii sensu auth., non Gray; A. divaricarpa sensu auth., non A. Nels.] A. confinis Wats. 1 . Pods divaricately spreading, or arcuate-recui^ved or pendulous at maturity. 6. Leaves not auricled at base, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 cm long; pods pendulous, falcate, 5-7 cm long, 2-3 mm wide; seeds winged; petals 5-6 mm long, greenish-white; sepals pilosulous; wooded slopes. May-July. Sicklepod A. canadensis L. 18. Cruciferae 75 6. Leaves, at least the median and lower, auriculatc; at base; mature pods less than 2 mm wide. 7. Mature pods 2-2.5 cm long, straight, spreading; seeds wing- less; petals white or pale lavender, 2-3 mm long; stem- leaves oblanceolate, obtusish, unequally dentate; moist woods near streams, common. Apr.-June. [^4. dentata T. & G., homonym] A. shortii (Fern.) Gleason 7. Mature pods 4-9 cm long, arcuate-recurved; seeds winged; petals greenish-white, 4-6 mm long; plant glabrous throughout; gravelly soil in woods. Apr.-June. Smooth Rockcress A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. 20. Arabidopsis Heynh. — Mouse-ear Cress A. thaliana (L.) Heynh. Waste places, chiefly in the s. counties; nat. from Eur. Apr.-June. 21. Nasturtium R.Br. — Watercress A'^. officinale R.Br. In clear water, especially in or near springs; nat. from Eurasia. May-Sept. 22. Neobeckia Greene A^. aquatica (A. Eaton) Greene. Ditches, ponds, or slow streams, not common. June-Aug. [Arrnoracia aquatica (A. Eaton) Wieg.]. 23. Armoracia Gaertn. — Horseradish A. rustic ana (Lam.) Gaertn. Waste places, ditches, roadsides; escaped from cult.; native of Eur. May-June. [A. lapathifolia Gilib., nom. invalid.] 24. Alyssum L. A. alyssoides L. Fields and waste places, occasional: nat. from Eur. May-June. 25. Lobularia Desv. Sweet Alyssum L. maritima (L.) Desv. Occasionally spontaneous after cult.; introd. from Eur. 26. Berteroa DC. — Hoary Alyssimi B. incana (L. ) DC. Waste places, locally abimdant; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. 27. Lesquerella Wats. — Bladder-pod 1. Pods, as well as the whole plant, densely stellate-pubescent; plants perennial; in sand or sandy soil, rare; Havana, Mason Co., Aug. 22, 1904, H. A. Gleason [L. argentea (Pursh) MacM., non (Schauer) Wats.] L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) W^ats. 1. Pods glabrous; plants annual, sparsely stellate- pubescent ; "by the Chicago & Alton R.R. near Rock Bridge, s. of Willow Springs, June 9, 1894," Hill; east of Sag Bridge, June 9, 1894, Mofjatt 172 ("only two plants found; fruit immature.") ; native in Okla. and Tex. [L. nuttallii Wats.] L. gracilis (Hook.) Wats. 76 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 28. Camelina Crantz l.Stem glabrous; leaves auriculate at base; petals yellow, 5-6 mm long; pods 6-9 mm long, 5-6 mm broad; pedicels 12-25 mm long; an occasional weed in fields and waste places; adv. from Eur. June- July C. sativa (L.) Crantz l.Stem hirsute below; leaves sagittate at base; petals pale yellow, 3-4 mm long; pods 4-6 mm long, 4-5 mm broad; pedicels 8-15 mm long; fields and roadsides; nat. from Eur. May-July C. rnicrocarpa Andrz. 29. Cardaria Desv. — Hoary Cress C. draho (L.) Desv. Fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. Apr.- June. [Lepidium draha L.]. 30. Lepidium L. — Peppercress 1. Stem-leaves sessile, not sagittate. 2. Pods 2-4 mm long. 3. Petals conspicuous, white, spatulate, longer than the sepals; waste places, vei-y common. May-Nov. Common Pepper- cress _ L. vhginiciun L. 3. Petals absent, or minute, linear, much shorter than the sepals; waste places, occasional; nat. from Eurasia. May- July. [L. interjnedinm A. Gray; L. apetalurn sensu auth., non L.] L. densiflorum Schrad. 2. Pods 5-7 mm long; introd. from Eur.; Cook Co. Garden Cress L. sativum L. 1. Stem-leaves sagittate or clasping at base. 4. Stem-leaves lanceolate, denticulate, grayish puberulent; petals white; pods 5-6 mm long; fields and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. May-July. Field Peppercress L. carnpestre (L.) R.Br. 4. Stem-leaves ovate, entire, glabrous, clasping; basal leaves bipin- nate, with linear divisions; petals yellow; pods 4 mm long; waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. May-June. Clasping Peppercress L. perjoUatinn L. 31. Thiaspi L. T. arvense L. Field Pennycress. Fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. 32. Capsella Medic. — Shepherd's Purse C. bursa- pastoris (L.) Medic. Fields and waste places, very com- mon; nat. from Eur. Mar.-Oct. 19. Hypericaceae Lindl. — St. John's-wort Family 1. Petals yellow, convolute in the bud; hypogynous glands absent. 2. Sepals 4, in unequal pairs, the outer pair larger, bract-like; petals 4 1. Ascyrum 19. HVI'ERICACEAE 77 2. Sepals 5; petals 5 2. Hypericum 1. Petals pink or greenish-purple, imbricate in the bud; sepals 5; hypogynous glands 3; leaves oval 3. Triadenum 1 . Ascyrum L. — St. Andrew's Cross A. hyptricoidcs L. Wooded slopes or ridges, locally in southern Illinois. July-Aug. [A. crux-andreae sensu autli., non L.; A. multicaule Michx.]. 2. Hypericum L. — St. John's- wort 1. Leaves with ordinary flat blades. 2. Flowers large, the petals 0.8-2.5 cm long; stamens numerous. 3. Petals not at all black-dotted or streaked. 4. Styles 5; capsules 5-loculed. 5. Capsules 2-2.5 cm long; flowers 4-5 cm in diameter; stems herbaceous, 0.5-1.5 m tall; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, partly clasping; banks of streams, locally nearly throughout 111. July-Aug. Giant St. John's-wort. [H . ascyron of auth., non L.] H. pyramidatum Ait. 5. Capsules 3-9 mm long; flowers 2-3 cm in diameter; shrubs to 1.5 m tall; leaves linear or oblanceolate or elliptical. 6. Sepals 5-30 mm long; capsules 7-15 mm long; sandy or rocky soil, rare. Cook and Lake counties. June- Aug. Kalm's St. John's-wort H. kalmianum L. 6. Sepals 2-5 mm long; capsules 3-7 mm long; low, wet ground, rare; s. 111., Massac Co., /. R. Swaync 1 104 and 1163 in 1950. [H. densifloruru \ar. lobocar- piini (Gattinger) Svenson] H. lobocarpum Gattinger 4. Styles 3 (rarely 4), free, or united into a beak. 7. Capsules 10-13 mm long, 3-loculed; flowers 1.5-2 cm in diameter; branched shrubs to 1 meter tall; moist woods; principally in the s. half of the .state. July-Aug. Shioibby St. John's-wort H. prolificum L. 7. Capsules 4-7 mm long; flowers 1-1.5 cm in diameter. 8. Capsules 3- to 4-loculed; stamens persistent, forming a mass at base of capsule; wet ground, rare; St. Clair Co., Brendrl in 1850; Wabash Co., Schneck H. adpressum Bart. 8. Capsules 1-loculed; stamens not persistent. 9. Styles united below; stigmas elongate; plants not virgate. 10. Stems somewhat woody at base; inflorescence many-flowered; seeds rugulose and pitted; roadsides, open woods, river banks, common throughout 111. June-Aug. Round-fruited St. John's-wort. [H. cistijolium sensu auth., non Lam.] H. sphaerocarpum Mich.x. 78 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 10. Stems herbaceous throughout, simple or nearly so, from a slender, creeping, stoloniferous base; inflorescence few-flowered; seeds striate; wet ground, rare; Fulton and St. Clair coun- ties.. July-Aug H. ellipticum Hook. 9. Styles free to base; stigmas ovoid; plants virgate; moist woods, rare, Jackson and Pope counties H. denticulatuni Walt. 3. Petals black-lined or black-dotted, at least along the margin; styles separate; capsules 3-loculed. 11. Petals dotted only along the margin; leaves linear or oblong, 1-2 cm long, 2-8 mm wide, numerous; stem much branched, often with basal stei'ile shoots; road- sides and fields, common; nat. from Eur. June- Aug. Common St. John's-wort H. perforatum L. 11. Petals marked with black lines and dots; leaves elliptical to ovate. 12. Leaves elliptical, obtuse or acute; petals 5-7 mm long; capsules 4-6 mm long; roadsides and open woods. July-Aug. Spotted St. John's-wort H. punctatum Lam. 12. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate; petals 10-15 mm long; capsules 6-8 mm long; open woods, local. May- June. Large Spotted St. John's-wort H. pscudomaculatum Bush 2. Flowers small, the petals 3-6 mm long; stamens few (5-20) . 13. Capsules 3-3.5 mm long; sepals linear, obtusish; leaves oval or elliptical, obtuse, 5-veined from the base; plants often diflfusely branched; moist soil, local. July-Sept. Dwarf St. John's-wort H. mutilum L. 13. Capsules 4-6 mm long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acumi- nate; branching strict, erect, or stem simple. 14. Leaves oval to elliptic-lanceolate, clasping, 3- to 7- veined from the base. 15. Leaves firm, ovate, acute, often distant; stem simple; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; wet sandy barrens, local H. gynuianthurti Engelm. & Gray 15. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acutish, somewhat rounded at the clasping base, 3-10 mm wide; sepals 5-6 mm long, nearly equalling the capsule; moist ground, rare, n.e. 111., extending southwestward to Tazewell Co. July-Aug. Larger Canadian St. John's-wort H. rnajus (Gray) Britt. 14. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, tapered at the sessile base, 1-3 mm wide; sepals 2.5-3 mm long, noticeably shorter than the capsule; moist sandy soil, in the northern half of 111. July-Sept. Canadian St. John's-wort H. canadense L. 22. TiLIACEAE 79 1. Leaves scale-like or subulate. 16. Leaves scale-like, 2-3 mm long; capsules much longer than the sepals; flowers 4-8 mm in diameter, nearly sessile; sandy soil, local. Aug.-Oct H. gcntianoides (L.) BSP. 16. Leaves subulate, 5-20 mm long; capsules about as long as the sepals; flowers 10-12 mm in diameter, pedicelled ; sterile soil in fields or on thinly wooded ridges in the southern half of the state. July-Sept H. drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. 3. Triadenuni Raf. — Marsh St. John's-wort 1. Leaves 2-5 cm long, copiously glandular beneath, sessile or partly clasping at the base, broadest below the middle; swamps or bogs in the northern half of 111. July-Sept. [7". virginicum sensu auth., non (L.) Raf.] T. jraseri (Spach) Gleason 1. Leaves 5-15 cm long, elliptical or oblanceolate, thin. 2. Leaves sessile, glandless or nearly so; swampy ground in woods; Alexander, Massac, and Pulaski counties. [T. longifolium Small] T. tubulosum (Walt.) Gleason 2. Leaves short-petioled, narrowed at the base, glandular beneath; cypress swamps, and wet ground in woods in southern Illinois. July-Aug. [T. petiolatum (Walt.) Britt.] T. walteri (Gmel.) Gleason 20. Elatinaceae Lindl. — Waterwort Family 1. Plants glabrous: flowers 2- to 4-mcrous; sepals obtuse L Elatine 1. Plants puberulent; petals, sepals, and stamens 5; sepals acuminate ....2. Bergia 1. Elatine L. — Waterwort E. hrachysperma A. Gray. Shallow water, rare; Springfield, San- gamon Co., Bebb; Athens, Menard Co., Hall. 2. Bergia L. B. texana (Hook.)Seub. Shores, rare; near Cahokia, Madison Co., H. Eggert in 1874; St. Clair Co., Eggert in 1878. Aug.-Oct. 21. Sarraceniaceae LaPylie — Pitcher-plant Family 1. Sarracenia L. — Pitcher-plant S. purpurea L. Peat bogs; Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties. May-June. 22. Tiliaceae Juss. — Linden Family 1 . Tilia L. — Linden 1. Leaves of the flowering branches glabrous beneath except for tufts of hairs in the axils of the lateral veins, coarsely serrate, abrupt- ly short-acuminate; woods, common. June-July. American Linden. Basswood. \T. glabra Vent.] T. arnericana L. 80 American Midland Naturalist Mor^oGRAPH No. 7 1 . Leaves of the flowering branches tomentose beneath, finely serrate, gradually short-acuminate; woods, Hardin and Pope counties. June- July. White Basswood T. hctcrophylla Vent. 23. Malvaceae Necker — Mallow Family 1. Pistil consisting of several carpels united in a ring around a central axis, but usually separating at maturity; stamen-column anther-bearing at the top. 2. Carpels 1-ovuled and I-seeded. 3. Plants with perfect flowers. 4. Calyx subtended by an involucre of 6-9 connate bracts; tall plants with showy flowers 1. Althaea 4. Calyx subtended by usually 3 separate bracts, or these sometimes lacking. 5. Stigmas linear, on the inner side of the style-branches; petals rose, purple, or white. 6. Petals obcordate; carpels beakless 2. Malva 6. Petals truncate, sometimes dentate or fimbriate; carpels beaked 3. Callirhoe 5. Stigmas capitate, terminal; petals yellow, small. 7. An involucel present at the base of the calyx; leaves linear 4. Malvastrum 7. Involucels absent; leaves ovate-lanceolate. 8. Flowers yellow; leaves with a short spine at base 5. Sida 8. Flowers pale blue; leaves without spines 6. Anoda 3. Plants dioecious; petals white: carpels rugose-reticulate; leaves palmately 5- to 11-lobed 7. Napaea 2. Carpels 2- to several-seeded; stigmas capitate or truncate, terminal. 9. Petals yellow; involucre none; carpels 10-17; leaves long-petioled, velvety-pubescent, cordate, acuminate, 6-30 cm broad 8. Abutilon 9. Petals pink or rose; involucre of 3 narrow bracts; leaves palmately lobed 9. Iliamna 1. Pistil consisting of 3-5 united carpels, becoming in fruit a loculicidal several-seeded capsule; stamen-column anther-bearing below the summit; flowers large, showy. 10. Bractlets six or more, linear 10. Hibiscus 10. Bractlets three, broadly cordate 11. Gossypium 1 . Althaea L. — Hollyhock A. rosea (L.) Cav. Roadsides and waste ground, occasional; native of China. 2. Malva L. — Mallow 1. Petals not more than twice as long as the sepals. 2. Leaves crisped on the margins; carpels reticulate; stem stout, erect, 0.5-2 m tall; escaped froin cult.; native of Eur. July- Sept M. crispa L. 2. Leaves not crisped. 3. Stems erect; petals 5 mm long; carpels 8-11, more or less pubescent and rugose on the back; weed in waste places; 23. Malvaceae 81 native of Eur. ; Champai<)^n and Peoria counties. July-Aug. Round-leaved Mallow. [M. pusilla With.] M. rotundifolia L. 3. Stems prostrate or ascending; petals 10-12 mm long; carpels 12-15, pubescent; waste places; very common; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. [M. roturidifolia sensu auth., non L.] M. neglecta Wallr. 1. Petals 3-8 times as long as the sepals. 4. Leaves 3- to 7-lobed; petals purple; carpels wrinkled; occasional in waste places as a garden escape; introd. from Eur. Aug.- Sept M. sylvestris L. 4. Leaves deeply dissected; petals pink; carpels pubescent; road- sides, escaped from cult. ; native of Eur. June. Musk Mallow M . nioschata L. 3. Callirhoe Nutt. — Poppy Mallow L Petals usually white or pinkish, 1-1.5 cm long, flowers without subtending bracts; carpels pubescent; roadsides and waste places, occasional. May- June. [C. digit at a sensu auth., non Nutt.] C. alcaeoides (Michx.) A.Gray 1. Petals purple. 2. Leaves roundish in outline, palmately 5- to 7-parted; stems procumbent; peduncles 1 -flowered; plants hispid-pubescent; carpels rugose-reticulate: cultivated ground and roadsides; occasionally adv. from west of the Mississippi R. May-Aug. C. involucrata (T. & G.) A.Gray 2. Leaves mostly triangular or halberd-shaped, crenate; stem erect; peduncles several-flowered; plants stellate-pubescent; carpels pubescent, not rugose; sandy soil, chiefly in the northern counties. June-Sept C. triangulata (Leavenw.) A.Gray 4. Malvastrum A. Gray — Globe Mallow M. angustum A. Gray. Dry ground, rare; La Salle and Rock Island counties. July-Aug. [Sidopsis hispida (Pursh) Kydh.; Sphacral- cea angusta (A. Gray) Fern.]. 5. Sida L. S. spinosa L. Fields and waste ground, common; native of trop. Am. July-Oct. 6. Anoda Cav. A. cristata (L.) Schlecht. Escaped from cult.; Hancock Co. 7. Napaea L. — Glade Mallow A'^. dioica L. Allu\ial soil, locally throughout the northern half of 111. July-Aug. 82 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 8. Abutilon Mill. — Indian Mallow A. theophrasti Medic. Butterprint. Velvet-leaf. Fields and road- sides, common; native of India. Aug.-Oct.. [A. avicennae Gaertn.; A. abutilon (L.) Rusby]. 9. Iliamna Greene /. remota Greene. On an island in the Kankakee R., the type locality; plants on Peters Mt., Va., belong to a separate species. June- July. [Sphaeralcea acerijolia sensu auth., non Nutt.; S. remota (Greene) Fern.; Phymosia remota (Greene) Britt.]. 10. Hibiscus L. — Rose Mallow 1. Stems 1-2 m tall; native perennial species. 2. Stem, leaves, and capsules glabrous; seeds pubescent; muddy shores of streams and ponds nearly throughout 111. July-Oct. - H. militaris Cav. 2. Stem and lower surface of leaves pubescent; seeds glabrous. 3. Upper surface of leaves glabrous or essentially so; bracts canescent but not ciliate; capsules glabrous; swampy ground; Cook, Douglas, La Salle, Woodford, and William- son counties. July-Sept. [H. jnoscheutos of auth., not L.] H. palustris L. 3. Upper surface of leaves velvety-pubescent; bracts canescent, and ciliate with long simple hairs; capsules stellate- pubescent; shores of ponds and streams; chiefly in the s. half of the state. Aug.-Oct. [H. grandiflorus sensu auth., non Michx.] H. lasiocarpus Cav. 1. Stem 10-40 cm tall; leaves 3- to 7-lobed; plants annual. 4. Calyx inflated, 5-winged ; seeds finely verrucose ; roadsides, fields, and waste places; nat. from Eur. Aug.-Oct. Flower- of-an-hour H. triojium L. 4. Calyx spathiform; seeds mucilaginous; rarely persisting after cult.; introd. from Afr. Okra H. esculentus L. 11. Gossypiuni L. — Cotton G. hirsutum L. Native of trop. Am.; cultivated in s. 111. and south- ward; occasionally apparently spontaneous. 24. Caryophyllaceae Reichenb. — Pink Family 1. Sepals separate or nearly so: petals without claws or appendages. 2. Petals deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted. 3. Capsules cylindrical, commonly curved, opening by a row of 10 (rare- ly 8) apical teeth; styles 5 1. Cerastium 3. Capsules ovoid or ellipsoid, splitting into usually 6 (rarely 8 or 10) valves; styles 3-5 2. Stellaria 2. Petals entire or emarginate, or absent. 4. Leaves with scarious stipules. 5. Leaves whorled; styles 5 3. Spergula 5, Leaves opposite; styles 3 4. Spergularia 24. Caryophyllaceae 83 4. Leaves without stipules. 6. Styles as many as the sepals 5. Sagina 6. Styles fewer than the sepals. 7. Stamens 10; capsule ovoid 6. Arenoria 7. Stamens 3-5; capsule cylindrical 7. Holosteum 1. Sepals united into a tubular calyx; petals clawed. 8. Caly.x without bracts at base. 9. Calyx-teeth much longer than the calyx-tube; styles 5 8. Agrostemma 9. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the calyx-tube. 10. Styles 5 or 3 (0 in the staminate flowers of Lychnis). 11. Styles 3, rarely 4; flowers perfect; capsule opening by 6 teeth 9. Silene 11. Styles 5 (or 0) ; capsule opening by 10 teeth 10. Lychnis 10. Styles 2 (occasionally 3, rarely 4) ; calyx terete or 5-angled 11. Saponaria 8. Calyx subtended by 1-4 bracts, cylindrical; styles 2. 12. Calyx with 30-40 nerves 12. Dianthus 12. Calyx with 5-15 ner\es 13. Tunica 1. Cerastium L. — Mouse-ear Chickweed 1. Petals much longer than the sepals. 2. Flowers 1.2-2 cm broad; fruiting calyx 6-7 mm long; capsule 12-14 mm long; seeds 1 mm in diameter; plants perennial; in thin soil, chiefly in limestone areas. May-June. Field Mouse-ear Chickweed. [C. arvensc sensu auth., non L.; C. aruense var. oblongifolium (Torr.) Hollick & Britt.] C. velutinum Raf. 2. Flowers 5-8 mm broad; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm long; capsule 9-11 mm long; seeds 0.4-0.8 mm in diameter; plants annual. 3. Pedicels 15-40 mm long, hooked at tip; moist ground, com- mon. Apr.-May. Nodding Mouse-ear Chickweed C. nutans Raf. 3. Pedicels 2-10 mm long, not hooked at tip; adv. from the West; occasional in 111. Apr.-May C. hrachypodurn (Engelm.) B.L.Robins. 1. Petals equalling or only slightly longer than the sepals. 4. Pedicels scarcely longer than the .sepals, the cyme therefore compact; plants annual; moist ground, rare; nat. trom Eur. Apr.-May C. viscosum L. 4. Pedicels two to five times longer than the sepals, the cyme therefore rather loose. 5. Bracts terminating in long tufts of hairs; plants annual; adv. from Eur.; Pulaski and Union counties. Apr.-May C. hr achy pet alum Pers. 5. Bracts without long tufts of hairs at tips; plants perennial; waste ground, lawns, fields, common; nat. from Eur. May- Aug. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed C. vulgatum L. 84 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Stellaria L. — Chickweed {Alsine L. ex p., non Wahl.) 1. Leaves oval or ovate. 2. Petals longer than the sepals; plants perennial. 3. Stems glandular-pnberulent above, glabrous below; leaves ovate; styles 5; waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. Water Chickweed S. aquatica (L.) Scop. 3. Stems with two lines of hairs; leaves elliptical; styles 3; wooded slopes and ra\ines, rare; Cook and Du Page coun- ties. June-July .S". pubcra Michx. 2. Petals shorter than the sepals; stem terete, with a single median line of hairs; stamens 3-7; styles 3-4; plants annual; waste ground and fields, very common; nat. from Eur. Jan. -Dec. Common Chickweed S. media (L.) Vill. 1. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate. 4. Leaves narrowly elliptical-lanceolate, widest at or above the middle, the margin microscopically papillate; seeds essential- ly smooth; moist ground. May-June S. longijolia Muhl. 4. Leaves linear-lanceolate, broadest below the middle; margin often sparsely ciliolate; seeds coarsely rugulose-tuberculate; moist ground; adv. from Eur. May- June S. graminca L. 3. Spergula L. ■ — Spurrey S. arvcnsis L. Fields and waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. 4. Spergularia J. & C. Presl — Sand Spurrey S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Found once in Cook Co., by W. S. Moffatt in 1893. 5. Sagina L. — Pearl wort S. dccumbens (Ell.) Torr. & Gray. Dry ground, occasional. Apr.- May. 6. Arenaria L. — Sandwort {Moehringia L.) 1. Leaves oval or ovate; valves of the capsules 2-toothed or 2-cleft. 2. Leaves oval, obtuse, 1-3 cm long; sepals obtuse, shorter than the petals; seeds smooth; woods in the n. half of the state. May-Jime A. lateriflora L. 2. Leaves ovate, acute, 2-8 mm long; sepals acuminate, longer than the petals; seeds rough; waste ground; adv. from Eur. Apr.- June. Thyme-leaved Sandwort A. serpyllijolia L. 1. Leaves linear-filiform or subulate; valves of the capsule entire. 3. Leaves rigid, subulate, evergreen, with others fascicled in the axils; plant perennial, glabrous; dry wooded bluffs, and on rocks, northern 111., rare. May-July. [A. michauxii (Fenzl) Hook.f.] A. stricta Michx. 3. Leaves soft, linear-filifoiTn; plant annual; pedicels glandular- puberulent; wooded slopes along streams, rare; Cook, Kan- 24. Caryophvllageae 85 kakee, St. Clair, and Will counties. May-June. [A. patida f. media Steyenn.] A. patula Michx. 7. Holosteum L. — Jagged Chickweed H. ufubcllatuni L. Roadsides, fields, and waste places; nat. from Eur. Apr.-May. 8. Agrostemma L. — Clorn Cockle A. githago L. An occasional weed in fields and waste ground; nat. from Eur. May-Jidy. The seeds are poisonous. 9. Silene L. — Catchfly 1 . Leaves opposite, not whorled. 2. Calyx ovoid or clavate, not becoming inflated in fruit or con- stricted at the mouth. 3. Stems glabrous or nearly so, or the upper internodes glutinous. 4. Flowers 12-17 mm in diameter in flat-topped cymes; calyx clavate, 1-1.5 cm long; leaves ovate-lanceolate; waste places; ad\-. from Eur. June-July. Sweet William Catchfly ^S". arnieria L. 4. Flowers 3-4 mm in diameter, paniculate; calyx ovoid, 5-8 mm long: upper leaves linear to lanceolate; roadsides and fields, not uncommon. May-July. Sleepy Catchfly S. antirrhina L. 3. Stem pubeiiilent. 5. Petals white or pink. 6. Calyx 12-16 mm long; roadsides and fields, rare; adv. from Eur. June- July. Forked Catchfly S. dichotoma Ehrh. 6. Calyx 15-25 mm long; cultivated ground or roadsides; adv. from Eur. June-July. Night-flowering Catchfly S. nocti flora L. 5. Petals crimson or scarlet; calyx 15-25 mm long. 7. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals mostly undixided; road- sides and prairie soil, s. 111., rare. July-Aug. Royal Catchfly S. regia Sims 7. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate; petals 2-cleft; woods, local. May-July. Firepink S. virginica L. 2. Calyx inflated in fruit, more or less constricted at the mouth. 8. Flowers in loose, terminal panicles; plants glaucous. 9. Calyx campanulate, 12-16 mm long, conspicuously veiny, roimded at base; seeds 1.2-1.5 mm long; fields or road- sides, occasional; nat. from Eur. May-July. Bladder Catchfly S. cucubalus Wibel 9. Calyx ellipsoid, 10-12 mm long, not conspicuously veined, tapering at base; seeds 0.8-1 mm long; roadsides and waste places, occasional; nat. from Eurasia. June-Aug. S. cserei Baumg. 86 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 8. Flowers few, usually solitai-y; plants not glaucous; calyx sub- cylindrical; wooded ravines, infrequent; June-July S. nivea (Nutt.) Otth 1. Leaves mostly in whorls of four, acuminate; petals white, 1.5-2 cm long; calyx campanulate, 1-1.5 cm long; woods throughout 111. June-Aug. Almost all 111. plants are more or less puberu- lent [var. scabrella (Nieuwl.) Steyerm.J Occasionally specimens from s. 111. are glabrous or nearly so S. stellata (L.) Ait.f. 10. Lychnis L. — Campion {Melayidrium Roehl) 1. Flowers white, red, or pink; plant viscid-pubescent or hirsute. 2. Flowers white, opening in the morning; plants viscid-pubescent; fields and roadsides; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. Evening- Campion L. alba Mill. 2. Flowers red, opening in the evening; plants puberulent to hirsute; waste places; adv. from Eur. June-Aug. Red Campion L. dioica L. 1. Flowers crimson; plants white-woolly throughout; waste places, occasional; introd. from Eur. June-Aug. Mullein Pink L. coronaria (L.) Desr. 1 1. Saponaria L. {Vaccaria Medic.) 1. Calyx terete; flowers 2-3 cm in diameter (sometimes double), in dense corymbiform cymes; plants perennial; roadsides, com- mon; adv. from Eur. June-Sept. Bouncing Bet S. officinalis L. 1 . Calyx sharply 5-angled ; flowers 6-8 mm in diameter, few, in a loose cyme; plants annual; roadsides and fields; adv. from Eur. June-Aug. Cow-herb. [Vaccaria segetalis (Necker) Garcke] S. vaccaria L. 12. Dianthus L. — Pink 1 . Flowers numerous. 2. Leaves 10-20 mm wide; plants perennial; introd. from Eur.; Jackson Co. Sweet William D. barbatus L. 2. Leaves 2-8 mm wide; plants annual; along roads or in pastures, occasional. June-Aug. Deptford Pink D. armeria L. 1. Flowers solitary; adv. from Eurasia; known from Piatt and Ver- milion counties D. dcUoidcs L. 13. Tunica Scop. — Saxifrage Pink T. saxifraga (L.) Scop. Roadsides and waste places; adv. from Eur. 25. Portulacaceae Reichenb. — Purslane Family 1. Leaves several, clustered at the base of the stem, terete; petals rose; capsule papery, opening by 3 valves 1. Talinum 1. Leaves not all clustered at the base of the stem. 27. Chenopodiaceae 87 2. Leaves 2, linear-lanceolate; petals pink or white: capsule 3- to 6-secded, opening by 3 valves 2. Claytonia 2. Leaves numerous, thick, spatulate ; capsules circumscissile, many-seeded 3. Portulaca 1 . Talinum Adans. — Rock-pink 1. Stamens 12-30 or more; petals 7-13 mm long. 2. Stamens 12-25; petals 7-8 mm long; seeds rugose; sandy soil, rare; Henderson, Jo Daviess, Lake, La Salle, Lee, Ogle, and Winnebago counties. June-Sept 7'. rugospermum Holz. 2. Stamens 30 or more; petals 10-13 mm long; seeds smooth; exposed sandstone bluffs, rare; Randolph Co. R. H. Mohlen- hrock in 1955. June-Sept T. calycinum Engelm. 1. Stamens 4-8; petals 5-6 mm long; rocky ledges, rare; Johnson, Pope, and Union counties. June-Sept T. parvifiorum Nutt. 2. Claytonia L. — Spring Beauty C. virginica L. Woods and waysides, abundant throughout the state. Mar.-May. 3. Portulaca L. 1. Leaves obovate, spatulate; stamens 6-10; fields and waste ground, common; nat. from Eur. July-Sept P. oleracea L. 1 . Leaves terete ; stamens about 40 ; occasional garden escape. Portulaca P. grandiflora Hook. 26. Aizoaceae A.Br. — Carpetweed Family 1. MoUugo L. — Carpetweed M. verticillata L. Fields, roadsides, and waste places, common; nat. from the southern states. June-Oct. 27. Chenopodiaceae l)um. — Goosefoot Family 1. Leaves alternate. 2. Leaves not spine-tipped or subulate. 3. Flowers perfect, not enclosed in a pair of triangular bracts: perianth present. 4. Flowers in clusters: fruit enclosed in the calyx. 5. Calyx not horizontally winged 1. Chenopodium 5. Calyx becoming horizontally winged. 6. Leaves sinuate-dentate; flowers paniculate 2. Cycloloma 6. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, yellowish-green : flowers spicate 3. Kochia 4. Flowers solitary, axillary; calyx of a single sepal 4. Corispermum 3. Flowers unisexual, the pistillate enclosed by a pair of triangular bracts: leaves narrowly lanceolate to hastate 5. Atriplex 2. Leaves subulate, spinescent; stems branched, striate; flowers 1-3 in the axils 6. Salsola 1. Leaves scale-like, opposite; branches terete, succulent, jointed 7. Salicornia 88 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Chenopodium L. — Goosefoot. Pigweed 1. Plants more or less glandular and aromatic, not at all farinose. 2. Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid; pericarp not gland-dotted; fruit only partly enclosed by the calyx; roadsides, waste ground, occa- sional; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. Jerusalem Oak ...C. hotrys L. 2. Leaves repand-dentate to subentire; pericarp gland-dotted; fruit completely enclosed by the calyx; waste ground, common; nat. from trop. Am. July-Oct. Mexican Tea - C. ambrosioides L. 1. Plants not glandular or aromatic, but sometimes farinose. 3. Flowers in globose clusters 1 cm or more in diameter, forming an interrupted spike, the calyx becoming red, succulent, and strawberry-like at maturity; leaves triangular to lanceolate; seeds horizontal, dull, 0.8 mm in diameter; sandy soil; Mc- Henry and Peoria counties. May-Aug. Strawberry Pigweed C. capitatum (L.) Aschers. 3. Flowers in smaller glomerules; calyx not succulent. 4. Leaves sinuately dentate or entire. 5. Sepals more or less prominently keeled in fruit. 6. Pericarp loose, readily separating from the seed; leaves thin; seeds horizontal. 7. Leaves green and glabrous or nearly so on both sur- faces when mature, slender-petioled, lanceolate to ovate, entire, or the lower ones sinuate-dentate; woods, common. June-Oct. [C. sta?idleya?ium Aellen] C. boscianurn Moq. 7. Leaves densely farinose at least beneath, rather short- petioled, linear or lanceolate, often somewhat has- tately toothed; sandy soil, occasional; native west of the Mississippi R.; adv. in 111. July-Sept. Narrow- leaved Goosefoot. [C. leptophylluin sensu auth., non Nutt.] -- ---C. pratcricola Rydb. 6. Pericarp firmly adherent to the seed. 8. Leaves more or less sinuately dentate. 9. Leaves commonly densely farinose on the lower surface; seeds 1-1.5 mm in diameter; cultivated ground and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. Lamb's Quarter. [C. viride L.; C. missouricn.se Aellen; C. bushianum Aellen; C. paganuyn Reichenb.] C. album L. 9. Leaves green and glabrous on both surfaces, triangular-ovate or somewhat deltoid-hastate, often truncate at base; seeds 1 mm in diam- eter; stem 30-90 cm tall; waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. City Goosefoot C. urbicum L. 27. Chenopodiaceae 89 8. Leaves small, entire or hastately toothed, the upper ones smaller, elliptical, cuspidate; seeds puncticu- late, 1 mm in diameter; diy soil, locally throuii,hout 111. July-Sept C. beiiandicri Moq. 5. Sepals only slightly or not at all keeled. 10. Lea\es bright green on both surfaces; seeds 1-1.5 mm in diameter. 11. Leaves entire, ovate to elliptical; flowers in nmcli- branched axillary panicles; along railroads; nat. from Eur.; Murphysboro, Jackson Co., R. H. Mohlenbrock C. polyspcrinum L. 1 1. Leaves sagittate, hastate, or deltoid; flowers usually in terminal paniculate glomerules; seeds all hori- zontal; leaves very coarsely toothed; waste places; nat. from Eur.. July-Oct. Nettle-leaved Goose- foot C. tuurale L. 10. Leaves pale green, sinuate-margined, 1-3 cm long, the lower surface whitish-mealy; stem low, spreading or prostrate; seeds 0.6-0.8 mm in diameter, sharp- edged; waste places; nat. from Em. July-Sept. Oak-leaved Goosefoot C. glaucum L. 4. Leaves sharply divaricately lobed or coarsely few-toothed, thin, large, green, glabrous; sepals slightly keeled, incom- pletely covering the seed; pericarp firmly adherent; seeds 1.5-2 mm in diameter; fields, woods, or waste ground; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. [C. gigantospermum Aellen] C. hybridum L. 2. Cycloioma Moq. — Winged Pigweed C. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Sandy soil, local. July-Aug. 3. Kochia Roth K. scuparia (L.) Roth. A weed in waste places about towns; nat. from Eurasia. July-Oct. — The var. culta Farw. [K. trichophylla Voss], summer-cypress or burning bush, with compact symmetrical ovoid habit, the foliage turning piaple-red in autumn, is occasionally apparently spontaneous, but not established. 4. Corispermum L. — Bugseed C. hyssopifolium L. Sandy soil, local; Cook, Lake, Mason, and Menard counties. July-Sept. [Incl. C. nitidurn sensu auth., non Kit.]. 5. Atriplex L. 1. Bracts enclosing the fruit somewhat succulent. 2. Bracts triangular, not conspicuously veined. 3. Leaves lanceolate: bracts cuneate at base; waste ground; nat. from Eur. July-Aug A. patula L. 90 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Lower leaves hastate; bracts truncate at base; waste ground; nat. from Eur. Aug.-Oct A. hastata L. 2. Bracts oval, conspicuously net-veined; waste ground; nat. from Asia; Du Page, Lake, and VeiTnilion counties A. hortensis L. 1. Bracts enclosing the fruit hard and bony. 4. Bracts ovate, acute, longer than broad; stem terete or nearly so; leaves oval to ovate; waste ground, occasional; native of Eurasia A. rosea L. 4. Bracts suborbicular, as broad as long; stem angular; leaves triangular-ovate to deltoid; waste ground, adv. from the western states. Silverscale A. argentca Nutt. 6. Salsola L. — Saltwort S. pestijer A. Nels. Russian-thistle. Sandy soil, chiefly in the n. half of 111.; nat. from Asia. July-Sept. [S. kali var. tenuifolia Tausch.]. 7. Salicornia L. — Glasswort S. europaca L. Muddy banks, Harvey, Cook Co., Sept. 2, 1948, G. S. Winter ringer 1588, 1599. 28. Amaranthaceae J.St.Hil. — Amaranth Family 1. Leaves alternate; filaments separate and distinct; anthers 2-loculed. 2. Both staminate and pistillate flowers with 3-5 sepals 1. Amaranthus 2. Pistillate flowers without a calyx; staminate flowers with 5 conspicuous mucronate sepals longer than the bracts 2. Acnida 1. Leaves opposite; anthers 1-loculed. 3. Flowers in axillary glomerules; pistillate calyx not woolly 3. Tidestromia 3. Flowers in terminal spikes or panicles; at least the pistillate calyx woolly. 4. Flowers perfect, in dense spikes on long peduncles; plants woolly- pubescent; filaments united into a tube 4. Froelichia 4. Flowers unisexual, paniculate; plants glabrous or nearly so; filaments united at base 5. Iresine 1. Amaranthus L. — Amaranth 1. Flowers in dense terminal and axillary panicles; plants tall, erect. 2. Leaves with a pair of rigid axillary spines; waste ground, com- mon; nat. from trop. Am. June-Oct. Spiny Pigweed A. spinosus L. 2. Leaves without spines; utricle circumscissile. 3. Plants monoecious; both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same or diff'erent spikes. 4. Sepals of the pistillate flowers about 1.5 mm long. 5. Panicle purple; bracts merely awn-pointed, shorter than or equalling the obtuse sepals; utricle longer than the calyx; occasionally escaped from gardens; native of China; Cook Co., Moffatt A. cruentus L. 28. Amaranthaceae 91 5. Panicle green; bracts long-awned, about twice the length of the acute sepals; utricle shorter than to about equal- ling the calyx; common weed in waste ground and fields. Aug. -Oct A. hybridus L. 4. Sepals of the pistillate flowers 2-3 nun long. 6. Terminal panicle lobulate; sepals of the pistillate flowers obtuse, mucronulate; stamens 5; stem pilosulous, at least above; common weed in fields and waste ground. Aug.-Sept. Rough Pigweed A. retroflexus L. 6. Panicle of few erect stiff" spikes 5-25 cm long; sepals of the pistillate flowers acute or acuminate; stamens usually 3; stem glabrous or puberulent; waste ground; adv. from the western states. Aug.-Sept A. powcllii S.Wats. 3. Plants dioecious, ihe flowers all staminate or all pistillate; sepals of the pistillate flowers spatulate, clawed at base, 2.5-3 mm long; inflorescence of long slender, dense or interrupted tenninal spikes; waste places, occasional; adv. from the western states A. arenicola I.M.Johnston 1. Flowers in small axillary clusters; plants diffusely branched or prostrate. 7. Stems prostrate; seeds 1.5 mm in diameter; fields and roadsides, common. June-Oct. Prostrate Amaranth. [A. blitoides Wats.] A. graecizans L. 7. Stems erect or ascending; seeds 1 mm in diameter; waste ground and fields, common. July-Sept. Tumbleweed A. albus L. 2. Acnida L. — Water-hemp 1. Utricle circumscissile; stem erect; fields, roadsides, and waste places, local; probably adv. from the West. July-Sept A. tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood 1. Utricle indehiscent or bursting irregularly. 2. Stem tall (0.5-2 m), erect; banks of streams, muddy shores, dried sloughs, sand bars, moist ground in woods, locally throughout 111. July-Oct. Tall Water-hemp A. altissima Riddell 2. Stem decumbent or ascending, 15-60 cm long; banks of streams, and mud flats, local. Aug.-Oct A. subnuda (Wats.) Standi. 3. Tidestromia Standi. T. lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standi. Ad\-. from the western states. Cook Co., Mo fja}t in 1893. 4. Froelichia Moench 1. Stem 60-100 cm tall, sparingly branched; wings of the fruiting calyx continuous, dentate; sandy soil; chiefly in the northern half of 111.; also Kankakee Co. June-Oct. [F. jloridana sensu auth., non (Nutt.) Moq.] F. campestris Small 92 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Stem 30-60 cm tall, branched near the base; wings of the fruiting calyx interrupted, forming 6 or 7 spine-like teeth; waste ground, usually along railroads; adv. from w. of the Mississippi R. June-Oct F. gracilis (Hook.) Moq. 5. Iresine P.Br. — Blood-leaf I. rhizomatosa Standi. Wet ground in woods, rare; Pulaski and Wabash counties. Aug.-Oct. [/. celosioides sensu auth., non (L.) Miclix.]. 29. Illecebraceae Lindl. — Whitlow-wort Family 1. Leaves oval 1. Paronychia 1. Leaves linear-subulate 2. Scleranthus 1. Paronychia Adans. — Forked-chickweed 1. Stem glabrous; sepals oval; utricle longer than the calyx; sandy soil, locally throughout 111. June-Aug P. canadensis (L. ) Wood 1. Stem puberulent; sepals ovate; utricle about as long as the calyx; sandy soil, mostly in the southern part of the state. June-Sept. [Anychia polygonoides Raf.] P. jastigiata (Raf.) Fern. 2. Scleranthus L. S. ayinuus L. Waste ground, occasional; nat. from Eur. Apr.-Oct. 30. Phytolaccaceae Lindl. — Pokeweed Family 1. Phytolacca L. — Pokeweed P. arnericana L. Woods and fields, common. June-Sept. [P. decandra L.]. 31. Nyctaginaceae Lindl. — Four-o'clock Family 1. Mirabilis L. {Allionia Loefl. ; Oxyhaphus L'Her.) 1. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all except the uppermost petio- late; gravelly or sandy soil, particularly along railroad embank- ments, common throughout 111. May-Aug. Umbrella-wort M. nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM. 1. Leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile. 2. Leaves lanceolate. 3. Stem more or less glandular-pubescent; Iruit with broad smooth angles; sandy meadows or along railroads; known from Cook, Jo Daviess, and Tazewell counties; adv. from the western states. July-Aug M.hirsuta (Pursh) MacM. 3. Stem glabrous or nearly so; fruit with tuberculate angles; pastures and borders of fields; known from Cook, Grundy, and Logan coimties; adv. from the southern states. July- Aug M. albida (Walt.) Heimerl 32. POLVGONACEAE 93 2. Leaves linear; stem glabrous; fruit with smooth angles; road- sides and waste places, occasional; adv. from the western states M. Ihuaris (Pursh) Heimerl 32. Polygonaceae Lindl. — Buckwheat Family 1. Plants not climbing by tendrils; calyx-tube not enlarged in fruit; leaves with sheathing stipules. 2. Sepals 6, the three inner ones becoming enlarged (valves) in fruit (ex- cept in the first species) ; stigmas tufted 1. Rumex 2. Sepals 5, sometimes 4, nearly equal; stigmas capitate. 3. Leaves not hastate-deltoid, or if so, the stems climbing by prickles or reclining. 4. Branches not at all adnate to the stem; flowers clustered (or if soli- tar)' not pink and the leaves not linear) 2. Polygonum 4. Branches more or less adnate to the internodes of the stem; stipular sheaths oblique or truncate, glabrous; flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts in slender panicled racemes; calyx pink; stamens 8; slender annual with linear leaves 3. Polygonella 3. Leaves hastate-deltoid; stem erect, smooth; flowers white; mature achenes much exserted from the calyx 4. Fagopyrum \. Plants climbing by tendrils; calyx-tube conspicuously enlarged in fruit, enclosing the achene; stipules obsolete; flowers in slender axillary and terminal racemes 5. Brunnichia 1. Rumex L. — Dock 1 . Leaves hastate, sometimes linear or lanceolate ; plants with acid juice, dioecious or polygamous; rhizomes horizontal. 2. Calyx essentially unchanged in fruit; achenes glandular, dull, much longer than the sepals; fields, roadsides, waste ground, common; nat. from Eur. May-July. Field Sorrel or Sour Dock R. acetosella L. 2. Inner sepals winged in fruit, thin, reticulate, cordate, 3-4 mm wide, enclosing the smooth, glossy achene; sandy soil; Mad- ison Co., McDonald; St. Clair Co., Eggert R. hastatulus Baldw. 1. Leaves not hastate or markedly acid; flowers perfect; roots stout. 3. Inner .sepals (valves) entire or merely denticulate. 4. Leaves flat, not crisped, pale green or glaucescent, acute at each end; native species. 5. Pedicels about equalling or shorter than the valves, curved. 6. Only one valve (rarely two or three) bearing a tubercle; valves 4-5 mm long; leaves lanceolate; roadsides and alluvial soil, common. June. Pale Dock R. altissimus Wood 6. Usually all three (rarely only 2) valves bearing a tuber- cle; valves 2.5-3 mm long; leaves linear-lanceolate; sandy soil, not common; throughout the state. June. [R. mexicanus sensu auth., non Meisn.] R. triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech.f. 94 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Pedicels several times longer than the valves, deflexed, nearly straight, jointed close to the base; wet ground, common. June-July. Swamp Dock R. verticillatus L. 4. Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, dark green. 7. Only one of the valves bearing a small or rudimentaiy tubercle; valves cordate, nearly or quite entire, 5-6 mm broad ; pedicels with a conspicuous joint ; waste ground, occasional; nat. from Eur. May-July. Patience Dock R. patientia L. 7. Usually all three valves bearing well-developed tubercles. 8. Pedicels obscurely jointed; leaves 5-10 cm wide, the lower ones narrowed at the base; stem 1-2 m tall; wet ground, not coinmon, chiefly in the northern half of the state. Aug. -Sept. Water Dock. [R. britannica sensu auth., non L.] R. orbiculatus A.Gray 8. Pedicels conspicuously jointed; leaves narrower, the lower ones truncate or cordate at the base; stem 30- 90 cm tall ; cultivated and waste ground, or roadsides, common; nat. from Eur. May-June. Curly Dock R. crispus L. 3. Valves with spinulose teeth. 9. Valves 3-4 mm long, deltoid, reticulate, only one-tubercled; pedicels jointed below the middle; lowest leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base; plants perennial; fields and roadsides, common ; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. Bitter Dock R. obtusifolius L. 9. Valves 2 mm long, with slender teeth, all three valves tuber- cled; pedicels jointed at base; leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at base, undulate or crisped; plants annual; sandy shores, local. July-Sept. [R. persicarioides sensu auth., non L.; R. jyiaritimus sensu auth., non L.] R. jueginus Phil. 2. Polygonum L. 1. Flowers in small axillary clusters (or 1 or 2 in the upper axils) ; leaves jointed at base; stipules silveiy; stems somewhat wiry, not twining. 2. Stems and branches terete or nearly so, striate, prostrate or ascending to erect. 3. Stems prostrate or spreading; sepals with white or pink mar- gins; achenes dull, dark brown; waste ground, roadsides, along streets, very common and variable in appearance; nat. from Eur. June-Oct. [P. neglectum Besser; P. buxi- forme Small]. Common Knotweed P. aviculare L. 3. Stems erect or ascending, branched; sepals with yellowish green margins; native species. 32. POLYGONACEAE 95 4. Leaves oval to obovate, 1-2.5 cm wide; achenes brown, dull or glossy; waste ground and disturbed soil. Aug.-Oct. [P. achonum Blake]. Erect Knolweed P. erccturn L. 4. Leaves linear-oblanceolate to narrowly ellijitical, 2-5 mm wide; achenes black, glossy; in sandy or alluvial soil. July-Oct. [P. exscrtum Small]. Bushy Knolweed P. ramosissinium Michx. 2. Stem and branches erect, sharply 4-angled; inflorescence slender; leaves plicate; sandy soil. July-Sept. Slender Knot- weed P. tenue Michx. 1. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes or racemes. 5. Outer sepals not keeled or winged. 6. Style short; sepals usually 5. 7. Stem glabrous or pubescent, not retrorsely bristly. 8. Panicle terminal, usually solitary; perennial marsh or aquatic or more or less amphibious herbs with long rhizomes. 9. Panicle ovoid or ellipsoid, 1-3 cm long; leaves ellipti- cal, glabrous, glossy above, obtuse or acute; shallow water. June-Aug. [P. natans (Michx.) Eaton, non Gueldenst.; P. amphibium of Am. auth., not L.]. The terrestrial pubescent form with lanceolate, acuminate leaves is f. hartwrightii (A.Gray) G.N.Jones. Water Smartweed P. fluitans Eaton 9. Panicle linear-cylindrical, 3-9 cm long, the peduncle glandular-hispidulous or strigose; leaves lanceolate, acuminate; wet ground, common, except in the southern counties. July-Oct. [P. emersum (Mich.x.) Britt.; P. muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats.] P. coccineum Muhl. 8. Panicles usually several, axillary as well as terminal; plants of moist rich soil. 10. Stipular sheaths fringed with bristles. 11. Calyx glandular-punctate. 12. Panicles erect; stamens 8; achenes glossy; wet ground, common. July-Aug. Dotted Smart- weed P. punctatum Ell. 12. Panicles nodding in fruit; stamens 4 or 6; achenes dull; along ditches, common; nat. from Eur. Aug.-Oct. Water-pepper P. hydro pi per L. 1 1. Caly.x not evidently punctate. 13. Stems and peduncle glandular-hispidulous or pubescent; panicles nodding; flowers rose- color; achenes lenticular; plants annual. 14. Leaves lanceolate; peduncles stijjitate- glandular; achenes 1.8-2.5 mm long; sandy soil, local; Kankakee Co. July- Aug P. careyi Olney 96 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 14. Leaves ovate; peduncles pubescent; a- chenes about 3 mm long; stem 1-2 m tall; waste places, roadsides, occasion- ally spread from cult. Jime-Oct. Na- tive of Eurasia. Prince's Feather. Kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate - P. orientale L. 13. Stems and peduncles not glandular-hispidu- loiis or pubescent. 15. Panicles compact, ellipsoid, 7-10 mm thick; leaves often with a more or less evident dark blotch; flowers pink; cult, ground, waste places, roadsides, fields, common; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Lady's Thumb P. persicaria L. 15. Panicles slender, lax or interrupted; achenes trigonal. 16. Sheaths strigose; calyx white or green- ish; plants perennial; wet ground or in shallow water, common. July- Sept. [P. opelousanum Riddell; P. setae eum Baldw.]. Mild Water- pepper P. hydropiperoides Michx. 16. Sheaths glabrous; calyx rose; plants annual; moist waste ground about towns; native of trop. eastern Asia. June-Oct. {P. caespitosum Blume] P. longisetum De Bruyn 10. Stipular sheaths not ciliate (except rarely some of the uppermost) ; calyx not punctate; achenes glossy, lenticular; plants annual. 17. Peduncles with short-stipitate glands; achenes about 3 mm wide; panicles erect; cult, ground, roadsides, fields, or along ditches, abundant probably in every county. Aug.-Oct. [P. longi- stylum Small] P. pensylvanicum L. 17. Peduncles with sessile glands, or glabrous; achenes 1.8-2 mm wide; panicles drooping or erect; moist soil, common; probably nat. from Eur. July-Sept. [P. tomentosum Schrank; P. inear- naturn Ell.]. Pale Smartweed P. lapathijoHum L. 7. Stem retrorsely bristly; leaves sagittate or hastate. 18. Leaves sagittate; stems 4-angled; stamens 8; style 3- parted; achenes trigonal; wet ground, not common. July-Oct. Arrow-vine P. sagittatum L. 18. Leaves hastate; stem ridged; stamens 6; style 2-parted; achenes lenticular; swampy ground, apparently not recently collected in 111 P. arijoliurn L. 32. POLYGONACEAE 97 6. Style long, exserted, persistent, reflexed in fruit; calyx curved, 4-parted; racemes slender, rigid, greenish; leaves ovate, acuminate; woods, common. July-Sept. [Tovara virgini- ana (L.) Raf.] Jump-seed. Virginia Knotweed - P. virginianum L. 5. Outer sepals keeled or winged at maturity. 19. Stems twining or trailing. 20. Outer sepals becoming conspicuously winged; achenes smooth, glossy; plants perennial. 21. Mature fruiting calyx 8-10 mm long, the wings imdulate or crisped; achenes 3.5-4.5 mm long; along fences, or borders of woods and thickets, common. July-Oct. Climbing False Buckwheat P. scandens L. 21. Mature fruiting calyx 5-9 mm long, the wings flat; achenes 2-3 mm long; open woods, occasional. Aug. -Sept. [P. dumctorum of auth., not L.] - P. cristatum Engelm. & Gray 20. Outer sepals merely keeled at maturity; plants annual; achenes minutely roughened, dull, black, 3-4 mm long; fields and waste places, common throughout 111.; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Black Bindweed P. convolvulus L. 19. Stems tall, stout, erect. 22. Leaves 5-15 cm long, tn_mcate or rounded at base; stems 1-2.5 cm tall; inflorescence lax, some of the axillaiy racemes much longer than the petioles; occasionally in waste ground about towns, spread from cult, and often fonning vigorous colonies; native of Japan. July-Oct. [P. sicboldii de Vriese; P. ziiccarinii Small]. Japanese Knotweed. Mexican-bamboo P. cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. 22. Leaves 30-40 cm long, shallowly cordate at base; stems 2.5-4 m tall; inflorescence dense, the axillary racemes shorter than or equalling the petioles ; native of Sakha- lin L: sometimes cultivated and occasionally estab- lished in 111. Sacaline P. sachalinense F.Schmidt 3. Polygonella Michx. — Join tweed P. articulata (L.) Meisn. Sandy soil, locally in n. 111., extending southward to Peoria and Kankakee counties. July-Oct. 4. Fagopyrum Mill. — Buckwheat F. esculentum Moench. Fields or roadsides, occasionally escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. July-Sept. 5. Brunnichia Banks B. cirrJiosa Banks. River banks, thickets, or along fences, not com- 98 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 mon; known from Alexander, Franklin, Johnson, Massac, Pope, and Pulaski counties. Aug.-Oct. 33. Saururaceae Lindl. — Lizard-tail Family 1. Saururus L. — Lizard-tail S. cernuus L. Wet grovmd in woods, or on muddy shores, locally abundant; extending northward to Henderson, Peoria, and Ver- milion counties. June-Sept. 34. Rutaceae Juss. — Rue FaiTiily 1. Leaves pinnate; branches often prickly; fruit of 1-5 two-\alved follicles 1. Zanthoxylum 1. Leaves trifoliate; branches not prickly; fruit a 2-seeded, suborbicular samara 2. Ptelea 1. Zanthoxylum L. — Prickly-ash Z. americanum Mill. Woods and thickets, common in the northern half of 111. Apr.-May. 2. Ptelea L. — Wafer-ash. Hop-tree P. trifoliata L. Along streams and at the edges of woods, not uncommon. May-July. 35. Simarubaceae Lindl. — Quassia Family 1 . Ailanthus Desf . — Tree of Heaven A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Waste ground and edges of woods, common; native of China. Jime-July. [A. glandulosa Desf.]. 36. Geraniaceae J.St.Hil. — Geranium Family 1. Leaves palmately veined and lobed or divided; antheriferous stamens 10, rarely 5 1. Geranium 1. Leaves pinnately veined and dissected; antheriferous stamens only 5 2. Er odium 1 . Geranium L. — Cranesbill. Wild Geranium 1 . Plants perennial with a stout caudex. 2. Petals 14-22 mm long, purple, sometimes white, the flowers 2.5- 3.5 cm in diameter; stem-leaves 2; style colunin 2.5-3.5 cm long; moist woods, and along roads, common throughout 111. May-June G. maculatum L. 2. Petals less than 1 cm long, whitish or pink, the flowers 6-8 mm in diameter; stem-leaves several; stems weak, diffusely branched; waste places, occasional; adv. from Asia; Ogle Co., Bebb: Champaign Co., Gleason in 1898; Winnebago Co., E. W. & G. B. Ffll in 1947. Siberian Cranesbill ' G. sibiricum L. 1. Plants annual or biennial; petals 2-10 mm long. 37. LiNAGEAE 99 3. Leaves palmately lobed; carpels attached to the styles; petals 2-7 mm long. 4. Sepals awn-tipped (the tips 1-3 mm long); seeds reticulate. 5. Fruiting pedicels much longer than the calyx; beak of mature style-column 4-6 mm long; fields and open woods, occasional; Cook and Lake counties. June-Aug. ...G. bicknellii Britt. 5. Fruiting pedicels shorter than, or slightly longer than, the calyx; beak oi mature style-column 1-2 mm long; road- sides, fields, and open woods. May-July G. carolinianum L. 4. Sepals merely callus-tipped; seeds smooth or nearly so; carpels pubescent, not rugose; style-column beakless; waste places; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. G. pusillum Burm.f. 3. Leaves 3-divided; carpels deciduous from the styles; petals 8- 10 mm long; moist ground, occasional; adv. from Eur. June-Sept G. robertianum L. 2. Erodium L'Her. — Storksbill E. cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Waste places; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. 37. Linaceae Dumort. — Flax Family 1 . Linum L. — Flax 1. Petals blue (or white), 1-1.5 cm long; capsules 8-12 mm in diameter. 2. Perennial; flowers 2-3 cm in diameter; sepals obtusish, ciliate; occasionally found as an escape from cult.; introd. from Eur. June-Aug. Perennial Flax L. perenne L. 2. Annual; flowers 10-15 mm in diameter; sepals acute, the inner olten ciliate; roadsides and waste places, occasional; introd. trom Eur. June-Aug. Cultivated Flax L. usitatissimuiii L. 1. Petals yellow, 4-8 min long; capsules 3-6 mm in diameter. 3. Styles distinct; leaves without dark stipular glands; false septa of the capsule nearly complete, not ciliate; plants perennial. 4. Inner sepals minutely glandular-ciliolate; sandy soil, local. July-Aug. [L. medium var. texanum. (Planch.) Fern.] L. medium (Planch.) Britt. 4. Sepals entire. 5. Outer sepals 3-3.5 mm long at maturity; dry open woods, local; chiefly s. 111.; also Cook and Lake counties. June- Aug L. virginianum L. 5. Outer sepals 2-2.5 mm long at maturity; damp ground, rare; Jackson, Johnson, and Pope counties. July-Aug. L. striatum Walt. 3. Styles united below; outer sepals 4-6 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, strongly glandular-ciliolate; leaves with dark stipular glands; false septa ol the capsule incomplete, con- 100 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 spicuously ciliate; plants annual; diy soil, local. July-Sept. L. sulcatum Riddell 38. Oxalidaceae Lindl. — Wood-sorrel Family 1. Oxalis L. 1. Flowers purple (rarely white), 14-20 mm long; plants scapose, with a thick bulb-like or scaly rhizome; woods, common. Apr.- June. Violet Wood-sorrel O. violacea L. 1. Flowers yellow; stems leafy; rhizomes slender. 2. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes, the pubescence of spread- ing hairs; pedicels strigillose; a weed in greenhouses and gardens; native of Eur. Creeping Wood-sorrel. [O. re pens Thunb.] O. corniciilata L. 2- Stems erect, or decumbent at the base. 3. Pedicels and stems strigillose; capsules finely grayish- pubescent, abruptly pointed, the styles 1-2 mm long; fruit- ing pedicels becoming deflexed but the capsules erect; common in fields, along roads, or in open woods. May- Sept. Common Yellow Wood-sorrel [O. stricta of auth., not L.] O. dillenii Jacq. 3. Pedicels and stems with spreading hairs, or the latter nearly glabrous; capsules sparsely glandular-pilose to nearly glabrous, gradually pointed, the styles 2-3 mm long; fruit- ing pedicels ascending or divergent. 4. Petals 3-10 mm long; seeds about 1.5 mm long, with nearly continuous ridges; occasional plants have red foliage; roadsides and open woods, common. June-Nov. Upright Wood-sorrel. [O. cymosa Small; O. europaea Jord.] O. stricta L. 4. Petals 12-16 mm long; capsules 6-10 mm long; seeds 2 mm long, the ridges discontinuous; woods, rare; near the Wabash R., Mt. Carmel, Schneck O. grandis Small 39. Limnanthaceae Lindl. — Limnanthes Family 1. Floerkea Willd. — False Mennaid F. proserpinacoides Willd. Moist ground in woods, locally abun- dant; extending southward to Edwards and Crawford counties. Apr.- June. 40. Zygophyllaceae Lindl. — Caltrop Family 1. Flowers (in our species) 1-1.5 cm in diameter; carpels five, several-ov-uled, at maturity bearing 2-4 prickles 1. Tribulus 1. Flowers (in our species) 2-2.5 cm in diameter; carpels ten, 1-ovuled, tuberculate, not spiny 2. Kallstroemia 1. Tribulus L. — Caltrop. Puncture-weed T. terrestris L. Waste places and sandy soil, occasional; nat. from southern Eur. June-Sept. 42. POLYGALACEAE 101 2. Kallstroemia Scop. K. intermedia Rydb. Railroad yards, occasional; ad\ . from south- ern U.S.; Blue Island, near Chicago, Cook Co., Rahcock: H. Eggert in St. Clair Co. [K. maxima sensu auth., non (L.) T. & G.]. 41. Balsaminaceae Lindl. — Jewel-weed Family 1. Impatiens L. — Jewel-weed 1. Flowers orange, thickly red-dotted; spur strongly incurved; moist woods, common. June-Sept. Spotted Touch-me-not /. hiftora Walt. 1 . Flowers pale yellow, sparingly red-dotted ; spur bent at a right angle to the sac; moist woods, common. July-Sept. Pale Touch-me-not /. pallida Nutt. 42. Polygalaceae Reichenb. — Milkwort Family 1. Polygala L. — Milkwort 1. Plants perennial or biennial, usually several-stemmed (except P. paucifolia) ; leaves alternate. 2. Flowers 1-3, terminal, rose-purple to white, 1.5-2 cm long; leaves oval, near the summit of the stem, the lower scale- like; rhizomes slender, bearing inconspicuous cleistogamous flowers; moist woods, rare; Cook Co. May- June. Fringed Polygala P. paucifolia Willd. 2. Flowers several or many, 3-6 mm long, in teiTninal racemes. 3. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, 5-20 mm wide; flowers greenish-white; racemes compact; wings orbicular-ovate, 2-3 mm long; plants perennial; cleistogamous flowers absent ; wooded banks, or roadsides, local ; extending south- ward to Madison and Wabash counties. May-Sept. Seneca Snakeroot P. senega L. 3. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, acutish, 2-6 mm wide; flowers rose-purple to pink; racemes loose; wings obovate, 4-6 mm long; plants biennial, with small cleistogamous flowers usually present at base; sandy soil in the northern half of 111. June-Aug P. polygama Walt. 1. Plants annual, single-stemmed; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate. 4. Racemes capitate, obtuse, more than 5 mm thick. 5. Leaves alternate. 6. Stem glaucous; leaves linear-subulate, distant; petals united into a tube about 5 mm long; wings linear, less than half the length of the keel; prairie soil, in the northern half of the state, rare. July-Sept P. incarnata L. 6. Stem leafy, not glaucous: petals not united into a long tube; wings oval, equalling or exceeding the keel; fields, meadows, and open woods. July-Sept. [P. viridescens L.] P. sanguinea L. 102 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Leaves in whorls of four, linear-oblanceolate; wings acumi- nate; sandy soil in the northern half of the state. July- Sept P. cruciata L 4. Racemes slender, cylindrical or linear, tapering, less than 5 mm thick. 7. Branches mostly opposite or whorled; racemes short- pedvmcled; flowers green or greenish; dry soil, locally throughout 111. July-Sept P. verticillata L. 7. Branches mostly alternate; racemes long-peduncled; flowers purplish or greenish-purple; woods and fields; extending northward to Cass and Cumberland counties. June-Aug. P. arnbigua Nutt 43. Euphorbiaceae J. St. Hil. — Spurge Family 1. Flowers not in an involucre; calyx of 3-5 sepals; sap water>'. 2. Pubescence of stellate hairs. 3. Flowers in spikes or glomerules; ovary 3- (2-4-) loculed 1. Croton 3. Flowers scattered on the branchlets; ovary 1 -loculed 2. Crotonopsis 2. Pubescence, if any, of simple hairs. 4. Leaves entire; stamens usually 3; styles simple; bracts of the pistillate flowers not cleft 3. Phyllanthus 4. Leaves serrate. 5. Bracts of the pistillate flowers cleft; styles many-cleft; stamens usually 8; stems not twining 4. Acalypha 5. Bracts not cleft; styles 3; stamens 1-5; stem (in our species) twining, and the leaves ovate-cordate, dentate 5. Tragia 1. Flowers in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre; sepals rudimentary; sap milky. 6. Leaves opposite, oblique at base 6. Chamaesyce 6. Leaves not oblique at base, alternate or opposite. 7. Inflorescences in a several-rayed umbel; stipules none 7. Euphorbia 1 . Inflorescences cymose; stipules gland-like 8. Poinsettia 1. Croton L. 1. Leaves serrate; staminate flowers with a 4-parted calyx, 4 petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8 stamens; pistillate flowers with a 5-parted calyx; styles 3, bifid; sandy soil; adv. from southern U.S. Aug. -Oct. Sand Croton C. glandulosus L. L Leaves entire. 2. Capsules clustered, erect, depressed-globose, 7-9 mm in diam- eter; styles 3, bifid or trifid; stamens 10-14; sandy soil; absent from the extreme northern counties. Aug.-Sept C. capitatus Michx. 2. Capsules mostly solitary, pendent, ovoid, 3-4 mm long; style none, the stigmas 2, bifid; stamens 3-8; roadsides and fields; chiefly in the southern half of 111. ; also Cook Co. July-Oct. C monanthogynus Michx. 43. EUPHORBIACEAE 103 2. Crotonopsis Michx. 1. Leaves lanceolate; fruit ovoid; fields and open woods, southern 111. July-Scpt C. cUiptica Willd 1. Leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit ellipsoid; dry sandy soil, not com- mon; west-central III. July-Sept C. linearis Michx. 3. Phyllanthus L. P. caroliniensis Walt. Sandy soil, locally in the southern two-thirds of the state. May-Oct. 4. Acalypha L. — Three-seeded Mercury 1. Leaves slender-petioled. 2. Leaves cordate at base, ovate; capsules echinate; staminate and pistillate flowers in separate spikes; roadsides, fields, bluffs, southern Illinois. July-Oct. [A. caroliniana sensu auth., non Walt.] A. ostryaefulia Riddell 2. Leaves cuneate at base, rhombic-ovate to oval; capsules smooth; staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike. 3. Stem with short, cui"ved hairs, or nearly glabrous; bracts of the pistillate flowers 5- to 7-lobed, bearing a few whitish stipitate glands (at least when young), or nearly glabrous. 4. Leaves lance- to rhombic-ovate, 2-9 cm long; seeds 1.6-1.8 mm long; woods, fields, and roadsides, common. July- Oct. [A. virginica sensu auth., ex p.] ....A. rhornboidea Raf. 4. Leaves broadly ovate, 7.5-10.5 cm long; seeds 2.5-3 mm long; river bottoms, rare; Vermilion Co., H. E. Ahles 6989 in 1952 A. deamii (Weatherby) Ahles 3. Stem with straight spreading hairs, in addition to the short curved ones; bracts with 9-15 lobes, hispid-pubescent on the veins and margins, not glandular; fields, road.sides, and wooded slopes, local. July-Oct. [A. digyneia Raf.] A. virginica L. 1. Leaves short-petioled (petiole Ys - Y-i the length of the blade), elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, or linear; bracts with 9-11 ovate to deltoid teeth; stem with short, curved hairs; woods, fields, and roadsides; chiefly in the southern half of the state. June-Sept. [A. gracilens var. frascri (Muell.-Arg. ) Weatherby] A. gracilens A.Gray 5. Tragia L. T. cordata Michx. Banks of the Ohio R. at Golconda, Pope Co., S. A. Forbes; E. J. Palmer. [7\ macrorarpa \Villd.]. 6. Chamaesyce S.F.Gray {Euphorbia ex p.) 1. Leaves entire; stems prostrate; whole plant glabrous. 2. Leaves roundish-oval. 1-3 mm long; sandy soil, local. July-Sept. .'. C. serpens (HBK.) Small 104 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Leaves oblong, longer than broad, 4-20 mm in length. 3. Capsules 3-3.5 mm long; seeds 2-2.5 mm long; sandy soil, rare; Cook, Lake, and Peoria counties. July-Sept C. polygonifolia (L.) Small 3. Capsules 2-2.5 mm long; seeds 1.5 mm long; sandy soil, local. June-Sept C. geyeri (Engelm.) Small 1 . Leaves toothed, at least at the apex. 4. Capsules glabrous; seeds wrinkled. 5. Leaves toothed on both margins; styles 0.6-1 mm long. 6. Stems usually ascending, glabrous or pilose in lines below; capsules 1.9-2.3 mm long; fields and roadsides, common throughout 111. July-Sept. Nodding Spurge. {E. preslii Guss. ; E. hypericifolia sensu auth., non L.] C. Tuaculata (L.) Small 6. Stems usually prostrate; stems pilose; capsules 1.6-1.9 mm long; fields and roadsides, rare; Jackson and Lake counties C. vermiculata (Raf.) House 5. Leaves toothed only near tip; styles 0.3-0.5 mm long. 7. Leaves linear-oblong; seeds with 5-6 sharp ridges; sandy or gravelly soil, not common; known from Cook, Henry, Lee, Peoria, and St. Clair counties. June-Sept C. glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small 7. Leaves ovate to oblong; seeds without sharp ridges; adv. from the western states; Cook Co C. serpyllijolia (Pers.) Small 4. Capsules pubescent; stems prostrate, villous. 8. Leaves usually somewhat pubescent beneath; seeds 0.8-0.9 mm long, minutely pitted and inconspicuously transverse- ly rugose; cultivated ground and roadsides, common. July- Oct. Milk Spurge. {E. maculata sensu auth., non L.] C. supina (Raf.) Moldenke 8. Leaves glabrous beneath ; seeds 1 mm long, papillose, ob- scurely wrinkled; sandy soil, local. July-Sept C. humistrata (Engelm.) Small 7. Euphorbia L. — Spurge 1 . Glands of the involucres with petal-like appendages. 2. Leaves not conspicuously white-margined; plants perennial with a deep root; roadsides, fields, and open woods, common throughout 111. June-Sept. Flowering Spurge. \Tithymalop- sis corollata (L.) Small] E. corollata L. 2. Upper leaves conspicuously white-margined; plants annual; waste ground, escaped from cult.; native westward. July- Sept. Snow-on-the-mountain. [Lepadena marginata (Pursh) Nieuwl.] E. marginata Pursh L Glands of the involucres without petal-like appendages. 3. Leaves entire. 44. Celastraceae 105 4. Plants perennial, with a rhizome; stems clustered; capsules granular; seeds smooth. 5. Leaves lanceolate to linear, 3-15 mm wide; a weed in fields and waste places in some of the northern counties; ap- parently migrating southward, and now known to occur as far south as Champaign and VermiHon counties; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Leafy Spurge E. esula L. 5. Leaves linear, 1-3 mm wide; roadsides and cemeteries; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Cypress Spurge E. cyparissias L. 4. Plants annual or biennial; capsules smooth; seeds pitted. 6. Seeds finely pitted, 1-1.5 mm long; lobes of the capsules 2- crested; waste places; nat. from Eur.; Menard Co. June- Sept E. peplus L. 6. Seeds coarsely pitted, 2 mm long; lobes of the capsules rounded; wooded slopes and gravelly soil, local. May- June E. conimutata Engelm. 3. Leaves serrulate. 7. Leaves pubescent beneath; an occasional weed in waste places; nat. from Eur. June-Aug E. platyphylla L. 7. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 8. Leaves spatulate; capsules warty; seeds smooth; moist ground, local. May- June E. ohtusata Pursh 8. Leaves obovate; capsules smooth; seeds reticulate; waste places; nat. from Eur. June-Oct. Wart Spurge E. helioscopia L. 8. Poinsettia Graham 1. Leaves chiefly opposite, dentate, strigillose; glands of the involucres stipitate; roadsides and fields, probably adv. from w. U.S. July- Sept P. dentata (Michx.) Small 1. Leaves alternate, oval to linear, glabrous or nearly so, often lobed and red-based; glands sessile; roadsides and waste places. June- Aug. [P. hctcrophylla oi diu\h.] P. cyatJiophora (Murr.) Small 44. Celastraceae Lindl. — Staff-tree Family 1. Leaves opposite: flowers axillary, cymose, or solitary; capsules 4- to 5- loculed, usually lobed 1. Euonymus 1. Leaves alternate; flowers in terminal racemes; capsules 3-loculcd, sub- globose 2. Celastrus 1. Euonymus L. 1. Erect shrubs. 2. Leaves petioled; flower-parts commonly in fours; capsules smooth; woods near streams; throughout 111. May-July. Wahoo E. atropurpureus Jacq. 2. Leaves nearly sessile; flower-parts commonly in fives; capsules rough-warty; woods, rare and local; Pulaski and Wabash counties. May E. amrriconus L. 106 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Decumbent shrubs, rooting at the nodes: woods, local. Trailing Strawberry-bush E. obovatus Nutt. 2. Celastrus L. 1. Leaves ovate-oblong, serrulate, pointed; rich soil, common. May- June. Climbing Bittersweet C. scandens L. 1. Leaves suborbicular, crenate, obtuse; introd. from Asia; occa- sional at edge of woods, or along roads. White Bittersweet C. orbiculatus Thunb. 45. Sapindaceae Juss. — Soapberry Family 1. Cardiospermum L. — Balloon-vine C. halicacabum L. Native of the tropics, sometimes cultivated for ornament; occasionally escaping, but seldom persisting; Jackson, Ran- dolph, and St. Clair counties. 46. Staphyleaceae (DC.) Lindl. — Bladdernut Family 1 . Staphylea L. — American Bladdernut S. trifolia L. Moist woods and thickets, common. Apr. -May. 47. Hippocastanaceae T. & G. — Horse-chestnut Family 1. Aesculus L. — Horse-chestnut 1. Winter-buds sticky; leaflets usually 7; petals 5, white, blotched with red and yellow; stamens exserted; calyx 6-9 mm long, puberulent ; fruit echinate ; large tree, frequent in cult., but rarely wild and not established; native of Greece. May- June. Horse-chestnut A. hippocastaniun L. 1. Winter-buds not sticky; leaflets usually 5; small trees, native. 2. Flowers yellowish, 12-18 mm long; petals villous at the margin; stamens conspicuously exserted; calyx campanulate, 5-6 mm long; fruit echinate; woods, locally throughout 111. except the northern counties. Apr. -May. Ohio Buckeye A. glabra L. 2. Flowers 3-4 cm long, mostly red but some red and yellow; margin of petals glandular; stamens only slightly exserted; calyx tubular, 12-16 mm long; fruit smooth; woods, s. 111. Apr. Red Buckeye. [A. octandra of auth., not Marsh.; A. pavia of auth., not L.] A. discolor Pursh 48. Aquifoliaceae Lindl. — Holly Family 1. Ilex L. — Holly 1. Leaves obovate, rounded at the apex, crenate; calyx-lobes not ciliate; nutlets ribbed; woods, blufTs, edges of ponds and swamps; in the counties bordering the Mississippi, Wabash, and Ohio rivers. April-May. Possumhaw. Swamp Holly /. decidua Walt. 49. Anacardiaceae 107 1. Leaves elliptical, acuminate, serrate; calyx-lobes ciliate; nutlets smooth; woods and swamps; more frequent in the northern counties. Winterberry /. vcrlicillala (L.)A.Gray 49. Anacardiaceae Lindl. — Sumac Family 1. Rhus L. {Toxicodendron Mill.; Schmaltzia Desv.) 1. Leaves with 7-31 leaflets. 2. Leaflets deciuTent on the rachis, which is therefore conspicu- ously winged : fruit red, pubescent ; roadsides, fields, and open woods, often in sandy soil, locally throughout 111., except the central counties. July-Aug. Shining Sumac. Dwarf Sumac. [R. copallina var. latifolia Engler] R. copallina L. 2. Leaflets not decurrent; rachis not winged. 3. Leaflets serrate; truit red, in terminal clusters. 4. Twigs and leaves glabrous; along roads and fences, and in open woods, common throughout 111. June-July. Smooth Sumac. {R. media Greene; R. valida Greene] R. glabra L. 4. Twigs and petioles villous-hirsute ; woods in the northern half of 111.; occasionally introd. elsewhere. June-July. Staghorn Sumac. [R. hirta (L.) Sudw.] R. typhitia L. 3. Leaflets entire or nearly so; fruit glabrous, whitish or pale greenish, in axillary panicles; plants poisonous to the touch; tamarack bogs and swampy ground; Coles, Cook, Kanka- kee, Lake, McHenry, and Woodford counties. Jime-July. Poison Sumac. [R. venenata DC] R. vernix L. 1. Leaves with 3 leaflets. 5. Flowers in loose axillary panicles, appearing after the leaves; fruit glabrous, greenish-white; plants erect, trailing, or climb- ing, poisonous to the touch ; along fences and in woods, or on sand dunes, common. May-July. Poison-ivy. [R. toxicoden- dron sensu auth., non L.] R. radicans L. 5. Flowers in short dense panicled spikes, catkin-like before open- ing, appearing before or with the lea\es; fruit red, pubes- cent; foliage not poisonous, fragrant when bruised. 6. Flowers nearly sessile, appearing before the leaves: leaflets 2-6 cm long, rhombic-obovate to ovate, acute; petioles villosulous to nearly glabrous; gra\elly or rocky banks, locally throughout 111., except the northern counties; more frequent southward. Apr.-May. Fragrant -Sumac. [R. canadensis Marsh., non Mill.: R. crenata sensu Rydb., non Thunb. ; Schmaltzia jormosa Greene; S. illinoensis Greene] R. aromatica Ait. 6. Flowers on pedicels 2-3 mm long, on leafy twigs; leaflets 1- 2.5 cm long, obtusish, crenately few-lobed or -toothed above the middle; petioles puberulent or tomentulose; 108 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 sandy banks and dunes in the western and northwestern counties. May. [Schmaltzia arenaria Greene] R. arenaria (Greene) G.N.Jones 50. Aceraceae J.St.Hil. — Maple Family 1. Acer L. — Maple 1 . Leaves simple, palmately-lobed ; floral disk present ; anthers ellip- soid, not apiculate. 2. Leaves silvei-y-whitish or glaucous on the lower surface; flowers in dense sessile clusters, appearing before the leaves. 3. Leaves 5-Iobed, the lobes serrate or cleft or parted; petals none; ovary tomentose; samaras divergent, pubescent; chiefly in alluvial soil, common. Mar. -Apr. Silver Maple - A. saccharinurn L. 3. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes unequally crenate-serrate ; petals 5; ovary glabrous; samaras incurved, glabrous at maturity. 4. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on the lower surface at maturity; mature twigs glabrous; samaras 18-25 mm long, the wing 6-8 mm wide; woods, local; chiefly in southern 111., but also in Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties. Mar.-Apr. Red Maple ...A. rubruni L, 4. Leaves permanently tomentose beneath; twigs more or less pubescent at maturity; samaras 3.5-6 cm long, the wing 1-2 cm broad at the middle; swamps, rare, southern 111. A. drumrnondii H.&A. 2. Leaves not silvery-white beneath ; flowers corymbose, appearing with the leaves. 6. Leaves flat, 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes coarsely dentate, more or less glabrous; stipules absent; woods, common. Apr.-May. Sugar Maple A. saccharum Marsh. 6. Leaves with drooping sides, usually with 3 main lobes, the lobes acuminate, entire or undulate or obtusely toothed; lower surface yellowish-green and softly pubescent, at least along the veins, varying to nearly glabrous in age; stipules often present, large, enclosing the bud; woods, local; May. Black Maple A. nigrum Michx.f. 1. Leaves 3- to 7-foliolate; trees dioecious; flowers greenish, droop- ing on slender pedicels, slightly before the leaves; anthers linear, apiculate; disk none; petals none; alluvial soil, common. Apr.- May. Box-elder A. negundo L. 51. Rhamnaceae R.Br. — Buckthorn Family 1. Leaves pinnately-veined; flowers greenish-yellowish; fruit a drupe 1. Rhamnus 1. Leaves triple-veined; flowers (in our species) white, fragrant; fruit a capsule 2. Ceanothus 52. VlTACEAE 109 1. Rhamnus L. — Buckthorn 1. Winter buds scaly. 2. Leaves opposite or subopposite, ovate, abruptly acute; twigs rigid, often spine-like; flowers usually 4-merous; petals piesent; drupe with 3 or 4 nutlets; roadsides and edges of woods, occasional, in the northern half of 111.; nal. from Eurasia. May-June. Conunon Buckthorn R. cathartica L. 2. Leaves alternate; native shrubs 1-2 m tall; twigs not at all spine-like. 3. Leaves elliptical, serrulate, pubescent beneath; twigs puberu- lent; flowers 4-inerous; petals present, small; drupe with 2 nutlets; alluvial soil, bluffs, river banks, the common species in 111.; absent from the southern counties. May R. lanceolata Pursh 3. Leaves oval or obovate, strongly veined, crenate-serrate; twigs glabrous; flowers 5-merous; petals none; drupe with 3 nutlets; wooded swamps, chiefly in n. 111. Alder Buckthorn R. alnifolia L'Her. 1. Winter buds naked; leaves alternate; flowers 5-merous; shrubs or small trees 3-10 m tall. 4. Leaves obscurely serrulate; flowers in peduncled cymes, the pedicels pubescent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, aciuninate; drvipe 8-10 mm in diameter, with 3 nutlets; wooded slopes, rare; known from Gallatin, Jackson, Monroe, Pope, and Randolph coimties. May-June. Carolina Buckthorn R. caroliniana Walt. 4. Leaves entire or undulate; flowers fascicled; pedicels glabrous; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; drupe 6-8 mm in diameter, with 2 nutlets; woods and roadsides, occasional; nat. from Eurasia. May- June. Glossy Buckthorn R. frangula L. 2. Ceanothus L. 1. Leaves ovate, acute; seeds smooth; thickets and open woods, common. June- July. New Jersey Tea C. americanus L. 1. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; seeds pitted; sandy soil in the northern counties of 111., not common. \C. ovalis Bigel.] C. ovatus Desf. 52. Vitaceae Lindl. — Grape Family 1. Leaves simple, or pinnately compound. 2. Inflorescence longer than broad; petals united in a cap, falling away without separating; pith interrupted at the nodes; fruit edible; leaves simple, palmately-lobed or dentate 1. Vitis 2. Inflorescence broader than long; petals separate, spreading; pith not interrupted at the nodes; fruit not edible 2. Ampelopsis 1. Leaves palmately compound with usually 5 leaflets 3. Parthenocissus 1. Vitis L. — Grape 1. Mature leaves grayish or rusty arachnoid-pubescent beneath. 2. Pubescence of lower leaf surface a thin web; grapes 1-2.5 cm in 110 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 diameter; dry woods, rare; Randolph Co., Weber in 1958 V. lincecurnii Buckl. 2. Pubescence of lower leaf surface denser, deciduous; grapes 4- 12 mm in diameter. 3. Twigs terete or nearly so, glabrate; fruit glaucous, about 1 cm in diameter; woods, thickets, and river banks; in the north- ern two-thirds of the state. June-July. Summer Grape. \y . hicolor sensu Bailey, non LeConte; V. argentijolia Munson] V. aestivalis Michx. 3. Twigs distinctly angular, permanently pubescent; fruit black, 6-8 mm in diameter; woods and stream banks. June-July. Winter Grape V. cinerea Engelm. 1. Mature leaves green beneath, short-pubescent along the veins, or nearly glabrous. 4. Leaves coarsely dentate or slightly 3-lobed ; fruit black, glossy, not glaucous; in woods and along fences, common. May- June. Frost Grape. [F. cordifolia Lam.] V. vulpina L. 4. Leaves sharply 3- to 5-lobed. 5. Lobes acuminate, the sinuses rounded; fruit black, not glaucous; alluvial soil in the southern part of the state; Alexander, Jackson, Johnson, Massac, Pope, and Pulaski counties. May-July. Catbird Grape. [F. rubra Michx.; V. monosperma Michx.] T'. pabnata Vahl 5. Lobes and sinuses acute; fruit glaucous; alluvial soil; through- out 111. May- June. Riverbank Grape. [V . vulpina sensu auth., non L.] L. riparia Michx. 2. Ampelopsis Michx. 1. Leaves simple, ovate, serrate or slightly 3-lobed; woods, thickets, and along fences; s. 111., extending northward along the river valleys to Hancock and Mason counties. June-July. Raccoon- grape. \Cissus ampelopsis Pers. ; J^itis indivisa Willd] A. cor data Michx. 1. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets ovate, toothed; moist woods; known from Alexander, Jackson, Pulaski, Randolph, and Union counties. July-Aug. Pepper-vine. [A. bipinnata Michx.; Vitis arborea L. ; Cissus stans Pers.] A. arborea (L.) Koehne 3. Parthenocissus Planch. 1. Leaflets dull above, pale beneath; tendrils with 5-8 branches end- ing in adhesive tips; cymes usually crowded into terminal panicles; fruit 5-7 mm in diameter, 1- to 3-seeded; plants high- climbing; woods, and along fences, common. June-July. Vir- ginia Creeper. [Parthenocissus inserta (Kerner) K.Fritsch] P. quinquejolia (L.) Planch. 1. Leaflets somewhat glossy above, scarcely paler beneath; tendrils with 3-5 branches, usually without adhesive disks; cymes soli- 53. ROSACEAE 1 1 1 tary; fruit 8-10 mm in diameter, 3- to 4-seeded; plants usually low and trailing; thickets and along fences, local; Cook, Du Page, Kane, Lake, McHeniy, Stephenson, and Winnebago counties. June-July. Woodbine P. vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. 53. Rosaceae Juss. — Rose Family [Malaceae Small; Drupaceae DC.) 1. Trees and shrubs. 2. Pistils se\eral to many, simple, or pistil apparently one, compound. 3. Pistils 2-many, simple, superior; fruits achenes, drupelets, or follicles. 4. Pistils 2-5, each becoming a 2- to 4-seeded follicle; shrubs with simple, serrate to entire, or slightly lobed leaves. 5. Leaves palmately shallowly lobed; carpels 2-5, somewhat inflated at maturity; pubescence of stellate hairs 1. Physocarpus 5. Leaves serrate to entire; carpels 5-8, not inflated; pubescence of simple hairs, or plant glabrous 2. Spiraea 4. Pistils numerous, or rarely few, each becoming a 1 -seeded achene or drupelet. 6. Leaflets or leaves serrate. 7. Flowers white or purple (in our species) ; leaves palmately compound (simple in one species), the stipules not adnate to the petiole; fruit an aggregate of 1 -seeded drupelets forming a blackberry or raspberry 11. Rubus 7. Flowers rose (in our species) ; leaves pinnate (rarely 3-folio- late), the stipules adnate to the petiole: fruit of seed-like achenes enclosed in the hypanthium (calyx-tube) 12. Rosa 6. Leaflets entire, silky-pubescent: flowers yellow (species of) 6. Potentilla 3. Pistil apparently 1, compound, inferior, enclosed by the calyx-tube; styles 2-5 ; fruit a pome. 8. Leaves simple. 9. Flowers in racemes; petals narrow; fruit small, berry-like, sweet, with thin pulp, its locules twice as many as the styles; branches not spiny 13. Amelanchier 9. Flowers in cymes or corymbs; petals roundish; locules of the fruit (carpels) the same number as the styles. 10. Leaves entire 14. Cydonia 10. Leaves serrate, crenate, or lobed. ll.Midvein of the leaves with small dark-colored glands on the upper surface; margins glandular-crenulate : flowers in compound cymes: anthers purple; styles united below: fruit small, berry-like; endocarp of the ripe carpels leathery 16. Aronia ll.Midvein not glandular; margins not glandular-crenulate. 12. Inflorescence cymose; endocarp of the ripe carpels cartilaginous. 13. Styles free; orifice of the receptacle clo.sed by the disk; anthers pink or red; fruit containinu; numerous stone-cells 17. Pyrus 13. Styles united below the middle; orifice of the receptacle open; anthers white or yellow; fruit without stone-cells 13. Mains 112 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 12. Inflorescence corymbose; endocarp of the ripe carpels hard and bony; branches usually with spines 19. Crataegus 8. Leaves pinnate; flowers in terminal compound cymes; petals roundish; styles 3, free; anthers white; pome small, berry-like, red, acid, 3-loculed; branches not spiny 15. Sorbus 2. Pistil 1, simple, superior, 2-ovuled; style 1; fruit a 1-seeded drupe; leaves simple 20. Prunus 1. Herbs; pistils several to many, simple, superior; fruit achenes, drupelets, or follicles. 14. Pistils 2-5, becoming 2- to 4-seeded follicles. 15. Leaves trifoliolate or 3-parted, nearly sessile; stipules large; flowers white or pinkish, in loose terminal panicles 4. Gillenia 15. Leaves pinnately compound. 16. Leaves 2- to 3-pinnate; stipules minute or none; flowers numer- ous, unisexual, in a large panicle; petals white, about 1 mm long; follicles reflexed, usually 2-seeded 3. Aruncus 16. Leaves pinnately 3- to 9-lobed or -foliolate; flowers perfect, pink or purple, in dense cymose panicles 7. Filipendula 14. Pistils one to many, becoming 1-seeded achenes or drupelets. 17. Pistils ripening into pulpy drupelets, forming a red raspberry; style terminal or nearly so; leaves 3-5-foliolate; petals white or pink 11. Rubus 17. Pistils ripening into achenes. 18. Calyx not bristly. 19. Pistils several to many; petals present; calyx usually with 5 sepal-like bractlets alternating with the sepals. 20. Style deciduous from the mature achene. 21. Receptacle becoming succulent, red (or white), and edible in fruit (a strawberry); petals white (or pink), obtuse; leaves trifoliolate 5. Fragaria 21. Plants not as above 6. Potentilla 20. Style persistent on the achene, jointed or plumose 8. Geum 19. Pistils 1-3; sepals 4, petaloid; petals none; achene usually solitary, enclosed in the 4-angled calyx-tube; flowers (in our species) white, in a dense cylindrical spike 9. Sanguisorba 18. Calyx-tube with hooked bristles; flowers yellow, in spike-like racemes; achenes 2 10. Agrimonia ] . Physocarpus Maxim. — Ninebark {Opulaster Medic; Physocarpa Raf. ) P. opulifolius (L.) Maxim. River banks, local. May-June. [P. intermedins (Rydb.) Schneid.]. 2. Spiraea L. 1. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; follicles glabrous. 2. Sepals acute; inflorescence glabrous or nearly so; rarely found as an escape from cult S. latijolia (Ait.) Borkh. 2. Sepals obtuse; inflorescence puberulent; moist ground. July- Aug. Meadowsweet S. alba DuRoi 53. ROSACEAE 113 1. Leaves tomentose beneath; follicles pubescent; wet ground; Cook, Iroquois, Kankakee, and Lake counties. Hardback S. tomentosa L. 3. Aruncus Adans. — Goat's-beard A. dioicus (Walt.) Fern. Wooded ravines, May-June. Of local occurrence throughout most of 111., but apparently absent from the northeastern counties. [A. Sylvester sensu auth., non Kostel.; A. puhes- cens Rydb. ; A. allegheniensis Rydb.]. 4. Gillenia Moench — Indian Physic. American Ipecac G. stipulata (Muhl.) Trel. Rich woods; extending northward to La Salle Clo. ; more frequent southward. June- July. 5. Fragaria L. — Strawberry 1. Robust, thick-leaved garden plants, often 20-40 cm tall, sometimes escaped from cult, to roadsides and waste places; petals 9-12 mm long; fruit ovoid-globose, 2-3 cm in diameter; achenes set in shallow pits. May. Cultivated Strawberry F. chiloensis X virginiana Duch. 1. Native wild plants; fruit 6-15 mm in diameter; plants usually smaller. 2. Leaflets finn, dull green above, petiolulate; flowers in coi-ymbs; petals 5-10 mm long; fruit ovoid or subglobose, 1-1.5 cm in diameter at maturity, the achenes set in pits; calyx-lobes not reflexed; grassy banks and roadsides, or in open woods, very common. Apr. -June. Wild Strawberry. [F. grayana Vilm.] F. virginiana Duch. 2. Leaflets thin, light green, subsessile; inflorescence irregular, the branches unequal; petals 3-6 mm long; fruit ovoid or conical, 6-9 mm in diameter, 1-1.5 cm long, the calyx-lobes spreading or reflexed ; achenes superficial ; rocky banks and open woods, in the n. half of 111. May-June F. americana (Porter) Britt, 6. Potentilla L. — Cinquefoil 1. Shrubs 30-100 cm tall, the bark shreddy; leaflets 5-7, elliptical, 1-2 cm long, silky-pubescent, the margins entire, revolute; flowers 1.5-3 cm broad, yellow; in swamp, sandy, or limy soil, Cook, Jo Daviess, Kane, and Lake counties. June- Aug. Shrub- by Cinquefoil P. jruticosa L. 1. Herbs; leaflets not entire. 2. Petals maroon-purple, acute, shorter than the sepals; leaves pinnate, 5- to 7-foliolate, the leaflets oblanceolate, serrate, 3-8 cm long, glaucous beneath; receptacle becoming spongy; bogs and swamps; Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties. June- July. Purple Cinquefoil P. palustris (L.) Scop. 114 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Petals yellow, white, or cream, obtuse or retuse; receptacle not becoming enlarged and spongy. 3. Leaves (except the uppermost in P. arguta) pinnate. 4. Flowers solitary on small pedicels; petals yellow; plants stoloniferous; leaflets 7-21, with smaller intermediate ones, sharply serrate, whitish silky-pubescent beneath; wet ground, Lake and Cook counties. May-Aug. [Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.]. Silverweed P. anserina L. 4. Flowers cymose; leaflets not whitish pubescent beneath; plants not stoloniferous. 5. Petals white or cream; flowers 12-20 mm in diameter; stamens 30; style nearly basal; stem stout, 0.5-1 m tall, glandular-pubescent; gravelly soil in the northern half of 111., not common. June-July. [Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh) Rydb.]. Tall C'inquefoil P. arguta Pursh 5. Petals yellow; flowers 6-10 mm in diameter; stamens 20; style terminal ; stem decumbent at base, 20-40 cm tall ; wet ground, rare. St. Clair Co., Breiidel P. paradoxa Nutt. 3. Leaves palmate. 6. Flowers cymose. 7. Leaflets silvery-pubescent beneath; petals 4-5 mm long; sandy or gravelly soil in the northern half of the state; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Silvery Cinquefoil P. argentea L. 7. Leaflets green on both sides. 8. Leaflets 5-9; petals pale yellow, about 1 cm long, longer than the sepals; stamens about 30; mature achenes reticulate; waste places and along roads, common; native of Eur. May-July. [P. sulpJiurea Lam.] P. recta L. 8. Leaflets 3 or 5 ; petals yellow, equalling or shorter than the sepals. 9. Leaves 3-foliolate ; plants annual or biennial ; style fusifomi, glandular at the base. 10. Petals obovate; stamens 15-20; achenes striate when ripe, about 1 mm long; moist ground, common throughout 111, May-Oct. Rough Cinquefoil. [P. norvegica L.] P. monspeliensis L. 10. Petals cuneate; stamens about 10; achenes smooth, 0.5-0.7 mm long; moist ground, s.w. 111., rare. June-July P. millegrana Engelm. 9. Leaves usually 5-toliolate: j^lants perennial; style 53. ROSACEAE 115 filiform, not glandular; stamens about 20; road- sides and waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. June-Aug P. intermedia L. 6. Flowers solitary, axillai^, long-peduncled, 10-15 mm in diameter; leaflets 5, oblanceolate, serrate; stem slender, ascending or trailing; roadsides, gravelly soil, etc., com- mon. May- June. [P. canadensis of auth. ex p.; P. simplex var. argyrisma Fern. J Common Cinquefoil P. simplex Michx. 7. Filipendula Mill. F. rubra (Hill) B.L.Robins. Queen-of-the-Prairie. Moist ground, not common; n. 111. June- July. 8. Geum L. — Avens 1. Petals yellow or white. 2. Receptacle stalked in the calyx; petals yellow, 2 mm long; fruiting heads at maturity about 1 cm in diameter; achenes puberulent; woods, common. Apr. -May. Spring Avens G. verum'lRsiL) T. & G. 2. Receptacle sessile; calyx with 5 bractlets alternating with the sepals. 3. Petals white or pale yellow, shorter than or equalling the calyx. 4. Peduncles slender, softly puberident, sometimes with a few longer, scattered hairs; receptacle \illous or hirsute. 5. Stem sparingly pubescent to glabrous; petals white, 3-5 mm wide, 5-10 mm long, equalling or shorter than the calyx-lobes; woods, thickets, and roadsides, com- mon. June-Aug. White Avens G. canadense Jacq. 5. Stem at least near base (and petioles) more or less densely pubescent with spreading or retrorse hairs about 2 mm long; petals pale yellow, 1-2 mm wide, 2-4 mm long, much shorter than the calyx-lobes; dry woods, s. 111., apparently not common. Jime-July G. viriiinianum L. 4. Peduncles stouter, hirsute with spreading hairs 1-2 mm long; petals white, 3-5 mm long, much shorter than the calyx-lobes; receptacle glabrous or nearly so; stem hir- sute; wet ground in woods and thickets. June- July. \G. virginianum sensu auth., non L.] ....G. laciniatum Murr. 3. Petals golden yellow, 5-10 nun long, exceeding the sepals; receptacle pubescent; moist thickets and roadsides in the northern counties. June-July. Yellow Avens G. strictum Ait. 1. Petals purplish. 116 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 6. Styles not jointed; dry ground, n. 111. May-June G. triflorum Pursh 6. Styles jointed; wet meadows; Kane, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. May-Aug. Purple Avens G. rivale L. 9. Sanguisorba L. S. canadensis L. Moist ground, rare; Ottawa, Sept. 28, 1882, Seymour; Joliet, Sept. 25, 1907, Hill; Cass Co., Geyer. 10. Agrimonia L. — Agrimony 1. Principal leaflets 5-9, oval to obovate. 2. Leaflets minutely gland-dotted beneath, merely sparsely hirsute along the veins, or nearly glabrous. 3. Axis of raceme finely glandular and with a few long spreading hairs; fruiting calyx turbinate, 4-5 mm long; roots not tuberous; woods and thickets, centr. and n. 111. Jvme-Aug. [A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bickn.] A. gryposepala Wallr. 3. Axis of raceme glandular and puberulent but not hirsute; fruiting calyx hemispherical, 2-3 mm long; roots tuberous- thickened; woods; chiefly in the southern half of the state. July-Sept. [A. striata sensu auth., non Michx.] A. rostellata Wallr. 2. Leaflets softly pubescent beneath, especially on the veins; axis of raceme softly appressed-pubescent, not glandular, and without longer spreading hairs; fruiting calyx turbinate, 2.5-3 mm long, with few ascending or erect bristles; roots tuberous- thickened; open woods. July-Sept. {A. mollis (T. & G.) Britt.] A. puhesccns Wallr. 1. Principal leaflets 11-17, lanceolate, pubescent and glandular- granulifcrous beneath: fruiting calyx 3 mm long; moist ground throughout 111. July-Sept A. parviflora Ait. 11. Rubus L. — Bramble 1. Leaves simple, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, serrate, pubescent; stems erect, glandular-pubescent or bristly, not prickly; flowers purple; fruit red; woods and thickets, rare; Carroll, Cook, Kane, and La Salle counties. May- June. Flowering Raspberry R. odoratus L. 1. Leaves compound; flowers white. 2. Stems herbaceous, not all prickly; leaflets 3, rarely 5; fruit red, globose; bogs in Cook, De Kalb, Lake, and Winnebago coun- ties. May-June. Dwarf Raspberry. [R. triflorus Richards.] R. pubcsccns Raf. 2. Stems more or less woody, biennial or perennial, usually prickly or bristly. 3. Leaves whitish-tomentulose beneath; petals 5-6 mm long, not longer than the sepals; fruit red or purplish, easily separat- ing from the receptacle. (Raspberries.) 53. ROSACEAE 1 1 7 4. Stems glaucous, recurved, rooting at the tips, not stolonif- erous, with stout hooked prickles; inflorescence corymbi- form, the pedicels prickly; fruit purplish-black; moist ground, common. May-June. Black Ra,spberry R. occidentalis L. 4. Stems not glaucous, bristly-prickly, stoloniferous; inflores- cence racemose; fruit red. 5. Stems with dense, shaggy purple hairs; roadsides, occa- sional; introd from e. Asia. May- July. Wineberry R. phoenicolasius Maxim. 5. Stems without dense, shaggy purple hairs. 6. Pedicels and calyx glandular-setose; wet ground and thickets, n. 111. May-June. Wild Red Raspberry. [R. idaeus L. var. aculeatissimus sensu auth., non Regel & Tiling] R. strigosus Michx. 6. Pedicels and calyx tomentulose and often with small recurved prickles, not glandular; roadsides and near dwellings; occasionally persisting; nat. from Eur. May-June. Cultivated Raspberry R. idaeus L. 3. Leaves variously pubescent or glabrous, but not whitish- tomentose beneath; fniit black when ripe, adhering to the cone-like receptacle. 7. Stems erect or arching, mostly 1-2 m tall; petals 1-1.5 cm long. (Blackberries.) 8. Stems more or less prickly, not bristly, the prickles not numerous, confined to the angles of the stem. 9. Leaflets laciniate; panicle 5- to 30-flowered, prickly and pubescent. Of European origin; cultivated, and sometimes escaped to roadsides and waste places. June- July. Evergreen Blackberry R. laciniatus Willd. 9. Leaflets serrate or lobed, not laciniate. 10. Peduncles and pedicels with stalked glands, also usually pubescent, and sometimes bearing small prickles; inflorescence racemose, not leafy, usual- ly standing well beyond the foliage, each pedicel subtended by a bract; open woods, pastures, roadsides, and along fences, common. May- June. {R. villosus sensu auth., non Thunb., R. nigrobaccus Bailey] R. allegheniensis Porter 10. Peduncles and pedicels pubescent and sometimes prickly, but without stalked glands. 1 1 . Inflorescence elongate, racemose, leafy-l:)racted only at the base; young stems (primocanes) angled and grooved; thickets. May- June. Tall Blackberry. {R. argutus of auth., non Link; R. schneckii Bailey] R. ostryijolius Rydb. 118 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1 1. Inflorescence short-corymbiform, conspicuous- ly leafy-bracted throughout; primocanes nearly terete; thickets. May- June. [R. re- curvans Blanch. ; R. jrondosus Bigel.] R. pennsylvanicus Poir. 8. Sterns setose or hispid, not or only weakly prickly, some- times nearly unarmed; swales, rare, Kankakee Co., R. A. Schneider. [R. offectus Bailey; R. schneideri Bailey] R. setosus Bigel. 7. Stems trailing or decumbent, slender, only the floral branches erect. (Dewberries.) 12. Stems retrorsely bristly (or nearly unarmed), not prick- ly; leaflets firm, oblanceolate, glabrous on both sides, glossy above, paler and dull beneath; petals 5-8 mm long; meadows or low woods, n. 111. June-July. Swamp Dewberry R. hispidus L. 12. Stems usually with weak curved prickles. 13. Stems bearing glandular bristles among the prickles; leaves coriaceous, often persistent; dry soil, s. 111. Apr. -May. Southern Dewberry R. trivialis Michx. 13. Stems with few, firm, flat-based prickles along the angles; leaves deciduous; fields, roadsides, and woods, common. April-June. Dewberry. [R. vil- losus Ait., non Thunb.; R. procumbens Muhl., nom. nud.; R. canadensis sensu auth., non L.] R. flagellaris Willd. 12. Rosa L. — Rose I. Styles united in a protruding column about as long as the stamens; sepals reflexed, deciduous from the fruit; stems recurving, climbing or trailing; prickles curved. 2. Leaflets 5-9 (usually 9); flowers numerous, small, white, fra- grant, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, paniculate; sepals ovate, often with narrow appendages; stipules deeply fringed or pectinate; iruits 5-8 mm in diameter; often planted and more or less persi.stent; native of Japan. May-June. Japanese Rose R. mult i flora Thunb. 2. Leaflets 3 (or 5) ; stipules entire or denticulate; flowers 3-8 cm in diameter; borders of woods, moist thickets, pastures, and hedgerows, common throughout 111. June-July. Climbing Rose. Var. tomentosa T. & G. {R. rubifolia R.Br.) has the leaflets pubescent beneath R. setigera Michx. 1. Styles distinct, not exserted; leaflets 5-11; stems erect or arching. 3. Achenes lining the inner wall as well as the base of the receptacle. 4. Stems with bristles and slender prickles; leaflets usually 3 or 53. ROSACEAE 119 5, pubescent beneath; flowers usually solitary, "double"; shrubs persistins^ after cult, or occasionally apparently spon- taneous, but not established in 111.; native of Eur. June. R. gallica L. 4. Stems with stout prickles; leaflets 5-9; flowers usually corymbose. 5. Leaflets doubly serrate with gland-tipped teeth, pubescent or more or less glandular beneath; sepals glandular- hispid on the back; pedicels usually glandular-hispid. 6. Leaflets suborbicular to broadly oval, obtuse or acutish, pubescent and glandular beneath, fragrant; styles pubescent; sepals tardily deciduous from the mature fruit, or sometimes long-persistent; roadsides and fields, nat. from Eur. Jvme. [R. ruhiginosa L.] Sweet- briar R. eglanteria L. 6. Leaflets ovate or oval, acute or short-acuminate, more or less pubescent on both sides, more or less glandular beneath; styles glabrous or nearly so: sepals soon deciduous from the mature friut; roadsides and pas- tures, occasional; native of Eur. June R. micrantha Sm. 5. Leaflets simply and sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides, glossy above, rarely slightly glandular on the midrib beneath, oval or ovate, acute; styles pubescent; sepals glabrous on the back, in fruit reflexed and tardily decidu- ous, two or more of them usually pinnately lobed; road- sides and fields, occasional; nat. from Eur. June. Dog Rose R. cayiina L. 3. Achenes confined to the bottom of the receptacle. 7. Sepals reflexed after flowering and deciduous from the mature fruit. 8. Tall shrubs 1-2 m high; leaflets beneath (and rachis) softly pubescent, closely serrulate, acute at each end; stipules linear, more or less involute; prickles usually more or less curved, flattened at the base; moist thickets or swampy ground, local. Jime-July. Swamp Rose. [R. Carolina of auth., non L.] R. palustris Marsh. 8. Low shrubs 20-75 cm tall; leaflets rather coarsely serrate, glabrous, or pubescent only on the veins beneath; in- frastipular prickles usually present, straight; stipules oblanceolate ; dry soil along roads or edges of woods, the common species throughout 111. May-Aug. Pasture Rose. [R. hurnilis Marsh.; R. virginiana of auth., non Mill.] R. Carolina L. 7. Sepals erect and connivent or spreading aftci- flowering, per- sistent on the mature fruit. 9. Flowers mostly corymbose; native species. 10. Tall shrubs 1-2 m high, the branches usually without prickles; hypanthium usually smooth, but the sepals 120 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 glandular; stipules flat; leaflets 5 or 7, rarely 9, sharp- ly serrate; thickets and open woods, local; chiefly in the northern half of the state; also Union Co. May- June. Meadow Rose R. hlanda Ait. 10. Low shrubs 20-50 cm tall; prickles numerous. 1 1 . Leaves puberulent or pubescent ; leaflets usually 9, sometimes 7 or 11, mostly 1.5-4 cm long; stems semi-herbaceous, weak and bristly, dying back to near the ground; infrastipular prickles lacking; roadsides and hedgerows, chiefly in northern and central 111., s. to Tazewell Co. June-July. [R. pratincola Greene, non A.Br.; R. heliophila Greene; R. relicta Erlanson] R. suffulta Greene 11. Leaves glabrous; hypanthium and pedicels without glands; leaflets 7 or 9, obtuse, 1-2 cm long; flowers small; along railroad, apparently native, Hanover, Jo Daviess Co., June 7, 1945, G. N. Jones 17273 R. lunellii Greene 9. Flowers usually solitary; cultivated species. 12. Leaves and stems glabrous or nearly so, the stems very spiny; cultivated, rarely persisting in 111.; native of Eurasia. May-June. Scotch Rose. [R. pinipinelli- folia L.; R. illinoensis E.G.Baker] R. spinosissima L. 12. Leaves and stems tomentose, the stems spiny; roadsides, escaped from cult R. rugosa Thunb. 13. Amelanchier Medic. — Shadbush. Serviceberry l.Top of the ovai-y glabrous; petals 12-18 mm long; trees or tall shrubs with short-acimiinate, ovate or obovate leaves cordate or rounded at base. 2. Young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose, soon gla- brous; sepals triangular, acute; fruit somewhat dry and mealy, insipid and falling early; lowest fruiting pedicels 1-2.5 cm long; wooded hillsides and banks, not imcommon throughout 111. Apr. -May. [A. canadeyisis sensu auth., non L.] A. arborea (Michx.f) Fern. 2. Young leaves and racemes nearly or quite glabrous from the first; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; fruit sweet and juicy; lowest fruiting pedicels mostly 2.5-5 cm long; wooded hill- sides in the n. part of 111. Apr. -May ..A. laevis Wieg. l.Top of the ovary tomentose; petals 4-12 mm long; dwarf shrubs or small trees; leaves commonly oval, acutish or obtuse. 3. Young leaves green and glabrous or nearly so from the first, unfolded and more than half grown at flowering time; strag- gling shrubs or small trees up to 8 m tall ; Lake and Winne- bago counties A. interior Nielsen 53. ROSAGEAE 121 3. Young leaves densely white-tomentose; dwarf colonial shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall; rocky or sandy soil; in the northern and west- ern counties, s. to Mercer and Will counties. May. Low Shadbush. [A. huynilis Wieg. ; A. stolonijera Wieg.] A. spicata (Lam.) K.Koch 14. Cydonia Mill. - Quince C. oblonga Mill. Fully established on Atwood Ridge, Union Co.; native of Asia. May. 15. Sorbus L. — Mountain-ash 1. Winter-buds densely whitish-villous, 5-10 nun long; leaflets elliptical, acute, 3-5 cm long; flowers 8-9 mm broad; fruits 9- 1 1 mm in diameter ; native of Eur. ; cultivated, and occasionally escaping to woods or roadsides. European Mountain-ash. Often mistaken for the following species S. aucuparia L. 1. Winter-buds glabrous, glutinous, 1-2 cm long; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, 5-9 cm long; flowers 5-6 mm broad; fruits 4-6 mm in diameter; rocky woods, rare, near Oregon, Ogle Co., June 2, 1888, M. B. Waite; now probably extinct in 111. American Mountain-ash S. americana Marsh. 16. Aronia Medic. — Chokebeny 1. Inflorescence and lower surface of leaves nearly or quite glabrous; fruit black, soon falling; moist sandy woods, and edges of bogs in northern 111.; also on exposed sandstone cliflfs in southern 111., Saline Co., Mohlenbrock & Voigt in 1958. May-June. Black Chokeberry A. rnelanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. 1. Inflorescence and lower surface of leaves tomentose; fruit purplish- black, long-persistent; Cook, Kankakee, and Winnebago coun- ties. Purple Chokeberry A. prunijolia (Marsh.) Rehd. 17. Pyrus L. — Pear P. communis L. Cultivated and found occasionally as an escape in woods or along roads; native of Eur. May. 18. Malus Mill. — Apple 1. Calyx glabrous outside (rarely somewhat villous) ; leaves glabrous or nearly so; mature fruit 1-3 cm in diameter; woods in the southern half of 111. Apr.-May. Wild Sweet Crabapple. [Pyrus coronana L.; M . angustifolia (Ait.) Michx.; M. lancifolia Rehd.] M. coronana (L.) Mill. 1. Calyx tomentose; leaves pubescent beneath, at least along the veins. 122 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Leaves irregularly toothed, notched, or lobed, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes erect or spreading; fruit 3-5 cm in diameter; woods, common. May. Iowa Crabapple. [Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey] M. ioensis (Wood) Britt. 2. Leaves crenate-serrate, rounded or cordate at base; calyx-lobes usually reflexed at anthesis; fioiit larger; cultivated, and not infrequently wild; native of Eurasia. Apr. -May. Apple. [Pyrus malus L.; M. sylvestris of auth., not Mill.] „ M. pumila Mill. 19. Crataegus L. — Hawthorn 1 Leaves widest near the middle or toward the apex, cuneate at the base. 2. Blades usually widest above the middle, mostly obovate or spatulate, the margins merely serrate or only obscurely lobed; calyx-lobes entire. 3. Veins of leaves rimning to sinuses as well as lobes; cultivated, but rarely spontaneous in 111.; Cook Co., V. H. Chase. English Hawthorn C. monogyna Jacq. 3. Veins of leaves running only to lobes. 4. Leaves fimi, glossy above, not deeply impressed-veined. 5. Pedicels and lea\es glabrous; pastures and open woods, especially near streams, common. May-June. Cock- spur Thorn. \C. attenuata Ashe; C. arduennae, barrcttiana, calophylla, fffulgrns, jarwellii Sarg.] C. crusgalli L. 5. Pedicels and leaves pubescent; wooded hillsides and bluffs in s. 111. May-June. [C. pilifera Sarg.] - C. engebnanni Sarg. 4. Leaves thinner, dull, impressed-veined above. 6. Pedicels and leaves glabrous; open woods, usually along streams; in the northern half of the state, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, and Will counties. May-June. [C. dis- perma, grandis Ashe; C. peoriensis Sarg.; C. hannibal- ensis Palmer] C. cuneiformis (Marsh.) Egglest. 6. Pedicels and leaves pubescent, at least when young. 7. Terminal leaves obovate, deeply lobed; pastures and open woods throughout 111. May-June. [C. praten- sis Sarg.]. A form with yellow fruits, f. aurea (Ait.) Rehd., occius in 111 C. punctata Jacq. 7. Terminal leaves elliptical, not lobed or only slightly lobed; swampy woods, rare; Jackson Co C. collina Chapm. 2. Blades prevailingly widest near the middle; calyx-lobes usually glandular-serrulate. 8. Blades more or less pubescent beneath, at least in the axils of the veins; pedicels pubescent. 53. ROSACEAE 123 9. Lower surface of mature leaves sparsely pubescent along the sides of the \eins with short, somewhat stifl' hairs; corymbs sparingly pubescent; stamens 10 or 20, the fila- ments short; thorns usually numerous, stout, 5-9 cm long; fruit subglobose, nodding; banks of streams; chiefly in the northern half of 111. May. [C. macra- cantha Lodd.; C illinoiensis Ashe; C. corporea, divida, gaultii, gemrnosa, laxiflora, longispina, rutila, vegeta Sarg.] C. succulenta Schrad. 9. Lower surface of leaves softly pubescent, especially on the veins; petioles wing-margined; corymbs tomentose; sta- mens mostly 20, the filaments slender; thorns few, slender, or none; fruit ellipsoid, erect; thickets and open woods, generally distributed in 111., flowering in the latter part of May and early part of June. [C. tomentosa sensu auth., non L.; C. chapmani (Beadle) Ashe; C. structilis Ashe; C. hispidula, mollicula, whittakeri Sarg.] C. calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. 8. Blades glabrous or essentially so; calyx-lobes entire. 10. Leaves oval or rhombic, acute or acutish, the base cuneate; lower surface with tufts of tomentum in the axils of the veins; styles and nutlets usually 5; alluvial soil; w. and s. 111. [C arborescens Ell. ; C. atrorubens, durifolia, schneckii Ashe; C. acutifolia, dawsoniana, erecta, in- signis, larga, mitis, ovata, pechiana Sarg.; C. nitida (Engelm.) Sarg.] C. viridis L. 10. Leaves short-obovate to suborbicular, usually incised with shallow lobes, glabrous at maturity; styles and nutlets 2 or 3 ; thickets and open woods, not uncommon, from Jersey, Macoupin, and Shelby counties northward. May- June C. margarctta Ashe Leaves prevailingly widest below the middle or toward the sub- cordate, truncate, rounded, or broadly cuneate base. 1 1 . Leaves glabrous or nearly so at maturity, or only slightly pubes- cent beneath. 12. Leaves deltoid-cordate (often conspicuously 3- to 5-lobed) ; calyx-lobes deltoid, entire; fruit 5-7 mm in diameter, the calyx deciduous; chiefly s. 111., but extending north- ward to Fayette Co. [C. cordata Ait.] C. phaenopyrum (L.f.) Medic. 12. Leaves otherwise; calyx-lobes lanceolate; fruiting calyx usually persistent. 13. Calyx-lobes entire or nearly so; inflorescence glabrous. 14. Leaves thin, scabrellous on the upper surface when young, soon glabrous; stamens 10 or fewer; fiuit- ing calyx sessile; thickets, pastures, or open woods, usually near streams, n.e. 111. May. [C. coani, fer- rissii Ashe; C. apiomorpha, cyanophylla, dernissa, 124 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 depilis, lucorum, paucispina, sextilis, taetrica, tarda: C. macros pcnna var. demissa (Sarg. ) Egglest.] C. macrosperma Ashe 14. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, firm to subcori- aceous at maturity; stamens 15-20; fruiting calyx with a distinct neck; common throughout 111. May. [C. con']uncta, dissona Sarg.] -C. pruinosa (Wendl.) K.Koch 13. Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate throughout. 15. Inflorescence glabrous; Richland, Vemiilion, and Wabash counties C. coccinioides Ashe 15. Inflorescence with pubescent pedicels; thickets and borders of woods, usually near streams in the n. half of 111. [C. albicans, amicta Ashe; C. as- surgens, corusca, delecta, elongata, hillii, magni- flora, pedicellata, sertata, trachyphylla Sarg.] C. coccinea L. 11. Leaves persistently softly pubescent beneath; pedicels villous; anthers yellow; fruit usually more or less pubescent, at least toward the base, 12-20 mm in diameter; open woods, usual- ly near streams, apparently the commonest species in 111. Apr. -May. Red Haw. [C. coccinea var. mollis T. & G. ; C. subvillosa Schrad. ; C tomentosa var. mollis (T. & G.) A.Gray; C. lanigera, ridgwayi, sera, umbrosa Sarg.; C. altrix, valens, venosa, verna Ashe; C. mollis var. sera (Sarg.) Egglest.] C. mollis (T. & G.) Scheele 20. Prunus L. — Plimi. Cheriy 1. Flowers nearly sessile; ovary and fruit densely tomentose. 2. Flowers pink; leaves lanceolate; cultivated, and sometimes spontaneous; native of Asia. Apr.-May. Peach. [Amygdalus persica L.] P. persica (L.) Batsch. 2. Flowers white; leaves ovate; introd. from Eur. and sometimes escaped from cult. Apricot P. armcniaca L. 1. Flowers pedicelled, white; ovary and fruit glabrous. 3. Flowers in small umbels or corymbs, usually 2-5 or solitary (occasionally 6- to 10-flowered in P. mahalcb) . 4. Flowers small, the petals only 3-6 mm long. 5. Small trees or tall shrubs with relatively broad lanceolate to oval or obovate leaves toothed to the base, usually ap- pearing after the flowers. 6. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 7. Pedicels 3-6 mm long, puberident; fruit globose, 12-15 mm in diameter; forming thickets in sandy soil, chiefly s. 111.; native southward. May. Chickasaw Plum P. angustijolia Marsh. 53. ROSACEAE 1 25 7. Pedicels 8-14 mm lona^, srlabrous; fruit 6-7 mm s? to' m diameter; wet woods or in bogs, n. 111. Apr. Wild Red Cherry P. pennsylvanica L.f. 6. Leaves o\ate to siiborbicular, apiculate, crenate, glan- dular between the teeth; fruit ovoid, black or nearly so, 7-10 mm long; roadsides, occasionally escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. May. Mahaleb Cherry P. mahaleb L. 5. Dwarf shrubs; leaves oblanceolate, acute, serrate except toward the cuneate base; fruit nearly globose, black, acid, 1-1.5 cm in diameter at maturity; sandy soil, n. 111. Apr.-May. Sand Cherry P. pumila L. 4. Flowers larger, the petals 6-16 mm long. 8. Leaves serrate, the sharp teeth not ending in a gland; petals 7-10 mm long; calyx-lobes not glandular-serrate. 9. Petioles glabrous beneath; lower surface of mature blades glabrous except along the veins; young twigs glabrous; borders of woods, common. Apr.-May. Wild Plum --- P. amcricana Marsh. 9. Petioles pubescent all around; blades usually more or less softly pubescent beneath; young twigs puberulent; woods and roadsides, common. Apr.-May. [P. ameri- cana var. juollis T. & G.] - P. lanata (Sudw. ) Mack. & Bush 8. Leaves crenate-serrate, the teeth ending in a gland ; calyx- lobes more or less glandidar-serrulate; petioles glabrous beneath; twigs glabrous. 10. Petals 12-15 mm long; leaves broadly obovate or oval; river banks, woods, and thickets, not common ; ex- tending southward to Pike Co. May. Canada Plum P. nigra Ait. 10. Petals 6-8 mm long. 11. Leaves thickish at maturity, narrowly obovate to elliptical, aciuninate, irregularly serrate, glossy above, conspicuously veiny beneath ; flowers open- ing when the leaves are half grown ; roadsides and edges of woods, common. Apr.-May. Hortulan Plum P. hortulana Bailey 1 1 . Leaves thinner, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, finely and evenly glandular-serrate, the veins not conspicu- ous beneath; flowers opening before the leaves have expanded; borders of woods, s. 111., extend- ing northward to St. Clair and Crawford counties. Apr.-May. Wild Goose Plum P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr. 3. Flowers several to many, in elongate racemes. 12. Leaves thin, obovate, sharply serrate with erect or spreading teeth; sepals nearly orbicular, glandular-serrate, decidu- 126 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 ous; woods and thickets, extending southward to Christian and Madison counties. May. Common Cliokecherry. The fonn with the lower surface of the leaves, young twigs, and rachis of inflorescence pubescent is f. deamii G. N. Jones P. virginiana L. 12. Leaves firm, oval or lanceolate, crenulate-sen-ate with in- cui^ved teeth; sepals obscurely glandular, persistent; woods and along fences, common throughout 111. May. Wild Black Cherry P. serotina Ehrh. 54. Leguminosae P.F.Gmel. — Pea Family 1 . Trees or shrubs. 2. Leaves simple, entire, suborbicular to reniform: flowers pink, perfect, in sessile umbels, appearing before the leaves; pods 6-8 cm long, pointed at each end 3. Cercis 2. Leaves compound. 3. Erect shrubs or trees. 4. Shrubs: flowers in racemes. 5. Twigs and petioles hispid; petals 5; pods linear, hispid, several- seeded 21. Robinia 5. Twigs and petioles not hispid; corolla of one purple petal; pods short, 1- to 2-seeded 17. Amorpha 4. Trees; petals 5. 6. Leaves odd-pinnate, with 5-17 leaflets: flowers white. 1-2.5 cm long. 7. Stipules spiny, woody: stipels setaceous; bark rough; stamens diadelphous; racemes 7-15 cm long 21. Robinia 7. Stipules and stipels none; bark smooth; wood yellow; stamens distinct; inflorescence 15-50 cm long 7. Cladrastis 6. Leaves 1- to 2-pinnate. 8. Leaflets ov-ate, entire, acute or acuminate; flowers pinkish- white, 1.5 cm long, in many-flowered racemes; pods woody; trees without spines 4. Gymnocladus 8. Leaflets oval or lanceolate, remotely denticulate, obtuse; flowers small, greenish-yellow, in axillary spikes: pods leathery; trees usually with spines on the trunk and branches 5. Gleditsia 3. Twining shrubs, not prickly: flowers purple, showy, racemose: petals 5; leaflets 9-13; pods many-seeded 22. Wisteria 1. Herbs. 9. Leaves simple; petals yellow 9. Crotalaria 9. Leaves compound (rarely 1-foliolate) . 10. Leaves even-pinnate (or bipinnate), or leaflets only 2. 11. Leaves ending in a tendril; flowers papilionaceous. 12. Style terete, pubescent near the apex 30. Vicia 12. Style flattened, pubescent along the inner side 31. Lathyrus 11. Leaves not ending in a tendril; leaflets numerous, small; flowers not at all papilionaceous, in globose heads. 13. Leaves bipinnate. 14. Plants glabrous or nearly so: flowers greenish-white; petals distinct or nearly so; pods flat, smooth 1. Desmanthus 54. Leguminosae 127 14. Plants with recurved prickles; flowers rose colored; corolla funnel-form; pods prickly, 4-anglcd, or nearly terete 2. Schrankia 13. Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow 6. Cassia 10. Leaves not e\en-pinnate. 15. Leaves trifoliolate, or digitate with usually not more than 5 leaf- lets (rarely unifoliolate). 16. Leaves (and other parts of the plant) more or less glandular- punctate; leaflets 3-5, entire 16. Psoralea 16. Leaves not at all glandular-punctate. 17. Leaflets toothed. 18. Flowers capitate. 19. Pods straight; stamens adherent to the corolla 12. Tri folium 19. Pods curved or coiled; stamens free from the corolla 14. Medicago 18. Flowers reflexed in long slender racemes, white or yellow; pods small, straight, reflexed 13. Melilotus 17. Leaflets entire. 20. Fruit a loment, i.e., breaking transversely into 1- seeded, indehiscent segments, or consisting of a single segment. 21. Pods 1- to several-jointed and -seeded; leaflets usually stipellate; flowers purple or white 27. Desmodium 21. Pods of a single 1 -seeded joint (the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like) ; leaflets without stipels, usually prominently veined. 22. Flowers purplish or yellowish-white; stamens diadclphous (9 + 1); anthers all alike; pods not longitudinally ribbed ...28. Lespedeza 22. Flowers yellow; stamens monadelphous; anthers in 2 series; pods longitudinally ribbed 29. Stylosanthes 20. Fruit a legume. 23. Leaflets not stipellate. 24. Flowers in heads; pods small, often included in the calyx, 1- to 6-seeded, not stipitate; stamens diadelphous 12. Trifolium 24. Flowers in racemes, or solitary. 25. Flowers whitish (or yellow) in racemes; stamens distinct; pods stipitate, turgid or inflated ; plants tending to turn black in drying 8. Baptisia 25. Flowers pink, solitary; stamens diadelphous; pods linear, somewhat compressed, not stipitate 15. Hosackia 23. Leaflets stipellate. 26. Style glabrous; plants twining; flowers purplish or white. 27. High-climbing vines; leaflets usually lobed ; flowers with the odor of grapes 38. Pueraria 128 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 27. Erect or weak twining herbs; leaflets seldom lobed ; flowers without the odor of grapes. 28. Calyx usually 5-toothed, not bracteolate; leaflets ovate 39. Amphicarpa 28. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, subtended by a pair of bractlets; leaflets oval 40. Galactia 26. Style pubescent on the upper surface. 29. Flowers yellow; stems twining; leaflets ovate; pods 10-20 cm long 35. Vigna 29. Flowers bluish or nearly white. 30. Flowers 4-5 cm long, solitary or in pairs in the axils, pale blue and lilac, deli- cately veined ; stem ascending or twining 37. Clitoria 30. Flowers smaller, racemose or umbellate. 31. Flowers in short sessile axillary racemes; stem erect; pods straight or nearly so, almost sessile, some- what flattened 34. Glycine 31. Flowers in racemes or umbels on long axillaiy perduncles; stems twining or trailing. 32. Flowers in long loose racemes; keel of the corolla spirally coiled; pods falcate 33. Phaseolus 32. Flowers few, in umbel-like clusters; keel of the corolla strongly incurved but not spirally coiled ; pods straight or nearly so 36. Strophostyles 15. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets. 33. Leaves punctate. 34. Pods covered with hooked prickles; flowers whitish; stamens 10 25. Glycyrrhiza 34. Pods without hooked prickles. 35. Corolla of 1 petal; stamens 10 17. Amorpha 35. Corolla of 5 petals. 36. Stamens 10 or rarely 9; leaflets (in our species) 4-6 mm long 18. Dalea 36. Stamens 5; leaflets (in our species) 6-35 mm long 19. Petalostemum 33. Leaves not punctate; corolla papilionaceous; pods several- seeded. 37. Leaflets 5-11. 38. Flowers yellow, borne in umbels 11. Lotus 38. Flowers not yellow, borne in axillary or terminal racemes. 39. Stems twining or climbing; leaflets 5-7 (rarely 3), ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers in axillary racemes 32. Apios 54. Leguminosae 129 39. Stems erect: leaflets 7-11, oblanccolate; flowers blue (or pink or white), in terminal racemes 1 0. Lupinus 37. Leaflets 11-31. 40. Plants hoary-pubescent; flowers in terminal racemes 20. Tephrosia 40. Plants strigose to glabrous; flowers in axillary racemes or headlike umbels. 41. Flowers racemose; pods not 4-angled or -jointed. 42. Leaves even-pinnate 24. Sesbnnia 42. Leaves odd-pinnate 23. Astragalus 41. Flowers umbellate; pods linear, 4-angled, jointed 26. Coronilla 1. Desmanthus \\ illd. — Illinois Mimosa D. illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. River banks or along railroads, local; July-Aug. [Acuan illinoensis (Michx.) Ktze.] 2. Schrankia VVilld. — Sensitive-brier {Leptoglottis DC; Morongia Britt.) S. U7icinata Willd. T)ry sandy soil, rare; Peoria, Aug. 1901, and June \9Q?>, McDonald. [L. nuttallii DC.; M. uncinata (Willd.) Britt.; S. nuttallii (DC.) Standi.]. 3. Cercis L. — Redbud C. canadensis L. Woods, common throughout 111., except the northern counties. Apr. -May. 4. Gymnocladus Lam. — Kentucky Coffee-tree G. dioicus (L.) K.Koch. Woods, common throughout 111. May- June. 5. Gleditsia L. 1. Pods 10-50 cm long, many-seeded, indehiscent; spines stout, often compound, rarely absent; woods, common throughout 111. May-June. Honey Locust. The spineless form is /. inermis (L.) Zabel G. triacanthos L. 1. Pods obliquely oval, 2-4 cm long, 1-seeded, at length dehiscent; spines slender, mostly simple; borders of swamps, s. and w. 111., not common. Water Locust G. aquatica Marsh. 6. Cassia L. {Chaniaecrista Moench ; Ditremexa Raf.) 1. Leaflets 2-6 cm long, 1-3 cm wide; corolla regular, the petals near- ly equal; leaves not sensitix'c to the touch: stipules deciduous; calyx-lobes obtuse; stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect. 2. Leaflets 8-20; petiole with a gland near the base; pods 6-13 cm long, 5-10 mm wide. 130 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate; stipules lanceolate; petiolar gland globose; petals 1.5-2 cm long; plants annual; waste ground, occasional; native of the tropics; Chicago, Moffatt in 1897. Coffee-weed C. occidentalis L. 3. Leaflets elliptical, mucronate; stipules setaceous; petals 10-12 mm long; plants perennial, native. 4. Ovary villous; petiolar gland clavate; pods loosely villous, the segments about as long as broad ; seeds flat, sub- orbicular; alluvial soil, roadsides, or in open woods. Jidy-Aug - - - C. hehecarpa Fern. 4. Ovary strigose; petiolar gland ovoid; pods glabrous or sparsely hirtellous, the segments much shorter than broad; seeds plump, ellipsoid or obovoid; roadsides and alluvial soil. July-Aug. [C. medsgeri Shafer] C. marilandica L. 2. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse; gland between the lowest pair of leaflets; pods 10-15 cm long, 2-5 mm wide; waste ground, occasional; native of the tropics. July-Sept C. tora L. 1. Leaflets 5-20 mm long, 2-5 mm wide; corolla irregular, the petals unequal; calyx-lobes acuminate; anthers all perfect; stipules persistent; leaflets 12-28, somewhat sensitive to the touch. 5. Flowers 2-4 cm broad, slender-pedicelled; anthers 10, unequal; pods 4-6 cm long; fields and meadows; common. July-Oct. Partridge-pea. [C. chamaccrista sensu auth., non L.; C. robusta Pollard] C. jasciculata Michx. 5. Flowers 5-10 mm broad, short-pedicelled; anthers 5, nearly equal; pods 2.5-4 cm long; woods and fields; Cook, Hender- son, and Kankakee counties, and southward. July-Sept C. nictitans L. 7. Cladrastis Raf. — Yellow-wood C. lutea ( Michx. f.) K.Koch. Rich woods, rare; Alexander and Gallatin counties. 8. Baptisia Vent. — Wild Indigo 1. Leaves glabrous; racemes bractless or the bracts minute; calyx 6-8 mm long; pods ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long; prairie soil and open woods throughout 111. June-July B. leucantha T. & G. 1. Leaves pubescent; racemes conspicuously bracted; calyx 6-10 mm long ; pods ovoid, 4-5 cm long at maturity ; prairie soil and open woods throughout 111. May-June. [B. hractcata of auth., not Muhl.j B. Icucophaea Nutt. 9. Crotolaria L — Rattle-box 1. Stem slender, 10-50 cm tall; leaves elliptical, 3-8 cm long; calyx villous; racemes 2-4-flowered; seeds 2-3 mm in diameter; dry soil, nearly throughout 111. June-Sept C. sagittalis L. 54. Leguminosae 131 1. Stem 0.5-2 111 tall; leaves obovate, obtuse, 6-20 cm Ions;; calyx glabrous; racemes many-flowered; seeds 4-5 mm in diameter; roadsides and fields, s. 111. Sept. -Oct. Introd. from the tropics. Alexander Co., H. M. Franklin in 1949 C. spectabilis Roth 10. Lupinus L. — Lupine L. perennis L. Sandy soil, locally in n. 111. May-June. 1 1. Lotus L. — Bird's-loot Trefoil L. corniculatus L. Widespread, perhaps in grass seed, becoming fairly common in some places during the last twenty years; introd. from Eur. June-Aug. 12. Trifolium L. — Clover 1. Flowers white, purple, or pink. 2. Flowers short-pedicelled, becoming reflexed in age. 3. Heads 2.5-3 cm broad; plants annual or biennial; woods and fields, local. May-June. Buffalo Clover T. reflexum L. 3. Heads less than 2.5 cm broad. 4. Flowers white ; stems creeping and rooting, the peduncles arising from near the ground; fields, roadsides, waste places, lawns, open woods, common; nat. from Eur. May-June. White Clover T . repens L. 4. Flowers pink or purple-tinged; stems erect or ascending not rooting from the nodes; fields, roadsides, and waste places; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Alsike Clover T. hybridum L. 2. Flowers sessile or nearly so. 5. Heads cylindrical; calyx-teeth plumose-pubescent. 6. Corolla white, shorter than the calyx; gravelly soil, road- sides, fields, or open woods; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Rabbit-foot Clover T. arvense L. 6. Corolla crimson, longer than the calyx; cultivated and occasionally spontaneous in fields and waste places; introd. from Eur. June- July. Crimson Clover 7". incarnaturn L. 5. Heads subglobose to ovoid. 7. Heads 2-3 cm in diameter; corolla magenta (or white), 12-15 mm long; leaflets usually with a pale mark; plants perennial; roadsides, fields, and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. Red Clover T. pratensc L. 7. Heads smaller; corolla rose; calyx becoming inflated after fruiting. 8. Corolla resupinate, so that the standard lies below ; plants annual with ascending branches; waste ground, occa- sional; introd. from Eur. May-Sept. Resupinate or Persian Clover T. resupinatum L. 132 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 8. Corolla not resupinate; plants perennial, the stems creep- ing and rooting at the nodes; waste ground, occasional, introd. from Eur. May-Aug. Strawberry Clover T. fragiferum L. 1. Flowers yellow, shortly pedicellate, becoming reflexed in age. 9. Leaflets sessile; stipules linear; heads 1-2 cm in diameter; road- sides, fields, and open woods; nat. from Eur. June-July. Yellow Hop-clover T. agrarium L. 9. Terminal leaflet petiolulate; stipules ovate-lanceolate; heads 4- 12 mm in diameter. 10. Heads 20- to 40-flowered; standard distinctly striate; road- sides, fields, and waste places; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. Low Hop-clover T. procumbens L. 10. Heads 3- to 15-flowered; standard faintly striate; road- sides and waste places; nat. from Eur. June-July. Little Hop-clover T. dubium Sibth. 13. Melilotus Mill. — Sweet Clover 1. Flowers yellow, 5-6 mm long; seeds oval. 2. Pods (and ovai7) glabrous, 2.5-3.5 mm long, strongly reticulate and transversely ridged, the upper suture not carinate; seeds not emarginate or punctate; wing-petals shorter than the standard but longer than the keel; waste places, fields, and loadsides; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Yellow Sweet Clover M. officinalis (L.) Lam. 2. Pods (and ovary) strigose, 4.5-5.5 mm long, weakly reticulate, not transversely ridged, the upper suture carinate; seeds punctate, emarginate; wing-petals and standard otten longer than the keel; roadside; Lake Co M. altissima Thuill. 1. Flowers white, 3-4.5 mm long; pods glabrous, 2.5-3.5 mm long; seeds orbicular; wing-petals shorter than the standard but equal- ling the keel; waste places, fields, and roadsides; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. White Sweet Clover M. alba Desr. 14. Medicago L. 1. Flowers bluish-purple; fields and roadsides, common; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Alfalfa M. saliva L. 1. Flowers yellow. 2. Pods straight, pubescent; fields and waste places, common; nat. from Eurasia. May-July. Black Medic M. lupulii^a L. 2. Pods spirally coiled, smooth or spiny. 3. Pods smooth; flowers about 3 mm long; waste ground; introd. from Eur. Jackson Co M. orbicularis (L.) AH. 3. Pods spiny; flowers about 6 mm long; introd. from Eur. Jackson Co M. arabicc (L.) Huds. 54. Leguminosae 133 15. Hosackia Dougl. H. mnericana (Nutt.) Piper. Dry soil, rare; adv-. from the West; Cook Co., W. S. Moffatt in 189.'^; Greene Co.. F. E. McDonald in 1904. June-Aug. 16. Psoralea L. — Scurf-pea 1. Leaves pinnately 1- to 3-foliolate; pods rugose-reticulate. 2. Leaflets ovate, acuminate; pods 1 cm long; stem 1-1.5 m tall; ri\'er banks, not common. June-July. [Orbexihun onobrychis (Nutt.) Rydb.] P. onobrychis Nutt. 2. Leaflets elliptical; pods 4 mm long; stem 30-60 cm tall; wooded ridges and slopes, not common, s. 111. June-July. [Orbexilum pcdunculatum (Mill.) Rydb.] P. psoralioides (Walt.) Cory 1. Leaves digitately 3- to 5-foliolate ; leaflets oblanceolate ; jxjds about 8 mm long, not rugose-reticulate; dry soil, locally in northern 111., extending southward to Madison and Monroe counties. June-Oct. [P. florihunda Nutt.] P. tenuiflora Pursh 17. Amorpha L. 1. Leaflets 2-5 cm long; shrubs 1.5-6 m tall; pods usually 2-seeded, 6-8 mm long. 2. Leaves dull above; petiohdes pubescent; river banks and allu- vial soil, locally throughout 111. May-June. Indigo Bush A. fruticosa L. 2. Leaves glossy above; petiolules glabrous; along rivers, rare; Pope Co. May-June A. nkens Boynton 1. Leaflets 9-18 mm long; densely canescent shrubs less than 1 m tall; pods 1 -seeded, 3-4 mm long; prairie soil and hillsides, locally nearly throughout 111. June-July. Lead-plant A. canescens Pursh 18. Dalea Juss. D. alopecuroides Willd. Fields and roadsides, occasional. Aug.- Sept. [Parosela dalea (L.) Britt.]. 19. Petalostemum Michx. — Prairie-clover 1. Calyx-tube densely silky-velutinous; leaflets 3-9; corolla rose- purple, rarely white; in sandy or gravelly soil along roads or in open woods, local. July-Aug. Purple Prairie-clover P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. 1 . Calyx-tube glabrous. 2. Leaflets 5-9; flowers white; in habitats similar to the preceding species, but of less frequent occurrence. June-Aug. White Prairie-clov-er P. candidum (Willd.) Michx. 2. Leaflets 13-31 ; flowers rose-purple; river banks and gravelly soil, rare, or probably now extinct in 111. July-Sept P. foliosum A.Gray 134 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 20. Tephrosia Pers. — Goat's-rue T. virginiana (L.) Pers. Dry sandy soil. June-July. \T. virginiana var. holosericea (Nutt.) T. & G.]. 21. Robinia L. — Locust l.Tree to 25 m tall; twigs and petioles glabrous; flowers white, in pendulous racemes; commonly cultivated and abundantly nat- uralized in 111.; native along the Ohio R., in southeastern 111., and eastward. May-June. Black Locust R. pseudoacacia L. 1. Shrubs to 9 feet tall; stem viscid or bristly; flowers pink or rose. 2. Stems bristly with stiff" hairs; planted and sometimes persisting or spontaneous; native of southeastern U.S. May-June. Bristly Locust. Rose Acacia R. hispida L. 2. Stems viscid, never bristly; escaped from cult.; Jo Daviess and Lee counties. Clammy Locust R. viscosa Vent. 22. Wisteria Nutt. 1. Inflorescence glandular; leaflets 9-15; swampy woods, rare, s. 111.; also Washington and Peoria coimties, where it is probably escaped from cult. June-July. Kentucky Wisteria. [W . jrutes- cens sensu auth., non (L.) Poir.] W . macrostachya Nutt. 1. Inflorescence not glandular; leaflets 15-19; escaped from cult.; nat. from Japan. [W . sinensis sensu auth., non (Sims) Sweet] ...W. floribunda (Willd.) DC. 23. Astragalus L. — Milk-vetch 1. Flowers purplish. 2. Calyx puberulent; flowers 8-10 mm long; pods glabrous; dry soil, local; w. 111.; [Holophacos distortus (T. & G.) Rydb.] A. distortus T. & G. 2. Calyx hirsute; flowers 15-20 mm long; pods hirsute; Boone Co., May 23, 1918, H. C. Benke 2456 (as A. hypoglottis) ; adv. from w. U.S. [A. agrestis sensu auth., non Dougl.] A. gonial us Nutt. 1 . Corolla whitish or cream or greenish-yellow. 3. Calyx-teeth subulate. 4. Leaflets 1.5-4 cm long; pods ellipsoid, glabrous; I'iver banks and hillsides throughout 111. June-Aug A. canadensis L. 4. Leaflets 5-15 mm long; pods ovoid, pubescent; dry slopes, or on prairie soil; Grundy, Lake, La Salle, Lee, and Ogle counties. May-June A. tennesseensis A.Gray 3. Calyx-teeth deltoid; leaflets 5-15 mm long; pods glabrous, sub- globose; prairies, rare; Macoupin, Madison, St. Clair, and Will counties. [Geopruinrwn trichocalyx (Nutt.) Rydb.] A. trichocalyx Nutt. 24. Sesbania Scop. S. exaltata (Raf.) Cory. Adv. from southern U.S.; Pulaski Co. 54. Leguminosae 135 25. Glycyrrhiza L. — Wild Licorice G. lepidota Pursii. Waste ground, occasional; adv. from west of the Mississippi R. 26. Coronilla L. — Crown-vetch C. varia L. Roadsides and waste places, occasional : adv. from Eur. June- Aug. 27. Desmodium Desv. — Tick-clover {Meibomia Heist.) 1. Pods conspicuously long-stipitate, the stipe 2-3 times the length of the calyx; stipules small, inconspicuous, setaceous, deciduous. 2. Panicle on a leafy stem; fruiting pedicels 5-8 mm long. 3. Leaves scattered along the stem; corolla white, 5-6 mm long; woods, chiefly in the s. part of the state, but extending northward to St. Clair and Wabash counties. July-Sept. D. pauciflormn (Nutt.) DC. 3. Leaves clustered at the base of the peduncle; corolla rose- purple, 6-7 mm long; rich woods, common. June- Aug. [D. acuminatum DC; D. grandiftorum. sensu Robins. & Fern., non DC; M. grandiflora sensu auth., non Ktze.] D. glutinosum (Muhl.) Wood 2. Panicle on a long leafless peduncle; fruiting pedicels 1-2 cm long; corolla rose-purple, 6-11 mm long; leaflets oval or ovate, acute, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; woods, com- mon. July-Aug D. nudiflurum (L.) DC. 1. Pods short-stipitate or sessile. 4. Stipules conspicuous, persistent, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate. 5. Stems trailing", pilose; leaflets nearly orbicular, obtuse; stipules ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; woods, s. 111., extending northward to Vermilion and St. Clair counties. Aug.-Sept. [M. michauxii Vail] D. rotundifolium DC. 5. Stems erect or ascending. 6. Joints of the pods rhombic, longer than broad. 7. Leaflets obtusish, ovate or oval, somewhat rough- pubescent on both surfaces, pale and reticulate be- neath, about the same length as the petiole; stem pubescent; open woods; absent from the northern counties. July-Aug D. canescens (L.) DC. 7. Leaflets acuminate, longer than the petiole. 8. Leaves glabrous ; bracts of the inflorescence not ciliate; woods throughout 111. July-Se])t D. cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loud. 8. Leaves pubescent beneath ; bracts of the inflorescence ciliate; open woods. July-Aug D. longifolium (T. & G.) Smyth 6. Joints of the pods oval ; leaflets lanceolate or o\at('-Ian- ceolate, reticulate beneath, pilosulous; stem uncinate- 136 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 pubescent; in woods and along roads throughout 111., except the northern counties. July-Aug D. illinoense A. Gray 4. Stipules small, inconspicuous, setaceous, usually soon deciduous. 9. Leaves sessile or nearly so, the leaflets linear or lanceolate, obtusish, thickish, reticulate, pubescent beneath; stem puberulent; pods 1- to 3-jointed; open woods. July-Sept. D. sessilifolium (Torr. ) T. & G. 9. Leaves petioled. 10. Pods distinctly stipitate, the stipe exceeding the calyx. 1 1 . Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 12. Leaflets ovate or broadly oval, pale beneath; flowers pink, 9-14 mm long; woods, chiefly in s. 111. Aug.- Sept D. laevigatum Nutt. 12. Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate; flowers violet-purple, 5-8 mm long; open woods, common. July-Sept D. paniculatum (L.) DC. 1 1 . Stem and leaves pubescent ; flowers purple, 6-9 mm long. 13. Leaflets ovate, thick, coriaceous, velutinous beneath; wooded slopes and ridges, s. 111. Aug.-Sept. [D. viridiflorum sensu auth., non (L.) DC.] D. nuttallii (Schindl.) Schubert 13. Leaflets elliptical or oval, appressed-pubescent be- neath; dry soil, usually in open woods. Aug.-Sept. [D. dillcnii sensu auth., non Dark] ...D. glabellum (Michx.) DC. 10. Pods short-stipitate or sessile, the stipe not exceeding the calyx-lobes. 14. Flowers showy, 8-12 mm long, in dense panicled ra- cemes; joints of the pods 3-5; prairie soil. July-Sept. D. canadc7ise (L.) DC. 14. Flowers small, 2-6 mm long, in loose panicled racemes; joints of the pods 1-3. 15. Leaflets scabrous, softly pubescent, pale green and reticulate beneath, 2.5-5 cm long; stem puberulent; coi'olla 5-6 mm long; sandy soil in open woods, chiefly w. and s. 111. Aug.-Sept D. rigidum (Ell.) DC. 15. Leaflets not scabrous, 1-2.5 cm long, glaucous be- neath; corolla 2-4 mm long. 16. Stem and leaves glabrous; wooded slopes and ridges, locally in central 111. July-Sept D. marilandicum (L.) DC. 16. Stem pubescent; leaves more or less pubescent; open woods in s. 111. July-Sept. [D. obtusum (Muhl.) DC; M. obtusa (Muhl.) Vail] D. ciliarc (Muhl.) DC. 54. Leguminosae 137 28. Lespedeza Michx. — Bush-clover I. Plants entirely herbaceous, erect, prostrate, or ascending. 2. Perennials with subulate stipules, minute bracts, and narrow calyx-lobes. 3. Corolla purple; flowers of two kinds, some without petals. 4. Flower-clusters on slender peduncles that are conspicuously longer than the subtending leaves. 5. Stems trailing; inflorescence capitate or spicate. 6. Stems glabrous or finely appressed-pubescent; .sandy soil in woods, s. 111. June-Sept. Creeping Bush- clover L. reprns (L.) Bart. 6. Stems softly pubescent with spreading hairs; wooded slopes and ridges, s. 111., extending northward to Sangamon and Macon counties. July-Sept. Trailing Bush-clover L. procurnhens Michx. 5. Stems erect, sparsely appressed-pubescent: inflorescence loosely paniculate; in oak woods throughout the state. July-Sept L. violacea (L.) Pers. 4. Flower-clusters sessile or nearly so. 7. Leaflets densely velutinous beneath; woods, local; chiefly in the s. half of 111. Aug.-Sept L. stuvei Nutt. 7. Leaflets glabrous, or strigose beneath. 8. Leaflets oval; sandy soil in woods in the s. half of the state. Aug.-Sept L. intermedia (Wats.) Britt. 8. Leaflets linear; sandy soil in woods nearly throughout 111. Aug.-Sept. Slender Bush-clover L. virginica (L.) Britt. 3. Corolla white or yellowish white, with a purple spot on the standard; flowers all alike. 9. Leaflets elliptical to suborbicular. 10. Peduncles equalling the cylindrical dense spikes; leaves from orbicular to oval ; sandy soil on wooded slopes and ridges, local. Aug.-Sept L. hirta (L.) Homem. 10. Peduncles usually shorter than the dense subglobose heads; leaves elliptical; sandy soil along roads and in open woods throughout 111. Aug.-Sept. What may be a hybrid between this species and L. virginica {L. simulata Mack. & Bush) has been collected in Craw- ford Co. [L. longifolia DC] L. capitata Michx. 9. Leaflets linear; spikt^ slender, loose; prairie soil, rare; known in 111. from Cook, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. Aug.-Sept L. leptostachya Engelm. 2. Annuals with scarious ovate-lanceolate .stipules and bracts; calyx-lobes as broad as long; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 in the axils. 138 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 11. Stem retrorsely strigose; leaflets elliptical; petioles 1-2 mm long; pods not glandular; fields and roadsides; introd. from Asia. Aug. -Oct. Japan Bush-clover. Common Lespedeza " L. striata (Thunb.) H. & A. 1 1 . Stem antrorsely strigose to nearly glabrous ; leaflets obovate, ciliate, often emarginate; petioles 4-10 mm long; pods glandular; fields and roadsides; recently introd. from Asia. Sept. -Oct. Korean Lespedeza L. stipulacca Maxim. 1. Plants suffruticose or somewhat shrubby, 1-3 m tall. 12. Leaflets elliptical, acute, 2-6 cm long; flowers rose-purple, 10-12 mm long, in racemes forming terminal panicles 30-60 cm long; fields and roadsides, occasional, native of Japan. Aug.-Sept L. thunbergii (DC.) Nakai 12. Leaflets linear-oblanceolate, cuneate, 1-2 cm long; flowers 7-9 mm long, whitish with purple spots, 1-4 in the leaf- axils; plants virgate; fields and roadsides; extensively planted as a forage crop and soil-binder, now tending to spread from cult.; introd. from China and Japan. Aug.-Oct. Chinese Bush-clover L. cuneata (Dum.-Cours. ) G. Don 29. Styiosanthes Sw. — Pencil-flower S. bi flora (L.) BSP. Diy soil in woods and on bluffs, chiefly in the s. half of 111. June-Aug. 30. Vicia L. — Vetch 1 . Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary, nearly sessile ; annuals. 2. Flowers 2-2.5 cm long; leaflets oblanceolate to oval; pods brown; fields and waste places; escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. July- Aug. Spring Vetch V. satiua L. 2. Flowers 10-18 mm long; leaflets linear to linear-oblong; pods black when matinee; fields and waste places; escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. July-Aug. Common Vetch V. angustifolia Reich. 1. Flowers in 3-40-flowered racemes on axillary peduncles. 3. Racemes one-sided, densely 10-30-flowered. 4. Flowers 9-12 mm long, bluish purple (rarely white); calyx rounded or only slightly gibbous at base, the pedicel basal; pods 1.5-2 cm long; seeds 2.5 mm in diameter, black; road- sides and fields, occasional; introd. from Eur. June-Aug. Tufted Vetch V. cracca L. 4. Flowers 13-18 mm long, crimson, fading blue, rarely white; calyx strongly gibbous at base, the pedicel appearing lat- eral; pods 2.5-3.5 cm long; seeds 3-4 mm in diameter, dark brown. 5. Plants conspicuously pilose; lower calyx teeth about 3 inm long; roadsides and fields, common; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Winter Vetch V. villosa Roth 54. Leguminosae 139 5. Plants sparsely pilosulous or glabrate; lower calyx teeth about 2 mm long; waste places, becoming common; nat. from Eur. May-July V. dasycarpa Ten. 3. Racemes loosely 3-12 (-20) -flowered. 6. Corolla 8-12 mm long, white, the keel tipped with blue; racemes longer than or equalling the subtending leaves; stipules entire; woods in the northeastern counties. May- June. Carolina Vetch I', carolmiana Walt. 6. Corolla 15-18 mm long, bluish purple; racemes shorter than the subtending leaves; stipules sharply toothed; meadows and thickets in the northern third of the state. June-July. American Vetch V. arncricava Muhl. 31. Lathyrus L. ^ Wild Pea 1 . Flowers purple, or purplish to pink or white. 2. Leaflets 4-14. 3. Stipules much smaller than the leaflets; corolla 1-1.5 cm long. 4. Racemes 2- to 8-flowered; leaflets 4-8. 5. Stem distinctly winged; leaflets linear to elliptical; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm long; moist ground and open woods in the n. half of 111. May-July. [L. palustris var. linearifolius Ser.] L. palustris L. 5. Stem merely angled; leaflets elliptical to oval; flowers 10-15 mm long; moist groimd and thickets, southw. to St. Clair and W^abash counties. June-July -- L. myrtifolius Muhl. 4. Racemes 10- to 24-flowered; leaflets 8-14, oval; stem 4- angled, puberulent or glabrous; open woods and moist thickets, n. 111. May-June. [L. venosus var. intonsus Butters & St.John] L. venosus Muhl. 3. Stipules broad, foliaceous, nearly as large as the adjacent leaflets; stem glabrous; leaflets 6-10, thick, oval; racemes 6- to 10-flowered; flowers about 2 cm long; sandy soil, rare; near Lake Michigan. June-Aug. Beach Pea. [L. japonicus Willd. var. glaber (Ser.) Fern.] L. maritimus (L.) Bigel. 2. Leaflets 2; stem and petioles winged. 6. Perennial; peduncle with 4-10 flowers; frequently cultivated and sometimes spontaneous; waste places and along roads; introd. from Eur. E\erlasting Pea L. latifolius L. 6. Annual; peduncle with 1-2 flowers; escaped from cult. Sweet Pea L. odoratus L. 1. Flowers yellowish-white; stipules large; leaflets ovate or broadly oval; peduncles 2-5 cm long; stem terete; woods, n. 111. May- July L. ochroleucus Hook. 140 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 32. Apios Medic. — Groundnut 1 . Flowers brownish-purple, the standard rounded or retuse at apex, not appendaged rhizomes moniliforni, with several or many globose or ellipsoid tubers; woods and thickets, throughout 111. July-Aug A. americana Medic. 1. Flowers greenish-white, tinged with rose, the standard with a spongy appendage; tuber solitary, 10-20 cm thick; Wolf Lake, Union Co., G. D. Fuller in 1941 A. priceana B.L.Robins. 33. Phaseolus L. — Kidney Bean P. polystacliyus (L.) BSP. Woods and thickets, in s. 111. July-Sept. 34. Glycine L. — Soybean G. max (L.) Merr. Extensively cultivated, and sometimes spon- taneous; native of Asia. July-Sept. [Soja max (L.) Piper; G. soja (L.) Sieb. & Zucc.]. 35. Vigna Savi — Cow Pea V. sinensis (L.) Endl. Cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous; native of Asia. July-Sept. 36. Strophostyles Ell. — Wild Bean 1. Leaflets all entire; pods 2.5-5 cm long. 2. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate; flowers pink, 10-12 mm long; pods sparingly pubsecent; seeds mealy-pubescent; plants perennial with elongate fruiting peduncles; sandy soil, infrequent, s. 111. July-Sept .". ....S. urnbellata (Muhl.) Britt. 2. Leaflets narrowly elliptical to linear; flowers 5-6 mni long, pur- plish; pods 2.5-3.5 cm long, pubescent; seeds becoming glossy; plants annual ; river banks or open woods, local ; nearly throughout 111. July-Sept. [S. pauciflora (Benth.) Wats., non Phaseolus pauciflorus Don] ....S. leiospenna (T. & G.) Piper 1 . Leaflets, at least some of them, usually shallowly lobed ; flowers 7-10 mm long, greenish-purple; pods 5-9 cm long, glabrous or sparsely strigose; seeds 5-9 mm long; sandy soil along roads or in open woods. July-Sept. \S. angulosa Ell.; S. diversifolius Pars.; S. missouriensis (Wats.) Small] S. helvola (L.) Britt. 37. Clitoria L. — Butter-fly Pea C. mariana L. Dry woods, s. 111., rare. June-Aug. 38. Pueraria DC. — Kudzu-vine P. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. Planted for forage and to retard erosion; tending to become weedy in s. 111.; native of e. Asia. Aug.-Sept. 56. ESCALLONIACEAE ^ 141 39. Amphicarpa Ell. — Hog-peanut 1. Stem with closely rellexed hairs or giabrate; leaflets thin; inflores- cence simple, 1- to 8-flo\verecl; pods pubescent on the margins; woods, common. Aug.-Sept. [A. monoica (L.) Ell.; Falcata cotnosa sensu Britt., non Glycine coniosa L.] - A. bract eat a (L.) Fern. 1. Stem brownish hirsute-villous; leaflets firm; inflorescence branched, 7- to 17-flowered; pods pubescent throughout; woods, common. Aug.-Sept. [A. bracteata var. cotnosa (L.) Fern.; Falcata pitched (T. & G.) Ktze.] A. comosa (L.) G.Don 40. Galactia P.Br. — Milk Pea G. volubilis (L.) Britt. Dry soil, s. 111., extending northward to Jackson and Gallatin coimties. July-Aug. [G. mississippiensis (Vail) Rydb.]. 55. Hydrangeaceae Dumort. — Hydrangea Family 1. Flowers all fertile, solitary', or in cymes or racemes; stamens 15-60 1. Philadelphus 1. Flowers in terminal corymbs, of 2 kinds, the marginal ones usually enlarged and sterile; stamens usually 10 2. Hydrangea 1. Philadelphus L. — Mock-orange 1. Sepals glabrous outside. 2. Flowers usually solitary or 2 or 3 together, scentless; sepals 5-7 mm long, about equalling the calyx-tube; twigs glabrous; cultivated and occasionally escaped; native of s.e. U.S. May. Scentless Mock-orange P. inodorus L. 2. Flowers in 5-7-flowered cymes, vei-y fragrant; sepals 12-15 mm long, exceeding the calyx-tube; twigs pubescent; native of Eur.; commonly cultivated and sometimes escaped. May- June. Sweet Mock-orange P. coronarius L. 1. Sepals pubescent outside; flowers scentless or slightly fragrant, in 5-7-flowered cymes; apparently indigenous on rocky blufTs of Ohio R., near Golconda, Pope Co., E. J. Palmer. [P. verrucosus Schrad.] P. pubescens Loisel. 2. Hydrangea L. — Wild Hydrangea H. arborescens L. Ravines and wooded banks throughout III., except the northern counties. 56. Escalloniaceae Dumort. — Escallonia Family [Iteaceae Agardh) 1. Itea L. — Virginia Willow /. virginica L. Swamps, rare, s. 111.; known from Alexander, John- son, Pope, Pulaski, and Union counties. May-June. 142 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 57. Grossulariaceae Dumort. — Gooseberry Family 1. Ribes L. — Gooseberry. Currant {Grossularia Mill.) 1. Branches usually with spines or prickles. 2. Ovary and fruit setose; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; woods and river banks, local. Apr-May. Pasture Gooseberry. [R. gracile Michx.] R. cynosbati L. 2. Ovaiy and fruit smooth; calyx-lobes equalling or exceeding the tube. 3. Stamens exserted; flowers greenish-white; spines 5-15 mm long; woods and river banks, nearly throughout 111. Apr.- May. The common gooseberry in 111. ...R. missouriense Nutt. 3. Stamens included: flowers green or purplish; spines 3-8 mm long; swamps and bogs, n. 111. May-June. Wild Goose- berry R. hirtellum Michx. 1 . Branches not at all spiny or prickly. 4. Leaves minutely resinous-dotted and more or less pubescent beneath. 5. Flowers yellowish, glabrous, 8-10 mm long; bracts longer than the pedicels; thickets and moist woods, chiefly n. 111., but extending southward to Coles, Christian, and Pike counties. May-June. American Black Currant. [R. floridum L'Her.] R. americanum Mill. 5. Flowers greenish or purplish, 5-6 mm long; bracts shorter than the pedicels; occasionally cultivated, but rarely per- sisting; Lake Co., H. E. Aides in 1952. Black Currant R. nigrum L. 4. Leaves not resinous-dotted ; shrubs escaped from cult. 6. Flowers greenish; calyx saucer-shaped; fruit red; rarely per- sisting around old dwellings; native of Eur. Garden Cur- rant. [R. rubrum sensu auth., non L.] R. sativum (Reichenb.) Syme 6. Flowers yellow ; calyx tubular ; fruit black ; cultivated ground and roadsides, occasional; native of central U.S. BufTalo Currant. \R. aurcum sensu auth., non Piu'sh] R. odoratum Wendl. 58. Hamamelidaceae Lindl. — Witch-hazel Family 1. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; flowers apetalous 1. Liquidambar L Leaves pinnately veined, wavy-toothed; petals linear, yellow 2. Hamamelis 1. Liquidambar L. — Sweet-gum L. styraciflua L. Swampy woods; s. 111., extending northward to Jersey, Jasper, and Crawford counties. Apr. -May. 2. Hamamelis L. — Witch-hazel H. virginiana L. Woods, local; n. 111., extending southward to McDonough, Wabash, and White counties. Oct. 62. SaxI FRAG ACE AE 143 59. Platanaceae Lindl. — Plane-tree Family 1. Platanus L. — Sycamore P. occidentalis L. In woods and along streams, common through- out 111. May. 60. Crassulaceae DC. — Stonecrop Family 1 . Sedum L. — Stonecrop ] . Leaves thick, terete or nearly .so. 2. Petals yellow; leaves obovoid, densely imbricated, about ?> mm long; follicles 3-4 mm long; plants perennial; rocky places and roadsides; occasionally escaped from cult.; native of Eur. June-Aug. Mossy Stonecrop S. acre L. 2. Petals rose-purple, pink, or white; leaves linear, crowded, 5-25 mm long, about 2 mm wide; follicles 4-6 mm long; on rocks, s. 111. May-July S. pulclwllum Michx. 1. Leaves flat, broad. 3. Petals white; leaves roundish-obovate, entire, chiefly in whorls of 3 or the upper alternate; rocky woods, and in moist soil in wooded ravines, local. May. Wild Stonecrop S. ternatum Michx. 3. Petals pink or purple; leaves oval or obovate, dentate or entire, alternate, 2-5 cm long. 4. Petals pink, 3-4 times the length of the sepals; follicles attenu- ate to the slender style; cliffs, not common; s. 111. Aug.- Sept. American Orpine S. tclephioides Michx. 4. Petals purple, about twice the length of the sepals; follicles abruptly pointed with the short style; sometimes escaping to roadsides and waste places; native of Eurasia. Aug.- Sept. Live-forever. [S. purpureum Link; S. tdephiiun sensu auth., non L.] S. triphyllum (Haw.) S.F.Gray 61. Penthoraceae Van Tieghem — Penthorum Family 1 . Penthorum L. — Ditch Stonecrop P. sedoides L. Wet ground, common throughout 111. July-Sept. 62. Saxifragaceae DC. — Saxifrage Family 1. Ovary 1-loculed; placentae parietal or nearly basal. 2. Petals entire; inflorescence paniculate; leaves all basal 1. Heuchera 2. Petals fringed; inflorescence racemose; stem with a pair of opposite, sessile leaves 2. Mitella 1. Ovary 2-loculed ; placentae axial. 3. Stamens 5; seeds wing-margined 3. Sullivantia 3. Stamens 10; seeds wingless 4. Saxifrage 144 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Heuchera L. — Alumroot 1. Calyx 2-5 mm long. 2. Calyx 2-2.5 mm long, nearly regular; petals white; shaded cliffs; s. 111. July-Oct. [H. rugelii Shuttlw.] H. parviflora Bartl. 2. Calyx 4-5 mm long, oblique; petals greenish or purplish; bluffs and rocky banks, in the s. half of the state, not common. May- June H. hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydb. 1. Calyx 6-8 mm long, decidedly oblique; river banks, cliffs, or dry woods; s. to Madison, Marion, and Clay counties. May-June. [H. hispida sensu auth., non Pursh; H. americana sensu auth., non L. ; H . richardsonii var. grayana Rosend., Butters & Lakela] H. richardsonii R.Br. 2. Mitella L. — Miterwort. Bishop's-cap M. diphyUa L. Wooded ravines, not common; chiefly in the n. half of the state^ but also in Jackson, Pope, and Williamson counties. May. 3. Sullivantia T. & G. S. renijolia Rosend. Cliffs, rare; Carroll, De Kalb, Jo Daviess, Stephenson, and Winnebago counties. June-July. 4. Saxifraga L. — Saxifrage 1. Sepals becoming reflexed; plants 30-90 cm tall; leaves 10-30 cm long, entire or nearly so. 2. Leaves pilose beneath; petals white, longer than the elliptical sepals; filaments filifoiTn; moist shaded sandstone cliffs, rare; Gallatin, Jackson, Jo Daviess, La Salle, Ogle, and Union counties. May S. forbesii Vasey 2. Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath; petals greenish, equalling the deltoid sepals; filaments subulate; meadows, local. May- June S. pennsylvanica L. 1. Sepals ascending; plants 8-30 cm tall; leaves 2-10 cm long, dentate or crenate; rocky bluffs, rare; Hardin Co S. virginiensis Michx. 63. Parnassiaceae Dum. — Grass-of-Parnassus Family 1 . Parnassia L. — Grass-of-Parnassus P. glauca Raf. Wet ground in the n. half of 111. July-Sept. [P. caroliniana sensu auth., non Michx.]. 64. Adoxaceae Fritsch — Moschatel Family 1 . Adoxa L. — Musk-root A. moschatellina L. Apple River Canyon, Jo Daviess Co., May 8, "1937, N. C. Fassett 18709: June 18, 1937, F. J. Hermann 8896. 65. Fag ACE AE 145 65. Fagaceae A.Br. — Beech Family 1. Staminate flowers in small pendent globose heads on slender peduncles; nuts sharply trigonal; winter-buds lanceoloid, acuminate 1. Fagus 1. Staminate flowers in slender catkins. 2. Staminate catkins erect or ascending, 15-30 cm long; involucre prickly, 2- to 7-flowered 2. Castanea 2. Staminate catkins pendent; fruit an acorn in a scaly involucre-cup; winter-buds ovoid, obtuse or acute 3. Quercus 1 . Fagus L. — Beech F. gra7idifolia Ehrh. Woods, especially near streams, local; chiefly in the valleys of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers; absent from central and western 111. 2. Castanea Mill. — Chestnut C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Rocky woods, very rare. Probably now extinct in 111. 3. Quercus L. — Oak 1. Leaves entire, elliptical or oblanceolate, bristle-tipped. 2. Leaves permanently stellate-tomentulose beneath; woods, com- mon. Shingle Oak Q. imbricaria Michx. 2. Leaves quite glabrous on both surfaces, or sometimes sparsely pubescent on the lower suriace along the midvein; borders of streams and swamps, rare; Massac Co. Willow Oak Q. pliellos L. 1 . Leaves not entire. 3. Leaf-lobes with bristle-tips; acorns maturing the second season. (Red or Black Oaks.) 4. Leaves obovate, the apex obscurely 3- or 5-lobed, abruptly contracted toward the base, brownish stellate-tomentulose beneath; buds conical-fusiform, 8-10 mm long; acorn-cups turbinate, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, enclosing half the acorn; upland woods, in the s. half of the state, extending north- ward to Mercer, Tazewell, and Coles counties. Blackjack Oak Q. marilandica Muench. 4. Leaves pinnately 5- to 9-lobed or cleft. 5. Leaves grayish-tomentulose beneath; lobes often falcate; acorn globose; cup saucer-shaped; woods, not common; s. 111. Spanish Oak. [Q. pagodaefolia Ashe] Q. jalcata Michx. 5. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, not grayish-tomentulose beneath, but often with tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins. 6. Leaves lobed about halfway to the midvein ; acorn-cup shallow, saucer-shaped; winter-buds nearly glabrous; inner bark gray or reddish ; woods, common. Red 146 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Oak. [Q. borealis Michx.f. ; Q. borealis var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe] Q. rubra L. 6. Leaves usually cleft more than halfway to the midvein. 7. Acorn-cup shallow, saucer-shaped, enclosing not more than one-third of the acorn; inner bark gray or reddish; winter-buds glabrous or sparsely pubescent. 8. Acorn-cup 1-1.5 cm in diameter, the rim only 3-4 mm high; acorn 1-1.5 cm long; woods along streams. Pin Oak Q. palustris Muench. 8. Acorn-cup 16-22 mm in diameter, the rim 5 mm or more high; acorn 1.8-2.5 cm long; woods near streams, in the s. half of 111. [Q. schneckii Britt.] Q. shumardii Buckl. 7. Acorn-cup hemispherical or tin-binate, enclosing about one-half of the mature acorn. 9. Scales of the acorn-cup closely appressed; winter- buds conical, sparsely pubescent to glabrous. 10. Acorn-cup 15-25 mm in diameter, the scales glabrate, glossy; acorn ovoid; inner bark reddish or gray; upland woods, s. 111., rare; Jackson, Pulaski, Richland, Union, Wabash, and White counties. Scarlet Oak Q. coccinea Muench. 10. Acorn-cup 10-15 mm in diameter, the scales puberulent; acorn ellipsoid; inner bark yel- lowish; upland woods; n. 111., s. to La Salle and Iroquois counties. Northern Pin Oak. Hill's Oak Q. ellipsoidalis E.J.Hill 9. Scales of the acorn-cup pubescent, loosely imbri- cated, the upper forming a fringed border; cup 18-25 mm in diameter; winter-buds large, angu- lar, grayish-pubescent; inner bark yellowish or orange, upland woods, common. Black Oak Q. velutina Lam. 3. Leaf-lobes not bristle-tipped; acorns maturing in the autumn of the first year. 11. Leaves irregularly deeply lobed, often somewhat lyrate. (White Oaks.) 12. Mature leaves usually glabrous and glaucous beneath; winter-buds nearly or quite glabrous; acorns 1.5-2 cm long, 3-4 times the length of the shallow cup; upland woods, common. White Oak Q. alba L. 12. Mature leaves pubescent beneath; acorn-cup one-half to one-third the length of the acorn; buds ovoid, pubescent. 13. Young twigs pubescent; lower surface of leaves gray- ish or brownish stellate-pubescent; mature acorns 65. Fagaceae 147 ovoid, 1-2 cm long-, about 1 cm in diameter; cup one-third to one-half as long as the acorn, nearly sessile; upland woods, common in the s. part of the state, but extending northward to Hancock, McDonough. Mason, Coles, and Clark counties. Post Oak Q. stellala Wang. 13. Young twigs glabrous or nearly so; lower surface of leaves whitish-tomentulose; mature acorns 2-3.5 cm long, the cup 2-5 cm in diameter, short- peduncled. 14. Upper scales of acorn-cup caudate-acuminate, forming a fringe around the acorn, which is half immersed in the cup; leaf-buds acutish, the terminal 5-8 mm long; vigorous 1 -year-old twigs sometimes with corky ridges; bottomland and upland woods, chiefly in calcareous or neutral soils, common. Bur Oak. State tree of 111 ..Q. macrocarpa Michx. 14. Scales broad, not caudate-acuminate; acorn nearly or quite immersed in the cup; buds obtuse, the terminal 2-4 mm long; swamps and bottomland woods in the southern third of the state, n. to Jasper and Adams counties. Overcup Oak Q. lyrata Walt. 1 . Leaves angularly dentate, coarsely toothed or merely undu- late, but not at all or only slightly lobed. (Chestnut Oaks.) 15. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate, glossy dark green above, more or less whitish stellate-tomentulose beneath, with 8-13 pairs of lateral veins, each vein ending in an acutish, mucronate, often incurved tooth ; acorns near- ly sessile, or short-peduncled, 10-18 mm long; hillsides and wooded blufTs, common. Chinquapin Oak. [Q. acuyninata (Michx.) Houba] ..-.Q. tnu hhnbrrgii Ens^elm. 15. Leaves obovate, cuneate toward the base, angularly shallowly coarsely dentate; acorns 2-3 cm long. 16. Leaves regularly obtusely dentate; lateral \eins 9-12 pairs; fruit sessile or short-peduncled, the pedun- cles less than 1 cm long; bottomlands and borders of streams, s. 111. Swamp C^liestnut Oak. Cow- Oak. Basket Oak. [Q. prinus sensu autfi., non L.] Q. rnichauxii Nutt. 16. Leaves undulate-crenate or coarsely sinuate. 17. Lateral \cins 10-16 pairs; fruit sessile or nearly so; hillsides and crests of ridges in Alexander and Union counties. Chestnut Oak. [Q. mon- tana Willd.J Q. prinus L. 148 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 17. Lateral veins 4-8 pairs; fruit on peduncles 2-6 cm long; alluvial soil nearly throughout 111. Swamp White Oak. [Q. platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.] Q. bicolor Willd. The following known or supposed hybrids have been reported growing spontaneously in Illinois: Q. alba X bicolor [ X Q,. jackiana Schneid.], Cook, Randolph. — Q. alba X macrocarpa [ X Q- bebbiana Schneid.], Winnebago. — Q. alba X muhlenbergii [ X Q. deamii Trelease], White. — Q. alba X stellata [ X Q. fernowl Trelease], Winnebago. — Q. bicolor X lyrata [X Q. hurnidicola E. J. Palmer], Clay. Pulaski, Richland. — Q. imbricaria X falcata [ X Q. anceps E. J. Palmer], Gallatin, Hardin. — Q. imbricaria X marilandica [X Q. tridentata (A. DC.) Engelm.], Richland. — Q. imbricaria X palus- tris [ X Q. exacta Trelease], Richland, St. Clair, Vermilion, Wabash. — Q. imbricaria X rubra [ X Q. runcinata (A. DC.) Engelm.], Champaign, Johnson, Richland, St. Clair, Wayne. — Q. imbricaria X velutina [ X Q- leana Nutt.], Cook, Fulton, Hancock, Hardin, Johnson, Peoria, Richland, Sangamon, Wabash, Will, — Q. macrocarpa X muhlenbergii [ X Q. hillii Trelease], Cook, Richland. — Q. marilandica X velutina [ X Q. bushii Sarg.], Hancock, Hen- derson, Randolph, Richland, Union, Wabash, Woodford. — Q. palustris X phellos [ X (2- schochiana Dieck], Alexander, Massac, Pulaski. — Q. phellos X velutina [ X Q. filialis Little], "s. 111." 66. Betulaceae Agardh — Birch Family 1. Nuts small, compressed and often winged, without an involucre, borne in catkins; staminate flowers consisting of 2-4 stamens and a 2- to 4-parted calyx. 2. Scales of the pistillate catkins 3-lobed, deciduous (sometimes only tardily so); stamens 2, bifid; leaf-buds sessile, with 3 or more scales; bark often peeling horizontally 1. Betula 2. Scales of the pistillate catkins 5-lobed, woody, persistent; stamens 4; buds usually stalked and with 2 valvate scales 2. Alnus l.Nuts with a foliaceous involucre or subtended by or enclosed in a large bractlet, borne in clusters or catkins; stamens 3-10; calyx none; buds with several scales. 3. Shrubs; leaves broadly cordate-ovate, doubly serrate, usually with 5-8 pairs of veins; leaf-buds obtuse; nuts in clusters, each enclosed in a foliaceous involucre 3. Corylus 3. Small trees; leaves oval or ov-ate, with 9 or more pairs of veins; leaf- buds acute; fruits in pendent catkins, the nut subtended by or enclosed in a large bractlet. 4. Fruiting bracts foliaceous, 3-lobed; bark of the trunk and branches smooth; lower surface of leaves glossy green with small tufts of whitish hairs in the axils of the principal veins; lateral veins un- branched; anthers glabrous 4. Carpinus 4. Fruiting bracts becoming sac-like, inflated, enclosing the nut; bark rough, scaly; lower surface of leaves pale dull green, thinly short- pilose; lateral veins usually forked near the margin; anthers pilose at apex 5. Ostrya 1. Betula L. — Birch 1 . Trees up to 30 m tall, with acute or acuminate, serrate or double- 66. Betulaceae 149 serrate leaves; bark of tniiik and large branches peeling hori- zontally in thin strips. 2. Bark chalky- or silv'ery-white; iriiiting catkins cylindrical, slender-peduncled, usually pendulous, the scales deciduous; wing of the fruit distinctly broader than nutlet; cold woods, local; Carroll, Cook, Jo Daviess, and Lake counties. May. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch B. papyrijera Marsh. 2. Bark of trunk gray or brown; fruiting catkins erect or suberect, the scales more or less persistent; wing of the fruit not broader than the nutlet. 3. Fruiting catkins nearly sessile, ovoid or subglobose; bracts ciliate; leaves oval; bark of twigs with faint wintergreen flavor; wooded areas in the n. half of 111.; known from Du Page, Lake, Lee, Ogle, and Winnebago counties. Yellow Birch. [B. lutea var. macrolepis Fern.] B. lutea Michx.f. 3. Fruiting catkins short-peduncled, ellipsoid; bracts tomentose; leaves rhombic-ovate; bark bitter, not aromatic; river banks; the common birch in 111.; chiefly in w. and s. 111.; also Kankakee Co. May. River Birch B. nigra L. 1. Shrubs 0.5-6 m tall; bark brown, not exfoliating; twigs of the season pubescent or puberulent, sometimes glandular. 4. Leaves ovate, acute, 3-6 cm long, serrate ; boggy meadows ; Volo and Waukegan, Lake Co., G. N. Jones. [B. glandulifera X lutea Rydb. ; B. lutea X pumila var. glandulifera Rosend.] B. purpusii Schneid. 4. Leaves obovate to suborbicular, obtuse, or acutish, mostly 1.5-3 cm long, crenate-dentate; twigs without glands; bogs, north- eastern 111., in Boone, Cook, Lake, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. May. Dwarf Birch. [B. pumila var. glandulifera Regel, with leaves glandular-resiniferous, usually on both sides, and the two-year-old twigs with scattered glands, has been collected in Lake Co. {A. Chase, E. J. Hill, G. N. Jones), and Winnebago Co. {E. W. & G. B. Fell)] B. pumila L. 2. Ahius B.Ehrh. — Alder L Leaves with 9-12 veins on each side of midrib; shrubs. 2. Leaves oval to ovate, doubly or coarsely serrate, usually rounded at the base; stipules lanceolate; nut orbicular; wet ground, rare; Boone, Cook, Lake, McHenry, and \\'innebago counties. June. Speckled Alder. [A. incana sensu auth.] A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. 2. Leaves obovate, finely serrate, tapering at the base; stipules oval; nut ovate; wet ground, s. 111. Apr.-May. Smooth Alder. [A. rugosa sensu auth., non Spreng.] ....A. serrulata (Ait.) Willd. 150 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Leaves with 4-7 veins on each side of midrib; small tree; nat. from Eur. in a few places in Cook, Du Page, Piatt, and Will counties. Black Alder. [A. vulgaris Hill] A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 3. Corylus L. — Hazel C. americana Walt. Thickets and borders of woods throughout 111. Mar.-Apr. 4. Carpinus L. — Blue Beech C. caroliniana Walt. Muscle Tree. Woods, common. Apr. -May. 5. Ostrya Scop. — Ironwood. Hop-hornbeam O. virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch. Woods, common. Apr.-May. 67. Juglandaceae Lindl. — Walnut Family 1. Pith of twigs lamellate or chambered; staminate catkins sessile or nearly so; leaflets conduplicate in vernation; nut enclosed in an indehiscent husk 1. Juglans 1. Pith solid; staminate catkins slender, long-peduncled; leaflets involute in vernation; husk of nut splitting into 4 halves 2. Carya 1. Juglans L. — Walnut 1. Fruit subglobose, obtuse, papillose, not viscid; leaf-scars without a tuft of hairs on upper margin; bark dark brown, the ridges rough; stamens 20-30; nut corrugated, 4-loculed at base; woods, common. May. Black W^alnut /. nigra L. 1. Fruit ellipsoid, pointed, viscid; leaf-scars with a pubescent fringe along the upper margin; bark gray, the ridges smooth; stamens 8-12; nut 4-ribbed, deeply sculptured, 2-loculed at the base; woods, rare. May. Butternut /. cinerea L. 2. Carya Nutt. — Hickory {Hicoria Raf. ) 1. Leaflets 9-17 (usually 13), lanceolate, acuminate, the lateral ones somewhat falcate ; bud-scales 4 or 6, valvate. 2. Rachis and lower surface of leaflets pubescent; staminate catkins fascicled; nut smooth, ellipsoid; seed edible, not bitter; river- bottom woods, common; extending northward to Jo Daviess, Peoria, Woodford, Fayette, and Lawrence counties. Apr.- May. Pecan. [C. pecan (Marsh.) Engler & Graebn.] C. illinoensis (Wang.) K.Koch 2. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; catkins in threes on a common peduncle; nut sharply angled; seed very bitter; bark of old trunks exfoliating in long strips; river-bottoms, rare, s. 111.; known from Alexander, Gallatin, Massac, Pulaski, and Union counties. Mar.-Apr. Water Hickory. Bitter Pecan C. aquatica (Michx.f.) Nutt. 1. Leaflets 5-9 (rarely 11). 67. JUGLANDACEAE 151 3. Bud-scalcs muslard-yi'llow, 4 or 6, valvate (in pairs); lateral leaflets somewhat falcate; fruit nearly globose, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, the husk thin, the nut angled, thin-shelled, the seed becoming very bitter; bark of trunk gray, close, scaly or fis- sured; woods, common throughout 111. May- June. Yellow- bud Hickory, iiitternut Hickory. [C. amara Nutt.; Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt.] C. cordiformis (Wang.) K.Koch 3. Buds not yellow; bud-scales 6-10, imbricated. 4. Buds large, pubescent, nearly or quite glandless, the teiTninal one 1-2.5 cm long; twigs stout, grayish; fruits globose or subglobose, 3-7 cm in diameter, the dry husk 4-10 mm thick; seed edible, of good flavor. (Hickories.) 5. Leaflets usually 7; nut thick-shelled (2 mm). 6. Leaf-rachis copiously stellate-pubescent; 1 -year-old twigs pubescent; bark of old trunks tight, gray, with irregu- lar shallow fissures; nut subglobose, 2.5-3.5 cm long, rounded at base, short-pointed at apex; upland woods nearly throughout 111., except the n.w. counties. Mocker-nut. Bigbud Hickory. [C. alba (L.) K.Koch, non Nutt.] C. lomentosa (Poir. ) Nutt. 6. Rachis of mature leaves and 1 -year-old twigs glabrous or puberulent; bark on old trees separating into long shaggy strips; nut generally somewhat compressed, 4- 6 cm long, often ellipsoid, pointed at each end; moist rich woods and river-bottoms, local; extending north- ward to Henderson, Peoria, and Champaign counties. Apr.-May. Shellbark Hickory C. laciniosa (Michx.f) Loud. 5. Leaflets usually 5; rachis pubescent to glabrous; bark shaggy on old trunks; nut 2-3 cm long, subglobose, com- pressed, angular, pointed, the shell thin (1 mm) ; woods, common. Apr.-June. Shagbark Hickory. [C. alba Nutt.] ;. C. ovata (Mill.) K.Koch 4. Buds small, 5-10 mm long; twigs slender, reddish-brown, glabrous; dry husk of fruit 1-3 mm thick; bark tight, brown or dark gray, scaly or fissured, not shaggy. (Pignuts.) 7. Leaflets usually 7 ; fruits covered with minute yellowish glands, the husk freely splitting to the base. 8. Bud-scales copiously glandular-dotted; leaf-rachis and lower surface of leaflets pubescent and glandular; fruits ellipsoid, 3.5-4 cm long; upland woods in the southern two-thirds of 111. Black Hickory. [C. buck- leyi Durand; H. villosa (Sarg.) Ashe; C. arkansana Sarg.] C. texana Buckl. 8. Bud-scales puberulent, or the outer ones glabrous, not copiously glandular-dotted; mature leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruits subglobose, 2.5-3 cm in diameter; woods, central and southern 111., extending northward 152 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 to Adams, Mason, Champaia;!!, and Vermilion coun- ties. Apr.-Jime. Small-fruited Hickoiy. False Shag- bark. [C. rnicrocarpa Nutt.] C. ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. 7. Leaflets usually 5, rarely 7 or 3, glabrous; outer bud-scales, rachises, and twigs glabrous; fruits obovoid to subglobose, 2-4 cm long, the husk tardily splitting to near the mid- dle; woods throughout 111., not infrequent. Pignut Hickory. [C megacarpa Sarg.] C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet 68. Myricaceae Horan. — Bayberry Family 1. Comptonia LHer. — Sweetfern C. peregrina (L.) Coult. Open woods in Cook, Kankakee, Will, and Winnebago counties. Apr.-May. [Myrica asplenifolia L.]. 69. Salicaceae Lindl. — Willow Family 1. Catkin-scales fimbriate; leaves mostly broad, long-petioled; buds with several scales 1. Populus 1. Scales entire; leaves usually narrow and short-petioled; bud-scale one 2. Salix 1. Populus L. — Poplar 1. Petioles terete or nearly so, not strongly flattened laterally. 2. Buds small, pubescent or glabrous, not viscid. 3. Leaves sinuate-dentate to lobed; capsules 2-4 mm long; catkin-scales fringed with silky hairs; stigmas linear; bark smooth, whitish-gray, rough only at the base of old trunks; introd. species. 4. Leaves persistently densely white-tomentose beneath, 3- to 5-lobed or irregularly dentate; buds copiously white- tomentose; stigmas yellow; roadsides and yards, often escaped from cult. ; introd. from Eurasia. Apr. White Poplar P. alba L. 4. Leaves glabrous at maturity, gray-canescent beneath when young, glabrate, the margins sinuate-dentate; bud-scales ciliate or finely pubescent; stigmas purple; introd. from Eur.; cultivated, and persisting in a few places. Gray Poplar P. cancscens (Ait.) Sin. 3. Leaves crenate-serrate, ovate, cordate at base, long-petioled, tomentose when young, becoming glabrous or remaining floccose beneath: bark fuiTowed; capsules 7-9 mm long; catkin-scales glabrous; stigmas broad; bordei^s of swamps, s. 111., local; Apr.-May. Swamp Cottonwood P. hetcrophylla L. 2. Buds (at least the terminal) elongated, pointed, glabrous, glossy, resinous-aromatic; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pale beneath, crenu late-serrate; bark smooth; capsules on short stout ped- 69. Salicaceae 153 icels; catkin-scales witli silky hairs; stigmas broad; river banks and wt't ground. Cook and Lake counties. Balsam Poplar. [P. tacamahaca Mill.] P. balsamijera L. 1. Petioles strongly flattened laterally, at least near the blade. 5. Buds pubescent or glabrous, not glutinous; catkin-.scales with silky hairs; .stigmas linear; lea\es dull or gray-green. 6. Leaves coarsely dentate, the blades 6-10 cm long, white- tomentose beneath when young, glabrate in age, broadly ovate, the base truncate to broadly cuneate; bud-scales finely appressed-pubescent, glabrate; wooded bluffs in the n. two-thirds of the state. Apr. -May. Large-toothed Aspen P. grandidentata Michx. 6. Leaves finely crenate, glabrous from the beginning, ovate to orbicular, the blades 3-6 cm long; buds glabrous (or mere- ly ciliolate), glossy; thickets and margins of woods; in the central and northern parts of the state, southward to Macoupin and Coles counties. Apr. Quaking Aspen P. tnmuloides Michx. 5. Buds viscid, glossy, glabrous; catkin-scales glabrous; stigmas broad; leaves bright or yellow-green. 7. Leaves rhombic-ovate, cuneate at base, crenate-serrate; petioles glandless; branches closely ascending or nearly erect, forming a narrow tree; native of Eur.; cultivated, and sometimes found wild. Lombardy Poplar - P. nigra var. italica Muench. 7. Leaves broadly deltoid, mostly truncate at base, coarsely dentate with incuned teeth; petioles usually with a pair of glands at the base of the blade; branches widely spreading, forming a broad-crowned tree; along streams and in low ground, common. Mar. -Apr. Eastern Cottonwood P. delt aides Marsh. 2. Salix L. — Willow L Scales of the catkins pale green or yellowish, caducous; catkins on short leafy lateral branchlets. 2. Style not more than 0.5 mm long. 3. Ovaries and capsules distinctly pedicelled. 4. Ovaries and capsules glabrous; leaves lanceolate, petioled, finely serrate; stamens 3-9. 5. Capsules 3-6 mm long at maturity. 6. Mature capsules ovoid-conical, 3-4 mm long; petioles 2-6 mm long. 7. Leaves linear-lanceolate, green on both sides; com- mon along streams. May. Black Willow S. nigra Marsh 7. Leaves lanceolate, conspicuously glaucous beneath; rare; Madison Co., Eggert, Glatfelter; St. Clair 154 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Co., Engelmann. [S. wardi Bebb. ; S. longipes Shuttlw.] S. caroliniana Michx. 6. Mature capsules lanceoloid, 5-6 mm long; leaves lanceolate, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, the petioles usually 5-15 mm long; along streams. Apr.-May. Peach-leaved Willow -S. amygdaloides Anders. 5. Capsules 7-11 mm long; shrubs or small trees, 2-4 m tall; swamps and bogs; Lake Co. June. Autumn Willow S. serissima (Bailey) Fern. 4. Ovaries and capsules appressed-silky at first, soon glabrous; leaves linear, subsessile, remotely denticulate; stamens 2; shrub; common along streams. Apr. -June. Sandbar Willow. {S. longijolia sensu Muhl., non Lam.] S. interior Rowlee 3. Ovaries and capsules nearly sessile, glabrous; stamens 2; tree; commonly planted and often spontaneous; introd. from Eur. May. The commoner form, var. vitellina (L.) Koch, has glabrous leaves and yellowish twigs. White Willow ►S'. alba L. 2. Style distinct, 0.5-1 mm long; ovaries and capsules glabrous. 8. Catkins slender, 4-7 mm in diameter at flowering time, 8- 18 mm thick in fruit; stamens 2; tree; native of Eur.; often planted, and self-propagating from broken branchlets. Apr.-May. Brittle Willow S. fragilis L. 8. Catkins stout, 8-14 mm in diameter at flowering time, 2-2.5 cm thick in fruit; stamens 5; style almost 1 mm long; shrubs; swamps, and along streams and lake shores in the northern third of 111. Shining Willow S. lucida Muhl. 1. Scales of the catkins brown to black (except S. bcbbiana) , per- sistent; stamens 2. 9. Ovaries and capsules glabrous. 10. Style 0.5-1.5 mm long; scales densely silky-villous; young twigs often more or less puberulent ; leaves serrate or serrulate. 1 1 . Flowering catkins appearing before the leaves, sessile or nearly so, subtended by a few bracts; leaves pale green or more or less glaucous beneath, at least at maturity. 12. Style 0.5 mm long; capsules 4-7 nmi long, on pedicels 1-2 mm long; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, becom- ing glabrous or nearly so ; wet ground, rather com- mon. Apr.-May. [S. rnissouricnsis Bebb; S. cor- data Muhl., non Michx.] S. rigida Muhl. 12. Style 1 mm long; capsules 7-10 mm long, on pedicels 2-4 mm long; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute; sandy ground, thickets, meadows, and swamps, in the northern third of the state. May. Blue-leaf Willow 69. Salicaceae 155 [S. glaucophylla sensu autli.j ,5". glaucophylloides Fern. 11. Flowering catkins on short leafy peduncles 1-2 cm long; style 0.7-1.5 mm long; capsules 5-8 mm long, the pedicels less than 1 mm long; leaves ovate to oval, acute or abruptly acuminate, silky-pubescent, not glaucous; sandy shores, n.e. 111. [S. syrticola Fern.; S. adeno phylla Hook.] S. cordata Michx. 10. Style 0.1-0.2 mm long, the stigxnas therefore sessile or nearly so; scales glabrous on the back, pilose within; twigs gla- brous; leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, entire, glaucous beneath; catkins appearing with the leaves; bogs and wet meadows; Clook, Henry, Lake, McHeniy, Peoria, and Woodford counties. Apr. -May S. pedicellaris Pursh 9. Ovaries and capsules pubescent. 13. Catkins with some small leafy bracts at base, in flower as the leaf-buds are opening. 14. Scales yellowish or pink-tipped, thinly villous, shorter than the pedicel; capsules 6-10 mm long; stigmas nearly sessile; leaves elliptical, entire, or nearly so, tomentose beneath; wet ground in n. 111. May. Bebb Willow {S. rostrata sensu auth., non Thuill.] S. bcbhiana Sarg. 14. Scales dark brown or black. 15. Style 1-1.5 mm long; capsules white-tomentose, 6-8 mm long at maturity; leaves thick, elliptical- lanceolate, the revolute margins entire or repand; bogs in the n. half of 111. May. Sage Willow S. Candida Fluegge 15. Style less than 0.5 mm long; ovaries and capsules appressed-pubescent. 16. Leaves serrulate to serrate. 17. Capsules acuminate, 6-8 mm long, the pedicel 2.5-5 mm long; catkins 10-15 mm long; leaves linear-oblanceolate, glandular-ser- rulate; wet ground in the n. third of the state. Apr.-May S. petiolaris Sm. 17. Capsules obtuse, 3-5 mm long, the pedicels 1- 1.5 mm long; catkins 18-30 mm long; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate; wet ground, local. Apr. Silky Willow S. scricca Marsh. 16. Leaves entire or nearly so, narrowly oblanceolate; capsules 5-6 mm long; Kankakee, Kankakee Co., Hill in 1874; Chicago, Cook Co., Hill in 1894 S. suhsericca (Anders.) Schneid. 13. Catkins sessile or nearly so, appearing before the leaves; young twigs glabrous or puberulent. 156 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 18. Cultivated shrubs; leaves oval 2-6 cm wide, the margins somewhat undulate, crenate to entire, glaucous, reticu- late, grayish pubescent; chiefly staminate; rarely per- sisting near old dwellings; native of Eur. Mar. -April. Goat Willow .S". caprca L. 18. Native shrubs. 19. Pistillate catkins 2-4 cm long, becoming 4-6 cm long in fruit; mature capsules 7-10 or 12 mm long; pedicel shorter than the scale; leaves elliptical to obovate, glabrous or nearly so at maturity, glaucous beneath; tall shrubs (2-7 m high) ; wet ground, local. Apr. -May. Pussy Willow [S. erioccphala Michx. ; S. prinoidcs Piu'sh; S. discolor var. lati- folia Anders.] .S. discolor Muhl. 19. Pistillate catkins 1.5-2 cm long, becoming 2-4 cin long in fruit; mature capsule 6-9 mm long; pedicel equalling or slightly longer than the scale; leaves linear-oblanceolate, pubescent beneath; low shrubs of sandy or clayey soil, common. Apr. -May. Prairie Willow [S. tristis Ait.] S. Inanilis Marsh. 70. Ulmaceae Mirb. — Elm Famil v 1. Leaves with 1 principal vein from the base, the lateral veins straight, parallel, usually more than 10 pairs; flowers in clusters on twigs of the preceding season; twigs with solid pith. 2. Flowers appearing before the leaves; fruit a 1 -seeded, flat, thin-winged samara; leaves usually doubly serrate 1. Ulmus 2. Flowers appearing with the leaves; fruit nut-like, nmricate ; leaves simply serrate 2. Planer a 1. Leaves (at least when mature) with 3-5 veins from the base, the lateral veins curved, fewer than 10 pairs; flowers borne on the twigs of the season, appearing with the leaves; twigs with chambered pith; fruit a drupe; bark corky-ridged 3. Celtis 1. Ulmus L. — Elm 1. Flowers drooping, on slender pedicels; calyx not ciliate; leaves glabrous or nearly so above ; nut scabrous. 2. Branches not corky-winged; buds glabrous or nearly so; fruit glabrous except the ciliate margins; woods, common. Apr. American or White Elm U. amcricana L. 2. Branches (at least some of them) usually more or less corky- winged; fruit pubescent. 3. Buds pubescent; leaves 5-13 cm long; flowers racemose; woods in the n. half of the state. Apr. -May. Rock Elm [U . raccmosa Thomas, non Borkh.] U. thomasi Sarg. 3. Buds glabrous or puberulent, not ciliate; leaves 2-8 cm long; flowers fascicled; hillsides, cliff's, ridges; s. 111. Mar-Apr. Winged Elm U. alala Michx. 71. MORACEAE 157 1. Flowers ncaily srssil(> in erect dense clusters; branches not coi ky- winged. 4. Buds reddisii-jjubescent ; stamens 5-9; samaras pubescent in the center; mature leaves harshly scabrous-jjubescent, 10-20 cm lona;, with characteristic slippery-elm odor; woods, com- mon. Apr. [L\ julva Michx.] Slippeiy Elm U. rubra Muhl. 4. Buds and twigs glabrous; stamens 4 or 5; samaras glabious; leaves smooth, 2-7 cm long; small tree, frequently planted, occasionally found wild; native of Asia. Mar.-Apr. Siberian Elm U . purnila L. 2. Planera J.F.Gmel. — Water Elm P. aquatica [Walt. J J. F. Gmel. Swamps, not common; known from Alexander, Johnson, Massac, and Pulaski counties. Apr.-May. 3. Celtis L. — Hackberry 1 . Leaxes sharply serrate; drupes 7-9 mm in diameter at maturity; fruiting pedicels longer than the petioles; nutlet brownish, 6-8 mm long, obovoid, pitted; tree, 10-20 m tall; woods, usually near streams, common. Apr.-May. Hackberry {C. crassijolia Lam.] - - C. Qccidcntalis L. 1. Leaves entire or with a few teeth; nutlet 5-6 mm long, globose, pitted. 2. Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually broadly cimeate at base; fruiting pedicels longer than the petioles; drupes 4-6 mm in diameter; tree, 10-30 m tall: woods and river banks, s. 111., in the valley of the Wabash R., northward to Lawrence Co., and the Mississippi valley northward to Adams Co. Sugarberry [C. mississippiensis Bosc] C. laevigata Willd. 2. Leaves ovate, short-acuminate, usually rounded or subcordate at base; fruiting pedicels about as long as the petioles; drupes 6-8 mm in diameter; shrub or small tree to 4 m tall; rocky banks of streams, rare and local; s. 111., northward along the Mississipj^i R. to Henderson Co. Dwarf Hackben-y C. puiuila (Muhl.) Pursh 71. Moraceac Lindl. — Mulberry Family I . Leaves serrate or lobcd, more or less 3-veined from the base; branches never spiny. 2. Twigs glabrous or pubescent; leaves alternate; bud-scales 3-6; fruit aggregate, ellipsoid, edible 1. Morus 2. Young twigs hirsute: leaves often opposite: buds with 2 or 3 scales: fruit in globose heads, not edible 2. Broussonetia l.Lea\-es entire, pinnately-veined ; branches usually spins, staminatc flowers in loose racemes, the pistillate in globose heads; fruit large, globose, yellowish-green, 8-12 cm in diameter 3. Madura 158 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1 . Morus L. — Mulberry 1. Leaves becoming scabrous above, the lower surface pubescent, or hispidulous along the veins; lateral lobes, if present, caudate; buds somewhat divergent, acute; fruit reddish-purple, 2 cm or more in length; native tree; woods, common. May-June. Red Mulberi'y M. rubra L. 1. Leaves glabrous, somewhat glossy and nearly smooth above; lower surface glabrous or nearly so, except on the veins or in their axils; lateral lobes usually obtuse; native of Asia. 2. Fruit whitish or pinkish, 1-L5 cm long; cultivated, and rarely escaped. May. White Mulberry M. alba L. 2. Fruit dark red, smaller; a small bushy tree; leaves commonly much lobed; along fences and in woods, common; absent from the southern counties. [M. alba var. tatarica (L.) Ser.] M. tatarica L. 2. Broussonetia L'Her. — Paper Mulberry B. papyrifera (L.) Vent. Planted as a shade tree, and sometimes escaped from cult.; introd. from e. Asia; Hardin, Jackson, Pope, and Randolph counties. 3. Madura Nutt. — Osage-orange. Hedge-apple M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Commonly planted for fences and windbreaks, sometimes spontaneous; native in Ark., e. Okla., and e. Tex. May-June. 72. Cannabinaceae Lindl. — Hemp Family 1. Erect herbs; pistillate flowers in spikes 1. Cannabis 1. Stems twining; pistillate flowers in catkin-like drooping clusters (hops) 2. Humulus 1. Cannabis L. — Hemj). Marijuana C. sativa L. Moist soil, edges of fields, along roads, waste ground, local; nat. from Asia. July-Sept. 2. Humulus L. — Hop 1. Leaves 3-lobecl or unlobed, the petioles usually shorter than the blades; pistillate catkins much enlarging and becoming cone- like, the bracts obtuse or acutish, glandular at the base, not ciliate; native perennial along fences and in sandy soil at edges of woods, common. Aug. -Oct. American Hop [H . lupulus sensu auth., non L.] H. americanus Nutt. 1 Leaves deeply 5- to 7-lobed; pistillate catkins not greatly enlarg- ing in fruit, the bracts acuminate, ciliate; annual, native of Asia; waste places, sparingly nat. in 111. Japanese Hop. [? Antidesma scandens Lour.] H. japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. 73. Urticaceae 1 59 73. Urticaceae Reichenb. — Nettle Family 1. Leaves mostly opposite. 2. Plants often with some stinging hairs; stigma capitate-tufted 1. Urtica 2. Plants without stinging hairs. 3. Plants perennial, more or less pubescent; stems opaque; stipules sepa- rate; stigma filiform 2. Boehmeria 3. Plants annual, chiefly glabrous; stems translucent; stipules united; stigma capitate-tufted 3. Pilea 1. Leaves alternate. 4. Plants with stinging hairs; leaves ovate, 5-12 cm broad; flowers in loose branched cymes 4. Laportea 4. Plants without stinging hairs; leaves lanceolate, less than 2.5 cm wide; ffowcr-clusters sessile in the leaf-axils 5. Parietaria 1 . Urtica L. — Nettle 1. Plants perennial, 0.5-3 m tall; flower-clusters in branched panicu- late spikes; alluvial soil in the n. half of the state. July- Aug. [U. procera Muhl. ; U. dioica of auth., non L.] Common Nettle U . gracilis Ait. 1. Plants annual; flower-clusters shorter than the petioles. 2. Leaves ovate, crenate-serrate, the upper ones much smaller; achenes oval, 1.2 mm long; alluvial soil, usually near base of cliffs; known from Alexander and Jackson counties. Apr.- July U. chamaedryoides Pursh 2. Leaves oval to ovate, deeply laciniate-dentate ; stem leafy to the tip; achenes ovate, L7 mm long, microscopically puncticu- late; waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. Burning Nettle. June-Sept U . urens L. 2. Boehmeria Jacq. — False Nettle I. Leaves thin, smooth or slightly scabrous above, the petioles about as long as the blades; moist woods. July-Sept B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. 1. Leaves firm, strongly scabrous above, the petioles much shorter than the blades; marshy ground, rare ....B. drummondiana Wedd. 3. Pilea Lindl. — Clearweed \. Mature achenes yellowish green, oval, 1-1.5 mm long, with brown or purple spots; moist shaded ground, common. July-Sept P. pumila (L.) A.Gray L Mature achenes green or dark purple, ovate, L5-2 nun long, with a very narrow hyaline margin; moist ground, rare; July-Sept. [P.opaca (LuneU) Rydb.] ..'. P. fontana (Lunell) Rydb. 4. Laportea Gaud. — Wood Nettle L. canadensis (L.) Gaud. Woods, common. July-Aug. 5. Parietaria L. — Pellitory P. pennsylvanica Muhl. Woods, common. May-Sept. 160 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 74. Lauraceae Lindl. — Laurel Family 1. Flowers appearing with or before the leaves in corymbose racemes; anthers 4-loculed ; leaves often lobed ; fruit blue-black 1. Sassafras 1. Flowers in small roundish nearly sessile umbel-like clusters on bare twigs; anthers 2-loculed; leaves always entire; fruit red 2. Lindera 1. Sassafras Nees — Sassafras S. albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Rich woods, common throughout 111., except the extreme northern counties. May. [S. variifolium (Salisb. ) Ktze; S. officinale Nees & Eberm.; S. albidiun \ar. inolle (Raf. ) Fern.]. 2. Lindera Thunb. — Spice-bush L. benzoin (L.) Blume. In moist woods and along streams, com- mon. Mar. -Apr. [Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees]. Specimens with petioles and lower surface of blades more or less pubescent [L. ben- zoiii var. pubescens (Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehd.], have been mistaken for L. rn e lis sae folium (Walt.) Blume, a species of more southerly range which does not occur in our limits. 75. Lythraceae Lindl. — Loosestrife Family 1 . Flowers regular; petals equal. 2. Calyx campanulate or hemispherical. 3. Flowers small, axillary, solitary or few. 4. Petals 4; calyx with appendages in the sinuses. 5. Flowers solitary; capsules 4-loculed, septicidal 1. Rotala 5. Flowers usually more than 1 in each axil; capsules 2- to 4-loculed, irregularly dehiscent 2. Ammannia 4. Petals absent; calyx without appendages; flowers solitary; capsules indehiscent 3. Peplis 3. Flowers large (2 cm in diameter), in axillary clusters, triniorphous; petals usually 5; plants semi-shrubby 4. Decodon 2. Calyx cylindrical, striate; petals 5-7, usually 6 5. Lythrum 1. Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical; petals o\'ate, purple, unequal; plants glandular-pubescent 6. Cuphea 1. Rotala L. R. rarnosior (L.) Koehne. Wet ground tliroughout 111. July-Sept. 2. Ammannia L. A. coccinea Rottb. Muddy banks and shores, local; common throughout 111., except the extreme nt)rthern counties. July-Aug. 3. Peplis L. — Water-purslane P. diandra Nutt. Wet ground or shallow water, rare. Jime-Aug. [Ammannia nuttallii (T. & G.) A.Gray: Didiplis diandra (Nutt.) Wood]. 4. Decodon J.F.Gmel. — Swamp Loosestrife D. verticillatus (L. ) Ell. Swamps, not common. July-Aug. 79. Cactaceae 161 5. Lythruni L. Loosestrife 1. Flowers large, 12-15 mm in diameter, whorled in terminal spicate panicles; leaves opposite or whorled; stamens twice as many as the petals; swamps and wet meadows, occasional; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. Purple Loosestrife L. salicaria L. 1. Flowers small, 6-10 mm in diameter, solitary, axillary; leaves mostly alternate; stamens and petals 5-7; meadows and road- sides, common throughout 111. June-Aug. Clommon Loosestrife -L. a la turn Pursh 6. Cuphea P.Br. — Waxweed C. pctiolata (L.) Koehne. Dry soil througliout HI., except the extreme northern counties. July-Oct. [C. inscosissima Jacc|.; Parsonsia pctiolata (L.) Rusby]. 76. Thynielaeaceae CI.F.Meiss. — Mezereum Family 1. Dirca L. — Leathei~wood D. palustris L. Woods and thickets, local. Apr. -May. 77. Elaeagnaceae Lindl. — Oleaster Family 1. Leaves opposite; stamens 8 1. Shepherdia I. Leaves alternate; stamens 4 2. Elaeagnus 1. Shepherdia Nult. — Canadian I3ufTalo-berry S. canadensis (L.) Nutt. Dry bluffs and banks or ravines near L. Michigan; Lake Forest, Lake Co., E. /. Hill in 1904; Glencoe, Cook Co., G. D. Fuller in 1943. 2. Elaeagnus L. — Russian Olive E. angustijolia L. Cultivated, and sometimes escaped; introd. from Eur. 78. Passifloraceae Dumort. — Passion-flower Family 1. Passiflora lu. — Passion-flower 1. Leaves deeply ,'i- to 5-lobed. the lobes serrate; flowers subtended by a conspicuous involucre of 3 bracts; petals la\ender or whitish; berry 5-7 cm long, yellow; dry soil, s. 111. May-July - P. incarnata L. 1. Leaves obtusely 3-lobed above the middle, the lobes entire; flowers without an in\-olucre; petals greenish-yellow; berry about 1 cm long, purple; thickets, s. 111., extending northward to Pike, and Vermilion counties. May-July. [P. lutca var. glabriftora Fern.] P. lutca L. 79. Cactaceae Lindl. — Cactus Family 1. Opuntia Mill. - Prickly-pear O. rafinesquii Engelm. Sandy soil, locally abundant; chiefly in the 162 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 valleys of the Illinois, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers; also near Lake Michigan. [(?) O. humifusa Ka.1.] 80. Loasaceae Reichenb. — Loasa Family 1. Mentzelia L. M. oligosperma Nutt. Stick-leaf. Bluffs, rock ledges, and hill prairies, rare; western 111. near the Mississippi River from Adams to Randolph counties. June- July. 81. Cucurbitaceae B.Juss. — Gourd Family 1. Corolla yellow, 6-15 cm long; fruit smooth; stem trailing 1. Cucurbita 1. Corolla greenish-white, small. 2. Fruit glabrous; seeds numerous; tendrils simple; stem glabrous 2. Melothria 2. Fruit prickly, 1- or few-seeded; tendrils branched. 3. Stem and leaves glabrous; fruit an inflated usually 4-seeded pod dehiscing at the apex and bursting irregularly 3. Echinocystis 3. Stem and leaves more or less pubescent; fruits indehiscent, 1 -seeded, usually 3-10 together 4. Sicyos 1. Cucurbita L. C. foetidissima HBK. Missoiun Gourd. Dry ground, occasional, usually along railroads; adv. from west of the Mississippi R. [Pcpo foetidissima (HBK.) Britt.]. 2. Melothria L. M. pendula L. Creeping Cucumber. Bluffs and thickets, rare; Thebes, Alexander Co., H. M. Franklin in 1949; Belle Smith Springs, Pope Co., R. Thome in 1958. June-Sept. 3. Echinocystis T. & G. — Wild Balsam-apple E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Alluvial soil, and waste places, local. July-Sept. [Micrampclis lobata (Michx.) Greene]. 4. Sicyos L. — Bur-cucumber S. angulatus L. Alluvial soil, and in fields throughout III. July- Sept. Three members of this family are occasional escapes from cult. These are Cucumis sativus L., Cucvmiber; Lagcnaria vulgaris Seringe, Gourd; and Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., Watermelon. 82. Melastomaceae R.Br. — Melastoma Family 1. Rhexia L. — Meadow-beauty 1. Stem 4-angled; leaves sessile; hypanthium setose; moist sand- barrens, or in peaty soil, locally throughout 111. July-Sept - R. virginica L. 83. Onagraceae 163 1. Stem nearly terete; leaves short-petioled, narrow; hypanthium glabrous or nearly so; moist sandy soil, rare; Mason Co., Brcndcl; Massac Co., GU'ason. June-Sept. [R. niariana var. leiosperma Fern. & Grisc.] R. mariana L. 83. Onagraceae Dumort. — Evening-primrose Family {Epilobiaceae Vent.) 1. Flowers usually with 4 petals (rarely 5 or 0) ; sepals 4-6 (rarely apparently only 2) ; stamens 4-12. 2. Fruit a many-seeded capsule openina; by valves or by a pore. 3. Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs; flowers (in our species) not yellow 1. Epilobium 3. Seeds without hairs. 4. Hypanthium scarcely or not at all extended beyond the ovary. 5. Stamens 8-12, in two series 2. Jussiaea 5. Stamens 4 3. Ludwigia 4. Hypanthium conspicuously extended beyond the ovary into a tube 4. Oenothera 2. Fruit indehisccnt, deciduous; flowers pink 5. Gaura 1. Flowers with 2 notched white petals, 2 sepals, and 2 stamens; fruit inde- hiscent, obovoid, with hooked bristly hairs 6. Circaea 1. Epilobium L. — Willow-herb 1. Petals 1-2 cm long; stigma 4-lobed; stem 0.5-2 m tall. 2. Stem puberulent or glabrous; leaves alternate, entire or denticu- late; petals entire; stamens and style declined; edges of woods and burned-over ground, local; known from Cook, Lake, La Salle, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. June-Aug. Fireweed [Chamaenerion spicatum (Lam.) S.F.Gray] E. angustifolium L. 2. Stem hirsute; leaves mostly opposite, sharply serrulate; petals notched, stamens and styles erect; moist ground, occasional; adv. from Eur.; Chicago, Cook Co., /. A. Steyermark in 1948. June-Aug E. hirsutum L. 1. Petals 3-8 mm long; stigma entire; stem 20-90 cm tall. 3. Leaves lanceolate, denticulate; stems with deciuTent lines Irom the bases of the leaves. 4. Seeds 1-1.5 mm long; coma reddish-brown; moist ground, local. Aug.-Sept E. coloratum Muhl. 4. Seeds 0.5-1 mm long; coma white; moist ground, in the n. counties, not common. July-Sept E. adenocaulon Haussk. 3. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, mostly entire; no decurrent lines on stem. 5. Stem, leaves, and capsules copiously solt-]juhe.scent with short .straight hairs; leaves mostly 4-8 mm wide; petals 7-8 mm long; seeds 2 mm long; wet groimd, rare; Lake, McHenry, Peoria, Winnebago, and Woodford counties. July-Sept. [E. molle Torr., non Lam.; /:". dcnsum Raf.J E. strictum Muhl. 164 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Stem, leaves, and capsules crisp-pubenilent; leaves 1-4 mm wide; petals 3-5 mm long; wet ground, rare; known from Jo Daviess, Lake, Lee, Mason, Peoria, and Winnebago counties. Aug.-Sept. [E. lineare Muhl., nom. illegit. ; E. densiim sensu auth., non Raf.] E. leptophyllum Raf. 2. Jussiaea L. — Primrose-willow 1. Stems erect; petals 5-10, rarely 12 mm long. 2. Petals and calyx-lobes 4; stem winged; wet ground in the south- ernmost counties, rare. July-Sept. /. dccurrens (Walt.) DC. 2. Petals and caly.x-lobes 5; stem not winged; along river courses, rare; known from Alexander, Jackson, and Randolph coun- ties /. Icptocarpa Nutt. 1. Stems creeping or floating; petals 10-15 mm long; muddy banks or in water, not common; chiefly in s. 111., but also Vemiihon and Mason counties. May-Sept. [/. diffusa Forsk.] /. repens L. 3. Ludwigia L. — False Loosestrife 1 . Leaves opposite, oval ; stems procumbent or floating ; petals small, pink, or absent; capsules 4-sided, 3-4 mm long; muddy shores and ditches, local. July-Aug. [hnardia palustns L.; L. palustris var. americana Fern. & Grisc] L. palustris (L.) Ell. 1. Leaves alternate, elliptical; stem erect. 2. Flowers short-stalked; petals yellow, conspicuous; capsules cubical, 5-7 mm long, opening by a terminal pore; wet ground, common. June-Sept. Seed-box [L. alternifolia var. pubescens Palmer & Steyerm.] L. alternifolia L. 2. Flowers sessile, inconspicuous. 3. Capsules turbinate, the calyx-lobes 3 mm long; petals minute, greenish; ditches, swamps, muddy shores, locally through- out 111. July-Sept L. polycarpa Short & Peter 3. Capsules cylindrical, the calyx-lobes about 1 mm long; petals none; swamps, s. 111., rare. July-Sept. [L. cylindrica Ell.] - L. glandulosa Walt. 4. Oenothera L. — Evening-primrose 1. Leaves not linear-filiform; stigma 4-lobed (only slightly in O. serrulata) . 2. Calyx-lobes reflexed; stamens equal in length (e.xcept O. ser- rulata) ; flowers more or less nocturnal; petals yellow; capsules terete or round-angled; plants biennial or annual. 3. Hyjjanthium above the ovary 6-8 mm long; adv. from the west; Cook and Peoria counties O. serrulata Nutt. 3. Hypanthium above the ovary at least 15 mm long, usually much longer. 4. Capsules lanceoloid-cylindrical. 4-7 mm thick at maturity (at least at base) . 83. Onagraceae 165 5. Petals 1-3 mm wide; adv. from the northeast; Boone, Christian, and McHeni-y^ counties. Jime-July O. cruciata Nutt. 5. Petals more than 3 mm wide. 6. Plants green; free tips of sepals 3 mm long; roadsides, fields, and waste places, vei-y common. June-Oct. Common Exening-primrose \0. cymbatili.s Bartlett] (). biennis L. 6. Plants canescent ; free tips of sepals 2 mm long; road- sides and fields, occasional; adv. from w. of the Mississippi R. Aug. [O. biennis var. canescens T. & G. ; O. canovirens Steele] O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush 4. Capsules linear-cylindrical, 2-3 mm thick. 7. Upper and median lea\es remotely denticulate to entire; flowers many, in a terminal raceme; petals 12-25 mm long, rhombic-ovate; capsules 1-2 mm long, strigose; sandy soil, local; chiefly in the n. half of 111., but ex- tending southward near the Mississippi R. to Pulaski Co. June-Sept O. rhombipetala Nutt. 7. Upper and median leaves sinuately dentate or pinnatifid; flowers few, axillary; petals 5-12 mm long, obovate; capsules 2-3 cm long, pilose; sandy soil, locally throughout 111. [Rairnannia laciniata (Hill )Rose; O. sinuata L.] O. laciniata Hill 2. Calyx-lobes erect or ascending, cohering in pairs; stamens un- equal in length, the alternate ones somewhat longer; flowers diurnal; capsules 4-angled; plants perennial. 8. Petals yellow; capsules 4-winged; leaves entire or denticulate. 9. Stem erect; petals 1-3 cm long; capsules 1.5-2 cm long. 10. Petals 1-3 cm long; buds and inflorescence erect, not nodding. 1 1 . Stem pilose ; capsules sparsely pilose, the hairs glandless; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, hirsute on both surfaces; roadsides and fields, not infrequent. June-Oct. Common Sundrops [O. pratensis (Small) B.L.Robins.] O. pilosella Raf. 1 1 . Stem short-pubescent; capsules with a few gland- tipped hairs; leaves linear-oblanceolate, strigose; di7 soil, rare; Johnson, Pidaski, and Saline coun- ties. [O. fruticosa sensu auth.. non L.j - O. tetragona Roth 10. Petals 5-10 mm long; buds and tip of inflorescence nod- ding; stem strigose; cliy soil, not common; Cook and Winnebago counties. June- Aug. Small Sundrops [O. pumila L.] O. perennis L. 9. Stem decumbent, strigillose; petals 5-7 cm long; hypan- thium 5-15 cm long; capsules 5-8 cm long, 4-6 cm wide; 166 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 sandy or rocky soil, rare; St. Clair Co., Mulford in 1895. {Megapteriurn missouriense (Sims) Spach] O. missouriensis Sims 8. Petals white or pink, 2.5-4 cm long; buds nodding; capsules 4-angled and ribbed, canescent-strigose, stipitate; leaves dentate to pinnatifid, puberulent; roadsides, occasional; native w. of the Mississippi R. June-July. White Evening- primrose [Hartinannia speciosa (Nutt.) Small] O. speciosa Nutt. 1. Stem-leaves linear-filiform; stigma shallowly lobed; petals 3-4 mm long; capsules ellipsoid, sessile, 4-angled, 4-6 mm long; sandy soil, usually on bluffs, locally in s. 111. May-June. [Kneiffia Uni- folia (Nutt.) Spach; Peniophyllum linijolium (Nutt.) Pennell; Stenosiphon linijolium (Nutt.) Britt.] O. linijolia Nutt. 5. Gaura L. — Butterfly-weed 1. Ovary and fruit on pedicels 1-3 mm long; dry hillsides, rare; Hardin Co G. filipes Spach 1. Ovary and fruit sessile. 2. Petals 7-9 mm long; anthers linear, attached near the base; fruit 4-angled, pubescent, 5-6 mm long; roadsides, fields, and open woods. July-Sept G. biennis L. 2. Petals 2-3 mm long; anthers oval, attached near the middle; fruit fusiform, 4-nerved, glabrous, 6-8 mm long; roadsides, rare; adv. from w. U.S. June-July G. parviflora Dougl. 6. Circaea L. — Enchanter's-nightshade 1. Stem 30-60 cm tall; leaves shallowly undulate-dentate, usually rounded at the base; fruit 2-loculed, 4 mm long at maturity; woods, common. June-July. [C. lutetiana sensu auth., non L.] C. latijolia Hill 1. Stem 10-30 cm tall; leaves sharply dentate, mostly cordate; fruit 1-loculed, 2 mm long; moist banks and ravines in deep woods; Lake Bluflf, Lake Co., E. ]. Hill: Elgin, Kane Co., Vasey; Jo Daviess Co., Pepoon & Mofjatt. June-July C. alpina L. 84. Haloragaceae Horan. — Water-milfoil Family 1. Leaves whorled (rarely subopposite or alternate), at least the immersed ones pinnately dissected; stamens 4-8; fruit 4-lobed 1. Myriophyllum 1. Leaves alternate, dentate or pectinate-pinnatifid ; stamens 3-4; fruit 3- angled 2. Proserpinaca 1. Myriophyllum L. — Water-milfoil 1. Carpels rounded and smooth on the back. 2. Floral leaves (bracts) entire or denticulate. 3. Leaves verticillate in fours or fives; lakes and slow streams, 87. Aristolochiaceae 167 in Boone, Cook, Du Page, Lake, and McHcnry counties. [M. exalbcscens Fern.] M. spicatum L. 3. Leaves chiefly scattered, or absent from the flowering stems; muddy shores and shaflow water, rare -- M. humile (Raf.) Morong 2. Floral lea\es pinnatifid or pectinate; leaves verticillate in threes and lours; lakes and slow streams, local ...M. vcrlicillatum L. 1. Carpels 2-keeled and roughened on the back; stamens 4. 4. Floral leaves (bracts ) ovate or lanceolate, serrate; ponds and slow streams, local M. heterophyllum Michx. 4. Floral leaves linear, pectinate; ditches and muddy shores, chiefly in w. 111. [M. scabratum Michx.] M. pinnatum (Walt.) BSP. 2. Proserpinaca L. — Mermaid-weed P. palustris L. Ponds and slow streams, locally throughout 111. July- Sept. [P. palustris var. amblygona Fern.; P. palustris var. crebra Fern. & Grisc] 85. Callitrichaceae Lindl. 1 . Callitriche L. — Water-starwort 1. Fruit short-pedimcled; bracts absent; plants terrestrial, growing on moist soil, local; known from Champaign, Coles, Jackson, Ma- coupin, St. Clair, and Wabash counties. [C. austini Engelm.] - - C. terrestris Raf. 1. Fruit sessile; plants aquatic or amphibious. 2. Fruit oval, flat, longer than the styles; in ponds and slow streams, very local C. palustris L. 2. Fruit obovate, convex, shorter than the styles; locally through- out 111. [C. Jurmaphroditica sensu auth., non L.] C. heterophylla Pursh 86. Hippuridaceae Sagor. & G. Schneid. 1. Hippuris L. — Mare's-tail H. vulgaris L. Ponds and streams, rare; known from Kane, Lake, and McHenry counties. June-Aug. 87. Aristolochiaceae Bkmie — Birthwort Family 1. Stem prostrate, rooting at the nodes; flowers regular, 3-lobcd; calyx per- sistent; stamens 12 1. Asarum 1. Stem erect or twining; flowers very irregular, the calyx deciduous; stamens 6 2. Aristolochia 1. Asarum L. — Wild Ginger 1. Calyx-lobes deltoid-ovate, shortly acuminate, scarcely longer than the calyx-tube, spreading or reflexed at flowering time; woods, common. Apr.-May A. rcflexum Bickn. 168 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, much longer than the tube, erect or spreading at flowering time; wooded hillsides, local; extending southward to Knox, Tazewell, and Coles coun- ties. May-June A. acuminatum (Ashe) Bickn. 2. Aristolochia L. — Birthwort 1. Low herb; flowers purple, 1-1.5 cm long, solitary on slender basal scaly peduncles; calyx-tube curved like the letter S; capsule sub- globose, ridged, about 1 cm in diameter. 2. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate; rich woods: locally northward to La Salle Co. Virginia Snakeroot A. scrpentaria L. 2. Leaves narrowly sagittate or hastate; swamps, rare; Pulaski Co., H. E. Allies in 1952 A. nashii Kearney 1 . Twining shrub ; flowers on axillary solitai-y pubescent bractless peduncles; calyx tomentose, the tube abruptly bent, yellowish- green, about 3 cm long, dark purple within; leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate, tomentose; capsule ellipsoid, 4-6 cm long; rich woods, rare; extending northward to Wabash and Macoupin counties. May-June. Dutchman's Pipe A. tomcritosa Sims 88. Santalaceae R.Br. — Sandalwood Family 1. Comandra Nutt. — False Toadflax C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Sandy soil or grassy roadsides, locally nearly throughout 111. May-June. [C. richardsiana Fern.]. 89. Loranthaceae D.Don — Mistletoe Family 1. Phoradendron Nutt. — American Mistletoe P. flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. Parasitic on American elm, black gum, oak, and other deciduoiis trees in s. 111., extending northward to Ran- dolph, Saline, and Crawtord coimties. 90. Cornaceae Link — Dogwood Family {Nyssaceae Endl. ; Alangiaceae Lindl.) 1. Flowers 4-merous, perfect; leaves opposite (except Cornus alternifolia) 1. Cornus 1. Flowers 5-merous, polygamous; leaves alternate 2. Nyssa 1. Cornus L. — Dogwood {Chamaepericlymenum Hill: Cynoxylon Raf. : Svida Opix ex Small) 1. Flowers cymose or paniculate, without an inxolucre; truit white or blue. 2. Leaves chiefly alternate and clustered toward the ends ol the branchlets; pith white; fruit bluish black, glaucous; woods, usually near streams, chiefly in the northern two-thirds of the state. May-June. Alternate-leaved Dogwood C. alternifolia L.f. 90. CORNACEAE 1 69 2. Leaves opposite. 3. Lower surface of blades with api^ressed liairs, or none. 4. Leaves green beneath, not at all farinose; pith white; fruit turning bluish; low woods, or in swamps, s. 111. June. [C. stricta Lam. J C. joanina Mill. 4. Leaves pale and microscopically farinose or pulverulent beneath. S.Young twigs tomentulose; pith brown; fruit blue; moist ground, common throughout 111. May-June. [C. pur- pusi Koehne; C. amomu?n of auth., not Mill.] Pale Dogwood C. obliqua Raf. r>. Young twigs strigillose to glabrous; fruit white. 6. Matiu'e twigs gray or brown ; cymes loosely-flowered, convex ; stone of the fruit not compressed ; erect shrubs chiefly along fences, roadsides, and in clear- ings, common. May-June. [C. paniculata L'Her.] Gray Dogwood C. racernosa Lam. 6. Mature twigs bright red; pith white; cymes dense, flat- topped; stone compressed; stoloniferous spreading Ghrubs of swampy ground, in the n. part of the state, extending southward in the valley of Illinois R. to Tazewell Co. June-July. Red-osier Dogwood C. stolonifera Michx. 3. Lower surface of blades with loose, partly spreading pubes- cence, at least on the veins. 7. Lea\es ovate-lanceolate to elliptical; veins 3 or 4 pairs; fruit white. 8. Leaves finely pubescent on the upper surface ; pith white, large; branches red; lake shores, Cook and Lake counties. Bailey's Dogwood ....C. baileyi Coult. & Evans 8. Leaves scabrous above; pith brown, small; branches gray or brown ; moist ground on roadsides or along streams, common. May-June. [C asperifolia of auth.. not Michx.] Rough-leaved Dogwood C. drummondi C.A.Mey. 7. Leaves roundish-ovate, woolly pubescent beneath at matur- ity; veins usually 6-9 pairs; branches gray or brown, pith white; fruit light blue; dry woods, n. 111., extending southward to Kankakee and La Salle counties. May. [C. circinata L'Her.] Round-leaved Dogwood C. rugosa Lam. 1. Flowers capitate, with an involucre; fruit red. 9. Tree; fruit ellipsoid; dry woods, local; chiefly in the s. half of the state, extending northward to Vermilion and Schuyler counties. April-May. Flowering Dogwood C. florida L. 9. Herb or subshrub 10-20 cm tall; fruit globose; woods, known from Lake, Cook, Ogle, and La Salle counties. May-June. Bunchberry C. canadensis L. 170 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Nyssa L. — Tupelo 1. Leaves entire; pistillate flowers 2-several together; fruit ovoid, 8-12 mm long; rich soil, s. 111., also in Cook and Kankakee counties. May. Sour Gum. Black Gum [A^. mult i flora Wang.; A'^. sylvatica var. caroliniana (Poir.) Fern.] N. sylvatica Marsh. 1. Leaves more or less dentate with 1 or more large angular teeth, or entire; pistillate flower solitary; fruit ellipsoid, 1.5-3 cm long; swamps and low woods, s. 111., extending northward to Craw- ford Co. in the valley of the Wabash R. Tupelo Gum [A^. uni- flora Wang.] N. aquatica L. 91. Araliaceae Vent. — Ginseng Family I. Leaves alternate: carpels 5; fruit black 1. Aralia 1. Leaves usually three in a whorl; carpels 2 or 3 ; fruit red or yellowish 2. Panax 1. Aralia L. 1. Shrub or small tree, prickly; woods in southern 111. July-Aug. Hercules'-club A. spinosa L. 1. Herbs. 2. Umbels numerous; woods, local. July-Aug. American Spike- nard A. racemosa L. 2. Umbels 2-7. 3. Plant leafy-stemmed, prickly or bristly; woods, rare; Cook and Lake counties. June-July. Bristly Aralia A. hispida Vent. 3. Plant acaulescent, not bristly; moist ground in woods; chiefly in the northern half of the state; also Macoupin Co. May- June. Wild Sarsaparilla A. nndicaulis L. 2. Panax L. — Ginseng P. quinquejolius L. Rich woods, becoming rather rare. July-Aug. 92. Umbelliferae Scop. — Parsley Family 1. Leaves simple, rigid, paralbl-veined, remotely bristly on the margins: in- florescence capitate 1. Eryngium 1. Leaves compound: inflorescence umbellate. 2. Ovary and fruit with straight or curved bristles or prickles. 3. Ovary and fruit with straight bristles: fruit much longer than wide; leaves ternatcly decompound with lanceolate or ovate, toothed leaflets; flowers (in our species) white: roots aromatic ....5. Osmorhiza 3. Ovary and fruit with hooked or barbed bristles. 4. Plants glabrous: leaves palmately 3- to 7-foliolate; ovary and fruit with hooked bristles 4. Sanicula 4. Plants pubescent; leaves pinnately decompound. 5. Ovary and fruit with hooked bristles; rays of the umbel short 3. Torilis 5. Ovary and fruit with barbed bristles 2. Daucus 2. Ovary and fruit not at all bristly or prickly (rarely tuberculate). 92. Umbelliferae 171 6. Fruit 2-4 times longer than wide; flowers white. 7. Leaves trifoUolate with ovate leaflets; involueels none 6. Cryptotaenia 7. Lca\es ternatcly compound, the leaflets pinnatifid, or leaves tri- foliolate with narrow leaflets; involueels present. 8. Leaves ternately compound, the leaflets never falcate 11. Chaerophyllum 8. Leaves with 3 principal divisions, the leaflets falcate 12. Falcaria 6. Fruit less than twice as long as wide. 9. Leaves palmately or ternately divided. 10. Leaves copiously soft-pubescent; umbels 15-30 cm broad; outer petals larger, 2-cleft 25. Heracleum 10. Leaves usually glabrous; none of the petals enlarged. 11. Plants annual; leaves divided into filiform segments: flowers white; fruit ovoid, tuberculate, 1 mm long ....13. Spermolepis 11. Plants perennial; leaf-segments broader; fruit not tuber- culate. 12. Central flower and fruit of the umbellet sessile; flowers yellow; fruit flattened laterally, the ribs filiform 14. Zizia 12. Central flower and fruit not sessile. 13. Plants tall, with elongated roots; involucre absent or inconspicuous. 14. Leaflets not entire. 15. Flowers yellow (rarely purple) calyx-teeth evident; fruit slightly flattened dorsally, the ribs strongly winged 20. Thaspium 15. Flowers white; calyx-teeth small or obsolete. 16. Leaves finely divided; plants of wet ground 26. Conioselinum 16. Leaves not finely divided 23. Angelica 14. Leaflets entire; plants glaucous and glabrous 15. Taenidia 13. Plants small, with a tuber, flowering early in spring; anthers purple; petals not inflexed at the tip; in- volucre present 7. Erigenia 9. Leaves pinnately divided. 1 7. In\olucrc present, conspicuous; flowers white. 18. Stem mottled with purple; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, in- cised or serrate; ribs of the fruit prominent; oil-tubes none 16. Conium IB. Stem not purple-marked. 19. Leaves with filiform divisions. 20. Fruits flattened-ellipsoid, 4 mm long, the ribs filiform, all alike; plants perennial 10. Carum 20. Fruits ovoid. 1-3 nun long, the ribs unlike, the lateral prominent, corky; annuals 17. Ptilirunium 19. Leaflets linear to lanceolate or ovate. 21. Leaflets regularly and sharply serrate to the base. 22. Fruit with slender inconspicuous filiform ribs; stylopodium conical; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous 9. Berula 172 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 22. Fruit with equal, prominently corky ribs: stylo- podium depressed; oil-tubes 1-3 in each interval 18. Sium 21. Leaves remotely and irregularly dentate usually only above the middle, or entire 27. Oxypolis 17. Involucral bracts none, or few and soon deciduous. 23. Flowers white; fruit somewhat flattened laterally. 24. Leaflets serrate 19. Cicuta 24. Leaflets not serrate 8. Perideridia 23. Flowers yellow; fruit flattened dorsally. 25. Leaf-segments filiform; slender annuals 21. Anethum 25. Leaf-segments broader. 26. Stem terete; fruit with thick corky margin, obscure ribs and numerous oil-tubes; plants perennial 22. Poly taenia 26. Stem grooved; fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes; stout biennial 24. Pastinaca 1. Eryngium L. — Rattlesnake-master E. yuccifolium Michx. Meadows, roadsides, and prairie soil; prob- ably in every county, but not particularly abundant. Jidy-Aug. 2. Daucus L. — Carrot 1. Biennial, 30-90 cm tall, with a taproot; umbel 5-12 cm broad, the outer rays 2.5-8 cm long; central flower purple or rose; ultimate segments of leaves lanceolate : fields, roadsides, waste places, very common; nat. from Ein\ July-Nov. Carrot D. carota L. 1. Annual, 10-30 cm tall; imibel 2-5 cm broad, the rays 4-12 mm long; all flowers white; ultimate segments of leaves linear; Perry Co., R. A. Evers in 1949; Jackson Co., R. H. Mohlenbrock in 1954 D. pusillus Michx. 3. Torilis Adans. — Hedge Parsley T. japouica (Houtt.) DC. Waste ground and edges of woods, occasional; nat. from Eur. [T. anthriscus (L.) Gmel.]. 4. Sanicula L. — Sanicle. Snakeroot 1. Styles longer than the bristles of the fruit, recurved. 2. Petals greenish-white; sepals subulate; fruit sessile, 6 mm long; woods, local; chiefly in the n. half of 111. May-June. Black Snakeroot S. marilandica L. 2. Petals yellowish-green; sepals oval or lanceolate; fruit pedicel- late, 3 mm long; woods, common. May-Jime. Common Snakeroot ..S. gregaria Bickn. 1 . Styles shorter than the bristles. 3. Mature fruit globose, 4-5 mm long; staminate flowers short- pedicelled; woods, local. June-Sept. Short-styled Snakeroot - S. canadejisis L. 92. Umbelliferae 173 3. Mature iVuil ellipsoid, 6-7 nun iont^; pedicels of the staminate flowers slender, 4 mm long, tipped with the conspicuous per- sistent beak-like calyx; woods in the n. part of the state. June-July. Large-fruited Snakeroot S. trifoliata Bickn. 5. Osmorhiza Raf. — Sweet Cicely ( Washingtonia Raf.) 1. Styles and .stylopodium 1-1.5 mm in length, not longer than the petals; stems and petioles villous; woods, common. Apr. -June. [O. brevistylis TiC] O. claytonii (Michx. ) Clarke 1 . Styles and stylopodium 2-4 mm long, exceeding the petals ; stem and petioles glabrous or pubescent; woods, common. Apr. -June. [O. longistylis var. villicaulis Fern.; O. longistylis var. brachy- coma Blake] O. longistylis (Torr.) DC. 6. Cryptotaenia DC. — Honewort C. canadensis (L.) DC. Woods, common throughout 111. June- July. 7. Erigenia Nutt. — Harbinger-of-spring E. bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Woods, locally throughout 111., except the northwestern counties. Mar. -May. 8. Perideridia Reichenb. {Eulophus Nutt., non R.Br.) P. americana (Nutt.) Reichenb. Thickets and edges of woods, local; rare in the southern counties. July. 9. Berula Hoflfm. — Water Parsnip B. incisa (Torr.) G.N.Jones. Swamps, not common; Kane, Mason, Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford counties. July-Sept. [B. erecta sensu Cov., non Slum erectum Huds. ; B. pusilla (Nutt.) Fern.j. 10. Carum L. — Caraway C. carvi L. Waste ground, and roadsides; escaped from cult.; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. 1 1 . Chaerophyllum L. — Chervil 1. Fruits broadest near the middle; plants usually glabrous or sparse- ly pubescent; moist ground, common. Apr. -May C. procmnbens (L.) Crantz 1. Fruits broadest below the middle; plants densely pubescent; moist or dry sandy soil, rare; s. 111. Mar. -May C. tainturieri Hook. 12. Falcaria Host. F. sioides (Wibel) Aschers. Schuyler Co., R. 7'. Rexroat in 1955. Native of Eurasia. 174 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 13. Spermolepis Raf. S. inermis (Nutt.) Math. & Const. Sandy soil, local; southward to Macoupin Co. June. 14. Zizia Koch — Golden-alexanders 1. Basal leaves ternately divided; fruit ellipsoid, 3.5-4 mm long at maturity; roadsides, fields, meadows, open woods, common; rare in the southern counties. May-June Z. aurea (L.) Koch 1. Basal leaves ovate or suborbicular, deeply cordate, crenate; fruit oval, 3 mm long; Boone, Cook, De Kalb, Lee, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. [Thaspium trifoliatu?7i var. apterum A. Gray; Z. cordata sensu auth., non (Walt.) Koch] Z. aptera (A. Gray) Fern. 15. Taenidia (Torr. & Gray) Drude T. integerrhna (L.) Drude. Woods and thickets, often on eroding clay banks, common throughout 111. May- June. 16. Conium L. — Poison-hemlock C. maculatum L. Waste places; nat. from Eur. June-July. 17. Ptilimnium Raf. — Bishops-weed 1. Fruit 2-4 mm long and broad; leaves petioled, the segments 5-10 mm long, crowded, appearing verticillate; swampy ground, s. 111., rare. June-Oct. \P. capillaceurn sensu auth., non (Michx.) Raf.] P. costatum (Ell.) Raf. 1. Fruit about 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide; leaves sessile or very short-petioled, the segments 1-6 cm long, alternate or opposite; swamps, s. 111., rare. May-Sept P. nuttallii (DC.) Britt. 18. Sium L. — Water Parsnip S. suave Walt. Wet ground or occasionally in water, locally throughout 111. June-Aug. [S. cicutaefolium Schrank]. 19. Cicuta L. — Cowbane 1. Leaflets narrowly linear; axils of the upper leaves bearing bulblets; swamps in the northern half of the state. July-Sept C. bulbifera L. 1. Leaflets lanceolate; axils of the leaves never bearing bulblets; swamps and wet meadows, locally throughout 111. June-Aug. Water Hemlock C. maculata L. 20. Thaspium Nutt. 1. Flowers deep yellow or sometimes purple; stem glabrous; basal leaves either cordate or temate; woods and river banks, com- mon. May-June. [T. trifoliatum var. flavum Blake; Zizia sylvatica Benke; T. aureum sensu auth., non (L.) Nutt.] T. trifoliatum (L.) A.Gray 93. Ericaceae 1 75 1. Flowers pale yellow or cream; stem puberulent at the nodes; leaves 1- to 3-ternate; woods near streams, local. May-June T. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. 21. Anethum L. — Dill A. graveolens L. Waste ground; escaped from cult.; native of Eur. July-Sept. 22. Polytaenia DC. — Prairie Parsley P. nuttallii DC. Dry soil, locally throughout 111. May-June. 23. Angelica L. — Angelica l.Stem pubescent; fniit roundish, pubescent, 4 mm broad; oil- tubes several, distinct; dry soil in southern Illinois. July. [A. villosa (Walt.) BSP., non Lag.] A. venenosa (Greenw.) Fern. 1. Stem glabrous; fruit ellipsoid, 6 mm long, glabrous; oil-tubes con- tinuous; river banks, locally in the n. half of the state. June A. atro purpurea L. 24. Pastinaca L. — Parsnip P. sativa L. Roadsides, fields, and waste places, very common; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. 25. Heracleum L. — Cow Parsnip H. lanatum Michx. Wet ground, locally in the n. two-thirds of the state. June-Aug. [H. maximum Bartr., nom. illciiit.]. 26. Conioselinum HofTm. — Hemlock Parsley C. chinense (L.) BSP. Wet ground, rare; Cook and Kane coun- ties. Aug.-Sept. [C. canadense (Michx.) T. & G.]. 27. OxypoHs Raf. — Cowbane O. rigidior (L.) Raf. Swamps, locally throughout 111. Aug.- Sept. 93. Ericaceae DC. — Heath Family 1. Ovary superior. 2. Plants saprophytic, without chlorophyll, white, pink, or tawny, often turning blackish in dr>'ing 3. Monotropa 2. Plants with ordinary green foliage. 3. Corolla polypetalous. 4. Leaves alternate or somewhat whorled: filaments dilated 1. Chimaphila 4. Leaves all basal; filaments subulate 2. Pyrola 3. Corolla sympetalous. 5. Leaves entire. 6. Erect shrubs; fruit a capsule. 176 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 7. Leaves short-petioled, deciduous, not revolute-margined ; flowers large, showy, somewhat irregular; anthers awnless 4. Rhododendron 7. Leaves sessile or nearly so, revolute-margined, evergreen, pale beneath; flowers small, white, nodding; anthers awned 5. Andromeda 6. Trailing shrubs; leaves petioled. 8. Blades cordate at the base; corolla salverform; fruit a capsule 7. Epigaea 8. Blades cuneate at the base; corolla urceolate; fruit a drupe 9. Arctostaphylos 5. Leaves denticulate or serrate. 9. Leaves resinous-dotted beneath; flowers in terminal leafy-bracted racemes; fruit a capsule 6. Chamaedaphne 9. Leaves not resinous-dotted; flowers axillary; berries red 8. Gaultheria 1. Ovary inferior; fruit a berry; shrubs. 10. Corolla sympetalous, urceolate or ovoid; erect shrubs; fruit black or bluish. 11. Leaves resinous-dotted; ovary 10-loruled; drupe with 10 nutlets 10. Gaylussacia 1 1 . Leaves not resinous-dotted ; ovary 4- to 5-loculed ; fruit a many- seeded berry 11. Vaccinium 10. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, the lobes reflexed ; flowers nodding on slender pedicels; trailing shrubs with small evergreen leaves; berries red, acid 12. Oxy coccus 1 . Chimaphila Pursh — Pipsissewa C. corymbosa Ptirsh. Dry woods, rare. Lake, McHenry, and Win- nebago counties. June-Aug. [C. umbellata of auth., not Pyrola umbellata L. ; C. umbellata var. cisatlantica Blake]. C. maculata (L.) Pursh, with lanceolate, whitish-\ariegated leaves, has been erroneously attributed to 111. 2. Pyrola L. — Wintergreen 1. Style ciuved downward. 2. Sepals lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm long, much longer than broad; leaf-blades suborbicular, glossy, about as long as the petioles; shaded mossy sandstone slope near Oregon, Ogle Co P. americana Sweet 2. Sepals ovate, acute, 2 mm long, about as broad as long; leaf- blades oval, dull, longer than the petioles; woods, northern 111., rare. June-Aug. Shinleaf P. elliptica Nutt. 1. Style straight; raceme 1 -sided; leaves oval; woods, rare; Cook Co., Babcock: Winnebago Co., E. W. Fell in 1946. June-Aug P. secunda L. 3. Monotropa L. 1. Flower solitary; plants glabrous, waxy-white or pink (drying black) ; style shorter than the ovary, glabrous; rich woods, rare or local throughout 111. June-Sept. Indian Pipe M. uniflora L. 93. Ericaceae 177 1. Flowers several; plants pubescent, tawny or reddish; style longer than the ovaiy, pubescent ; saprophytic on humus in woods, rare; Coles, Cook, Cuniberland, Jackson, Kankakee, and Piatt counties. June-Aug. [M. Iiypopitys sensu A.Gray, non L.]. Pinesap M. lanuginosa Michx. 4. Rhododendron L. {Azalea L.) R. roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. Rocky woods, rare; Alexander and Union counties. May. [A. nudiflora sensu auth., non L.; R. canescens sensu auth., non Sweet: A. prionophylla SniallJ. 5. Andromeda L. A. glaucophylla Link. Bog-rosemary. Bogs, rare; Lake and Mc- Ilenry counties. May-Jime. 6. Chamaedaphne Moench — Leatherleaf C. calyculata (L. ) Moench. Swamps and bogs; Cook and Lake counties. May. 7. Epigaea L. — Trailing Arbutus E. re pens L. "Illinois," without definite locality, ]'asey. Now ex- tinct in Illinois. 8. Gaultheria L. — Creeping Wintergreen G. procumbens L. Checkerberry. Woods, rare; Cook, Lake, La Salle, and Ogle coimties. June-Aug. 9. Arctostaphylos Adans. A. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick. Woods and dunes, local; known from Cook, Lake, Ogle, Peoria, and Winnebago counties. May- June. 10. Gaylussacia HBK. G. baccata (Wang.) K.Koch. Black Huckleberry. Rocky woods and hillsides in northern 111. May-June. 1 1 . Vacchiium L. 1. Shrubs mostly 2-lU m tall. 2. Leaves glossy above, coriaceous at maturity, the margins entire, usually bearing a few small glands toward the base: anthers 2-awned; berries black, inedible; open woods in southern 111. May-June. Farkleberr^- L. arboreum Marsh. 2. Leaves not glossy, entire or ciliolate-serrulate, acute; anthers awnless; berries glaucous; swamps and bogs; known from Cook, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. May-June. High- bush Blueberry V . corymbosum L. 1. Low shrubs usually less than 1 m tall. 178 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Twigs densely pubescent; leaves entire, elliptical, softly pubes- cent; shrubs 20-60 cm tall; moist ground, rare, in Lake, La Salle, Ogle, and Winnebago counties. May-June. Can- ada Blueberry [V. canadense Kalm] V. myrtilloides Michx. 3. Twigs glabrous, or more or less puberulent in lines, rugulose; leaves mostly serrulate with bristle-tipped teeth, glabrous or finely pubescent. 4. Leaves narrowly elliptical, 7-13 mm wide, bright green on both sides; shrubs 5-35 cm tall; sandy soil or in open woods, northern 111. May-June. Low-bush Blueberry [V . pensylvanicum Lam., non Mill.; V. nigrum (Wood) Britt.] V. angustijoliurn Ait. 4. Leaves oval, 1-3 cm wide, paler beneath or glaucous; shrubs 30-90 cm tall; chiefly in the southern counties, but also in Cook, Kankakee, Lee, Peoria, and Menard counties. May- June. Hill Blueberiy V. vacillans Torr. 12. Oxycoccus Hill — Cranberry O. macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh. Bogs; known from Cook, McHenry, and Will counties. June-Aug. [Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.]. 94. Ebenaceae Vent. — Ebony Family 1. Diospyros L. — Persimmon D. virginiana L. Woods, chiefly in the southern part of the state, but extending northw. to Peoria Co. May-June. 95. Styracaceae A. DC. — Storax Family 1. Ovary superior; fruit subglobose, drupaceous 1. Styrax 1. Ovary inferior; fruit nut-like, elongate, winged 2. Halesia 1. Styrax L. — Storax S. americana Lam. Swamps and banks of streams, rare, s. 111., extending northward to Lawrence Co. Apr. -May. 2. Halesia Ellis — Silverbell Tree H. Carolina L. Woods, and along streams, rare; Massac Co. Apr.- May. 96. Sapotaceae Dumort. — Sapodilla Family 1. Bumelia Sw. 1. Leaves, pedicels, and calyces glabrous or nearly so; clusters many- flowered; moist thickets and bluffs in southern 111. June-Aug. Southern Buckthorn B. lycioides (L.) Pers. 1. Leaves (beneath), pedicels, and calyces tomentose; clusters 6- to 12-flowered; woods and bluffs, southern 111., rare. Jime-July. Woolly Buckthorn B. lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. 97. Primulaceae 179 97. Primulaceae Vent. — Primrose Family 1. Lobes of the calyx and corolla erect or spreading, not reflexed. 2. Plants small, scapose, acaulescent, terrestrial. 3. Corolla-tube equalling or exceeding the calyx: plants perennial 1. Primula 3. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx; annuals 2. Androsace 2. Plants with leafy stems. 4. Plants aquatic; immersed leaves pectinate 3. Hottonia 4. Plants not aquatic; leaves entire. 5. Leaves alternate. 6. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile; capsule circumscissile 4. Centunculus 6. Flowers in axillary racemes; capsules opening by 5 valves 5. Samolus 5. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled. 7. Flowers white; leaves mostly near apex of stem 6. Trientalis 1 . Flowers yellow or scarlet; stems leafy. 8. Flowers scarlet (rarely white) ; capsules circumscissile; plants annual 7. Anagallis 8. Flowers yellow; capsules dehiscent by valves; plants perennial 8. Lysimachia 1. Corolla-lobes reflexed; stamens exserted, connivent, forming a cone; leaves all basal 9. Dodecatheon 1 . Primula L. — Primrose P. mistas.mnca Michx. Limestone cliffs in Apple River Canyon, Jo Daviess Co. May-Jime. [P. mistassinica \ar. novcboracensis Fern.]. 2. Androsace L. A. occidentalis Piash. Sandy soil, local. April. .T. Hottonia L. — American Featherfoil H. uiflata Ell. In shallow water, rare; Jackson and Union coimties. June-Aug. 4. Centunculus L. — Chaffweed C. yninimus L. Moist ground, chiefly in the w. and s. coimties. May-Sept. 5. Samolus L. — Brook weed .S". pari'iflorus Raf. Wet soil nearly throughout 111., except the northeastern counties. June-Aug. [S. floribundus HBK.; S. '' pauci- florus" Deam] 6. Trientalis L. — Star-flower T. borealis Raf. Woods and thickets, known from Cook, Lake, La Salle, Ogle, and Winnebago counties. Jime-July. [T. americana Pursh]. 7. Anagallis L. Pimpernel A. arvensis L, Waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. 180 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 8. Lysimachia L. — Loosestrife [Steironema Raf. ) 1. Leaves gland-dotted (sometimes obscurely so). 2. Plants more or less pubescent; corolla not dark-streaked. 3. Calyx 4-5 mm long, often dark-margined; flowers in terminal leafy panicles; roadsides and waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. July-Sept L. vulgaris L. 3. Calyx 7-10 mm long, not dark-margined; flowers in axillary whorls; roadsides and waste places, occasional; ad\-. from Eur. June-July L. punctata L. 2. Plants glabrous or nearly so. 4. Stem erect; leaves lanceolate or elliptical; corolla usually with purple streaks or dots. 5. Leaves usually whorled; flowers axillary; fields and open woods in the northern counties. June-July. Whorled Loosestrife L. quadrijolia L. 5. Leaves mostly opposite. 6. Flowers in terminal racemes; corolla-lobes lanceolate; wet soil in the n. half of the state. June-July. Swamp- candle L. terrestris (L.) BSP. 6. Flowers in small head-like axillary spikes; corolla-lobes linear; wet ground or shallow water in the northern third of the state; also Wabash Co., Schneck in 1881. May-Jime. Tufted Loosestrife [Nauniburgia thyrsi- flora (L.) Duby] .L. thyrsiflora L. 4. Stem trailing; leaves opposite, roundish; flowers axillary; corolla not purple-marked; capsules rarely produced: moist ground, common; nat. from Eur. May-July. Moneywort - - - L. nummularia L. 1. Leaves not gland-dotted; stem erect; flowers nodding, on slender axillary pedicels. 7. Leaves firm, linear, 2-8 mm wide, 1 -veined, the lateral veins obscure; moist ground, locally throughout 111. June-Aug. L. quadriflora Sims 7. Leaves pinnately veined. 8. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, 1-2 cm wide, short-petioled, sparsely ciliate at base. 9. Leaves paler beneath, with scarcely any distinction of petiole and blade; calyx-lobes not evidently nerved; plants with slender rhizomes; woods and thickets, com- mon throughout 111. June-Aug L. lanceolata Walt. 9. Leaves equally green on both sides, gradually tapering into the narrowly winged petiole; calyx-lobes evidently 3- nerved; plants not stoloniferous; moist ground, local. July-Aug L. hybrida Michx. 8. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 10. Petioles conspicuously ciliate; median and lower blades 6-15 cm long; corolla-lobes 10-13 mm long; stem erect. 98. Oleaceae 181 60-90 cm tall; ca])sules 5-6 iniri lont; ; moist ground, common thnnis^hout 111. June-Aut^ L. ciliata L. 10. Petioles glabrous or nearly so; blades 2-6 cm long; corolla- lobes 3-5 mm long; stems becoming decumbent and often rooting at the nodes; capsules about 3 mm long; swampy woods, s. 111. Aug L. radicaus Hook. 9. Dodecatheon L. — Shooting-star 1. Leaf-blades oblanceolate, tapering into the petiole. 2. Mature capsules ellipsoid, thick-walled, reddish-brown; anthers 7-10 mm long; corolla lilac to white; leaves often reddish at base; meadows, hillsides, or along railroads throughout 111. May-June D. rneadia L. 2. Mature capsules cylindrical, thin-walled, light brown; anthers 5-7 mm long; corolla rose-purple; leaves pale bluish-green, not reddish at base; bluffs of the Mississippi River in Carroll and Jo Daviess counties D. amethystinum Fassett 1. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, abruptly contracted at the base; corolla dark piu'ple or rarely white; rich woods and rocky ledges, southern 111., rare D. frenchii (Vasey) Rydb. 98. Oleaceae Lindl. — Olive Family 1. Leaves compound; fruit a samara 1. Fraxinus 1. Leaves simple; fruit a capsule, drupe, or berry. 2. Leaves finely serrulate 2. Forestiera 2. Leaves entire ; introd. shrubs. 3. Leaves elliptical- to ovate-lanceolate; fruit a black berr>'-like drupe 3. Ligustrum 3. Leaves ovate; fruit a capsule 4. Syringa \. Fraxinus L. — Ash 1. Petioles velvety-pubescent; calyx evident on the fruit; wing of the samara extending down the sides; twigs terete, pubescent when young. 2. Samara 2.5-5 cm long, 5-7 mm wide, the body terete; calyx 1-2 mm long; leaflets serrate or entire, acute at the base; leaf- scars nearly straight at the top; moist ground, local. Red Ash F. pennsylvanica Marsh. 2. Samara 5-7 cm long, about 1 cm wide, the body flattened; calyx 3-6 mm long; leaflets usually entire, the lower surface light green; leaf-.scars deeply notched at the top; wet ground, local- ly in the s. part of the state. Pumpkin Ash F. tomentosa Michx.f. 1. Petioles glabrous or nearly so; twigs glabrous. 3. Calyx evident on the fruit; body of the samara terete or nearly so; leaflets 5-9, commonly 7, usually more or less petiolulate; twigs terete. 182 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Wing of the samara almost entirely terminal ; leaflets ovate- lanceolate or oval, entire or nearly so, glabrous beneath or pubescent; leaf -scars deeply notched at the top; woods, common throughout 111. White Ash. [F. biltmoreana Beadle] F. americana L. 4. Wing extending down the sides of the samara; leaflets elliptic- lanceolate, usually serrate, acuminate at each end, glabrous except along the midvein beneath ; leaf-scars nearly straight at the top; low woods and along roads, common. Green Ash F. lanceolata Borkh. 3. Calyx none or minute; body of the samara flattened, the wing decurrent; leaflets 7-11. 5. Twigs terete; lateral leaflets sessile; flowers polygamous; wet ground, local ; chiefly in the n. part of the state, but extend- ing southward along river valleys to Rock Island, Peoria, and Wabash counties. Black Ash F. nigra Marsh. 5. Twigs usually prominently cjuadrangular; lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate; flowers perfect; woods, locally nearly throughout 111. Blue Ash F. quadrangulata Michx. 2. Forestiera Poir. — Swamp-privet F. acuminata (Michx.) Poir. River banks and swamps, extending northward to Wabash and Lawrence coimties, and in the w. part of 111. to Fulton Co. Apr.-May. 3. Ligustrum L. — Privet L. vulgare L. Commonly cult, and occasionally persisting about abandoned dwellings; sometimes spontaneous in woods and along roads; native of Europe. June. 4. Syringa L. — Lilac S. vulgaris L. Occasionally persisting about abandoned dwellings; native of s.e. Eur. May. 99. Apocynaceae Lindl. — Dogbane Family 1. Leaves alternate; flowers in terminal corymbiforni cymes; corolla salver- form, purple 1. Amsonia 1. Leaves opposite. 2. Leaves not evergreen; flowers not solitary or blue. 3. Climbing plants; corolla funnelform, yellowish; flowers fragrant 2. Trachelospermu?n 3. Erect plants; corolla campanulate or cylindrical, pink or whitish 3. Apocynum 2. Leaves evergreen; stems trailing; flowers solitary, axillary, blue 4. Vinca 1. Amsonia Walt. A. tabernacmontana Walt. Moist ground, locally throughout 111., except the northern counties. May-June. ion. ASCLEPIADACEAE 183 2. Trachelospermum Lemaire T. difformc (Walt.) A.Gray. Moist woods and along streams, southern 111., rare. June-July. 3. Apocynum L. — Dogbane 1. Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, pink or pink-striped. 2. Corolla 6-9 mm long, pink, its lobes soon recurved; leaves drooping or spreading; roadsides and open woods, common. June-Aug. Spreading Dogbane A. androsaemijoliiim L. 2. Corolla 4-7 nmi long, its lobes not recurved; leaves ascending; open woods, occasional; Peoria, McDojiald; Chase. Probably hybrids of A. androsaemijolium and A. cannahinum A. medium Greene 1. Corolla 2.5-4 mm long, less than twice the length of the calyx, its lobes shorter than the tube; leaves ascending, glabrous or pubes- cent. 3. Leaves of main stem short-petioled, elliptical, acute at apex, narrowed at base; corolla nearly white; follicles 12-20 cm long, curved; coma of seed 2-3 cm long; roadsides, fields, open woods, common. June-Aug. [A. pubescens R.Br.] A. canjiabiniim L. 3. Leaves of main stem subsessile or sessile, oval or ovate, obtuse or acutish, the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate and often clasping at base; corolla greenish white; follicles 4-10 cm long, nearly straight; coma 8-18 mm long; roadsides and fields, common throughout 111. June-Aug. [A. hypericifolium Ait.] -- A. sibiricum Jacq. 4. Vinca L. — Periwinkle V. minor L. Running-myrtle. Roadsides, woods, cemeteries; nat. from Eur. May-June. 100. Asclepiadaceae Lindl. — Milkweed Family I. Stem erect or decumbent, not twining. 2. Corolla-lobes reflexed 1. Asclepias 1. Corolla-lobes erect-spreading; hoods prominently crested within 2. Asclepiodora 1. Stem twining. 3. Leaves cordate; corolla-lobes erect. 4. Corolla-lobes 5-6 mm long; pollinia pendulous; corona of 5 lanceolate erect segments 3. Ampelamus 4. Corolla-lobes 8-12 mm long; pollinia horizontal; corona a disk or cup 4. Gonolobus 3. Leaves not cordate; corolla rotate, the lobes triangular-ovate, about 1 mm long; pollinia pendulous 5. Cynanchum 1 . Asclepias L. — Milkweed 1 . Hoods of the crown each with a small incurved horn within. 2. Flowers orange or yellow; plants hirsute; sap watery; umbels 184 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 cymose, terminal, many-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, acute, alternate, or a few opposite; follicles tomentulose, 7-15 cm long, 1-1.5 cm thick; roadsides or open woods, common. June-Aug. Butterfly-weed [A. decumbens L.] A. tuberosa L. 2. Flowers not orange or yellowy plants not hirsute; sap milky. 3. Leaves narrowly linear, mostly in whorls of 4-6; flowers white; follicles erect, glabrous, narrowly lanceoloid, 6-10 cm long, on erect pedicels; roadsides, or sandy soil in fields and open woods, common. June-Aug. Horsetail Milkweed - ...A. verticillata L. 3. Leaves not narrowly linear. 4. Leaves sessile or clasping, opposite (rarely some whorled) ; plants glabrous, pale green, somewhat glaucous. 5. Follicles smooth; umbel solitary, terminal. 6. Leaves elliptical, cordate-clasping, wavy-margined, obtuse, mucronulate, 7-15 cm long; corolla pale greenish-purple, 8-9 mm long; sandy soil along roads and in open woods, extending southward to St. Clair and Wabash counties. June-July A. amplexicauUs Sm. 6. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, flat, acute or obtusish, 3-7 cm long, the margins minute- ly roughened; flowers greenish-white; di*y ground, rare; Fulton, Gallatin, Hancock, Henderson, and Peoria counties A. meadii Torr. 5. Follicles somewhat echinate toward the apex with a few short blunt processes, glabrous, 8-13 cm long, ovoid or lanceoloid; umbels terminal and lateral; leaves obtuse, mucronulate, elliptical, the margins flat; prairie soil, or along roads, extending southward to Coles, Bond, and Monroe counties. June-Aug. Smooth Milkweed A. sullivantii Engelm. 4. Leaves manifestly petioled. 7. Leaves pubescent beneath; fruiting pedicels deflexed. 8. Follicles tomentose, 2-3 cm thick, warty with soft- spinulose subulate processes; flowers lavender and green; roadsides, fields, and woods, common throughout 111. June-Aug. Common Milkweed - -- A. syriaca L. 8. Follicles smooth, less than 2 cm thick. 9. Corolla-lobes dark purple, 8-10 mm long; hoods red or purple; follicles 9-12 cm long; leaves 10- 20 cm long; sandy soil, along roads, and in open woods, local. June-July. Purple Milkweed A. purpurascens L. 9. Corolla-lobes greenish-white tinged with purple, 4-5 mm long; hoods yellowish; tollicles 6-8 cm long; leaves 5-8 cm long; open woods, rare; 100. ASCLEPIADACEAE 185 Cook, Kankakee, and McHenry counties A. ovalifolia Dec. 7. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 10. Fruiting pedicels erect or recurved; leaves lanceolate, acuminate; corolla-lobes 3-5 mm long. 11. Flowers rose-purple, rarely whitish; leaves all opposite; moist ground, roadside ditches, river banks, or in swamps, common. July-Aug. Swam]) Milkweed A. incarnata L. 1 1. Flowers pink or white; leaves thin. 12. Flowers pink; median leaves u.sually whorled; seeds with a coma; dry woods, chiefly in w. and s. 111. May-Jime A. quadrijolia Jaccj. 12. Flowers white; leaves all opposite; seeds usually without a coma; wet ground in woods, s. 111., rare. June-Aug A. perennis Walt. 10. Fruiting pedicels deflexed; corolla-lobes 6-8 mm long. 13. Umbel loose, the pedicels drooping, 2.5-5 cm long; leaves thin, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla-lobes obtusi^h, greenish, the hoods white or pink; stem 1-1.5 m tall; woods. June-July. Poke Milkweed [A. phytolaccoides Pursh] ...A. e.xaltata (L.) Muhl. 13. Umbel compact, the pedicels erect or ascending, 1-2 cm long; leaves oval, firm, obtuse and mucronate, or acute; corolla-lobes white, acute, the hoods puiplish; stem 30-90 cm tall; sandy soil, not common; s. 111., extending northward to Wabash and St. Clair counties. June-July. White Milkweed A. varicgata L. Hoods without a horn; flowers sfreenish. 14. Umbel solitary, terminal; plants hirsute; leaves lanceolate, acutish ; stem 10-30 cm tall; dry ground, in the n. part of the state. June-Aug A. lanuginosa Nutt. 14. Umbels several; plants puberulent or glabrate; stem 30-90 cm tall. 15. Umbels peduncled; leavej alternate, linear-lanceolate, acu- minate; hoods entire; roadsides and fields. July-Aug. A. Iiirtella (Pennell) Woodson 15. Umbels sessile; leaves chiefly opposite. 16. Leaves lanceolate; umbels many-flowered; pedicels pubescent; hoods entire; roadsides and fields, local. June-Aug A. viridiflora Raf. 16. Leaves linear; umbels 10- to 15-flowered; pedicels puberulent; hoods 3-toothed; dry upland woods; Quincy, Adams Co., R. Brinker 3495. [Asciepias stenophylla A.Gray] A. angustifolia Nutt. 186 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Asclepiodora A.Gray — Spider Milkweed A viridis (Walt.) A.Gray- Di-y soil, not common; s. 111., northward to Bond and Fayette counties. June-July. 3. Ampelamus Raf. — Bluevine A. alhidus (Nutt.) Britt. River banks and thickets, or along fences; chiefly in the southern half of the state, but extending north- ward to Vermilion, Champaign, Putnam, and Heni^y counties. July- Aug. [Gonolobus laevis sensu auth., non Michx.]. 4. Gonolobus Michx. — Climbing Milkweed 1. Flowers greenish-yellow; pedicels glabrous; follicles angular, smooth, glabrous; along fences and in open woods; Alexander, Hardin, Pulaski, and Union counties. June-July. [Vincctoxi- cum gonocarpos Walt.] G. gonocarpos (Walt.) Perry 1. Flowers reddish-purple; pedicels pubescent; follicles pubescent, muricate; woods; Pope Co., G. H. Boewe. July-Aug. [Vince- toxician obliquum (Jacq.) Britt.; Matclea obliqua (Jacq.) Woodson] G. obliquus (Jacq.) R.Br. 5. Cynanchum L. C. nigrum (L.) Pers. Waste places; escaped from gardens; introd. from Eiu\ 101. Loganiaceae Dumort. — Logania Family 1. Spigelia L. — Indian Pink S. marilandica L. Woods and thickets in s. 111., extending north- ward to Jefferson Co. May-Jime. 102. Gentianaceae Dumort. — Gentian Family 1. Leaves not scale-like. 2. Leaves opposite. 3. Style filiform, mostly deciduous; anthers becoming twisted or revolute at maturity. 4. Corolla salverform; stigmas roundish 1. Centaurium 4. Corolla rotate; stigmas linear 2. Sabatia 3. Style short or none; anthers straight; corolla funnelform or salverform, without glands 3. Gentiana 2. Leaves whorled ; stem 1-3 m tall; anthers straight; corolla rotate, with 4 lobes and 1 or 2 nectariferous glands for each lobe 4. Frasera 1. Leaves (at least the lower) reduced to scales; stem slender or filiform. 5. Calyx-lobes 4; corolla 3-4 mm long; leaves all reduced to scales 5. Bartonia 5. Calyx-lobes 2; corolla about 1 cm long; upper leaves normal ....6. Obolaria 102. Gentianageae 187 1. Centaurium Hill — Centaury C. pulchellum (Sw.) r3rucc. Wet ground, nat. from Eur.; Cook Co. June-Sept. 2. Sabatia Adans. — Rose-gentian 1. Branches opposite; stem 60-90 cm tall; calyx about half the length of the corolla, the calyx- tube about 2 mm long; moist ground, locally throughout 111., except the n.w. counties. July-Aug S. angiilaris (L.) Pursh 1. Branches chiefly alternate; stems 15-40 cm tall; calyx about as long as the corolla, the calyx- tube 5-ribbed, 5-6 mm long; prairie soil, rare; Peoria Co., McDonald; Washington Co., Eggert S. campestris Nutt. 3. Gentiana L. — Gentian 1. Annuals; corolla without plaits or teeth in the sinuses. 2. Corolla-lobes fringed or dentate; flowers 3-5 cm long. 3. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, with rounded or sub- cordate bases; corolla-lobes conspicuously fringed all around the summit, scarcely fringed on the sides; low ground, n. 111., rare. Sept. -Oct. Fringed Gentian G. crinita Froel. 3. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; corolla- lobes shortly fringed or merely dentate at the summit, fringed on the sides; meadows, n. 111., rare. Aug.-Oct. Small Fringed Gentian G. procera Holm 2. Corolla-lobes with entire or rarely denticulate margins ; flowers 1-2.5 cm long; dry soil, southward to Macoupin and Clark counties. Aug.-Oct. Stiff Gentian G. quinqucjolia L. 1 . Perennials ; corolla with membranous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses. 4. Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes microscopically scabrous or ciliate; corolla usually blue. 5. Anthers separate or merely connivent; dry ground, chiefly in the northern half of the state, but extending southward to Washington and Marion counties. Sept. -Oct. Downy Gentian G. puherula Michx. 5. Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube. 6. Corolla-lobes distinct, longer than or equalling the plaits; wet ground, rare; n.e. 111.; also Pope Co. Aug.-Oct. Soapwort Gentian G. saponaria L. 6. Corolla-lobes none or minute, the plaits very broad; moist ground, rare. Aug.-Oct. Closed Gentian G. andrewsii Griseb. 4. Margins of leaves and calyx-lobes smooth or nearly so; corolla yellowish-white; moist soil, rare, extending southward to St. Clair and Wabash counties. Aug.-Oct. Yellowish Gentian G. flavida A.Gray 188 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Frasera Walt. — American Columbo F. carolmicyisis Walt. Dry ground, in the southern half of the state. June-Aug. [Swertia caroliniensis (Walt.) Kuntze] 5. Bartonia Muhl. B. virginica (L.) BSP. Yellow Bartonia. Moist ground, rare; Clark, Cook, Kankakee, Ogle. Will, and Winnebago counties. 6. Obolaria L. — Pennywort O. virginica L. Woods and thickets, southern 111., rare. 103. Menyanthaceae G. Don — Buckbean Family 1. Menyanthes L. — Buckbean M. trijoliata L. In bogs and shallow water; Cook, Kane, Kankakee, Lake, McHenry, and Peoria counties. May-June. 104. Polemoniaceae Juss. — Phlox Family 1. Leaves opposite, simple, entire; corolla salverform 1. Phlox 1. Leaves alternate. 2. Leaves simple, entire (our species) ; corolla pink, salverform; plants annual 2. Collomia 2. Leaves pinnate or pinnately parted: plants perennial (our species). 3. Leaves pinnately parted into filiform divisions and the corolla scarlet, pink or white, 2.5-3.5 cm long (our species) 3. Gilia 3. Leaves odd-pinnate; corolla blue 4. Polernonium 1. Phlox L. — Phlox 1. Stem erect or ascending, 30-120 cm tall; corolla-lobes entire or emarginate. 2. Lobes of the calyx not longer than its tube. 3. Calyx-lobes subulate; panicle pyramidal; leaves often 3 cm broad; alluvial soil; extending northward to Knox and Kankakee counties. July-Sept. Garden Phlox P. paniculata L. 3. Calyx-lobes lanceolate; leaves usually less than 2 cm broad. 4. Flowers in an elongated panicle usually more than twice as long as wide; stem often purple-streaked; moist ground, locally in the northern hall of the state. June-Aug. Sweet-William Phlox P. maculata L. 4. Flowers in corymbiform cymes; stem green; roadsides and and open woods, common. May-July. Smooth Phlox. A hybrid between P. glaberrima and P. pilosa has been collected in Champaign Co P. glaberrima L. 2. Lobes of the calyx longer than its tube. 5. Upper leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; stem erect or nearly so, without decumbent sterile leafy shoots; sandy soil in 105. CONVOLVULAGEAE 189 open woods and along roads, common. May- Aug. Downy Phlox [P. ariiillacea Clute & Ferris] P. pilosa L. 5. Upper leaves lanceolate or elliptical; stem decumbent at base, bearing sterile leafy shoots; moist woods, common. Apr.- June. Woodland Phlox P. divaricata L. 1. Stem difTuse. much-branched, 10-20 cm long; corolla-lobes bifid; calyx-lobes somewhat longer than the tube; plants puberulent; sandy soil, not uncommon. Apr. -June. Sand Phlox [P. stellaria sensu auth., non A.Gray] P. bifida Beck 2. Collomia Nutt. C. linearis Nutt. Dry sandy soil, locally in the northern half of 111.; adv. from the West. May-Aug. 3. Gilia Ruiz & Pavon G. rubra (L.) Heller. Standing Cypress. Escaped from gardens in a few places; native of southern U.S. Jime-Aug. 4. Polemonium L. P. reptans L. Thickets and open woods, locally throughout 111. May-June. 105. Convolvulaceae Vent. — Morning-glory Family 1. Plants with chlorophyll and normal leaves, not parasitic. 2. Styles 2-cleft 1. Stylisma 1. Style nndi\ided. 3. Corolla funnelfoi-ni to campanulate; stamens and style included. 4. Stigmas 2, linear to fusiform; calyx with a pair of subtending sepal- like bracts (these in one species some distance below the calyx) 2. Convolvulus 4. Stigma 1, capitate; calyx not subtended by a pair of sepal-like bracts 3. Ipomoea 3. Corolla salverform, scarlet; stamens and styles exserted 4. Quanwclit 1. Plants leafless, parasitic, twining; corolla small 5. Cuscuta 1. Stylisma Rat. S. pattersoni (Fern. & Schubert) G.N.Jones. Sandy prairie, rare; Oquawka, Henderson Co., Aug. 10. 1873. H. N. Patterson; V. H. Chase in 1934. [Breweria pickeringii of auth., not (Torr.) A.Gray; Bonarriia pickeringii of auth., not (Torr.) A.Gray]. 2. Convolvulus L. — Bindweed 1. Corolla 3-5 cm long; calyx closely subtended and enclosed by two large bracts. 2. Plants erect, ascending, or decumbent, finely pubescent; petioles about one-quarter the length of the blades; dry .sandy or rocky soil, local; s. to St. Clair and Wabash coimties. June- Aug. Dwarf Bindweed C. spithamaeus L. 2. Plants twining or trailing; petioles longer. 190 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Leaves tinangular-hastate or sagittate; flowers single. 4. Leaves hastate, the basal lobes angled ; plants glabrous or sparsely pubescent; roadsides, and along fences, common. June-Aug. American Bindweed [C. sepium sensu auth., non L.; C. fratcrriiflorus Mack. & Bush] C. americanus (Sims) Greene 4. Leaves sagittate, the basal lobes rounded; plants copiously soft-pubescent; peduncles usually not exceeding the leaves; waste places, occasional; native of e. and s.e. U.S.; on railroad ballast. Diamond L., Lake Co., Gates in 1907. Trailing Bindweed C. repens L. 3. Leaves narrowly hastate; flowers double, pink; plants pubes- cent; waste places, occasional; native of Asia. Japanese Bindweed C. japonicus Thunb. 1. Corolla about 2 cm long; bracts small, attached some distance below the flowers; fields and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Field Bindweed C. arvensis L. 3. Ipomoea L. — Morning-glory 1. Calyx-lobes obtuse, glabrous, elliptical, 1.5-2 cm long; corolla 5-8 cm long, white, the tube piu'ple within; leaves ovate, cordate; stem glabrous; capsules ovoid, 2- to 4-seeded; seeds hairy; root perennial, often large; fields, thickets, and waste places through- out 111. June-Sept. Wild Sweet-potato - /. pandurata (L.) G.F.W.Mey. 1. Calyx-lobes acute or attenuate, pubescent; stem pubescent; cap- sules globose; seeds glabrous; plants annual. 2. Calyx-lobes elliptical or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. 3. Corolla 1.5-2.5 cm long, white; calyx 10-12 mm long, the lobes ciliate, acuminate; leaves entire to 3-angled; fields and along streams, s. III., extending northward to Peoria, Woodford, and Hancock counties. July-Oct. Small- flowered Morning-glory /. lacunosa L. 3. Corolla 5-7 cm long, purple, pink, variegated, or white; calyx 12-16 mm long, hirsute toward the base; leaves ovate, cor- date, rarely 3-lobed; fields and waste places; nativ^e of trop. Am. Aug.-Oct. Common Morning-glory - /. purpurea (L.) Roth 2. Caly.K-lobes linear-lanceolate, attenuate, copiously hirsute below, 1.5-2.5 cm long; corolla 2.5-4 cm long, purple; leaves 3- lobed; fields and waste groimd; native of trop. Am. July-Oct. Ivy-leaved Morning-glory /. hederacea Jacq. 4. Quanioclit Moench — Red Morning-gloi'y Q. coccinea (L.) Moench. Fields and roadsides, occasional; native of trop. Am. July-Oct. 106. Hydro I'll VLLACEAE 191 5. Cuscuta L. — Dodder 1. Sepals nearly or quite separate. 2. Flowers cymose, pedicelled; scales short; bracts entire; on vari- ous herbs. Aug. -Sept C. cuspidata Engehn. 2. Flowers sessile in dense clusters; bracts serrulate. 3. Styles as long as the ovary; bracts few, broad, appressed; parasitic on various shrubs and herbs. July-Oct C. compacta Juss. 3. Styles longer than the ovary; bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; chiefly on Solidago, Aster, Helianthus, and other genera of Compositae C. glomcrata Choisy 1. Sepals united below into a synsepalous calyx. 4. Flowers nearly sessile. 5. Corolla-scales fimbriate. 6. Flowers 1.5 mm long; calyx-lobes overlapping, forming angles at the sinuses; seeds depressed-globose, 1 mm long; on various herbs and shrubs. June-Oct. \C. arv en- sis Beyr.] C. pentagona Engelm. 6. Flowers 2-3 mm long; calyx-lobes not overlapping; seeds ovoid, 1.5 mm long; parasitic on various herbs. June- Oct C. campestris Yuncker 5. Corolla-scales obsolete; calyx-lobes acutish; on Polygonum and other herbs. Aug.-Oct C. polygonorum Engelm. 4. Flowers distinctly short-pedicelled. 7. Corolla-lobes with inflexed tips. 8. Scales ovate, fimbriate; capsule enclosed by the corolla; on herbs and low shrubs, chiefly Compositae and Legumi- nosae; known from St. Clair and Wabash counties -- C. indecora Choisy 8. Scales obsolete; withered corolla remaining at the base of the capsule; parasitic on hazel (Corylus) and other shrubs, and on various herbs. Aug.-Oct C. coryli Engelm. 7. Corolla-lobes not inflexed. 9. Flowers usually 4-merous; styles about as long as the ovary; scales small, irregularly fimbriate; capsule depressed glo- bose; on various herbs and shrubs. Aug.-Oct C. ceplialanthi Engelm. 9. Flowers 5-merous; styles shorter than the ovaiy; scales long, fimbriate toward the apex; capsule ovoid; parasitic on a number of different species of herbs and shrubs. July- Oct C. gronovii Willd. 106. Hydrophyliaceae Lindl. — Waterleaf Family 1. Leaves not entire. 2. Flowers solitary on short pedicels; stamens included 1. Ellisia 192 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Flowers in scorpioid cymes or loose racemes. 3. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud; placentae dilated, enclosing the ovules and seeds; plants perennial or biennial, with long-petioled basal leaves 2. Hydrophyllum 3. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud; placentae not dilated, merely forming ridges on the wall of the ovary; plants (in our species) annual (or biennial) with leafy stems, but no conspicuous basal leaves 3. Phacelia 1. Leaves entire 4. Hydrolea 1. EUisia L. — Waterpod E. nyctelea L. Woods, diickets, cult, ground, and waste places, common throughout III., except the extreme southern counties. Apr.- May. 2. Hydrophyllum L. — Waterleaf 1. Leaves pinnately divided; calyx without appendages between the lobes; plants perennial. 2. Stem glabrous or sparsely ptibescent; leaf-segments 5-7, acu- minate; calyx-lobes linear, strigillose on the back, ciUate; corolla pale lavender; moist woods, common. May-June - H. virginianum L. 2. Stem retrorsely hirsute; leaf -segments 9-13, obtusish; calyx-lobes lanceolate, short- pubescent, and hispidulous; corolla white; woods, in s.e. 111. May- June H . macro phyllurn Nutt. 1. Leaves (at least the upper ones) palmately 5- to 9-lobed. 3. Pedicels glabrous or nearly so; calyx-appendages minute or none; corolla whitish; plants perennial; woods, local. June- July H. canadense L. 3. Pedicels rather copiously pilose-hispid; calyx with reflexed appendages (1-2 mm long) between the lobes; corolla laven- der; plants biennial; woods, common. May-Jtme. [Decernium ap pendiculatum (Michx.) Brand] ....//. appendiculatum Michx. 3. Phacelia Juss. 1. Stamens longer than the corolla, the filaments pilose; corolla blue, about 1 cm long, appendaged within, the lobes entire; inflores- cence glandtilar, loosely many-flowered; plants biennial; moist thickets and along streams. Apr. -June P. bipinnatifida Michx. 1. Stamens not longer than the corolla, the filaments glabrous; corolla without appendages; inflorescence not glandular; plants annual. 2. Corolla about 4 mm long, the lobes entire; calyx-lobes pubes- cent on the back; racemes 2- to 5-flowered; woods, local; Adams, Jackson, Johnson, Union, and Washington counties. [P. covillei W^ats.] P. ranunculacea (Nutt. ) Constance 2. Corolla 6-7 mm long, the lobes fringed; calyx-lobes glabrous on the back, the margins ciliate; racemes 10- to 20-flowered, strongly 1 -sided; moist woods and thickets, usually in allu- vial soil in the s. half of 111. May-June P. purshii Buckl. 107. Solan AGKAE 193 4. Hydrolea L. H. affinis A. Gray. Wet oround in woods, or in shallow jK)nds, s. 111., rare; Alexander, Jackson, Massac, Pulaski, and Union counties. [(?) H. uniflora Raf.|.' 107. Solanaceae Pars. — Nightshade Family 1. Trailing or climbing shrubs; leaves entire; fruit a red berry 1. Lycium 1. Herbs, usually erect, rarely climbing. 2. Fruit enclosed in the inflated calyx. 3. Flowers purple or blue; calyx split to the base 2. Nicandra 3. Flowers yellowish, usually with a purplish center; calyx toothed, not split 3. Physalis 2. Fruit not enclosed in an inflated calyx. 4. Corolla rotate ; anthers connivent. 5. Anthers mostly opening by apical pores or clefts; seeds glabrous 4. Solanum 5. Anthers tapering to a sharp or narrow sterile tip, dehiscing from apex to base; seeds pubescent 5. Lycopersicum 4. Corolla not rotate; anthers separate. 6. Corolla campanulate, purplish, veiny, the lobes slightly unequal; calyx campanulate, persistent, reticulate-veined in fruit; inflores- cence large and spike-like 6. Hyoscyamus 6. Corolla funnelform ; flowers solitary. 7. Calyx tubular, soon circumscissile above the base; flowers 6-20 cm long; capsules usually spiny 7. Datura 7. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, persistent; flowers somewhat smaller; cap- sules not spiny 8. Petunia 1. Lycium L. — Matrimony-vine 1. Leaves lanceolate; corolla-tube longer than the limb; calyx-lobes obtuse; occasional about old dwellings and along roads; escaped from cult. ; native of Eurasia. May-Sept. Common Matrimony- vine L. halimifolium Mill. 1. Leaves rhombic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate; corolla-tube shorter than the limb; calyx-lobes acute; sometimes cult, and occasion- ally spont. ; native of China. June-Oct. Chinese Matrimony- vine L. chinense Mill. 2. Nicandra Adans. — Apple-of-Peru N. physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Fields and waste places, occasional; native of Peru. July-Sept. 3. Physalis L. — Ground-cherry 1. Stems and leaves sparsely pubescent or glabrous. 2. Plants perennial with a horizontal rhizome, the stem often breaking off when pulled out of the ground. 3. Pedicels glabrous. 4. Leaves ovate, sharply dentate; flowers white; fruiting calyx red, 4-5 cm long; waste places, occasional, rarely spread- ing from cult.: nati\e of Eur. Chinese Lantern Plant P. alkekcngi L. 194 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, entire or nearly so; flowers yellow with a brownish center; fruiting calyx green, 3- 3.5 cm long; an occasional railroad migrant from the western states. July-Sept P. longifolia Nutt. 3. Pedicels pubescent. 5. Pedicels strigillose to hispidulous, the hairs pointing for- ward; fruiting calyx scarcely sunken at the base. 6. Pedicels antrorsely strigillose; stem and leaves nearly glabrous, the latter ovate-lanceolate; anthers 3 mm long, shorter than the strongly flattened filaments; roadsides and cult, ground, common. June-Sept. Smooth Ground-cheny P. subglahrata Mack. & Bush 6. Pedicels antrorsely hispidulous; stem and leaves short- hirtellous, the latter elliptical-lanceolate; anthers 2 mm long, longer than the filaments; diy ground, occa- sional; adv. from western U.S. May- July P. lanceolata Michx. 5. Pedicels retro rsely or spreading-hispidulous; anthers 2 mm long, not longer than the slender filaments; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovoid, obtusely 5-angled, deeply impressed at the base; roadsides and cult, ground, common. May- July. [P. lanceolata of auth., not Michx.]. Virginia Ground-cherry P. virginiana Mill. 2. Plants annual with fibrous roots, easily pulled out of the ground. 7. Pedicels much shorter than the flowers, puberulent or gla- brous; calyx-lobes deltoid-ovate; corolla with a brownish- purple center; waste places and cultivated ground, occa- sional; native of Mexico and southwestern U.S. Tomatillo P. ixocarpa Brot. 7. Pedicels longer than the flowers; corolla wholly yellow; calyx- ,. lobes lanceolate. 8. Pedicels much longer than the fruiting calyx; corolla 5-8 mm broad; alluvial soil, occasional. July-Sept P. pendula Rydb. 8. Pedicels scarcely longer than the fruiting calyx; corolla 8- 10 mm broad; waste places, occasional P. angulata L. 1. Stem and leaves more or less glandular-pubescent or villous; pedicels spreading-pubescent. 9. Plants perennial with a rhizome. 10. Pubescence of forked hairs; leaves elliptical, entire or some- what sinuate, tapering at the oblique base; waste ground, roadsides, along railroads, occasional ; native west of the Mississippi R. Cook Co., Pepoon; Peoria, V. H. Chase in 1921 P. pumila Nutt. 10. Pubescence of simple hairs; leaves ovate, rounded to oblique- ly subcordate at base, sinuate, copiously grayish vil- losulous, the pubescence usually glandular and viscid; sandy or alluvial soil, in fields and open woods, or in waste 107. Solan ACEAE 195 ground and along roads, common. June-Sept P. heterophylla Nees 9. Plants annual; anthers purple, 1-2 mm long. 11. Stems slender, spreading, diffusely branched, sharply angled; leaves thin, undulate or entire; corolla 10-12 mm in diam- eter; anthers 1.5-2 mm long; fields, waste places, road- sides, local. June-Oct P. pubescens L. 11. Stem stout, erect, obtusely angled; leaves thick, cordate, sinuate-dentate to the base; corolla 4-8 mm in diameter; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; alluvial soil, fields, roadsides, waste ground, chiefly in western 111. July-Sept P. pruinosa L. 4. Solanum L. — Nightshade 1. Plants more or less prickly; pubescence of stellate hairs. 2. Leaves toothed or entire; flowers lavender, purple, or white; berry not enclosed in the calyx ; plants perennial. 3. Leaves green, coarsely dentate; the pubescence hirsute; berry 1.5-2 cm in diameter; fields, roadsides, waste places, or in open woods, common. June-Sept. Horse-nettle S. carolinense L. 3. Leaves silveiy stellate-canescent, elliptic-lanceolate, repand- dentate to entire; berry 8-12 mm in diameter; roadsides, railroads, and waste places, occasionally adv. from the Great Plains; Adams Co., R. Brinker in 1944. May-Sept. Silver-leaved Nightshade S. elaeagnifolium Cav 2. Leaves irregularly pinnately obtusely 5- to 7-lobed; flowers yellow, 2-2.5 cm in diameter; beri"y enclosed by the prickly calyx; plants annual; cultivated ground and roadsides, com- mon; native of the Great Plains; adv. in 111. Buffalo-bur [Androcera rostrata (Dunal) Rydb.] S. rostratinn Dunal 1. Plants not prickly or steUate-pubescent. 4. Plants perennial, climbing or twining; flowers purple, or some- times white; berries scarlet, poisonous; moist ground, com- mon; nat. from Eur. June-Oct. Deadly Nightshade - S. dulcamara L. 4. Plants annual, erect or spreading; flowers white. 5. Leaves pinnatifid; berries 1-1.5 cm in diameter, green when ripe; an occasional weed in cultivated ground or waste places; Cook Co., Moffatt; Carroll Co., Clinton. June- Sept S. triflorum Nutt. 5. Leaves entire or sinuate; berries 5-8 mm in diameter, black when ripe: roadsides, river banks, and cultivated ground; nat. from Eur. June-Oct. Black Nightshade .S". nigrum L. 5. Lycopersicum Hill L. esculentum Mill. Tomato. Occasionally escaped from cult., but not persistent; native of S.Am. July-Oct. 196 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 6. Hyoscyamus L. — Henbane H. nigcr L. Waste places, occasional; native of Eur. June-Sept. 7. Datura L. 1. Corolla 6-10 cm long; leaves angle-toothed; waste places and cul- tivated ground, not uncommon; nat. from the tropics. June- Oct. Jimson-weed D. stramonium L. 1. Corolla 10-20 cm long; leaves entire or undulate; waste places, not common: nat. from trop. Asia. July-Sept. [D. mctrl sensu auth. non L.J D. innoxia Mill. 8. Petunia Juss. P. axillaris BSP., with white flowers, the cylindrical corolla-tube 3-4 times the length of the calyx; P. violacca Lindl., and P. hybrida Vilm., with flowers red or violet, the former with corolla 3-4 cm long, the latter 5-9 cm long; all native to S.Am., frequently cultivated and occasionally apparently spontaneous, but not established in 111. 108. Scrophulariaceae Lindl. — Figwort Family 1. Anther-bearing stamens 5; corolla rotate; leaves alternate 1. Verbascum 1. Anther-bearing stamens 4 or 2. 2. Corolla spurred at base; capsules opening by one or more slits or pores near the apex. 3. Leaves pinnately veined. 4. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate. 5. Flowers in racemes 6. Linaria 5. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils 7. Chaenorrhinum 4. Leaves ovate to orbicular 8. Kickxia 3. Leaves palmately veined and lobed 9. Cymbalaria 2. Corolla not spurred; capsules 2- to 4-valved. 6. Fifth sterile stamen present, either elongated, or represented by a scale or small gland on the upper side of the corolla-tube. 7. Sterile stamen elongated. 8. Flowers in a dense spike; seeds winged; anthers woolly; leaves serrate, petioled; plants glabrous 2. Chelone 8. Flowers in a terminal panicle or raceme; seeds wingless 3. Penstemon 1 . Sterile stamen represented by a small gland or scale on the upper inner side of the corolla. 9. Corolla maroon or purplish-green; leaves petioled, sharply serrate or dentate; perennials 4. Scrophularia 9. Corolla blue and white; upper leaves sessile; annuals 5. Collinsia f). Fifth sterile stamen absent. 10. Fertile stamens 2. II. Calyx 5-parted ; two stamens anther-bearing, and two sterile, or the latter sometimes absent. 12. Corolla purplish; calyx without bracts; sterile filaments 2- forked, slightly exserted 10. Lindernia 108. SCROPHULARIACEAE 197 12. Corolla whitish or yellow; calyx (in our species) subtended by a pair of sepal-like bracts; sterile filaments simple, included or lacking H. Gratiola 11. Calyx usually 4-parted; stamens 2, both fertile. 13. Leaves mostly in whorls of 3-6, rarely opposite: corolla tubular-funnelforni 1 7. Veronicastrum 13. Leaves opposite or alternate. 14. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite; corolla rotate, 4- lobed, blue or white 15. Veronica 14. Leaves alternate, mostly basal; in our species the corolla 2-lipped, and the greenish-yellow flowers in a ter- minal spike; basal leaves ovate 19. Synthyris 10. Stamens 4, all fertile. 15. Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip of the corolla. 16. Corolla distinctly bilabiate. 17. Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed; leaves serrate 12. Mimulus 17. Calyx 5-parted, not angled. 18. Leaves entire (in our species) 13. Bacopa 18. Leaves not entire. 19. Leaves pinnatifid; sepals distinct or nearly so, linear 14. Leucospora 19. Leaves toothed or incised. 20. Flowers 7 mm long, blue 15. Mazus 20. Flowers 10 mm long, white with purple lines 16. Mecardonia 16. Corolla with a spreading, slightly unequally 5-lobed limb. 21. Corolla somewhat campanulate or rotate; anthers 2- loculed. 22. Anthers pubescent; style slender. 23. Corolla yellow; capsule acute or acuminate; leaves petioled, pinnatifid (in our species) ; plants parasitic on the roots of oak trees 20. Aureolaria 23. Corolla purple, pink, or white; capsule obtuse, mucronate; leaves sessile, linear to filiform or lanceolate 21 . Gerardia 22. Anthers glabrous; style short; corolla yellow; leaves mostly pinnatifid. the upper alternate, lanceolate 22. Dasistoma 21. Corolla salverform; anthers 1-loculed; flowers in an elongated sjjike 23. Buchnera 15. Stamens included in the upper lip of the corolla. 24. .'\nther-sacs dissimilar, unequal; leaves alternate, cleft or lobed (in our species) 24. Castilleja 24. Anther-sacs alike, parallel. 25. Leaves pinnately lobed and crenate 25. Pedicularis 25. Leaves entire; floral bracts toothed 26. Melampyrum 1. Verbascum L. — Mullein 1. Plants densely tomentose with stellate hairs; flowers yellow, in a dense spike; leaves decurrent. 2. Flowers L5-2 cm in diameter; leaves strongly decurrent; stem 198 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 usually simple; fields, roadsides, waste places, common; nat. from Eur. June- Aug. Common Mullein V. thapsus L. 2. Flowers 2.5-4 cm in diameter; leaves only slightly decurrent; stem usually branched; waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. July-Aug. Chicago, E. E. Sherff in 1945 V . phlomoides L. 1. Plants glabrous below, glandular above; flowers racemose; corolla white or yellow. 3. Pedicels much longer than the calyx; roadsides and pastures, common; nat. from Eur. June- Aug. Moth Mullein V . blattaria L. 3. Pedicels shorter than the calyx; reported from Pulaski Co.; native of Eur V. virgatum Stokes 2. Chelone L. — Turtlehead 1. Corolla white or tinged with pink; sepals obscurely ciliolate; sterile filament green; wet ground in woods, local; chiefly in the north- ern two-thirds of the state. July-Oct. [C. linijolia (Coleman) Pennell ex Rydb. ; C. glabra var. elongata Pennell & Wherry] C. glabra L. 1. Corolla rose-purple; sepals ciliolate; sterile filament whitish; low woods in the southern and western counties. Aug.-Oct. \C. obliqua var. speciosa Pennell & Wherry] C. obliqua L. 3. Penstemon Mitch. — Penstemon 1. Plants more or less glandular or pubescent, at least on the calyces and pedicels; corolla 1.5-3 cm long; leaves denticulate or entire. 2. Stem pubescent or puberulent. 3. Sepals at anthesis 3-6 mm long. 4. Corolla 23-28 mm long, the throat purple, the lobes white; anther-locules about as wide as long, saucer-like at maturity; leaves glabrous or glabrescent throughout, or pubescent with long trichomcs only along the midrib on the lower surface; blufis, dry woods, thickets, local, n.e. Ill P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. 4. Corolla 17-22 mm long, white, merely lined with purple; anther-locules longer than broad, cup-like at maturity; leaves more or less softly puberulent-pubescent over the lower surface; roadsides and dry open woods, common throughout 111. May-June P. pallidus Small 3. Sepals in anthesis 2-3 mm long, acute; corolla 1.5-2 cm long, the throat inflated, only slightly ridged within, the anterior lobes scarcely exceeding the posterior ones; dry woods, rare; Pope and Wabash counties. May- June P. deamii Pennell 2. Stem glabrous (often puberulent in P. calycosus) below the in- florescence. 108. SCROPHULARIACEAE 199 5. Inflorescence strict; corolla white, nearly funnelform, the lobes widely spreading-; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm long; sandy soil in open woods. May- July P. tuhaeflorus Nutt. 5. Inflorescence open, paniculate; corolla gradually enlarged upward, the lobes erect or ascending. 6. C'alyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, evidently scarious- margined; anthers hirtellous; corolla white or purple- tinged; stem glabrous, glossy; sandy soil in fields and thickets, and open woods. May-July. [P. alluviorum Pennell] Foxglove Penstemon P. digitalis Nutt. 6. Calyx-lobes linear-attenuate; corolla more or less violet- purple ; anthers glabrous ; stem finely puberulent to near- ly glabrous, dull; alluvial soil and wooded slopes. May-July P. calycosus Small 1. Plants glabrous throughout and somewhat glaucous; leaves entire, obtuse, the upper nearly orbicular; corolla 4-5 cm long, laven- der; sandy soil. May-June. Henderson Co., Patterson in 1873; apparently the only 111. collection P. grandiflorus Nutt. 4. Scrophularia L. — Figwort 1. Corolla dull; sterile stamen brownish-purple; capsules ovoid, glossy, 4-7 mm long; woods throughout 111. July-Sept S. marilandica L. 1. Corolla glossy; sterile stamen greenish-yellow; capsules subglo- bose, dull, 7-9 mm long; open woods in the northern half of 111.; extending southward to Cumberland Co. June. [S. leporella Bickn.] S. lanceolata Pursh 5. Collinsia Nutt. 1. Pedicels mostly longer than the corollas; corolla-lobes retuse, the upper lip white; seeds 2.5-3 mm long; moist woods, locally throughout 111. Apr.-May. Blue-eyed Mary C. verna Nutt. 1. Pedicels about as long as the corollas; corolla-lobes deeply notched, the upper lip pale lilac or whitish; seeds 1-1.5 mm long; sandy soil on hillsides in open woods near Shelbyville in 1947, U. L. Evans, G. D. Fuller, & G. N. Jones. Violet Collinsia C. violacea Nutt. 6. Linaria Mill. — Toadflax 1 . Flowers yellow. 2. Leaves linear, narrowed at base; roadsides and fields; nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Butter-and-Eggs L. vulgaris Hill 2. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, clasping; a garden escape, sometimes persisting; native of Eur L. dalmatica (L.) Mill. 1. Flowers blue (or white). 3. Corolla 5-10 mm long, the spur 2-4 mm long; seeds smooth; 200 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 sandy soil in the northern half of 111. May-June. Blue Toad- flax - -.L. canadensis (L.) Dum.-Cours. 3. Corolla 10-12 mm long, the spur 5-9 mm long; seeds rugulose; sandy soil, rare; Alexander Co L. tcxana Scheele 7. Chaenorrhinum Reichenb. C. minus (L.) Lange. Dwarf Snapdragon. Roadsides and waste places, especially along cindery railroad embankments; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. [L. minor (L.) Desf.]. 8. Kickxia Dumort. K. elatine (L.) Dumort. Waste ground; nat. from Em-. June-Sept. [Linaria elatinc (L.) Mill.]. 9. Cymbalaria Hill — Kenilworth Ivy C. muralis Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. In waste places, greenhouses, old gardens or woodlands, rarely escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. May-Oct. 10. Lindernia All. 1. Lower pedicels about as long as the subtending leaves; calyx-lobes about ecjualling or slightly longer than the capsules; seeds pale yellow; moist ground, often along streams, ditches, and ponds, locally abundant throughout 111. July-Sept - --- L. dubia (L.) Pennell 1. Pedicels much longer than the subtending leaves; calyx-lobes usually slightly shorter than the capsule; seeds brownish yellow; river banks, muddy shores, borders of ponds. Jidy-Oct - L. anagallidea (Michx.) Pennell 1 1 . Gratiola L. 1. Coi^oUa golden-yellow, 10-15 mm long; sterile filaments 2, slender; capsule 3 mm long; seeds brown; leaves entire or remotely den- ticulate; plants perennial, with rhizomes; wet ground, rare; Forest Park. Cook Co., Seymour. [G. lutco Raf.] - G. aurea Muhl. 1. Corolla light yellow or white, 6-12 mm long; sterile filaments minute or none; capsules 3-7 mm long; seeds yellow; leaves repand to serrate; annuals with fibrous roots. 2. Pedicels slender, 1-2.5 cm long in iruit, ec}ualling or exceeding the leaves; plants glandular-puberulent ; capsules ovoid; wet ground and borders of ponds, not uncommon. May-Aug. [G. virginiana sensu auth., non L.] G. neglecta Torr. 2. Pedicels stouter, usually shorter than the leaves, less than 1 cm long; plants glabrous; capsules globose; shores and ditches, less common than the preceding. May-June. [G. sphaero- carpa Ell.] G. virginiana L. 108. SCROPHULARIACEAE 201 12. Miniulus L. — Monkey Flower 1. Corolla violet; stem erect; leaves lanceolate to oval. 2. Leaves sessile, clasping; pedicels longer than the caly.x; along streams, not uncommon. July-Sept. A putative hybrid be- tween this and the following species has been collected once in Cass Co M. ringens L. 2. Leaves short-petioled ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; wet ground throughout III., except the northern counties. July- Sept M. alatus Ait. 1. Corolla yellow; stems slender, creeping; leaves suborbicular; wet ground in the northern half of the state, rare. Juni'-Se])t. [M. glabratus var. frrmontii (Benth.) Grant; M. jarnc.ui T. & G.] M. geyeri Torr. 13. Bacopa Aubl. — Water Hyssop B. rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. Margins of ponds, local. July- Sept. [Bramia rotundifolia (Michx.) Britt.]. 14. Leucospora Nutt. L. muUifida (Michx.) Nutt. Sandy soil near streams throughout 111., except the extreme northern counties. July-Ocl. [Capraria muUi- fida Michx.; Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth.]. 15. Mazus Lour. M. japonicus (Thunb.) Ktze. Waste ground, or in lawns; adv. from e. Asia; Chicago, G. D. Fuller in 1943. [M . rugosus Lour.|. 16. Mecardonia Ruiz & Pavon M. acuminata (Walt.) Small. Wet ground, rare; Wabash Co. 17. Veronicastrum Fabr. — CuKer-root {Leptandra Nutt.) V. virginicum (L.) Farw. Meadows and thickets, common. July- Aug. [Veronica virginica L.]. 18. Veronica L. — Speedwell 1. Flowers in racemes; perennials with rhizomes. 2. Racemes in the axils of the leaves. 3. Capsules pubescent; stems and leaves pubescent. 4. Leaves incised-dentate, sessile; stem pubescent in two lines; racemes loosely flowered: pedicels as long as the calyx; waste places, occasional; ad\ . trom Eur. May-July. Germander Speedwell I', chamaedrys L. 4. Leaves .serrate, short-petioled; stem pubescent all over; racemes compact; pedicels shorter than the calyx; waste ground; nat. from Eur. May-Sept V. officinalis L. 202 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Capsules glabrous (or with a few gland-tipped hairs) ; stems and leaves glabrous or sparsely glandular-puberulent; plants of wet soil. 5. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire or remotely den- ticulate; capsules much broader than long, notched at both ends, much shorter than the pedicels; along ditches and ponds. June-Aug F. scutellata L. 5. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, serrate or crenate; capsules nearly orbicular. 6. Leaves short-petioled; plants glabrous throughout; swampy ground in the northern half of the state, rare. June-Aug V. aryiericana (Raf. ) Schw. 6. Leaves sessile, clasping; plants minutely glandular, at least in the inflorescence; ditches and sloughs in the northern half of 111., not common. June-Sept. {V. connata Raf.] V. catenata Pennell 2. Racemes tenninal; leaves ovate or oval, entire or obscurely crenate, glabrous; capsules puberulent, orbicular, obcordate, 3-4 mm broad; roadsides, fields, or lawns; nat. from Eurasia. Apr.-June V. serpyllijolia L. L Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves; plants annual. 7. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate to linear, entire or shallowly toothed, glabrous; corolla whitish, 3 mm in diameter; cap- sules emarginate, 3-4 mm broad, the style not more than 0.5 mm long; stem glabrous or with gland-tipped trichomes; fields, gardens, and roadsides, common. May-June. [V. xalapensis HBK.] V. peregrina L. 7. Leaves ovate or oval, serrate or dentate, pubescent; corolla blue; capsules obcordate. 8. Pedicels 1-2 mm long; corolla 2-3 mm broad; capsules 3-4 mm broad; lawns, fields, and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. Apr.-June L. arvensis L. 8. Pedicels lonsfer. 'o^ 9. Pedicels equalling or shorter than the leaves; corolla 4-5 mm in diameter; capsules 4-5 mm broad, the sepals ovate or oval, 4-5 mm long; waste places, or in lawns, occasional; nat. from Eur. Mar. -May. [V . polita Fries] V. didyma Tenore 9. Pedicels as long as the leaves or longer; corolla about 1 cm in diameter; capsules 7-8 mm broad; an occasional weed in lawns and waste ground; nat. from Eur. Apr.-Aug. \y. tournejortii sensu C.C.Gmel., non Schmidt; V. bux- baumii Tenore; V. byzantina (Sm.) BSP.] V. persica Poir. 108. SCROPHULARIACEAE 203 19. Synthyris Renth. (Besseya Rydb. ) S. bulla (Eaton) Heller. Sandy or gravelly soil, locally in n.w. 111., extending southward to Henderson Co. ; also in Cass and Menard counties. May- June. [S. lunii^htoniaua Benth.] 20. Aureolaria Raf. — False Fo.xglove {Dasystoma Benth.) 1. Plants perennial, not glandular; corolla 3-5 cm long; .seeds winged. 2. Plants glabrous or nearly so; stem glaucous; sandy soil in open woods; said to be parasitic on roots of Quercus spp. Aug.- Sept. [D. virginica ex p. sensu Britt. ; D. quercijolia (Pursh) Benth.; Gerardia virginica sensu auth., non Rhinanthus vir- ginicus L.] A. flava (L.) Farw. 2. Plants grayish-puberulent; open woods, local. July-Oct. [A. grandiflora pule lira Pennell] ....A. grandiflora (Benth.) Pennell 1. Plants annual, more or less glandular; corolla 2-3 cm long; cap- sules ellipsoid, 1-1.5 cm long; seeds wingless; dry open woods; known from Cook, Kankakee, Will, and Winnebago counties. Aug. -Sept. [A. pedicularia intercedens Pennell] - A. pedicularia (L. ) Raf. 21. Gerardia L. (Agalinis Raf.) 1. Leaves auriculate at base, lanceolate; flowers 1.5-2 cm long, nearly sessile; anthers of the shorter filaments smaller; fields and open woods. Aug.-Sept. [Tornanthera auriculata (Michx.) Raf.; Otophylla auriculata (Michx.) Small] G. auriculata Michx. 1. Leaves linear, entire, not auriculate; anthers uniform. 2. Pedicels of the flowers less than twice the length of the calyx. 3. Capsules ellipsoid. 8-10 mm long; calyx-teeth triangular- lanceolate; corolla 18-25 mm long; leaves scabrous; gravel- ly or sandy .soil, local. Aug.-Sept G. aspcra Dougl. 3. Capsules subglobose, 3-6 mm long; calyx-teeth subulate, .short. 4. Flowers 2-3 cm long; moist sandy soil. Aug.- Oct G. purpurea L. 4. Flowers 14-18 mm long; moist ground, not conunon. Aug.- Sept G. paupercula A.Gray 2. Pedicels of the flowers moi'e than twice the length of the calyx. 5. Lea\-es linear to linear-lanceolate, flat; moist ground, and on wooded slopes, local. Aug. -Oct. G. IcnuijoUa Vahl 5. Leaves filifonn-linear, the margins revolute. 6. Stem strict, simple or few-branched, striate-angled, the angles minutely scabrellous; dry sandy soil, local. Aug.- Sept - G. skinncriana Wood 6. Stem usually much-branched, nearly terete (at least 204 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 below), smooth or nearly so; wooded slopes and ridges, local. Aug.-Oct G. gattingeri Small 22. Dasistoma Raf. — Mullein Foxglove D. macro phyila (Nutt. I Raf. Dry soil in woods near streams; locally nearly throughout 111. Jidy-Aug. [Seymcria macrophylla Nutt.]. 23. Buchnera L. — Blue Hearts B. ami ricana L. Sandy soil, rare; Calhoun, Cook, Menard, and St. Clair counties. July-Sept. 24. Castilleja Mutis — Indian Paint Brush 1. Plants perennial, 10-30 cm tall; bracts green; corolla yellowish- white, 4-5 cm long: gravelly or sandy soil in n. 111. June-Aug. C. sessiliflora Pursh 1. Plants annual or biennial, 30-60 cm tall; bracts scarlet or yellow- ish; corolla green, 2-2.5 cm long; moist ground nearly through- out 111., except the southern counties. May- June C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. 25. Pedicularis L. — Lousewort 1. Stem 60-90 cm tall; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, shallowly lobed; spikes 5-10 cm long; lower lip of the corolla 10-12 mm long, nearly as long as the upper; capsules ovoid, scarcely longer than the calyx; swampy ground, southward to Macoupin and Wabash counties. Aug.-Oct P. lanceolata Michx. 1. Stem 10-30 cm tall; leaves altei-nate, petioled, deeply lobed; spikes 10-20 cm long; lower lip of the corolla about 8 mm long, much shorter than the upper; capsules lanceoloid, about three times as long as the calyx; sandy soil in open woods. May - ..P. canadensis L. 26. Melampyrum L. — Cow-wheat M. linear c Desr. Moist ground, rare; Cook Co. June-Aug. [M. americanum Michx.]. 109. Bignoniaceae Pers. — Trumpet-creeper Family 1. Trees; leaves simple, ovate. 2. Leaves opposite; stamens 4; capsules ovoid; pith chambered or hollow 1. Paulownia 2. Leaves usually in whorls of 3; stamens 2; capsules long-cylindrical; pith continuous 2. Catalpa 1. Climbing or trailing shrubs; leaves compound; anther-bearing stamens 4. 3. Leaflets 2, entire; leaves with a tendril; pods flat 3. Bignonia 3. Leaflets 7-11, serrate; leaves without a tendril; pods cylindrical 4. Campsis 110. ACANTHACEAE 205 1 . Paulownia Sicb. & Zucc. — Princess Tree P. tonnntosa (riiunb.) Steud. Cultivated; natix-e of China; some- times spontaneous in s. 111. [P. imperialis Sieb. & Zucc.]. Apr. -May. 2. Catalpa Scop. 1. Flowers in many-flowered crowded ])anicles 20-23 cm long; calyx glabrous; corolla 3-4 cm in diameter, thickly spotted on the inner surface, the lower lobe entire or nearly so; capsules thin- walled, 5-8 mm in diameter; leaves short-acuminate, with an unpleasant odor when bruised; commonly planted; nati\e of southeastern U.S ..C. bignoniuides Walt. 1. Flowers in few-flowered open panicles about 15 cm long; calyx often sparsely pubescent; corolla about 6 cm in diameter, in- conspicuously spotted w^ithin, the lower lobe emarginate; cap- sules thick-walled, about 1.5 cm in diameter; leaves caudate- acuminate, inodorous; woods, s. 111., often planted elsewhere. June- July. [C. cordijolia Duham.] ...C. speciosa Warder 3. Bignonia L. B. capreolata L. Cross-vine. Alluvial soil, s. 111., northw. to Rich- land Co. Apr.-May. [Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bureau]. 4. Campsis Loiu\ — Trvmipet-creeper C. radicans (L.) Seem. Open woods and fields throughout 111., except the northern counties. June-Aug. Native in s. 111., but in e. 111. probably adv.; reported by Patterson in 1876 as occurring in "Peoria and Henderson counties, southward." 110. Acanthaceae J.St.Hil. — Acanthus Family 1. Corolla irregular; .stamens 2. 2. Flowers without bracts, in long-peduncled axillary spikes or heads 1. Dianthern 2. Flowers with broad bracts, in nearly sessile axillaiy or terminal panicles 2. Dicliptera 1. Corolla nearly regular; stamens 4 3. Ruellia 1 . Dianthera L. — Water-willow 1. Flowers in capitate spikes 1-3 cm long; stem 30-90 cm tall; leaves linear-lanceolate; common along muddy shores and in shallow water throughout 111. June-Aug D. americana L. 1 . Flowers scattered along one side of the slender peduncles ; stem 1 0- 30 cm tall ; leaves elliptical ; wet woods and borders of swamps, rare; Alexander and Pulaski counties D. lanceolata (Chapm.) Small 2. Dicliptera Juss. D. hrachiata (Pursh) Sprcng. Low rich woods, rare; Massac Co., R. A. Evers in 1951. 206 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Ruellia L. 1. Stem hirsute; calyx-lobes linear-filiform, 0.5-1 mm wide, exceed- ing the capsule; leaves nearly sessile; roadsides and open woods, common throughout 111. June-Aug. [R. ciliosa of auth., not Pursh; R. caroliniensis of auth., not (Walt.) Steud.] ....-/?. hurnilis Nutt. 1. Stem glabrous or puberulent; leaves short-petioled. 2. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 2-4 mm wide, about equalling the capsule; flowers sessile or nearly so, or the peduncle 5-15 mm long; alluvial soil throughout the state except the northern counties. June-Aug. Smooth Ruellia R. strrpens L. 2. Calyx-lobes subulate-filiform, shorter than the capsule; flowers on slender peduncles 2-10 cm long, bearing a pair of leaf-like bracts at the apex; dry open woods, s. 111. June-Aug. Stalked Ruellia R. pcdunculata Torr. 111. Plantaginaceae Lindl. — Plantain Family 1. Plantago L. — Plantain 1. Leaves basal; plant scapose. 2. Leaves ovate, oval, lanceolate or spatulate, not linear. 3. Leaves narrowed at the base; veins free to the base; scapes solid. 4. Spikes cylindrical. 5. Capsules 4- to 15-seeded; corolla-lobes spreading or re- flexed in fruit; leaves ovate or oval; plants perennial. 6. Capsules 4-5 mm long; sepals elliptic, acutish, 2.5-3 mm long; seeds L5-2 mm long; leaves often glossy green, the petioles usually purplish at base; waste places, roadsides, lawns, fields, and open woods, very common. Jime-Sept. Common Plantain P. rugelii Dec. 6. Capsules about 3 mm long; sepals oval, obtuse, 1.5-2 mm long; seeds 0.6-1.2 mm long; leaves dull green; waste places and lawns in cities, not common in 111.; nat. from Eur. Broad-leaved Plantain ...P. major L. 5. Capsules 2- to 4-seeded, ellipsoid, 2-3 mm long; leaves spatulate, obovate, or narrowly ovate. 7. Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the tip of the cap- sule; flowers not fragrant; plants annual or bien- nial; common in fields and on roadsides throughout 111. May-July P. virginica L. 7. Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed; flowers fragrant; plants perennial; adw from Eurasia. Cook Co., G. D. Fuller & O. M. Shantz in 1940. Apr.-June P. media L. 112. Lentibulariaceae 207 4. Spikes ellipsoid; leaves lanceolate; seeds 2, hollowed on the inner surface; waste places, roadsides, fields, lawns, very common: nat. from Eur. May-Sept. Buckhorn Plantain P. lanccolata L. 3. Leaves, or some of them, cordate at base; veins branching from the midrib; spikes cylindrical; scapes hollow; capsules 2- to 4-seeded, 4-5 mm long; along ditches, rare. May- July. Heart-leaved Plantain P. cordata Lam. 2. Leaves linear. 8. Bracts conspicuously longer than the flowers, linear; leaves 3-8 mm wide; capsules 2-seeded; fields, roadsides, and open woods, common throughout 111. June-Aug. Bractcd Plantain P. aristata Michx. 8. Bracts inconspicuous; leaves 1-4 mm wide. 9. Spikes densely tomentose, cylindrical, obtuse, 3-12 cm long, 5-8 mm thick; capsules 2-seeded; sandy soil in fields and along roads in the northern half of the state. May-Aug P. purshii R. & S. 9. Spikes glabrous, linear, 2-8 cm long, 3-4 mm thick; leaves linear-filiform. 10. Capsules 4-seeded, less than twice as long as the calyx; leaves mostly entire; fields, roadsides, and open woods; chiefly in the southern part of the state, northward to Hancock and Champaign counties. Apr. -May P. pusilla Nutt. 10. Capsules 7- to 30-seeded, about twice the length of the caly.x; leaves often with several small teeth or linear lobes; sandy soil; Union Co. May P. heterophylla Nutt. 1. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, sessile, pubescent, the leafy stem 15-45 cm tall; flowers in capitate spikes; capsules 2- seeded; waste ground, occasional; adv. from Eurasia; known from Champaign, Cook, Lake, McHemy, and Winnebago counties. July-Sept. [P. arenaria Waldst. & Kit.] P. iudica L. 112. Lentibulariaceae Lindl. — Bladderwort Family 1. Utricularia L. — Bladderwort Pedicels recurved in fiiiit. 2. Flowers 1-2 cm long, the spur conspicuous, slightly curved upward; ponds and slow streams, chiefly in the northern half of the state. July-Aug. [U. vulgaris var. americana A. Gray; U. macrorhiza LeConte] U. vulgaris L. 2. Flowers 4-6 mm long; spur short, blunt, almost obsolete; lake shores or stagnant water; Lake Co., Hill; Ringwood, Mc- Henry Co., Vasey U. minor L. 208 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Pedicels erect or ascending in fruit; spur evident. 3. Stems slender, elongated, creeping in shallow water. 4. Leaf-segments capillary; upper lip of the corolla equalling the lower; lake shores or shallow water, local. Aug. -Oct. U. gibba L. 4. Leaf-segments linear, flat, often minutely serrulate; upper lip of the corolla about half the length of the lower; shallow water; Lake, Ogle, and Tazewell counties. July- Aug U. intermedia Hayne 3. Stems short, submerged in the mud; leaves rarely seen; corolla 1.5-2 cm broad, the subulate spur 7-12 mm long, pointing downward; lake shores and peat bogs, rare; Lake Co., Hill; Cook Co., Pearsall in 1943. July-Aug. Horned Bladdei-wort [Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Raf.] U. cornuta Michx. 113. Orobanchaceae Lindl. — Broomrape Family 1. Flowers of 2 kinds, the lower cleistogamous and fertile, the upper complete but usually sterile; stamens included; branches slender, ascending, simple 1. Epifagus 1. Flowers all perfect and complete. 2. Flowers in a thick scaly spike; stamens exserted; plants glabrous 2. Conopholis 2. Flowers solitary or racemose; stamens included; plants glandular- puberulent 3. Orobanche 1. Epifagus Nutt. — Beech-drops E. virginiana (L.) Bart. Under beech trees, parasitic; locally in the s. half of 111., extending northw. in the valley of the Wabash R. to Clark Co. Sept.-Oct. 2. Conopholis Wallr. — Squaw-root C. americana (L.f.) Wallr. In wooded ravines, parasitic on roots of oak trees; locally in the n. half of 111., as far s. as Clark Co. May-July. 3. Orobanche L. — Broomrape 1. Flowers numerous, sessile or short-stalked, spicate or racemose. 2. Calyx 4-lobed, the lobes triangular-ovate, about as long as the tube; flowers subtended by 1 large and 2 small bracts; raceme loosely flowered ; stem branched ; parasitic on roots of herbaceous plants, rare; adv. from Ein\ ; Rantoul, Cham- paign Co., Aug. 28, 1895, G. P. Clinton O. ramosa L. 2. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes linear-lanceolate, 7-8 mm long, longer than the tube; flowers subtended by 1 or 2 bracts; spikes terminal, dense; stem simple; parasitic on various plants, particularly Ambrosia, Artemisia, and other Compositae in sandy soil, not common; known from Lee, Menard, Wabash, and White counties. Aug.-Sept. [Myzorrhiza ludoviciana (Nutt.) Rydb.] O. ludoviciana Nutt. 115. BORAGINAGEAE 209 1. Flowers few or solitary on bractless scapes; calyx 5-cleft. 3. Flowers 3-15; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube; parasitic on Artemisia and other Compositae; in sandy soil, locally in the northern counties O. fasciculata Nutt. 3. Flower solitary; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the tube; parasitic on various plants, not common. May-July. [Anoplarithus uniflorus (L.) Endl.] O. uniflora L. 114. Martyniaceae Link — Martynia Family 1 . Proboscidea Keller — Unicom Plant P. louisianica (Mill.) Thell. River banks and waste ground, local. July-Sept. [Martynia louisianica Mill.; M. proboscidea Glox.: P. jussieui Keller]. 115. Boraginaceae Lindl. — Borage Family 1. Ovary undivided, the style terminal; corolla regular, blue or white, the stamens includfd 1. Heliotropium 1. Ovary 4-lobed, the style arising between the lobes. 2. Corolla regular; stamens included, equal. 3. Nutlets bearing barbed prickles; flowers blue, reddish, or white; plants pubescent. 4. Nutlets divergent, covered with short prickles 2. Cynoglossum 4. Nutlets erect, prickly on the margin, rarely also on the back. 5. Fruiting pedicels recurved or reflexed; style shorter than the nutlets; plants biennial or perennial 3. Hackelia 5. Fruiting pedicels erect; style longer than the nutlets; plants annual 4. Lappula 3. Nutlets not prickly. 6. Receptacle conical; corolla yellow; pubescent weedy annuals 5. Amsinckia 6. Receptacle flat or convex. 7. Plants glabrous, perennial; corolla blue (rarely whitish), tubular- funnelform ; nutlets wrinkled when dry 6. Mertensia 7. Plants pubescent. 8. Anthers connivent around the style; corolla blue, rotate 12. Borago 8. Anthers not connivent around the style. 9. Scar of nutlets small, flat; nutlets smooth, glossy (except Lithosperrnurn arvense). 10. Corolla salverform, the lobes obtuse, spreading. 1 1 . Racemes bractless. 12. Corolla white with yellow throat 7. Allocarya 12. Corolla blue or white 8. Myosotis 1 1 . Racemes bracteate, each flower borne in the axil of a bract; corolla yellow, or white, the tube cyHndrical, often elongate 9. Lithosperrnurn 10. Corolla tubular or funnelform. 210 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 13. Corolla greenish-white 10. Onosmodium 13. Corolla blue 13. Anchusa 9. Scar of nutlets large, concave; throat of the corolla with 5 lanceolate, acute, denticulate-margined appendages; coarse pubescent perennials with wide leaves 14. Symphytum 2. Corolla irregular, blue; stamens unequal, exserted ; nutlets wrinkled; plants hispid-pubescent 1 1 . Echium 1. Heliotropium L. — Heliotrope 1. Leaves spatulate to linear. 2. Plant glabrous, glaucous, succulent; leaves spattilate; in sandy or saline soil, w. 111., in Menard and St. Clair counties; adv. from s. U.S. June-Sept H. curassavicum L. 2. Plant strigose-canescent ; leaves linear; rocky ledges, southwest- ern 111 - H. tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. 1. Leaves o\ate or o\al, long-petioled; plants pubescent; corolla blue, 4-6 mm in diameter; fruit strongly ribbed, deeply 2-lobed; waste grotmd in the southern half of 111.; nat. from Asia. July-Nov H. indicum L. 2. Cynoglossum L. — Hound's-tongue 1. Stem pilose; corolla reddish or white; lower leaves spatulate; inflorescence many-flowered, leafy; plant biennial; pastures and waste places, common; nat. from Eiu". Jime. Common Hoimd's-tongue C. officinale L. 1. Stem hispidulous; corolla blue; lower leaves oval; inflorescence few-flowered, leafless; plant perennial; woods in s. 111. May. Wild Comfrey C virginianum L. 3. Hackelia Opiz 1. Nutlets of the globose fruit equally short-prickly over the whole back; woods and thickets throughout 111. July-Sept. [Lappula virgiyiiana (L.) Greene] H. virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnst. 1. Nutlets of the pyramidal fruit only marginally prickly, the backs merely miniculate: Apple River, Jo Da\iess Co., Pepoon & Moffatt in 1896; F. J. Hermann in 1937 H. americana (A. Gray) Fern. 4. Lappula Moench — Stickseed 1. Nutlets with a double row of prickles; waste j^laces. pastiu'es, roadsides, common throughout 111.; nat. from Em-. June-Oct. European Stickseed [Echinospermum lappula (L.) Lehm. ; L. echinata Gilib., nomen invalidum] L. myosotis Moench 1. Nutlets with a single row of prickles; adv. from western U.S.; Rock Island Co. [L. redowskii var. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Rydb.] L. occidentalis (S. Wats.) Greene 115. BORAGINACEAE 211 5. Amsinckia Lehm. A. spectabilis Fisch. & Mey. Waste ground, occasionally adv. from western U.S.; Rantoul, Champaign Co., W. N. Clute in 1908; Syca- more, De Kalb Co., G. N. Jones in 1945. June-July. 6. Mertensia Roth — Bluebells M. virginica (L.) Pers. Woods, common througiioul 111. Apr.- May. 7. AUocarya Greene A. figurata Piper. Moist ground, St. Clair Co.. /. Ncill in 1947. Rarely adv. from northwestern U.S. 8. Myosotis L. — Forget-me-not 1. Corolla 5-10 mm in diameter, bright blue, with a yellow eye. 2. Calyx strigose, the triangular lobes shorter than the tube; peren- nials with decumbent stems; wet ground, particularly along streams; cult, and occasionally established; nat. from Eur. May-Oct. True Forget-me-not M. scorpioides L. 2. Calyx with vmcinate or glandular pubescence, at least toward the base, the lanceolate lobes longer than the tube; erect an- nual or biennial; waste ground, occasionally persisting near gardens; native of Europe; Jackson Co., /. Biggs in 1958. Garden Forget-me-not M. sylvatica Hoft'm. 1. Corolla white, 1-2 mm in diameter; plants native, annual or biennial. 3. Fruiting calyx 4-5 mm long, bearing few hooked hairs; nutlets 1-1.3 mm broad; stem 5-30 cm tall; sandy soil in open woods and fields, common. May-July. [M. verna Nutt.J M. virginica (L.) BSP. 3. Fruiting calyx 5-7 mm long, with many hooked hairs; nutlets 2-2.5 mm broad; stem 30-50 cm tall; rich soil in woods, not common, s. 111. May-June M. macrosperma Engelm. 9. Lithospermum L. — Gromwell. Puccoon 1. Perennials; corolla yellow; nutlets white, smooth, glossy. 2. Corolla greenish-yellow, 4-5 mm long. 3. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 6-12 mm broad; nutlets ovoid, 3 mm long; corolla longer than the calyx; waste ground, occasional; nat. from Eur. May-Aug L. officinale L. 3. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, 1-4.5 cm broad; nutlets globose-ovoid, 4 mm long; corolla shorter than the calyx; dry .soil. May- June L. latifolium Michx. 2. Corolla bright yellow or orange, 1-3 cm long. 4. Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate, the tube 1.5-3 cm long; later flowers cleistogamous, smaller; leaves linear; sandy soil, 212 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 chiefly in n. 111., but extending southward along the valley of the Illinois R. May-July. Narrow-leaved Puccoon [L. lincarijolium Goldie; L. angustijolium Michx., non Forsk.] L. incisum Lehm. 4. Corolla-lobes entire, the tube less than 1.5 cm lonar; flowers all complete; leaves lanceolate. 5. Stems and leaves hispid-pubescent; corolla light-yellow, pubescent within at the base; sandy soil. May-July. [L. gmelini of auth. ; L. croceum Fern.] L. carolinicnse (Walt.) MacM. 5. Stems and leaves soft-pubescent; corolla orange-yellow, glabrous within; nutlets 2.5-3 mm long; sandy or prairie soil. Apr. -June. Hoary Gromwell L. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. 1. Annual; corolla white; nutlets gray, wrinkled and pitted; road- sides, waste places and fields, common; nat. from Eur. Apr.- June. Field Gromwell L. arvense L. 10. Onosmodiuni Michx. — Marbleseed 1. Leaves and stems shaggy-pubescent; stem 90-120 cm tall; nutlets with a slight constriction or rim at base; dry banks and fields, local. June-July O. hispidissimum Mack. 1. Leaves and stems grayish-pubescent with mostly appressed hairs; stem 40-60 cm tall; nutlets rounded at base, not at all con- stricted; hillsides, bluffs, and thickets, w. 111., local. June- July O. occidentale Mack. 1 1. Echium L. E. vulgare L. Blueweed. Waste places, roadsides, and fields; nat. from Eiu'. June-Aug. 12. Borage L. — Borage B. officinalis L. Occasionally adv. in waste ground, or escaped from cult. ; native of Eur. July-Sept. 13. Anchusa L. — Alkanet A. officinalis L. Roadsides and waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. May-Oct. 14. Symphytum L. — Comfrey S. officinale L. Roadsides and waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur.; Champaign Co., Waite; McHenry Co., Nason. 116. Verbenaceae J.St.Hil. — Verbena Family 1. Corolla 5-lobed, nearly regular; calyx tubular; fruit splitting into 4 nutlets 1. Verbena 1. Corolla 4-lobed and 2-lipped; calyx short, 2-cleft; fruit splitting into 2 nutlets 2. Phyla 118. Laiuatae 213 1 . Verbena L. — Vervain 1. Flowers 1.5-2.5 cm long; bracts shorter than the calyx; leaves incisely lobed or toothed : open woods, occasional. May-Aug. V. canadensis (L.) Britt. 1. Flowers 4-10 mm long. 2. Bracts longer than the flowers; stems decumbent, hirsute; road- sides and waste places. June-Sept. [V. bracieosa Michx.] V. bracteata Lag. & Rodr. 2. Bracts shorter than the flowers; stem erect; spikes slender or filiform. 3. Corolla white; spikes filifoiTn; calyx in fruit 2 mm or less in length; leaves serrate; roadsides and open woods, common. July-Sept. Hybridizes with V. bracteata and V. stricta. White Vervain V. urticifolia L. 3. Corolla lavender-purple to blue (rarely pink) ; spikes slender; fruiting calyx more than 2 mm long. 4. Plants soft-pubescent; leaves oval, serrate; calyx 4-5 mm long; nutlets ellipsoid, 2.5 mm long; roadsides and fields, common. June-Sept. Hoary Vervain V. stricta Vent. 4. Plants glabrous, or sparsely rough-pubescent. 5. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the petioles 1-2 cm long; calyx 2-3 mm long; nutlets smooth, 1.5-2 mm long; roadsides and open woods, common. July-Sept. Blue Vervain V. hastata L. 5. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, obtuse, sessile or nearly so; calyx 3-4 mm long; nutlets reticulate, 3 mm long; roadsides and fields. June-Aug. Narrow-leaved Ver- vain [V. arigustifolia Michx.]. Hybridizes with V. stricta, T^. hastata, and V. bracteata V. simplex Lehm. 2. Phyla Lour. — Frog-fruit {Lippia [Houst.] L.) P. lanceolata (Michx.) Greene. River banks, shores, along ditches, and in wet meadow.s, common. June-Sept. [L. lanceolata var. recognita Fern. & Grisc.]. 117. Phrymaceae Schauer — Lopseed Family 1. Phryma L. — Lopseed P. leptostachya L. Alluvial soil in woods, common throughout 111. June-Aug. 118. Labiatae Juss. — Mint Family (Lamiaceae Lindl. ; Menthaceae L.F.Ward ex Safford) 1. Corolla nearly regular, almost equally 5- (or 4-) lobed. 2. Leaves entire or essentially so; plants glandular-puberulent. 3. Stamens included or only slightly exserted; calyx nearly equally 5- toothed 3. Isanthus 214 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Stamens long-exserted and strongly upcurved ; calyx with 3 long and 2 short teeth 4. Trichostema 2. Leaves serrate, crenate, or pinnatifid. 4. Fertile stamens 2; plants inodorous 28. Lycopus 4. Fertile stamens 4; plants strongly aromatic 29. Mentha 1. Corolla very irregular (strongly zygomorphic) . 5. Calyx with a small crest or callosity on the upper side, 2-lipped; stamens 4 5. Scutellaria 5. Calyx not crested. 6. Flowers in compact axillary whorls, or in terminal heads or capitate clusters. 7. Bracts broad, conspicuous; corolla 2-5 cm long; flowers in dense head-like clusters; calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, 15-nerved; stamens 2 21. Monarda 7. Bracts smaller or absent; corolla shorter. 8. Stem corymbosely branched, stiffly erect; flower-heads clustered; lea\es linear, lanceolate, or ovate; calyx nearly regular, 5- toothed, 10- to 13-nerved 26. Pycnanthemum 8. Stem simple or with few branches. 9. Calyx with 10 recurved teeth; corolla white, 5-6 mm long; leaves ovate, petioled, crenate, rugose; stem canescent 6. Marrubium 9. Calyx with fewer than 10 teeth. 10. Anther-bearing stamens 4. 11. Corolla blue, apparently unilabiate, the upper lip short, truncate; calyx 10- to many-nerved; ovary not deeply lobed 2. Ajuga 11. Corolla bilabiate; ovary deeply 4-lobed. 12. Calyx not 2-lipped, the 5 teeth equal. 13. Stamens conspicuovisly exserted beyond the corolla 7. Agastache 13. Stamens not conspicuously exserted. 14. Calyx-teeth rigid, spine-tipped. 15. Leaves lobed 14. Leonurus 15. Leaves not lobed 15. Galeopsis 14. Calyx-teeth not spine-tipped. 16. Calyx 15-nerved; corolla 8-10 mm long, white with purple dots 8. Nepeta 16. Calyx about 5-nerved; corolla purple, 12- 24 mm long 16. Lamium 12. Calyx 2-lipped, the teeth conspicuously unequal. 17. Stem erect or ascending. 18. Leaves entire or sparingly crenate; floral bracts ciliate; calyx reticulate-veiny, some- what 10-nerved 13. Prunella 18. Leaves coarsely sharply serrate; floral bracts pectinate; calyx 13- to 15-nerved 1 1. Dracocephalum 17. Stems prostrate, the flowering branches erect or ascending, pubescent; leaves oval, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, 6-15 mm long; corolla purplish 25. Thymus 118. Labiatae 215 10. Anther-bearing stamens 2; calyx pubescent, lj-ner\cd, the teeth subulate 20. Blephilia 6. Flowers in racemes, spikes, cymes, or solitary or few in th;> axils of the lea\es. 19. Flowers cyniosc ; leaves linear 18. Satureja 19. Flowers not cymose. 20. Calyx deeply 4-cleft; corolla greenish-yellow, 3-4 cm long; flowers solitary, axillary; leaves thin, cordate, palmately veined, the blade shorter than the petiole 12. Synandra 20. Calyx 5-toothed, or 2-lipped. 21. Leaves reniform, crenate, petioled; stems trailing; flowers bluish-purple, axillary 9. Clecoma 21. Leaves not reniform. 22. Flowers 4-6 mm long. 23. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate; flowers bluish-purple; stamens 2 22. Hedeoma 23. Leaves ovate, purplish-green, coarsely dentate; flowers whitish; stamens 4 31. Perilla 22. Flowers more than 6 mm long. 24. Corolla with the upper lip apparently obsolete; stamens erect, exserted; flowers in long racemes 1. Teucrium 24. Corolla conspicuously bilabiate. 25. Leaves toothed. 26. Flowers in loose terminal panicles; corolla light yellow; fertile stamens usually only 2; calyx 2-lipped 30. Collinsonia 26. Flowers not in loose terminal panicles. 27. Caly.x nearly equally 5-toothed. 28. Flowers 1.5-3.5 cm long; spikes con- tinuous, loosely flowered ; fertile stamens 4 10. Physostegia 28. Flowers smaller. 29. Stamens 2, long-exserted ; calyx densely villous in the throat; corolla purplish-pink, 5 mm long; stem slender. stifT, corym- bosely branched ; leaves ovate, subsessile, sharply serrate, acu- minate; i)lant very aromatic 27. Cunila 29. Stamens 4, not long-exserted ; spikes composed of interrupted whorls of flowers 17. Stachys 27. Calyx 2-lipped. 30. Fertile stamens 2 ; corolla purplish 19. Salvia 30. Fertile stamens 4; corolla white 23. Melissa 25. Leaves (in our species) entire. linear, sessile or nearly .so; flowers 1-5 in the axils; plants often with short l);isal sterile stolons bear- 216 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 ing oval leaves purplish beneath; corolla purple, 8-9 mm long, puberulent; stamens 4 24. Clinopodium 1. Teucrium L. — Wood-sage 1. Calyces and upper part of stem pannose, with short, somewhat curved, glandless hairs; corolla about 1.5 cm long; moist ground, common. June-Aug -.. T. canadense L. 1. Calyces and upper part of stem short-villous with straight, often somewhat glandular hairs; corolla 8-12 mm long; moist ground, locally in the northern two-thirds of the state. July- Sept. [T. boreale Bickn.] T. occidcntale A. Gray 2. Ajuga L. — Bugleweed A. genevensis L. Waste ground, fields, roadsides, occasional; es- caped from cult. ; native of Eur. ; Cook, Du Page, and McHenry coun- ties. May-July. 3. Isanthus Michx. — False Pennyroyal /. hrachiatus (L.) BSP. Gravelly or sandy soil along roads or in fields or open woods, local. Aug. -Sept. 4. Trichostema L. — Bluecurls T. dichotomurn L. Sandy soil in open woods, rare. 5. Scutellaria L. — Skullcap 1. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes. 2. Flowers 6-7 mm long; plants glabrous throughout or puberu- lent above; moist ground, common. July-Sept S. lateriflora L. 2. Flowers 12-25 mm long. 3. Leaves cordate; stem and inflorescence softly glandular- pubescent; corolla 2-2.5 cm long; woods, locally through- out 111. June-July. Heart-leaved Skullcap [S. cordifolia Muhl.; S. versicolor Nutt.] S. ovata Hill 3. Leaves narrowed at the base. 4. Stem pilose; calyces glandular-pilose; corolla 12-16 mm long; wooded slopes, s. 111., rare. June-July. Hairy Skullcap [S. ovalifolia Pers.; S. pilosa sensu Michx., non Hill] S. elliptica Muhl. 4. Stem puberulent; calyces canescent, not glandular; corolla 18-20 mm long, puberulent; woods, extending north- ward to Vermilion and Peoria counties. June-Aug. Downy Skullcap [S. canescens Nutt.; S. serrata sensu auth., non Andr.] S. incana Biehler 1 . Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. 5. Flowers 16-22 mm long; wet ground, chiefly in the northern half of the state. June-Sept. [S. epilobiijolia A. Hamilt.] S. galericulata L. 118. Labiatae 217 5. Flowers 5-10 mm long. 6. Stem glabrous or puberulent. 7. Stem glabrous or nearly so; median and lower leaves noticeably crenate; nutlets slender-stalked, conspicu- ously winged; rhizomes filiform; moist ground in woods in the southern two-thirds of 111. May-June. [^S". amhigua Nutt.; S. nervosa var. calvijolia Fern.] S. nervosa Pursh 7. Stem puberulent on the angles with minute upwardly appressed or cui"V'ed non-glandular trichomes; nutlets wingless; rhizomes moniliform; roadsides and wooded slopes and ridges, common. May-June. [S. ambigua sensu auth., non Nutt.; S. parvula var. ambigua sensu Fern.] S. leonardi Epling 6. Stem and leaves more or less glandular-pubescent; rhizomes moniliform. 8. Lower leaf-surface with sessile glands; stem evenly pilose; rocky woods or ledges, gravelly or sandy slopes, banks, or hills, and in sandy barrens throughout 111. May-June. [.S". parvula var. mollis A. Gray; S. campestris Britt.] S. parvula Michx. 8. Lower leaf-surface with glandular hairs; stem pilose on the angles; sandy soil, rare, southern 111 S. australis (Fassett) Epling 6. Marrubium L. — Common Horehound M. vulgare L. Waste places, roadsides, fields, and open woods, common; nat. from Eur. Jime-Oct. 7. Agastache Clayton — Giant Hyssop l.Stem and branches glabrous or puberident; corolla cream or yellowish; bracts ovate, green; calyx-lobes ovate, 1-1.5 mm long, acutish; roadsides, fields, and open woods, common. July- Oct A. nepetoides (L.) Ktze. l.Stem and branches pilosulous; corolla whitish to pale purplish; bracts roundish, abruptly apiculate; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 2-2.5 mm long; sandy soil in open woods and along roads, infrequent. Aug.-Sept A. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Ktze. 8. Nepeta L. — Catnip A^. cataria L. Pastures, roadsides, waste places, and open woods, common; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. 9. Glecoma L. — Ground-ivy G. hederacea L. Frequent in waste places, lawns, along roads, and in moist open woods; nat. from Eur. Apr. -June. Two forms are re- presented in 111.; the usual form has the corolla 10-15 mm long; plants with corollas 16-22 mm long are rarely found. 218 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 10. Physostegia Benth. — Obedient Plant 1. Corollas 18-22 mm long; leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, thin, the upper nearly as large as the median ones; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; calyx campanulate; alluvial soil, local. Aug.-Oct. P. speciosa Sweet 1. Corollas 2.5-3.5 cm long; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, firm, the uppermost much reduced; anthers 1.6-2 mm long; calyx tubu- lar-campanulate; prairie soil, often along railroads, local, July-Oct. [P. angustifolia Fern.] P. virginiana (L.) Benth. 11. Dracocephaium L. — Dragonhead {Moldavica Adans. ) D. parviflorum Nutt. Diy soil, rare; Kane, Lee, Menard, Stark, Vermilion, and Winnebago counties. May-Aug. 12. Synandra Nutt. ^S". hispidula (Michx.) Britt. Wooded ravines, rare; known to occur in Jackson Co. May-June. 13. Prunella L. — Selfheal P. vulgaris L. Carpenter-weed. Roadsides, waste places, fields, and open woods, common; nat. from Eur. June-Oct. 14. Leonurus L. — Motherwort 1. Calyx much shorter than the corolla; lower leaves palmately 3- to 5-lobed; corolla pale lilac, 8-10 mm long; waste places, fields, roadsides, and open woods, common; nat. from Eur. May-Aug L. cardiaca L. 1. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla; lower leaves coarsely toothed; corolla pink, 5 mm long; waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Lion's tail L. marrubiastruni L. 15. Galeopsis L. 1. Stems bristly-hairy; nat. from Eur.; Boone, Cook, and Hender- son counties. Hemp-nettle G. tetrahit L. 1. Stems with soft appressed hairs; adv. from Eur.; Cook Co G. ladanum L. 16. Lamiuni L. — Dead-nettle 1. Corolla 2-2.5 cm long; leaves usually white-marked, ovate, petioled; calyx sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrous; nutlets 3 mm long; plants perennial; waste places, occasional; adv. from Eurasia; scarcely established in 111. May-July. Spotted Dead-nettle .-. L. maculatum L. 1. Corolla less than 2 cm long; leaves not white-marked; nutlets 2 mm long; annuals or biennials. 118. Labiatae 219 2. All the leaves petioled, ovate; calyx thinly pubescent; waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. Apr.-May. Purple Dead- nettle L. purpunutn L. 2. Upper leaves sessile or clasping, orbicular or reniform; calyx densely pubescent; early flowers clcistogamous; cultivated ground and waste places; nat. from Eur. Mar. -May. Henbit Dead-nettle L. ampUxicaulc L. 17. Stachys L. — Hedge-nettle 1. Stem hispidulous or hirsute only on the angles or glabrous throughout. 2. Leaves short-petioled or nearly sessile. 3. Calyx glabrous, or with a few trichomes toward the base; leaves nearly glabrous, lance-linear, narrowed at the base; moist ground, local. July-Aug. [S. ambigua (A.Gray) Britt., non Sm.] S. aspera Michx. 3. Calyx pilose; leaves lanceolate, pubescent; moist ground, chiefly in the northern counties, not common. July-Aug. [S. aspera of auth., not Michx.; S. tenuijolia var. aspera Fern.; S. tenuijolia var. platyphylla Fern.; S. tenuifnlia var. hispida (Pursh) Fern.] S. hispida Pursh 2. Leaves longer petioled, the petioles of the median leaves 3 cm long. 4. Calyx smooth or sometimes setulose; leaves usually linear- lanceolate; moist ground, common. July-Sept. [S. glabra Riddell; S. palustris var. glabra (Riddell) A. Gray] - S. tenuijolia Willd. 4. Calyx puberulent; leaves usually ovate; low wet ground, rare; Alexander, Hardin, and Massac counties S. clingmanii Small 1. Stem retrorsely pubescent on the sides as well as the angles; leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; calyx hirsute; moist ground, common. May-Sept. [S. homotricha (Fern.) Rydb.; 5. ambigua sensu Epling, non Sm.] S. arenicola Britt. 18. Satureja L. — Summer Savory S. hortensis L. Waste places; introd. from Eur.; an occasional garden escape. 19. Salvia L. — Sage 1. Leaves chiefly basal; corolla 1.5-2.5 cm long; plants perennial. 2. Leaves lyrate-lobed or pinnatifid; calyx pilose on the lower half; rocky woods and thickets, locally in s. 111. May-June. Cancer-weed S. lyrata L. 2. Leaves crenate, often red-spotted; calyx hirsute, and with some stipitate glands; escaped from cult., native of Eur.; has been collected in Lake and Piatt counties S. pratensis L. 220 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Stem more or less leafy; leaves elliptical-lanceolate. 3. Corolla-tube exserted from the calyx. 4. Corolla 15-30 mm long; occasionally adv. from the Great Plains S. pitcheri Torr. 4. Corolla 10-14 mm long; dry gravelly soil, occasional; adv. from Eur ^S". sylvestris L. 3. Corolla-tube included in the calyx; adv. from w. U.S. July- Sept. Rocky Mountain Sage [S. lanceaejolia Poir.] S. rcflexa Hornem. 20. Blephilia Raf. — Wood Mint 1. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, nearly odorless, the petioles 2-10 mm long; stem usually simple, the pubescence of short, curved hairs; calyx 8-11 mm long; woods, locally throughout 111. May- June B. ciliata (L.) Benth. 1. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with strong peppermint odor, the petioles 1-3 cm long; stem often branched, the pubescence pilose; calyx 6-8 mm long; woods, common throughout 111. May-Sept B. Inrsuta ( Pursh ) Benth. 21. Monarda L. — Bergamot Mint 1. Heads (flower-clusters) solitary and terminal on the stem or branches; stamens longer than the upper lip of the corolla. 2. Corolla scarlet, 3-5 cm long, puberulent; bracts red; leaves petioled; occasionally escaped from cult.; Wabash Co., Schneck in 1874; Chicago, Cook Co., fide Higley & Raddin; Barrington, Lake Co., /. A. Steyermark in 1946. July- Sept M. didyma L. 2. Corolla purple, pink, or white. 3. Leaves sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth 2.5-4 mm long; corolla pale purplish or white, the lower lip spotted ; roadsides, pastures and open woods in the southern half of 111. May- June M. bradhuriana Beck 3. Leaves distinctly petioled; calyx-teeth 1-2 mm long. 4. Corolla lilac-purple (rarely white) 2-3.5 cm long; stem often branched; fields, open woods, and roadsides, common. June-Aug. Wild Bergamot [M. fistulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth.] M. fistulosa L. 4. Corolla white or yellowish-white, 2-2.5 cm long; stem usually simple; woods, local; chiefly in the centr. counties. June-Aug M. clinopodia L. 1. Heads in several verticillate glomerules; corolla yellowish-white or pink. 5. Calyx-lobes triangular, short; corolla yellowish, the upper lip purple-spotted ; stamens included ; bracts yellowish and purple; sandy soil, local. Aug.-Sept. Our plants belong to subsp. villicaulis Pennell. Spotted Horsemint M. punctata L. 118. Labiatae 221 5. Calyx-lobes subulate-aristate; corolla pink or white, not spotted; dry ground, occasionally adv. from the west; Cook Co. Lemon Mint [M. pcclinata sensu auth., non Nutt.] M. citriodora Cerv. 22. Hedeoma Pers. 1. Leaves elliptical, sparingly serrate, petioled; caK^ with the upper teeth triangular-lanceolate, the lower subulate; dry soil in fields, along roads, and in open woods, common. July-Oct. American Pennyroyal H. pulcgioidcs (L.) Pers. 1. Leaves linear, entire, sessile, ciliate; calyx-teeth all subulate; sandy soil in open woods, chiefly in the n. half of the state, but extend- ing southw. along the Mississippi R. June-July. Rough Penny- royal H . hispida Pursh 23. Melissa L. — Balm M. officinalis L. Waste places, occasional; introd. from Eur. June-Aug. 24. Clinopodium L. — Basil C. arkansanum (Nutt.) House. Rocky woods or sandy ground, local; chiefly in n.e. 111. June-Aug. [C. glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze; Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq.; S. glabella var. angustifolia (Torr.) Svens.] 25. Thymus L. — Thyme T. serpyllum L. Roadsides and old fields and gardens, rarely col- lected; introd. from Em\ July-Aug. 26. Pycnanthemum Michx. — Mountain Mint 1 . Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 2. Upper leaves whitish ; calyx-teeth and bracts pubescent and usually with long bristles; roadsides, fields, and open woods, s. 111. July-Sept P. pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Fern. 2. Upper leaves not whitish; calyces and bracts canescent; woods, s. 111. Aug.-Sept. .-- P. incanum (L.) Michx. 1. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or linear. 3. Stem glabrous throughout (or rarely with a few minute curved hairs) ; leaves linear; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate; dry soil in open woods, along roads, and in fields, common. June-Sept P. flexiwsum (Walt.) BSP. 3. Stem pubescent. 4. Stem short-pubescent on the angles; leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so; moist ground in woods and along roads. July-Sept P. virginianum (L.) Dur. & Jacks. 4. Stem copiously short-pilose throughout, or at least above the middle; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, finely pubescent on veins beneath; sandy soil along roads and in open woods; chiefly n. and central 111. July-Sept P. pilosum Nutt. 222 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 27. Cunila L. — Stone Mint C. origanoides (L.) Britt. Wooded ridges in southern 111. Aug.- Oct. 28. Lycopus L. — Water Horehound 1. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, shorter than or equalling the mature nutlets; leaves serrate, not incised. 2. Base of plant and stolons lacking tubers; nutlets sharply muri- cate on top, 1.7-2 mm long at maturity; wet ground, not infrequent. July-Oct L. virginicus L. 2. Base of rhizome and tips of stolons often bearing a tuber ; nutlets smooth or merely rugulose on top, 1-1.5 mm long when mature; moist ground in the northern part of the state, extending southward to Tazewell and Champaign counties. Aug.-Sept L. utnflorus Michx. 1. Calyx-teeth subulate, much longer than the nutlets. 3. Lower leaves petiolate. 4. Leaves dentate or coarsely serrate; corolla 2-3 mm long, twice the length of the calyx; wet ground, locally through- out 111., except the northern counties. Aug.-Sept - L. ruhcllus Moench 4. Leaves (at least the lower) more or less incised or sinii- ately pinnatifid; corolla slightly longer than the calyx; wet ground, the common species throughout 111. July- Sept. [L. sinuatus Ell.] L. americanus Muhl. 3. Lower leaves sessile; waste ground, not common; known from Bureau, Whiteside, Cook, Henry, and Lake counties. July- Aug L. aspcr Greene 29. Mentha L. — Mint ] . Whorls of flowers mostly in terminal spikes. 2. Stem glabrous or nearly so. 3. Leaves sessile or subsessile; calyx 1-1.5 mm long; moist ground, occasional; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. Spearmint - M. spicata L. 3. Leaves all distinctly short-petioled ; calyx 2-3 mm long; waste places and along roads; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. Pepper- mint M. piperita L. 2. Stem pubescent, at least at the nodes. 4. Spikes slender, less than 1 cm thick, often interrupted; leaves rugose, roimdish-ovate, finely pubescent and reticulate be- neath; waste ground, rarely escaped from cult.; nat. from Eur. Roimd-leaved Mint M. rotundijolia (L.) Huds. 4. Spikes 1 cm thick, dense. 5. Leaves sessile, not crisped; stem and calyx finely pubescent; roadsides and waste places, occasional; introd. from Eur. Woolly Mint M. alopecuroides Hull 5. Leaves crisped, wavy, short-petioled; calyx nearly gla- brous; roadsides and waste places, escaped from cult.; native of Eur. July-Sept. Crisp Mint M. crispa L. 119. RUBIACEAE 223 1. Whorls of flowers all axillary. 6. Upper leaves much smaller than the others; moist shaded ground, or in waste places, occasional; introd. from Eur. July-Oct. Small-leaved Mint M. cardiaca Gerarde ex Baker 6. Upper lea\es little, if at all, reduced. 7. Stem glabrous; moist ground, not common; nat. from Eur. Aug.-Oct M. gentilis L. 7. Stem pubescent or puberulent, at least on the angles; moist ground, common throughout Illinois. July-Sept. [M. arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Briq.; M. arvensis var. glabrata (Benth.) Fern.] Wild Mint M. canadensis L. 30. CoUinsonia L. — Richweed C. canadensis L. Woods, chiefly in southern 111., but extending northward to Clark and Champaign counties. July-Sept. 31. Perilla L. — Beefsteak-plant P. frutescens (L.) Britt. Roadsides, waste places and in woods; natixe of Asia; becoming a common weed in southern 111.; also Peoria Co., V. H. Chase. July-'Oct. 119. Rubiaceae B.Juss. — Madder Family 1. Shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled ; flowers in dense globose heads 2. Cephalanthus 1. Herbs. 2. Leaves opposite. 3. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so. 4. Plants pubescent; fruit separating into 2 or 3 indehiscent carpels 4. Diodia 4. Plants glabrous; fruit a capsule of 2 carpels, one dehiscent, the other indehiscent 5. Spermacoce 3. Flowers pedicellate, cymose or solitary. 5. Plants trailing: fruit a pair of united red drupes 3. Mitchella 5. Plants erect; fruit a capsule 1. Houstonia 2. Leaves apparently in whorls of 4-8 6. Galium 1 . Houstonia L. — Bluets 1. Flowers cymose; stems 10-30 cm tall; plants perennial. 2. Sepals at anthesis longer than the calyx-tube, and in Iruil longer than the capsule; capsule as broad as long. 3. Leaves lanceolate; calyx nearly as long as the corolla-tube; the linear sepals much longer than the capsule and about twice the length of the calyx-tube; prairie soil or in open woods in the s. half of the state, extending northw. to Menard and Champaign counties. May-July. [H. pur- purea of auth. not L.] H. lanceolata (Poir. ) Britt. 3. Leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear; calyx shorter than the corolla-tube. 224 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, 2-6 mm wide; cymes conipact, the pedicels 2-4 mm long; corolla-lobes puberulent within; sepals much longer than the capsule; thin soil on wooded ridges and slopes, locally in the n. counties. May-July H. longifolia Gaertn. 4. Leaves linear, 1-3 mm wide; cymes loose, the filiform pedi- cels mostly 4-12 mm long; corolla-lobes short-villosulous within; sepals only slightly longer than the capsule; rocky woods, s. 111. May-July H. tenidjolia Nutt. 2. Sepals subulate, shorter than the calyx-tube and the capsule; leaves narrowly linear, many of them fascicled; capsules slightly longer than broad ; blufTs and ledges in the s. and s.w. coimties, not common. \H. angustifolia Miclix.] H. nigricans (Lam.) Fern. 1. Flowers solitary; stems very slender, 1-5 (-15) cm tall. 5. Pedicels mostly 2-5 cm long; flowers 8-15 mm long, with a yellow center, the corolla-tube more than twice the length of the calyx; plants perennial with a filiform rhizome; fields and open woods, locally in the e. and s. counties. Apr.-June - H. caerulea L. 5. Pedicels mostly 0.5-2 cm long; flowers 6-9 mm long, the corolla- tube not more than twice the length of the calyx; plants annual. 6. Calyx about half the length of the corolla-tube; hillsides and bluflfs, s. 111. Apr.-May. [H. patens Ell.] ....//. pusilla Schoepf 6. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla-tube; diy ground in the w. and s. counties. Apr.-May H. minima Beck 2. Cephalanthus L. — Buttonbush C. occidentalis L. Along streams and lake shores, and in swamps, common throughout 111. June-Aug. Var. puhescens Raf., with twigs and lower surface of leaves softly pubescent, is found occasionally in s. 111. 3. Mitchella L. — Partridge-berry M. repens L. In rocky woods or on sandstone ledges, local. May- .July. 4. Diodia L. — Buttonweed 1. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 6-16 mm wide; corolla about 1 cm long; style 2-parted; fruit ellipsoid, 7-9 mm long, strongly fur- rowed, tipped with 2 slender calyx-teeth; wet ground in woods, s. 111. June-Aug D. virginiajia L. 1. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, rough, 3-6 mm wide; corolla 4-6 mm long; style undivided; fruit turbinate, 4-5 mm long, tipped with 4 short calyx-teeth; fields, roadsides, and open woods nearly throughout 111. July-Aug. Rough Buttonwood D. teres Walt. 119. RUBIACEAE 225 5. Spermacoce L. S. glabra Michx. Smooth Buttonweed. Muddy shores, river banks, and wet ground in woods in the southern and western coun- ties, extending northw. to Peoria Co. July-Aug. 6. Galium L. — Bedstraw 1. Ovary and fruit uncinate-hispid, or at least puberulent. 2. Leaves cuspidate, 1 -veined, 6-8 in each whorl. 3. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear; stems long, weak, reclining, retrorsely hispidulous; plants annual. 4. Leaves 2-8 mm long; fruits 4-5 mm in diameter, the hairs pustulate at base; peduncles subtended by a whorl of leaf-like bracts, or cymes 1-3 flowered in the upper axils; corolla white, 2 mm in diameter; woods and thickets, very common. Apr.-June. Goose-grass G. aparine L. 4. Leaves 0.5-2 cm long, narrower and more hispidulous; fruits 1.5-3 mm in diameter, the hairs not pustulate; corolla green, 1 mm in diameter; peduncles with only 2 leaf-like bracts; cymes 2-9-flowered; waste places, occa- sional; adv. from Eur. May- June G. vaillantii DC. 3. Leaves narrowly oval; corolla greenish-white; plants peren- nial; damp woods. June-Aug. Sweet-scented Bedstraw G. triflorum Michx. 2. Leaves not cuspidate, 4 in each whorl. 5. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, white, subtended by a pair of foliaceous bracts; leaves elliptical, ciliate, 5-10 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, 1 -veined; rocky ledges in s.w. 111. May- June G. virgatum Nutt. 5. Flowers in cymes or panicles. 6. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, glabi'ous or nearly so, or the margins and midxcins scabrous; flowers white, numerous in a terminal panicle; in sandy or rocky soil along roads or in woods and thickets, or occasion- ally in bogs. May- July. Northern Bedstraw - G. bore ale L. 6. Leaves oval, more or less pubescent. 7. Leaves 1 -veined, or obscurely 3-veined at base, oval; flowers greenish-purple, pedicelled, paniculate; fruit 3-4 mm in diameter; woods, local. June-Aug G. pilosum Ait. 7. Leaves 3-veined, oval-lanceolate; flowers greenish- yellow, puberulent, sessile or nearly so, in few- flowered cymes; fruit 2-3 mm in diameter; woods. May-July. ^Vild I^icorice [G. circaezans var. Iiypo- malacurn Fern.] G. circaezans Michx. 1 Ovary and fruit glabrous. 226 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 8. Flowers yellow, numerovis, paniculate; leaves linear, revolute- margined, cuspidate, 6-8 in each whorl, becoming deflexed; stem puberulent; waste places and fields, occasional; adv. from Eur. June-July. Yellow Bedstraw G. verum L. 8. Flowers white. 9. Leaves cuspidate, 5-7 (usually 6) in each whorl. 10. Stems puberulent or glabrous; plants more or less erect. 11. Leaves linear; plants usually 15-30 cm tall; dry woods, common. June-July G. concinnum T. & G. 11. Leaves oblanceolate; plants usually over 30 cm tall; introd. from Eur.; Champaign and Henry counties G. mollugo L. 10. Leaves narrowly elliptical-oblanceolate, 2.5-4 mm wide, the margins retrorsely scabrellous; stems reclining or trailing, retrorsely scabrous on the angles, 0.5-2 m long; swamps and thickets in n. 111. July-Aug. Rough Bed- straw G. asprellum Michx. 9. Leaves blunt, linear or linear-spatulate. 12. Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes acute; leaves mostly in fours; stern erect. 13. Leaves spreading or ascending; fruit 3 mm in diam- eter; moist ground, common. May-Jime. [G. tinctorium sensu auth., non L.] G. obtusum Bigel. 13. Leaves mostly reflexed; fruit 1-1.5 mm in diameter; swampy ground, rare; Boone, Lake, and McHenry counties. June-July G. labradoricum (Wieg.) Wieg. 12. Corolla 3-lobed, the lobes obtuse; leaves of the main stem mostly in sixes and fives; stems diffuse, slender. 14. Pedicels smooth, straight, 2-6 mm long; flowers in twos and threes; wet ground, n.e. 111., rare. May- Sept. [G. claytoni Michx.] ..G. tinctorium L. 14. Pedicels scabrous, usually arcuate, 5-10 mm long; flowers solitary; swamps and bogs, rare. July- Aug G. trifidum L. 120. Caprifoliaceae Vent. — Honeysuckle Family 1. Plants trailing; leaves roundish or oval, crenate, evergreen; flowers nodding in pairs; fruit ovoid, indehiscent, 1-seeded 4. Linnaea 1. Erect or climbing shrubs, or herbs. 2. Shrubs with erect or twining stems. 3. Leaves pinnate; fruit berry-like, 3- to 5-seeded 1. Sambucus 3. Leaves simple. 4. Flowers in compound cymes; fruit a 1-seeded drupe 2. Viburnum 4. Inflorescence otherwise. 5. Leaves not serrate ; fruit a berry or drupe. 6. Flowers regular or nearly so; fruit a berry-like drupe with 2 nutlets 3. Symphoricarpos 120. Caprifoliaceae 227 6. Flowers mostly irregular; fruit a few- to many-seeded berry 5. Lonicera 5. Leaves serrate; flowers yellow; fruit a capsule 6. Diervilla 2. Herbs; flowers axillary; leaves connate or sessile; fruit a drupe 7. Triosteuni 1. Sambucus L. — Elder 1. Inflorescence flat-topped, 10-40 cm broad; fruit black (rarely greenish-yellow) pith white; moist ground along roads, in woods or along streams and lakes, common throughout 111. June-July. Common Elder S. canadensis L. 1. Inflorescence o\oid, 4-5 cm broad; fruit bright red (rarely yel- low) ; pith brown; moist rocky woods, rare; known from Cook, La Salle, McHenry, and Winnebago counties. Apr. -May. Red Elder [.S". raceniosa sensu auth., non L.] ^S*. pubens Michx. 2. Viburnum L. — Viburnum 1. Leaves not lobed. 2. Leaves serrate or serrulate, the veins curving and anastomosing before reaching the margin; petioles flat or channelled and somewhat margined; cymes sessile or nearly so. 3. Winter-buds scurfy-punctate, usually somewhat glossy; blades thin, acute or acuminate. 4. Blades abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate; wet groimd, chiefly in the northern half of the state. May-June. Nannyberry V. lentago L. 4. Blades acute or obtuse at the apex, serrulate with incurved teeth; petioles glabrous or nearly so; moist woods, com- mon. Apr. -June. Blackhaw [V . busliii Ashe] V . prunijolium L. 3. Winter-buds dull, porous, puberulent; blades firm, obtusish; petioles more or less reddish-tomentulose; wooded ra- vines, s. 111., rare. May. Southern Blackhaw V . rufidulum Raf. 2. Leaves coarsely dentate, the veins straight, ending in the teeth; petioles not margined; cymes peduncled. 5. Leaves short-petioled, the petioles not more than 1 cm long; blades usually with 7-10 teeth on each side, softly pubescent beneath (or glabrous except on the \eins in var. affine (Bush) House) ; fruit ellipsoid, the stone flat- tened, sulcate on both sides; woods, thicliets, river ban'^s, locally in the northern half of the state. May-June. [V. puhescens sensu auth., non Pursh; L. affine \ar. hypo- malacum Blake] L. rafincsquianum Schultes 5. Leaves longer-petioled, the petioles 1-4 cm long; blades usually with 10-20 teeth on eacii side. 6. Leaves scarcely cordate at base, usually without stipules; fruit globose-ovoid, 6-8 mm long, the stone deejily sulcate ventrally, the back roimded ; bark not exfoliat- 228 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 ing; woods, chiefly in the southern half of the state. Arrow-wood [F. pubescens var. deamii Rehd.; F. puhescens var. indianense Rehd.; V. dentatum var. deamii (Rehd.) Fern.] V. recognitum Fern. 6. Leaves distinctly cordate, roundish-ovate, mostly with linear stipules; fruit compressed-ellipsoid, 8-10 mm long; bark gray, exfoliating; bluffs and rocky woods, rare and local; Adams Co., R. Brinker in 1944; Peoria Co., T'. H. Chase in 1949. Kentucky Viburnum - V . molle Michx. 1. Leaves palmately veined, usually 3-lobed. 7. Young twigs glabrous; petioles glabrous and with a pair of glands; marginal flowers of the cyme neuter, with enlarged flat corollas; fruit red; moist woods in the northern half of the state. May-June. American Cranberry-bush [V . opulus var. americanurn (Mill.) Ait.] V. trilobum Marsh. 7. Young twigs pubescent; petioles pubescent, glandless; cyme with all the flowers alike and perfect; fruit black; dry woods, chiefly in the northern part of the state. May-June. Maple- leaved Viburnum V. acerifolium L. 3. Symphoricarpos Duham. — Snowberry 1. Corolla 5-9 mm long; fruit white or greenish -white. 2. Stamens and style included; twigs and leaves glabrous; petioles 2-4 mm long; corolla 5-7 mm long; style 2 mm long, gla- brous; fruits white, the larger ones 12-15 mm in diameter; native of western N. Am. and commonly planted for orna- ment, but not established in 111. Garden Snowben-y [S. racemosus sensu auth., non Michx.; S. racemosus var. laevigatus Fern.] S. rivularis Suksd. 2. Stamens and style shortly exserted; twigs puberulent; leaves pubescent; petioles 4-10 mm long; corolla 6-9 mm long; style 4-8 mm long, pilose or glabrous; fruits pale greenish- white, 6-8 mm in diameter; dry soil, rare; extending south- ward to Kankakee and Henry counties. June-July. Wolf- berry S. occidentalis Hook. 1. Corolla 3-4 mm long; fruit red (rarely whitish), ellipsoid, glaucous, 5-7 mm long; stamens and style included; style 2 mm long; petioles 2-4 mm long; river banks and woodland pastures, common in the s. two-thirds of the state. July. Coral- berry. Buckbrush [S. vulgaris Michx.] S. orbiculatus Moench 4. Linnaea L. — Twinflower L. americana Forbes. Winnetka, Cook Co., Vascy; probably now extinct in 111. [L. borealis var. americana (Forbes) Rehd.]. 120. Caprifoliaceae 229 5. Lonicera L. — Honeysuckle 1. Erect shrubs; leaves opposite, not connate-perfoliate; berries red. 2. Young twigs and lea\es pubescent or pubeiailent; peduncles not or scarcely longer than the flowers. 3. Corolla more or less pubescent outside. 4. Filaments pubescent below the middle; corolla strongly bilabiate, yellowish white, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower one not lobed; bractlets much shorter than the ovaries; occasionally escaped from cult.; introd. from Eurasia. May. European Fly Honeysuckle L. xylosteum L. 4. Filaments glabrous; corolla scarcely bilabiate, the lobes nearly equal; bractlets pilose, longer than the ovaries; roadsides, etc., or persisting near dwellings; introd. from Asia. May-June. Morrow Honeysuckle L. morrowi A.Gray 3. Corolla and filaments glabrous; bractlets much longer than the ovaries; a garden hybrid, sometimes escaped and be- coming established on rocky blufTs, in thickets, along rail- roads, or in woodland pastures in several localities in the northern half of 111. May-July. Originated in Eur. [L. morrowi )x( tatarica Zabel] Belle Honeysuckle L. bella Zabel 2. Twigs, leaves, and flowers glabrous; peduncles rrmch longer than the white to pink flowers; often planted and sometimes escaped to roadsides and waste places; native of Asia. May- June. Tatarian Honeysuckle L. tatarica L. 1. Stems twining or trailing. 5. Flowers in terminal clusters; upper leaves connate-perfoliate. 6. Corolla 2-Iipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire. 7. Corolla-tube 6-10 mm long; filaments hirsute at base; leav'es green above, glaucous beneath; rocky soil, local; known from Cook, Kane, and Lake counties. May-June. Glaucous Honey.suckle [L. glauca Hill; L. parvifiora Lam.] L. dioica L. 7. Corolla tube 10-14 mm long; filaments nearly glabrous; leaves glaucous on both sides; woods in the n. half of 111., extending southw. to Cumberland Co. May-June. Sullivant's Honeysuckle [L. sullivantii A.Gray] L. prolifera (Kirchn.) Rehd. 6. Corolla red, tubular, the short limb nearly equally 5-lobed; cultivated and sometimes escaped. May-Oct. Trumpet Honeysuckle L. sempervirens L. 5. Flowers in pairs from the upper axils, white or pink, turning yellow, 2.5-4 cm long, fragrant; leaves ovate or oval, not connate-perfoliate; young branches \illous; an aggressive woodland weed in the s. half of 111.; native of Asia. May- July. Japanese Honeysuckle L. japonica Thunb. 230 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 6. Diervilla Mill. — Bush Honeysuckle D. lonicera Mill. Rocky woods, n. 111., extending southward to La Salle and Kankakee counties; an isolated station along Sangamon R. in Piatt Co. May-June. [D. trifida Moench]. 7. Triosteum L. — Horse-gentian 1. Principal leaves usually with broadly dilated connate-perfoliate bases; corolla purplish or dull red, 12-15 mm long; sepals finely and evenly pubescent; stem softly short-pubescent, the hairs 0.5 mm long; woods and thickets. May-June - T. perjoliatum L. 1. Principal leaves narrowed to the sessile bases. 2. Leaves ovate or oval; sepals finely and evenly pubescent; fruit 8-15 mm in diameter; corolla purplish-red. 3. Stem glandular-puberulent and hirsute; sandy soil in open woods; n. and centr. 111., extending southw. to Macoupin and Fayette counties. May-June T. aurantiacum Bickn. 3. Stem rather sparsely hirsute with somewhat reflexed non- glandular hairs 1-2 mm long; rich woods, local. May- June T. illinocnse (Wieg.) Rydb. 2. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate; stem hirsute, not glandular; sepals ciliate, otherwise glabrous; corolla greenish-yellow; fruit 6-7 mm in diameter; alluvial soil, s. 111., not common. May T. angustijolium L. 121. Campanulaceae Juss. — Bellflower Family 1. Leaves petioled or tapering at the base; flowers in a terminal inflorescence 1. Campanula 1. Leaves sessile, clasping, cordate; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile 2. Specularia 1. Campanula L. — Bellflower 1. Flowers in spikes or racemes. 2. Corolla rotate; style declined; capsule clavate, with apical pores; moist woods, common throughout 111. June-Sept. [Cayyipanulastrum americanum (L.) Small; Campanula il- linoensis Fresen.] C. amcricana L. 2. Corolla campanulate; style straight; capsule globose, opening by basal pores; roadsides and waste places; escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. June-Sept C. rapunculoides L. 1. Flower in a loose panicle, or solitary; corolla campanulate. 3. Corolla 5-12 mm long; leaves all linear or narrowly lanceo- late; plants of wet ground. 4. Leaves linear; corolla blue, 8-12 mm long; marshy ground, wet meadows, and lake shores in n. 111., south, to Mason Co. July-Aug C. uliginosa Rydb. 4. Leaves lanceolate; corolla white, 5-8 mm long; wet meadows, local; chiefly in the northern half of the state, extending southw. to Cass Co. June- July C. aparinoidcs Pursh 122. LOBELIACEAE 231 3. Corolla 12-20 mm lon*r; basal leaves ovate or cordate; [plants of sandy or rocky places in the n. counties; also Fountain Bluff, Jackson Co. June-Aug. [C. rotundifolia sensu auth., non L.] C. inter cc dens Witasek 2. Specularia Fabr. — Venus" Looking-glass {Triodanis Raf. ) 1. Leaves cordate-clasping; capsules 4-6 mm long, ellipsoid, the pores near the middle; sepals always 5; dry sandy soil, com- mon throughout 111. May-June 6". perfoliata (L.) A. DC. 1. Leaves not clasping; capsules 6-10 mm long, cylindrical-fusiform, the pores toward the apex; sepals of the lower flowers 3 or 4; fields, roadsides, and waste places in s. 111. May-June S. biflora (R. & P.) F. & M. 122. Lobeliaceae Dum. — Lobelia Family 1. Lobelia L. — Lobelia 1. Flowers red (rarely pink or white), 3-4 cm long; stem simple, leafy, 50-120 cm tall; wet ground throughout 111. July-Oct. Cardinal-flower. A supposed hybrid with the next species has been re{X)rted as L. cardinalis x siphilitica L. cardinalis L. 1 . Flowers blue or whitish. 2. Flowers 1-2.5 cm long, spicate-racemose; stem simple, leafy, 30-100 cm tall. 3. Stem and leaves sparsely hirsute to glabrous; flowers 2-2.5 cm long; calyx-sinuses appendaged with large deflexed auricles; wet ground throughout 111. Aug.-Oct. Blue Cardinal Flower L. siphilitica L. 3. Stem finely pubescent; leaves puberulent; flowers 1.5-2 cm long; calyx-auricles small; dry or rocky woods, or in sandy ground in the s. counties. Aug.-Oct. Downy Lobelia [L. puherula var. simulans Fern.] L. puberula Michx. 2. Flowers 6-10 mm long. 4. Stem simple; flowers in an elongated spike-like raceme: leaves oblanceolate to elliptical, denticulate or repand. 5. Calyx-lobes with 10 reflexed subulate appendages as long as the calyx-tube; dry soil, oi' in open woods, locally throughout 111. June-Aug L. Icptostachys A. DC. 5. Calyx-lobes not appendaged; open woods, or in dry sandy soil, common. June-Aug. Spiked Lobelia [L. spicata var. hirtrlla A. Gray] L. spicata Lam. 4. Stem usually paniculately branched; flowers loosely racemose; sinuses of the calyx not appendaged. 6. Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; plants glabrous; pods not inflated; wet meadows, often in calcareous soil, local; extending southward to Peoria and Wood- ford counties. July-Sept. Kalm's Lobelia L. kalmii L. 232 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 6. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptical, crenate to entire; stem pubescent; pods inflated, wholly inferior; fields or open woods, locally throughout 111. June-Oct. Indian- tobacco L. inflata L. 123. Valerianaceae Batsch — Valerian Family 1. Perennial, strong-smelling, mostly tall herbs; some of the leaves pinnately divided; calyx-lobes becoming pappus-Hke; fruit 1-loculed 1. Valeriana 1. Annual, dichotomously branched low herbs; leaves entire or dentate; sepals minute or lacking; fruit 3-loculed 2. Valerianella 1. Valeriana L. — Valerian 1. Corolla 1-2 cm long; basal leaves cordate; stem-leaves thin, with 3-7 ovate, toothed leaflets; root fibrous; woods and alluvial banks, chiefly in the southern part of the state, extending north- ward to Vermilion Co. May- June V. pauciflora Michx. 1. Corolla 4-5 mm long; basal leaves spatulate; stem-leaves pin- nately parted into 3-7 lanceolate or linear divisions; root fusiform; wet ground in the northern counties. May-June. [V. edulis sensu auth., non Nutt.] V. ciliata T. & G. 2. Valerianella Mill. 1. Corolla blue, 1.5-2 mm long; bracts ciliate, obtuse; fruits 2-4 mm long, laterally compressed, obliquely rhomboidal, wider than long, the dorsal side of the fertile cell with a thick corky mass; waste places and cultivated ground, occasional; introd. from Eur. Com-salad [V . locust a (L.) Betcke] T'. olitoria (L.) Poll. 1. Corolla white or pinkish; bracts acute, usually not ciliate; fruit longer than wide; native species. 2. Fertile carpel of the fruit narrower than the combined width of the divergent sterile carpels; corolla 3-4 mm long. 3. Fruit 3-3.5 mm long, 3 mm wide; sterile carpels divergent, the fruit becoming saucer-shaped; Ottawa, La Salle Co., Skcels V. patcllaria (Sulliv.) Wood 3. Fruit 2 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide; sterile carpels inflated, curved together at the ends, forming a deep cavity; moist ground, not common; Kankakee and La Salle counties. May-June V. umbilicata (Sulliv.) Wood 2. Fertile carpel of the fruit equalling or exceeding the width of the sterile carpels. 4. Corolla 3-4 mm long, the tube as long as the limb; blades of the rosette-leaves oval, abruptly petioled; moist ground in the northern part of the state, not common; Kankakee Co., Hill in 1873; La Salle Co., Greenman, Lansing, & Dixon 134; Joliet, Will Co., Hill in 1907. May- June I', intermedia Dyal 125. CoMPOsiTAE 233 4. Corolla 1.5-2 nun lony,, the tube shorter than the limb; rosette-leaves spatulate; moist ground, chiefly in the southern half of 111. May-June V. radiata (L.) Dufr. 124. Dipsacaceae Lindl. — Tea.sel Family 1 . Dipsacus L. — Teasel 1. Leaves entire; roadsides, fields, pastures, and waste places; nat. from Eur. July-Sept D. sylvcstris Huds. 1 . Leaves pinnately lobed or dixided ; introd. from Eur. ; used by florists in wreaths; reported from Cook and Jackson counties; Peoria, I'. H. Chase D. laciniatus L. 125. Compositae P.F.Gmel. — Composite Family (Carduaceae Neck.; Cichoriaceae Reichenb. : Ambrosiaceae Link) 1. Heads composed of ray- and disk-flowers, or of disk-flowers only; juice not milky Series I. Tubuliflor.'ve. p. 233 1. Heads composed whoUy of perfect flowers with ligulate coroUas; herbs usually with milky juice; leaves alternate or sometimes all basal Series II. LigulifloraEj p. 238 Series I. tubuli florae DC. 1. Pappus of capillary bristles. 2. Heads radiate, i.e., the outer flowers of the head with strap-shaped corollas. (Rays ininute in Dyssodia.) 3. Rays yellow (whitish in one species of Solidago). 4. Bracts in one series, about equal in length (a few short basal ones sometimes present) ; pappus single. 5. Leaves opposite, dissected into linear lobes; bracts bearing 3-7 conspicuous glands; pappus of 8-15 scales, each dissected into 5-10 bristles 42. Dyssodia 5. Leaves alternate and basal; bracts glandless; pappus of numerous capillary bristles 51. Senecio 4. Bracts in several series, unequal, overlapping. 6. Heads numerous, small; pappus single 16. Solidago 6. Heads fewer, large, solitary, or corymbose. 7. Leaves serrate; pappus single. 8. Leaves white-woolly beneath 24. Inula 8. Leaves not white-woolly beneath 15. Haplopappus 7. Leaves entire or nearly so; pappus double. 9. Achenes of ray-flowers with ca|3illary jsappus ....13. Chrysopsis 9.Achenes of ray-flowers without pappus 14. Ileterotheca 3. Rays not yellow. 10. Bracts in 3-5 series; rays broad, few 19. Aster 10. Bracts usually in 1 or 2 series; rays usually narrow and numerous 20. Erigeron 2. Heads rayless (or apparently so), the flowers usually all tubular. 11. Flowers white or whitish, or cream. 12. Leaves prickly. 13. Heads 1-flowered, in capitate clusters 53. Echinops 13. Heads many-flowered, distinct 54. Cirsium 12. Leaves not prickly. 234 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 14. Bracts scarious. 15. Leaves mostly basal, spatulate or obovate, the stem-leaves small ; plants perennial, stoloniferous, dioecious or polygamous 22. Antennaria 15. Leaves all or mostly cauline; plants annual or biennial, not stoloniferous or dioecious; all the flowers fertile, the central ones perfect, surrounded by pistillate ones 23. Gnaphalium 14. Bracts not scarious. 16. Bracts with tips hooked; coarse biennial weeds with large ovate leaves; heads globose 52. Arctium 16. Bracts not hooked. 17. Principal bracts in only one series (often with a few small bractlets at the base of the head ) . 18. Pappus scabrous; flowers all perfect; plants perennial 49. Cacalia 18. Pappus smooth; marginal flowers pistillate, the disk-flowers perfect; plants annual, with strong odor 50. Erechtites 17. Bracts in more than one series. 19. Leaves all or mostly opposite or whorled (or some of the upper ones alternate) 7. Eupatorium 19. Leaves alternate. 20. Bracts striate, imbricated in 3 or more equal series; pappus plumose; achenes striate, nearly terete; leaves minutely resinous-dotted 9. Kuhnia 20. Bracts not striate, in 1-3 series; achenes flat- tened; pappus merely scabrous; leaves not resinous-dotted. 21. Heads racemose; outer bracts foliaceous; pappus copious, of soft bristles; achenes terete species of 19. Aster 21. Heads paniculate; bracts all narrow, not foliaceous; pappus-bristles short, brittle; achenes compressed species of 20. Erigeron 11. Flowers pink, purple, blue, or yellow (rarely white). 22. Stems twining; leaves opposite, triangular-hastate; flowers pink 8. Mikania 22. Stems not twining. 23. Leaves opposite or whorled, not prickly; flowers purple, blue, or white 7. Eupatorium 23. Leaves alternate or basal. 24. Leaves prickly. 25. Heads 1-flowered, in capitate clusters 53. Echinops 25. Heads many-flowered, distinct. 26. Pappus-bristles plumose 54. Cirsium 26. Pappus-bristles not plumose. 27. Receptacle bearing numerous bristles 55. Carduus 27. Receptacle without bristles 56. Onopordum 24. Leaves not prickly. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 235 28. Bracts of the in\olucre pectinate, or tipped with a rigid spine 57. Centaurea 28. Bracts neither pectinate nor with a ri-^id spine. 29. Bracts with hooked tips: ( oarse biennial weeds with large ovate chiefly basal leaves; heads globose ; flowers purple ( rarely white ) ; recepta- cle l)ristly 52. Arctium 29. Bracts not hooked; receptacle not bristly. 30. Flowers yellow; bracts in 1 series 51. Senecio 30. Flowers not yellow; bracts imbricated in 2- several series. 31. Pappus-bristles plumose or barbellate; heads in long racemes or spikes; leaves narrow, entire, rigid 10. Liatris 31. Pappus-bristles not plumose. 32. Pappus (in our species) double, the outer bristles short; heads many- flowered, in corymbose cymes; bracts imbricated in several series 5. Vernonia 32. Pappus-bristles approximately the same length, not in two series. 33. Heads 2- to 5-flowered, aggregated into dense clusters subtended by foliaceous bracts: flowers all per- fect and alike; bracts eight 6. Elephantopus 33. Heads many-flowered, corymbose; flowers of 2 kinds in the same head ; bracts imbricated ; plants camphor-scented 21. Pluchea 1. Pappus not of capillary bristles, either of rigid awns, small chaflfy scales, or reduced to a mere crown, or entirely lacking. 34. Heads radiate. 35. Rays yellow. 36. Pappus of 2-several awns or bristles, these sometimes deciduous. 37. Bracts of the involucre with recurved or hooked tips, often gummy; leaves alternate, sessile, dentate 11. Grindelia 37. Bracts not hooked or gummy. 38. Pappus of 2 smooth awns 35. Verbesina 38. Pappus of 2-several barbed awns. 39. Leaves alternate, linear 12. Gutierrezia 39. Leaves opposite or whorled, not linear 38. Bidens 36. Pappus none, or of few short teeth or scales. 40. Leaves all or mostly opposite or whorled. 41. Achenes thick, not at all. or scarcely flattened. 42. Leaves thin, deeply angulate-lobed or lyrate- pinnatifid 25. Polymnin 42. Leaves thick, entire or serrate; rays conspicuous. 43. Bracts obtuse; ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, papery and persistent on the achene 28. Heliopsis 43. Bracts acute or acuminate; ray-flowers neuter, deciduous 34. Helianthus 236 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 41.Achenes flattened. 44. Rays numerous ; bracts thick, in several rows ; coarse herbs with resinous sap ; disk-flowers perfect but sterile 26. Silphium 44. Rays mostly 8; bracts in two series; disk-flowers fertile 37. Coreopsis 40. Leaves alternate or basal. 45. Leaves or some of them deeply lobed or divided; stem not winged. 46. Receptacle conical to columnar. 47. .\chenes flattened, sharp-margined or winged 32. Ratibida 47. Achenes 4-sided, not at all margined or winged 30. Rudbeckia 46. Receptacle flat or convex; achenes flattened, 2- winged, notched at the apex 26. Silphium 45. Leaves serrate or entire. 48. Stems scapose; leaves all basal. 49. Leaves large, ovate, toothed, long-petioled; scapes 2-3 m tail; heads several 26. Silphium 49. Leaves small, spatulate, entire; scapes 5-15 cm tall; heads solitary 40. Actinea 48. Stems leafy. 50. Stems more or less winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves (except Helenium tenuifolium) . 51. Rays 3-lobed, 10-18; pappus of 5-8 acuminate or aristate scales 41. Helenium 51. Rays entire or emarginate; pappus of 2 subu- late awns 35. Verbesina 50. Stems not winged. 52. Receptacle conical; pappus a mere crown, or none; disk-flowers purple 30. Rudbeckia 52. Receptacle flat or convex; pappus of 2 decidu- ous, translucent scales or awns ; disk-flowers yellow or brownish 34. Helianthus 35. Rays not yellow. 53. Leaves opposite; ray-flowers small, white. 54. Leaves angulate-lobed, thin, dilated at the base; plants glandular-pubescent; corolla- tube of the ray-flowers pubescent 25. Polytnnia 54. Leaves serrate. 55. Leaves ovate, petioled 33. Galinsoga 55. Leaves lanceolate, sessile 29. Eclipta 53. Leaves alternate or basal. 56. Leaves all basal, obovate; heads solitary; bracts about equal, obtuse, usually purplish; pappus a mere crown 17. Bellis 56. Leaves cauline and basal. 57. Leaves dissected or incised; bracts scarious. 58. Rays 4-6, short; heads numerous 43. Achillea 58. Rays 10-30; heads fewer. 59. Leaves cut into filiform divisions; receptacle chaffy 44. Anthemis 125. CoMPOsiTAE 237 59. Leaves incised or coarsely and irregularly toothed 46. Chrysanthemum 57. Leaves entire to serrate or dentate. 60. Rays purple, reflexed; receptacle conical or columnar. 60. Rays white or pink, not reflexed. 61. Rays many, lilac or white; leaves entire, lanceolate 18. Boltonia 61. Rays 3-5, white, short. 62. Heads campanulate; pappus of 2 slender awns; leaves entire to serrate 35. Verbesina 62. Heads hemispheric; pappus of 2 or 3 incon- spicuous scales; leaves dentate 27. Parthenium 34. Heads rayless. 63. Flowers green or greenish. 64. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same head, or flowers all perfect. 65. Heads few or solitary; receptacle conical; bracts short, oval, obtuse, scarious; leaves finely dissected, with pineapple odor when crushed 45. Matricaria 65. Heads numerous, in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 66. Heads in long terminal bracted spikes; receptacle bristly or chafTy; leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, entire or serrate I. Iva 66. Heads in panicles or racemes; receptacle smooth; leaves alternate, mostly lobed or incised; plants bitter-aromatic 48. Artemisia 64. Staminate and pistillate flowers in separate dissimilar heads. 67. Involucre of pistillate heads with hooked prickles 4. Xanthium 67. Involucre of pistillate heads merely tuberculate, or with straight spines. 68. Pistillate involucre with a single series of spines or tubercles 2. Ambrosia 68. Pistillate in\olucre with sc\eral series of spines or tubercles 3. Franseria 63. Flowers yellow (or yellowish) or white. 69. Flowers white. 70. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid 39. Hymenopappus 70. Leaves opposite, entire to lobed 36. Melanthera 69. Flowers yellow or yellowish ; bracts green. 71. Leaves alternate or basal. 72. Leaves pinnately dissected 47. Tanacetum 72. Leaves shallowly lobed, prickly-margined 58. Cnicus 7 1 . Leaves opposite. 73. Pappus none; achenes thick, not flattened; disk-flowers perfect but sterile; plants glandular-pubescent, odorous 25. Polymnia 73. Pappus of 2-4 awns or teeth; achenes flattened; disk- flowers fertile; plants not glandular 38. Bidens 238 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Series 11. liguliflorae DC. 1. Pappus none; annual herbs with alternate leaves and yellow flowers; bracts of the involucre about 8. 2. Heads numerous; achenes 20-30-nerved; tall paniculately branched herbs with ovate, repand-dentate or lobed leaves 59. Lapsana 2. Heads few; achenes 8-10-ribbed; low glaucescent herbs with clasping entire or lobed leaves 60. Serinia 1. Pappus present. 3. Pappas composed of scales, or of scales and bristles, or of short bristles only. 4. Flowers yellow; pappus double, the outer of short thin scales, the inner of bristles 61. Krigia 4. Flowers blue (sometimes white or pink) ; pappus a short crown of numerous small chafTy scales 62. Cichorium 3. Pappus consisting wholly of capillary bristles. 5. Pappus plumose. 6. Leaves grass-like 65. Tragopogon 6. Leaves not grass-like. 7. Plants scapose 63. Hypochaeris 7. Plants leafy-stemmed 64. Picris 5. Pappus not plumose. 8. Heads usually several on each stem; leaves not all basal. 9. Achenes more or less flattened; leaves usually lobed and often somewhat soft-prickly. 10. Achenes filiform-beaked, or if merely narrowed at the apex, the flowers not yellow 66. Lactuca 10. Achenes truncate at the apex, not beaked; flowers yellow, 50 or more in each head 67. Sonchus 9. Achenes cylindric or prismatic. 1 1 . Flowers whitish or purplish; heads pendent 68. Prenanthes 11. Flowers yellow; heads erect. 12. Achenes beakless. 13. Leaves entire or merely toothed 69. Hieracimn 13. Leaves lobed 70. Crepis 12. Achenes filiform-beaked 71. Pyrrhopappus 8. Heads solitary; leaves all basal; flowers yellow. 14. Achenes not muricate, 10-nerved; leaves (in our species )entire ..72. Agoseris 14. Achenes not muricate near the apex, 4- to 5-nerved; leaves lobed 73. Taraxacum Tribe 1. Ambrosieae 1. Iva L. — Marsh-elder 1. Heads in bracted spikes; stem hispid; fields and loadsides, chiefly in the s. half of 111. Aug.-Oct /. ciliata Willd. 1. Heads spicate-paniculate; stem glabrous, or pilosulous above; roadsides, railroad yards, waste places, chiefly in the n. half of 111. July-Sept /. xanthijolia Nutt. 2. Ambrosia L. — Ragweed 1. Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. 2. Leaves petioled, bipinnatifid; fruit with 5-7 sharp tubercles; 125. CoMPOsiTAE 239 plants annual; fields and waste places, common. Aug. -Oct. Common Ragweed [A. clatior L.] A. artcmisiijolia X irifidn Rouleau is occasionally found A. artemisiifolia L. 2. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid; fruit imarmed or with blunt tuber- cles; plants perennial with a slender rhizome; roadsides and waste places. July-Oct. Western Ragweed [A. psilostachya sensu A.Gray, non DC] A. coronopifolia V. & G. 1. Leaves 3-to 5-lobed or undi\idecl; plants annual. 3. Leaves opposite, 3- to 5-lobed, or entire; stem stout, 1-4 m tall; staminate heads peduncled; fruit with 5-7 sharp tubercles; fields and waste places, common. July-Oct. Giant Ragweed A. trifida L. 3. Leaves chiefly alternate, lanceolate, hastately toothed at ba.se; stem 30-90 cm tall, rough-hirsute; staminate heads sessile, the upper lobe of the involucre elongate, hispid; fruit with 4 teeth at the top; fields and waste places; chiefly in the southern half of 111., extending northward to Menard Co. A. bidcntata Michx. 3. Franseria Cav. F. discolor Nutt. Adv. from the West ; La Salle and McHenry counties. 4. Xanthium L. — Cocklebur 1. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, canescent beneath, each with a 3-parted spine at the base; waste ground, rare; adv. from trop. Am. ; Alexander, Cook, and Pulaski counties. Aug.- Oct. Spiny Cocklebur X. spinosum L. 1 . Leaves cordate or ovate, the axils without spines. 2. Bur ovoid to subglobose, less than twice as long as thick, merely glandular; bottomlands, rare; Illinois R., Tazewell Co., (type locality), F. H. Chase; Wayne Co., M. Walker in 1949 - X. chasei Fern. 2. Bur ellipsoid, more than twice as long as thick. 3. Prickles numerous; body of the fruit and its prickles glandu- lar-hispidulous; beaks hooked; waste places, cultixated ground, and river banks. Aug.-Oct. {X . italicum sensu auth., non Mor. ; X. saccharatum sensu Widder, ex ]:>.] X. commune Britt. 3. Prickles relatively few; body of fruit glabrous or merely glandular; beaks nearly straight; waste places, fields, and along rivers. Aug.-Oct. [X. canadense sensu auth., non Mill.; X. pungens Wallr. ; X. glahratum Britt.; X. pennsyl- vanicum sensu auth., non Wallr.] X. chinense Mill. Tribe 2. J'ernonieae 5. Vernonia Schreb. — Ironweed 1. Leaves glabrous beneath or merely puberulent. 240 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Leaves linear-lanceolate, puncticulate beneath; inflorescence dense, fastigiate; moist ground, locally throughout 111. July- Aug - V. jasciculata Michx. 2. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, puberulent beneath; inflorescence loose, the branches spreading; woods, fields, and roadsides throughout 111. July-Oct. [V . altissima var. brevipappa Gleason; V. altissima var. taeniotricha Blake] V . altissima Nutt. 1. Leaves usually copiously tomentulose-pubescent beneath, not puncticulate. 3. Bracts appressed, acute or obtuse; roadsides, pastures, and open woods, common. July-Sept. [T^. illinoensis Gleason; V. novcboracensis sensu auth., non (L.) Michx.] V . missurica Raf. 3. Bracts with acuminate, squarrose tips; open woods, locally in the southern half of the state. July-Sept V. baldwini Torr. 6. Elephantopus L. — Elephant's-foot E. carolinianus Willd. Sandy soil in woods, and along roads, s. 111., extending northward to Lawrence, Marion, and St. Clair counties. Aug. -Sept. Tribe 3. Eupatorieae 7. Eupatoriuni L. \. Leaves whorled. 2. Each head with mostly 9-15 flowers; inflorescence flat-topped; moist ground; more frequent in the northern half of the state. July-Sept. [E. purpiireum sensu auth., non L.] E. maculatum L. 2. Each head with 5-7 flowers; inflorescence convex. 3. Stems purple only at the nodes, solid; woods throughout 111. July-Aug. Joe-pye Weed [E. trijoliatum, L.; E. fal- catum Michx E. purpureum L. 3. Stems purple throughout, hollow; low wet ground, rare; Alexander Co., /. R. Swayne 1152 in 1950 E. fistulosum, Barratt 1. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate. 4. Flowers white (rarely purplish) . 5. Leaves connate-perfoliate, lanceolate, attenuate, crenate- serrate, rugose-reticulate, pubescent beneath; wet ground, common. Aug.-Oct. Boneset E. perfoliatum L. 5. Leaves not connate-perfoliate. 6. Stem pubescent; leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, grayish- pubeiiilent. 7. Leaves conspicuously petioled, sharply serrate; heads 4-6 mm high, 7- to 15-flowered; moist ground, com- mon. Aug.-Oct. Late Boneset E. serotinum Michx. 125. COMPOSITAE 241 7. Leaves sessile or nearly so, sparingly toothed above the middle, or entire; heads 6-8 mm IukIi, about 5-flow- ered; woods near streams, and along roads. Aug.-Oct. Tall Thoroughwort E. altissimum L. 6. Stem glabrous or pubcrulcnt; leaves all opposite. 8. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, pinnately veined, serrate; heads about 5-flowered; woods, local. Aug.-Oct. Upland Boneset E. sessilifolium L. 8. Leaves petioled, ovate, triple-nerved, coarsely dentate (puberulent beneath in var. tomcntellum (B. L. Robins.) Blake) ; heads 10- 30-flowered; woods, com- mon. July-Sept. White Snakeroot [E. ageratoides L.f. ; E. urticaejolium Reich.] E. rugosian Houtt. 4. Flowers purplish to blue; leaves ovate, petiolate, crenate-den- tate, more or less puberulent. 9. Flowers pink to pale purple; receptacle flat; bracts acute, unequal, the outer less than half as long as the inner; woods, not common; Alexander and Pulaski coun- ties, E. J. Palmer in 1919. Aug-Oct. Pink Eupatorium E. incarnatum Walt. 9. Flowers blue or violet; receptacle conical; bracts acuminate, nearly equal; moist ground in the southern half of the state, extending northward to Hancock and Vermilion covmties. July-Oct. Mistflower [E. coelestinum f. illinoense Benke] E. coelestinum L. 8. Mikania Willd. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Climbing Hempweed. In alluvial soil, not common; Alexander, Johnson, Lawrence, Pulaski, and Wabash counties. Aug.-Oct. 9. Kuhnia L. — False Boneset K. eupatorioides L. Prairie soil, often along roads, common. Aug.- Oct. [K. suaveolens Fresen.]. 10. Liatris Schreb. — Blazing Star 1. Pappus evidently plumose; heads few, racemose, cylindrical, 15- to 60-flowered, 1.5-2 cm high. 2. Heads with 10-60 flowers; corolla-lobes hairy within. 3. Stems and leaves glabrous or nearly so; bracts glabrous on the back, thin, appressed; roadsides, prairie soil, or on hillsides, nearly throughout 111., except the most southerly counties. Aug.-Sept L. cylindracea Michx. 3. Stems and leaves pubescent; bracts pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate, firm, rigid, more or less squarrose; dry soil, s. 111. [L. hirsuta Rydb.] L. squarrosa (L.) Michx. 2. Heads with 4-6 flowers; corolla glabrous; adv. from the West; Du Page Co L. punctata Hook. 242 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Pappus merely barbellate or scabrous; heads numerous in elongate spikes. 4. Heads ellipsoid, 3- to 15-flowered. 5. Rachis of spike crisp-pubescent; bracts ciliate, acute, the tips spreading or recurved; prairie soil, common. July- Aug. [L. bebbiana Rydb.] A supposed hybrid with L. squarrosa from Richland Co., has been named L. ridg- wayi Standi L. pycnostachya Michx. .5. Rachis of spike glabrous; bracts obtuse, appressed; prairies and interdunal flats, locally throughout 111. July-Sept. --.. L. spicata (L.) Willd, 4. Heads hemispherical or campanulate, 15- to 45-flowered; rachis of inflorescence pubescent. 6. Bracts entirely herbaceous, green, ciliolate, puberulent; woods and rocky slopes in s. 111. (Pine Hills: type locality). Sept. -Oct - L. scabra (Greene) K. Schum. 6. Bracts broadly scarious-margined, erose, colored, glabrous; roadsides, prairie soil, and open woods throughout 111. Sept. -Oct. White-flowered plants are occasionally found. \L. spheroidea Michx.; L. scariosa sensu auth., non (L.) Willd.; L. X nieuwlandii (Lunell) Gaiser; L. aspvra var. intermedia (Lunell) Gaiser] L. aspera Michx. Tribe 4. Astereae 11. Grindelia Willd. — Gumweed G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Waste ground, fields, and roadsides, occasional; adv. from western U.S. July-Aug. [G. serrulata Rydb.]. 12. Gutierrezia Lag. G. dracunculuides (DC.) Blake. Broomweed. Dry ground, road- sides, occasional; adv. from the West; known from St. Clair and Tazewell counties. Aug.-Sept. l!i. Chrysopsis Nutt. — Golden-aster C. catnporiim Greene. Sandy soil in the w. and s. parts of the state. June-Sept. [C. mariana of auth., not (L.) Ell.; C. villosa of auth., not (Pursh) Nutt.] 14. Heterotheca Cass. H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby. Waste ground, occasional; Henry and Union counties; adv. from west of the Mississippi R. 15. Haplopappus Cass. H. ciliatus (Nutt.) DC. Fields and roadsides; adv. from western U.S.; Jackson, Montgomery, Greene, and Union counties. Aug.-Sept. [Prionopsis ciliata Nutt.] 125. CoMPOsiTAE 243 16. Solidago L. — Goldenrod {Euthatnid Nutt.; Oligoneuron Small) 1. Heads distinctly pedicellate; ray-flowers usually fewer than the disk-flowers; receptacle pitted; leaves not j^unctate. 2. Heads in panicles, racemes, or a.\illary clusters; bracts of the involucre not longitudinally striate. 3. Heads in small axillary clusters or .short racemes. 4. Stem pubescent or puberulent; achenes glabrous or nearly so at maturity. 5. Rays cream or nearly white; involucres 3-5 mm high; wooded slopes and ridges, rare. Aug.-Oct. White Goldenrod S. hicolor L. 5. Rays orange-yellow; involucres 5-8 mm high. 6. Leaves very unequal, the lower much larger than the middle and upper; basal ro.settes of large leaves usually present ; wooded slopes and ridges, rare, in Alexander and Jackson counties ....S. hispida Muhl. 6. Leaves nearly uniform or only slightly decreasing in size upward ; basal rosettes wanting. 7. Margin of leaves scabrous with short incurving hairs; inner phyllaries attenuate; rocky woods or bluff's, s. 111., rare. Sept. -Oct .S". petiolaris Ait. 7. Margin of leaves with long spreading hairs; inner phyllaries obtuse to acute; blufTs, thickets, rocky woods, s. 111., rare. Sept. -Oct S. biickleyi T. & G. 4. Stem glabrous; achenes pubescent; leaves mostly sharply serrate. 8. Leaves unequal, the lower much larger; basal rosettes present; clifTs, rare; known from Carroll, Jo Daviess, La Salle, and Ogle counties. Sept S. sciaphila Steele 8. Leaves nearly uniform or only slightly decreasing in size upward; basal rosettes wanting. 9. Leaves se.ssile, lanceolate; stem moie or less glaucous, terete; woods throughout 111., except the north- western counties. Aug.-Oct. Woodland Goldenrod S. cacsia L. 9. Leaves with winged petioles, ovate or oval, sharply serrate; stem angled, not glaucous; woods thiough- out 111. Aug.-Oct. Broad-leaved Goldenrod \S. flcxicaulis L.] S. latifolia L. 3. Heads mostly in terminal panicles or racemes. 10. Stem below the inflorescence glabrous or nearly so. 11. Branches of the inflorescence more or less pubescent or hirtellous. 12. Branches of the panicle spreading or recui'ved, the heads distinctly secund. 244 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 13. Stem sharply angled, at least below; leaves thick, with only 1 principal vein, rugulose and glabrous beneath, strongly scabrous above; achenes glabrous; wet ground, local. Aug.- Oct. Spreading Goldenrod ...S. patula Muhl. 13. Stem terete; leaves thin, smooth (except the margins), not rugulose; achenes pubescent. 14. Leaves with only one principal vein. 15. Leaves lanceolate, entire, smooth, gla- brous, 10-40 cm long; stem 0.5-2 m tall; inflorescence dense, terminal; adv. in Chicago, /. A. Steyerrnark in 1947; native along the e. coast of U.S S. scmpervirens L. 15. Leaves elliptical, sharply serrate, pubes- cent beneath along the veins; stem 30- 90 cm tall. 16. Stems lacking basal rosettes of leaves; involucral bracts linear, acute; borders of woods, or wooded slopes or ridges, common through- out 111. Aug.-Oct. Elm-leaved Goldenrod ...S. ulmifolia Muhl. 16. Basal rosettes present; inxolucral bracts obtuse; woods. Pine Hills, Union Co., R. H. Mohlenbrock in 1958 S. strigosa Small 14. Leaves more or less plainly 3 -veined; in- florescence a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7-15; moist ground, common. Aug.-Oct. [S. serotina Ait. not Retz. ; S. gigantea var. leiophylla Fern.] Late Goldenrod S. gigantea Ait. 12. Branches of the panicle erect or ascending, the heads not or scarcely secund. 17. Leaves mostly entire; heads 7-10 mm high; panicle pyramidal; sandy or gravelly soil, or in dry open woods. Aug.-Oct. Showy Golden- rod [S. rigidiuscula (T. & G. ) Porter] - S. spcciosa Nutt. 17. Leaves serrate; heads about 5 mm high; panicle narrow, dense, wand-like; bogs, swamps, and meadows, locally in the northern third of 111. Aug.-Sept. Swamp Goldenrod [S. uniligu- lata (DC.) Porter; .S". neglecta T. & G.] S. uliginosa Nutt. 1 1 . Branches of the inflorescence glabrous or nearly so. 18. Heads 4-5 mm high; plants strongly stoloniferous, 125. CoMPOsiTAE 245 the stolons forming- sterile branches; leaves more or less triple-veined, two of the lateral veins becoming more prominent than the others; prairie soil throughout 111. Aug.-Sept. Prairie Golden rod [S. rn oritur a Steele; S. mis.wuriensis of auth., not Nutt.] S. glabcrrinia Martens 18. Heads about 3 mm high; plants with rhizomes but not strongly stoloniferous; leaves with 1 principal vein; roadsides, fence-rows, open woods, fields throughout 111. July-Aug. Early Goldenrod [S. arguta sensu auth., non Ait.] ,5". juiicca Ait. 10. Stem hii^ute or puberulent; branches of the inflorescence pubescent. 19. Leaves (at least the median and lower) more or less plainly 3-ribbed, two of the lateral veins becoming prominent (often only slightly so in the upper leaves) . 20. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. 21. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate or acute, sharply serrate or entire; bracts linear-lanceolate, thin; rays 9-15; involucre 2.5-4 mm high; stem 1-3 m tall; moist rich soil, chiefly along roads, and in thickets and woods, very common. Aug.-Oct. Tall Goldenrod [S. gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Smyth; S. cana- densis sensu auth., non L.] S. altissima L. 21. Leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, dentate- crenate, the upper smallei', entire; outer bracts oval, obtusish, firm; rays 3-7, short; stem 30-100 cm tall; bluffs and diy soil, local; absent from the northern and eastern counties. Aug.-Oct. Rough Goldenrod S. radula Nutt. 20. Leax'es broadly oval or ovate, sharply serrate, puberulent; blufTs, clifTs, or rocky woods along the Mississippi R., extending northw. to Pike Co. Sept. -Oct. Drummond's Goldenrod S. drummondii T. & G. 19. Leaves with 1 principal vein (i.e., not plainly 3- ribbed, the lateral veins, if present, weak). 22. Stem more or less hirsute, or the lower part al- most glabrous; leaves lanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate, sharply serrate, sessile or nearly so. more or less rugulose, scaberulous above, short- hirsute on the veins beneath; moist ground, rare; Jackson. Lawrence, and Randolph coun- ties. Aug.-Oct. Rough-leaved Goldenrod S. rugosa Mill. 246 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 22. Stem grayish-puberulent; leaves oblanceolate, cre- nate-dentate or entire, puberulent on both sides, the lower long-petioled ; fields, roadsides, sand dunes, and open woods, common. Aug.- Oct. Field Goldenrod [S. longipetiolata Mack. & Bush] S. nemoralis Ait. 2. Heads in dense terminal compound coiymbiform cymes; bracts often longitudinally striate. [Oligoneuron Small). 23. Leaves oval or elliptical, scabrous on both sides, crenate; stem pubescent or puberulent throughout; prairie soil, mostly along roads throughout 111., rare in the southern counties. Aug. -Sept. Rigid Goldenrod S. rigida L. 23. Leaves lanceolate or linear, glabrous; stem glabrous, or puberulent above. 24. Inflorescence pubescent or puberulent; stem-leaves en- tire, recurved, somewhat conduplicate, sheathing at the base; moist ground, locally nearly throughout Illinois except the s. counties. Aug.-Sept. Riddell Goldenrod S. riddellii Frank 24. Inflorescence, as well as the rest of the plant, glabrous; leaves flat; moist ground, rare; Cook, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Peoria, and Woodford counties. Aug.- Sept. Ohio Goldenrod S. ohioensis Riddell 1. Heads sessile or subsessile, in flat-topped corymbs; leaves punc- ticulate; ray-flowers more nimierous than the disk-flowers; re- ceptacle fimbriolate. {Eutharuia Nutt.). 25. Stem and peduncles hirtellous; leaves minutely rough- pubescent on veins and margins, the median leaves 3-8 mm wide, 5-veined, i.e., with 3 prominent and 2 faint veins; rays 12-20; moist ground, common throughout 111. Aug. -Oct. [S. graminifolia of auth., not (L.) Salisb.; S. lanceolata of auth., not L.; E. nuttallii Greene] S. hirtella (Greene) Bush 25. Stem glabrous; pedimcles glabrous, glutinous; leaves scabrel- lous or glabrous, the median 2-4 mm wide, 1 -veined, often with a pair of more or less distinct lateral nerves ; rays 6-12; moist ground, common throughout 111. Aug.-Oct. [S. tenui- jolia of auth., not Pursh; S. rernota (Greene) Friesn. ; S. pnglabra Friesn.] S. media (Greene) Bush 17. BelHs L. B. perennis L. English Daisy. Occasional in lawns and waste ground; introd. from Eur. May-June. 18. Boltonia L'Her. L Stem-leaves conspicuously decurrent, 1-2 cm broad; achenes 2.5-3 mm long; phyllaries spatulate; alluvial bottoms along the Illinois R. in Fulton, La Salle, Mason, Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford counties B. decurrens (T. & G.) Wood 125. CoMPOsiTAE 247 l.Lea\es not decunent : achenes 1.5-2 mm long'; phyllaries linrar- subulate. 2. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, 0.5-2 cm broad, the upper smaller; disk 5-8 mm broad; alluvial soil, river banks, or wet ground in woods, locally throughout 111. Aug-Oct. [B. aste- roides sensu auth., non (L.) L'Her.] B. recognita (Fern. & Grisc.) G. N. Jones 2. Leaves linear, 1-5 mm wide, those of the branchlets subulate; disk 3-5 mm broad ; dry soil in the southern part of the state, extending northward to St. Glair, Fayette, and Crawford counties. Aug. -Sept. [B. diffusa sensu auth., non Ell.] B. interior (Fern. & Grisc.) G. N. Jones 19. Aster L. — Aster 1. Heads radiate; plants perennial. 2. Lower leaves cordate or subcordate, long-petioled. 3. Leaves nearly all sharply serrate. 4. Heads corymbose; involucral bracts obtuse, the outer 1-2 mm wide, ciliolate and more or less puberulent; achenes linear. 5. Peduncles (and involucres) more or less glandular; rays purple: dry open woods in Lake and Cook counties, not common. Aug. -Sept. Large-leaved Aster A. 7nacrophyllus L. 5. Peduncles and involucres not glandular; rays white or lavender. 6. Heads 6-8 mm high; inflorescence forking; leaves pubescent beneath; wooded bluffs and ravines, locally in western and northern 111., extending east- ward and southward to McHemy, La Salle, Taze- well, and Calhoun counties. Aug.-Sept. Forked Aster A. furcatus Burgess 6. Heads 8-10 mm high; inflorescence compact; lea\es nearly glabrous; wooded ravines in Marshall, Peoria, and Tazewell counties. Aug.-Oct. [A. schreheri sensu Fern. ex. p., non Nees] Chase Aster A. chasei G. N. Jones 4. Heads paniculate; bracts narrow, attenuate or acute, less than 1 mm wide, glabrous or nearly so on the back, or the margins sparsely ciliolate; achenes flattened. 7. Bracts acute with conspicuous rhombic green tips; stem .slender, often somewhat zigzag, glabrous or sparsely pubescent in decurrent lines above; leaves thin, cor- date-ovate, sharply and conspicuously serrate, the lower surface sparsely pilosulous, at least along the veins, vai'ying to nearly or quite glabrous, the jjctioles slightly or not at all margined; heads usually numer- 248 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 ous, small, the branches of the panicle spreading; dry woods, western and northern 111., extending south- ward and eastward to Will and Macoupin counties. Aug.-Oct. [A. cordijolius var. moratus Shinners]. Blue Wood Aster A. cordijolius L. 7. Bracts attenuate, with a median green line; leaves lan- ceolate to ovate-lanceolate, less serrate, the petioles margined; panicle-branches ascending. 8. Stem glabrous, or sparsely pubescent along decurrent lines on the upper part; leaves glabrous to sparsely pubescent beneath; dry woods, common throughout 111. Aug.-Oct. Arrow-leaved Aster - A. sa^ittifolius Wedem. 8. Stem evenly and often rather copiously short-pubescent throughout (except the base), varying to merely hirtellous-puberulent or nearly glabrous; lower sur- face of leaves finely and evenly short-pubescent throughout ; dry open woods, common throughout 111. Aug.-Oct. [A. drummondii var. rhodactis Benke]. Drummond Aster A. drummondii Lindl. 3. Leaves all or mostly entire or subentire, firm; rays purple. 9. Bracts erect, appressed; involucre campanulate, 5-7 mm high; rays 12-15. 10. Bracts and peduncles pubescent; stem nearly equally leafy throughout; leaves glabrous or nearly so above, sparingly pubescent beneath; rays 10-12 mm long; banks and dry open woods nearly throughout 111. Aug.- Oct. \A. shortii f. groneynanni Benke].. A. shortii Lindl. 10. Bracts glabrous, with conspicuous rhombic green tips; leaves thickish, firm, scabrous on both sides, those of the upper part of the stem and of the branches bract- like, linear, cuspidate; rays 6-8 mm long; sandy soil and in open woods nearly throughout 111. Sept. -Oct. [A. azureus f. laevicaulis Fern.] A. azureus Lindl. 9. Bracts spreading or recurved, scabrous-pubescent, lanceolate, acuminate; involucre hemispherical, 8-12 mm high; rays 30-45, 10-12 mm long; bluffs and rocky woods in and near the Mississippi valley northward to Hancock Co.. and in the Illinois valley as far as Peoria and Woodford counties. Sept.-Oct A. anomalus Engelm. 2. Lower leaves not cordate. 11. Stem leaves clasping or auricled at the base (only slightly in A. oblongijolius) . 12. Stem pubescent or puberulent throughout, or at least above. 13. Leaves all entire or essentially so. 1 4. Heads numerous, subcorymbose ; involucre hemi- spherical, the bracts minutely glandular. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 249 15. Leaves lanceolate, aeuniinate, 5-10 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, strongly clasping; bracts loose, linear-lanceolate, attenuate; involucre 6-10 mm high; peduncles copiously glandular- pubescent: rays 40-50; roadsides and moist ground, common. Aug.-Oct. New Eng- land Aster A. novae-angliae L. 15. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acute, 2-5 cm long, 4-10 mm wide (the upper ones slightly, if at all clasping) ; bracts ap- pressed, linear-oblong, acute, firm; involu- cre about 5 mm high ; peduncles hirtellous and minutely glandidar; rays 20-30; wooded bluffs, local; Aug.-Oct...^. oblongijolius Nutt. 14. Heads few, scattered, solitary on slender pedun- cles beset with minute bract-like leaves; in- \olucre turbinate, 1 cm high; bracts appressed, lincar-oblanceolate, acuminate, ciliolate, sparse- ly pubescent on the back and minutely glandu- lar; open woods, local; chiefly in s. 111. Aug.- Oct A. patens Ait. 13. Leaves, at least the lower, sharply toothed; bracts glabrous; involucre 8-10 mm high; moist ground, local. Aug.-Oct A. puniceus L. 12. Stem glabrous or the upper part pubescent in lines; rays purple (rarely white). 16. Stem pubescent in lines; bracts of the involucre acuminate. 17. Stem-leaves sharply serrate, oblanceolate, abrupt- ly contracted into winged entire auriculate- clasping petioles; moist ground, often along streams or ditches, Jo Daviess, Fulton, Peoria, and Henry counties. Sept. -Oct A. prenanthoides Muhl. 17. Stem-leaves entire or nearly so. 18. Leaves lanceolate, 1-3 cm wide; stem 3-6 mm in diameter near base; moist ground, n.e. 111., extending southw. to Menard Co. Aug.- Oct A. lucidulus (A.Gray) Wieg. 18. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5-10 mm wide; stem 1.5-3 mm in diameter near base; swampy ground, rare, n. 111. Aug.-Sept A. longifolius Lam. 16. Stem glabrous, often glaucous; leaves thick, lanceo- late, mostly entire or nearly so; bracts acute, the tips green, rhombic; sandy soil in woods, usually near streams. Aug.-Oct. Smooth Aster A. laevis L, 250 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 11. Leaves not clasping. 19. Leaves densely appressed silveiy-silky on both sides; rays violet; sandy soil, often in open woods, local. Sept. -Oct. Silky Aster. A. sericeus Vent. 19. Leaves not silvery-silky. 20. Heads not in flat-topped corymbs. 21. Involucre conspicuously tin-binate, 8-12 mm high, the bracts linear-spatulate, obtuse, appressed, rounded on the back, imbricated in 5 or 6 series, green only near the apex; rays violet- blue; prairie soil, local, chiefly in the south- ern part of the state, but extending northward to Christian and Fulton counties. Sept. -Oct. A. turbinellus Lindl. 21. Involucre hemispherical to campanulate; bracts not roimded on the back. 22. Involucres 3-7 mm high. 23. Bracts of the involucres (and uppermost leaves) minutely spinulose-tipped or evidently bristly ciliate; heads small, usually numerous, paniculate. 24. Stems pilose to glabrous; rays white. 25. Involucres 4-8 mm high. 26. Stem pilose ; roadsides, fields, open woods, abundant throughout 111.; a plant of disturbed soil, hence much more common in recent years. Aug.-Oct. .- A. pilosus Willd. 26. Stem and leaves glabrous; dry sandy ridges, shore of Lake Michigan. Aug.-Oct A. pringlei (A.Gray) Britt. 25. Involucres 3-4 mm high; disk florets 6-12; praiiies and open woods in the northern half of 111. Aug.-Oct A. parviceps (Burgess) Mack. & Bush 24. Stems and branches copiously short- hirsute; bracts bristly ciliate; leaves linear, entire, 2-5 mm wide, hireu- tulous, cuspidate; heads nimierous; involucres 4-5 mm high. 27. Bracts acute, ascending, rays light blue or pink, about 5 mm long; stem pubescent ; moist ground, rare; Champaign, Cook, Mc- 125. COMPOSITAE 251 Lean, Peoria, and Winnebago counties. Sejjt. [A. ericoides ^ novac-angliae BenkeJ X ^- amethystinus Nutt. 27. Bracts with broad obtuse squarrose tips; rays white, 3-6 mm lonsj^. 28. Stem with spreadintj,' or sht^htly reflexed hairs; bracts (at least the outer) hispidulous on the back; dry ground, prairie soil, often along roads, com- mon. Sept. -Oct A. cxiguus (Fern.) Rydb. 28. Stem with appressed or ascend- ing short hairs, or the lower part glabrous; bracts smooth or nearly so on the back; in habitats similar to the preced- ing, but less common; in the northern half of 111. July- Oct. [A. multiflorus Ait.; A. stricticaulis Rydb.] A. ericoides L. 23. Bracts thin, scarious, not subulate-tipped or bristly-ciliate. 29. Rameal leaves linear, small, numerous, 1 mm wide. 30. Rameal leaves \ery unecjual ; in- volucre 3-3.5 mm high; bracts thin, narrowly linear, with linear- oblanceolate green midrib; rays white, 3-6 mm long; fields, road- sides, s. III. Sept. -Oct A. vimineus Lam. 30. Rameal leaves uniform or nearly so ; involucre 4-6 irmi high ; bracts with conspicuous rhombic green tips ; rays pale lavender, 5- 1 0 mm long; moist sandy soil in the northern half ot 111. Aug. -Sept. [A. duinosus \ar. eordifolius sensu Fern, quoad pi. 111., non (Michx.) T. & G.] Bushy Aster A. duitiosus L. 29. Rameal leaves usually broader, fewer. 31. Leaves linear, acuminate, ascend- ing, 2-5 mm wide, entire, sca- brous margined, otherwise gla- 252 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 brous; stem slender, 15-60 cm tall; heads few; involucre 5-7 mm high, the bracts acute, slen- der, glabrous; rays 20-50, white to pale lavender, 7-15 mm long; wet ground and in bogs, rare, n.e. 111. Aug.-Sept A. junciformis Rydb. 31. Leaves wider, mostly 1-3.5 cm wide (except A. praealtus, with stout stems 0.5-1.5 m tall, and numer- ous heads) . 32. Stem-leaves soft, flat, thin, dark green, widest near the middle, tapering toward each end, mostly 1-3.5 cm broad; rays usually white. 33. Leaves finely and softly short-pubescent over the lower surface; rays 15-25; roadsides, fields, river banks, common through- out 111. Sept. -Oct A. ontarionis Wieg. 33. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, or pubescent only on the midrib beneath. 34. Leaves with midrib on lower surface usually short-pilose pubescent; heads tending to be uni- laterally racemose ; in- volucral bracts firm, lin- ear-oblong, blunt or acute, with conspicuous subspatulate green tips: rays 9-15, each 4-7 mm long; woods, common. Sept. -Oct ....A. lateriflorus (L.) Britt. 34. Leaves glabrous; panicle large, with forking branches; involucral bracts narrowly linear, attenuate, with a green median band; rays 20-40, each 6-12 mm long; moist 125. CoMPOsiTAE 253 ground, river banks, woo ds, common. Aug.-Oct. [A. panicu- latus Lam., not Mill.; A. tradescanti of auth., not L. ; A. interior Wieg.] A. simplex Willd. 32. Stem-leaves thick, firm, glossy, yellowish green, lanceolate, usually entire, 5-10 mm wide, the tips involute and indu- rated, the upper surface sca- brous near the margins and toward the tip; branches and branchlets very leafy; rays lilac purple; involucre 4-6 mm high; moist ground, com- mon throughout 111. Sept.- Oct. [A. salicifolius Ait.] A. praealtus Poir. 22. Involucres 6-9 mm high. 35. Leaves numerous, linear, entire, sessile, 1- nerved, rigid, 1-3 cm long, 2-3 mm wide; rays 10-15, violet or rarely white, 7-10 mm long; sandy soil in woods in the northern half of the state. Sept.- Oct. [lonactis linariif alius (L.) Greene] A. li7iariifolius L. 35. Leaves large, 15-60 cm long, coarse, ellip- tical, acuminate, all but the reduced upper ones serrate; stems stout, angular, 1-2 m tall; rays 15-20, purple, 1-1.5 cm long; cult., and occasionally escaped and persisting; native of E. Asia. Sept. -Oct. Tatarian Aster A. tataricus L.f 20. Heads in a flat-topped corymb; rays white or whitish; involucres 4-5 mm high. 36. Leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate, acute; rays about 8 mm long; sandy soil in the northern half of the state, extending southward to Kankakee and Menard counties. Aug.-Sept. \A. lutescens (Lindl.) T. & G.]; suggested by E. J. Hill in 1883 to be a hybrid between A. ptarmicoides and Solidago riddellii A. ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G, 36. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, not rigid; rays 4-6 mm long; pappus double, the outer bristles 254 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 shorter; achenes pubescent; moist ground in the northern half of the state, local. Aug.-Oct. [Docllingeria umbcllata (Mill.) Nees]. Flat-top Aster A. umbellatus Mill. 1. Heads rayless, campanulate, 8-12 mm broad; involucre 4-6 mm high; pappus copious, soft; achenes appressed-pubescent; leaves linear, entire, sessile, ciliolate, acutish; plants annual; road- sides and waste ground, local; adv. from w. U.S.; apparently not coll. recently in 111.; Cook Co., Moffatt in 1891; Hill in 1900, Agues Chase in 1900. July-Sept. [A. angustus sensu auth., non Nees; Brachyactis angustus (Lindl.) Britt.] Rayless Aster. A. brachyactis Blake 20. Erigeron L. — Fleabane 1 . Rays conspicuous, longer than the pappus. 2. Leaves clasping; rays lilac or purple; plants perennial. 3. Heads few, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter; rays 50-75, about 1 mm broad; peduncles hirsute; stem simple, rather leafless above; open woods, common. Apr.-June E. pulchellus Michx. 3. Heads several, 1.5-2 cm in diameter; rays 150-200, about 0.5 mm broad; peduncles strigose; stem branched, leafy; open woods, roadsides, and fields, common. May-June E. philadelphicus L. 2. Leaves not at all clasping; rays white or pink-tinged; plants annual or biennial. 4. Stem-leaves few, linear to narrowly lanceolate, strigose, usual- ly entire; stem softly strigose, 30-70 cm tall; basal leaves spatulate; roadsides, fields, or dry open woods, chiefly in the northern half of the state. May-July. Daily Fleabane [E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP.] E. strigosus Muhl. 4. Stem-leaves more numerous, lanceolate, ciliate, sparsely hir- sute or glabrous, irregularly sharply toothed, or the upper ones entire; stem 60-150 cm tall, scabrous to hispidulous; basal leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, long-petioled, usually absent at flowering time; fields, roadsides, waste places, and open woods, very common throughout 111. June-Oct. Whitetop E. annuus (L.) Pers. I . Rays inconspicuous, scarcely, if at all, exceeding the pappus. 5. Rays purplish; involucre about 2 mm high; stem diffusely or divaricately branched; leaves all linear, entire; dry soil, local. June-Sept E. divaricatus Michx. 5. Rays white; involucre 3-4 mm high; stem strict; lower leaves spatulate, toothed; common weed in cultivated ground and along roads. Aug.-Oct. Horseweed. Muletail E. canadensis L. 125. CoMi'osiTAE 253 Tribe 5. Gnaplinlieae 2 1 . Pluchea Cass. — Marsh Fleabano P. camphurata (L.) DC. Swamps and sloughs, not conunon, southern 111. July-Oct. 22. Antennaria Gaertn. — Pussytoes. Ladies'-tobacco 1. Rosette leaves comparatively small, usually less than 3 cm long, 1 -ribbed, or indistinctly 3-ribbed. 2. Rosette leaves obovate, abruptly contracted below the middle into a petiole-like base; roadsides and open woods; De- Kalb and Henry counties. May-June - A. neodioica Greene 2. Rosette leaves cuneate-spatulate, gradually tapering to the sessile base; fields, roadsides, and pastures, or open wooded slopes. Apr.-May A. neglecta Greene 1. Rosette leaves larger, distinctly 3-ribbed, 3-12 cm long. 3. Upper surface of leaves dark green and glabrous or nearly so from the beginning; involucres 7-11 mm high; upper part of stem usually with a few small glands; dry soil in open woods and on bluffs, locally throughout 111., except the southern counties. May- June A. parlinii Fern. 3. Upper surface of leaves arachnoid or tomentulo.se at first, tardily glabrate in age; stem glandless. 4. Heads small, the involucres of the pistillate plants 5-7 mm high; wooded slopes, common throughout 111. Apr.-May - A. plantaginifolia (L.) Hook. 4. Heads larger, the involucres of the pistillate plants 7-9 mm high. 5. Rosette leaves rhombic-obovate, widest at or below the middle, usually acutish; pastures and open woods, com- mon. May-June. [A. occidentalis Greene] A. falla.x Greene 5. Rosette leaves spatulate, widest above the middle, rounded at the apex; sandy ridges or open woods near Lake Michigan, rare; Lake Co., F. C. Gates in 1908 [A. oc- cidentalis of auth., not Greene] A. munda Fern. 23. Gnaphalium L. — Cudweed 1. Heads in cymose or paniculate clusters; pappus-bristles not united. 2. Stems 30-90 cm tall, simple below, bracts white; achenes smooth. 3. Leav'es not decurrent; plants not glandular; outer bracts obtuse; fields, roadsides, and open woods, common. Aug.- Oct. Sometimes mistaken for Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) A. Gray, which is not known to occur in 111. Sweet Everlasting [G. polycephalum Michx.] G. obtusifolium L. 256 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Leaves decurrent; stem glandular-pubescent; bracts acute; sandy soil in woods and fields, rare. July-Sept G. macounii Greene 2. Stems 5-25 cm tall, diffusely branched near the base; bracts brownish; achenes scabrous; dried mud, and along ditches, local; known from Cook and Lake counties. June-Aug G. uliginosum L. 1. Heads in a narrow spike-like panicle; pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring; leaves glabrate above; fields and open woods, local. May-July. Early Cudweed G. purpureum L. Tribe 6. Inuleae 24. Inula L. — Elecampane /. heleniurn L. Roadsides, fields, and open woods, occasional; in- trod. from Eur. July-Aug. Tribe 7. Heliantheae 25. Polymnia L. — Leaf cup L Leaves pinnately lobed; rays white, 2-5 mm long; achenes 3-5 mm long, angular; woods, common. June-Nov P. canadensis L. 1. Leaves palmately lobed; rays yellow, 1.5-2 cm long; achenes 6-8 mm long, black, flattened; woods and thickets, rare; known from Alexander, Hardin, Jackson, Pope, Pulaski, and Union counties. July-Sept. Bear's-foot P. uvedalia L. 26. Silphium L. l.Stem 1-3 m tall, leafless or nearly so; leaves large, cordate, den- tate, long-petioled ; prairie soil, common. July-Sept. Prairie- dock S. terebinthinaceurn Jacq. 1. Stem leafy throughout. 2. Leaves pinnately parted, large, alternate; prairie soil, common. July-Aug. Compass-plant [S. gummiferum Ell.] S. laciniatmn L. 2. Leaves toothed or entire, chiefly opposite. 3. Leaves merely sessile, 7-10 cm long; stem nearly terete or obtusely angled; prairie soil, often along railroads, com- mon. July-Aug. Rosinweed [S. integrifolium var. deamii Peri-y]. Occasional plants with some of the leaves whorled have been mistaken for S. trifoliatum L., which is not known to occur in 111 .S*. integrifolium Michx. 3. Leaves connate-clasping, perfoliate, 20-60 cm long; stem sharply 4-angled; alluvial soil, common. July-Aug. Cup- plant S. perjoliatum L. 27. Parthenium L. L Leaves simple, toothed; prairie soil, common. July-Sept. American Feverfew P- integrifolium L. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 257 1. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately dissected; adw from trop. Am.; Cook Co. Aug. -Oct. Santa Maria P. hysUrophorus L. 28. Heliopsis Pers. H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet. Open woods, and along roads, com- mon. July-Aug. [H. scahra Dunal ; H . laevis Pers.]. 29. Eclipta L. E. alba (L.) Hassk. Shores, sloughs, and fields throughout 111., except the northern counties. July-Sept. 30. Rudbeckia L. — Coneflower 1. Leaves clasping; along railroads, rarely adv. from w. U.S R. a77i/)lcxicaulis Vahl 1. Leaves not clasping, usually petiolate. 2. Peduncles glabrous; disk greenish-yellow; rays 2.5-5 cm long, soon drooping; lower leaves pinnately parted, the upper 3- lobed or entire; stem 1.5-3 m tall, glabrous; alluvial soil, common. July-Sept. Goldenglow R. laciniata L. 2. Peduncles more or less pubescent; disk brown or purple; stem 30-150 cm tall. 3. Chaff of the receptacle acuminate, glabrous; basal leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, long-petioled ; lower stem-leaves, or some of them, 3-lobed or 3-parted, the upper lanceo- late, entire or serrate; rays 8-12, orange-yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm long; woods, locally throughout 111. Aug.-Oct. Brown- eyed Susan - R. triloba L. 3. Chaff obtuse or acutish, puberulent toward the tip. 4. Stem (at least the upper part) tomentulose or puberulent; leaves thick, tomentulose beneath, the lower ones, or some of them frequently deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted; rays 15-20, 2-3 cm long; prairie soil, or in open woods, local. Aug.-Sept. Fragrant Coneflower R. subtomentosa Pursh 4. Stem strigose or hirsute; leaves merely toothed, or entire. 5. Leaves irregularly coarsely dentate, or serrate; stem hirsute; rays 2-4 cm long; plants perennial; moist ground, rare; Kankakee, Menard, Richland, Ver- milion, and Wabash counties R. sullivantii Boynt. & Beadle 5. Leav'es denticulate or entire. 6. Stem sparsely strigose; rays orange-yellow, 1-1.5 cm long; stigmas obtuse; pappus a minute crown; plants perennial ; dry open woods, rare ; Herod, Pope Co., July 29, 1898, G. P. Clinton, also Monroe and Randolph counties. [R. missouriensis Engelm.| Orange Coneflower R. fulgida Ait. 258 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 6. Stem hirsute; rays bright yellow, 2-3.5 cm long; stigmas subulate; pappus none; plants annual or biennial; fields, roadsides, and open woods, com- mon. June-Aug. [R. serotina Nutt.] Black-eyed Susan R. hirta L. 31. Echinacea Moench [Brauneria Necker) 1. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, serrate or dentate, or the uppermost entire; stem usually branched above; woods and thickets, not common. July-Aug. Purple C>one^o-wQV..E. purpurea {h.) Moench 1. Leaves oblanceolate or narrowly elliptical, entire; stem simple; prairie soil, local. June-July. Pale Coneflower [E. angustijolia sensu auth., non DC] E. pallida Nutt. 32. Ratibida Raf. I.Rays spatulate-elliptical, 2.5-5 cm long; disk subglobose to short- ellipsoid, shorter than the rays, becon:iing 1-2 cm long and 1-1.5 cm thick in fruit; stigmas subulate; roadsides and prairie soil, common throughout 111. July-Aug. Drooping Coneflower - R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. 1. Rays oval. 1.5-2 cm long; disk cylindrical, equalling or exceeding the rays, becoming 2.5-4 cm long and 7-10 mm thick in fruit; stigmas short, obtuse ; along raih-oads, occasional ; adv. from w. U.S. [R. columnaris (Sims) D. Don] - R. coUannijcra (Nutt.) Wooton & Standi. 33. Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavon — Peruvian Daisy 1. Stem spreading-pubescent; rays conspicuously longer than the disk-flowers; pappus fimbriate and aristate, about as long as the corolla-tube; cultivated ground and waste places, first col- lected in 111. at Chicago by W. S. MofFatt in 1891, now com- mon throughout 111.; nat. from trop. Am. June-Oct. [G. parviflora var. liispida DC; G. parvifiora of 111. auth., not Cav.] Quickweed G. ciliata (Raf.) Blake 1. Stem glabrous or nearly so; rays short, not exceeding the disk- flowers; pappus fimbriate but not aristate, absent fi'om the ray-flowers, as long or longer than the disk-flowers; cult, ground, occasional; nat. from S. Am.; Urbana, in September and October, 1951, G. N. Jones, and several later collections G. parvifiora Cav. 34. Helianthus L. — Sunflower 1. Plants perennial. 2. Stem scape-like; leaves mostly near the base of the stem, oval, long-petioled, the upper ones bract-like; sandy soil, chiefly in the northern half of the state. July-Sept. [H. illinocnsis Gleason] H. occidentalis Riddell 125. CoMPOsiTAE 259 2. Stem usually leafy to the inflorescence. 3. Heads small, 1.5-3 cm broad, the rays about 1 cm long, the disk 6-10 mm broad; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate, more or less scabrous on both surfaces; stem glabrous or nearly so, often glaucous; sandy soil in open woods, local, s. 111. Aug. -Oct H. microccphalus T. & G. 3. Heads large, 4-9 cm in diameter, the rays 2-5 cm long. 4. Bracts acutish or obtuse, essentially glabrous on the back, ciliolate, shorter than the disk, erect, closely appressed; disk usually purple-brown; leaves opposite. 5. Leaves lanceolate to rhombic-ovate; stems several, sca- brous-puberulent ; outer bracts of the involucre acutish or obtusish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, con- spicuously closely and evenly ciliolate; sandy or prairie soil, locally abundant. July-Sept. \H . scaberrwius Ell.] Prairie Sunflower H. rigidus (Cass.) Desf. 5. Leaves rounded-ovate to cordate; stem solitary, villous- pubescent below; bracts oval to slightly obovate, broadly rounded and mucronulate at apex, minutely ciliolate, distinctly veined; rare, Cairo, Alexander Co., O. Kuntze in 1874 ..//. silphioides Nutt, 4. Bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate; disk- flowers yellow. 6. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, 1 -veined, 4-10 mm wide, alternate, numerous. 7. Stem glabrous and glaucous; leaves glabrous; bracts linear-lanceolate, glabrous, striate, ciliolate; waste ground. Cook Co., /. A. Steyermark 80329; adv. from w. U.S. [H. orgyalis DC] H. salicijolius A.Dietr. 7. Stem strigose to pilosulous; leaves often revolute-mar- gined, dark green and scabrous above, paler beneath and closely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, strigillose; moist ground and thickets, occasionally in s. 111. Aug.-Oct H. aiigustifolius L. 6. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, broader, more than 1 cm wide. 8. Leaves sessile or subsessile. 9. Stem hirsute or hispidulous; leaves ascending. 10. Stem villous-hirsute; leaves finely and densely grayish-pubescent on both surfaces, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined above the slightly clasping base, all opposite; bracts copiously pubescent; heads solitary or few; rays 2-3 cm long; prairie soil, locally abim- dant. Aug. -Sept. [H. canescens Michx. ; H. doronicoides sensu auth., non Lam.; H. pubescens Vahl] H. mollis Lam. 260 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 10. Stem more or less hispidulous or scabrous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate; heads several or many, panicled; waste places, particularly along railroads, occasional; adv. from w. U.S. July- Aug. Maximilian Sunflower H. niaximiliani Schrad. 9. Stem glabrous or nearly so, glaucous, slender; leaves divaricate, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined from the rounded base, scabrous on both sides; road- sides and open woods, local. July-Sept H. divaricatus L. 8. Leaves manifestly petioled. 1 1 . Stem smooth or nearly so, glaucous. 12. Leaves triple-veined from near the base, chiefly opposite, at least below the inflorescence, abruptly contracted into margined petioles. 13. Leaves lanceolate, firm, serrate to entire, the lower surface hirsutulous or glaucous; roadsides and open woods, common. July-Sept H. strumosus L. 13. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, thin, usually con- spicuously coarsely regularly serrate-den- tate, the lower surface glabrous, scabrous, or puberulent; dry woods, local. Aug.- Oct. H. decapetalus L. 12. Leaves l-\eined or inconspicuously 3-veined. the upper alternate, remotely denticulate or nearly entire, the lower ones opposite (or sometimes whorled), coarsely serrate, all elongate-lanceolate. acuminate, scabrous above, finely shortly whitish-pubescent be- neath; peduncles strigose; stem 2-4 m tall; prairie soil, roadsides, borders of fields, com- mon. Aug.-Oct H. grosseserratus Martens 11. Stem scabrous or hispidulous; leaves triple-veined from near the base, chiefly opposite below the inflorescence. 14. Lower surface of leaves hispidulous or short- hirsute; stem scabrous-hirsute; roadsides and fields, local. Aug.-Sept H. hirsutus Raf. 14. Lower surface of leaves rather copiously canescent-puberulent; stem hirsutulous or antrorsely scabrous-strigillose; rhizome short, often tuberous-thickened at apex; alluvial soil, common. July-Oct. [H. tuberosus of auth.; H. subcanescens (A.Gray) E.E.Wats.] H. tomentosus Michx. 125. COMPOSITAE 261 1. Plants annual; leaves chiefly alternate; disk usually brownish- purple; stem hispid or strigose. 15. Leaves lanceolate, usually entire; stem 30-90 cm tall; disk 1.5 cm broad; bracts lanceolate, densely scabrous; sandy soil, roadsides, waste-places, occasional; ad\'. from w. U.S. June- Sept H. petiolaris Nutt. 15. Leaves ovate, dentate; stem 1-4 m tall; disk 2.5-4 cm broad; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ciliate and hispid; fields and road- sides, and often cultivated; native west of the Mississippi R. Aug.-Sept. Garden Sunflower H. animus L. 35. Verbesina L. — Crownbeard [Actinomeris Nutt.) 1. Stem more or less winged, at least on the upper part, by the de- current bases of the leaves; plants perennial. 2. Rays yellow, 2-3 cm long. 3. Stem usually branched toward the summit, 1-2 m tall; heads several to many; rays 2-8; alluvial soil, open woods or along roads, common throughout 111. Aug.-Sept. Yellow Ironweed. [Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt.; A. alternifolia (L.) DC] V. alternifolia (L.) Britt. 3. Stem simple, 60-90 cm tall; heads few (2-8); rays 8-15; open woods and along roads from Peoria and Vennilion counties southward. May-July. Yellow Crownbeard V. helianthoides Michx. 2. Rays 3-4, white, 4-7 mm long; heads small, numerous; sandy or rocky soil, s. 111., not common. July-Aug. Tickweed V. virginica L. 1. Stem wingless, 30-70 cm tall, cinereous-pubescent; leaves deltoid, petioled, canescent beneath; rays yellow, 1-2 cm long; plants annual; waste ground, St. Clair Co.; adv. from w. U.S. June- Aug. Golden Crownbeard ....V. encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. 36. Melanthera Rohr M. hastata Michx. Flood-plain woods along Ohio R., Pulaski Co., Mohlenbrock, Abney, & Dillard in 1959; adv. from s. L\S. 37. Coreopsis L. 1 . Leaves simple, entire or palmately cleft or divided ; achenes wing- margined; plants perennial. 2. Leaves entire, or rarely with 1 or 2 lateral lobes. 3. Leaves mostly near the base of the stem; heads long-pe- duncled; sandy soil. June-July; [C. lanceolata var. villosa Michx.; C. crassifolia Ait.] C. lanceolata L. 3. Stem leafv; plants pubescent; roadsides, fields, and woods; Jackson, Pope, St. Clair, and Washington counties C. pubescens Ell. 262 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Leaves palmately cleft or divided, or the uppennost entire. 4. Leaves petioled, 3-divided into elliptic-lanceolate segments ; heads many; stem 1-3 m tall; rays entire; pappus none; open woods and along roads. Aiig.-Sept. Tall Tickseed C. tripteris L. 4. Leaves sessile, rigid, 3-cleft at or below the middle, the lobes linear-oblong; heads few or solitary; stem 30-90 cm tall; rays mostly 3-toothed; pappus of 2 short teeth, or none; roadsides and open woods. Jime-July C. palmata Nutt. 1. Leaves or most of them 1- to 2-pinnately parted. 5. Heads 4-6 cin broad; rays 1.5-2 cm long, yellow throughout; disk yellow; achenes broadly winged; pappus of 2 short scales; plants perennial; roadsides and waste places, occa- sional; adv. from west-central U.S. June-Aug C. grandiflora Hogg 5. Heads 1.5-3 cm broad; rays 8-12 mm long, crimson-brown at base or throughout; disk brownish-purple; achenes linear, wingless; pappus a mere border, or absent; plants annual; roadsides, railroads, or waste places, occasional; adv. from the Great Plains, or sometimes escaped from cult. July-Sept. C. tinctoria Nutt. 38. Bidens L. — Beggar-ticks. Tickseed. Bur-marigold 1. Plants terrestrial; lea\es not finely dissected; achenes flattened. 2. Rays inconspicuous or none. 3. Leaves pinnately parted or dissected. 4. Achenes linear-fusiform, with 2-4 short-retrorsely barbed awns; rays yellowish-white; roadsides and open woods; chiefly in the southern half of 111., but extending north- ward to Woodford and Henderson counties. Aug.-Sept. Spanish Needles B. bipinnata L. 4. Achenes flat, 2-awned. 5. Outer bracts 10-16; achenes brown, the awns down- wardly barbed; involucres 10-12 mm high; roadsides, fields, and woods, local. Aug.-Oct B. vulgata Greene 5. Outer bracts 4-8; achenes black. 6. Awns of the achenes upwardly barbed ; wet ground, not common. Aug.-Oct _...'. B. discoidca (T. & G.) Britt. 6. Awns downwardly barbed; roadsides, fields, wet ground, and open woods. Aug.-Oct B. jrondosa L. 3. Leaves simple, lanceolate, toothed or lobed, sessile or peti- oled; awns of the pappus 3 or 4. 7. Outer bracts rarely much exceeding the disk; achenes 4- angled, 4-6 mm long; corollas 5-toothed; stamens ex- serted; wet ground throughout 111. Sept. -Oct. Swamp Beggar-ticks B. connata Muhl. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 263 7. (filter bracts foliaceous, 2-5 times the lent;lh of the disk; achenes flat, 7-9 mm long; corollas 4-loothecl; stamens included; wet ground throughout 111. Sept. -Oct B. coinosa (A.Gray) Wieg. 2. Rays present, conspicuous. 8. Leaves simple, oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, connate at the base; heads nodding in fruit; achenes cuneate, 4-angled, the 4 awns retrorsely barbed; wet ground, local. July-Oct. [B. chrysanthemoidcs sensu auth., non Michx. ; B. filarncntosa Rydb. ; B. clliptica (Wieg.) Gleason] B. cernua L. 8. Leaves pinnately parted or dissected; achenes flat, upwardly ciliate. 9. Outer bracts 6-12, ciliolate or glabrous, not exceeding the inner; (awns sometimes only 0.5 mm long). 10. Achenes elliptic-obovate, more than 2 mm wide, the margins scarious; moist ground along roads, or in swales and fields throughout 111. Aug.-Oct. [B. aristosa var. ynutica A.Gray; B. aristosa var. fritcheyi Fern.] B. aristosa (Michx.) Britt. 10. Achenes cuneate, 2 mm or less in width; moist ground throughout 111. July-Oct. [B. trichospcrma (Michx.) Britt.]. Plants with narrow leaf-segments have been named B. coronata var. tenuiloba (A.Gray) SherfT B. coronata (L.) Britt. 9. Outer bracts 12-20, coarsely hispidulous, mostly longer than the inner; swampy ground, local. July-Sept. [B. involucrata (Nutt.) Britt., non Phil.] B. polylepis Blake 1. Plants aquatic, the immersed leaves finely dissected; uppermost leaves lanceolate, serrate; achenes terete, 1-1.5 cm long, the 3-6 awns divergent, barbed only toward the apex; ponds and slow streams, rare; Cook Co., E. J. Hill in 1878; Lake Co., E. J. Hill in 1898. Aug.-Sept. Water-marigold [Megalodonta beckii (Torr. ) Greene] B. beckii Torr. Tribe 8. Hrlenieae 39. Hymenopappus L'Her. H . scabiosaeus L'Her. Open sandy woods, rare, Cass, Kankakee, and Mason counties. May-June. [H. carolinensis (Lam.) Porter]. 40. Actinea Juss. A. herbacea (Greene) B.L.Robins. Dry gravelly banks, stony fields, and limestone hills near Joliet, Will Co., E. J. Hill, May 9, and 27, 1902, June 8, 1907; H. C. Cowlcs, May 13, 1906; Manito. Mason Co., /. Voss. Also in Ottawa Co., Ohio, and s. Ontario, C^anada. [Tetra- neuris herbacea Greene; Actinella scaposa var. glabra A.Gray]. 264 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 41. Helenium L. — Sneezeweed 1. Leaves lanceolate to elliptical, more or less decurrent on the angular stem; rays 1-2 cm long; plants perennial. 2. Disk yellow; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly dentate; ray-flowers fertile; low meadows, and along ditches, streams, and ponds, common. Aug.-Oct. [H. latifolium Mill.; H. canaliculatum Lam.; H. altissimum Link ex Rydb.] H. autuninale L. 2. Disk brownish-purple; leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly entire; ray-flowers neutral, often brownish-purple at base; roadsides, meadows, and pastures, more common in the southern half of the state, but extending northward to Adams and Ver- milion counties. June-Sept. [H. polyphyllum Small] H. nudiflorum Nutt. 1. Leaves narrowly linear, numerous, entire, not decurrent; rays 6-10 mm long; disk yellow; plants annual; dry ground, s. 111., often abundant, extending northw. to Pike Co. Aug.-Oct. Bitterweed H. tenuijolium Nutt. 42. Dyssodia Cav. — Dogweed D. papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. Roadsides and fields, not common. Sept.-Oct. [D. chrysanthemoides (Willd.) Lag.]. 43. Achillea L. — Yarrow. Milfoil 1. Leaves and stems green, thinly villous; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate; corymb flat-topped, up to 30 cm broad; roadsides, fields, lawns, etc., very common; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. Rays sometimes pink. [A. occidentalis Raf.] A. millefolium L. 1. Leaves and stems copiously grayish villous-tomentose; ultimate leaf-segments crowded, linear; coiymb strongly convex, 2-8 cm broad; roadsides and fields, occasional; adv. from w. U.S. June-Aug - A. lanulosa Nutt. 44. Anthemis L. I.Rays 10-18, white; achenes not flattened. 2. Chaff of the receptacle subulate, stiff, subtending only the inner flowers; rays neuter; achenes sparsely glandular- tuberculate, 1-1.5 mm long; plants annual, ill-scented when fresh; fields and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. May- Sept. Dog-fennel or Mayweed [Maruta cotula (L.) DC] A. cotula L. 2. Chaff membranous or absent; rays fertile. 3. Chaff broad, obtuse, or absent; achenes obtusely 3-angled, 1-1.5 mm long; plants perennial, tomentulose, pleasantly aromatic; cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous; introd. from Eur. June-Aug. Garden Chamomile A. nobilis L. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 265 3. Chaff linear-lanceolate, cuspidate; achenes 10-ribbed, 1.5-2 mm long; plants annual; fields and waste places, rare; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. Field Chamomile A. arvensis L. I.Rays 20-30, yellow, pistillate; achenes 4-angled and somewhat compressed; chaff lanceolate, acuminate, rigid; plants peren- nial, pubescent; fields and waste places; escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. June-Sept. [Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay] A. tinctoria L. 45. Matricaria L. 1. Rays present, white; disk-corollas 5-lobed; roadsides and waste places, occasional; chiefly in the southern half of 111.; nat. from Eur. May-Oct. Wild Cliamomile M. chaniomilla L. 1 . Heads discoid ; corollas 4-lobed ; roadsides, farmyards, and waste places, common; nat. from the Pacific Coast. May-Aug. Pineapple-weed M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter 46. Chrysanthemum L. 1. Heads 3-5 cm broad, few or solitary; rays 20-30; fields, roadsides, and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. Ox-eye Daisy [Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.; C. leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lamotte] C. leucanthemum L. 1. Heads 5-15 mm broad, corymbose; rays 10-15, or absent. 2. Leaves pinnatifid; rays 3-8 mm long; roadsides, nat. from Eur.; Du Page, Lake, and Peoria counties. Feverfew C. parthenium (L.) Bernh. 2. Leaves crenate; rays minute or absent; waste places; escaped from cult.; nat. from Eur. Sept. -Oct. Costmary C. halsamita L. 47. Tanacetum L. — Tansy T. vulgare L. Waste places; escaped from cult.; nat. Irom Eur. July-Sept. 48. Artemisia L. — Wormwood 1. Leaves or their divisions linear to filifonn, glabrous, or nearly so. green. 2. Bracts of the involucre glabrous; heads 2-3 nun broad; disk- flowers sterile. 3. Leaves simple, all entire, or the lower trifid ; plants perennial; prairie soil, rare. July-Sept. [A. cernua Nutt.] A. dracunculoides Pursh 3. Leaves 1- to 3-pinnately divided; plants biennial; sandy soil, local. July-Sept A. caudata Michx. 2. Bracts tomentulose; heads 3-4 mm broad; disk-flowers fertile; leaves 1- to 3-pinnately parted; plants perennial, shrubby; often cultivated, and sometimes persisting; introd. from Eur. Aug.-Sept. Southernwood A. abrotanum L. 1. Leaves or their divisions lanceolate to linear. 266 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Plants more or less whitish-tomentose; perennials. 5. Leaves lanceolate or the upper linear. 6. Leaves regularly serrate, lanceolate, acuminate, green above, whitish-tomentose beneath; alluvial soil in the northern half of the state. Aug. -Sept A. serrata Nutt. 6. Leaves entire or few-toothed. 7. Leaves dark green and glabrate above, tomentose be- neath; waste ground, or along railroads, occasional. July-Sept A. ludoviciana Nutt. 7. Leaves whitish- or grayish-tomentose on both sides; along railroads, in waste ground, or sandy soil; more frequent than the preceding. Aug. -Oct. White-sage - - A. gnaphalodes Nutt. 5. Leaves all pinnatifid. 8. Leaves green and glabrate abo\e, the lobes acute; heads 3-4 mm high; receptacle glabrous; waste places, occa- sional: escaped from cult.; nati\e of Eur. July-Oct. - -- -- --.. A. vulgaris L. 8. Leaves canescent on both sides, the lobes obtuse; heads very numerous, about 2 mm high; receptacle hairy; roadsides and waste places, occasional ; escaped from cult.; native of Eur. July-Sept. Common Womiwood or Absinth A. absinthium L. 4. Plants glabrous, annual or biennial. 9. Heads 2-3 mm high ; leaf-divisions laciniate-dentate ; plants biennial ; cultivated ground, waste places, or along rail- roads in the n. half of the state. Aug.-Oct. Biennial Worm- wood A. biennis Willd. 9. Heads 1.5-2 mm high; leaf-segments 1-3 mm long; plants annual; roadsides and waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. Aug.-Oct. Annual Wormwood A. annua L. Tribe 10. Senecioneae 49. Cacalia L. — Indian-plantain 1. Heads 20- to 30-flowered; bracts 12-15; leaves hastate, dentate; woods, local. July-Aug C. siiaveolens L. 1. Heads 5-flowered; bracts 5. 2. Leaves reniform or flabellate, lobed or sinuately dentate. 3. Leaves green on both sides; stem conspicuously grooved; moist ground in woods. July-Sept. [C. reniformis Muhl., non Lam.] C. rnuhlenbergii (Sch.-Bip. ) Fern. 3. Leaves glaucous beneath; stem terete or nearly so; open woods. July-Oct C. atriplicifolia L. 2. Leaves oval, entire or denticulate, green on both sides; wet marly soil, local. June-Aug C. tuberosa Nutt. 50. Erechtites Raf. — Fireweed E. hieracijolia (L.) Raf. In moist woods, recently burned clear- ings, along roads, or in bogs, local. Aug.-Oct. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 267 51. Senecio L. — Rasiwort 1. Basal k'a\'es crenate, dentate, or entire, the median stem-leaves often pinnatifid; stems leafy below, the median and upper leaves much reduced; plants perennial. 2. Basal leaves with winoed petioles; bluffs and o[)en woods, not common; C^hampaign. C:iark, and Vermilion counties. Apr.- June. 111. plants belong to var. rotundus Britt -- - S. ohovatus Muhl. 2. Basal leaves slender-petioled. 3. Basal leaves oblanceolate to o\al, not cordate. 4. Leaves and stems more or less floccose-tomentose, especially at the nodes, only tardily glabrate; peduncles tomentose; in\'olucrej 6-3 mm high, tomentose at base; prairie soil, and in dry ground in oak woods, locally throughout 111. May-June. Prairie Ragwort S. plattensis Nutt. 4. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; stem glabrous, or slightly floccose when young; peduncles glabrous or nearly so; in\olucres 4-5 mm high, glabrous or nearly so; road- sides and open woods in the northern two-thirds of the state. May-June. [.S". balsaniitae Muhl.] S. pan per cuius Michx. 3. Basal leaves more or less cordate or subcordate, long-peti- oled, mostly glabrous; wet ground, locally throughout 111. Golden Ragw^ort [S. semicordatus Mack. & Bush] S. aureus L. 1. Leaves all pinnatifid or coarsely sinuate-dentate; stems nearly equally leafy throughout; plants annual. 5. Rays 6-10 mm long; bracts not black-tipped; in fields, and in moist ground along streams, central and southern 111., extending northward to Peoria Co. Apr.-June. Butterweed [S. lobatus Pers.] S. glabellas Poir. 5. Rays none or up to 3 mm long; bracts often black-tipped. 6. Stems glabrous at maturity ; bracts black-tipped ; rays none ; waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. June-July. Groundsel S. vulgaris L. 6. Stems glandular-hairy; bracts not black-tipped; rays about 3 mm long; waste ground; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. S. viscosus L. Tribe 1 1 . Cynareae 52. Arctium L. — Burdock 1. Heads 1-2 cm broad, racemose; waste places, common; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. Common Burdock A. minus (Hill) Bernu. 1. Heads 2.5-4.5 cm broad, corymbose. 2. Petioles solid; heads 3-4.5 cm broad; waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur. July-Oct. Great Burdock A. lappa L. 2. Petioles hollow; heads 2.5-3 cm broad; waste places; nat. from Eur.; Cook and Morgan counties. June-Sept A. t(>?nrntn\ii!n Mill. 268 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 53. Echinops L. — Globe Thistle E. sphaeroccphalus L. Roadsides and waste places, occasional; in- trod. from Eur.; apparently established in Kankakee Co., near Man- teno, July 14, 1938, Steyermark & Standley 1726; s. of Peotone, Will Co., June 27, \952. H. E. A hies 6334. 54. Cirsium Mill. — Thistle 1. Heads large, more than 2 cm in diameter; flowers all perfect; plants biennial. 2. Leaves bristly on the upper surface, grayish-arachnoid beneath, strongly decurrent; bracts of the involucre all spine-tipped; flowers violet-purple; fields, roadsides, and waste places, common; nat. from Eur. July-Aug. Bull Tliistle [C. lan- ceolatum (L. ) Hill] C. vulgare (Savi) Tenore 2. Leaves not bristly on the upper surface; outer involucral bracts spine-tipped, the inner acuminate, soft, or all the bracts spineless. 3. Leaves white- torn en tose beneath. 4. Leaves pinnately parted into linear lobes, persistently white-tomentose on both sides; flowers cream-color; sand dunes near Lake Michigan. June- July. Beach Thistle C. pitcheri (Torr.) T. & G. 4. Leaves pinnately lobed or merely toothed. 5. Leaves pinnately lobed, the margins revolute; rich soil along roads, in fields or in woods throughout 111. Aug.-Sept. Field Thistle .... C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. 5. Leaves merely toothed, or shallowly lobed, the margins flat; woods, locally throughout 111. Aug.-Sept. Tall Thistle C. altissimum (L.) Spreng. 3. Leaves not white-tomentose. 6. Heads 5-10 cm broad; stem stout, 30-60 cm tall; bracts spine-tipped and with a prominent glutinous midvein; gravelly soil, extending southward to Coles, Sangamon, and Adams counties. June-July. Hill's Thistle [C pumilum sensu auth., non (Nutt.) Spreng.] C. hillii (Canby) Fern. 6. Heads 2-3 cm broad; stem 1-2.5 m tall; bracts without prickle-points; wet ground, chiefly in the northern half of 111., extending southward to Macoupin and Wabash counties. Aug.-Sept. Swamp Thistle....^, muticinn Michx. 1. Heads smaller, 1.5-2.5 cm high and 1-1.5 cm in diameter; plants dioecious; perennials with spreading rhizomes. 7. Leaves deeply pinnately lobed, strongly prickly; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. June- Aug. Canada Thistle C. arvense (L.) Scop. 7. Leaves almost entire or slightly lobed, weakly prickly; occa- sional in fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. June- Aug. [C. arvense var. int. egri folium Wimm. & Grab.] C. setosum (Willd.) Bieb. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 269 55. Carduus L. — Musk Thistle C. nutans L. An occasional weed in waste places; introd. from Eur. May-Sept. 56. Onopordum L. — Scotch Thistle O. acanthium L. Roadsides and waste places, occasional; nat. from Eur.; Champaign and Cook counties. July-Aug. 57. Centaurea L. — Star Thistle 1 . Bracts of the involucre not spiny. 2. Heads large, few or solitary, the involucre 3.5-4.5 cm high; flowers purple, the marginal ones enlarged, sterile; waste ground, occasionally escaped from cult, but not established in 111.; native of western U.S. June-Aug. American Basket Flower C. americana Nutt. 2. Heads smaller, the involucre 0.5-2.5 cm high. 3. Bracts entire; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, the basal pin- natifid; flowers rose; perennial with deep horizontal black roots; occasional in fields and waste places; nat. from the region of the Caucasus. June-Aug. Russian Knapweed C. re pens L. 3. Bracts pectinate. 4. Lower bracts pectinate or fringed to the middle or below; leaves entire or toothed. 5. Bracts lanceolate, pale, without dilated tips; flowers blue, purplish, pink, or white, the marginal ones enlarged; plants annual; waste places, escaped from cult.; native of Eur. July-Sept. Bachelor's Button C. cyanus L. 5. Bracts with abruptly dilated tips; flowers rose-purple; plants perennial. 6. Flowers all alike, discoid, not enlarged; bracts reg- ularly pectinate-fringed; fields and roadsides, oc- casional; adv. from Eur. July-Sept. Black Knap- weed C. nigra L. 6. Marginal flowers enlarged, showy; bracts irregularly lacerate to entire; fields and roadsides, occasional; adv. from Eur. June-Sept. Brown Knapweed C. jacea L. 4. Lower bracts pectinate only near the dark-colored tip. 7. Leaves lanceolate, entire or toothed, only the lower ones lyrate; heads about 4 cm in diameter; flowers rose- purple; plants perennial; waste ground, occasional; adv. from Eur. Aug.-Oct C. vochinensis Bemh. 7. All but the uppermost leaves pinnatifid with linear seg- ments; heads 2-2.5 cm broad; flowers white to purple; plants annual or biennial ; roadsides and waste places in the northern counties; nat. from Eur. July- Sept. Spotted Knapweed C. maculosa Lam. 270 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Bracts of the involucre tipped with a rigid spine; plants annual. 8. Spines of the bracts 1-2.5 cm long. 9. Flowers purple; stem wingless; heads sessile; waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. June-Oct C. calcitrapa L. 9. Flowers yellow; stem winged by the decurrent leaf-bases; heads peduncled; waste places, occasional; adv. from Eur. July-Sept. Barnaby's Thistle C. solstitialis L. 8. Bracts pectinate, the spine weak, 1-2 mm long; flowers whitish or pink; stems angular; heads peduncled, numerous; road- sides and waste places, occasional; native of Eurasia. July- Sept C. diffusa Lam. 58. Cnicus L. C. bencdictus L. Escaped from gardens; introd. from s. Eur. Tribe 12. Cichorieae 59. Lapsana L. L. communis L. Nipplewort. Occasional weed along roads and in waste places; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. 60. Serinia Raf. S. oppositijolia (Raf.) Ktze. Moist sandy soil, s. 111. Mar. -Apr. 61. Krigia Schreb. 1. Plants perennial; pappus of 10-15 minute scales, and 15-20 long bristles. 2. Plants with a solitaiy head on a leafless scape; involucre 10-15 mm high; plant bearing a .small globose tuber; open woods in the southern half of 111. Apr. -May ....K. dandelion (L.) Nutt. 2. Plants with 1-3 clasping stem-leaves, and several heads; in- volucre 8-10 mm high; plant without a tuber; wooded slopes and ridges. May-Sept. [A', amplexicaulis (Miclix.) Nutt.] '. K. biftora (Walt.) Blake 62. Cichoriuni L. — Chicory C. intybus L. Roadsides and fields, common; nat. from Eur. Jime- Nov. There are occasional white-flowered ])lants. 63. Hypochaeris L. H . radical a L. Waste groimd, rare. Champaign Co., M. L. Briggs in 1950. 64. Picris L. 1. Outer bracts of the involucre large, ovate, bristly-ciliate; achenes long-beaked; adv. from Eur.; reported from Hancock Co ..P. echioides L. 1. Outer bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, strigose; achenes short-beaked; adv. from Eur.; reported from Menard Co P. hieracioides L. 125. COMPOSITAE 271 65. Tragopogon L. — Oyster-plant. Salsify 1. Flowers purple; bracts lontrer than the flowers; peduncle thickened below the head; fruiting in\olucre 3-5 cm long; roadsides and fields, occasional; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. Vegetable Oyster. (T. porrif alius x prat crisis is reported from Kane Co. by E. E. Sherff) T. porrif alius L. 1. Flowers yellow. 2. Bracts usually 13, longer than the pale lemon-yellow flowers; peduncles thickened beneath the fruiting head ; fruiting in- volucres 4.5-6 cm long; roadsides and fields, common; nat. from Eur. May-Oct 7\ dubius Scop. 2. Bracts usually 8 or 9, equalling or shorter than the chrome- yellow flowers; peduncles slender, scarcely thickened be- neath the head; fruiting in\olucres 3-4 cm long; roadsides and fields, common; nat. from Eur. May-Oct. Yellow Goats- beard T. pratensis L. 66. Lactuca L. — Lettuce 1. Achenes slender-beaked; pappus white. 2. Achenes light brown, 5- to 7-ribbed, the beak filiform, longer than the body; stem 30-60 cm tall; flowers yellow. 3. Leaves elliptical in outline, pinnatifid, or merely spinulose- denticulate in f. i?itcgrifalia (Bogenh.) G. Beck, tending to turn edgewise in a vertical position, the margins and midribs spinulose; panicle open, with spreading branches; waste places, fields, and roadsides, common ; nat. from Eiu". July-Sept. Prickly Lettuce L. scariola L. 3. Leaves linear-lanceolate, or pinnatifid, their margins and midrib not spinulose; panicle narrow, with short ascend- ing branches ; roadsides and waste places, occasional ; nat. from Eur. July-Aug. Willow Lettuce L. saligua L. 2. Achenes dark brown, 1 -nerved, transversely rugulose, the beak about as long as the body or shorter; stem 1-3 m tall; native species. 4. Leaves entire to pinnatifid, not spinulose-toothed; flowers yellow; open woods, fields, roadsides, common. June-Aug. Wild Lettuce. A supposed hybrid between this and the fol- lowing species has been collected in Cook Co L. canadensis L. 4. Leaves spinulose-toothed, the midvein on the lower surface somewhat setose; flowers pale lilac; prairie soil, rare. July. [L. campestris Gi'eene] L. ludaviciana (Nutt.) Riddell 1. Achenes beakless or short-beaked; flowers not yellow. 5. Pappus white; flowers lavender or blue. 6. Heads 6-10 mm in diameter, the in\olucies 10-13 mm high; leaves varying from dentate to usually lyrate-pinnatifid with the triangular terminal lobe larger; plants biennial 272 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 or annual; woods, common throughout 111. July-Sept. [L. villosa Jacq.] Woodland Lettuce ..L.floridana (L.) Gaertn. 6. Heads 1-2 cm in diameter, the involucres 16-20 mm high; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or dentate to lobed or pin- natifid, those of the stem partly clasping; plants perennial, adv. from western U.S.; an occasional migrant along rail- roads in the northern counties. July-Aug. Blue Lettuce L. pulchella (Pursh) DC. 5. Pappus brown; flowers cream or bluish; leaves pinnatifid or merely sinuate; alluvial soil in woods, occasional. Aug.- Sept. Tall Blue Lettuce L. biennis (Moench) Fern. 67. Sonchus L. — Sow Thistle 1. Plants perennial; heads 4-5 cm in diameter, the flowers bright yellow; involucre 1.5 cm high; achenes striate and papillose. 2. Involucres and peduncles glandular- setose; fields and waste places in a few scattered localities in the northern half of the state; first coll. in Cook Co., by E. J. Hill in 1882; nat. from Eur. July-Sept S. arvensis L. 2. Involucres and peduncles glabrous; fields and waste places, first reported for 111. in 1934; recently spread with remark- able rapidity almost throughout the northern half of the state, where it is now an abundant weed; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. [S. arvensis var. glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimm.] .S". uliginosus Bieb. 1. Plants annual; heads 1-2.5 cm in diameter, pale yellow; involucre 1 cm high. 3. Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, scarcely prickly, the tenninal seg- ment commonly large and triangular; upper leaves clasping by an acute, sagittate base; achenes longitudinally striate and papillose; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. June-Nov. Common Sow Thistle ..S. oleraceus L. 3. Leaves toothed or more or less curled or lobed, harshly prickly, the basal auricles rounded; achenes longitudinally ribbed, otherwise smooth; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. May-Aug. Spiny Sow Thistle S. asper (L.) Hill 68. Prenanthes L. — Rattlesnake-root 1 . Involucre glabrous. 2. Heads about 2 mm thick, 5- to 7-flowered; pappus straw- colored ; plants not glaucous ; oak woods, locally in the eastern and southern counties; absent from the western part of the state. Aug. -Sept P. altissima L. 2. Heads 3-5 mm thick, 8-12-flowered; pappus reddish-brown; plants glaucous; woods in the northern half of the state. Aug.-Sept P. alba L. \. Involucre pubescent. 3. Stem usually simple; heads 12- to 16-flowered. 125. CoMPOsiTAE 273 4. Stem and leaves glabrous; flowers purplish; moist ground, nearly throughout 111. Aug.-Sept P. raceniosa Michx. 4. Stem and lower sinface of leaves scabrous-pubescent; flow- ers light yellow; prairie soil, locally throughout 111. Aug.- Sept. [P. illinoensis Pers.] P. aspcra Michx. 3. Stem corymbosely branched above; heads 20- to 35-flowered; flowers cream; banks of streams and edges of woods, locally throughout 111., except the extreme northern counties. Aug.- Oct P. crcpidinca Michx. 69. Hieracium L. — Hawkweed 1. Plants with stolons and slender rhizomes. 2. Flowers orange-red; Helds and meadows, occasional; nat. from Eur.; Lake and Ogle counties. June-July. Orange Hawk- weed H. (lurantiacum L. 2. Flowers yellow; nat. from Eur.; Cook Co H. pratensc Tausch 1. Plants with short stout erect rhizomes; stolons none; flowers yellow. 3. Heads medium or small, 1-2 cm in diameter; leaves entire or denticulate. 4. Lea\es and lower part of stem densely long villous-hirsute with brownish or whitish hairs 1-2 cm long; achenes fusiform; fields and open woods, local. July-Sept H. longipiium Torr. 4. Leaves and stem with shorter pubescence. 5. Inflorescence with foliaceous bracts, the heads 40-50- flowered, on stout peduncles; achenes columnar, trun- cate, 2-2.5 mm long; dry woods and fields, locally throughout 111. Aug.-Sept. [H. scabrum var. intoiisum Fern. & St. John] H. scabrum Michx. 5. Inflorescence with small subulate bracts, the heads 15-20- flowered, on slender peduncles; achenes fusiform, taper- ing toward the apex, 3-3.5 mm long; dry soil in woods, local. July-Sept H. gronovii L. 3. Heads large, 2.5-4.5 cm in diameter; leaves dentate. 6. Stem leafless or nearly so; basal leaves elliptical, dentate toward the base, the petioles villous; peduncles and bracts with stalked glands; pappus white; fields and waste places; adv. from Eur.; Springfield, Sangamon Co., G. D. Fuller & Lola Carter in 1947. June-Aug. Golden Hiera- cium H. muroruni L. 6. Stem leafy; leaves numerous, lanceolate, sessile; peduncles tomentulose; pappus brownish; dry woods and thickets in the northern counties. Aug.-Sept. Canada Hawkweed H. canadense Michx. 70. Crepis L. — Hawksbeard C. capillaris (L.) Wallr. Occasionally fouutl in waste places, or in lawns; adv. from Eur. June-July. 274 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 71. Pyrrhopappus DC. — False Dandelion P. carolinianus (Walt.) DC. Dry soil in s. 111., extending northward to Hancock, Sangamon, and Crawford counties. May-June. 72. Agoseris Raf. A. cuspidata (Pursh) D.Dietr. Dry soil, rare, in the northern half of the state, southward to Tazewell and Champaign counties. May-June. 73. Taraxacum Zinn — Dandelion 1 . Achenes greenish-brown; heads usually 3-5 cm in diameter, 150- to 200-flowered, the flowers orange-yellow; outer involucral bracts reflexed; leaves usually sinuate to coarsely pinnatifid, the terminal lobe large; waste places, fields, roadsides, lawns, etc., very common; nat. from Eur. Mar. -Nov. Common Dandelion [Leontodon taraxacum L.; L. vulgaris Lam.] - T. officinale Wiggers 1. Achenes red or reddish-brown; heads 2-3 cm in diameter, 75- to 125-flowered, the flowers sulphur-yellow; leaves deeply pin- natifid, the terminal lobe small; waste places, less frequent than the preceding; nat. from Eur. Apr. -June. Red-seeded Dandelion [T. laevigatum of auth., not (Willd.) DC; Leon- todon crytlirospermum (Andrz.) Eichw.] - T. crythrospermum Andrz. Class II. Monocotyledoneae (Juss.) DC. 126. Alismaceae DC. — Water-plantain Family 1. Flowers numerous, small, perfect, in a compound panicle; leaves oval or ovate; stamens usually 6; carpels flattened, arranged in a ring on a small flat receptacle 1. Alistna 1. Flowers in whorls, fewer; stamens 9-many; carpels in a head on a convex receptacle. 2. Leaves cordate or ovate, with 5-7 veins from the base; flowers perfect, 3-9 or more in each whorl: plants annual 2. Echinodorus 2. Leaves sagittate or lanceolate, more than 7-veined; plants perennial 3. Sngittaria 1 . Alisma L. — Water-plantain 1. Petals 1-2 mm long; achenes 1.5-2 mm long; ditches and margins of ponds, common. July-Sept. [A. plantago-aquatica Am. auth., non L.] A. subcordatiirn Raf. 1. Petals 3-5 mm long; achenes 2.2-3 min long; in similar habitats, but apparently less common. [A. plantago var. americanurn R. & S. : A. hrevipes Greene] A. trivialc Piu'sh 2. Echinodorus Rich. — Burhead 1. Leaves linear-lanceolate; scape 3-10 cm tall; stamens 9; achenes 10-15, black, merely apiculate; muddy shores, rare; Cass, Mason, and St. Clair counties. [E. tenellus (Mart.) Buch.] E. parvulus Engelm. 127. Jl INC AGIN ACEAE 275 1. Leaves ovate to cordate: stamens 12-21: aehenes 40 or more, brown, beaked. 2. Scape erect, 10-30 cm tall: stamens 12; style longer than tlie ovary; shores of ponds, rare. June-July [E. cordifolius sensu auth., non (L.) Griseb.] E. rostratus (Nutt.) Engelm. 2. Scape prostrate, proliferous; stamens about 20; style shorter than the ovary; swamps, rare. Junt'-July [E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm.] E. cordijolius (L.) Griseb. 3. Sagittaria L. — Arrowhead {Lophotocarpus T.Durand) 1. Fruiting" pedicels thickened, spreading or recurved; sepals sub- orbicular, surrounding the mature fruit; lower flowers perfect, the upper .staminate with 9-15 stamens; leaves sagittate; shal- low water, rare or local. [L. calycinus (Engelm.) J.G.Sm.] -- - S. calycinus Engelm. 1 . Fruiting pedicels not thickened, ascending; sepals spreading or reflexed in fruit; lower flowers pistillate, the upper staminate with numerous stamens. 2. Leaves sagittate; stamens with glabrous filaments. 3. Bracts of the inflorescence ovate, obtusish; beak of the achcne horizontal; shallow water. July-Sept. C'ommon Arrowhead S. latijoUa \\ illd. 3. Bracts lanceolate, acuminate; beak erect. 4. Aehenes 2 mm long, with thick equal wings on both mar- gins, the beak 0.5 mm long; shallow water. July-Sept. .S". cuncata Sheld. 4. Aehenes 2.5-3 mm long, with thin, unequal wings; beak 1-1.5 mm long; muddy shores, or in ditches, common. July-Sept. .-.. S. hrevirostra Mack. & Bush 2. Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oval (rarely .sagittate) ; filaments more or less glandular-pubescent. 5. Aehenes 3 mm long, the beak 1.5 mm long; pedicels very short, the pistillate flowers nearly sessile; ditches or muddy shores. June-Oct S. ripda Pursh 5. Aehenes 2 mm long, the beak less than 1 mm long; pedicels of the pistillate flowers equalling those of the staminate; shallow water or margins of ponds and ditches. June-Sept. S. grarninea Michx. 127. Juncaginaceae Lindl. — Arrow-gra.ss Family 1. Flowers numerous, greenish, in a long spike-like raceme; leaves all basal 1. Triglochin 1. Flowers few, white, in a loose raceme 2. Scheuchzeria 1. Triglochin L. — Arrow-grass 1. Carpels usually 6, in fruit ellijjsoid, 3-6 mm long; .sandy oi- marly swales, or in swamps or along ditches, not common; Cook, 276 American Midland Naturalist Mop^ograph No. 7 Lake, McHenry, and Peoria counties. June-July - T. maritima L. 1. Carpels 3, in fiaiit clavate, 7-8 mm long; calcareous soil, rare; Cook, Kane, Kankakee, Lake, McHenry, Peoria, and Tazewell coimties. July-Sept 7\ polustris L. 2. Scheuchzeria L. S. americana (Fern.) G.N.Jones. Bogs, rare; Fulton, Lake, McHeniy, and Menard counties. June-July. [S. palustris sensu Am. auth., non L. ; S. palustris var. americana Fern.]. On the basis of shape and size of follicles, our plants appear specifically distinct from the European S. palustris L. 128. Naiadaceae Lindl. — Naiad Family 1. Naias L. — Naiad 1. Fruit glossy, with 30-50 longitudinal lines; style 1-2 mm long; leaves with 20-30 minute teeth on each margin ; ponds and slow streams throughout 111. June-Aug A'', fle.xilis (Willd.) R. & S. 1. Fruit dull, with 10-20 rows of distinct reticulations; style 0.2- 0.6 mm long; leaves with 40-50 minute teeth on each margin; ponds and shallow lakes, rare; Lake, Macoupin, Peoria, and Williamson counties. July-Sept - -- N. guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus 129. Potamogetonaceae Engler — Pondweed Family [Zosteraceae Dumort.) 1. Flowers perfect, in spikes; leaves alternate, or the upper sometimes opposite 1. Potamogeton 1. Flowers unisexual, axillary; leaves opposite, filiform, 1 -veined, entire 2. Zannichellia 1. Potamogeton L. — Pondweed 1. Leaves uniform, all submerged. 2. Leaves linear to filiform. 3. Stipules free from the petioles and blades. 4. Leaves 9- to 35-veined; fruits 3.5-5 mm long; lakes, chief- ly in Cook, Kankakee, Lake, McHenry, Menard, and Winnebago counties. [P. compressus Am. auth., non L.] P. zosteriformis Fern. 4. Leaves 1- to 7-veined; fruits 1.5-3 mm long. 5. Leaves 5- to 7-veined, with a pair of basal glands; stagnant water, rare; Cook, Jackson, and Lake counties. [P. rnucronatus Schrad.] P. friesii Rupr. 5. Leaves 1- to 3-veined. 6. Blades usually without basal glands; fruiting spikes subcapitate, 2-8 mm long; ponds, ditches, and streams, chiefly in the northern half of 111 P. foliosus Raf. 129. POTAMOGETONACEAE 277 6. Blades usually with a pair of small transluccnl glands at the base. 7. Leaves gradually tapering to a bristle tip, revolute, rigid; shallow water, Wolf Lake, Cook Co., A. Chase P. strictifolius Bcnn. 7. Leaves not bristle-tipped. 8. Peduncles filiform, 3-8 mm long; stipules partly connate; lakes, etc. [P. panormitaniis Riv.] P. pusillus L. 8. Peduncle 0.5-3 cm long; stipules not connate; ditches, rare; Lake Co P. berchtoldi Fieber 3. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves. 9. Leaves filifonn, less than 0.6 mm wide, entire; lakes and ponds, locally abundant P. pectinatus L. 9. Leaves linear, 2-ranked, 3-6 mm wide, the margin micro- scopically serrulate; lakes, rare; Lake Co P. rnhhinsii Oakes 2. Leaves lanceolate to elliptical or ovate. 10. Leaves clasping the stem. IL Leaves slightly clasping at base, cucullate at the apex, mostly 8-30 cm long; fruits 4-5 mm long; lakes in Cook. Lake, and McHenry counties P. praelongus Wulfen 11. Leaves mostly 2-8 cm long, strongly clasping at the base, the apex flat, not cucullate; fruits 2.5-4 mm long; lakes in Cook, Kankakee, Lake, and McHenry counties P. richardsonii (A.Benn.) Rydb. 10. Leaves sessile, not clasping, linear-elliptical, 5-12 mm wide, obtuse, undulate or crisped, 3-5-nerved; ponds and streams, not common; introd. from eastern U.S.; nat. from Eur. May-Sept P. crispus L. Leaves of two kinds, broader floating ones, and narrower sub- merged ones. 12. Submerged leav-es lanceolate to elliptical, more than 5 mm wide. 13. Stem usually black-spotted; principal floating leaves some- what cordate at base; fruit 3-3.5 mm long; shallow water in Mason, Menard, and St. Clair counties P. pulcher Tuckerm. 13. Stem not black-spotted; leaves tapering at the base, or rounded. 14. Floating leaves with 30 or more principal veins; lakes and ditches, local; Cook, l)u Page, Lake, and Wa- bash counties P. amplifolius Tuckerm. 14. Floating leaves with fewer veins. 15. Mature spikes 4-6 cm long. 16. Floating leaves elliptical, not nuicronate, 4-9 cm broad; submerged leaves lanceolate; style prominent on the fruit; streams and ponds 278 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 in the northern half of the state; first col- lected near Oquawka, Henderson Co., by H. N. Patterson P. illinoensis Morong 16. Floating leaves oval, mucronate, 1-3 cm wide; submerged leaves narrowly lanceolate; fruit tipped by the nearly sessile stigma; ponds, ditches, and streams, not uncommon. [P. nodosus Poir. (?)] P. anuricanus C. & S. 15. Mature spikes 1-2 cm long; floating leaves oval, 1-3 cm wide; submerged leaves lanceolate, acumi- nate or cuspidate; ponds or slow streams, chief- ly in the eastern part of the state - P. ^ramitu'us L. 12. Submerged leaves linear or filiform, not more than 5 mm wide. 17. Submerged leaves linear, 2-5 mm wide, conspicuously reticidate along the midvein; ponds and lakes, not common; Fulton, Hancock, and Lake counties - P. epihydrus Raf. 17. Submerged leaves filiform, 1-2 mm wide. 18. Spikes of 2 kinds: one emersed, cylindrical, many- flowered, the other submerged, globose, few- flowered; ditches and slow streams, not imcom- nion ; chiefly in the w. and s. coimties. [P. hyhridus of Michx. and Am. auth.] P. diversifolius Raf. 18. Spikes all alike, cylindrical. 19. Blades of the floating leaves less than 1.5 cm long, equalling or longer than the petioles; spikes less than 1 cm long; lakes, rare; McHenry Co P. vaseyi Robbins 19. Blades of the floating leaves 2.5 cm or more in length, mostly .shorter than the petioles; spikes 1.5 cm or more in length; lakes, ponds, and ditches, not uncommon P. natans L. 2. Zannichellia L. — Horned Pondweed Z palustris L. Ditches and ponds, not common; Fulton, Hender- son, Henry, Menard, Peoria, and Winnebago counties. 130. Liliaceae Adans. — Lily Family 1. Stem leafy (bearing one or more leaves). 2. Flowers large, 4-10 cm long; leaves alternate or whorled; fruit a capsule 1 1. Liliuin 2. Flowers smaller. 3. Leaves whorled. 4. Flowers several; leaves in usually two whorls, parallel-veined 23. Medeola 4. Flowers solitary; leaves in one whorl, net-veined 24. Trillium 3. Leaves alternate. 130. LiLIACRAE 279 5. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or few, or in imil)els. 6. Lca\es reduced to scales with fiiiforni short branchlcts appearing like leaves about I cm long in the axils; flowers axillary, small, greenish, nodding, on slender, jointed pedicels; berry red, .3- seeded 16. Asparagus 6. Leaves foliaceous. 7. Flowers in axillary umbels, unisexual; leaves net-veined; fruit a berry 25. Smilax 7. Flowers not in imibels. 8. Stem simple; perianth-segments united below the middle; flowers greenish; fruit a berry 20. Polygonalmn 8. Stem forked above; perianth-segments free; flowers yellow- ish; fruit a capsule 19. Uvularia 5. Flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. 9. Leaves linear; styles 3, separate. 10. Stem puberulent above; perianth-segments clawed, and (in our species) bearing a pair of glands; plants with a rhizome 5. Melanthium 11). Stem glalirous; plants from a bulb. 11. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate, glandless; panicle many-flowered 1. Stenanthiiim 1 1 . Perianth-segments bearing a large obcordate gland; raceme simple or sparingly branched, few- or several- flowered 2. Zigadenus 9. Leaves not linear. 12. Lea\'es 2 or 3, cordate at base; perianth-segments 4, white; stamens 4; fruit a berry 18. Maiantheniurn 12. Leaves several, lanceolate or oblanceolate; perianth-segments 6. 13. Plants not dioecious. 14. Flowers (in our species) greenish-jjurple ; leaves strong- ly veined; fruit a capsule 6. Veratruvi 14. Flowers white; fruit a berry 17. Smilacina 13. Plants dioecious; flowers white; fruit a capsule 4. Chamaelirium 1. Feaves all or mostly basal, or a]3i>arently so, rarely absent at flowering time; iruit a capsule. 15. Flowers very large, over 5 cm long. 16. Flowers orange or yellow 9. Hemerocallis 16. Flowers blue or whitish 10. Hosta 15. Flowers smaller. 17. Flower solitary, nodding; leaves 2 (or 1); plants from deep-seated conns 12. Erythronium 17. Flowers several or many. 18. Flowers in racemes or jjanicles. 19. Inflorescence a large panicle; flowers large (3-5 cm long); leaves stiff, long-pointed, filamentous on the margins 22. Yucca 19. Inflorescence a raceme; flowers smaller; leaves soft, not filamentous. 20. Flowers white; plants with rhizomes. 21. Sepals and petals nearly distinct throughout 3. Tofieldia 280 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2 1 . Sepals and petals united nearly to apex .21. Convallaria 20. Flowers lavender or blue; plants with bulbs. 22. Sepals and petals nearly distinct throughout 13. Camassia 22. Sepals and petals united nearly to apex 14. Muscari 18. Flowers in a corymb or umbel; plants with bulbs. 23. Flowers in a corymb, greenish-white; filaments flattened at the base; midvein of leaves whitish 15. Ornithogalum 23. Flowers in an umbel. 24. Plants with the odor and taste of onions (alliaceous) ; flowers pink or white, often replaced by bulblets; seeds 1 or 2 in each locule of the capsule 7. Allium 24. Plants not alliaceous; flowers yellowish; seeds several in each locule 8. Nothoscordum 1. Stenanthium (A. Gray) Kunth S. gramineurn (Ker) Morong. Woods, and moist ground along creeks, rare; s. III., extending northward to Richland, Macoupin, Fayette, and Pike counties. June-Aug. 2. Zigadenus Michx. — Death Camas Z. glaucus Nutt. Limestone bluffs and crevices of rocks, rare; known from Jo Daviess and Kane counties. July-Aug. 3. Tofieldia Huds. — Asphodel T. glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Bogs in Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties. June-July. 4. Chamaelirium Willd. C. luteum (L.) A.Gray. Woods, rare; Hardin and Massac counties. 5. Melanthium L. — Bunchflower M. virginicurn L. Meadows, in the w. and centr. part of the state, rare. June-July. 6. Veratrum L. V. woodii Robbins. Moist wooded ravines, rare; known from eight counties chiefly in the central part of 111. July-Sept. 7. Allium L. — Onion 1 . Leaves linear, terete or flat, present at flowering time. 2. Umbel nodding, 2-bracted, not bulblet-bearing; perianth rose, 4-6 mm long; ovary and capsule crested; stamens exserted; outer bulb-coat membranous; banks, n. 111. July-Sept. Nod- ding Onion A. cernuum Roth 2. Umbel erect. 3. Umbels commonly bulblet-bearing. 130. LiLIACEAE 281 4. Bracts below the umbel 3; leaves flat, soft, slightly keeled, 2-8 mm wide; stamens about as long as the perianth; outer bulb-coat fibrous; meadows, roadsides, woods, common. May-June. Wild Onion A. canadense L. 4. Bract one; stamens exserted; bulb-coat membranous. 5. Leaves hollow, about 2 mm wide; umbels rather lax, usually with bulblets only; roadsides, meadows, and fields, common; nat. from Eur. June-July. Field Garlic A. vineale L. 5. Leaves flat, 8-15 mm wide; umbels dense; waste places, occasional; native of Eur. June- July. Garlic A. sativum. L. 3. Umbels not bulblet-bearing. 6. Leaves flat. 7. Leaves 2-4 mm broad; bracts of the umbel 2 or 3. 8. Stamens exserted ; outer bulb-coat membranous, fine- ly reticulate; ovary and capsule crested; rocky slopes, s.w. 111. July-Aug A. stellatum Ker 8. Stamens included; outer bulb-coat fibrous; ovary and capsule not crested; prairie soil, borders of woods, or calcareous blufTs, occasionally in s. and w. 111. May-June A. ynutahilis Michx. 7. Leaves 2.5-4 cm broad, keeled; flowers numerous in a dense terminal umbel, subtended by a single, acumi- nate bract ; plant stout, biennial, 60-90 cm tall ; a cultigen, sometimes escaped but not established in 111.; native of Eurasia. Leek A. porrum L. 6. Leaves hollow; bracts 2 or 3, reflexed; scape 30-90 cm tall, hollow, longer than the leaves; flowers numerous, lilac ; gardens and waste places, occasional ; native of western Asia. Onion A. cepa L. 1. Leaves 2, elliptical-lanceolate, 3-6 cm wide, disappearing before flowering time; perianth-segments white, obtuse, 6-7 mm long; filaments subulate, equalling the perianth; capsule strongly 3- lobed; woods in the northern half of 111. June- Aug. Wild Leek A. tricoccum Ait. 8. Nothoscordum Kunth — False Garlic A^. bivalve (L.) Britt. Meadows, roadsides or woodlands in the southern half of the state, not common. Apr. -May. 9. Hemerocallis L. — Day Lily 1. Flowers 8-12 cm long, orange, not fragrant; margins of ])erianth- segments undulate; leaves 1-3 cm wide; a sterile trij^loid not forming seeds; commonly cult, and extensively naturalized, spreading \egetativcly to roadsides, waste places, and moist woods and fields, common; nati\c of China. June-Aug. Orange Day Lily H. fulva L. 282 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 1. Flowers 6-8 cm lon<^, leinon-yellovv. fraa;rant: mara;ins of perianth- segments flat: leaves 5-10 mm wide: capsules 2-3 cm long: cult, and occasionally escaped : native of temperate eastern Asia. May-July. Yellow Day Lily H. flara L. 10. Hosta Tratt. — Plantain Lily H. lancifolia (Thunb.) Engler. Waste ground, Mississippi Palisades State Park, Carroll Co., R. H. Mohlenbrock in 1956; escaped from cult.; native of Asia. [H . japonica (Thunb.) Voss, not Tratt.] 1 1 . Lilium L. — Lily L Leaf-axils not bulblet-bearing. 2. Flowers erect; perianth-segments with oval or lanceolate blades and a slender claw; leaves mostly alternate, linear, 2-7 inm wide; dry open woods in the northern half of 111. Jime-July. [L. philadelphicurn var. andiniun (Nutt.) Ker] Wood Lily - L. unibi'Uatiw} Pursh 2. Flowers nodding; perianth-segments oblanceolate, not clawed, recurved; leaves mostly whorled, elliptic-lanceolate, 1-3 cm wide; inoist woods, thickets, meadows. June-Aug. [L. caua- dense and L. supcrbum of auth.^ not L.] Turk's-cap Lily L. inichiganense Farw. 1. Leaves scattered, the upper axils usually bulblet-bearing; stem pubescent above; perianth-segments recurxed from the base; rarely escaped from cult., but not established; native of eastern Asia. July-Aug. Tiger Lily L. tigrinum Ker 12. Erythronium L. — Trout Lily 1. Perianth yellow; style clavate, the stigmas erect, imited ; woods; apparently absent from the western part of 111. Apr-May - - /s. amcricauuin Ker 1. Perianth white or pale lavender; style 3-cleft, the recurved stigmas 1-3 mm long: allu\ial soil in woods, common. Apr. E. albidum Nutt. 13. Camassia Lindl. — Camas C. scilloides (Raf. ) Cory. Wild Hyacinth. Moist woods or mead- ows, locally throughout 111. Apr.-June. [C. esculenta sensu auth., non (Raf.) Lindl.; C. frascri Torr.]. Including C. angusta (Engelm. & Gray) Blankinship, a late-flowering plant with deeper colored shorter perianth. Macon Co.: T". H. Chase 11900; Peoria Co.: Schoenbeck. 14. Muscari Mill. — Grape Hyacinth 1. Leaves overtopping the scape; open woods, rare, escaped from cult.; Piatt Co. Native of Armenia. April M. armeniacurn Leichtl. 130. Lii.iACKAE 283 1. Leaves not longer than the scajje. 2. Leaves erect, flat, 4-8 mm broad; flowers "iohose, odorless, pale blue; roadsides and woods, occasional, escajjed from cult.; Jackson, Union, Edgar, and Hardin counties M. botryoidcs (L.) Mill. 2. Leaves recurxed, 1-3 mm broad, almost terete; flowers ellip- .soid, fragrant, dark blue; occasionally along roads and in fields, escaped from cult, and spreading; native of Eur.; Monroe and Montgomery coimties M. raccniounn (L.) Mill. 15. Ornithogalum L. O. unibt llaliiiu L. Star-of-Bethlehem. Roadsides, edges of fields, locally abundant; escaped horn cull.; nat. from Eur. Apr. -May. 16. Asparagus L. A. officinalis L. Garden Asparagus. Roadsides and fields, common; nat. from Eiu". May-June. 17. Smilacina Desf. — False Solomon's-seal 1. Flowers nimierous in a panicle; jjerianth-segments 1-2 mm long; woods, common. May-June S. racvmosa (L.) Desf. 1. Flowers few in a raceme; perianth-segments 3-5 mm long; woods, common, extending southward to Macoupin and Wabash counties. Api.-May S. stcUala (L.) L^esf. 18. Maianthemum Weber — False Lily-of-the- Valley M. canadense Desf. Moist woods, n. 111. May-June. Our plants belong to var. ititcrius Fern. 19. Uvularia L. — Bellwort 1. Leaves perfoliate, puberulenl beneath; capsules obtusely 3-angled, rounded or retuse at the apex; moist woods, not uncommon. Apr. -May U. grandiflora Sm. 1. Leaves se.ssile, glabrous; capsules sharply 3-angled, acutish at each end; woods in s. 111., rare. Apr. -May U. sessili folia L. 20. Polygonatum Mill. — Solomon's-seal 1. Leaves puberulenl on the \eins beneath; lowesl leaf a papery bract, leaving a ring-like scar on the stem; peduncles commonly 2-flowered; woods, n.e. 111.; known iiom (look, l)u Page, Kan- kakee, Lake, and Winnebago counties. May-June. [P. hiflonun sensu auth., non (Walt.) Ell. J P. puhvscens (Willd.) Pursh 1. Leaves glabrous; lowest leaf persi.stent; jK'duncles bearing 2-5 or more flowers. 284 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Stem slender, 30-50 cm tall, 2-4 mm thick at base; inedian and lower leaves when mature usually 6-10 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide; berries paired or solitary, 7-9 mm in diameter; seeds 2.5-3.5 mm long; plants presumably diploid (n = 10) ; woods, s. 111., not common. May. [P. canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh] P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. 2. Stem stout, becoming 60-120 cm tall and 1-1.5 cm thick toward the base; median and lower leaves 10-15 cm long, 5-8 cm wide; berries 5-8 on the lower peduncles, each 10-14 mm in diameter when fresh; seeds 9-11, subglobose, 4-5 mm in diam- eter; plants presimiably tetraploid (n = 20) ; rich soil in woods throughout 111. May-June. [P. giganteurn Dietr. ; P. canaliculatum sensu Fern., probably not Convallaria canali- culata Muhl.] P. coinmutatuni (Schultes) Dietr. 21. Convallaria L. — Lily-of-the-valley C. majalis L. Persisting near old dwellings; when planted in cemeteries often forming large patches from which the mature fruits are scattered by birds. Native of Eur. 22. Yucca L. — Common Yucca Y. filamcritosa L. Cemeteries, roadsides, old gardens; frequently cultivated, and often persisting, or occasionally escaped; native of southeastern U.S. June. 23. Medeola L. — Indian Cucumber- root M. virginiana L. Wooded ravines, rare; Evanston, Cook Co., L. N. Johnson in 1889; Ottawa, La Salle Co., G. D. Fuller in 1939. 24. Trillium L. — Trillium I. Flowers sessile; petals purple or green. 2. Leaves definitely petioled, the petioles 1-2.5 cm long; sepals reflexed, acuminate, 1.5-3 cm long; rhizoine slender, hori- zontal; woods, common throughout 111. Apr. -May. Pinple Trillium. Wake Robin. Yellow-flowered plants with purple stamens (f. luteum Clute) or yellow stamens (f. sliayi Palmer & Steyerin.) are found occasionally - - T. recurvatum Beck 2. Leaves sessile; sepals not reflexed; rhizome short, stout. 3. Petals purple; sepals 2-3 cm long; stem smooth; moist woods, locally nearly throughout III., but not common. Apr. -May. Sessile Trillium T . sessile L. 3. Petals greenish; sepals 4-6 cm long; stem often minutely hirtellous at summit; woods, rare; Jackson, Macoupin, Pike, and Union counties. Apr. -May. Green Trillium T . viride Beck 1. Flowers peduncled; petals white (or purple). 130. LiLIACEAE 285 4. Leaves sessile or essentially so; fniit 6-anfjled, 6-winged. 5. Petals 4-6 cm long, obo\ate or oblanteolate, white, turning pink with age; stigmas straight or nearly so; peduncle 3-10 cm long, erect or ascending; woods, locally in the northern half of 111. Apr.-May. I^arge Trillium - T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. 5. Petals 2-4 cm long, oval; stigmas recurved or coiled. 6. Peduncle 4-6 cm long, usually horizontal or declined; petals usually white (purple in f. walpolci (Fai-w.) Deam) ; filaments about one-third as long as the anthers; woods, locally nearly throughout III. Apr.- May T. gleasoni Fern. 6. Peduncle 1-3 cm long, deflexed; filaments two-thirds as long as the anthers; woods, rare; Ringwood, McHenry Co., Vasey; Wolf Lake, Chicago, Cook Co., E. J. Hill in 1891 T. ceniuum L. 4. Leaves short-petioled ; petals white, 1.5-3 cm long; peduncle erect; fruit 3-lobed, not winged; wooded slopes, locally in the northern half of 111., extending southward to Jersey, Sangamon, and Coles counties. Mar.-Apr. Snow Trillium - T. nivalc Riddell 25. Smilax L. 1. Stems woody, usually more or less prickly, at least on the lower part; ovules solitary in each locule of the ovary. 2. Leaves glaucous on the lower surface, ovate; umbels 6- to 12- flowered; open woods and sandy soil in s. III. May- June. Sawbrier S. glauca Walt. 2. Leaves green on both surfaces. 3. Leaves more or less contracted near the middle or 3-lobed, commonly deltoid-hastate, often spinulose on the margins and veins beneath; umbels 15- to 45-fIowered; fruit mostly 1-seeded; thickets in s. 111. May- June. Fringed Greenbrier S. bona-nox L. 3. Leaves ovate, cordate, or roundish. 4. Branchlets terete or nearly so; prickles black, terete (up- per branches often without prickles) ; peduncles longer than the petioles; fruit black, not glaucous, usually 1-seeded; woods and thickets, conmion throughout 111. May-June. Common Greenbrier S. hispida Muhl. 4. Branchlets angular; prickles flattened, green; peduncles shorter than the petioles; fruit glaucous, 2- or 3-scedcd; dry woods in s. 111. May-June S. rotuudifolia L. 1. Plants herbaceous, not bristly or prickly; ovules two in each locule. 5. Leaves puberulent and green and glossy beneath : stem climb- ing; fruit black; wooded slopes in the s. half of 111. May , S. pulverulenta Michx. 286 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Leaves glaucous beneath; fruit bluish, orlaucous, 2- to 5-seeded. 6. Stem climbing, 1-3 m long; tendrils present; umbels 25- to 100-flowered; peduncles in the axils of leaves; woods, common. Apr.-Jime. Carrion Flower [S. herbacea sensu auth., non L.] S. lasioncura Hook. 6. Stem erect, 40-60 cm tall; tendrils usually absent; umbels with fewer than 25 flowers; peduncle in the axil of a bract below the leaves; moist woods, locally throughout 111. except the southern counties. Apr. -May S. ccirrliata (Engelm.) Wats. 131. Juncaceae Vent. — Rush Family 1. Capsule many-seeded, 1- or 3-lo(uled. with axial or parietal placentae; plants glabrous 1. J uncus 1. Capsule 3-seeded, 1-loculed, with basal placentae; plants often sparsely pilose 2. Luzula 1 . Juncus L. — Rush 1. Inflorescence appearing lateral, the involucral bract erect, terete, simulating a continuation of the stem; leaves reduced to sheaths. 2. Stamens 3; perianth 2-3 mm long; anthers shorter than the filaments; stems densely tufted; ditches and marshy ground. Common Rush /. cffusus L. 2. Stamens 6; j^erianth 3-4.5 mm long; anthers much longer than the filaments; stems usually arising singly from the rhizome and growing in a row; shores and wet groimd in n. Ill '. ': ■ /. balticus Willd. 1. Inflorescence terminal. 3. Leaves flat (or involute) , not septate. 4. Flowers borne singly on the branches of the inflorescence, not in heads. 5. Annual; stem branched, the inflorescence more than half the height of the plant; sandy soil, roadsides, or ditches throughout 111. June-Oct. Toad Rush .../. hujonius L. 5. Perennials; inflorescence less than half the length of the plant. 6. Capsule longer than the perianth ; leaves nearly terete. 7. Capsule greenish, usually slightly longer than the perianth ; seeds cylindrical, the caudate appendages half as long as the body; damp shores, rare; Ring- wood, McHenry Co., Vasey (type coll.) ; Cook Co., Bebb: Winnebago Co. July-Aug /. vaseyi Engelm. 7. Capsule reddish or castaneous, glossy, much exceed- ing the perianth; seeds ellipsoid, merely short- pointed, or obtuse; sandy soil, rare, n.e. Ill /. greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. 6. Capsule shorter than or equalling the perianth, greenish or pale brown; leaves flat or involute. I'll. JUNCACEAE 287 8. Inflorescence distinctly secund; dry soil, rare; Jack- son, Pope, and Saline counties-.-./, secundus Beauv. 8. Inflorescence not secund. 9. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths thin, scarious, hyaline, conspicuously pi'olonged 1-3 mm beyond the point of insertion; fields, roadsides, j^aths, open woods, very common. May-Sept. Path Rush /. tenuis Willd. 9. Auricles firm, not conspicuously prolonged be- yond the point of insertion. 10. Sheaths and amides membranous, hyaline; perianth appressed to the capsule, 3-4 mm long; sandy soil, common. May- Aug -- /. interior Wieg. 10. Sheaths and auricles cartilaginous, yellowish, rigid, glossy; perianth somewhat divergent, 4-5 nmi long; meadows, common. May- Aug - /. dudleyi Wieg. 4. Flowers in heads (glomerules) . 11. Heads few (2-20), commonly 5- to 10-flowered; stamens not persistent ; meadows or ditches, not common. June- Sept - /. viargiiiatus Rostk. 11. Heads numerous (20-100), commonly 2- to 6-flowered, .stamens persistent, exserted; wet sandy soil, local /. bif^orus Ell. 3. Leaves terete, hollow, more or less septate. 1 2. Stamens 6. 13. Involucral leaf longer than the short-branched inflores- cence; filaments longer than the anthers. 14. Heads 7-10 mm in diameter; flowers 3-4 mm long, the petals ecjualling or exceeding the sepals; wet ground, rare in n. 111. July-Aug /. uodosus L. 14. Heads 1-1.5 cm in diameter; flowers 4-5 nun long, the petals much shorter than the sepals; ditches, common. July-Aug - /. torrcyi Coville 1 3. In\olucral leaf much shorter than the long-branched inflorescence; filaments about as long as the anthers. 15. Branches ot the inflorescence widely divergent; sepals acuminate; sandy shores; Cook, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Menard counties. July-Aug. - /. articulatus L. 15. Branches of the inflorescence erect or closely ascend- ing; sepals obtuse or mucronate; wet soil; Cook, Kane, Lake, and McHenry counties. July-Aug. /. richaidsojiianus Schult. 12. Stamens usually 3. 16. Seeds caudate. 288 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 17. Perianth 3-4 mm long, the segments acuminate; heads 5- to 50-flowered; wet ground, locally throughout 111. Aug. -Oct. /. canadensis J-Gay 17. Perianth 2-2.5 mm long, the segments obtuse; heads 3- to 5-flowerecl; wet ground in the northern and centi'al counties. July-Sept /. brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. 16. Seeds not caudate; perianth-segments acuminate. 18. Capsule twice as long as the perianth; wet ditches, rare; Jackson Co /. diffusissimus Buckl. 18. Capsule equalling to one-third longer than the perianth. 19. Capsule acuminate or subulate, longer than the perianth; heads 2-30, each 15- to 40-flowered; perianth 2.5-3 mm long; wet sandy soil in the northern half of 111. July-Sept /. scirpoides Lam. 19. Capsule obtuse or merely acute at the apex, about equalling or shorter than the perianth. 20. Capsule about two-thirds the length of the perianth; sepals longer than the petals; wet ground. June-Aug /. hrachycarpus Engelm. 20. Capsule about equalling the perianth; sepals and petals nearly equal. 21. Heads 1-50; branches of the inflorescence ascending; perianth 3-3.5 mm long; wet ground, throughout 111. May-Aug /. acuniinatus Michx. 21. Heads more numerous; branches of the inflorescence widely divergent; perianth 2-2.5 mm long; swampy ground, not common. June-July. [/. robustus sensu auth., non Wats.] /. nodatus Coville 2. Luzula DC. — Woodrush 1. Flowers solitary (rarely 2) at the tips of the slender ascending or loosely spreading peduncles; inflorescence an umbel; perianth 3-4.5 mm long, pale brown, shorter than the capsule; wooded banks, rare; La Salle and Ogle counties. [L. acuminata Raf. ( ?) ] L. saltuensis Fern. 1. Flowers subsessile, crowded in small head-like clusters. 2. Rays of the inflorescence erect or ascending; perianth 2-3 mm long; heads mostly cylindrical. 3. Base of plant commonly with small corms; perianth about 2.5 mm long, slightly shorter than the capsule; stem-leaves 2-4 mm wide; sandy soil in open woods, local. Apr.-May L. hulbosa (Wood) Rydb. 133. COMMFXINACEAR 289 3. Plant not connosr; pcriantli about 3 mm long, slightly ex- ceeding the capsule; stem-leaves 4-8 mm wide; dry open woods, locally throughout 111. Apr. -May L. multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 2. Rays ot the inflorescence unequal, becoming strongly divergent; plant without conns; perianth 3-4 mm long, much longer than the capsule; oj^en woods, not common. Apr. -May L. cchinata (Small) Hermann 132. Xyridaceae Lindl. — Yellow-eyed Grass Family 1 . Xyris L. — Yellow-eyed Grass X. tort a Sm. Moist sandy soil, not common; known from Cook, Iroquois, Kankakee, Mason, Will, and Winnebago counties. July- Aug. [X. fJcxuosa sensu auth., non Muhl.] 133. Commelinaceae Reichenb. — Spiderwort Family 1. Petals equal; perfect stamens 6; filaments pilose I. Tradescantia 1. Petals more or less unequal; perfect stamens 3; filaments glabrous 2. Commelina 1. Tradescantia L. — Spiderwort 1 . Leaves lanceolate, 1 .5-5 cm broad, not glaucous, the margins ciliolate: sepals sparsely pilose or glabrous; cymes axillary and tenninal ; stems 40-80 cm tall ; woods, common in the central and southern part of the state. June-Aug. \T. pilosa Lehm.] T. subaspera Ker 1. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; cymes tenninal. 2. Leaves glaucous; sepals glabrous, or pilose at the tip; petals 12-16 mm long; stems usually 40-90 cm tall; prairies, road- sides, open woods, common. May-Sept. [7". canaliculata Raf.] T . ohiensis Raf. 2. Leaves not glaucous; petals 16-20 mm long; stem 10-30 cm tall. 3. Sepals and pedicels pubescent with non-glandular hairs; petals blue; meadows, roadsides, open woods, and thickets, common. May-Jime ..T. virginica L. 3. Sepals and jjedicels copiously glandular-villous; petals rose or blue ; prairie soil, rare, w. 111. ; Morgan Co., Mrs. /. M. Mulligan in 1869; Mason Co., R. T. Rrxroat in 1953 J . bract cat a Small 2. Commelina L. — Dayflower 1. Margins of the spathe united at the base; native perennial species; seeds smooth, farinose. 2. All three petals blue; leaf-sheaths fringed with long, erect, ferruginous bristle-like hairs; leaves lanceolate, 1-4 cm wide; wet woods, s. 111., rare. July-Sept C. virginica L. 290 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. One petal white, smaller; leaf-sheaths ciliate with short whitish hairs; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate; sandy soil in the western and noithcrn parts of the state. July- Sept. ...-. ...C. erect a L. 1. Margins of the spathe not united; stems decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes; species nat. from Asia. 3. All three petals blue; anthers 5; capsules 3-loculed, 5-seeded; seeds 2-3 mm long, reticulate; plants perennial; moist ground, locally in s. 111., oiten as a cornfield weed; a widespread species of trop. and subtrop. regions C. diffusa Burm.f. 3. One petal white, smaller; anthers 6; capsules 2-loculed, 4- seecled ; seeds 3.5-4 mm long, gray, rugose; plants annual; moist shaded ground, common. June-Oct. Dayflower - -- - - -- C. communis L. 1!>4. Pontederiaceae Dumort. — Pickerelweed Family 1. Flowers 2-lipped ; stamens 6; leaves large, cordate to lanceolate; fruit a 1- seeded utricle 1. Pontederia 1. Flowers regular, salverforni; stamens 3; leaves either reniform or linear; fruit a many-seeded capsule 2. Heteranthera 1 . Pontederia L. — Pickerelweed P. cordata L. Margins of ponds and streams, local. June-Sept. 2. Heteranthera Ruiz & Pavon 1. Leaves linear, grass-like; flowers yellow; stamens ecjual; shallow water or muddy shores in the northern half of the state. July- Sept. Water star-grass H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. 1. Leaves not linear; flowers blue or white; stamens unequal. 2. Leaves reniform; flowers white or pale blue; spathe 3- to 6- flowered ; style pubescent; shallow water or muddy shores in s. 111. Aug. -Sept - H. reniformis Ruiz & Pavon 2. Leaves oval to lanceolate; flowers blue; spathe 1 -flowered; style glabrous; ponds and sloughs; St. Clair Co., Egbert; G. D.' Fuller '' H. limosa (Sw.VWilld. 135. Amaryllidaceae Lindl. — Amaryllis Family 1 . Bulbous herbs. 2. Flowers solitary or several, the tubular or annular corona separate from the filaments; stamens included 1. Narcissus 2. Flowers umbellate, subtended by long bracts, the membranous corona formed by the expanded filaments; stamens long-cxserted 2. Hymenocallis 1. Plants not bulbous. 3. Flowers in a long spike or spike-like raceme; lca\es basal. 4. Perianth greenish-yellow; leaves thick, succulent; anthers versatile 3. Agave 4. Perianth white (in our species) ; leaves thin, flat, lanceolate; anthers not versatile 4. Aletris 136. Iriimceae 291 3. Flowers solitary or sub-umbellate, bright yellow; low mostly pubescent herbs with grass-like leaves 5. Hypoxis 1 . Narcissus L. A^ pseudo-narcissus L., Daflfodil, with solitai-y yellow flowers, is extensively planted and often persists, but is scarcely established in 111. N. poeticus L., Poet's Narcissus, with solitary white flowers, and N. jonquilla, Jonquil, with 2-6 yellow flowers, sometimes are briefly per- sistent after cultivation; all are native of Ein\ 2. Hymenocallis Salisb. — Spider Lily H. occidcntalis (Le Conte) Kunth. Stream banks and moist ground in woods; known from Jackson, Johnson, Pulaski, Union, and Wabash counties. 3. Agave L. A. vir^iuica L. American Aloe. Sandy soil, or in rocky open woods in s. 111. June-Aug. 4. Aletris L. — Colic-root A. farinosa L. Sandy woods; known from Cook, Iroquois, Kan- kakee, and Lake counties. July-Aug. 5. Hypoxis L. — Stargrass H. hirsuta (L.j Coville. Meadows, sandy soil, open woods, com- mon. Apr. -June. 136. Iridaceae Lindl. — Iris Family 1. Lea\-es more than 1 cm wide; flowers large; plants with rhizomes. 2. Flowers blue, yellow, or reddish; seeds flattened or angular; style- branches broad, petal-like, opposite the anthers 1. Iris 2. Flowers orange, mottled with purple; seeds globose, black, shining, suc- culent; style-branches filiform, alternate with the anthers 2. Belamcanda 1. Leaves less than 7 mm wide; flowers small; plants without rhizomes 3. Sisyrinchium 1. Iris L. — Iris 1. Flowers blue or yellow. 2. Flowers yellow; escaped from cult.; native of Eur /. pseudacorus L. 2. Flowers blue, variegated with yellow and white. 3. Perianth-tube as long as or longer than the sepals; stream- banks, woods in Hardin and Union counties. Apr.-May. Dwarf Crested Iris /. cristata Ait. 3. Perianth-tube much shorter than the sepals. 4. Leaves somewhat glaucous; sepals 5-8 cm long; capsule obscurely 3-lobed, 1.5 cm thick; ditches, wet meadows, moist woods, banks ol streams, ponds, and sloughs, common. May-June. Blue Iris [/. versicolor .sensu auth., ex p., non L.] /. shrevei Small 292 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Leaves green, not glaucous; sepals 8-10 cm long; capsule strongly 6-angled, 2 cm thick; meadows, swamps, and borders of woods in the western half of 111., from Taze- well to Pulaski coimties. May- June /. brevicaulis Raf. 1. Flowers dull reddish-brown, variegated with blue and green; leaves pale green and somewhat glaucous; sepals 3-5 cm long; swamps, Alexander, Pulaski, and Union counties. May. Red Iris /. julva Ker 2. Belamcanda Adans. — Blackberry-lily B. chinensis (L.) DC. Roadsides and banks, scattered nearly throughout 111.; escaped from cult. Native of Asia. Jime-July. 3. Sisyrinchiuni L. — Blue-eyed Grass 1. Spathes and flowers arising directly from apex of stem; leaves and stems glaucous, 1-2 mm broad, the margins smooth, entire. 2. Spathes usually 2, with a single outer leaf-like bract; perianth usually white, or sometimes purple ; ovary often minutely glandular; capsules 3-5 mm long, straw-colored; prairie soil, and meadows, common throughout 111. May-June - - - S. albidum Raf. 2. Spathe solitary; perianth bluish-piu-ple; stem 0.5-1.5 mm wide; capsules 2.5-3 mm long; prairie soil, roadsides, open woods, sandy banks, common throughout the western part of the state from Winnebago to Macoupin counties. Apr.-June. [S. mucronatum sensu auth., non Michx. ; S. montanum sensu auth., non Greene] ^S". campestre Bickn. 1. Spathes and flowers peduncled from the axil of a leaf-like bract; perianth bluish-piu-ple. 3. Leaves 3-4 mm wide, dark green, not glaucous, drying darker; stems broadly winged, minutely serrulate, almost straight, 3-4 mm wide; inner bract of spathe 1.5-3 cm long; capsules blackish, 4-6 mm long; moist meadows or wooded areas throughout 111. May-June. \S. graniinciati Lam.; S. angusti- foliuni Mill.; S. graniinoides Bickn.] S. herrnudiana L. 3. Leaves 1-3 mm wide, pale green or glaucous; stem slender, narrowly winged, curved or flexuous; inner bract of spathe 1-1.5 cm long; capsules 3-4 mm long; sandy soil, local; known from Kankakee Co., R. A. Schneider S. atlanticinn Bickn. 137. Dioscoreaceae Lindl. — Yam Family 1 . Dioscorea L. — Yam 1. Petioles glabrous or nearly so at the insertion of the blade; ma- ture capsules 1.5-2.3 cm long; all the leaves alternate (or the three lowest close together or indefinitely whorled) ; blades glabrous or puberulent beneath; seeds (exclusive of the wing) 139. BURMANNIACEAE 293 3-4.5 mm broad; rhizome mosUy 5-8 mm thick (when dry), simjile, or rarely branched; thickets or open woods, common. May-July. [D. paniculata Michx.] D. villosa L. 1. Petioles puberulent at the insertion of the blade; mature capsules 2.5-3 cm long; lower leaves in whorls of 4-9 (usually 6) ; lower surface of blades glabrous or puberulent, glaucous or green; seeds (exclusive of the wing) 5-6.5 mm broad; rhizome stout, irregularly knotted, 1-1.5 cm thick; woods, s. 111. May-June D. quaterjiata (Walt.) Gmel. 138. Hydrocharitaceae Aschers. — Frogbit Family 1. Leaves cordate, petioled 1. Limnobium 1. Leaves neither cordate nor petioled. 2. Leaves basal, ribbon-like, elongated, floating 2. Vallisneria 2. Leaves small, whorled or opposite, sessile, pellucid, 1-veined; stems elon- gated, leafy, floating 3. Elodea 1 . Limnobium Rich. — Frogbit L. spongia (Bosc) Steud. Sponge-plant. Shallow water or mud, rare; Alexander and Union counties. June-Aug. 2. Vallisneria L. — Tapegrass V. americana Michx. "Wild Celery." Ponds and slow streams in the northern half of the state. July-Aug. 3. Elodea Michx. — W^aterweed {Anacharis Rich.) 1. Leaves three in each whorl, 1-2 cm long; flowers 3-6 mm in di- ameter, solitary in the spathe. 2. Leaves elliptical or oblong, obtusish, 1.5-4 mm wide; slow streams, widely distributed. July-Aug. Canadian Water- w^eed E. canadensis Michx. 2. Leaves linear, acute, niostly 1-1.5 mm wide; ponds and slow streams, apparently more common in 111. than the preceding species. July-Aug. Common Waterweed. [E. nuttallii (Planch.) St. John] E. occidentalis (Pursh) St. John 1 . Leaves six in each whorl, 2-4 cm long, 3-5 mm wide, the stem densely leafy; flowers 1.5-2 cm in diameter, usually 3 in a spathe; used in aquaria and rarely found as an escape from cult.; introd. from S. Am. Brazilian Waterweed. .../s. dcnsa Planch. 139. Burmanniaceae Blimie — Burmannia Family 1. Thismia GrifT. T. americana N.E.PfeifT. "Chicago, 111., in open j^rairie," Norma E. Pfeiffer; known only from the original collection; type, herb. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus. ; isotype, herb. Univ. of 111. Discovered in Aug. 1912, now almost certainly extinct. 294 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 140. Orchidaceae Lindl. — Orchid Family 1. Lip large, inflated, moccasin-shaped; leaves plaited; fertile anthers 2 - 1. Cypripediutn 1. Lip concave or flat, not moccasin-shaped; fertile anther 1. 2. Plants with ordinary green foliage at flowering time. 3. Flowers distinctly spurred, the spur 2 mm or more in length. 4. Flowers bicolored, the lip white and the sepals and petals purple; leaves 2, basal, oval 2. Orchis 4. Flowers concolored 3. Habenaria 3. Flowers spurless. 5. Flowers large (more than 1 cm broad), solitary or few. 6. Leaves grass-like; flowers several, racemose, pink-purple 4. Calopogon 6. Leaves not grass-like. 7. Flowers axillary; lip not crested 5. Triphora 7. Flowers terminal, solitary or few; lip fringed and crested 6. Pogonia 5. Flowers smaller, several to many, in spikes or racemes (flowers large in Epipactis) . 8. Flowers white or greenish-white. 9. Inflorescence more or less twisted spirally; leaves alternate or basal, not variegated, often soon withering 7. Spiranthes 9. Inflorescence not spiral; leaves basal, often whitish-variegated 8. Coo dyer a 8. Flowers racemose, greenish or purj^lish. 10. Leaves 1-2. 11. Leaf solitary near the middle of the stem, ovate or oval, clasping; flowers many, greenish, 2-3 mm long 9. Malaxis 11. Leaves two, basal; flowers larger 10. Liparis 10. Leaves several, clasping, lanceolate to ovate, acuminate or acute; flowers purplish, pendulous in a long, often 1 -sided raceme 1 1. Epipactis 2. Leaves absent at flowering time, or a single basal withered one per- sisting. 12. Inflorescence spirally twisted; flowers white or greenish-white; plants with 1-several elongate or tuberous-thickened roots 7. Spiranthes 12. Inflorescence not spirally twisted. 13. Stem cormose at base, with a solitary basal oval leaf usually with- ering or absent at flowering time; capsules reflexed. 14. Flowers spurless; leaf green beneath 12. Aplectrum 14. Flowers with a long spur; leaf purplish beneath 13. Tipularia 13. Stem from a cluster of coral-like rhizomes; leaves reduced to scales. 15. Lip with a callus on each side of the midrib near the base; pollinia 4, in two pairs 14. Corallorhiza l."). Lip with 5 or 6 prominent ridges down the middle; pollinia 8, united 15. Hexalectris 1. Cypripedium L. — Lady's Slipper 1. Flowering stem leafy. 2. Sepals oval, not twisted, shorter than the white Hp, which is 3-4 cm long, tinged wdth purple; wet woods or springy places, 140. Orchidaceae 295 ii. 111., rare. Showy Lady's Slipper [C. spectabile Salisb.] C. reginar Walt. 2. Sepals lanceolate, attenuate, twisted, equalling or exceeding the 3. Lip yellow, 2-5 cm long; wooded hillsides, or in ravines, or bogs, rare. May-June. Yellow Lady's Slipper [C. puhescens Willd.; C. parviflorum var. pubescens (Willd. ) Knight] C. parviflorum Salisb. . 3. Lip white or cream, 2-2.5 cm long. 4. Sepals and petals solid madder-purple; lip creamy white: near Spring Bay, Woodford Co., V. H. Chase 4024. [C. candidum X parviflorum A.M. Fuller] ..X C. andrcwsii A.M. Fuller 4. Sepals and petals greenish-yellow, usually purple-lined; lip waxy-white; bogs, swamps, or wet ground on "original prairie'' in the northern half of 111. May-June. White Lady's Slipper C. candidum Muhl. 1. Flowering stem leafless; basal leaves 2; woods. Cook Co., rare; May C. acaule Ait. 2. Orchis L. O. spectabilis L. Showy Orchis. Woods, occasional. May-June. 3. Habenaria Willd. 1 . Lip not fringed or deeply lobed ; flowers greenish. 2. Stem with one to several leaves. 3. Leaves several; bracts mostly longer than the flowers. 4. Lip not entire. 6-8 mm long. 5. Lip 3-toothed at apex; spur shorter than lip; rich woods, rare, n. 111., extending southward to Peoria Co. May- June. Long-bracted Orchid H. bracteata (Muhl.) R.Br. 5. Lip with a median tubercle and a tooth on each side near the base; spur longer than the lip; wet ground, rare; Cook, Hancock, Kankakee, Lake, Ogle, Peoria, St. Clair, Tazewell, and Wabash counties. June-July. Tubercled Orchid H. flava (L.) R.Br. 4. Lip entire, shorter than the slender spur; swamps, rare; Cook, Kane, Lake. Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford counties. June-July. [H . hypcrbona sensu Am. auth.. non Orchis hyperborea L.] H. huronensis (Nutt. ) Spreng. "3. Leaves 1 or 2; bracts shorter than the flowers; lip entire at base, cuneate, truncate, 3-5 mm long; wet ground, rare; Cass, Cook, Kankakee, and Lake counties. July-Aug. Wood Orchid H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. 296 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Stem scapiform; leaves basal, orbicular, 3-10 cm broad; lip lanceolate, entire, about 1 cm long; flowers yellowish-green; rich woods ; Cook and Lake counties. June-July. Round- leaved Orchid H. hookeri Torr. 1 . Lip fringed or deeply lobed ; flowers large and showy. 6. Flowers orange-yellow; lip oval, about 1 cm long, the conspicu- ous fringe 3-5 mm long; wet ground, rare, Cook Co. Yellow Fringed Orchid H. ciliaris (L.) R.Br. 6. Flowers whitish, greenish, or piaplish ; lip more or less 3-lobed, each lobe fringed or denticulate. 7. Petals entire; flowers greenish; lobes of the lip narrow, few- fringed; swamps, rare; Cook, Kane, Kankakee, Lake, Vermilion, and Winnebago counties. June-July. Green Fringed Orchid H. lacera (Michx. ) Lodd. 7. Petals denticidate; lobes of the lip fan-shaped. 8. Lip deeply fringed and 3-parted, the fringe 2-5 mm long. 9. Flowers creamy-white, fragrant, the spikes relatively few-flowered; wet meadows, rare. June-July. White Fringed Orchid H. leucophaea (Nutt.) A.Gray 9. Flowers lilac or purplish, crowded in the spike; mead- ows and swamps, rare; Cook, Lake, and Winnebago counties. July-Aug. Small Purple Fringed Orchid H. psycodes (L.) Spreng. 8. Lip toothed but not fringed; flowers violet-purple; moist woods, occasional; s. 111. July-Aug. Fringeless Purple Orchid H. peramocna A.Gray 4. Calopogon R.Br. — Grass-pink Orchid C. pulchellus (Salisb.) R.Br. Meadows, chiefly in the northern half of 111. May-July. 5. Triphora Nutt. — Nodding Pogonia T. trianthopJiora (Sw.) Rydb. W'oods, not common. Aug. -Sept. \Pogonia trianthophora (Sw. ) BSP.]. 6. Pogonia Juss. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Swamps and meadows, not common; Cook, Lake, Lee, McHenry, and Will counties. June-July. 7. Spiranthes Rich. — Ladies' Tresses 1. Raceme loosely-flowered, the flowers usually in a. single row, spirally twisted or merely secund. 2. Rachis of inflorescence and stem glabrous; leaves basal, oval, petioled, soon withering and usually absent at flowering time. 3. Perianth 3 mm long; lip entirely white; root solitary; dry woods and bluff tops; Jackson, Pope, Randolph, and Union counties. July-Sept. [S. tuherosa Raf., nom. dub.; S. beckii sensu auth.] S. grayi Ames 140. Orciiidaceae 297 3. Perianth 4-6 mm long; lip with a median green stripe; rachis twisted; roots usually several; diy open woods, local. July- Sept. Slender Ladies' Tresses [S. lacera Raf., nom. dub.; S. bcckii Lindl., nom. illegit.] S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck 2. Rachis of inflorescence and usually the upper part of stem pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, not distinctly petioled, commonly present at flowering time; perianth 8-10 mm long; lip ovate, yellowish, pubescent beneath, 5-7 mm long; Effingham, Menard, and St. C'lair counties. May-Sept S. vernalis Engelm. & Gray 1. Raceme closely flowered, the flowers apparently in 2 or 3 spirals; rachis and upper part of stem puberulent or pubescent. 4. Raceme slender, 8-12 mm thick; perianth 3-7 mm long. 5. Lip white, puberulent, ovate, 4-5 mm long with 2 slender in- curved callosities; Pulaski, Sangamon, and Union counties. Sept. -Oct. [S. montanum Raf., nom. dub.] ....S. oralis Lindl. 5. Lip with a median yellow stripe, glabrous, elliptical-quadrate; callosities none or very small; springy bog in wooded pas- ture, near Marley, Will Co., June 22, 1897, Agnes Chase; Hancock Co., Mead in 1844. May- July. Shining Ladies' Tresses \S. latifolia Torr. ; S. plantaginea (Raf.) Torr., non Lindl.] S. lucida (H.H.Eaton) Ames 4. Raceme stout, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; perianth 8-10 mm long; lip white, pubescent; meadows and swamps, occasional. Aug.- Oct. Nodding Ladies' Tresses S. cernua (L.) Rich. 8. Goodyera R.Br. — Rattlesnake-plantain G. pubescens (Willd. ) R.Br. Woods, rare; chiefly in n. and s.e. 111. July-Sept. 9. Malaxis Soland. ex Sw. — Adders-mouth Orchid M. unijolia Michx. Woods, rare; Hancock, Henderson, Kane, and Menard counties. May-Aug. 10. Liparis Rich. 1. Flowers few, greenish; lip about 5 mm long, shorter than the petals; capsules ellipsoid, about twice the length of the pedicels; wet ground in the n. half of the state, rare. June-July L. loeselii (L.) Rich. 1. Flowers numerous, purple; lip 10-12 mm long, about eciualling the petals; capsules clavate, equalling or .shorter than the pedicels; woods, not common. June-July L. lilifolia (L.) Rich. 1 1 . Epipactis Sw. — Helleborine E. helleborine (L.) Crantz. Moist woods near Barrington, Lake Co., /. A. Steyermark 76351 ; nati\e of Eur. 12. Aplectrum Nutt. — Puttyroot A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Rich woods, occasional. May- June. 298 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 13. Tipularia Nutt. — Cranefly Orchid T. discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Deep mesophytic beech-maple woods, rare. Jackson Hollow and Belle Smith Spring, Pope Co., R. H. Mohlenbrock & J. W. Voigt in 1958. 14. Corallorhiza Chat. — Coralroot 1. Lip with two prominent basal lobes, white, conspicuously crimson- spotted; mature capsules 10-18 mm long; woods, rare; Cook, Jo Daviess, La Salle, Peoria, and Winnebago counties. July- Aug. Spotted Coralroot C. maculata Raf. 1. Lip entire or denticulate, or crenulate. 2. Lip 4-5 mm long, entire or denticulate, white, with crimson spots; mature capsules 6-7 mm long; moist woods, rare. Aug.-Oct. Late Coralroot C. odoutorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. 2. Lip 5-7 mm long, crenulate, notched at apex, white, with purple spots; mature capsules 9-11 mm long; woods in the southern half of 111. Apr. -May. Wister's Coralroot - C. wisteriana Conrad 15. Hexalectris Raf. — Crested Coralroot H. spicata (Walt.) Barnh. Woods, rare; Jackson, Pope, and Ran- dolph comities. July-Aug. 141. Araceae Necker — Arum Family 1. Leaves with 3-11 leaflets; spathe conspicuous, convolute at least below, enveloping the cylindrical or slightly flattened spadix which is flower- bearing near the base; plants monoecious or dioecious; perianth none; plant cormose 1. Arisaema 1. Leaves simple, or absent at flowering time. 2. Leaves sagittate or cordate, or absent; spadix terminal. 3. Spathe ovoid, fleshy, greenish or yellowish, purple-mottled; spadix globose, covered by the perfect flowers; perianth of 4 hooded sepals; leaves appearing later, large, ovate, cordate; plant with a very fetid odor 2. Symplocarpus 3. Spathe narrow, elongate, convolute, green; spadix cylindrical, bearing staminate flowers above and pistillate below; perianth none; leaves sagittate 3. Peltandra 2. Leaves linear, erect, cquitant; spathe merely a foliaceous prolongation of the scape; spadix cylindrical, borne laterally on the leaf-like, 3-angled scape; perianth with 6 membranous concave divisions; rhizomes and leaves aromatic 4. A corns 1. Arisaema Mart. 1. Leaflets usually 3; spadix terete, club-shaped, obtuse, overarched by the green or purple-striped spathe; moist woods, common. Apr. -May. Jack-in-the-pidpit. Indian Turnip. [A. atiorubens of some recent auth.] Smaller plants with the spathe dark purple (var. pusillum Peck) have been collected in s. Ill A. triphylliim (L.) Schott 142. Lkmnaceak 299 1. Leaflets 7-11 ; spadix slender, piojecting beyond the green spathe; moist woods, common. May-June. Green Dragon. Dragonroot A. (Iracoiitiiini (L. i Schott 2. Symplocarpus Salisb. — Skunk-cabbage S. foetid us (L.) Nutt. Swamps, local; chiefly in n.e. and central 111., extending southward to Jasper C'o. Feb. -Apr. 3. Peltandra Ral. P. virgiiiica (L.) Kunth. Muddy margins of ditches and ponds, or in shallow water, or swamps, local; extending northward to Kankakee and Peoria comities. May-June. 4. Acorus L. — Sweetflag A. calamus L. Swamps or wet ground along streams, locally nearly throughout 111. June-Aug. Probably native in 111. and elsewhere in U.S., although introd. into Eui'. as early as 1557. 142. Lemnaceae Dumort. — Duckweed Family 1. Plants witli roots. 2. Root solitary, without vascular tissue 1. Lemna 2. Roots 2-several, each with a vascular bundle 2. Spirodela 1. Plants without roots. 3. Plants thick, ellipsoid to subglobose 3. Wolffia 3. Plants thin, ligulate 4. Wolffiella 1. Lemna L. — Duckweed 1. Plants paddle-shaped, 6-10 mm long, remaining connected, wholly submerged; ponds and ditches, local L. trisulca L. 1. Plants oval or roundish, 2-5 mm long, soon separating, floating. 2. Plants narrowly elliptical, often somewhat falcate, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, obscurely 1-veined, smooth; ponds and swamps, rare, s. 111. [L. cyclostasa of auth.] L. valdiviana Phil. 2. Plants suborbicular to ovate, 2-5 mm in diameter. 3. Plant-body asymmetrical; i-oot-tip pointed; seeds orthotro- pous; ponds and streams, local L. perpusilla Lorr. 3. Plant-body symmetrical or nearly so; root-tip roimded; seeds amphitropous; stagnant water and slow streams; probably the most prevalent species in 111. [incl. L. iniu'uua of auth.] L. minor L. 2. Spirodela Schleid. 1. Plants roundish-obovate, 3-8 mm long, 5-11 -nerved; roots 6-18; ponds, ditches, slow streams, locally abundant ^S". polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. 1. Plants elliptical, 2-4 mm long, obscurely nerved; roots usually 2 or 3 (rarely 6) ; Horseshoe l,ake, Alexander Co., F. H. Daubs 545, 300 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 802; also in Missouri. Native of trop. Asia ....S. oligorhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. 3. Wolffia Horkel 1. Plants globose or ellipsoid, not flattened, 0.5-1 mm long, loosely cellular, not punctate, floating somewhat beneath the surface; locally abundant in stagnant water W. columbiana Karst. 1. Plants flattened on the upper surface, brown-punctate, compactly cellular, floating at the surface of the water. 2. Plants 1-1.5 mm long, rounded ovate, strongly gibbous, the upper surface with a central conical papilla; in permanent pools of stagnant water, rare; Wabash Co., Schncck; Union Co., Swaync 1890 W. papulijera C. H. Thompson 2. Plants 0.5-0.8 mm long, ellipsoid, slightly gibbous, symmetrical, the upper surface flat or slightly convex, gradually rising to the acute apex; stagnant water, rare; Hancock, Jackson, Menard, and Sangamon counties W. punctata Griseb. 4. Wolffiella Hegelm. W. fioridana (J.D.Sm.) C.H.Thompson. Stagnant water, rare; Alexander and Union counties. 143. Typhaceae J. St. Hil. — Cat-tail Family 1. Typha L. — Cat-tail 1. Leaves 1-2.5 cm wide, light green, nearly flat; staminate and pistil- late parts of the spike usually contiguous, the latter becoming 2-3 cm in diameter at matmuty; pollen grains in loms; stigma spatulate; marshes, margins of ponds, and along ditches, com- mon throughout 111. June-July. Common Cat-tail T . latifolia L. 1 . Leaves 4-8 mm wide, dark green, convex on the back ; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike separated by a short interval, the pistillate part only 10-18 mm in diameter; pollen grains simple; stigma linear; marshes, less common than the preceding species. June-July. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail T. angustijolia L. 144. Sparganiaceae J. G. Agardh — Bur-reed Family 1. Sparganium L. — Biu-reed 1. Achenes obpyramidal, truncate at the summit, sessile; stigmas usually 2; ditches and margins of ponds. June-Jidy. Giant Bur- reed .S". eurycarpum Engelm. 1. Achenes fusiform, stipitate; stigina L 2. Pistillate heads all strictly axillary, 2-2.5 cm in diameter at maturity; beak of the matiue achene 2-3 mm long; leaves 6- 12 mm wide. 3. Inflorescence branched; stigmas 2-4 mm long; ditches, rare S. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong 145. Cyperaceae 301 3. Inflorescence usually simple; stigmas 1-2 mm long; ditches; Cook, Du Page, McHenry, and Winnebago counties S. annricanum Nutt. 2. Pistillate heads usually supra-axillary; leaves 3-7 mm wide; ditches and ponds, not common; Cook Co., /. A. Steyermark 40920: Union Co., G. Dillard & S. Abncy in 1959 S. chlorocarpum Rydb. 145. Cyperaceae J. St. Hil. — Sedge Family 1. Spikelets all alike; flowers of the spikelet, or at least one of them, perfect. 2. Glumes of the spikelet 2-ranked: spikelets flattened or subterete. 3. Perianth bristles none; spikelets in umbellate clusters; stems mostly triangular 1. Cyperus 3. Perianth of 6-9 bristles; inflorescence axillary; stem terete, hollow; achenes beaked 2. Dulichium 2. Glumes spirally imbricated. 4. Spikelets with several to many perfect flowers. 5. Base of the style swollen, persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 6. Spikelet solitary; bristles usually present; stems leafless 3. Eleocharis 6. Spikelets several; bristles none; leaves filiform, the sheaths pubescent 4. Bulbostylis 5. Base of style deciduous, sometimes enlarged. 7. Flowers with a perianth of 3 stalked sepals, or of 1 or 2 hyaline glumes. 8. Bristles 3; bracteoles 0 5. Fuirena 8. Bristles 0; bracteoles 1-2. 9. Flowers with a single minute inner scale (bracteole) 6. Hemic arpha 9. Flowers with 2 con\olute inner scales 7. Lipocarpha 7. Flowers without a perianth. 10. Style swollen at the base; bristles none 8. Fimbristylis 10. Style not at all or only slightly thickened at base; bristles usually present. 11. Bristles few (0-8), short, not long and silky 9. Scirpus 11. Bristles numerous, long, slender, silky 10. Eriophorum 4. Spikelets 1- to 4-flowered, polygamous. 12. Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene; perianth bristles usually present; style 2-cleft or entire 1 1. Rhynchospora 12. Style wholly deciduous; bristles 0; style 3-cleft 12. Cladium 1 . Spikelets usually unisexual ; plants monoecious, or rarely dioecious. 13. Achenes white, bony, globose, usually supported on a disk, not enclosed in a sac (perigynium) ; pistillate spikes 1-flowered 13. Scleria 13. Achenes not bony, enclosed in a perigynium 14. Carex 1. Cyperus L.* 1. Achenes lenticular; stigmas 2. * Revised by R. H. Mohlenbrock. 302 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Spikelets 1 -flowered; inflorescence of 1-3 sessile heads; plants with a strong sweet odor; moist ground, chiefly along streams and ditches in Alexander, Jackson, Massac, Pope, and Wabash counties. Aug. -Oct. [Kyllinoa pumila Michx.] - ..-.C. densicaespitosus Mattf. & Kiikenth. 2. Spikelets 5- to 35-flowered; inflorescence of 1 -several radiating sessile spikelets and usually 1 -several rays; plants essentially inodorous. 3. Achenes black, nearly as broad as long, with transverse wrin- kles; scales stramineous; wet ground, rare; Coles, Jackson, Peoria, Pope, and Union counties. Aug.-Oct. [C. poae- forniis Pursh] C. flavescens L. 3. Achenes drab or gray, longer than broad, without transverse wrinkles; scales usually suflfused with purple. 4. Styles cleft nearly to the base, persistent and conspicuously exserted to 4 mm from the scales; marshy ground, or margins of streams, local; Henry, Jackson, McHenry, Mason, Peoria, St. Clair, and Winnebago counties. Aug.- Oct. Low Cyperus C. diandrus Torr. 4. Styles cleft to about the middle, early deciduous, included or projecting to 2 mm from the .scales. 5. Scales closely imbricate, strongly suflfused with purple; moist ground, chiefly in the northern half of 111. Aug.- Oct. Shining CVperus C. rivularis Kunth 5. Scales with tips somewhat spreading, the spikelets ap- pearing serrate, stramineous or purple only on the margins; roadside ditch, De Soto, Jackson Co., /. W. Voigt 391 C. filicinus Vahl 1. Achenes trigonous; stigmas 3. 6. Scales with strongly reflexed acuminate tips; plants when dry with fragrance of slippery elm; wet sandy soil along streams or ditches throughout III. June-Sept. Awned Cyj^erus [C. in- flexus Muhl.J C. aristatus Rottb. 6. Scales with tips either appressed or slightly spreading. 7. Spikes s])herical or globose, with spikelets radiating in all directions. 8. Scales appressed but with the tips shortly excurxed; spikes to 8 mm across. 9. Perennial; achene narrowly lanceolate to linear; wet ground, rare; s. 111. July-Sept. Marsh Cyperus C. pseudovi'getus Steud. 9. Annual; achene oblong; wet soil throughout 111. July- Sept C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook. 8. Scales appressed to spreading, their tips straight; some of the heads over 1 cm across. 10. Scales appressed; spikelets 2- to 3-flowered; sandy borders of woods, or in old fields, chiefly in s. 111., 145. ('VPERACEAE 303 but extending northward to Peoria C^o. June-Sept. Round-headed Sedge [C. wolfii WoodJ - C. oi'iilaris (Michx.) Torr. 10. Seales spreading; spikelets 5- to several-flowered; sand prairies, rare; Mason and Whiteside counties. Aug.- Oct C. grayioides Mohlenbrock 7. Spikes hemispherical, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, or lanceolate, but not globose or spherical. 11. Spikelets arising from a central axis. 12. Scales with a mucro 0.5-1.5 mm long; achenes 2.2-3.3 mm long; sandy soil chiefly in the northern part of the state. Aug.-Oct. [C. houglitonii of auth., not Torr.] C. schwcinitzii Torr. 12. Scales acute or with a mucro to 0.5 mm long; achenes usually 1.2-2.1 mm long; some spikelets spreading or slightly reflcxed : dry sandy soil ....C filiculmis Vahl 11. Spikelets produced pinnately along the axis. 13. Scales 1.0-1.5 mm long; achene 0.8-1.0 mm long; along streams and ditches, and in fields. July-Sept. - - C. erythrorhizos Muhl. 13. Scales 1.5-4.5 mm long; achene 1.0-2.8 mm long. 14. Scales very remote, the tip of one just reaching the base of the one above it, giving the spikelet a zig-zag appearance; wet ground, local; Alex- ander, Lake, McHenry, St. Clair, and Union counties. Aug.-Oct C. cngclmannn Steud. 14. Scales approximate and overlapping. 15. Some or all the mature spikelets reflexed; spikelets subterete; moist ground, rare; Mas- sac and Pulaski counties - C. lancastriensis Porter 15. None of the spikelets (except sometimes the lowest pair) reflexed; spikelets flattened. 16. Rhizomes scaly and usually ending in a tuber; scales at the tips of the spikelets rather blunt, giving the spikelets an ob- tuse appearance; moist ground, common. Aug.-Oct. Chufa or Nut Sedge -C. esculentus L. 16. Rhizomes absent or merely becoming hard and corm-like. 17. Plants annual; scales ferruginous or golden-brown ; achenes obovoid-ob- long, 1.0-1.7 mm long; wet ground, not uncommon. July-Oct. \C. spcci- osus sensu auth., non Vahl; C. ferax sensu Britt., non Rich.] C. jerrnginescens Boeck. 304 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 17. Plants perennial; scales stramineous; achenes linear, 1.3-2.2 mm long; moist meadows and alluvial soil, com- mon. Aug.-Oct C. strigosus L. 2. Dulichium Rich. D. arundinaccum (L.) Britt. Wet ground, chiefly along borders of streams and ponds, local. 3. Eleocharis R. Br. — Spike Rush 1. Spikelet linear, scarcely thicker than the stem; glumes of the mature spikelet persistent; plants acjuatic, about 1 m tall. 2. Stems terete, conspicuously nodose; achenes 2-2.5 mm long (in- cluding the style-base) ; shallow water, rare, n.e. 111. Wolf Lake, Hill in 1890. [E. intcrstincta sensu auth., non R. & S.] E. equisetoides (Ell.) Torr. 2. Stems sharply 4-angled, continuous, not septate; achenes 2.5-4 mm long, including the beak (1 mm long) ; shallow water, not common. Wolf Lake, Hill; St. Clair Co., Brcndel. [E. mutata sensu auth., non R. & S.] E. quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S. 1. Spikelet usually much thicker than the stem; glumes persistent. 3. Style 2-cleft; achenes lenticular or biconvex. 4. Perennials with rhizomes. 5. Sheaths loose, hyaline and scarious at the summit; glumes hyaline-margined; wet soil, rare. Wolf Lake, Chicago, Hill, and other localities E. olivacea Torr. 5. Sheaths close, not hyaline at the summit. 6. Basal glumes of the spikelets usually 2 or 3 below the thinner fertile glumes. 7. Tubercle elongate, much longer than broad; achenes narrowly obovoid or pyriform; stems subterete, rather firm; ponds, swamps, and marshes, n. 111. Creeping Spike Rush E. palustris (L.) R. & S. 7. Tubercle depressed-deltoid, umbonate, as broad as or broader than long; achenes broadly obovoid or roimdish. 8. Stems firm, nearly terete; fertile glumes ascending, oval, acuminate; marshes, ditches, shores, locally throughout 111 E. smallii Britt. 8. Stems soft, compressed; fertile glumes appressed, obtusish; wet ground, not common; chiefly in the southern half of the state, extending northward to Menard Co E. mamillata Lindb. 6. Basal glume solitary, spathiform, usually encircling the base of the spikelet; wet ground, local E. calva Torr. 4. Tufted annuals, with fibrous roots. 145. Cyperaceae 305 9. Tubercle flattened or saucer-shaped; mature achenes black, 1 mm long; wet ground. [E. capitata R.Br.; E. caribaea (Rottb.) Blake; E. dispar E.J.Hill] E. gtniculata (L.) R. & S. 9. Tubercle conical or deltoid, acute; mature achenes pale brownish. 10. Tubercle conical, narrower than the top of the achene; wet ground in the northern half of the state E. ovata (Roth) R. & S. 10. Tubercle depressed-deltoid, as wide as the top of the achene. 11. Bristles longer than the achene; tubercle one-third or more the length of the body of the achene; spikelets ovoid ; wet ground throughout 111., not uncommon. Blunt Spike Rush E. obtusa (Willd.) Schult. 11. Bristles about equalling the achene, or rudimentary; tubercle less than one-fourth the lensrth of the body of the achene; spikelets cylindrical-ellipsoid; muddy shores and along ditches, local. Engel- mann's Spike Rush E. engelmanni Steud. 3. Style usually 3-cleft; achenes trigonal or turgid. 12. Tubercle plainly distinguishable from the achene; achenes less than 2 mm long. 13. Achenes cancellate and striate. 14. Spikelet flattened, 3-9-flowered, the glumes 2-3- ranked; bristles 3-4, fugacious; stems very slender, not more than 0.5 mm in diameter, 5-20 cm long; wet ground and shallow water. Needle Spike Rush - E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. 14. Spikelet terete, the glumes many-ranked; bristles 0; stems about 1 mm in diameter; wet ground; Ful- ton, Peoria, Stark, and La Salle counties. Discov- ered at Canton by J. Wolf E. wolfii (A.Gray) Patterson 13. Achenes papillose or pitted. 15. Tubercle depressed; achene about 1 mm long; peren- nials with rhizomes. 16. Stems filiform, about 0.5 mm wide, angular; glumes obtuse; wet ground, local. [E. clliptica Kunth; E. capitata var. borealis Svens.] Slen- der Spike Rush E. tenuis (Willd.) Schult. 16. Stem flattened, 1 mm or more in width; glumes acuminate, often bifid; moist ground tlirough- out 111. [E. acuminata (Muhl.) NeesJ E. compressa Sulliv. 306 American Midland Naturalist MorjocRAPH No. 7 15. Tubercle conical-subulate; achenes 1.5 mm long (incl. the tubercle) ; glumes obtuse; tufted an- nuals with filiform stems; muddy shores, not common E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schult. 12. Tubercle confluent with the top of the achene, long-conical; achenes 2-3 mm long. 17. Stems flattened, 1-2 mm wide, 30-60 cm long; marshes and shores, not common E. rostellata Torr. 17. Stems somewhat 3-anglecl, filiform, less than 1 mm wide, 5-30 cm tall; marshes and shores, n.e. Ill E. pauciflora (Lightf. ) Link 4. Bulbostylis [KunthJ C.B.Clarke B. capillaris (L. ) C.B.Clarke. Sandy soil, locally nearly through- out 111. [Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt.]. 5. Fuirena Rottb. — Umbrella Sedate F. pumila Torr. Shores, swamps, and wet meadows, n.e. III. [F. squarrosa sensu auth., non Michx.]. 6. Hemicarpha Nees & Arn. l.Spikelets 2-4 mm long; glumes elliptical, the tips somewhat re- curved; wet sandy soil, local H. ynicrantha (Vahl) Pax l.Spikelets 4-7 mm long; glumes broadly ovate, appressed; wet sandy soil, n. Ill H. drummondii Nees 7. Lipocarpha R.Br. L. maculata (Michx.) Torr. Dry margins of ponds, rare; Mason Co., R. T. Rexroat in 1957. 8. Fimbristylis Vahl 1. Perennial with rhizomes; stems 20-60 cm tall; leaves puberulent; achenes lenticular, about 1 mm long; style 2-cleft; moist sandy soil, local; known from Cook, Hancock, Henderson, Kankakee, and Lake counties. [F. puberida (Michx.) Vahl] F. drummondii Boeckl. 1 . Annual with fibrous roots. 2. Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular; lumber yard. Metropolis, Mas- sac Co., H. E. Aides ..F. baldwiniana (Schultes) Torr. 2. Style 3-cleft; achene trigonous; moist sandy or alluvial soil, locally nearly throughout 111. [F. mucronulata (Michx.) Blake) F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. 9. Scirpus L. — Bulrush 1. Involucral bract usually solitary, appearing like a continuation of the stem, or lacking. 2. Spikelets solitary, rarely two. 145. Ca-feracear 307 3. Bract 1-5 cm long, twice the length of the cylindrical or ovoid spikelet; shallow water, Wolf Lake, Chicago, Cook Co., July 26, 1890, E. J. Hill: swamp, Waukegan, Lake Co., R. A. Harper in 1891 S. suhtcrminalis Torr. 3. Bract shorter than or equalling the spikelet; Ringwood, Mc- Henry Co., Vasey S. cespitosus L. 2. Spikelets usually more than one. 4. Spikelets few, appearing lateral. 5. Stems terete, or obtusely 3-angled; plants annual, tufted; bristles minute or absent, or equalling or exceeding the achene. 6. Spikelets solitary or rarely 2, the glumes boat-shaped, keeled, stronglv convex: stems filiform, 0.2-0.3 mm thick; low wet ground, rare; Alexander Co., H. E. Allies in 1951. [.S". carinatus (H. & A.) A.Gray, not Sm.] S. koilolepis (Steud.) Gleason 6. Spikelets more than one, usually several; glumes flat or nearly so; stems 0.7-2 mm thick. 7. Achenes strongly transversely rugose; low sandy places in Cass, Mason, and Menard counties S. hallii A.Gray 7. Achenes obscurely ridged, or smooth. 8. Stems subterete with rounded sides; spikelets acut- ish; involucral bract always erect; achenes glossy, black, plano-convex; wet shores, rare S. smithii A.Gray 8. Stems obtusely 3-angled with concave sides; spike- lets blunt; involucral bract usually divaricate at maturity; achenes dull, unequally biconvex, or lenticular; wet soil, rare; Hancock, Lawrence, and Mason counties. [S. debilis of auth., not Lam.] S. purshianus Feni. 5. Stems sharply 3-angled; plants perennial, with rhizomes. 9. Bristles longer than the trigonal achenes; glumes yellow- ish-brown, entire, mucronate; St. Clair Co., G. Engel- mann S. torreyi Olney 9. Bristles not longer than the plano-convex achenes; glumes reddish-brown, awn-tipped; shores and marshy ground throughout 111. Three-square S. americanus Pers. 4. Spikelets in compound umbels. 10. Achenes trigonal, 2.5 mm long; spikelets ovoid to cylindri- cal, 7-15 mm long, usually solitary on the slender branches; shallow water, rare; known in 111. from Hen- derson, Menard, and St. Clair counties S. heterochaetus Chase 10. Achenes biconvex; spikelets 2-several on the slender branches. 308 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 ll.Achenes 2 mm long; glumes 2-2.5 mm long, nearly glabrous, slightly spotted; inflorescence lax; spike- lets ovoid, 5-10 mm long; stems soft, easily com- pressed; marshes and shallow water, throughout 111 S. validus Vahl 11, Achenes 2.5 mm long; glumes 3-4 mm long, more or less viscid-puberulent, brown-spotted; inflorescence condensed; spikelets ellipsoid, 1-2 cm long; stems firm and hard; shallow water, local. [S. occidentalis (Wats.) Chase] S. acutus Muhl. 1. Involucral bracts several, loliaceous; stem more or less 3-angled, leafy; plants perennial. 12. Spikelets 1-4 cm long; achenes 2.5-4 mm long. 13. Achenes strongly 3-angled, 4-5 mm long; bristles 6, well- developed; wet ground, local S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A.Gray 13. Achenes more or less compressed or obtusely 3-angied, 3- 4.5 mm long; bristles 2-6, usually weakly-developed; wet ground, rare. Cook Co.; adv. from w. U.S S. paludosus A.Nels. 12. Spikelets numerous, 3-8 mm long, umbellate or paniculate; achenes about 1 mm long. 14. Spikelets in dense glomerules in stiff-rayed decompound umbels; bristles retrorsely minutely barbed, at least at apex, rarely absent. 15. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm long, commonly proliferous; leaves 4-6 mm wide; bristles much longer than the achene, flexuous; wet groimd in woods in the southern half of the state S. polyphyllus Vahl 15. Spikelets 3-9 mm long; leaves 6-16 mm wide; bristles straight, or none. 16. Style usually 3-cleft; bristles about equalling the achene or shorter, or absent, barbed only above the middle; along ditches, streams, lake shores, or in wet woods throughout 111. [S. gcorgianus Harper] S. atrovircns Willd. 16. Style usually 2-cleft; bristles usually 4, barbed near- ly to the base, equalling or slightly exceeding the achene; lower sheaths red-banded; swamps, rare; Lake Co., F. C. Gates 2270, 3059 - S. rubr otitic tus Fern. 14. Spikelets in loose clusters in larger drooping panicles; bristles smooth, flexuous, much longer than the achene. 17. Spikelets cylindrical, 5-8 mm long; leaves 4-7 mm wide; bristles not exceeding the glumes; wet ground in woods, or along ditches, common S. lineatus Michx. 145. CVperaceae 309 17. Spikclols subglobosc, 3-5 inin long; leaves 6-10 mm wide; bristles at maturity much longer than the glumes; wet ground, locally abundant, sometimes covfM'ing large areas. [S. ruhricosus Fern.; S. pedicel- Jatns Fern.] S. cyperinus (L.) Kvmth 10. Eriophorum L. — Cotton Sedge 1. Glumes with 1 prominent midrib; spikelets 2-10; bristles bright white; achenes 2-2.5 mm long; stamens 3; bogs, n.e. 111. {E. gracile sensu 111. auth., non Koch; E. tenellum sensu auth. quoad pi. 111., non Nutt.] E. angustijolium Nutt. 1. Glumes prominently 3-5-nerved; spikelets crowded into a head; bristles tawny or copper-colored; achenes 3-3.5 mm long; sta- men 1 ; tamarack bogs. Lake Co E. virginicum L. 1 1 . Rhynchospora Vahl — Beaked-rush 1. Style entire or slightly 2-toothed, persistent as a long subulate beak on the achene; bristles upwardly scabrellous; wet ground, rare, s. Ill R. cornicidata (Lam.) A.Gray L Style 2-cleft, only its base persistent as a tubercle on the achene. 2. Bristles downwardly barbed, or sometimes smooth. 3. Glumes whitish; bristles 9-15; bogs; Lake Co., Gleason & Shobc 137; Peoria, Brendcl .'.... R. alba (L.) Vahl 3. Glumes brown; bristles 6. 4. Leaves filiform, less than 0.5 mm wide; spikelets 3-6 in a terminal cluster; bogs and springy ground, n.e. 111., rare R. capillacea Torr. 4. Leaves linear, 2-7 mm wide; spikelets numerous in clusters or heads; lake shores, and moist ground, rare [inch R. glomcrata of auth., not (L.) Vahl] ...R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl 2. Bristles upwardly barbed; leaves fiat, 1-4 mm wide; spikelets ovoid, .sessile, in erect, cymose clusters; wet sandy soil, Kan- kakee Co., Hill in 1871. [R. cymosa of auth.] R. globularis (Chapm.) Small 12. Cladium P. Br. — Twig-rush C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Bogs, marshes, or wet shores, Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties. 13. Scleria Berg. — Nut-rush 1. Spikelets in terminal clusters; achenes supported by a basal disk (hypogynium) . 2. Achenes smooth, ovoid, 3 mm long, the hypogynium covered with a rough white crust; leaves glabrous, 3-9 mm wide; moist sandy .soil in the northern half of the state, rare S. triglomerata Michx. 310 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Achenes papillose, subglobose, 1.5-2 mm long; leaves puberu- lent, 1-2 mm wide; dry ground, s. 111., rare S. paucifiora Muhl. 1 . Spikelets in an interrupted spike ; hypogynium absent ; achenes transversely wrinkled and reticulate; leaves glabrous, 1 mm or less in width; moist meadows, locally in the northern half of the state S. verticillata Muhl. 14. Carex L. — Sedge ARTIFICIAL KEY TO GROUPS 1 . Perigynia glabrous. 2. Stigmas two; achenes lenticular or plano-convex. 3. Spikes of one kind, bearing both pistillate and staminate flowers; lateral spikes sessile. 4. Spikes androgynous, i.e., with the staminate flowers at the apex GROUP I 4. Spikes gynecandrous, i.e., with the staminate flowers at the base or middle of the spike group II 3. Spikes usually of two kinds, the terminal commonly staminate, the lower entirely or mostly pistillate group III 2. Stigmas three; achenes trigonal. 5. Spike solitary, terminal, small, few-flowered, androgynous group IV 5. Spikes two or more. 6. Beak of the perigynium (if present) small, entire or emarginate, or if bidentulate the short teeth soft and thin group V 6. Beak of the perigynium sharply bidentate group VI 1. Perigynium more or less pubescent or puberulent; stigmas 3; achenes trigonal group VII GROUP I Spikes of one kind, bearing both pistillate and staminate flowers, the staminate occurring at the apex; lateral spikes sessile; stigmas 2; achenes lentictilar or plano-convex; perigynia glabrous. 1. Stems arising singly from long rhizomes or prostrate old stems. 2. Inflorescence 1.5-6 cm long; leaves 2-4 mm wide. 3. Perigynia ellipsoid, widest near the middle, 3-4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the beak 1-1.5 mm long; rhizomes long, stout, black, fibrillosc; moist prairie soil, chiefly along railroads, in De Kalb and Winnebago counties - - C. prae gracilis W.Boott 3. Perigynia lanceoloid, widest near the base, 2.5-3 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, the gradually tapering beak about 1 mm long; rhizomes slender; marshes and bogs in the northern half of the state C. sartwellii Dewey 2. Inflorescence subcapitate, 5-15 mm long; leaves involute, 0.5-1 mm wide; perigynia ellipsoid, 3 mm long, the beak 0.5-1 mm long: old stems elongate, decumbent, producing new stems from the leaf-axils; sphagnum bogs, Lake and McHenry counties C. chordorrhiza L.f. 145. Cyperaceae 311 Stems tufted. 4. Perigynia subulate-lanceolate. 5. Perigynia 4-5 mm long, the beak about the length of the body; swamps and wet meadows C. stipata Muhl. 5. Perigynia 5-7 mm long. 6. Perigynium about 5 mm long, tapering gradually from base to apex; inflorescence 2.5-6 cm long; leaves 3-6 mm wide; swampy woods ....C. laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mack. 6. Perigynium 6-7 mm long, abruptly enlarged below into a disc-like base; inflorescence 7-17 cm long; leaves 5-10 mm wide; swampy ground C. cruscorvi Shuttlw. 4. Perigynia oval, ovate-lanceolate, ovoid or ellipsoid. 7. Spikes usually fewer than 12; inflorescence often capitate. 8. Leaves 1-4 mm wide; sheaths close. 9. Perigynia spongy-thickened at the base. 10. Perigynium with a minute beak 0.2 mm or less in length; bogs, n.e. Ill C. disperma Dewey 10. Perigynium with a distinct beak 0.6-1 mm long. 11. Beak entire-margined; glumes acuminate or cus- pidate. 12. Body of the perigynium broadly ovate, deep green, abruptly short-beaked; dry woods, not common C. retroflexa Muhl. 12. Body of the perigynium ovate-lanceolate, light green, tapering to the beak; dry woods, s. Ill C. texensis (Torr. ) Bailey 11. Beak minutely serrulate along the edges. 13. Broadest leaves 1-2 mm wide; perigynium tapering into the beak; stigmas long, slen- der, usually not twisted ; woods and thickets, common C. rosea Schk. 13. Broadest leaves 2-3 mm wide; perigynium abruptly contracted into the beak; stigmas short, stout, contorted, red; dry woods, common C. convoluta Mack. 9. Perigynia not spongy-thickened at the base. 14. Heads mostly 1.5-3.5 cm long; leaves and stems stiflf and wiry; perigynia oval, 3-3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the beak 0.5 mm long, serrulate; sandy soil, often in open woods, in the northern half of 111. [Inch C. austrina (Small) Mack.] C. muhlenbergii Schk. 14. Heads mostly 8-15 mm long; leaves and stems soft; perigynia 2-3 mm long. 15. Perigynia oval, 1-1.5 mm wide, the serrulate beak 1 mm long; open woods or along roads, fre- quent C. cephalophora Muhl. 312 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 15. Perigynia ovate, truncate at base, 2 mm wide, the beak 0.5 mm long, entire or nearly so; meadows and open woods, not common C. leavenworthii Dewey 8. Leaves 4.5-8 mm wide; sheaths loose. 16. Stem about 2 mm in diameter below the head, soft and wing-angled, flattened when pressed and dry. 17. Beak of the perigynium about half the length of the body, which is strongly nerved dorsally; sheaths rugose ventrally; woods and thickets, local C. conjuncta Boott 17. Beak about as long as the body of the faintly nerved perigynium; sheaths not rugose; meadows, n. 111., not common C. alopecoidea Tuckerm. 16. Stem 1 mm in diameter below the head, not winged. 18. Inflorescence elongate, interrupted, 3-9 cm long; beak of the perigynium shorter than the body; glumes acute; woods and thickets chiefly in the northern half of the state ....C. sparganioides Muhl. 18. Inflorescence short, compact, 1-3 cm long. 19. Beak of the perigynium equalling the body; glumes acute; woods and thickets C. cephaloidea Dewey 19. Beak of the perigyniuin shorter than the body. 20. Glumes aristate, nearly as long as the peri- gynia; river banks, meadows, edges of woods, roadsides, common. [C lunelliana Mack.] C. gravida Bailey 20. Glumes ovate, acuminate, shorter than the perigynia; woods and meadows, rare C. aggregata Mack. 7. Spikes numerous (10 or more). 21. Beak of the perigyniimi much shorter than the body. 22. Leaves 5-8 mm wide; sheaths red-dotted; swamps, rare; Pulaski and Union counties C. decomposita Muhl. 22. Leaves 2-4 mm wide; sheaths not red-dotted. 23. Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long, 1.6-2.4 mm broad; beak prominently notched; meadows, fields, pastures in the n. counties, not common C. annectcns Bickn. 23. Perigynia 2.2-2.7 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm broad; beak obscurely notched; fields and pastures, oc- casionally throughout 111 C. brachyglossa Mack. 21. Beak equalling the body. 24. Glumes awned; leaves 2-5 mm wide; swampy ground, often along ditches; common throughout 111 C. vulpinoidea Michx. 145. Cyperacrae 313 24. Glumes acute; leaves 1-3 mm wide. 25. Perigynium 2-2.5 mm long, glossy, not concealed by the glume; wet meadows; Fulton, Peoria, and Stark counties (',. diandra Schrank 25. Perigynium 2.5-3.5 mm long, dull, nearly con- cealed by the glume; wet meadows, n. Ill C. prairea Dewey GROUP II Spikes of one kind, gynecandrous (or variable in C. sterilis and C. interior), bearing both pistillate and staminate flowers, the staminate occurring at the base or the middle of the spike; lateral spikes sessile; stigmas two; achenes lenticular or plano-convex; perigynia glabrous. 1. Perigynia without winged margins. 2. Perigynia 4-5 mm long; beak serrulate, bidentate, 1.5-2 mm long; wet ground in Boone, Cook, De Kalb, and La Salle counties C. bromoides Schk. 2. Perigynia 2-4 mm long. 3. Beak of the perigynium entire or emarginate, not more than 0.5 mm long; perigynium oval, plano-convex; spikes 2 or 3, each 2- to 5-flowered; tamarack swamp. Lake Villa, Lake Co., Gleason & Shobe C. trisperma Dewey 3. Beak of the perigynium bidentate, serrulate, 0.5-1 mm long. 4. Perigynia ovate-deltoid; glumes acute; spikes 4-6; anthers 1-2 mm long; swampy meadows C. sterilis Willd. 4. Perigynia flattened, ellipsoid; glumes obtuse; spikes 2-3; anthers 0.7-0.9 mm long; damp soil. [C. scirpoides Schk., ex p.] C. interior Bailey 1. Perigynia thin- or wing-margined. 5. Plants strongly stoloniferous, the stems arising from an elon- gated rhizome; spikes 6-12, the lowest pistillate, the middle staminate, the terminal gynecandrous; sandy soil, rare; Kan- kakee Co., Hill; Peoria Co., Brendel C. siccata Dewey 5. Plants not stoloniferous, the stems tufted; spikes usually all gynecandrous. 6. Perigynia 1-2 mm wide. 7. Perigynia elongate-lanceolate, 2/2-6 times longer than wide. 8. Spikes 15-25 mm long, tapering at each end; perigynia 7-10 mm long; wet ground in woods, local C. muskingumensis Schw. 8. Spikes 4-15 mm long; perigynia 3-6 mm long. 9. Leaves 1-3 mm wide; s])ikes glossy, acute; leaf-sheaths white-hyaline ventrally; marshes and wet meadows, common C. scoparia Schk. 9. Leaves 3-7 mm wide; spikes obtuse; leaf-sheaths green-striate nearly to auricle. 314 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 10. Tips of the perigynia appressed or ascending; in- florescence compact, stiff; spikes 7-12 mm long; meadows and ditclies, common. [C. tribuloides var. sanganionensis Clokey] C. tribuloides Wahl. 10. Tips of the perigynia spreading; spikes 4-8 mm long. 1 1. Inflorescence compact; spikes globose, echi- nate; stems stiff; perigynia 3-4 mm long; meadows, roadside ditches, and thickets, chiefly in the northern half of the state. [C cristata Schw., non Clairv.] C. cristatella Britt. 1 1. Inflorescence loose, flexuous, elongate; stems slender, weak; perigynia 4-5 min long; moist ground, rare; Jackson and Menard counties C. projecta Mack. 7. Perigynia oval or ovate-lanceolate to suborbicular, seldom more than twice as long as wide. 12. Perigynium-body oval, finely nerved on the inner sur- face; leaf-sheaths ventrally white-hyaline. 13. Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregated into a head 1-2.5 cm long, not clavate at the base; marshes and ditches chiefly in the n. half of 111. C. bcbbii Olney 13. Perigynia green; spikes contiguous to widely sep- arate, usually more or less clav^ate at the base; inflorescence at matiu'ity 2.5-5 cm long. 14. Leaves 3-4 mm wide; moist ground along roads or in open woods, common. [C. mirabilis Dewey, non Host] C. normalis Mack. 14. Leaves 1.5-2.5 mm wide; open woods C. tenera Dewey 12. Perigynium-body ovate-orbicular, nerved on both sur- faces. 15. Perigynia 4-5.5 mm long, spreading-ascending; spikes straw-colored or ferrugineous; leaf-sheaths white-hyaline ventrally; woods and roadsides, not infrequent C. festucacea Schk. 15. Perigynia 3.5-4 mm long, closely appressed; spikes grayish-green turning dull brown; leaf-sheaths green-striate; open woods, local. [C. straminea sensu auth., non Willd.] C. albolutescens Schw. 6. Perigynia 2.5-4 mm wide. 16. Perigynia 3-5 mm long. 17. Leaf-sheaths green-striate nearly to the auricle. 18. Glumes aristate; spikes 4-8 in a flexuous inflores- cence; perigynia nerved ventrally; Athens, 145. Cyperaceae 315 Menard Co., E. Hall in 1861 C. richii (Fern.) Mack. 18. Glumes acute; perigynia ncrxelcss or nearly so \cntrally. 19. Perioynia 3-4 nun lono, widest above the middle; spikes 5-25, densely aggregated; peaty margin of oak woods near St. Anne, Kankakee Co., R. A. Schnridvr 1654 C. cumulata (Bailey) Mack. 19. Perigynia 4-5 mm long, widest at the middle; spikes 2-5, ovoid, acute, yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, 7-12 mm long: wet ground. Cook, Kankakee, and Will counties C. subrrecta (Olney) Britt. 17. Leaf-sheaths conspicuously hyaline ventrally; spikes 5- 8 mm long, roundish, greenish; roadsides and open woods, comn:ion [C. molista Mack.] C. brevior (Dewey) Mack. 16. Perigynia 5.5-6.5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, flat, thin, trans- lucent, prominently nerved on each face; dry soil in the northern halt of 111 C. bickmllii Britt. GROUP III Stigmas 2; achenes lenticular; perigynia short-beaked or beakless; spikes normally imisexual, i.e., the terminal spike commonly staminate, the lower spikes entirely or mostly pistillate. 1. Perigynia obovoid or subglobose, beakless, yellowish or brownish, plump, nerved, about 2 mm in length, longer than the obtuse, pale brown glumes; wet ground. Lake Co C. aurva Nutt. 1. Perigynia compressed, short-beaked, the beak less than 0.5 mm long. 2. Midvein of pistillate glumes prolonged 5-10 mm beyond the glume; marshy ground, rare C. criiiita Lam. 2. Midvein of pistillate glumes not conspicuously exserted. 3. Glumes obtuse, approximately equalling the perigynia. 4. At least the lower pistillate spikes drooping; beak of pcri- gynium twisted at maturity; in and along streams or rarely in swamps, s. Ill C. torta Boott 4. All the pistillate spikes erect or ascending; beak of peri- ,g\'nium not twisted. 5. Perigynium 2.7-3.2 mm long, strongly flattened; stems strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the pre- vious year persistent; wet ground, n. 111. [C aquatilis of auth., not \Vahl.] C. substricta (Kiikenth.) Mack. 5. Perigynium 2-2.7 nnn long; stems aphyllopodic; leaves of the previous year not persistent; swamps in the n. two-thirds of 111 C. stricta Lam. 316 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 3. Glumes acuminate or acute, longer than the perigynia; stems aphyllopodic. 6. Perigynia 2-2.5 mm long, turgid; moist ground in woods in the n. counties C. haydenii Dewey 6. Perigynia 1.5-1.7 mm long, flattened; moist ground in woods, rare C. emoryi Dewey GROUP IV Spike solitary, terminal, small, few-flowered, androgynous; peri- gynia glabrous; stigmas three; achenes trigonal. 1. Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long, beakless, ellipsoid; leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide; glumes obtuse; bogs and wet meadows .... C. leptalea Wahl. 1. Perigynia 5-6 mm long, globose, with a roughened entire beak 3 mm long; leaves 2-3 mm wide; glumes aristate, foliaceous; dry woods C. jamesii Schw. GROUP V Stigmas three; achenes trigonal; spikes two or more; perigynia gla- brous, the beak (if present) small, entire, emarginate, or bidentulate. 1. Leaves 1-3 cm wide; beak of the perigynium curved or bent. 2. Cauline sheaths bladeless, red-tinged; woods, rare C. plantaginea Lam. 2. Cauline sheaths with well developed blades. 3. Perigynia sharply triangular; pistillate gkimes acute to acu- minate. 4. Perigynia 5-6.5 mm long; rich woods, locally in eastern and southern 111 C. carcyana Torr. 4. Perigynia 3-4.5 mm long; open woods, not common C. platyphylla Carey 3. Perigynia obtusely triangrdar; pistillate glumes obtuse; woods, not vmcommon C. albursiyia Sheldon 1. Leaves usually less than 1 cm wide. 5. Leaves capillary, 0.5 mm wide; perigynia 2 mm long, minutely straight-beaked or beakless; glumes obtuse; rocky soil, or sandy thickets, rare, in the northern half of 111 C. eburnea Boott 5. Leaves 1-9 mm wide. 6. Perigynium beakless, or the straight beak not more than 0.5 mm long. 7. Mature perigynia conspicuously nerved or ribbed. 8. Spikes drooping on slender peduncles. 9. Lateral spikes 3-6, linear-cylindrical, 2-3 mm thick; perigynia twice the length of the obtuse glumes; leaves 3-7 mm wide; moist woods and meadows, common C. gracillima Schw, 145. Cyperaceae 317 9. Lateral spikes 1-2, ellipsoid, 5-8 inin thick; perigynia nearly equalling the acute or nuicronate glumes; bogs; Peoria and Tazewell counties, Brendel, and in the n.e. counties C. limosa L. 8. Spikes ascending or erect. 10. Terminal spike gynecandrous; leaves and base of stem usually more or less pubescent. 11. Perigynia beakless, 2-3.5 mm long; leaves 1.5-4 mm wide. 12. Perigynia appressed-ascending, much wider than thick, obtuse; dry woods and meadows throughout 111 C. hirsutella Mack. 12. Perigynia spreading, nearly as thick as wide, acute. 13. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so; low, wet woods, local C. caroliniana Schw. 13. Sheaths pubescent; meadows and woods; s. Ill C. hushii Mack. 11. Perigynia 3.5-6 mm long, ellipsoid, ascending, the beak short; glumes acuminate to awned; leaves 3-8 mm wide. 14. Glumes awned; mature perigynia 5 mm long; roadside ditches and alluvial soil in woods, frequent C. davisii Schw. & Torr. 14. Glumes acuminate; perigynia 3.5-4 mm long, swampy woods. Union Co., R. H. Mohlen- brock & J. W. Voigt in 1955 C. oxylepis Torr. & Hook. 10. Terminal spike staminate. 15. Perigynia tapering at the base, triangular in cross- section. 16. Pistillate glumes mucronate or awned; stems phyllo])odic; stolons deep-seated; plants of open marly or sandy soil. 17. Pistillate spikes cylindrical, 3-4.5 mm thick; sandy soil, n. Ill C. tetanica Schk. 17. Pistillate spikes ellipsoid, 5-8 mm thick; meadows and prairies chiefly in the northern half of 111 C. meadii Dewey 16. Pistillate glumes obtuse; pistillate spikes 3-4 mm thick; stems aphyllopodic; stolons su- perficial; woodland plants, rare C. woodii Dewey 15. Perigynia rounded at the base, nearly terete in cross-section. 318 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 18. Plants loosely stoloniferous, the stems solitary, 10-30 cm tall; leaves often folded, 1.5-3 mm wide; sandy soil, n.e. Ill C. crawei Dewey 18. Plants tufted, 30-60 cm tall; leaves 3-9 mm wide; moist meadows and woods, common. [C. rectior Mack. ; C. haleana Olney] C. granulans Muhl. 7. Mature perigynia faintly imjDressed-nerved or nerveless; spikes erect or ascending. 19. Terminal spike staminate; pistillate glumes mucronate or awned. 20. Sheaths and lower blades pubescent; perigynia 2.5- 3 mm long; moist ground, rare; "N. Illinois", Vasey C. pallescens L. 20. Plants glabrous; perigynia 3.5-5.5 mm long. 21. Perigynia 1.5 mm wide; bract-sheaths with ser- rulate margins; peduncles of the pistillate spikes scabrous; meadows and ditches in the n. half of 111., not common ....C. conoidea Schk. 21. Perigynia 2-2.5 mm wide; bract-sheaths and peduncles smooth or nearly so. 22. Pistillate spikes 3- to 12-flowered; leaves thin, soft, not glaucous. 23. Perigynia 4.5-5.5 mm long; stems brown- ish at base; leaves 4-8 mm wide; woods, thickets, and meadows, com- mon C. grisea Wahl. 23. Perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm long; stems reddish at base; leaves 2-4 mm wide; dry banks and wooded hillsides, rare; Cook, Du Page, and Stark counties C. aniphibola Steud. 22. Pistillate spikes 12- to 35-flowered; leaves glaucous, thick, firm; awn of the pistillate glumes smooth; woods, local [C. glaucodea Tuckerm.] (Although not closely related, C. X fulleri Ahles, Rhodora 58: 320, 1956, from Winnebago Co. might be sought here.) C. flaccosperma Dewey 19. Terminal spike gynecandrous, or at least with some pistillate flowers. 24. Perigynia elliptical, light green, granular, much shorter than the purplish-black cuspidate glumes; leaves 1.5-4 mm wide; plants stoloniferous, grow- ing in bogs and marshy ground in n. Ill C. buxbaumii Wahl. 145. Cyperacrae 319 24. Perigynia obovate-orbicular, slightly wrinkled, about equalling the reddish-brown acute or obtuse glumes; leaves 4-9 nun wide; plants cespitose, growing in moist woods, thickets, and roadside ditches, common C. shortiana Dewey 6. Beak of the perigynium curved, or if straight 0.7-1 nun long; glumes mucronate or aristate, or sometimes merely acutish. 25. Beak oblique or abruptly curved, 0.3-0.5 mm long. 26. Staminate spikes sessile or nearly so; woods, common C. blanda Dewey 26. Staminate spikes long-peduncled. 27. Stems reddish-tinged at base; woods, not uncom- mon C. gracilescens Steud. 27. Stems green or brown at base; rich woods, rare; Panther's Den, Union Co., R. R. Mac- Mahon in 1959 C. striatula Michx. 25. Beak straight, 0.7-1 mm long; perigynia 40-50-nerved. 28. Sheaths pubescent; perigynia 4-5 mm long; leaves 3-7 mm wide; wooded hillsides, rare; near Peoria, Peoria Co., Brendel, McDonald; Stark Co., V. H. Chase C. hitchcockiana Dewey 28. Sheaths glabrous; perigynia 3-4 mm long; leaves 2-4.5 mm wide; dry woods in the northern half of the state C. oligocarpa Schk. GROUP VI Stigmas three; achenes trigonal; spikes two or more; perigynia glabrous, the beak sharply bidentate. 1. Staminate spike solitary or none, sometimes bearing some pistil- late flowers. 2. Mature perigynia 1-2 cm long. 3. Pistillate spikes globose, the ellipsoid perigynia widely radiate- spreading; beak of the perigynium 1.5-2.5 mm long; swampy woods, rare C. intumescens Rudge 3. Pistillate spikes ellipsoid to cylindrical, the ovoid-lanceoloid perigynia ascending; beak of the perigynium 5-10 mm long. 4. Leaves 3-5 mm wide; perigynia 10-12 mm long, the beak smooth, not serrulate; pistillate spikes subglobose- ellipsoid, 2-3.5 cm long; staminate spike 2-2.5 mm wide; stems solitary or few from elongate rhizomes; achenes longer than wide, the angles not prominently thickened; wet ground in woods, s. 111. [C. halci sensu Carey, non Dewey] C. louisianica Bailey 4. Leaves 5-15 mm wide; perigynia 13-20 mm long; pistillate spikes ellipsoid-cylindrical, 2-8 cm long; staminate spike 3-5 mm wide; stems cespitose. 320 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Beak of the perigynium serrulate; achenes longer than wide, the angles not thickened; swamps, common C. lupulina Muhl. 5. Beak of the perigynium smooth; achenes as wide as long, the angles prominently thickened; wet ground, local C. lupuliformis Sartw. 2. Mature perigynia not more than 1 cm long. 6. Leaves involute-filiform; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sessile, glo- bose, few-flowered; perigynia ovoid, turgid, glossy, 4-7 mm long, nearly twice the length of the obtuse glumes; bogs; Lake Co., Hill in 1908 C. oligosperma Michx. 6. Leaves flat. 7. Perigynia obovoid, 4-5 mm long, truncate above and abruptly subulate-beaked; terminal spike often mostly pistillate. 8. Perigynia shorter than the serrulate, linear-subulate glumes; ditches and swamps; northward to McLean and Adams counties C. frankii Kunth 8. Perigynia much longer than the glumes. 9. Perigynia squarrose; glumes acute to mucronate; style strongly curved near the ovary; swampy ground and roadside ditches, common C. squarrosa L. 9. Perigynia ascending; glumes obtusish or acutish; style straight throughout; swamps and roadside ditches; chiefly in the southern half of 111., extending north- ward to Macon Co. [C. typhinoides Schw.] C. typhina Michx. 7. Perigynia lanceoloid, ellipsoid, or ovoid. 10. Glumes with a serrulate awn. 11. Perigynia lanceoloid, strongly ribbed, soon reflexed, 5-7 mir long, the beak equalling or exceeding the body; teeth strongly divergent, 1-2 mm long; swamps and ditches, local. [C pseudocyperus of auth.] C. comosa Boott 11. Perigynia ellipsoid or ovoid, often inflated, 5-9 mm long. 12. Perigynia 15- to 20-nerved, 1.5-2 mm thick, the beak 2 mm long; wet ground, common; chief- ly in the northern half of the state C. hystricina Muhl. 12. Peiigynia 8- to 10-nerved, 2.5-3 mm thick, the beak 3-4 mm long; swamps, wet meadows, and ditches, common C. lurida Wahl. 10. Glumes not serrulate. 13. Beak of the perigynium 0.5-1 mm long, minutely bidentate. 145. Cyi'eraceae 321 14. Perigynia 2-3.5 mm long; lake shores and river banks, locally in n.c. Ill C. viridula Michx. 14. Perigynia 5.5-6.5 mm long; open woods, rare; Hardin Co., R. H. Mohlenhrock in 1954 C. dehilis Michx. 13. Beak of the perigynium 2-2.5 mm long, equalling or exceeding the body. 15. Pistillate spikes erect, sessile; perigynia spreading or reflexed, 2-3 times as long as the glumes; wet meadows in n.e. Ill C. cryptolepis Mack. 15. Pistillate spikes pendulous on slender peduncles; perigynia spreading-ascending, slightly longer than the glumes; beak smooth; alluvial soil in the northern half of the state. [C longi- rostris sensu Torr., non Krock.] C. sprcngelii Dewey 1. Staminate spikes two or more; perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, often more or less inflated. 16. Teeth of the perigynium short, usually not more than 0.5 mm long. 17. Perigynia ascending, fusiform or narrowly ellipsoid, short- beaked, the beak not more than 1 mm long. 18. Mature perigynia strongly-nerved; stems aphyllopodic, purplish and filamentose at base; swamps and ditches, local C. lacustris Willd. 18. Mature perigynia finely impressed-nerved ; stems phyl- lopodic, light brownish at base; ditches, and wet ground in woods, local C. hyalinolepis Steud. 17. Perigynia spreading or reflexed, ovoid-lanceoloid, inflated, papery, strongly nerved, the beak 2-3 mm long; swampy ground, local C. retrorsa Schw. 16. Teeth of the perigynium 0.5-2 mm long. 19. Perigynium 5-6 mm wide, 7-10 mm long, the teeth 0.5-1 mm long; wet ground in woods; Cook, Lake, Winne- bago, and Hancock counties C. tuckermani Dewey 19. Perigynium 2-3 mm wide. 20. Teeth 1-3 mm long; perigynium dull; style straight. 21. Sheaths and blades pubescent; prairie sloughs, rare; Winnebago Co., E. W. Fell ....C. atherodes Spreng. 21. Sheaths and blades glabrous; marshy ground, local- ly in the northern half of the state C. laeviconica Dewey 20. Teeth 0.5-1 mm long; perigynia glossy; style flexuous or abruptly bent. 322 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 22. Lower perigynia reflexed or widely spreading; stems scattered, obtusely angled; plants stoloniferous; leaves 4-12 mm wide; ditches and shores, rare; Henderson and Winnebago counties C. rostrata Stokes 22. Perigynia ascending; stems cespitose, sharply an- gled; leaves 3-5 mm wide; swamps, and wet ground in woods, local C. vesicaria L. group vti Perigynia more or less pubescent or puberulent (sometimes only slightly so) ; stigmas 3; achenes trigonal. 1. Perigynia beakless (or the beak less than 0.4 mm long). 2. Terminal spike staminate throughout; perigynia 2-3 mm long. 3. Perigynia ellipsoid, 3-12 in a spike, longer than, or equalling the glumes; leaves 2.5-5 mm wide; woods and thickets in the northern half of III C. digitalis Willd. 3. Perigynia obovoid, 10-25 in a spike, shorter than the obtuse, hyaline-margined glumes; leaves 2-2.5 mm wide; sandy or rocky barrens, rare; Hancock, Lake, Menard, Peoria, and Winnebago counties C. richardsonii R.Br. 2. Terminal spike with some pistillate flowers. 4. Perigynia about 4 mm long, puberulent to glabrate, obovoid, angular; leaves persistent, 2-5 mm wide, usually longer than the slender stems; dry woods, n. 111., rare - C. pcdiaiculata Muhl. 4. Perigynia 2-2.5 mm long. 5. Stems usually shorter than the leaves; pistillate spikes ellip- soid; perigynia obovoid; woods and roadsides, not common C. sivanii (Fern.) Mack. 5. Stems usually longer than the leaves; pistillate spikes cylin- drical; perigynia ellipsoid; woods, n.e. Ill C. virescens Muhl. l.Perigynium beaked; terminal spike (or spikes) wholly staminate. 6. Mature perigynia 12-18 mm long; leaxes 5-15 mm wide; moist woods, common C. grayii Carey 6. Perigynia shorter. 7. Perigynia 9-10 mm long; leaves 3-8 mm wide; wet meadows in the n. half of 111 C. trichocarpa Muhl. 7. Perigynia 2.5-5 mm long. 8. Some (or all) the spikes half hidden among the tufted leaf- bases; plants densely tufted, 5-15 cm tall; pistillate spikes 5-10 mm long; perigynia plump, stipitate, 2-keeled, 2.5- 3.5 mm long; dry sandy or gravelly soil, local - C. umbellata Schk. 8. All the spikes near the summit of the stem. 146. Gramineae 323 9. Leaves pubescent; woods, common nearly throughout III. [C. pubescens Muhl., non Poir.] C. hirtifolia Mack. 9. Leaves glabrous. 10. Pistillate spikes 3-12 nmi long; plants flowering in early spring. 1 1. Staminatc spike stout, 2-4 nun thick; body of the perigynium suborbicular, about as long as wide ; plants strongly stoloniferous, the stolons slender, reddish, fibrillose, .scaly; dry open woods, common. [C. hcliophila Mack.] --- C. pcnsylvajiica Lam. ll.Staminate spike 0.5-2 mm thick; plants forming small tufts, never stoloniferous. 12. Mature lea\es 3-5 mm wide; dry woods in the northern part of the state C. communis Bailey 12. Matiue leaves 1-2.5 mm wide; dry woods, locally throughout 111. [C. varia of Muhl., not Lumn., or Host] C. artitecta Mack. 10. Pistillate spikes 1-7 cm long. 13. Leaves involute-filiform, 1-2 mm wide; stems ob- tusely triangular, smooth ; swamps and bogs in the northern half of 111 C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. 13. Leaves flat, 2-6 mm wide; stems sharply triangu- lar, rough above. 14. Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long, the beak 1 mm long; pi.stillate spikes 5-8 mm thick; style straight, jointed with the achene; swamps, chiefly in the northern and central parts of the state C. lanuginosa Michx. 14. Perigynium 5 mm long, the beak 1.5 mm long; pistillate spikes 8-12 mm thick; style flexuous, continuous with the achene; marshy alluvial soil, Cowford Bridge, Macon Co., June 18, 1915, /. W . Clokey 2338, type collection. [C. impressa X lanuginosa Clokey] C. subimpressa Clokey 146. Gramineae Juss. — Grass Family Key to the Tribes 1. SpikeleLs usually more or less laterally compressed, 1 -many- flowered, usually articulating above the persistent glumes. (Subfamily I. Poacoideae) 2. Plants woody; stems perennial: leaf-blade (short-) petioled and articu- lated with the sheath Tribe 1. Bambuseae 2. Plants herbaceous; stems annual; leaf-blade continuous with the sheath. 3. Spikelets several-flowered. 4. Inflorescence a panicle, this sometimes contracted and spike-like. 324 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Lemmas longer than the gkimes, awnless or with a straight apical awn Tribe 2. Festuceae 5. Lemmas usually shorter than the glumes. 6. Florets essentially uniform, the lemmas usually with a bent awn arising from the back Tribe 4. Aveneae 6. The two lower florets sterile or staminate, unlike the single fertile floret; spikelets awned or not Tribe 7. Phalarideae 4. Inflorescence of soHtar>', racemose, or digitate spikes or racemes, the spikelets sessile or nearly so. 7. Spikelets solitary, or in clusters of 2-6, arranged alternately on opposite sides of the axis; spike solitary, terminal Tribe 3. Hordeae 7. Spikelets in one-sided spikes or racemes, the spikes or racemes solitary or several Tribe 6. Chlorideae 3. Spikelets 1 -flowered. 8. Glumes 2; stamens 3 or 1 Tribe 5. Agrostideae 8. Glumes none; stamens 6 Tribe 8. Oryzeae 1. Spikelets more or less dorsally compressed with only one perfect terminal floret whose lemmas resemble glumes; articulation below the spikelets, these falling entire. (Subfamily IL Panicoideae) 9. Stamens and pistils in the same inflorescence, usually in the same spike- let or floret. 10. Spikelets essentially vmiform Tribe 9. Paniceae 10. Spikelets in pairs or threes, one sessile and fertile, the others pedi- celled and staminate or neuter, or rarely absent or reduced to a pedicel Tribe 10. Andropogoneae 9. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in diflPerent parts of the same spike, or in different inflorescences, the staminate above the pistillate ones Tribe 1 1. Tripsaceae Key to the Genera Subfamily 1. Poacoideae Tribe 1. Bambuseae. — Bamboo Tribe One genus in Illinois 1. Arundinaria Tribe 2. Festuceae. — Fescue Tribe 1. Plants 2-4 m tall; rachilla plumose; panicles large 14. Phragmites 1. Plants less tall; rachilla not plumose. 2. Plants dioecious, the staminate and pistillate flowers unlike ....18. Distichlis 2. Plants with perfect flowers in uniform spikelets. 3. Lemmas prominently 3-nerved. 4. Lemmas more or less villous on the ner\es. 5. Stem-nodes glabrous; palet not ciliate 16. Tridens 5. Stem-nodes pubescent; palet conspicuously ciliate 17. Triplasis 4. Lemmas glabrous, or merely scabrous on the nerves. 6. Callus of lemma heavily bearded 13. Redfieldia 6. Callus of lemma not bearded. 7. Lemmas less than 5 mm long 9. Eragrostis 7. Lemmas about 8 mm long; the upper 2-4 lemmas empty 10. Diarrhena 3. Lemmas 5- to many-nerved (the nerves sometimes indistinct). 8. Spikelets with sterile lemmas above or below the fertile florets. 146. Gramineae 325 9. Spikelets 8-20-flowered, green, nodding on long slender pedicels, the lower 1-5 lemmas sterile 11. Uniola 9. Spikelets 2- or 3-flowered, short-pedicelled, the uppermost 1-3 sterile lemmas much smaller 15. Melica 8. Spikelets without sterile lemmas. 10. Lemmas awned. 11. Lemmas bifid at apex, awned just below the apex or behind the teeth. 12. Ovary pubescent at apex; grain furrowed, adnate to the palet; stigmas sessile, arising below the apex of the ovary; sheaths closed 2. Bromus 12. Ovary glabrous; grain smooth, free; styles terminal; sheaths split 3. Schizachne 11. Lemmas entire, with an apical point or awn 4. Festuca 10. Lemmas awnless, or mucronate, or short-awned in Dactylis. 13. Spikelets nodding, as broad as long, on capillary pedicels in open panicles; lemmas papery, imbricated, scarious- margined, cordate at base, the apex obtuse or acutish 8. Briza 13. Spikelets not as above in all respects. 14. Spikelets strongly flattened, crowded in 1-sided clusters at the ends of long branches; keels of the glumes and lemmas hispid-ciliate 12. Dactylis 14. Spikelets neither strongly flattened, nor in 1-sided clusters. 15. Lemmas with cobwebby hairs at base 7. Poa 15. Lemmas without cobwebby hairs. 16. Nerves of the lemma parallel. 17. Lemmas faintly 5-nerved; stigmas sessile, the style none; sheaths open; annual or peren- nial halophytes 5. Puccinellia 17. Lemmas prominently 5-9-nerved; styles short, distinct; sheaths closed; tall marsh peren- nial grasses 6. Clyceria 16. Nerves of the lemma converging at the apex (sometimes indistinct). 18. Lemmas 8-11 mm long; spikelets large 2. Bromus 1 8. Lemmas less than 8 mm long. 19. Lemmas keeled on the back, the apex ob- tuse or acute 7. Poa 19. Lemmas convex on the back or subcari- nate, acute or awn- tipped (obtusish in F. obtusa) 4. Festuca Tribe 3. Horueae. — Barley Tribe 1. Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis. 2. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis; first glume of the lateral spike- lets absent 26. Lolium 2. Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis; glumes 2. 3. Spikelets cylindrical, awned, sunk in the thickened rachis ....21. Aegilops 3. Spikelets compressed. 4. Glumes 1-nerved; spikelets with 2 perfect flowers 22. Secale 4. Glumes 3- to several-nerved. 326 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Glumes lanceolate to linear 19. Agropyron 5. Glumes ovate 20. Triticum 1. Spikelets 2-6 at each joint of the rachis. 6. Spikelets 3 at each joint, 1-flowered, the lateral pair usually aborted; glumes awn-like 25. Hordeum 6. Spikelets usually in pairs, 2- to 6-flowered. 7. Spike loosely flowered, the spikelets widely spreading; glumes obso- lete or bristle-like 24. Hystrix 1. Spike densely flowered, the spikelets ascending; glumes well-developed 23. Elymus Tribe 4. Aveneae. — Oat Tribe 1. Spikelets more than 5 mm long. 2. Lemmas awned from the back, or awn absent. 3. Spikelets more than 1 cm long; plants annual 31. Avena 3. Spikelets less than 1 cm in length; lower floret long-awned, the upper one usually awnless; plants perennial 32. Arrhenatherum 2. Lemmas awned from between the apical teeth 33. Danthonia 1 . Spikelets not more than 5 mm long. 4. Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes. 5. Inflorescence contracted, spike-like; glumes unequal; plants of dry habitats 27. Koeleria 5. Inflorescence a spreading panicle; lemmas awned from the middle or below; plants of moist habitats. 6. Lemmas truncate and erose at summit 29. Deschampsia 6. Lemmas 2-toothed at summit 30. Aira 4. Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes. 7. Florets awnless, all perfect; glumes exceeded by the upper floret 28. Sphenopholis 7. Lower spikelet perfect, awnless, the upper staminate and bearing a hooked awn: glumes longer than the florets 34. Holcus Tribe 5. Agrostideae. — Timothy Tribe 1. Lemmas of more delicate texture than the glumes, not at all indurated. 2. Inflorescence dense, spike-like; glumes keeled. 3. Lemma awnless. 4. Glumes short-awned ; leaves flat 41. Phleum 4. Glumes awnless. 5. Tall perennials; florets bearing a tuft of hairs at base 36. Ammophila 5. Low annuals; florets without hairs at base 44. Heleochloa 3. Lemma awned; glumes awnless 40. Alopecurus 2. Inflorescence an open or somewhat spike-like panicle; glumes not keeled. 6. Grain permanently enclosed in the lemma and palet; pericarp ad- herent to the grain. 7. Palet 1-nerved, 1-keeled; stamen 1; tall perennials with Hat leaves and nodding panicles 39. Cinna 1. Palet 2-ner\'ed and 2-keeled; stamens 3. 8. Lemma with long hairs at the base. 9. Lemma and palet membranous; rachilla prolonged beyond the palet, bristle-like 35. Calamagrostn 9. Lemma and palet chartaceous; rachilla not prolonged beyond the palet 37. Calamovilfa 146. Graminkae 327 8. Lemma without a tuft of hairs at the base. 10. Lemma awnless or with a dorsal awn 38. Agrostis 10. Lemma with a terminal awn, or mucronatc at apex 42. Muhlenbergia 6. Grain not permanently enclosed in the lemma and palet, readily separating from the pericarp 43. Sporobolus 1. Lemma indurated when mature, closely enveloping the grain. 11. Lemma awnless 46. Milium 1 1. Lemma awned. 12. Lemma 3-awned 49. Arixtida 12. Lemma 1-awned. 13. Awn twisted or bent 48. Stipa 13. Awn not twisted or bent. 14. Lemma broad, the awn deciduous 47. Oryzopsis 14. Lemma narrow, the tip awned or mucronate. 15. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet 42. Muhlenbergia \^. Rachilla prolonged into a bristle behind the palet 45. Brachyelytrum Tribe 6. Chlorideae. — Grama Tribe 1. Plants monoecious or dioecious 50. Buchloe 1. Plants with perfect flowers. 2. Spikelets with more than 1 perfect floret; plants annual. 3. Spikes numerous, slender, racemose 54. Leptochloa 3. Spikes few, digitate. 4. Rachilla prolonged beyond the spikelets 52. Dactyloctenium 4. Rachilla not prolonged 51. Eleusine 2. Spikelets with only one perfect floret. 5. Spikelets with one or more modified florets above the perfect one. 6. Spikes digitate 58. Chloris 6. Spikes racemose 59. Bouteloua 5. Spikelets without additional modified florets. 7. Spikelets falling entire, the rachilla articulated below the glumes. 8. Spikelets narrow; glumes unequal 57. Spartina 8. Spikelets globose; glumes equal 56. Beckmannia 7. Spikelets with the rachilla articulated above the glumes, these there- fore persistent. 9. Spikes digitate 53. Cynodon 9. Spikes racemose 55. Schedonnardus Tribe 7. Phalarideae. — Canary Grass Tribe 1. First and second lemmas oval. 2. Glumes nearly equal; lower florets staniinate; spikelets brown, glossy 60. Hierochloe 2. Glumes very unequal; lower florets consisting of sterile lemmas 61. Anthoxanthum 1. First and second lemmas bristle-like 62. Phalaris Tribe 8. Oryzeae. — Rice Tribe 1. Spikelets perfect; stamens 1-3 63. Leersia 1. Spikelets unisexual; stamens 6 64. Zizania 328 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Tribe 9. Paniceae. — Millet Tribe 1. Spikelets with an involucre of bristles or spine-bearing valves. 2. Spikelets subtended by bristles; inflorescence a dense, spike-like panicle 72. Setaria 2. Spikelets in a spiny involucre 73. Cenchrus 1. Spikelets not involucrate. 3. Glumes awned or awn-pointed 71. Echinochloa 3. Glumes not awned. 4. Glumes 2 68. Paspalum 4. Glumes 3. 5. Spikelets in slender, 1 -sided racemes 65. Digitaria 5. Spikelets in panicles or racemes. 6. Spikelets covered with long, silky, sii\ery hairs 66. Trichachne 6. Spikelets not with silky, silvery hairs. 7. Margins of lemma hyaline, flat 67. Leptoloma 7. Margins of lemma not hyaline, more or less inrolled. 8. Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned away from the rachis of the racemes 70. Eriochloa 8. Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned toward the rachis 69. Panicum Tribe 10. Andropogoneae. — Sorghum Tribe 1. Spikelets in slender racemes, these single or 2 or 3 together, not panicled 74. Andropogon 1. Spikelets in open or contracted panicles. 2. Panicle densely pubescent; spikelets all perfect. 3. Rachis continuous; leaves about 1 cm broad 75. Miscanthus 3. Rachis jointed; leaves 1.2-2 cm broad 76. Erianthus 2. Panicle not densely pubescent. 4. Pedicelled spikelets staminate or neuter; panicle open; awns deciduous 77. Sorghum 4. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to a hairy pedicel; panicle narrow; awns persistent 78. Sorghastrum Tribe 11. Tripsaceae. — Corn Tribe 1. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different parts of the same inflores- cence, the pistillate below 79. Tripsacum 1. Pistillate spikelets in thick, axillary, solitary spikes ("cobs") ; staminate spikelets in terminal paniculate spikes, forming the "tassel" 80. Zea Tribe 1. Bambuseae — Bamboo Tribe 1. Arundinaria Michx. — Cane A. gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. River banks and swamps, s. 111., often forming extensive colonies ("cane-brakes"). April-June; rarely flow- ering. Tribe 2. Festuceae — Fescue Tribe 2. Bromus L. — Brome Grass 1. Plants perennial. 2. First glume 1 -nerved (or 3-nerved in B. kalmii) ; second glume 3-nerved; lemmas not keeled. 146. Gramineae 329 3. Spikelets avvnless or nearly so, 2-3.5 cm long, nearly terete; panicle erect, 10-20 cm long, the branches spreading; plants with rhizomes; fields and roadsides; nat. from Eur. May-June. Smooth or Hungarian Brome ...B. iricrrnis Leyss. 3. Spikelets conspicuously awned; native species. 4. Lemmas pubescent on the margins and sometimes near the base, otherwise glabrous; second glume 3-nerved; first glume 1 -nerved; hillsides and open woods. June-Aug. B. ciliatus L. 4. Lemmas evenly pubescent. 5. Second glume 3-nei-ved; first glume 1 -nerved. 6. Sheaths (except the lower one or two) shorter than the internodes; blades scarcely auriculate at base; meadows, woods, and banks throughout 111. June- Aug. Canada Brome B. purgans L. 6. Sheaths longer than the internodes, densely villous at the summit; blades somewhat auriculate at base; meadows and open woods, chiefly in the n. half of the state. July-Sept. [B. altissimus Pursh, non Gilib. ; B. inconus (Shear) Hitchc] B. latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. 5. Second glume 5-7-nerved. 7. Spikelets 3-4 cm long; first glume 1 -nerved; panicle 12-20 cm long; awns of the lemmas 6-8 mm long; known in 111. from three coll. by V. H. Chase: Wady Petra, Stark Co., in 1900, Woodford Co., in 1946, and Peoria Co., in 1953. ...fi. nottowayanus Fern. 7. Spikelets 1.5-2.5 cm long; first glume 3-ner\ed; panicle 7-10 cm long; awns of the lemmas 1-3 nmi long; dry ground in open woods in the n. half of the state. June-July B. kalmii A. Gray 2. First glume 3-5-nerved, the second with 5-7 nenes; lemmas keeled; adv. from w. U.S.; waste ground. Cook and Kane counties. June-Aug B. marginatus Nees Annual weedy species, nat. from Eur. 8. Lemmas awnless or the awn not more than 2 mm long; leaves pubescent. 9. Panicle loose, 1-sided, the spikelets few, ovate, nodding, 1.5- 2.5 cm long; lemmas ovate, awnless, scarious; fields and waste places, occasional. June-July. Rattlesnake Grass B. hrizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. 9. Panicle-branches ascending, the spikelets 2-3.5 cm long; lemmas lanceolate, the awn not more than 2 mm long; cult, in s. U.S. and occasionally adv. northward; weed along railroad, Urbana, Champaign Co., H. E. Ahles in 1953. Rescue Gra.ss [B. calliarticus Vahl, nom. dub.) B. willdcnowii Kunth 8. Lemmas awned. 330 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 10. First glume 3-nerved; second glume 5- or 7-nerved; lemmas broad, obtuse. 1 1 . Panicle open, the branches ascending or drooping. 12. Sheaths glabrous; awns shorter than the lemmas; fields and waste places. May-July. Cheat B. secalinus L. 12. Sheaths pilose. 13. Awns straight, 7-10 mm long. 14. Lemmas 7-8 mm long; spikelets 3-4 mm wide; anthers 4 mm long; waste places, Adams, Fulton, and Jersey counties - B. arvensis L. 14. Leinmas 9-11 mm long; spikelets 6-7 mm wide; anthers 1.5-2 mm long; fields and waste places. May-July B. commutatus Schrad. 13. Awns flexuous, divergent at maturity, 9-12 mm long; waste places; nat. from Eurasia. May- July. Japanese Chess B. japonicus Thunb. 11. Panicle small, dense, erect or nearly so, 5-10 cm long; sheaths pubescent. 15. Lemmas glabrous, 7 mm long; roadsides and waste places. June-Aug B. raceynosus L. 15. Lemmas pubescent, 9-10 mm long; roadsides, waste places, and fields. May-July. Soft Chess ..B. mollis L. 10. First glume 1 -nerved; second glume 3-nerved; sheaths pubescent; awns longer than the acuminate lemmas. 16. Awns 10-17 mm long; lemmas pubescent; panicle dense; roadsides and fields. May-July. Downy Cheat B. tectorum L. 16. Awns 2-3 cm long; lemmas scabrous; panicle loose; waste places. May-July ...B. stcrilis L. 3. Schizachne Hack. S. purpurascens (Torr. ) Swallen. Moist wooded slope, Apple River Canyon, near Stockton, Jo Daviess Co., Jime 16, 1937, F. /. Hermann 8829. 4. Festuca L. — Fescue Grass {Vulpia K.C.Gmel.) 1 . Leaves 3-8 mm wide, flat. 2. Panicle narrow, erect; lemmas (including the awn) 5-10 mm long; meadows, roadsides, fields, waste places; nat. from Eur. June-July. Meadow Fescue. Var. arundinacea (Schreb. ) Wimm. [F. arundinacva Schreb.] Tall Fescue, a larger and stouter plant with wider leaves, is collected occasionally, Peoria and Tazewell counties, V. H. Chase in 1953; Piatt Co., G. N. Jones in 1957 F. elatior L. 2. Panicle open; lemmas 4-5 mm long. 146. Graminkak 331 3. Panicle branches elongale, slender, spreading, spikelet-bear- ing toward the ends or above the middle; woods, local. May-July. Nodding Fescue [F. nutans Spreng., non Moench] F. obtusa Bieler 3. Panicle more compact, the few shorter branches spikelet- bearing from near the middle, the spikelets somewhat aggregate; woods, rather rare. June. [F. shortii Kunth] - F. paradoxa Desv. 1. Leaves involute, not more than 1 mm wide. 4. Perennial, tufted; spikelets 4-5-flowered; stamens 3. 5. Lemmas 4-5 mm long, short-awned, the awns 1.5-3 mm long; fields and waste places, open woods; nat. from Eur. May-June. Sheep Fescue -.. F. ovina L. 5. Lemmas 3 mm long, awnless, or the short mucro 0.5 mm long; lawns and waste places, nat. from Eiu-. Hair Fescue F. capillata Lam. 4. Annual, not tufted; spikelets 5-13-flowered; stamen 1; sandy soil. May-June. Slender Fescue [F. tnuila Willd.] F. ocfoflora Walt. 5. Puccinellia Pari. — Alkali Grass P. distans (L.) Pari. Railroad yards, Northlake, Cook Co., Glass- man & Thifrrt in 1957; adv. in 111.; native of Eur. June-Oct. 6. Glyceria R.Br. — Manna Grass L Spikelets linear, nearly terete, 1-2 cm long; panicles narrow, erect. 2. Lemmas scaberulous over the back on and between the nerves; spikelets 12-30 mm long; first glume 2-3 mm long; lea\es 4-9 mm wide; in shallow water or wet soil, locally nearly through- out 111. May-Aug. [G. arkansana Fern.] G. septcntrioualis Hitchc. 2. Lemmas glabrous between the minutely scaberulous nerves; spikelets 10-18 mm long; first glume 1.5-2 mm long; leaves 2-4 mm wide; in shallow water, or at the edges of streams or ponds, n. III., not common G. borealis (Nash) Batch. L Spikelets more or less compressed, not more than 8 mm long: pan- icles usually nodding. 3. Lemmas broadly ovate, evidently but not prominently nerved; spikelets 3-4 mm wide; wet ground in the n. part of the state, rare; Cook and Peoria counties. June-July G. canadensis (Michx.) Trin. 3. Lemmas elliptical, the nei-ves prominent; spikelets 1-2.5 mm wide. 4. Spikelets 4-7 mm long. 5. Stems erect, stout, 1-1.5 m tall; panicle 15-40 cm long, dif- fuse, often purple; leaves 6-15 mm wide; second glume 1-nerved, acute; wet ground, n. 111., rare. June-Aug. G. grandis S.Wats. 332 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 5. Stems slender, ascending from a decumbent base; panicle 5-15 cm long, the branches ascending, pale green; leaves 4-8 mm wide; second glume S-nei'ved, obtuse; swampy ground, s. 111., rare. June-July G. pallida (Torr.) Trin. 4. Spikelets 2-3 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, usually 3-5-flowered; leaves 2-6 mm wide; glumes 1 -nerved, 0.5 mm long; wet ground, the common species throughout 111. May- July - G. striata (Lam.) Hitchc. 7. Pea L. — Blue Grass. Meadow Grass 1. Perennials; stem 30-120 cm tall. 2. Plants with conspicuous horizontal rhizomes. 3. Stems terete, 30-120 cm tall; leaves bright green; panicle open, 5-20 cm long, the ascending or spreading branches in whorls of 3-5 ; lemmas 3 mm long, copiously webbed at base; roadsides, lawns, fields, and woods, very common. May- June. Kentucky Blue Grass P. pratcnsis L. 3. Stems compressed above, 30-40 cm tall; leaves bluish green; panicle narrow, 3-8 cm long; leinmas 2-2.5 mm long, scarcely webbed; roadsides, cultivated ground, waste places, common; nat. from Eurasia. June-July. Canada Blue Grass P. compressa L. 2. Plants without horizontal rhizomes. 4. Lemmas glabrous, except the webbed base ; damp woods, n. III., rare; Cook and Jo Daviess counties. June-Aug P. languida Hitchc. 4. Lemmas puberulent or pubescent, at least on the keel and marginal nerves. 5. Lemmas webbed, i.e., with a tuft of soft hairs at base. 6. Lemmas apparently S-neived, the intermediate nerves obscure or obsolete. 7. Panicles 5-10 cm long, the lower branches mostly in pairs; ligule 1-1.5 mm long; wet ground, n.e. 111., rare P. paludigena Fern. & Wieg. 7. Panicle 10-30 cm long, the lower branches inostly fas- cicled; damp meadows, locally in the n. half of 111. July-Aug P. palustris L. 6. Lemmas distinctly 5-nerved. 8. Spikelets 3-4 mm long; lemmas 2-3 mm long. 9. Lemmas glabrous except the keel; panicle-branches ascending with nimierous crowded spikelets; roadsides, waste places, occasional; Stark Co., V. H. Chase in 1907; Cook Co., E. K. Chord in 1948 P. trivialis L. 9. Lemmas pilosulous on the marginal nerves and keel; panicle with slender divaricate branches bearing a few spikelets above the middle; woods and 146. Graminkae 333 thickets, common nearly throughout 111. May- July. Woodland Blue Grass P. sylvestris A.Gray 8. Spikelets 5-6 mm long; lemmas 3.5-4 mm long, gla- brous between the nerves; known In 111. onlv from three nineteenth-century collections; Fulton and Peoria counties, Breridel; Hancock Co., Mead P. wolfii Scribn. 5. Lemmas not webbed, 5-nerved, pubescent on the nerves and between them; spikelets 5-7 mm long; moist woods, rare P. autumnalis Muhl. 1. Low tufted annuals; stems 5-25 cm tall. 10. Lemmas distinctly 3-nerved, the other nerves obscure; lemmas webbed at the base; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long; fields and roadsides, locally abundant nearly throughout 111. Apr. -June P. chapmaniana Scribn. 10. Lemmas 5-nerved, not webbed at the base; anthers 0.7-1 mm long; common in waste places, lawns, cultivated ground; nat. from Eurasia. Apr. -Oct. Annual Blue Grass P. annua L. 8. Briza L. — Quaking Grass B. maxima L. Fields and waste places, rarely escaped from cult.; adv. from Eurasia; Cook Co. 9. Eragrostis Beauv. 1. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes, the flowering branches erect; plants annual. 2. Lemmas 1.5-2 mm long; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long; flowers per- fect; sandy, gravelly, or muddy shores. July-Oct. Pony Grass E. hypyioides (Lam.) BSP. 2. Lemmas 3-4 mm long; anthers L5-2 mm long; plants dioecious; sandy soil, not common E. reptans (Michx.) Nees 1. Stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes. 3. Spikelets 2- to 7-flowered, 2-4 mm long. 4. Panicle about as long as wide, the branches elongated, capil- laiy; plants branched at the base; dry ground in open woods. July- Sept E. capillaris (L.) Nees 4. Panicle much longer than broad, the branches short; plants branched from above the base; sandy soil and roadsides. Aug.-Oct E. jrankii C.A.Mey. 3. Spikelets 5- to 35-flowered, 3-15 mm long. 5. Plants perennial, erect, 30-120 cm tall. 6. Panicle-branches spreading at maturity; spikelets 6- to 12- flowered; lemmas 1.5-2 mm long; sandy soil. July-Oct. Tumble Grass. [E. pectinacea sensu auth., non (Michx.) Nees] E. spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. 334 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 6. Panicle-branches erect or ascending; spikelets 4- to 6- flowered; lemmas 2.5-3 mm long; sandy soil, chiefly in centr. and w. 111. [E. pilifera Scheele] E. trichodes (Nutt.) Wood 5. Plants annual, usually 10-50 cm tall, decumbent at base. 7. Keels of glumes and lemmas (and margins of leaves) with minute glands; spikelets 8- to 35-flowered. 8. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm wide; waste places and cultivated ground; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Stink Grass \E. megastachya Link] E. ciliancnsis (All.) Lut. 8. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm wide; waste places and cultivated ground; nat. from Eur. \E. minor Host] E. poaeoides (L.) Beauv. 7. Keels of glumes and lemmas glandless, scaberulous; spike- lets usually 3- to 9-flowered, 1-1.5 mm wide; fields, waste places, roadsides, and cultivated ground, common. July- Sept. [E. purshii Schrad.; E. pilosa sensu auth., non (L.) Beauv.] E. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees 1 0. Diarrhena Beauv. D. americana Beauv. Woods, locally nearly throughout 111. June- Sept. 1 1 . Uniola L. — Spike Grass. Sea Oats U. latifolia Michx. Open woods in s. and central 111., extending northward to Menard and Cook counties. June-Oct. 12. Dactylis L. — Orchard Grass D. glomerata L. Fields and roadsides, very common; nat. from Eur. May- June. 13. Redfieldia Vasey R. flexuosa (Thurb. ) Vasey. Adv. from w. U.S. Carthage, Han- cock Co., Alice L. Kibbc. July-Aug. 14. Phragmites Trin. — Common Reed P comtnunis Trin. Marshy ground, locally in the n. and central counties; formerly more abundant. Aug.-Sept. 15. Melica L. — Melic Grass 1. Glumes nearly equal and almost as long as the 2-flowered spikelet; leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; rocky woods and bluffs, not common. May-June M. mutica Walt. 1. Glumes uneciual, shorter than the usually 3-flowered spikelet; leaves pubescent above and glabrous or scabrous beneath; rocky woods, somewhat more common than the preceding species. May-June M. nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. 146. Gramineae 335 16. Tridens R. & S. [Triodia R.Br, in part) 1. Panicle loose, open, often glandular, the branches more or less spreading; glumes shorter than the lower lemmas; spikelets purjjjish, 7-8 mm long; 3 nerves of the lemma shortly e.xcurrent; sandy soil in open woods nearly throughout 111., except the n. counties. July-Sept. Purpletop. [Triodia flava (L.) Smyth] ...T. flams (L.) Hitchc. 1. Panicle dense, spike-like, 1-2.5 cm broad, the branches erect or ascending; glumes nearly as long as the spikelet; spikelets pale, 4-6 mm long; only the midrib of the lemma excurrent; moist ground, roadsides, abandoned fields, and waste places, not common; adw from s. U.S. in Franklin, Peoria, and William- son counties. Sept. -Nov. [Triodia stricta (Nutt.) Benth.] .....T. strictus ( Nutt. ) Nash 17. Triplasis Beau v. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Sand Grass. Dry sand, local. Aug.- Sept. 18. Distichlis Raf. D. stricta (Torr. ) Rydb. Salt Grass. Waste places, occasional; adv. from w. U.S. Champaign and Cook counties. Tribe 3. Hordeae. — Barley Tribe 19. Agropyron Gaertn. — W'heat Grass 1. Spikelets ascending or appressed, the glumes several-nerved, not conspicuously keeled. 2. Lemmas glabrous or scabrous. 3. Plants tufted, not stoloniferous ; glumes scabrous on nerves and margins. 4. Lemmas awnle-ss or mucronate; spikes slender, la.x; glumes 10-12 mm long; dry ground, rare; Cook Co., Agties Chase in 1899. [A. tenerum Vasey; A. pauciflorum (Schw. ) Hitchc] A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte 4. Lemmas distinctly awned; spikes dense; glumes 7-9 mm long; woods, roadsides, meadows, occasional in the n. counties. July-Aug. [^4. trachycaulum var. unilaterale (Cassidy) Make]. A. suhsecundum (Link) Hitchc. 3. Plants with horizontal rhizomes, torming a sod; glumes smooth, except on the keel. 5. Leaves green; spikelets mostly 4-6-flowered, 1-1.5 cm long; waste ground and fields, common ; nat. from Eur. June- July. Quack Grass A. re pens (L. ) Beauv. 5. Leaves glaucous; spikelets 7-13-flowered, 1.5-2.5 cm long; along railroads, adv. from w. U.S. June-July. Bluestem A. smithii Rvdb. 336 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Lemmas and glumes pubescent; along railroad, Du Page Co., June 26. 1897, Mofjatt 231; adv. from w. U.S. [A. dasy- stacliyum of auth., not (Hook.) Scribn.] - A. ynollc (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. 1. Spikelets pectinately spreading, crowded in a flattened spike; glumes keeled, awned, glabrous; spikelets 3-flowered; introd. from Eurasia, and occasionally spontaneous. 6. Spikelets 8-12 mm long with awns 2-3 mm long; waste ground, Cook Co., /. W. Thierct in 1956 A. desertorum (Fisch.) Schultes 6. Spikelets 5-7 mm long, the awns 2-5 mm long; waste places, occasional. Crested Wheat Grass A. cristatnm (L.) Gaertn. 20. Triticum L. — Wheat T. aestivum L. Roadsides and fields; occasionally spontaneous but not persisting; of Eiuasian origin. 21. Aegilops L. — Goat Grass A. cylindrica Host. Waste places; an occasional railroad migrant; introd. from Eur. 22. Secale L. — Rye S. cerealc L. Occasionally spontaneous in fields and waste ground; often planted as a soil binder along new roads and sometimes briefly persisting; native of Eurasia. May- July. 23. Elymus L. — Wild Rye 1. Lemmas awnless; spike erect, dense, 7-25 cm long; sand dunes along L. Michigan; native of Eur. June-July. Dune Grass [E. mollis sensu auth., non Trin.] E. arcnarius L. 1. Lemmas usually awned. 2. Glumes subulate, 0.5-1 mm wide. 3. Spikes 10-25 cm long, loose; spikelets 2-4-flowered ; palet 7-8 mm long; chiefly alluvial soil, occasional. July-Sept E. ripariiis Wieg. 3. Spikes 5-15 cm long, compact; spikelets 1-2-flowered; palet 5-7 mm long; woods, common. June-Aug. Slender Wild Rye E. villosus Muhl. 2. Glumes lanceolate, 2- to several-nerved, 2 mm or more in width. 4. Awn of lemma straight, about 1 cm long; spike usually erect; glumes strongly bowed out at base; roadsides and w^oods. common and variable. July-Aug E. virginicus L. 4. Awn of lemma curved when dry, 2-4 cm long; spike nodding; glumes not bowed out at base; roadsides and edges of woods, common. July-Aug. Nodding Wild Rye E. canodensis L. 24. Hystrix Moench — Bottlebrush Grass H. patula Moench. Woods, common throughout 111. June-July. 146. Gramineae 337 25. Hordeuni L. — Barley 1. Racliis of spike becoming disjointed. 2. Spikes nodding, 6-16 cm long; awns 2-6 cm long; tufte^d perennials. 3. Blades 2-4 mm wide; awns 3-6 cm long; roadsides and fields, common. June-Aug. Squirrel-tail Grass H. jubatum L. 3. Blades 5-8 mm wide: awns 2-3.5 cm long; open woods, hill- sides, prairie soil ; Marshall, Peoria, and Stark counties, I'. H. Chase. June-Aug. Said to be a sterile Fi hybrid of H. jubatum and Elymus canadensis. [H. pammeli Scribn. & Ball] H. montanense Scribn. 2. Spikes erect. 2-6 cm long; awns less than 1.5 cm long; blades 2-4 mm wide; plants annual; roadsides and fields. May- June. Small Wild Barley H. pusillum Nutt. 1. Rachis of spike not disarticulating; blades flat, 5-15 mm wide; plants annual; cult., and sometimes spontaneous; introd. from Eur. Barley H. vulgare L. 26. Lolium L. — Rye Grass 1. Glume shorter than the spikelet; plants perennial. 2. Lemmas awned; spikelets mostly 10- to 20-flowered; lawns, roadsides, and fields; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. Italian Rye Grass L. multiflorum Lam. 2. Lemmas awnless or short-awned; spikelets mostly 5- to 10- flowered; meadows, lawns, roadsides; nat. from Eur. June- Aug. English Rye Grass L. perenne L. 1. Glume as long or longer than the spikelet; plants annual; lemmas awned; waste places and wheat fields, rare; not recently coll. in 111.; adv. from Eur. June-Aug. Darnel L. ternulentum L. Tribe 4. Aveneae. — Oat Tribe 27. Koeleria Pers. — June Grass K. cristata (L.) Pers. Sandy soil, local. June-July [K. gracilis Pers.] 28. Sphenopholis Scribn. — Wedge Grass 1. Second glume firm, rounded and somewhat cucuUate at apex. 2 mm long, nearly as wide; first glume linear; anthers 0.4-0.8 mm long; panicles erect or nearly so, compact; prairie soil, and in open woods. May-June S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. 1. Second glimie thin, acute or apiculate; panicles lax, nodding. 2. Lemmas not scabrous; spikelets 2.5 mm long; first glume linear, 0.2 mm wide; second glume 2-2.5 mm long; anthers 0.3-0.5 mm long; woods, fields, roadsides, frequent nearly throughout 111. May-June S. intermedia Rydb. 2. Lemmas scabrous-papillate; spikelets about 3 mm long; first glume narrowly elliptical, 0.8 mm wide; second glume nearly 3 mm long; anthers 1-2 mm long; woods, not common in 111. May-June S. nitida ( Sjjreng. ) Scribn. 338 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 29. Deschampsia Beauv. — Hair Grass D. cespitosa (L.) Beauv. Moist soil along streams, rare; Kane and Kankakee counties. 30. Aira L. — Silver Hairgrass A. coryophylUa L. Dry soil, rare; Piatt Co.. H. E. Ahles 2429. 31. Avena L. — Oat 1. Lemmas bearing stiff brownish hairs, at least at base; awn stout, geniculate, strongly twisted; spikelets mostly 3-flowered; fields and waste places; nat. from Eur. May-July. Wild Oat A. fatua L. 1. Lemmas glabrous; awn small, usually straight, or absent; spikelets mostly 2-flowered : commonly cultivated; occasionally spontane- ous. May-July. Oat A. sativa L. 32. Arrhenatherum Beauv. — Tall Oat Grass A. (latins (L. ) Mert. & Koch. Fields, roadsides, and waste places; nat. from Eur. June- July. 33. Danthonia Lam. & DC. — Curly Grass D. spicata (L.) Beau\-. Common throughout 111. in thin soil in open woods, particularly on black oak and white oak ridges, forming small dense clumps of curled leaves. May-July. 34. Holcus L. — Velvet Grass H. lanatns L. Roadsides and fields, occasional; introd. or adv. from Eur., but scarcely established in 111. June-Aug. Tribe 5. Agrostideae. — Timothy Tribe 35. Calamagrostis Adans. 1. Panicle narrow biU loose, becoming somewhat open; spikelets 3- 3.5 mm long; blades flat, 4-8 mm wdde; marshy ground. June- July. Blue-joint Grass C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. 1. Panicle contracted, spike-like; spikelets 4-4.5 mm long; blades in- volute, scabrous, 2-4 mm wide; moist ground, n. 111., Cook and Jo Daviess counties. June-Aug. NortheiTi Reed Grass C. inexpansa A.Gray 36. Ammophila Host A. breviligulata Fern. Beach Grass. Sand dunes along L. Michi- gan. July-Aug. [A. arenaria .sensu auth., non Link], 37. Calamovilfa Hack. — Sand Reed Grass C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. Sand dunes along L. Michigan and in sandy areas in the valleys of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. Aug.-Sept. 146. Gramineae 339 38. Agrostis L. — Ik-nt Grass 1. Lenuna awnless. 2. Palet half the length of the Icinnia or longer; spikelets 2-2.3 nun long. 3. Panicles open, llie branches ascending; stems erect or some- what decumbent at base, with strong horizontal rhizomes but no conspicuous stolons; leaves 4-10 mm wide; road- sides, fields, lawns, very common; nat. from Eur. June- Aug. Redtop A. alba L. 3. Panicles contracted, the branches appressed; stems strongly decinnbent. rooting at the nodes and developing long stolons: leaves mostly 2-5 mm wide; roadsides, fields, cult, ground, occasional; nat. from Eur. June-Aug. Creeping Bent Grass A. palustris Huds. 2. Palet lacking or minute. 4. Panicle very difluse. 15-60 cm long, often piu-plish at matiu'- ity, the capillary branches scabrous, 5-15 cm long, spikelet- bearing only near the tips. 5. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm long; anthers 0.2 mm long; glumes spreading in fruit and exposing the grain; roadsides and fields, common throughout 111. May-July. Common Tickle Grass A. hyemalis (Wak.) BSP. 5. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long; anthers 0.5 mm long; glumes ccnnivcnt in fruit, covering the grain; sandy soil in the n. counties. June-Aug. Northern Tickle Grass A. scabra Willd. 4. Panicle open but not diffuse, 10-20 cm long, usually greenish at maturity, the branches smooth; spikelets 2-2.5 mm long; woods, locally throughout 111. Aug. -Oct. Autumn Bent Grass A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. 1. Lemma usually with a slender delicate awn about 5 mm long; leaves about 1 mm wide; slender annual 10-30 cm tall; fields and open woods in the s. halt of 111. May-June A. elliottiana Schult. 39. Cinna L. 1. Spikelets 5 mm long, the awn 0.5-1 mm long; ]3anicle rather dense, the branches ascending; moist wf)ods and borders of streams. July-Sept. Wood Reed C arundinacca L. 1. Sj)ikelets 3-4 mm long, the awn 1-2 mm long; j^anicle loose, the branches spreading ov drooping; moist woods, n.e. III., not common. Julv-Scpt C. latijolia ( Tiev. i Ciiiseb. 40. Alopeciirus L. — Foxtail 1. Spikelets 5-6 mm long; fields and waste ground, occasional; introd. from Eur. Meadow Foxtail A. prateiisis L. 1. Spikelets 3-4 mm long. 340 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 2. Awn scarcely exceeding the glumes; shallow water and wet banks. May-July. A. aequalis Sobol. 2. Awn bent, exserted from the spikelet 2 mm or more; ditches and fields. May-June A. carolinianus Walt. 41. Phleum L. — Timothy P. pratensc L. Roadsides and fields, very common; nat. from Eur. June-July. 42. Muhlenbergia Schreb. 1. Panicles narrow, not diffuse or spreading. 2. First glume obsolete or nearly so, the second minute, truncate; lemma long-awned. 3. Second glume 0.2-0.5 mm long; awn as long as or twice as long as the lemma: fields and drv woods, common. Julv- Oct. Nimble Will .' M. schrcben J.F.Gmel. 3. Second glume 1.5-2 min long; awn half as long as the lemma; Champaign Co., Clinton in 1892. Type collected in 111. by J. Wolf in 1881 M. curtisctosa (Scribn.) Bush 2. Glumes half the length ot the lemma, or longer. 4. Plants with conspicuous scaly rhizomes. 5. Lemma awnless or nearly so; anthers 0.5-1 mm long. 6. Glimies lanceolate or oval, cuspidate, about half or two- thirds the length of the lemma; dry or rocky woods. July-Oct M. sobolijera (Muhl.) Trin. 6. Glumes subulate. 7. Glumes equalling the lemma, or somewhat shorter, awnless or short-awned. 8. Internodes of the stem glabrous. 9. Panicles usually well exserted; woods in Christian, Menard, Peoria, and Sangamon counties. Aug.- Oct M. brachyphylla Bush 9. Panicles shortly exserted or partly included in the sheath; fields, roadsides, waste places, common. Aug. -Sept M. jrondosa (Poir.) Fern. 8. Internodes of the stem puberulent. 10. Lemma short-pilose at base (on the callus) ; moist woods and thickets. Aug.-Oct. [M. joliosa sensu auth.] M. mcxicana (L. ) Trin. lU. Lemma not pilose at base; woods, chiefly in the s. and central parts of the state M. glabriflora Scribn. 7. Glumes much longer than the lemma, awned ; panicle dense, somewhat interrupted; wet ground. Aug.- Sept M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. 5. Lemma long-awned. 11. Spikelets 3-4 ir.m long; glumes lanceolate, awn-pointed, shorter than the lemma; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; rocky woods. July-Oct M. tenuifiora (Willd.) BSP. 146. Gramineak 341 1 1 . Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long; srlumes subulate-lanceolate, somewhat shorter than or nearly equallint;' the lemma; anthers 0.3-0.6 mm long; moist woods. Auu^.- Oct M. sylvatica Torr. 4. Plants without scaly rhizomes; glumes lanceolate, shorter than the awnless lemma; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; di"y ground, n. Til. July-Sept. [S poroholus hrevijoliiis (Nutt.) Scribn.] M. cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. 1. Panicles open, the .slender branches widely spreading. 12. Spikelets 3-4 nun long, the awns 5-15 mm long; stems 60-100 cm tall, tufted; rhizomes none; sandy soil, s. 111. Sept. -Oct. - M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. 12. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm long, awnless; stems 10-40 cm tall; plants with creeping scaly rhizomes; sandy soil, n. 111. June-Sept. [Sporobolus asperijolius Nees & Mey.] M. asperifolia (Nees & Mey.) Parodi 43. Sporobolus R.Br. — Dropseed 1. Plants perennial; leaf-blades much longer than the sheaths. 2. Spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm long; panicle either free and spreading at maturity or remaining partly or wholly included in the sheath; leaf-sheaths with a conspicuous tuft of whitish hairs at summit; sandy soil. Aug. -Sept. Sand Dropseed - -..i5'. cryptandrus (Torr.) A.Gray 2. Spikelets 4-8 mm long. 3. Second glume shorter than the lemma; panicle contracted, more or less included in the sheath. 4. Lemma glabrous, glossy; spikelets 5-6 mm long; dry sandy soil. Sept. -Oct S. asper (Michx.) Kunth 4. Lemma pubescent at base; spikelets 6-8 mm long; sandy soil, local. Aug.-Sept. {S. canovirens Nash] - - - S. clandcstinus (Bieler) Hitchc. 3. Second glume slightly longer than the glabrous lemma; spike- lets 4-6 mm long; panicle long-exserted at maturity; dry soil. Aug.-Sept. Prairie Dropseed S. hcterolepi.s A.Gray 1. Plants annual; sheaths enclosing the lateral panicles; leaf-blades short, scarcely longer than the sheaths. 5. Lemma pubescent; spikelets 3.5-6 mm long; diy sandy soil. Sept. -Oct S. vaginifiorus (Torr.) Wood 5. Lemma glabrous; spikelets 2-3 mm long; dry sandy soil. Sept.- Oct S. neglectus Nash 44. Heleochloa Host H. schoenoides (L.) Host. Waste places, occasional; introd. from Eur.; Cook Co., Moffatt in 1893: St. Clair Co.. /. Ncill in 1947. 45. Brachyelytrum Beau v. B. ircctum (Schreb.) Beauv. Woods, locally throughout 111. June-Aug. 342 American Midland Natitralist Monograph No. 7 46. Milium L. — Wild Millet M. effusum L. Moist woods; Kane Co., Vasey; Tazewell Co., Brendel; probably now extinct in 111. May-July. 47. Oryzopsis Michx. — Rice Grass 1. Leaves narrow, involute; spikelets (excluding the awns) 3-4 mm long; dry soil, rare, or probably now extinct in 111. O. pungens (Torr. ) Hitchc. 1. Leaves flat, 4-15 mm wide; spikelets (excluding the awns) 6-8 mm long. 2. Leaves scattered along the stem, the upper sinface pubescent; panicle 15-30 cm long; rocky woods, rare; La Salle Co., McDonald in 1919, Peoria Co., Alice Heading in 1882, Vermilion Co., A. B. Seymour in 1884. Aug.-Sept - O. racemosa (Sm.) Ricker 2. Leaves mostly basal, merely scabrous above; panicle 5-8 cm long; Cook Co., Shipman m 1877 0. asperijolia Michx. 48. Stipa L. — Spear Grass 1. Awn 10-25 cm long; glumes 1.5-4 cm long. 2. Glumes 1.5-2.8 cm long; grain 1-1.5 cm long; Winnebago Co., E. W. & G. B. Fell S. comata Trin. & Rupr. 2. Glumes 2.8-4 cm long; grain 2-3 cm long; sandy ground or prairie soil, locally in the n. half of 111. May-Jime. Porcu- pine Grass S. spartea Trin. 1. Awn 2-3 cm long; lemma 5-6 mm long; glimies 7-10 mm long; Kane Co., Benke in 1916; McHenry Co., V. H. Chase in 1948. Green Needlegrass ..S. viridula Trin. 49. Aristida L. — Three-awned Grass 1. Awns jointed to the lemma. 2. Awns united in a spiral column 6-15 mm or more in length; sandy soil in the n. half of 111. Aug.-Sept A tuberculosa Nutt. 2. Awn-column about 2 mm long; sandy soil, not common; Cass, Mason, and Morgan counties A. desmantlia Trin. & Rupr. 1 . Awns distinct, not jointed to the lemma. 3. Central awn much longer than the lateral awns, these erect. 4. Central awn spirally coiled at base. 5. Second glume 7-9 mm long, ecjualling or slightly longer than the first; roadsides and fields, chiefly in central and s. 111. Au2f.-Oct .-A. dichotoma Michx. O 5. Second olume 10-15 mm lono-, much lonoer than the first. 6. Lateral awns 1-2 mm long, straight, erect; dry ground, not common. Sept. -Oct A. curtissii (A. Gray) Nash 6. Lateral awns 2-7 mm long, spreading; dry ground, scat- tered A. hasiramea Engelm. 4. Central awn not coiled, but with a semicircular bend at base. 1 16. Gramineae 343 7. Leninia 4-5 inni long; fields and roadsides, ehielly in llie s. and w. parts of the state. [A. gracilis Ell.| A. longespica Poir. 7. Lemma 2-3 cm long; fields and roadsides in the s. half of the state. Aug.-Sept A. ramosissima Engelm. 3. Central awn subequal in length with the lateral ones. 8. Glumes 5-14 mm long; awn not over 2.5 cm long. 9. Perennial: first glume 8-14 nun long, exceeding the second; sandy soil, local. Aug.-Sept A. purpurascens Poir. 9. Annual; first glume 5-9 mm long, shorter than the second; sandy soil; Henry, Lake, and Lee counties. Aug.-Sept. A. intermedia Scribn. & Ball 8. Glumes 2-3 cm long; awns 3-7 cm long; fields, open woods, and roadsides. Aug. -Oct A. olioantha Michx. '&• Tribe 6. Ghlorideae. — Grama Tribe 50. Buchloe Engelm. — Buffalo Grass B. dactyioides (Nutt.l Engelm. Apparently a relic on soil never in cultivation, Peoria, V. H. Chase in 1956. 5 1 . Eleusine Gaertn. — Goose Grass E. indica (L.) Gaertn. Waste places, roadsides, and cultivated ground; nat. from Eurasia. July-Oct. 52. Dactyloctenium Willd. — Crowfoot Grass D. aegypticurn (L.) Beauv. Waste ground and fields, rare in 111.; nat. from Old ^Vorld tropics. St. Clair Co., without locality, Aug. 1876, H. Eggert. 53. Cynodon Rich. — Bermuda Grass C. dactylon (L.) Pers. Fields, roadsides, and waste places; nat. from Eur. Jime-Aug. 54. Leptochloa Beauv. — Sprangletop Grass 1. Sheaths pubescent; spikelets 1.5-2 mm long; sandy soil, s. 111. Aug.-Sept. [L. attenuata (Nutt.) Steud.] L. filijormis (Lam. ) Beauv. 1. Sheaths glabrous; spikelets 6-10 nmi long; wet meadows and along ditches, ol scattered distribution; also one collection as a rail- road weed in Cook Co. [Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv.] L. fascicularis (Lam.) A.Gray 55. Schedonnardus Steud. S. paniculalus (Nutt.) Trel. Hancock Co., Mead in 1845; prob- ably now extinct in 111. "It was found on the original prairie, especially around salt licks." — Mosher. 344 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 56. Beckmannia Host — Slough Grass B. syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. Wet ground, rare; Cook Co., L. M. Umhach; Lake Co., R. A. Evers in 1957. 57. Spartina Schreb. — Cord Grass S. pectinate Link. Along ditches, moist ground along roads, in marshes, etc.; formerly more abundant. July-Oct. [S. michauxiana Hitchc] 58. Chloris Sw. — Windmill Grass C. verticillata Nutt. Sandy soil, or along roads, occasional ; adv. from w. of the Mississippi R. June-July. 59. Bouteloua Lag. — Grama Grass L Spikes 1-4, usually curved, of 25 or more densely crowded spikelets. 2. Rachis of spike projecting beyond the uppermost spikelet in a prominent point; keel of the second glume papillose-hispid; prairie soil, w. and n.w. 111. July-Sept B. hirsuta Lag. 2. Rachis not projecting; keel of second glume glabrous or with few hairs, these without papillose bases; }o Daviess Co., H. S. Pepoon 173, in 1908 B. gracilis (HBK.) Lag. 1. Spikes numerous (12 or more), each with 4-12 spikelets; prairie soil, local; chiefly in the n. half of 111., extending southward to Kankakee, Woodford, and Menard counties, and along the Mississippi R. to s. 111. Jidy-Sept. Side-oats Grama - B. curtipindula (Michx. ) Torr. Tribe 7. Phalarideae. — Canary Grass Tribe 60. Hierochloe J. G. Gmel. — Sweet Grass H. odorata (L. ) Beauv. Moist meadows, fields, and roadsides in the n. counties. May-June. 61. Anthoxanthum L. — Sweet Vernal Grass A. odoratum L. Meadows, roadsides, waste places; nat. from Eurasia; Cook and Lake counties. May-July. 62. Phaiaris L. — Canary Grass 1. Panicle 8-15 cm long; spikelets 5-6 mm long, the glumes not winged; marshes and wet meadows. May-July. Reed Canary Grass P. arundinacea L. 1. Panicle ovoid, 1-4 cm long; spikelets 6-8 mm long, the glumes winged; roadsides and waste places; nat. from Eur. June-July. Canary Grass P. canariensis L. 146. Gramineae 345 Tribe 8. Oryzeae. — Rice Tribe 63. Leersia Sw. l.Spikelets broadly oval, densely imbricate, 3-4 mm wide; stem terete; moist ground, locally throughout 111. except the n. coun- ties. Aug.-Oct. Catchfly Grass L. Icnticularis Michx. 1. Spikelets elliptical, 1-2 mm wide. 2. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm long; stamens 1 or 2; leaves nearly smooth; stem compressed; moist woods. July-Sept. White Grass L. virginica Willd. 2. Spikelets 4-4.5 mm long; stamens 3; leaves very rough; stem terete; wet ground. Aug.-Sept. Cut Grass L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. 64. Zizania L. — Wild Rice Z. aquatic a L. Borders of streams, ponds, and lakes, usually in shallow water, chiefly in n.e. 111., and in the valley of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers; lormerly more common. July-Sept. [Z. interior (Fassett) Rydb.]. Subfamily II. Panicoideae Tribe 9. Paniceae. — Millet Tribe 65. Digitaria Heist. 1. Rachis winged, 0.7-1 mm wide; stems .spreading, often rooting at the lower nodes. 2. Sheaths pilose; pedicels 3-angled, scabrous; spikelets 3-3.5 mm long; a common weed in cultivated ground, lawns, and waste places; nat. from Eur. July-Oct. Common Crab Grass ...D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 2. Sheaths glabrous; pedicels terete or nearly so; spikelets 2 mm long; fields, meadows, waste ground, roadsides, common; nat. from Eurasia. July-Oct. Smooth Crab Grass - D. ischacryium (Schreb.l Muhl. 1. Rachis of the racemes wingless, about 0.3 mm wide; spikelets 1.6- 2 mm long; lower sheaths pilose, the upper ones glabrous; stems usually erect; sandy soil, infrequent, chiefly in the w. central counties. Sept. -Oct. Finger Grass. [D. villosa (Walt.) Pers.] - D. filiformis (L.) Koel. 66. Trichachne Nees T. insularis (L.) Nees. Sour Grass. Roadsides. Williamson Co., J. W. Voigt in 1954; adv. from s.e. U.S. 67. Leptoloma Chase L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. Fall Witch Grass. Sandy soil, locally throughout 111. July-Sept. 346 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 68. Paspalum L. 1. Rachis of the spikes dilated, thin, more than 2 mm broad, with membranous marsfins. 2. Spikelets pubescent. 1-1.5 mm long; blades 6-15 mm wide; muddy banks or in shallow water in s. and w. III. Aug. -Oct. P. fluitans (EUJ Kunth 2. Spikelets glabrous, 2 mm long; blades 2-5 mm wide; in ditches or along muddy or sandy shores, s. 111. ; Perry, Pulaski, and St. Clair counties P. dissectum L. 1 . Rachis narrow, less than 2 mm broad ; spikelets glabrous. 3. Spikelets 1.4-2.8 mm long; plant often with 1 -several axillary peduncles from the upper sheath. 4. Spikelets orbicular; blades .sparsely pilose and ciliate; sandy soil, roadsides, etc. July-Sept P. stramincum Nash 4. Spikelets oval or somewhat obovate; blades glabrous or softly pubescent on both sides. 5. Blades glabrous; sandy soil or open woods in the centr. counties P. ciliatijoliinn Michx. 5. Blades softly pubescent; sandy soil; nearly throughout 111. July-Sept. [P. muJilenbergii Nash] P. pubescens Muhl. 3. Spikelets 2.8-4 mm long; plant simple. 6. Spikelets orbicular, arranged singly in 2 rows; wet ground, chiefly in the s. half of the state. July-Sept - - - P. circulare Nash 6. Spikelets oval or slightly obovate, borne in pairs and appear- ing as if in 3 or 4 rows. 7. Spikelets 3-3.2 mm long; ditches, s. 111., rare. Aug. -Sept. [P. pubiflorum var. glabrum Vasey; P. lacuiglume Scribn.] P. geviinum Nash 7. Spikelets 3.6-4 mm long; inoist soil in Perry and William- son counties. [P. floridanurn Michx. var. glabratian Engelm.] P. glabratum (Engelm.) Mohr 69. Panicum L. — Panic Grass 1. Spikelets glabrous (sparsely pubescent in P. dcpau pfrahim) . 2. Spikelets 3 mm or more in length. 3. Plants glabrous, perennial, with rhizomes; panicle 15-50 cm long; spikelets 4-4.5 mm long; roadsides and fields, com- mon. July-Sept. Switch Grass ...P. virgaturn L. 3. Plants more or less pubescent (except P. anccps and a var. of P. depauperatum) . 4. Spikelets 4-5 mm long; panicles often drooping at matur- ity; waste places; cidtivated and occasionally spontane- ous; native of the Old World. Broomcorn Millet - - P. miliaceum L. 4. Spikelets 3-3.8 mm long, lanceoloid, pointed; panicles erect. 146. Gramineae 347 5. I'lanls annual; panicles 1 ()-!U) cm long; blades 2-J nun wide; sandy soil, local. July-Oct P. flexile (Gall.) Scribn. 5. Plants perennial. 6. Panicle loose, open, 20-50 cm long; blades 6-10 mm wide; plants with long scaly rhizomes; along ditches, or in moist soil, or woods in the s. and w. parts of 111., extending northward to Peoria and Henderson counties. July- Sept P. anceps Michx. 6. Panicle 3-8 cm long, not much exceeding or shorter than the leaves, few-flowered; blades 2-5 mm wide, often involute in drying; open woods. May- June P. depaup( ratum Muhl. 2. Spikelets less than 3 mm long. 7. Sheaths glabrous. 8. First glume not more than one-fourth the length of the spikelets, rounded at the apex; plants annual, mostly glabrous; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long; fields and waste places, common. Aug. -Oct. Fall Panicum P. dichotomiflorum Michx. 8. First glume more than one-fourth the length of the spike- let; plants perennial. 9. Spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm long; blades 10-12 cm long, 8-15 mm wide, ciliate at base, otherwise glabrous; panicle 8-12 cm long; stem-nodes densely bearded with re- flexed hairs; wet ground, s. 111. June-Aug P. inicrocarpon Muhl. 9. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long. 10. Pedicels about halt the length of the spikelels; pan- icles 10-30 cm long, the spikelets subsecund; plants in dense tufts; moist groimd, locally throughout 111. except the n. counties. July-Oct. Munro Grass P. agrostoidcs Spreng. 10. Pedicels longer than the spikelets, which are not at all secund; panicles 4-12 cm long. 1 1 . Sheaths bearing pale glandular spots, the margins glabrous; blades 8-11 mm wide; spikelets 2.3- 2.5 mm long, pointed; moist woods and thick- ets, s. 111. June-July P. yadkinense Ashe 11. Sheaths nol s])otted, ihe margins jiubescent; blades 4-8 mm wide; spikelets 2 mm long, not pointed; open woods, more common in s. 111., but extending northward lo Peoria Go. May- July. [P. harhulal inn Michx.] P. dichotomurti L. 7. Sheaths pubescent. 12. Spikelets lanceoloid, acuminate, 2-3 mm long; panicle 348 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 diffuse, often half the length of the plant; sheaths copi- ously villous; fields, roadsides, and waste places, com- mon. July-Oct. Witch Grass P. capillare L. 12. Spikelets elliptical, obtuse, 1.3-2.2 mm long. 13. Panicles 12-20 cm wide, delicate, relatively few- flowered; blades 2-6 mm wide, villous on both sides; roadsides and waste places, local. July-Oct. [P. tuckermani Fern.] P. pJdladclphicurn Bernh. 13. Panicles narrower; blades 6-10 mm wide, nearly or quite glabrous; plants much branched, with many axillary panicles; moist sandy soil, along roads, in fields, or along streams; s. and central 111., extend- ing northward to Henry Co. Sept. -Oct .- P. gattingeri Nash 1. Spikelets pubescent or puberulent (occasionally only sparsely so). 14. Spikelets 3 mm or more in length; sheaths more or less pubes- cent or ciliate. 15. Blades 1.5-4 cm wide, ciliate, otherwise glabrous or nearly so. 16. Spikelets 3.4-3.8 mm long; nodes glabrous or puberu- lent; rocky or sandy woods. May-Aug - P. latifoliuni L. 16. Spikelets 4-4.5 mm long; nodes retrorsely bearded; woods throughout 111., except the n.e. counties. May- July P. boscii Poir. 15. Blades 6-13 mm wide; spikelets 3-4 mm long. 17. Sheaths with appressed or ascending hairs; spikelets sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous; blades glabrous or nearly so above, puberulent beneath; sandy soil, local. May-June P. oligosanthes Schult. 17. Sheaths with spreading hairs, or nearly glabrous. 18. Spikelets sparsely short-pubescent to nearly gla- brous; blades glabrous or nearly so; sandy soil, common. May-July P. scrihnerianum Nash 18. Spikelets pilose; blades more or less papillose-hirsute on both surfaces, or glabrous above; dry sandy soil, occasional. June-July P. leihergii (Vasey) Scribn. 14. Spikelets less than 3 mm long. 19. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so, or merely ciliate (or the lower internodes and sheaths sometimes pubescent in P. lindheimeri) . 20. Spikelets 2.1-2.9 mm long. 21. Blades 12-25 mm wide, cordate at base; spikelets short-pubescent, 2.7-2.9 mm long; woods, s. 111. May-June P. commutatum Schult. 1 46 . G RA M I N E\ K 3 49 21. Blades 7-12 mm wide, not cordate; spikelets sparsely pilose to nearly glabrous, 2-2.2 mm long; Lake Co., Fuller & Graham 9400 P. borealc Nash 20. Spikelets l.,3-1.9 mm long, puberulent or nearly glabrous. 22. Blades usually 1.5-2.5 cm wide, ciliate toward the base, otherwise glabrous; nodes glabrous or nearly so; panicle 8-25 cm long, not more than half as wide as long; moist ground, chiefly in s. 111. but extending northward to Peoria Co P. polyanthes Schult. 22. Blades 4-14 mm wide; panicle often about as wide as long. 23. Ligule of conspicuous hairs 3-5 mm long; sandy soil in open woods. June-Sept P. lindhcimcri Nash 23. Ligule obsolete or nearly so; sandy soil in the s. half of 111. June- July P. sphaerocarpon Ell. 19. Sheaths pubescent. 24. Sheaths conspicuously pilose, the hairs either retrorse or horizontally spreading. 25. Spikelets 1.9-2 mm long; wooded slopes nearly throughout 111. May-July P. xalapense HBK. 25. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long; sandy soil, locally in the n. half of 111 P. villosissimum Nash 24. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose. 26. Spikelets 2.7-3 mm long. 27. Blades 12-30 mm wide; stems 50-120 cm tall; panicle 7-15 cm long; sandy soil. June- Aug. Deer-tongue Grass P. clandestinum L. 27. Blades 2-6 mm wide; stems 8-40 cm tall; pan- icles 2-8 cm long. 28. Blades copiously pilose on both surfaces; panicles 2-4 cm long; dry ground, n.w. 111. ; Carroll, Whiteside, and Winnebago counties P. wilcoxianuni Vasey 28. Blades scabrellous above, pilose beneath; panicles 4-8 cm long, some of them usual- ly more or less concealed among the basal leaves; diy soil in the n. counties. June- July P. perlongum Nash 26. Spikelets less than 2.7 mm long. 29. Sheaths with spreading hairs. 30. Spikelets 2.2-2.6 mm long. 31. Blades 2-4 mm wide, 10-30 cm long; spikelets sparsely pilosulous or nearly glabrous; dry woods, local. May-July P. linearifolium Scribn. 350 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 31. Blades 5-10 nun wide. 6-10 cm long; ligiile 4-5 mm long; dry sandy soil. June-July. [P. cuchlamydeum Shin- ners] P. psvudopubcsccns Nash 30. Spikelets 1.3-1.9 mm long; ligule 3-5 mm long. 32. Upper surface of blades glabrous or with a few long hairs toward the base, the lower surface glabrous or pubeiailent; moist ground, local. June-July .-. P. tennesseense Ashe 32. Upper surface of blades not glabrous. 33. Upper surface of blades pilose, the hairs 3-5 mm long. 34. Stems conspicuously villous with horizontal hairs 4-5 mm long; dry soil ; chiefly in the n. half of the state. June-July P. praecocius Hitchc. & Chase 34. Stems with shorter hairs. 35. Axis of panicle pilose; the low- est panicle branches often tangled or implicate; wet meadows, swamps, or woods, local. June-July P. impUcatum Scribn. 35. Axis of panicle puberulent; branches ascending, not tan- gled; sandy soil in n. part of 111. June-July P. mcridionalc Ashe 33. Upper surface of blades with some- what appressed hairs 1-2 mm long; meadows and open woods, common. May-Sept P. huachucae Ashe 29. Sheaths with appressed or ascending hairs; ligule 1-1.5 mm long; blades glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, puberulent beneath; spikelets 1.8-2 mm long; sandy or gravelly soil in the n. part of 111. June-July — P. tsugetorum Nash 70. Eriochloa HBK. — Cup Grass 1. Pedicels and rachis copiously villous; spikelets about 5 mm long; fields and waste places, occasional ; native of e. Asia. Liv- ingston Co., Winterringer & Hoegger; Peoria, V. H. Chase 16782 ^.-E. villosa (Thunb.) Kunth 146. Gramineae 351 1. Pedicels and lacliis pilosulous. 2. Fruit 2-2.5 inni long, the awn only 1 nun long; panicle con- tracted, the racemes appressed; roadsides and along ditches, occasional, Jackson and Union counties; adv. in 111. from s.w. U.S. July-Oct E. contracla Hitchc. 2. Fruit about 3 mm long, apiculate; panicle-branches ascending or spreading; (ields. Union Co., R. A. Evers. Adw from s.w. U.S. E. gracilis (Fouin.) Hitchc. ^>' 7 1 . Echinochloa Beauv. 1. Slieaths glabrous or nearly so; spikelets ovoid. 2. Racemes 2-10 cm long, crowded and fascicled; spikelets 3-4 mm long, awned or nearly awnless; fields, roadsides, waste groimd, river banks, common; nat. from Eurasia. July-Sept. Barnyard Grass. [E. rnuricata (Michx.) Fern.; E. pungens (Poir.) Rydb.]. Japanese Millet or Billion-dollar Grass, var. jrurnentacca (Roxb.) Wight, with awnless spikelets and dense purple or brown panicles, occurs occasionally -- E. crusgalli (L.) Beauv. 2. Racemes 8-18 mm long, distant; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long, merely apiculate, crowded in about foiu' regular rows; moist ground, occasional; adv. from the s. states; Chicago, F. A. Swink in 1947. Jungle-rice E. colonum (L.) Link 1. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, usually strongly papillose-hirsute, or rarely merely |:)apillose; panicle dense, the ellipsoid spike- lets conspicuously long-awned, purple at maturity, the awns 1.5 cm long; wet ground, local. Aug.-Oct E. walteri (Pursh) Heller 72. Setaria Beauv. I. Plants perennial with short branched rhizomes; bristles below each spikelet 8-12, yellowish or purplish, upwardly scabrous; waste ground, occasional; Fayette, Jackson, Marion, and Mason counties S. gcniculata (Lam.) Beau\-. 1. Plants annual. 2. Bristles retrorsely scabrous, 3-6 mm long; weed in waste ground, chiefly about towns; nat. from Eur. July-Sept. Bristly Fo.xtail S. verticillala (L.) Beau\-. 2. Bristles antrorsely scabrous. 3. Leaves loosely pubescent above; spikelets 2.7-3 mm long; panicles curved, nodding, 2-3 cm thick, 10-17 cm long; a serious weed in fields and along roads; recently nat. from Asia. July-Oct. Giant Foxtail S. faherii Herm. 3. Leaves glabrous on both sides. 4. Spikelets about 2 nun long; panicles erect or nearly so, 3-10 cm long; a common weed throughout 111.; nat from Eur. June-Sept. Green Foxtail S. viridis (L.) Beauv. 352 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 4. Spikelets 3 mm long. 5. Bristles 1-3; panicle thick, lobed or interrupted, purplish or yellowish; cult, and sometimes spontaneous; introd. from Eurasia. July-Sept. Italian Millet or Hun- garian Grass S. italica (L.) Beauv. 5. Bristles 5-15 at the base of each spikelet; panicles straight, about 1 cm thick, 5-10 cm long; a common weed in waste ground and along roads; nat. from Eur. June-Sept. Yellow Foxtail [S. glauca sensu auth., non (L.) Beauv.] S. lutescens (Weigel) F.T.Hubb. 73. Cenchrus L. — Sandbur C. pauciflorus Benth. Sandy soil, cult, ground, or roadsides. July- Sept. [C. loyigispinus (Hack.) Fern.] Tribe 10. Andropogoneae — Sorghum Tribe 74. Andropogon L. 1. Racemes usually borne singly on the few to many branches, 3-6 cm long; joints of the rachis clavate; sandy or prairie soil and open woods. Aug. -Oct. Little Bluestem ...A. scoparius Michx. 1. Racemes in fascicles of 2-7. the common peduncle enclosed in a bract-like sheath or spathe; joints of the rachis not clavate. 2. Pedicellate spikelet staminate, as large as the sessile spikelet; racemes 5-13 cm long, exserted on a naked peduncle, the uppermost sheath inconspicuous, not inflated; rachis straight, the hairs inconspicuous and shorter than the spikelets; stamens 3; prairie soil. July-Sept. Big Bluestem [A. ge- rardi Vitm. (?)] A. jurcatus Muhl. 2. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 empty glumes or a mere pedicel; racemes 1.5-4 cm long; stamen 1. 3. Upper sheaths inflated, spathe-like; awns coiled at the base; sessile spikelets 4-4.5 mm long; open woods, s. 111., rare ...A. liliottii Chapm. 3. Upper sheaths not inflated; awns straight or somewhat curved; sessile spikelets 3-3.5 mm long; fields and road- sides in the s. half of the state. Sept.-Oct. Broom-sedge A. virginicus L. 75. Miscanthus Anderss. M. saccharifiorus (Maxim.) Hack. Cultivated for ornament, rarely persisting; introd. from Asia; Du Page and Rock Island counties. 146. Gramineae 353 76. Erianthus Michx. 1. Spikelets awned : open woods, s. 111. Plume Grass [E. divaricatus (L.) Hitchc] E. alopecuroides (L.) Ell. 1. Spikelets awnless; cultivated for ornament; native of Eur. Ra- \enna Grass E. ravenyiae (L.) Beauv. 77. Sorghum Pers. 1. Perennial with creepint^ rhizomes; spikelets readily deciduous at maturity; pedicellate spikelet usually staminate; fields and waste places; escaped from cult.; introd. from Eur. June- Oct. Johnson Grass S. halepense (L.) Pers. 1 . Annual ; spikelets persistent at maturity ; pedicellate spikelet usually neuter, shorter than the sessile one; waste places, occasionally escaped from cult.; resembling Zea mays when not in bloom. Sorghum. {S. saccharatum Moench]. More robust plants with loose panicles are known as S. drummondii Nees S. vulgar e Pers. 78. Sorghastrum Nash — Indian Grass S. nutans (L.) Nash. Prairies, open woods, roadsides, common. Aug.-Oct. Tribe 11. Tripsaceae — Corn Tribe 79. Tripsacum L. — Gama Grass T. dactyloides L. Wet ground, local; chiefly in the s. half of the state, but extending northward to Hancock, Fulton, and Tazewell counties. May-Sept. 80. Zea L. — Maize. Indian Corn Z. mays L. Cultivated; but rarely spontaneous along roads or in waste places. July-Sept. 354 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Illinois Counties Adams 50 Alexander 100 Bond 70 Boone 4 Brown 49 Bureau 18 Calhoun 67 Carroll 13 Cass 47 Champaign 42 Christian 55 Clark 60 Clay 77 Clinton 79 Coles 61 Cook 7 Crawford 74 Cumberland 62 De Kalb 10 De Witt 44 Douglas 58 Du Page 8 Edgar 59 Edwards 87 Effingham 72 Fayette 71 Ford 26 Franklin 91 Fulton 37 Gallatin 95 Greene 66 Grundy 22 Hamilton 90 Hancock 35 Hardin 96 Henderson 34 Henry 1 7 Iroquois 25 Jackson 92 Jasper 73 Jefferson 85 Jersey 68 Jo Daviess 1 Johnson 98 Kane 9 Kankakee 24 Kendall 21 Knox 32 Lake 6 La Salle 20 Lawrence 75 Lee 12 Livingston 27 Logan 45 McDonough 36 McHenry 5 McLean 40 Macon 56 Macoupin 65 Madison 69 Marion 78 Marshall 28 Mason 38 Massac 102 Menard 46 Mercer 16 Monroe 81 Montgomery 64 Morgan 53 Moultrie 57 Ogle 11 Peoria 31 Perry 84 Piatt 43 Pike 51 Pope 97 Pulaski 101 Putnam 19 Randolph 82 Richland 76 Rock Island 15 Saint Clair 80 Saline 94 Sangamon 54 Schuyler 48 Scott 52 Shelby 63 Stark 30 Stephenson 2 Tazewell 39 Union 99 Vermilion 41 Wabash 88 Warren 33 Washington 83 Wayne 86 White 89 Whiteside 14 Will 23 Williamson 93 Winnebago 3 Woodford 29 Jones: Flora of Illinois 356 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Glossary AcAULEsCENT. Stcmless or apparently so. AcHENE. A small dry, hard, unilocular, indehisccnt, 1-seeded fruit in which the pericarp and seed-coat are not fused. AcicuLAR. Needle-shaped. AcTiNOMORPHic. Radially symmetrical; regular; capable of being divided vertically into similar halves through two or more planes. Acuminate. Tapering at the apex, and ending in a point or angle of about forty-five degrees. Acute. Sharp-pointed; ending in a point or angle of about ninety degrees. Adnate. United with a dissimilar part, as the calyx-tube to the ovary, or stamens to the corolla, etc. Adventive (adv.). Transient, not native or fully naturalized. Alternate. An arrangement of leaves or other parts not opposite or whorled ; placed singly at different heights on the axis or stem. Anastomosing (veins). Connecting by cross-veins and forming a network. Androgynous. Having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same inflorescence ; in Car ex, with the staminate flowers above the pistillate. Annual. Of one year's growth; a plant that completes its life-cycle in one season. Annular. In the form of a ring. Annulus. a ring of thick-walled cells partly surrounding the sporangium of some ferns. Anther. The pollen-bearing part of the stamen. Antheriferous. Anther-bearing. Anthesis. The time at which a flower opens; or the act of expansion of a flower. Apetalous. Without petals. .\PHYLLOPODic. With the basal leaves rudimentary or bladeless, as in species of Carex. Apiculate. With a small point or apiculus. Apopetalous. Having the corolla composed of several distinct petals; equivalent to the more common term polypetolous. Appressed. Pressed close to the surface but not fused with it. Aquatic Living in water; said of plants which live in water, either floating at the surface or completely submerged. Arachnoid. Cobwebby; with fine, grayish entangled hairs. Arcuate. Curved or bent like a bow. Areola. A small angular space marked upon a surface; the meshes of cellular tissue. Aril. An appendage or an outer covering of a seed, growing out from the hilum or funiculus; sometimes it appears as a pulpy covering. Aristate. Awned ; tipped by a bristle. Ascending. Growing somewhat obliquely and curving upward. Attenuate. Tapering to a narrow point. AuRicuLATE. With car-shaped appendages (auricles) ; said of leaves having a pair of short obtuse projections at base. Awn. a bristle-like appendage. Axial (axile). With the placentae in the axis or center of the ovary. Axil. The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem. Axillary. Situated in an axil. Jones: Flora of Illinois 357 Barbellate. With small fine barbs or bristles. Basifixed. Attached or fixed by the base, as an anther upon the filament. Beak. A narrowed or prolonged tip; applied particularly to fruits and carpels. Berry. A pulpy indehiscent fruit, formed from a single pistil, usually con- taining one or more seeds. Biconvex. Convex on both sides; doubly convex, as a lens; lenticular. Bidentate. Having two teeth. Bidentulate. Minutely bidentate. Bienn'I.^l. Of two years' duration; a plant requiring two growing seasons to complete its life cycle. Bifid. Two-cleft. Bilabiate. Two-lipped, referring especially to the corolla (or calyx). Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. BiPiNNATiFiD. Twice pinnatifid. that is, having the primary di\'isions of the leaves again pinnatifid. Bract. A reduced or more or less modified leaf, usually subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers. Bractlet. a small bract, particularly if borne on a secondary axis, as on a pedicel or even on a petiole; a bracteole. Branchlet. a small branch or twig. Bulb. A short thick bud or modified stem, usually underground, bearing fleshy scale-like leaves that are stored with reserve food. Bulbous. Resembling a bulb. Bundle-scars. Scars left in leaf-scars at time of leaf-fall by the breaking of the vascular bundles that pass from the stem into the petiole. Caducous. Falling off early, or prematurely, as the sepals of the poppy; in distinction from deciduous, or persistent. Calyx. The outer perianth of the flower; a collective term for the sepals. Campanulate. Bell-shaped. Cancellate. Marked like lattice, with lines crossing each other. Canescent. With gray or whitish pubescence. Capillary. Fine, slender, hair-like. Capitate. Aggregated in a dense or compact head, or head-like cluster. Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of two or more carpels. Carpel. A simple pistil or a member of a compound pistil; the ovuliferous organ of a flower. Catkin. A bracteate, spike-like inflorescence bearing staminate or pistillate apetalous flowers; the catkin usually falls as a whole. Caudate. Bearing a tail-like appendage. Caudex. a short stem or trunk, usually the persistent woody base of a perennial herb. Caulescent. Having a manifest stem above ground. Cauline. Pertaining or belonging to the stem. Cespitose. Growing in tufts; forming mats. Chaff. A small thin scale or bract; particularly on the receptacle of Com- positae. Chartaceous. Papery; having the texture of writing paper. Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter of plants, occurring chiefly in chloroplasts. CiLiATE. Bearing cilia, a marginal fringe of hairs. CiLiOLATE. Minutely ciliate. Cinereous. Ash-colored; light gray. 358 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Clasping (leaf). With the base partly or completely surrounding the stem. Clavate. Club-shaped; gradually thickened upward. Claw. The narowed base of the petals of some flowers. Cleistogamous (flowers). Small, closed, self-pollinated flowers, as in some violets and other plants; they are often underground. Climbing. Said of plants that ascend by means of tendrils, or by twining the stem or petiole around a support, or sometimes by other means. Coma. The hairs at the end of some seeds, as in Epilobhim, or Asclepias. Complete (leaf). One consisting of blade, petiole, and stipules. Compound (leaf). One composed of two or more leaflets on a common petiole or rachis. CoNCOLORED. Of One color throughout; not variegated. CoNDUPLiCATE. Folded together lengthwise. Connate. Similar parts fused together, e.g., a pair of leaves united by their bases. Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally. Cordate. Heart-shaped. Coriaceous. Leathery. CoRM. A short, erect, often globose underground stem. Cormose. Resembling a corm. Corolla. The inner cycle of the perianth, composed of petals. Corona. A structure occurring in some flowers between the corolla and the stamens, as in Narcissus, and in Asclepias. Corymb. A flat-topped or convex indeterminate inflorescence with the pedicels arising from diflferent points on the axis, the outer flowers opening first. Corymbose (corymbiform). Like a corymb. Creeping (stem). Growing along the surface of the ground and rooting from the nodes. Crenate. Toothed with rounded shallow teeth. Crenulate. Finely crenate. Cucullate. Hooded, or hood-shaped. CuLTiGEN. A plant or taxon known only in cultivation. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; broad at one end and tapering to a point at the other. Cuspidate. Sharp-pointed; ending in a sharp point or cusp. Cyathium. The specialized inflorescence of Euphorbia, consisting of a cup- like involucre bearing the flowers within. Cyme. A convex or flat flower-cluster of the determinate type, the central flowers opening first. Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme-like. Deciduous. Falling ofT at maturity, or at the end of the season. Declined. Bent downward or aside; applied to stamens or style when turned to one side of the flower. Decompound. More than once compound. Decumbent (stem). Reclining, but with apex ascending. Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem below the insertion. Deflexed. Deflected, or turned abruptly downward. Dehiscent. Splitting open along definite lines at maturity. Deltoid. Triangular, shaped like the Greek letter A, as in the leaves of species of poplar. Jones: Flora of Illinois 359 Dentate. Coarsely toothed, with the teeth directed outward. Denticulate. Minutely dentate. Determinate (inflore.scence). One in which the terminal flower is the oldest and therefore the first to open, the order of flowering proceeding from the top downward. DiADELPHOUs. Having the stamens united by their filaments in two sets, as in almost all papilionaceous flowers. Diffuse. Loosely spreading or branching. Digitate. Compound leaves with the leaflets arising from the apex of the petiole. DiMORPHOU.s. Occurring in two forms. Dioecigu-s. Having the staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants. Discoid. Resembling a disk; a discoid head (in Compositae) is one without ray-flowers. Disk. A development of the receptacle about the base of the pistil; the common receptacle of the heads of Compositae. Dissected. Divided into many narrow segments. Distinct. Separate: not united with parts of the same series; not connate. Divaricate. Spreading; widely divergent. Divided. Separated to the base or to the midvein. Double. Said of flowers that have more than the usual number of petals. Drupe. A succulent indehiscent fruit with a bony, usually one-seeded endo- carp; a stone-fruit, such as a plum. Drupelet. A little drupe, such as the individual carpels which together form the blackberry and similar fruits. EcHiNATE. Beset with prickles or bristles. Ellipsoid. A solid body elliptical in longitudinal section. Elliptical. Having the form of an ellipse; nearly oblong. Emarginate. Deeply notched at the apex. Endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp. Entire. With smooth margins, not toothed or lobed. Epigynous. Borne on the ovary; applied to petals and stamens when the ovary is inferior. Epipetalous. Borne upon the corolla. Episepalous. Borne upon the calyx, Equitant. Said of conduplicate leaves which alternately enfold each other as in Iris, the upper part of the leaf being flat and \ertical. Erose. With jagged margin, as if gnawed. Escape. Escaping from cultivation, and maintaining itself. Evanescent. Soon disappearing. Evergreen. Remaining green in the dormant season; applied to plants whose leaves persist throughout the year. Exfoliating. Peeling off in thin layers. Exserted. Prolonged beyond the surrounding organs, as stamens from the corolla; not included. Exstipulate (or estipulate). Lacking stipules. Falc.\te. Sickle- or scythe-shaped. Farinose. Covered with mealy powder. Fascicle. A compact cluster or bundle. Fastigiate. With stems or branches erect and close together. 360 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Ferruginous. Rust-colored. Filament. The stalk of a stamen, usually bearing an anther at its apex. Filiform. Thread-like; slender and terete. Fimbriate. Fringed. FiMBRiLLATE. Minutely fringed. Flabellate. Fan-shaped. Flexuous. Having a more or less zigzag form. Floccose. With tufts of soft woolly hairs. Floret. Individual flower of Compositae and grasses. Floricane. a biennial stem in its second year, bearing flowers and fruits. (Rubus). FoLiACEOUS. Having the form or texture of a leaf; leafy. Follicle. A simple, dry, dehiscent fruit, producing several or many seeds and composed of one carpel, which splits along one suture. Free. Said of floral organs which are not united with other floral organs. Fugacious. Falling or withering away very early; ephemeral. Funnelform. Said of a corolla with the tube gradually widening upward into the spreading limb. Fusiform. Spindle-shaped, narrowed toward the ends from an enlarged middle. Geniculate. Bent abruptly like a knee. Gibbous. Swollen on one side. Glabrate. Nearly glabrous, or becoming glabrous. Glabrous. Not hairy; free from epidermal hairs. Glandular. Bearing glands or gland-like appendages or trichomes. Glaucescent. Becoming glaucous. Glaucous. Covered with a "bloom"; bluish white or bluish gray. Glomerule. An inflorescence condensed in the form of a small head or cluster. Glume. A chaflf-like bract; particularly one of the two empty bracts at the base of the spikelet in grasses, or the single bract of sedges. Glutinous. Sticky; mucilaginous; covered with a sticky exudate. Grain. The dry, unilocular, 1-seeded, indehiscent. superior fruit of grasses, in which the thin pericarp is adherent throughout to the seed; a caryopsis. Granular, Granulose. Composed of or appearing as if covered with minute grains. Gynecandrous. Having staminate and pistillate flowers in the same spike, as in sedges, the upper flowers pistillate and the lower staminate. Halberd-shaped. Hastate. Hastate. Halberd-shaped; like an arrowhead, but with the basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right angles. Head. A type of inflorescence in which numerous small flowers are crowded upon a common receptacle; the inflorescence or capitulum of Com- positae; a compact inflorescence. Herb. A plant that has no perennial woody stem above ground, thus dis- tinguished from a shrub or tree. Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff hairs. HiRsuTULOUS. Slightly hirsute. Hirtellous. Minutely hirsute. Jones: Flora of Illinois 361 Hispid. Beset with risid hairs or bristles. HispiDULOUS. Minutely hispid. Hyaline. Thin and translucent. Hybrid. A plant (or animal) derived from the erossing of two distiiut varieties or species; plants that appear to be intermediate between given or assumed parents. Hyp.'Xnthium. The cup-shaped or tubular receptacle on which the perianth and the stamens are inserted. Hypogynium. a structure supporting the ovary in some sedges. Hypogynous. Borne on the receptacle beneath the ovary; said of stamens and petals. Imbricate. Overlapping, as shingles on a roof. Incised. Sharply and more or less deeply and irregularly cut. Included. Not at all exserted or protruded, as stamens not projecting from the corolla. Indehiscent. Not opening regularly. Indurate. Hardened. Indusium. The covering of the sori of some ferns. Inferior. Said of an ovary when the other floral parts appear to be inserted upon it. Inflorescence. The arrangement of the flowers on the stem. Internode. The portion of the stem between the nodes. Lntroduced. Brought intentionally from another country or region. Involucel. a secondary involucre; that subtending the umbellets in the Umbelliferae. Involucre. A whorl or group of bracts surrounding or subtending a single flower, or the collection of bracts aggregated at the base of an in- florescence, as the heads of Compositae, or in the umbels of Um- belliferae. Involute. A type of vernation, in which the margins are rolled inward or toward the upper side. Irregul.\r (flower). See Zygomorphic. Keel. A central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat; the structure formed by the two lower united petals of a papilionaceous flower; the midvein of a compressed floral bract in grasses and sedges. Laciniate. Cut into narrow pointed lobes. Lanceolate. Lance-shaped; much longer than broad, widening above the base, and tapering to the apex. Lanceoloid. a solid body lanceolate in longitudinal section. Leaflet. One of the blades of a compound leaf. Legume. The fruit of certain Leguminosae. a pod formed from a simple pistil, and dehiscent along both sutures. Lemma. The lower of two bracts enclosing the flower in grasses. Lenticul.\r. Lentil-shaped, that is, with the shape di a biconvex lens. LiGULATE. Provided with or resembling a ligulc. LiGULE. A thin, often scarious projection from the top of the leaf-sheath in grasses and similar plants; the principal part of the corolla of ray- florets in numerous Compositae; the membranous structure on the adaxial surface of the leaf of Isoetes and Selaginella. 362 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Linear. Long and narrow with nearly parallel margins. Lip. Either of the divisions of a bilabiate corolla; the peculiar upper (ap- parently lower) petal in orchids. Lobe. Any part or segment of an organ; specifically, a part of a corolla, calyx, or leaf that represents a division to about the middle. LoBULATE. With small shallow lobes. Local. Species of restricted or infrequent occurrence, but the number of individuals may vary from one to many. LocuLE. One of the cavities or compartments of a pistil or anther. LoMENT. A jointed legume, usually constricted between the seeds, and at maturity breaking transversely into 1 -seeded, indehiscent segments. Lunate. Crescent- or half-moon-shaped. Lyrate. Lyre-shaped; descriptive of a pinnatifid leaf having a large, rounded terminal lobe, and the lateral lobes becoming gradually smaller toward the base. Megaspore. The larger of two kinds of spores of a plant, usually giving rise to a female gametophyte. Membranous. Thin, soft, pliable, sometimes more or less translucent. Microspore. The smaller of two kinds of spores of a plant, usually giving rise to a male gametophyte. Microsporophyll. a sporophyll that bears microspores. Monadelphous. Said of stamens when the filaments are united into one tube. Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads, as the rhizome of certain species of Scutellaria. Monoecious. Having stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant. MucRONATE. Tipped with a short abrupt point or mucro. Mucronulate. Minutely mucronate. Multiple fruit. A cluster of matured ovaries produced by separate flowers. MuRiCATE. Roughened with short hard points. Naturalized (nat.). Although not native in the region, growing spontaneous- ly and well established as a component of the flora. Neuter. Devoid of stamens and functional pistil. Nodose. Provided with knots or internal transverse partitions, as the leaves of some species of Juncus, and Eleocharis. Node. The joint of a stem where the leaves are inserted. Nut. An indehiscent, dry, one-seeded, hard-walled fruit, produced from a compound ovary. Nutlet. A little nut; one of the achene-like parts of the fruit of Bora- ginaceae, Verbenaceae, Labiatae, etc. Ob — . A Latin prefix, usually signifying inversion, as obcordate (inversely heart-shaped), oblanceolate (inversely lanceolate), obovate (inversely ovate) , etc. Obtuse. Blunt, rounded. Opposite. Inserted on opposite sides of an axis, as leaxes, when there are two at one node. Orbicular. Circular; round in outline. Junes: Flora of Illinois 363 Oval. Broadly elliptical, with the width more than half the Icntith. Ovary. The basal part of the pistil containiiis the ovules: the iiiiinature fruit. Ovate. Having an outline like the median longitudinal section of a hen's egg, the broader end downward. Ovoid. A solid body o\ate in longitudinal section. Ovule. The primordium of a seed in the ovary: the organ which may de- velop after fertilization into the seed. Palet. The upper bract which with the lemma encloses the flower in grasses. Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided, with three or more veins arising from one point. Panicle. A compound raceme. Paniculate. Borne in panicles, or resembling a panicle. Pannose. Having the appearance or texture of felt or woollen cloth. Papilio.n.aceous. Referring to the peculiar irregular corolla of many Le- guminosae, consisting of a larger upper petal {standard) . two oblique lateral petals (wings), and the two lower ones conni\ent into a keel. Papillose. Covered with papillae, which are small protuberances. Pappus. The modified limb of the calyx in Compositae, forming a crown of variable structure at the summit of the achene. Par.\site. An organism which derives nourishment from another living organism. Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall of the ovary or fruit. Pectlxate. Comb-like: pinnatifid with narrow, closely set segments. Pedate. Palmately divided or parted, with the lateral divisions two-cleft. Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower in a cluster. Pedu.ncle. The primary flower stalk which supports either a cluster of flowers, or a single flower. Pellucid. Clear, transparent, or translucent. Peltate. Shield-shaped: said of a leaf when the petiole is attached to the under side away from the margin or usually not far from the center. Pendent. Hanging down: pendulous. Penicillate. Bearing a little tuft of hairs, especially at the tip. Peren.nial. a plant, or part of a plant, which persists for more than two seasons. Perfect (flower). Having both stamens and carpels: bisexual. Perfoliate. Said of a leaf when the stem appears to pass through its base. Perianth. The floral envelope: consisting of calyx and corolla: a term com- monly used when there is no clear distinction between calyx and corolla. Pericarp. The wall of the ripened fruit. Perigy.nium. The inflated sac (bract) enclosing the pistillate flower in Cat ex. Perigy.nous. Borne around the ovary and not at its base, as in flowers in which perianth and stamens are borne on the rim of the hypanthium. Petal. One of the parts of an apopetalous corolla. Petaliferous. Petal-bearing. Petiolate. Having a petiole. Petiole. A leaf-stalk. Petiolulate. Having a petiolulc. Petiolule. Stalk of a leaflet. Phyllopodic. The basal leaves of the fertile stems normally blade-bearing, as in species of Carex. Pilose. Pubescent with soft long trichomes. Pilosulous. Minutely pilose. 364 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Pinna. A primary division of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets on each side of a common petiole or rachis. Pinnatifid. Cleft or divided in a pinnate manner, the sinuses or lobes narrow or acute. Pinnule. One of the smaller subdivisions of the primary divisions of a com- pound leaf, especially of ferns. Pistil. The ovule-bearing part of a flower, comprising ovary, style, and stigma; consisting of a single carpel (simple pistil) or of two or more partly or wholly fused carpels (compound pistil). Pistillate flower. A flower with a pistil but no stamens. Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears the ovules. Plano-convex. Plane on one side and con\ex on the other. Plicate. Folded like a fan. Plumose. Featherv-; furnished with long hairs as the beak of the achene in Clematis, or the pappus of some Compositae. Pollen. Microspores, or partially developed male gametophytes, formed in the anthers of seed plants; the powdery contents of an anther. Polygamous. Bearing unisexual and bise.xual flowers on the same plant. PoLYPETALOUs. With petals separate. Pome. An accessory fruit composed of the pericarp and enlarged receptacle, as in the apple. Prickle. A sharp-pointed outgrowth of the cortex and epidermis of a stem or leaf, as in rose, blackberry, etc. Primocane. a biennial stem in its first (vegetative) season. (Rubus). Procumbent (stem). Trailing on the ground, but not rooting at the nodes. Proliferous. Producing offshoots, sometimes abnormal, as when carpels or stamens give rise to leafy shoots. Prostrate. Lying flat on the ground. PuBERULENT. Minutely pubescent. Pubescent. Covered with pubescence, an indument of hairs (trichomes). Pulverulent. Appearing as if covered with powder or dust. Punctate. Marked with small dots or translucent glands. PuNCTicuLATE. Minutely punctate. Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp point; also of acrid flavor. Pyriform. Pear-shaped. QuADRiFOLiATE. Four-lcavcd. Quadrifoliolate. Having four leaflets. Raceme. An indeterminate inflorescence with pedicellate flowers on a more or less elongated a.xis. Racemose. In a raceme, or resembling a raceme. Rachilla. a secondary axis or rachis; in the grasses and sedges the axis that bears the flowers. Rachis. An axis bearing flowers or leaflets. Radiate. Spreading from a common center; in the Compositae, a head with ray-flowers. Ray. The branch of an umbel; the marginal flowers (ray-flowers) of an inflorescence if diflferentiated ; the strap-shaped part of the corolla of the ray-flowers in Compositae. Receptacle. The more or less expanded portion of an axis bearing the organs of a flower or the collected flowers of a head. Jones: Flora of Illinois 365 Regular (flowt-r). See Actinoniorphic. Reniform. Kidney-shaped; having the width greater than the length, and a wide sinus at the base. Repand. With a sUghtly sinuate margin. Reticulate. In the form of a network; net-\eined. Retrorse. Turned backward or downward. Retuse. Slightly notched at the rounded apex. Revolute. Rolled backward from the margin or apex. Rhizome. A more or less elongated, usually underground, horizontal or ascending stem modified for food storage and asexual reproduction. Rhombic. Having the shape of a rhomb; oval, but somewhat angular at the sides; obliquely four-sided. Rotate (corolla). Wheel-shaped; with a fiat and circular limb, and a very short tube. Rugose. Wrinkled. Rugulose. Minutely rugose. RuNCiNATE. Pinnatifid: cut into sharp triangular lobes, the points directed backward. Sagittate. Shaped like an arrowhead, with the basal lobes directed down- ward. Salverform (flower). With the slender corolla-tube abruptly expanded in a flat limb. Samara. A dry indehiscent, one-seeded, winged fruit, such as that of elm, ash, or maple. Saprophyte. A plant which derives its food from non-living organic matter. Scabrellous. See Scabrid. ScABRiD. Slightly rough to touch. Scabrous. Rough to the touch. Scale. A tenn applied to se\eral kinds of small usually appressed leaves or bracts. Scape. A leafless peduncle arising from the ground; it may bear scales or bracts, and may be one- or several-flowered. Scapiform. Scape-like; having the form of a scape. ScAPOSE. Having a scape. ScARious. Dry. thin, scale-like; membranous; not green. ScoRPioiD. Applied to inflorescences which are circinately coiled in the bud, unrolling as the flowers expand, as in Boraginaceae. Secund. Turned to one side, as the flowers of an inflorescence. Sepal. One of the parts or lobes of a calyx. Septate. Divided by septa, or partitions. Septicidal. Dehiscing along or in the partitions; said of a fruit that opens between the locules. Septum. A partition. Sericeous. Silky; pubescent with soft, shining, usually appressed hairs. Serrate. Saw-toothed; having small, forwardly-directed sharp teeth on the margin. Serrulate. Finely serrate. Sessile. Not stalked. Setaceous. Bristle-like. Setose. Beset with bristles. Setilose. Finely setose. 366 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Sheath. The basal part of a leaf of a grass; any long and more or less tubular structure surrounding an organ or part. Shrub. A woody plant which does not become tree-like and usually pro- duces several stems from a common base. Simple (stem). Unbranched or without branches. (Leaf), with the blade composed of one piece, not divided into separate leaflets; not com- pound. (Pistil), of one carpel. Sinuate. With a strongly wavy margin. SoRUS. One of the fruit-dots or clusters of sporangia on the leaves of ferns. Spadix. a thick or fleshy spike of certain plants, as the Araceae, surrounded or subtended by a spathe. Spathaceous. Resembling a spathe; spathe-bearing. Spathe. A large protecting bract, often colored or membranous, enclosing the flower or inflorescence, especially of certain Monocotyledons. Spatulate. Spatula-shaped; gradually narrowed from a rounded summit. Spike. An indeterminate simple inflorescence with sessile flowers on an elongated axis. Spikelet. a small spike; the unit of inflorescence of grasses and sedges. Spine. A sharp-pointed structure; a thorn. Spinescent. Becoming spiny; with short spine-like branchlets. Spinulose. Minutely spiny. Spontaneous (spont. ). Growing as native; appearing by itself without hav- ing been planted. Sporangium. The spore-sac, especially in ferns, in which spores are produced. Sporocarp. a pod-like structure containing one or more sporangia, as in Marsileaceae. Sporophyll. a specialized spore-bearing leaf, usually more or less modified and unlike the normal leaves. Spur. A sac-like or tubular extension of some part or parts of the perianth, usually nectariferous; a short branchlet with much shortened internodes, usually bearing a cluster of leaves. Spurred. Provided with a spur. Squarrose. Spreading at the tip, at a right angle or more. Stamen. The pollen-bearing male organ of the flower. Staminate flower, a flower which bears stamens but no carpels. Staminode. a sterile stamen, or a structure resembling such and borne in the staminal part of the flower; in some flowers staminodia are petal- like. Standard. The upper broad petal of a papilionaceous flower. Stellate. Star-shaped; said of trichomes with radiating branches, or of a cluster of radiating trichomes. Stigma. The part of the pistil, usually the apex, which receives pollen and upon which pollen grains germinate. Stipe. The stalk of a pistil or similar organ. Stipel. a minute stipule on the petiolule of a leaflet. Stipitate. Having a stipe. Stipule. One of a pair of lateral appendages at the base of the petiole of many leaves. Stipulate (leaf). Possessing stipules. Stolon. In flowering plants, a slender modified stem or basal branch trailing along the ground and rooting at the nodes; a "runner." Stoloniferous. Bearing stolons. Stramineou.s. Straw-like, especially of the color of straw. Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines. Jones: Flora of Illinois 367 Strigillose. Minutely strigose. Strigose. With appressed straight and stiff hairs. Style. The usually attcmiatcd part of the pistil bctwcin the ovary and the stigma. Sub — . A Latin prefix, usually signifying somewhat, or slightly. Subulate. Awl-shaped; slender, and tapering to a point. Succulent. Juicy; fleshy; soft and thickened. SuFFRUTicosE. Applied to a perennial plant that is low and somewhat shrub- by, with only the lower part of the stem or branches woody and persistent. Superior (ovary). Borne above the insertion of the perianth and free from it. Sympetalous. Having the petals united into one piece by their margins. Syngenesious. Stamens with united anthers but separate filaments, as in Compositae. Synsepalous. Having the sepals more or less united. Tawny. Tan color, or yellowish brown. Taxon. A term for any taxonomic category of any rank. Tendril. A filiform organ used for climbing, and representing a modified leaf- let, or leaf, or stipules, or branch. Terete. Circular in transverse section. Thalloid. Resembling or consisting of a thallus; said of Lemnaceae, a family of monocotyledonous aquatic plants distinguished by the absence of a distinct stem or foliage. Thorn. A woody sharp-pointed structure formed from a modification of a branch of a stem. Tomentose. Densely woolly or pubescent: with matted soft wool-like hairiness. Tomentulose. Closely and finely tomentose. Torulose. Diminutive of torose : cylindrical, swelling in knobs at intervals, somewhat moniliform, or like a string of beads. Trailing. A plant unable to support itself, prostrate but not rooting at the nodes. Tree. A woody perennial plant, usually with an evident trunk, and attaining a height at maturity of not less than five meters. Trichome. An outgrowth from the epidermis of plants, as hair, scale, bristle, or prickle. Trifid. Divided into three parts; three-cleft. Trigon.al. Triangular; the same as trigonous. Tripinnatifid. Thrice pinnatifid. Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tuber. Enlarged, fleshy, underground stem, commonly borne at the end of a rhizome. Tubercle. A small swelling, or a little tuber-like body; the persistent base of the style in certain Cyperaceae; the grain-like corky growths on the valves of Rumex; enlargements on the roots of leguminous plants pro- duced by symbiotic bacteria. TuBERCULATE. Having tubercles. Tubular (corolla). Prolonged into a tube, without nmch spreading at the border. Turbinate. In\ersely conical: top-shaped. Twig. A small shoot or branchlet of a tree or shrub, particularly that of the current season's growth. Twining. Climbing by twisting spirally around another stem or other support. 368 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Umbel. An indeterminate inflorescence with branches (rays) arising from a common point, resembUng the framework of an inverted umbrella ; char- acteristic of the Umbelliferae. Umbellate. Borne in umbels. Umbellet. a small umbel formed at the end of one of the rays of a com- pound umbel. Uncinate. Hooked at the tip. Undulate. With wavy surface or margin. Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or pistillate. Urceolate. Urn-shaped ; ovoid or shortly cylindrical and contracted or con- stricted at the mouth. Utricle. A fruit consisting of a single seed enveloped in a thin pericarp and enclosed by the persistent calyx. Valve. The pieces into which a capsule splits or divides; of anthers which open by flaps or lids; the three inner accrescent sepals of Rumex. Velutinous. Velvety. Venation. Arrangement of veins, or vascular bundles. Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in bud. Versatile. Attached by the middle so as to swing freely, as an anther. Verticillate. Arranged in a whorl. Villous. Provided with long and soft, not matted, hairs; shaggy. ViLLOSULOUS. Minutely villous. ViRGATE. Wand-like; with straight, stiff, erect branches. Viscid. Clammy; sticky; glutinous. Whorl. An arrangement of three or more leaves or other organs in a circle around the axis. Zygomorphic. Bilaterally symmetrical: irregular; applied to flowers capable of being bisected into similar halves along only one plane. Jones: Flora of Illinois 369 Conspectus of Classification Division I. Fl'ERIDOPin'IA Class LvcopsiDA Order lycopodiales Family 1. Lycopodiaceae Order selaoinrllales Family 2. Selaginellaceae Order isoetales Family 3. Isoetaceae Class Sphenopsida Order equisetales Family 4. Equisetaceae Class Filicopsida Order ophioglossales Family 5. Ophioglossaceae Order filicales Family 6. Hymenophyllaceae 7. Osmundaceae 8. Polypodiaceae 9. Marsileaceae 10. Salviniaceae Division II. SPERM ATOPHYTA Subdi\ision 1. Gymnospermae Order coniferales Family 1 . Taxaceae 2. Pinaceae 3. Taxodiaceae 4. Cupressaceae Subdivision 2. Angiospermae Class 1. Dicotyledoneae Subclass 1. Archichlamydeae Order r.\nales Families: 1. Magnoliaceae 6. Nelumbonaceae 2. Annonaceae 7. Ceratophyllaceae 3. Ranunculaceae 8. Berberidaceae 4. Cabombaceae 9. Podoj^hyllaceae 5. Nymphaeaceae 10. Menispermaceae Order papaverales Families: 11. Violaceae 15. Droseraceae 12. Cistaceae 16. Resedaceae 13. Papaveraceae 17. Capparidaceae 14. Fumariaceae 18. Cruciferae 370 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Order hyperigales Families : 19. Hypericaceae 20. Elatinaceae Order sarraceni.\les Family 2 1 . Sarraceniaceae Order malvales Families: 22. Tiliaceae 23. Malvaceae Order carvophyllales Families: 24. Caryophyllaceae 26. Aizoaceae 25. Portulacaceae Order chenopodiales Families : 27. Chenopodiaceae 30. Phytolaccaceae 28. Amaranthaceae 31. Nyctaginaceae 29. Illecebraceae Order polygonales Family 32. Polygonaceae Order piperales Family 33. Saururaceae Order geraniales Families: 34. Rutaceae 39. Limnanthaceae 35. Simariibaceae 40. Zygophyllaceae 36. Geraniaceae 41. Balsaminaceae 37. Linaceae 42. Polygalaceae 38. Oxalidaceae Order euphorbiales Family 43. Euphorbiaceae Order sapindales Families: 44. Celastraceae 48. Aquifoliaceae 45. Sapindaceae 49. Anacardiaceae 46. Staphyleaceae 50. Aceraceae 47. Hippocastanaceae Order rhamnales Families: 51. Rhamnaceae 52. Vitaceae Order rosales Family 53. Rosaceae Jones : Flora of Illinois 371 Order leguminales Family 54. Le^minosae Order hamameliuales Families; 55. Hydrangeaceae 56. Escalloniaceae 57. Grossulariaceae 58. Haniaiut'lidaceae 59. Platanaceae 60. Crassulaceae 61. Pentlioraceae 62. Saxifragaceae 63. Parnassiaceae 64. Adoxaceae Order fagales Families : 65. Fagaceae 66. Betulaceae Order juglandales Families: 67. Juglandaceae 68. Myricaceae Order salicales Family 69. Salicaceae 70. Ulmaceae 71. Moraceae 74. Lauraceae 75. Lythraceae Order urticales Families: Order l.\urales Families: 72. Cannabinaceae 73. Urticaceae 76. Thymelaeaceae 77. Elaeasrnaceae Order passiflorales Family 78. Passifloraceae Order cactales Family 79. Cactaceae Order loasales Family 80. Loasaceae Order cucurbitales Family 81. Cucurbitaceae Order myrtales Families: 82. Melastomaceae 85. Callitrichaceae 83. Onagraceae 86. Hippuridaceae 84. Haloragaceae Order aristolochiales Family 87. Aristolochiaceae 372 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Order santalales Families : 88. Santalaceae 89. Loranthaceae Order umbellales Families: 90. Cornaceae 92. Umbelliferae 91. Araliaceae Subclass 2. Metachlamydeae Order ericales Family 93. Ericaceae Order ebenales Families : 94. Ebenaceae 96. Sapotaceae 95. Styracaceae Order primulales Family 97. Primulaceae Order oleales Family 98. Oleaceae Order gentianales Families: 99. Apocynaceae 102. Gentianaceae 100. Asclepiadaceae 103. Mcnyanthaceae 101. Loganiaceae Order polemoniales Families: 104. Polemoniaceae 106. Hydrophyllaceae 105. Convolvulaceae 107. Solanaceae Order scrophulariales Families: 108. Scrophulariaceae 112. Lentibulariaceae 109. Bignoniaceae 113. Orobanchaceae 110. Acanthaceae 114. Martyniaceae 111. Plantaginaceae Order lamiales Families: 115. Boraginaceae 117. Phrymaceae 116. Verbenaceae 118. Labiatae Order rubiales Families: 119. Rubiaceae 120. Caprifoliaceae Jones: Flora of Illinois 373 Order campanales Faniilies: 121. Campanulaceae 122. Lobeliaceae Order asterales Families: 123. Valerianaceae 125. Compositae 124. Dipsacaceae Class 2. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Order alis males Families: 126. Alismaceae 128. Naiadaceae 127. Juncaginaceae 129. Potamogetonaceae Order liliales Families: 130. Liliaceae 131. Juncaceae Order xyridales Families: 132. Xyridaceae 134. Pontederiaceae 133. Commelinaceae Order amaryllidales Families: 135. Amai-yllidaceae 137. Dioscoreaceae 136. Iridaceae Order hydrocharitales Family 138. Hydrocharitaceae Order orchidales Families: 139. Burmanniaceae 140. Orchidaceae Order arales Families: 141. Araceae 142. Lemnaceae Order pandanales Families: 143. Typhaceae 144. Sparganiaceae Order graminales Families: 145. Cyperaceae 146. Gramineae Index to Plant Names* Absinth 266 Abutilon 82 Acalypha 103 ACANTHACEAE 205 Acanthus Family 205 Acer 108 ACERACEAE 108 Achillea 264 Acnida 91 Acorus 299 Actaea 52 Actinea 263 Actinella 263 Actinomeris 261 Acuan 129 Adiantum 47 Adders-mouth Orchid 297 Adders-tongue 42 Adder's-tongue Family 41 Adoxa 144 Adoxaceae 144 Aegilops 336 Aesculus 106 Agalinis 203 Agastache 217 Agave 291 Agoseris 274 Agrimonia 1 16 Agrimony 1 16 Agrostemma 85 Agropyron 335 cristatum 336 dasystachyum 336 desertorum 336 molle 336 paucifiorum 335 335 repens smithii 335 subsecundum 335 tenerum 335 trachycaulum 335 Agrostis 339 Ailanthus 98 Aira 338 Aizoaceae 87 Ajuga 216 Alangiaceae 168 Alder 149 Aletris 291 Alfalfa 132 Alisma 274 Alismaceae 274 Alkanet 212 AUiaria 72 Allionia 92 Allium 280 Allocarya 21 1 Alnus 149 Aloe 291 Alopecurus 339 Alsine 84 Althaea 80 Alumroot 144 Alyssum 75 Amaranth 90 Amaranth Family 90 Amaranthaceae 90 Amaranthus 90 Amarvllidaceae 290 Amaryllis Family 290 Ambrosia 238 Ambrosiaceae 233 Amelanchier 120 Ammannia 160 Ammophila 338 Amorpha 133 Ampelamus 186 Ampelopsis 110 Amphicarpa 141 Amsinckia 21 1 Amsonia 182 Amygdalus 124 Anacardiaceae 107 Anacharis 293 Anagallis 179 Anaphalis 255 Anchusa 212 Androcera 195 Andromeda 177 Andropogon 352 Androsace 179 Anemone 56 Anemonella 5/ Anethum 175 Angelica 175 Anisostichus 205 Annonaceae 50 Anoda 81 Anoplanthus 209 Antennaria 255 Anthemis 264 Anthoxanthum 344 Anychia 92 Apios 140 Aplectrum 297 Apocynaceae 182 Apocynum 183 Apple 121 Apple-of-Peru 193 Apricot 124 * Family names appear in caps and small caps: synonyms are indicated by italic type. In genera with fewer than ten species the latter have not been indexed. 374 Jones: Flora of Illinois 375 Aquifoliaceae 106 Aquilegia 51 Arabidopsis 75 Arabis 74 canadensis 74 confinis 74 de7itata 75 divaricarpa 74 druinmondii 74 glabra 74 hirsuta 74 laevigata 75 lyrata 74 ovata 74 shortii 75 virginica 74 Araceae 298 Aralia 170 Araliaceae 170 Arbor-vitae 49 Arctium 267 Arctostaphylos 177 Arenaria 84 Argemone 65 Argentina 1 14 Arisaema 298 Aristida 342 Aristolochia 168 Aristolochiaceae 167 Armoracia 75 Aronia 121 Arrhenatherum 338 Arrow-grass 275 Arrow-grass Family 275 Arrowhead 275 Artemisia 265 abrotanum 265 absinthium 266 annua 266 Cauda ta 265 cernua 265 biennis 266 dracunculoides 265 gnaphalodes 266 ludoviciana 266 serrata 266 vulgaris 266 Arum Family 298 Aruncus 1 13 Arundinaria 328 Asarum 167 Asclepiadaceae 183 Asclepias 183 amplexicauHs 184 angustifolia 185 decumbens 184 exaltata 185 hirtella 185 incarnata 185 lanuginosa 185 meadii 184 ovalifolia 185 perennis 185 phytolaccoides 185 purpurascens 184 stenophylla 185 sullivantii 184 syriaca 184 tuberosa 184 variegata 185 verticillata 184 viridiflora 185 Asclepiodora 186 Ascyrum 77 Ash 181 Asimina 50 Asparagus 283 Asphodel 280 Asplenium 46 bradleyi 46 cryptolepis 46 ebenoides 47 kentuckiense 46 pinnatifidum 46 resiliens 47 ruta-muraria 46 trichomanes 47 Aster 247 X amethystinus 251 angustus 254 anomalus 248 azureus 248 brachyactis 254 chasei 247 cordifolius 248 drummondii 248 dumosus 251 ericoides 251 exiguus 251 furcatus 247 interior 253 junciformis 252 laevis 249 lateriflorus 252 linariifolius 253 longifolius 249 lucidulus 249 lutescens 253 macrophyllus 247 multifiorus 251 novac-angUae 249 oblongifolius 249 ontarionis 252 paniculatus 253 parviceps 250 patens 249 pilosus 250 praealtus 253 prenanthoides 249 pringlei 250 ptarmicoides 253 puniceus 249 sagittifolius 248 salicifolius 253 376 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 schreberi 247 sericeus 250 shortii 248 simplex 25/5 stricticaulis 25 1 tataricus 253 tradescanti 253 turbinellus 250 umbellatus 254 vimineus 251 Astragalus 134 Athyrium 47 Atragene 57 Aureolaria 203 Avena 338 Avens 1 15 Azalea 177 Azolla 48 Bachelor's Button 269 Bacopa 201 Bald Cypress 49 Balloon-vine 106 Balm 221 Balsaminaceae 101 Baneberry 52 Baptisia 130 Barberry Family 59 Barley 337 Barnaby's Thistle 270 Bartonia 188 Basket Flower 269 Basswood 79 Batrachium 52 Bayberry Family 152 Beaked-rush 309 Bean 140 Bear's-foot 256 Beckmannia 344 Bedstraw 225 Beech 145 Beech-drops 208 Beech Family 145 Beefsteak-plant 223 Beggar-ticks 262 Belamcanda 292 Bellflower Family 230 Bellis 246 Bellwort 283 Benzoin 160 Berberidaceae 59 Bergamot Mint 220 Bergia 79 Berteroa 75 Berula 173 Besseya 203 Betula 148 Betulaceae 148 Bidens 262 aristosa 263 beckii 263 bipinnata 262 cernua 263 chrysanthemoides 263 comosa 263 connata 262 corona ta 263 discoidea 262 elliptica 263 filarnentosa 263 frondosa 262 involucrata 263 polylepis 263 trichospernia 263 vulgata 262 Bignonia 205 BiGNONIACEAE 204 Bindweed 189 Birch 148 Birch Family 148 Bird's-foot Trefoil 131 Birthwort 168 Birthwort Family 167 Bishop's-cap 144 Bishop's-weed 174 Bittercress 73 Bittersweet 107 Blackberry 1 17 Blackberry-lily 292 Black Cohosh 52 Black-eyed Susan 258 Black Gum 170 Blackhaw 227 Black Huckleberry 177 Black Medic 132 Bladdernut 106 Bladdernut Family 106 Bladder-pod 75 Bladderwort 207 Bladderwort Family 207 Blazing Star 241 Blephilia 220 Blood-leaf 92 Bloodroot 65 Blue Beech 150 Bluebells 21 1 Blueberry 177, 178 Blue Cohosh 60 Bluecurls 216 Blue-eyed Grass 292 Blue-eyed Mary 199 Blue Hearts 204 Bluestem 335, 352 Bluets 223 Bluevine 186 Blucweed 212 Boehmeria 159 Bog-rosemary 177 Boitonia 246 Boneset 240, 241 Borage 212 Borage Family 209 BORAGINACEAE 209 Jones: Flora of Illinois 377 Borago 212 Botrychium 42 Bouncing Bet 86 Bouteloua 344 Box-elder 108 Brachyactis 254 Brachyelytrum 341 Bramble 116 Bramia 201 Brasenia 58 Brauneria 258 Briza 333 Bromus 328 altissimus 329 ar\ensis 330 brizaeformis 329 catharticus 329 ciliatus 329 commutatus 330 incanus 329 inermis 329 japonicus 330 kalmii 329 latiglumis 329 marginatus 329 mollis 330 nottowayanus 329 purgans 329 racemosus 330 secalinus 330 sterilis 330 tectorum 330 willdenowii 329 Brookweed 179 Broomrape 208 Broomrape Family 208 Broom-sedge 352 Broomweed 242 Broussonetia 158 Brown-eyed Susan 257 Brunnichia 97 Buchloe 343 Buchnera 204 Buckbean 188 Buckbean Family 188 Buckbrush 228 Buckeye 106 Buckthorn 109 Buckthorn Family 108 Buckwheat 97 Buckwheat Family 93 Buffalo-berry 161 Buffalo-bur 195 Bugbane 52 Bugleweed 216 Bugseed 89 Buibostylis 306 Bulrush 306 Bumelia 1 78 Bunchflower 280 Bur-cucumber 162 Burdock 267 Burhead 274 Burmannia Family 293 BURMANNIACEAE 293 Bur-marigold 262 Bur-reed 300 Bur-reed Family 300 Bush-clover 137, 138 Bush Honeysuckle 230 Butter-and-Eggs 199 Buttercup 52, 54, 55, 56 Buttercup Familv 50 Butterfly Pea ...'. 140 Butterfly-weed 166, 184 Butternut 150 Buttonbush 224 Buttonweed 224 Cabbage 71 Cabomba 58 Cabombaceae 58 Cacalia 266 Cactaceae 161 Cactus Family 161 Cakile 70 Calamagrostis 338 Calamovilfa 338 Callirhoe 81 Callitrichaceae 167 Callitriche 167 Calopogon 296 Caltha 51 Caltrop 100 Caltrop Family 100 Calycocarpum 60 Camas 282 Camassia 282 Camelina 76 Campanula 230 Campanulaceae 230 Campanulas t rum 230 Campion 86 Campsis 205 Camptosorus 46 Cane 328 Cannabinaceae 158 Cannabis 158 Caper Family 67 Capparidaceae 67 Capsella 76 Capraria 201 Caprifoliaceae 226 Caraway 173 Cardamine 73 Cardaria 76 Cardiospermum 106 Carduaceae 233 Carduus 269 Carex 310 aggregata 312 albolutescens 314 albursina 316 378 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 alopecoidea 312 amphibola 318 annectens 312 aquatilis 315 artitecta 323 atb erodes 321 aurea 315 austrina 31 1 bebbii 314 bicknellii 315 blanda 319 brachyglossa 312 brevior 315 bromoides 313 bushii 317 buxbaumii 318 careyana 316 caroliniana 3 1 7 cephaloidea 312 cephalophora 31 1 chordorrhiza 310 communis 323 comosa 320 conjuncta 312 conoidea 318 convoluta 31 1 crawei 318 crinita 315 cristata 314 cristatella 314 cruscorvi 31 1 cryptolepis 321 cumulata 315 davisii 317 debilis 321 decomposita 312 diandra 313 digitalis 322 disperma 311 eburnea 316 emoryi 316 festucacea 314 flaccosperma 318 frankii 320 X fulleri 318 glaucodea 318 gracilescens 319 granularis 318 gracillima 316 gravida 312 grayii 322 grisea 318 haleana 318 halei 319 haydenii 316 heliophila 323 hirsutella 317 hirtifolia 323 hitrhcockiana 319 hyalinolepis 321 hystricina 320 interior 313 intumescens 319 jamesii 316 lacustris 321 laevivaginata 311 leavenworthii 312 laeviconica 32 1 lanuginosa 323 lasiocarpa 323 leptalea 316 limosa 317 lontJirostris 32 1 louisianica 319 lupuliformis 320 lupulina 320 lurida 320 meadii 317 mirabilis 314 molest a 315 muhlenbergii 311 muskingumensis 313 normalis 314 oligocarpa 319 oligosperma 320 oxylepis 317 pallescens 318 pedunculata 322 pensylvanica 323 plantaginea 316 platyphylla 316 praegracilis 310 prairea 313 projecta 314 pseudocyperus 320 pubescens 323 rectior 318 retroflexa 31 1 retrorsa 321 richardsonii 322 richii 315 rosea 31 1 roslrata 322 sartwellii 310 scoparia 313 short iana 319 sicca ta 313 sparganioides 312 sprengelii 321 squarrosa 320 sterilis 313 stipata 31 1 straminea 314 stria tula 319 stricta 315 suberecta 315 subimpressa 323 substricta 315 swanii 322 tencra 314 tetanica 317 texensis 31 1 torta 315 tribuloides 314 Jones : Flora of Illinois 379 trichocarpa 322 trisperma 3 1 3 tuckennani 32 I typhina 320 typhinoides 320 umbellata 322 varia 323 vesicaria 322 virescens 322 viridula 321 vulpinoidea 312 woodii 317 Carpenter-weed 218 Carpetweed 87 Carpetweed Family 87 Carpinus 150 Carrot 172 Carum 173 Carya 150 alba 151 amara 151 aquatica 150 arkansana 151 buckleyi 151 cordiformis 151 glabra 152 illinoensis 150 laciniosa 151 megacarpa 152 microcarpa 152 ovalis 152 ovata 151 pecan 150 texana 151 tomentosa 151 Caryophyllaceae 82 Cassia 129 chamaecrista 130 fasciculata 130 hebecarpa 130 marilandica 130 medsgeri 130 nictitans 130 occiden talis 130 robusta 130 tora 130 Castanea 145 Castilleja 204 Catchfly 85 Catalpa 205 Cat-tail 300 Cat-tail Family 300 Caulophyllum 60 Ceanothus 1 09 Cedar 49 Celastraceae 105 Celastrus 106 Celtis 157 Cenchrus •. 352 Centaurea 269 americana — 269 calcitrapa 270 cyanus 269 diffusa 270 jacea 269 maculosa 269 nigra 269 repens 269 solstitialis 270 vochinensis 269 Centaurium 187 Centaury 187 Centunculus 179 Cephalanthus 224 Cercis 129 Cerastium 83 Ceratophyllaceae 59 Ceratophyllum 59 Chaenorrhinum 200 Chaerophyllum 173 Chaffweed 179 Chamaecrista 129 Chamaedaphne 177 Chamaelirium 280 Chamaenerion 163 Chamaepericlymenum 168 Chamaesyce 103 Chamomile 264, 265 Cheat 330 Checkerberry 177 Cheilanthes 48 Chelone 198 Chelidonium 65 Chenopodiaceae 87 Chenopodium 88 album 88 ambrosioidcs 88 berlandieri 89 boscianum 88 botr>'s 88 bushianum 88 capitatum 88 gigantospermum 89 glaucum 89 hybridum 89 leptophyllum 88 musouriense 88 murale 89 paganum 88 polyspermum 89 pratericola 88 standleyanum 88 urbicum 88 viride 88 Cherry 124 Chervil 1 73 Chess 330 Chickweed 84 Chicory 270 Chimaphila 1 76 Chinese Lantern Plant 193 Chloris 344 Chokeberry 121 Chokecherr>' 126 380 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Chrysanthemum 265 Chrysopsis 242 Cichoriaceae 233 Cichorium 270 Cicuta 174 Cimicifuga 52 Cinna 339 Cinquefoil 1 13 Circaea 166 Cirsium 268 altissimum 268 arvense 268 discolor 268 hillii 268 lanceolatum 268 muticum 268 pitcheri 268 pumilum 268 setosum 268 vulgare 268 Cissus 1 10 CiSTACEAE 63 Cladium 309 Cladrastis 130 Clammyweed 67 Clearweed 159 Clematis 57 Cleome 67 Clinopodium 221 Clitoria 140 Clover 131 Clubmoss 40 Clubmoss Family 40 Cnicus 270 Cocculus 60 Cocklebur 239 Cohosh 52, 60 Colic-root 291 Colombo 188 Collinsia 199 Collinsonia 223 Collomia 189 Columbine 51 Comandra 168 Commelina 289 COMMELINACEAE 289 Comfrey 212 Compass-plant 256 COMPOSITAE 233 Composite Family 233 Comptonia 152 Coneflower 257, 258 Conioselinum 175 Conium 174 Conobea 201 Conopholis 208 Conringia 72 Convallaria 284 CONVOLVULACEAE 189 Convolvulus 189 Coralberry 228 Corallorhiza 298 Coralroot 298 Coreopsis 261 Corispermum 89 CORNACEAE 168 Corn Cocicle 85 Corn-salad 232 Cornus 168 alternifolia 168 amoinum 169 asperifolia 169 baileyi 169 canadensis 169 circinata 169 drummondi 169 florida 169 foemina 169 obliqua 169 paniculata 169 purpusi 169 racemosa 169 rugosa 169 stolonifera 169 strict a 169 Coronilla 135 Corydalis 66 Corylus 150 Costmary 265 Cota 265 Cotton 82 Cotton Sedge 309 Cottonwood 152, 153 Cowbane 174 Cow-herb 86 Cow Parsnip 175 Cow Pea 140 Cow-wheat 204 Crabapple 121, 122 Cranberry 178 Cranberry-bush 228 Cranefly Orchid 298 Cranesbill 98 Crassulaceae 143 Crataegus 122 acutifolla 123 albicans 124 altrix 124 amicta 124 apiomorpha 123 arduennae 122 assurgens 124 atrorubens 123 attenuata 122 barrettiana 122 calophylla 122 calpodendron 123 chaprnani 123 coccinea 124 coccinioides 124 collina 122 conjunct a 124 corporea 123 corusca 124 Jones: Flora of Illinois 381 crusgalli 122 cunciformis 122 cyanophylla 123 dawsoniana 123 delecta 124 demissa 123 depilis 124 disperma 122 dissona 124 divida 123 durifolia 123 effulgens 122 egani 123 elongata 124 engelmanni 122 ere eta 123 farwellii 122 ferrissii 123 gaultii 123 gemmosa 123 grandis 122 hannibalensis 122 hillii 124 hispidula 123 illinoiensis 123 insignis 123 lanigera 124 larga 123 laxifiora 123 longispina 123 lucorum 124 macracantha 123 macros perma 124 magniflora 124 margaretta 123 mitis 123 mollicula 123 mollis 124 monogyna 122 nitida 123 ovata 123 paucispina 124 pechiana 123 pedicellata 124 peoriensis 122 phaenopyrum 123 pratenns 122 pruinosa 124 punctata 122 ridgwayi 124 rutila 123 schneckii 123 sera 124 sertata 124 sextilis 124 s true tills 123 succulenta 123 taetrlca 124 tarda 124 trachyphylla 124 tomentosa 124 umbrosa 124 valens 1 24 vegeta 123 venosa 1 24 verna 1 24 viridis .123 whlttakerl 123 Crcpis 273 Cristatella 67 Crotalaria 130 Croton 1 02 Crotonopsis 103 Crownbeard 26 1 Crown-vetch 1 35 Cruciferae 68 Cryptogramma 47 Cryptotaenia 173 Cubellum 60 Cucumber 162 Cucumber Tree 50 Cucumis 162 Cucurbita 162 CUCURBITACEAE 162 Cudweed 255 Culver-root 201 Cunila 222 Cuphea 161 Cup-plant 256 CUPRESSACEAE 49 Cupseed 60 Currant 142 Cu scuta 191 arvensls 191 campestris 191 cephalanthi 191 compacta 191 coryli 191 cuspidata 191 glomerata 191 gronovii 191 indecora 191 pentagona 191 polygonorum 191 Custard-apple Family 50 Cycloloma 89 Cydonia 121 Cymbalaria 200 Cynanchum 186 Cynodon 343 Cynoglossum 210 Cynoxylon 168 Cyperaceae 301 Cyperus 301 acuminatus 302 aristatus 302 densicaespitosus 302 diandrus 302 engelmannii 303 erythrorhizos 303 esculentus 303 ferax 303 ferruginescens 303 382 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 filicinus .302 filiculmis 303 flavescens 302 grayioides 303 houghtonii 303 inflexus 302 lancastriensis 303 ovularis 303 poaeformis 302 pseudovegetus 302 rivularis 302 schweinitzii 303 speciosus 303 strigosus 304 wolfii 303 Cypress 49 Cypripedium 294 Cystopteris 44 Dactylis 334 Dactyloctenium 343 Daffodil 291 Daisy 246 Daisy Fleabane 254 Dalea 133 Dandelion 274 Danthonia 338 Darnel 337 Dasistoraa 204 Dasy stoma 203 Datura 196 Daucus 172 Dayflowei- 289 Day Lily 281 Dead-nettle 218 Death Camas 280 Decodon 160 Delphinium 52 Dennstaedtia 44 Dentaria 73 Deptford Pink 86 Deschampsia 338 Descurainia 73 Desmanthus 129 Desmodium 135 acuminatum 135 canadense 136 canescens 135 ciliare 136 cuspidatum 135 dillenii 136 glabellum 136 '. glutinosum 135 grandiflorum 135 illinoense 136 laevigatum 136 longifolium 136 marilandicum 136 nudifloruni 1 35 nuttallii 136 obtusum 136 paniculatum 136 pauciflorum 135 rigid um 136 rotiindifolium 135 sessilifolium 136 viridiflorum 136 Dewberry 118 Dianthera 205 Dianthus 86 Dicentra 66 Dicliptera 205 Didiplis 160 Diervilla 230 Digitaria 345 Diodia 224 Dioscorea 292 DiOSCOREACEAE 292 Diospyros 178 Diplachne 343 DiPSACACEAE 233 Dipsacus 233 Dirca 161 Distichlis 335 Ditch Stonecrop 143 Ditremexa 129 Dock 93 Dodder 191 Dodecatheon 181 Doellingeria 254 Dogbane 183 Dogbane Family 182 Dog-fennel 264 Dogweed 264 Dogwood 168 Dogwood Family 168 Draba 73 Dracocephalum 218 Dragonhead 218 Dragonroot 299 Dropseed 341 Drosera 67 Droseraceae 67 Drupaceae Ill Drymocallis 1 14 Dryopteris 45 cristata 46 disjuncta 45 goldiana 45 hexagonoptera 45 intermedia 46 marginalis 45 noveboracensis 45 phegopteris 45 spinulosa 46 thelypteris 45 Duckweed 299 Duckweed Family 299 Dulichium 304 Dutchman's-breeches 66 Dutchman's Pipe 168 Dyssodia 264 Jones: Flora of Illinois 383 Ebenaceae 178 Ebony Family 178 Echinacea 258 Echinochloa 35 1 Echinocystis 162 Echinodorus 274 Echinops 268 Echinospermum 210 Echium 212 Eclipta 257 Elaeagnaceae 161 Elaeasinus 161 Elatinaceae 79 Elatine 79 Elder 227 Elecampane 256 Eleocharis 304 acicularis 305 acuminata 305 calva 304 c a pit at a 305 caribaea 305 compressa 305 dispar 305 elliptica 305 engelmanni 305 equisetoides 304 genicuiata 305 intermedia 306 interstincta 304 mamillata 304 mutata 304 obtusa 305 olivacea 304 ovata 305 palustris 304 pauciflora '. 306 quadrangulata 304 rostellata 306 smallii 304 tenuis 305 wolfii 305 Elephantopus 240 Elephant's-foot 240 Eleusine 343 Ellisia 192 Elm 156, 157 Elm Family 156 Elodea 293 Elymus 336 Enchanter's-nightshade 166 Epifagus 208 Epilobiaceae 163 Epiiobium 163 adenocaulon 163 angustifolium 163 coloratum 163 densurn 163, 164 hirsutuni 163 leptophyllum 164 linear e 164 molle 163 strictum 163 Epigaea 177 Epipactis 297 Equisetaceae 41 Equisetum 41 arvense 41 fluviatile 41 hyemale 41 kansanum 41 laevigatum 41 nelsoni 41 palustre 41 prealtum 41 scirpoides 41 variegatum 41 Eragrostis 333 capillaris 333 cilianensis 334 frankii 333 hypnoides 333 megastachya 334 minor 334 pectinacea 333, 334 pilijera 334 pilosa 334 poaeoides 334 purshii 334 reptans 333 spectabilis 333 trichodes 334 Erechtites 266 Erianthus 353 Ericaceae 175 Erigenia 173 Erigeron 254 Eriochloa 350 Eriophorum 309 Erodium 99 Eruca 70 Erucastrum 70 Eryngium 1 72 Erysimum 72 Erythronium 282 Escalloniaceae 141 Escallonia Family 141 Eschscholtzia 65 Eulophus 173 Euonymus 105, 106 Eupatorium 240 ageratoides 241 altissimum 241 coclestinum 241 falcatum 240 fistulosum 240 incarnatum 241 macula turn 240 perfoliatum 240 purpureum 240 rugosum 241 scssilifolium '^41 serotinum 240 trifoliaturn 240 384 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 urticaefoliu?n 241 Euphorbia 103, 104, 105 commutata 105 corollata 104 cyparissias 105 esula 105 helioscopia 105 hypericifolia 104 maculata 104 marginata 104 obtusata 105 peplus 105 platyphylla 105 preslii 104 EUPHORBIACEAE 102 Euthamia 243, 246 Evening-primrose 164 Evening-primrose Family 163 Fagaceae 145 Fagopyrum 97 Fagus 145 Falcaria 173 Falcata 141 False Boneset 241 False Bugbane 56 False Dandelion 274 False Foxglove 203 False Loosestrife 164 False Mermaid 100 False Nettle 159 False Pennyroyal 216 False Rue Anemone 51 False Solomon's-seal 283 False Toadflax 168 Farkleberry 177 Featherfoil 179 Fern, Beech 45 Bracken 48 Brittle 44 Bulblet 44 Chain 47 Christmas 45 Cinnamon 42 Clifl^ 44 Common Wood 46 Crested Wood 46 Filmy 42 Glade 47 Goldie's 44 Grape 42 Hay-scented 44 Interrupted 43 Lady 47 Lip 48 Maidenhair 47 Marginal Wood 45 Marsh - 45 Mosquito 48 New York 45 Oak 45 Ostrich 44 Royal 42 Sensitive 44 Spinulose Wood 46 Walking 46 Wood 45, 46 Fern Family 43 Festuca 330 arundinacea 330 capillata 331 elatior 330 nutans 331 obtusa 331 octoflora 331 ovina 331 paradoxa 331 shortii 331 tenella 331 Feverfew 256, 265 Figwort 199 Figwort Family 196 Filipendula 115 Fimbristylis 306 Filmy Fern Family 42 Firepink 85 Fireweed 163, 266 Flax 99 Flax Family 99 Fleabane 254 Floerkea 100 Forestiera 182 Forget-me-not 21 1 Forked-Chickweed 92 Four-o'clock Family 92 Foxtail 339, 351, 352 Fragaria 113 Franseria 239 Frasera 188 Fraxinus 181 Froelichia 91 Frogbit 293 Frogbit Family 293 Frog-fruit 213 Frostweed 64 Fuirena 306 Fumaria 67 FUMARIACEAE 66 Fumitory 67 Fumitory Family 66 Galactia 141 Galeopsis 218 Galinsoga 258 Galium 225 aparine 225 asprellum 226 boreale 225 circaezans 225 claytoni 226 concinnum 226 Jones : Flora of Illinois 385 labradoricum 226 niollugo 226 obtusum 226 pilosuin 225 tinctoriiim 226 trifidum 226 triflorinn 225 vaillantii 225 verum 226 virgatum 225 Garlic 281 Garlic Mustard 72 Gaultheria 177 Gaura 166 Gaylussacia 177 Gentian 187 Gentiana 187 Gentian ACEAE 186 Gentian Family 186 Geoprumnon 134 Geraniaceae 98 Geranium 98 Geranium Family 98 Gerardia 203 Geum 115 Gilia 189 Gillenia 1 13 Ginseng 170 Ginseng Family 170 Glasswort 90 Glecoma 217 Gleditsia 129 Globe Thistle 268 Glyceria 331 Glycine 140 Glycyrrhiza 135 Gnaphalium 255 Goat's-beard 1 13 Goat's-rue 134 Golden-alexanders 174 Golden-aster 242 Goldenglow 257 Goldenseal 51 Gonolobus 186 Goodyera 297 Gooseberry 142 Gooseberry Family 142 Goosefoot 88 Goosefoot Family 87 Gossvpium 82 Gourd 162 Gourd Family 162 Grape 109, 110 Grape Family 109 Grape Hyacinth 282 Grass, Alkali 331 Beach 338 Bent 339 Bermuda 343 Billion-dollar 351 Blue 332, 333 Blue-joint 338 Bluestcm 352 Bottlebrush 336 Brome 328, 329 Broom-sedge 352 Buffalo 343 Canary 344 Catchfly 345 Cord 344 Crab 345 Creeping Bent 339 Crowfoot 343 Cup 350 Curly 338 Cut 345 Deer-tongue 349 Dune 336 Fescue 330 Finger 345 Foxtail 352 Goat 336 Goose 343 Grama 344 Hair 338 Hungarian 352 Indian 353 Johnson 353 June 337 Manna 331 Meadow 332 Melic 334 Munro 347 Needle 342 Oat 338 Orchard 334 Panic 346 Plume 353 Pony 333 Purpletop 335 Quack 335 Quaking 333 Rattlesnake 329 Ravenna 353 Reed 338 Rescue 329 Rice 342 Rye 337 Salt 335 Sandbur 352 Sand Reed 338 Slough 344 Sour 345 Spike 334 Sprangletop 343 Squirrel-tail 337 Stink 334 Sweet 344 Sweet Vernal 344 Switch 346 Three-awned 342 386 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Tickle 339 Tumble 333 Velvet 338 Wedge 337 Wheat 335 White 345 Windmill 344 Witch 345, 348 Wood Reed 339 Grass-of- Parnassus 144 Grass-of-Parnassus Family 144 Gratiola 200 Grindelia 242 Green Dragon 299 Gromwell A 211, 212 Grossularia 142 Gross ULARiACEAE 142 Ground-cherry 193 Ground-hemlock 48 Ground-ivy 217 Groundnut 140 Gumweed 242 Gutierrezia 242 Gymnocladus 129 Habenaria 295 Hackberry 157 Hackelia 210 Halesia 178 Haloragaceae 166 Hamamelidaceae 142 Hamamelis 142 Haplopappus 242 Harbinger-of-spring 173 Hardha^ck 113 Hartmannia 166 Hawksbeard 273 Hawkweed 273 Hazel 150 Heath Family 175 Hedeoma 221 Hedge-apple 158 Hedge-nettle 217 Hedge Parsley 172 Helenium 264 Heleochloa 341 Helianthemum 64 Helianthus 258 angustifolius 259 annuus 261 cane sc ens 259 decapetalus 260 divaricatus 260 doronicoides 259 grosseserratus 260 hirsutus 260 illinoensis 258 maximiliani 260 microcephalus 259 mollis 259 occidentalis 258 orgyalis 259 petiolaris 261 pubescens 259 rigid us 259 salicifolius 259 scaberrimus 259 silphioides 259 strumosus 260 subcanescens 260 tomentosus 260 tuberosus 260 Heliopsis 257 Heliotrope 210 Heliotropium 210 Hellebore 57 Helleborine 297 Hclleborus 57 Hemerocallis 281 Hcmicarpha 306 Hemlock Parsley 175 Hemp 158 Hemp Family 158 Hemp-nettle 218 Hempweed 241 Henbane 196 Hepatica 57 Heracleum 175 Hercules'-club 170 Hesperis 72 Heteranthera 290 Heterotheca 242 Hcuchera 144 Hfxalectris 298 Hibiscus 82 Hickory 150 Hicoria 150, 151 Hieracium 273 Hierochloe 344 Hippocastanaceae 106 Hippuridaceae 167 Hippuris 167 Hoary Cress 176 Hog-peanut 141 Hoicus 338 Holly 106 Holly Family 106 Hollyhock 80 Holophacos 134 Holosteum 85 Honey Locust 129 Honeysuckle 229 Honewort 173 Hop 158 Hop-hornbeam 150 Hop-tree 98 Hordeum 337 Horehound 2 1 7 Hornwort 59 Hornwort Family 59 Horse-chestnut 106 Jones : Flora of Illinois 387 Horse-chestnut Family 106 Horsemint 220 Horse-nettle 195 Horseradish 75 Horsetail 41 Horsetail Family 41 Horseweed 254 Hosackia 1 33 Hosta 282 Hottonia 179 Hound's-tongue 2 1 0 Houstonia 223 angustifolia 224 caerulea 224 lanceolata 223 limgifolia 224 minima 224 nigricans 224 patens 224 purpurea 223 pusilla 224 tcnuifolia 224 Hudsonia 63 Humulus 158 Hybanthus 60 Hydrangea 141 Hydrangeaceae 141 Hydrastis 51 Hydrocharitaceae 293 Hydrolea 193 Hydro phyllaceae 191 Hydrophyllum 192 Hymenocallis 291 Hymenopappus 263 Hymenophyllaceae 42 Hyoscyamus 196 Hypericaceae 77 Hypericum 77 adpressum 77 ascyron 77 canadense 78 cistifolium 77 densiflorurn 77 denticulatum 78 drummondii 79 elliptirum 78 gcntianoides 79 gymnanthum 78 kalmianum 77 lobocarpum 77 majus 78 mutilum 78 perforatum 78 prolificum 77 pseudomaculatum 78 punctatum 78 pyramidatum 77 sphaerocarpum 77 Hypochaeris 270 Hypoxis 291 Hyssop 21 7 Hystrix 336 Hex 106 Iliamna 82 Illecebraceae 92 Impatiens 101 Indian Corn 353 Indian Cucumber-root 284 Indian Paint Brush 204 Indian Pink 186 Indian Pipe 176 Indian Physic 113 Indian-plantain 266 Indian- tobacco 232 Indian Turnip 298 Inula 256 lodanthus 73 lonactis 253 Ipecac 1 13 Ipomoea 190 Iresine 92 Iridaceae 291 Iris 291 Ironweed 239 Isanthus 216 Isnardia 164 Isoetaceae 40 Isoetes 40 Isopyrum 51 Itea 141 Iteaceae 141 Iva 238 Jeffersonia 60 Jerusalem Oak 88 Jewel-weed Family 101 Jimson-weed 196 Joe-pye Weed 240 Johnny-jump-up 63 Joint weed 97 Jonquil 291 JUGLAXDACEAE 150 Juglans 150 Jump-seed 97 JUNCACEAE 286 JUXCAGINACEAE 275 Juncus 286 acimiinatus 288 articulatus 287 balticus 286 biflorus 287 brachycarpus 288 brachyccphalus 288 bufonius 286 canadensis 288 diffusissimus 288 dudleyi 287 effusus 286 greenei 286 interior 287 marginatus 287 388 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 nodatus 288 nodosus 287 richardsonianus 287 robust us 288 scirpoides 288 secundus 287 tenuis 287 torreyi 287 vaseyi 286 Jungle-rice 351 Juniper 49 Juniperus 49 Jussiaea 164 Kallstroemia 101 Kenilworth-ivy 200 Kentucky Coffee-tree 129 Kickxia 200 Kinnikinnick 177 Kiss-me-over-the- garden-gate 96 Knapweed 269 Kneiffia 166, 167 Knotweed 94, 95 Kochia 89 Koeleria 337 Krigia 270 Kudzu-vine 140 Kuhnia 241 Kyllinga 302 Labiatae 213 Lactuca 271 Ladies'-tobacco 255 Ladies' Tresses 296 Lady's Slipper 294 Lagenaria 162 Lamb's Quarter -... 88 Lamiaceae 213 Larnium 218 Laportea 159 Lappula 210 Lapsana 270 Larch 4§ Larix 49 Larkspur 52 Lathyrus 139 Lauraceae 160 Laurel Family 160 Leafcup .256 Leather-flower 57 Leatherleaf 177 Leatherwood 161 Lechea 64 Leek 281 Leersia 345 Leguminosae 126 Lemna 299 Lemnaceae 299 Lentibulariaceae 207 Leontodon 274 Leonurus 218 Lepadena 104 Lcpidium 76 Leptandra 201 Leptochloa 343 Leptoglottis 129 Leptoloma 345 Lespedeza 137 capitata 137 cuneata 138 hirta 137 intermedia 137 leptostachya 137 Ion gi folia 137 procumbens 137 repens 137 simulata 137 stipulacea 138 striata 138 stuvei 137 thunbergii 138 violacea 137 virginica 1 37 Lesquerella 75 Lettuce 271 Leucanthemurn 265 Leucospora 201 Liatris 241 aspera 242 bebbiana 242 cylindracea 241 hirsuta 241 X nieuwlandii 242 punctata 241 ridgwayi 242 scaiara 242 scariosa 242 spheroidea 242 spicata 242 squarrosa 241 Ligustrum 182 Lilac 182 LiLIACEAE 278 Lilium 282 Lily 282 Lily Family 278 Lily-of-the-valley 284 Limnanthaceae 100 Limnanthes Family 100 LiNACEAE 99 Linaria 199 Linden 79 Linden Family 79 Lindera 160 Lindernia 200 Linnaea 228 Linum 99 Liparis 297 Lipocarpha 306 Lippia 213 Liquidambar 142 Jones: Flora of Illinois 389 Liriodcndron 50 Lithospcrmum 21 1 angustifolium 212 arvense 212 canescens 212 caroliniense 212 croceum 212 gmelini 212 iiicisum 212 lalifolium 21 1 linearifolium 212 officinale 21 1 Live-forever 143 Lizard-tail 98 Lizard-tail Family 98 LOASACEAE 162 Loasa Family 162 Lobelia 231 LOBELIACEAE 231 Lobelia Family 231 Lobularia 75 Locust 134 LOGANIACEAE 186 Logania Family 186 Lolium 337 Lonicera 229 bella 229 dioica 229 glauca 229 japonica 229 morrowi 229 par vi flora 229 prolifera 229 sempervirens 229 sullivantii 229 tatarica 229 xylosteum 229 Loosestrife 161, 180 Loosestrife Family 160 Lophotocarpus 275 Lopseed 213 Lopseed Family 213 LORANTHACEAE 168 Lotus 59, 131 Lotus Family 59 Lousewort 204 Ludwigia 164 Lupine 131 Lupinus 131 Luzula 288 Lychnis 86 Lycium 193 Lycopersicum 195 Lycopodiaceae 40 Lycopodium 40 Lycopus 222 Lysimachia 1 80 ciliata 181 hybrida 180 lanceolata 180 nummularia 180 punctata 180 quadriflora 180 quadrifolia 180 radicans 181 terrestris 180 thyrsiflora 180 vulgaris 180 Lythraceae 160 Ly thrum 161 Macleaya 65 Madura 158 Madder Family 223 Magnolia 50 Magnoliaceae 49 Magnolia Family 49 Maianthemum 283 Maiden Pink 86 Maize 353 Malaceae 1 1 1 Malaxis 297 Mallow 80 Mallow Family 80 Malus - 121 Malva 80 Malvaceae 80 Malvastrum 81 Maple 108 Maple Family 108 Marbleseed 212 Mare's-tail 167 Marijuana 158 Marrubium 2l7 Marsh-elder 238 Marsh Fleabane 255 Marsh-marigold 51 Marsh St. John's-wort 79 Marsilea 48 Marsileaceae 48 Martynia 209 Martyniaceae 209 Martynia Family 209 Maruta 264 Matricaria 265 Matrimony- vine 193 Mayapple 59 Mayapple Family 59 Mayweed 264 Mazus 201 Meadow-beauty 162 Meadow-rue 56 Meadowsweet 1 12 Mecardonia 201 Medeola 284 Medicago 1 32 Megalodonta 263 Megapterium 166 Meibomia 135, 136 Mclampyrum 204 Melandriuni 86 Melanthera 261 390 American Midland Naturalist Mor«iOGRAPH No. 7 Melanthium 280 Melastomaceae 162 Melastoma Family 162 Melica 334 Melilotus 132 Melissa 221 Melothria 162 Menispermaceae 60 Menispermum 60 Mentha 222 Menthaceae ..213 Mentzelia 162 Menyanthaceae 188 Menyanthes 188 Mermaid-weed 167 Mertensia 21 1 Mexican Tea 88 Mezereum Family 161 Micrampelis 162 Mignonette 67 Mignonette Family 67 Mikania 241 Milfoil 264 Milium 342 Milk-vetch 134 Milkweed 183, 186 Milkweed Family 183 Milkwort 101 Milkwort Family 101 Millet ■....342, 346, 351, 352 Mimosa 129 Mimulus 201 Mint 221, 222, 223 Mint. Bergamot 220 Mint Family 213 Mirabilis 92 Miscanthus 352 Mistflower 241 Mistletoe 168 Mistletoe Family 168 Mitchella 224 Mitella 144 Miterwort 144 Mock-orange 141 Moehringia 84 Moldavica 218 Mollugo 87 Monarda 220 Moneywort 180 Monkey Flower 201 Monotropa 176 Moonseed 60 Moonseed Family 60 Moraceae 157 Morning-glory 190 Morning-glory Family 189 Morongia 129 Morus 158 Moschatel Family 144 Motherwort 218 Mountain-ash 12 1 Mouse-ear Cress 75 Mousetail 52 Muhlenbergia 340 asperifolia 341 brachyphylla 340 capillaris 341 curtisetosa 340 cuspidata 341 foliosa 340 frondosa 340 glabriflora 340 mexicana 340 racemosa 340 schreberi 340 sobolifera 340 sylvatica 341 tenuiflora 340 Mulberry 158 Mulberry Family 157 Muietail' .' 254 Mullein 197, 198 Mullein Foxglove 204 Mullein Pink 86 Muscari 282 Musk-root 144 Musk Thistle 269 Mustard 70,71,72.73 Mustard Family 68 Myosotis 21 1 Myosurus 52 Myrica 152 Myricaceae 152 Myriophylluni 166 Myzorrhiza 208 Naiad 276 Naiadaceae 276 Naiad Family 276 Nannyberry 227 Napaea 81 Narcissus 291 Nasturtium 75 Naiunbiirgia 180 Nelumhium 59 Nelumbo 59 Nelumbo.\.\ceae 59 Neobeckia 75 Nepeta 217 Nettle 159 Nettle Family 159 New Jersey Tea 109 Nicandra 193 Nightshade 195 Nightshade Family 193 Nimble Will 340 xNinebark 112 Nipplewort 270 Nodding Pogonia 296 Nothoscordum 281 Nuphar 58 Nut-rush 309 Jones: Flora of Illinois 391 Nyctaginaceae 92 Nymphaea 58 Nymphaeaceae 58 Nyssa 170 Nyssaceae 168 Oak 145 ( )at 338 Obedient Plant 218 Obolaria 188 Oenothera 164 biennis 165 canovirens 165 cruciata 165 cymbatilis 165 fruticosa 165 lariniata 165 linifolia 166 missouriensis 166 perennis 165 piiosella 165 pratensis 165 pumila 165 rhombipetala 165 serrulata 164 sinuata 165 speciosa 166 strigosa 165 tetragona 165 Oleaceae 181 Oleaster Family 161 Oligoneuron 243, 246 Olive Family 181 Onagraceae 163 Onion 280 Onoclea 44 Onopordum 269 Onosmodium 212 Ophioglossaceae 41 Ophioglossum 42 Opulaster 112 Opuntia 161 Orchid 295 Orchidaceae 294 Orchid Family 294 Orchis 295 Ornithogalum 283 Orobanchaceae 208 Orobanche 208 Orpine 143 Oryzopsis 342 Osage-orange 1 58 Osmorhiza 173 Osmunda 42 Osmuxdaceae 42 Osti-va 150 Otophylla 203 OXALIDACEAE 100 Oxalis 100 corniculata 100 cymosa ...,,.,.., 1 00 dillenii 100 europaea 100 grandis 100 re pens 100 stricta 100 violacea 100 Ox-eve Daisy 265 Oxybaphus 92 Oxycoccus 1 78 C^xypolis 175 Panax 170 Panicum 346 agrostoides 347 anceps 347 barbulatum 347 boreale 349 boscii 348 capillare 348 clandestinum 349 commutatum 348 depauperatum 347 dichotomiflorum 347 dichotomum 347 euchlamydeum 350 flexile 347 gattingeri 348 huachucae 350 implicatum 350 latifolium 348 leibergii 348 lindheimeri 349 linearifolium 349 meridionale 350 microcarpon 347 miliaceum 346 oligosanthes 348 perlongum 349 philadelphicum 348 polyanthes 349 praecocius 350 pseudopubescens 350 scribnerianum 348 sphaerocarpon 349 tennesseense 350 tsugetorum 350 tuckermani 348 villosissimum 349 virgatum 346 wilcoxianum 349 xalapense 349 yadkinense 347 Pansy, Wild 63 Papaver 65 Papaveraceae 64 Paper Mulberry 158 Parietaria 159 Parnassia 144 Parxassiaceae 144 Parosela 133 Parsley Family 170 392 A.MERIGAN Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Parsonsia 161 Parthenium 256 Parthenocissus 1 10 Partridge-berry 224- Paspalum 346 ciliatifolium 346 circulare 346 dissectum 346 fioridanum 346 fluitans 346 geminum 346 glabratum 346 laeviglume 346 muhlenbergii 346 pubescens 346 piibiflorum 346 stramineum 346 Pasque Flower 56 Passiflora 161 Passifloraceae 161 Passion-flower 161 Passion-flower Family 161 Paulownia 205 Pawpaw 50 Pea 139, 140, 141 Pea Family 126 Peach 124 Pear 121 Pearlwort 84 Pecan 150 Pedicularis 204 Pellaea 47 Pellitory 159 Peltandra 299 Pencil-flower 138 Peniophyllum 166 Pennycress 76 Pennyroyal 221 Pennywort 188 Penstemon 198 Penthoraceae 143 Penthorum 143 Penthorum Family 143 Peplis 160 Pepo 162 Peppercress 76 Peppermint 222 Pepper-vine 1 10 Perideridia 173 Perilla 223 Periwinkle 183 Persimmon 178 Peruvian Daisy 258 Petalostemum 133 Petunia 196 Phacelia 192 Phalaris 344 Phaseolus 140 Phegopteris 45 Philadelphus 141 Phleum 340 Phlox 188 Phlox Family 188 Phoradendron 168 Phragmites 334 Phryma 213 Phrymaceae 213 Phyla 213 Phyllanthus 103 Phymosia 82 Physalis 193 alkekengi 193 angulata 194 heterophylla 195 ixocarpa 194 lanceolata 194 longifolia 194 pendula 194 pruinosa 195 pubescens 195 pumila 194 subglabrata 194 virginiana 194 Physocarpa 1 1 2 Physocarpus 1 1 2 Physostegia 218 Phytolacca 92 Phytolaccaceae 92 Pickerelweed 290 Pickerelweed Family 290 Picris 270 Pignut 151 Pigweed 88, 90, 91 Pilea ; 159 Pimpernel 179 PiNACEAE 48 Pine 48, 49 Pineapple- weed 265 Pinesap 177 Pink 86 Pink Family 82 Pinus 48 Pinweed 64 Pipsissewa 176 Pitcher-plant 79 Pitcher-plant Family 79 Planera 157 Plane-tree Family 143 Plantagixaceae 206 Plantago 206 arenaria 207 aristata 207 cordata 207 heterophylla 207 indica 207 lanceolata 207 major 206 media 206 purshii 207 pusilla 207 rugelii 206 virginica 206 Jones: Flora of Illinois 393 Plantain 206, 207 Plamtain Lily 282 Platan ACEAE 143 Platanus 143 Pluchea 255 Plum 124 Poa 332 annua 333 autumnalis 333 chapmaniana 333 compressa 332 languida 332 l^aludigena 332 palustris 332 pratensis 332 sylv-estris 333 trivialis 333 wolfii 333 PODOPHYLLACEAE 59 Podophyllum 59 Pogonia 296 Poinsettia 105 Poison-hemlock 1 74 Poison-ivy 107 Pokeweed 92 Polanisia 67 POLEMONIACEAE 188 Polemonium 189 Polygala 101 POLYGALACEAE 101 POLYGONACEAE 93 Polygonatum 283 Polygonella 97 Polygonum 94 achoreum 95 amphibium 95 arifolium 96 aviculare 94 bu.xiforrne 94 caespitosum 96 careyi 95 coccineum 95 convolvulus 97 cristatum 97 cuspidatum 97 dutnetorum 97 emersum 95 erectum 95 exsertum 95 fluitans 95 hydropiper 95 hydropiperoides 96 incarnatum 96 lapathifolium 96 longisetum 9B longistyluni 96 tuuhlenbergii 95 nutans 95 neglectum 94 opelousanum 96 orientale 96 pcnsylvanicum 96 persicaria 96 punctatum 95 raniosissimum 95 sachalinense 97 sagittatum 96 scandens 97 setaceum 96 sieboldii 97 tenue 95 tornentosum 96 virginianum 97 zuccarinii 97 Polymnia 256 Poi.YPODIACEAE 43 Polypodium 46 Polypody 46 Poly taenia 175 Pond-lily 58 Pond weed 276 Pontederia 290 POXTEDSRIACEAE 290 Poplar 152 Poppy 65 Poppy Family 64 Populus 152 Pcrtulaca 87 PORTULACACEAE 86 POTAMOGETON ACEAE 276 Potamogeton 276 americanus 278 amplifolius 277 compressus 276 crispus 277 diversifolius 278 epihydrus 278 foliosus 276 friesii 276 gramineus 278 hybridus 278 illinoensis 278 mucronatus 276 natans 278 nodosus 278 panormitanus 277 pectinatus 277 praelongus 277 pulcher 277 pusillus 277 richardsonii 277 robbinsii 277 strictifolius 277 vaseyi 278 zosteriformis 276 Potentilla 113 anserina 1 14 argentea 1 14 arguta 1 14 canadensis 1 15 fruticosa 1 13 intermedia 1 15 394 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 millegrana 1 14 monspeliensis 1 14 norvegica 1 14 palustris 1 13 paradoxa 1 14 recta 1 14 simplex 1 15 sulphurea 1 14 Prairie Glover 133 Prairie-dock 256 Prairie Parsley 175 Prenanthes 272 Prickly-ash 98 Prickly-pear 161 Primrose 1 79 Primrose-willow 164 Primula 179 Primulaceae 179 Prince's Feather 95 Princess Tree 205 Prionopsis 242 Privet 182 Proboscidea 209 Proserpinaca 167 Prunella 218 Prunus 1 24 americana 125 angustifolia 124 armeniaca 124 hortulana 125 lanata 125 mahaleb 125 munsoniana 125 nigra 125 pennsylvanica 125 persica 124 pumila 125 serotina 126 virginiana 126 Psoralea 133 Ptelea 98 Pteretis 44 Pteridium 48 Ptilimnium 174 Puccinellia 331 Puccoon 21 1 Pueraria 140 Pulsatilla 56 Puncture- weed 100 Purpletop 335 Purslane Family 86 Pussy toes 255 Puttyroot 297 Pvcnanthemum 221 Pyrola 176 Pyrus 121 Quamoclit 190 Quassia Family 98 Queen-of-the-prairie 115 Quercus 145 acuminata 147 alba alba alba .146 X bicolor 148 X macrocarpa 148 alba X muhlenbergii 148 alba X stellata 148 X anceps 148 X bebbiana 148 bicolor 148 bicolor X lyrata 148 borealis 146 X bushii 148 coccinea 146 X deamii 148 ellipsdoidalis 146 X exacta 148 falcata 145 X fernowl 148 X filialis 148 X hillii 148 X humidicola 148 imbricaria 145 imbricaria X falcata 148 imbricaria X marilandica 148 imbricaria X palustris 148 imbricaria X rubra 148 imbricaria X velutina 148 X jackiana 148 X leana 148 lyrata 147 macrocarpa 147 macrocarpa X muhlenbergii ....148 marilandica 145 marilandica X velutina 148 michauxii 147 in on tana 147 muhlenbergii 147 pagodaefolia 145 palustris 146 palustris X phellos 148 phellos 145 phellos X velutina 148 platanoides 148 prinus 147 rubra 146 X runcinata 148 schneckii 146 X schochiana 148 shumardii 146 stellata 147 X tridentata 148 velutina 146 Quillwort 40 Quillwort Family 40 Quince 121 Raccoon-grape 1 10 Radish 70 Ragweed 238 Ragwort 267 Raimannia 165 Jones : Flora of Illinois 395 Ranunculaceae 50 Ranunculus 52 abortivus 54 acris 55 ambigens 54 aquatUis 53 bulbosus 55 circinatus 53 cymbalaria 53 delphinifolius 53 fascicularis 5^5 flabellaris 55 han-eyi 54 hispidus 56 Ulinoensis 55 laxicaulis 53 longirostris 53 micranthus 54 oblongifolius 53 ovalis 54 par\iflorus 54 pennsylvanicus 55 purshii 53 pusillus 53 recurv-atus 54 repens 55 rhomboideus 54 sardous 55 sceleratus 54 septentrionalis 55 texensis 53 trichophyllus 53 Raphanus 70 Raspberry 116, 117 Ratibida 258 Rattle-box 130 Rattlesnake-master 172 Rattlesnake-plantain 297 Rattlesnake-root 272 Redbud 129 Redfieldia 334 Red Morning-glory 190 Redtop ^ 339 Reed 334 Reseda 67 Resedaceae 67 Rhamnaceae 108 Rharnnus 109 Rhexia 162 Rhododendron 177 Rhus 107 arenaria 107 aromatica 107 canadensis 107 copallina 107 crenata 107 glabra 107 hirta 107 media 107 radicans 107 toxicodendron 107 t\ phina 107 valida 107 venenata 107 vernix 107 Rhvnchospora 309 Ribes 142 aniericanuin 142 am e urn 142 cynosbati 142 florid anum 142 gracile 142 hirtellum 142 niissouriensc 142 nigrum 142 odoratum 142 rubrnrn 142 sativimi 142 Richweed 223 Robinia 134 Rock-brake 47 Rockcress 74 Rocket 70, 71, 72 Rocket Salad 70 Rock-pink 87 Rockrose Family 63 Rorippa 71 Rosa 118 blanda 120 canina 1 19 Carolina 1 19 eglanteria 1 19 gallica 1 19 helwphila 120 hispidus 118 huniilis 1 19 Ulinoensis 120 lunellii 120 micrantha 1 19 multiflora 1 18 palustris 1 19 pimpinellifolia 120 pratincola 120 relicta 120 rubifolia 1 18 rubiginosa 1 1 9 rugosa 120 setigera 1 18 spinosissima 1 20 suffulta 120 virginiana 1 19 Rosaceae 1 1 1 Rose 118 Rose Family Ill Rose-gentian 187 Rosinweed 256 Rotala 160 Rubiaceae 223 Rubus 1 16 allegheniensis 1 17 argutus 1 17 canadensis I 18 396 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 flagellaris 1 18 frondosus 1 18 hispidus 1 18 idaeus 1 1 7 laciniatus 1 17 nigrobaccus 1 1 7 occidentalis 1 1 7 odoratus 1 16 offectus 1 18 ostryifolius 1 1 7 pennsylvanicus 1 18 phoenicolasius 1 1 7 procumbens 1 18 pubescens 1 16 recurvans 1 18 schneckii 117 schneideri 1 18 setosus 1 18 strigosus 1 1 7 triflorus 1 16 trivialis 1 18 villosus 1 18 Rudbeckia 257 Rue-anemone 57 Rue Family 98 Ruellia 206 Rumex 93 acetosella 9^3 altissimus 93 britannica 94 crispus 94 fueginus 94 hastatulus 93 maritimus 94 mexicanus 93 obtusifolius 94 orbiculatus 94 patientia 94 persicarioides 94 triangulivalvis 93 verticillatus 94 Running-myrtle 183 Rush y 286 Rush Family 286 Russian Olive 161 Russian-thistle 90 RUTACEAE 98 Rye 336 Sabatia 187 Sage 219 Sagina 84 Sagittaria 275 St. Andrew's Cross 77 St. John's wort 77 St. John's-wort Family 76 Salicaceae 152 Salicornia 90 Salix 153 adenophylla 155 alba 154 amygdaloides 154 bebbiana 155 Candida 155 caprea 156 caroliniana 154 cordata 154, 155 discolor 156 eriocephala 156 fragilis 154 glaucophylla 155 glaucophylloides 155 humilis 156 interior 154 longifolia 154 long! pes 154 lucida 154 missouriensis 154 nigra 153 pcdiccllaris 155 petiolaris 155 prill aides 156 rigida 154 rostrata 155 sericea 155 serissima 154 subsericea 155 syrticola 155 tristis 156 wardi 154 Salsola 90 Saltwort 90 Salvia 219 Salvi.maceae 48 Sambucus 227 Samolus 179 Sandbur 352 Sandwort 84 Sanguinaria 65 Sanicle 172 Sanicula 1 72 Santalaceae - 168 Santa Maria 257 Sapi.xdaceae 106 Sapodilla Family 178 Saponaria 86 Sapotaceae 178 Sarracenia 79 Sarraceniaceae 79 Sassafras 160 Satureja 219 Saururaceae 98 Saururus 98 Saxifraga 144 Saxifragace.'Ve 143 Saxifrage 144 Saxifrage Family 143 Schizachne 330 Schedonnardus 343 Scheuchzeria 276 Schmaltzia 107 Schrankia 129 Jones: Flora of Illinois 397 Scirpus 306 acutus 308 aiiiericanus 307 atr()\ircns 308 carina t us 307 cespitosus 307 cyperinus 309 debilis 307 fluviatilis 308 georgianus 308 hallii 307 heterochaetus 307 koilolcpis 307 lineatus 308 occidentalis 308 paludosus 308 pedicellatus 309 polyphyllus 308 purshianus 307 rubricosus 309 rubrotinctus 308 smithii 307 subterminalis 307 torreyi 307 validus 308 Scieranthus 92 Scleria 309 Scotch Thistle 269 Scouring-rush 41 Scrophularia 199 SCROPHULARIACEAE 196 Scurf-pea 133 Scutellaria 216 ambigua - 217 australis 217 campestris 217 canescens 216 cordifolia 216 elliptica 216 epilobiifolia 216 galericulata 216 incana 216 lateriflora 216 leonardi 217 nervosa 217 ovalifolia 216 ovata 216 parvula 217 pilosa 216 serrata 216 versicolor 216 Sea Oats 334 Secale 336 Sedge 310 Sedge Family 301 Sedum 143 Seed-box 164 Selaginella 40 Selaginellaceae 40 Selfheal 218 Senecio 267 aureus 267 balsarnitae 267 glabellus 267 lob at us 267 obovatus 267 pauperculus 267 plattcnsis 267 sernicordatus 267 viscosus 267 \ulgaris 267 Sensitive-brier 129 Serinia 27D Serviceberry 120 Sesbania 134 Setaria 351 Seyryieria 204 Shadbush 120 Shepherdia 161 Shepherd's Purse 76 Shinleaf 176 Shooting-star 181 Showy Orchis 295 Sibara 74 Sicyos 162 Sida 81 Side-oats Grama 344 Sidopsis 81 Silene 85 antirrhina 85 armeria 85 cserei 85 cucubalus 85 dichotoma 85 nivea 86 noctiflora 85 regia 85 stellata 86 virginica 85 Silphium 256 Silverbell Tree 178 Silverscale 90 SiMARUBACEAE 98 Sinapis 70 Sisymbrium 72 Slum 173, 174 Skullcap 216 Skunk-cabbage 299 Sniilacina 283 Smilax 285 Snailseed, Carolina 60 Snakeroot 172 Snakeroot, Virginia 168 Snakeroot, White 241 Snapdragon 200 Sneeze weed 264 Snowberry 228 Soapberry Family 106 Soja 140 Solan ACEAE 193 Solanum 195 Solidago 243 398 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 altissima 245 arguta 245 bicolor 243 buckleyi 243 caesia 243 canadensis 245 drumniondii 245 flexicaulis 243 gigantea 244 gilvocanescens 245 glaberrima 245 graminijolia 246 hirtella 246 hispida 243 juncea 245 lanceolata 246 latifolia 243 longipetiolata 246 media 246 missouriensis 245 moritura. 245 neglect a 244 nemoralis 246 ohioensis 246 patula 244 per glabra 246 petiolaris 243 radula 245 remota 246 riddellii 246 rigida 246 rjgidiuscula 244 rugosa 245 sciaphila 243 sempervirens 244 serotina 244 speciosa 244 strigosa 244 tenuifolia 246 uliginosa 244 ulmifolia 244 uniligiilata 244 Sonchus 272 Sorbus 121 Sorghastrum 353 Sorghum 353 Sour Dock 9T3 Southern Buckthorn 178 Southernwood 265 Sow Thistle 272 Soybean 140 Spanish Needles 262 Sparganiaceae 300 Sparganium 300 Spartina 344 Spearmint 222 Specularia 231 Speedwell 201 Spergula 84 Spergularia 84 Spermococe 225 Spermolepis 174 Sphaeralcea 81, 82 Sphenopholis 337 Spice-bush 160 Spider Lily 291 Spiderwort 289 Spiderwort Family 289 Spigelia 186 Spikenard 170 Spike Rush 304 Spiraea 112 Spiranthes 296 beckii 296, 297 cernua 297 gracilis 297 grayi 296 lac era 297 latifolia 297 lucida 297 niontanurti 297 ovalis 297 plantaginea 297 tuberosa 296 vernalis 297 Spirodela 299 Spleenwort 46 Sporobolus 341 asper 341 asperifolius 341 brevifolius 341 canovirens 341 clandestinus 341 cryptandrus 341 heterolepis 341 neglect us 341 vaginiflorus 341 Spurge Family 102 Spurrey 84 Squirrel-corn 66 Stachys 219 ambigua 219 arenicola 219 aspera 219 clingmanii 219 glabra 219 hispida 21^ homotricha 219 palustris 219 tenuifolia 219 Staff-tree Family 105 Standing Cypress 189 Staphylea 106 Staphyleaceae 106 Star-flower 179 Stargrass 291 Star-of-Bcthlehem 283 Star Thistle 269 Steironertia 180 Stellaria 84 Stenanthium 280 Jones: Flora oi- Illinois 399 Stenosiphon 166 Stick-leaf 162 Sticksccd 210 Stipa 342 Stonecrop 143 Stonecrop Family 143 Stone Mint 222 Storax Family 178 Storksbill 99 Strawberry 1 13 Strawberr>'-bush 106 Strophostylcs 140 Stylisma 189 Stylophorum 65 Stylosanthes 138 Styracaceae 1 78 Sullivantia 144 Sumac Family 107 Summer Savory 219 Sundew 67 Sundew Family 67 Sundrops - 165 Sunflower 258 Svida 168 Swamp-candle 180 Swamp Loosestrife 160 Swamp-privet 182 Sweet Cicely 173 Sweet Clover 132 Sweet Everlasting 255 Sweetfern 152 Sweetflag 299 Sweet-gum 142 Sweet William 86 Sycamore 143 Symplocarpus 299 Symphoricarpos 228 Symphytum 212 Synandra 218 Synthyris 203 Syringa 182 Taenidia 1 74 Talinum 87 Tamarack 49 Tanacetum 265 Tansy 265 Tapegrass 293 Taraxacum 274 Taxaceae 48 Taxodiaceae 49 Taxus 48 Teasel 233 Teasel Family 233 Tephrosia 134 Tetraneuris 263 Teucrium 216 Thalictrum 5B Thaspium 1 74 Thismia 293 Thistle 268, 269, 270 Thlaspi 76 '! "borough wort 241 Three-seeded Mercury 103 I'huja 49 Thyme 221 Thvmelaeaceae 161 Thynms 221 Tick-clover 1 35 Tickseed 262 Tickweed 261 Tidestromia 91 Tilia 79 Tiliaceae 79 Timothy 340 Tipularia 298 Tithymalopsis 104 Toadflax 199 Tofieldia 280 Tom anther a 203 Tomatilla 194 Tomato 195 Toothwort 73 Torilis 172 Touch-me-not 101 Tovara 97 Toxicodendron 107 Trachelospermum 183 Tradescantia 289 Tragia 103 Tragopogon 271 Trailing Arbutus 177 Trautvetteria 56 Tree of Heaven 98 Triadenum 79 Tribulus 100 Trichachne 345 Trichomanes 42 Trichostemma 216 Tridens 335 Tricntalis 179 Trifolium 131 agrarium 132 arvense 1 31 dubium 132 fragiferum 132 hybrid um 131 incarnatum 131 pratense 131 procumbens 132 reflexum 131 repens 131 resupinatum 131 Triglochin 275 Trillium 284 Triodanis 231 Triodia 335 Triosteum 230 Triphora 296 Triplasis 335 Tripsacum 353 Triticum 336 400 American Midland Naturalist Monograph No. 7 Trout Lily 282 Trumpet-creeper 205 Trumpet-creeper Family 204 Tulip Tree 50 Tumbleweed 91 Tunica 86 Tupelo 170 Turnip 7] Turtlehead 198 Twig-rush 309 Twinflower 228 Twinleaf 60 Typha 300 Typhaceae 300 Ulmaceae 156 Ulmus 156 Umbelliferae 170 Umbrella Sedge 306 Umbrella-wort 92 Unicorn Plant 209 Urtica 159 Urticaceae 159 Utricularia 207 Uvularia 283 Vaccaria 86 Vaccinium 177 Valerian 232 Valeriana 232 Valerian aceae 232 Valerianella 232 Valerian Family 232 Vallisneria 293 Vegetable Oyster 271 Venus' Looking-glass 231 Veratrum 280 Verbascum 197 Verbena 213 Verbenaceae 212 Verbena Family 212 Verbesina 264 Vernonia 239 Veronica 201 Veronicastrum 201 Vervain 21 3 Vetch 138 Viburnum 227 acerifolium 228 nffine 227 bushii 227 dentatum 228 lentago 227 molle 228 opulus 228 prunifolium 227 pubescens 227, 228 rafinesquianum 227 rccognitum 228 rufidulum 227 trilobum 228 Vicia 138 Vigna 140 Vinca 183 Viola 60 affinis 62 bernardi 61 blanda 62 canadensis 63 conspersa 63 cucullata 62 delphinifolia 61 eriocarpa 63 falcata 61 fimbriatula 62 lanceolata 62 missouriensis 62 odorata 63 ovata 62 pallens 62 papilionacea 61 pedata 61 pedatifida 6^1 pensylvanica 63 priccana 62 primulifolia 62 pubescens 63 rafinesquii 63 rugulosa _ 63 sagittata 62 scabriuscula 63 sororia 62 striata 63 triloba 61 viarum 61 Violaceae 60 Violet 61, 62, 63 Viorna 57 Virginia Creeper 110 Virginia Snakeroot 108 Virginia-willow 141 Virgin's Bower 58 Vitace.\e 109 Vitis 109 aestivalis 1 10 arborea 1 ]0 argentifolia 110 bicolor 1 10 cinerea 1 10 cordifolia 1 10 indivisa 1 lO lincecumii 1 10 monosperma 1 10 palmata 1 10 riparia 1 10 rubra 1 10 vulpina 1 10 Vulpia 330 Wafer-ash 98 Wallflower 72 Walnut 150 Jones: Flora of Illinois 401 Walnut Family 150 Washingtonia 173 Watercress 75 Water Elm 157 Water-hemp 91 Water Hickory 150 Water Horehound 2T1 Water Hvssop 201 Waterleaf' 192 Waterleaf Family 191 Watcrlily 58 Waterlily Family 58 Water Locust 129 Water-marigold 263 Watermelon 162 Water-milfoil 166 Water-milfoil Family 166 Water Parsnip 173 Water-plantain 274 Waterpod 192 Water-purslane 160 Watershield 58 Watershield Family 58 Water star-grass 290 Water-starwort 167 Waterweed 293 Water-willow 205 Waterwort 79 Waterwort Family 79 Waxweed 161 Wheat 336 Whitetop 254 Whitlowcress 73 Whitlow-wort Family 92 Wild Balsam-apple 162 Wild Bean 140 Wild Celery 293 Wild Comfrey 210 Wild Geranium 98 Wild Cxinger 167 Wild Indigo 130 Wild Licorice 135 Wild Millet 342 Wild Pansy 63 Wild Pea 139 Wild Rice 345 Wild Rye 336 Wild Sarsaparilla 170 Wild Sweet Potato 190 Willow 153 Willow Family 152 Willow-herb 163 Wincberry 1 17 Winterberry 107 Wintercress 71 Wintergreen 176, 177 Wisteria 134 Witch-hazel 142 Witch-hazel Family 142 Wolfbcrrv 228 Wolfha 300 Wolfhella 300 Woodbine 1 1 1 Wood Mint 220 Wood Nettle 159 Woodrush 288 Wood-sage 216 Woodsia 44 Wood-sorrel Family 100 Woolly Buckthorn 178 Woolly Mint 222 Woodwardia 47 Wormwood 265 Xanthium 239 Xyridaceae 289 Xyris 289 Yam 292 Yam Family 292 Yarrow 264 Yellow Cress 71 Yellow-eyed Grass 28'9 Yellow-eyed Grass Family 289 Yellow Goatsbeard 271 Yellow Ironweed 261 Yellow-wood 130 Yew 48 Yew Family 48 Yucca 284 Yucca Family 284 Zannichellia 278 Zanthoxylum 98 Zea 353 Zigadenus 280 Zizania 345 Zizia 174 Zygophyllaceae 100 .(£> — io — - — 'J — - — n — — <\i — «— — 'a «n *~ CO — <\) = " ^ o — o>. zzz CO r^ 10 — 10 t= ^ n —