ill 1 jjj |jj I ij l iil- tjtl 11 '1 1 1 fi '■'< ij ; : ! Si 1 v.| 111 il 111 lllli T j;j 1: 17 FLORA of INDIANA BY CHARLES C. DEAM, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D. Research State Forester /\ INDIANAPOLIS: WM. B. BURFORD PRINTING CO., CONTRACTOR FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING 19 4 0 For sale by the Department of Conser- vation at the cost of publication, $3.50. Send order to State Forester, State Library, Indianapolis, Ind. STATE OF INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION JUNE, 1940 Published by the Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry Indianapolis, Indiana The Deam Oak (Quercus Deamii Trelease) This oak is a cos. between the white and chinquapin oaks (X Quercus alba X Muhlenbergii ) . It was discovered Oct 9 1904, by Lent A. Williamson and his son E. Bruce Williamson on the border of a woods a onK State Road 116 about 3 miles northwest of Bluffton. Wells County. Indiana. In 1904-5 the author £S£S aLttti^rjsauara tfifsaa ass gmt AS In March.1989. the tree measured 90 inches in circumference at breast height. FOREWORD It is difficult to write a suitable foreword to such a notable book. In his "Flora of Indiana" Dr. Deam has set new standards of excel- lence in many lines. The most casual examination shows that it was based upon painstaking- field studies — field studies covering years of time and involving thousands of miles of travel. While local lists were carefully studied no plant was admitted to the Flora upon their authority, it was admitted only as these field studies proved its presence in the state, or it could be verified by actual specimens in accessible herbaria. I know of no other State Flora based upon long continued field studies and in which every plant admitted is based upon an actual and accessible specimen. The work is notable because of its accuracy. Dr. Deam, not content to rest upon his own taxonomic acumen, has referred every critical genus and species to specialists for their confirmation or correction. Scores of shipments of such specimens to these specialists were made up to the very date of publication. It is safe to say that in no other regional Flora has such meticulous care been taken to secure absolute accuracy in de- termination, as well as the very latest word in these special studies. The Flora of Indiana is accurate and up to date in an unusual degree. The clearness of the floral picture is increased by a series of unique dis- tribution maps showing not only location but the time of the occurrence of various seasonal phases. Perhaps as illuminating as any single feature of the Flora are the incidental ecological notes that appear on almost every page. From the unity of treatment that characterizes the text, plant associations stand out with amazing distinctness. It adds greatly to the value of the book that while no attempt is made to emphasize these features, they take their place in the picture of the flora of the state and aid in its interpretation, as into this book has entered the experience of former taxonomic work by the author. His Trees of Indiana, Shrubs of Indiana, and Grasses of Indiana are models of what such reports should be as to completeness, accuracy, and widespread utility. The canvas is of course larger in Flora of Indiana but there has been no sacrifice of accuracy, no lessening of the purpose lying back of all these books — that they should be useful to citizens of Indiana. The Flora of Indiana will be a treasure trove to education from the sec- ondary schools to the university. It will be a stimulus and guide to nature lovers; it will be of immense practical value to every agriculturist and horticulturist. It will have its place in libraries, and it is a great book by an author whom I have been proud to claim as a personal friend for nearly half a century. Stanley Coulter, Dean (Emeritus) School of Science, Purdue University. (5) Table of Contents PAGE Foreword 5 Introduction 9 Abbreviations of names of authors 21 Key to the Families 25 Ferns, fern allies, and vascular plants of Indiana 36 Excluded species 1019 Summary of families, genera, species, varieties, forms, and hybrids composing the Flora. . 1107 List of new forms and new combinations 1112 Names of collecting places that are no longer in current use 1113 List of Indiana collectors whose specimens have been seen or referred to in the Flora. . . . 1115 Glossary of terms used in botanical description in the Flora 1120 Some habitat terms defined as used in the Flora 1125 Bibliography 1 130 Maps showing temperature zones in Indiana 1162-1163 Map showing floral areas in Indiana 1164 Finding County Map of Indiana 1165 Index 1167 >i! (7) INTRODUCTION The first flora of Indiana was a "Catalogue of the phaenogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants of Indiana" by the Editors1 of the Botanical Gazette and Prof. Charles R. Barnes, published in 1881. To this was added a supplement in April, 1882. These listed 1,194 species native to the state and 140 species that had been introduced. Stanley Coulter in 1897 compiled a list of Indiana plants by families (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1897: 158-165. 1898). This list contains 124 families, 534 genera, and 1,369 species, an increase of only 35 species. The names of the species are not given and the totals include both native and introduced species. The second flora was "A Catalogue of the flowering plants, ferns, and fern allies indigenous to Indiana" by Stanley Coulter, published in 1900. He lists 1,765 species but this number includes both native and introduced species and some erroneous reports. I have studied this catalogue and as I interpret the species, the list should read 1,400 native species, 177 estab- lished exotics, 34 not yet established, and 154 species to be excluded for various reasons. It should be borne in mind that when this catalogue was published the author was not able to verify reports as critically as has been done in the present flora. At that time reports by recognized botan- ists were accepted. It must be remembered that our early botanists did not have access to large herbaria and had few books or perhaps only one book to guide them in naming plants. Since the publication of these floras much work has been done in the state by various botanists. Among the principal collectors the following persons may be mentioned: Edna Banta, A. R. Bechtel, Chas. M. Ek, Ray C. Friesner, Ralph M. Kriebel, Marcus Lyon, Jr., Scott McCoy, Madge McKee, J. A. Nieuwland, J. E. Potzger, Paul Weatherwax, Winona Welch, and T. G. Yuncker. Improved highways and the automobile have greatly facilitated collect- ing. I have been collecting for 40 years. Since 1914 I have used an auto- mobile, traveled over 125,000 miles, and collected in each of the 1,016 townships in Indiana. My accession numbers are now over 59,000. The plan of this flora is to include all the species native to Indiana, although a few are now known only from herbarium specimens, and in- troduced plants that are known to be established. Introduced plants that have been reported as escapes without data concerning their establish- ment are carried in an excluded list with all the data which I can assemble. If one of the excluded species is later found to be established, the data here recorded may be of service. In the excluded list are included also species that are no longer regarded as segregates, species which have been erroneously reported for the state, and those which do not have sufficient data to warrant their inclusion. 1 J. M. Coulter and Stanley Coulter. (9) 10 The present flora is an attempt to bring up to date our knowledge of the ferns, fern allies, and flowering plants of Indiana. It became neces- sary to adopt a rule or standard by which a species could be admitted or excluded from the flora, and it was decided to admit only those species which have one or more herbarium specimens to verify their occurrence. An exception has been made in the case of Adlumia fungosa which I saw in a woods in La Porte County. Doubtless a few species have been ex- cluded that do occur in the state. I refer specifically to Podostemum ceratophyllum and Elatine minima which have been reported and have Indiana within their general range. I have, however, made strenuous but unsuccessful efforts to find specimens of both these species. I have admitted a few species where I have seen no specimen but the evidence for their existence in Indiana is convincing. My study has been made primarily from specimens in my own her- barium which numbers more than 65,000 sheets, more than 47,000 of which are from Indiana. In addition I have examined all the Indiana specimens in all of the other Indiana herbaria which total 36,936 sheets but these were studied only sufficiently to check the identification. The keys and measurements have been made from my own specimens. The ecological notes have been taken also from my specimens. No effort or expense has been spared to have my specimens named correctly. In order that specimens belonging to critical genera be au- thentically named, I have sent them to specialists to be determined or to have my identifications verified. I wish here to express my sincere ap- preciation to the following persons who have examined my specimens in the groups upon which they are authorities : L. H. Bailey for Rubus and Vitis; C. R. Ball for Salix; J. H. Barnhart for Utricidariaceae; Ezra Brainerd (deceased) for Viola; Agnes Chase and A. S. Hitchcock (de- ceased) for Gramineae; H. S. Conard for Nymphaeaceae; Carl Epling for Labiatae in part ; M. L. Fernald for Potamogeton and various species ; Ray C. Friesner for Solidago; Frederick J. Hermann for Carex and Juncaceae; Lawrence E. Hicks for Lemnaceae; Milton S. Hopkins for Arabis in part; Theodor Just for Chenopodiaceae; Rogers McVaugh for Lobelia; P. A. Munz for Onograceae in part; E. J. Palmer for Crataegus and miscellaneous species; Francis W. Pennell for Scrophulariaceae; Rosendahl, Butters, and Lakela for Heuchera and Sidlivantia; Paul Standley for Houstonia in part; E. E. Watson (deceased) for Helianthus; C. A. Weatherby for assistance for many years on ferns ; Louis C. Wheeler for Euphorbia; Edgar T. Wherry for Polemoniaceae; K. M. Wiegand for Amelanchier and Oxalidaceae; and T. G. Yuncker for Cuscuta. I wish here to thank all others who named or checked over small groups or who loaned me Indiana specimens for study. Distribution of Indiana Plants. — The general distribution of a species is given in a closing paragraph after the discussion of the species. The state distribution is shown by a map. Published records that do not cite specimens are omitted but sometimes one or more may be discussed. Some more or less complete county floras have been published without 11 verifying specimens; no reference is made to these except that when a species is reported which does not occur in Indiana, it is discussed and placed in the excluded list where it belongs. Those plants whose mass distribution is to the south or southwest of Indiana and always found in cultivated grounds, are probably introduced. These are discussed in the text. The date of flowering of a species is given in the vertical column at the left of the map. No effort has been made to collect plants at their very earliest or latest flowering dates, and dates and the number of specimens have been taken from my collection only. The distribution on the map is by counties and is indicated by letters which are symbols for the herbaria in which specimens are deposited. I have seen all the Indiana specimens in both public and private herbaria in Indiana and many specimens cited outside of Indiana. Those which I have not seen are ones cited by recent authors. Hermann has seen all of the Carex and Juncaceae cited. It was impracticable to go through all the herbaria of the United States. The principal collectors of Indiana plants are known and I have seen their plants except those of E. J. Hill which are deposited in the herbarium of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois ; those of H. Walton Clark and B. W. Evermann from Marshall County which are deposited in the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, and the National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. ; and those collected by L. M. Umbach which are in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Since Hill and Umbach did most of their collecting in the counties along Lake Michigan whose flora is well represented later by my own work, and by that of Marcus Lyon, Jr., J. A. Nieuwland, and others it is doubtful if these former authors found anything not later collected and reported. They reported all the rare things they collected and I have examined all of these rarities. When the area of the county is too small to hold all the reports, those of private herbaria have been omitted. The herbaria indicated by symbols and their location are as follows: A A Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. B Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana. Ba Private herbarium of Edna Banta, Bloomington, Indiana. C University of California, Berkeley, California. Cm Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cu Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. D Deam Herbarium, Bluffton, Indiana. (Later to be located at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.) Dk South Dakota Agricultural College, Brookings, South Dakota. DP DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana. F Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois. Fr Franklin College, Franklin, Indiana. G Cray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts. H Private herbarium of Frederick J. Hermann, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Hi Private herbarium of Lawrence E. Hicks, Columbus, Ohio. I Umiversity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. IU Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. K Private herbarium of Ralph M. Kriebel, Bedford, Indiana. 12 L Private herbarium of Marcus Lyon, Jr., South Bend, Indiana. M University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. MC Private herbarium of Scott McCoy, Indianapolis, Indiana. Mi University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. MK Private herbarium of Madge McKee, Goodland, Indiana. Mo Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri. Mvv Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. X National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. XD. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. XW Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. XV New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York. 0 Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. I' Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Pa University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ph Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Po Pomona College, Claremont, California. S Private herbarium of A. S. Slavin, Rochester, New York. Sw State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington. St Stanford University, Stanford University, California. T Private herbarium of R. M. Tryon, Jr., Chicago, Illinois. W Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana. We Private herbarium of Paul Weatherwax, Bloomington, Indiana. Wi University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Botanical Descriptions. — The botanical descriptions have been drawn almost exclusively from specimens I have collected because they have been at hand. Technical terms have been avoided whenever possible and the few found necessary to use are defined in a glossary. The measurements in the keys have been taken from herbarium specimens and are given in the metric system and those in the descriptive text are in English terms. The frequent use of "more or less, usually, and generally" is objectionable to some people but to me these expressions are the shortest, the most definite, and most comprehensive way of expressing the wide limits of a qualitative or quantitative character. The ampersand (&) is used be- tween joint authors and joint collectors. Botanical names of native plants are printed in bold face type and are in accordance with the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. When the names given in Gray's Manual, edition 7 and Britton and Brown's, Illustrated Flora edition 2 differ from those in the bold face type for the same plant they are regarded as synonyms and are printed in italics. Botanical names in the text are printed in italics. Botanical names of introduced plants and common names are printed in SMALL capitals. The accented pronunciation of the botanical names is indicated as fol- lows: the grave C) accent indicates the long English sound of the vowel, and the acute ( ' ) accent indicates the short or otherwise modified sound. The use of the term "variety typica" to designate the typical form of a species is limited to those species where I have found it used as such. The common names are those given as such in "Standardized Plant Names," with few exceptions. In many instances I do not agree with this authority but 1 believe it is in the best interest of uniformity for me to accept the names given in the aforementioned work. In rare instances I have given two common names and the reason for so doing. Many of 13 our plants do not have accepted common names and I have left these without them. In the writing of the manuscript an effort has been made to conform to some supreme rule. In spelling and in the use of the hyphen Webster's New International Dictionary, latest edition has been followed with few ex- ceptions. Since there is no universally accepted standard of colors, al- though Ridgway's "Color standards and color nomenclature" is used by mammalogists, ornithologists, and some botanists, and since color terms have been loosely used by authors to convey color concepts, I believe it is in the interest of uniformity to delete all hyphens between color terms because they add nothing to clarify the concept, except where used by Ridgway when they represent a definite color. The "Style Manual of the United States Government Printing Office," 1935, edition has been followed with few exceptions. The outstanding innovation is the omission of the period after abbreviations used in the metric system. The exception is that while this authority does not begin proper names of specific and subspecific names with a capital letter, I am following the International Botanical Rules and I am using capital letters. I wish to go on record as vigorously opposing the practice of decapitalizing specific or subspecific names derived from proper nouns. Biological Abstracts has been followed in the matter of abbreviating and listing bibliographic data. The keys and how to use them.— The key to the families has been copied with a few changes from Robinson & Fernald's Gray's Manual, edition 7, published in 1908 and adapted to the species which occur in Indiana. The reason that I have adopted this key is that I have used it since its publication and I have found it satisfactory. Other botanists with whom I have conferred upon this subject all agree that the key is all that is to be desired. I wish to express my thanks for the privilege of using it. Keys to genera and species, except those of the parts contributed by others, I have written myself and they are all artificial. A general key is given to assist the student in learning to which family an unknown plant belongs. It is arranged in pairs of leads. The second lead of a pair repeats the data given in the first lead but in a negative form. Each succeeding set of leads is placed 2 spaces to the right and some of the sets are preceded by a pair of letters to make them more easily located, especially when one of the pair is very far from the other with many intervening leads. To name a plant, read the first lead. If it fits your plant, proceed to the next set of leads. If it fits the first lead of this set, proceed to succeeding leads until it leads to a family or genus. If it does not fit a lead, try the opposing lead. If it fits, proceed to the first part of the next set of leads. Accept or reject leads until the key leads to a family or genus. The task is not as easy as it may seem. After you have followed the key to a family you may find the plant does not fit the family. Then you must retrace the steps taken and be more careful to be sure the terms are understood. Errors are usually the result of haste, misunderstanding of terms used, or of poor or inadequate material for naming. The key may call for a 14 character your specimen does not have. Then outside aid must be sought. One who is interested in naming the flora of a region should have one or more manuals of botany that go into more detail than can be given in a flora of this kind. An illustrated manual will be of great assistance. After you have reached the family name, turn to the page in the book where the family is found and proceed through the family key to the species. Sequence of families and genera. — The sequence of families and genera and their interpretation is that of the "Genera Siphonogamarum" by C. G. de dalla Torre and Dr. H. Harms. This sequence is in accord with the "Engler and Prantl" system of classification which is in current use by most authors. I am aware that several newer systems of classification have been offered but students are not unanimous in accepting them. An exception has been made in the Graminae in which the sequence is that of Hitchcock's Manual of Grasses which is used by most students of grasses. It is to be noted that the numbers that precede family and generic names in our manuals and floras differ. This disagreement follows because each author treats a different area and he numbers only the families and genera that are found within the area he considers. The innovation in this flora is that the numbers of families and genera refer to the families and genera of the whole plant kingdom and are the numbers assigned to them by dalla Torre and Harms. This system places no limit upon expansion if one wishes to build up an herbarium and makes it easy to incorporate it into a large herbarium. Plants in an herbarium should not be arranged alpha- betically but according to their relationship. Indiana, its location, drainage, and climate. Indiana is one of the north-central states. It is about 153 miles wide and 275 miles long between the most distant points. The southern boun- dary is low water line of the north side of the Ohio River and the northern boundary is Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan. The most southern point is in 37° 40' north latitude and the most northern point is in 41° 50' north latitude. In longitude it lies between 84°49' on the east and 88°2' on the west. The land area occupies 36,045 square miles besides 280 square miles of rivers and interior lakes and 230 square miles of Lake Michigan. The whole of the state has been glaciated except the south-central and southwestern parts (see map on page 1164). The highest point in the state is in Randolph County, 1,285 feet above sea level, and the lowest is at the mouth of the Wabash River, 313 feet. The average elevation is about 700 feet. About nine-tenths of the state drains westward and south westward into the Mississippi Basin and about a tenth, located in the northern part, drains into the St. Lawrence Basin. The average annual precipitation is about 39 inches. The average annual temperature is about 52 degrees Fahrenheit. The average growing season is about 158 days in the northern part of the state and 188 days in the southern part. (See plates on pages 1162 and 1163.) 15 Floral Areas of Indiana (See map on page 1164.) To assist in understanding the distribution of a species in the state and at the same time give some idea of its habitat, I have divided the state into seven areas. These are not all strictly floral areas but for convenience they may be so considered. The limits of the ranges of certain species within the area determine one boundary of that area. Dune area The dune area is bounded on the north by the waters of Lake Michigan and on the south for the most part by the Michigan Central Railroad. It is about four miles wide at the west end and half a mile wide at the east end. In Lake County this area consisted of low dunes, for the most part from 5 to 15 feet high, alternating with sloughs and interdunal flats. In the extreme northwest part of it were Wolf Lake, Berry Lake (now extinct), and Lake George. The greatest variety of plants of this area were found in this county. In the east part of Lake County the dunes begin to rapidly increase in height and high dunes continue to Michigan City. The highest dune is Mount Tom in Dunes Park, Porter County and is 192 feet high. The dunes proper are almost pure sand but were formerly well wooded. The sloughs and interdunal flats are more or less mucky. The following list is of plants known in Indiana only from this small area and all are of northern range. Those preceded by "?" are probably extinct and those preceded by "o" are now known from one colony only. Ammophila breviligulata ? Botrychium simplex Cakile edentula var. lacustris Carex folliculata o Carex Richardsonii ? Ceanothus ovatus Cirsium Pitcheri o Clintonia borealis ? Corallorrhiza trifida Cornus canadensis Cyperus Houghtonii o Equisetum variegatum Euphorbia polygonifolia Hudsonia tomentosa var. intermedia o Myosotis laxa Oryzopsis asperifolia ? Panicum lucidum ? Panicum scoparioides ? Panicum subvillosum Pinus Banksiana o Polygala paucifolia Potentilla Anserina o Potamogeton pusillus ? Psilocarya nitens ? Pyrola secunda Ptelea trifoliata var. Deamiana ? Rhynchospora cymosa Salix adenophylla o Scirpus subterminalis Shepherdia canadensis o Solidago Deamii Solidago Gillmani o Thuja occidentalis Lake area The lake area occupies the northern part of the state, southward to the Tipton Till Plain but is not sharply separated from it. For practical pur- poses the south line of this area may be considered to coincide with the north line of the Tipton Till Plain which may be given roughly as a line extending westward from Fort Wayne to Huntington, Logansport, and Monticello to the state line. South of this line are a few, nearly extinct small lakes. There is one in each of the following counties: Wells, Black- ford, Grant, and Warren. Deep peat deposits in Hamilton and Madison Counties indicate extinct lakes. 16 The area has a great variety of habitats ranging from lakes and rivers, bogs and marshes, dry sand and gravelly places, prairies, and remnants of prairies (oak openings) to the mesophytic forest. Within this area about 300 species of a northern range find their southern limit. Within this area a small number of plants have been found also that have their mass distri- bution on the Coastal Plain and the Lower Mississippi Valley. Among these are Panicum albemarlense, Panicum spretum, Panicum verrucosum, Cyperus dentatus, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Eleocharis Torreyana, Fim- bristylis puberula, Scleria pauciflora var. caroliniana, Scleria reticularis, Scleria setacea, and Hypericum adpressum. These are found in a few- marshes and on their borders between low dunes in section 2 a mile east and a mile and a half south of Tefft, Jasper County, or about 4 miles south of the Kankakee River. A few of these species occur also in the dune area and in a few adjacent counties in like habitats. I have not botanized the marshes in adjacent sections to ascertain how widely these species are spread or whether additional species may be found. The whole area for a width of about 5 miles from Bass Lake in Starke County westward to the Illinois line, a distance of about 50 miles is, for the most part, a series of low dunes and interdunal marshes. I am of the opinion that these Coastal Plain plants have migrated into Indiana through the Mississippi Valley rather than through the Mohawk Valley and the Great Lakes area as Peattie and Svenson suggest. To this list of plants should be added Styrax americana which is found along the Kankakee River and is not found again until the Patoka River Basin is reached in Dubois County. Mikania scan- dens is found along the Kankakee River just east of Baum Bridge, Porter County. I have not found it elsewhere in Indiana although it has been reported. This very disjunct distribution suggests migration from the Mississippi Valley by streams through Illinois. Recently several Coastal Plain plants have been found in Minnesota which adds weight to the theory that our Coastal Plain plants came into Indiana through the Missis- sippi Valley. Tipton Till Plain This area is not strictly a botanical one but is given as such for the con- venience of discussing distribution and habitat. Excepting the prairie area it nearly coincides with the physiographic area given it by Malott (Handbook of Geology). It is bounded on the north by the "lake area" and on the south by the southern boundary of the Wisconsin drift. The surface of this area is comparatively level although marked by many ter- minal moraines. The soil is mostly neutral or only slightly acid. The soil acidity factor may be the one which prevents plants from migrating into it from the Illinoian drift area where the soil is much more acid. Within this area some plants from all directions reach their limits of distribution in Indiana. This area contains the best agricultural land of the state and in the brief period of a hundred years almost all of the woodland has dis- appeared and the whole is now under cultivation. As a consequence it is now impossible to learn just how far plants invaded this area and what stopped them. Too, our distribution maps show few records because the 17 plants in this area are rare or have been exterminated by cultivation. The area, however, contains some extinct lake areas and springy places which accounts for the many lake area plants in it. Illinoia/n Drift Area This area lies south of the Tipton Till Plain, north of the glacial bound- ary, and east of the Lower Wabash Valley area. It is divided into an eastern and a western lobe. The topography varies from level areas to deeply cut ravines. The flora of the two parts has several species not in common. The Appalachian flora has entered in a small degree the eastern part while the southwestern flora has entered the western part. In Clark, Jefferson, Jennings, and Ripley Counties are level, poorly drained areas with an acid soil that are locally known as "flats." These may be divided into high and low "flats." The principal tree species of the "high flats" are beech, sweet gum, tulip, and black gum. Often a depression a foot in depth will result in a "low flat" wooded with swamp chestnut oak, swamp white oak, pin oak, southern red oak, and red maple. Sometimes the low- est places will consist of a pure stand of pin oak. All of the species named will not be found in the same "flat" but usually two or three of them will be the dominant species. The western part has some low areas but these are usually wooded with pin oak and shingle oak, associated with hickory. In the western lobe are sand dunes that have a peculiar flora. Such a sand area forms the terrace of the Wabash River from north of Terre Haute southward to Posey County. In Knox County in places its width increases to more than a mile. On this sandy terrace are found plants not found elsewhere in Indiana which have their mass distribution in the Lower Mississippi Valley. East of the North fork of White River in the north- western part of Daviess County are many low dunes upon which, and in the low places between them, occur several Coastal Plain plants. Among those that are restricted to this area are Gymnopogon ambiguus and Gaura filipes. Prairie Area This area is small and the boundary very irregular. The many small prairies and "oak openings" that occur throughout the lake and Tipton Till Plain areas are not included in this area. Our distribution maps may show a prairie species fairly well distributed over the whole of northern Indiana which does not mean that the whole area is an uninterrupted prairie. There was probably not a county in the lake and Tipton Till Plain areas that did not have one or more areas of an acre or more in prairie. The tension zone between the prairie and the forest is one of the most interest- ing studies in plant geography. The whole area is now devoted to agri- culture and since no one made a record of its plant life before cultivation, our knowledge of it must now be gleaned from the few plants that have survived along railroads and roadsides and in cemeteries and waste places. Every year our roadsides are mowed and the rights of way of railroads are mowed and usually burned, so that the extermination of our native prairie plants will soon be complete. 18 Lower Wabash Valley This is a narrow strip of alluvial land on the east side of the Wabash River from Parke County southward to the Ohio River and thence up the Ohio River to Little Pigeon Creek in Warrick County. To it belong also the short alluvial extensions of the White and Patoka Rivers. The whole area is usually inundated each year at flood stage. Among the trees re- stricted to these lowlands are Acer rubrum var. Drummondii, Carya Pecan (with few exceptions), Celtis laevigata (with few exceptions), Forestiera acuminata (with one exception), Gleditsia aquatica, Gleditsia texana, Taxodium distichum, and Quercus lyrata (one exception). Other plants are Aristolochia tomentosa, Echinodorus radicans, Hottonia inflata, Lep- tochloa panicoides, Ludwigia glandulosa, Spigelia marilandica, Trache- lospermum difforme, and Vitis palmata. All these species belong to the flora of the Mississippi Valley and find their northeastern limit in this area. U n glaciated area This area may be divided into eastern and western parts. The western part is included by Malott in the Wabash Lowland and is bounded on the east by Anderson Creek to St. Meinrad and then extends northwestward to the glacial boundary. The eastern half of this part is hilly and wooded mostly with oaks. The western part has gently sloping or low hills and is wooded on the high ground with beech, tulip, and sugar maple and in the lowland with oak, hickory, elm, and sweet gum. I do not regard this as a botanical area but only a part of a region where some southern plants reach the northern limit of their distribution. In it, however, we have Dicliptera brachiata and Crotonopsis elliptica that have not been found outside of it. The eastern part of the unglaciated area is mostly hilly and broken, being divided by the broad valley of White River. I think a good com- mon name for it would be the "Chestnut Oak Upland" area, because this species of oak crowns the crests of all of the high ridges of the area and these ridges are popularly known as "chestnut oak ridges" or "knobs." Malott divides the area into three parts. The most eastern he calls the Norman Uplift, the middle the Mitchell Plain, and the western the Craw- ford Upland. With the exception of one small restricted area I think these uplands can be considered as one botanical unit. Pinus virginiana, Virginia pine, crowns the crests of the highest ridges in Floyd County, the western part of Clark County, a fragment of the southwestern part of Scott County, and a few places on the southeast boundary of Wash- ington County. The total area of pine is quite small and might well be considered a separate botanical area if there were one more species pecul- iar to it. Within the chestnut oak area many plants reach their northern limit. Some, such as Bumelia lycioides, Oxydendrum arboreum, Ligusticum canadense, Eragrostis capillaris, and Aconitum uncinatum, have merely crossed the Ohio River. Others such as Smilax Bona-nox, Gentiana villosa, Melothria pendula, Kalmia Mifolia, Galactia volubilis, and Cirsium vir- ginianum have penetrated 5 to 25 miles. Others such as Quercus montanu 19 and Cunila origanoides have covered the whole area but not beyond it except on a small knob in Jefferson County, one in Spencer County, and one in Warrick County. Gaultheria procumbens and Tsuga canadensis are evidently relicts on this old rock area. There also remains Carex picta which offers a problem in disjunct distribution. This Carex is frequent in Brown County in certain places near the glacial boundary and is found sparingly in Monroe, Jackson, Lawrence, Morgan, and Owen Counties. I have watched carefully for this species elsewhere in Indiana but have failed to discover it. It is known only in the area mentioned in Indiana, in Tennessee, Alabama, and in one place in Louisiana. Another in- teresting relict of this area is Betula lutea which has a few specimens struggling for existence on the walls of the gorges about a mile south- east of Taswell, Crawford County. It is associated here with Tsuga canadensis. State Flower The Indiana flora is rich in the number of native species that are attrac- tive and beautiful. Out of our abundance of native flowers we should be able to select one for our state flower. I take this opportunity which may be my last to voice my protest against designating as a state flower one that is not a well known native of the state nor even a native of the United States. Our first state flower was the carnation of Europe. I assisted in having this changed in 1923 to the flower of the tulip tree which is found in every county of Indiana except in the prairies. It is recognized as one of the most stately trees of the United States. In 1931 the legislature named the blatant zinnia the state flower, Zinnia elegans (a native of Mexico). Why advertise some foreign country and our ignorance of our native plants ? I appeal to readers to take a pride in our state and in our native plants. I hope that our next legislature will not consider the state flower only as a buttonhole bouquet and will name one of our many native flowers to represent us and cease paying homage to any other country. Acknowledgments I have received help and suggestions from many persons to whom I wish to make grateful acknowledgment. First to the persons previously mentioned who have examined my specimens in difficult genera, I tender my sincere thanks. I wish especially to thank those who have contributed difficult parts of the text: Frederick J. Hermann of the University of Michigan for the text of Carex, J uncus, and Luzula; Theodor Just of the University of Notre Dame for the text of Chenopodiaceae ; and Ernest J. Palmer of the Arnold Arboretum for the text of Crataegus. These authors have with few exceptions followed the phraseology of the flora. I owe much to Stanley Coulter, until recently Dean of the School of Science, Purdue University, who encouraged me to write a flora of Indiana and who enlisted the aid of the Department of Conservation. He has also read most of the manuscript and has been helpful in many ways. 20 C. A. Weatherby of the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts, has promptly answered my many letters relative to botanical nomenclature. I wish to express my appreciation for this special service and reading proof. Paul Weatherwax of Indiana University has read the manuscript and given me helpful suggestions. Frederick J. Hermann of the University of Michigan has read both the manuscript and the proof and has been exceedingly helpful in many ways. Mrs. Leland Winch, of West Lafayette, Indiana, nee Harriet M. Gragg, has typed the manuscript. She has been most helpful in the English com- position and has been an accurate, earnest, and conscientious assistant. I wish to express my sincere thanks to E. P. Wilson for his interest and efforts in having the Flora published in the best manner possible ; also for the making of the county and botanical area maps. Our thanks are also due to J. H. Armington of the U.S. Weather Bureau for the two full page maps, showing the rainfall and temperature of Indiana. I wish to acknowledge the great assistance of my wife, Stella M. Deam, who has, during the past forty years, helped to collect and prepare speci- mens, has read copy and proof, and has shared the financial burden the work has entailed. Lastly, I wish to thank the Department of Conservation for the oppor- tunity of doing this work and publishing the results. Conclusion Active work of writing the flora was begun about seven years ago. Much data on the distribution of rare species yet remain to be collected but since I have just passed my seventy-third birthday it seems wise to conclude the work. Chas. C. Deam. Bluff ton, Indiana, Sept. 28, 1938. P.S. In order to keep the nomenclature up to date while the flora was going through the press it was necessary to make the changes in footnotes and omit some of the synonyms. Feb. 15, 1940. Chas. C. Deam. 21 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS Adans. — Adanson, Michel. A. DC. — De Candolle, Alphonse. Ait. — Aiton, William. Ait. f. — Aiton, William Townsend. All. — Allioni, Carlo. Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan. Andrz. — Andrzejowski, Anton Lukianowicz. Am. — Arnott, George A. Walker. Arrh. — Arrhenius, Johan Pehr. Asch. — Ascherson, Paul. B. & H. — Bentham, George, and Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Bab. — Babington, Charles Cardale. Bail!. — Baillon, Henri Ernest. Baldw. — Baldwin, William. Barnh. — Barnhart, John Hendley. Bart.— Barton, William P.C. Bartr. — Bartram, William. Beauv. — Beauvois, A. M.F.J. Palisot de. Benn. — Bennett, Arthur. Benth. — Bentham, George. Bernh. — Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. Bess. — Besser, Wilhelm S.J.G. von. Bickn. — Bicknell, Eugene P. Big el. — Bigelow, Jacob. Biv. — Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio. Bjornstr. — Bjornstrom, Friedrich Johann. Boeckl. — Boeckeler, Otto. Boenn. — Boenninghausen, C.M.F. von. Boerh. — Boerhaave, Hermann. Boiss. — Boissier, Edmond. Borkh. — Borkhausen, M.B. Br., A.Br. — Braun, Alexander. Br., P.Br. — Browne, Patrick. Br., R.Br. — Brown, Robert. Briq. — Briquet, John. Britt. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord. BSP. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenberg, Justus F. Buch. — Buchenau, Franz. Burm. f. — Burman, Nikolaus Laurens. C. & S. — Chamisso, Adalbert von, and Schlechtendal, D.F.L. von. Carr. — Carriere, Elie Abel. Casp. — Caspary, Robert. Cass. — Cassini, Henri. Cav. — Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. Celak. — Celakovsky, Ladislav. Chapm. — Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. Chr., C.Chr. — Christensen, Carl. Clairv. — Clairville, Joseph Phillipe de. Clayt. — Clayton, John. Coss. — Cosson, Ernest. Coult. — Coulter, John Merle. Cov. — Coville, Frederick V. Cyrill. — Cirillo, Domenico. Darl. — Darlington, William. Davenp. — Davenport, George Edward. DC. — De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus. Dene. — Decaisne, Joseph. Desf. — Desfontaines, Rene Louiche. Desr. — Desrousseaux, Louis Auguste Joseph. Desv. — Desvaux, Augustin Nicaise. Dietr. — Dietrich, Albert. Dill. — Dillenius, Johann Jacob. Dougl. — Douglas, David. Dv.fr. — Dufresne, Pierre. Duham. — Du Hamel du Monceau, H.L. Dumont. — Du Mont de Courset, G.L.M. Dumort. — Dumortier, Barthelemy C. Eat. — Eaton, Amos. Eggl.— Eggleston, Willard Webster. Ehrh. — Ehrhart, Friedrich. Ell— Elliott, Stephen. Endl. — Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus. Engelm. — Engelmann, George. Farw. — Farwell, Oliver A. F&rn. — Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Fisoh. — Fischer, F.E. Ludwig von. Forst. — Forster, J.R. and George. Fourn. — Fournier, Eugene. Fresn. — Fresenius, J.B.G.W. Froel. — Froelich, Joseph Aloys. Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph. Gatt. — Gattinger, Augustin. Gaud. — Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. Germ. — Germain, Ernest. Gilib. — Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel. Gmel. — Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Gmel., J.F. — Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. Gmel., J.G. — Gmelin, Johann Georg. Godr. — Godron, Dominique Alexandre. Grab. — Grabowski, Heinrich Emanuel. Graebn. — Graebner, Paul. Gren. & Godr. — Grenier, Charles, and God- ron, D.A. Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye. Griseb. — Grisebach, Heinrich R.A. Gronov. — Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. Guss. — Gussoni, Giovanni. H. & A. — Hooker, William Jackson, and Arnott, G.A. Walker. Hack. — Hackel, Eduard. Hartm. — Hartman, Carl Johan. Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl. Haussk. — Haussknecht, Carl. HBK. — Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Bon- pland, Aime, and Kunth, C.S. Heist. — Heister, Lorentz. Herb. — Herbert, William. 99 Hitchc. — Hitchcock, Albert Spear. Hocfist. — Hochstetter, Christian Frederich. Hoffm. — Hoffmann, George Franz. Hook. — Hooker, William Jackson. Hornem. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken. Houtt. — Houttuyn, M. Hubb.— Hubbard, F. Tracy. Huds. — Hudson, William. Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. Jord. — Jordan, Alexis. Jkss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de. Juss., B. — Jussieu, Bernard de. Karst. — Karsten, Hermann. Koel. — Koeler, George Ludwig. Krock. — Krocker, Anton Johann. Ktze. — Kuntze, Otto. L. — Linnaeus, Carolus, or Linne, Carl von. L.f. — Linne, Carl von (the son). Laestad. — Laestadius, Lars Levi. Lag. — Lagasca, Mariano. hall. — Ave-Lallemant, J.L.E. Lam. — Lamarck, J.B.A.P. Monnet. Lamb. — Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. Laxm. — Laxmann, Eric. Leavenw. — Leavenworth, Melines C. Ledeb.- — Ledebour, Carl F. von. Lehm. — Lehmann, J.G.C. Lesp. & Thev. — Lespinasse, Gustave, and Theveneau, A. Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich. Leyss. — Leysser, Frederich Wilhelm. L'Her.— L'Heriter, de Brutelle, C.L. Lightf. — Lightfoot, John. Lindl. — Lindley, John. Lodd. — Loddiges, Conrad. Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J.L.A. Loud. — Loudon, John Claudius. Lour. — Loureiro, Juan. Macb. — Macbride, J. Francis. Mack. — Mackenzie, Kenneth Kent. MacM. — MacMillan, Conway. Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey. Maxim. — Maximowicz, Carl Johann. Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir. Meisn. — Meisner, Carl Friedrich. Merr. — Merrill, Elmer D. Mert. & Koch. — Mertens, Franz Karl, and Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Heinrich. Mett. — Mettenius, Georg Heinrich. Mey. — Meyer, Ernest Heinrich F. Mey., C.A. — Meyer, Carl Anton. Mey., G.F.W. — Meyer, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm. Mich. — Micheli, Pier' Antonio. Michx. — Michaux, Andre. Michx.f. — Michaux, Francois Andre. Mill.— Miller, Philip. Moq. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. Arg. — Mueller, Jean (of Aargau). Muench. — Muenchhausen, Otto Freiherr von. Muhl. — Muhlenberg, H.E. Murr. — Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de. Nees — Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried. Nees & Eberm. — Nees von Esenbeck, T.F. L., and Ebermaier, K.H. Newm. — Newman, Edward. Nieuivl. — Nieuwland, Julius Arthur. Nutt. — Nuttall, Thomas. Pall. — Pallas, Peter Simon. Pari. — Parlatore, Filippo. Pers. — Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Peterm. — Petermann, Wilhelm Ludwig. Planch. — Planchon, Jules Emile. Plum. — Plumier, Charles. Poir. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Poll. — Pollich, Johann Adam. R. & P. — Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef. R. & S. — Roemer, J.J., and Schultes, August. Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C.S. Rehd. — Rehder, Alfred. Reichenb. — Reichenbach, H.G.L. Richards. — Richardson, John. Rivin. — Rivinius, August Quirinus. Rodr. — Rodriguez, Jose Demetrio. Roem. — Roemer, M.J. Rostk.— Rostkovius, F.W.G. Rottb. — Rottboell, Christen Fries. Rupp. — Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard. Rupr. — Ruprecht, Franz J. Rydb. — Rydberg, Per Axel. Salisb. — Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Sarg. — Sargent, Charles Sprague. Schk. — Schkuhr, Christian. Schleich. — Schleicher, J.C. Schleid. — Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. Schneid. — Schneider, Camillo. Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich Adolph. Schreb. — Schreber, Johann D.C. von. Schwein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de. Scop. — Scopoli, Johann Anton. Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank. Ser. — Serin ge, Nicolas Charles. Shuttlw. — Shuttleworth, Robert. Sibth. — Sibthorp, John. Sieb. & Zucc. — Siebold, P.F. von, and Zuccarini, J.G. Sm. — Smith, James Edward. Sin., J. — Smith, John. Sm., J.D. — Smith, John Donnell. >3 Sm., J.G. — Smith, Jared Gage. Soland. — Solander, Daniel. Spreng. — Sprengel, Kurt. Sternb. — Sternberg, Caspar. Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. St. Hil. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de. Sudw. — Sudworth, George B. Sulliv. — Sullivant, William Starling. Sw. — Swartz, Olaf. T. & G. — Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa. Thunb. — Thunberg, Carl Pehr. Tidestr. — Tidestrom, Ivar. Ton: — Torrey, John. Tourn. — Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Traut. — Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph. Trel. — Trelease, William. Trev. — Treviranus, Christian Ludolf. Triyi. — Trinius, Karl Bernhard. Tucker~m. — Tuckerman, Edward. Turcz. — Turczaninow, Nicolaus. Undemv. — Underwood, Lucien Marcus. Vaill. — Vaillant, Sebastien. Vent. — Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. Vict. — Marie-Victorin. Vill. — Villars, Dominique. Wahlb.— Wahlberg, Pehr Frederik. Wahl. — Wahlenberg, Georg. Waldst. & Kit. — Waldstein, F.A. von, and Kitaibel, P. Wa/flr .—Wallroth, K.F.W. Walp. — Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. Walt.— Walter, Thomas. Wang. — Wangenheim, F.A.J, von. Wats. — Watson, Sereno. Wats. E. E. — Watson, Elba Emanuel. Wendl. — Wendland, Johann Christoph. Wettst. — Wettstein, Richard von. Wieg. — Wiegand, Karl M. Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Wimm. — Wimmer, Friedrich. With. — Withering, William. Wormsk. — Wormskiold, M. von. W ulf.— Wulfen, Franz Xavier. Key to the Families' (Carried out, in some cases, to genera. The numbers preceding the fam- ily and generic names refer to their sequence in the class to which they belong.) PTERIDOPHYTA Plants without true flowers, reproducing by spores (without embryos) ; fernlike, moss- like, rushlike, or aquatic plants. A. Plants floating, with small, 2-ranked leaves; sporocarps borne on the under side of the stem Salviniaceae, p. 59. A. Plants terrestrial or submerged, not floating B. B. Stems conspicuously grooved and jointed, their nodes covered by toothed sheaths; sporangia borne on the scales of terminal, dry, conelike spikes Equisetaceae, p. 59. B. Stems not conspicuously grooved, without sheathing joints C. C. Leaves closely imbricated, short or long-linear (from a cormlike base); sporangia sessile, axillary. Stem short, cormlike; leaves linear, in a rosette; sporangia borne in a cavity on the inner side of the leaf-base Isoetaceae, p. 66. Stem elongate, creeping or branching; leaves very short, crowded or imbri- cated. Plants small and mosslike; spores of two sizes. . . . Selaginellaceae, p. 65. Plants not resembling mosses ; spores all of one size Lycopodiaceae, p. 63. C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated D. D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, cloverlike ; aquatic Marsileaceae, p. 102. D. Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliolate, broad, flat, fernlike, more or less pin- nately or ternately divided or entire; terrestrial E. E. Sterile and fertile fronds flat, entire; the fertile ones ending in long- stalked, simple spikes Ophioglossaceae, p. 37. E. Sterile and fertile fronds not entire F. F. Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the fronds conspicuously unlike the sterile; sporangia not on the lower surface of green leaves G. G. Rootstock almost none; the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appearing to rise from a cluster of fleshy roots; lower segments sterile, the upper ones fertile and bearing 2-ranked, globular sporangia. Botrychium, p. 38. G. Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots fibrous; fronds numerous H. H. Sporangia globose, thin-walled, 2-valved, densely crowded, not 2-ranked Osmundaceae, p. 40. H. Sporangia within firm, 2-ranked, globose and distinct or connected in beadlike segments Onoclea, p. 45. F. Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile; sporangia borne on the lower surface or on the margins of green segments. POLYPODIACEAE, p. 42. SPERMATOPHYTA Plants with true flowers containing stamens or pistils or both, reproducing by seed (containing an embryo). Ovules not in a closed ovary; trees and shrubs with needlelike or scalelike, mostly evergreen leaves; flowers monoecious or dioecious (Gymnosperms) . 1 See Introduction, p. 13. (25) 26 Key to the Families GYMNOSPERMAE Flowers solitary, axillary; seed solitary, enveloped in a pulpy disk (berry- like) 5. Taxaceae, p. 66. Flowers borne in catkins; fruit a cone or a several-seeded berry 6. Pinaceae, p. 66. Ovules borne in a closed ovary which, at maturity, becomes the fruit; herbs or woody plants, with broad or narrow, evergreen or deciduous leaves (Angio- sperms) J. ANGIOSPERMAE J. Embryo with a single cotyledon; early leaves always alternate (leaves some- times whorled), mostly parallel-veined (net-veined in Araceae and Dios- coreaceae; parts of the flower in threes or sixes, never in fives; stems with- out a central pith or ringlike layers, but with woody fibers distributed through them ; our species, except in the genus Smilax, herbaceous ( Monocoty- ledons) K. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE K. Plant scarcely differentiated into stem and leaf, small, usually lens-shaped, ellipsoid or oblong; free-swimming aquatics without true leaves 24. Lemnaceae, p. 279. K. Plant with stem and leaves L. L. Perianth free from the ovary or none M. M. Perianth lacking, or of scalelike or bristle-form divisions N. N. Flowers enclosed or subtended by scales (glumes) ; plants grasslike, with jointed stems, sheathing leaves, and 1-seeded fruit. Stems hollow, round or flattened; leaf sheaths split; anthers attached at the middle 19. Gramineae, p. 93. Stems solid, usually more or less triangular; leaf sheaths not split; anthers attached at the base 20. Cyperaceae, p. 181. N. Flowers not enclosed in scales (though sometimes in involucrate heads) O. O. Plants immersed aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves often floating. Leaves opposite or ternate; pistils solitary, naked 12. Najadaceae, p. 84. Leaves alternate or 2-ranked; pistils aggregated into heads or clusters. Fruit in heads, the nutlets composing it tightly compact, with prominent, conical style bases mostly 2-4 mm long 10. Sparganiaceae, p. 72. Fruit in clusters; nutlets not tightly compact, the style bases usually short or very slender 11. POTAMOGETONACEAE, p. 75. O. Plants terrestrial or of a marsh habitat. Leaves petiolate, the blades net-veined 23. Araceae, p. 277. Leaves not petiolate, linear or sword-shaped, parallel-veined P. P. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers and fruit in a cylindrical spike. . .8. Typhaceae, p. 71. Flowers and fruit in heads. Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate 30. Eriocaulaceae, p. 283. Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate 10. Sparganiaceae, p. 72. Key to the Families 27 P. Flowers perfect. Plants with flowers in a dense spike (4-7 cm long), borne on the margin of a long, 2-edged scape; rhizome aromatic 694. Acorus, p. 277. Plants not as above, the flowers not in spikes; rhizomes not aromatic. Carpels 3-6, more or less united, separating at least when ripe 14. Juncaginaceae, p. 85. Carpels 3, completely united, not separating at maturity. 36. Juncaceae, p. 290. M. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scalelike nor bristle-form Q. Q. Pistils numerous, in a head or ring 15. Alismaceae, p. 86. Q. Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3) R. R. Stamens 3. Flowers racemose or spicate 14. Juncaginaceae, p. 85. Flowers in dense, scaly heads 29. Xyridaceae, p. 282. Flowers cymose 36. Juncaceae, p. 290. R. Stamens 4 1119. Maianthemum, p. 318. R. Stamens 6 S. S. Stamens all alike and fertile. Ovary of 3-6 carpels, separating at maturity 14. Juncaginaceae, p. 85. Ovary not deeply cleft (often angled or lobed). Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so. Plants rushlike; perianth small, greenish or purplish brown. 36. Juncaceae, p. 290. Plants not rushlike 38. Liliaceae, p. 303. Divisions of the pedianth unlike; the 3 sepals green and 2 or more of the petals colored. Stem leaves ovate or oblong, in a whorl of 3; flowers solitary, terminal 1138. Trillium, p. 321. Stem leave of a linear type, not in whorls; flowers in umbels. . 33. Commelinaceae, p. 283. S. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers. Perianth of 6 yellow, petaloid segments Erythronium americanum, p. 314. Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 2 or 3 colored ephemeral petals (petals rarely white) 33. Commelinaceae, p. 283. Perianth tubular, 6-lobed, mostly colored 34. PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 287. L. Perianth present, adnate to the ovary. Stamens 1 or 2; flowers irregular; seeds many.... 50. Orchidaceae, p. 335. Stamens 3 or more; flowers mostly regular or nearly so. Plants immersed aquatics 17. Hydrocharitaceae, p. 91. Plants terrestrial. Flowers dioecious; jjlants twining; leaves net- veined 43. DlOSCOREACEAE, p. 330. Flowers perfect; leaves parallel-veined. Stamens 6 40. Amaryllidaceae, p. 328. Stamens 3; leaves 2-ranked 44. Iridaceae, 332. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves net-veined (except in Eryngium) ; parts of the flower mostly in fours and fives; stems formed of bark, wood, and pith, increasing in size by the annual addition of a new layer (rarely two) to the outside, next to the bark (Dicotyledons.) T. 28 Key to the Families DICOTYLEDONEAE T. Corolla none; calyx present or lacking U. U. Flowers monoecious or dioecious (rarely polygamous), one or both sorts in catkins or dense heads V. V. Staminate or pistillate (not both) flowers in catkins or catkinlike heads. Pistillate flowers in a short catkin or catkinlike head. . . .64. Moraceae, p. 394. Pistillate flowers single or clustered; the staminate in slender catkins (except in Fagus) . Leaves pinnate; pistillate flowers and fruit naked. .60. Juglandaceae, p. 365. Leaves simple; pistillate flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre 62. Fagaceae, p. 378. V. Staminate and pistillate (both) flowers in catkins or catkinlike heads W. W. Ovary many-ovuled; fruit many-seeded. Ovary and pod 2-celled; seed not tufted 3298. Liquidambar, p. 523. Ovary and pod 1-celled; seeds hairy-tufted 56. Salicaceae, p. 352. W. Ovary 1- or 2-celled; cells 1-ovuled; fruit 1-seeded. Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry 67. Loranthaceae, p. 402. Trees and shrubs, not parasitic. Calyx regular in fertile flower, succulent in fruit. . . .64. Moraceae, p. 394. Calyx none or rudimentary and scalelike. Style and stigma simple ; leaves palmately angled or lobed 124. Platanaceae, p. 523. Styles or long stigmas 2. Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin 61. Betulaceae, p. 373. Pistillate flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, drupelike 57. Myricaceae, p. 365. U. Flowers not in catkins X. X. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2 (rarely 3 or 4) ovules Y. Y. Pistil composed of more than one carpel; carpels distinct or nearly so. Stamens insterted on the calyx; leaves with stipules. .126. Rosaceae, p. 524. Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with transparent glands 3990. Zanthoxylum, p. 632. Leaves not punctate with glands. Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454. Calyx none; flowers in a spike 52. Saururaceae, p. 352. Y. Pistil simple or compound but without distinct carpels Z. Z. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes lacking a. a. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Calyx none ; trees 124. Platanaceae, p. 523. Calyx present, commonly petal-like; herbs. .77. Polygonaceae, p. 405. a. Stipules not sheathing the stem or lacking b. b. Herbs c. c. Plants aquatic, submerged or nearly so. Leaves whorled, dissected; style 1...89. Ceratophyllaceae, p. 4:">4. Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled 148. Callitrichaceae, p. 646. c. Plants not aquatic d. d. Styles 10; ovary and berry 10-celled. .83. Phytolaccaceae, p. 433. d. Style, if any, and stigma 1. Flowers unisexual; ovary of the fertile flowers 1-celled 65. Urticaceae, p. 397. Flowers perfect; pods 2-celled, 2-seeded 2883. Lepidum, p. 487. Key to the Families 29 d. Styles 2 or 3 or branched; ovary 1-4 celled e. e. Leaves palmately lobed or divided, the terminal ones sometimes simple 64. Moraceae, p. 394. e. Leaves not palmately lobed or divided f. f. Ovary and capsule 3-celled; juice usually milky 147. EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 636. f. Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky g. g. Leaves stellate-pubescent beneath 4350. Crotonopsis, p. 638. g. Leaves not stellate-pubescent beneath. Stipules scarious 2475. Paronychia, p. 442. Stipules none. Leaves opposite. Flowers in heads or spikes, these often panicled; anthers 1-celled 79. Amaranthaceae, p. 427. Flowers sessile in the forks of a branching inflores- cence 2483. Scleranthus, p. 444. Leaves alternate. Flowers and bracts scarious 79. Amaranthaceae, p. 427. Flowers small, chiefly greenish, no scarious bracts. . . . 78. Chenopodiaceae, p. 418. b. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Fruit 1-celled, a single samara 243. Oleaceae, p. 751. Fruit 2-celled, a double samara 163. Aceraceae, p. 654. Fruit 3-celled, not winged 169. Rhamnaceae, p. 659. Leaves alternate. Ovary 3-celled 169. Rhamnaceae, p. 659. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Styles and stigmas 2 63. Ulmaceae, p. 390. Style and stigma 1. Anthers opening lengthwise 214. Thymelaeaceae, p. 694. Anthers opening by uplifted lids 102. Lauraceae, p. 480. Z. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the calyx as to appear so. Plants parasitic on the branches of trees 67. Loranthaceae, p. 402. Plants not parasitic on trees. Plants aquatic 225. Haloragidaceae, p. 710. Plants not aquatic. Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple 80. Nyctaginaceae, p. 432. Leaves alternate. Leaves simple 2112. Comandra, p. 402. Leaves compound 3381. Sanguisorba, p. 573. Trees or shrubs. Leaves scurfy 215. Elaeagnaceae, p. 695. Leaves not scurfy. Style 1; flowers solitary, in pairs or in umbel-like clusters 6151. Nyssa, p. 728. Styles 2 123. Hamamelidaceae, p. 533. X. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules h. h. Calyx none; ovary and fruit naked. Aquatic herbs 113. Podostemaceae, p. 512. Shrubs or trees 123A. Altingiaceae, p. 533. h. Calyx present j. j. Ovary superior k. k. Ovaries 2 or more, separate 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454. 30 Key to the Families k. Ovary single m. m. Ovary 5-celled, 5-beaked; leaves scattered . . . . 3173. Penthorum, p. 514. m. Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves opposite or whorled 84. Aizoaceae, p. 434. m. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Leaves compound 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454. Leaves simple. Style 1 216. Lythraceae, p. 695. Styles 2-5 87. Caryophyllaceae, p. 435. j. Ovary and pod inferior. Ovary 1-celled; stamens 8-10 3199. Chrysosplenium, p. 519. Ovary 4-celled; stamens 4 5793. Ludwigia, p. 700. Ovary 6-celled; stamens 6-12 74. Aristolochiaceae, p. 403. T. Corolla and calyx both present n. n. Corolla of separate petals o. o. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9 or 10 in Polanisia) , and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx lobes p. p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q. q. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at the base into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary r. r. Aquatic plants with peltate leaves 88. Nymph aeaceae, p. 450. r. Terrestrial plants. Plants climbing. Leaves alternate 94. Menispermaceae, p. 477. Leaves opposite 2542. Clematis, p. 463. Plants not climbing. Filaments of stamens united into a tube 175. Malvaceae, p. 666. Filaments not united. Stamens on the calyx 126. Rosaceae, p. 524. Stamens on the receptacle or disk. Trees or shrubs. Sepals and petals imbricated; fruit aggregate 95. Magnoliaceae, p. 478. Sepals and petals valvate ; fruit not aggregate 98. Annonaceae, p. 479. Herbs; inflorescence simple; pistils several, simple 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454. q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several s. s. Leaves punctate with translucent dots 187. Hypericaceae, p. 671. s. Leaves not punctate t. t. Ovary simple, 1-celled. Ovules 2 126. Rosaceae, p. 524. Ovules many. Leaves 2- or 3-ternately compound or dissected 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454. Leaves peltate, lobed 2558. Podophyllum, p. 475. t. Ovary compound. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; sap milky or colored; placentae parietal 104. Papaveraceae, p. 481. Sepals 2 ; sap watery ; placentae central 85. PORTULACACEAE, p. 434. Sepals 4; sap watery; placentae parietal. .107. Capparidaceae, p. 510. Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; sap watery; placentae parietal 193. Cistaceae, p. 677. Key to the Families 31 Ovary several-celled. Calyx valvate in the bud. Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers 1-celled 175. Malvaceae, p. 666. Trees ; anthers 2-celled 174. Tiliaceae, p. 665. Calyx imbricate in the bud. Leaves tubular with a flange at the top, radical 110. Sarraceniaceae, p. 511. Leaves petiolate, mostly peltate or flattish; plants aquatic 88. Nymphaeaceae, p. 450. p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary. Ovary 7-30-celled. Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs 88. Nymphaeaceae, p. 450. Cells 10, each 1-ovuled; shrubs or trees 3343. Amelanchier, p. 531. Ovary 6-celled 2170. Asarum, p. 403. Ovary 1-5-celled. Plants without leaves (in the popular sense), more or less spiny; petals many, yellow 210. Cactaceae, p. 694. Plants with leaves. Sepals or calyx lobes 2; ovules arising from the base of a 1-celled ovary. . 85. PORTULACACEAE, p. 434. Sepals or calyx lobes more than 2. Leaves opposite; stipules none 117. Saxi frag ace ae, p. 514. Leaves alternate. Stipules present 126. Rosaceae, p. 524. Stipules none; shrubs 241. Styracaceae, p. 751. o. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals u. u. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Ovaries 3-6, separate; herbaceous vines (rarely woody in Indiana) 94. Menispermaceae, p. 477. Ovary only one. Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate 170. Vitaceae, p. 661. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft; petals involute 169. Rhamnaceae, p. 659. Ovary 1-celled. Anthers opening by uplifted lids 93. Berberidaceae, p. 475. Anthers not opening by uplifted lids. Style 1, unbranched; stigma 1 237. Primulaceae, p. 744. Styles, style branches or stigmas more than 1. Sepals or calyx lobes 2 85. Portulacaceae, p. 434. Sepals or calyx lobes 3-5 4350. Crotonopsis, p. 638. u. Stamens not of the same number as the petals or if of the same number alternate with them v. v. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. ovary wholly superior w. w. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x. x. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma com- mon to the 2 ovaries 248. Asclepiadaceae, p. 764. x. Stamens free from each other and from the pistils y. y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with translucent dots 137. Rutaceae, p. 632. Leaves without translucent dots. Trees 4124. Ailanthus, p. 632. Herbs. Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style. Ovary 2- or 3-lobed 152. Limnanthaceae, p. 647. Ovary 5-lobed 129. Geraniaceae, p. 623. Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454. 32 Key to the Families y. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Plant fleshy ; stamens not twice as many as the pistils 115. Crassulaceae, p. 513. Plant not fleshy; stamens not twice as many as the pistils. Stipules present 126. Rosaceae, p. 524. Stipules none 117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514. w. Ovary 1 z. z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta 128. Leguminosae, p. 582. z. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae, styles, or stigmas A. A. Ovai'y 1-celled. Corolla irregular. Petals 4; stamens 6 104A. Fumariaceae, p. 482. Petals and stamens 5 198. Violaceae, p. 681. Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary. Trees or shrubs 153. Anacardiaceae, p. 648. Herbs 105. Cruciferae, p. 484. Ovules more than one. Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx. .87. Caryophyllaceae, p. 435. Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. 216. Lythraceae, p. 695. Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae. Leaves punctate with transparent dots 187. Hypericaceae, p. 671. Leaves with gland-tipped bristles. . .112. Droseraceae, p. 512. Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Petals 4. Stamens essentially equal ; pod usually stipitate 107. Capparidaceae, p. 510. Stamens unequal, 2 being shorter than the other 4; pod sessile 105. Cruciferae, p. 484. Petals 3 or 5. Ovary stipitate 203. Passifloraceae, p. 693. Ovary sessile. Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepals 117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514. Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals 193. Cistaceae, p. 677. A. Ovary 2-several-celled B. B. Flowers irregular C. C. Anthers opening at the top 145. Polygalaceae, p. 633. C. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx 5478. Cuphea p. 698. Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogynous or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled; trees or shrubs 4721. Aesculus, p. 658. Ovary 5-celled; heros. 168. Balsaminaceae, p. 659. B. Flowers regular or nearly so D. D. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. Stamens fewer than the 4 petals 243. Oleaceae, p. 751. Stamens more numerous than the petals 163. Aceraceae, p. 654. Key to the Families 33 Herbs. Petals 5 187. Hypericaceae. p. 671. Petals 4 105. Cruciferae, p. 484. D. Stamens just as many as or twice as many as the petals E. E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious 147. Euphorbiaceae, p. 636. Flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals. Ovary 2- or 3-celled 152. Limnanthaceae, p. 647. Ovary 5-celled 129. Geraniaceae, p. 623. Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals. Leaves abruptly pinnate 135. Zygophyllaceae, p. 631. Leaves simple 132. Linaceae, p. 629. Trees or shrubs. Leaves compound. Leaves 3-foliolate, punctate 4069. Ptelea, p. 632. Leaves pinnate, not punctate. . .165. Sapindaceae, p. 658. Leaves simple. Blades palmately veined 163. Aceraceae, p. 654. Blades pinnately veined. Leaves alternate. Shrubs, climbing 4625. Celastrus, p. 653. Shrubs, erect 157. Aquifoliaceae, p. 651. Leaves opposite 158. Celastraceae, p. 653. E. Ovules, and usually seed, several or many in each cell F. F. Leaves compound. Trees or shrubs 161. Staphyleaceae, p. 654. Herbs; leaves alternate or all radical 130. OXALIDACEAE. p. 626. F. Leaves simple. Stipules present between opposite leaves 189. Elatinaceae, p. 677. Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Style 1. Stamens free from the calyx 233. Ericaceae, p. 733. Stamens inserted on the calyx. .216. Lythraceae, p. 695. Styles 2-5 or splitting into 2 in fruit. Stamens free from the calyx; leaves opposite 87. Caryophyllaceae, p. 435. Stamens inserted on the calyx.. 233. Ericaceae, p. 733. v. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G. G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. .275. Cucurbitaceae, p. 892. G. Tendrils lacking H. H. Ovules and seed only 1 in each cell. Stamens 5 or 10. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, not prickly 3345. Crataegus, p. 533. Leaves compound or prickly 227. Araliaceae, p. 712. Herbs. Fruit dry, splitting at maturity; styles 2 228. Umbelliferae, p. 714. Fruit berrylike; styles 2-5, separate or united 227. Araliaceae, p. 712. Stamens 2, 4 or 8. Style and stigma 1; fruit a drupe 229. Cornaceae, p. 728. 34 Key to the Families Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually more than 1; fruit not a drupe. Shrubs or trees 123. Hamamelidaceae, p. 523. Herbs. Style 1; stigma 2-4 lobed 224. Onagraceae, p. 699. Styles or sessile stigmas 4 225. Haloragidaceae, p. 710. H. Ovules and seed more than 1 in each cell. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals or calyx lobes 2 ; ovules borne at the base of the ovary 85. PORTULACACEAE, p. 434. Sepals or calyx lobes 4 or 5; placentae 2 or 3, parietal 117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514. Ovary 2-many-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex. . .223. Melastomaceae, p. 698. Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers the ovary. 158. Celastraceae, p. 653. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) 224. Onagraceae, p. 699. Styles 2 or 3, distinct; stamens 5 or 10 117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514. n. Petals more or less united I. I. Stamens more numeixms than the lobes of the corolla J. J. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta 1, parietal 128. Leguminosae, p. 582. Placentae 2, parietal 104A. Fumariaceae, p. 482. Placenta at the center or base of the ovary 241. Styracaceae, p. 751. J. Ovary 2-celled; cells 1-ovuled 145. Polygalaceae, p. 633. J. Ovary 3-many-celled K. K. Stamens free from the corolla. Style 1 ; leaves simple 233. Ericaceae, p. 733. Styles 5 ; leaves 3-foliolate 130. Oxalidaceae, p. 626. K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla. Saprophytic herbs without green foliage 6169. Monotropa, p. 737. Not saprophytic; foliage green. Trees or shrubs; anthers mostly 2-celled. Filaments united at the base, forming a tube 6411. Styrax, p. 751. Filaments free from each other. Style 1 233. Ericaceae, p. 733. Styles 4 240. Ebenaceae, p. 751. Herbs; anthers 1-celled 175. Malvaceae, p. 666. I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla lobes L. L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla lobes and opposite them. Corolla appendaged with scales inside; ovary 5-celled; trees or shrubs 239. Sapotaceae, p. 750. Corolla not appendaged with scales inside; ovary 1-celled; herbs 237. Primulaceae, p. 744. L. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or fewer M. M. Ovary free from the calyx tube (superior) N. N. Corolla regular O. O. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes P. P. Ovaries more than 1, or if 1, deeply lobed Q. Q. Ovaries 2, or if 1, 2-horned. Stamens united 248. Asclepiadaceae, p. 764. Stamens distinct. Stipules or stipular membrane or line between opposite leaves; ovary 2-horned 245. Loganiaceae, p. 754. Stipules none; ovaries 2 247. Apocynaceae, p. 760. Key to the Families 35 Q. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Leaves alternate 252. Boraginaceae, p. 787. Leaves opposite 254. Labiatae, p. 798. P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R. R. Ovary 1-celled. Seed 1; corolla scarious 269. Plantaginaceae, p. 867. Seed several-many. Leaves entire, opposite 246. Gentian aceae, p. 754. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound. Whole upper surface of the corolla white-bearded; leaflets 3, entire 6543. Menyanthes, p. 760. Corolla not conspicuously bearded; leaves, if compound, with toothed leaflets 251. Hydrophyllaceae, p. 784. R. Ovary 2-10-celled. Leafless twining parasites 6968. Cuscuta, p. 770. Leaves opposite, their bases connected by a stipular line 245. Loganiaceae, p. 754. Leaves alternate or, if opposite, with no trace of stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Style 1 233. Ericaceae, p. 733. Style none ; stamens attached to the base of the corolla 157. Aquifoliaceae, p. 651. Stamens on the tube of the corolla. Stamens 4. Leafy-stemmed ; leaves opposite ; corolla petaloid 253. Verbenaceae, p. 795. Acaulescent; corolla scarious. . .269. Plantaginaceae, p. 867. Stamens 5 or rarely more. Fruit of 2 or 4 seedlike nutlets 252. Boraginaceae, p. 787. Fruit a few-many-seeded pod or berry. Styles 2. Pod few, mostly 4-seeded.. .249. Convolvulaceae, p. 770. Pod many-seeded 251. Hydrophyllaceae, p. 784. Style 1, often branched. Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of the stigma) 3. Plants twining 7003. Ipomoea, p. 776. Plants not twining 250. Polemoniaceae, p. 778. Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2 or rarely 4, or 1 (in Solanaceae). Seed few, mostly 4 249. Convolvulaceae, p. 770. Seed many 256. Solanaceae, p. 826. O. Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes. Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs. Ovary 2-celled; cells several-seeded 266. Acanthaceae, p. 864. Ovary 2-4-celled; cells 1-seeded; ovary not lobed; style apical 253. Verbenaceae, p. 795. Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed; style basal 254. Labiatae, p. 798. Stamens with anthers only 2 or rarely 3. Ovary 4-lobed 7326. Lycopus, p. 821. Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed. Herbs. Acaulescent; corolla scarious 269. Plantaginaceae, p. 867. Leafy-stemmed; corolla not scarious 7579. Veronica, p. 845. Trees or shrubs 243. Oleaceae, p. 751. N. Corolla irregular S. S. Stamens with anthers 5. 36 Key to the Families Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style 7118. Echium, p. 794. Ovary not deeply lobed, many-ovuled. Filaments or some of them woolly 7460. Verbascum, p. 834. Filaments not woolly 7396. Hyoscyamus, p. 1087. S. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4. Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells. Ovary 4-lobed; style arising from between the lobes 254. Labiatae, p. 798. Ovary not lobed; style from the apex. Ovary 1-celled; fruit pointing backwards. .268. Phrymaceae, p. 866. Ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit not pointing backwards 253. Verben aceae, p. 795. Ovules 2-many in each cell. Ovary imperfectly 4- or 5-celled 260. Martyniaceae, p. 860. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Parasites without green foliage, terrestrial ; stamens 4 261. Orobanchaceae, p. 860. Not parasitic, chiefly aquatic or mud plants ; stamens 2 264. Lentibulariaceae, p. 862. Ovary 2-celled. Trees or woody climbers; placentae parietal. . Bignoniaceae, p. 858. Herbs, rarely trees; placentae in the axis. Seed (mostly numerous) not borne on hooks 257. SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 882. Seed (2-12) borne on hooklike processes of the placentae 266. ACANTHACEAE, p. 864. M. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube (inferior) T. T. Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united. . .275. Cucurbitaceae, p. 892. T. Tendrils none U. U. Stamens separate V. V. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes; stipules none; sap milky 276. Campanulaceae, p. 893. V. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla lobes 273. Valerianaceae, p. 890. Stamens 4 or 5; leaves opposite or whorled. Ovary 2-5-celled. Leaves opposite or perfoliate but never whorled, rarely provided with true stipules 271. Caprifoliaceae, p. 878. Leaves either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and destitute of stipules 270. Rubiaceae, p. 870. Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in dense involucrate heads 274. Dipsacaceae, p. 892. U. Stamens united by their anthers, these joined in a ring or tube. Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular 276A. Lobeliaceae, p. 895. Flowers in an involucrate head 280. Compositae, p. 899. Ophioglossum Ophioglossaceae 37 PTERIDOPHYTA. Ferns and Fern Allies Note: Ferns and their allies have always been an attractive subject of study and many persons have made intensive studies of them and have designated many of the minute differences by special names. No attempt has been made here to evaluate the status of these variations and the com- mon interpretation of them has been accepted. In this treatment the term frond is used to mean the expanded portion of the leaf of a fern. [Students who wish to use the stipe to assist in the determination of the ferns are referred to "An analytical key for the ferns of the Northeastern States, based on the stipes," by C. E. Waters, published in 1903 and re- published as a supplement to the American Fern Journal, vol. 18: no. 2. 1928.] 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl Adder's Tongue Family* Sporangia cohering in a simple spike; fronds (leaves) one, rarely 2 or 3, entire; veins reticulate 1. Ophioglossum, p. 37. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, rarely in a simple spike but not cohering; fronds (leaves) not simple; veins free 2. Botrychium, p. 38. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Adder's Tongue Fronds mostly rounded or obtuse at the apex, rarely acute but never apiculate 1.0. vulgatum. Fronds more or less acute at the apex and apiculate 2. 0. Engelmanni. 1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L.** Common Adder's Tongue. Map 1. Local in various habitats in the southern half of the state. It is always found in dense shade and most commonly associated with beech, especially in low beech and sweet gum woods. Ordinarily it seems to prefer a slightly acid soil. It has been found in Lake County by several collectors, where it is evidently rather frequent. I have a specimen collected by Edwin D. Hull near Liverpool, Lake County, which was growing under some shrubs in almost pure sand with cranberry. Mr. Hull found more than 30 fruiting specimens at this time at the place mentioned above. Besides the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Crawford, Harrison, and Wayne Counties. Markle (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1915: 357. 1916) in 1914 found near Gary, Lake County, many plants with more than one leaf. He reports "of a total of two hundred plants, selected at random, ninety-one had one leaf above ground, one hundred and five had two leaves, and four had three leaves". la. Ophioglossum vulgatum f. pseudopodum Blake. (Rhodora 15: 87. 1913.) This is a form in which the sterile blade is narrowed below into a stalklike base a fourth to two thirds as long as the expanded portion. This form has been found in St. Joseph County by R. M. Tryon, Jr. P. E. I., Ont. to Alaska, south w. to Fla. and Mex. ; also in Eurasia. * R. T. Clausen checked the determination of all my specimens and rendered valuable help. ** For a discussion of this species and varieties see Rhodora 41:494-499. 1939. 38 Ophioglossaceae Botrychium — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. D j fr ^ i ' y-1 D T rV f ^ \ DP F1- I ■ / III -\. I r- Dec. ^ — i D DP 'l ' B X K J— -— ■/ 1 1 D J31 1 ^A L D / — ' 3D 1/ Miles rJ I O J D [ 0 jhioc D J loss 3 -P\ / jm vulgatu 0 50 Map 1 ■n L. 0 50 Map 2 Botrychium simplex E.Hitchcock 0 35 Map 3 Botrychium multifidum var silaifolium (Presl) Brown 2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. There is a fragmentary specimen in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden which R. T. Clausen has seen and reported in the Mem. Torrey Club 19: no. 2:140. 1938 as be- longing to this species. Clausen in a letter to me dated June 1, 1938, con- firms his examination of the specimen and determination. The specimen was collected by L. M. Underwood in June, 1893, on the campus of Indiana University. Nw. Va., s. Ohio and 111. to Mo., southw. to cent. Fla., La., Tex., and Ariz. ; cent, and s. Mex. 2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Grapefern Fronds small, mostly 1-3 cm long, simple and roundish or pinnately 3-7-lobed 1. B. simplex. Tronds larger, more than 3 cm long, ternate. Fronds on long petioles (arising from near the base of the stem), bipinnate- pinnatifid. Sterile frond with all the segments of about the same size and shape; segments ovate or obovate, the terminal ones not elongate 2. B. multifidum var. silaifolium. Sterile fronds with segments of different size and shape. Ultimate divisions of the frond cut into linear segments; segments more or less notched at the apex 3. B. dissectum. Ultimate divisions of the frond not dissected but variously and unevenly cut. Divisions of the pinnae oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute. Segments of frond many more than 9 3a. B. dissectum var. obliquum. Segments usually about 9 3b. B. dissectum var. tenuifolium. Divisions of the pinnae broadly ovate and obtuse 3c. B. dissectum var. oneidense. Fronds sessile (arising from near or above the middle of the stem), the short- stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate and these in turn once or twice pinnatifid 4. B. virginianum. 1. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. HITCHCOCK GRAPEFERN. Map 2. I have seen specimens from three collections. The first was collected in 1910 by W. N. Clute along the Michigan Central Railroad near Glen Park, Lake County. A second specimen was collected in 1929 by Marcus W. Lyon, Jr., on the wooded border of an interdunal flat in Porter County. R. T. Botrychium Ophioglossaceae 39 Clausen has seen this specimen and confirms the identification, was collected by J. A. Nieuwland at Dune Park, Porter County. P. E. I. to Pa., westw. to Oreg. and Calif. The third 2. Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. var. silaifolium (Presl) Broun. (Botrychium tematum var. intermedium D. C. Eaton.) Map 3. This report is based upon specimens collected by Marcus Lyon, Jr., and R. M. Tryon, Jr., in the Dunes State Park, Porter County. Tryon reported his specimens as Botrychium dissectum f. elongatum. R. T. Clausen and E. T. Wherry have seen these specimens and refer them to this species. Maine to Que., and B. C, southw. to N. J. and Oreg. o 5o Map 4 Botrychium dissectum Sprenc 0 50 Map 4a Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum (Muhl ) Clute 3. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (Botrychium obliquum var. dissec- tum (Spreng.) Clute.) Cutleaf Grapefern. Map 4. Local throughout the state in either dry or moist soils. All of my specimens are from wood- land; some are from white oak woods, some are from beech and sugar maple woods, and one specimen was found associated with sweet gum and white elm. N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Mo., Ark., and Mex. 3a. Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum (Muhl.) Clute. {Botrychium obliquum Muhl.) Oblique Grapefern. Map 4a. Infrequent throughout the state in wet or dry woodland. Most of my specimens were found in low, flat woods associated with sweet gum and beech, and a few were found in dry woodland with beech and sugar maple. A form with less divided and oblong pinnae has been described by E. W. Graves (Amer. Fern Jour. 22: 50-52. 1932) as Botrychium obliquum var. oblongifolium. Graves named one of my specimens from Marion County and one from Crawford County as belonging to this variety. Since fern students are not agreed upon the status of this fern, I record the data without comment. N. B. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Tex. 40 OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda 3b. Botrychium dissectum var. tenuifolium (Underw.) Farw. I have a specimen of this variety collected in a low woods about 3 miles northwest of Leavenworth, Crawford County, which is referred to this variety by both R. T. Clausen and E. T. Wherry. This variety is found chiefly in the southern states. 3c. Botrychium dissectum var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farw. According to Clausen's determination this variety occurs in De Kalb, Howard, Porter, and Steuben Counties. 4. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Map 5. This is strictly a woodland species and is found in moist, rich woods of many kinds throughout the state. For a treatment of the varieties of this species and a key to them see Butters' discussion (Rhodora 19: 207-215. 1917). Lab. to B. C, southw. to Fla., La., Ariz., and Wash. ; also in Mex., W. I., and Eurasia. 2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Royal Fern Family 1. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L. Fronds bipinnate, the fertile ones fertile at the summit. . .1. 0. regalis var. spectabilis. Fronds pinnate, the sterile pinnae deeply pinnatifid, the lobes generally entire. Fertile fronds with fertile pinnae near the middle; no tuft of wool at the base of the pinnae 2- 0. Claytoniana. Fertile fronds separate from the sterile ones; pinnae of sterile fronds with a tuft of wool in the axils. Pinnae of sterile fronds with entire segments and the fertile frond entirely fertile. 3. O. cinnamomea. Pinnae with the basal segments on the lower side (or rarely on both sides) much elongated and deeply and sharply toothed, other segments normal or nearly so 3a. 0. cinnamomea f. auriculata. Pinnae (at least some of them) of fertile fronds more or less sterile (usually the lower ones) 3b. 0. cinnamomea f. frondosa. Pinnae (at least some of them) of sterile fronds with lobes more or less cut or pinnatifid 3c. 0. cinnamomea f . incisa. Miles 0 56 Map 6 Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis (Willd.)Gray Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. D J B r i i D B "V_ m I s ■jv v- L DP I ,--j. _L JTP ° 1 K 1 D r~\ )f L « |L Miles 0 ^30 Map 7 Osmunda Claytoniana L 0 Map 8 Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmunda Osmundaceae 41 Supplementary Key for the Separation of Sterile Fronds of Some Species That Superficially Look Much Alike. In my early study of ferns I was not aware that sterile fronds could be identified. Sterile specimens of Osmunda and Pteretis much resemble each other and I had never been able to find the last named genus until I was able to identify the sterile specimen. Since that time I have found several colonies and I think if all of our fern students knew how to separate these genera that many more colonies of Pteretis would be found. Likewise there is a possibility that sterile specimens of Woodiva?'dia virginica and certain species of Athyrium and Dryoyteris might be confused with Os- munda. Hence this key. Veins simple, not forked; pinnules entire; vascular bundles in stipe 7 Pteretis. Veins not simple, more or less forked. Veins usually forked once ; vascular bundle in the stipe 1 ; stipe stramineous. Sterile fronds with tufts of wool at the base of the pinnae . . Osmunda cinnamomea. Sterile fronds without tufts of wool at the base of the pinnae Osmunda Claytoniana. Veins with areolae on both sides of the midrib with which simple or rarely forked veins connect the margin; vascular bundles more than 5; stipe dark brown. Woodwardia. 1. Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. (Rhodora 21: 179. 1919.) (Osmunda regalis of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not L.) Royal Fern. Map 6. Frequent in the lake area and infrequent to local south of it. It is not especially particular as to its habitat except that it must be a moist or wet one. It is found mostly in low woods, about ponds and lakes, and less frequently in the open in wet prairies. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Miss. 2. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. Map 7. Infrequent to local throughout the greater part of the state. Besides the counties shown on the map, there are reports from thirteen additional counties. It seems to prefer the moist bases of black and white oak slopes. In the southern part of the state it is found on the slopes of deep, wooded ravines. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Ky., and Mo. ; a variety also in s. Asia. 3. Osmunda cinnamomea L. CINNAMON FERN. Map 8. Frequent in the lake area, becoming infrequent to local south of it. In the lake area it is usually common in tamarack bogs and swamps about lakes, and in the southern part of the state it grows in low, fiat woods, associated with sweet gum and red maple. Throughout its range it is found only in wet soil in bogs or about ponds and marshes and rarely on shaded slopes. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and N. Mex. ; also in Mex., S. A., W. I., and Eurasia. 3a. Osmunda cinnamomea f. auriculata (Hopkins) Kittredge. (Bull. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. 48: 12. 1931.) This form has the basal segments much elongated and deeply and sharply toothed on the lower side or rarely on both sides. The other segments are normal or nearly so. It has been found in Porter County by R. M. Tryon, Jr. •12 Polypodiaceae Osmunda 3b. Osmunda cinnamomea f. fronddsa (T. & G.) Britt. (Cat. Plants of New Jersey, p. 312. 1890.) This form has the fertile frond partly leafy, the fertile and sterile pinnae variously intermixed. I found this unusual form in Lagrange County and Nieuwland found it in St. Joseph County. 3c. Osmunda cinnamomea f. incisa (Huntington) Gilbert. (List North American Ptericlophytes, pp. 13, 28. 1901.) This form usually has acutely toothed or lobed segments. I found it in De Kalb County. 3. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Fern Family Fronds conspicuously dimorphic, the fertile ones with divisions greatly contracted or berrylike, brown when fully mature. Sterile fronds pinnatifid, the veins netted; fertile fronds bipinnate, the divisions berrylike 4. Onoclea, p. 45. Sterile fronds bipinnatifid, the veins free; fertile fronds pinnate, the divisions linear, strongly ascending 3. Pteretis, p. 44. Fronds not conspicuously dimorphic, all green. Sori marginal, the indusium appearing to consist of the reflexed margin of the seg- ments of the frond or of a marginal cup. Fronds with sporangia borne in minute cuplike indusia near the notches of the segments, the sori separate; fronds bipinnate, the lower surface well covered with short, erect, glandular hairs 7. Dennstaedtia, p. 50. Fronds not as above. Stipes stout (2-4 mm in diameter), commonly solitary, green (stramineous or pale brown in dried specimens) 15. Pteridum, p. 57. Stipes less than 2 mm in diameter, commonly clustered (brown to blackish). Pinnules pubescent above and below with long, white hairs, densely so along the margins below , 13. Cheilanthes, p. 56. Pinnules glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. Indusia of pinnules continuous; fronds coriaceous, pinnate or bipinnate. 12. Pellaea, p. 55. Indusia definitely interrupted on the fanlike margin of the pinnule; fronds delicate, branched at the summit, the branches definitely pinnate. 14. Adiantum, p. 57. Sori dorsal, not marginal (except in Dryopteris marginalis) . Sori and indusia (when present) more or less circular, or reniform. Fronds pinnate, pinnules narrowly oblong-lanceolate with an auricle at the base of the upper margin, the stipe and rachis thickly covered with scales ; pinnules of fertile fronds contracted; sori confluent. .6. Polystichum, p. 50. Fronds not as above. Stipe, rachis, and lower surface of the pinnae more or less glandular-puberu- lent; stipe and rachis deciduously chaffy 1. Woodsia, p. 43. Stipe, rachis, and lower surface of pinnae not, or not all, more or less glandu- lar-puberulent. Fronds deeply pinnatifid, the divisions confluent at the base; sori naked; blades of fronds coriaceous 16. Polypodium, p. 57. Fronds not as above. Indusia attached in the center or lacking, if lacking then the rachis pubescent and chaffy 5. Dryopteris, p. 45. Indusia attached by a broad base on the side toward the midrib and partly under the sori, opening on the opposite side. . .2. Cystopteris, p. 43. Sori elongated, oblong to linear, often curved. Sori in rows parallel to the midribs of the pinnae and along the midveins of the segments 11. Woodwardia, p. 55. Sori not disposed as above. Woodsia POLYPODIACEAE 43 Blades of fronds simple, long-attenuate at the apex, cordate at the base, en- tire or undulate 9. Camptosorus, p. 53. Blades once to several times divided. Sori straight or slightly curved; fronds mostly 10-40 cm long 10. Asplenium, p. 53. Sori often curved over the ends of the veins; fronds mostly 35-90 cm long. 8. Athyrium, p. 51. 1. WOODSIA R. Br. Woodsia 1. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Common Woodsia. Map 9. Infre- quent to rare in the southern part of the state and very local northward to the counties shown on the map. Probably not found in Indiana north of the counties shown on the map. It no doubt occurs also in Wabash County but I have not been able to find it. It is usually found in shallow soil on rocky slopes. It prefers sandstone but is also found on limestone. Cent. Maine to Wis., B. C, and Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Tex. and Ariz. 2. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Fronds lanceolate, attenuate, often bulblet-bearing on the lower surface of the upper part ; segments and teeth crowded ; rachis not winged ; pinnules mostly oblong, very obtuse; indusium truncate on the free side, minutely glandular 1. C. btdbifera. Fronds ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, not bulblet-bearing; segments and teeth more distant, decurrent on the slightly margined rachis; pinnules mostly oval, more pointed ; indusium acute or acuminate, and often lacerate on the free side, not glandular 2. C. fragilis. 1. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw.) Berry Bladder Fern. Map 10. Infrequent in the southern part of the state, becoming very local to absent in the northern part. This species grows only in wet places or places that are usually constantly kept moist in shady, rocky ravines and in pockets or crevices of shaded cliffs. It is usually found along the outlets of springs in southern Indiana. My Steuben County speci- men was found in an old tamarack bog. Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., and Iowa. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. r 1 D DP ji ' r^ i DP f _ r? ', B L T~ B J^ \ HD Wl _J— D Dec.C— l " B DP ID 1 ' B K D P la 1 j. D L HD y p C B D Ib\B ^—?~/ p Ij D / J B ID [ [O 1 P J/ Miles 0 Woo D dsi 3 C btu r {> \ J sa (Spren 0 50 Map 9 g.) Torr. 0 "To Map 10 Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. 44 Polypodiaceae Cystopteris 2. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. {Filix fragilis (L.) Underw.) Brittle Fern. Map 11. This species prefers the deep, rich leaf mold of beech and sugar maple and white oak woods and is frequent to common throughout the state south of the Wabash River where woods of this kind are found. North of the Wabash River it is infrequent to very rare. It is absent in the southern part of the state in the areas where low, flat woods occur. It is found in exposed places on sandstone ridges and bluffs. Students sometimes find difficulty in distinguishing this species from Woodsia obtusa. The stipe of the last named species is covered more or less densely with short, stipitate glands while the stipe of Cystopteris is entirely glabrous or with only a few glands near the summit. The Cystopteris fragilis species complex has been restudied by C. A. Weatherby. He has recently described a new variety to which, in my opinion, all or most all of our specimens belong. It is described as follows : "Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. protrusa Weatherby. (Rhodora 37: 373-375. 1935.) Rootstock creeping, only sparsely beset with bases of old fronds, the growing point hardly paleaceous, produced 2-4 cm beyond the fronds of the season ; well-developed blades nearly bipinnate-pinnatifid, 11-22 cm long, 5-11.5 cm wide, pinnae ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, pinnules toward the base of the pinnae deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, subacute, usually shortly but distinctly petiolulate, deeply pinnatifid into oblong, obtuse lobes ; in juvenile or depauperate blades less lobed and more obtuse; indusium about 0.5 mm long, shallowly lobed or nearly entire at apex. Southern New York, south in the piedmont and the mountains to Alabama, west to Minnesota and Missouri." My specimens have been examined by two fern specialists and they agree that most of them belong to this variety and some can not be deter- mined with certainty. A form of this species with large, abundant sori has been named f. magnasora Clute (Fern Bull. 9: 65. 1901). The true species has a range to the north of Indiana. In order to refer specimens to their correct variety and form it is usually necessary for them to have the indusium and rootstock which most of our specimens lack. Since it is impossible to correctly name all of our specimens I have decided that it is best to regard all of them as belonging to a species complex and they are so indicated on the map. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Kans., Ariz., and s. Calif. 3. PTERfiTIS Raf. Rachis glabrous throughout its entire length or only glabrate above the lowest pinnae and polished below them 1. P. nodulosa. Rachis more or less puberulent to pubescent throughout, at least above the lowest pinnae; rachis below the lowest pinnae usually not polished la. P. nodulosa f . pubescens. 1. Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. (Rhodora 21: 178. 1919.) (Onoclea Struthiopteris and Matteuccia Struthiopteris of most authors.) Ostrich Fern. Map 12. This species is, no doubt, very local in the Onoclea POLYPODIACEAE 45 K ^Sv" I Jan. ' , * A Fe b. Jy 0 -1 — H — Mar. Apr. 1 Jv r — May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov f? r " X r fm J t Dec.j- i ' — l L^^y^ X Br • — ^ / Mrles r | r j \ y\ 7 1 50 Is^y^r1^ Map 12 Pteretis nodulosa (Michx ) Nieuwl, 6 ~3o Map 12a Pteretis nodulosa f pubescens (Terry) Fern. 0 ~76 Map 13 Onoclea sensibilis L state although it may have been overlooked because of its close resem- blance to Osmunda, cinnamomea. My specimens are mostly from alluvial flood plains of small streams. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va. and Iowa. la. Pteretis nodulosa f. pubescens (Terry) Fern. (Rhodora 37: 219. 1935.) Map 12a. This form is not well marked in Indiana. 4. ONOCLfiA L. 1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Map 13. Frequent through- out the state in low places in woodland, about lakes, and along roadsides. Forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Gilbert is a form with fronds inter- mediate between the normal fertile and normal sterile phases, bipinnate or nearly so, the pinnules flat and nearly free-veined, rarely partly fertile. This form has been found in Porter County by R. M. Tryon, Jr., who says it is not infrequent in meadows that have been mowed in the early part of the year. There is a specimen from Porter County in the herbarium of the University of Notre Dame. A form with the frond fertile, or somewhat so, on one side and sterile on the other is forma hemiphyllddes (Kiss & Kummerle) Weatherby (Amer. Fern Jour. 26 : 16. 1936) . This form was found on the right of way of the Chicago, South Shore, and South Bend Railroad near Tremont, Porter County. The right of way was mowed earlier in the year. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Okla. 5. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Indusia lacking; blades of fronds triangular or ternate. Blades ternate with the divisions nearly equal and petiolate, glabrous; rachis wing- less. (See excluded species no. 2, p. 1019.) D. Linnaeana. Blades bipinnatifid ; pinnae sessile and more or less decurrent on the rachis. Fronds as wide as or wider than long, usually light green, finely puberulent or glandular beneath; veins of the pinnules on the lowest pair of pinnae several times forked 1. D. hexagonoptera. 46 POLYPODIACEAE Dryopteris Fronds longer than wide, dark green, more coarsely pubescent beneath and with prominent brown scales along the rachis; veins of the pinnules on the lowest pair of pinnae simple or once forked. (See excluded species no. 3, p. 1019.) D. Phegopteris. Indusia present; blades of fronds not triangular or ternate. Rootstocks creeping; veins simple or once forked; fronds lanceolate in outline. Lowest pinnae gradually decreasing in size toward the base; the lowest usually less than 1 cm long; veins simple; indusia glandular 2. D. noveboracensis. Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones. Veins of sterile fronds generally forked; sori crowded; indusia without glands. 3. D. Thelypteris var. pubescens. Veins simple; sori distant; indusia glandular. (See excluded species no. 4, p. 1020.) D' simulata. Rootstocks short, suberect; fronds cespitose, never pubescent, their veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked. Sori marginal 4. D. marginalis. Sori not marginal. Pinnae widest above the base; basal scales of stipe dark chestnut color; sori mostly 3-7 pairs; the largest fern of the genus (in Indiana) . .5. D. Goldiana. Pinnae widest at the base; basal scales of stipe not so dark colored as the preceding. Surface of indusium glabrous. Fronds bipinnatifid or pinnate. Basal scales of stipe lance-linear, caudate-attenuate; segments with parallel sides, serrate at the rounded apex and obscurely so, if at all, on the sides, the teeth rarely somewhat spinulose; sori usually on the lower half of the segment. (See excluded species no. 5, p. 1020.) D. Filix-mas. Basal scales of stipe wider; teeth of segments more or less spinulose; sori not restricted to the lower half of the segment. Fronds linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline; pinnae 5-8 cm long, triangular-oblong or the lowest pair somewhat triangular-ovate, usually the lower half of the frond conspicuously decreasing in size toward the base 6. D. eristata. Fronds wider; pinnae 8-15 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, the lower half of the frond not decreasing in size toward the base 6a. D. eristata var. Clintoniana. Fronds bipinnate, tripinnate, or tripinnatifid, segments with spinulose teeth. Basal inferior and superior pinnules of the lowermost pinnae subopposite, rarely more than 4 mm apart; the inferior 1-6 cm long, if more, then twice as long as the superior; pinnules of the middle pinnae often only toothed; pinnules pinnatifid or pinnate 7. D. spinulosa. Basal inferior and superior pinnules of the lowest pinnae remote, 0.5-2 cm wider apart; the inferior 3-10 cm long, 2-4 times as long as the superior; pinnules pinnatifid or pinnate. (See excluded species no. 7, p. 1020.) D. spinulosa var. americami. Surface of indusium glandular. Frond commonly minutely glandular especially on the rachis and rachillae, tripinnatifid or sometimes tripinnate; pinnae slightly ascending to divergent, the basal inferior pinnule shorter than to rarely exceeding the second inferior one ; scales of stipe usually dark brown at base. Mature indusium 0.8-1.4 mm wide; pinnae gradually tapering to apex. 7a. D. spinulosa var. fructuosa. Mature indusium 0.5-0.8 mm wide; pinnae usually narrowed rather abruptly to prolonged lance-linear tips 7b. D. spinulosa var. intermedia. Frond not minutely glandular but more or less chaffy, bipinnate or tripin- natifid S. D. Boottii. Dryopteris POLYPODIACEAE 47 0 50 Map 14 Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C.Chr 0 50 Map 15 Dryopteris noveboracens i s (L.) A.Gray 0 M5 Map 16 • ryYptens Thelypteris var pubescens (Lawson) A. R. Prince 1. Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr. (Phegopteris hexagon- optera (Michx.) Fee.) Winged Woodfern. Broad Beechfern. Map 14. Frequent in the southern half of the state, becoming less frequent north- ward and even rare in some of our northern counties. This is a woodland species found in all kinds of dry soils. It is found more frequently associ- ated with black and white oak and only occasionally with beech and sugar maple. Cent. Maine to w. Que. and Minn., southw. to Fla., La., Iowa, and Okla. 2. Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. {Aspidium noveboraceiise (L.) Sw.) New York Fern. Map 15. This species is found only in slightly acid soil, hence its zonal distribution. It is infrequent to local in the northern part of the state where it usually occurs in black and white oak woods. It is rare or absent in the Tipton Till Plain, becoming infre- quent to frequent southward in the hard, white clay soil of beech and sweet gum woodland. In the southern part of the state is is usually closely associated with beech. Newf. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Ark. 3. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray var. pubescens (Lawson) A. R. Prince. {Aspidium Thelypteris of Gray, Man., ed. 7, not Sw. ; Dryopteris Thelypteris of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not A. Gray; and Thelypteris palustris of authors, not Schott.) Marshfern. Map 16. Common in the lake area and infrequent south of it. In the lake area it is common in tamarack bogs, sedge marshes, and on the low borders of lakes. South of this place it is found in springy and marshy areas. Se. Newf., Que. to Man., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Okla. 4. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. {Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw.) Leather Woodfern. Map 17. This species is, for the most part, restricted to the outcrops of sandstone or nearby residual soils which are the product of sandstone in the southern part of the state. Most of my 48 POLYPODIACEAE Dryopteris J^W ^ Map 24 cnocarponlSprenglTidestr students as a hybrid between Dryopteris cristata and Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Va. 6. POLYSTICHUM Roth 1. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. Map 22. This is a woodland species preferring the lower part of the slopes of deep wooded ravines. It is infrequent to rare in some of the northern counties, becoming frequent to common in the southern half of the state, especially among the hills. In protected places in the southern part of the state it is evergreen. N. S. to Ont. and Wis. ; southw. to Ga. and Tex. la. Polystichum acrostichoides f. incisum (Gray) Gilbert. (Polystichum acrostichoides var. Schiveinitzii (Beck) Small.) I have a specimen of this form from Daviess County. It has, however, been reported from several other counties throughout the state. lb. Polystichum acrostichoides f. crispum Clute. This is a form with the margins of the pinnae crisped and ruffled. It has been found by R. M. Tryon, Jr. in Porter County. 7. DENNSTAfiDTIA Bernh. 1. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. (Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) Gray.) Hay-scented Fern. Map 23. This fern seems to be rare in the state. It prefers the sandstone and shaly rocks of deep, wooded ravines. Williamson, in "Fems of Kentucky," says it was found along Silver Creek north of Louisville, Kentucky. It was rather common in a rocky ravine in Turkey Run State Park. Outside of Indiana in suitable habitats it often becomes an annoying weed in pastures. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo. Athyrium POLYPODIACEAE 51 0 50 Map 25 Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. j- I B r i B B V K B r1 -I B 1 B "7 B r - i D 1 S^ t *TBa D D J D A / Miles J- D B i B B r K J ■/ D U- B 1 k^~/ r ) 8 I / » ° 1 D Athyrium asplenio des (Mi 50 Map 26 :hx.) Desv. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. UK 1 D B 0 0 s fr1 X D " r 1 ■^z J r1 Oec.f- D l p 1 J^i 0 j / Miles Athy ium angusl P\ / 0 50 Map 27 um(W;ild.)Presl 8. ATHYRIUM Roth [Butters. The genus Athyrium and the North American ferns allied to Athyrium Filix-femina. Rhodora 19 : 170-197. 1917. Pinkerton. Ferns of Missouri. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20 : 54-57. 1933.] Fronds pinnate. Pinnae entire ^ A- pycnocarpon. Pinnae deeply pinnatifid 2. A. acrostichoides. Fronds bipinnate. Rhizomes creeping, not densely covered with persistent bases of old fronds; stipe usually about as long as the blade; scales of stipes very few, rarely persistent, yellowish brown or tawny; blades widest near the base; young indusia with glandular cilia; spores somewhat nigrescent, wrinkled 3. A. asplenioides. Rhizomes horizontal, completely concealed by thick, fleshy bases of old fronds; stipe about half as long as the blade; scales of stipes varying from Mars Brown (Ridgway Standard) to nearly black; blades widest near the middle, the lower pinnae shorter and often deflexed ; indusia toothed or short-ciliate, never glandu- lar; spores yellow, smooth or slightly papillate. Sori confluent at maturity and usually covering the lower side of the fertile pinnules; fertile frond contracted. Longest pinnae of fertile frond 5-12 cm long; pinnules 4-12 mm long; pinnules of sterile fronds oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed or lobed. . .4. A. angustum. Longest pinnae of fertile frond 1-2 dm long; pinnules 12-25 mm long, pinnatifid; sori several on each of the lower segments, often horseshoe-shaped; pinnules of sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, strongly toothed or pinnatifid, some- what acute 4a. A. angustum var. elatius. Sori usually separate and distinct at maturity; fertile fronds not contracted; pinnules lanceolate, subacute, strongly toothed or pinnatifid, the segments toothed 4b. A. angustum var. rubellum. 1. Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr. (Asplenium angustifol- ium Michx. and Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng.) Narrowleaf Spleen- WORT. Map 24. Infrequent to frequent in southern Indiana, becoming less frequent to rare northward. It prefers deep humus and is most commonly found on the slopes of ravines in beech woods. W. Que to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., Mo., and Kans. 52 POLYPODIACEAE Athyrium Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aufc Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Id ) D T L j / D D ^_ D "( 3 0 T i : ' — — i 1 ° i r^ Miles 0 50 Map 27a Afhyrium angustum var. elatius (Link) Butters Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. C f D 3 D r 11 D j D V f^ D ° D "1 r1 X P D ■r' d f p i IBs pl J, ' / Miles J D D 0 var. Athyrium angusturr rubellum (Gilbert) B 3 50 Map 27b utters 0 ~^0 Map 28 Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. 2. Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. (Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. and Athyrium acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels.) Silvery Spleen wort. Map 25. Infrequent in southern Indiana, becoming rare in the northern part. It prefers a moist, deep humus soil in ravines and protected places in beech and sugar maple or white oak woods. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo. ; also in Asia. 3. Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. Map 26. This species and the next species and its varieties are the results of dividing an aggregate that formerly had been designated as A. Filix-femina. For a detailed study of this group see Butters' "Synoptical treatment of the Lady Fems of Eastern North America" (Rhodora 19: 188-197. 1917). Butters has gone into great detail in his study of the species and discusses "sun" and "shade" forms. Some recent authors are disposed to regard some of the forms as merely ecological variations. See Wiegand's comment on varieties of the next species in "The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin," page 32. 1926. Pinkerton in "Ferns of Missouri" (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 55. 1933) says : "This species and A. angicstum are very difficult to distinguish. It is often necessary to have the whole plant, fruiting and not too mature, to be absolutely certain. I have taken the character of the spore as my ultimate criterion." I can not satisfactorily separate the species and their varieties and would not publish on them were it not that C. A. Weatherby has named nearly every one of my specimens. I hereby wish to express my appre- ciation of the difficult task of naming so many of my specimens of this complex. Infrequent in the southern counties but frequent in its habitat. It prefers a hard, white, moist, clay soil and is usually found in low, flat woods associated with beech and sweet gum or sweet gum and pin oak. It is also found in residual soil at the base of sandstone cliffs and in sand- stone soil on wooded slopes. Mass., Ohio to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Camptosorus Polypodiaceae 53 4. Athyrium angustum (Willd.) Presl. (Rhodora 19: 190-197. 1917.) (Asplenium Filix-femina of most authors.) Map 27. Infrequent in moist, rich woods throughout the state. Lab. to Man., southw. to s. N. E., the mts. of Pa., and Mo. 4a. Athyrium angustum var. elatius (Link) Butters. Map 27a. This variety is infrequent throughout the state and found in rich beech and sugar maple and white and black oak woods. Maine to Minn., southw. to R. I., N. Y., and Mo. 4b. Athyrium angustum var. rubellum (Gilbert) Butters. Map 27b. This variety is infrequent throughout the state. The habitats of my speci- mens are notable because of lack of uniformity. I have one specimen from a tamarack bog and others from low, flat woods in hard, white clay soil, dry black and white oak woods, bluffs of the Ohio River, and rich, moist woods. Newf. to Que., Ont., Minn., southw. to N. Y., Pa., Ohio, and Mo. 9. CAMPTOSORUS Link 1. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Fern. Map 28. Infrequent in the southern part of the state, becoming rare to absent in the northern part. It grows in the shade in shallow soil on calcareous rocks on rocky ledges, usually along streams. It is not usually abundant unless it is found in deep shade and on rocks with considerable moisture. Cent. Maine to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans. la. Camptosorus rhizophyllus f . auriculatus Clute. (Amer. Bot. 35 : 102. 1929.) This is a named form infrequently found with the species in this state. It has the basal lobes of the leaves prolonged into slender tips. 10. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort Frond long-attenuate at the apex. Stipe greenish 1. A. pinnatifidum. Stipe black and polished 3. A. ebenoides. Frond not long-attenuate at the apex. Frond pinnate; stipe and rachis polished, dark reddish brown. Pinnules sessile, oblong or oblong-linear, mostly 10-30 mm long, and distinctly auricled on the upper margin at the base 2. A. platyneuron. Pinnules subsessile, roundish-oblong or oval, 3-7 mm long, not auricled on the upper margin 4. A. Trichomanes. Frond laxly 2-3-pinnate, ultimate segments long-cuneate at the base and finely toothed at the apex; stipe and rachis green 5. A. cryptolepis. 1. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. PlNNATiFlD SPLEENWORT. Map 29. Rare in pockets of dry soil on cliffs in the area of sandstone outcrops. Usually closely associated with Asplenium Trichomanes but less frequent. Se. Pa., Ohio, and Ind. to Mo., southw. to Ga. 2. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Ebony SPLEEN WORT. Map 30. Infrequent in the southern half of the state where it is restricted to the unglaciated and sandstone areas. It probably reaches its greatest size on shady slopes of some of the loess banks of the southwestern counties. In 54 POLYPODIACEAE Asplenium 0 50 Map 29 Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. 0 50 Map 30 Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov f r~~ \ f^ " X r .1 m J 1* Dec.f- i i ' — a D . k ( r J Miles As plenosorus ebeno H\ / 0 50 Map 31 des (Scott) Wherry the northern half of the state it is either absent or restricted again to the soils of sandstone outcrops and to the sand areas about Lake Michigan where it is only local. I have never seen it except in slightly acid soil, and when transplanted into an alkaline environment, even with great care and in a half bushel of the soil in which it grew, it gradually disappeared in a few years. S. Maine to Ont., and Colo., southw. to the Gulf States and Tex. 2a. Asplenium platyneuron f. serratum (E. S. Miller) Hoffm. This is a form with some of the pinnae more or less deeply and irregularly serrate. I think this is merely a nutritional form. A fine example of this form was found in Perry County by R. M. Tryon, Jr. 3. X Asplenosorus* ebenoides (Scott) Wherry. {Asplenium ebenoides Pv. R. Scott.) Scott Spleenwort. Map 31. This fern is a hybrid between Asplenium platyneuron and Camptosorns rhizophyllus . (Slosson. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 29: 487-495. 1902.) Three colonies of this hybrid were discovered in Lawrence County by Ralph M. Kriebel who fully described them in Amer. Fern Jour. 23 : 52-59. 1933. Mr. Kriebel is one of the best amateur botanists Indiana has ever had, and it is to his discriminating collecting that we owe not only an authentic Indiana record of this hybrid fern but also the records of three hybrid oaks and many other rare plants of Lawrence County. Vt. to Mo. and southw. 4. Asplenium Trichomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Map 32. Infrequent to rare in pockets of soil on cliffs in the area of sandstone outcrops of the state. Nearly throughout N. A. except in the extreme northern part and in Mex. ; also in Eurasia. 5. Asplenium cryptolepis Fern. (Rhodora 30: 41-43. 1928.) {Asplen- ium Ruta-muraria of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Amer. Fern Jour. 27: 56. 1937. Woodwardia POLYPODIACEAE 55 0 50 Map 32 Asplenium Trichomanes L. 0 50 Map 33 Asplenium cryptolepis Fern. 0 50 Map 34 Woodwardia virginica IL ) Sm. Flora, ed. 2, not L.) American Wall-rue Spleen wort. Map 33. My only specimens are from the rocks of the bluff of the Ohio River near Madison and in Cliffy Falls State Park, Jefferson County. It was reported also from Clark and Floyd Counties by the editors of the Botanical Gazette in their list of the plants of Indiana, published in 1881. In 1939 R. M. Kriebel found it in the eastern part of Clark County. Vt. to n. Mich., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Mo. 11. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith 1. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. (Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl) Virginia Chainfern. Map 34. This fern is infrequent to very local in the area shown on the map. Usually where it is found it is common. It grows in bogs and marshes. Its preferred habitat is old tamarack bogs and its most common associate is Chamaedaphne. The sterile fronds of this species resemble those of Osmunda, Dryopteris, and Athyrium, but the fronds of Woodwardia may be distinguished by the areolae in the venation along the midrib. N. S. to Fla., La., and Ark., chiefly along the coast; also inland in the Great Lake Region. 12. PELLAEA lank Cliffbrake Stipe, rachis, and rachilla pubescent with long multicellular hairs, usually more or less densely so, especially on the rachilla, scabrous to the touch. .1. P. atropurptirea. Stipe, rachis, and rachilla glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, smooth to the touch. 2. P. glabella. 1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Purple Cliffbrake. Map 35. Infrequent to very local in shallow soil on calcareous rocks. These rocks usually are the perpendicular cliffs and ledges along streams but are often small or large detached fragments at the base of cliffs. Sometimes it is found in the seams of stratified rock outcrops only a few feet high. It grows in both shade and sun, preferring shade of medium density. My 56 POLYPODIACEAE Cheilanthes Jan. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov Dec. -, , r t f? D ft*1 W TZri 0 \ in uc S — I / J D J-r* :S" | ^J BID : 1 _b\ r >- j Miles 0 ^TO Map 35 Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link, o ~To Map 36 Pellea glabella Mett. 0 "So Map 37 Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx) Watt Wabash County specimen was found about a mile southeast of Lagro on Hanging Rock, which is 84 feet high. It is probably extinct there now since that place has become a picnic ground. Vt, N. Y. and n. Mich, to S. Dak., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Ariz. 2. Pellaea glabella Mett. Smooth Purple Cliffbrake. Map 36. This species was not separated from the preceding species even in Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora, edition 2, published in 1913. Pickett (Amer. Fern Jour. 4: 97-101. 1914) wrote an article entitled "A peculiar form of Pellaea atropurpurea Link" and set forth the differences at length, but he did not give it a name until in a later article (Amer. Fern Jour. 7: 3-5. 1917.) Butters (Amer. Fern Jour. 7: 77-87. 1917) took up the subject and listed the specimens at the Gray Herbarium to show the range of the two species. This species has the habitat of the preceding but it is less frequent. Pel- laea atropurpurea is regarded as the southern representative of the genus in our area and has a mass distribution to the south of a line connecting Kansas and Connecticut. Pellaea glabella is regarded as the northern representative of the genus in our area and has its mass distribution north of that of Pellaea atropurpurea. Vt., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Pa., Ohio, Ind., Mo., and Okla. 13. CHEILANTHES Sw. Liffern Fronds bipinnate, hirsute, especially beneath; hairs straightish, jointed, and often of a rusty color, especially on the stipe 1. C. lanosa. Fronds tripinnate, tomentose with white hairs. (See excluded species no. 10, p. 1020.) C. tomentosa. 1. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. Hairy Lipfern. Map 37. I have found this species on the exposed cliffs along White River at the McBride Bluffs about 5 miles north of Shoals in Martin County. I have also found it in three places in Perry County. It is infrequent on the stones capping the high cliffs along the Ohio River about 5 miles east of Adiantum POLYPODIACEAE 57 — Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. 4 D / w / KD T / r t f^ \ D DP 0 " DP r1- \j- i T~L J 0 r, DecJ- B B ID B I 1 B D J \, fJ Ml1" K (^ ND S D P( >lypo diurr i/ Map 40 virginianum L Cannelton, on the top of low, rocky ledges about 8 miles east of Cannelton, and in the shade on a low cliff in the woods of Wm. Stahl about 3 miles south of Mt. Pleasant. The plants were numerous here but were small (mostly less than 2 dm high) because they grew in the shade. Conn, to Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 14. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. 1. Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair Fern. Map 38. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in deep humus in many kinds of soils and with many kinds of associates. It prefers shade and shelter from wind, hence it is most often found in protected places. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., La., and Kans., and locally westward to Utah and Calif. ; also in Asia. 15. PTERlDIUM Scop. 1. Pteridium latiusculum* (Desv.) Hieronymus. (Pteris aquilina of Gray, Man., ed. 7, not L. and Pteridium aquilinum of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not Kuhn.) Bracken. Map 39. Infrequent but locally common throughout the lake area in dry, sandy soil or in dry prairie habi- tats. It is found also locally in a few of the southern counties on wooded sandstone ridges. Newf. to Wis., and Wyo., southw. to D. C, W. Va., 111., and Ariz. 16. POLYP6DIUM [Tourn] L. Blades of fronds glabrous, green 1. P. virginianum,. Blades of fronds densely scaly beneath, grayish. 2. P. polypodioides var. Michauxianum. 1. Polypoium virginianum L. (Rhodora 24: 125. 1922.) (Polypodium vulgare of American authors, not L.) Common Polypody. Map 40. Local on the ledges of rocks in the area of the state where outcrops of * Variety pseudocaudatum (Clute) Maxon is now known from Crawford and Knox Counties. 58 POLYPODIACEA Polypodium [ Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov 1 *f ./ \— $ ^ ! Vj- X _jL J J~ r, Dec <- — DP UC ' B K r T B D J "LJCJ 1 FT 1 K 0 1 Polyp )dium polyf T J^\ odioides tar. Mic ) 0 50 Map 41 (L ) Watt lauxianum Weatti 0 TO Map 42 Azolla carolmiana Wflld. 0 50 Map 43 Equisetum arvense L. sandstone and knobstone occur. There are, however, a few reports for it outside of this area. For example, Phinney reported it from the area composed of Delaware, Jay, Randolph, and Wayne Counties, saying: "Common. Moist woods". Van Gorder reported it from Noble County, say- ing : "A common plant of moist woods". Neither of these authors report the Christmas fern which occurs in their area, and, without doubt, their reports for this Polypodium should be referred to Polystichum. Bradner reported Polypodium from Steuben County but he also reported Poly- stichum. In this instance I think he may have had a sterile specimen of Polystichum and thought it was a Polypodium. This species was reported from the vicinity of Lake Michigan by three authors. I have always questioned these reports because my idea of the habitat of this species is that of outcrops of sandstone rocks. Doubtless Buhl had the same idea when he said (Amer. Midland Nat. 16: 250. 1935) that this report should be deleted for lack of confirming specimens. To my great satisfaction (because I always prefer to confirm rather than to deny a report) on May 30, 1935 through the courtesy of R. M. Tryon, Jr. I was shown a colony of this species on a wooded dune in the Dunes State Park. Mr. Tryon has had this colony under observation for several years and reports that it is gradually diminishing. The plant is growing in dense shade on the north side of a high dune which is well protected from the wind. Doubtless this species was infrequent to frequent in the dunes before it had to compete with fire and civilization. Lab., Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo. 2. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt var. Michauxianum Weath. (Contrib. Gray Herb. 124: 31. 1939.) (Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt of recent authors.) Resurrection Fern. Map 41. Very local in a few coun- ties in the southern part of the state. It is usually found in large mats, clinging to almost perpendicular cliffs or on large detached fragments of rock below the cliff. I found it once in Posey County in the crotch of a large bur oak tree which grew on the border of one of the numerous sloughs in the bottoms. It grew at a height of about 10 feet above the ground but Azolla Salviniaceae 59 I did not take a specimen because I was not prepared to care for it. This is the only specimen I have ever seen on a tree in Indiana although it is common in this habitat in the South. Md., 111., and Mo., sotithw. to Fla. and Tex. ; Guatemala. 4. SALVINIACEAE Reich. Salvinia Family 1. AZOLLA Lam. 1. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Water Fern. Map 42. This species is found in stagnant water along streams, about lakes, and in dredged ditches. It is doubtless much more frequent than our map indicates. I did not know the species until recent years and I suspect that many collectors are not acquainted with it. It is usually found associated with duckweeds. This species was first reported from Indiana by Prince Maximilian in 1839. It has been reported so far from Starke and St. Joseph Counties. Mass., Ont. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Ariz., and Mex. ; also in tropical Amer. 5. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsetail Family 1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L. [Schaffner. How to distinguish the North American species of Equis- etum. Amer. Fern Jour. 13: 33-40; 67-72. 1923. Diagnostic key to the species of Equisetum. Amer. Fern Jour. 22 : 69-75 ; 122-128. 1932.] J. H. Schaffner, our foremost authority on the genus Equisetum, has seen and named all of my specimens. The following key has, for the most part, been adapted from Schaff ner's keys. Stems without or with little chlorophyll, unbranched at first or permanently so, always terminating in a blunt cone. Sheaths bright reddish brown and translucent, their teeth comparatively long, cohering in 3 or 4 broad lobes; fertile stems finally developing whorls of com- pound green branches; internodal ridges sometimes with rows of siliceous spinules. (See excluded species no. 13, p. 1021.) E. sylvaticum. Sheaths not reddish brown and translucent, their teeth not cohering in 3 or 4 broad lobes. Teeth of the sheaths light brown, membranous, usually soon becoming green; stems soon developing whorls of 3-angled, green branches, with deltoid, membranous teeth; internodal ridges sometimes with rows of spinules. (See excluded species no. 14, p. 1021.) E. pratense. Teeth of the sheaths dark brown, rigid, only slightly membranous at the margins ; stems withering promptly after the spores are shed; sheaths rarely slightly green; internodal ridges without spinules 1. E. arvense. Stems green or with green branches, with or without cones. Teeth of the lower sheaths of the main stem cohering in 3 or 4 broad lobes, com- paratively long, bright reddish brown, and translucent, not deciduous; branches of the whorls prominently compound, horizontal or often curving downward, especially on the fertile shoots; stomata in bands; internodal ridges with or without 2 rows of siliceous spinules; cones not apiculate. (See excluded species no. 13, p. 1021.) E. sylvaticum. Teeth of the sheaths of the main stem neither united in 3 or 4 broad lobes nor bright reddish brown, deciduous or persistent. 60 Equisetaceae Equisetum Stems usually not branched above the ground unless the plants are injured, or the branches few, irregular and sporadic; stomata in regular rows; teeth of the sheaths or their bristle-tips usually soon deciduous, but several species with persistent teeth or the teeth forming pagodalike caps; cones with or without a point. Teeth of the sheath persistent or only their bristle-tips deciduous, white- margined, not sharply differentiated from the sheath; sheath segments and lower part of teeth distinctly quadricarinate; stems 5-10-grooved, erect in tufts, evergreen; cones apiculate. Ridges of internodes prominently biangulate (2 ridges to a sheath tooth), with a double row of rounded tubercles. Sheaths cylindric, tight, often crusty, partly or completely black; stems rather large to medium, sometimes rather slender. . . .2. E. trachyodon. Sheaths campanulate, usually discoloring tardily; stems mostly very slender and small 3. E. variegatum. Ridges of internodes not biangulate, with a single row of tubercles or cross bands of silica 4. E. Nelsoni. Teeth of the sheath soon deciduous, sharply differentiated from the sheath ; main stem usually tall, 10-many-grooved, with a large central cavity. Sheaths cylindrical, short, appressed, or only slightly dilated when young, at first green, but soon turning black or gray, commonly gray with black bands above and below, often split in age; stems usually very rough, ever- green; sheath segments of the main stem tricarinate; ridges of the inter- nodes with one row of tubercles; cones apiculate 5. E. prealtum. Sheaths more or less funnel-shaped, elongate, green, the limb normally with a narrow black band, sometimes the lower sheaths with bands of gray or black below; stems evergreen or annual; cones with or without a point. Cones tipped with a rigid point 6. E. laevigatum. Cones rounded or the tip merely acute ; limb of the long green sheath dilated upwards I.E. kansanum. Stems usually much branched with several to many whorls of branches, rarely with only few sporadic branches; stomata in broad bands or scattered in the grooves of the internodes or only on the sheaths; teeth of the sheaths per- sistent; cones not apiculate. Branches hollow, usually simple, terete, both fertile and sterile stems green; plants of wet soil or growing in water, sometimes without or with only sporadic branches; sheaths of the main stem usually appressed, 15-20- toothed; stems usually many-grooved, with a very large central cavity and thin wall 8. E. fluviatile. Branches solid, simple or compound, mostly sharply 3- or 4-angled; fei'tile stems brown and at first without branches, soon withering or developing green branches when mature; usually in moderately moist or dry situations. Teeth of the branches with subulate tips; branches usually 4-angled (some- times 3-angled) ; fertile stems withering after the spores are shed 1. E. arvense. Teeth of the branches not subulate-tipped, deltoid, merely acute or long-acute, usually white-membranous; branches generally 3-angled, very slender, fertile stems developing green branches after the spores are shed. (See excluded species no. 14, p. 1021.) E. pratense. 1. Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail. Map 43. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. Where it is found it usually forms large colonies, especially in its preferred habitat along railroad embankments. It prefers a moist, sandy soil, usually lean in organic matter, but it is also found in moist places on the borders of bogs and along streams. It grows in both shade and sun and its appearance is so erratic and it is so wide- spread that I am not able to tell what controls its distribution. Once I saw Equisetum Equisetaceae 61 Map 44 Equisetum trachyodon A Br. Equisetum vanegatum Schleich 0 ~~ 55 Map 46 Equisetum Nelsoni (Eaton) Schaffner where it had almost covered a sandy fallow field in the valley of Pigeon River. The plant is extremely variable and many varieties have been named, several of which have been reported from Indiana. According to Schaffner these variations are all ecological and not worth recognition. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Calif. ; also in Eurasia. 2. Equisetum trachyodon A. Br. (Equisetum vanegatum var. Jesupi A. A. Eaton). Rough-toothed Scouring-rush. Map 44. My only speci- mens are from Pokagon State Park from the wet, sandy shore of the east side of Lake James and from the east side of Crooked Lake, Noble County. Que. and Ont., southw. to Conn, and 111. ; also in Eurasia. 3. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Variegated Scouring-rush. Map 45. My only specimen is from the grassy border of a dried-up slough in the dunes about a quarter of a mile south of Pine, Lake County (now along Clark Street in Gary about a quarter of a mile south of Lake Michigan). It has been reported also from Porter and La Porte Counties. This — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Auj Sept. Oct. Nov. 0 m: M D i ) ■> D : \/ o -J " t Q o a s o o 0 DP (%rU 0 ( D P dS DP I D - DP r1 y D P <■ y ,j' j- r 71 0 Dec j- 1 ? 5 10 tt i d I is PL_w D 1 j 1 D 1 iu \— ^_^Tpa D ) \fJ Miles 0 E< uise urn r V, preaftur Jo' 50 Map 47 nFfef 0 So Map 49 Equisetum kansanum Schaffner 62 Equisetaceae Equisetum Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. D D k - D '. A- 1) HD , -^T „ K "J D 0 " ^" <~ D I ir L r \ r1 i i j ■ >- y£J Miles 0 50 Map 50 Equisetum fluviatile L. 0 50 Map 5 Lycopodium Selago var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. D D r- - E° 1 1 DP ID / f fl J . J K l, // Miles 0 Map 52 Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. species much resembles the next one and is closely associated with it. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Maine, N. Y., and Wyo. ; also in Eurasia. 4. Equisetum Nelsoni (A. A. Eaton) Schaffner. (Equisetum variegatum var. Nelsoni A. A. Eaton.) Nelson Scouring-rush. Map 46. Wet, moist, or dry, sandy borders of lakes and sloughs. N. Y. to Mich., Ind., and 111. 5. Equisetum prealtum Raf. (Equisetum hyemale var. affine (En- gelm.) A. A. Eaton). Tall Scouring-rush. Map 47. Infrequent through- out the state. It is usually found in rather moist, sandy soil and on the slopes of the banks of streams ; sometimes the habitat may even be springy. It grows in colonies, and these sometimes may extend along the bank for several rods. It rarely occurs in other habitats but is found along railroad embankments and in wet prairie habitats. Canada to Mex. 6. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth Scouring-rush. Map 48. Infrequent in sandy to very sandy soil in the greater part of the state. It is most commonly found on railroad embankments and less frequently in moist, sandy soil of the slopes of the banks of streams and lakes. Conn., N. J. to B. C, southw. to N. C, La., and Mex. 7. Equisetum kansanum Schaffner. (Equisetum laevigatum of A. A. Eaton, not A. Br.) Kansas Scouring-rush. Map 49. Infrequent in north- ern Indiana and probably rare in the southern part of the state. It has a very wide range of habitat but is most frequently found in moist soil in prairies; it is, however, also found on the wet, marl borders of lakes and other moist habitats. Mainly in the western Mississippi Basin, Ohio to Mont, and B. C, southw. to Mo., N. Mex., Ariz., and Calif. 8. Equisetum fluviatile L. Water Horsetail. Map 50. Infrequent in northern Indiana in marshes and bogs, in the dune area on the low borders of sloughs, and rarely in wet prairies. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Nebr., and Oreg. ; also in Eurasia. Lycopodium Lycopodiaceae 63 0 50 Map 53 Lycopodium inundatum L. 0 55 Map 54 Lycopodium obscurum L. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. OP 1 -i"~ 1 SD ./ \ A \ - DP -\ ' tm r Dec.f- DP 10 1, 1 B K 1 > "TBa 1 V Miles 1 p Lycopodium flabellifi (Fern.)Blanchard '5d Map 55 irme 6. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. Clubmoss Family 1. LYCOPODIUM L. Clubmoss [Wilson. The identity of Lycopodium porophilum. Rhodora 34 : 169-172. 1932. The spores of the genus Lycopodium in the United States and Canada. Rhodora 36 : 13-19. 1934.] Sporangia in the axils of normal leaves, not forming a well marked terminal spike. Leaves linear-attenuate to lanceolate, entire (sometimes with a few minute serra- tions toward the apex), usually widest below the middle; plants yellowish green, tufted, erect or slightly decumbent at the base. . . 1. L. Selago var. patens. Leaves oblanceolate, widest near or above the middle, serrate or entire, arranged in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter ones more frequently bearing sporangia in their axils; stems bright or dark green, in loose clusters, decumbent. Blades of leaves serrate 2. L. liicidulum. Blades of leaves entire or slightly serrate, often some of them of a linear type. (See excluded species no. 17, p. 1022.) L. lucidulum var. occidentale. Sporangia borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, forming a spike. Bracteal leaves linear-attenuate from a distinctly broadened ovate base 3. L. inundatum. Bracteal leaves scalelike, yellowish, very different from those of sterile part of the stem. Ultimate sterile branches with their leaves mostly 5-10 mm wide, free portion of leaves more than 3 mm long. Stems creeping on the surface of the ground with short, leafy branches, the leaves linear, bristle-tipped at apex; fertile branches terminating in a slender peduncle (1-1.5 dm long), bearing 2-4 slender cylindrical spikes. (See excluded species no. 15, p. 1021.) L. clavatum. Stems subterranean, bearing scattered upright branches resembling miniature coniferous seedlings; leaves merely acute at the apex; spikes 1-3, essentially sessile 4. L. obscurum. Ultimate sterile branches with their leaves less than 5 mm wide; free portion of leaves less than 3 mm long. Horizontal stems rather deeply buried in the ground; branchlets bluish green, 1-1.75 (2) mm wide; leaves on ventral and dorsal sides of the branchlets about equal. (See excluded species no. 18, p. 1022.) L. tristachyum. 64 Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium Horizontal stems on or near the surface of the ground; branchlets yellowish green, (1.5) 2-3 mm wide; leaves on the ventral side of the branchlet much shorter than those of the dorsal side. Branchlets with new growth clearly separated from the old growth by a constriction; branches mostly horizontal, or some erect, irregularly divided; spikes 1-3. (See excluded species no. 16, p. 1021.) L. complanatum. Branchlets lacking new growth at the tips, having attained their full growth the first year, therefore lacking constrictions; branches erect, the branchlets disposed in the form of a funnel, appearing fan-shaped in herbarium specimens; spikes 1-6, usually 4 5. L. flab elli forme. 1. Lycopodium Selago L. var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. (Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw.) Map 51. I have this variety from three places in Crawford County where I found it in dry soil in pockets of cliffs of the knobstone or sandstone, and from Martin County where it was found in dry soil pockets of the sandstone cliffs about a mile north of Shoals. Que. to Wis., southw. to n. Vt. and Ky. 2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining Clubmoss. Map 52. Very local. It grows in deep humus, sometimes forming large colonies. In the lake area it is generally found in decadent tamarack bogs and southward in moist, shaded woodland, although my Clay County specimen was found in the open among rocks along Croy Creek. Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. E., N. Y., Ind., Iowa, and Wash., and in the mts. to S. C. 3. Lycopodium inundatum L. Map 53. Very local. It grows in wet, somewhat acid sandy soil, usually on the borders of lakes and in the dunes. It has also been reported from Marshall County. I have twice found it associated with cranberry and hair-cap moss. In 1937 I revisited the Steuben County station and found that it has been exterminated there. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., 111., Idaho, and Wash. ; also in Eurasia. 4. Lycopodium obscurum L. Groundpine. Map 54. Very local. In addition to my specimens it has been reported from Lake, Montgomery, Porter, and St. Joseph Counties. One of my specimens is from a small colony at the base of a north beech slope, bordering a soft maple swamp, and the other is also from a swamp bordering a lake. My specimens are not typical and seem to be intermediate between the species and the var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Ind. 5. Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanchard. (Rhodora 13: 168-171. 1911.) (Lycopodium complanatum var. flabelliforme Fern.) Map 55. Extremely local. Found on moist, rocky slopes. This species is regarded by many authors as a variety of Lycopodium complanatum. Blanchard (Pvhodora 13: 168-171. 1911) made a special study of this species and L. complanatum in the field, and after nearly ten years' observation, concluded that the two were distinct species. Victorin (Contrib. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal, no. 3: 62-63. 1925) confirms Blanch- Selaginella Selaginellaceae 65 o— ~38 Map 56 Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Auj Sept. Oct Nov. DP 0 a r r** \ \ (r1 " X r ■ k J- t Dec. C / Miles Sela ginel a ru x? ^ Map 57 pestris (L.) Spring 6 58 Map 58 Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br ard's observation of characters which seem to me also to be sufficient to regard this form as a species rather than a variety. These two species have definite geographical ranges which add to this opinion. The range of L. complanatum in North America extends from Newfoundland through the greater part of Canada to Alaska and southward to northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin (not reaching New England), and Wash- ington. L. flabelliforme is much more southern, occurring from New- foundland, Nova Scotia, and the lower valley of the St. Lawrence River westward to Minnesota, southward to North Carolina and Kentucky. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Ky. 7. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. 1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Selaginella Leaves comparatively few, of 2 sizes, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes, ovate, acute or cuspidate; plants usually a light green, of a wet or moist habitat 1. S. apoda. Leaves very numerous, alike, appressed, widely overlapping, many-ranked, linear- lanceolate, grooved on the back, ending in a slender, whitish awn; plants grayish green, of a very dry habitat 2. S. rupestris. 1. Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern. (Rhodora 17: 68. 1915.) (Selaginella apus Spring.) Basket Selaginella. Map 56. Occasionally throughout the lake area, becoming infrequent to local in the southern part of the state. It is, no doubt, more frequent than our map indicates. It prefers moist, grassy places and in the lake area it is usually in calcareous, sandy soil. In Dubois County I found it in a low woods in a hard, white clay soil with sweet gum. Maine and Ont. to the Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Rock Selaginella. Map 57. Local. Found only on dry, exposed sandstone rocks and in dry sand in the dune area. It has also been reported from Montgomery County. Under- wood (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1893: 257. 1894) says the report from 66 Taxaceae Taxus Gibson County in the State Catalogue was an error. N. S. and Ont., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 8. ISOETACEAE Underw. Quillwort Family 1. ISOETES L. Quillwort [Pfeiffer. Monograph of the Isoetaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9: 79-232. 8 pi. 1922.] 1. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Engelmann Quillwort. Map 58. 1 have found this species in artificial ponds in hard, white clay soil in three counties, and in low woods in similar soil but richer in humus in Harrison County. The colony in Floyd County is on the east side of the road south of Martinsburg in an old mill pond on the Philip McGuirk farm. It is abundant here and of large size. Southern N. H. and Vt. to Ga., westw. to Mo. SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed Plants or Flowering Plants 5.1 TAXACEAE Lindl. Yew Family 18.1 TAXUS [Tourn.] L. Yew 1. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada Yew. Map 59. This species is local and is restricted to the sides of the steep slopes and cliffs along Sugar Creek in Turkey Run State Park, Parke County, to like habitats along Sugar Creek in the "Shades" in Montgomery County, and along Big Wal- nut Creek about 3 miles northeast of Bainbridge, Putnam County. It is usually found under hemlock. Newf. to Man., southw. to Va. and Iowa. 6. PINACEAE Lindl. Pink Family Leaves linear, in bundles of 2, 3, 5 or more than 5. Leaves in bundles of 2, 3 or 5 22. Pints, p. 67. Leaves in bundles of more than 5 (single on new shoots) 24. Larix, p. 68. Leaves linear and solitary, or scalelike. Leaves all linear. Blades obtuse 27. TSUGA, p. 68. Blades sharp-pointed. Leaves green on both sides, alternate 35. Taxodium. p. 69. Leaves glaucous beneath, opposite, or whorled 45. Juniperus. p. 70. Leaves all scalelike, or scalelike on fruiting branchlets and linear and sharp-pointed on sterile branchlets or juvenile plants, usually green on both sides. Spray of branchlets flat; leaves all scalelike, the dorsal and ventral ones differing from the lateral ones; fruit a cone of 8-12 imbricated but opposite scales 42. Thuja, p. 69. Spray of branchlets not flat; leaves all scalelike or on most specimens some branchlets with linear and sharp-pointed leaves; fruit berrylike, bluish black, glaucous 45. Juniperus, p. 70. 1 See paragraph 2 on page 14 of introduction. Pinus PlNACEAE 67 0 ~~ 30 Map 59 Taxus canadensis Marsh. 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D D Id L E » HI P « I D " L I / HD h Jv r -L, B P D » DP -4 f "1 1 - i J~ r, Dec. J— [ i ' — 1/ Miles Pinus Strobus L 0 50 Map 60 o ^^3 Map 6 Pinus Banksiana Lamb. 22. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Pine Leaves 5 (rarely more) in a bundle, 6-12 cm long 1. P. Strobus. Leaves 2 or 3 in a bundle. Scales of cones unarmed; leaves in 2's, 2-5 cm long 2. P. Banksiana. Scales of cones tipped with a short spine; leaves 2 or 3 in a bundle. Spine of cone-scale 2-3 mm long, curved ; leaves twisted, 4-8 cm long 3. P. virginiana. Spine of cone-scale about 1 mm long; leaves straight, 7-13 cm long. (See ex- cluded species no. 20, p. 1022.) P. echinata. 1. Pinus Strobus L. Northern White Pine. Map 60. This species is local and is usually found in limited numbers, except along Bear Creek, Fountain County and Big Pine Creek in Warren County where there were formerly many acres of it. In the dune area it was scattered in its dis- tribution with a large colony here and there. There formerly were several acres of it in a bog east of Merrillville, Lake County, but it has now nearly disappeared. In our area its favored habitat was wet woods or boggy places, on the dunes along Lake Michigan, on cliffs and high banks along Bear Creek, Fountain County, and in a like habitat including adjacent lowland in Warren County along Big Pine and Kickapoo Creeks. Newf. to Man., southw. in the mts. to n. Ga., Tenn., and Iowa. 2. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine. Map 61. This pine is found only on the dunes near Lake Michigan. I can recall when it was common on the low dunes in Lake County but it has now nearly disappeared on account of advancing civilization. N. S. to n. N. Y., n. Ind. to Minn., northw. 3. Pinus virginiana Mill. VIRGINIA Pine. Map 62. This species is re- stricted to the crests of some of the ridges of knobstone in three counties. On some of the ridges it formed dense stands, but, on the whole, the species is not a strong competitor of the other species. It, however, promptly invades abandoned fields within and adjacent to the area of its natural 68 PlNACEAE Larix 0 5o Map 62 Pinus virgin] jna Mill. 0 50 Map 63 Lanx lancina (Du Roil Koch 0 50 Map 64 Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. distribution. Also when planted in a favorable habitat, it freely escapes. Notable examples of its escape are on the knobstone in northern Washington County, on the bluffs along Raccoon Creek in Owen County, and in Monroe County in a grove about 4 miles northwest of Ellettsville and about Weimer's Lake 2i/2 miles west of Bloomington where it has been established for more than 50 years. A colony of about 3 acres in Orange County about 8 miles southeast of Paoli and just north of Danner's Chapel originated from a tree planted in the church yard. Some of the trees have already been cut for saw logs. R. M. Kriebel reports several large colonies in Lawrence County. He has traced the origin of each colony to a planted tree. In the knobstone area this species is truly "an old field" species. Within a 25-year observation I have seen it cover abandoned fields although it is a species difficult to transplant. Long Island, N. Y., to Ind., southw. to S. C. and Ala. 24. LARIX [Tourn.] Mill. Larch 1. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Tamarack. Map 63. Infrequent to frequent in bogs and on the low borders of lakes and streams throughout the lake area. It was formerly more or less common in many places that have been drained and are now farmed. It has suffered much during the past few years due to drought and is becoming scarce because of drainage and cutting. Lab. and Newf., N. W. Territory, southw. to N. J., n. Pa., n. 111., and cent. Minn. 27. TStJGA [Endl.] Carr. Hemlock 1. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock. Map 64. Local in the state and usually restricted to a fringe of trees on the tops and slopes of high sandstone bluffs along streams. Rapidly disappearing in some of its stations. N. S., N. B. to Minn., southw. to Del., s. Ind., Wis., and in the mts. to Ga. and Ala. Taxodium Pinaceae 69 35. TAXODIUM Richard 1. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Richard. Southern Cypress. Map 65. The cypress is restricted to five counties in the southwestern part of the state. Collett (Rept. Ind. Geol. Surv. 5: 338. 1874) estimated that 20,000 acres of the southwestern part of Knox County were "covered with a fine forest of cypress." In this whole area there are now only a few straggling specimens left. In Little Cypress Swamp in the extreme south- western corner of Knox County the species still persists and is reproducing in small numbers. There were a few cypress sloughs in Posey County but the trees have been slaughtered in most of them. There are no objections to judicious cutting but an attempt to annihilate a species without sufficient cause seems a tragedy. I found a few trees along Cypress Creek in War- rick County about 20 years ago but I was not able to find them recently. It has also nearly disappeared in Vanderburgh County. Baird & Taylor reported it from Clark County but I am excluding this report for lack of confirming specimens or convincing proof that it really did exist in this county. There is, however, some evidence to support this report. Audubon is quoted as having taken Rafmesque into extensive canebrakes in Indiana north of Louisville, and Victor Lyon, former surveyor of Clark County, also told me that he had seen large native pecan trees in the Silver Creek bottoms. I have not been able to study this area sufficiently to find other associate species of the cypress, and I leave this report to be confirmed. I have never seen this species growing in Gibson County, but late in 1935 I met Smith White, who was 71 years old and who had always lived in the Gibson County Bottoms, and he told me, in the presence of three other persons, that it had never occurred in that area except for a single tree in a slough in a woods on the farm of C. B. Balse, about 3 miles south of East Mt. Carmel. These other three men had also seen the tree to which he referred. Atlantic coast from Del. to Fla., westw. along the Gulf to Tex. and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Ind. 42. THUJA L. 1. Thuja occidentals L. Northern White Cedar. Map 66. There are three old reports for this species from Lake County and I have an Umbach specimen collected near Pine. I collected it about 2 miles east of Indiana Harbor in 1906 but I have not seen it since in this county. No doubt later reports are based upon the early reports. Several authors report it from Mineral Springs bog, Porter County and Lyon reports a few trees near Tamarack. I have seen it in only two places in Porter County and, doubt- less, there are only two colonies of it in the county. In the Mineral Springs bog there are quite a number of trees 4-6 inches in diameter but their number is rapidly decreasing. Buried remains of this species have been found as far south as Henry County. E. Que. to Man., southw. to Pa., Tenn., 111., and Minn, and in the mts. to N. C. 70 PlNACEAE Juniperus Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. f 1 i Jv f^ r1 J, " r m j Dec (- ■ ' — / Miles s /* J DP 1 iut J [ T 1 c~ axodi jm d StlC "W 7 hum (L.) L. ) 50 Map 65 Z. Richard 0 50 Map 66 Thuja occidentalis L. 0 50 Map 67 Juniperus communis var. depressa Pursh 45. JUNIPERUS [Tourn.] L. Juniper Leaves mostly in whorls of o, glaucous beneath, all linear and sharp-pointed, mostly 7-15 mm long; stem divided at the surface of the ground, the several subdivisions or branches decumbent and growing to great lengths, rarely one branch becoming a leader 1. J. communis var. depressa. Leaves not in whorls, scalelike on fertile branchlets and linear on sterile branchlets, generally green on both sides, the scalelike ones 1-2 mm long and the linear ones mostly less than 10 mm long; stems erect with lateral branches like those of other trees 2. «/. virginiana var. crehra. 1. Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh. (Juniperus sibirica of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Prostrate Juniper. Map 67. This species has an erratic distribution and grows in widely different habitats. It is frequent in the dunes near Lake Michigan where a single plant will form a large clump. I found specimens in Steuben County in a decadent tamarack bog, one of which had a spread of about 25 feet. The branches were in a whorl and the plant was circular in shape with the tips of the decumbent branches usually 4-7 feet high. In Elkhart County I found a specimen in hard, clay soil 3 miles northwest of Goshen. This specimen maintained an erect branch with a very strong taper. It had just been cut and the upright branch was made into a small fence post. At the base where the tree was cut off it was a foot in diameter and it had many radiating branches that were several inches in diameter. I saw this variety growing in both Jefferson and Wayne Counties in shallow soil on rocky slopes. In 1923 I transplanted a seedling about 6 inches high from the dunes into a black loam soil and it grew erect until it reached a height of about 3 feet when the leader began to become decumbent and three branches at the surface began to elongate. After 12 years all the branches, numbering about 50, are decumbent and radiate in all directions, forming a circular clump 15 feet across, the branches being 4-6 feet high. This variety also occurs in Montgomery County. Lab. to B. C, southw. to Conn., N. Y., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo, and Utah. Typha Typhaceae 71 0 50 Map 68 Juniperus virginiana L. var. crebra Fernald & Griscom 0 50 Map 69 Typha latifoha L. 2. Juniperus virginiana L. var. crebra Fernald & Griscom. (Rhodora 37: 131-133. 1935.) {Juniperus virginiana f. Bremerae Standley & Mac- bride.) Eastern Red Cedar. Map 68. In a recent study of the species Fernald & Griscom found that our spirelike trees of the north and interior are not like the ovoid type of tree of the south. The leaves of adult branch- lets of the northern form are narrower and attenuate at the apex while those of the southern form are rather broadly deltoid and obtuse or merely subacute. The mature fruit of the north has sweet flesh and the seed shallow pits at the base while those of the south have flesh with a pitchy taste and deep pits at the base. Caution must be used in separating the two forms by the character of the leaves because of transitional forms. All the specimens I have examined belong to the northern variety. The eastern red cedar is found throughout the state although there are no records from the southwestern part. It is rare to infrequent in the northern part except along the St. Joseph River where it is frequent on its banks or close to them, becoming rare in the central part of the state, and frequent to common in the southern part in the unglaciated area and east of it. This tree seems to prefer calcareous soils, and in the unglaciated area some eroded and abandoned fields have grown up thickly with it. It has a wide range of habitats for I have seen it even in the "flats" in Clark County. I am of the opinion that in the primitive forest this species was restricted to high bluffs and banks of streams and eroded slopes where it could compete with other species. While it is tolerant of shade it is rarely found in the dense forest. N. S. to w. Ont. and S. Dak., southw. at least to Mo. and Va. 8. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cattail Family 49. TYPHA [Town.] L. Cattail Staminate and pistillate parts of spike contiguous; stems stout, usually 1-2 m high; leaves flat, the lower ones 12-23 mm wide; sterile flowers shorter than the hairs; pollen grains in 4's; stigmas fan-shaped; mature pistillate spikes about 2.5 cm in diameter 1- T. latifolia. 72 Sparganiaceae Sparganium Staminate and pistillate parts of spike usually separated by an interval of 0.5-6 cm; stems slender, usually 8-12 dm high; leaves more or less dorsally convex, the lower ones mostly 4-7 mm wide; sterile flowers scarcely shorter than the hairs; pollen grains single; stigmas linear; mature pistillate spikes 10-18 mm in diameter 2. T. angustifolia. 1. Typha latifolia L. Common Cattail. Map. 69. Found in ditches, ponds, marshes, gravel pits, and marshy places about lakes and along streams. It is frequent in the lake area, becoming infrequent to local in the southern part of the state where its habitat is rarely found. Throughout temperate N. A. ; cosmopolitan. 2. Typha angustifolia L. Nakrowleaf Cattail. Map 70. This species is usually found on the borders of larger bodies of water than the preced- ing species, but it seems to adapt itself to nearly the same habitats. Near my home is a small gravel pit that has not been in use for about 10 years, and it is now filled with both species of cattails, this species occupying about a fourth of the space. It is to be noted that the pistillate part of the spike sometimes divides. I have one specimen with a 5-parted spike. I also have a specimen of the preceding species that has a 3-parted spike. This species, as well as the preceding one, is variable, and several varieties have been named. A giant form of this species is found on the east side of Tippecanoe Lake in the southern part of Noble County. Peattie's var. calumetensis seems to me to be an ecological form. Its diminutive size I attribute to the pollution of the Grand Calumet River near where it is found. In the summer when the soil along the bank is exposed it is slimy and reddish. N. S. to Fla., mainly along the coast, and inland mostly about the Great Lakes ; almost cosmopolitan. 10. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh Bur-reed Family 54. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. Bur-reed [Fernald. Notes on Sparganium. Rhodora 24: 26-34. 1922.] The following key has been adapted from this paper : Achenes broadly obpyramidal, sessile, truncate or retuse at the summit, 4-8 mm in diameter; stigmas 2; anthers 1.5-2 mm long; sepals nearly equaling the achenes. 1. S. eurycarpum. Achenes fusiform, short-pedicelled, beaked, 1.2-3 mm in diameter; anthers 0.5-1.6 mm long; sepals from much shorter than to two thirds as long as the achenes. Staminate heads 2-20 (rarely only 1) ; fruiting heads 1.2-3.5 cm in diameter; mature achenes strongly fusiform, 5.5-14 mm long, the stipe 1-4 mm long, the slender beak 1.5-6 mm long; plants erect. Pistillate heads or branches strictly axillary ; achenes with the beak abruptly con- tracted above the dilated base; leaves 6-12 mm wide, without a scarious margin. Leaves stiffish, at least the middle keeled; inflorescence branched, some branches all staminate, or some both staminate and pistillate, with 1-4 pistillate heads and up to 8 staminate heads; stigmas 2-4 mm long; fruiting heads usually 3-7, 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter; achenes lustrous, the body 5-7 mm long- and 2.5-3 mm thick, the beak 4.5-6 mm long; anthers 1-1.6 mm long. 2. S. androcladum. Sparganium Sparganiaceae 73 0 ^50 Map 71 Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. 0 "50 Map 72 Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong 1 1 1 Jar>. Feb Mar Apr. May Juno July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D D D D 0 t ^ 1 i r ~rf J Dec f- i c 1 D X w/ /lies Sparganium JA / o 50 J Map 73 imericanum Nutt. Leaves soft and mostly translucent, flat or obscurely keeled; inflorescence simple or, if branched, the branches strict with 1-3 pistillate and 1-6 staminate heads; stigmas 1-2 mm long; fruiting heads 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter; achenes slightly lustrous, the body 4.5-5.5 mm long, about 2 mm thick; anthers 0.8-1.2 mm long o. S. americanum. Pistillate heads usually supra-axillary; achenes shining, the beak more gradually narrowed upward; leaves 3-9 mm wide with a scarious margin near the base. Plants commonly erect and emersed; leaves flat or slightly keeled, little, if at all, dilated at the base (except for the scarious margin) ; staminate half of the inflorescence 2-10 cm long, of 4-9 scattered heads (if shorter and with fewer leads, the plant very low and with ribbonlike, translucent, erect, lower bracts) ; beak of achenes 2-4.3 mm long; sepals appressed, cuneate-spatu- late, scarcely narrowed to a claw. Pistillate heads (1) 2-4, remote or subremote, at maturity 1.5-2.7 cm in diameter, the lowest borne 1-6.5 dm above the base of the plant; staminate half of the inflorescence 2-10 cm long, of 4-9 heads 4. S. chlorocarpum. Pistillate heads 1-3, at least the upper usually approximate, at maturity 1.2-2.2 cm in diameter, the lowest borne 0.1-1.8 dm above the base of the plant; staminate half of the inflorescence 1-4 (5) cm long, of 2-5 heads. 4a. S. chlorocarpum var. acaule. Plants commonly submerged or floating, sometimes emersed; leaves rounded on the back, the middle and upper with dilated and subinflated sheathing bases; staminate half of the inflorescence 1-3 cm long, of 1-4 (rarely 6) crowded heads; beak of achene about 2 mm long; sepals loosely ascending, with slender claw and dilated tip. (See excluded species no. 26, p. 1023.) S. angusti folium. Staminate head 1; fruiting heads 5-12 mm in diameter; achenes ellipsoid or slenderly obovoid-fusiform, 3.5-5 mm long; stipe obsolete or up to 1 mm long, beak obsolete or up to 1.5 mm long; inflorescence simple, the heads all axillary; sepals elliptic to cuneate-spatulate, a half to two thirds as long as the achene; plants usually floating. (See excluded species no. 27, p. 1023.) . . . .S. minimum. 1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Giant Bur-reed. Map 71. Infre- quent to frequent in the lake area and rare or possibly absent from the southern part of the state. There are only three reports for it south of Hamilton County, and it is barely possible that these should be referred to the next species. It is found in wet places, mostly in ditches. It also 74 Sparganiaceae Sparganium 0 50 Map 74 Sparcjanium chlorocarpum Rydt Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec <* D I 1 j- m - . T^ D D 1 f r i K^ r r, n L i l Miles 0 Map 75 iparqanium chlorocarpum /ar. acaule (Beeby)Fern. occurs on the low borders of lakes, streams, and sloughs and in ponds and springy places. N. S., Maine, Que. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Mo., Utah, and Calif. 2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. {Sparganium lucidum Fern. & Eames.) Map 72. My only specimen is from a slough about 4 miles northwest of Grayville, Sullivan County. A specimen reported from St. Joseph County should now be referred to Sparganium chlorocarpum. The species of this genus are not well known, hence their distribution is not, as yet, understood. Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla. and westw. 3. Sparganium americanum Nutt. (Including var. androcladum Fern. & Eames of Gray, Man., ed. 7.) Map 73. Infrequent in the lake area and probably very local south of it. All of my specimens are from ditches, sloughs, and outlets of lakes. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Mo. 4. Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. {Sparganium diversifolium of au- thors.) Map 74. All of the specimens, with one exception, and reports are restricted to the lake area where it is infrequent. It is found in habitats similar to those of the preceding species. Newf. to Iowa, southw. to N. J., N. Y., and Ind. 4a. Sparganium chlorocarpum var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. {Sparganium diversifolium var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. & Eames and Sparganium acaule (Beeby) Rydb.) Map 75. All of my specimens are from the lake area except one which was found in Hancock County in a springy place along a creek. It is infrequent but probably more common in the state than the species. The habitat is that of the other species of the genus. Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to Va. and W. Va. Potamogeton Potamogetonaceae 75 11. POTAMOGETONACAE Engl. Pond weed Family Flowers perfect, borne in spikes; anthers 4; leaves alternate, or the upper ones sometimes opposite 58. Potamogeton, p. 75. Flowers unisexual, axillary; stamens 1 (2) ; leaves mostly opposite, filiform, 1-nerved, entire 62. Zannichellia, p. 84. 58. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. Pondweed [Morong. The Naiadaceae of North America. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 11-65. 36 pi. 1893; Fryer and Bennett. Potamogetons of the British Isles. 1-94. 60 col. pi. 1915; Hagstrom. Critical Researches on the Potamo- getons. 1-281. 119 fig. Stockholm 1916; Fernald. The Linear-leaved North American Species of Potamogeton, Section Axillares. Mem. Gray Herb. 3: 1-183. 40 pi. 1932.] Note : M. L. Fernald named and cited many of my specimens during the writing of his monograph, and these specimens have greatly aided me in the study of this difficult genus. I have also made free use of his mono- graph, and I wish to acknowledge this assistance. I have never made a special effort to collect Potamogetons, and some species have probably been overlooked; some which once occurred in the state have doubtless been exterminated. Drainage has destroyed the plants in many places. Cottages now surround most of our lakes, and the dredg- ing of all kinds of aquatic vegetation to improve bathing beaches will doubtless lead to extermination of some species. Many specimens are covered more or less with a deposit of lime which may obscure such characters as veins in the leaves. This can be removed at least in part by gently brushing with a round bristle brush (about size no. 4), or in case of badly incrusted linear-leaved specimens, it can be removed by immersing them in dilute hydrochloric acid. After such treament the specimens should be washed and dried between blotters. A. Plants with both floating and submerged leaves; floating leaves more or less coriaceous, usually on petioles half as long to much longer than the length of the blades; submerged leaves thin, ranging from linear to ovate, or sometimes reduced to a mere petiole. R. Submerged leaves bladeless; floating leaves large, 17-29-nerved. Floating leaves mostly broadly elliptic, subcordate at the base (rarely rounded), 21-29-nerved; fruit mostly 4-5 mm long, stramineous or greenish 1. P. natans. Floating leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, narrowed at the base, usually 2-5 times as long as wide, 17-23-nerved ; fruit usually reddish (phase of this species, having the blades of submerged leaves rotted off) 2. P. americanus. B. Submerged leaves lanceolate to ovate or linear. Blades of floating leaves 31-55-nerved, rounded at the base; blades of sub- merged leaves mostly 25-39-nerved ; fruit 4-5.5 mm long, usually reddish. 3. P. amplifolins. Blades of floating leaves with fewer than 31 nerves. C. Submerged leaves linear, 0.2-13 mm wide. Peduncles of spikes from the axils of submerged leaves, mostly less than 1.5 cm long; fruit up to 1.5 mm long. Blades of submerged leaves with bristle tips, 0.2-0.6 mm wide. 76 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton Leaves thin, distinctly several-nerved; fruit with a sharp ridge on the back, the sides concave 4. P. capillaceus. Leaves 1-nerved (under high magnification 3-nerved) ; fruit rounded on the back, the sides convex. (See excluded species no. 32, p. 1024.) P. Vaseyi. Blades of submerged leaves rounded, subobtuse or acute at the tips, 0.5-2 mm wide. Submerged leaves obtuse, usually rounded at the tip; the connate leaf sheath much longer than the free stipular tip; the space between the midrib and the faint lateral nerves usually filled with lacunae; fruit 1.3-2.2 mm long, mostly about 2 mm long. (Should be sought in northern Indiana.) P- Spirillus. Submerged leaves subobtuse to acute; the connate leaf sheath about half the length of the free stipular tip; the midrib of leaves rarely with lacunae; fruit 1-1.5 mm long 5. P. diver si folius. Peduncles from the axils of submerged leaves, more than 1.5 cm long. Floating leaves obtuse at the apex; submerged leaves 6-14 cm long and up to 10 mm wide, ribbonlike, the sides nearly parallel ... 14. P. epihydrus. Floating leaves acute at the apex; submerged leaves 1-3 cm long, 2-13 mm wide, apiculate, broadest about the middle 6. P. gramineus var. graminifolius. C. Submerged leaves lanceolate to ovate; floating leaves large. Floating leaves broad and distinctly cordate at the base, 25-37-nerved ; sub- merged leaves 9-19-nerved; fruit 3-4 mm long 7. P. pulcher. Floating leaves mostly broadly or narrowly elliptic, rounded or narrowed at the base, generally 17-27-nerved; submerged leaves 7-29-nerved; fruit 3-4 mm long. Blades of floating leaves usually narrowly elliptic, narrowed at the base; submerged leaves not recurved. Submerged leaves usually strongly mucronate; mature fruiting spikes mostly 7-8.5 mm wide ; fruit green 8. P. angustifolius. Submerged leaves acute or acuminate, mostly 17-23-nerved; mature fruit- ing spikes generally 9-11 mm wide; fruit usually tinged red 2. P. americanus. Blades of floating leaves rounded at the base, 17-27-nerved; submerged leaves long, usually recurved, 13-29-nerved 9. P. ilhnoensis. A. Plants with all the leaves submerged. 1). Blades of leaves lanceolate, oblong or broader, not linear. Leaves sessile or short-petiolate, not clasping. Margins of blades finely and sharply serrulate 10. P. crispus. Margins of blades entire or some with a few minute teeth. Submerged leaves all mucronate, or long-acuminate. Fruit 2-2.5 mm long; submerged leaves 2.5-8 cm long 6. P. gramineus var. graminifolius. Fruit 3-4 mm long; submerged leaves 4-20 cm long. Fruit distinctly 3-keeled 8. P. angustifolius. Fruit with rounded, scarcely keeled sides 11. P. lucens. Submerged leaves all large, not mucronate 3. P. amplifolius. Leaves with blades clasping the stem for half or more of its diameter. Blades slightly clasping, lanceolate, rounded and cucullate at the apex (in dried specimens often bifid), mostly 10-30 cm long; fruit 4-5 mm long, the middle dorsal rib prominent and sharply keeled; stipules large, usually not shredded 12. P. praelongus. Blades strongly clasping, lanceolate to ovate-orbicular, 1-8 (11) cm long, obtuse or acute; fruit 2.5-4 mm long, the dorsal ribs inconspicuous and rounded; stipules short and mostly shredded 13. P. Richardsonii. Potamogeton PotamogetonaceaE 77 D. Blades of leaves linear. Leaves ribbonlike, 2 mm or more wide, with a broad, coarsely cellular-reticulate space on each side of the midrib, 5-7-nerved; stipules very obtuse 14. P. epihydrus. Leaves narrower, if 2 mm wide, without broad cellular-reticulate spaces along the midrib. E. Blades free from the stipules. Leaves more than 7-nerved, 2-5 mm wide; peduncles stout, 1.5-5.5 cm long, 1-1.6 mm thick; fruit 3.5-5 mm long, with one strong, usually crested, keel on the back 15. P. zosteriformis. Leaves 1-7-nerved; fruit not more than 3 mm long. Blades 5-7-nerved, usually with a pair of glands at the base, 1.5-3.5 mm wide, usually 2-2.5 mm wide, rounded or short-mucronate at the apex; stipules 7-11 mm long; fruit 2-3 mm long, rounded on the back. 16. P. Friesii. Blades 1-3-nerved (if some leaves 5-nerved, plant not agreeing with the other characters of the preceding species). Leaves 1-nerved (under high magnification 3-nerved) ; fruit strongly com- pressed with the sides almost fiat, 1.6-2.2 mm long. (See excluded species no. 32, p. 1024.) P- Vaseyi. Leaves 3-nerved, rarely some of them 5-nerved. Blades usually without basal glands; peduncles 0.4-3 cm long, clavate; spikes subcapitate, 2-6-flowered, in fruit 2-8 mm long; sepaloid con- nectives 0.4-1 mm long; fruit compressed, 1.8-2.5 mm long, with a thin or acute, undulate or coarsely dentate dorsal keel. Primary leaves 4-10 cm long, 1.4-2.7 mm wide, 3-5-nerved, midnerve with 1-3 rows of lacunae on each side at the base; stipules 0.7-1.8 cm long; fruit 2-2.5 mm long, beak broad at the base, 0.2-0.4 mm long; winter buds sessile in the axils or on short (rarely elon- gate) branches 17. P. foliosus var. genuinus. Primary leaves 1-7 cm long, 0.3-1.5 mm wide, 1-3-nerved; midnerve without marginal lacunae or with a single row on each side below the middle; stipules 3-11 mm long; fruit green, 1.8-2.3 mm long, beak slender, 0.3-0.8 mm long; winter buds terminating the mostly elongate branches 17a. P. foliosus var. macellus. Blades usually with a pair of basal glands; peduncles 1-9 cm long; spikes interruptedly cylindric, of 2-5 remote whorls of flowers or sub- globose, in fruit 0.6-1.5 cm long; sepaloid connectives 1-2.5 mm long; fruit plump, 1.9-3 mm long, rounded on the back, dorsal keel obscure. Spikes subglobose, continuous or slightly interrupted, 2-8 mm long in fruit ; leaves 3-7 cm long, rounded or acute at the apex 18. P. pusillus var. mucronatus. Spikes cylindric, of 2-5 remote whorls of flowers, in fruit 0.6-1.5 cm long. Stipules strongly fibrous, becoming whitish. Leaves mostly rigid, obtuse or abruptly contracted to muci-onate tips ; stipules strongly fibrous 19. P. striotifolius var. typicus. Leaves firm, scarcely rigid, very gradually tapering to a slender tip ; stipules less strongly fibrous 19a. P. striotifolius var. rutiloides. Stipules scarious-membranaceous or subherbaceous, greenish or brownish. Primary leaves 1-3 mm wide 20. P. panormitanus var. major. Primary leaves only 0.3-1 mm wide 20a. P. panormitanus var. minor. 78 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton o Map 77 Potamogeton americanus Cham.&Schlecht 1 3 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. B 0 yx 1 f ** B B D / 1U ' 0 — B D r 1 B \ D i J M -X ,i t - X J T~ r, Dec j- 1 i \ — ' — ° 1^ U Miles Potamoget >n amphfolius 0 50 Map 78 Tuckerm Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Ml f ) j/ ^~ Jv t ^ r >u — L r j J r1 Dec. (- fJ Miles Pot amogeton tt P\ 10 50 Map 79 pillaceus Poir. E. Blades with the stipules more or less adnate to the base. Leaves 4-8 mm wide, auricled at the base, stiffly 2-ranked, with a cartilaginous, finely and sharply serrate margin or the margin entire. Margins of blades finely and sharply serrate ■ 21. P. Robbinsii. Margins entire 21a. P. Robbinsii f. cultellatus. Leaves less than 4 mm wide, not auricled at the base, their margins not finely serrate. Spikes from the axils of submerged leaves subglobose, sessile or on peduncles only a few mm long; fruit compressed, with concave sides. Submerged leaves obtuse, usually rounded at the tip; the connate leaf sheath much longer than the free stipular tip; the space between the midrib and faint lateral nerves usually filled with lacunae; fruit 1.3-2.2 mm long. (Should be sought in northern Indiana.) P. Spirillus. Submerged leaves subobtuse to acute at the tip, the connate sheath about half the length of the free stipular tip; midrib of leaves rarely with lacunae; fruit 1-1.5 mm long 5. P. diversifolius. Spikes from the axils of submerged leaves elongate, with separated whorls of flowers, usually 1 to several cm long; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm long, usually with a beak about 0.5 mm long 22. P. pectinatus. 1. Potamogeton natans L. Map 76. All of my specimens are from lakes in the northern part of the state. Usually found in all of our lakes. Newf. to B. C, southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Nebr., and Calif.; throughout the world in temperate climates. 2. Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schlecht. Map 77. Frequent in the lake area and rather local south of it. It is found mostly in streams, and less often in lakes, dredged ditches, old canals, ponds, gravel pits, and old stone quarries. N. B. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., Calif., Mex., and W. I. ; also in the Old World. 3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Map 78. Frequent in our lakes and very local elsewhere. I have it, however, from a dredged ditch in Jen- nings County. N. S. to B. C, southw. to n. N. J., Ky., Mo., Kans., and Calif. Potamogeton POTAMOGETONACEAE 79 0 50 Map80 Potamogeton diversifolius Raf 0 50 Map 81 Potamogeton gramineus var. graminif olius Fries 0 50 Map 82 Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. 4. Potamogeton capillaceus Poir. Map 79. This species was reported by Fernald (Mem. Gray Herb. 3: 111. 1932) as having been found by Hill and by Chase in Goose Pond, near Dune Park, Porter County. This pond is located mostly in section 28 about 4 miles northwest of Porter. Coastal Plain from Maine to Fla. and Tex., and in Ind. and Wis. ; also in Cuba and Isle of Pines. 5. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. {Potamogeton hybridus Michx. of Gray, Man., ed. 7.) Map 80. All of my specimens are from the southern half of the state, although it has been reported repeatedly from the dune area. The reports from the northern part of the state should probably be referred to some other species. L. I., Pa., s. Ind., Wis., Minn., Mont., s. Oreg., southw. to Ga., Tex., Calif., and n. Mex. 6. Potamogeton gramineus L. var. graminif olius Fries. {Potamogeton heterophyllus of recent authors.) Map 81. Rather frequent in shallow water in our lake area. Throughout the greater part of N. A. 7. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Map 82. My only specimen is from a pond in Sullivan County. It has been reported from the dune area. Maine to Fla. and westw. to Mo. 8. Potamogeton angustifolius Berchtold & Presl. Map 83. Rather- frequent in the lakes that I have studied and probably well distributed in the lake area. It has been reported from the dune area. Mass., Que., Wyo. to Calif., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also in W. I., Eurasia, and Africa. 9. Potamogeton illinoensis Morong. Map 84. Infrequent in the lakes throughout the lake area. Ind. to Minn., southw. to Mo. 80 POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton 0 50 Map 83 Potamogeton angustifolius Berch.&Pres! 0 50 Map 86 Potamogeton lucens L. 0 ~^0 Map 84 Potamogeton i 1 1 i noensi s Morong 0 50 Map 87 Potamogeton praelongus Wulfer 0 ~^0 Map 85 Potamogeton crispus L. Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. D f J D D \ |V " ' — / Miles E ch; noc orus co difolius (L 1 50 Map 107 .) Griseb. Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. r-rfT 1 Sr { J- -L V tttn I K n i^T d / ) — H — i — D Iff K — --Y&jSlh^ _- ~y~L — 0 D L LA Miles 0 50 Map 108 .opfiotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith 0 ~ 30 Map 109 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. 76. LOPHOTOCARPUS Th. Durand 1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Map 108. Re- stricted to the southern part of the state where it is found in artificial ponds and in sinkholes. All of my specimens were found in such habitats except one, which was from a muddy slough along White River in Greene County. When once established in a pond or sinkhole, it soon becomes the dominant plant, usually almost crowding out all other species. It is fast migrating northward, and I now find it in places where it was absent 20 years ago. None of our early authors reported it. Probably introduced. Del. to S. Dak., southw. to Ala. and N. Mex. la. Lophotocarpus calycinus f. maximus (Engelm.) Fern. (Rhodora 38: 73. 1936.) This is a very wideleaf form with blades up to 3 dm wide and with 18-21 nerves. Miss Edna Banta found it in an artificial pond in Jefferson County. Ohio and southw. lb. Lophotocarpus calycinus f. depauperatus (Engelm.) Fern. (Rho- dora 38: 73. 1936.) I collected a specimen of this form in an artificial pond on the August Bocard farm on the road between Corydon and Mill- town, about a mile south of DePauw, Harrison County. 78.[SAGITTARIA L. Arrowhead Leaves all sagittate, rarely somewhat hastate, or some without lobes, the basal lobes as long as, shorter, or longer than the terminal one; pistillate heads never sessile; filaments of stamens glabrous. Bracts ovate, obtuse or rarely merely acute, usually 4-8 (10) mm long; achenes mostly 2-3 mm long; beaks of achenes, 0.5-2 mm long, horizontal, arising from the inner margin and pointing inward; leaf blades usually about 1.5 dm long (sometimes up to 4.5 dm long or as short as 3 cm long). Bracts and pedicels pubescent. (See excluded species no. 35, p. 1024.) S. pubescens. Bracts and pedicels glabrous ; scape not ribbed or rarely so ; faces of achenes not keeled or crested. Sagittaria Alismaceae 89 D __ Jan. D D 0 Feb. -^yv "1 Mar. UK 1 \ P A 1 . — May June ( ~^n » -A D 2 3 1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. t D yc D uc h a 1 - i D J J~ r, • Dec. C — , 1 D T ' hTb» > J D ) 1*1 \ ° 1/ Miles 0 50 [ck^J^f Map 110 Sagittaria latifolia var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wieg. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon 2 7 7 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D D I UX 1 D HD La a l " f'rU -I ° < w DP \^- a F 0 — B D [ r 1 r Dec. C 0 D 1 \lJ Miles ( 0 D — J^-v— Li S d \ r' agittaria fc revirostra JO 50 ^ Map 112 Mack. & Bush Terminal lobes of leaves of an ovate type, wider than linear. Apex of terminal lobe of leaves acute; plants usually monoecious; scapes usually terete 1. S. latifolia. Apex of terminal lobe of leaves obtuse or rounded; plants usually dioecious. la. S. latifolia var. obtusa. Terminal lobes of leaves linear lb. S. latifolia f . gracilis. Bracts lanceolate or long-cuneate, usually long-acuminate at the apex, sometimes merely acute in Sagittaria cuneata; beaks of achenes erect or if curved, bent outward from an erect base. Beaks of achenes very short, less than 0.5 nun long, usually about 0.3 mm long; achenes 2-2.5 (3) mm long, strongly obovoid, their faces not keeled or crested; leaves mostly 4-15 cm long, sagittate or sagittate-hastate; bracts mostly 6-12 mm long 2. S. cuneata. Beaks of achenes 0.5-2 mm long, usually about 1.5 mm long, arising from the inner edge of the achene and forming with the top of the achene a minute sinus, sometimes some of the beaks diverging; achenes keeled on each face and their margins more or less notched. Each face of the achene with a single keel ; sinus at the top of achene (between the wing and beak) wide and rounded; scapes strongly ribbed; bracts acuminate, mostly 8-25 mm long 3. S. brevirostra. Each face of the achene with two or more crested keels and sometimes with one or two short, intermediate ones ; sinus at the top of the achene deeper and narrower, sometimes almost closed by the outwardly curved beak 4. S. australis. Leaves all entire or with a few leaves lobed; blades linear, lanceolate, or elliptic; filaments of stamens more or less glandular-pubescent; plants growing in shallow water or in very wet places. Pistillate heads sessile; beak of achene about 1.5 mm long; body of achene about 3 mm long 5. S. rigida. Pistillate heads pedicellate; beak of achene very short, mostly 0.3-0.75 mm long, lateral; body of achene about 2 mm long 6. S. graminea. 1. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Common Arrowhead. Map 109. The ex- treme variability of the leaves of this species has led authors to describe several forms, one of which has been reported from Indiana. I think that much of the variations in leaf pattern is due to habitat. This species is 90 Alismaceae Sagittaria 0 50 Map 114 Sagittaria rigida Pursh 0 S3 Map 115 Sagittaria gramlnea Michx, restricted mostly to the lake area with a few outlying stations. It has been reported in various parts of the state because, no doubt, it has not been separated from Sagittaria brevirostra. It is found on the muddy borders of streams, ponds, and lakes and in ditches. It is rather frequent in its habitat but its habitat is more or less local. Since there has been no recent revision of the genus, the general distribution is not definitely known and the best that can be done is to accept that of our most recent authors. N. B. to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Calif. la. Sagittaria latifolia var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wieg. (Rhodora 27: 186. 1925.) (Sagittaria latifolia f. obtusa (Muhl.) Rob.) Map 110. This form is probably local or infrequent throughout the state. The habitat is that of the species. The general distribution is not known. lb. Sagittaria latifolia f. gracilis (Pursh) Rob. This is a rare form in our area. In 1936 I studied some large colonies on the marl border of the northwest part of Crooked Lake, Steuben County. On the shore and as far out as I could wade with boots, the typical form of the species occurred. Beyond this, which I examined with a boat, the roots of the marsh plants formed a floating mass among which the linear-lobed form was frequent. Among them could be found plants with all the leaves with two lobes. Others could be found where a single plant would have leaves with two lobes, one lobe, and others without lobes (mere phyl- lodia). 2. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. (Sagittaria arifolia Nutt.) Map 111. All of our specimens are from the lake area where it is local, although there are no reports from the dune area. Found on the muddy or wet, sandy borders of streams, lakes, and ponds and in ditches. N. S., Que. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Kans., N. Mex., and Calif. 3. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush. Shortbeak Arrowhead. Map 112. This plant is found probably throughout the state and is probably Anacharis Hydrocharitaceae 91 our most common species. This arrowhead is more robust than Sagittaria latifolia with which it is sometimes associated. It is found on the muddy shores of streams, ponds, and sloughs and in ditches. I have seen speci- mens from Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Tennessee. 4. Sagittaria australis (J. G. Smith) Small. Map 113. This is a south- ern species which is known only from Perry County. It is found on muddy shores. Pa., Va., and Ind. to Ala. 5. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. (Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh.) STIFF Arrowhead. Map 114. This species is essentially northern in its distribu- tion and is practically restricted to our lake area with a few locations south of it. It is infrequent and found on muddy borders and in ditches. The leaves are extremely variable, ranging from linear to rather broadly elliptic. Three forms have been named, but I believe these ecological fluctuations do not merit names. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Tenn., and Kans. 6. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Map 115. Infrequent in a part of the lake area and local southward. This species is usually found in shallow water or in very wet places about lakes, ponds, and artificial ponds and in ditches. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 17. HYDROCHARITACEAE Asch. Frogbit Family Leaves less than 2 cm wide. Plants with long, leafy submerged stems ; spathes very small, sessile 87A. Anacharis, p. 91 Plants stemless, submerged, with long narrow leaves ; spathes peduncled 89. Vallisneria, p. 92. Leaves more than 2 cm wide 97. Limnobium, p. 92. 87A. ANACHARIS Bab. & Planch. Waterweed [Victorin. L' Anacharis canadensis. Contrib. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal 18: 1-43. figs. 7. 1931.] K. M. Wiegand has made an extensive study of the species of this genus in the Cayuga Lake Basin and has published his findings in the "Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin," by Wiegand & Eames. I have taken the following key from this work, and I here make acknowledgment for its use. Leaves 1.2-4 mm wide (averaging 2.13 mm) ; spathe of the staminate flower oblong- linear, 11-13 mm long, constricted at base into a stipelike part, the orifice gaping, 2-lobed ; staminate flower remaining attached by means of a long filiform peduncle ; sepals or mature bud of the staminate flowers 3.8-5 mm long; anthers 2.2-2.5 mm long; sepals or mature bud of the pistillate flowers 2.3-2.7 mm long 1. A. canadensis. Leaves 0.7-1.8 mm wide (averaging 1.3 mm) ; spathe of the staminate flower globose, apiculate, the body about 2 mm long; staminate flower sessile, breaking out of the spathe and rising free to the surface before anthesis; sepals or mature bud of the staminate flowers 2-2.5 mm long; anthers 0.8-1.1 mm long; sepals or mature bud of the pistillate flowers 1.2-1.8 mm long 2. A. occidentalis. 92 Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria o 5o Map 116 Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Planch. 0 ~5o Map 117 Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Vict. 0 ^3 Map 118 Vallisneria americana Michx. 1. Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Planch. (Eiodea of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Philotria of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Canada Water- weed. Map 116. Frequent to common in most of our lakes, ponds, slow flowing streams, and ditches of the lake area, becoming rare southward because its habitat is not found. It prefers clear and calcareous waters. Wiegand, in his study of the species, concludes that Anacharis canadensis is dioecious and that Anacharis Planchonii is the pistillate form of the species. Que., N. E. to Sask. and Wyo., southw. to N. Y., Ky., and 111. 2. Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Vict. (Contrib. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal 18: 50: 1931.) {Philotria angustifolia of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2 and Eiodea Nuttallii (Planch.) St. John.) Western Waterweed. Map 117. This species has the habitat of the preceding species but is less frequent. Most of our specimens are from the lake area. Southern Maine to Wis. and Oreg., southw. to D. C, Mo., and Nebr. 89. VALLISNERIA [Micheli] L. 1. Vallisneria americana Michx. (Rhodora 20: 108. 1918.) {Vallisneria spiralis of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Wild Celery. Map 118. Infrequent to frequent or even common in the lakes of the lake area and rare in our streams, except those of the lake area where it may be common. The sepals of my specimens and those which I have measured in the field are rounded at the apex and 3-3.5 mm wide and 3-5 mm long, usually slightly less than 4 mm long. The peduncles of the staminate inflorescences are mostly about 1 cm long and the leaves are 6-8 mm wide. The widest leaf I have been able to find was 9 mm wide. Cent. Maine to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 97. LIMNOBIUM Richard See excluded species no. 38, p. 1024. Gramineae 93 19. GRAMlNEAE Juss. Grass Family [Hitchcock. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 1040p. 1096 fig. 1935. Deam. Grasses of Indiana. 356p. 81 pi. 1929.] The sequence of genera, nomenclature, and concept of species are those of Hitchcock, "Manual of the Grasses of the United States." In a few in- stances, however, where a named form of a species is distinct in Indiana and is not given in Hitchcock's Manual, it is added here in the belief that it will be appreciated by students who are making an intensive study of the grasses. It is to be noted that the numbers of the genera are not consecutive; this is because they are the ones used in Hitchcock's Manual. For the benefit of students who prefer to follow the sequence of genera as they occur in Dalla Torre and Harms' General Siphonogamarum, those numbers are also added, following the number used in Hitchcock's Manual. KEY TO THE TRIBES Plants woody, culms perennial 1. Bambuseae, p. 94. Plants herbaceous, culms annual. Spikelets 1-many-flowered,1 terete or laterally compressed; sterile lemmas or in- completely developed florets above the fertile ones, except in Uniola and the Phalarideae, in each of which the spikelet has at least 3 florets, the lower 2 sterile or rudimentary, and in Arrhenatherum, which has 2 florets, the upper perfect, the lower staminate. Glumes present, rarely one of them obsolete. Spikelets 3-flowered in plan, the uppermost floret perfect, the lower 2 staminate or represented by sterile lemmas, which may be reduced to minute scales. 7. Phalarideae, p. 144. Spikelets 1-many-flowered, no incomplete florets below the perfect ones, except in Uniola, Phragmites, and Arrhenatherum, none of which has spikelets 3-flowered in plan. Inflorescence of spikes or racemes, either solitary, digitate, racemose, or the spikelets never long pedicellate. Spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-6, alternate on opposite sides of the axis; spike solitary, terminal 3. Hordeae, p. 113. Spikelets in 1-sided spikes or racemes, the spikes or racemes solitary or several 6. Chlorideae, p. 141. Inflorescence a panicle, open or contracted, sometimes spikelike. Spikelets 1-flowered 5. Agrostideae, p. 125. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Glumes shorter than the lowermost floret (see also Sphenopholis) ; lemmas usually awnless, if awned, the awn terminal or from a minutely bifid apex 2. Festuceae, p. 95. Glumes at least as long as the lowermost floret (shorter in Sphenopholis) ; lemmas awnless or with the awn attached to the back or from a bifid apex 4. Aveneae, p. 121. Glumes obsolete. Flowers perfect, each having a pistil and at least 1 stamen. .8. Oryzeae, p. 145. Flowers imperfect, staminate and pistillate flowers in different spikelets 9. Zizanieae, p. 146. 1 Spikelets of Panicum are apparently 1-flowered but examination shows them to be structurally 2- flowered. The upper flower is fertile and the lower one is represented usually only by a lemma which is the outer or loose one of the spikelet. 94 Bambuseae Arundinaria V Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May \-i n^ June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. J-f, _jZ Dec.j- r T — " 1 P J 1 Jv_ 1 K Miles TB Map 119 Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm. 0 50 Map 120 Bromus stenlis L. Map 121 Bromus tectorum L. Spikelets essentially 2-flowered in structural plan, the lower floret represented by a sterile lemma, the first glume sometimes lacking; various types of imperfect flowers common; spikelets never strongly compressed laterally. Spikelets usually not in pairs; fertile lemmas thicker or firmer than the glumes and sterile lemmas 10. Paniceae, p. 147. Spikelets in pairs (sometimes in threes), one member sessile, the other (or others) pedicellate (occasionally both sessile or pedicellate), the pedicelled member often variously reduced in structure, represented by only a pedicel or a microscopic rudiment in extreme cases; fertile lemmas thin and papery; glumes firmer. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and usually staminate or neuter (the pedicellate one sometimes obsolete), rarely both pedicellate; lemmas hyaline 11. Andropogoneae, p. 177. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate below, the staminate above, in the same in- florescence or in separate inflorescences 12. Tripsaceae, p. 181. 1. BAMBUSEAE Nees. Bamboo Tribe 1M14'. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Cane [Galloway. Bamboos : their culture and uses in the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 1329 : 1-44. illus. 1925.] Panicles on leafy branches; culms as much as 10 m high 1. A. gigantea. Panicles on leafless shoots from creeping rhizomes. (See excluded species no. 39, p. 1025.) A. tecta. 1. Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm. (Arundinaria macrospenna Michx. of Gray, Man., ed. 7, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Southern Cane. Map 119. This species is restricted to southern Indiana. I have found it only in the counties border- ing the Ohio and Wabash Rivers. Kriebel, however, found it along Beaver Creek near Huron, Lawrence County, and there is a place named "cane marsh" in Greene County which indicates that it, at one time, did occur in that county. This species is usually found in lowlands that are periodi- 1 The first number refers to the numbers used in Hitchcock's Manual of Grasses of the United States. - The second number refers to the numbers used in Dalla Torre and Harms' Genera Siphonogamarum. Bromus Festuceae 95 cally inundated. I have seen it on rocky wooded slopes, however, and on the top of the bluff of the Ohio River, where it was 200 feet above the water. In my opinion fire and grazing have been instrumental in limiting its distribution on the uplands. Se. U. S. from Va. to Mo. and Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. FESTUCEAE Nees. Fescue Tribe Plants stout, usually 1.5-2.5 m high; inflorescence large, plumelike; rachilla plumose. 26. Phragmites, p. 111. Plants much shorter, rarely as high as 1.5 m; inflorescence not plumelike; rachilla not plumose. Lemmas prominently 3-nerved, without a cobwebby base. Lemmas more or less villous on the nerves. Nodes of stem glabrous; plants mostly 75-125 cm high, basal parts smooth to the touch 31. Triodia, p. 113. Nodes of stem pubescent; plants mostly 25-60 cm high, basal parts rough to the touch 32. Triplasis, p. 113. Lemmas not villous on the nerves, glabrous or scabrous. Lemmas less than 5 mm long; fruit less than 5 mm long. .12. Eragrostis, p. 108. Lemmas about 8 mm long; fruit about 5 mm long 15. Diarrhena, p. 110. Lemmas 5-many-nerved (the intermediate pair in some species of Poa obscure). Spikelets with 2 or 3 empty lemmas above the 2 or 3 fertile florets, or with 1-4 sterile lemmas below the 6 or 7 fertile florets. Sterile lemmas above the fertile florets 28. Melica, p. 111. Sterile lemmas below the fertile florets 20. Uniola, p. 110. Spikelets without sterile lemmas (terminal florets often not developed). Lemmas awned. Lemmas awned or awn-tipped from a minutely bifid apex. Grain pubescent at the summit ; callus of florets not bearded 2. Bromus, p. 95. Grain not pubescent at the summit; callus of florets bearded 29. Schizachne, p. 112. Lemmas awned from the tip, rounded on the back; grain not pubescent at the summit 3. Festuca, p. 99. Lemmas awnless. Spikelets strongly flattened, subsessile in 1-sided clusters at the ends of long naked branches, these spreading in anthesis, erect in fruit 21. Dactylis, p. 111. Spikelets neither strongly flattened nor in clusters. Florets cobwebby at the base 10. Poa, p. 104. Florets not cobwebby at the base. Lemmas plainly 7-nerved, scarious at the apex 6. Glyceria, p. 102. Lemmas 5-nerved, sometimes 2 of the nerves obscure. Lemmas 8-11 mm long 2. Bromus, p. 95. Lemmas mostly less than 8 mm long. Lemmas keeled on the back 10. Poa, p. 104. Lemmas rounded on the. back 3. Festuca, p. 99. 2-389. BROMUS L. Bromegrass [Shear. A revision of the North American species of Bromus occurring north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agric. Agrost. Bull. 23 : 1-66. 1920. Wiegand. Notes on some East- American species of Bromus. Rhodora 24: 89-92. 1922.] [Note: Measurements of spikelets, glumes, and lemmas do not include awns.] 96 Festuceae Bromus First glume 1-nerved (rarely 3-nerved in Bromus latiglumis, the leaves of which have prominent flanges at the base). Awns 12-25 mm long, straight. Spikelets glabrous or more or less scabrous ; awns about 25 mm long 1. B. sterilis. Spikelets pubescent; awns mostly 12-17 mm long 2. B. tectorum. Awns less than 12 mm long or sometimes lacking. Branches of panicle compact, erect or slightly spreading at maturity; glumes and lemmas glabrous or more or less scabrous but not pubescent; sheaths usually glabrous. Creeping rhizomes present; sheaths glabrous (sometimes late shoots pubescent) ; lemmas awnless or with awns up to 3 mm long 3. B. inermis. Creeping rhizomes lacking; sheaths glabrous or somewhat pilose; lemmas with awns 5-6 mm long. (See excluded species no. 42, p. 1025.) B. erectus. Branches of panicle loose, drooping; glumes and lemmas more or less pubescent; sheaths usually pubescent. Glumes glabrous except the scabrous midnerve or sometimes the whole surface more or less scabrous. Nodes usually 4-6; lemmas strongly pubescent near the margin on the lower half to three-fourths, their backs glabrous or scaberulous; plants of a marsh or prairie habitat, flowering in July 4. B. ciliatus. Nodes 10-20; lemmas more or less pubescent, especially on the back; plants of dry woods, ravines, and dry banks of streams, flowering from July to September 5. B. latiglumis. Glumes more or less pubescent all over; lemmas more or less pubescent, especially on the back ; plants of dry woods, ravines, and dry banks ; plants flowering from May to July. Nodes 4-6; sheaths shorter than the internodes or the lower ones longer, not flaring at the summit. Sheaths and blades more or less villous 6. B. purgans. Sheaths and blades (except the lower ones) glabrous 6a. B. purgans f . laevivaginatus. Nodes 10-20; sheaths longer than the internodes, at least the 4 lower ones longer; plants flowering from July to September 5. B. latiglumis. First glume 3- or 5-nerved. Sheaths glabrous 7. B. secalinus. Sheaths pubescent. Lemmas awnless or with awns less than 5 mm long. Glumes and lemmas glabrous or scabrous on the nerves; awnless or with short awns 8. B. brizaeformis. Glumes and lemmas silky-pubescent all over ; awns mostly 2-3 mm long 9. B. Kalmii. Lemmas with awns more than 5 mm long. Glumes and lemmas more or less silky-pubescent 10. B. mollis. Glumes and lemmas glabrous or somewhat scabrous. Branches of the panicle rather stiffly spreading or drooping, not flexuous; awns straight 11. B- commutatus. Branches of the panicle slender, lax or flexuous 12. B. japonicus. 1. Bromus sterilis L. Map 120. Our only report of this species is of a colony which I found along Tanners Creek about a half mile southeast of Guilford, Dearborn County. It was well established here along the roadside. Nat. of Eu. ; N. E. to 111., southw. to Va. and Ala., and in the west from B. C. to Calif, and Colo. Bromus Festuceae 97 0 50 Map 123 Bromus ciliatus L. 0 Map 124 Bromus latiglumis (Shear! Hitchc. 2. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Chess. Map 121. This species is now found throughout the state and has become a pernicious weed in all the northern counties where a sandy soil is found. It is found along roadsides and in waste places, hayfields, pastures, and fallow fields. Nat. of Eu. ; throughout the U. S. as far south as Va. and Miss. Common on the Pacific coast. 3. Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome. Map 122. I do not know that this species has been intentionally sown to any extent in Indiana but it is now found frequently along railroads and roadsides in sandy soil in the northern half of the state. I found one farmer in Lagrange County who had sown it with success in a field of blow-sand soil. Native from central Europe to China; used in the western states as a hay and pasture grass and now found as an escape in the northern half of the United States. 4. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome. Map 123. Infrequent in marshes and springy areas of the lake region. I found a specimen in Steuben County with all the sheaths glabrous except the lowest one. This is Bromus ciliatus f. denudatus VViegand (Rhodora 24: 91. 1922) which Fernald now regards as the typical form of the species. (Rhodora 32: 70. 1930.) Newf. to Wash., southw. to N. J., Tenn., Iowa, w. Tex., and s. Calif. 5. Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. (Bromus altissimus Pursh, Bromus purgans of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and including Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc.) Map 124. Infrequent throughout the state. This species seems to prefer dense shade and is found most often on wooded slopes along streams and in ravines, in fact, it is rarely found far distant from a stream. This species was separated from the form with densely pubescent sheaths by most authors but Hitchcock has united the two forms under this name. Maine to e. Mont., southw. to N. C, Tenn., Tex., and N. Mex. 98 Festuceae Bromus 0 30 Map 125 Bromus purgans L. 0 50 Map 126 Bromus secalinus L. 1 l •** D Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. H A. "" r \ J -L. r1 -4 r -^L: Dec.f- i i — i i/ Miles 1 Brc mus mollis L. 0 50 Map 128 o ~1o Map 129 Bromus commutatus Schrad. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 HO D "t~ S B fHn i p |= 0 V— / B B _ i r- 1 f " i no n D He , K / "X 1 ft 1 ~/X** a 1 /— 1H\^ Miles 0 55 Map 130 Bromus japonicus Thunb. 6. Bromus purgans L. Canada Brome. Map 125. Infrequent to fre- quent throughout the state in dry places, rarely in wet places, in black and white oak woods and less frequent in beech and sugar maple woods. Mass. to Alberta, southw. to Fla. and Ariz. 6a. Bromus purgans f. laevivaginatus Wieg. (Rhodora 24: 92. 1922.) This is a form of the species that has all the sheaths glabrous except sometimes the lowest one. 7. Bromus secalinus L. Chess. Map 126. Frequent to common in all parts of the state. It is found almost everywhere in cleared grounds except in pastures. It is most abundant in wheatfields and waste grounds. In Indiana it is called cheat. Nat. of Eu. ; now found throughout the U. S. 8. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Rattlesnake Chess. My only specimen is from a waste place near the water works, Michigan City, in La Porte County. Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental grass. Festuca Festuceae 99 Nat. of Eu. ; rare in e. U. S. from Mass. to Del. and occasional in the Pacific Coast States. 9. Bromus Kalmii Gray. Kalm Chess. Map 127. Infrequent on low, open dunes and in marshy and springy places in the lake region. Maine to Minn, and S. Dak., southw. to Md. and Iowa. 10. Bromus mollis L. {Bromus hordeaceus of recent authors.) Soft Chess. Map 128. In 1913 I found this species to be frequent along the roadside near the water works in Michigan City, La Porte County. Nat. of Eu.; in e. U. S. from N. S. to N. C, and abundant on the Pacific coast. 11. Bromus commutatus. Schrad. Hairy Chess. Map 129. This species is now frequent to common throughout the state and is our most common chess. It is found almost everywhere in cultivated and waste grounds and along roadsides and railroads. Nat. of Eu. ; now well established in most parts of the U. S. and abun- dant in the Pacific Coast States. 12. Bromus japonicus Thunb. (Bromus patulus Mertens & Koch of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Japanese Chess. Map 130. This species is now found throughout the state in habitats similar to those of Bromus commutatus. Native of the Old World; now found throughout the United States except the Gulf States. 3-385. FESTUCA L. Fescue Grass [Piper. North American species of Festuca. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 10: 1-42. 1906.] Leaves involute, setaceous or capillary, less than 1.5 mm wide; internodes of rachilla more or less scabrous. Annual; some of the sheaths partly or entirely retrorsely pubescent, rarely all of them glabrous; spikelets mostly 5-13-flowered; lemmas more or less scabrous all over; stamens 1, generally included at anthesis. Lower glumes 3.5-4.5 mm long; awns of lemmas 3.5-7 mm long.. . .1. F. octo flora. Lower glumes 2.3-4 mm long; awns of lemmas 1-3 mm long la. F. octo flora var. tenella. Perennial; sheaths glabrous; spikelets 3-8-fiowered ; lemmas scabrous only toward the apex; stamens 3, generally protruding at anthesis. Culms in loose tufts, decumbent at the usually red, fibrillose base; awn of lemma shorter than the body; blades smooth 2. F. rubra. Culms erect. Lemmas 3-3.8 mm long, awnless; spikelets 5-8 mm long; leaves capillary 3. F. capillata. Lemmas 4-5 mm long, short-awned; spikelets 7-10 mm long; leaves narrow but not capillary 4. F. ovina. Leaves flat, more than 1.5 mm wide; internodes of rachilla glabrous. Lemmas 5-7 mm long; spikelets 9-25 mm long; panicles nearly erect or slightly curved, branches short 5. F. elatior. Lemmas 4-4.5 mm long; spikelets mostly 5-7 mm long; panicles usually open and nodding at maturity if of normal size, branches long. 100 Festuceae Festuca o 5o Map 131 Festuca octoflora Walt. 0 50 Map 132 Festuca octoflora var. tenella ( Wi lid.) Fern. Lemmas mostly subacute; mature panicles strongly curved; spikelets somewhat scattered at the ends of the panicle-branches 6. F. obtusa. Lemmas more acute; mature panicles drooping; spikelets more clustered at the ends of the panicle-branches ; florets more uniformly 3 or 4 to a spikelet 7. F. paradoxa. 1. Festuca octoflora Walt. Map 131. This species, as now known, is restricted to the southern part of the state. It, and also the variety, are more or less local because their habitat is local. On the whole, it is more or less frequent and is found in bare, sandy, sometimes very sandy soil. N. J. to Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex. la. Festuca octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fern. (Rhodora 34: 209-211. 1932.) Map 132. The variety is doubtless found in every county of the state where its peculiar habitat is found. The slightly acid property of the sandy soil in which it is found doubtless restricts its appearance in the Tipton Till Plain. Maine, Que., B. C, southw. to Ga., Ark., Tex., and Calif. 2. Festuca rubra L. Map 133. This grass was found by Madge McKee in a vacant lot in Goodland, Newton County. It was well estab- lished here. It was found in 1935 by R. C. Friesner at 3711 N. Gladstone Ave. in Indianapolis, where it had taken possession of the lawn. It is probably established in many other places throughout the state where it has been introduced in lawns in grass seed, but it has not been detected because of its close resemblance to Festuca ovina and Poa pratensis. In 1937 I found it along a roadside near a house in Noble County. Lab. to Alaska, southw. in the mts. in the west to Ariz., in the Allegheny Mts. to Ga., and along the Coastal Plain; probably mostly introduced in the Eastern States. 3. Festuca capillata Lam. (Rhodora 18: 235. 1916.) (Festuca ovina var. capillata (Lam.) Hack.) Hair Fescue. Map 134. I have a letter from Festuca Festuceae 101 — Jan Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 f V [V ~ 0 X r -Hk -L"T r1 Dec.j- i \~ 1 1/ Miles Fest jca < 3 ullata L 0 50 Map 134 am. 0 50 Map 135 Festuca ovina L " 0 — 3o Map 136 Festuca elatior L. A. A. Hansen who says this species is established in the vicinity of Lafayette, Tippecanoe County. Newf. to Mich., southw. to N. C. and 111., and in Oreg. 4. Festuca ovina L. (Fernald. The allies of Festuca ovina in eastern America. Rhodora 37: 250-252. 1935.) Sheep Fescue. Map 135. This species prefers sandy soil and has been found in several places in open woodland and waste places. Nat. of Eu. ; Maine, Mich, to N. Dak. and southw. to S. C. and 111. and N. Mex. ; also on the west coast from Alaska to Wash. 5. Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fescue. English Bluegrass. Map 136. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It is most frequent along roadsides and in waste places and has sparingly escaped to open woodland. Introduced as a forage plant. The Indiana farmers whom I have interro- gated call it English bluegrass. Nat. of Eurasia ; throughout the cooler parts of N. A. 6. Festuca obtusa Spreng. (Festuca nutans Spreng.) Nodding Fescue. Map 137. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in woodland of many kinds. N. S., Que. to Man, southw. to Fla. and e. Tex. 7. Festuca paradoxa Desv. (Opusc. 105. 1831.) (See Amer. Jour. Bot. 24:33. 1937.) (Festuca Shortii Kunth.) Short's Fescue. Map 138. This species is easily recognized in the field but herbarium material is difficult to determine. I have seen it growing in Posey County. I have herbarium material from Decatur County which I believe belongs here. In Posey County it grows in hard, white clay soil in low, open woodland with pin oak. Pa. to Iowa, southw. to S. C. and e. Tex. 102 Festuceae Glyceria 0 ~3o Map 137 Festuca obtusa Spreng 0 50 Map 138 Festuca paradoxa Desv. dp/ 0 50 Map 139 Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. 6-383. GLYCERIA R. Br. Mannagrass Spikelets 2-8 mm long. Second glume about 1 mm long 1. G. striata. Second glume about 2 mm long. Lemmas 1.4-2.5 mm long. Leaves 2-4 mm wide; panicles contracted (less than 5 cm wide) ; spikelets 3- or 4-flowered. (See excluded species no. 44, p. 1025.) G. melicaria. Leaves mostly 5-15 mm wide; panicles open (more than 5 cm wide); spikelets 4-7 flowered 2. G. grandis. Lemmas 3-3.5 mm long. Second glume 1-nerved; florets smooth and glossy; lemmas abruptly acute; anthers about 0.5 mm long 3. G. cayiadensis. Second glume 3- or 5-nerved; florets not smooth and glossy; lemmas obtuse; anthers 1-1.5 mm long 4. G. pallida. Spikelets 10-40 mm long. Lemmas obtuse, about equaling the palea. Spikelets 10-15 mm long; lemmas hispid only on the nerves; anthers about 1 mm long ; grain 1.5 mm long 5. G. borealis. Spikelets 15-30 mm long; lemmas hispid on the nerves and on the spaces between them; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; grain 2-2.5 mm long 6. G. septentrionalis. Lemmas acute; palea about 1.5 mm longer than the lemma 7. G. acutiflora. 1. Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. (Proe. Biol. Soc. of Washington 41 : 157. 1928.) (Glyceria nervata ( Willd.) Trin. and Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Ktze.) Fowl Mannagrass. Map 139. Frequent throughout the state in wet soil in ditches, marshes, and wet woods, along streams, and about ponds and swampy places. Newf. to B. C., southw to Fla., Tex., and n. Calif. 2. Glyceria grandis Wats. (Panicularia grandis (Wats.) Nash.) American Mannagrass. Map 140. This species grows in very wet places or in shallow water in ponds or in ditches. I have found only a few plants in three counties. P. E. I. to Alaska, southw. to Ohio, Tenn., Iowa, Nebr., N. Mex., and e. Oreg. Glyceria Festuceae 103 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov \ /" 0 D D r \ J \ -X r -^ Dec. C Miles 0 ^30 Map 140 Glyceria grandis Wats. 0 50 Map 141 Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. 3 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. D 1 H f 1 10 D D i J. - D He P f^ ~\ f^ X "Li J J" r Dec j- 1 1 — / Miles Glj ceria pa lit P\ 7 a (Torr J 50 Map 142 ) Trin. 0 50 Map 143 Glyceria borealis (Nashl Batchelder Map 144 Glyceria septentnonalis Hitchc. 0 50 Map 145 Glyceria acutiflora Torr. 3. Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. (Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Ktze.) Canada Mannagrass. Map 141. Infrequent in the lake area where it is found in wet habitats in marshes, ditches, and springy places and about ponds. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Md. and 111. 4. Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin. (Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Ktze.) Pale Mannagrass. Map 142. This grass has been found infrequently in a few of our northern counties. It grows in a very wet habitat, usually in shallow water or in ponds that dry up in midsummer. Maine to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Mo. 5. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder. (Panicularia borealis Nash.) Northern Mannagrass. Map 143. This plant is doubtless very rare in Indiana. The habitat is the same as that of the preceding species. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., Ind., Iowa, S. Dak., and in the mts. to N. Mex. and Calif. 104 Festuceae Poa 6. Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. {Panicularia septentrioyudis (Hitchc.) Bickn. and Glyceria plicata of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Eastern Mannagrass. Map 144. Infrequent to somewhat frequent in the lake area and local in the southern part of the state. It has the habitat of the preceding species, growing only in very wet places or in shallow water. Que. to Minn., southw. to S. C. and e. Tex. 7. Glyceria acutifldra Torr. (Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze.) Map 145. In 1919 I found this grass in an artificial pond in Harrison County. The pond was revisited in 1935 and this species was still a common plant in it. R. M. Kriebel found it in 1934 in a sinkhole on the farm of Julius Blackwell, about two and a half miles northeast of Springville, Lawrence County. On July 29, 1935, he found about a half acre in a but- tonbush swamp of about three acres on the Cobb farm about two miles northeast of Avoca, Lawrence County. Here it was associated with Cephahinthiis occiolentalis, Populus heterophylla , Rosa palustris, Glyceria septentrionalis, and Ranunculus flabellaris. N. H. to Mich., southw. to Del. and Tenn. 10-378. POA L. Bluegrass Annual, usually less than 40 cm high. Lemmas not cottony at the base, plainly 5-nerved; mature anthers 0.7-1 mm long. 1. P. annua. Lemmas cottony at the base, 3-nerved or with two additional obscure ones; mature anthers about 0.2 mm long 2. P. Chapmaniana. Perennial, usually more than 40 cm high. Lemmas not cottony at the base 3. P. autumnalis. Lemmas cottony at the base. Plants bluish green; culms from creeping rootstocks, not tufted, distinctly flattened; panicles contracted after anthesis and usually less than 1 cm wide (shade forms sometimes slender and spreading and as wide as 2 cm), branches of panicle erect; first glume 3-nerved 4. P. compressa. Plants green (not bluish) ; culms terete or only slightly compressed; panicles more or less expanded after anthesis, at least 2 cm wide, branches ascending or spreading; first glume 1-nerved except in P. Wolfii. Lemmas glabrous 5. P. langitida. Lemmas pubescent or scabrous, at least on the keel. Marginal nerves of lemmas glabrous. Sheaths smooth; intermediate nerves of the flowering glume obscure; spikelets 4-6 mm long; anthers 0.4-0.7 mm long, pink; ligule 1 mm long or less; inflorescence silvery green, without spikelets close to the rachis 6. P. ahode>:. Sheaths scabrous; intermediate nerves prominent; spikelets 3.2-3.0 mm long; anthers 1.6 mm long, pale; ligule 5-6 mm long; inflorescence yellowish green or purplish, with normal rays and, in addition, many spikelets on short branches closer to the rachis 7. P. trivially. Marginal nerves of lemmas pubescent. Intermediate nerves of lemmas obscure. Plants slender, lax; ligules less than 2 mm long; anthers often purple, 0.5-0.8 (1) mm long; branches of panicles in 2's (rarely in 3's). 8. P. paludigena. Plants robust; ligules more than 2 mm long; anthers 0.8-1.4 mm long; branches of panicles in .'!'s or more 9. P. palustris. Poa Festuceae 105 12 11 1 1 Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov Dec <- D f i y ia 1 f I 0 D v' N J D ( ^ D 1 I f D DP r1 IB D T „ B i D 0 iL □ r ■ u We D K — \ fJ Miles D J B D \ B V Poa annua V 0 50 Map 146 L. ii Jan Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. ~v_ f^ 0 f '1 1 Sol' i J D J" r, Dec f- ID1 We 0 1 IU N u. iC D H 1 a\_r 8s J Miles 1 K £7 vj^^/^V Map 147 Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. f D Feb. Mar Apr. May y^ f^ June y July "in Aug. fi Sept. Oct. Nov. r n1 Dec C B D IU D K 1 D 1 I 1 D / J D // D b iy — r— K __>"YBe J | D Miles 0 30 Map 148 Poa autumnalis Muhl. Intermediate nerves of lemmas prominent. Lemmas 2.5-3 mm long. Midnerve of lemmas pubescent only on the basal half; lemmas acute or subacute ; plants with creeping rootstocks ; anthers purple, mostly 1.4-1.5 mm long; 10. P. pratensis. Midner/e of lemmas pubescent the entire length; lemmas obtuse; plants without creeping rootstocks; anthers purple, 1.6-1.8 mm long 11. P. sylvestris. Lemmas 4-4.5 mm long. Anthers 1-1.5 mm long; lemmas acute 12. P. Wolfii. Anthers 2-2.5 mm long; lemmas obtuse 13. P. cuspidata. 1. Poa annua L. Annual Bluegrass. Map 146. This grass is found throughout the state in almost all sorts of habitats except in very wet places. It is most often found in lawns, gardens, orchards, and waste places about dwellings. It is, however, found in logging roads in dense woodland, in pastures, and along roadsides. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf . and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Fla. and Calif. ; also in tropical America at high altitudes. 2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Chapman Bluegrass. Map 147. This species is restricted mostly to southern Indiana where it is usually found in hard, white, slightly acid, clay soil in fallow fields where it is often abun- dant and usually associated with Alopecurus carolinianus, Myosotis vir- ginica, and Arabis virginica. Since all of my specimens are from fallow and cultivated fields, it seems that one would be justified in assuming that it is being introduced from the area to the south of us. In 1937 it was an abundant weed in an Iris farm near Bluffton, Wells County. Del. to Iowa, southw. to Ga. and Tex. 3. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Map 148. This species, as I know it, is a deep woodland grass found in slightly acid soil in low beech and sweet gum, pin oak, and red maple woods. All of our specimens are from southern Indiana, although it is reported to occur in Michigan. N. J. to Mich, and 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 106 Festuceae Poa 5 50 Map 149 Poa compressa L. 0 50 Map 150 Poa languida Hitchc. 0 50 Map 151 Poa alsodes Gray 4. Poa compressa L. Canada Bluegrass. Map 149. Found throughout the state almost everywhere except in very wet places and in dense wood- land. It often forms a good part of permanent pastures but is inferior to Kentucky bluegrass. It is sometimes confused with the last named species from which it is easily separated by its flat stem. Roll the stem between the fingers to ascertain if flat or round. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Okla., N. Mex., and Calif. 5. Poa languida Hitchc. (Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington 41 : 158. 1928.) (Poa debilis Torr. of Gray, Man., ed. 7, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Map 150. This is an infrequent grass in our northern counties. It is strictly a dense woodland species, and is usually found on black and white oak ridges, sometimes in moist locations. Newf., Que. to Wis., southw. to Pa., Ky., and Iowa. 6. Poa alsodes Gray. Map 151. This is a rare woodland species found in a few of our northern counties and in one southern county. It is usually found in dry soil in beech and sugar maple woods although I have one specimen that was found in a low woods associated with white elm and soft maple. Maine to Minn., southw. to Del., and in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn. 7. Poa triviAlis L. Rough Bluegrass. Map 152. Although I have found this species only once in the state, it has been reported from five counties. In 1936 it was found in Grant County by J. E. Potzger. It is often used in mixtures of lawn grass seed, and I was told by the superin- tendent of parks at La Porte that it was the grass he had found to thrive in shade. It is remarkable that it has not been found more often. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf., Ont. to S. Dak., southw. to Va. and W. Va., and on the Pacific coast from s. Alaska to n. Calif. Poa Festuceae 107 0 50 Map 152 Poa trivialis L. 0 50 Map 153 Poa paludigena Fern & Wiec 0 50 Map 154 Poa palustris L. 8. Poa paludigena Fern. & Wieg. (Rhodora 20: 126. 1918.) (Poa leptocoma Trin. of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Map 153. Only a few specimens of this rare grass have been found, and in widely separated counties. In Lagrange County it grew in tussocks of sphagnum about tamarack and in Dubois County it grew in a swamp in sphagnum about Alnus rugosa. N. Y., Mich., and Wis., southw. to Pa., Ind. and 111. 9. Poa palustris L. (Poa triflora Gilib. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Fowl Bluegrass. Map 154. An infrequent grass in the lake area in marshes and in wet prairies. Newf. and Que., southw. to Va., Ind., Mo., N. Mex., and Calif. ; Eurasia. 10. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Bluegrass. Map 155. Frequent to common in all of the limestone areas of the state and rare or absent from the areas of acid soil. It is our principal pasture grass and is found almost everywhere, often as a weed in gardens. This species is here regarded as a native and by others as introduced into Indiana. See the discussion in Deam's Grasses of Indiana. Native in northern N. A. and introduced from Eu. ; throughout the U. S. except in the arid regions. 11. Poa sylvestris Gray. Map 156. This is strictly a woodland species and is infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It is found in moist soil and prefers beech and sugar maple woods, but it is found also in other types of woodland. N. Y. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 12. Poa Wolfii Scribn. Wolf's Poa. Map 157. I found this species in Jay County and Miss Madge McKee found it in a mesophytic forest along the Iroquois River in Newton County. In 1937 it was found by J. E. Potzger in Grant County. Ohio to Minn, and Mo. 108 Festuceae Eragrostis 0 50 Map 155 Poa pratensis L. / 0 50 Map 156 Poa syl vestris Gray 5 ~30 Map 157 Poa Wolfii Scnba 0 —1ft Map 159 Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Stead. 0 56 Map 160 Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link. 13. Poa cuspidata Nutt. (Poa brachyphyUa Schultes.) Known from Indiana only by a specimen collected in 1837 near New Albany by Dr. A. Clapp, which is now in the herbarium of Wabash College. I found it in southern Ohio the last of March in a habitat that convinces me that it can still be found in Indiana if search is made in early spring in the knobs on the ridges of Virginia pine and chestnut oak. Pa., Ohio, Ind., southw. to Ga. and e. Tenn. 12-341. ERAGROSTIS Host Lovegrass Culms creeping and rooting at the nodes 1. E. hypnoides. Culms not creeping and rooting at the nodes. Perennials. Sheaths villous along the margins, rarely smooth; panicles mostly purplish, broadly spreading, more than half as wide as long; glumes about 1 mm long; lemmas 1.8-2.5 mm long, obtuse 2. E. spectabilis. Sheaths glabrous along the margins; panicles mostly yellow, narrow and elongate, not half as wide as long; glumes mostly 2-3 mm long; lemmas mostly 2.5-3 mm long, acute. (See excluded species, no. 50, p. 1026.) E. trichodes. Eragrostis Festuceae 109 3 3 Jan 1 / t— Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ^y r \ f r1- \ ^ — ' i i I - X ~r j- c, ! Dec f- \ BID B D 10 0 re UC 1 ' — I « '~\ f nj £/ Miles U \ D * D Er rost D ) s ca pillaris (L 0 50 Map 161 ) Nees 3 14 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. C f D h DP UK j D \ D N 1 J Id h r f B D D \ V DF - B r k i B ",! Dec. (- — 7 D 10 B l^l D 1U D D H D / r iul i D JJ Miles E 0 ra jrostis F XJ o '515 ■J Map 162 rankii CA. Meyer 0 50 Map 163 Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees Annuals. Keels of glumes and lemmas more or less glandular. Spikelets 2.5-4 mm wide; anthers 0.5 mm long 3. E. cilianensix. Spikelets about 2 mm wide; anthers 0.2 mm long. (See excluded species no. 49, p. 1026.) E. poaeoides. Keels of glumes and lemmas not glandular. Sheaths generally longer than the internodes; spikelets of lateral branchlets spreading; spikelets of terminal panicles 2-5-flowered. Culms branching only at the base; pedicels of lateral spikelets mostly 5-10 mm long or longer; grain with a longitudinal groove 4. E. capillaris. Culms branching at the base and at each node or nearly so; pedicels of lateral spikelets mostly 1-3 mm long; grain without a longitudinal groove 5. E. Frankii. Sheaths shorter than the internodes; spikelets of lateral branchlets appressed or only slightly spreading; spikelets of terminal panicles usually 5-16- flowered (shade forms often 2-5-flowered). Lateral nerves of the lemmas plainly visible, at least at the base 6. E. pectinacea. Lateral nerves of the lemmas not plainly visible. Lemmas obtuse, their sides glabrous. (See excluded species no. 48, p. 1026.) E. pilosa. Lemmas subacute, their sides more or less scabrous. (See excluded species no. 47, p. 1026.) E. mexicana. 1. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Creeping Eragrostis. Map 158. Infrequent throughout the state but more frequent in the southwestern part where its habitat is more frequent. It is found on sandy or gravelly bars in ditches, creeks, and rivers and on the sandy shores of lakes. It is also found in muddy habitats along streams and in dried-up ponds and sloughs. In the latter habitats it often forms large mats. Que. to Wash., southw. through Mex. and W. I. to Argentina; not found in the Rocky Mts. 2. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. {Eragrostis pectinacea of Gray, Man., ed. 7, Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and Eragrostis spectabilis var. sparsihirsuta Farw.) Purple Lovegrass. Map 159. This species is frequent to rare in sandy to very sandy soils throughout the 110 Festuceae Diarrhena state and in hard, white clay soil in certain areas in the southern part of the state. It may be absent from a few counties of the Tipton Till Plain. Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla., Ariz., and n. Mex. 3. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link. (Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Eragrostis major Host of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Stinkgrass. Map 160. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It prefers sandy soil and is frequently a common grass in such soil about dwellings and in gardens and other culti- vated grounds. It is generally found in cultivated grounds, in waste places, and along roadsides. Nat. of Eu.; Maine to Wash., southw. throughout the U. S. ; through Mex. and W. I. to Argentina. 4. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Lacegrass. Map 161. This is an infrequent grass of southern Indiana which is found in poor soil, mostly on the open crests and slopes of black oak and black oak-white oak ridges. Maine to Wis., southw. to Ga. and e. Tex. 5. Eragrostis Frankii C. A. Meyer. FRANK'S LOVEGRASS. Map 162. Infrequent to rare in all parts of the state. It prefers sandy soil and is most often found on sandy bars of streams, along roadsides, and in pastures and barnlots. N. H. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Kans. 6. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. {Eragrostis Purshii Schrad. and Eragrostis caroliniana (Spreng.) Scribn.) Map 163. This is our most common species of the genus and is frequent throughout the state. It pre- fers the open in sandy or muddy soils, and is found mostly along roadsides and railroads and in waste places and fallow fields. It is less frequent on sandy bars and muddy borders of streams and ditches. Maine to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex. 15-356. DIARRHENA Beauv. 1. Diarrhena americana Beauv. (Diarrhena diandra (Michx.) Wood and Kory carpus arundinaceus Zea.) Map 164. This is a woodland grass usually found with oak, beech, and sugar maple. It is local to infrequent and is often found on rocky wooded slopes as where it occurs in Clifty Falls State Park. W. Va. to Mich, and S. Dak., southw. to Tenn., Ark., Okla., and e. Tex. 20-365. UNIOLA L. 1. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broadleaf Uniola. Map 165. This is an open woodland species and is found mostly in our southern counties although Miss Madge McKee found it along the Iroquois River in Newton County. It is found in greatest abundance in slightly acid, hard clay soils of the bottomlands. It occurs, however, in upland woods and even on the rocky cliffs along the Ohio River. Pa., N. J. to 111. and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Dactylis Festuceae 111 0 50 Map 164 Diarrhena americana Bea 0 50 Map 165 Uniola latifolia Michx 7 10 1 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov Dec C n D L s J HO D D r I »i D .7 D B D \ DP ash \ J r^ D f ■ p L B 1 Y 1 B F n Df . _ B IU 8pu0- H K - i D i: ,! e l " w1! We 1 l D X J -■ D 1 ^T'Ba 1 D J 0 V £/ Miles ° r uc B Da ctylis glomerate 0 50 Map 166 L. 21-372. DACTYLIS L. 1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard Grass. Map 166. This species has now escaped in all parts of the state, commonly so in limestone areas. It has been sown for both hay and pasture. It affords early pasture and is drought resistant. I think its use is now on the decline. Nat. of Eurasia; Newf. to se. Alaska, south w. to Fla. and cent. Calif. 26-333. PHRAGMITES Trin. 1. Phragmites communis Trin. Common Reed. Map 167. This grass is found in wet marshes, on mucky borders of lakes and streams, and in springy places in general, hence it is found mostly in our lake area. Here it was once frequent, but it is now rather local on account of drainage. N. S. to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Calif. ; also in Mex., W. I. to Chile and Argentina. It is also found in Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. 28-355. MELICA L. Upper surface of leaves generally glabrous and the lower surface generally pubescent; spikelets with 2 fertile florets ; lateral nerves and midrib of the lemmas fading out before reaching the hyaline apex; panicles simple or nearly so 1. M. mutica. Upper surface of leaves generally pubescent and the lower surface scabrous or smooth; spikelets with 2 or 3 fertile florets; lateral nerves and midrib of lemmas usually reaching the apex; panicles compound 2. M. nitens. 1. Melica mutica Walt.* Two-flower Melic. Map 168. This is a local grass in a few of the southern counties, where it is found on the rocky crests or slopes of black oak ridges, and is rarely associated with beech and sugar maple. I have seen this species a good many times but have found only a few tufts here and there and only a few culms to a tuft. Md. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. Three-flower Melic. Map 169. This species is very local but usually abundant where found. Its habitat is so varied that it seems worth while to give the habitat in which specimens * Plants with spreading pubescent sheaths are Melica mutica f. diffusa (Pursh) Fern. (Rhodora 41: 501. 1939.) I have it from Crawford and Perry Counties. 112 Festuceae Melica 4 10 1 Jan. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov [Vn r A IK] !° D J D D •• u x1 ' D 0 "^rV p h r «/-^-i [ D f B 1 D B f 0 1 _ "1 : i j y~ r, Dec J- r ■ ' — 0 1 £/ Miles P irag nites communi 0 50 Map 167 5 Trin i Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. f r 1 v (r1 N -i „ r J-rl r~ J" r1 _U Dec f- i ' — / Miles Set izach ne p jrpu a: cens (T 3 50 Map 170 orr.) Swallen 0 50 Map 168 Melica mutica Walt. Map 171 Triodia f lava (L.) Smyth 3 2 Jan Feb Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov J"~ ~~\ ( ^ a 1 V P» V| f ,_ J f - i j r1 r, Dec (- i i ' — j 0 k ~i— .-} iu i> i d a £/ Miles Melica J 1 u\n I nitens (Scribn 0 50 Map 169 ) Nutt. 4 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov Dec j- T D H \ '-3 | ffl ^~ s f^ f y— 7_L Jr J J- r i, // Miles Triplasis f urpt rea IWc 1 0 "" "50 Map 172 It.) Chapm have been found. In Harrison and Clark Counties it occurs on top of bluffs between 200 and 300 feet high along the Ohio River and at the very edge of the bluff. I found a few specimens in an alluvial flat along a small stream in Harrison County. In Greene County I found it along a railroad and I assume that this single specimen was a waif. In Tippecanoe County it occurs as a common plant near the top of the very high gravelly bank of Big Wea Creek southwest of Lafayette. In Wabash County I found a few plants on "hanging rock." This is a large rock isolated by erosion, standing 84 feet high on the low bank of the Wabash River near Lagro. Pa. to Iowa and Kans., southw. to Ky., Ark., Tex., and Ariz. 29-355A. SCHIZACHNE Hackel 1. Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen. (Melica striata (Michx.) Hitchc. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and A vena Torreyi Nash of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 170. My only specimen was found along the Agropyron HORDEAE 113 Wabash River on the top of the first rocky bluff east of Georgetown or about 6 miles west of Logansport. Newf. to s. Alaska, southw. to Pa., Ky., S. Dak., and Mont, and in the mts. from B. C. to N. Mex. ; also in Siberia and Japan. 31-335. TRIODIA R. Br. 1. Triodia flava (L.) Smyth. (Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Tridens flava (L.) Hitchc. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Purpletop. Map 171. Infrequent to frequent or even locally common. Possibly absent in a few counties where the soil is neutral and there are no sandy areas. It prefers open, sandy soil; and it is usually most abundant in prairie habitats. N. H. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 32-335A. TRlPLASIS Beauv. 1. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Map 172. This species is local in the dry sand of the dunes about Lake Michigan and common in a similar habitat in Newton County about three miles northwest of Morocco where it occurs in open sandy woods and fallow fields over an area at least 4 miles long and a mile wide (1938). N. H. to Minn., and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. j»_ 3. HORDEAE Lindl. Barley Tribe Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis (rarely 2 in species of Agropyron, but never throughout) . First glume (except in the terminal spikelet) lacking; spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis 47. Lolium, p. 120. First glume present; spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis. Glumes 1-nerved; spikelets with 2 perfect florets 42. Secale, p. 115. Glumes 3-many-nerved. Glumes lanceolate or linear; spikelets 3-many-flowered. . . 39. Agropyron, p. 113. Glumes ovate; spikelets 2-6-flowered 40. Triticum, p. 115. Spikelets 2-6 at each node of the rachis. Spikelets all alike, 2-6-flowered. Glumes well developed, about as long as the florets, nerved ; spikes densely flowered, the spikelets mostly imbricated 43. Elymus, p. 115. Glumes obsolete or bristlelike, nerveless; spikes loosely flowered, the spikelets widely spreading 45. Hystrix, p. 118. Spikelets not all alike, (rarely 2- or 3-) 1-flowered, in 3's at each joint, the lateral pair pedicellate, usually aborted 46. Hordeum, p. 119. 39-405. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Wheatgrass Creeping rootstocks present; anthers about 4 mm long. Spikelets mostly 4-6-flowered, 9-17 mm long 1. A. repens. Spikelets mostly 7-12-flowered, 15-28 mm long 2. A. Smithii. Creeping rootstocks lacking; anthers about 1.5 mm long. Spikelets awnless or rarely a few with awns, the awns rarely up to 5 mm long 3. A. pauciflorum. Spikelets all awned; awns usually all 6 mm long or longer 4. A. subsecundum. 114 HORDEAE Agropyron 0 50 Map 173 Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Miles 0 50 Map 174 Agropyron Smithii Rydb. 0 "^5 Map 175 Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwem.) Hitchc. 1. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quackgrass. Map 173. This species has become well established in the northern two thirds of the state, especially along roadsides and railroads where there is no effort to extermi- nate it. It is most abundant in the lake area where it sometimes covers acres of cultivated fields and pastures. Most of the landowners have de- spaired of exterminating it and merely use control measures. It is now known that it can be eradicated by the use of chemicals, and every land- owner should proceed without delay to exterminate it. The extreme variability of this species has caused some confusion in its recognition. It has been decided to treat the varied forms as a species complex. Those who wish to divide the forms should see Fernald on the American variations of Agropyron repens in Rhodora 35 : 182-185. 1933. Nat. of Eurasia; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C, Ark., and Calif. 2. Agropyron Smithii Rydb. Bluestem Wheatgrass. Map 174. All of my specimens were found along railroads, where the colonies will doubt- less persist and spread. Apparently it does not propagate as vigorously as the preceding species, but, when discovered, it should be eradicated. This is a western species that has been introduced eastward of Iowa and Kansas. N. Y., Mich, to Alberta and Wash., southw. to Ohio, Kans., Tex., Ariz., and Calif. 3. Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitchc. {Agropyron tenerum Vasey of Gray, Man., ed. 7, Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and Agropyron caninum var. tenerum (Vasey) Pease & Moore of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Slender Wheatgrass. Map. 175. Very local. Found in both dry and moist habitats in a few of our northern counties. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to the mts. of W. Va., Mo., N. Mex., Calif., and nw. Mex. 4. Agropyron subsecundum (Link) Hitchc. (Agropyron caninum f. pubescens (Scribn. & Smith) Pease & Moore and Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte.) Bearded Wheatgrass. Map 176. This species is local in Elymus HORDEAE 115 8 1 0 f D D *e Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. 3 A- B D We Jv [V " -I nr .- 1 --k J r- r Dec <- ■ ' — !/ Miles Ag rof yr )fl su bse< :ur dum (L 0 50 Map 176 nk) Hftchc. 0 50 Map 177 Elymus canadensis L. a few of our northern counties, where it is found in dry, sandy or clayey soil on the crests of low dunes, on wooded banks about lakes, and in springy places and marshes. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to the mts. of Md., Ind., Nebr., N. Mex., Ariz., and Calif. 40-408. TRITICUM L. Wheat Wheat is a winter annual and it often grows where it finds lodgment along roads, paths, fields, and waste places, but it does not persist. It has been reported from Porter County by Lyon under the name of Triticum aestivum and from Jasper County by Welch as Triticum sativum. Wheat properly belongs with the excluded species because it fails to perpetuate itself. 42-407. SECALE L. Rye Rye is a winter annual which springs up where it may be scattered along roads, in fields, and in waste places, but it will not persist. It has been reported from Jasper County by Welch. Rye properly belongs with the excluded species because it fails to per- petuate itself. 43-411. ELYMUS L. Wild-rye [Note: Measurements of glumes and lemmas include their awns, and measurements of paleas are those of the first floret of a spikelet taken from the middle of the spike.] Awns long and, at maturity, curved outward; paleas mostly 10-13 mm long 1. E. canadensis. Awns straight; paleas mostly 6-9 mm long. Glumes 0.5-1 mm wide (rarely up to 1.3 mm wide), straight or only slightly bowed out at the base, mostly 3-nerved above the middle; spikes long-exserted. Blades glabrous above and beneath; paleas 7-8 mm long; grain 5-6.5 mm long. 2. E. riparins. 116 HORDEAE Elymus Map 179 Elymus villosus Muhl. 1 — 1 Jan. Feb — Mar. Apr. r V — 1 J 1 May June July Aug ; ^-i f -X {■ Sept Oct Nov V 0 "" ,1 IU i1 - X r Dec J- J i , i i ' — 'TJ ° ' X> Miles 0 50 L<(j-\f Map 180 Elymus villosus f. ark ansanus IScribn. & Ball) Fern. Blades villous above, smooth or scabrous beneath; paleas 5.5-7 mm long; grain 4-4.5 mm long. Lemmas and glumes hirsute 3. E. villosus. Lemmas and glumes glabrous or sparingly strigose-hispid 3a. E. villosus f . arkansanus. Glumes mostly 1.3-2.5 mm wide (rarely as narrow as 1 mm), generally conspicuously curved outward and indurated at the base, usually more or less dilated above and twisted, generally plainly 5-nerved on the upper half (sometimes 3- or 4-nerved), the basal part generally rounded and nerveless. Spikes included at the base or barely exserted. Spikelets with awns more than 3 mm long. Glumes and lemmas glabrous or scabrous on the margins only; upper surface of leaves usually scabrous (rarely pubescent) 4. E. virginicus. Glumes and lemmas hirsute ; upper surface of leaves glabrous 4a. E. virginicus var. intermedins. Spikelets awnless or some with awns up to 3 mm long 4b. E. virginicus var. submuticus. Spikes generally long-exserted. Glumes and lemmas hirsute; upper surface of leaves villous 4c. E. virginicus var. australis. Glumes and lemmas glabrous or strigose-scabrous. Blades glabrous above; awns generally 5-15 mm long 4d. E. virginicus var. jejunus. Blades hirsute above ; awns generally 15-30 mm long 4e. E. virginicus var. glabriflorus. 1. Elymus canadensis L. Canada Wild-rye. Map 177. Infrequent to locally common in sandy soil along roadsides and railroads, in open wood- land, on open dunes, and in prairie habitats. It becomes very local south of the lake area and probably is absent from some of the southern counties. It is extremely variable in the size of the spikes and in the density of the pubescence of the spikelets. Que. to s. Alaska, southw. to Ky., Mo., Tex., and Ariz. 2. Elymus riparius Wieg. (Rhodora 20: 84-86. 1918.) Map 178. This is a recently described species and is infrequent probably throughout the Elymus HORDEAE 117 Map 182 Elymus virginicus var. intermedius IVasey) Bush 2 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov F T J \ t ^ f \j 1 - J f1 r, Dec £ ■ ' — ~^\ \ D J U Miles 'ile El D fmus /irginicus J Map 183 var. submuticus Hook. 0 50 Map 184 Elymus virginicus var. austrahs (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc. state. It is a low ground grass which is usually found on wooded, alluvial areas and along streams. Maine, Que., and Mich., southw. to N. C, Ohio, Ind., and Mo. 3. Elymus villosus Muhl. {Elymus striatus of recent authors, not Willd.) Map 179. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. This species prefers a dry and rather sandy soil, although it is sometimes found in moist situations. It is found mostly on wooded slopes, crests or ridges, on alluvial banks, and rarely in the open along roadsides. Vt. to Wyo., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Tex. 3a. Elymus villosus f. arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) Fern. (Rhodora 35:195. 1933.) {Elymus striatus var. arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc. and Elymus arkansanus Scribn. & Ball.) Map 180. This form has been found in only a few counties. It grows in habitats similar to those of the species. Mass. to Ind. and Iowa, southw. to Md., Mo., and Okla. 4. Elymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild-rye. Map 181. Frequent to common throughout the state. It grows in wet or moist soil and is found mostly in alluvial areas along streams and ditches, in low places in wood- land, and along roadsides. The upper surface of the leaves is usually glabrous or somewhat sca- brous or rarely with a few hairs on the veins. I have, however, a few specimens with the upper surface of the blades softly pubescent. I think these plants should have a distinguishing name. They are from Fayette, Marion, Starke, and Warrick Counties. Newf. to Alberta, southw. to Fla. and Ariz. 4a. Elymus virginicus var. intermedius (Vasey) Bush. (Amer. Midland Nat. 10: 60. 1926.) {Elymus virginicus var. hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Hitchc. and Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn.) Map 182. Infrequent throughout the state in habitats similar to those of the species. Maine to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 118 HORDEAE Hystrix 0 50 Map 185 Elymus virginicus Var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush 0 50 Map 186 /mus virginicus var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush Map 187 Hystrix patula Moench 4b. Elymus virginicus var. submuticus Hook. (Elymus curvatus Piper.) Map 183. A rare form with the habitat of the species. Que. to Wash., southw. to R. I., Ohio, Ky., Okla., and Mont. 4c. Elymus virginicus var. australis (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc. {Elymus austraUs Scribn. & Ball.) Map 184. This form has been found in a few places in the southern half of the state on wooded ridges and on post oak flats. Vt. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 4d. Elymus virginicus var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush. Map 185. This rare form is known only from Umbach's specimen collected "on the sands at Pine," Lake County, on June 29, 1898. Hitchcock does not recognize this variety in his recent manual. 4e. Elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush. (Elymus glabri- florus Scribn.) Map 186. This variety has been found in several coun- ties, and doubtless it will be found to be well distributed in the state when intensive work is done. It is a woodland grass found in both moist and dry situations. Maine to Kans., southw. to Fla. and N. Mex. 45-412. HYSTRIX Moench Spikelets glabrous \, H. patula. Spikelets pubescent la. H. patula var. Bigeloviana. 1. Hystrix patula Moench. (Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp.) Bottle- brush. Map 187. This is an infrequent to frequent grass throughout the state. It is a woodland species, but is often found growing in open places along fences and roadsides. It prefers dry soil and occurs in almost all types of woodland. Maine, Ont., Mich., and Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Ark. Hordeum Hordeae 119 0 50 Map 188 fystrix patula war. Bigeloviana (Fern ) Deam 8 1 rT Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. K 1T1 i N T ] V J r^ [ N P DP -4 J_ F r i D r Dec. f- — | I // Miles \ UC I 1° j D IT" D |D [d "Ijjl H D / P \ Hor ^IU Jl' deum M5\ ■■"• 7 pusillum 0 50 Map 189 Nutt. 0 50 Map 190 Hordeum nodosum L. la. Hystrix patula var. Bigeloviana (Fern.) Deam. Map 188. The habitat of the variety is the same as that of the species. It is sparingly found in northern Indiana and is rare in the southern part of the state. N. S. to N. Dak., southw. to Conn., Ohio, Ind., and Mo. 46-410. HORDEUM [Tourn.] L. Barley [Wiggans. Classification of the cultivated varieties of barley. Cornell Agric. Exper. Sta. Mem. 46: 365-456. 1921.] Rachis of spikes disarticulating. Awns of the glumes less than 20 mm long. Glumes of fertile spikelets dilated above the base 1. H. pusillum. Glumes of fertile spikelets not dilated above the base 2. H. nodosum. Awns of the glumes more than 20 mm long 3. H. jubatum. Rachis of spikes not disarticulating. (See excluded species no. 55, p. 1027.) . .H. vulgare. 1. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley. Map 189. This species is found usually in slightly acid soils in waste places and fallow fields and along railroads and roadsides. It is infrequent to local in the southern counties and has been found in four of our northern counties in waste places and along railroads. I think that this species has been introduced into the state and I am so recording it. Spillman found it in Knox County in 1890, and, although Schneck reported a wild barley earlier, there is no specimen to verify the report. Our early authors, Baird & Taylor, Barnes, Clapp, J. M. Coulter, and Young, who collected intensively in some of the Ohio River counties, did not report a wild barley of any kind. This evidence, in addition to its habitats, convinces me that it has invaded the state since that time. Del. to Wash., southw. to Fla., s. Calif., and Mex. 2. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow Barley. Map 190. Hansen (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 37 : 320. 1928) reported this species from Vanderburgh County. He sent me a specimen to have his determination verified. Hansen 120 HORDEAE Lolium Hordeum jubatum L. 0 50 Map 192 Lolium perenne L. 0 ~ S3 Map 193 Lolium multiflorum Lam. says: "Found growing abundantly in Vanderburgh County during July." I do not have any data except the county locality, so I have not been able to visit the place to ascertain whether it persists or is spreading. I am including this species in our flora upon his authority. Since this is a western species, it has been introduced here and should be so regarded. Mont, to Alaska, southw. to N. Mex., Calif., and in S. A. ; introduced in some of the eastern states. 3. Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail Barley. Map 191. This species has become well established in the northern half of the state, especially in the lake area where it has already become a veritable pest. It is found mostly along roadsides and railroads and in waste places, fallow fields, and pastures. It is extremely doubtful that this species is a native of Indiana. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Md., 111., Mo., Tex., Calif., and Mex.; introduced in the Eastern States. 47-395. LOLIUM L. Ryegrass Glumes shorter than the spikelets. Lemmas mostly 5-6 mm long, awnless (sometimes short-awned) ; spikelets mostly 5-10 (12) -flowered 1. L. perenne. Lemmas mostly 7-8 mm long, awned ; spikelets mostly 10-20-flowered 2. L. multiflomm. (Humes as long as or longer than the spikelets. (See excluded species no. 56, p. 1027.) L. temulentum. 1. Lolium perenne L. Perennial Ryegrass. Map 192. This species is doubtless sparingly found throughout the state. It has been sown inten- tionally as an adulterant of grass seed in meadows and lawns. It is now found as an escape along roadsides, on the unkept borders of lawns, and in waste places. Besides one small colony which I have seen, I have no evidence to indicate that it is more than an occasional escape. Usually known in commerce as English Ryegrass. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va. and Calif. Koeleria Aveneae 121 0 50 Map 194 Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. o 50 Map 195 Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. 0 50 Map 196 Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. 2. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian Ryegrass. Map 193. This rye- grass has been found in several counties in the state in lawns, parks, and golf grounds and may be considered established. Nat. of Eu. ; common on the Pacific coast, infrequent eastward. 4. AVENEAE Nees. Oat Tribe Spikelets not over 5 mm long. Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes. Inflorescence spikelike; plants of a dry, sandy habitat 52. Koeleria, p. 121. Inflorescence a widely spreading panicle; plants of a springy habitat 55. Deschampsia, p. 123. Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes. Florets all perfect, awnless 53. Sphenopholis, p. 121. Florets unlike, the lower perfect, awnless, the upper staminate and bearing a hooked awn 59. Holcus, p. 124. Spikelets more than 5 mm long. Lemmas awned from the back. Annual; spikelets more than 10 mm long 57. Avena, p. 123. Perennial; spikelets less than 10 mm long 58. Arrhenatherum, p. 123. Lemmas awned from between the two apical teeth 60. Danthonia, p. 124. 52-346. KOELERIA Pers. 1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Junegrass. Map 194. Infrequent to local in the northwestern counties where it grows in dry sand on dunes and sand hills, rarely on gravelly hills. The species is variable. The inflores- ence expands in anthesis, and becomes spikelike afterward. Ont. to B. C, southw. to Del., Mo., La., Calif., and Mex. 53-344. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Wedgegrass Sheaths and blades softly pubescent, sometimes only the sheaths pubescent. First glume fully a third as wide as the second; glumes subequal; lemmas more or less scabrous all over (at least the exposed apical end scabrous) ; anthers mostly 0.8-1.2 mm long; spikelets 3-4 mm long 1. S. nitida. 122 Aveneae Sphenopholis First glume less than a third as wide as the second; lemmas smooth (rarely slightly scabrous at the apex) ; anthers mostly 0.5-0.8 mm long. Spikelets 3-4 mm long; second glume narrowly obovate or wider, subacute or blunt at the apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret usually about 1 mm long; anthers mostly 0.5-0.6 mm long; panicles usually lax. (A rare form of this species.) 2. S. intermedia. Spikelets mostly about 2.5 mm long (rarely up to 3 mm or longer) ; second glume broadly obovate, about as wide as long, broadly rounded or truncate at the apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret about 0.5 mm long; anthers about 0.8 mm long; panicles usually contracted. .3a. S. obtusata var. pubescens. Sheaths and blades glabrous, smooth or scabrous. Spikelets 3-4 mm long; second glume narrowly obovate or wider, subacute or blunt at the apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret usually about 1 mm long; anthers mostly 0.5-0.6 mm long; panicles usually lax. (Our common form of the species.) 2. S. intermedia. Spikelets usually about 2.5 mm long (rarely up to 3 mm or longer) ; second glume broadly obovate, about as wide as long, broadly rounded or truncate at the apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret about 0.5 mm long; anthers about 0.8 mm long; panicles usually contracted 3. S. obtusata. 1. Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Map 195. Rather frequent in the unglaciated area of southern Indiana and rare in the northern part of the state. It is generally found on black and white oak ridges and rarely with beech. It prefers a rich soil of weathered sandstone and it may be entirely absent in neutral or alkaline soils. A glabrous form of this species has been described but it may not occur in Indiana as all of my 41 specimens are copiously pubescent. Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. {Sphenopholis pallens of recent authors.) Slender Wedgegrass. Map 196. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It prefers a dry soil and is found in many habitats. Usually frequent in beech and sugar maple woods, white oak woods, and white oak and black oak woods; less frequent in moist or wet woodland, bogs, and fallow fields and along railroads. I have a specimen with pubes- cent sheaths and leaves, which was found growing in sphagnum in a decadent tamarack bog just east of Pokagon State Park, Steuben County. This is the only pubescent specimen I have out of 79 Indiana specimens. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Ariz. 3. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Prairie Wedgegrass. Map 197. Infrequent to local throughout the state. Its habitat varies from the crests of ridges in the "knobs" to low sand ridges and old lake and river bottoms. Maine to B. C, southw. to Fla., Ariz., Calif., and Mex. 3a. Sphenopholis obtusata var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn. This is a form with the sheaths and upper and lower surface of the leaves pubescent. I have it from only the southern part of the state where it occurs in Crawford, Perry, and Posey Counties. I segregate this form from the species for the benefit of other workers who may be interested in the geographical distribution of the form. Deschampsia AVENEAE 123 2 ? Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov D F I> D WeU r r J 0 1 " J^ f'^ B l' -I D K.7 i r -^ Dec (- — i i ' — / Miles Sp D henof holi: obt us r>\ 7 c ata (Mic 50 vIap 197 ix.) Scribn. 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. \ j H \_ t ^ r \s- h [~L X J J- r Dec £ i \ p' Miles c eschampsia ca f\l ° 50 J Map 198 espitosa (L) Beauv. 0 50 Map 199 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert.&Koch 55-270. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hairgrass Blades flat or folded, stiff; awn included or slightly exserted, straight.. .1. D. caespitosa. Blades filiform, fiexuous; awn exserted, geniculate, twisted. (See excluded species no. 58, p. 1027.) D. flexuosa. 1. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Hairgrass. Map 198. I found this species to be a frequent grass in very marly soil in the outlet of a marly, springy place about 6 miles southwest of South Bend, St. Joseph County, and in a cold, marly, springy place on the border of Mill Creek about a mile north of Mill Creek, La Porte County. Only a few plants were seen at the latter station. Bradner reported this species from Steuben County and his determination was, no doubt, correct, but no specimen has been seen. Greenland to Alaska, southw. to N. J., W. Va., Ind., 111., N. Dak., N. Mex., and Calif. 57-273. AVENA L. O AT Lemmas pubescent with long, brown hairs. (See excluded species no. 60, p. 1027.) A. fatua. Lemmas glabrous or nearly so. (See excluded species no. 61, p. 1027.) A. sativa. 58-275. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. 1. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch. Tall Oatgrass. Map 199. This is an infrequent escape throughout the state. All of my speci- mens and those that I have seen are from roadsides. Usually not common where it is found although, in a few instances, it was found for a mile or more along roadsides. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to B. C, southw. to Ga., Tenn., Iowa, Idaho, and Calif. 124 AVENEAE Holcus 1 \ ■D Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. D r \ (r1 it X B r "^ r Dec C i D 1 ' D K J -/ / Miles Ho Icus lanatus L. 50 Map 200 0 50 Map 201 Danthonia spicata IL.) Beauv. 18 9 Jan. Feb Mir Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. r I •i — \ la 1 ^C i D I I ' 1 ND D CP ' P p» OF [ o -J » a ' IU 0 D DP P H J 0 >P I, o fBS/-M 3 □ 1 B D b y D t D D B 8 - 0 U mT^"0 i - Dec (- f D \ // Miles Cal smagrostfs -^V Map 202 canadensis (Michx) Beauv Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray 0 50 Map 205 Calamovilfa longifolia (HookJ Scribn. 59-257. HOLCUS L. 1. Holcus lanatus L. (Ginnania lanata (L.) Hub., Rhodora 18:234. 1916.) Velvet Grass. Map 200. As yet, this species is a rare escape in Indiana. Weatherwax found it in a hayfield in Owen County in 1918. In 1933 he found it along a roadside in Brown County about 15 miles east of Bloomington, and in 1934, about one and a fourth miles west of Mer- riam, Noble County. Kriebel, in 1935, found about a dozen plants under a beech tree in an open woods in sec. 18, Pleasant Run Township, Law- rence County. Nat. of Eu. ; Maine to Iowa, southw. to Ga. and La. ; common on the Pacific coast, and in B. C, Idaho, and Ariz. 60-280. DANTHONIA Lam. & DC. Ligule a band of short hairs usually less than 0.5 mm long 1. D. spicata. Ligule a band of hairs usually 2-4 mm long. (See excluded species no. 62, p. 1027.) D. compressa. Calamagrostis Agrostideae 125 1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Poverty Oatgrass. Map 201. Infre- quent to common in all parts of the state. It is common in poor soil in open woods on the crests of ridges in southern Indiana, becoming less frequent to rare in the rich, neutral soils of the central part of the state, and again appearing as frequent on black and white oak ridges of the northern counties. It is found also in post oak flats. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Fla., e. Tex., e. Kans., and in the mts. of N. Mex. and Oreg. 5. AGROSTIDEAE Kunth. Timothy Tribe Lemmas 1-nerved. Callus pilose 63. Calamovilfa, p. 126. Callus glabrous. Keels of glumes glabrous or more or less scabious 76. Sporobulus, p. 135. Keels of glumes softly ciliate 79. Heleochloa, p. 1027. Lemmas more than 1-nerved. Spikelets articulated below the glumes. Inflorescence a loose panicle 67. Cinna, p. 129. Inflorescence a dense spikelike panicle 69. Alopecurus, p. 129. Spikelets articulated above the glumes. F'irst glume with 3 or 5 nerves. Inflorescence spikelike; lemmas about 2 mm long 72. Phleum, p. 130. Inflorescence paniculate; lemmas more than 2 mm long 85. Aristida, p. 138. First glume 1-nerved or nerveless. Lemmas indurate, much firmer than the glumes. Lemmas awnless, glabrous 81. Milium, p. 137. Lemmas awned, pubescent at least at the base. Awns readily falling; callus blunt 82. Oryzopsis, p. 137. Awns persistent; callus sharp-pointed, pubescent. Lemmas 1-awned 84. Stipa, p. 138. Lemmas 3-awned (sometimes the lateral pair short).. 85. Aristida, p. 138. Lemmas not indurate, thinner than the glumes. Spikelets (exclusive of awns) 9 mm or more long. Lemmas with an inconspicuous awn; glumes as long as the body of the lemma 62. Ammophila, p. 126. Lemmas long-awned; glumes minute or lacking 80. Brachyelytrum, p. 136. Spikelets not over 5 mm long, usually less. Second glume 3-nerved 61. Calamagrostis, p. 125. Second glume 1-nerved. Glumes (at least the first one) slightly longer than the lemma; first glume slightly longer than the second or glumes equal in length, awnless; lemmas thin ; palea obsolete or lacking in our native species 64. Agrostis, p. 126. Glumes generally shorter than the lemma, the first one obsolete, or shorter than the second; if the first glume is as long as or longer than the lemma, the glume with an awn 1-2 mm long; lemmas rather firm; paleas present in normal lengths 75. Muhlenbergia, p. 131. 61-248. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reedgrass [Stebbins. A Revision of some North American species of Calamagrostis. Rhodora32: 35-57. 1930.] Blades usually flat or sometimes involute toward the tips, mostly 4-8 mm wide; panicle usually expanded or loose; spikelets usually 3-3.5 mm long, rarely only 2.5 mm 126 Agrostideae Ammophila long; lemma thin, glabrous or more or less sparsely scabrous; callus hairs three fourths to as long as the lemma 1. C. canadensis. Blades involute, except sometimes near the base, usually less than 4 mm wide; panicle narrow, contracted; spikelets usually 3.5-4.2 mm long; lemmas firmer, scabrous all over; callus hairs usually two thirds to three fourths as long as the lemma 2. C. inexpansa. 1. CalamagTOstis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. (Inman. Calamagrostis canadensis and some related species. Rhodora 24 : 142-144. 1922) . Blue- joint. Map 202. Frequent in marshes, wet prairies, and mucky places in general in the lake area, but local southward because its habitat is lacking. Where found, it often covers large areas and was formerly the source of "wild hay" in the state and known as little bluestem grass. Since most of the areas of its habitat have been drained and farmed, it has now become infrequent. Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Md., N. C. (Roan Mt.), Mo., Kans., and Calif. 2. Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray. Northern Reedgrass. Map 203. This is an infrequent species in the lake area, where it prefers marly marshes and springy places, although it is sometimes found in habitats associated with pin oak and chokeberry. It is also found in prairie habitats. Stebbins divided the species into varieties and, according to him, our Indiana specimens belong to var. brevior (Vasey) Stebbins. Hitchcock, in his Manual of Grasses, does not divide the species. According to Stebbins, the distribution of the variety is as follows : Newf., Que. to B. C, southw. to N. Y., Ind., Minn., Colo., Ariz., and Calif. 62-249. AMMOPHILA Host 1. Ammophila breviligulata Fern. (Rhodora 22: 70-71. 1920.) (Ammophila arenaria of American authors, not Link.) Beachgrass. Map 204. Infrequent on the dunes bordering Lake Michigan. This species is used in this country as a soil binder. On dunes from Newf. to N. C, and on the shores of the Great Lakes from Lake Ontario to Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. 63-250 CALAMOVILFA Hack. 1. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. Longleaf Reedgrass. Map 205. This species is found in dry, shifting sands on the dunes about Lake Michigan and on a few shifting dunes in Jasper and Newton Counties. Mich, to Alberta, southw. to Ind., Colo., and Idaho. 64-242 AGROSTIS L. Bentgrass [Hitchcock. North American species of Agrostis. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. 68: 1-68. 1905. Piper. The agricultural species of bent grasses. U. S. Dept. of Agric. Bull. 692: 1-26. 1918. Malte. Commercial bent grasses (Agrostis) in Canada. Reprinted from Annual Report for 1926, National Museum of Canada, 105-126. 1928.] Agrostis Agrostideae 127 0 50 Map 206 Agrostis alba L. 2 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D 1 " f D P I 0 \ fH: " "TTe X » Wo r J if\ J Dec. C i > ' — We Jjr J Miles Agrostis 3a ustrfs h :> 50 Map 207 uds. 21 4 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f h "I f r^ r J^— B 1 "1 I - i J D rT r, Dec. f- f?o 1 1 0 J3 N 7 B Cd k 0 J D V, ~^^1 o J 7 D / -A ■Te 1 J-^ f nTaaN 0 D _J "°7 TfeX t/ Miles UC 0 f D [ A( 110/ rost sEI J ^ Map 208 iottiana Schulles Palea about half as long as the lemma. Plant perennial from strong creeping rhizomes, without creeping and rooting stolons; culms erect or only slightly decumbent at the base, not rooting at the lower nodes ; panicle open or spreading 1. A. alba. Plant perennial without rhizomes, with creeping and more or less rooting stolons; culms usually decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes; panicle usually contracted, sometimes open 2. A. palustris. Palea minute or lacking. Lemmas awned 3. A. Elliottiana. Lemmas awnless. Plants generally found growing in the open, usually flowering and maturing before August 1; basal leaves narrow, stiff, mostly involute; panicles diffuse, gen- erally purplish at maturity, the branches beginning to divide beyond the middle. Spikelets mostly 2-2.5 mm long; glumes connivent in fruit, covering the grain; anthers mostly 0.5 mm long ; flowering in northern Indiana from about June 3 to July 10 A. A. scabra. Spikelets mostly 1.4-1.9 mm long; glumes not connivent in fruit, exposing the grain; anthers mostly about 0.2 mm long; beginning to flower in northern Indiana the last of May and maturing the fruit usually by the middle of June 5. A. hy emails. Plants generally found growing in woods, usually flowering after August 1; basal leaves flat, wider than in the two preceding species, generally lax; panicles open or spreading, green or nearly so at maturity, the branches beginning to divide mostly at or below the middle 6. A. perennans. 1. Agrostis alba L. (Agrostis stolonifera var. major (Gaud.) Farw. and Agrostis palustris of recent American authors, not Huds.) Redtop. Map 206. This species has been commonly sown as a pasture and hay grass in all parts of the state, especially in the southern part. It has abundantly escaped everywhere and is found along roadsides and railroads and in fallow fields, pastures, and waste places. Besides the commercial redtop, seed of other species of the bentgrasses have been imported and sown in lawns and on golf courses. Several strains of each species have been developed and some European authors credit one species with 15 varieties and subvarieties. The species are separated with 128 Agrostideae Agrostis 0 " 50 Map 210 Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. 17 6 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.f- [d D > ) 2d d D D D L " D -S ^ 1 " ° ij» D vr JO 1 D D D D 7 ii-) -, S- 0 r~ D t 1 P D _ t 1- p w B D B D 5 id n we — "1X - ir D P D D D |ID UC D r B \ 1 B 5 UC D ioI^J X B |B~T[ ID L, d liTT'v D / 1 ~b y i/ Miles /n/D d in 3 / J UC f D 1 10 CD | Agrost 0 IS / I D jA 7 jerennans (Walt.! 0 50 Map 211 Tuckerm. difficulty and the task is complicated by the addition of the many cultivated forms. Nat. of Eurasia ; in all the cooler parts of the U. S. 2. Agrostis palustris Huds. (Agrostis alba var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W. Mey., Agrostis maritima Lam., and Agrostis stolonifera var. compacta Hartman of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Creeping Bent. Map 207. The few specimens of this species I have seen were found on the low borders of streams, usually with a part of the colony in the running water. Nat. of Eurasia; introduced in the northern part of the U. S., and occasionally as far south as Tex. and N. Mex. 3. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. Elliott Bentgrass. Map 208. Fre- quent to common throughout the area shown on the map in hard, white clay soils with a pH value ranging from 6-6.6. The mass distribution occurs in moist fallow fields and pastures. It is also found on washed slopes and on crests of ridges in open woodland. The species is usually associated with Agrostis hyemalis from which it is easily separated by its scabrous feel, smaller size, and awned lemmas. Md. to 111., Mo., and Kans., southw. to Ga., Ala., and e. Tex.; Yucatan. 4. Agrostis scabra Willd. (Agrostis hyemalis of recent authors, in part.) (Rhodora 35: 207-209. 1933.) Northern Ticklegrass. Map 209. In low sandy and mucky soils in the northern counties. This species very much resembles the next one but it is separated from it by its larger size, its broader and flat cauline leaves, larger panicle, longer-pedicelled spike- lets, longer spikelets, longer anthers, its later flowering season, and its northern range. This species flowers, on the whole, at least a half month later than the next one. Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Ind., Iowa, Nebr., N. Mex., Ariz., and Calif. Cinna Agrostideae 129 5. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (Agrostis antecedens Bickn. and Agrostis hyemalis of recent authors, in part.) Ticklegrass. Map 210. This species is infrequent to common in all parts of the state. It prefers a slightly acid soil, hence it is infrequent to absent in the neutral soils of the central counties. In the southern counties it occurs, in hard, white clay soil and is usually common in fallow fields, on washed slopes, along clayey roadsides, and in moist, sandy and mucky places in our northern counties. Mass. to Iowa and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 6. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Autumn Bent. Map 211. Infrequent to frequent in all parts of the state except in the prairie areas. This is a woodland species which seems to prefer a slightly acid soil and is found in black and white oak woods, pin oak woods, aspen thickets, at the bases of sandstone ledges, and rarely in prairie habitats or fallow fields. This species shows great variation which I assume to be the result of varying amounts of light, soil acidity, and nutriment. Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex. 67-241. CfNNA L. Spikelets 5 mm long; panicle rather dense, the branches ascending. . . 1. C. arundinacea. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm long; panicle loose, the branches spreading or drooping. (See ex- cluded species no. 68, p. 1028.) C. latifolia. 1. Cinna arundinacea L. Woodreed. Map 212. Frequent to rather com- mon in all parts of the state. It grows in wet soils in almost all kinds of habitats except in pure sand. This is a woodland species but is sometimes found in wet clearings if shaded by rank vegetation. Maine to S. Dak., southw. to Ga. and e. Tex. 69-225. ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail Spikelets about 5 mm long. . . . : 1. A. pratensis. Spikelets less than 3 mm long. Lemmas awned on the back about midway between the base and apex, the awn usually included, sometimes exserted but not for more than 1 mm 2. A. aequalis. Lemmas awned on the back at about a fourth the length of the lemma above the base, the awn exserted about 2-3 mm 3. A. carolinianus. 1. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Map 213. Specimens of this species have been collected in Tippecanoe County, and I have it from Wells County, where it was well established when collected in 1932. Nat. of Eurasia; introduced from Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Del., Iowa, Idaho, and Oreg. 2. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus Torr. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Alopecurus geniculatus Michx. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Short-awn Foxtail. Map 214. This grass is infrequent in the lake area and local south of it. It grows in shallow 130 Agrostideae Phleum 0 50 Map 212 Cinna arundinacea L. 0 ~T5 Map 215 Alopecurus carolinianus Walt. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 / A - s.^ j 1 \ r r± \ p T f - r J r r, Dec. t T 1 £/ Miles vS^Sy-^V Map 213 Alopecurus pratensis L. o 55 Map2I6 Phleum pratense L. Jan. Feb. 0 ^T" 1 D J HD D D I >*_y d D D "■ — r1 Mar D ^V D Apr. 1 It p I j i . May f f "S " -r D : June DP . DP r1 — 1 ■ July Aug Sept. f D 1 Oct. Nov. J-, , Dec j- u_ if Miles 0 50 Map 214 Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. o 55 Map 217 Muhlenbergta capillarls (LamJ Trin. water and on the muddy borders of ponds and swamps that usually become dry in midsummer. Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Pa. 3. Alopecurus carolinianus Walt. (Alopecums ramosus Poir. of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Map 215. Infrequent to local in the greater part of the state. In the northern part it is found in mucky soil about ponds and in ditches, and in the southern part it is usually found in slightly acid, white clay soil in fallow fields, and usually associated with one or more of the following plants : Poa Chapmaniana, Agrostis hyemalis, Myosotis vir- ginica, and Arabis virginica. N. J. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., Ariz., and Calif. 72-223. PHLfeUM L. 1. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Map 216. This species has abun- dantly escaped in all parts of the state. It is usually found in either dry Muhlenbergia Agrostideae 131 or moist soil along roadsides and railroads and in fallow fields, pastures, and waste places. Nat. of Eurasia; throughout the U. S. 75-215. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Muhly [Note: In this genus the measurements of the spikelets, glumes, and lemmas do not include the awns, unless so stated. In observing nodes and internodes, both the lower and the upper ones of the plant should be examined.] Panicles diffuse, more than 2.5 cm wide, usually 10-20 cm wide 1. M. capillaris. Panicles not diffuse, less than 2.5 cm wide. First glume obsolete ; second glume not over 0.6 mm long, very obtuse 2. M. Schreberi. First glume not obsolete; second glume more than 0.6 mm long, not obtuse. Spikelets 1.5-2.2 mm long; glumes shorter than the lemmas (if as long, see opposing lead). Lemmas acute to acuminate, not awned 3. M. sobolifera. Lemmas awned 3a. M. sobolifera f . setigera. Spikelets more than 2.2 mm long. Lemmas not pilose at the base (on the callus). Culms without creeping rootstocks; anthers about 1-1.5 mm long 4. M. cuspidata. Culms with creeping scaly rootstocks; anthers about 0.5 mm long 5. M. glabriflora. Lemmas short-pilose at the base (on the callus). Nodes and infranodes glabrous. Panicles included at the base, rarely short-exserted ; anthers about 0.5 mm long. Lemmas without awns, or some with short awns up to 2 mm long 6. M. mexicana. Lemmas awned ; awns usually 5-10 mm long 6a. M . mexicana f . commutata. Panicles usually very long-exserted ; anthers about 0.8 mm long 7. M. brachyphylla. Nodes and infranodes not glabrous. Nodes and infranodes puberulent; anthers about 0.8 mm long. Glumes longer than the lemma ; panicles more than 5 mm wide 8. M. racemosa. Glumes usually two thirds to three fourths as long as the lemma; panicles generally less than 5 mm wide 9. M. tenuiflora. Nodes glabrous; infranodes puberulent, rarely nearly all glabrous, but not polished below the node; anthers about 0.5 mm long. Culms usually puberulent below the panicles; spikelets crowded on the branches, glumes about as long as the lemmas. Lemmas awnless 10. M. foliosa. Lemmas awned, awns 4-10 mm long 10a. M. foliosa f. ambigua. Culms generally glabrous below the panicles; spikelets not at all crowded on the branches; glumes about two thirds as long as the lemmas. Lemmas awned 11. M. sylvatica. Lemmas awnless 11a. M. sylvatica f. attenuata. 1. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Map 217. My only specimen was collected October 7, 1921, about 3 miles east of Elizabeth, on an open wooded, rocky hillside, bordering the roadside of the Elizabeth Road to Stewart's Landing, Harrison County. It was still persisting here in 1938. Mass., Ind., and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; W. I. and e. Mex. 132 Agrostideae Muhlenbergia o 5o Map 218 Muhlenbergia Schreben J. F.Gmel, o 5o Map 219 Muhlenbergia sob o li f era (Muhl)Trin. 0 50 Map 220 Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Nult.) Rydb. 2. Muhlenbergia Schreberi J. F. Gmel. Nimblewill. Map 218. Infre- quent to frequent throughout the state. It is found usually in dry soils and less frequently in moist soils in open woodland, clearings, woods pas- tures, and pasture fields. It is usually conspicuous in pasture fields because stock graze around it, preferring other herbage. It is also found about dwellings and in lawns and is an obnoxious weed in flower gardens. N. H. to Wis., e. Nebr., southw. to Fla., Tex., and e. Mex. 3. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Map 219. This species is found principally in the southern half of the state. It is strictly a wood- land species and occurs on wooded slopes, preferring those along streams. It is found in both beech and sugar maple, and black and white oak woodland. N. H. to Iowa, southw. to Va., Tenn., and Tex. 3a. Muhlenbergia sobohfera f. setigera (Scribn.) Deam. This is a form with awned lemmas. I am referring my no. 32921 from Sullivan County to this form. Ind. to Ark. and Tex. 4. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Nutt.) Rydb. PLAINS Muhly. Map 220. This species is infrequent on the high, gravelly bank of the north side of Big Wea Creek where the Shadeland Road crosses the creek about 4 miles southwest of Lafayette. Its associates make it certain that it is a native here. Mich., Wis. to Alberta, southw. to Ohio and N. Mex. 5. Muhlenbergia glabriflora Scribn. (Rhodora 9: 22. 1907.) Map 221. This species, as now known, is restricted to seven of our southwestern counties. It is found in hard, white clay soil in moist or wet places, usually in pin oak woods or in the pin oak and post oak flats of the southwestern part of Posey County. Probably locally frequent and possibly well distrib- uted in the southwestern counties where its habitat is found. Md., Ind., 111., Mo., and Tex. Muhlenbergia Agrostideae 133 7 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. v. S~ "1 y \_ J ' • x f L -L [J i 0 T~ r, Dec.j— "1 i D I la \ // Miles B f I D J >d r Muh D en aer gia D js\ glabri J 0 50 ^ Map 221 flora Scribn. 0 50 Map 222 Muhlenbergia mexicana (U Trin. 0 513 Map 223 Muhlenbergia mexicana f. commutata (Scribn.) Wieg. 1 4 3 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. \ }~ V f^ -I 0 S tn j T~ r Dec. £ 1 B r 1 ' K J J Miles fi o r j 10 / i D o r Muhl enbe rgia br achyphy 3 50 Map 224 la Bush 0 50 Map 225 Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. 4 6 7 3 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. j D •a i r- f X ( DP D D if /j' D j i; n Dec. j- is i D K — D L-^: \ D ID B / J D j 10 ( 1 ° ~— rC?° d L^— U D . ' Miles M jhlenl ergi i ten uif 1 or D n so ^ Map 226 s (Will'd) BSP. 6. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Wirestem Muhly. Map 222. This species is frequent to common in all parts of the state except in our northern counties, where it becomes rare to infrequent. It prefers a moist soil but will grow and thrive in almost all kinds of soils. It prefers open, alluvial soil along streams where it often forms exclusive stands. It is an obnoxious weed when it invades cultivated fields because it propagates from underground stems. N. B. to N. D., southw. to the mts. of Ga. and Tex. 6a. Muhlenbergia mexicana f. commutata (Scribn.) Wieg. (Rhodora 26: 1. 1924.) Map 223. I have specimens of this long-awned form from the counties shown on the map. Maine, Que., and S. Dak., southw. to Va. and Mo. 7. Muhlenbergia brachyphylla Bush. (Araer. Midland Nat. 6: 41-42. 1919.) Map 224. Probably infrequent to rare in the southern part of the state. At a distance it so closely resembles Muhlenbergia tenuiflora that 134 AUKOSTIDKAK m unit* nuei gut 0 "To Map 227 Muhlenbergia foliosa (Roem. & Schult.) Trin. it may not be detected. On close observation, however, it is easily separated from this species by its glabrous nodes and infranodes. It is found in low, flat woods and on wooded slopes. I am not well enough acquainted with this species to understand its habitat. Ind. to Nebr., southw. to Tex. 8. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Marsh Muhly. Map 225. This is an infrequent grass of the lake area. It is found in marshes and springy places. Our plants south of the lake area are from springy places. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., Md., Ky., Okla., and Ariz. 9. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora ( Willd.) BSP. Map 226. Local or infrequent throughout the state. It is strictly a woodland species and is found on the tops and slopes and along the bases of wooded slopes, usually of the black and white oak type. Vt., Ont., Wis. to Iowa, southw. to Va., Tenn., and Okla. 10. Muhlenbergia folidsa (Roem. & Schult.) Trin. Map 227. Infrequent in the lake area and local south of it. It is generally found in marshes and springy places, usually about lakes and in ditches. Maine to Que. and Mont., southw. to N. C, Ind., N. Mex., and Ariz. 10a. Muhlenbergia foliosa f. ambigua (Torr.) Wieg. (Muhlenbergia ambigua Torr.) This form has the habitat of the species. I have it from Kosciusko, Lagrange, Marshall, Starke, Steuben, Warren, and Whitley Counties. 11. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. (Muhlenbergia urn b rasa Scribn.) Map 228. Infrequent throughout the state. It is usually a low ground, wood- land species found on the borders of streams, ponds, and swamps, and rarely on dry, wooded slopes. Maine to S. Dak., southw. to AJa., Tex., and Ariz. 11a. Muhlenbergia sylvatica f. attenuata (Scribn.) Palmer & Steyer- mark. I have this form from only Carroll, Clark, and Posey Counties. Sporobolus Agrostideae 135 r— 1 Jan. H D 0 Feb. ■ -1 J Mar _v Apr. — u| S~ H 15 1 May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Y r-^ r * 1 BD B » * 0 UC i n - i D 17 r, Oec. C— 1 " i ' D D E 1 ^ r^[w Ba y-— ' D ( e/C\*\ k_°jV £/ Miles 0 50 {^S^Cj^S Map 231 Sporobolus neglectus Nash 2 9 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. V r X 1 ! Hi < D r | r-H- f ■u i "f]H r r, Oec.j- i- ' — J MfTes i Spor Dbolu s he terolepis 0 50 Map 233 VGray 0 50 Map 234 Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth 0 3D Map 235 Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. 3. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. Map 231. Infrequent throughout the state. It seems to have much the same habitat as Sporobolus vaginiflorus and is often found with it. Maine, Que. to N. Dak. and Wash., southw. to Md., Tenn., Tex., and Ariz. 4. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Sand Dropseed. Map 232. Infrequent in dry, sandy soil in the area shown on the map. The specimen from Lawrence County was found in an old stone quarry and the Marion County specimen was found in a waste place on North Meridian Street in Indianapolis. I regard these plants as waifs. The fact that the panicle sometimes remains in the sheath and does not expand has caused a form to be named. I am following Hitchcock, considering the form to be without taxonomic significance. Maine, Ont. to Alberta and Wash., southw. to N. C, Ind., La., and Ariz. 5. Sporobolus heterolepis Gray. Prairie Dropseed. Map 233. species is infrequent to very local in a few of our northern counties, found in dry or moist prairie habitats. Que. to Sask. and Wyo., southw. to Conn., 111., Ark., and e. Tex. This It is 6. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Map 234. This species is infre- quent throughout the state. It is doubtful that this species is a native. I have noted its advent into the state during the past few years. It now often forms complete stands for rods along railroads, highways, and adjacent fields. It will no doubt, in time, become a weed. Vt., Mich, to N. Dak. and Utah, southw. to La. and N. Mex. 80-216. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. 1. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Map 235.. Infrequent to frequent in all parts of the state where beech and sugar maple woods or black and white oak woods are found. It prefers dry slopes and, for this reason, it is often very local in some counties. I have botanized Wells Milium Agrostideae 137 — Jar . To B I. T 1 """I D T la D n We D D Mar Apr- r \ l-T"' 1 a i 3 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov 1 r1^ -I fn J j~ r Dec.f- T— ' / Miles ( jS \ ^V J 3 50 S^j-^f Map 236 Milium effusum L. a Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. i i i r \ K " 1* J, r nH J Dec 1- i ' — / Miles Oryzt psis pun gens (Torr. 1 50 Map 237 Hitchc. 0 50 Map 238 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx County for 40 years and I have not found it, possibly because woods in which it grew are now cultivated fields. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Okla. 81-213. MILIUM L. 1. Milium effusum L. Map 236. This species is very local and is found in peaty woods with soft maple or in mucky or springy places with skunk cabbage. N. C, Que. to Minn., southw. to Md. and 111. ; also in Eurasia. 82-210. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Ricegrass Blades narrow, involute; spikelets (exclusive of awns) less than 5 mm long; awns not more than 2 mm long l.O. pungens. Blades broad, flat; spikelets (exclusive of awns) more than 5 mm long. Leaves mostly basal; blades of culm generally less than 2 cm long, scabrous above. 2. O. asperifolia. Leaves scattered along the culm; blades of culm more than 2 cm long, pubescent above. 3. O. racemosa. 1. Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Map 237. A few tufts of this species have been found in Porter County over a limited area about a quarter mile east of Waverly Beach in the Dunes State Park. This is the only locality now known in Indiana. Lab. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Ind., S. Dak., and N. Mex. 2. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Map 238. This species is known only from La Porte and Porter Counties where it is found on open wooded dunes. Newf., Man., B. C, southw. to Conn., Ind., S. Dak., and N. Mex. 3. Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker. Map 239. The specimens found in the southern part of the state are from rocky woods and those from the northern part are from moist or dry, sandy woods. It is very local and I cannot account for its widely different habitats and limited distribution. Que. to Minn., and S. Dak., southw. to Del., Ky., and Iowa. 138 Agrostideae Stipa 2 1 f i e D Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. V J -U —I — r, T~ r, DecJ- 1 D» ID w. 1, — 1 "f"Ba" D 1 I U Miles Or y:o Ps s ra :emc sa (J.E.Sr 0 50 Map 239 nith) Ricker 0 50 Map 240 Stipa avenacea L. 0 50 Map 241 Stipa comata Trin.& Rupr. 84-209. STIPA L. Needlegrass [Hitchcock. The North American species of Stipa. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 24: 215-289. 1925.] Glumes about 10 mm long h S. avenacea. Glumes about 15-40 mm long. Lemmas 8-12 mm long 2. S. comata. Lemmas 15-22 mm long 3. S. spartea. 1. Stipa avenacea L. Blackseed Needlegrass. Map 240. Local in dry, sandy soil in a few of our northern counties. Mass. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex., mostly on the Coastal Plain. 2. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Needle-and-thread. Map 241. This species is known only from a high gravelly hill on the northeast side of Diamond Lake, Noble County. Ind. and Mich, to Yukon Territory, southw. to Tex. and Calif. 3. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine Grass. Map 242. Local to infre- quent or frequent on open sand knolls, sand ridges, and dunes, or rarely on open gravelly places in the northwestern part of the state. Ont, to B. C, southw. to Pa., Ind., Kans., and N. Mex. 85-208. ARISTIDA L. Three-awn Grass [Hitchcock. North American species of Aristida. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 22 : 517-586. 1924. Henrard. A critical revision of the genus Aristida. vii+701p. 1928. Supplement: 702-747. 1933. Rijks Herbarium. Leiden.] Awns of lemma united into a column, 10-15 mm long, articulated with the lemma. 1 . A . tuberculosa. Awns of lemma not united into a column and not articulated with the lemma. Lemmas (exclusive of awns) less than 12 mm long. Central awn of lemma coiled at the base at maturity; lateral awns rarely more than 1.5 mm long 2. A. dichotoma. Central awn of lemma not coiled at the base, but abruptly bent outward, usually to a 45-90 degree angle, sometimes with a slight twist at the base; lateral awns usually more than 1.5 mm long. Aristida Agrostideae 139 Map 243 Aristida tuberculosa Nutt . 0 50 Map 244 Aristida dichotoma Michx Glumes mostly 4-5 mm long; lemmas (exclusive of awns) generally 4-5 mm long, their central awns usually 5-15 mm long 3. A. longespica. Glumes mostly 6-11 mm long; lemmas (exclusive of awns) generally 6-8 mm long, their central awns usually 15-25 mm long. Plant annual, 20-40 cm high; first glume shorter than or equaling the second. 4. A. intermedia. Plant perennial, 40-70 cm high; first glume generally longer than the second. 5. A. purpurascens. Lemmas (exclusive of awns) more than 12 mm long. Central awn of lemma about 20 mm long, lateral awns much shorter, usually 1.5 mm long 6. A. ramosissima. Central awn of lemma about 25-70 mm long, lateral awns usually about 5-10 mm shorter than the central one 1. A. oligantha. 1. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Map 243. Local in the northwestern part of the state where it grows in almost pure sand on old beaches and low dunes. Mass. to Ga. and Miss, near the coast ; around the southern end of Lake Michigan, and locally in Wis., 111., Iowa, and Minn. 2. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Map 244. Infrequent to frequent in the southern half of the state. It is usually a common plant where it is found. It prefers hard, white clay soil in abandoned and fallow fields, on washed slopes, and along clayey roadsides. All the species of this genus, when found in habitats similar to those just mentioned, are known in Indiana as poverty grasses. This species is often confused with A?*istida longespica from which it may be separated by its dichotomously branched culms, its shorter terminal panicles, its tighter second glume, the coiled central awn, and its straight lateral awns being 1 mm long. In the other species the glumes are usually much looser and the lateral awns of the lemma are much longer, diverging, or widely spreading. This species was reported from Marshall County by Clark but there is no verifying specimen. Maine to Mich. (Hemes) and e. Kans., southw. to s. Fla. and Tex. 140 Agrostideae Aristida 0 ~^0 Map 245 Aristida longespica Pon 1 ? Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov I » NY HI ,- N.^D : v_ 1 t ^ ! » \-r- ^ (1 j J~ r Dec C 1 i VA^ Miles Aristida intermet iaS / ° Map 246 cnbn.& Ball n -- » "i Li D I f ^1 D *1 S » D D 0 Be *e i 14 1 Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. So " 1 — no -I r -"L: J r1 Dec (- i i ' — / Miles D I 10 ( Aristid ) pu purascens 50 Map 247 Poir. 3. Aristida longespica Poir. (Aristida gracilis Ell.) Map 245. Infre- quent to frequent, but plentiful where found, in the southern part of the state. Usually abundant in hard, white clay soil in low, flat, fallow fields and in habitats similar to those of the preceding species. Probably also infrequent in the sandy areas of the northwestern part of the state, although there are specimens only from Starke County. Our specimens vary somewhat in the length of their awns, but I do not think the varia- tion has any taxonomic value. N. H. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex., especially on the Coastal Plain. 4. Aristida intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Map 246. This species seems to be local but abundant where it is found. I have seen acres of it in Newton County in the old lake bed, and in Noble County it forms large colonies on the former bottom of Tippecanoe Lake. Local in moist, sandy soil on interdunal flats about Lake Michigan, in moist sandy, prairie habitats, and on moist sandy borders of lakes. Ind. to Nebr., southw. to Miss, and Tex. 5. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Map 247. Infrequent in very dry sand in the northwestern part of the state and in a similar habitat in Knox County. Its habitat is found in contiguous counties, and doubtless its range will be extended. Mass. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 6. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. Map 248. This is an infrequent grass of the southwestern counties in hard, white clay soil in abandoned and fallow fields, on washed slopes, along clayey roadsides, and infrequently in yellow clay soil. Ind. to Iowa, southw. to Tenn., La., and Tex. 7. Aristida oligantha Michx. Prairie Three-awn Grass. Map 249. Like the other species of the genus, this species is partial to a slightly acid soil and is infrequent to frequent in the southern half of the state where Leptochloa Chlorideae 141 0 50 Map 248 Anstida ramosissima Engelm. 0 50 Map 249 Aristida oligantha Mich*. 4 3 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec. C r^ ~\ J 1 r "" ^ — . r _ i l "C r - i i r* D D D ( { T 1 1/ Miles _eptoc hloa fin d i>\~ / 0 50 ■J Map 250 ormis (Lam.) Beauv. its habitat is found. It is usually found in hard, white clay soil in aban- doned and fallow fields, on washed slopes, along clayey roadsides, and locally in sandy soil in the northern counties. Mass. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 6. CHLORIDEAE Kunth. Grama Tribe Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes; large coarse grasses, usually more than a meter high 99. Spartina, p. 143. Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes; grasses shorter than the preceding. Spikes digitate or, in Eleusine, one or rarely 2 spikes remote (rarely as distant as 2.5 cm) . Spikelets 1-flowcred. Spikelets awnless 95. Cynodon, p. 143. Spikelets awned 102. Chloris, p. 144. Spikelets more than 1-flowered. Rachis extending beyond the florets into a naked sharp point; second glume and at least the lowest lemma cuspidate 94. Dactyloctenium, p. 142. Rachis not extending beyond the florets and not ending in a sharp point; glumes and lemmas not cuspidate 93. Eleusine, p. 142. Spikes racemose, on an axis more than 5 cm long. Spikes ascending or widely spreading, slender, elongate. Lemmas with an awn 4-6 mm long 101. Gymnopogon, p. 143. Lemmas awnless 90. Leptochloa, p. 141. Spikes drooping, dense, short 104. Bouteloua, p. 144. 90-307. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Sprangletop Grass [Hitchcock. North American species of Leptochloa. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 33: 1-21. 1903.] Sheaths papillose-pilose; second glume acute; grain 3-angled, grooved on the side toward the palea 1. L. filiformis. Sheaths smooth; second glume obtuse; grain compressed, not grooved. .2. L. panicoides. 1. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Red Sprangletop. Map 250. Infrequent in the counties along the Ohio River. It grows in sandy soil on the slope of the bank of the Ohio River where it is washed at flood 142 Chlorideae Eleusine o "30 Map 251 Leptochloa panicoides (Presl 1 Hitchc. 0 50 Map 252 Eleusine indica (L.)Gaertn. 0 5o Map 253 Cynodon Dactylon (|_.) Pers. stages. Also found in sandy, alluvial fields along the Ohio River, and rarely in a similar habitat away from the river. Usually rather plentiful where it occurs. Va. to s. Ind. and e. Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex., s. Calif., and throughout tropical America. 2. Leptochloa panicoides (Presl) Hitchc. (Leptochloa floribunda Doell of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Map 251. In 1916 I found a few specimens of this species in a large, miry, muddy flat in what is locally known as Pitcher's Lake, about 5 miles west of Mt. Vernon, Posey County. Pitcher's Lake is in reality a shallow lagoon about 2 miles long and a half mile wide. It is filled with water during the winter months and is usually nearly or entirely dry in autumn. This grass was found with Lindemia, Cyperus, Acnida, and Leersia oryzoides. I revisited the place in 1920 and found a few more specimens. The Indiana specimens are the only ones known north of Mississippi. The species is rare, having been found only in Indiana, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and southward to Brazil. 93-304. ELEUSINE Gaertn. 1. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Goosegrass. Map 252. This species is doubtless found in every county of the state although our records are less frequent in the northern counties. It prefers a moist, sandy habitat and is found about dwellings, along roadsides and footpaths and in waste places, pastures, and cultivated fields. Nat. of the Old World ; Mass. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; occa- sional in Oreg. and Calif. 94-305. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. See excluded species no. 71, p. 1028. Cynodon CHLORIDEAE 143 o 50 Map 254 Spartina pectinata Link 0 "M Map 255 Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) BSP. Map 256 Bouteloua curtfpendula (MichxJ Torr. 95-282. CYNODON Richard 1. Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. (Capriola Dactylon (L.) Ktze. Ber- muda Grass. Map 253. This grass has become sparingly established in the state and I predict that in time it will become a grass used frequently for lawns and pasturage. It thrives well in sandy soil where bluegrass will not. In a waste, vacant lot in Bluffton, Wells County, two large colonies have been established for several years and these were not injured by a temperature of twenty-one degrees below zero of the winter of 1935-1936. Introduced in America, and found in the warm regions of both hemi- spheres. Md. to Okla., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; occasionally northw. from N. H. to Mich, and Oreg. 99-283. SPARTINA Schreber [Merrill. The North American species of Spartina. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 9: 1-16. 1902. Saint-Yves, Alf. Monographia Spartin- arum. Candollea 5 : 19-100. Dec. 1932.] 1. Spartina pectinata Link. (Spartina MicJiauxiana Hitchc.) Prairie Cordgrass. Map 254. This species is infrequent or rarely frequent and seems to be restricted to the lake and prairie areas and to the slope of the bank of the Ohio River, usually in crevices of shale. In the lake area, it is found on the low borders of lakes and streams and in marshy places. In the prairie area, it is found in wet places, usually closely associated with Calamagrostis canadensis. Newf., Que. to e. Wash, and Oreg., southw. to N. C, Ky., 111., Ark., Tex., and N. Mex. 101-290. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. 1. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) BSP. Map 255. On September 19, 1934, I found a large colony of this species in very sandy soil on the crest of a sand ridge in an open place in a woods in sec. 35 about 5 miles north- 144 Phalarideae Hierochloe* west of Washington, Daviess County. In 1938 Kriebel found it here and in a woods a mile southwest of Plainville and in a woods 4 miles north of Washington. Coastal Plain, N. J., Fla., and Tex. ; in the Mississippi Valley, Ind., Tenn., Kans., and southw. 102-288. CHLORIS Sw. See excluded species no. 72, p. 1029. 104-195. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama Grass 1. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn.) Side-oats Gram A. Map 256. Very local in the state and usually restricted to small areas. It is found in dry soil, either sandy or clayey, on sandy knolls, gravelly hills and slopes, and on bluffs of streams. Maine, Ont. to Mont., southw. to Md., W. Va., Ala., Tex., Ariz., and s. Calif. ; introduced in S. C. 7. PHALARIDEAE Link. Canary Grass Tribe Glumes 1-nerved; sterile lemmas awned 109. Anthoxanthum, p. 144. Glumes 3-nerved (sometimes the lateral pair of the first glume faint) ; lemmas not awned. Glumes very thin, not keeled 108. Hierochloe, p. 144. Glumes firm, strongly keeled 110. Phalaris, p. 144. 108-206. HIEROCHLOE R. Br. 1. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. (Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahl., Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn., and Hierochloe odorata var. fragrans (Willd.) Richt.) Sweetgrass. Map 257. Infrequent in some of our north- ern counties where it is usually found in open marshes. I have one speci- men from mucky soil of a fallow cornfield. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ind., Iowa, Oreg., and in the mts. to N. Mex. and Ariz. 109-205. ANTHOXANTHUM L. 1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernalgrass. Map 258. While this grass has been reported from all parts of the eastern United States, in Indiana it has been reported from only 2 counties in addition to those shown on the map. Found along railroads and in pastures, waste places, and meadows. Nat. of Eurasia; Greenland and Newf. to La. and Mich., and on the Pacific coast from B. C. to n. Calif. 110-204. PHALARIS L. Canary Grass Inflorescence 6-16 cm long; glumes not dilated above the middle; fertile floret about 3.5 mm long 1. P. arundinacea. Inflorescence 2-4 cm long; glumes dilated above the middle; fertile floret about 5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 73, p. 1029.) P. canariensis. Leersia Oryzeae 145 0 50 Map 257 Hierochloe odorata (U Beauv. 0 50 Map 258 Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 0 50 Map 259 Phalaris arundinacea L. 1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. Map 259. This species is infrequent in the lake area and local south of it. In most places in the lake area it seems to be a native while southward it is doubtless an escape. It is usually found in marshes but will thrive in almost any habitat. It is recommended as a fodder plant for low grounds, especially in the north- west. My observation and personal experience with it is that it is wise not to plant it if one wishes ever to get rid of it. I have found it as difficult to exterminate as most pernicious weeds. Nat. of Eurasia; N. B. to se. Alaska, southw. to N. C, Ky., Okla., N. Mex., Ariz., and ne. Calif. la. Phalaris arundinacea var. picta L. This is a variety with the leaves striped with white. It is often used in cultivation and found as an escape in colonies along roadsides and in waste places. 8. ORYZEAE Kunth Rice Tribe 112-194. LEERSIA Sw. Culms compressed; foliage more or less scabrous or scabrous-pubescent; spikelets 3-3.5 mm long (rarely one 4 mm long), 1-1.3 mm wide; stamens 1 or 2; grain about 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide 1. L. virginica. Culms terete; foliage more or less hispid; spikelets 4.1-5 mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide; stamens 2 or 3; grain 3-3.5 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide. Spikelets oblong, 1.5-1.8 mm wide; stamens 3; grain about 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. 2. L. oryzoides. Spikelets broadly oval to nearly orbicular, 3-4 mm wide; stamens 2; grain about 3.5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide 3. L. lenticularis. 1. Leersia virginica Willd. (Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britt.) Whitegrass. Map 260. An infrequent to frequent grass in low woodland of all kinds in all parts of the state. It is usually found where the mineral soil is exposed, hence it is most frequent on old logging roads. Que. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 146 ZlZANIEAE Zizania 1 11 21 1? 1 0 ml n I ID D 0 » Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. /id 0 0 iB . T^- 0 -U D ' BT » °" » D p I "• 1 B D D 0 D D • OP IIC e D IU D J I D [<■ 1 ° ° Dec f- 10 We S 1 D D ■ I l_ , D L, 0 J- — 1 — t / D D * L ^/vviv ^j\ d y XJ Miles To v A j"v V J 0 50 vS^y^V Map 260 Leersia virginica Willd. 0 50 Map 261 Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. 2. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll.) Rice Cutgrass. Map 261. This species is found throughout the state but on account of its habitat and light requirements it is infrequent. It prefers full sunlight and is found in low, wet places, especially along ditches, old river channels, outlets of springs, in springy places, and about lakes. The species varies considerably. In late flowering forms, sometimes the panicles do not expand and are included. Rarely forms with smooth sheaths are found. Maine, Que. to e. Wash., southw to Fla., Tex., Colo., Ariz., and s. Calif. ; also in Eu. 3. Leersia lenticularis Michx. (Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.) Scribn.) Catchfly Grass. Map 262. This grass seems to be restricted to the stream courses of the southwestern part of the state and the valley of the Kankakee River. It is usually found in low ground in woods, on the borders of ponds, about sloughs, and in ditches. It is infrequent but where found often plentiful. Ind. to Minn., southw. to S. C, Fla., and Tex. 9. ZIZAMEAE Hitchc. Indian Rice Tribe 113-190. ZIZANIA L. Wildrice [Fassett. A study of the genus Zizania. Rhodora 26 : 153-160. 1924.] Pistillate lemmas thin and papery, dull, finely striate, scabrous over the whole surface; aborted spikelets slender and shriveled, less than 1 mm thick 1. Z. aquatica. Pistillate lemmas firm and tough, with a lustrous and coarsely corrugate surface, scabrous on the margins, at the summit, along the awn, and sometimes along the nerves, otherwise glabrous; aborted spikelets with a distinct body 1.5-2 mm thick. Culms 60-120 cm high; blades generally less than 10 mm wide; lower pistillate branches with 2-6 spikelets; lower or middle staminate branches with 5-15 spike- lets la. Z. aquatica var. angustifolia. Culms mostly 125-275 cm high; blades generally 10-50 mm wide; lower pistillate branches with 11-29 spikelets; lower or middle staminate branches with (20) 30-60 spikelets lb. Z. aquatica var. interior. Zizania Paniceae 147 Map 264 Digitaria fihformi's (L.) KoeL Map 265 Digitaria Ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. 1. Zizania aquatica L. (Zizania palnstris of recent authors, not L.) Annual Wildrice. Map 263. Infrequent to local in the lake area in dredged ditches, sloughs, and swamps. This grass affords protection and food for water birds, especially wild ducks, and it is now often planted for these purposes. The following are popular publications on this subject: Wild rice; its uses and propagation, by Brown and Scofield. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 50: 1-23. 7 pi. 1903; Wild rice, by Fyles. Dept. Agric. Dominion of Canada, Bull. 42, n.s. 1-20. 1920; Propagation of wild-duck foods, by McAtee. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 465. 1917. Que. to N. Dak. and Idaho, southw. to Fla., and La. la. Zizania aquatica var. angustifolia Hitchc. (Zizania palustris L.) Northern Wildrice. This variety has the habitat of the species. N. B., Que., and N. Dak., southw. to N. Y. and Nebr. lb. Zizania aquatica var. interior Fassett. This is a form of the species which Fassett recognizes but Hitchcock does not. It seems to be distinct in our area. Its habitat is that of the species. 10. PANICEAE R. Br. Millet Tribe Spikelets enclosed in globose spiny burs 137. Cenchrus, p. 177. Spikelets not as above. Spikelets subtended by 1-several scabrous bristles; inflorescence a spikelike panicle. 135. Setaria, p. 176. Spikelets not subtended by bristles. Spikelets awned or with an acuminate and spiny-hispid second glume and sterile lemma 133. Echinochloa, p. 174. Spikelets not awned nor spiny-hispid. Spikelets in slender one-sided racemes, subsessile and in two rows; first glume obsolete. Spikelets obovate to suborbicular or, if narrowly elliptic, the rachis broadly winged 128. Paspalum, p. 149. Spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, on a narrow rachis. .. .121. Digitaria, p. 148. 148 Paniceae Digitaria Spikelets in an open or contracted panicle. Fruiting lemma firm, with flat, hyaline margins; pedicels 3-angled at the summit 122. Leptoloma, p. 148. Fruiting lemma chartaceous-indurate, the margins inrolled 129. Panicum, p. 150. 121-166A. DIGITARIA Heist. Crabgkass [Nash. The Genus Syntherisma in North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25 : 289-303. 1898.] Lower blades glabrous or nearly so; mature fertile lemmas (fruit) dark brown or black, about 2 mm long. Lower sheaths papillose-hirsute ; rachis wingless, about 0.3 mm wide 1. D. filifomiis. Lower sheaths glabrous or with a few straggling hairs; rachis winged, about 1 mm wj(je 2. D. Ischaemum. Lower blades more or less pubescent; mature fertile lemmas (fruit) light gray to light drab, about 3 mm long 3. D. sanguinalis. 1. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel. (Syntherisma filiforme (L.) Nash.) Map 264. This species is known from only eleven counties and reported from Marshall County. It is very local but common enough where found. My specimens are from very sandy soil in shallow depressions on low, sandy ridges in open woodland, in a moist prairie habitat, and in dry, sandy soil in pastures. N. H. to Iowa and Kans., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex. 2. Digitaria Ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. (Digitaria humifusa Pers. and Syntherisma Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash.) Smooth Crabgrass. Map 265. Infrequent in the northern part of the state and frequent to com- mon in moist, clayey flats in the southwestern counties. Like the next species, it is found almost everywhere except in dense woodland and very wet soil. It prefers a moist, sandy soil and is found generally in culti- vated fields, pastures, meadows, and waste places and along roadsides. In the southwestern counties in the moist, clayey, fallow fields, it forms dense mats over large areas. Nat. of Eurasia; Que. to N. Dak., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Ark. 3. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac.) Crabgrass. Map 266. This species is a common weed throughout the state, especially in truck gardens, lawns, gardens, and cultivated grounds of all kinds. Nat. of Eu. ; throughout the U. S., more common in the East and South. 122-166C. LEPTOLOMA (has, 1. Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase. Map 267. This grass is found in very sandy soil on sand ridges and sandy knolls, usually in fallow fields, along roadsides, and in open woodland. N. H. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., and westw. to Ariz. Paspalum Paniceae 149 0 50 Map 266 Digitaria sanguinalis (U Scop. 0 50 Map 267 Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. \ -L. "m V1 f^ l' ^Z- 1 X r, 1 1 Dec C D U We D / V J P 1 Miles 0 50 Map 268 Paspalum f luitans (Ell.) Kunth 128-161. PASPALUM L. [Chase. The North American species of Paspalum. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 28: 1-310. 1929.] Racemes more than 10 to a panicle 1. P. fluitans. Racemes fewer than 10 to a panicle. Spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm long. Spikelets solitary 2. P. drculare. Spikelets in pairs 3. P. pubiflorum var. glabrtim. Spikelets 1.5-2.4 mm long. Blades from sparsely to rather densely pilose, rather thin. Spikelets 2 mm long A. P. pubescens. Spikelets about 1.5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 77, p. 1029.) . .P. setaceum. Blades puberulent on both surfaces, with long hairs intermixed, or the lower surface nearly or quite glabrous except a few long hairs along the midrib and margin, usually rather firm 5. P. stramineum. 1. Paspalum fluitans (Ell.) Kunth. (Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. and Paspalum repens Berg.) Map 268. Infrequent to local in the state and restricted to the muddy banks of ponds, sloughs, and streams. The oldest specimen seen was one collected in 1836 near New Albany by Dr. Clapp. S. C. to Ind., Kans., and Tex., southw. to Argentina. 2. Paspalum circulare Nash. Map 269. Infrequent to frequent in the southern part of the state where it is usually found in hard, white clay soil in roadside ditches, low places in woodland, and fallow fields. The specimen from Marion County was found along the Monon Railroad and doubtless was introduced. Conn, to N. C. and Miss., northw. to Ind., Kans., and westw. to Tex. 3. Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. var. glabrum Vasey. Map 270. Infre- quent in a few of our southern counties. Usually found in moist, sandy soil in ditches and in low ground. It is a common plant in the street gutters in the southeastern part of Mt. Vernon. N. C. to Ind. and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 150 Paniceae Panicum 0 50 Map 269 Paspalum circulare Nash o 50 Map 270 Paspalum pubiflorum var. glabrum Vasey 0 50 Map 271 Paspalum pubescens Muhl. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov Dec. n « / ■ y-1 »lj--^. X DP "■ f' Rf+rro \Mr± - r | J~r 1 1 Is* Miles 0 50 Map 272 Paspalum stramineum Nash 0 50 Map 273 Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Map 274 Panicum flexile (Gatt.) Scnbn, 4. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. (Including Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash.) Map 271. This species is found sparingly in the northern two thirds of the state and is infrequent to frequent in the southern part. It prefers moist, sandy soil but adapts itself to many habitats. It is usually found in pastured fields and woodlots. Vt. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 5. Paspalum stramineum Nash. Map 272. A few specimens of this species have been found in a few of the northwestern counties in very dry, sandy soil along roadsides and in waste places. Ind. to Minn., southw. to Tex., Ariz., and nw. Mex. 129-166. PANICUM L. Panicum [Hitchcock and Chase. The North American species of Panicum. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 15: 1-396. 1910. Fernald. Realignments in the genus Panicum. Rhodora 36: 61-87. 1934.] Panicum Paniceae 151 Annual or perennial grasses of various habit, foliage, and inflorescence ; spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, arranged in open or compact panicles, rarely racemose, 1- or 2-flowered, the lower flower usually repre- sented by a sterile lemma and palea, the palea usually not developed or rarely lacking, when 2-flowered the lower staminate only; glumes 2, asually very unequal, the first smaller and often minute, the second ;ypically equaling the sterile lemma, the latter of the same texture and simulating a third glume ; stamens 3 ; fertile lemma chartaceous-indurate, Lhe nerves obsolete, the margins inrolled and enclosing a palea of the same texture. KEY TO SECTIONS OF INDIANA PANICUM. Basal leaves similar to those of the culm; plants not forming winter rosettes. First glume truncate or triangular-tipped, usually about a fourth (rarely longer) as long as the acute or acuminate glabrous spikelet; annual 1. DlCHOTOMIFLORA, p. 156. First glume not truncate, more than a fourth as long as the spikelet, usually a third to nearly half as long; annual or perennial. Spikelets 2-5 mm long, smooth, or the keels more or less scabrous, but the spikelet not warty. Annual 2. Capillaria, p. 156. Perennial. Spikelets on long pedicels in large, open panicles; plants with creeping root- stocks 3. Virgata, p. 158. Spikelets on short pedicels, arranged close together in one-sided branches in large panicles; plants without creeping rootstocks. .4. Agrostoidea, p. 158. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm long, warty 5. Verrucosa, p. 159. Basal leaves not similar to those of the culm; plants forming winter rosettes. Culm leaves elongated, not over 5 mm (rarely 6 mm) wide, more than 20 times as long as wide; spikelets 2.2-4 mm long, beaked in P. depauperatum and its variety; autumnal phase branching at the base 6. Depauperata, p. 160. Culm leaves not elongated (if elongated, glabrous on both surfaces with spikelets 2.2-3 mm long, or the blades softly pubescent on both surfaces and the spikelets 1.8-2 mm long) ; autumnal phase branching above the base or remaining simple. Plants with elongate foliage aggregated at the base, light green, softly pubescent, the basal leaves not in distinct rosettes in autumn; ligules nearly obsolete; spikelets 1.8-2 mm long; autumnal phase branching near the base, forming close, fiat tufts, with reduced panicles 7. Laxiflora, p. 161. Plants not as above. Uppermost leaves elongate, generally longest, stiff, widely spreading, 3-8 (10) mm wide and up to 22 cm long, glabrous on both surfaces ; sheaths glabrous or only the margins pubescent; spikelets 2.3-3 mm long 8. BlCKNELLIANA, p. 162. Uppermost leaves and spikelets not as above. Culms glabrous or only the nodes pubescent; spikelets not over 3 mm long. Ligules less than 1.2 mm long, usually nearly obsolete. Culms bearded at the nodes, at least the lower ones (rarely only the upper ones puberulent in P. mattamuskeetense) 9. Dichotoma, p, 162. Culms not bearded at the nodes. Spikelets more than 1.8 mm long 9. Dichotoma, p. 162. Spikelets less than 1.8 mm long 13. Sphaerocarpa, p. 170. Ligules 2-5 mm long 10. Spreta, p. 164. Culms and sheaths more or less strongly pubescent; if glabrous except the nodes, the spikelets more than 3 mm long. Ligules 2-5 mm long 11. Lanuginosa, p. 164. 152 Paniceae Panicum Ligules not more than 2 mm long. Spikelets nearly spherical at maturity, less than 1.8 mm long; blades glabrous, firm, cordate 13. Sphaerocarpa, p. 170. Spikelets elliptic or obovate, more than 1.7 mm long (except in P. columbianum) . Blades not cordate at the base. Spikelets less than 3 mm long 12. Columbiana, p. 169. Spikelets more than 3 mm long 14. Oligosanthia, p. 171. Blades cordate at the base. Spikelets 2.5-2.9 mm long 15. Commutata, p. 172. Spikelets 3-5 mm long 16. Latifolia, p. 173. KEY TO THE INDIANA SPECIES OF PANICUM A. Spikelets glabrous. Spikelets 3 mm long or longer. Annual. Spikelets 4-5 mm long and more than 1.8 mm wide. (See excluded species no. 82, p. 1030.) P. miliaceum. Spikelets 3-4 mm long, less than 1.8 mm wide 2. P. flexile, p. 157. Perennial. Panicles 20-40 cm long; spikelets gaping or curved at the apex. Ligules 2-4 mm long; first glume two thirds to three fourths as long as the spikelet 6. P. virgatum, p. 158. Ligules less than 1 mm long; first glume a third to half as long as the spikelet 7. P. anceps, p. 159. Panicles 3-8 cm long; spikelets not gaping or curved at the apex. Blades elongated, not over 5 mm wide and more than 20 times as long as wide; spikelets beaked or pointed at the apex. .11. P. depauperatum, p. 160. Blades not elongated, less than 20 times as long as wide; spikelets blunt at the apex 43. P. Scribnerianum, p. 171. Spikelets less than 3 mm long. Spikelets warty 10. P. verrucosum, p. 159. Spikelets not warty. Annual; basal leaves similar to those of the culm; plants not forming winter rosettes; panicles more than 12 cm long (except in depauperate plants). Sheaths glabrous. Spikelets 2-3.5 mm long, usually about 2.9 mm long (rarely a few as short as 2 mm), acute; plants usually large and spreading, 50-100 cm long. 1. P. dichotomiflorum, p. 156. Spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long, usually about 2 mm long, blunt; plants shorter and more slender than the preceding la. P. dichotomifloruvi var. puritanorum, p. 156. Sheaths pubescent. Pulvini of the panicle hispid. Panicles included at the base, usually large, about as wide as long, gen- erally about half as long as the whole plant; blades thickly papillose- hispid above and beneath 3. P. capillare, p. 157. Panicles exserted, ovoid, usually not as large as the preceding, about a third as long as the whole plant; blades sparsely hirsute above and beneath 4. P. philadelphicum, p. 157. Pulvini of panicle glabrous 5. P. Gattingeri, p. 157. Perennial; basal leaves not like those of the culm; plants forming winter rosettes; panicles not over 12 cm long, except those of Panicum agrostoides which are much longer. Pedicels mostly about half as long as the spikelets; spikelets subsecund on the lower side of the branchlets of the inflorescence 9. P. agrostoides, p. 159. Panicum Paniceae 153 Pedicels mostly longer than the spikelets; spikelets not subsecund on the lower side of the branchlets of the inflorescence. Spikelets not more than 1.8 mm long. Nodes bearded; ligule less than 1 mm long; sheaths usually covered more or less with white spots 16. P. microcarpon, p. 162. Nodes not bearded; ligule more than 1 mm long; sheaths without white spots 22. P. sprettim, p. 164. Spikelets 1.9-2.8 mm long. Sheaths or some of them usually marked more or less with white spots, the overlapping margin usually glabrous; spikelets more than 2.2 mm long (mostly 2.3-2.5 mm long) 21. P. yadkinense, p. 164. Sheaths not marked with white spots, the overlapping margin pubescent; spikelets 2-2.8 mm long. Spikelets 2.3-2.8 mm long 15. P. Bicknellii, p. 162. Spikelets 2-2.2 mm long. Plants of dry ground; culms erect, rarely autumnal plants reclin- ing 17. P. dichotomum, p. 163. Plants of bogs and swamps ; culms weak, soon becoming decumbent and trailing 20. P. lucidum, p. 163. \. Spikelets pubescent. Blades mostly more than 15 mm wide. Sheaths, at least the lower ones and those of the branches, papillose-hispid; spikelets 2.7-3 mm long (rarely longer) 46. P. clandestinum, p. 173. Sheaths not papillose-hispid. Nodes retrorsely bearded; spikelets 4-4.5 mm long. Blades glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces 48. P. Boscii, p. 174. Blades velvety to the touch beneath 48a. P. Boscii var. molle, p. 174. Nodes not retrorsely bearded, glabrous or minutely appressed-pubescent. Spikelets 3.2-3.7 mm long 47. P. latifolium, p. 174. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm long 45. P. commutatum, p. 173. Spikelets 1.4-1.6 mm long 39. P. polyanthes, p. 170. Blades mostly less than 15 mm wide. Blades elongated, not over 5 mm wide and more than 20 times as long as wide. Spikelets beaked, mostly 3.2-3.8 mm long (rarely as short as 3 mm). Sheaths pilose 11 . P. depauperatum, p. 160. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. .11a. P. depauperatum var. psilophylhmi, p. 160. Spikelets not beaked, 3 mm or less in length (rarely 3.2 mm long). Spikelets 2.7-3.2 mm long; panicles narrow, usually less than a third as wide as long; ligules mostly about 1 mm long 12. P. perlongum, p. 161. Spikelets 2.2-2.7 mm long; panicles usually more than a third as wide as long; ligules mostly less than 1 mm long. Sheaths pilose 13. P. lineari folium, p. 161. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so.. 13a. P. lineari folium var. Werneri, p. 161. Blades not elongated or, if elongated, more than 5 mm wide. Spikelets 3 mm or more long. Spikelets beaked, somewhat curved, smooth except the scabrous keels 7. P. anceps, p. 159. Spikelets obovate, not curved, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs. Ligule less than 0.5 mm long; blades papillose-hispid above and beneath; spikelets papillose-hispid 41. P. Leibergii, p. 171. Ligule more than 0.5 mm long; blades not papillose-hispid; spikelets not papillose. Culms and at least the lower sheaths with an appressed pubescence; ligules mostly 1.5 mm long with longer hairs intermixed; spikelets oblong-obovate, mostly 3.5-4 mm long and 1.7-1.9 mm wide 42. P. oligosanthes, p. 171. 154 Paniceae Panicum Culms and sheaths with a spreading pubescence; ligules about 1 mm long; spikelets bluntly obovate, mostly 3-3.5 mm iong and 2 mm ■wide 43. P. Scribnerianam, p. 171. Spikelets less than 3 mm long. Sheaths retrorsely pilose 14. P. xalapense, p. 161. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose. Basal leaves like those of the culm; plants not forming winter rosettes. Spikelets 1.8-2.3 mm long; fruit not stalked 9. P. agrostoides, p. 159. Spikelets 2.4-2.8 mm long; fruit with a basal stalk 0.2-0.4 mm long. 8. P. stipitatum, p. 159. Basal leaves not like those of the culm; plants forming winter rosettes B. B (to left to save space). B. Culms glabrous or only the nodes pubescent. Ligule more than 1.5 mm long; spikelets 1.3-1.6 mm long. Panicles narrow, a fourth to a third as wide as long (somewhat wider in anthesis) ; spikelets elliptic 22. P. spretum, p. 164. Panicles open, two thirds as wide as long or longer; spikelets obovate 23. P. Lindheimeri, p. 164. Ligule less than 1.5 mm long; spikelets 1.4-2.9 mm long. Spikelets 1.4-1.7 mm long. Nodes of culms usually copiously barbed with long, lax, retrorse hairs; at least the lower sheaths more or less marked with white spots between the nerves; leaves usually glabrous, 6-14 mm wide, spreading or the upper reflexed 16. P. microcarpon, p. 162. Nodes of culms minutely appressed-pubescent. Upper three blades usually 10-20 cm long and 25 mm wide, the upper blade usually not much smaller than the other two, the blades below the upper three usually much smaller; anthers mostly 0.4-0.5 mm long 39. P. polyanthes, p. 170. Upper three blades usually 5-10 cm long and 7-14 mm wide, the upper one usually much reduced, the blades below the upper three usually not reduced; anthers mostly 0.6-0.8 mm long. . . .40. P. sphaerocarpon, p. 170. Spikelets 1.8-2.9 mm long. Spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long. Culms soon decumbent and trailing, the nodes usually glabrous or the lowest with a few soft spreading hairs; vernal blades spreading, mostly 4-6 mm wide; plants of a wet habitat 20. P. lucidum, p. 163. Culms erect, never trailing; vernal blades erect or spreading, mostly 4-14 mm wide. Vernal blades mostly 4-8 mm wide, rarely some of them wider ; lower part of culms usually more or less geniculate; lowest nodes of culms usually more or less barbed with soft hairs; plants usually of a dry habitat, often reclining in the autumnal phase and the nodes glabrous 17. P. dichotomum, p. 163. Vernal blades mostly 6-14 mm wide, more erect; culms not geniculate and the nodes usually all glabrous or with only a few soft hairs on the lowest; plants of a wet habitat 19. P. boreale, p. 163. Spikelets 2.3-2.9 mm long. Blades mostly less than 8 mm wide, glabrous on both surfaces, not cordate at the base; spikelets oblong-elliptic, 2.3-2.9 mm long 15. P. Bicknellii, p. 162. Blades mostly 8-12 mm wide, cordate at the base, usually pubescent or the upper surface glabrous; spikelets elliptic, about 2.5 mm long 18. P. mattamuskeetense, p. 163. B. Culms and sheaths more or less puberulent to strongly pubescent. C. Ligule 2 mm or more long. Plants grayish velvety-pubescent; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm long 24. P. miburne, p. 166. anicum Paniceae 155 Plants pubescent, often villous but not velvety. Culms conspicuously pilose with long horizontal hairs, branching before the expansion of the primary panicles; spikelets mostly 1.8-1.9 mm long 25. P. praecocius, p. 166. Culms vai-iously pubescent, if pilose the hairs appressed or widely spreading; culm not branching before the expansion of the primary panicles. Spikelets less than 2 mm long. Vernal blades glabrous or nearly so above, 6-10 cm long and 5-10 mm wide. 26. P. tennesseense, p. 166. Vernal blades pubescent above or, if glabrous, smaller than the preceding, sometimes pilose above near the base and margins only. Spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm long. Upper surface of blades puberulent as well as long-villous 27. P. albemarlense, p. 166. Upper surface of blades villous but lacking the short, appressed puberulence. Axis of panicle pilose, the lowest branches widely spreading; spikelets 1.5 mm long 28. P. implication, p. 166. Axis of panicle puberulent only, the lowest branches ascending; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm long 29. P. meridionale, p. 167. Spikelets 1.6-1.9 mm long. Pubescence on upper surface of vernal blades short-pilose, appressed at least on the apical half; first glume about a third the length of the spikelet, blunt or acute. Blades stiff, erect 30. P. huachucae, p. 167. Blades lax, spreading. . .30a. P. huachucae var. fasciculatum, p. 168. Pubescence on upper surface of vernal blades long-pilose, ascending; first glume about half as long as the spikelet, acuminate 31. P. subvillosum, p. 168. Spikelets 2-2.4 mm long. Upper internodes shortened; leaves approximate, the blades often equaling the panicles; pubescence sparse and stiff. . . .32. P. scoparioides, p. 168. Upper internodes not shortened, the pubescence usually copious and rather silky. Culms, sheaths, and lower surface of blades pilose but lacking the short pubescence; center of blades not glabrous; spikelets about 2 mm long 33. P. villosissimum, p. 168. Culms, sheaths, and lower surface of blades puberulent as well as pilose; center of blades glabrous; spikelets 2.1-2.4 mm long 34. P. pseudopubescens, p. 168. C. Ligules not over 2 mm long. Spikelets nearly spheric at maturity, less than 1.8 mm long. Upper three blades usually 10-20 cm long and 25 mm wide, the upper blade usually not much smaller than the other two, the blades below the upper three usually much smaller; anthers mostly 0.4-0.5 mm long 39. P. polyanthes, p. 170. Upper three blades usually 5-10 cm long and 7-14 mm wide, the upper one usually much reduced, the blades below the upper three usually not reduced; anthers mostly 0.6-0.8 mm long 40. P. sphaerocarpon, p. 170. Spikelets elliptic or obovoid. Blades not cordate at the base, spikelets more than 1.7 mm long except in P. columbianum. Spikelets mostly 2.8-2.9 mm long 35. P. Deamii, p. 169. Spikelets 2-2.2 mm long 36. P. Addisonii, p. 169. Spikelets mostly 1.8-1.9 mm long 37. P. tsugetorum, p. 169. Spikelets mostly 1.5-1.7 mm long 38. P. columbianum, p. 169. Blades cordate at the base. 156 Paniceae Panicum Culms and sheaths usually densely crisp-puberulent (sometimes sparsely so) ; blades generally less than 12 mm wide; spikelets 2.2-2.5 mm long 44. P. Ashei, p. 172. Culms and sheaths generally nearly glabrous or only sparsely puberulent (not crisp-puberulent); blades or some of them usually more than 12 mm wide; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long, generally about 2.7 mm long 45. P. commiitahim, p. 173. 1. DICHOTOMIFLORA Annual plants with smooth culms ; ligule membranous below, densely ciliate above; spikelets glabrous; fruit smooth and shining. Spikelets 2-3.5 mm long, usually about 2.9 mm long (rarely a few as short as 2 mm), acute; plants usually large and spreading, 50-100 cm long. . .1. P. dichotomiflorum. Spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long, usually about 2 mm long, blunt; plants shorter and more slender than the preceding la. P. dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum. 1. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Fall Panicum. Map 273. This is an infrequent to frequent grass in all parts of the state, being much more frequent in the southern part. It prefers a wet or moist soil, and is found on the muddy shores of streams; in moist, open places in wood- land, especially in old logging roads; and in moist places in stubblefields, cornfields, waste places, and roadside ditches. Maine to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. la. Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum Svenson. (Rhodora 22: 154-155. 1920.) My only specimen of this variety is from a dried-up pond about 3 miles southwest of Tefft, Jasper County, where it was closely associated with Panicum spretum. The specimen I reported from Kosciusko County I am now referring to Panicum Gattingeri Nash. Mass., Conn., L. I., and Ind. 2. CAPILLARIA Annuals; sheaths papillose-hispid; ligules membranous, 1-3 mm long, ciliate ; panicles many-flowered, mostly diffuse ; spikelets glabrous, pointed ; first glume large, clasping ; fruit smooth and shining. Panicles drooping; spikelets 4.5-5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 80, p. 1030.) P. miliaceum. Panicles erect; spikelets not more than 4 mm long. Spikelets mostly 3-3.5 mm long; second glume and sterile lemma 7-9-nerved; pulvini glabrous LP. flexile. Spikelets mostly 1.8-2.9 mm long; second glume and sterile lemma 5-nerved. Pulvini of panicle hispid. Terminal panicles generally about half as long as the length of the whole plant (except when crowded by other vegetation, when the terminal panicle may be much shorter), usually large, about as wide as long, generally included at the base; blades thickly papillose-hispid above and beneath, 5-15 mm wide; spikelets mostly 2-2.5 mm long 2. P. capillar e. Terminal panicles about a third the length of the entire plant, generally about half as wide as long, usually long-exserted ; blades sparsely papillose- pubescent on both surfaces, 2-6 (8) mm wide; spikelets 1.7-2 (2.2) mm long 3. P. philadelphicum. Panicum Paniceae ir,7 0 50 Map 275 Panicum c a pi 1 1 are L. 1 2 6 3 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.P VK 1 D h j D V K s " X 0 B 0 y Miles J B D B a D D ID l^-L_ '" d : ID le |D [ 0 o Qv Panicum 3 J phil 3 d elphicurr 0 50 Map 276 Bernh 0 50 Map 277 Panicum Gattingeri Nash Pulvini of panicle glabrous (sometimes the lower ones pubescent). Leaf blades mostly 6-10 mm wide; spikelets 2 (2.2) mm long; plants yellowish green, freely branching at the nodes 4. P. Gattingeri. Leaf blades 2-6 mm wide (according to Hitchcock), 1-10 mm wide (according to Fernald). (Rhodora 21: 112-114. 1919.) (See excluded species no. 82, p. 1030. ) P- Tuckermani. 1. Panicum flexile (Gatt.) Scribn. Map 274. Infrequent in the north- ern and southern counties. In the north it is found in dry or moist, sandy soil, usually on the marly borders of lakes, and on interdunal flats. In the southern counties it is found in poor, dry soil in open places on the crests of ridges, on washed or rocky slopes, and in dry pastures. N. Y., Que. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Panicum capillare L. Witchgrass. Map 275. A pernicious weed in all parts of the state in all kinds of soils and in all kinds of habitats except in dense woodland. It shows great variation in size and form, depending upon how much it is crowded in growing. In dried-up ponds where it germinates late, mature plants may be only a few inches high. Maine to Mont., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3. Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. Map 276. A local to infrequent or frequent species found mostly in the southern half of the state. It is found in poor soil, probably slightly acid, generally in fallow fields and on washed slopes. Conn, to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 4. Panicum Gattingeri Nash. Map 277. Infrequent throughout the state. It is usually found in moist, sandy soil along streams, about ponds, in old logging roads, and along moist roadsides. Panicum Tuckermani Fern, is a closely allied species which I am not able to separate from Panicum Gattingeri. Some of my specimens have been named for me as Panicum Tuckermani, but I am referring them 158 Paniceae Panicum o 5o Map 278 Panicum virgatum L. 0 53 Map 280 Panicum stipitatum Nash to Panicum Gattingeri until satisfactory characters are found to separate them. N. Y., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tenn. 3. VIRGATA Perennials from stout rootstocks; spikelets gaping at the apex, owing to the well developed staminate floret and its palea in addition to the perfect one; species mostly maritime, only one in Indiana. 6. Panicum virgatum L. (Linder. Some varieties of Panicum virgatum. Rhodora 24: 11-16. 1922.) Switchgrass. Map 278. This species is found as a native in almost all the counties in the state and is now introduced in sand ballast along railroads in many counties. It is not a native of Wells County but I have found it along railroads in three widely separated places in the county. It prefers the open and a sandy soil. Where it is found, it is generally common over the extent of its habitat. It is found in sandy prairies, "oak openings," on gravelly banks of lakes and streams, and along the Ohio River it often grows among the cobblestones of boat landings and in the seams of outcrops of shale. Maine, Que. to Mont., southw. to Fla., Nev., and Ariz.; Mex. and Cent. Amer. 4. AGROSTOIDIA Tufted perennials; culms erect, compressed; sheaths keeled; ligules membranous, 0.5-1 mm long; spikelets short-pediceled, lanceolate, pointed, glabrous, 5-7-nerved; fruit smooth and shining, with a minute tuft of stout hairs at the apex. Rootstocks present; blades pilose above toward the base; spikelets 3-3.8 mm long 7. P. anceps. Rootstocks lacking; blades not pilose above toward the base; spikelets less than 3 mm long. Spikelets 2.4-2.8 mm long, conspicuously secund; fruit with a basal stalk 0.2-0.4 mm long 8. P. stipitatum. Panicum Paniceae 159 0 50 Map 281 Panicum agrostoides Spreng. 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. — -lo OP H 1 K | t r \ U X _ \ In J i Dec.j- — i i ' — 1/ Miles o 50 ^AS^ I ■ l?». D , ^- J ^ ^ r1 -4 i r, "^ Dec.j- i ■ ' — Miles 0 ^30 Map 284 Panicum perlongum Nash 3 12 J. Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Decj- ■ ) / D 8 ! ' D D D ■*~s » \ t ^ 0 [ B D * i^l 3 H - X J J~ r Lb n D»e B 1 ' r. 1* D L, . j5 IV L/ Miles Dan!curr D S B J°\ / < mrj ^y linearifolium 0 '50 Map 285 Scribn. o 33 Map 286 Panicum linearifolium ^ar. Wernen (Scribn.) Fern. Porter Counties although it has been reported from Lake County where it probably occurs or was once found. The mass distribution of this species is along the Coastal Plain. Mass. to Fla., westw. to Mich., Tenn., and Tex. 6. DEPAUPERATA Culms simple, the vernal ones generally 15-35 cm high, the nodes ascending-pilose; ligule a band of hairs of irregular length up to 1 mm long; blades long-linear; spikelets 2.2-4 mm long, somewhat shrunken at the base; palea of sterile floret usually half to two thirds as long as the fruit; fruit smooth, glossy, the lemma strongly indurated. The panicles of the autumnal phase are borne on short branches from the lower nodes. Spikelets beaked, mostly 3.2-3.8 mm long (rarely as short as 3 mm or as long as 4 mm). Sheaths pilose IIP. depauperatum. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so 11a. P. depauperatum var. psilophyllum. Spikelets not beaked, 3 mm long or less (rarely 3.2 mm long). Spikelets 2.7-3.2 mm long; panicles narrow, usually less than a third as wide as long; ligules mostly about 1 mm long 12. P. perlongum. Spikelets 2.2-2.7 mm long; panicles usually more than a third as wide as long; ligules mostly less than 1 mm long. Sheaths pilose 13. P. linearifolium. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so 13a. P. linearifolium var. Werneri. 11. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Map 283. Infrequent in southern Indiana in open woodland on the crests of black oak, black and white oak, and chestnut oak ridges. In the northern part of the state it is local except in the dune area, where it is frequent in very sandy soil on open, wooded dunes or on sandy knolls and ridges. N. S., Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 11a. Panicum depauperatum var. psilophyllum Fern. (Rhodora 23: 193-194. 1921.) This northern variety has the habitat of the species and is found only in sandy areas of the northern part of the state. Panicum Paniceae 161 0 50 Map 287 Panicum xalapense H.B.K. [— I _ 1 "1 Jan. Feb. Mar. \ I ,J 1 4 May June July r X Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. r J fn J r1 Dec. j- D 10 1 — T» — R a J y Miles 6 50 S^Cr^s Map 288 Panicum Bicknellii Nash 18 5 1 T Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. \ ' X, [ -V I v T 1 L B 10 r 1— Deaf— le B p " H Df it JO L 1 D /hfa 0 1 ° . JJ Miles i N o 5( Map 289 Panicum microcarpon Muhl. 12. Panicum perlongum Nash. Map 284. This is an infrequent species in the sand areas of the northern part of the state. It is found in very dry soil on the crests of open dunes and on sandy knolls and ridges, some- times in dry, sandy prairies. Ind. to Man. and N. Dak., southw. to Colo, and Tex. 13. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Map 285. Infrequent in the un- glaciated area of the southern part of the state and in sandy habitats of the lake area. In the south it is found in open woodland on the crests of ridges, and in the lake area it is found in dry, sandy soil on open dunes, sandy knolls, and sandy ridges. Que., Maine, and Mich., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 13a. Panicum linearifolium var. Werneri (Scribn.) Fern. (Rhodora 23: 194. 1921.) {Panicum Werneri Scribn.) Map 286. This variety is found with the species but is less frequent, especially in the northern part of the state. Que., Maine to Minn., southw. to Va., Ky., and Tex. 7. LAXIFLORA Vernal culms 15-50 cm high, tufted, erect to spreading; foliage aggre- gated toward the base, not in distinct rosettes in autumn; blades pilose on one or both surfaces or nearly glabrous, usually short-ciliate ; ligules nearly obsolete; panicles sometimes reduced and exceeded by the leaves; spikelets pilose, 1.8-2 mm long. 14. Panicum xalapense HBK. {Panicum laxiflorum of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not Lam.) Map 287. An infrequent species in the area shown on the map. It is usually found on wooded slopes, most often at their bases. Md. to 111. and Mo., southw. to Fla., Tex., Mex., and Guatemala; also in Santo Domingo. 162 Paniceae Panicum 8. BICKNELLIANA Perennial ; culms few to several in a tuft ; ligules usually nearly obsolete (rarely up to 1 mm long) ; blades elongated, stiffly ascending or spreading ; 3-8 (10) mm wide, 7-15 cm long; panicles few-flowered; spikelets on long pedicels, 2.3-3 mm long, 7-nerved; autumnal form sparingly branching from the upper and middle nodes. 15. Panicum Bicknellii Nash. Map 288. Occasional plants have been found on dry, wooded slopes in a few of the southern counties. Conn, and Mich., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 9. DICHOTOMA Glabrous as a whole or nearly so, or the nodes and rarely the lower sheaths and blades pubescent; ligule minute; spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm long, 5-7-nerved; autumnal phase freely branching. Nodes bearded (at least the lower ones). Spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm long 16. P. microcarpon. Spikelets more than 1.6 mm long. Spikelets 2 (2.2) mm long; blades rarely more than 8 mm wide 17. P. dichotomum. Spikelets 2.3-2.7 mm long; blades 8-12 mm wide 18. P. mattamuskeetense. Nodes not bearded (glabrous or puberulent, rarely with a few long hairs). Spikelets pubescent. Culms erect, never trailing. Nodes glabrous (rarely a few with hairs) ; margins of upper sheaths glabrous; blades mostly 6-14 mm wide; spikelets 2-2.2 mm long 19. P. boreale. Nodes puberulent or somewhat bearded; margins of upper sheaths pubescent (rarely entirely glabrous). Blades 3-8 mm wide; spikelets 2 (2.2) mm long 17. P. dichotomum. Blades mostly 8-12 mm wide; spikelets 2.3-2.7 mm long 18. P. mattamuskeetense. Culms weak, soon becoming decumbent and trailing 20. P. lucidum. Spikelets glabrous. Sheaths, or some of them, usually marked more or less with white spots, the margins glabrous; spikelets more than 2.2 mm long (mostly 2.3-2.5 mm long) 21. P. yadkinense. Sheaths not marked with white spots, the margins pubescent; spikelets mostly 2-2.1 mm long. Plants of dry ground; culms erect (rarely autumnal plants reclining) 17. P. dichotomum. Plants of bogs and swamps; culms weak, soon becoming decumbent and trailing. 20. P. lucidum . 16. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Map 289. Rather frequent in the southern third of the state. It seems to prefer a slightly acid soil and is usually found in low, flat woods with sweet gum, pin oak, and beech, al- though it is sometimes found in drier situations with different associates. The Tryon specimen from La Porte County lacks the white spots on the sheaths. The report of this species from Marshall County is evidently an error in determination ; its habitat is not in that area, and the detailed descrip- tion given by the collector does not apply to this species. Mass. to 111., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex. Panicum Paniceae 163 o ~~To Map 290 Panicum dichotomum L. Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe « 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Jul> Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. DecJ- t L- 1 » f D 0 r V tM , .1 r J Mllei i ' — Panicum boreale N 0 56 Map 292 ash 17. Panicum dichotomum L. (Including Panicum barbulatum Michx.) Map 290. Frequent in the northern and southern counties. It is usually found in open places on the crests and slopes of black and white oak woods and less frequently in beech and sugar maple woods. It prefers a poor soil and is sometimes found in the dunes growing in almost pure sand. Some authors separate from this species, under the name of Panicum barbulatum Michx., plants with broad leaves and pubescent nodes. In Indiana the two forms intergrade so that I cannot make a satisfactory division of them. N. B. to 111., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex. 18. Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe. Map 291. Our only specimens were found in 1935 by Ralph M. Kriebel in the northeastern corner of section 16 of Pleasant Run Township, Lawrence County. They were found in a shallow drainage ditch near Little Salt Creek bridge between Helton- ville and Bartlettsville where they were associated with Panicum clandes- tinum. The determination was made by Agnes Chase. Since this was written Kriebel found another colony near Huron, about 20 miles distant. N. Y., along the coast to N. C, and in Ind. 19. Panicum boreale Nash. Map 292. A rare grass of marshes in the lake area. It is also occasionally found in the mucky borders of ponds and lakes. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Ind. 20. Panicum lucidum Ashe. Map 293. Our Indiana record is based upon Umbach's specimen no. 4962 collected at Dune Park, Porter County, which is deposited in the U. S. National Herbarium. Pepoon reports it also from the same area. It is an inhabitant of wet woods and sphagnum marshes. Coastal Plain, Mass. to Fla., Ark., and Tex. ; also Ind. and Mich. 164 Paniceae Panicum 0 50 Map 294 Panicum yadkinense Ashe 0 3o Map 295 Panicum spretum Schultes 21. Panicum yadkinense Ashe. Map 294. Infrequent in a few southern counties on the slopes and bases of wooded, usually high hills. Pa. to 111., southw. to Ga. and La. 10. SPRETA Culms tufted, rather stiff, glabrous or rarely the lower internodes and sheaths ascending-pubescent; ligules mostly 2-5 mm long; blades not over 8 mm wide ; spikelets pubescent, rarely glabrous ; second glume and sterile lemma 5-7-nerved; autumnal form with more or less tufted branchlets, reduced blades and panicles. Panicles narrow, a fourth to a third as wide as long (somewhat wider in anthesis) ; spikelets elliptic 22. P. spretum. Panicles open, at least two thirds as wide as long; spikelets obovate 23. P. Lindheimeri. 22. Panicum spretum Schultes. Map 295. In moist, sandy soil in open places and on the borders of marshes that do not yet have a sod of other grasses. Local but usually frequent where found. Coastal Plain, N. S. to Tex. ; Ind. 23. Panicum Lindheimeri Nash. {Panicum lanuginosum var. Lind- heimeri (Nash) Fern.) Map 296. This species is probably somewhat re- stricted to the lake area and to the hilly areas of the southern part of the state. It is usually found in dry, sandy soil in open woodland and open, dry places, or in moister situations at the bases of sandy slopes, and rarely in dry, sandy, clay soil. Que., Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla. and N. Mex. ; Calif. 11. LANUGINOSA Plants more or less pubescent throughout; ligules densely hairy, 2-5 mm long; blades not over 10 mm wide; spikelets 1.3-2.4 mm long, spreading- Panicum Paniceae 165 4 3 2 a Jan Feb i i-r ml" D f If D P II Mar Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov n I- iv D " X "" r B 1 T r1 Dec.j- ■ ' — B I L > D JxO i N ' ». D / J 1 » (1 J eC?£ll<- 1/ Miles rD 0 50 \S^p \ \^ ~ r1 X r r ffij ; Dec <- 1 ■ 1 — / Miles Panirum alt emarlense 3 56 Map 300 Ashe Map 301 Panicum implicatum Scrrbn 0 50 Map 302 Panicum meridionale Ashe 0 50 Map 303 Panicum huachucae Ashe Map 304 Panicum huachucae var, fasciculatum (Torr.) F. T Hubb. probably to Panicum huachucae. This Panicum is difficult to separate from Panicum huachucae, but usually the length of the spikelet and the color of the whole plant are sufficient to distinguish them. Newf. to Wis., southw. to Del. and Mo. 29. Panicum meridionale Ashe. Map 302. Infrequent in the lake area, probably rather local. It is found in moist soil on the borders of marshes, in interdunal flats, and on the bases of wooded slopes where there are open spaces not sodded over with grasses and sedges. This plant usually can be distinguished easily from the preceding and the following species by the puberulence in the channels between the nerves of the sheaths and some- times of the culms, and the puberulent panicle. N. S. to Wis., southw. to Ala. 30. Panicum huachucae Ashe. Map 303. This is a frequent to common species of dry ground throughout the state. It is found in open places in 168 Paniceae Panicum 0 50 Map 305 Panicum subvillosum Ashe 0 50 Map 306 Panicum scoparioides Ashe Map 307 Panicum villosissimum Nash all kinds of woodland, preferring dry soil but often common in bottom lands along streams and in clearings and along roadsides. I have not seen it in wet places. N. S. to Mont., southw. to N. C. and Tex. ; westw. here and there to Calif. 30a. Panicum huachucae var. fasciculatum (Torr.) F. T. Hubb. (Pan- icum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum Fern, and Panicum huachucae var. silvicola Hitch. & Chase.) Map 304. Frequent throughout the state and associated with the species. It is doubtful whether this variety is distinct from the species. It seems to be only a shade or drought form. Que. to Minn, and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Ariz. 31. Panicum subvillosum Ashe. Map 305. This species has been found only in Lake County and our record is based upon two specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium and one in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin. N. S. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Ind., and Mo. 32. Panicum scoparioides Ashe. (Panicum villosissimum var. sco- parioides (Ashe) Fern.) Map 306. Known only from Lake County. Our record in based upon a specimen in the U. S. National Herbarium, collected by Umbach near Gary, June 29, 1909. A duplicate specimen is in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin. Vt. to Del.; Mich, and Ind. to Minn, and Iowa. 33. Panicum villosissimum Nash. Map 307. Local probably throughout the lake area. It is found in open places in dry, sandy or gravelly soil, usually on black and white oak ridges and in the dunes. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Guatemala. 34. Panicum pseudopubescens Nash. (Panicum villosissimum var. pseudopubescens (Nash) Fern.) Map 308. As now known, this species is restricted to the northwestern counties. Further study will doubtless Panicum Paniceae 169 o 58 Map 308 Panicum pseudopubescens Nash 1 1 1 a Jan. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov 0 I — f' 0 I 1 \ ^S n r D P > { ^ 1 •o fM J J~ r Dec C ■ ' — / Miles Panicum Dean iii r>\ 7 HItchc. ) 50 Map 309 £ Chase o— — If Map 310 Panicum Add isonii Nash extend its range to a few adjoining counties. It grows in very dry, sandy soil in the open on knolls, dunes, and ridges, where it is usually associated with black and white oak. Conn, to Wis., southw. to Fla., Miss., Mo., and Kans. 12. COLUMBIANA Culms tufted, stiff, crisp-puberulent to appressed-pubescent ; ligules usually less than 1 mm long, rarely longer; blades firm; spikelets pubes- cent; branches and blades of the autumnal phase appressed or ascending. Spikelets 2-2.9 mm long; sheaths usually copiously pilose, short hairs few or lacking. Spikelets mostly 2.8-2.9 mm long; vernal blades 7-15 cm long 35. P. Deamii. Spikelets mostly 2-2.2 mm long; vernal blades usually all less than 8 cm long 36. P. Addisonii. Spikelets 1.5-1.9 mm long; sheaths sparingly pilose but densely pubescent with short, appressed hairs. Spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm long 37. P. tsugetorum. Spikelets 1.5-1.7 mm long 38. P. columbianum. 35. Panicum Deamii Hitchc. & Chase. Map 309. Local in a few of the northwestern counties, where it is found on open, wooded dunes and sandy knolls. Ind. and Iowa. 36. Panicum Addisonii Nash. Map 310. Local in our northern counties, Adhere it is found in dry sand on open, wooded dunes and sandy knolls. Coastal Plain, Mass. to S. C. ; Ind. 37. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Map 311. This is another Panicum which is restricted to the northern part of the state and is found in dry, sandy or gravelly soils on wooded slopes and dunes. It is included by some authors with Panicum columbianum Scribn. Maine to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Tenn. 38. Panicum columbianum Scribn. Map 312. My only specimens are from the H. H. Peele woods abouc a mile and a half southwest of Knox, 170 Paniceae Panicum Panicum tsuqetorum Nash o 50 Map 312 Panicum columbianum Scribn Starke County. They were found in dry, sandy soil in a flat, black and white oak woods where they were closely associated with Panicum Deamii. In 1938 I found it in Steuben County. Maine to N. C. ; Ind. 13. SPHAEROCARPA Culms glabrous ; ligule obsolete or nearly so ; blades cordate and ciliate at the base; spikelets obovoid-spherical at maturity; second glume and sterile lemma 5-7-nerved; autumnal form remaining simple or but spar- ingly branching; the thick, white-margined blades of the winter rosette conspicuous. Upper three blades usually 10-20 cm long and 10-25 mm wide, the upper blade usually not much smaller than the other two, the blades below the three usually much smaller than the upper three; anthers mostly 0.4-0.5 mm long.. .39. P. polyanthes. Upper three blades usually 5-10 cm long and 7-14 mm wide, the upper one usually much reduced, the blades below the three upper ones usually not reduced; anthers mostly 0.6-0.8 mm long 40. P. sphaerocarpon. 39. Panicum polyanthes Schultes. Map 313. This species is restricted to the southern half of the state and is rather frequent in the counties along the Ohio River. It prefers a slightly acid soil and is found in dry soil associated with black oak, and in moist soil associated with sweet gum. It is also found sparingly in fallow fields. Conn., Ind. to Okla., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 40. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Map 314. This species is infrequent in the lake area and reappears in the unglaciated area where it is rather local. In the lake area it is found in very dry, sandy or gravelly places and in the southern part of the state on black oak and black and white oak ridges. This species much resembles the preceding from which it may easily be separated by its larger anthers and usually much reduced upper leaf. It also much resembles Panicum microcarpon which has the nodes of the Panicum Paniceae 171 3 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D » f D ■ 3 » r ' L f^ " ■J, B - J -^ J V" r Dec. C 1 i ' — V Miles Panicum teiberc P\ / 0 50 Map 315 ii (Vasey) Scribn. o sd Map 316 Panicum oligosanthes Schultes culms bearded, sheaths with conspicuous white marks, and very short ligules. Vt, Wis. to Kans., southw. to n. Fla. and Tex. ; Mex. and Venezuela. 14. OLIGOSANTHIA Culms rather stout; spikelets obovate, 3-4 mm long, usually papillose- hirsute, strongly 7-9-nerved; autumnal phase with the branches more or less crowded toward the summit. Ligule less than 0.5 mm long; blades papillose-hispid above and below; spikelets papillose-hirsute 41. P. Leibergii. I.igule more than 0.5 mm long; blades not papillose-hispid; spikelets not papillose. Culms and at least the lower sheaths with an appressed pubescence; ligules mostly 1.5 mm long with longer hairs intermixed; spikelets oblong-obovate, mostly 3.5-4 mm long and 1.7-1.9 mm wide 42. P. oligosanthes. Culms and sheaths with a spreading pubescence; ligules about 1 mm long; spikelets bluntly obovate, mostly 3-3.5 mm long and 2 mm wide 43. P. Scribnerianum. 41. Panicum Leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Map 315. Very local in the northern part of the state, where it is found in dry, sandy or gravelly soils, usually in prairie habitats. The pH value was taken for only one specimen and it was 6.01. N. Y. to Man. and N. Dak., southw. to Ind. and Kans. 42. Panicum oligosanthes Schultes. Map 316. Local in the lake area and reappearing on the low dunes of the southwestern part of the state. It grows in very sandy, dry soils on open, wooded dunes and cleared, open dunes and sand knolls. It is usually associated with Panicum Scribner- ianum which is the more common species. These two grasses are closely related and most easily separated in the field. The leaves of this species are narrower and the upper ones are relatively longer and more spreading. Mass. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 43. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. (Panicum oligosanthes var. Scrib- nerianum (Nash) Fern.) Map 317. Rather frequent in the lake area 172 Paniceae Panicum 0 50 Map 317 Panicum Scribnerlanum Nash 5 1 v Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. * c V \ V " X *" l n1 1 r Dec.(— 1 D i ■ 1 1 D t H 1 J U Miles / ) D Z ( N Pa nicum A ^/ Map 318 shel Pearson 0 50 Map 319 Panicum commutatum Schultes where it is found in very sandy, dry soil on open dunes and sand hills and sometimes in rather dry, gravelly soil. Our specimens from the western part of the state are from sand dunes and sandy knolls. Maine to B. C, southw. to Md., Tenn., Tex., and Ariz. 15. COMMUTATA Culms tufted, glabrous or puberulent ; ligule obsolete or nearly so ; blades relatively broad, cordate at the base ; spikelets pubescent. Culms and sheaths usually densely crisp-puberulent (sometimes sparsely so) ; blades generally less than 12 mm wide; spikelets 2.2-2.5 (2.7) mm long... 44. P. Ashei. Culms and sheaths generally nearly glabrous or only sparingly puberulent (not crisp- puberulent) ; blades or some of them usually more than 12 mm wide; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long, generally about 2.7 mm long 45. P. commutatum. 44. Panicum Ashei Pearson. Map 318. This species, as now known in the state, is restricted to the unglaciated area, with the exception of a typical specimen which I have from Porter County found on a sandy black oak and white pine ridge about 4 miles southwest of Michigan City. In the southern part of the state it is found mostly on the crests and slopes of chestnut oak ridges. No single character will separate Indiana specimens of this grass from those of the next. The two plants intergrade to such an extent that it is questionable whether an attempt should be made to keep them separate, even regarding one as a variety, as has been done by Fernald (Rhodora 36 : 83-87. 1934). If all of our forms of this species complex are considered as one species, then the same treatment applied to borderline species in other groups would unite them. This case seems to be a decision between the "grouping" and the "splitting" of forms (species) . Until an exhaustive study is made of the group, any disposition made of these plants must be mere opinion or for convenience. For these reasons I am following Hitch- cock and treating our plants as two species. Such treatment leaves the problem open to future study. Mass. to Mich, and Mo., southw. to n. Fla., Miss., and Okla. Panicum Paniceae 173 45. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Map 319. This species is restricted usually to the high hills of the unglaciated area, although it is found in Jefferson County on the bluff of the Ohio River and in Jennings County on the sandstone outcrop along the Muscatatuck River near Vernon. It is rather local except in the knobstone, where it is frequent. My no. 27633 from Clark County is exceptional in that the whole plant is soft-pubescent, including both surfaces of the leaves. Mass. to Mich, and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 16. LATIFOLIA Culms stout, usually more than 50 cm high; ligules mostly less than 1 mm long; blades cordate at the base and long-acuminate at the apex, usually more than 15 mm wide; spikelets 2.7-4.5 mm long, 7-11 nerved; the autumnal phase sparingly branching at the middle nodes, becoming top- heavy, and lodging. Sheaths, at least the lower ones and those of the branches, papillose-hispid; spikelets 2.7-3 mm long (rarely longer) 46. P. clandestinum. Sheaths glabrous or softly villous (hairs not stiff as in the preceding species) . Nodes glabrous or nearly so; spikelets 3.2-3.7 mm long 47. P. latifolium. Nodes retrorsely bearded; spikelets 4-4.5 mm long. Blades glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces 48. P. Boscii. Blades velvety to the touch beneath 48a. P. Boscii var. molle. 46. Panicum clandestinum L. Map 320. This species is infrequent to rare in the northern part of the state ; rare, local, or absent in the central counties ; and frequent in most of the southern half of the state. It prefers low ground and is more abundant in areas where the soil is slightly acid. It is generally found on the moist slopes of streams and ditches. It usually forms large colonies, and often specimens with exserted panicles are absent, especially in the autumnal phase. N. S. and Que. to Kans., southw. to n. Fla. and Tex. 174 Paniceae Echinochloa e 9 1 t Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. • May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. n V fr1 X " r j B m 0 J t1 DecJ- B 1 ' B " V> D °> 0 H J Td~J TBa 3 . — ' / Miles D S ° i i / D I r i d ( « S \ » f^V 7 ) 50 Map 323 "Panicum Boscii var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc & Chase 0 50 Map 324 Echinochloa crusgalli (L) Beat 0^ 50 Map 325 Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Heller 47. Panicum latifolium L. Map 321. Rather frequent in dry or moist white oak and black oak woods in the lake area. Infrequent to local in the southern part of the state where it is largely replaced by the next species which is absent in our northern counties. Maine, Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Kans. 48. Panicum Boscii Poir. Map 322. An infrequent species in the south- ern half of the state, where it is found in dry woodland, associated with black and white oak and white oak and hickory. Mass. to Wis., and Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 48a. Panicum Boscii var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase. Map 323. This variety has the range and habitat of the species in Indiana. It is doubtful whether it should be maintained as a variety since I have found culms from the same rootstock which would qualify for the species and the variety. The general range of the variety is nearly the same as that of the species. 133-166B. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. [Hitchcock. The North American species of Echinochloa. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 22: 133-153. 1920. Wiegand. The genus Echinochloa in North America. Rhodora 23: 49-65. 1921. Farwell. Notes on the Michi- gan flora, II. Michigan Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 349-350. 1920.] Sheaths glabrous (rarely the lower ones somewhat pubescent or papillose-hispid) ; second glume pointed, not awned; fruit ovate-elliptic, usually 1.5-2 mm wide 1. E. crusgalli. Sheaths (at least the lower ones) papillose-hispid (rarely glabrous) ; second glume with an awn usually 2-10 mm long (rarely shorter) ; fruit elliptic, generally less than 1.5 mm wide 2. E. Walteri. 1. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. Map 324. Fre- quent to common in all parts of the state. "The common name of this grass suggests that it might be a grass restricted to the vicinity of habitations, Echinochloa Paniceae 175 0 50 Map 326 Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb. o 50 Map 327 Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. 1 1 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov r ID 0 i i N 0 IU \ V p ff HI X ' r fflj J Miles Dec. t— in »• i ' 0 IU K } y 10 rJ " c let iria it, ilica (L) B 50 Map 328 ;auv. which is not true. While it is found in waste places about barns and dwell- ings, it is found in almost all kinds of habitats except dense shade. It prefers the sunshine. As to soil requirements, it is found from minimacid soils to the marl borders of lakes. It prefers a moist soil but will grow in wet or dry places. It is found in roadside and dredged ditches, in low places about lakes, in bayous, along streams, and in cultivated fields and pastures. "I am regarding this species as a polymorphic one. A careful examina- tion of more than 60 Indiana specimens shows that sheaths are usually glabrous, but sometimes the lower ones are scabrous to more or less papil- lose-hispid. The spikelets are usually more or less awned, the awns up to 3 cm long, but the spikelets of some panicles are all or nearly all awnless. In one specimen the primary panicle has awnless spikelets and the axillary panicle has awned spikelets. In another specimen the reverse is true. The spikelets of some panicles have scarcely any papillose hairs while those of others rarely have hairs without the papillose base. The amount and length of the pubescence vary on the same plant as well as on separate plants. The color of the spikelets varies from green to purple. In ponds and sloughs, where germination may be delayed on account of the reces- sion of the water, I have seen mature plants only a few inches high in fruit while on the higher margin of the same pond would be plants several feet high. "Some authors have given names to the many forms of this species. Some variations have been called species, some varieties, and some forms. The limit in assigning names seems to have been reached by Jackson who named a 'variegated purple form' of the awnless form (Guide to Nature 16: 11. 1923). For a discussion of the so-called varieties and forms see the literature cited." (Deam, Grasses of Ind. p. 304-305, 1929.) Hitchcock, in his manual of the grasses of the United States, also re- gards this species as polymorphic, but recognizes an awnless variety. N. B. to Wash., southw. to Fla. and Calif. ; Eastern Hemisphere. 176 Paniceae Setaria 2. Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Heller. Map 325. Infrequent to local in the lake area, with one specimen from the muddy flat of a bayou in Posey County. In the lake area it is found in wet places about lakes, often in shallow water, and at the water edge in rivers. Mass. to Fla., and Tex. ; N. Y. to Wis., Iowa, and Ky. 2a. Echinochloa Walteri f. laevigata Wieg. (Rhodora 23: 62. 1921.) This is a form with glabrous sheaths, which I have from Posey and Starke Counties. 135-171. SETARIA Beauv. [Scribner & Merrill. The North American species of Chaetochloa. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 1-44. 1900. Hubbard. A taxonomic study of Setaria italica and its immediate allies. Amer. Jour. Bot. 2: 169-198. 1915. Hitchcock. The North American species of Chaetochloa. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 22: 155-208. 1920. Copple & Aldous. The identification of certain native and naturalized grasses by their vegetative characters. Kansas Agric. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 32: 1-73. 1932.] Bristles below each spikelet numerous, at least more than 5, upwardly scabrous. Blades usually with a half twist beyond the middle; spikelets about 3 mm long, very turgid on the convex side; second glume slightly more than half as long as the spikelet 1. S. lutescens. Blades without a twist beyond the middle; spikelets 2-2.5 mm long; second glume almost as long as the spikelet. Fruit disarticulating with the spikelet below the glumes, leaving a cup-shaped scar. 2. S. viridis. Fruit disarticulating above the glumes 3. S. italica. Bristles below each spikelet 1 or, by abortion of the spikelets, 2 or 3; bristles down- wardly scabrous 4. S. verticillata. 1. Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb. (Setaria glauca and Chaetochloa glauca of authors.) Yellow Bristlegrass. Yellow Foxtail. Map 326. A common weed throughout the state in cultivated grounds and waste places and along roads and railroads. Nat. of Eu. ; widely distributed in temperate regions. 2. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.) Green Bristlegrass. Green Foxtail. Map 327. A common weed through- out the state in cultivated and waste grounds and along roads and rail- roads. It is not as common as the preceding species. Nat. of Eu. ; common throughout the cooler parts of the U. S., infrequent in the southern states and in the mountains; Newf. to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Calif. 3. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn.) Foxtail Millet. Map 328. This species has been sparingly sown as a forage crop and has escaped. For detailed information on the value of the species as a forage crop and its culture, see H. N. Vinall on Foxtail Millet (U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 793). Nat. of Eurasia; escaped in waste places and roadsides throughout the U.S. Cenchrus Andropogoneae 177 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. f — l T~" "| L ^' D N f P a p s I 'J "1 - i J r1 r, OecJ- I, 1 ' £/ Miles Set aria vert cillata (L.) 0 50 Map 329 Beauv. 0 ' ~~ 50 Map 330 Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. Andropoqon scoparius Michx. 4. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn.) Bur Bristlegrass. Map 329. This species has been reported from 7 counties. It is found sparingly (in waste places) probably through- out the state. I have known it in Wells County for 10 years. I first found it in a vacant lot in Bluffton and 10 years later I found it along the road- side outside of the city. Doubtless wherever it gets a start it will gradu- ally spread. Nat. of Eu.; Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Ala., and Mo.; occasionally westw. to Calif. 137-174. CENCHRUS L. [Chase. The North American species of Cenchrus. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 22: 45:77. 1920.] 1. Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. (Cenchrus carolinianus of Gray, Man., ed. 7 in part and Cenchrus tribuloides of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not L.) Field Sandbur. Map 330. This sandbur prefers dry, sandy to very sandy soil and is found throughout the state where its habitat occurs. It is local where its habitat is absent and is frequent to common in the northern part of the state in the sandy areas, where it is a very obnoxious weed. It is found in cultivated grounds and waste places, in sandy railroad ballast, and along roadsides. Maine to Oreg., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; Mexican Plateau, coastal region of tropical America, and s. S. A. 11. ANDROPOGONEAE Presl Sorghum Tribe Spikelets all alike, perfect. Rachis of the racemes not articulated; panicle fan-shaped, the panicle axis short. Miscanthus, p. 178. Rachis articulated; panicle axis elongated 143. Erianthus, p. 178. Spikelets of two kinds, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate, staminate, empty, or reduced to a mere scale or pedicel. 178 Andropogoneae Andropogon Spikelets in slender, solitary, or digitate racemes which are terminal or lateral 145. Andropogon, p. 178. Spikelets in terminal panicles only. Pedicellate spikelets present; culms solid 147. Sorghum, p. 180. Pedicellate spikelets lacking (only the hairy pedicel present); culms hollow 148. SORGHASTRUM, p. 181. 143-112. ERIANTHUS Michx. 1. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. {Erianthus diva r teat us (L.) Hitchc. of Gray, Man., ed. 7, Britton and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2, and Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Silver Plumegrass. This species is known as a native only in Perry County where I found it on a wooded slope along the Ohio River about 5 miles east of Cannelton. It was also noted in a fallow field in the same county. Southern N. J., s. Ind., s. Mo., and Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Erianthus Ravennae (L.) Beauv. Ravenna or Plume Grass. This species is a native of southern Europe and is often cultivated. There is no record of its escape. It is easily distinguished from the preceding species by having three stamens and by its scabrous sheaths. Miscanthus sinensis Anders. Eulalia. This grass is a native of China and is often cultivated. There is no record of its escape. It is easily dis- tinguished from Erianthus by the fan-shaped panicle and by the continuous rachis of the racemes. 145-134. ANDROPOGON L. Branches of inflorescence ending in a single raceme 1. A. scoparius. Branches of inflorescence ending in a pair or fascicle of racemes. Racemes of each branchlet generally 3-7, 5-13 cm long; sessile spikelets 6.5-10 mm long; stamens 3 2. A. furcatus. Racemes of each branchlet 2 (rarely 3 or 4), 1.5-4 cm long; sessile spikelets less than 6 mm long; stamens 1. Awns coiled at the base; sessile spikelets generally 4-4.5 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide; peduncles of the primary racemes elongated so that the racemes are borne beyond the spathes; spathes inflated, at least at maturity 3. A. Elliottii. Awns not coiled at the base; sessile spikelets 3-3.5 mm long, about 0.6 mm wide; none of the peduncles elongated so that the racemes extend beyond the spathes ; spathes not inflated 4. A. virginicus. 1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash of Britton and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2.) Prairie Beardgrass. BROOMSEDGE. Map 331. This species occurs throughout the state in poor or impoverished soils and moist or dry, sandy soils, and is also rapidly becoming established in the better soils of the Tipton Till Plain. It is found on washed slopes and interdunal flats, in abandoned fields, and along roadsides and railroads. The extreme variability of this species has led authors to describe many forms. My Indiana specimens show a wide range of variability, yet I hesi- tate to refer any of my specimens to a variety. For example, about half of my specimens are glabrous, and the other half vary from those with a few hairs on the sheaths to those with a villous pubescence. Andropogon Andropogon Andropogoneae 179 0 50 Map 332 Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Map 333 Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. 0 53 Map 334 Andropogon virginicus L. scoparius var. frequens, Andropogon scoparius var. littoralis, Andropogon scopaj'ius var. polycladus, and Andropogon scoparius var. villosissimus have been reported from Indiana but Buhl (Amer. Midland Nat. 16: 250. 1935) refers all of them to the typical form. Plants along Lake Michigan, growing on the bases of the low dunes in West Gary, present, in the field, a striking difference because they are smaller and very glaucous. However, an examination of the floral parts shows them to be identical, or nearly so, with the typical form. Maine, Que. to Alberta and Idaho, southw. to Fla. and Ariz. 2. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. (Andropogon provincialis Lam. of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Big Bluestem. Map 332. Found sparingly throughout the state except in the prairie areas where it is common and where, before cultivation, it usually formed complete stands over all of the drier parts. This grass prefers a rather dry, sandy habitat but I have found it in hard, white clay soil in the Lower Wabash Bottoms and on rocky bars in streams. Outside the prairie area it is very erratic in its locations. Maine, Que. to Sask. and Mont., southw. to Fla., Ariz., and Mex. 3. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. (Andropogon Elliottii var. projectus Fern. & Grisc.) Elliott Beardgrass. Map 333. As now known, this species is restricted practically to the unglaciated area where it is usually found with Andropogon virginicus. It is most often found in dry, im- poverished soil on washed slopes and in abandoned fields. A variety pro- jectus has been named by Fernald & Griscom (Rhodora 37: 139. 1935). The Indiana record is based upon my collection no. 26865. This variety is described as having the racemes on long-exserted peduncles. This is merely the early phase of the inflorescence, and late in the season the long- exserted racemes usually fall and the broad sheaths open, exposing the subsessile pairs of racemes in their axils. Coastal Plain from N. J. to Fla. and Tex., northw. to s. Mo., Ind., and Tenn. 180 Andropogoneae Sorghum o ~To Map 335 Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 13 22 £ j a n D F K - :; :.: II 0 r a j D D D le D Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. _^ " V Y 0 50 ■J Map 336 nutans (L.) Nash 4. Andropogon virginicus L. (Fernald. A review of Andropogon vir- ginicus and Andropogon glomeratus. Rhodora 37: 139-143. 1935.) Broom- sedge. Map 334. This species is restricted essentially to the southern half of the state where it is local to infrequent or common in slightly acid soil. It prefers moist soil but thrives also in dry situations. It is commonly found in old, worn out fields, hayfields, and pastures. Mass., N. Y., Ind., and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; Mex. 147-134A. SORGHUM Pers. Perennial, with long, creeping rootstocks; spikelets disarticulating from the pedicel at maturity 1. S. halepense. Annual; spikelets not disarticulating from the pedicel at maturity. Spikelets not opening and exposing the grain at maturity. Culms usually more than 6 mm in diameter; sheaths longer than the internodes; blades mostly more than 20 mm wide 2. S. vulgare var. Dmmmondii. Culms usually less than 6 mm in diameter; sheaths shorter than the internodes; blades mostly less than 20 mm wide. (See no. 2.). .S. vulgare var. sudanense. Spikelets opening, exposing the grain at maturity. (See no. 2.) S. vulgare. 1. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass. Map 335. Infre- quent but spreading in the southwestern part of the state. It is found mostly along roadsides and railroads and sometimes in cultivated fields, these usually contiguous to streams or railroads. Several years ago I found it in large colonies in the cornfields of the Wabash Bottoms and landown- ers were not aware of its weedy nature. While this grass has forage crop value, it should be exterminated, because it is difficult to eradicate and car- ries the possibility of seeding adjacent areas where it is not desired. Native of the Mediterranean region, and found in the tropical and warmer regions of both hemispheres. Mass. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex., and westw. to Calif. 2. Sorghum vulgare var. Drummondii (Nees) Hitchc. Chicken Corn. This grass was first reported from Posey and Vanderburgh Counties in 1923. I have seen it as a common weed in the cornfields in Sorghastrum Tripsaceae 181 Point Township of Posey County where it often overtopped the corn. A pioneer in that vicinity informed me that he thought it was introduced about 1890. Probably a native of Africa. Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc. Sudan Grass. This is an annual grass which has been recently introduced as a forage crop but there are no reports that it has escaped and become established. Probably a native of Africa. Sorghum vulgare Pers. Sorghum. This is the cultivated sorghum, of which there are many varieties. It has been cultivated from pioneer times in this state, but there are no reports that it has perpetuated itself. Nat. of Africa. 148-134B. SORGHASTRUM Nash 1. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Indian Grass. Map 336. This is essentially a prairie grass and is found in "oak openings" which are remnants of prairies. It is frequent throughout the state where prairie habitats occur and is rare or absent elsewhere. It is sometimes found in marshy places and its most common associate is Andropogon furcatus. Maine, Que. to Man. and N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Ariz. ; Mex. 12. TRIPSACEAE Hitchc. Corn Tribe 157-103. TRIPSACUM L. 1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Eastern Gamagrass. Map 337. I have found this species only twice. A few colonies were in a low, wet woods about three fourths of a mile southeast of the old Spencer School, about 10 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon, Posey County ; and it was common along a ditch through a low field about 5 miles east of Lincoln City, Spencer County. I moved two colonies to Bluffton 6 years ago, and they are hardy and spreading. Mass. to Mich., Iowa, and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; W. I. and Mex. to Brazil. 159-102. ZEA L. Zea Mays L. Corn. This is our cultivated corn. It appears spontane- ously but does not become established. Origin probably in Central America or southeastern Mexico. 20. CYPERACEAE J. St, Hil. Sedge Family Flowers all perfect, rarely some of them with stamens or pistil abortive. Basal empty scales of spikelets none, rarely 2, and sometimes 3 in Eleooharis Smallii. Scales of the spikelets strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled. Flowers without bristles; achenes beakless; inflorescence terminal. Spikelets few- to many-flowered, usually elongated or slender 459. Cyperus, p. 183. Spikelets 1-flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in sessile heads 462. Kyllinga, p. 190. 182 Cyperaceae Hemicarpha Flowers with bristles; achenes beaked; inflorescence axillary 458. Dulichium, p. 183. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated. Base of style persistent on the achene as a tubercle. Spikelets 1; leaves reduced to sheaths; bristles usually present 469. Eleocharis, p. 198. Spikelets several or numerous; leaves blade-bearing; bristles none 471A. Bulbostylis, p. 206. Base of style not persistent as a tubercle. Flowers without any inner scales. Base of style enlarged; bristles none 471. Fimbristylis, p. 205. Base of style not enlarged; bristles usually present. Bristles 6 but each 4-6-cleft to near the base, making them appear num- erous, silky, usually white, all much exserted; stamens 1-3 466. Eriophorum, p. 190. Bristles 0-8, short, not silky and only rarely whitish and long-exserted, sometimes lacking; stamens 2 or 3 468. Scirpus, p. 192. Flowers with 1 or more inner scales. Bristles 3, barbed 467. Fuirena, p. 191. Bristles none 453. Hemicarpha, p. 182. Basal empty scales of the spikelets 3 or more. Styles 2-cleft; enlarged base of style persistent on the achene as a tubercle. Spikelets few-flowered; bristles usually present 492. Rhynchospora, p. 207. Spikelets many-flowered; bristles none 472. Psilocarya, p. 207. Styles 3-cleft; enlarged base of style not persistent on the achene; bristles none. 489. Cladium, p. 207. Flowers all imperfect. Pistillate flower subtended by a flat scale; achene naked, bony, and usually white. 515. Scleria, p. 209. Pistillate flower wholly enclosed by a sac (perigynium), the style protruding through an opening at the top 525. Carex, p. 212. 453. HEMICARPHA Nees & Ain. Plants growing in dense clumps, the outer culms recurved-spreading; length of an average culm (measured up to the inflorescence), 1-7 cm; height of leaves about half the average length of the culms; longest involucral bracts (those appearing as continuations of the culms) 2-4.5 cm long; average spikelets 2-4 mm long; scales of spikelets generally with short, spreading or recurved tips; achenes terete, slightly obovoid, usually about 0.6 mm long and 0.3 mm wide 1. H. micrantha. Plants growing in loose clumps, the culms erect or ascending; length of an average culm (measured up to the inflorescence), 4-9 cm; height of leaves about a third the average length of the culms; longest involucral bracts (those appearing as continuations of the culms) 1-1.5 cm long; average spikelets 4-7 mm long; scales of spikelets generally appressed; achenes terete or slightly lenticular-obovoid, usually about 0.7 mm long and 0.35 mm wide 2. H. Drummondii. 1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax. Map 338. Infrequent to rare in the area shown on the map. Found in wet, sandy places on the borders of lakes and sloughs and in ditches. N. H., the Great Lakes area to Wash., southw. to Fla., Mex., and S. A. 2. Hemicarpha Drummondii Nees. Map 339. Found only in wet sand on the borders of sloughs or in sloughs when dried up, in wet, interdunal flats in the dune area, and in a dredged ditch in Newton County. W. Ont., Ind., 111. to Ark., Kans., and Tex. Dulichium Cyperaceae 183 1 5 3 8 J3' . r ffi D ndI f ID rj / y D P Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec £ *>*.■/ D J Jr f^ H X 'l B ^n D ,.r~ r i ' — D / Miles J \ J*\ 7 3 50 y^V Map 338 Hemi :arpha mfcrantha (Vahl) Pan Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec D PI L C: \J 1 r^~ ^ ^r ^ L r t j i ' — Miles 0 50 Map 339 Hemicarpha Drummondii Nees o 5o Map 340 Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. 458. DULICHIUM Pers. 1. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Map. 340. Generally found in sedge marshes or associated usually with some sedge on the low borders of lakes, sloughs, and ponds. It is rather frequent in the lake area, be- coming rare south of it because its habitat is rare in southern Indiana. Newf. to Wash., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 459. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. [Geise. The Indiana species of Cyperus. Amer. Midland Nat. 15 : 241- 291. 1934.] Stigmas 2; achenes lenticular, not 3-angled; spikelets flat; scales falling from the rachis at maturity. Scales of spikelets stramineous, about 2 mm long, so closely imbricated as to hide the achenes even in dried specimens; achenes 0.75-1 mm long, distinctly blackish, plump, strongly compressed, strongly obovoid, transverse wrinkles distinct, superficial cells oblong 1. C. flavescens. Scales of spikelets generally margined with reddish brown, 2-3 mm long; achenes lenticular, with transverse wrinkles, gray or brownish gray, mostly 1-1.4 mm long, superficial cells more or less quadrate. Exserted style branches many, usually exserted 2-4 mm; scales dull, thin, mostly about 2.5 mm long, rather loosely imbricated so that at least the base of the achene is visible in dried specimens 2. C. diandrus. Exserted style branches few, usually exserted 1-1.5 mm; scales lustrous, sub- coriaceous, usually 2-2.4 mm long, so closely imbricated that the achenes are hidden 3. C. rivularis. Stigmas 3; achenes 3-angled. Scales long-acuminate at the apex, usually ending in a sharp point, the upper fourth to a third of them widely spreading or recurved; plants cespitose, mostly 3-9 cm high, fragrant when dried 4. C. inflexus. Scales and plants not as above. Scales slightly outcurved at the apex; spikelets very flat; stamens 1. Plants annual, 0.5-3.5 dm high; scales ovate, 3-nerved; achenes about 1 mm long and half as wide 5. C. acuminatus. Plants perennial, 4-10 dm high; scales oblong, 1-nerved; achenes oblong, about 1 mm long and 0.3 mm wide 6. C. pseudovegetus. 184 Cyperaceae Cyperus Scales straight on the back to the apex, sometimes a few near the apex of the spikelet with slightly curved tips in C. dentatus; stamens 2 or 3. Spikelets arranged in globose heads or aggregated in short clusters at the ends of the culms or the rays, the common rachis not more than 1 cm long. Inflorescence usually composed of 5 or G globose heads, usually one sessile or nearly so, the others on rays 2-5 (or more) cm long; culms leafy at the base, the leaves mostly more than 15 cm long; spikelets 4-5 mm long, 2- or 3-flowered, usually maturing a single achene; culms with cormlike bases 7. C. ovularis. Inflorescence and plant not as above. Involucral bracts recurved or widely spreading at maturity, rarely one or more erect; leaves narrowly linear, mostly less than 2 mm wide and rarely as wide as 3 mm, the lowest leaves of the culm less than 15 cm long, rarely one longer; culms below the inflorescence 0.5-1 mm in diameter. Spikelets in a loose or close, terminal cluster, the principal ones 8-12- flowered 8. C. filiculmis. Spikelets in compact, terminal, globose or ovoid-globose, usually solitary heads, sometimes with one or two smaller heads on short rays, in depauperate specimens the heads small and spikelets not compact; spikelets all less than 8-flowered or only a few with 8 or more flowers. 8a. C. filiculmis var. macilentus. Involucral bracts erect or ascending; culms usually more than 1 mm in diameter below the inflorescence; leaves linear and usually wider than those of the preceding group; spikelets usually in flat clusters. Scales scarcely or faintly nerved, their margins reddish brown, midnerve of scale not excurrent; culms not cormlike at the base, very leafy; inflorescence umbellate; spikelets very flat; style branches exserted more than 1 mm 9. C. dentatus. Scales strongly nerved, their margins hyaline; midnerve of scale excur- rent; culms with cormlike bases; inflorescence racemose; style branches usually not exserted, or generally not more than 1 mm. Culms, leaves, and rays smooth; leaves much shorter than the culm; spikelets 5-9-flowered; scales 2-2.5 mm long, the mucro less than 0.5 mm long; achenes 1.5-2 mm long 10. C. Houghtonii. Culms (at least below the inflorescence), margins of leaves, and rays rough; spikelets 4-16-flowered; scales mostly 3-4.5 mm long, the mucro usually 0.5-1 mm long; achenes 2.5-3 mm long 11. C. Schiveinitzii. Spikelets arranged along an elongated rachis, the rachis usually 1-3 cm long. Flowers remote, the successive scales not reaching the bases of the ones above on the same side of the rachilla 12. C. Engelmanni. Flowers approximate, the successive scales overlapping the bases of those above. . Scales mostly 2.75-4.5 mm long; culms with cormlike bases. Spikelets erect or ascending, more than 2.5 mm wide; achenes ellipsoid, about 2.5 mm long and half as wide 11. C. Schweinitzii. Spikelets widely spreading or reflexed, less than 2.5 mm wide; achenes linear-oblong, mostly 1.5-2 mm long and about 0.3 mm wide except in C. strigoszis var. multifiorus. Spikelets 4-20-flowered, stramineous, very flat 13. C. strigosus. Spikelets 10-35-flowered, reddish brown, terete or nearly so; achenes 0.75 mm wide and 2 mm long.. . .13a. C. strigosus var. multifiorus. Scales less than 2.75 mm long; culms without cormlike bases. Scales about 1.5 mm long, reddish brown; flowers very closely imbricated, the scales overlapping more than half their length; spikelets 10-40- Cyperus Cyperaceae 185 Cyperus flavescens L. 3 ? Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec f- 0 D nil f D ' D D Jv [V D„D " f -I r 1 / Miles J D ' ' Cyperus diandrus T ) 50 Map 342 orr. 13 17 6 » — fo •i "l " 2d » 0 j> hd P F Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 3 P 1 id ./ D 10 D " ? » p 0 p i V [r* HO D D W -I - in K 1- DP r tiH J r1 Dec.f- D ) « «17 / J — \ ~ »o L-^ £ d y -, | W/ Miles 0 1 1 0 Cyperus rivularis K 0 50 Map 343 unth flowered, all of the flowers maturing achenes ; achenes about 0.8 mm long and 0.5 mm wide 14. C. erythrorhizos. Scales mostly 2-2.5 mm long; flowers not very closely imbricated, the scales usually overlapping less than half their length; achenes 1-1.5 mm long. Plants with numerous fibrous roots, annual; culms with 1-4 leaves; longest rays of umbel generally less than 5 cm long, rarely one or more of them longer; spikelets usually dense, reddish brown, at maturity easily broken into segments below the flowers 15. C. ferruginescens. Plants with numerous, scaly stolons that at length bear a tuber; culms very leafy; leaves usually more than 4; longest rays of umbels usually 4-13 cm long, only rarely all the rays shorter; spikelets usually stramineous, sometimes light reddish brown, at maturity not separating into segments below the flowers.. .16. C. esculentus. 1. Cyperus flavescens L.* Map 341. Rare in northern Indiana and in- frequent in the southern part in wet, sandy soil on bars in streams and ditches, in the outlets of springs, along ditches, and about artificial ponds. N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Mex. ; also in Cent. Amer. and the Old World. 2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Map 342. Infrequent to rare. My specimens were found in wet, sandy soil on the borders of lakes and sloughs and in mucky soil in dried-up sloughs and in like habitats along streams. N. B. to Minn., southw. to S. C. and Kans. 3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Map. 343. Rather frequent throughout the state in wet, sandy or gravelly soil on the borders of lakes and streams and on bars in ditches and small streams. Maine, s. Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Ark. X Cyperus Nieuwlandii Geise. (Cyperus flavescens X rivularis.) This hybrid was described by Geise (Amer. Midland Nat. 15: 245-246. 1934). She reports three specimens collected by Nieuwland in the vicinity of Chain Lakes in St. Joseph County. I have seen these specimens and their determination seems to be correct. * Fernald (Rhodora 41: 529-530. 1939) has shown that the true species belongs to Eurasia and Africa and that the plant of eastern North America should be designated as Cyperus flavescens L. var. poaeformis (Pursh) Fern. 186 Cyperaceae Cyperus 1 6 e 4 Jan. Feb. Mat Apr. "rl June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. » : 0 0 S* D 0 r { [r1 > 1 D "1 DP -I r J B 1 J 0 t Dec (- in D ts. iur_j _ 1d( ^^ / Miles D rJ • D D ( D Cype rus nf exus M 0 50 Map 344 uhl. 0 ~^0 Map 345 Cyperus acuminatus Torr & Hook. 0 50 Map 346 Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. 4. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. (Cyperus aristatus Rottb.) Map 344. In- frequent in wet, sandy or muddy soil on bars in streams and ditches and on the shores of lakes and borders of sloughs. Specimens of this species when dried have a pleasing odor, similar to that of dried slippery elm leaves. N. B. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., Calif., and Mex. 5. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Map 345. I have found this species only in Crawford and Greene Counties. I am not able to locate my Crawford County specimen now. Friesner also found it in Greene County. Geise cites a specimen from near Chesterton, Porter County, collected by E. T. Harper in 1888. This specimen is deposited in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin. I have seen it and the determination is correct. Ind. to N. Dak. and Wash., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Calif. 6. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Map 346. Infrequent in ditches and swamps in Point Township of Posey County. It has been found also in Gibson, Pike, and Jefferson Counties. Where found it is usually common. N. J. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 7. Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Map 347. This species is found in very dry to moist, sandy habitats. It is local in the southwestern coun- ties. It has been reported from Lake County, but Geise did not find a specimen. I believe that the Lake County report should be referred to Cyperus filiculmis var. macilentus. N. Y. to 111. and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 8. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Map 348. Fernald & Griscom discuss this species and its varieties in Rhodora 37 : 153-154. 1935. If I interpret their discussion correctly the distribution of this species is principally on the Atlantic slope and in the Great Plains states. My only specimen Cyperus Cyperaceae 187 o 55 Map 347 Cyperus ovularis (Michx) Torr. 0 ~W Map 348 Cyperus filiculmis Vahl 0 50 Map 349 Cyperus filiculmis var macilentus Fern is from a dry, sandy ridge in Gibson County. Geise (Amer. Midland Nat. 15: 254. 1934) cites specimens from Lake, La Porte, Marshall, Porter, and St. Joseph Counties, but I refer these specimens to the variety. 8a. Cyperus filiculmis var. macilentus Fern. Map 349. This variety grows in very sandy soil and is found mostly on sand ridges and dunes, in sandy fallow fields, and in the moist intervening sandy areas between sand ridges and dunes. In its habitat it is usually frequent, elsewhere it is absent. Its distribution in the state is well represented by the map. Cent. Maine, sw. Que. to Minn., southw. to Va., Ohio, Ind., 111., and Mo. 9. Cyperus dentatus Torr. (Including Cyperus dentatus var. cteno- stachys Fern.) Map 350. This Coastal Plain species is found in only three counties. It is local but usually common where it is found. It grows in moist, sandy soil in ditches through marshes and on the wet, sandy shore of Bass Lake in Starke County. Specimens with 15-40- flowered spikelets have received a varietal name, but since both short and long spikelets are found on the same plant it is obvious that the variety is only a luxuriant form of the species. N. S. to Inch, southw. to N. C. ; principally near the coast. 10. Cyperus Houghtonii Torr. Map 351. This is a species of the dune area and it has been found only in Lake and Porter Counties. Mass. to Man. and Oreg., southw. to Va., Kans., and Ariz. 11. Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr. Map 352. This species grows in very dry sand and has its mass distribution on the dunes near Lake Michigan. The Warren County specimen was found on the very high, gravelly bank along the Big Four Railroad about 2 miles northwest of Covington. Western N. Y., s. Ont. to Man., southw. to Ind. and Kans. X Cyperus mesochorus Geise. (Cyperus Houghtonii X Schweinitzii.) This hybrid is described in Amer. Midland Nat. 15 : 249-250. 1934. Geise 188 Cyperaceae Cyperus 0 50 Map 350 Cyperus dentatus Torr. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec OP T r i ~je J— jvW It L J Li— \ y — 1 — Miles o ^5 Map 351 Cyperus Houqhtonii Torr. 1 4 Jan. "eb Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. OP , D UX 1, 0 HO/ ^ 0 » J. \ fr1 " 4 r r fH J r1 Dec.f- 1 — / Miles Cyperus S h veinitzii 0 50 Map 352 Torr, 0 50 Map 353 Cyperus Encjelmanni Steud, 0 55 Map 354 Cyperus striqosus L. 0 50 Map 355 Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl cites numerous specimens from Lake and Porter Counties. She also refers specimens of my collecting from La Porte, Newton, and Warren Counties to this hybrid. 12. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Map 353. Infrequent in the lake area. All of my specimens are from the wet, sandy or muck borders of lakes. Mass. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Mo. 13. Cyperus strigosus L. (Including Cyperus strigosus var. capitatus Boeckl., Cyperus strigosus var. compositus Britt., and Cyperus strigosus var. robustior Kunth.) Map 354. This species is, without doubt, found in every county in the state. The extreme variability of this species has led authors to assign botanical names to the variations. I agree with some other authors in thinking that the forms are a matter of nutrition or of habitat and have no taxonomic value; hence I am referring all forms to the species. It is found in moist soil of almost all kinds and in all Cyperus Cyperaceae 189 kinds of habitats. Probably most abundant along ditches and in corn- fields. Maine, Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 13a. Cyperus strigosus var. multiflorus Geise. This form was de- scribed by Geise in Amer. Midland Nat. 15: 253. 1934. I collected speci- mens in the dried-up mucky soil on the south side of Lake Cicott, Cass County, in 1931 and 1932 which were years of severe drought. I also found a few specimens in a similar habitat on the border of an extinct lake about 2 miles north of North Liberty, St. Joseph County. The domi- nant associate was Cyperus ferruginescens. This plant is conspicuous and can be distinguished from any other Cyperus at a long distance. After a careful study of this form, it seems to me that it is a hybrid of Cyperus strigosus and Cyperus ferruginescens. The plants (2.5-15 cm high) are too small for Cyperus strigosus, and the spikelets have about twice the number of flowers that average plants of that species have. The cormlike base is a character of Cyperus strigosus but the terete, reddish brown spikelets belong to Cyperus ferruginescens. 14. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Map 355. Infrequent throughout the state but usually common where it is found. It is generally found on the muddy shores of streams, in dried-up sloughs, and along ditches. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. 15. Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl. (Rhodora 37: 148-150. 1935.) (Cyperus speciosus Vahl, in part, of most recent authors.) Map 356. In- frequent to frequent throughout the state. It grows in moist, wet, muddy or mucky soils of almost all kinds. Mass. to Minn., southw. probably to Fla. and Tex. 16. Cyperus esculentus L. (Including Cyperus esculentus var. lepto- stachyus Boeckl.) Chufa. Map 357. Rather frequent in southern Indiana, becoming infrequent to rare in the northern part. This species prefers moist or wet, rich soil and is found along streams and in cultivated fields and truck gardens. I have seen it in dried-up sloughs where it formed complete stands. We allowed it to grow unmolested in our arboretum of about 3 acres before we knew of its weedy nature and we have been trying to exterminate it for about 10 years but still find a plant occasionally. I have noted it as a pernicious weed in truck gardens, especially along the Ohio River. The tubers are sweet and edible. They have been used as food since ancient times, having been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 2400 years before Christ. The species is extremely variable in the size of its spikelets. Plants with long spikelets have been named but I think they are a result of nutrition and should not receive taxonomic names. It is to be noted that plants with small inflorescences rarely mature more than a few seed while plants with large inflorescences usually mature many seed. N. B. to Minn., Nebr., and Alaska, southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also found in the tropics; Eurasian. 190 Cyperaceae Kyllinga 0 50 Map 356 Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl. o 50 Map 357 Cyperus esculentus L. 3 6 9 Jar Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. r~ ~v f^ D -I - n DP DP 5 — 1 D p m J DP I1' Dec.t 110 D | J — — L-'/ „ d ^^ jro f- — S ^ *NJ — ^ -, d } ^ pf Miles D r£ d D 1 D D D . Kyi inqa D p Jr\ 7 umila M ') 50 Map 358 chx. 462. KYLLINGA Rottb. 1. Kyllinga pumila Michx. (Cyperus densicaespitosus Mattf. & Kukenth. Pflanzenr. 20: 597. 1936.) Map 358. Infrequent in southern Indiana and rare or absent from many of our northern counties. It is usually found in moist or wet soil along streams, on bars in streams, along ditches, and sometimes in cornfields along streams. Del., Ohio, 111. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also W. I., Mex., and southw. 466. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton Grass Spikelets solitary; involucre none; scales lead color 1. E. spissum. Spikelets 2-several; involucre of 1-several leafy bracts. Leaves 1-2 mm wide, channeled their entire length; upper leaf blade shorter than its sheath; involucral bract 1; achenes ellipsoid, about 2.5 mm long 2. E. gracile. Leaves 1.5-G mm. wide, fiat at least below the middle; involucral bracts more than 1; achenes oblong-obovoid, mostly 2.5-3.5 mm long. Scales of spikelets with only 1 prominent rib ; stamens 3 ; plants of May and June. Upper leaf sheaths dark-girdled at the summit; midrib of scales not extending to the apex, the upper part of the scale hyaline and the rib prominent below the hyaline apex 3. E. angustifolium. Upper leaf sheaths not dark-girdled at the summit; midrib of scales extending to the apex 4. E. viridi-carinatu m . Scales of spikelets with several prominent ribs; stamen 1; bristles varying from tawny to white; plants of August and September, beginning to flower about July 15 5. E. virginicnm. 1. Eriophorum spissum Fern. (Rhodora 27: 208-209. 1925.) (Erio- phorum ccdlitrix of recent American authors, not Cham.) Map 359. Our specimens were found in tamarack bogs. Baffinland and Lab. to Athabaska, southw. to Newf., N. S., N. E., mts. of Pa., n. Ind., and Wis. 2. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Map 360. Borders of sloughs in the dune area and elsewhere in marshes and in sphagnum in bogs. Fuirena Cyperaceae 191 0 50 Map 359 Eriophorum spissum Fern. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec N-r-f \ D D \ L_| II V ( ^-Ul. V^ ^ (— \ ^ i ' — \y Miles 0 50 Map 360 Eriophorum g r a c i I e Koch Eriophorum angustifolium Roth Newf. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Pa., Ind., Nebr., and Calif.; also in Eurasia. 3. Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. Map 361. Infrequent on the bor- ders of sloughs and in marshes and bogs. Subarctic Amer., southw. to Maine, Ont., 111., Iowa, and mts. of Colo, and Oreg. ; also in Eurasia. 4. Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Map 362. Infre- quent throughout our northern counties where it is usually found growing in sphagnum in open tamarack bogs and less often in sedge marshes. Newf. to Sask. and B. C, southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ohio, Wis., Oreg., and in the mts. to Ga. 5. Eriophorum virginicum L. (Including Eriophorum virginicum f. album (Gray) Wieg.) Map. 363. Since the bristles of this species vary from tawny to white with intermediate forms, I have not attempted to separate our plants on the basis of this character. Nearly all of our plants at maturity have white or whitish bristles. It is found in marshes and tamarack bogs. Newf. to Ont. and Man., southw. to Fla. and Nebr. 467. FUIRENA Rottb. Umbrella Grass 1. Fuirena pumila Torr. (Rhodora 40: 396-398. 1938.) (Fuirena squarrosa of recent authors, not Michx.) Map 364. This sedge is very local, having been found in only a few places in two counties. It grows in moist sand in interdunal swamps and in wet sand on the borders of lakes. I found it to be rather frequent in wet sand on the south side of Walker Lake in Porter County. Mass. to Mich, and Ind., southw. to Fla. 192 Cyperaceae Scirpus 4 3 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 f 0 ID D B D D .y D - D P n I IV " f X " r J tn r Dec.f 1 ' — / Miles Eno phor ( urn Inge viridi- car 'lm.) Fern. 3 50 Map 362 natum 0 50 Map 363 Eriophorum virginicum L. 4 f D Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. D / C rV f^ n 1 I1 -I r "k J- Dec.j- — i / Miles ( x1 \ «J*V J ) 50 Is^S^Kj-^? ^ Map 364 Fuirena squarrosa Mich*. 468. SCIRPUS [Tourn.] L. Bulrush [Sr. M. St. Leona Thornton. The Indiana species of Scirpus. Amer. Midland Nat. 15: 292-322. 1934.] Sister Thornton's treatment of Indiana Scirpus seems to be compre- hensive and authentic. I have seen most of the specimens she cites. I am accepting her determinations of the few I have not seen and they also are indicated on the distribution maps. Involucral bract none. (This is Sr. Thornton's Scirpus pancifloirus which is now re- ferred to Eleocharis pauciflora var. Fernaldii Svenson. (See Rhodora 36: 380. 1934.) Involucral bract solitary (the inflorescence appearing as if on the side of the stem). Spikelets 1, 6-13 mm long; stem cylindric, conspicuously nodulose, normally growing in shallow water but often emersed in dry weather; achenes trigonous, about 2.5 mm long and about 1.6 mm wide, brown, smooth; bristles retrorsely barbed, about equaling the achene 1. S. subterminalis. Spikelets normally more than 1. Plants usually less than 5 dm high; annuals with tufted roots; culms terete or obtusely angled. Culms obtusely triangular; mature involucral bract usually divaricate; achenes obovoid, unequally biconvex, about 1.7 mm long, surface black with shallow and irregular pits; bristles longer than the achene, with increasing width toward the base, mostly 0.015 mm wide near the base 2. »S. debilis. Culms terete; mature involucral bract usually erect; achenes obovoid, plano- convex, 1.5-1.8 mm long, surface black without pits or with very incon- spicuous ones; bristles very slender, of almost equal width, generally about 0.01 mm wide near the base. Bristles lacking 3. S. SynitJiii. Bristles present, usually 6, sometimes fewer, longer than the achene 3a. S. Smithii var. setosus. Plants usually more than 5 dm high; perennials with creeping rootstocks; culms triangular or terete. Involucral bract much longer than the inflorescence. Culms sharply triangular; involucral bract acute; achenes plano-convex, smooth; bristles shorter than the achene 4. S. americanus. Scirpus Cyperaceae 193 Culms obtusely 3-angled with concave sides; leaves nodulose; involucral bract blunt; achenes trigonous, smooth; bristles much longer than the achene. 5. S. Torreyi. Involucral bract usually shorter than the inflorescence or merely equaling it. Culms rather soft; inflorescence lax, usually drooping; spikelets many, ovoid, on long, drooping pedicels; achenes obovoid, 1.5-2 mm long, plano-convex; bristles usually longer than the achene 6. S. validus. Culms rather stiff and firm; inflorescence erect, the spikelets and pedicels erect or ascending, compact; spikelets subcylindric ; achenes obovoid, in my specimens ranging from 2.3-3 mm long, unequally biconvex; bristles about equaling the achene or slightly shorter 7. S. aciitus. Involucral bracts 2 or more. Bristles retrorsely barbed or lacking. Spikelets large, usually 1.5-4 cm long; achenes trigonous, about 4 mm long 8. S. fluviatilis. Spikelets small, generally less than 1 cm long. Bristles scarcely longer than the achene, usually slightly shorter, rudimentary, or lacking; scales of mature spikelets with a light reddish background suffused with a lead color; achenes colorless, obovoid-oblong, trigonous, about 1 mm long. Bristles present, about equaling the achene; lower sheaths nodulose; leaves usually 10-18 mm wide; major glomerules usually more than 7 mm in diameter 9. S. atrovirens. Bristles lacking or rudimentary; lower sheaths not nodulose or only faintly so; leaves usually less than 10 mm wide; major glomerules usually not over 7 mm in diameter; rays of inflorescences usually longer than in the preceding; glomerules usually not so crowded 9a. S. atrovirens var. georgianus. Bristles twice the length of the achene; scales of spikelets rufous brown with green midribs; principal leaves usually 6-8 mm wide 10. S. polyphyllus. Bristles smooth or with a few ascending barbs, curly. Rays and pedicels smooth or somewhat scabrous below the involucels, not con- spicuously striate, both usually drooping; scales reddish brown with strong, green midribs prolonged into sharp, short, spreading points; achenes about 1 mm long, Fawn Color (Ridgway Standard) ; bristles weak, about twice the length of the achene, included 11. S. lineatus. Rays (except the primary ones) and pedicels strongly upwardly scabrous, con- spicuously striate, at least the principal rays inclined to be erect; scales of spikelets reddish, sometimes suffused with greenish black, the midrib not green, somewhat obtuse at the apex; achenes about 0.8 mm or less in length, colorless; bristles curled and much exserted beyond the scales. Spikelets mostly sessile, in glomerules of 3-15. Involucres and involucels reddish brown; scales reddish brown. Spikelets ovoid, 3-6 mm long 12. S. cyperinus. Spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mm long 12a. S. cyperinus f. Andrewsii. Involucres and involucels drab with a blackish base. Rays of normal length, the glomerules distinct, scales brownish, suffused with greenish black 12b. S. cyperinus var. pelius. Rays abbreviated, the glomerules crowded into dense, irregular masses. 12c. S. cyperinus var. pelius f. condensatus. Spikelets mostly pedicellate, usually arranged in small clusters with the central one sessile and the remainder on pedicels of different lengths. Involucels red brown or terra cotta 13. S. Eriophorum. Involucels dull brown, not reddish 14. S. pedicellatus. Involucels black. (See excluded species no. 88, p. 10.'! 1.) S. atrocinctus. 194 Cyperaceae Scirpus 0 50 Map 365 Scirpus subterminalis Torr. 4 3 Jar,. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aufc Sept Oct. Nov. "l D 1 DI f ? ., ' 0 D \ jl IV " -I i r -"Ir J r1 Dec.C i ' — / Miles i Scirpu s S nith i v ar. seto 0 50 Map 368 sus Fern, o — KJ Map 366 Scirpus debilis Pursh o 50 Map 369 Scirpus americanus Pers. 0 "To Map 367 Scirpus Smithii Gray 0 50 Map 370 Scirpus Torreyi Olney 1. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Map. 365. My only specimens were found in a colony on the muddy border of the south side of Long Lake, Porter County, about a mile east of the Lake County line, where it was associated with Scirpus validus. In walking the entire length of the lake I noted only one colony. This was in very mucky soil from which the water had receded just far enough to expose the soil. Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ind., and Idaho. 2. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Map 366. This species has been found in a few counties only in wet or mucky soil about sloughs in the dunes. Maine, Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Nebr. 3. Scirpus Smithii Gray. Map. 367. On the wet, sandy borders of lakes and sloughs. Maine, Ont. to Mich., southw. to Pa., Ind., and 111. 3a. Scirpus Smithii var. setosus Fern. Map 368. Found in habitats Scirpus Cyperaceae 195 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. » S I 1 xf L r D 0 D i y' D D "" — 0 D , D D ' D J V DP \ i / l DP r1 1 , 1 •- Mfles o ^5o Map 372 SciYpus acutus Muhl. Miles 5 — 58 Map 373 Scirpus fluvi'atilis (Torr.) Gray similar to those in which the species is found. This variety is difficult to separate from Scirpus debilis. In fact, they are united in Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora, ed. 2. The shape of the stem seems to be the only constant character. The divaricating bract of Scirpus debilis is very characteristic but it seems that all plants do not have a divaricating bract. The shape of the achene can not be relied upon since on the same plant one can find plano-convex as well as biconvex achenes. Maine and Mass. to 111. 4. Scirpus americanus Pers. Map 369. Frequent on the sandy shores of lakes and on gravelly bars in streams. Throughout temperate N. A. ; also found in S. A. and Eu. 5. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. Map 370. Very local in a few swamps of the northwestern part of the state. Maine to Man., southw. to R. I. and Minn. 6. Scirpus validus Vahl. Map 371. This species grows in sandy or mucky soil in shallow water (usually 1-4 feet deep) in lakes and along streams. It is usually found in every lake of the state and when a lake begins to dry up it usually is the first species to occupy the area. Throughout temperate N. A.; also found in W. I. 7. Scirpus acutus Muhl. (Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase.) Map 372. Rather frequent in the lake area in habitats similar to those of the preceding species. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Mass., cent. N. Y., Mo., Ariz., and Calif. 8. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. Map 373. Infrequent in the lake area and in the Lower Wabash Valley. It is usually found in wet places about lakes, along streams, and in ditches and ponds. I have seen about five acres of it in Knox County on the west side of Swan Pond. N. B. to the region of the Great Lakes and Minn., southw. to D. C, and Kans. 196 Cyperaceae Scirpus 0 50 Map 374 Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. 0 55 Map 375 ' Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. 1 3 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f J D D r \ ( ^ 1 OP ■w J r tn Dec J- ■ 1 ■> / A D J/) !/ Miles I ) Scirpu J l1 > po yphyllus 0 50 Map 376 Vahl 9. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Map 374. Frequent to common in almost all parts of the state. It is usually found in wet, mucky soil in ditches and ponds, along streams, and about lakes. One can infrequently find a specimen in which the rays of the inflorescence are short and the glomerules form a closed head. This form has received a name but I do not believe it is of taxonomic significance. Maine to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 9a. Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. (Rhodora 23: 134. 1921.) (Scirpus georgianus Harper.) Map 375. This variety is infrequent in the southern half of the state, becoming rare in our north- ern counties. The species and variety are distinct in their extremes but they so intergrade that their separation is not entirely satisfactory. Newf. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 9b. Scirpus atrovirens f. proliferus Hermann. This is a viviparous form, occasionally with the species. 10. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Map 376. Infrequent in springy places and in low beech and sweet gum woods in the southern half of the state. Its associates would indicate that it prefers a slightly acid soil. Viviparous forms are rather frequent. Western N. E. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 11. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Map 377. This is the most common bulrush of the state. It is frequent throughout and, for the most part, is found in roadside ditches and along low roadsides. It prefers a moist or wet soil along streams, in low, open woodland and fallow fields, and about lakes and sloughs. N. H., Ont. to Oreg., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 12. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Map 378. Infrequent throughout the state in wet grounds of all kinds. It is more common in the lake area in wet places about lakes, in marshes, and along streams ; southward it is found in roadside ditches, ponds, sloughs, sinkholes, and springy places Scirpus Cyperaceae 197 I— 1 J KD D S« 0 L o o Feb I y^ » Mar Apr. \ DP D 1 D i ° D — ™rf J°r-L! > 0 17 May June 0 f B U 1 BD D D 30 July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. f S D W D D D D B UC n ■ D D 1 r Dec. J- ,-i i 1 y i D ~M° IM i ° Ut^- ID. r j ' [Ba P - — ' lnf~^^ D "^ /v/_D _ d } \nJ Miles f H (V^T r^^V J ° L T — 1 o 1 J o IS) > Miles \ D 0 Sc irpu > pe dicellatus G 50 Map 379 Fern. V J B P 1 D Feb. 1 D Mar. Apr. May \ J -L. June r1 — 1 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. I r, -\z Dec (- > ' — Miles 0 50 Map 380 Eleocharfs equfsetoides (EIIJ Torr. 0 50 Map 381 Eleocharis qaudrangulata (Michy) R. 8, S. var crassior Fern. 469. ELEOCHARIS K. Br. Spikerush [Fernald and Brackett. The representatives of Eleocharis palustris in North America. Rhodora 31 : 56-77. 1929. Svenson. Monographic studies in the genus Eleocharis. Rhodora 31 : 121-135, 152-163, 167-191, 199-219, 224-242. 1929; 34: 193-203, 215-227. 1932; 36: 377-389. 1934; 39: 210- 231. 1937; 41: 1-19, 43-77. 1939.] The following key is adapted from Svenson's monographic studies of the genus. Svenson has checked the determination of all of my specimens. Scales of mature spikelets persistent; spikelets scarcely thicker than the culms. Fruiting culms more than 2 mm in diameter; nerves of scales faint. Culms terete, with conspicuous cross-partitions 1. E. equisetoides. Culms quadrangular, without cross-partitions. . .2. E. quadrangulata var. crassior. Fruiting culms not more than 2 mm in diameter; nerves of scales distinct 3. E. Robbinsii. Scales of mature spikes deciduous; spikelets thicker than the culms. Styles 2-cleft. Upper sheaths loose, with white, scarious tips 4. E. olivacea. Upper sheaths close and firm, not scarious at the tips. Annual, with fibrous roots. Tubercle (style base) often depressed or saucer-shaped 5. E. geniculata. Tubercle more or less conical. Width of tubercle less than two thirds that of the achene. Achenes smooth; tubercle about half as wide as the achene.. .6. E. ovata. Achenes pitted; tubercle about a fourth as wide as the achene 7. E. intermedia. Width of tubercle nearly or quite equal to that of the achene. Tubercle deltoid, a third to nearly a half as high as the body of the achene; bristles much exceeding the achene. Spikelets ovoid-cylindric 8. E. obtusa. Spikelets ellipsoid 8a. E. obtusa var. ellipsoidalis. Tubercle very low, not more than a fourth as high as the body of the achene; summit of achene appearing truncate; bristles equaling the achene or rudimentary. Bristles about equaling the achene 9. E. Engelmanni. Bristles absent or rudimentary 9a. E. Engelmanni f. detonsa. Eleocharis Cyperaceae 199 Perennial, with horizontal rootstocks. Culms 0.5-5 mm in diameter (in dried material) at the summit of the upper sheath; basal scales of spikelet usually 2 or 3 below the thinner fertile scales; median scales acute; tubercle broadly ovate, as wide as long. 10. E. Smallii. Culms 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter at the summit of the upper sheath; basal scales of the spikelet solitary, spathiform, usually completely encircling the base of the spikelet; median scales obtuse; tubercle conical, as long as or longer than wide 11. E. calva. Styles 3-cleft. Achenes less than 2 mm long; style base not confluent with the apex of the achenes, forming a tubercle. Surface of the achene regularly marked off by longitudinal and transverse lines. Culms not more than 0.5 mm in diameter; achenes obscurely 3-angled; bristles equaling or longer than the achene or absent 12. E. acicidaris. Culms about 1 mm in diameter ; achenes pyriform ; bristles none 13. E. Wolfii. Surface of the achene smooth or pitted, the pits arranged irregularly or in regular, longitudinal lines. Achenes smooth. Achenes tui-binate-lenticular. Bristles longer than the achene. Spikelets ovoid-cylindric 8. E. obtusa. Spikelets ellipsoid 8a. E. obtusa var. ellipsoidalis. Bristles shorter than or equaling the achene 9. E. Engelmannii. Achenes triangular; bristles not exceeding the achene or absent. Mature achenes nearly black, the body not tapering toward the apex, the angles blunt; 1 mm or more long; tubercle closely capping the crown of the achene; bristles absent 14. E. Melanocarpa. Mature achenes nearly black, the body not tapering toward the apex, the angles blunt; 1 mm or more long; tubercle closely capping the crown of the achene; bristles absent 14. E. melanocarpa. Achenes pitted, the pits arranged irregularly or in regular, longitudinal lines. Culms slender, erect; style bases depressed. Culms 4-8 angled; scales of spikelets obtuse or merely acute, not con- spicuously whitened at the apex. Achenes Wax Yellow (Ridgway Standard), in age becoming golden yellow to dull orange, averaging 1-1.1 mm long (including the style base); pits of achene usually shallow; culms usually 6-8- angled 16. E. elliptica. Achenes Olivaceous (Ridgway Standard); pits of achene usually deep with some of the cell-projections verrucose; culms 5-angled 17. E. tenuis var. verrucosa. Culms flattened; scales of spikelets (except sometimes in var. atrata) with conspicuously whitened, often bifid, acuminate tips. Scales chestnut brown 18. E. compressa. Scales conspicuously blackened 18a. E. compressa var. atrata. Culms capillary, diffusely spreading; scales obtuse; style base narrow- conic, about twice as long as wide; achenes finely pitted in longitudinal lines I.E. intermedia. Achenes 2-3 mm long; style base confluent with the apex of the achene, not form- ing a tubercle. Culms 1-2 mm in diameter, (2) 3-10 dm long, flattened, erect, or the sterile ones reclining and often rooting at the tips; beak of achene about a third as long as the body 19. E. rostellata. Culms less than 1 mm wide, 0.5-3 dm high, scarcely flattened, erect; beak of achene about a fourth as long as the body. . . 20. E. pauciflora var. Fernaldii. 200 Cyperaceae Eleocharis 0 50 Map 382 Eleocharis Rob bin si i Oakes o 50 Map 383 Eleocharis oh vacea Torr. 0 50 Map 384 Eleocharis geniculate (U R. & S. 1. Eleocharis equisetoides (Ell.) Torr. (Eleocharis interstincta of authors.) Knotted Spikerush. Map 380. In shallow water on the sandy bottoms of some of our northern lakes. Mass. to Fla. and Tex. and inland to Mich., Wis., and Mo. 2. Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S. var. crassior Fern. (Rhodora 37: 393. 1935.) (Eleocharis mutata of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not Scirpus mutatus L. and Eleocharis quadrangulata of Indiana authors, not Scirpus quadrangulatus Michx.) Angled Spike- rush. Map 381. In sandy or mucky soil in shallow water or on the borders of lakes, ponds, and sinkholes. Mass. to s. Ont., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Mexico. 3. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins Spikerush. Map 382. In marly soil on the borders of lakes. This species apparently does not fruit every year and it may be more frequent in Indiana than our records indicate. N. S. and s. N. B. to Fla., chiefly along the Coastal Plain, and westw. through cent. N. Y. to Mich., Ind., and Ont. 4. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. (Eleocharis flaccida (Reichenb.) Urban var. olivacea (Torr.) Fern. & Grisc. Rhodora 37: 155. 1935.) Bright Green Spikerush. Map 383. Wet, sandy or muddy, marl borders of lakes. N. S., Ont. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Pa., Ohio, and Ind. 5. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) R. & S. (Rhodora 41: 50-52. 1939.) (Eleocharis capitata R. Br. and Eleocharis caribaea (kottb.) Blake.) Map 384. In wet, marl borders of lakes and in dried-up sloughs. In addition to the counties shown on the map, it is known in the Great Lakes area only from Washtenaw County, in southeastern Michigan and from south- ern Ontario. Eleocharis Cyperaceae 201 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. o 1 J S^ (r1 1 — 1 — X r J "k J Dec.f i ' — / Miles Eleo char IS 0 va r\ 7 a (Roth 3 50 Map 385 1R.&S. Eleocharis intermedia 0 50 Map 386 Schultes 0 50 Map 387 Eleocharis obtusa (WilldJ Schultes 6. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. OVOID Spikerush. Map 385. My only specimen was collected in the bottom of a dried-up dredged ditch about 4 miles southeast of Conrad in Newton County and determined by H. K. Svenson. It has been reported from Lake and Porter Counties by Peattie but I have not seen a specimen. Local from Newf . and e. Que. to Maine, Vt., Conn., and Mass. ; also in Mich., Wis., Minn., and Wash. 7. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. (Rhodora41: 67. 1939.) Matted Spikerush. Map 386. Muddy borders of ponds and lakes, wet, marl borders of lakes, and in the outlets of springs. Que. to w. Ont., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, and Iowa. 8. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Blunt Spikerush. Map 387. Throughout the state in muddy or wet places in almost all habitats, prin- cipally in ditches, sloughs, swamps, and ponds and on the borders of streams and lakes. The species is variable and my no. 45541 from Monroe County and no. 24288 from Posey County are here cited as exceptional plants. Cape Breton and e. N. B. to Nebr., southw. to the Gulf of Mexico; appearing again in the northwest from B. C. to Calif. ; also in the Hawaiian Islands. 8a. Eleocharis obtusa var. ellipsoidalis Fern. (Rhodora 31: 218. 1929.) I have a specimen from a tamarack bog in La Porte County that Svenson refers to this variety. E. Mass. to Va. and Ind. 9. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann Spikerush. Map 388. In muddy places in roadside ditches and on the muddy borders of artificial and natural ponds. S. Maine to Va., westw. through Ind., Tenn., and Mo. to Okla. 202 Cyperaceae Eleocharis o IS Map 388 Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. 0 ~30 Map 389 Eleocharis S ma 1 1 If Britton Map 390 Eleocharis calva Torr. o ~50 Map 391 Eleocharis aciculan's R.&S. var. typica Swenson Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. N. - f *T ) i-L 1 fl^ ^J, "1— h r \J/ Miles ~^5 Map 392 Eleocharis Wolfii A.Gray [ ° 1 H f nr Feb. ( A Mar. Apr. May \ 3 1 — J \ June f -J, July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. i r, - k Dec.f- ■ — Miles 0 10 Map 393 Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. 9a. Eleocharis Engelmanni f. detonsa (Gray) Svenson. (Eleocharis Engelmanni var. detonsa Gray.) My specimen was collected in a field 2 miles northwest of Culver on the muddy border of a pond, where it was frequent. Also collected by E. J. Hill in La Porte County. Mass., Pa., Mich., Ind., 111. and Ariz. 10. Eleocharis Smallii Britton. (Eleocharis palustris in part, of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and of Indiana authors.) Small's Spikerush. Map 389. In muddy, peaty or wet, sandy places in ditches, sloughs, ponds, marshes, and like habitats on the borders of streams and lakes. Sw. N. S. to Mich, and Nebr., southw. to Del., Pa., Ind., 111., and Mo. 11. Eleocharis calva Torr. (Eleocharis palustris var. calva (Torr.) Gray and Eleocharis palustris var. glaucescens of Indiana authors.) Map 390. In muddy, sandy or peaty soil in ditches, sloughs, and marshes and Eleocharis Cyperaceae 203 on the borders of streams and lakes. In wet, stony or gravelly places along the Ohio River and in springy, marl borders of some lakes. Que. to Alberta and Wash., southw. to Fla. and Okla., and n. Mex. ; also in Hawaii and e. Asia. 12. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. var. typica Svenson. Needle Spikerush. Map 391. In the muddy or sandy bottoms or borders of ditches, sloughs, streams, and lakes. Sometimes on the springy marl borders of lakes. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Fla. and Okla. 13. Eleocharis Wolfii Gray. Wolf's Spikerush. Map 392. My only specimens were found in Jefferson County in low, flat clearings about 31/2 miles southwest of Hanover and 3 miles southeast of Hanover. Ind. to Kans. and La. 14. Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Black-fruited Spikerush. Map 393. Wet or moist, sandy borders of marshes and sloughs. Atlantic coast from Mass. to Texas, and in nw. Ind. 15. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. var. filiculmis Torr. (Rhodora 39: 228- 229. 1937.) (Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl.) Map 394. Our only specimens were found in moist sand in the bottom of a roadside ditch about 2 miles southeast of Tefft in Jasper County. Atlantic coast from Conn, to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Cuba. 16. Eleocharis elliptica Kunth. (Rhodora 41: 65. 1939.) (Eleocharis capitata var. borealis Svenson. Rhodora 34: 200-202. 1932.) Map 395. This sedge seems to have a wide distribution in the state. In the lake area it is found in strongly marl borders of lakes and elsewhere in moist prairie habitats. Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Tenn., Ind., and 111. 17. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes var. verrucosa (Svenson) Sven- son. (Rhodora 41 : 66. 1939.) (Eleocharis capitata var. verrucosa Svenson and Eleocharis tenuis of authors.) Map 396. For the most part, our specimens are from wet, hard, clay soil of the borders of ponds and wet woods. Our Jasper County specimen is from a wet, interdunal flat. Va., Ind., 111. to Ark. and Okla., southw. to La. 18. Eleocharis compressa Sulliv. (Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees.) Map 397. I have only three specimens from Indiana and these are from a wide range of distance and kinds of habitats. The Ohio County specimen was found on the slope of the bank of the Ohio River, the specimen from Tipton County is from a wet, prairie habitat along the railroad just west of Goldsmith, and the specimen from Wabash County was found on the border of a small lake. It has been reported from Lake and St. Joseph Counties, but I have not seen the specimens. W. Que. to Sask. and B. C, southw. to Ga., Okla., and the Pacific States. 204 Cyperaceae Eleocharis 0" 50 Map 394 Eleocharis microcarpa var. filiculmfs Torr. 0 50 Map 395 Eleocharis elliplica Kunlh Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ^ 1 D t f j D J r V \z r 1 ■ ' — 1 [D u -/Mja °M . ' 0 r Miles 0 50 Map 396 Eleocharis tenuis IWilld.) Schultes var. verrucosa (Sven.l Sven. 1 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. i \ t r± i 7 r1 Vi D 1 -■"i J r Dec f- i ' — L/ Miles Ele ocha ris compress 0 50 Map 397 i Soil. 2 2 2 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f \ D D D B D D 0 r \ rV D ~\ X I 1 J m J r1 Dec.f- 1 ' / Miles Elc och iris ro \ / stellata 1 50 Map 398 Torr. o ~~ 3o Map 399 Eleocharis pauciflora (LightJ Link var. Fernaldii Svenson 18a. Eleocharis compressa var. atrata Svenson. (Rhodora 34: 218. 1932.) Under his description of this variety Svenson refers to it Bebb's specimen no. 2048 from Lake County which is in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin. There is also a specimen in the Field Museum collected by Lansing near Indiana Harbor in 1903. It is labeled Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. N. Mich., and Wis., southw. to N. Y., Pa., and Ind. 19. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spikerush. Map 398. Springy marshes and wet, marl borders of lakes. N. S. to Fla., chiefly in salt marshes along the coast ; rare inland, becom- ing common in the alkaline regions of the West; also in Bermuda, Cuba, and Mex. 20. Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link var. Fernaldii Svenson. Rho- dora 36: 380. 1934.) (Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf.) Few-flowered Spike- rush. Map 399. This sedge prefers the wet or moist, marly borders of Fimbristylis Cyperaceae 205 Miles Map 400 Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl 0 50 Map 401 Fimbristylis autumnalis (UR.&S. var. mucronulata (Michx) Fern. o 50 Map 402 Stenophyllus capillaris (L ) Britton lakes and, where such a habitat occurs, it is often found in nearly pure stands over large areas. It is also found in a few marshes and along the borders of some of the sloughs in Lake County. It has been reported also from Newton County. Newf. to Que., southw. to n. N. E., N. Y., Ind., and 111. 471. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl Stigmas 2; achenes lenticular. Scales of spikelets, at least the lower ones, puberulent or minutely pubescent; achenes slightly obovoid, truncate, about 1.5 mm long, longitudinally pitted, grayish. 1. F. puberula. Scales of spikelets glabrous, glossy. (See excluded species no. 94, p. 1031) F. castanea. Stigmas 3; achenes 3-angled, colorless. Umbels usually simple, sometimes compound ; spikelets ovoid ; achenes about 0.75 mm long. (See excluded species no. 93, p. 1031) F. autumnalis. Umbels mostly compound; spikelets linear; achenes about 0.5 mm long 2. F. autumnalis var. mucronulata. 1. Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Map 400. In moist, sandy soil in an interdunal flat habitat. It must be very local since I have seen it only three times. Southern N. Y. to Fla. and La., and from Ont., Mich., Ind., and 111. to Kans. and Tex. 2. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. var. mucronulata (Michx.) Fern. (Rhodora 37: 398. 1935.) {Fimbristylis autumnalis of some authors.) Map 401. Moist, sandy, and muddy shores of lakes, sloughs, and streams and in ditches. This is a highly variable species both as to habit and morphological char- acters. When growing in the mud or in moist sand, the plant may be short and the umbels simple. When growing in its preferred habitat or among vegetation it may be 8-12 inches high. The margins of the leaves may be entire or rather closely serrate. The achenes may be plainly reticulated 206 Cyperaceae Bulbostylis o 5o Map 403 Psilocarya nitens(Vahl)Wood Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. r ° D L . D -i P 1 J L { T 1 l J Li _~L i | I • ' — Miles 0 50 Map 404 Psilocarya scirpoides Torr, Cladfum mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. crosswise or very faintly so, varying somewhat in length, and free of tubercles or covered with them more or less all over the surface. I have not seen a specimen of the typical form of this species and the data given in the key have been obtained from published studies. Doubtless all Indiana plants belong to this variety. Conn, to 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 471 A. BULBOSTYLIS [Kunth] C. B. Clarke ''Plant bearing crowded sessile spikelets at the bases of the leaves; spikelets of the terminal umbel rather crowded, 3-10 mm long, longer than their pedicels" (Rhodora 40: 395. 1938) 1. B. capillaris. Plant not bearing sessile spikelets at the base of the leaves; lateral spikelets of umbels 2.5-6 mm long, shorter than the pedicels; pedicels unequal, 0.1-10 mm long la. B. capillaris var. crebra. 1. Bulbostylis capillaris (L) C. B. Clarke. (Rhodora 40: 395. 1938.) (Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt.) This change of name came too late to change the name on the map. Map 402. I have the typical form of this species from Elkhart, Kosciusko, Lagrange, St. Joseph, and Starke Coun- ties. The map shows both the typical form and the variety. This plant is infrequent in the northern part of the state and rare in the southern part. It is found in very dry, sandy soil, usually in fallow fields and clearings, on open, sandy knolls and dunes, and the variety sometimes in residual soil on the crests of sandstone ridges and on cliffs. Southern Maine to Minn., southw. to Va. and Mo. la. Bulbostylis capillaris var. crebra Fern. (Rhodora 40: 395. 1938.) This variety has the same habitat as that of the species and ranges through- out the state. Only thorough field study will convince me that this variety is distinct in Indiana. Md. to s. 111., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., and Tex. Psilocarya CYPERACEAE 207 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec ■^ D S HD D 0 B 1 ' ( D — i H-J KS^ D f J r — ' -J \\ Miles 0 50 Map 406 Rhynchospora alba (LJ Vahl Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. m^t ) ° ° B L / DP --CT" i H i^jV j it I 0 pLL 1 — Miles 0 50 Map 407 Rhynchospora capillacea Torr 472. PSILOCARYA Ton. Tubercle short, merely capping the achene, its greatest height much less than 0.5 mm; achene strongly transversely wrinkled 1. P. nitens. Tubercle sword-shaped, more than 0.5 mm long; achene not strongly transversely wrinkled 2.. P. scirpoides. 1. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Map 403. In sandy soil on the borders of sloughs. My only specimen is one collected by Umbach on the border of a slough at Dune Park, Porter County, in 1899. Evidently it is very local. Atlantic coast from Long Island, N. Y. to Fla. and along the Gulf to Tex. and along Lake Michigan in Ind. 2. Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. Map 404. This species is local but com- mon to abundant where found. It grows in wet, sandy soil in marshes and on the borders of sloughs and lakes. Mass. to R. I. and in n. Ind. 489. CLADIUM P. Br. 1. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. (Rhodora 25: 49. 1923.) Map 405. Rather frequent or locally common where found in the lake area in shallow water and on the wet borders of lakes and in marshes and springy places. It is usually found in very marly places. N. S. to Ont. to Sask. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Ky., and Iowa. 492. RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl Beakrush Mature achenes (exclusive of tubercle) 4.5-6 mm long. Bristles longer than the achene 1- R- macrostachya. Bristles shorter than the achene 2. R. cornicalata var. interior. Mature achenes (exclusive of tubercle) less than 4 mm long. Achenes transversely wrinkled; bristles upwardly barbed 3. R. cymosa. Achenes smooth; bristles downwardly barbed or smooth. Scales of spikelets (when fresh) white or nearly so, becoming tawny with age; 208 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora spikelets in terminal and axillary corymbose heads, perfecting only one flower; stamens 2; bristles 9-12 (20) 4. R. alba. Scales of spikelets chestnut color; spikelets perfecting more than one flower; stamens 3; bristles (5, rarely more. Leaves all filiform; spikelets 3-6 in terminal clusters. Bristles barbed 5. R. capillacea. Bristles not barbed 5a. R. capillacea f. leviseta. Leaves wider, flat; spikelets numerous in clusters or heads. Bristles barbed 6. R. glomerata var. minor. Bristles not barbed 6a. R. glomerata var. minor f. discutiens. 1. Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr. (Rynchospora corniculata in part, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 412. Very local in a few counties of the lake area on the sedge borders of lakes and sloughs. Mass. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Rhynchospora corniculata (Lam.) Gray var. interior Fern. (Rho- dora 20 : 140. 1918.) Map 409. This is a tall, coarse sedge found growing in wet woods and roadside ditches in a few of the Ohio River counties. Very local. Ind., southw. to Ala., Ark., and Tex. 3. Rhynchospora cymosa Ell. Map 410. This species has been reported from Lake and Porter Counties. In the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin there are 2 sheets from Lake County and 4 sheets from Porter County collected by Umbach. These specimens were found in wet, sandy soil along sloughs and in bogs.* N. J., Pa. to 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 4. Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Map 406. Mostly in the lake area. Infrequent in sedge marshes and bogs, usually on the borders of lakes. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Fla., Ky., and in n. Calif. 5. Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. Map 407. Local in marly, springy places in the lake area, usually associated with the preceding species and with Scleria vertidllata. N. B., e. Que. to w. Ont., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Ind., and Mo. 5a. Rhynchospora capillacea f . leviseta (E. J. Hill) Fem. (Rhodora 37 : 252. 1935.) Map 408. Local in a few of the northern counties. Usually found on marly borders of lakes and in interdunal flats. Maine, Ont., Mich., and Ind. 6. Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl var. minor Britt. (Rhodora 37: 401-402. 1935. ) (Rynchospora glomerata of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 411. Infrequent in wet or moist sedge borders of lakes and in interdunal flats. This is our most common species of this genus and at a short distance it might be confused with Cladium mariscoides but the latter is much stiffer in habit. N. B. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. * Collected in Newton County in H»38 by Madge McKee in swampy land about 3 miles northwest of Morocco. Specimen in her herbarium. Scleria Cyperaceae 209 0 53 Map 409 Rhynchospora corniculata var. interior Fern. o 50 Map 412 Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f" i ( — t— V f^ " X " tm j v~ r Dec.j- i ■ ' — / Miles Rhynch ospora y>\ jo so Map 410 cymosa Ell. 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f h V f^ " -I _ ~ w r~ J J~ r _u Dec. f- i i ' — D 0 Pi" I , -/ Miles S :len ) 0 '9 \H / sntha I1 50 Map 413 /lichx. 0 5o Map 41 Rhynchospora glomerata var. minor Britt. G,/- — Jan. Feb. Mar. L H H 1 T d P J d r r V- Apr. DJ H irt i — h i — May June July y r^ ■ X 2 1 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. r- r i m J r1 Dec.f- — > ' — J Miles o 50 {s^$x<^S^ii> Map 414 Scleria reticularis Michx. 6a. Rhynchospora glomerata var. minor f. discutiens (Clarke) Fern. (Rhodora 37: 402-403. 1935.) This form has been seen from only Lake, Porter, and Starke Counties. The habitat is that of the species. N. J. to Ind. and southw. 515. SCLERIA Bergius Nutrush Achenes smooth, ovoid, about 3 mm long including the basal disk (hypogynium) . Hypogynium entirely covered with a white crust 1. S. triglomerata. Hypogynium naked at the base, supporting about 9 very short tubercles just below the achene 2. S. oligantha. Achenes not smooth, spheroidal, 1.5-2 mm long (2.5 mm long in Scleria setacea). Achenes irregularly papillose or warty, or transversely wrinkled. Culms, leaves, and scales densely pubescent 3. S. panciflora var. caroliniana. Culms, leaves, and scales essentially glabrous 4. S. verticillata. Achenes irregularly pitted. Surface of achene glabrous; achenes 2 mm or less in length; lobes of hypogynium emarginate or cleft, somewhat obtuse; culms usually erect; peduncles sessile or short ' 5. S. reticularis. 210 Cyperaceae Scleria 0 50 Map 415 scleria setacea 0 50 Map 416 Scleria triglomerata Michx. 0~~ -^S Map 417 Scleria verticillata Muhl. Surface of achene more or less pubescent; achenes 2-2.5 mm long; lobes of hypo- gynium acute or acuminate; culms spreading; axillary peduncles long and filiform, the spikelets usually drooping 6. S. setacea. 1. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Map 416. Very local and only a few plants found at a place. It grows in moist, sandy soil in prairie habitats or in marshes. Vt. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Scleria oligantha Michx. Map 413. On dry rocky, open, wooded slopes in three of the Ohio River counties. Very local and only a few plants found. D. C, Va. to Ind. and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. Fassett (Rhodora 35: 202. 1933) writes that two collections from Miller and three from Dune Park in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin named Scleria pauciflora Muhl. should be referred to the variety. I have seen these specimens and I agree with Fassett. I have this variety also from Jasper County. Mass. to Ga. along the coast, cent. N. Y., Ohio, and Ind. to Mo. 4. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Map 417. Infrequent to frequent in marly marshes throughout the lake area. It is rather inconspicuous and is often overlooked, although where it is found it usually forms a dense stand. The report by Core (Brittonia 2: 23. 1936) for Chase from Shelby County should be referred to Shelby, Lake County. Mrs. Chase wrote me that she had never collected in Shelby County. Mass., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., Mex., and W. I. 5. Scleria reticularis Michx. Map 414. In damp or wet, sandy soil in a few marshes of northwestern Indiana. Very local. This species was erroneously cited by Core (Brittonia 2 : 82. 1936) as having been collected in Greene County by Nieuwland. Nieuwland's specimens of the number >cleria Cyperaceae 211 ited by Core in the herbarium of the University of Notre Dame are from 'orter County. Mass. to Fla., and in n. Ind. 6. Scleria setacea Poir. (Scleria reticularis var. pubescens Britt.) Map 15. There is a specimen in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin ollected by Umbach in 1908 near Dune Park, Porter County, which I am ef erring to this species. This specimen has the pubescent achenes and he long, filiform peduncles of the lateral spikelets but the lobes of the ypogynium are not acute or only scarcely so. Witmer Stone, in his "Flora f Southern New Jersey," on page 284 says : "The width of the leaves and iubescence of the achenes are characters which are very variable." The ize of the achenes of our plants is about the same as those of S. reticu- iris. While the achenes of typical S. reticularis are glabrous, sometimes n achene is found which has a trace of pubescence which is a character f S. setacea. This species is somewhat frequent on the moist or dry, sandy border of lie west end of the second marsh from the north side of section 2 and on hie east side of this section about 2i/2 miles southeast of Tefft, Jasper bounty. It is closely associated with S. triglomerata Michx. and S. pauci- lora var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. This is an interdunal marsh between ather low sand hills which are covered with black oak. The marsh is overed with Calamagrostis canadensis. Besides the Sclerias already named, n the border of this marsh are found also Hypericum adpressum and 'anicum verrucosum. This marsh and others nearby are noted for the umber of Coastal Plain plants found in them. Conn, to the Great Lakes and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also in lex., W. I., and Cent. Amer. 212 Cyperaceae Carex 525. CAREX [Dill.] L. Sedge* A genus of nearly 2000 species and the largest genus of vascular plants in Indiana. Few species have any economic value but the ecological role of the genus is of great importance. The species of marshes and muddy borders of lakes which form extensive colonies, and to some extent the less gregarious species, comprise an essential step in the successional stages from open water to the culmination in climax forest or prairie. Much of the fertile soils of our region today would still be barren mudflats were it not for the part played by these sedges in the conversion of the once vast boggy areas into a turf, thus enabling less hydrophytic plants to become established and add further to the fertility of the soil. For the identification of species in this genus it is nearly always neces- sary to have a specimen with ripe fruit (perigynia) and as a rule the roots are also essential. In the key closely related species have been grouped for convenience into sections, roughly corresponding in size to most of the genera in other groups. After only a slight acquaintance with the sedges of an area it is generally possible to recognize at sight the group or section to which an unknown species belongs, especially since a few of the sections (Ovales, Bracteosae, Laxiflorae, Acutae, and Lupulinae) will include the great majority of the individuals found in the field. The most recent and exhaustive treatment of the species of Carex in our area is K. K. Mackenzie's monograph in North American Flora 18 : 1-478. 1931-35. In the following account this monograph has been freely used in the preparation of the keys and in giving distribution. NATURAL KEY TO THE SECTIONS OF INDIANA CARICES Stigmas two; achenes lenticular; spikes usually bisexual, the lateral sessile Subgenus Vignea. Stigmas three; achenes triangular; or if stigmas two and achenes lenticular, the lateral spikes peduncled; spikes normally unisexual Subgenus Eu-Carex. Subgenus Vignea Terminal or all spikes androgynous; perigynia not subterete. Culms arising singly or few together from long-creeping rootstocks. Heads elongate, 2-7 cm long; culms not branching; perigynia thin- or wing- margined; not plants of sphagnum bogs. Perigynia thin- but not wing-margined, ovate-orbicular, thick-plano-convex, 3.4-5 mm long; spikes all androgynous; plants of wet habitats 1. § INTERMEDIAE, p. 218. Perigynia narrowly wing-margined, oblong-lanceolate, plano-convex, 4.75-6 mm long; lowest spikes usually pistillate, the middle staminate, and terminal androgynous; plants of dry sandy habitats 2. § Arenariae, p. 218. Heads ovoid, 0.5-1.2 cm long; culms becoming decumbent and branching; perigynia neither thin- nor wing-margined, oblong-obovate, thick-plano-convex, 2.5-3.75 mm long; plants of sphagnum bogs 3. § Chordorrhizae, p. 219. Culms cespitose, the rootstocks sometimes short-prolonged with short internodes but not long-creeping. Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak; culms not flaccid and not flattening in drying. Spikes few (generally 10 or fewer), usually greenish. .4. § Bracteosae, p. 219. * Contributed by Frederick J. Hermann, University of Michigan. Carex Cyperaceae 213 Spikes numerous, yellowish or brownish at maturity; leaf sheaths often red- dotted ventrally. Perigynia plano-convex, thin, yellowish; bracts mostly much exceeding the spikes ; leaf sheaths usually transversely rugulose ventrally 5. § MULTIFLORAE, p. 224. Perigynia thick-plano-convex or unequally biconvex, brown; bracts mostly shorter than the spikes; leaf sheaths not transversely rugulose 6. § Paniculatae, p. 225. Perigynia tapering into the beak or, if abruptly contracted, culms flaccid and flattening in drying 7. § Vulpinae, p. 226. Terminal or all spikes gynaecandrous or, if androgynous, perigynia subterete and spikes 1-3-flowered. Perigynia without winged margins, at most thin-edged. Perigynia 2-4 mm long. Perigynia not thin-edged, ascending or appressed, elliptic 8. § Heleonastes, p. 229. Perigynia thin-edged, spreading, ovoid, usually broadest below the middle 9. § Stellulatae, p. 230. Perigynia 4-5 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, appressed. .10. § Deweyanae, p. 232. Perigynia with winged margins 11. § Ovales, p. 232. Subgenus Eu-Carex Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous; achenes apiculate or blunt at the apex; perigynia closely enveloping the achenes or moderately inflated. Spikes solitary, androgynous; perigynia beakless, rounded at the apex, glabrous. 12. § POLYTRICHOIDEAE, p. 237. Spikes one to many, when one the perigynia not as above. Lower pistillate scales bractlike; achenes rounded at the apex, strongly con- stricted at the base 13. § Phyllostachyae, p. 238. Lower pistillate scales not bractlike; achenes apiculate-tipped, not strongly con- stricted at the base. Achenes with sides convex above, closely enveloped by the perigynia; bracts sheathless, scalelike or setaceous 14. § Montanae, p. 238. Achenes with flat or concave sides; bracts from sheathless to long-sheathing. Achenes closely enveloped by the perigynia; bracts, when present, strongly sheathing. Perigynia pubescent or puberulent, at least at the base of the beak. Bracts either reduced to sheaths or absent. Culms not dioecious; spikes more than one; bracts bladeless 15. § DlGITATAE, p. 242. Culms dioecious; spike solitary, bractless 16. § Pictae, p. 243. Bracts with well-developed blades 17. § Triquetrae, p. 243. Perigynia glabrous 18. § Albae, p. 243. Achenes not closely enveloped by the perigynia except at the base. Bracts long-sheathing (except in C. prasina of § Gracillimae, a species with sharply triangular perigynia which are long- and flat-beaked, nerveless except for the prominent lateral pair of nerves) ; achenes triangular (except in § Bicolores, species with pulverulent or golden yellow perigynia) . Beak of perigynium entire, emarginate, or obliquely cut and at length bidentate. Pistillate spikes short, oblong to linear, erect or, if drooping, the perigynia acutely triangular. Achenes lenticular; stigmas two 19. § Bicolores, p. 244. Achenes triangular; stigmas three. Perigynia with few to many strongly raised nerves. Perigynia tapering at the base, triangular; achenes usually closely enveloped. 214 Cyperaceae Carex Rootstocks elongate, producing long horizontal stolons 20. § Paniceae, p. 244. Rootstocks not elongate, not producing long horizontal stolons. 21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246. Perigynia rounded at the base, suborbicular in cross section; achenes loosely enveloped 22. § Granulares, p. 250. Perigynia with numerous fine impressed nerves. Perigynia tapering at the base, constricted at the apex, obtusely triangular; achenes closely enveloped 23. § Oligocarpae, p. 251. Perigynia rounded at both ends, orbicular or orbicular-triangular in cross section 24. § Griseae, p. 252. Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, slender-peduncled, the lower drooping. Perigynia beakless or short-beaked; terminal spike gynaecandrous (except in C. prasina, and rarely in C. gracillima) 25. § Gracillimae, p. 253. Perigynia conspicuously beaked; terminal spike staminate (rarely with a few perigynia at the base). Pistillate spikes narrowly linear, 3-4 mm wide; culms strongly reddish-tinged at the base, aphyllopodic 26. § Sylvaticae, p. 254. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-10 mm wide; culms not strongly reddish-tinged at the base, phyllopodic 27. § Longirostres, p. 255. Beak of perigynium bidentate 28. § Extensae, p. 256. Bracts sheathless or very short-sheathing (rarely the lowest long-sheathing in C. lasiocarpa of § Hirtae) . Perigynia or foliage (especially the sheaths) or both pubescent. Beak of perigynium at most shallowly bidentate; styles very short, thickish, leaves not septate-nodulose 29. § Virescentes, p. 257. Beak of perigynium strongly bidentate; styles long, slender; leaves septate-nodulose 30. § Hirtae, p. 258. Perigynia and foliage not pubescent. Achenes triangular; stigmas three. Perigynia strongly beaked, scabrous 30a. § Anomalae, p. 259. Perigynia beakless or short-beaked, not scabrous. Perigynia transversely corrugated 31. § Shortianae, p. 259. Perigynia not transversely corrugated, papillate. Terminal spike staminate; roots closely clothed with a yellowish felt 32. § Limosae, p. 260. Terminal spike gynaecandrous; roots not clothed with a yellowish felt 33. § Atratae, p. 260. Achenes lenticular; stigmas two. Achenes not constricted in the middle; pistillate scales obtuse to acuminate 34. § Acutae, p. 260. Achenes constricted in the middle; pistillate scales long-awned 35. § Cryptocarpae, p. 262. Style not articulated, continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated; perigynia mod- erately to strongly inflated (only slightly so in some species of § Paludosae and § Pseudo-Cyperi) . Perigynia many-nerved, lanceolate, tapering into the beak. Spikes solitary, androgynous; perigynia widely spreading or reflexed, early de- ciduous; leaf blades involute, 0.5 mm wide 35a. § Orthocerate., p. 263. Spikes several; perigynia ascending, not early deciduous; leaf blades flat, 5-15 mm wide 36. § Folliculatae, p. 263. Perigynia strongly ribbed, usually broader, generally abruptly contracted into the beak. Carex Cyperaceae 215 Perigynia finely and closely ribbed 37. § Pseudo-Cyperi, p. 263. Perigynia coarsely ribbed. Perigynia subcoriaceous; foliage or perigynia or both sometimes pubescent. 38. § Paludosae, p. 264. Perigynia membranaceous; foliage and perigynia not pubescent (except peri- gynia sometimes hispidulous in C. Grayii of § Lupulinae). Perigynia obconic or broadly obovoid, truncately contracted into a long subu- late beak 39. § Squarrosae, p. 266. Perigynia from lanceolate to ovoid or globose-ovoid, not truncately contracted. Perigynia 7-10 mm long; achenes 2-3 mm long, 1.25-2.5 mm wide 40. § Vesicariae, p. 267. Perigynia 10-20 mm long; achenes 2.5-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide 41. § Lupulinae, p. 269. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SECTIONS OF INDIANA CARICES Spike one. Perigynia strongly inflated, sessile or nearly so, not becoming reflexed; pistillate scales persistent 39. § Squarrosae, p. 266. Perigynia not inflated. Pistillate scales not foliaceous; perigynia not abruptly beaked. Pistillate scales deciduous; perigynia stipitate, at least the lower reflexed at maturity 35a. § Orthocerates, p. 263. Pistillate scales persistent; perigynia not reflexed. Perigynia rounded at the apex ; spike androgynous 12. § POLYTRICHOIDEAE, p. 237. Perigynia abruptly tapering to a pointed, slightly bidenticulate apex; spike entirely staminate or pistillate 16. § Pictae, p. 243. Lower pistillate scales foliaceous; perigynia abruptly beaked 13. § Phyllostachyae, p. 238. Spikes more than one. Stigmas two; achenes lenticular. Lateral spikes sessile, short; terminal spike usually androgynous or gynaecan- drous. (Vignea.) Culms arising singly or few together from long-creeping rootstocks; perigynia not subterete. Heads elongate, 2-7 cm long; culms not branching; perigynia thin- or wing- margined; not plants of sphagnum bogs. Perigynia thin- but not wing-margined, ovate orbicular, thick-plano-convex, 3-4.5 mm long; spikes all androgynous; plants of wet habitats 1. § Intermediae, p. 218. Perigynia narrowly wing-margined, oblong-lanceolate, plano-convex, 4.75-6 mm long; lowest spikes usually pistillate, the middle staminate, and terminal androgynous ; plants of dry sandy habitats 2. § Arenariae, p. 218. Heads ovoid, 0.5-1.2 cm long; culms becoming decumbent and branching; perigynia neither thin- nor wing-margined, oblong-obovate, thick-plano- convex, 2.5-3.75 mm long; plants of sphagnum bogs 3. § Chordorrhizae, p. 219. Culms cespitose, the rootstocks occasionally somewhat prolonged with short inter- nodes but not long-creeping (except occasionally in C. disperma of § Heleon- astes which has subterete perigynia). Spikes androgynous, many-flowered; perigynia not subterete. Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak; culms not flaccid and not flattening in drying. Spikes few (generally 10 or fewer) , usually greenish 4. § Bracteosae, p. 219. 21G Cyperaceae Carex Spikes numerous, yellowish or brownish at maturity; leaf sheaths often red-dotted ventrally. Perigynia plano-convex, thin, yellowish; bracts mostly much exceeding the spikes; leaf sheaths usually transversely rugulose ventrally. 5. § MULT1FLORAE, p. 224. Perigynia thick-plano-convex or unequally biconvex, brown; bracts mostly shorter than the spikes ; leaf sheaths not transversely rugulose 6. § Paniculatae, p. 225. Perigynia tapering into the beak or, if abruptly contracted, culms flaccid and flattening in drying 7. § Vulpinae, p. 226. Spikes not androgynous or, if so, perigynia subterete and spikes only 1-3- flowered. Perigynia without winged margins, at most thin-edged. Perigynia 2-4 mm long. Perigynia not thin-edged, ascending or appressed, elliptic 8. § Heleonastes, p. 229. Perigynia thin-edged, spreading, ovoid, usually broadest below the middle 9. § Stellulatae, p. 230. Perigynia 4-5 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, appressed 10. § Deweyanae, p. 232. Perigynia with winged margins 11. § Ovales, p. 232. Lateral spikes peduncled or, if sessile, elongate; terminal spike usually staminate. (Eu-Carex.) Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous; perigynia not lustrous. Lowest bract long-sheathing; perigynia pulverulent or golden yellow at ma- turity 19. § Bicolores, p. 244. Lowest bract sheathless or rarely short-sheathing, perigynia not pulverulent or golden yellow. Achenes not constricted in the middle; scales not long-awned, 1-nerved. 34. § Acutae, p. 260. Achenes constricted in the middle; scales long-awned, 3-nerved 35. § Cryptocarpae, p. 262. Style continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated; perigynia lustrous 40. § Vesicariae, p. 267. Stigmas three; achenes triangular. Perigynia pubescent or scabrous. Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous. Achenes closely enveloped by the perigynia; bracts sheathless or nearly so. Perigynia obtusely triangular or orbicular-triangular in cross section; plant (except perigynia) glabrous 14. § Montanae, p. 238. Perigynia sharply triangular; plant pubescent. . . . 17. § Triquetrae, p. 243. Achenes not closely enveloped by the perigynia or, if so, the bracts strongly sheathing. Bracts sheathing, their blades absent or rudimentary; achenes closely en- veloped by the perigynia 15. § Digitatae, p. 242. Bracts with well-developed blades. Bracts sheathless or the lower short-sheathing. Perigynia pubescent. Beak of perigynium at most shallowly bidentate; styles very short, thickish; leaves not septate-nodulose. .29. § Virescentes, p. 257. Beak of perigynium strongly bidentate; styles long, slender; leaves septate-nodulose .' 30. § Hirtae, p. 258. Perigynia scabrous 30a. § Anomalae, p. 259. Bracts, at least the lower ones, long-sheathing. Beak of perigynium not strongly bidentate ... 21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246. Beak of perigynium strongly bidentate 30. ij Hirtae, p. 258. Style not articulated, continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated. Perigynia less than 1 cm long; spikes cylindric 38. § Paludosae, p. 264. Carex Cyperaceae 217 Perigynia 1 cm long or longer; spikes globose C. Grayii in 41. § Lupulinae, p. 269. Perigynia glabrous. Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous. Achenes strongly constricted at the base, rounded at the apex; lower pistillate scales bractlike 13. § Phyllostachyae, p. 238. Achenes not strongly constricted at the base, apiculate at the apex; lower pistillate scales not bractlike. Bracts long-sheathing, at least the lower ones. Bracts bladeless or with rudimentary blades. Leaf blades filiform 18. § Albae, p. 243. Leaf blades not filiform 21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246. Bracts with well-developed blades. Foliage, especially the sheaths, pubescent or puberulent. Perigynia beakless or short-beaked; terminal spike gynaecandrous (rarely staminate in C. gracillima) . . .25. § Gracillimae, p. 253. Perigynia conspicuously beaked; terminal spike staminate 26. § Sylvaticae, p. 254. Foliage glabrous. Beak of perigynium not bidentate, at most emarginate. Pistillate spikes short, oblong to linear, erect or, if drooping, either on long capillary peduncles or the perigynia acutely triangular. Perigynia with few to many strongly raised nerves. Perigynia tapering at the base, triangular, closely enveloping the achenes. Rootstocks elongate, often producing long horizontal stolons. 20. § Paniceae, p. 244. Rootstocks not elongate, not producing long horizontal stol- ons 21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246. Perigynia rounded at the base, suborbicular in cross section, loosely enveloping the achenes. .22. § Granulares, p. 250. Perigynia with numerous fine impressed nerves. Perigynia tapering at the base, constricted at the apex, obtusely triangular, closely enveloping the achenes 23. § Oligocarpae, p. 251. Perigynia rounded at both ends, orbicular to orbicular-tri- angular in cross section 24. § Griseae, p. 252. Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, on slender peduncles, the lower usually drooping; perigynia not acutely triangular. Perigynia beakless or short-beaked; terminal spike gynaecan- drous 25. § Gracillimae, p. 253. Perigynia conspicuously beaked; terminal spike staminate. Pistillate spikes narrowly linear, 3-4 mm wide; culms strongly reddish-tinged at the base, aphyllopodic 26. § Sylvaticae, p. 254. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-10 mm wide; culms not strongly reddish-tinged at the base, phyllopodic 27. § Longirostres, p. 255. Beak of perigynium bidentate. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, on slender drooping peduncles; perigynia obliquely cut, at length bidentate 27. § Longirostres, p. 255. Pistillate spikes suborbicular to short-oblong, on short erect or ascending peduncles or sessile, perigynia equally bidentate. 28. § Extensae, p. 256. Bracts (lower) sheath less or very short-sheathing. Terminal spike staminate (in C. prasina occasionally bearing a few 218 Cyperaceae Carex perigynia) ; perigynia appressed or ascending; leaf sheaths not sep- tate-nodulose. Perigynia rounded and minutely beaked at the apex; pistillate spikes oblong, 1-2.5 cm long 32. § Limosae, p. 260. Perigynia tapering into a beak neai'ly the length of the body; pistillate spikes linear, 2-6 cm long. .C. prasina in 25. § Gracillimae, p. 253. Terminal spike gynaecandrous. Perigynia transversely corrugated 31. § Shortianae, p. 259. Perigynia not transversely corrugated 33. § Atratae, p. 260. Style persistent, indurated, continuous with the achene. Perigynia subcoriaceous and firm 38. §Paludosae, p. 264. Perigynia membranaceous. Perigynia obconic or broadly obovoid, truncately contracted into the long, subulate beaks 39. § Squarrosae, p. 266. Perigynia from lanceolate to ovoid or globose-ovoid, not truncately con- tracted. Perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, tapering into the beak. Perigynia many-nerved, slightly inflated, 3 mm wide or less, yellowish green; achenes 3.5 mm long 36. § Folliculatae, p. 263. Perigynia strongly ribbed, strongly inflated, ovoid-lanceolate, 3.5 mm wide or more, green; achenes 5 mm long. .41. § Lupulinae, p. 269. Perigynia broader, abruptly contracted into the beak, usually strongly ribbed. Perigynia finely and closely ribbed 37. § Pseudo-Cyperi, p. 263. Perigynia coarsely ribbed. Perigynia 7-10 mm long; achenes 2-3 mm long, 1.25-2.25 mm wide. 40. § Vesicariae, p. 267. Perigynia 10-20 mm long; achenes 2.5-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide. 41. § Lupulinae, p. 269. 1. § INTERMEDIAE Perigynia ovate-orbicular, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.5-1.75 mm wide, abruptly contracted into a beak about a fourth the length of the body 1. C. Sartwellii. Perigynia elliptic, 4-4.5 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, very gradually long-beaked la. C. Sartwellii var. stenorrhyncha . 1. Carex Sartwellii Dewey. Map 418. Occasional in marshes and marly sloughs, more rarely in sandy ditches, in the northern half of the state; becoming frequent in the dune area. Ont. and w. N. Y. to B. C, southw. to 111., Mo., Nebr., and Colo. la. Carex Sartwellii var. stenorrhyncha Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 78. 1938.) Map 418a. Known only from two localities, both in Lake County: in a prairie marsh south of Sheffield St. and west of Calumet Ave., two miles north of Hammond, Deam no. 53920 (Deam Herbarium) ; and on a prairie east of Wolf Lake, Hermann no. 6052 (Type in Gray Herbarium). 2. § ARENARIAE 2. Carex siccata Dewey. (Carex foenea Willd., according to Svenson in Rhodora 40: 325-329. 1938.) Map 419. Infrequent in the lake area in dry open sandy soil and in open black oak woods. Maine to Wash, and Mack., southw. to N. J., Ind, Nebr., and in the mts. to Ariz. Carex Cyperaceae 219 0 50 Map 418 Carex Sartwelhi Dewe Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Mov Dec k - r | i J ' — Miles 0 50 Map 418a Carex Sartwellii var. stenorrhyncha Hermann Carex siccata Dew 0 51 Map 419 ey 3. § CHORDORRHIZAE 3. Carex chordorrhiza L. f. Map 420. A northern species reaching the southern limit of its range in northern Indiana where it is rare. The two Indiana collections are from very wet sphagnum bogs ; elsewhere in its range it is found also on peaty borders of lakes. The Indiana stations are : in a tamarack bog a mile south of Leesburg, Kosciusko County, and in an open tamarack bog west of Goose Lake, Whitley County. Lab. and Newf . to Keewatin, southw. to N. Y., Ind., Iowa, and Sask. ; also in n. Eurasia. 4. § BRACTEOSAE Sheaths tight, inconspicuously or not at all mottled with green and white or septate- nodulose dorsally (except sometimes in C. Leavenwortkii) ; leaf blades 1-4.5 mm wide. Perigynia distended and spongy at the base, usually widely spreading or reflexed at maturity. Beaks of perigynia smooth, scarcely exceeding the acuminate, deciduous scales. 4. C. retro flexa. Beaks of perigynia minutely serrulate, much exceeding the obtuse or somewhat acute, persistent scales. Stigmas long, slender, usually not twisted, light reddish; perigynium tapering into the beak ; leaf blades 1-2 mm wide 5. C. rosea. Stigmas short, stout, strongly twisted or contorted, deep red; perigynium abruptly contracted into the beak. Leaf blades 1.5-3 (averaging 2.5) mm wide; spikes with 6-20 perigynia; perigynia 3.25-4.5 mm long 6. C. convoluta. Leaf blades 1-1.75 (averaging 1) mm wide; spikes with 2-6 perigynia; peri- gynia 2.25-3 mm long. (See excluded species no. 1, p. 271) . . . . C. radiata. Perigynia not distended and spongy at the base, mostly ascending. Inflorescence ovoid or oblong-ovoid; spikes densely capitate. Scales much shorter than the bodies of the perigynia. Perigynia broadest below the middle, round-tapering at the base, with raised margins ventrally; beaks long, serrulate 7. C. cephalophora. Perigynia broadest at the truncate-cordate base, flat ventrally; beaks short, smooth 8. C. Leavenworthii. Scales from little shorter to longer than the bodies of the perigynia. 220 Cyperaceae Carex Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. f -f ./ . 4V V r^ i \j i fn J r, Dec. C T ' 1/ Miles C )rex cho rdorrhiza 0 50 Map 420 L.f. — Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. f r n L_ ( r^ ! r1 \j — r i ~\. J Dec (- i i ■ i — D / Miles f D [ B c arex D J ret ro •v J flexa M 50 Map 421 uhl. 5 35 Map 422 Carex rosea Schkuhr Culms lax; perigynia faintly nerved dorsally; stigmas short.. .9. C. mesochorea. Culms stiff, erect; perigynia generally strongly nerved to ribbed dorsally; stigmas long, slender 10a. C. Muhlenbergii var. enervis. Inflorescence oblong or linear-oblong to elongate and interrupted; spikes not capitate. Perigynia strongly nerved and low-convex ventrally, the margins usually slightly raised 10. C. Muhlenbergii. Perigynia nerveless or nerved only at the base ventrally, the margins not raised at maturity. Perigynia sessile, short-beaked, spreading, 3-3.5 mm long; bracts not broadly dilated at the base; scales about the length of and narrower than the bodies of the perigynia, cuspidate or short-aristate 10a. C. Muhlenbergii var. enervis. Perigynia stipitate, long-beaked, ascending, 3.5-5 mm long; bracts broadly dilated at the base; at least the lower scales exceeding and as wide as the perigynia, long-awned. (See excluded species no. 2, p. 272) C. austrina. Sheaths loose, mottled with green and white and usually septate-nodulose dorsally; leaf blades 4.5-8 (in C. aggregata rarely only 3) mm wide. Perigynia not deep green at maturity, with border raised ventrally only above the middle, the beak a fourth to a third the length of the ovate or suborbicular body or, if longer, the ventral suture deep; spikes approximate in a cylindric or ovoid head. Perigynia ovate, tapering into the beak, typically smooth or faintly nerved dorsally, beak very sharply bidentate, the teeth about 1 mm long; pistillate scales mostly strongly awned; leaf blades rarely over 5 mm wide 11. C. gravida. Perigynia broadly ovate to suborbicular, abruptly beaked, typically strongly ribbed dorsally; beak less sharply bidentate, the teeth about 0.5 mm long; pistillate scales mostly acuminate to short-awned; leaf blades often 6-8 mm wide.... 11a. C. gravida var. Lunelliana. Perigynia deep green, the beak a third the length of the ovate body or more or, if rarely shorter, the ventral suture shallow. Mature perigynia membranaceous, flat ventrally; leaf blades 3-7 mm wide; spikes approximate or the lower separate. Scales acute or somewhat obtuse, half the length of the bodies of the perigynia; stigmas short; sheaths truncate at the mouth, the lower transversely rugulose; perigynia narrowly ovate or even elliptic with a narrow, gradually contracted beak; culms often slightly winged 12. C. cepJialoidea. Carex Cyperaceae 221 0 50 Map 423 Carex convoluta Mack, 0 50 Map 424 Carex cephalophora Muhl o 50 Map 425 Carex Leavenworthii Dewey Scales acuminate or short cuspidate (rarely merely acute), about the length of the bodies of the perigynia; stigmas long and slender; sheaths concave at the mouth, usually not at all transversely rugulose; culms sulcate and white-striate up to the inflorescence, their angles usually smooth 13. C. aggregata. Mature perigynia subcoriaceous, ovate, with border raised ventrally to the base, abruptly contracted into a short, stout beak, culms sulcate and white-striate only below, minutely winged or thin-margined up to the inflorescence, serrulate on the angles; leaf blades 5-10 mm wide; lower sheaths usually transversely rugulose; lower spikes usually separate; stigmas short and stout; scales short, blunt to acute 14. C. s-parganioides. 4. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Map 421. Very local in northern Indiana; frequent in the unglaciated area of the southwestern counties. A woodland species partial to dry rocky white oak woods, especially in sandstone areas. Vt. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 5. Carex rosea Schkuhr. Map 422. Very common in both dry and moist woods. This species and C. convoluta are perhaps the most plentiful wood- land sedges in the state as a whole. N. S. to N. Dak., southw. to Ga. and La. 6. Carex convoluta Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 428. 1916.) {Carex rosea of authors.) Map 423. Very common in dry and low woods of all types. Often in somewhat richer soils than C. rosea. N. S. to Man., southw. to Ala., Tenn., and Ark. 7. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Map 424. Very common in oak and beech-maple woods ; occasional along open grassy roadsides and in thickets. Maine to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 8. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. Map 425. Frequent, except in the lake area, in open grassy, generally dry or sandy, oak woods and bordering thickets; occasionally bordering woods in clay fallow fields. Southern N. J., sw. Ont. and Iowa to Fla. and Tex. 222 Cyperaceae Carex 0 50 Map 426 Carex mesochorea Mack. 0 50 Map 427 Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr Map 428 Carex Muhlenbergii var. enervis Boott 9. Carex mesochorea Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 246. 1910.) (Carex mediterranean Mack.) Map 426. Rare or local in pasture fields and on open, wooded, grassy slopes. At the Montgomery County station, on an open white oak ridge 5 miles west of New Market, it is associated with Poa pratensis, Danthonia spicata, Luzula echinata var. mesochorea, Anten- naria neglecta and "reindeer moss." Southern Mass. and N. Y., to D. C, Tenn., and Ind. 10. Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr. Map 427. Frequent to common in the lake area in dry sandy fallow fields and open oak woods and on dunes ; occasional in southern Indiana. Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 10a. Carex Muhlenbergii var. enervis Boott. (Carex plana Mack. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 50: 350. 1923.) Map 428. Frequent on slopes, in sandy open woods, on wooded dunes, and in dry sandy fields. It is partial to somewhat less open habitats than the species and is less often on low or level ground, its favorite habitat being on or near the crests of wooded dunes, river bluffs, and oak ridges. Specimens intermediate between C. Muhlenbergii and var. enervis in some or most of their characters seem to be too frequent to warrant the treatment of the latter as a species. The ventrally flat perigynium is a conspicuous character of typical var. enervis when fully mature or over- ripe but it is very inconstant and specimens with a pronounced raised border up to maturity are especially frequent. Maine to Nebr., southw. to Ala. and Tex. 11. Carex gravida Bailey. (Including Carex gravida var. laxifolia Bailey.) Map 429. Known in Indiana only from the prairie area in the westernmost tier of counties where it is found on sandy bur oak ridges and sandy and gravelly railroad embankments. Carex Cyperaceae 223 0 50 Map 429 Carex gravida Bailey. 0 50 Map 430 "Carex gravida var. Lunelliana (Mack-) Hermann Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. -L i D -1^ ! ! T _7_J ■_L \~y Mi,es 0 55 Map 43! Carex cephaloldea Dewey Reported from Lake County by Peattie and by Pepoon but no authentic specimens could be found. The Lake County reports were probably based upon specimens of C. Muhlenbergii in the Field Museum and University of Wisconsin herbaria which were collected by Umbach and distributed as C. gravida. The report from Fayette County by Deam was based upon a specimen of C. aggregata which was referred to C. gravida by Mackenzie. Deam no. 43219 is intermediate between C. gravida and its var. Lunel- liana. Sw. Ont. and Ohio to N. Dak. and Wyo., southw. to Mo. and Kans. 11a. Carex gravida var. Lunelliana (Mack.) Hermann. (Amer. Midland Nat. 17: 855. 1936.) {Carex Lunelliana Mack. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 615. 1915.) Map 430. On sandy roadsides and railroad embankments in the westernmost tier of counties where it is rare. Some of the Benton County specimens intergrade slightly with the species but the Vigo County plants from very sandy soil on a roadside knoll 5 miles north of Terre Haute are a good match with the type material of C. Lunelliana. Ind. and Iowa to Tex. and N. Mex. 12. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Map 431. Rich woods. In Indiana known only from two collections by Deam : beech-sugar maple woods a mile and a half west of New Waverly, Cass County; and low woods bordering Tippecanoe River north of DeLong, Fulton County. It is probably more frequent than the few collections would indicate since it resembles the ubiquitous C. sparganioides so closely that it is apt to be passed by as that species. The Tippecanoe County report by Smith is not supported by a specimen nor could any specimen be found to confirm Peattie's report from Lake County. Specimens of C. alopecoidea (§ Vulpinae) before fully mature, and particularly when from an open habitat, often closely simulate C. cepha- loidea. These may be most readily distinguished by their acuminate to cuspidate or aristate pistillate scales which are more than half the length 224 Cyperaceae Carex 0 50 Map 432 Carex aggregata Mack. 0 50 Map 433 Carex sparganioides Muhl. , Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. ° f J 1 D J ~i" f1"^ f D H r1 \j r~ 1 -hH r Oec.f- i ■< B K I j D C D k IBs ^t^ / — -/ Miles D I 1 0 ( ,are> annectens B 0 50 Map 434 Ickn. of the bodies of the perigynia and have a conspicuous green center. In C. cephaloidea the pistillate scales are obtuse or at most acute, half the length of the bodies of the perigynia or shorter, and are hyaline throughout (never becoming coppery-tinged at maturity as in C. alopecoidea) except for the faint green midrib. N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and 111. 13. Carex aggregata Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 246. 1910.) Map 432. Infrequent on banks of creeks, on dry grassy and partially wooded slopes, in low open woods, and as a weed in lawns. The perigynia are very susceptible to infection by a smut which often prevents their maturing. N. J. to D. C, westw. to Kans. and Okla. 14. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Map 433. Very common in dry woods (usually sugar maple, beech or white oak), thickets, and along roadsides. One of the most abundant sedges in the state. Que. to S. Dak., southw. to Va., Ky., and Kans. 5. § MULTIFLORAE Beak of perigynium much shorter than the body; perigynium subcoriaceous; leaves usually shorter than the culms. Perigynia mostly broadest at the base, usually nerved dorsally, 2 mm or more wide; beak of perigynium prominent, conspicuously cleft 15. C. annectens. Perigynia mostly broadest at or below the middle, nerveless dorsally, usually less than 2 mm wide; beak of perigynium very small, obscurely cleft; heads gen- erally horter and denser 15a. C. annectens var. xanthocarpa. Beak of perigynium about equaling the body; perigynium membranaceous; leaves normally exceeding the culms. Perigynia ovate, the body corky-margined to the base, contracted into the beak 1(5. C. vulpinoidea. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, the body thin-edged and not at all corky-margined, tapering gradually into the beak; teeth of perigynium almost obsolete; plant low, densely cespitose; leaves narrow, rigid; inflorescence short, broad, and con- gested. (See excluded species no. 3, p. 272) . . . .C. vulpinoidea var. pycnocephala. Carex Cyperaceae 225 0 50 Map 435 Carex vulpinoidea Michx — Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f r 1 I f <\ -r D r ■o r i r1 I r, tn Dec. J— ■ ' — B E J / U Miles C arex decomposita 0 50 Map 436 Muhl. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. C DP 1 F a D D — 0 r s H i ( ^ D DP [ ri I1 ^ r r r, ■ ' — U Miles Carei diandra Scr 0 56' Map 437 rank 15. Carex annectens Bickn. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 492. 1908.) (C. setacea Dewey var. ambigua (Barratt) Fern.) Map 434. Fairly com- mon in the southern counties ; infrequent in northern Indiana. In southern Indiana it occurs most commonly in low flat woods although it is frequently found in wet fallow clay fields; in the northern counties it is usually in marshes or pastures. Maine to Wis., southw. to Tex. and Fla. 15a. Carex annectens var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. (Bull. Tor- rey Bot. Club 23: 22. 1896; Rhodora 24: 74. 1922.) (Carex xantho- carpa Bickn. and Carex brachyglossa Mack.) Known in Indiana from a single collection : Deam no. 42927, in a low place in an open post oak flat south of Half Moon Pond, 10 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon, Posey County. The report from Knox County by Deam was based upon a collection determined by Mackenzie as C. brachyglossa but the specimen should be referred to C. annectens. Maine to Iowa, southw. to Va. and Kans. 16. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Map 435. One of the commonest sedges of swampy places throughout the state. Its favorite habitat is in roadside ditches but it is found also in marshes, swamps, low open woods, and ravines, on flood plains, and banks of streams and ponds. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., Ariz., and Oreg. 6. § PANICULATAE Leaf blades 3-8 mm wide ; perigynia very abruptly short-beaked, tapering at the base ; inflorescence usually 8-15 cm long, obviously branched 17. C. decomposita. Leaf blades 1-3 mm wide; perigynia tapering or contracted into the beak, rounded or truncate at the base; inflorescence 2.5-5 (8) cm long, obscurely branched. Sheaths not copper-colored at the mouth; head little interrupted; perigynia 2-2.5 mm long, convex ventrally, lustrous, not concealed by the scales. . . 18. C. diandra. Sheaths copper-colored at the mouth; head interrupted; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long, flat or concave ventrally, dull, nearly concealed by the scales .... 19. C. prairea. 226 Cyperaceae Carex 0 50 Map 438 Carex prairea Dewey 0 50 Map 439 Carex stipata Muhl. 0 50 Map 440 Carex stipata var, maxima Chapm. 17. Carex decomposita Muhl. Map 436. Specimens to confirm the Mar- shall and Lake County reports for this very local species could not be located. From Pepoon's statement that it is an abundant species in the Chicago region it seems very likely that his report was based upon mate- rial of C. diandra or perhaps of C. vulpinoidea. Specimens of C. vulpinoidea collected by Umbach from the Illinois portion of the Chicago region and labeled C. decomposita were found in the University of Wisconsin Herba- rium. C. decomposita is represented from Indiana by two collections: Deam, June 26, 1898, in bunches of moss on logs in a drained pond, Little's woods, Lancaster Twp., six miles northeast of Bluffton, Wells County; and Kriebel no. 2221, in a knothole at base of tree in swamp, two and a half miles northeast of Avoca, Lawrence County. N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla., La., and Mo. 18. Carex diandra Schrank. (Carex teretiuscula Gooden.) Map 437. Frequent in the lake area on marly and sandy borders of lakes and in swales, marshes, or bogs. The specimen upon which Coulter's report from Daviess County was based should probably be referred to C. prairea. The specimen could not be located in the Indiana herbaria. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ind., and Colo. ; also in Eurasia. 19. Carex prairea Dewey. (Carex teretiuscula var. ramosa Boott and Carex diandra var. ramosa (Boott) Fern.) Map 438. Frequent, except in southernmost counties, in marshes, tamarack bogs, marly swamps and on borders of streams or lakes. Que. to Sask., southw. to N. J., Ind., Iowa, and Nebr. 7. § VULPINAE Perigynium tapering into the beak, the body strongly nerved ventrally or perigynium very long beaked. Perigynium 4-6 mm long, rounded at the base, strongly nerved ventrally, the beak 1-2 times the length of the body; sheaths not dotted with purple ventrally. Carex Cyperaceae 227 — Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov 1 r V J ■L. ' p H ID > DP r1 A^ ■ D p O D j r, Dec j- i i ' — i j j D t — 1 J Miles Ca o 1 rex li eviv agin ata (Kuke j 5d Map 441 ith) Mack. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. f 1 D Wl D \ ^ " ■ V [ B Q r 1 m j D Dec j- ■ ' — H D X J— -— v/ | / Miles 0 [ D [ Carex C D ) rus -corvi Sh J 50 Map 442 uttlw. — Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. f \ lV " X D ^k J" ?r r Dec J- i i ' — / Miles Carex ; \ /\ 7 lopecoidia Tut ) " '50 Map 443 :kerm. Sheaths not thickened at the mouth, cross-rugulose ventrally, easily broken, pro- longed upward at the mouth. Perigynium 4-5 mm long, the beak about the length of the body ; leaf blades 4-8 mm wide 20. C. stipata. Perigynium 5-6 mm long, the beak longer than the body; leaf blades 8-15 mm wide 20a. C. stipata var. maxima. Sheaths thickened (often cartilaginous) at the mouth, rarely cross-rugulose ven- trally, not easily broken, concave or truncate at the mouth 21. C. laevivaginata. Perigynium 6-7 mm long, abruptly enlarged below into a disklike base, obscurely nerved ventrally except at the base, the beak 2-3 times the length of the body; sheaths dotted with purple ventrally 22. C. Grus-corvi. Perigynium contracted into a beak not longer than the body, the body nerveless ven- trally except sometimes at the base. Sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally; spikes yellowish or tawny at maturity; per- igynium narrow, faintly nerved dorsally, the beak about the length of the body. 23. C. alopecoidea. Sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally; spikes green; perigynium broad, usually strongly nerved dorsally, the beak generally about half the length of the body 24. C. conjuncta. 20. Carex stipata Muhl. Map 439. Very common in wet habitats throughout Indiana. It is usually found on borders of ponds and streams and in low woods, roadside ditches, swamps, marshes, bogs, and woodland swales. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C, Tenn., Kans., N. Mex., and Calif. 20a. Carex stipata var. maxima Chapm. (Carex stipata var. uberior Mohr and Carex uberior (Mohr) Mack.) Map 440. Rare; it is usually found on the borders of ponds and streams, in low woods, roadside ditches, swamps, marshes, bogs, and woodland swales. In the western portion of its range transitional forms between this plant and C. stipata occur with a frequency which discourages attempts to main- tain it as specifically distinct. Of the five collections known from Indiana three are typical of var. maxima in all their characters while two (Deam no. 36082, with leaves averaging only 7 mm wide, and Deam no. 38688, 228 Cyperaceae Carex x conjuncta Boott 0 53 Map 445 Carex disperma Dewey o fo Map 446 Carex trisperma Dewey with no perigynia over 5 mm long and some less, with the beaks of the perigynia only slightly longer than the bodies but leaves averaging 10 mm wide) approach the typical form of C. stipata. N. J. and Pa. southw. along the coast to Fla. and Tex., and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Mo. and Ind. 21. Carex laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mack. (Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, 1 : 371. 1913. See also Fernald, Rhodora 17: 231. 1915.) Map 441. Infrequent in wet ravines, swamps, swales in woods and on muddy banks of creeks. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Mo. 22. Carex Crus-corvi Shuttlw. Map 442. Frequent in southern Indiana in low open woods, especially flat pin oak woods ; occasional in northern Indiana on borders of ponds in woods. Reported from Lake County by Peattie and by Pepoon but no specimens from the county could be located. Tenn. southw. to Fla. and Tex.; in the Mississippi Valley from s. Mich., s. Minn., and e. Nebr. to La. 23. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Map 443. Known in Indiana from a single collection : Deam no. 41282, in a low place in white oak woods 3 miles south of Yorktown, Delaware County. No specimens could be found to confirm the reports by Peattie and by Pepoon from Lake County, by Pepoon from Porter County, and by Phinney from Jay, Randolph, and Wayne Counties. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Iowa. 24. Carex conjuncta Boott. Map 444. Frequent to common in central Indiana; frequent elsewhere except in the lake and prairie areas. Its pre- ferred habitat is on wooded alluvial banks of streams, but it is also found in low woods and on moist wooded slopes. N. J. to D. C. westw. to S. Dak. and Kans. Carex Cyperaceae 229 0 50 Map 447 Carex canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern. — Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov 1 D D T A. "J D V ^ ^ [ T - 1 n V X J J~ r Dec f- > ' — J/ Miles Carex Jdr. subl i/ Map 448 canescens oliacea Laest. — Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. T r BD y-1- iri y^ ' i — i*1 X r i -"k J Dec. f- i ' — / Miles c arex r^V Map 449 seorsa E.C.Howe 8. S HELEONASTES .25. C. disperma. Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex Spikes gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex. Lowest bract bristlelike, many times longer than its spike; perigynia 3-3.5 mm long. 26. C. trisperma. Lowest bract much shorter; perigynia about 2 mm long. Perigynia distinctly short-beaked, loosely spreading; leaves green, 1-2.5 mm wide. (See excluded species no. 5, p. 272) C. brunnescens. Perigynia apiculate, appressed-ascending, leaves glaucous, 2-4 mm wide. Spikes 6-12 mm long, remote, the lowest 2-4 cm apart; perigynia 2.3-3 mm long. 27. C. canescens var. disjuncta. Spikes 4-7 mm long, subapproximate or remote; perigynia barely 2 mm long. 27a. C. canescens var. subloliacea. 25. Carex disperma Dewey. (Carex tenella Schkuhr.) Map 445. Fre- quent in the northern counties in sphagnum in tamarack bogs and on mucky borders of lakes. Reported from Putnam County by Coulter but no specimen from that county could be found. Newf. to Yukon, southw. to N. J., Ind., N. Mex., and Calif.; also in Eurasia. 26. Carex trisperma Dewey. Map 446. Restricted to the tamarack bogs of the northernmost counties where it is locally plentiful in sphagnum. No specimen could be located to substantiate Coulter's report from Putnam County. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Md., 111., and Minn. 27. Carex canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern. Map 447. Frequent in the counties along the northern border of Indiana in tamarack bogs or low wet woods. Lab. to Wis., southw. to Pa. and Ind. 27a. Carex canescens var. subloliacea Laest. Map 448. Infrequent in the northernmost counties in swampy woods and in sphagnum in tama- rack bogs. Lab. to B. C, southw. locally to Conn, and Ind. 230 Cyperaceae Carex 0 — TO Map 450 Carex interior Bailey — f Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. ID /? 1 \ \^ X r I -4c r r1 Dec.j- > ' — J Miles Carex Hi y\j o so Map 451 )wei Mack. ,arex incomperta 9. § STELLULATAE Perigynium broadest near the middle, strongly nerved both ventrally and dorsally, with smooth beak 28. C. seorsa. Perigynium broadest at the base, with serrulate beak. Perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm long, the beak very shallowly bidentate. Perigynia nerveless or few-nerved at the base ventrally, brownish or tawny, the beak with ventral false suture inconspicuous; scales obtuse; anthers 1 mm or less long; leaf blades 1-3 mm wide 29. C. interior. Perigynia strongly nerved ventrally, deep green, the beak with ventral false suture conspicuous; scales subacute; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; leaf blades 0.25-1 mm wide 30. C. Howei. Perigynia 2.75-4.75 mm long, the beak deeply bidentate. Perigynia deep green at maturity, strongly nerved ventrally, the body suborbicu- lar or very broadly ovate with raised margins, the beak less than half the length of the body, the teeth short, straight, rigid 31. C. incomperta. Perigynia stramineous to brown at maturity, faintly nerved ventrally, the body ovate to ovate-lanceolate (occasionally broadly ovate in C. sterilis). Staminate flowers terminal, basal, or in separate spikes; margin of perigynium slightly if at all raised, setulose-serrulate toward the beak; beak of perigynium half the length of the body or more, the teeth broad, largely hyaline and soft, generally bent or twisted; scales chestnut brown, with lustrous white margins 32. C. sterilis. Staminate flowers mostly at the base of the terminal spikes; margin of peri- gynium serrulate toward the beak, the teeth short, stiff; scales tinged yellowish brown, with narrow hyaline margin. Perigynia 2.75-3.3 mm long, the beak about a third the length of the body, the teeth triangular; scales somewhat obtuse to acute 33. C. laricina. Perigynia 3.5-4 mm long, the beak about half the length of the body, the teeth subulate; scales acute to somewhat cuspidate. (See excluded species no. 9, p. 273) C. cephalantha. 28. Carex seorsa E. C. Howe. {Carex rosaeoides E. C. Howe.) Map 449. Rare in wet woods and tamarack bogs in the dune area. The known localities for this sedge in Indiana are : Dune Park, Keiser, and Tamarack in Porter County and Pine Station (now north Clark Street, Gary) in Lake County. Mass. to Ga., locally westw. to Ind. Carex Cyperaceae 231 0 56 Map 453 Carex sterilis Willd. — 50 Map 454 Carex laricina Mack. o n Map 455 Carex bromoldes Schkuhr 29. Carex interior Bailey. (Carex scirpoides Schkuhr, not Carex scir- poidea Michx.) Map 450. Frequent to common except in southern Indi- ana ; in tamarack bogs and swamps and on springy banks. Newf. to B. C., southw. to Pa., lnd., Kans., Calif, and Chihuahua. 30. Carex Howei Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 245. 1910.) (Carex interior var. capillacea Bailey and Carex scirpoides var. capillacea (Bailey) Fern.) Map 451. Known in Indiana from a single collection by M. W. Lyon, Jr.: moist woods on dunes at Mineral Springs, Porter County, June 17, 1923. N. S. to Fla. and La., westw., locally to Mich, and lnd. 31. Carex incomperta Bickn. (Carex stellulata var. excelsior Fern.) Map 452. Occasional in tamarack bogs, generally in sphagnum. Mass. and N. Y., to Mich, and lnd., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 32. Carex sterilis Willd. (Carex scirpoides Schkuhr, in part.) Map 453. Frequent on marshy banks of streams and occasional in open swamps, bogs, and springy places in woods. Not known from the unglaciated area. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., and 111. 33. Carex laricina Mack. (N. Amer. Flora 18: 113. 1931.) Map 454. Rare, in tamarack bogs and on mucky borders of lakes in the northeastern counties. The type collection of this species is Deam no. 10927 from a tamarack bog a mile south of Leesburg, Kosciusko County. The other two Indi- ana stations for it are : in a bog a mile south of Garrett, De Kalb County, and in sphagnum on the border of a small lake in Jackson Twp., Wells County. Ont. and nw. Pa. to Wis., and southw. to lnd. 232 Cyperaceae Carex 10. § deweyAnae 34. Carex bromoides Schkuhr. Map 455. Frequent to common except in the unglaciated area, in wet woods, swamps, and bogs and on borders of ponds and springy banks of streams. Que. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and La. 11. § O VALES Wing of perigynium not narrowed near the middle of the body; leaf blades of sterile culms erect or ascending, usually clustered toward the top; sterile culms often poorly developed. Perigynia not obovate, widest near the middle or base. Leaf sheaths strongly white-hyaline ventrally. Perigynia lanceolate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 4 times as long as wide. . 35. C. scoparia. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide. Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm long. Leaf blades 1.5-4.5 (averaging 2.5) mm wide; sheaths not mott'ed with green and white dorsally. Perigynia 3-3.5 mm long; spikes closely aggregated, not clavate at base. . . 36. C. Bebbii. Perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm long; spikes not aggregated, usually in a flexuous, monilif orm inflorescence, clavate at base 37. C. tenera. Leaf blades 2.5-6 (averaging 4) mm wide; sheaths mottled with green and white dorsally; perigynia less abruptly beaked and beak narrower than in C. tenera 38. C. normalis. Perigynia (2.75) 3.5-6.5 mm long, the body suborbicular. Perigynia 3.5-5.5 mm long, thick, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, usually plano- convex. Perigynia averaging (2.75) 3.5-4 mm long, the beak half the length of the body or more; achene 1.5 mm long, oblong-ovoid; spikes in a moniliform inflorescence 39. C. festucacea. Perigynia 3.75-5.5 mm long, the beak less than half the length of the body; achenes 1.75-2 mm long, orbicular or suborbicular when fully mature; spikes aggregated or in a moniliform inflorescence. Perigynia ovate, submembranaceous, few-nerved ventrally, broadest near the base, tapering into the beak, the beak broader than in C. brevior, especially toward the base 40. C. molesta. Perigynia broadly ovate to suborbicular, coriaceous, usually nerveless or nearly so ventrally, broadest near the middle, abruptly contracted into the beak 41. C. brevior. Perigynia 5.6-6.5 mm long, flat and thin, nearly transparent 42. C. Bicknellii. Leaf sheaths green and strongly nerved ventrally nearly to the mouth. Scales cuspidate or even obtuse; perigynia nerveless or nearly so ventrally; spikes 2-5, aggregated into a stiff head 43. C. suberecta. Scales long-acuminate to aristate; perigynia nerved ventrally; spikes 4-8, in a very flexuous inflorescence 44. C. Richii. Perigynia obovate, the body widest near the top. Scales obtuse to short-acuminate; achenes sessile or substipitate; perigynia 1.5-3 mm wide. Tips of perigynia appressed; perigynia with body rounded at apex; spikes ap- proximate or aggregated, greenish to silvery brown. Perigynia nerveless ventrally; spikes 5-25, densely aggregated; leaf blades of sterile culms 3.5-5 mm wide 45. C. cumulata. Carex Cyperaceae 233 6 33 Map 457 Carex Bebbii Olne y Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. r j ■ \ V D D 11 " "1 -I ■ D 0 a r -^ 1 Dec. C — X )— 1/ / Miles 0 a J \ J*\ 7 Carex tenera Dew 56 Map 458 ey Perigynia nerved ventrally; spikes 3-10, aggregated or somewhat separate; leaf blades of sterile culms 2.5-3 mm wide; scales either nearly equaling perigynia or blunt 46. C. Longii. Tips of perigynia spreading; perigynia with body truncate-rounded at apex, very abruptly beaked; spikes not aggregated, not silvery; scales acute, con- spicuously shorter than the perigynia 47. C. albolutescens. Scales long-acuminate to aristate; achenes slenderly stipitate; perigynia 2.5-4 mm wide 48. C. alata. Wing of perigynium rather abruptly narrowed near the middle of the body; leaf blades of sterile culms widely spreading, numerous, not clustered at the apex; sterile culms strongly developed. Perigynia 3-7 mm long; spikes 4-15 mm long; achenes oblong-oval, 1.5 mm long; ligule much longer than wide. Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending; perigynia thin, scarcely distended over the achenes 49. C. tribuloides. Tips of perigynia recurved or widely spreading; perigynia firm, obviously dis- tended over the achenes 50. C. cristatella. Perigynia 7-10 mm long; spikes 16-25 mm long; achenes linear-oblong, 2.5 mm long; ligule as wide as long 51. C. muskingumensis. 35. Carex scoparia Schkuhr. (Including- Carex scoparia var. condensa Fern.) Map 456. Common in marshes and open swampy places ; occasional in low open woods and on sandy lake borders. This sedge is frequently the dominant plant in marshes or "sedge meadows" where it is usually associated with Juncus effusas var. solutus, Juncus Dudleyi, and Carex vulpinoidea. Newf. to B. C, southw. to S. C, N. Mex., and Oreg. 36. Carex Bebbii Olney. Map 457. Infrequent in marshes and inter- dunal swales in Lake County. In Noble County a single collection was made by Deam in a ditch along a railroad a mile east of Kimmel. Plants of Carex Bebbii lacking sterile culms are occasionally difficult to distinguish from C. cristatella especially before the perigynia are fully mature. Leaf blades of C. Bebbii, however, vary from 2 to 4.5 mm broad, those of C. cristatella from 3 to 7 mm broad. In C. Bebbii the pistil- 234 Cyperaceae Carex Map 459 Carex normalis Mack. — Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov f J \ i^ 0 X — _ r -^ j r1 Oec f- i ' — D 1 1 ° 'Tr iu 1 i !/ Miles Carex [ ) fest 0 Jr\ J jcacea Sc o So Map 460 ikuhr — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov 71 H sol f J D P~~ \ [^ ' IU r1 X D H 1 a J Dec. t 7 ' H K _ f D J7- / Miles rJ ° Carex mole <"\ J o S3 Map 461 sta Mack. late scales are relatively longer, acuminate to acute or occasionally blunt; in C. cristatelki the scales are shorter, with dilated hyaline blunt tips. Umbach no. 3651 and Bebb nos. 541 and 874, all from Lake County, are intermediate between C. Bebbii and C. cristatella in most of their char- acters. Similar material from Michigan has been identified by Mackenzie as a hybrid between the two species. Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., 111., Colo., and Wash. 37. Carex tenera Dewey. (Carex straminea of recent authors, not Willd. ; Carex tenera var. echinodes (Fern.) Wieg.) Map 458. Frequent in or near the lake area and in the southern counties in dry or moist, usually open, woods, on borders of ponds in woods, and along railroad ditches. Generally the heads are fewer-flowered in this sedge than in other species of § Ovales and this condition and the widely spreading perigynia sometimes result in a superficial resemblance to species of § Stellulatae. Que. to Alberta, southw. to D. C, N. C, and 111. 38. Carex normalis Mack. (Carex mirabilis Dewey, not Host.) Map 459. Very common in dry or moist woods and thickets. In the eastern part of its range this species seems to be partial to dry open habitats, but in Indiana it has been most often collected in low or flat woods, shaded ravines, marshy habitats on the borders of ponds, and on the flood plains of streams. Maine to Man., southw. to N. C. and Okla. 39. Carex festucacea Schkuhr. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 608. 1915.) Map 460. Frequent in southern Indiana in low flat woods, especially pin oak woods, and on moist wooded slopes; occasional in roadside and rail- road ditches in the northern counties. Mass. to Ind. and Iowa, southw. to Ga. and La. Carex Cyperaceae 235 0 50 Map 463 Carex Bicknellii Britton — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov 1~T ■ :J 0 « D n V- \^ " D " IU X D r tn j D Dec C ~ — — / Miles H Carex su Jerecti Map 464 (Ulney) Britton 40. Carex molesta Mack. (N. Amer. Flora 18: 151. 1931.) Map 461. Infrequent to rare along railroad sidings and roadsides and in ditches and dry woodlands. N. Y. to Kans. and Nebr. 41. Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. (Carex festucacea var. brevior (Dewey) Fern.) Map 462. Common in dry open woods and moist ditches and along railroads and roadsides, especially in the prairie area. Que. to B. C, southw. to D. C, Tenn., Tex., N. Mex., and Oreg. 42. Carex Bicknellii Britt. Map 463. Frequent to common along rail- road sidings and grassy roadsides in northern Indiana; rare in the south- ern counties and not known from the unglaciated area. Occasional in low, moist sandy habitats ; very rare in open woods. Maine to Sask., southw. to Del., Ark., and Okla. 43. Carex suberecta (Olney) Britt. Map 464. Frequent to common, except in the southern counties, in open swamps, marshes, and moist ditches and on wet sandy borders of lakes. Not known from the un- glaciated area. Ont. to Va., Minn., and Mo. 44. Carex Richii (Fern.) Mack. (Carex hormathodes var. Richii Fern. and Carex straminea of Svenson, Rhodora 40: 329-330. 1938.) Map 465. Rare and local in open swampy woods and borders of ponds in woods, less frequently in open non-calcareous marshes or swamps. The known sta- tions are all in either the lake area or the unglaciated area. Mass. to N. J. and D. C, westw. to Mich, and Ind. 45. Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 366. 1922.) (Carex albolutescens var. cumulata Bailey.) Map 466. Known in Indiana only from Newton County where in 1936 a colony was found by Miss Madge McKee along a roadside ditch 3 miles northwest of Morocco. It is a local species throughout most of its range. N. S. to N. J., westw. to Sask. 236 Cyperaceae Carex 0 50 Map 465 Carex Richii (Fern.) Mack o 50 Map 466 Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mack. 0 50 Map 467 Carex Longii Mack. 46. Carex Longii Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 372. 1922.) (Carex albolutescens of recent authors, not Schwein.) Map 467. Infrequent in the northwestern counties where it is found in acid swamps and sloughs, less often in sandy interdunal swales. Mass. to Venezuela; nw. Ind. and sw. Mich.; also in Bermuda. 47. Carex albolutescens Schwein. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 372. 1922.) (Carex straminea of Mack., probably not of Willd., Rhodora 40: 329-330. 1938.) Map 468. Frequent in southern Indiana in low flat woods, associated principally with sweet gum and pin oak. It also is found rarely along the northern border of the state where it occurs in low woods, associated with beech and sugar maple, and occasionally in swamps. N. S. southw. along the coast to Fla., westw. along the Gulf to Tex. and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Ind. and sw. Mich. 48. Carex alata Torr. Map 469. Infrequent in swamps and sandy swales in the lake area. It is seldom plentiful in any locality; frequently only one or two plants can be found at a station. Mass. to Fla. and Tex., westw. to Mich., Ind., and Mo. 49. Carex tribuloides Wahl. (Including Carex tribuloides var. sang- amonensis Clokey.) Map 470. Very common throughout the state in swamps, open marshes, low woods, and ditches and on the low borders of streams and ponds. Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La. 50. Carex cristatella Britt. (Carex cristata Schwein., not Clairv.) Map 471. Common in low open woods, swamps, marshes, and roadside ditches and on flood plains and banks of streams. Rare in the unglaciated area. Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Va. and Mo. 51. Carex muskingumensis Schwein. Map 472. Frequent in low wet places in woods where it often forms extensive and pure stands if not Carex Cyperaceae 2H7 — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 171 1 D -•- ~\ 'Hn V i -r i J T r, Dec {— [ 1 D / T H K ]— - 'To*'] / Ba »"[\-J cC ° D /"D 7 lT H X -1 J D l, // Miles Car ex al bol j5\ H utescen J 0 50 Map 468 s Schwein. 0 50 Map 471 Carex cristatella Britt, Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.f- DP T 171 F L A. c r D J \ 1 A r •— i _ -L_ v _ r - i rj 1 ■ ' — t/ MFles c arex ■J Map 469 alata Torr. 0 50 Map 472 Carex muskingumensis Schwein. o 50 Map 470 Carex tribuloides Wahl. 0 ~tt Map 473 Carex leptalea Wahl. obstructed by undergrowth. Occasional in buttonbush swamps and wet woods and on flood plains. Northward it is usually found with bur oak. Ohio and Ky. to Man., Kans., and Ark. 12. § POLYTRICHOIDEAE Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long, slightly overlapping; achenes lustrous, obtusely angled. . . . 52. C. leptalea. Perigynia 4-5 mm long, strongly overlapping; achenes barely lustrous, sharply angled. . 52a. C. leptalea var. Harperi. 52. Carex leptalea Wahl. Map 473. Common in northern Indiana in tamarack bogs and occasional in wet woods. Infrequent in central Indiana, in swamps and on banks of streams. It is generally plentiful wherever found and in tamarack bogs it is usually associated with Carex trisperma. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Pa., Mo., Colo., and Calif. 52a. Carex leptalea var. Harperi (Fern.) Stone. (Carex Harperi Fern.) Map 474. Rare in central and southern Indiana. In Indiana its 238 Cyperaceae Carex 0 50 Map 4 74 larex leptalea Var, Harperi (Fern.) Stone - Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. 1 — \y 1 — ~ ( ^ ( r- -I I -4e D J 1 , Dec C i D D 10 1, 1 — M |c D » J^ p ^ D J d k? ; D | J^ f 1 ( — ^*-/^ b 7 1/ Miles s ° ° Carex ' 1 D ii\ H 7 Will denowii S 0 50 Map 475 chkuhr 0 50 Map 476 Carex Jamesii Schwein. habitat is almost invariably at the springy bases of high wooded river bluffs and terraces. N. J. to Fla., westw. to Ind. and Tex. 13. § PHYLLOSTACHYAE Bodies of perigynia oblong-oval; lowest scale 5-15 mm long; pistillate flowers 3-10; staminate scales 2-2.4 mm long, obtuse or somewhat acute; staminate spike 0.7-0.9 mm in diameter 53. C. Willdenowii. Bodies of perigynia subglobose; lowest scale 15-45 mm long; pistillate flowers 2-3; staminate scales 1.5-1.8 mm long, truncate, erose, with a dark transverse band near the apex; staminate spike 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter 54. C. Jamesii. 53. Carex Willdenowii Schkuhr. Map 475. Common in southern Indiana (mostly in the unglaciated area and the "flats") on dry wooded, especially oak, slopes, generally in poor, sandy, acid soils ; rarely in low beech or pin oak woods. Vt. to Ont. and Ind., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 54. Carex Jamesii Schwein. Map 476. Very common throughout In- diana except in the northwestern counties from which we have no records. It is a plant of rich woods, occurring in dry neutral soil, especially on the slopes of deep ravines. It is most frequently associated with either Carex Hitchcoekiana or C. oligocarpa or both. Ont. and N. Y. to Iowa, southw. to W. Va., Mo., and Kans. 14. § MONTANAE Fertile culms all alike, elongated (7-40 cm long), bearing both staminate and pistillate spikes, basal spikes absent. Body of perigynium elliptic to oblong-ovoid, much longer than wide; staminate spike slender. Perigynia conspicuous in the spikes, not concealed by the scales, 2.5-3 mm long. Staminate scales obtuse or short-acute, closely appressed, not cucullate at the tip, the midvein usually not extending to the tip; pistillate spikes usually not aggregated; culms erect 55. C. artitecta. Staminate scales ascending to loosely spreading, the midvein extending to the tip. Beaks of perigynia 1.75-2 mm long; staminate spike peduncled, conspicuous, ;arex Cyperaceae 239 0 50 Map 477 Carex artitecta Mack. 0 50 Map 478 Carex artitecta subtilirostris Hermann — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec f D ["^ t H sd ^ JD B f D D D 0 ^S H r D V f^ -I ■" r fn -~r { i > ' — / Miles Carei E v> Map 479 nmonsii Dewey 10-16 mm long, 1.6-2.3 mm wide; pistillate spikes not at all aggregated; culms erect 55a. C. artitecta var. subtilirostris. Beaks of perigynia 0.5-1 mm long; staminate spike sessile, usually incon- spicuous, 2-8 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; at least the upper pistillate spikes closely aggregated or congested; culms weak, more or less arcuate 56. C. Emmonsii. Perigynia inconspicuous in the spikes, largely concealed by the scales, 3-4 mm long 57. C. nigromarginata. Body of perigynium suborbicular to somewhat obovoid, about as long as wide. Ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; lowest bract truncate or bifid, abruptly awned; leaf blades 2.5-4.5 mm wide; culms generally aphyllopodic, little fibrillose at the base, without long, horizontal stolons 58. C. communis. Ligule short, much wider than long; lowest bract usually gradually acuminate; leaf blades 2.5 (very rarely 3) mm wide or less; culms generally phyllopodic, conspicuously fibrillose at the base, with long horizontal stolons; staminate spike stout. Mature perigynia 1.75-2 mm wide, the body suborbicular in cross section 59. C. heliophila. Mature perigynia about 1.5 mm wide, the body obtusely trigonous in cross section 60. C. pennsylvanica. Fertile culms of two types, some short (1-5 cm long), partly hidden among the densely tufted bases and bearing only pistillate spikes, others elongated (5-11 cm long) and bearing staminate spikes only or both staminate and pistillate spikes. Leaf blades rather thin, not stiff, erect or ascending, 1.5-3 mm wide; perigynia membranaceous, 2.25-4 mm long, the body short-pubescent above. Perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm long, 1-1.25 mm wide, the beak about half the length of the body; achenes orbicular-obovoid 61. C. umbellata. Perigynia 3.25-4 mm long, the beak nearly the length of the body; achenes oblong- obovoid, minutely roughened 62. C. rugosperma. Leaf blades thick, rigid, widely spreading at maturity, 2-4.5 mm wide; perigynia subcoriaceous, 3.5-4.5 mm long, the body glabrous or very sparsely pubescent above 63. C. tonsa. 55. Carex artitecta Mack. (Carex varia Muhl., not Lumnitzer nor Host.) Map 477. Common in dry open woods, especially on rocky white oak slopes ; occasional in thickets or low woods. Vt. to Iowa, southw. to S. C. and Okla. 240 Cyperaceae Carex Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec tu " ~\_ r v- -}- < ■" \* wA <— \ ^ i /i — 1 — L-^? Miles 0 50 Map 480 Carex nigromarcjinata Schwein. — Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. D \ . \ fr1" - D H X " r fjM J ^ Dec .(- i — ' — / Miles C arex he 10 • \ / )hila V 3 50 Map 482 ack. 55a. Carex artitecta var. subtilirostris Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 79. 1938.) Map 478. Known in Indiana only from the type collection: Deam no. 54764, wooded slope along a small creek about 3 miles northwest of Clinton, Vermillion County, May 5, 1934. Ind. and Tenn. 56. Carex Emmonsii Dewey. (Carex albicans of authors, doubtfully of Willd., Rhodora 40: 330-331. 1938.) Map 479. A coastal plain species found sparingly in the northern counties of the lake area. It grows in sandy open woods and on moist sandy borders of marshes or thickets in the dunes, but its preferred habitat is dry black oak ridges. Indiana plants tend to have the culms longer and less arcuate and the pistillate spikes fewer and less congested than in the characteristic plant of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. N. S. to Fla. mostly along the coast, and about the Great Lakes. 57. Carex nigromarginata Schwein. Map 480. A southern and eastern species known in Indiana from a single collection : Deam no. 44074A, top of the wooded bluff of the Ohio River, about a quarter of a mile north of Fredonia, Crawford County, April 24, 1927. Conn, to Tenn., Fla., and La., mostly along the coast, and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Mo. and s. Ind. 58. Carex communis Bailey. Map 481. Common in dry woods of all types, particularly on rocky slopes. It is one of the earliest sedges to flower and fruit. Deam no. 33881 (Gray Herbarium) is abnormal in having the leaf sheaths prolonged laterally and ventrally, forming auricles reaching almost to the summit of the ligule. Typically the leaf sheaths are deeply concave at the mouth. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ky., and Ark. Carex Cyperaceae 241 0 50 Map 483 Carex penn sy Ivanica Lan 0 50 Map 484 Carex umbellata Schkuhr 0 50 Map 485 Carex rugosperma Mack. 59. Carex heliophila Mack. (Torreya 13: 15. 1913.) (Carex penusyl- vanica var. digyna Bock.) Map 482. A prairie species represented from Indiana by two collections by Deam: in a sandy black oak woods 2 miles southwest of Tefft, Jasper County, June 6, 1924, and on top of the high gravelly bank of Big Wea Creek terrace 4 miles southwest of Lafayette, Tippecanoe County, June 3, 1924, and May 24, 1932. At the latter station it was plentiful in an open black oak-shagbark hickory grove with such other prairie or western species as Androsace occidentalis, Petalo sternum purpureum, Arenaria patula, Opuntia Rafinesquii, and, nearby, Muhlen- bergia cuspidata, Sporobolus clandestinus, and Erysimum asperum. Other associated plants were Festuca octo flora, Poa pratensis, Penstemon hirsu- tus, Houstonia longi folia, and Acerates viridiflora. Man. to Alberta, southw. to Ind., Mo., and N. Mex. 60. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Map 483. Common in northern Indiana, less frequent southward, and rare or absent from the southernmost coun- ties. Like Carex communis it is a species flowering in early spring, found in similar localities but preferring somewhat more open habitats and gen- erally in more sterile soils. It usually forms rather extensive colonies, sometimes comprising the dominant floor cover in open oak woods. N. S. to N. Dak., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Iowa. 61. Carex umbellata Schkuhr. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 621. 1915.) (Carex abdita Bickn. and Carex umbellata var. brevirostris Boott.) Map 484. Infrequent in northern Indiana in dry sandy soil, usually in open woods ; frequent in southeastern Indiana on crests of rocky wooded ridges and river bluffs. This and the two following species may be more common than the records indicate because they are low, inconspicuous plants, easily overlooked by collectors. In this species the longest peduncles are typically not over 8 cm in length and generally bear a staminate spike only. But on the dunes the prevalent form has elongated peduncles 12-20 cm in length which usually bear one or more pistillate spikes in addition to the staminate. This 242 Cyperaceae Carex Map 486 Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bi'ck n. o To Map 487 Carex Richardsonii R. Br. Map 488 Carex picta Steud. form is analogous to the plant which has been called Carex umbellata f. vicina (Dewey) Wieg. but the type specimen upon which that form is based is the long-beaked plant (C. rugosperma Mack.) so that the name cannot be applied to the Indiana plant. Newf. to B. C, southw. to D. C. and 111. 62. Carex rugosperma Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 621. 1915.) (Carex umbellata of many recent authors, not Schkuhr.) Map 485. Infre- quent in the northern tier of counties. It is found in dry, sandy oak woods, open drained low woods, and on borders of drained marshes. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Md. and Ind. 63. Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 492. 1908.) (Carex umbellata var. tonsa Fern.) Map 486. Frequent in the dune area on low, open dunes and in dry, open woods. Que. to Alberta, southw. to D. C. and Ind. 15. § DIGITATAE Basal spikes present; terminal spikes androgynous; pistillate scales abruptly cuspidate or short-awned. (See excluded species no. 15, p. 274.) C. pedimculata. Basal spikes absent; terminal spike staminate; pistillate scales blunt to acute 64. C. Richardsonii. 64. Carex Richardsonii R. Br. Map 487. Known in Indiana only from the dunes at Pine, Lake county. Pine is now within Gary on the east side of Clark Street, an eighth of a mile south of Lake Michigan. Here on a sandy knoll at the edge of a marsh, Carex Richardsonii is associated with Andropogon scoparius, Castilleja coccinea, Erigeron pulchellus, Senecio pauperculus var. Balsamitae, Lithospermum canescens, Potentilla fruticosa, Carex umbellata and C. aurea, Liatris spicata, Betula papyrifera, Pedicularis canadensis, Krigia bi flora, Rhus trilobata var. arenaria, R. radicans, R. Vernix, Arabis lyrata, Hypoxis hi7*suta, and Koeleria cristata. This is one of the rarest sedges in the eastern states where it is very local in its distribution (although its known range seems to indicate that Carex Cyperaceae 243 — Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec C D 1 0 ) KD , D D 0 0 t~v fDAnD ° ODD P 0 [ B D D — Lb ° D T D D D D 0 D D J no 7^ K D D J I ^ n, ■ " DP D 1 ' " D * J -f — D | D r y D 1 L^ D D D f D f D \ 0 [ D fJ Miles D 1 0 / Care J I X h rtifolia \l 0 50 Map 489 ack. 0" 50 Map 490 Carex eburnea Boott Carex Garberi Fern. it occurs generally at or near the Niagara Escarpment) and its season is very brief. After flowering it matures its fruit rapidly and then com- pletely withers away. At Pine it is in its prime about May 30. Of the six known collections made from this station four were made on May 29 (1897; 1900; 1904, and 1935), one on May 12 (1877) and one on June 13 (1935), but at the last date the majority of the perigynia had fallen and the plants were already badly withered. Western N. Y. and Ont. to Alberta, southw. to 111. and S. Dak. 16. § PICTAE 65. Carex picta Steud. Map 488. In Indiana in the unglaciated region only where it is local and largely confined to the northern half of the knob area (Chestnut Oak Upland). It is found on wooded hilltops under oak, chestnut, and beech, generally forming rather extensive colonies. Deam has noted that it "has the habit of growing in circular tufts with a hollow center" and from this characteristic the species may be readily recognized long after its flowering and fruiting season is past. It is the earliest sedge to bloom in the state, coming into flower in early April or even in late March. Ind., Ala., and La. 17. TRIQUETRAE 66. Carex hirtifolia Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 244. 1910.) (Carex pubescens Muhl., not Poir.) Map 489. Very common through- out the state in woodland habitats of all types, showing a slight preference for beech woods. N. B. to Minn., southw. to D. C, Ky., and Kans. 18. § ALBAE 67. Carex eburnea Boott. Map 490. Apparently restricted to the north- western and southeastern corners of the state. In the north it is known 244 Cyperaceae Carex only on the dunes in dry sandy thickets and in open situations. In southern Indiana it is found in wet crevices of limestone bluffs near the Ohio River. Carex eburnea retains its fruit over a longer period than any of our other species due to the tendency of the perigynia to persist in the spikes long after maturity. Although the fruit ripens from May to July most of the plants have dropped relatively few of their perigynia, as a rule, by October and frequently the old prostrate culms from the preceding year will be found to have spikes in which many perigynia are still firmly attached. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., Mo., and Nebr. 19. § BICOLORES Pistillate scales averaging three fourths the length of the perigynia or more, reddish brown, appressed; terminal spike androgynous, rarely staminate; mature per- igynia white-pulverulent, elliptic-obovoid, not translucent or fleshy. .68. C. Garberi. Pistillate scales averaging half the length of the perigynia or less, generally pale yellowish brown and cuspidate, widely spreading at maturity; terminal spike staminate, rarely with a few perigynia at the base; mature perigynia golden yellow or brownish, orbicular-obovoid, translucent, fleshy 69. C. aarea. 68. Carex Garberi Fern. (Rhodora 37: 253. 1935.) (Carex bicolor of recent American authors, not All. and Carex Hassei of recent authors, not Bailey.) Map 491. Infrequent in the lake area (mostly in the dune region) where it grows along the wet sanely edges of swales in the dunes and on old lake beds, chiefly in calcareous soils. It is frequently associated with Carex Crawei, C. tetanica, C. Meadii, C. viridula, and C. Haleana. Apparently it was formerly more plentiful than at pres- ent as collections from the Indiana dunes forty and fifty years ago are much more numerous in herbaria than recent collections. At Pine, where this species is closely associated with Carex tetanica, plants of the latter species showing many characteristics of C. Garberi and plants of C. Garberi having characteristics of C. tetanica are frequent. The gen- eral aspect of such plants and the conditions under which they are found are strongly suggestive of hybridization. Que. to Mich., Ind., and Wis.; also in Alberta and B. C. 69. Carex aurea Nutt. Map 492. Frequent on the dunes in Lake County. Its habitat is often that of Carex Garberi, on moist sandy edges of swales and similar situations, but it is also frequently found in richer, mucky soils such as on the border of sloughs and of low wet woods. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Ind., Nebr., N. Mex., and Calif. 20. § PANfCEAE Culms phyllopodic; stolons deep-seated, slender, whitish; plants of open marly or sandy habitats. Pistillate spikes linear to linear-oblong, 3.5-4.5 mm wide; perigynia appressed or ascending, 2.5-3.5 mm long, slightly excurved and tapering to the apex, very minutely beaked or beakless; leaf blades 2-4 mm wide; culms slender 70. C. tetanica. Carex Cyperaceae 245 0 ^0 Map 492 Carex aurea Nutt. 0 50 Map 493 Carex tetanica Schkuhr Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. (- r a ■i r \a. 1 D \ L - D f I [^ " r1 X r~ r / Miles r i r* — D I D [ D Carex N/ ea ■ \ / dii Dew 3 50 Map 494 ey Pistillate spikes oblong or linear-oblong, 5-8 mm wide; perigynia spreading at maturity, 3-5 mm long, abruptly narrowed at the apex into a minute, more or less strongly bent beak; leaf blades 2.7-7 mm wide; culms stout. . . .71. C. Meadii. Culms strongly aphyllopodic; stolons superficial; plants of rich humus in shady woods. 72. C. Woodii. 70. Carex tetanica Schkuhr. Map 493. Infrequent in northern Indiana in marly or sandy soils, bordering marshes and lakes ; becoming frequent to locally common on the dunes where it occurs especially on low sandy interdunal flats ; rare in southern Indiana, in open post oak flats. Mass. to Alberta, southw. to Pa. and Iowa. 71. Carex Meadii Dewey. {Carex tetanica var. Meadii (Dewey) Bailey.) Map 494. Infrequent in the lake area and in southeastern Indiana; fre- quent in the dune area. Its habitat is much that of C. tetanica except that C. Meadii also occurs in drier soils and in even more open situations. Carex Meadii as a rule is readily distinct from C. tetanica except at Pine in Lake County where the two species are closely associated and inter- mediate forms are frequent. The same is true of C. tetanica and C. Garberi, at this station, and, as noted under the latter species, such transitional forms may be due to hybridization. N. J. to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 72. Carex Woodii Dewey. (Carex tetanica var. Woodii (Dewey) Wood; Carex colorata Mack.) Map 495. Rare in the northern counties. So far this species is known in Indiana from three collections only, all by Deam : in a moist red and white oak woods 4 miles northwest of Valparaiso, Porter County, June 2, 1927, in a rich beech-maple woods 1 mile south- east of North Liberty, St. Joseph County, May 23, 1934, and June 13, 1935 and at the base of a sugar maple slope in Steuben County. At the latter locality it was associated with Impatiens biflora, Solidago caesia, Viola canadensis, Smilacina racemosa, Polygonum virginianum, Isopyrum biternatum, and Caulophyllum thalictroides. N. Y. to Man., southw. to D. C. and Mo. 246 Cyperaceae Carex — J 3 Fet . f ) R D h Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. r~. L i^ " X T fjH J r1 1 Dec C— i / Miles f *-^ \ ^r\ 1 3 50 £f45a D 1 o L^ — p- S D U-— *-J _j^_ 0 V W/ Miles ( .arex pla typhy J 0 50 ^ Map 498 la Carey — 1 / 1 Feb Mar. Apr May June July Auj Sept. Oct. Nov. r1 *.s r J^ f ^ f k. r h- TL^ JT- J" r, Dec £ 1 i D -LDJ D V o jy\ fJ Miles Care) ab scondita 0 50 Map 499 Mack. 77. Carex digitalis Willd. (Including Carex digitalis var. macropoda Fern. Rhodora 40: 400-401. 1938.) Map 500. Common in southern Indiana; locally frequent in the northern counties. A woodland species preferring dry beech woods but frequent also in dry or moist black or white oak woods. The length of the peduncle of the staminate spike in this species, as in Carex laxicvlmis, is extremely variable. An extreme form in which the staminate spike is born on a peduncle overtopping the uppermost pistillate spike and bract has been described by Professor Fernald as var. macropoda, and under this variety he cites Deam no. 27837 from Crawford County and no. 27119 from Perry County. In the Deam Herbarium, Deam no. 44066 from Perry County apparently represents this extreme of the species but is too immature to be placed here with certainty. Among the numerous intermediate collections Deam no. 20378 from Harrison County and no. 20592 from Washington County most nearly approximate var. macropoda. 78. Carex laxiciiimis Schwein. Map 501. Fairly common in woods and thickets. Plants intermediate between the species and the following variety are not infrequent ; such are Deam nos. 844 ; 24750 ; 35708 ; 35924 ; :;<;p»7; 10669; and 51825. Maine to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Mo. 78a. Carex laxiculmis var. copulata (Bailey) Fern. {Carex copulata (Bailey) Mack.) Map 502. Frequent in eastern Indiana in dry woods, principally white oak and beech; rare in the western counties. The variety is said to be a calciphile while the species prefers neutral or only slightly calcareous soils. N. J. to Mich, and Mo. 79. Carex stylollexa Buckley. (Carex la xi flora var. styloflexa (Buck- ley) Boott.) Map 503. An eastern and southern species chiefly of the Coastal Plain known in Indiana from a collection by Mrs. C. C. Deam: in moist woods near Adams. Decatur County. May 13, 1911, no. 8149. Carex Cyperaceae 249 Map 501 o S3 Map 502 ^arex laxiculmis var. copu lata (Bailey) Fern. Map 503 Carex styloflexa Buckley Conn, to Fla. and Tex., mostly along the coast, northw. in the Mississippi Valley to s. Ind. 80. Carex laxiflora Lam. (Carex heterosperma Wahl., Carex anceps Muhl. and Carex laxiflora var. patulifolia (Dewey) Carey.) (Including Carex striatula Michx., Carex laxiflora var. striatula (Michx.) Carey, and "Carex laxiflora" Mack., not Lam., in Small, Manual of the Southeastern Flora.) Map 504. Common in dry woods, especially beech-sugar maple, throughout the state. The form commonly referred to Carex striatula Michx. may deserve varietal recognition, at least in the southern part of its range and on the Coastal Plain where it attains the extreme of its differentiation, but in Indiana intermediates so far outnumber the extremes that all attempts to separate it even varietally have been unsuccessful. N. S. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 80a. Carex laxiflora var. serrulata Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 80. 1938.) Map 505. Known from four counties all in the eastern half of the state. Its habitat is that of the species. The type collection (Deam no. 6458) came from a wooded ravine two miles northwest of Henry ville, Clark County, May 25, 1910. Pa. and Ind. 81. Carex albursina Sheldon. (Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott.) Map 506. Common on wooded slopes, chiefly in limestone areas; rare in low, moist or alluvial woods. Deam's collection of May 7, 1905, from Blackford County is exceptional in having the leaves semi-evergreen and rather rigid. Que. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Ark. 82. Carex blanda Dewey. (Carex laxiflora var. varians of authors, not Bailey.) Map 507. Very common throughout the state, doubtless occurring in every county. In woods of all types it is the commonest species of this section of the genus. The other Indiana species of the C. laxiflora group 250 (VPERACEAE Carex ~T3 Map 504 Carex I axif lora Lam. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July AuJ Sep! Oct Nov. D 0 ucl IS / H 1 ° D t Ld i ■ 3 ; S3 /5 o ^.XB " 3 — 3 3 B « D 3 V (Zr^ ) D r f a t ■ - gf I « - D 1 B 9 0 = " D 9 ' 0 J 0 r» Dec C = ! s J * i — r 3 H f r^T »/ 3J D 1 JXd — 3 _/ 1/ Miles \ D D t* ' a [ I Care 9 ) i b 3 J^X / " "SB Map 507 0 ~T3 Map 505 Carex laxiflora var. serrulata Hermann Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Auj Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 ucl f 3 0 P r~ " ~v i ^ 2 H D — r- f « I D 11 r1- U,. . D lJ 3 3 3 3 3 SB - _n 9 k: J Dec. (- I V-- 1 H D K 1 / 3 L 9 ) \_ T— .J c 1/ 1 — 1 D / 5< If Miles 1 ° D Ca rex grac ilescens o So" Map 508 steud. — f L 9 ) »0 D 9 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aufc Sept. Oct. Nov. ^_y id -9 9 V J -^ ° ' D r „ "i ID 9 1 0 - 9P r1 a |b 3 0 BP 9 D D D I 9 P S D J , D D Dec C 1 19 9 i / r 9 y/ T D ^~t — ~^\" 1 "J J Miles v. /* ° C arex JO alb jrsina Sh« o 54 Map 506 Idon Map 509 Carex Haleana Olney are rarely found in either very sandy or (except C. gracilescens) very moist woods as C. blanda frequently is. Que. to N. Dak. southw. to Ala. and Tex. 83. Carex gracilescens Steud. ("Carex laxiflora" Mack., not Lam., in Britton and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2 and Carex laxiflora var. gracillima of < .ray. Man., ed. 7.) Map 508. Common in low woods and on wooded slopes. It is generally less plentiful where found than is C. blanda at its stations. Que. to Wis., southw. to Va. and Ark. 22. § GRAMLARES Staminate spike short-peduncled or sessile; the two upper pistillate spikes usually contiguous; rootstocks not long-creeping. Perigynia elliptic-obovoid to elliptic-ovoid, 2-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ascending, not ventricose-squarrose, rounded at the apex, abruptly very minutely beaked. 84. C. Haleana. Carex CYPERACEA.E 251 — T F I SD D » Jan. Feb. ""' Mar. V- D — Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec j- t | — [V i D D D H D 1 D - DP J,- 0 D D D r » i D H J/ — J D M J D D D I H , TBa H —J e± D ( ki n i / Miles y S Jr^\ / 3 SO L<0"^V Map 510 2arex granulans Muhl. o "~55 Map 512 Carex oh'gocarpa Schkghr Perigynia broadly ovoid to broadly obovoid, 2.5-4 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, soon ventricose-squarrose, tapering at the apex, minutely beaked. .85. C. granularis. Staminate spike long-peduncled; spikes all widely separate; rootstocks long-creeping.. . 86. C. Crawei. 84. Carex Haleana Olney. (Carex granularis var. Halea?ia (Olney) Porter and Carex Shriveri Britt.) Map 509. Infrequent in low ground, principally along creeks; occasionally on calcareous sandy shores. More frequent northward, and not known from the unglaciated area. Que. to Sask., southw. to Va., Ind., and Kans. 85. Carex granularis Muhl. Map 510. Common throughout the state in moist openings, low woods and on banks of creeks, especially in clay soils ; frequent in dry open woods. Vt. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Ark. 86. Carex Crawei Dewey. Map 511. Known in Indiana from Lake County only where it is locally plentiful on moist sandy interdunal flats. Here it is commonly associated with Carex Garberi, C. aurea, C. Meadii, and often with C. viridula. Que. to Alberta and Wash., southw. to ne. N. J., s. Ala., Tenn., Kans., and Wyo. 23. § OLIGOCARPAE Bract-sheaths glabrous, the lower 0.6-2 cm long; perigynia 4 mm or less long; leaf blades 2-4.5 mm wide; culms reddish-tinged at the base 87. C. oligocarpa. Bract-sheaths strongly hispidulous, the lower 2-6 cm long; perigynia 4.5-5 mm long; leaf blades 3-7 mm wide; culms brownish-tinged at the base. .88. C. Hitchcockiana. 87. Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr. Map 512. Common in rich woods except in the three northern tiers of counties where it is rare. It is a plant of calcareous soils and its favorite habitats are moist, wooded ravines and beech or beech-maple slopes. Occasionally it occurs on dry slopes and in open woods. Vt. and Ont. to Iowa, southw. to Ala., Ky., and Tex. 252 Cyperaceae Carex — t D 0 Jjn. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. D . 0 L L f^ B D l D {- • D J r1 Dec i- 0 S » i j — /i — 1 T v^ / / Miles D Ca rex Hitcl icockiana o 56 Map 513 Dewey 0 50 Map 514 Carex conoidea Schkuhr 0 15 Map 515 Carex amphiloba Steud. 88. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Map 513. In calcareous or neutral soils; common in rich woods and moist ravines and on river banks; rarely in dry, sandy woods. It is often associated with Carex Jamesii, C. oligo- carpa, C. blanda, and C. gracillima. Vt. and Ont. to Wis., southw. to W. Va., Ky., and Mo. 24. § GRISEAE Perigynia elliptic, 1.5 mm wide; bract-sheaths minutely serrulate on the edges; peduncles of pistillate spikes rough; leaf blades 2-4 mm wide 89. C. conoidea. Perigynia oblong-oval to broadly obovoid, 2- (occasionally 1.5 in C. amphibola) 2.5 mm wide; bract-sheaths glabrous; peduncles of pistillate spikes glabrous or nearly so; leaf blades 2-18 mm wide. Pistillate spikes 3-12 flowered; leaves slightly if at all glaucous, thin and soft; bract-sheaths tight. Pistillate spikes widely separated, the lower nearly basal; culms strongly reddish- tinged at the base; perigynia scarcely turgid; leaf blades 2-4 mm wide, erect; achenes slenderly stipitate 90. C. amphibola. Lower pistillate spikes not nearly basal; culms brownish-tinged at the base; perigynia more or less turgid; leaf blades (2) 4-7 mm wide, ascending; achenes substipitate 91. C. grisea. Pistillate spikes (12) 15-35-flowered; leaves very glaucous, thick and firm; bract- sheaths enlarged upward 92. C. glaucodea. 89. Carex conoidea Schkuhr. Map 514. Infrequent in the northwestern counties in wet sandy fields and on banks of ditches. It is always a very local species and this may account for the lack of specimens or reports from northeastern Indiana where it should be found. The reports from Putnam County by Coulter, from Clark County by Baird & Taylor, and from the Low.)- Wabash Valley by Schneck are unsupported by specimens. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Del., Ohio, and Iowa; also in the mts. of N. C. 90. Carex amphibola Steud. (Carex grisea var. angusti folia Boott.) Map 515. Frequent in southern Indiana especially in the unglaciated area, Carex Cyperaceae 253 0 ~30 Map 516 Carex grisea Wahl. 0 50 Map 517 Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. 0 ~K Map 518 Carex gracillima Schweln. in dry beech, beech-maple, and white oak woods. Reported from Putnam and Hamilton Counties by Wilson but no specimens could be found to authenticate these reports. N. J. to Inch, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 91. Carex grisea Wahl. Map 516. Very common throughout the state in rich dry or moist woods and thickets, in ditches, on banks of streams, and along roadsides. It is extremely variable in its vegetative characteristics and in the shape and size of its perigynia. N. B. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 92. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Map 517. Frequent in southern Indiana on wooded or open hillsides in either dry or moist soils. It is partial to slopes and ridges and its most frequent habitats are abandoned roads in woods and paths on open grassy hills. No specimens could be located to authenticate the reports from Lake County by Coulter and by Peattie. All the known Indiana collections have come from within or very near the unglaciated area. Mass. to Ont. and 111., southw. to N. C. and Ark. 25. § GRACILLIMAE Sheaths (except the lower which are dorsally somewhat hispidulous) and leaves glabrous; perigynia less than 2 mm thick. Bracts long-sheathing; perigynia bluntly angled, obtuse at the apex 93. C. gracillmia. Bracts sheathless; perigynia sharply angled, tapering into a triangular, often twisted, beak nearly as long as the body 94. C. prasina. Sheaths and often leaf blades pubescent; perigynia 2-2.5 mm thick 95. C. Davisii. 93. Carex gracillima Schwein. Map 518. Doubtless found in every county in the state. It is common in wooded ravines and in low woods of all types, although it shows a preference for open beech or beech-maple woods. Newf. to Man., southw. to Va., Ky., and Mo. 254 ('YPERACEAE Carex ~33 Map 519 Carex prasina Wahl. 0 50 Map 520 Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. f r \ r^ X *■ \ m ^—r i Dec f- HOP t 1 , 1 B D Jr D J D V I Id / J / Miles Carex d ebilis Mic 0 50 Map 521 hx. 94. Carex prasina Wahl. Map 519. Infrequent, becoming frequent in the southeastern counties. A species of very wet or springy habitats in deep woods, growing generally along streamlets and frequently on bars and rocks in streams. Que. to Mich., southw. to D. C. and Ky., and in the Alleghenies to Ga. 95. Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Map 520. Frequent in neutral or calcareous soils in low, especially alluvial, beech and beech-maple woods and in moist roadside ditches. It sometimes superficially resembles luxu- riant forms of Carex grisea from which it may be readily distinguished by the terminal spike which is gynaecandrous in C. Davisii and staminate in C. grisea. Vt. to Minn., southw. to Md., Term., and Tex. 26. § SYLVATICAE Perigynia sessile or substipitate; scales obtuse to short acuminate, usually half the length of the perigynia or less; achenes conspicuously stipitate; broadest basal leaves 2-4.5 mm wide. Perigynia G-10 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, broadest below the middle, very gradu- ally tapering toward the apex or the broad portion elongate; pistillate scales mostly rounded on the back, rarely tinged with reddish brown 96. C. debilis. Perigynia 4.5-7 mm long, broadly ovate-lanceolate, broadest at the middle, abruptly tapering at both ends, the broad portion short; pistillate scales mostly keeled and tinged with reddish brown 96a. C. debilis var. Rudgei. Perigynia strongly stipitate; scales strongly cuspidate or awned, usually more than half the length of the perigynia; achenes substipitate or sessile; broadest basal leaves 5-10 mm wide. ( See excluded species no. 21, p. 275.) C. arctata. 96. Carex debilis Michx. Map 521. Infrequent in southern Indiana, principally in the southeastern counties, where it is found in low wet woods, especially flat or even swampy pin oak and beech-sweet gum woods. Carex Cyperaceae 255 if o D Jan. Feb. I , j k Mar. "" 1 May June V>- July Aug. "f / 1 Sept. y Oct. } Nov. r, l Dec j— i ^ Miles o — =^ Map 522 Carex debilis var. Rudgei Bailey o ~~ To Map 523 Carex Sprengelif Dewey Miles 0 ' 50 Map 524 var. Carex Oederi viridula (Michx.) Kijk ent It is not known in Indiana from the habitat ascribed to it by Mackenzie ("dry woods and copses," N. Amer. Flora 18: 290. 1935). Mass. and s. Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 96a. Carex debilis var. Rudgei Bailey. (Carex flexuosa Muhl., Carex tenuis Ruclge, and Carex debilis var. strictior Bailey.) Map 522. Infre- quent near the northern border of Indiana where it is found in low beech-maple woods. Any specimens which may have formed the basis for the report of this variety (as C. tenuis) from Jefferson County in Coulter's Catalogue doubtless should be referred to C. debilis. Although Carex debilis and its variety Rudgei are geographically widely separated in Indiana their ranges overlap farther east. Newf. to Wis., southw. to Va. and Mo.; also in the mts. of N. C. and Tenn. 27. § LONGIROSTRES 97. Carex Sprengelii Dewey. (Carex longi7*ostris Torr.) Map 523. A local species known in the state only from the lake area. The Miami and Noble County stations are in bluegrass sod along roadsides; that of De Kalb County, on a wooded flood plain with beech and black maple ; that of Steuben County, a low depression in woods ; the Wabash County, the side of "Hanging Rock" on the south bank of the Wabash River, southeast of Lagro ; the White County, a moist wooded bottom along the Tippe- canoe River, northeast of Buffalo. Its usual habitats, outside Indiana, are rich rocky woods especially in moist depressions, and on crests of calcare- ous river bluffs or the tops of limestone boulders in open woods. It is often in large colonies where found. N. B. to Alberta, southw. to Del., Pa., Nebr., and Colo. 256 ( lYPBRACEAE Carex Miles —55 Map 525 "Carex Oederi var. prolifera H. B. Lord - ' ! D H D 0 H -0 IT d P I H Feb 0 y' Mar l ■1 H 1 — May June r -l July Aug Sept £ 1 ~ 7 Oct Nov. ■*—r i* Dec C— 1 1/ Miles 6 50 ^/ D Mar. 4 l C J 1 May i [Y^n It- J — J - June a '\i — _ July / H D — Aug. Sept. v D n 1 " » — Oct. Nov r - i j r1- Dec (- — B k 0 V uc DF I,— -L^[ o / ^J H , -r' h iJ ( ) D l 0 [d £ Tl D %> i r-N-' C-^\ D Id */ /V t H D H ( Sr fc J Miles r o ivdj°^v. 7 3 50 vS^^V Map 530 Carex hirsutella Mack. 103. Carex hirsutella Mack. (Carex triceps var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey; "Carex complanata" Mack., not Torr., in Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 530. Common in southern Indiana, usually in sterile soil, in dry open woods and fallow fields and along sandy roadsides ; infrequent in low or flat woods; becoming less frequent northward and rare in the northernmost counties. Maine to Mich., southw. to Ala. and Tex. 104. Carex caroliniana Schwein. (Carex triceps var. Smithii Porter.) Map 531. Frequent in southern Indiana in low flat woods and in clay soil in fallow fields. N. J. to N. C. and Tex. 105. Carex Bushii Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 241. 1910.) Map 532. Known in Indiana only from three stations, found by Deam, all in the unglaciated area. It is common in the Posey County locality in low, open post oak flats south of Half Moon Pond, 9 miles southwest of Mount Vernon. The two localities in Spencer County are in a low fallow field one mile north of Bloomfield (4 miles northwest of Chrisney), and in a low, open pin oak and post oak flat two miles southeast of Dale. Mackenzie has pointed out the marked general resemblance of this species to the wholly unrelated Carex Buxbaumii. Mass. to Mich., southw. to D. C, Miss., and Tex. 30. § HlRTAE Leaf blades fiat, 2-5 mm wide; culms sharply triangular; achenes straight-apiculate. 106. C. lanuginosa. Leaf blades involute-filiform, 2 mm wide or less; culms obtusely triangular; achenes bent-apiculate 107. C. lasiocarpa. 106. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Map 533. Common in northern Indiana in swamps, sloughs, wet ditches, open swampy woods, and on lake borders ; infrequent in southern Indiana. This, like the following species, is usually plentiful where found, often being the dominant plant in a marsh or on a Carex Cyperaceae 259 — f Y" Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. ./" Jr f ^ 1 r1- >v| 1 — ' -\JA Nov. | 1 1 , Dec.i- >LLJ D L T_" J \ J !/ Miles D /V° B 3ar ex ( aro iniana Sc 1 ~3o Map 531 hwein. 0 50 Map 532 Carex Bushii Mack. lanuginosa lake border. It is one of the most widely distributed sedges in North America. Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash Valley is unsupported by specimens; in fact, no material has been seen from any of the south- western counties. N. B. to B. C, southw. to Tenn., Ark., N. Mex., and Calif. 107. Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. (Carex filiformis of authors, not L.) Map 534. Frequent in the lake area in sloughs and sphagnum bogs and on lake borders. Like the preceding species, it often forms large colonies. No specimen could be found to substantiate Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash Valley, an area far south of the normal range of C. lasiocarpa. Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Pa., Iowa, Idaho, and Wash.; also in Europe. 30A. § ANOMALAE Carex scabrata Schwein. (See excluded species no. 23, p. 275.) 31. § SHORTIANAE 108. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Map 535. Common except in northern Indiana. It is found in moist open woods and roadside ditches and on banks of creeks. Attempts to locate a specimen to support Peattie's report from Lake County have been unsuccessful and the species is not otherwise known in western Indiana north of Tippecanoe County. Pa. to Iowa, south, to Va., Tenn., and Okla. 108a. X Carex Deamii Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 81. 1938.) A sterile hybrid between Carex Shortiana and C. typhina which was discovered by Deam in Pike County in 1926. The only known locality for it is at the edge of a low woods on the east side of the road dividing sections 17 and 18, Jefferson Twp., two miles southwest of Otwell. 260 ('VPERACEAE Car ex r f J" 0 Jin. Feb I Way June July Aug KSl Sept Oct Nov r1 -^- _~L Dec <- LU Miles 5(5 Map 534 Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. — Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov f "H D V t ^l'' D D f H u^ D 0 D D 0 I D - DP 8 S 1 0 o 0 Dec (- rj " D 1 H K 1 y 0 ^ ~U°J \) r P 1/ Miles lie D y^D uc p 1 c arex Sh 3 3\_ 7 ortiana D o 56 Map 535 ewey Miles o 56 Map 536 Carex limosa L. 32. § LIMOSAE 109. Carex limosa L. Map 536. Infrequent in tamarack bogs and on mucky lake borders in northern Indiana. It is usually found in sphagnum. Lab. and Newf . to Yukon, southw. to Del., Iowa, Mont., and Calif. ; also in Eurasia. 33. § ATRATAE 110. Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. {Carex polygama Schkuhr, not Gmelin.) Map 537. Rather common among the dunes; infrequent elsewhere in northern Indiana. Among the dunes it is found in swales and on inter- dunal flats; elsewhere in marshes and low sandy or marly openings. In southern Indiana it occurs in swampy woods. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ark., Colo., Utah, and Calif.; also in Eurasia. 34. § ACUTAE Beak of perigynium very short, or absent, not twisted; pistillate spikes erect; culms relatively slender to the base, very rough above. Culms strongly phyllopodic (sterile shoots sometimes aphyllopodic) ; fertile culms surrounded at the base by the dried-up leaves of the previous year; perigynia strongly flattened, not at all turgid, obovoid, 2.75-3.2 mm long, 1.5-2.75 mm wide HI. C. substricta. Culms aphyllopodic; fertile culms all or mostly arising laterally and not surrounded at the base by the previous year's tufts of leaves; perigynia 2-2.75 mm long, 1.25-1.75 mm wide. Perigynia inflated, strongly biconvex, brownish at maturity, broadly ovate to suborbicular, 2-2.25 mm long; pistillate scales divaricate at maturity; ligule sligbtly longer than wide; lower sheaths slightly if at all filamentose; stolons short, ascending; achenes suborbicular 112. C. Haydenii. Perigynia not inflated, closely enveloping the achenes, unequally biconvex, green or straw colored, 2.25-2.75 mm long; stolons long, many, horizontal; achenes oblong to obovate. Lower sheaths not filamentose ventrally, strongly septate-nodulose dorsally; ligule much wider than long; pistillate spikes (3) 4-5, the lower 2-10 cm long; perigynia ovate or obovate, 1.5-1.75 mm wide 113. C. Emoryi. Carex Cyperaceae 261 Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. D } 0 0 u F \ 1 v S r L j 1 r 1— I >-l — Miles o 3o Map 538 Carex substricta (Kukenth.) Mack, 0 TO Map 539 Carex H ay den i i Dewey Lower sheaths filamentose ventrally; ligule much longer than wide; pistillate spikes usually 3, the lower 1-6 cm long; perigynia elliptic to narrowly or broadly ovate, 1.5 mm wide; pistillate scales appressed at maturity. Leaf sheaths glabrous ventrally, without a minute hyaline jagged-ciliate margin at the mouth 114. C. stricta. Leaf sheaths hispidulous ventrally (and dorsally), usually with a minute jagged-ciliate margin at the mouth; leaves usually paler green or glaucous 114a. C. stricta var. strictior. Beak of perigynium prominent, twisted when dry; at least the lower pistillate spikes nodding or recurving; culms usually stout at the base, smooth above; stolons very short and ascending or none 115. C. torta. 111. Carex substricta (Kukenth.) Mack. (In Rydb., Flora Rocky Mts. 139. 1917.) (Carex aquatilis var. substricta Kukenth.) Map 538. Infre- quent but locally plentiful in the northernmost tier of counties in marshes and sloughs and on lake or river borders. Most of the reports of C. aquatilis from Indiana were doubtless based upon specimens of this species. Newf. to Wash., southw. to N. J., Ind., and Nebr. 112. Carex Haydenii Dewey. (Carex stricta var. decora Bailey.) Map 539. Infrequent in northwestern Indiana in wet prairies, ditches, and low clearings in open oak woods. N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J., 111., and Mo. 113. Carex Emoryi Dewey. Map 540. Frequent along banks of creeks and in swamps, sloughs, and swales in woods. Not known from the ungla- ciated area. N. J. and Va. to Man. and Colo., southw. to Tex. and N. Mex. 114. Carex stricta Lam. (Carex stricta var. angustata (Boott) Bailey.) Map 541. Frequent in northwestern Indiana in marshes and open swamps and on borders of creeks where it generally forms dense tussocks. Less common than the following variety except in Lake County. 2G2 Cyperaceae Carex Map 540 Carei Emoryi Dewey 0 ~"53 Map 541 Carex stricta Lam. Miles r — tb Map 542 "Carei strlda var. strictior (Dewey) Carey The dominant plant of "sedge meadows" is most frequently this species or var. strictior. Maine to N. C, and along the Coastal Plain to Tex. ; also locally in the Great Lakes region. 114a. Carex stricta var. strictior (Dewey) Carey. {Carex strictior Dewey.) Map 542. Common in northern Indiana in marshes and road- side ditches, often in very marly soil; infrequent southward along the western border of the state. This plant is reputed to grow in beds (not dense tussocks) while C. stricta is supposed to occur in very dense tussocks only. Field observations in Indiana, however, do not indicate that this distinction is at all reliable ; C. strictior has often been seen to form conspicuous tussocks and C. stricta was frequently found in beds. The distinctions ascribed by Mackenzie to the foliage characters (leaf blades deep green, channeled and keeled toward the base in C. stricta, glaucous to blue-green, flat or nearly so to the base in C. strictior) seem to be particularly inconstant. The lowest bract is gen- erally larger and more leaflike in var. strictior, but this, too, is merely a tendency. P^orms which are transitional in nearly all characters are so frequent in Indiana that it seems best to regard C. strictior as not more than a variety. Que. to Minn., southw. to D. C. (in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.) and Iowa. 115. Carex torta Boott. Map 543. Frequent south of the lake area on rocky beds of streams, and sand bars in creeks and on their springy banks ; rare in woodland swales. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C, Tenn., and Ark. 35. § CRYPTOCARPAE 116. Carex crinita Lam. Map 544. Common in swampy woods and thickets ; frequent in swales, sloughs, ditches, and swamps. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tex. Carex Cyperaceae 263 o 55 Map 543 Carex torta Boot t 0 ^3 Map 544 Carex crinita Lam. — Jar Feb . L 11 f p' ■ Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. jl fr1 " -i r J J r1 Dec (- i 1/ Miles Carex f in iculata 0 5(5 Map 545 L. 35A. § ORTHOCERATES Carex pauciflora Lightf. (See excluded species no. 28, p. 276.) 36. § FOLLICULATAE 117. Carex folliculata L. Map 545. Known in Indiana only from the dune area in Porter and La Porte Counties where it is locally frequent on mucky borders of wet woods. One collection of Deam's (4 miles northeast of Michigan City) is from a sedge marsh. Newf. to Wis., southw. to D. C. (in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.) and Ind., but best developed on the Coastal Plain. 37. § PSEUDO-CYPERI Teeth of perigynia not over 0.5 mm long; perigynia suborbicular in cross section, inflated, membranaceous, spreading; culms stoloniferous; ligule . not longer than wide 1 18. C hystricina. Teeth of perigynia 0.5 mm or more long; perigynia flattened-triangular, scarcely inflated, coriaceous, more or less reflexed; culms not stoloniferous; ligule much longer than wide. Teeth of perigynia recurved-spreading, 1.2-2 mm long; beaks of perigynia (exclusive of the teeth) 1.5-2.2 mm long, equaling or longer than the bodies; perigynia 6 mm long 119. C. comosa. Teeth of perigynia erect or slightly spreading, 0.5-1 mm long; beaks of perigynia (exclusive of the teeth) averaging 1 mm long, shorter than the bodies; perigynia 4-5 mm long 120. C. Pseudo-Cyperus. 118. Carex hystricina Muhl. (Carex hystricina var. Dudleyi Bailey and Carex hystricina var. Cooleyi Wood.) Map 546. Common in most of the glaciated area of Indiana in swamps and wet habitats of all types but usually in calcareous soils. No corroborating specimen for Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash Valley could be found. Que. to Wash., southw. to Va., Ky., Tex., and Calif. 119. Carex comosa Boott. (Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. americana Hochst.) Map 547. Fairly common in northern Indiana on low borders 264 Cyperaceae Carex Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov 0 1 r i _«D> D D H f D J* 0 r- \ i ^ D f a I1 V S -^ J 1 « Dec C — ■LL 1/ Miles -. I ( K | acu Care >tns x riparra 0 " 56 Map 549 0 15 Map 547 Carex comosa Boott J — r Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. » \ r r^° ° ' D 1 V r1 J 0 B D . D D D C "^ j D D Dec.f- 1 ' D 1/ Miles k j D rJ d ° i c 1 Ca rex hyal inolepis 5 50 Map 550 teud. 0 55 Map 548 Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. o 53 Map 551 Carex subimpressa Cloke of lakes (often in shallow water) and in swamps, sloughs, and ditches. In southern Indiana it is known only from a single collection from Floyd County. Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La. ; also locally in the Pacific Coast States. 120. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Map 548. Rare on lake borders and in sloughs and swamps in northern Indiana where it reaches the southern limit of its range. Like C. comosa it frequently grows in shallow water, rooted in muck. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ind., and Minn. ; also in Eurasia. 38. § PALUDOSAE Beaks of perigynia much shorter than the hody, the teeth short, about 0.5 mm long, erecl or nearly so; foliage glabrous. Perigynia glabrous. Carex Cyperaceae 265 Mature perigynia strongly nerved; fertile culms aphyllopodic, strongly reddish- tinged at the base, the lower sheaths filamentose ventrally; ligule at least twice as long as wide 121. C. riparia var. lacustris. Mature perigynia impressed-nerved; fertile culms phyllopodic, less strongly or not at all reddish-tinged at the base, the lower sheaths not filamentose ventrally; ligule shorter or moderately (less than one and a half times) longer than wide 122. C. hyalinolepis. Perigynia hairy, the ribs mostly hidden by the short dense pubescence 122 a. X C. siibimpressa. Beaks of perigynia (including teeth) nearly as long as the body; the teeth prominent, 1-3 mm long, erect to widely spreading. Perigynia glabrous; leaf sheaths pubescent; at least the lower leaf blades sparsely hairy below toward the base 123. C. atherodes. Perigynia hairy; leaf sheaths and blades glabrous 124. C. trichocarpa. 121. Carex riparia Curtis var. lacustris (Willd.) Kiikenth. (Carex lacustris Willd.) Map 549. Common in calcareous soils in marshes and ditches and on borders of swamps, lakes, and streams. It often forms ex- tensive stands in marshes. This, and to a lesser extent the following species, seem to be somewhat periodic in fruiting, at least in the Great Lakes States. Often throughout one or more seasons in a large colony, only a few plants, if any, will be found with fertile culms. Que. to Sask., southw. to Va. and Iowa. 122. Carex hyalinolepis Steud. (Carex riparia var. impressa S. H. Wright and Carex impressa (S. H. Wright) Mack.) Map 550. Common, except in the northern three tiers of counties, in roadside ditches and wet depressions in low open woods and on flood plains and borders of ponds. N. J. to Ont. and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 122a. X Carex siibimpressa Clokey. (Rhodora 21: 84. 1919; Carex languinosa X impressa Clokey, Torreya 16: 199. 1916.) Map 551. Known in Indiana from collections by Deam from four counties along the north- eastern border, where it is very local but usually occurs in colonies which are probably clones. It is found in ditches along roadsides or railroads and in low ground in open woods. No verifying specimens were found for Clokey's reports from Porter and Posey Counties or for Peattie's report from Lake and Porter Counties. Ind. and 111. 123. Carex atherodes Spreng. (Carex trichocarpa var. imberbis Gray and Carex trichocarpa var. aristata (R. Br.) Bailey.) Map 552. Rare in northern Indiana in marshes and wet prairie habitats. Reported from Marshall County by Clark but no specimens could be located. Ont. to Yukon, southw. to N. Y., Ind., Mo., Kans., Colo., Utah, and Oreg. ; also in Eurasia. 124. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Map 553. Rare in swamps, low openings, and swales in woods ; chiefly in eastern-central Indiana. Reported from Madison County by Smith but no specimens were found. Que. and Vt. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Ind., and Iowa. 266 Cyperaceae Carex — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. t~ ° \ H 1 r D,„ -4 f ~? D d D j r1 Dec C i ' — A/ Miles Carex trie hocarpa 0 50 Map 553 Muhl. o 33 Map 554 Carex FrankFI Kunth 39. § SQUARROSAE Perigynia shorter than the rough-awned scales, 14-20-ribbed; terminal spike usually staminate, narrowly linear, small (0.5-2.5 cm long); ligule slightly, if at all, longer than wide; achenes about 1.5 mm long 125. C. Frankii. Perigynia much longer than the scales, several-ribbed above; terminal spike gynae- candrous; ligule much longer than wide; achenes 2.2-3 mm long. Beaks of perigynia mostly appressed-ascending; spikes oblong-cylindric; achenes obovoid, their sides concave; pistillate scales mostly blunt; style straight below 126. C. typhina. Beaks of perigynia widely radiating; spikes oval or oblong-oval; achenes linear- oval, their sides almost flat; pistillate scales acute to short-awned; style strongly curved or bent below 127. C. squwrosa. 125. Carex Frankii Kimth. (Carex stenolepis Torr.) Map 554. Not known from the two northern tiers of counties. Except in the lake and prairie areas very common in ditches and low roadsides and on banks of creeks; frequent in swamps, low flat woods, ravines, marshes, and wet fallow fields. Pa. and N. Y. to 111. and Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; also in S. A. 126. Carex typhina Michx. (Carex typhinoides Schwein.) Map 555. Fairly common in the southern counties, infrequent in northern Indiana, and not known from the central portion of the state. Its favorite habitat is low flat woods, especially pin oak, but it is also found on borders of ponds and in marshes, swamps, and roadside ditches. Specimens to confirm Wilson's reports from Hamilton and Tippecanoe Counties could not be found. Que. to Wis. and Iowa, southw. to Ga. and La. 127. Carex squarrosa L. Map 556. Common, especially southward, in low or swampy woods and roadside ditches; frequent on wet borders of ponds and creeks. Que. to Wis. and Nebr., southw. to N. C. and Ark. Carex Cyperaceae 267 — Jan. Feb f 1 D Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec J- v_^ ■C \ t Av D f r1 I 1 ^H J r i D 1 ' 0 1 rV ^" Pl > ' h y 1/ Miles r* D L D p* 1 a o H Care x ty phina Mi< o 5o Map 555 'hx. ~T3 Map 556 Carex squarrosa L. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 0 H n - 1 lf ~v^ i^ D r K Wm <-±_ ] L ' \S Miles 0 56 Map 557 Carex vesicana L. 40. § VESICARIAE Pistillate scales not rough-awned. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 17-many-flowered; leaf blades flat or the margins somewhat revolute. Perigynia not reflexed; bracts moderately exceeding the inflorescence. Achenes not excavated on one side; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm wide. Culms sharply triangular below the spikes, rough; perigynia appressed or ascending; teeth of perigynia long or perigynia tapering gradually into the beak; lower sheaths fragile, becoming strongly filamentose; ligule much longer than wide; rootstocks short-creeping, without long horizontal stolons 128. C. vesicaria. Culms bluntly triangular below the spikes, smooth; perigynia spreading to squarrose at maturity; teeth of perigynia short or perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak; lower sheaths not fragile, not becoming filamentose; ligule slightly if at all longer than wide; rootstocks with long horizontal stolons 129. C. rostrata. Achenes deeply excavated on one side; perigynia 5-6.5 mm wide 130. C. Tuckermani. Lower perigynia reflexed or widely spreading, somewhat falcate; bracts many times exceeding the inflorescence 131. C. retrorsa. Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 3-18-flowered; leaf blades involute 132. C. oligosperma. Pistillate scales rough-awned 133. C. lurida. 128. Carex vesicaria L. (Including Car ex vesicaria var. monile (Tuck- erm.) Fern.) Map 557. Infrequent in the lake area in swamps, swales, and swampy woods. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Del., Ind., Mo., N. Mex., and Calif.; also in Eurasia. 129. Carex rostrata Stokes. (Including Carex rostrata var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey.) Map 558. Frequent in northern Indiana in marshes, swamps, low woods, wet roadside ditches, and swales and on borders of ponds and lakes, often in shallow water. It is a very widespread species but generally is not plentiful in any one locality. 268 Cyperaceae Carex 0 50 Map 558 Carex rostrata Stokes Tuck ermani 0 50 Map 559 Boott o ~w Map 560 Carex retrorsa Schwein. Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Del., W. Va., Ind., S. Dak., N. Mex., and Calif. ; also in Eurasia. 130. Carex Tuckermani Boott. Map 559. Frequent in northeastern Indiana; otherwise known in the state only from the dune area and from Floyd County. It is found in swales in woods, swamps, and on borders of ponds, frequently in shallow water. N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Ind., and Iowa. 131. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Map 560. Known in Indiana from two collections near the northern border of the state ; edge of swamp, East Chicago, Lake County, W. S. Moffatt, July 2, 1893, and, near St. Mary's Academy, Notre Dame, St. Joseph County, J. A. Nieuwland, July 9, 1913. No corroborating specimens have been seen for the report in Coulter's Catalogue from Gibson County, Wilson's report from Hamilton County or Schneck's from the Lower Wabash Valley. Que. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Ind., Iowa, Colo., and Oreg. 132. Carex oligosperma Michx. Map 561. Frequent in the dune area, otherwise quite local in northern Indiana. It prefers Chamaedaphne and tamarack bogs, but is found also in marshes and swales and on borders of ponds. Newf. to Mack., southw. to Mass., Pa., and Ind. L33. Carex lurida Wahl. Map 562. Very common; in southern In- diana ubiquitous in swamps, sloughs, ditches, and wet habitats of all types. Carex lurida is frequently confused with C. hijstncina and with C. lupulina. The following distinctions, in addition to those given in the key to the sections, may be useful in separating it from these. The achene of C. lurida is strongly rough-papillate; that of C. lupulina is perfectly smooth. Also the teeth of the perigynia in C. lurida are very short (aver- aging 0.5 mm long) and the stigmas all protrude from one side; in C. hijmlinn the teeth are long (0.75-2 mm) and the stigmas radiate irregu- larly from the orifice. In C. hystricina the teeth of the perigynia are longer Carex Cyperaceae 269 Carex oligosperma Michx. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec.J- r L I 1 D 1 SD D p D -^ 1 D \ D K '.Hrf D r 3 B 1 D UP u H i- D Us— 0 D D D r J~ (1 0 ATb™ I B ^CfH- f*/ 0 D D H 0 j J OH P K ND 1 J D [ D 0 ^-1 cf ° \$J Miles D 1 p D c arex D -r\ lurida 7 0 50 Map 562 Wahl. o 13 Map 563 Carex Grayii Carey and spreading or ascending ; in C. lurida the teeth are erect or appressed, the perigynia are more abruptly beaked and the beak is longer and narrower. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Vera Cruz, Mex. 41. § LUPULINAE Pistillate spikes globose to short-ovoid; style straight or the bend remote from the achene. Perigynia radiating in all directions, cuneate at the base, subcoriaceous, usually somewhat hispidulous; staminate spike usually subsessile or short-peduncled; achenes obscurely trigonous, almost suborbicular in cross section, the angles inconspicuous 134. C. Grayii. Perigynia ascending, rounded at the base, membranaceous, smooth and shining; staminate spike normally long-peduncled; achenes with blunt angles but con- spicuously trigonous. Perigynia broadly ovoid, about half as broad (5-8 mm) as long 135. C. intumescens. Perigynia narrowly ovoid, a fourth to a third as broad (3.5-5 mm) as long 135a. C. intumescens var. Fernaldii. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric; style abruptly bent immediately above the achene. Achenes conspicuously longer than wide, the angles not prominently knobbed, the sides shallowly concave; pistillate spikes short-oblong to oblong-cylindric. Culms arising one to few together from elongate rootstocks; staminate spike narrow, 2.5 mm wide, very long-peduncled; pistillate scales blunt to acute, rarely short-mucronate; leaf blades 2-6 mm wide 136. C. louisianica. Culms cespitose; staminate spike 3-5 mm wide, sessile or short-peduncled; pistillate scales acuminate to rough-awned; leaf blades 4-15 mm wide 137. C. lupulina. Achenes not longer than wide, the angles prominently knobbed, the sides deeply concave; pistillate spikes cylindric or oblong-cylindric. Perigynia ascending or slightly spreading, the beak less than twice the length of the body; achenes about as wide as long 138. C. lupuliformis. Perigynia widely spreading at maturity, the beak 2-3 times the length of the body; achenes much wider than long 139. C. gigantea. 134. Carex Grayii Carey. (Carex Grayii var. hispidula Gray and 270 Cyperaceae Carex Jin fet> Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov L r » V t D D D » c jl f^ r " I1' -I J~ — ■ D r Oec.f- ULi » B t 1 _/ ( J -1 ■> 1 \ / 0 / ^4 / Miles J 0 | Ca rex ntun ie scens F ) 50 Map 564 udge 0 ~^<5 Map 565 Carex intumescens var. Fernaldii Bailey — Jan f Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 — ,— L Jk fr1 "H- r, - k Dec (- 1/ Miles CL D 0 ( i o 3D K c arex louisianica E 0 50 Map 566 ai ley Carea: Asa^Grayi Bailey.) Map 563. Common, but local, in low rich woods and on banks of creeks and borders of swamps. Widely distributed in the state but generally not found in abundance at any one locality. It is one of the most conspicuous of the sedges and so is apt to be collected more often than some of the inconspicuous species which may be actually more common. The form known as var. hispidula shows no geographic segregation and doubtless does not merit even formal recognition. J. K. Underwood, of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, writes that he has observed the same plants which one year had hispidulous perigynia to be perfectly glabrous the next season. Vt. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Mo. 135. Carex intumescens Rudge. Map 564. Frequent to locally common in depressions in low woods (maple, beech, sweet gum or pin oak) and in flat woods. N. H. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 135a. Carex intumescens var. Fernaldii Bailey. Map 565. Infrequent in northern Indiana, chiefly in the lake area, in habitats similar to those of the species. Newf. to Keewatin, southw. to Mass., N. Y., Ind., and 111. and in the mts. to N. C. 136. Carex louisianica Bailey. (Carex Halei Carey.) Map 566. A southern species which reaches its northwestern limit in southern Indiana where it is infrequent in low open woods, flat woods, and cypress swamps, mostly in the unglaciated area. N. J. to Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 137. Carex lupulina Muhl. (Carex lupulina var. pedwiculata Gray.) Map 567. Very common in swamps, ditches, and low open woods and on borders of ponds and rivers. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Carex Cyperaceae 271 0 "TO Map 567 Carex lupulina Muhl. 0 50 Map 570 Acorus Calamus L o 50 Map 568 Carex lupulif ormis Sartwell Map 571 Symplocarpus foetidus (L ) Nutt 0 ^0 Map 569 Carex gigantea Rudge 138. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Map 568. Infrequent and local in swampy woods, wet ditches, and buttonbush swamps, and on borders of ponds. Vt. to Minn., southw. to Va., La., and Tex. 139. Carex gigantea Rudge. Map 569. Rare and local in the southern counties in cypress swamps and swampy or low open woods. Del. to Ky., Ind., and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. EXCLUDED SPECIES 1. Carex radiata (Wahl.) Dewey. Reported, as Carex rosea var. radiata Dewey, from Allen County, the Chicago region (including Lake and Porter Counties) , and the Lower Wabash Valley but the reports were made before this species and C. rosea were clearly understood. The specimen upon which the Allen County record was based is C. rosea and doubtless the °72 ( \ peraceae Carex specimens forming the bases of other reports should be referred to the same species. Que. to Mich.. Bouthw. to N. C. and Tenn. 2 Carex austrina (Small) Mack. Deam reported this southern and western species from Benton County in 1928 on the basis of a collection (Deam no. 18219) which Mackenzie so determined. This collection is C. gravida. The specimen in the Deam Herbarium approaches var. Lunelliana in its rather broadly ovate, short-beaked perigynia. In his treatment of the Cariceae in North American Flora (18: 57. 1931.) Mackenzie does not cite Carex austrina from Indiana. Mo. and Kans. to Ark. and Tex. 3 Carex vulpinoidea Michx. var. pycnocephala Hermann. A collection by Deam (Steuben County, June 17, 1903) is referred to this variety in Rhodora 38: 363. 1936. Since this is the only specimen known from In- diana, however, and since it is not entirely typical it seems best to exclude it until additional and characteristic material may be found. Mich, and Minn. ; probably elsewhere on sandy shores of the Great Lakes. 4. Carex canescens L. There have been many reports of this northern species from Indiana but all specimens so labeled proved to be either var. disjuncta or var. subloliacea (except E. J. Hill's no. 60, which is C. tenera.) Without doubt typical C. canescens is not found in Indiana. Lab. to B. C, locally southw. to Conn, and n. Mich. ; also in Eurasia. 5. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Both Pepoon and Peattie have re- ported this sedge from Lake County but no specimens from there could be located in the Indiana herbaria, nor in the Field Museum, Chicago Academy of Sciences, Gray Herbarium, National Herbarium or the herbaria of the Universities of Illinois, Wisconsin, or Michigan. Since the species is known from Ohio and from at least as far southwest as Kalamazoo County, Michigan, it is not improbable that it does occasionally reach northern Indiana. Greenland, Lab., and Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J. (in the mts. to N. C.)i Colo., and Wash.; also in Eurasia. 6. Carex exilis Dewey. A species principally of the Coastal Plain, known in the Great Lakes region only from northern Michigan, Ontario, and Minnesota. Its occurrence in Steuben County, from which Bradner reported it, seems unlikely and it is excluded for want of a confirming specimen. Lab. to Del. ; locally inland in Vt., N. Y., Ont., Mich., and Minn. 7. Carex slellulata Gooden. This and Carex Leersii Willd. are now con- sidered to be synonymous with C. muricata L. The numerous Indiana reports of C. stellulata and C. Leersii may have been based upon almost any species of § Stellulatae, probably chiefly upon C. inconvperta and C. sterilis. 8. Carex muricata L. A boreal species known from Greenland to New- foundland, Quebec, Alaska, and northern Eurasia. It is hardly feasible to Carex Cyperaceae 273 attempt to make any disposition of MacDougal's report from Putnam County in Coulter's Catalogue. Carex muricata of most American authors of that period was C. spicata Hudson, a European species of %Bracteosae which has become established locally from Nova Scotia to Virginia and Ohio. 9. Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn. This northern and eastern species was reported by Pepoon from Lake County as C. stellulata var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fern., but no specimen could be found. Its occur- rence in Indiana is improbable. Newf. to n. Mich, and Wis., southw. to Md., also on the Pacific coast in Wash, and Vancouver Island. 10. Carex Merritt-Fernaldii Mack. Peattie reports this species from Dune Park (Porter County) and the Calumet District (Lake County). The only specimen which could be found bearing this name, a collection by Umbach from Lake County in the University of Wisconsin Herbarium, is C. brevior. C. Merritt-Ferimldii has not been found in southern Michi- gan and it is not likely that its range extends as far south as Indiana. Maine to Man., southw. to Mass. and n. N. Y. 11. Carex hormathodes Fern. Pepoon includes this species of the salt marshes of the Atlantic coast in his "Flora of the Chicago Region" with the statement "bogs, not common." Collections upon which this report was based could not be found but in all probability they should be referred to C. Richii. Deam no. 54013, from near a small creek in a field a fourth mile south of Archerville, Tippecanoe County, is more suggestive of this species than any other but the specimen is immature. No other Coastal Plain species are known from this area so that an occurrence of C. horma- thodes here would seem to be almost certainly a chance introduction. Along the coast, Newf. to Va., in or near salt marshes. 12. Carex projecta Mack. (Carex tribuloides var. reducta Bailey.) Reported from Hendricks and Marion Counties but the specimens upon which these reports were based are C. tribuloides. Newf. to B. C, southw. to D. C. and Iowa. 13. Carex foenea Willd. (Carex argyrantha Tuckerm.) Reported from the Lower Wabash Valley and from Gibson and Marshall Counties. Speci- mens upon which Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash Valley was based were not found but they should undoubtedly be referred to some other species and the other reports also were probably based upon mis- identifications. Que. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Ohio. 14. Carex deflexa Hornem. A far northern species reported from Miller (Lake County) by Peattie with the statement "according to Gates." No specimen of his could be found, but in the University of Illinois Herbarium is a collection of C. Emmonsii which bore the label "Carex deflexa Hornem., sandy thicket, Miller, Ind. Agnes Chase no. 1791, May 30, 1902." The nearest known locality for C. deflexa is on the Keweenaw 274 Cyperaceae Carex Peninsula, Michigan, the extreme northern tip of the Upper Peninsula. The report of its occurrence in Indiana is not plausible. Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Mass., n. Mich., and B. C. 15. Carex pedunculata Muhl. Coulter says of this species, in his Catalogue, "Specimens I have examined leave no room for doubt as to its occurrence in our area," and he ascribes a record from Steuben County to Bradner and one from Noble County to Van Gorder. It is more than likely that the species occurs, or did occur, in these northern counties since it is known from Kalamazoo County, Michigan, and from Jo Daviess County, Illinois, but it must be excluded at present for lack of a confirm- ing specimen. It should be looked for in rich beech or maple woods in the northern counties early in May as it matures early and the fruiting culms rapidly wither away. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., 111., and S. Dak. 16. Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd. Reported from Clark County by Baird & Taylor and from Lake County by Pepoon. No specimens could be found and doubtless specimens forming the basis of these reports should be referred to some other species. Sphagnum bogs, Lab. and Man. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. J., Mich., Idaho, and n. Calif. ; also in n. Europe. 17. Carex saltuensis Bailey. (Carex vaginata of American authors.) A boreal species reported from Lake County by Higley & Raddin and by Peattie (who ascribe the record to Hill) , and by Pepoon, but no collections bearing this name could be found. A species which reaches the southern limit of its known range so much farther north is not to be expected in Indiana. Lab. to Yukon, southw. to n. New England, n. N. Y., n. Mich., n. Minn., and B. C. 18. Carex ormostachya Wiegand. (Rhodora 24: 196-197. 1922.) Deam's report in 1928 for this species from Porter County was based upon a collection (Deam no. 44381) so named by Mackenzie. This collection should be referred to C. laxiflora, a determination confirmed (as C. anceps Muhl.) by Professor Wiegand in 1935. Que. to Minn., southw. to Mass. and Pa. 19. Carex rectior Mack. (N. Amer. Flora 18: 261. 1935.) (Carex granulans var. recta Dewey.) This seems questionably distinct from C. granularis. Mackenzie (N. Amer. Flora 18: 262. 1935.) credits it to Indiana in addition to Alabama and Louisiana but the two Indiana collec- tions referred by him to C. rectior are immature. One (Deam no. 44317, Elkhart County) is so immature that it cannot be distinguished fromTTT. granularis by means of his key or description; the other (Deam no. 41204, Jefferson County) is sufficiently mature to show the perigynia to be strongly ribbed and sessile, characters used by Mackenzie to distinguish C. granularis from C. rectior. Carex Cyperaceae 275 20. Carex formosa Dewey. Reported from Putnam County by Grimes. The specimen upon which this report was based (Grimes no. 540, in DePauw University Herbarium) is C. Davisii. In Coulter's Catalogue also C. formosa is reported from Putnam County and the record ascribed to MacDougal. The collection which formed the basis of this report, too, should doubtless be referred to some other species. Que. to Wis., southw. to Conn, and N. Y. ; very local. 21. Carex arctata Boott. Bradner reported this species from Steuben County but no specimen could be found so it must be excluded. It is known in Ohio and in southwestern Michigan (Kalamazoo County; reported also from Berrien County) so that it is quite possible that it is, or was, native in dry rich woods in northern Indiana. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Pa. and Ohio. 22. Carex pallescens L. Both Pepoon and Peattie report this species from Lake County, basing the reports on a record by Hill from Berry Lake. No specimens have been seen. Smith's report from Marion County and Schneck's from the Lower Wabash Valley unquestionably must have been based upon misidentifications, and the occurrence of the species even in northernmost Indiana is very doubtful. Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. J., Pa., and 111. ; also in Eurasia. 23. Carex scabrata Schwein. Reported from Lake County by Higley & Raddin and by Peattie but no Indiana specimens could be found. N. S. to Ont. and Mich., southw. mostly in the mts. to S. C. and Tenn. 24. Carex paupercula Michx. A northern species reported from Pine, Lake County, by Peattie and by Pepoon (as C. paupercula var. irrigua (Wahl.) Fern.) who ascribe the record to Hill. In all probability collec- tions upon which these reports were based, but which could not be found should be referred to C. limosa. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Minn., Colo., and Utah; also in n. Eurasia. 25. Carex aquatilis Wahl. A far northern and western species which has been reported from Lake, Porter, La Porte, and Marion Counties. All material forming the basis of Indiana reports should be referred to other species. C. aquatilis of most manuals for this area is C. substricta (Kiikenth.) Mack. Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Que. and in the w. mts. to N. Mex. and Calif. ; also in n. Eurasia. 26. Carex nebraskensis Dewey. This western sedge has been reported from' Fayette, Jefferson, and Tippecanoe Counties by H. S. Jackson, ap- parently through the misapplication of a synonym. He lists it as the host of a rust and cites for it a correct synonym, Carex Jamesii Torr. But Prof. Arthur states that the rust occurs on Carex Jamesii Schwein., and without doubt that is the species that Jackson had. S. Dak. and Kans. to N. Mex., Calif., and B. C. 276 Cyperaceae Carex 27. Carex crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Reported, as Carex gynandra Schwein., by Clark from Lake Maxinkuckee, Marshall County. Clark's specimen upon which this report was based was found in the National Herbarium and it is typical C. crinita. Newf. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and La. 28. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Pepoon reports this species from the Chicago region as common in bogs "southeast" (i.e. Lake or Porter Counties, Ind.), and Peattie reports it from the Calumet District (Lake County). No Indiana specimens could be found except a sheet in the herbarium of Notre Dame University bearing the label "By Mineral Springs (Porter County), Ind., J. A. Nieuwland, 1918." Since Dr. Nieuw- land usually gave the exact collection date for his specimens instead of merely the year, as well as a collection number, it seems possible that this label may have been made out from memory, rather than from field notes, at a date long after the actual collection. If this were so there could be some question whether he was really certain that the specimen had been collected in Indiana. The present evidence for the occurrence of the species in the state is hardly sufficiently conclusive to admit it as a member of the Indiana flora. Sphagnum bogs; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., Pa., and Minn., and near the Pacific coast to Wash. ; also in n. Eurasia. 29. Carex Baileyi Britt. {Carex lurida var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey.) Reported from Clark, Marion, and Putnam Counties. Specimens were not found but doubtless all Indiana reports were based upon incorrect determi- nations. N. H. to N. Y., southw. in the mts. to Va. and Tenn. 30. Carex comosa X hystricina var. Dudleyi. A hybrid reported from Lake County by Higley & Raddin and by Peattie. No specimens could be found. Acorus Araceae 277 23. ARACEAE Neck. Arum Family Spadix cylindrical without an obvious spathe, borne on the side of a leaf like scape; flowers perfect, perianth present; leaves linear; rootstocks and leaves aromatic. . . . 694. Acorus, p. 277. Spadix subtended by a spathe; leaves broader than the linear type. Spadix globose, enveloped in a very fleshy, ovoid spathe; flowers perfect, perianth present; mature leaves large, simple, mostly 1.5-2.5 dm wide, malodorous when bruised 708. Symplocarpus, p. 277. Spadix longer than wide; flowers without a perianth; leaves, if undivided, generally less than 1.5 dm wide. Spathes flat, divaricate, white within; spadix short-cylindric, the whole surface covered with flowers, at least the lower ones perfect 710. Calla, p. 277. Spathes convolute, at least below, enveloping the spadix; spadix elongate; flowers monoecious or dioecious. Leaves sagittate, simple; flowers covering the whole surface of the spadix 747. Peltandra, p. 278. Leaves not sagittate, more or less divided into 3 or more segments; upper part of spadix not flower-bearing 786. Arisaema, p. 278. 694. ACORUS L. 1. Acorus Calamus L. Sweetflag. Calamus. Map 570. Widely dis- tributed in the state, mostly in noncalcareous springy places along streams and about lakes. Local in the lake area and in the Tipton Till Plain and very local to rare in the unglaciated area. It is usually found in large colonies, sometimes covering acres in old stream beds. This species flowers and fruits throughout the state. In medicine, the rootstock is known as calamus. N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Eurasia. 708. SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. 1. Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. (Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf.) Skunkcabbage. Map 571. In noncalcareous springy places throughout the state although there are few records from the southwestern and un- glaciated parts. While the habitat of this species is usually somewhat wetter than that of sweetflag, but otherwise similar, I have never seen them growing together. Acorus Calamus, however, prefers sunlight while this species prefers dense shade. The colonies vary in size, usually occupy- ing all the available space in the habitat. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Iowa. 710. CALLA L. 1. Calla palustris L. Wild Calla. Map 572. This species still occurs in La Porte County in a decadent tamarack bog about six miles west of La Porte and in Noble County in sec. 12 of Washington Township where it is found in mucky soil among Cephalanthus on the border of a Chamae- daphne bog. It was reported from two places in Noble County by Van Gorder but at both of these stations the habitat has been destroyed by drainage. It was reported in 1913 from La Porte and St. Joseph Counties 278 Araceae Peltandra 5 !3 Map 573 Peltandra virgin ica (L ) Kunlh L Map 575 Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash by Nieuwland, who later told me that the St. Joseph County report was an error. Peattie reported it on the authority of Nieuwland as found at Tamarack Station in Porter County, but I have not seen a specimen. There is no specimen from Porter County in the herbarium of the Uni- versity of Notre Dame. N. S. to Hudson Bay and Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., Wis., and Iowa; also in Eurasia. 747. PELTANDRA Raf. 1. Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. Virginia Arrow-arum. Map 573. In shallow water or in wet, mucky soil on the borders of lakes and ponds and along streams. Rather frequent in the lake area but rare to absent south of this area. The leaf blades of this species are highly variable, and a wide variation can be noted between the inner and outer leaves of the same plant. Besides the typical form, Blake (Rhodora 14: 102-106. 1 pi. 1912) adds six forms, one of which has been reported from Indiana. I doubt that any of the extreme forms occur in the state although Peattie has reported f. hastifolia Blake from the dune region. S. Maine to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla., La., and Mo. 786. ARISAEMA Martius Leaves pedately divided into 7-13 segments; spathe straight, narrow; spadix elongated into a caudate tip much longer than the spathe 1. A. Dracontium. Leaves 3-foliolate; lateral leaflets rarely cleft or parted; spathe hooded, rarely straight; spadix shorter than the spathe. Leaves green beneath; spathes purplish brown within and without; flowering about the middle of June; growing in bogs 2. A. pusillum. Leaves usually glaucous beneath ; spathes greenish or more or less densely purplish brown within, usually green or greenish without, rarely purplish; flowering before the middle of June; not growing in bogs 3. A. triphyllum. 1. Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. DRAGONROOT. Map 574. More or less frequent throughout the state, growing in the shade in moist, rich soil. N. E. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Arisaema Araceae 279 o 5o Map 576 Arisaema trlphyllum (L.) Schott. 6 56 Map 577 Sp'rodela polyrhiza (LJ Schle'd. 0 56 Map 578 lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chevalier 2. Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash. (Arisaema deflexum Nieuwland & Just, Amer. Midland Nat. 12: 217-220. 1931.) Map 575. A comparison of specimens of Arisaema deflexum with a series of specimens of Arisaema pusillum from Maine, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and New York shows no essential difference. In fact, Arisaema pvisillum itself seems to be only an extreme form of Arisaema trlphyllum and it is reduced to synonomy in Gray, Manual but is maintained as a species in Britton and Brown, Il- lustrated Flora, ed. 2. Wiegand and Eames in their flora of the Cayuga basin say: "It has not been possible to separate A. pusillum (Peck) Nash in this region from the species (A. trlphyllum) by any constant char- acters." My opinion is that this plant as found in Indiana is only a well marked form or variety of the next species. It has been found as yet only in St. Joseph County where it grew in bogs. Maine to N. Y. and Pa., along the coast to n. Ga. and reported in s. Mich. 3. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. (Arisaema trlphyllum (L.) Torr.) Jack-in-THE-Pulpit. Map 576. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in moist, rich woodland. It is a shade-loving species, found from the alluvial plains to the crests of the highest ridges and seems to have no correlation with Arisaema Dracontlum in its distribution. A study of my 69 specimens from Indiana shows that they have green and purplish spathes but very few have the hood purplish above, none flower as late as the middle of June, and none have been found in bogs. This species is extremely variable in the color of its spathe, in the shape of the blade of its hood, and in the shape of its leaflets. I have a specimen from De Kalb County with 4 leaflets and one each from Lake and Steuben Counties with the lateral leaflets parted. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Kans. 24. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Duckweed Family [Thompson, Charles Henry. A revision of the American Lemnaceae north of Mexico. Ann. Rept. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9 : 1-43. 3 pi. 1898. Hicks, 280 Lemnaceae Spirodela Lawrence E. The Lemnaceae of Indiana. Amer. Midland Nat. 18: 774- 789. 1937.] Plants of this family are small in size and wholly aquatic, living on or under the surface of the water. Anyone interested in the study of this family of plants should read the "Lemnaceae of Indiana" by Lawrence E. Hicks. All of my specimens have been studied by Prof. Hicks. The follow- ing text has been copied from his paper and acknowledgment is hereby made. Plants with roots and two reproductive pouches from each node. Each plant of a group with several roots growing out in a fascicle from the node; plants 2.2-6.5 mm wide and 2.4-9.5 mm long, usually reddish below and with a red eye spot (the node) above; dorsal surface of living specimens a glossy green 794. Spirodela, p. 280. Each plant of a group with only one root 795. Lemna, p. 280. Plants without roots and with only one reproductive pouch from each node. Plants thick and globular 796. Wolffia, p. 281. Plants thin and straplike, usually submerged and attached in groups shaped like rimless wheels 796A. Wolffiella, p. 282. 794. SPIRODELA Schleid. 1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. GREATER DUCKWEED. Map 577. Locally abundant throughout the state in lakes, ponds, swamps, ditches, and sluggish streams. These plants are preyed upon by insects. N. S., Ont. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also in Eu., Asia, and tropical Amer. 795. LfiMNA L. Plants feather-shaped with the basal portions of the long internodes narrowed into petiolelike stems, usually submerged 1. L. trisulca. Plants oval to oblong, without petiolelike stems, connecting plants appearing sessile, usually floating. Shape of plants symmetrical or nearly so. Plants deep green, thickish, convex on both surfaces, obscurely 3-veined, cavernous throughout, appearing medium thick when pressed, sometimes reddish or purplish, especially below; margins thick 2. L. minor. Plants usually pale green, lower surface nearly flat, obscurely 1-nerved, cavernous in the middle portions only; membranous when dried; margins thin 3. L. minima. Shape of plants unsymmetrical. Body of plant obliquely obovate, medium thick, usually deep green with some reddish purple, distinctly 3-veined, cavernous throughout; root sheath with lateral wing appendages 4. L. perpusilla. Body of plant long-oblong, thin, pale green, obscurely 1-veined; root sheath unap- pendaged; cavernous in the middle portions only 5. L. cyclostasa. 1. Lemna trisulca L. SUBMERGED DUCKWEED. Map 578. Found com- monly in ponds, shallow lakes, sloughs, and bogs, often growing beneath floating species, preferring cold, shaded water. N. S., Ont. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also in parts of Eu., Asia, Africa, and Australia. 2. Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed. Map 579. Throughout the state Wolffia Lemnaceae 281 — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Au& Sept. Oct. Nov. f rj ■» \ r ^ [ i- ^ j i_^ j Dec |- !/ Miles V. t i 1 D / HI \ L ;mn, mi nima Phil o ~53 Map 579 ipi Map 580 Lemna minor L but more general in the lake area and in the area drained by the Wabash River. Throughout continental America except the extreme northern part ; also in Eu., Asia, Africa, and Australia. 3. Lemna minima Phillipi. Least Duckweed. Map 580. The habitats are similar to those of the other species of the genus. It is known in Indiana only from Allen, Cass, and Sullivan Counties. The only Ohio record is from a pond in Paulding County within three or four miles of Allen County, Indiana. Ohio, Ind., Minn., Wyo. to Calif., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex. ; also in Mex., Cent. Amer., into S. A. 4. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Minute Duckweed. Map 581. Known only in the northern third of the state. The only Ohio record is from Mercer County within six miles of Randolph County, Indiana. Mass., N. Y., Ohio, Ind., Wis., Minn, to N. Dak., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Kans. ; also in S. A. 5. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chevalier. Pale Duckweed. Map 582. This species is local in the lake area and found in organic debris in completely stagnant water in swamps and ponds. Mass., N. Y., Ohio, Ind., 111., Wis., Wyo. to Nev., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also in Jamaica, Mex., Cent. Amer., and S. A. 796. WOLFFIA Horkel Plants globose or nearly so, not punctate, loosely cellular; upper surface convex with usually three conspicuous papules; plants not prominent above the surface of the water 1. W. Columbiana. Plants more or less flattened above and gibbous beneath, brown-punctate, more com- pactly cellular; plants prominent on the surface of the water. Body of plant rounded-ovate, strongly gibbous, slightly unsymmetrical; dorsal sur- face with a single large conical papule 2. W. papulifera. Body of plant more or less oblong with upturned acute tip (peanut-shaped), slightly gibbous, symmetrical; dorsal surface with a prominent papule near the center. 3. W. punctata. 282 Xyridaceae Wolffiella 0 50 Map 583 Wolf f la columbiana Karst. Miles 0 56 Map 584 Wolffia punctata Griseb. 1. Wolffia columbiana Karst. COMMON WOLFFIA. Map 583. Locally very abundant in permanently stagnant waters that abound in organic debris. Mass., N. Y., Mich, to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex.; also in Mex., Cent. Amer., and S. A. 2. Wolffia papulifera Thompson. Pointed Wolffia. Found in isolated small colonies in permanent pools of stagnant water rich in organic matter. Known in Indiana only from Posey County. It has been found in only eight states. Ohio, Ind., 111., Ky., Tenn., Mo., Ark., and Kans. 3. Wolffia punctata Griseb. Dotted Wolffia. Map 584. Locally abun- dant in the habitats of the genus. Conn., N. Y., Mich, to Minn., southw. to La. and Tex. 796A. WOLFFIELLA Hegelmaier 1. Wolffiella floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson. STAR WOLFFIELLA. Map 585. Restricted to wholly stagnant bodies of water and very local in the northern range of its distribution. Ont., Mich., Wis., and Mo., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex.; also in Mex. 29. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Yellow-eyed Grass Family 826. XYRIS [Gronov.] L. Yellow-eyed Grass Base of plant bulbous; lateral sepals wingless, the keel ciliate 1. X. torta. Base of plant not bulbous; lateral sepals winged, the keel winged and erose above the middle 2. X. caroliniana. 1. Xyris torta J. E. Smith. (Xyris flexuosa Muhl.) Map 586. Local in the northwestern part of the state in moist, sandy soil about lakes and in prairie habitats and fallow fields. Maine to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 2. Xyris caroliniana Walt. Map 587. In the moist, sandy borders of lakes, sloughs, and marshes. This species is very local. The fact that a few plants were found on the border of a small lake in Wells County Eriocaulon Eriocaulaceae 283 *] D \ Feb. Mar. 1 i D A y\ Apr. DP 1 rJ 1 — May June [^ D \ 1 July Aj- 1 Aug. _ 3 Sept. "t_ — Oct. r i 1— Dec.j- — J \)j Miles J o ' "ft £p-ls^v 7 angular 5 56 Map 588 e With. 0 50 Map 589 Commelina communis L. I 1 | — Jan. Feb ^ — Mar Apr. L ■Li rJ 1 — May June July / r^-> r Vi 1 8 4 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov ^ 1 _ 1 -^k r' 1 Dec.C <~~ ' D »y CL° J D _, D j ^ , J Miles tjXy^X/^ o 50 Map 590 Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Top of leaf sheath with long, rusty hairs; plants relatively robust and erect; leaves mostly lanceolate, usually 2-5 cm wide and 8-20 cm long; all petals blue and nearly equal; capsules 3-celled, one cell 1-seeded and indehiscent, the other two cells with 2 seed each, sometimes one seed aborting 3. C. virginica. Top of leaf sheath without long, rusty hairs; plants rather slender, erect or ascend- ing; leaves linear or lance-linear, smaller than those of the preceding; two petals blue, one white and much smaller; capsules 3-celled, 1 seed in each cell, 1 cell indehiscent, rotund. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; posterior petals usually 10-15 (20) mm long; anterior petal about 1 mm wide; seed of an orbicular type.. .4. C. angustifolia. Leaves lanceolate; posterior petals usually 12-25 mm long, the anterior one rudi- mentary, usually about 1 mm wide and 3-5 mm long 5. C. erecta. 1. Commelina communis L. (Pennell. "Commelina communis" in the Eastern United States. Bartonia 19: 19-22. 1938.) Common Dayflower. Map 589. My specimens are mostly from moist soil along roadsides and in cultivated grounds. Three specimens were measured in the field and their measurements are as follows: blades of the blue petals 5-11 mm wide and about as long; the white one about 3 mm wide and 5 mm long. Peattie (Amer. Midland Nat. 10: 130. 1926. Note that in this volume there are two pages numbered 130) described and named a form of this species. He says this is a form with "the branches in whorls of 3-5 and the leaves broadly ovate; large ovate-lanceolate papery bracts accompany each verticel." Type specimen in the Field Museum, collected near Pine, Lake County, October 31, 1908, by C. W. Duesner. I have seen this specimen and I believe it is only a late autumnal form of the species. Nat. of e. Asia; Mass. to N. C, westw. to Mo., Kans., and Tex. 2. Commelina diffusa Burm. f. (Jour. Arnold Arb. 18: 64-65. 1937.) (Commelina longicaulis Jacq. and Commelina nudiftora of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 590. In moist, wet, or muddy places along streams and in ditches and cultivated grounds in the southern part of the state. The petals are very variable in size. Five specimens were measured in the field and the measurements are as follows: the blades of the largest petals ranged from 2.25-10 mm wide and about as long, the smallest were Tradescantia Commelinaceae 285 about 1.25-4 mm wide and nearly as long. This is a tropical species that ranges northward to the southern part of this state. N. J. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex., and in tropical Amer. 3. Commelina virginica L. (Commelina hirtella Vahl.) VIRGINIA Day- flower. Map 591. Found only in the southern part of the state in wet woods and sloughs and along streams. This is our largest species and usually forms colonies. No doubt all early reports of this species for the state should be referred to some other species. Commelina erecta of Gray, Man., ed. 5 is a synonym of this species and Coulter's and Young's reports for it from Jefferson County should be referred to Commelina virginica L. Pa. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 4. Commelina angustifolia Michx. Narrowleaf Dayflower. Map 592. This species grows in almost pure, fine sand and is found on sand hills along roadsides, on high, sandy banks of lakes and streams, and on the open dunes about Lake Michigan. Three specimens were measured in the field and the blades of the posterior petals averaged from 17-18 mm wide and 14-17 mm long and the anterior or white petals averaged about 1 mm wide. N. C. to Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Cuba. 5. Commelina erecta L. (Including the reports of Commelina crispa Wooton from Indiana.) I found a specimen along the roadside 2 miles west of Yankeetown, Warrick County, which I am referring to this species. Pennell (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 107. 1916) reported two specimens from the dunes about Lake Michigan as Commelina crispa Wooton and I am including them in this species. The name of this species should not be confused with the same name applied to other species by early authors. N. Y. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 911. TRADESCANTIA [Rupp.] L. Spiderwort [Anderson and Woodson. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States. Contr. Arnold Arboretum 9: 1-132. 1935.] Plants glaucous, essentially glabrous throughout, robust, mostly of a dry, sandy habitat; flowering from the first of June through the summer; sepals glabrous or with a few hairs at the apex, 8-15 mm long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long 1. T. canaliculata. Plants not glaucous, more or less pubescent throughout; woodland species of a moist or dry habitat; sepals pubescent, rarely glabrous. Plants dwarf, generally less than 1 dm high, rarely 1.5 dm high, covered all over with long, weak hairs; sepals tinted with pink, about 1 cm long. (See excluded species no. 127, p. 1033.) T. brevicaulis. Plants usually more than 1 dm high, not covered all over with long, weak hairs; sepals very green. Stems fiexuous, at least above the lowest inflorescence; leaves lanceolate, the median ones usually 2-5 cm wide; flowering from the first of June until frost; cymes both terminal and axillary; sepals mostly 6-8 mm long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long 2. T. subaspera. Stems not flexuous; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the median ones less than 2 cm wide; sepals 8-15 mm long. 2«l> COMMELINACEAE Tradescantia • f Jan. Feb Mjr Apr. May June July AuJ Sept. Oct Nov. \ f^ ~ X j" m ~r J- Dec j- 0 Jt- / Miles g D r/ 0 D J D f 1 ° 10 c omm elin, vlrginica J 50 Map 591 L. 0 50 Map 592 Commelina angustifolia Michx. 0 ~M Map 593 Tradescantia cana Mculata Raf. Pubescence of pedicels and sepals non-glandular; plants of dry woodland, flower- ing from the last of April to the first of June and usually soon dying down; cymes mostly terminal, rarely both terminal and axillary; pedicels 1.5-4 cm long 3. T. virginiana. Pubescence of pedicels and sepals glandular. (See excluded species no. 126, p. 1032. ) T. bracteata. 1. Tradescantia canaliculata Raf. {Tradescantia reflexa Raf. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Glaucous Spider- wort. Map 593. This species prefers the open and is generally found in dry, sandy or gravelly soil, along roadsides, on sand hills and high banks of lakes, and on the dunes. It is rarely found in swampy places but is frequent in moist, prairie habitats. This is a rank growing species with several color forms which have been named and which persist under cultivation. N. C., Ohio to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. la. Tradescantia canaliculata f. albifldra (Slavin & Nieuwl.) comb. nov. (Tradescantia reflexa f. albi flora Slavin & Nieuwl. Amer. Midland Nat. 11 : 600. 1929.) This is a white-flowered form which is rather frequent where the species is found. lb. Tradescantia canaliculata f. Lesteri (Standley) comb. nov. (Tradescantia reflexa f. Lesteri Standley. Rhodora 32: 32. 1930.) This is a form with "poppy-red" colored flowers which was found near Tremont, Porter County, by Lester A. Beatty. lc. Tradescantia canaliculata f. Mariae (Standley) comb. nov. (Tradescantia reflexa f. Mariae Standley. Rhodora 32: 32. 1930.) This form with white petals, margined with lilac was found near Fowler, Benton County, by Mary Bremer. 2. Tradescantia subaspeia Ker var. typica Anderson & Woodson. (Contr. Arnold Arboretum 9: 49. 1935.) (Tradescantia pilosa Lehm.) Zigzag Spiderwort. Map 594. Usually infrequent but well distributed throughout the state except in the northern part from which there are no Pontederia PONTEDERIACEAE 287 Map 594 I radescantia subaspera Ker var typica Anderson & Woodson o 53 Map 596 Pontederia cordata L records or specimens. It is a woodland species and is rarely found in the open. It prefers the moist, rich, wooded terrace slopes along streams and the slopes of ravines and is less frequent in level woods. Pa. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and La. 3. Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort. Map 595. Infre- quent but well distributed in the southern two thirds of the state, becoming less frequent to very rare in the northern counties. This is a woodland species and is rarely found in the open. It is usually found in dry clayey soil in white oak, white oak and black oak, and beech and sugar maple woods. White and rose colored forms are sometimes found and they persist under cultivation. Southern N. Y. to S. Dak., southw. to Va., Ky., and Ark. 34. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerelweed Family [Moldenke. Pontederiaceae of North America. N. Amer. Flora 19: 51-60. 1937.] Plants erect; leaves large, cordate to lanceolate; flowers blue, 2-lipped; stamens 6; utricle 1-seeded 922. Pontederia, p. 287. Plants floating or prostrate on mud; leaves linear, very narrow or reniform; flowers yellow, white or pale blue; perianth salver-shaped; stamens 3; capsule many-seeded. 924. Heteranthera, p. 288. 922/ PONTEDERIA L. [Fernald (Rhodora 27: 80. 1925) gives a key to the "Pontederias of temperate North America," which is copied here in part.] Leaves cordate at base. Leaves narrowly deltoid-ovate, tapering with straight sides from the base to the apex 1. p. cordata. Leaves broadly ovate, gradually curved from the broad base to the blunt summit la. P. cordata f. latifolia. Leaves truncate to tapering at base, narrowly deltoid to linear-lanceolate lb. P. cordata f. angustifolia. 288 PONTEDERIACEAE Heteranthera 0 "TO Map 597 Heteranthera reniformis R.& P. 0 50 Map 598 Heteranthera dubia (Jacq) MacM. 0" 5o Map 599 Juncus effusus L var. s&Jutus Fern. & Wieg. 1. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerelweed. Map 956. This species is fre- quent throughout most of the lake area but is absent or very local south of it. It must have its base in water most of the time, but otherwise it does not seem particular as to where it grows. It seems to grow nearly as well in almost pure marl areas as in sandy, muddy, and mucky borders. However, I find the largest specimens in mucky borders of lakes. The trimorphic flowers of this species are interesting to one who can give the time to their study. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Tex. la. Pontederia cordata f. latifolia (Farw.) House. This form, in the extreme, is well marked but our specimens seem to intergrade so much that it is a question whether the two forms should be maintained. The range is the same as that of the species. 115. Pontederia cordata f. angustifolia (Pursh) Solms-Laubach. This form is distinctly marked but I am not certain that another form may not be on the same rhizome. On the low, marly shore of the southeast side of Simonton Lake, Elkhart County, I made a study of this form. I found it farther out in the lake in a zone of water a little deeper than where the species grew. The species grew in a dense stand while the form was not so dense. I did not realize, until recently, the significance of this form although I have found it in several counties. Rather rare in Indiana. P. E. I. to Wis., southw. to Ind. and southeast of the Appalachian Mts. 924. HETERANTHERA H. & P. Mud Plantain Leaves reniform; flowers white or pale blue 1. H. reniformis. Leaves linear; flowers yellow 2. H. dubia. 1. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. MUD PLANTAIN. Map 597. Very local in ponds in the southern counties. I have found it on the muddy shore of Hovey Lake, Posey County and elsewhere in natural and artificial ponds. Heteranthera Pontederiaceae 289 There is a specimen in the herbarium of DePauw University which was collected by D. T. MacDougal in Putnam County, Sept. 12, 1889. Conn., Nebr., southw. to Ga. and Tex. ; also in W. I. and to Cent. Amer. 2. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Stargrass. Map 598. Rather frequent in the lake area on the shallow borders of lakes, in the Tippecanoe and St. Joseph Rivers, and on sandy bars and mud flats along streams, becoming rare in the southern part of the state. It is so inconspic- uous that it is usually overlooked. Sometimes it grows in great masses with such acquatic plants as Potamogeton and Utricularia. The deepest water from which I have a specimen is 4 feet but I know that it grows in even deeper water. It is most conspicuous on muddy flats in late autumn when the water of its habitat recedes. Que. to Oreg., southw. to N. C, Ark. and Ariz. 290 JUNCACEAE JuilCUS 36. JUNCACEAE Vent. Rush Family* Plants glabrous; capsule usually 3-celled, with very numerous minute seeds 936. Juncus. p. 290. Plants hairy or arachnoid; capsule 1-celled, with 3 large seeds 997. Lnzula, p. 300. 936. JUNCUS [Tourn.] L. Inflorescence apparently growing from the side of the culm, the involucral bract terete, erect and appearing like a continuation of the culm; culm leaves reduced to blade- less sheaths. (Section Genuini.) Stamens 3, opposite the sepals; inflorescence greenish or stramineous; rootstocks short-creeping with inconspicuous internodes; culms densely cespitose. Sepals not exceeding the petals, rarely exceeding the capsule, 2.5-3.5 mm long, slightly if at all spreading, about the same color as the capsule; culms not sulcate 1. J. effusus var. solutus. Sepals exceeding both the petals and the capsule, 2.7-4 mm long, more rigid and spreading, usually lighter in color than the capsule; culms sulcate below the inflorescence la. J. effusus var. Pylaei. Stamens 6, opposite the sepals and petals; inflorescence dark brown at maturity; rootstocks long-creeping with conspicuous internodes; culms usually well sepa- rated, arising in a single row. Inflorescence not diffuse, 1.5-3.5 cm long; flowers approximate or subapproximate. 2. J. balticus var. littoralis. Inflorescence diffuse, 4-12 cm long; flowers widely separated 2a. J. balticus var. littoralis f . dissitiflorus. Inflorescence obviously terminal or, if not, the involucral bracts fiat or channeled along the upper side; culm leaves with well developed blades. Leaves flat, or in age involute, not septate (in J. Greenei terete but not septate). Flowers borne singly on the branches of the inflorescence, not in heads, each with a pair of bracteoles at the base in addition to the bractlet at the base of the pedicel. (Section Poiophylli.) Inflorescence more than half the height of the plant; flowers scattered along the loose forking branches; annual 3. J. bufonius. Inflorescence much less than half the height of the plant; perennial. Perianth segments obtuse, appressed ; leaf sheaths covering half of the stem or more 4. J. Gerardi. Perianth segments acute or acuminate, usually more or less spreading; leaf sheaths covering a fourth of the stem or less. Leaves terete; capsule much exceeding the perianth, reddish or castaneous. 5. J. Greenei. Leaves flat; capsule little if at all exceeding the perianth, green to stramine- ous or dull brown. Bracts shorter than the inflorescence; flowers conspicuously secund on the usually incurved branches; capsule 3-celled; leaves usually less than a third the height of the culms 6. J. sectindus. Rracts (at least the lowermost) exceeding the inflorescence; flowers not conspicuously secund; capsule 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled; leaves usually about half the height of the culms. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths very thin, white, and scarious, conspicuously produced beyond the point of insertion, 1-3.5 mm long; bracteoles blunt. Flowers mostly clustered at the tips of the branches I.J. macer. Flowers scattered or somewhat secund along the branches. * Contributed by Frederick J. Hermann, University of Michigan. Juncus Juncaceae 291 Ultimate floriferous branchlets widely spreading, 0.5-2 cm long.... 7a. J. macer f. Williamsii. Ultimate floriferous branchlets elongate and ascending. Ultimate floriferous branchlets rarely over 4 cm long; sepals and petals mostly subequal; capsule averaging three fourths the length of the acuminate sepals; plant generally stout. . . . 7b. J. macer f . anthelatus. Ultimate floriferous branchlets often 7 cm long; sepals attenuate- subulate, usually conspicuously longer than the petals; capsule averaging half the length of the sepals; plant gen- erally slender, often lax 7c. J. macer f. discretiflorus. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths firm, not conspicuously produced beyond the point of insertion. Bracteoles acuminate to aristate; auricles with the very slight- ly produced portion membranaceous, not rigid (easily broken), stramineous, often tinged with brown or light red, occasionally somewhat cartilaginous along the sides below the summit; inflorescence generally loose; perianth from appressed to slightly spreading 8. /. interior. Bracteoles blunt to acute; auricles cartilaginous, yellow, be- coming brown with age, very rigid and glossy, especially the short produced portion; inflorescence generally com- pact; perianth widely spreading 9. J. Dudleyi. Flowers in heads, not bracteolate, i.e., with only the bractlet at the base of the pedicel. (Section Graminifolii.) Stamens not exserted in fruit; perianth exceeding the obovate, usually dull capsule; heads few (2-20), flowers many (5-10) in a head; culms cespitose, bulbous at base 10. «/. marginatus. Stamens exserted in fruit; perianth usually shorter than the ovoid, shining capsule; heads numerous (20-100); flowers few (2-6) in a head; culms solitary or few together from an elongate, nodulose rhizome; plant taller and coarser. Inflorescence loose; heads remote, 2-3 (rarely 6)-flowered 11. J. bifloms. Inflorescence compact; heads approximate, 3-6-flowered 11a. J. bifiorus f. adinus. Leaves terete, hollow, septate. (Section Septati.) Seeds with tail-like appendages. Heads few to many; flowers 5-50 in a head; flowers with mature fruit about 4 mm long; perianth segments subulate-tipped; capsule equaling or moder- ately exceeding the calyx; seed (including tails) 1-1.8 mm long, with con- spicuous tails 12. J. canadensis. Heads numerous in a diffuse panicle; flowers 3-5 in a head; flowers with mature fruit 2.5-3.5 mm long; perianth segments obtuse or nearly so, scarious-margined, less rigid; capsule usually much exceeding the calyx; seed (including tails) barely 1 mm long, the tails very short 13. J. brachycephalus. Seeds without tail-like appendages. Stamens 3, opposite the sepals. Capsule tapering evenly to the tip or subulate-beaked, distinctly exceed- ing the calyx. Heads numerous; flowers 2-7 in a head; inflorescence very large and diffuse; capsule gradually attenuate 14. J. diffusissimus. Heads few; flowers very numerous in a head; capsule subulate 15. J. scirpoides. Capsule obtuse or acute at the apex, from shorter than to slightly exceed- ing the calyx. 292 Juncaceae Juncus Capsule half to two thirds as long as the calyx; sepals rigid, subulate, much longer than the petals; heads spherical; culms from thick, elongate rhizomes 16. J. brachycarpus. Capsule nearly equaling or exceeding the calyx; sepals and petals sub- equal; heads usually hemispherical; culms cespitose, not rhizomatous. Heads 1-50; flowers several to many in a head; perianth 3-3.5 mm long; capsule acute or mucronate 17. J. acuminatus. Heads 200-500; flowers few in a head; perianth 2-2.5 mm long; capsule shorter, broader, much less rigid, blunt; nodes fewer, less con- spicuous, of the same color as the culm 18. J. nodatus. Stamens 6. Flowers solitary or in pairs, often reduced to fascicles of small leaves 19. J. pelocarpus. Flowers more numerous, in heads. Heads spherical, few, large (7-15 mm wide); capsule subulate; sepals subulate; involucral bract usually exceeding the inflorescence. Plant low, 1-4 dm high; leaf blades erect or ascending; flowers 3-4 mm long; petals usually equaling or exceeding the sepals 20. J. nodosus. Plant taller, 4-10 dm high; leaf blades divaricate; flowers 4-5 mm long; petals usually shorter than the sepals 21. J. Torreyi. Heads hemispherical, more numerous, smaller (6 mm wide or less); capsule ovoid or ellipsoid; sepals blunt or acute; involucral bract shorter than the inflorescence. Sepals and petals acute or acuminate; capsule strongly acute; branches of the inflorescence usually widely spreading. .. .22. /. articulatus. Sepals and petals mostly obtuse, often scarious at the apex; capsule from obtuse to broadly acute or apiculate; branches of the inflores- cence rarely widely spreading. Heads loosely few-flowered, usually with one or more flowers ele- vated on slightly prolonged peduncles; branches of the inflores- cence erect or strongly ascending. . .23. J. alpinus var. rariflorus. Heads compactly and regularly several- to many-flowered; branches of the inflorescence spreading-ascending 23a. J. alpinus var. fuscescens. 1. Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. (Rhodora 12: 90. 1910.) Map 599. Very common in ditches, sloughs, low fields, wet open woods, marshes, bogs and on borders of lakes. Often locally abundant. N. S. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex. la. Juncus effusus var. Pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg. (Rhodora 12: 92. 1910.) Map 599a. Infrequent in the northern part of the lake area, except on the dunes where it is frequent. A northern variety growing in habitats similar to the preceding variety and reaching the southern limit of its range in northern Indiana. Newf. to Wis., southw. to W. Va. and Ind. 2. Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. Map 600. Infrequent in the dune area where it is found on the sandy borders of sloughs and lakes, in interdunal swales and marshes, and in moist depressions of the sandy beach of Lake Michigan. The elongate rootstocks of this rush, and of the following form, usually radiate in many directions from a common center and often attain a length of a yard or even several yards. Newf. to N. Y., Pa., and the Great Lakes. J uncus JUNCACEAE 293 0 ^0 Map 599a Juncus effusus L. var. Pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieq. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. C UK ND "l f r 0 » H D S^ □ D „ ~V f-rLr f DP r1! Kj — i 1 D / A. 'J Miles J r 0 1 ' H K 1 /• ) 3 J Jun cus bufonius 1 o 50 Map 601 Jan Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec £ D 1 r i r— \ ( ^ 1 r V Miles r i ' — ~yy i'V / o so X/^-i/ Map 600 Juncus balticus Wi'lld. var. littoralis Enqelm. o 50 Map 602 Juncus Gerardi Lofsel Miles 0 56 Map 600a Juncus balticus var. littoralis f. dissitif lorus Enqelm. 0 55 Map 603 Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. 2a. Juncus balticus var. littoralis f . dissitiflorus Engelm. (Rhodora 25 : 208. 1923.) Map 600a. Confined to the dune area where it grows in the habitats of the variety but is much more common. Range of the variety but more common inland. 3. Juncus bufonius L. Map 601. Common on sandy or clay roadsides and abandoned roads in open woods or marshes; frequent on low sandy lake shores, in ditches, sandy swales, and low fallow fields. Almost throughout North America ; cosmopolitan. 4. Juncus Gerardi Loisel. Map 602. A Coastal Plain species which Mr. C. M. Ek found established in Howard County. He reports a colony about 5 by 10 feet (July 20, 1935) on dry open ground along the Nickle Plate Railway 4 miles east of Kokomo. It is doubtless introduced here. In the "Flora of the Indiana Dunes" by Peattie the species is reported from Lake County but no specimens could be found. Along the coast, mostly in salt marshes, Newf . to Fla. ; also on the nw. Pacific coast, in Eurasia, and n. Africa. 294 JUNCACEAE Juncus Q— — 53 Map 605a Juncus macer f. Will lamsii (Fern.) Hermann 5. Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Map 603. Infrequent in the north- western counties in sandy soil along low roadsides, in moist depressions on the dunes, and especially in prairie habitats along railroads. Maine to Vt. and N. J. ; locally in the Great Lakes region. 6. Juncus secundus Beauv. Map 604. Known in Indiana from a single collection : wet clay border of a cattail pond in a fallow field 3 miles east of Livonia, Washington County, June 17, 1935, F. J. Hermann no. 6705. It has been reported from Putnam County by Wilson but no specimen could be found to substantiate the report. Maine to Vt. and N. C, and in the Mississippi Valley from Tenn. to 111. and Mo. 7. Juncus macer S. F. Gray. (Jour. Bot. 68: 367. 1930.) (Juncus tenuis of authors, not Willd. ; including Juncus monostichus Bartlett.) Map 605. Very common in fields, pastures, ditches, open woods, waste places, and especially in paths and on roadsides ; infrequent on banks of streams and in swampy habitats. Juncus monostichus (originally described from Madison County) is a pathologic phase of this species in which the peculiar form of the inflores- cence, the shortening of the capsules, and the tendency toward sterility are induced by a fungus infection. Deam no. 55051 is exceptional in having the auricles scarcely prolonged, the inflorescence much congested and perianth unusually large. Inter- mediates between the species and its forms are frequent; thus Deam nos. 44784 and 53949, Peattie no. 2102, Lansing no. 2730, and Bechtel no. 13381 approach f. Williamsii; Deam no. 25456 approaches f. anthelatus; and Deam no. 24 approaches f. discretiflorus. Almost throughout North America ; adventive in Europe, South America, and Australia. 7a. Juncus macer f. Williamsii (Fern.) Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 82. 1938.) (Juncus tenuis var. Williamsii Fern, and Juncus macer var. Juncus JUNCACEAE 295 0 33 Map 605b \luncus macer f. anthetatus (Wieg.) Hermann 0 50 Map 607 Juncus Dudley! Wieg. o 3o Map 605c Juncus macer f. discret iflorus Hermann 0 55 Map 608 Juncus marginatus Rostk, 1 — Jan. *1 HI ,1 Feb. Mar. 1 J Apr. DP | "l rJ 1 — May June July Aug. { -s , I.DU„ Sept. r — Oct. Nov. DP - X r Dec.j- i — — hi f '/ Miles J-* D 1 J^\ 1 i 50 i '56' Map 610 .Gay 6 50 Map 6 Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau 0^ 55 Map 612 Juncus diffu sissimus Buckley 8. Juncus interior Wieg. Map 606. Frequent in moist sandy clearings, prairies, fallow fields, open oak flats, and ditches. Ind. to Wyo. and Tex. 9. Juncus Dudleyi Wieg. Map 607. Very common in wet fields, marshes, ditches, low open woods, sandy or marly borders of lakes, and other moist open habitats. Newf. to Sask. and Wash., southw. to Tenn., Kans., and Mex. ; adventive in Scotland and Germany. 10. Juncus marginatum Rostk. Map 608. Frequent in the western portion of the lake area and also in southern Indiana where it is chiefly in the unglaciated area. It is found in moist sandy clearings, in clay fields or meadows, and rarely in marshes and on low prairies and borders of ponds. Maine to Ont., southw. to Fla. and Nebr. 11. Juncus biflorus Ell. (Rhodora 37: 156. 1935.) (Juncus aristulatus of authors, not Michx. and Juncus marginatus var. biflorus (Ell.) Wood.) Map 609. Common in southern Indiana in hard white clay soils of low fallow fields and grassy meadows, in roadside ditches, and rare in open flat woods; infrequent in the lake area in moist open sandy or gravelly habitats, especially on borders of lakes. Mass. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex. 11a. Juncus biflorus f. adinus Fern. & Grisc. (Rhodora 37: 156. 1935.) Deam no. 26197 from a swampy fallow field a mile and a half west of Huron, Martin County, is typical of this form. 12. Juncus canadensis J. Gay. (J uncus canadensis var. lotigicaudatus Engelm.) Map 610. Very common in the lake area but infrequent south of it. It is found in marshes, swales, bogs, sandy or marly ditches, and on low borders or sandy shores of lakes. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and La. J uncus JUNCACEAE 297 o 55 Map 613 Juncus scirpoides Lam. 0 5o Map 614 Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. 0 To Map 615 Juncus acuminatus Michx. 13. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. (Juncus canadensis var. brachycephalus Engelm.) Map 611. Frequent in the northern half of Indiana, becoming common in the lake area. It is often associated with other rushes, especially with /. nodosus, on low sandy or marly borders of lakes, in marshes and sloughs, and on springy calcareous terraces. A form of this species having six stamens instead of the more usual three has been named J. brachycephalus f. hexandrus Martin (Rhodora 40 : 460. 1938) and Deam no. 54539A in the Herbarium of the University of West Virginia is designated as the type. The six-stamened condition is frequent in J. brachycephalus (as in /. canadensis and related species) ; in fact most of the Indiana collections have at least a few of the flowers with six stamens. As a rule a single plant will have flowers predominantly either 3-stamened or 6-stamened ; occasionally the number will be about equally divided between the two, but rarely, if ever, is a plant found in which all of the flowers have reverted to the 6-stamened state. Maine to Wis., southw. to N. J., Pa., and 111. 14. Juncus diffusissimus Buckley. Map 612. Common in southern Indi- ana, especially in the unglaciated area, in roadside ditches, low fallow fields (mostly in hard white clay soil), swampy open woods, and along the banks of or on gravel bars in creeks. N. Y. to Ind. and Kans., southw. to Tex. and Ga. 15. Juncus scirpoides Lam. Map 613. Known in Indiana from only the dune area where it is found in open, wet sandy habitats. Of the 22 collec- tions seen from Lake and Porter Counties only one was made later than 1913. Previous to that date the species apparently was frequent to fairly common on the dunes. No specimen could be found to confirm the reports of Barnes and of Coul- ter from Jefferson County. In all probability these reports were based upon collections of Juncus brachycarpus, a species common in Jefferson County and superficially resembling /. scirpoides. J. brachycarpus is the only one 298 JUNCACEAE Juncus f Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. i c ? » \ M -I r f r i ~r r1 Dec £ — i ° i 1/ Miles 0 1 l H V uncu s. n 3d itus Co 0 50 Map 616 /file Miles 0 ' ' '5(5 Map 617 Juncus pelocarpus Mey. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov Dec. ll 1 D ) ND E E 1 1 F 0 / 0 - D 11^*-*.* —SL | J~ frVlr- ' ' 1 0 - i Miles 0 50 Map 618 Juncus nodosus L. of all the species with small spherical heads to which Coulter's statement under J. scirpoides, "found throughout the state," is applicable. N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Tex. 16. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. Map 614. Fairly common in southern Indiana ; frequent elsewhere except in the central and eastern counties. Its favorite habitats are low fallow or grassy fields where the soil is usually a hard white clay, and sandy ditches, but it occurs also on wet roadsides and in flat woods and on the dunes in sloughs and sandy swales. Mass. to Ont., southw. to Ga., Miss., and Tex. 17. Juncus acuminatum Michx. Map 615. Very common in ditches and wet, usually more or less open, habitats of all types ; frequently in shallow water in ponds or swamps. Occasionally the heads are proliferous, espe- cially after the habitat has been flooded. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 18. Juncus nodatus Coville. (Juncus robustus (Engelm.) Coville, not Wats.) Map 616. Infrequent and local. This southern species was apparently first collected in the state at its northernmost known station: along a wet railroad siding near Lake Maxinkuckee, Marshall County, J. T. Scovell and H. W. Clark no. 1468, Oct. 16, 1900. Its usual habitat in southern Indiana is on borders of ponds in low, often flooded, pin oak woods where it is associated with buttonbush and with Car ex Crus-corvi and C. lupuliformis. Northern Ind. to Kans., Okla., Tex., and La. 19. Juncus pelocarpus E. Mey. Map 617. Fairly common in the north- western counties, mostly in the dune area. A species of wet open habitats, occurring on sandy or mucky borders of ponds, lakes, and swamps and in sloughs and swales. The more diffuse proliferous plants are often entirely sterile. Newf. to N. J., Ind., and Minn. 20. Juncus nodosus L. Map 618. Fairly common in the northern Juncus JUNCACEAE 299 o To Map 620 Juncus articulatus L. 0 50 Map 621 Juncus alpinus Vill. var. rarif lorus Hartm. counties and known from a single locality in Wayne County. It is found in a variety of wet habitats : in marshes, bogs, and swales, occasionally in ditches and sloughs, but most commonly on low sandy or marly shores. No specimens were found to support Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash Valley. The relatively huge grotesque heads often produced by galls in many species of § Septati occur with greatest frequency in this species, although they are frequent too in J. Torreyi, J. canadensis and J. acuminatum. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., 111., and Nebr. 21. Juncus Torreyi Coville. {Juncus nodosus var. megacephalus Torr.) Map 619. Common, especially in the lake area, in ditches, sloughs, and low prairies and on the borders of lakes, ponds, and creeks. It grows in both clay and sandy soils. Mass. to Sask. and Wash., southw. to Ala., Tex., and Ariz. 22. Juncus articulatus L. Map 620. Known in Indiana from a single collection : on an abandoned road through a marsh on the southeast side of Lake Wawasee, Kosciusko County, Deam no. 56408, July 19, 1935. Here it was abundant in 1935. Specimens could not be located to corroborate the reports from Lake County made by Coulter, Deam, Peattie, and Pepoon. Newf. to Ind. and B. C, southw. to Mass. and N. Y. ; local in n. Calif.; also in Eurasia. 23. Juncus alpinus Vill. var. rariflorus Hartm. (Rhodora 35: 233. 1933.) (Juncus alpinus var. insignis Fries and Juncus Richardsonianus Schultes.) Map 621. Largely confined to the dune area in Indiana where it is often locally plentiful on wet sandy or marshy shores of lakes and ponds, on borders of sloughs, and in low sandy ditches. Que. to B. C, southw. to Pa., Ind., Nebr., and Wash. ; also in Eurasia. 23a. Juncus alpinus var. fuscescens Fern. Map 621a. A single In- diana collection (Bebb no. 663, Clarke Junction, Lake County, Aug. 14, 300 JUNCACEAE Luzula z Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Au& Sept Od. Nov. r Jv ' X f -I. y j J- r, Dtc.f— 1 T" ' Jj Miles \ Ju r. ncu fu s alpfnus scescens 0 50 Map 621a Vill. rern. 1901) is characteristic of this variety, although transitional forms between the preceding variety and var. fuscescens are occasional. Its habitats are the same as those of var. rariflorus. Vt. to B. C. and Mo. 937. LtJZULA DC. Wood Rush [Fernald and Wiegand. The variations of Luzula campestris in North America. Rhodora 15: 38-43. 1913.] Flowers solitary at the tips of the branches of the inflorescence 1. L. carolinae var. saltuensis. Flowers crowded in spikelike clusters or glomerules. Rays of umbel erect or ascending, relatively stout; heads mostly cylindric. Cauline leaves large, (7) 9-14 cm long, 4-6 (9) mm wide; filaments equaling the anthers; perianth averaging 3 mm long, usually slightly exceeding the capsule; heads pale; base of plant rarely producing bulbs 2. L. midtiflora. Cauline leaves small, 3-5.5 cm long, 2-3 mm wide; filaments shorter than the anthers; perianth averaging 2.5 mm long, shorter than the capsule; heads dark; base of plant commonly producing bulbs. .2a. L. midtiflora var. bulbosa. Rays of umbel mostly strongly divergent, some elongate and filiform; heads hemi- spheric or short-cylindric; leaves mostly clustered at the base of the plant, the cauline small, 2-7 cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide. Filaments half the length of the anthers or less; perianth conspicuously exceeding the capsule, generally 3 mm or more long 3. L. echinata. Filaments more than half the length of the anthers; perianth from shorter than to slightly exceeding the capsule, generally about 2.5 mm long • 3a. L. echinata var. mesochorea. 1. Luzula carolinae S. Wats. var. saltuensis (Fern.) Fern. (Rhodora 40: 404. 1938.) (Luzula saltuensis Fern., Juncoides carolinae of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and Juncoides pilosum of American authors.) Map 622.* A northern plant known in Indiana from only two collections: base of a low wooded slope near pond in woods on the Douglas farm 21/2 miles southeast of Hamilton, De Kalb County, Deam no. 44268, May 25, 1927, and about 4 miles north of Notre Dame, St. Joseph County, J. A. Nieuwland no. 9115, in 1909. * The name of this plant was changed after the map was made. Luzula JUNCACEAE 301 o 50 Map 624 Gjzula multiflora var. bulbosa (Wood) Hermann Miles 0 50 Map 625 Luzula echinata (Small) Hermann 0~ ~^o Map 625a Luzula echinata var. mesochorea Hermann Newf. to Sask., southw. to N. J. (in the mts. to Ga.), Ind., and Minn.; also in e. Asia. 2. Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lejeune. (Rhodora 40: 83-84. 1938.) (Luzula campestris var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak., Luzula intermedia (Thuill.) A. Nels., Juncoides campestre of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, in part, and Juncoides intermedia (Thuill.) Rydb.) Map 623. Con- fined to the lake area where it is very common in dry open oak woods, especially on hills or slopes, and occasionally in grassy clearings. It is frequently associated with Carex pennsylvanica and C. communis. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., 111., Utah, and Calif. ; also in Eurasia. 2a. Luzula multiflora var. bulbosa (Wood) Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 84. 1938.) (Luzula campestris var. bulbosa Wood and Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small.) Map 624. Known in Indiana from only the northwestern counties and apparently confined to the lake and prairie areas where its habitat, very sandy open oak woods, is common. N. J. and Pa. to Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 3. Luzula echinata (Small) Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 84. 1938.) (Luzula campestris var. echinata (Small) Fern. & Wieg. and Juncoides echinatum Small.) Map 625. Fairly common in southern Indiana in dry oak woods, especially on wooded slopes and steep river banks. N. J. and Pa. to Ga. and Tex., and in the Mississippi Valley at least in s. Ind. 3a. Luzula echinata var. mesochorea Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 84. 1938.) Map 625a. The most widespread Luzula in Indiana; common south of the lake area and very common in the knob area. It is found in dry open woods, especially on white oak slopes, knobs or ridges, and occasionally in hard clay soil in fallow fields and clearings. Ind., doubtless also in Ohio, Ky., and 111. 302 Juncaceae Juncus EXCLUDED SPECIES 1. Juncus coriaceus Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 56: 28. 1929.) (Juncus setaceus of authors, not Rostk.) Reported from Lake County by Pepoon in the "Flora of the Chicago Region" but no specimen could be found. Del. to Fla. and La., usually in brackish habitats. 2. Juncus tenuis Willd. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 56 : 25-27. 1929.) ) Jun- cus dichotomies Ell.) This species of the Coastal Plain has been reported many times from Indiana but no authentic material from the state could be found. The reports from Jasper and La Porte Counties were based upon specimens of /. Greenei and that from Gibson County upon an immature specimen of /. macer. Other reports likewise were probably based upon errors in indentification. Conn, to Fla. and Argentina. 3. Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. (Juncus canadensis var. brevicaudatus Engelm. and Juncus canadensis var. coarctatus Engelm.) Reported from Lake County by both Pepoon and Peattie but the one speci- men found which had been referred to this species (a collection of Umbach's from Pine, Lake County, labeled Juncus canadensis var. coarctatus, Uni- versity of Wisconsin Herbarium) is /. alpinus var. rariflorus. Indiana is considerably south of the known range of J. brevicaudatus. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Conn., Pa., and W. Va. 4. Juncus debilis Gray. (Juncus acuminatus var. debilis (Gray) Engelm.) No specimen could be found to confirm the report from Vigo County by Blatchley of this eastern and southern species. A specimen in the Wabash College Herbarium labeled Juncus acuminatus var. debilis (Coulter no. 1918 from Hanover) was probably the basis of Barnes' report from Jefferson County. This specimen is /. diffusissimus. R. I. to Fla., Miss., and Ark. LlLIACEAE 303 38. LlLIACEAE Adans. Lily Family Flowers dioecious; some of the species woody vines. Inflorescence umbellate; fruit a 1-4-seeded berry 1151. Smilax, p. 324. Inflorescence a spicate raceme; fruit a 3-celled, ellipsoid capsule, 7-10 mm long, with linear-oblong seed 950. Chamaelirium, p. 304. Flowers perfect or monoecious. Leaves all, nearly or quite basal or lacking at flowering time. Flowers large, the perianth segments 6-11 cm long. Flowers orange 1019. Hemerocallis, p. 308. Flowers white 1103. Yucca, p. 316. Flowers smaller, the perianth segments less than 6 cm long. Plants with solitary flowers; leaves 2, fleshy, mottled. 1076. Erythronium, p. 314. Plants not as above. Flowers deep blue, reflexed, racemose, many, divisions of perianth united; leaves narrowly linear 1095. Muscari, p. 315. Flowers not as above. Leaves 2-5, usually 2 or 3, mostly 4-10 cm wide. Flowers in an umbel, usually 3-6 1117. Clintonia, p. 317. Flowers in a raceme, several, white, very fragrant; leaves 2 or 3 1128. Convallaria, p. 320. Leaves not as above. Stems and pedicels glandular, the glands usually blackish; leaves grass- like 942. Tofieldia, p. 304. Stems and pedicels not glandular. Plants without a bulbous base; leaves lanceolate, mostly 5-15 cm long, 7-20 mm. wide, strongly veined; flowers many, tubular, yellowish white, in a terminal, spikelike raceme; stems usually with 1 or more leaflike bracts 1143. Aletris, p. 324. Plants not as above; leaves usually narrow-linear. Flowers in a long, terminal raceme, usually bluish but sometimes white ; leaves long, linear, the widest usually 8-20 mm wide 1087. Camassia, p. 315. Flowers in terminal umbels or corymbose. Midrib of leaves whitish; flowers corymbose 1089. Ornithogalum, p. 315. Midrib of leaves not whitish; flowers all in terminal umbels. Bulbs globose, about 1 cm in diameter (in dried specimens), without an onionlike odor; leaves present at flowering time. 1050. Nothoscordum, p. 311. Bulbs elongate-ovoid, usually much larger than those of Notho- scordum, with an onionlike odor; leaves absent at flowering time, mostly 10-20 cm long and 3-6 cm wide; flowers many, white (Allium tricoceum) 1049. Allium, p. 309. Leaves cauline, rarely with both basal and cauline leaves. Flowers large, 4-10 cm in diameter, orange or maroon purple, generally spotted within; perianth segments all similarly colored 1072. Lilium, p. 311. Flowers smaller or, if large, the calyx green. Leaves whorled. Blades of leaves parallel- veined; leaves in 2 or rarely 3 whorls; perianth seg- ments all similar in color; rootstock white, tuberlike 1135. Medeola, p. 321. Blades of leaves net-veined; leaves 3, in a terminal whorl; sepals green; petals white, maroon or purple; rootstock dark, wrinkled. .1138. Trillium, p. 321. Leaves alternate. 304 LlLIACEAE Tofieldia Mature plants forking at the first or second leaf; leaves perfoliate or sessile; flowers solitary and from the axil of the first leaf above the fork or, if the flowers are 2, the second flower usually in the axil of the leaf above the first flower; flowers yellow or yellowish green, 15-30 mm long; capsules 3-angled or 3-winged 966. Uvularia, p. 308. Mature plants not as above. Flowers axillary; fruit a black or red berry. Stems simple, very rarely with axillary branches; widest leaves 1-10 cm wide; fruit a black berry 1123. Polygonatum, p. 319. Stems much branched, usually 1-2 m. high; the so-called leaves in alternate clusters, filiform, about 1 cm long; fruit a 1-seeded red berry 1113. Asparagus, p. 316. Flowers in a terminal panicle or umbel. Leaves linear, not petiolate. Stem and inflorescence glabrous. Plants with an onionlike odor, their bases a fleshy bulb; inflorescence a terminal umbel, consisting entirely of flowers or sometimes partly or wholly of bulblets 1049. Allium, p. 309. Plants without the the onionlike odor; flowers in panicles. Plants glaucous; panicle sparsely flowered; flowers mostly 8-10 mm long, shorter than their pedicels; sepals with a large, dark gland near the base 958. Zigadenus, p. 306. Plants not glaucous; panicle many-flowered; flowers mostly 5-7 mm long, longer than their pedicels; sepals lacking the black gland near the base 957. Stenanthium, p. 305. Stem and especially the inflorescence pubescent; inflorescence paniculate; fruit a 3-celled capsule 959. Melanthium, p. 307. Leaves not linear, either sessile or petiolate. Flowers dark maroon to nearly black; panicles generally 20-50 cm long, basal stem leaves large, narrowed into long, sheathing petioles; fruit a capsule 960. Veratrum, p. 307. Flowers white; basal stem leaves lacking; fruit a globose, 1- or 2- seeded berry. Stem leaves generally 2, rarely 3, cordate at the base, usually less than 9 cm long, the lower one generally petiolate; perianth of 4 parts 1119. Maianthemum, p. 318. Stem leaves usually more than 3, generally all sessile, usually more than 9 cm long; perianth of 6 parts 1118. Smilacina, p. 317. 942. TOFIELDIA Huds. 1. Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Map 626. Found in wet, marly soil in a few marshes and springy places in the northern counties. Local and, where found, sometimes frequent over the entire area of its habitat. Newf. to Minn, and Alaska, southw. to Maine, Ohio, Ind., Oreg\, and in the mts. to N. C. 950. CHAMAELlRIUM Willd. 1. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray. Map 627. I found a single plant in an exposed place on a limestone slope 3 miles north of Milltown, Craw- ford County where it was associated with Comandra Richardsiana and Lithospermum croceum. I found another specimen in a woods about 7 miles southwest of Evansville where it was closely associated with Fagus grandifolia, Quercus alba, Cornus Uorida, Sassafras albidum and Phyto- Stenanthium LlLIACEAE 305 2 6 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Au& Sept. Oct. Nov. D -.- 0 13 3D 1L 0 c ND 1 E 0 Jv J r^ " r — 1 _ —I f _ - (- J L ". 1 Dec.C— 1 1 6/ Miles • fofiel d i" a g luti nosa (Mic 0 50 Map 626 hx.) Pers. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr, May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ^r h— — ill j MV £ 4-4XB —__/"(" » Miles 0 50 Map 627 Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray Map 628 Stenanthium gramineum (Ker) Moronq. lacca americana. In both instances I found only a single specimen although I made extended search for others. Clapp reported it from the barrens near New Albany, and Barnes reported it from Jefferson County without com- ment. The distribution of this species is erratic and observers do not seem to understand what factors are involved. It has been reported from 15 counties in Ohio but northward it has not been reported until the Upper Peninsula of Michigan is reached. Mass., Mich, to Nebr., southw. to Fla., Miss., and Ark. 957. STENANTHIUM (Gray) Kunth Capsules reflexed at maturity, mostly 7-8 mm long; leaves mostly 6-10 mm wide; plant flowering mostly in July 1. S. gramineum. Capsules erect at maturity, mostly 7-10 mm long; leaves mostly 10-16 mm wide; plant flowering mostly in August 2. S. robustum. 1. Stenanthium gramineum (Ker) Kunth. Map 628. This species is local in Indiana and apparently so throughout its range. It is infrequent in sandy soil for half a mile in an open, black and white oak woods on the south side of the Tippecanoe River north of Rochester, Fulton County, and I found one plant in a sandy prairie habitat a mile north of Rochester. There is a small colony on a low, sandy, open black and white oak ridge between swamps in section 12 about 2*4 miles southeast of Etna Green, Kosciusko County. I found it to be frequent for a short distance in sandy soil at the base of a white and black oak slope on the south side of a large swamp about 3 miles northwest of Hoover, Cass County. In the same colony I found a specimen of the next species. The remainder of my speci- mens were found in similar habitats. I have several times transplanted it to the open in neutral soil in our garden and it has lived for only a few years. Va., Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Miss. 2. Stenanthium robustum Wats. Map 629. I have only two specimens from Indiana which I refer to this species. Data concerning this species and the preceding one are meager ; some authors do not separate them and 306 LlLIACEAE Zigadenus 1 Jan. Fet>. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. f J 4 V J ■M -4 *■ - fiM Dec £ 1/ Miles Ste nant lium robustun 0 50 Map 629 i Wats. 0 50 Map 630 Zigadenus glaucus Nutt Map 631 Melanthium virginicum L. one has made this a mere form of the preceding. Robert Ridgway was interested in this problem and wrote me concerning it. He was firmly convinced that the two species are distinct. I quote, in part, from his letter to me dated January 13, 1925, Olney, Illinois: "I have several of the former (Stenanthium gramineum) transplanted from the "wilds hereabout" and one of the latter (Stenanthium robustum) from the Highland Nursery, North Carolina. They are planted near together, in identical soil, and all local conditions governing them are the same. The first blooms from June 21 to July 11 (average date July 1) ; while the last blooms from August 1-24 (average date August 18), a difference of more than six weeks." The specific name for this species seems to be well chosen, since the whole plant is larger and more robust in all of its parts. The leaves are wider, the floral segments longer, the fruit longer, and the stigmas slightly longer. The width of the leaves and the position of the mature fruit are sufficient to distinguish the species. Since I found both species in the same colony I am not entirely satisfied that there are two species of our plants but until sufficient data are accumulated I believe it is best to separate them, placing them in the taxonomic category which the differences suggest. Pa. and Ind., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Mo. 958. ZIGADENUS Michx. 1. Zigadenus glaucus Nutt. (Rhodora 37: 256-258. 1935.) (Zigadenus chloranthus of Gray, Man., ed. 7, not Richardson, and Anticlea elegans of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 630. This species is rare and local. I found a few plants in a marly place in the large swamp in a woods about 3 miles northwest of Hoover, Cass County. In Lagrange County I found a number of specimens in a marsh of about an eighth of an acre surrounded by young tamarack ; the area where it was found was probably too alkaline for the tamarack, although I found it in a similar position but in a very small opening in a tamarack bog about a mile and a half southeast of Mongo. I have seen it in only two other places, and Melanthium LlLIACEAE 307 z I 2 t Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. r I U D F D DP k X DP r J B D f r1 Dec £ 0 K 1 } B j V i D L/) ~C *a ^ — ' J Miles D Ve rata m V In 7 Voodii Ro ) 50 Map 632 jbins 0 50 Map 633 Uvular fa grandiflora J.E.Smith ^35 Map 634 Uvularia sess'lifolia L. both of them were sedge marshes. Blatchley found it in a marsh near Lake James, Steuben County. Van Gorder found it in Noble County, in sec. 10 of Noble Township. Que. to Man., southw. to N. B., n. Vt., n. N. Y., n. Ohio, and n. 111. 959. MELANTHIUM L. 1. Melanthium virginicum L. Bunchflower. Map 631. Rare and very local. My White County specimen was found in a wet prairie habitat a half mile east of Idaville. My Cass County specimen was found in mucky soil in a large swamp about 3 miles northwest of Hoover. I found a single specimen on a springy, gravelly slope in the open at "Crows' Nest" about 8 miles north of Indianapolis. It has also been reported from Franklin and St. Joseph Counties, from the vicinity of New Albany, and from the area of Delaware, Jay, Randolph, and Wayne Counties by Phinney, who assigns it to "wet meadows." R. I., s. N. Y. to Minn., southw. to n. Fla. and Tex. 960. VERATRUM [Tourn.] L. 1. Veratrum Woodii Robbins. Map 632. Local throughout the area indicated on the map. Where it is found, however, it is usually frequent over a small area. It is usually found in rich soil on the south sides of deep ravines, although I found a single specimen in a crevice of a limestone cliff along the Muscatatuck River about a mile above Vernon, Jennings County. This species interested me years before I knew what it was. I had seen the large root leaves and watched to see the plant flower but could never find one. I transplanted one to our garden and it was several years before it bloomed. I have not kept a record but I estimate that it flowers about every 4 or 5 years. This plant, during the 15 or more years that it has been under observation, has increased to only two plants. The flowers are deep maroon, or some of them almost black. One specimen in particu- lar was observed. The inflorescence was 23 inches long and three and a 308 LlLIACEAE Uvularia half inches wide. The first flowers expanded the last of July and insects continued to visit the inflorescence until in September. Harry Dietz, a visiting entomologist, observed within five minutes 2 species of Antho- myids, 4 species of Muscids, 1 species of Ortalid, 2 species of Phorids, and 1 species of Syrphid on one plant. It has been reported also from Cass, Greene, Hamilton, Monroe, Putnam, Tippecanoe, and Vigo Counties. Ind. to Mo. 966. UVULARIA L. [Anderson and Whitaker. Speciation in Uvularia. Jour. Arnold Arb. 15: 28-42. 1934.] Leaves perfoliate; capsules obtusely 3-angled. Blades whitish-pubescent beneath; perianth segments smooth within or nearly so.. 1. U. grandiflora. Blades glabrous beneath; perianth segments granular-pubescent within. (See ex- cluded species no. 132, p. 1033.) U. perfoliata. Leaves sessile; capsules sharply 3-angled, acute at each end 2. U. sessilifolia. 1. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Big Merrybells. Map 633. Infre- quent to frequent in moist, rich soil throughout the state. It is never found outside of thick woodland, unless persisting after woodland has been cleared, but does well in cultivation in sun or shade. This species has been confused by some of our early authors with Uvularia perfoliata, the range of which is shown by recent studies to be restricted to the Allegheny Moun- tains and eastward to the Coast. Que., w. N. Y. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Kans. 2. Uvularia sessilifolia L. (Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) Wats.) Little Merrybells. Map 634. Colonies are infrequently found in the southern counties where it grows in hard, clay soil, usually associated with beech, beech and sweet gum, and lowland oaks. It propagates mostly from the rootstocks and a note on one of my labels reads : "I found, in a low woods about 3 miles southwest of Dale, Spencer County, two colonies about 10 X 20 feet and this species formed a mat over these areas." N. B., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 1019. HEMEROCALLIS L. Daylii .y [Bailey. Hemerocallis: the day-lilies. Gentes Herbarum 2: 143-156. 1930.] Flowers dark, tawny, fulvous or reddish orange, not fragrant, blooming in summer. 1. H. fulva. Flowers light, clear yellow or lemon color, more or less fragrant, blooming in spring and summer. (See excluded species no. 133, p. 1033.) H. flava. 1. Hemerocallis fOlva L. Tawny Daylily. Map 635. This species is ornamental and on account of its easy cultivation it has been freely planted since pioneer times. It never produces seed naturally in this country and propagates entirely by its many tuberous roots. A. B. Stout, of the New York Botanical Garden, has succeeded in producing seed by artificial polli- nation. He has written many articles on the species and anyone interested should read them. Allium Liliaceae 309 This species is found infrequently in small or large colonies throughout the state along roadsides and about abandoned habitations. When it is once established, nothing can compete with it ; hence it forms pure stands. The nativity of the species is not known but most authors give it as Eurasian. N. B. to Ont., southw. to N. C. and Tenn. ; escaped from cultivation. 1049. ALLIUM L Blades of leaves elliptic, usually 3-10 cm wide, 15-20 cm long, not present at flowering time 1. A. tricoccum. Blades of leaves linear, terete or flat, present at flowering time. Leaves terete. Umbels bulblet-bearing; spathe 1-valved, generally 10-30 mm long; flowers about 4 mm long; pedicels mostly 15-30 mm long; stamens slightly longer than the perianth segments; filaments petal-like, the upper half divided into 3 linear divisions, the middle division bearing an anther about 0.5 mm long; introduced species 2. A. vineale. Umbels not bulblet-bearing; stamens included; filaments linear, entire, bearing an anther about 1 mm long. Divisions of the perianth elliptic-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels mostly 8-10 mm long; plant of Eurasia. (Cultivated chive.) A. ScJwenoprasum. Divisions of the perianth linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate; perianth mostly 8-15 mm long; pedicels about 5 mm long; plant indigenous at least north- ward. (See excluded species no. 134, p. 1033.) A. Schoenoprasum var. sibiricum. Leaves flat or keeled. Umbels bulblet-bearing. Spathe 1-valved, the beak more than 1 cm long, usually about 10 cm long; summit of the stem curved or coiled before flowering 3. A. sativum. Spathe more than 1-valved, the beak short, less than 1 cm long. Bulbs not multiplying; leaves flat, narrow, mostly 2-3 mm wide and keeled beneath; beak of spathe mostly 3-5 mm long; flowers few, white or pinkish, 4-6 mm long; filaments of all of the stamens entire; pedicels 10-40, usually 15-20 mm long; native species 4. A. canadense. Bulbs producing bulblets; leaves flat, mostly 8-16 mm wide, the margins scabrous; flowers purplish; filaments of alternate stamens toothed. (See excluded species no. 135, p. 1034.) A. Scorodoprasum. Umbels not bulblet-bearing. Umbels nodding, the 2 bracts persistent; scapes sharply keeled; stamens con- spicuously exserted 5. A. c&rnuum. Umbels erect, the 2 bracts soon deciduous; scapes terete or nearly so; stamens about as long as the perianth segments. (See excluded species no. 136, p. 1034.) A. stellatum. 1. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wood Leek. Map 636. Infrequent to rare in moist, rich soil throughout the state, although there are no records from the southwestern counties. It seems to prefer slopes and woods near streams and it is most often found associated with beech and sugar maple. N. B. to Minn, and Iowa, southw. to Ga. and Tenn. 2. Allium vineale L. Crow Garlic. Map 637. My specimens are all from southern Indiana where it is one of the most pernicious of all weeds. A pioneer who lived in Point Township, Posey County, told me that when he was a boy (about 1860) both the garlic and wild onion were common 310 LlLIACEAE Allium 0 50 Map 635 Hemerocalh's fulva L. 2 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. B D f J HD "H- \ _) ■^ ^ ■ —J? o B — r - i ^-jT T~ r, Dec. C \ i ■ ' — 0 IU , it f r £/ Miles D rS D n d o 1 All ium vineale L 0 50 Map 637 in the woodland. Henry Hollingsworth (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1: 311- 313. 1789, ed. 2) writes that sowing wheat stubble to oats will practically eradicate it. This indicates that it has been a weed since early times. This species is found along roadsides and streams and in cultivated fields and pastures. It is difficult to eradicate because it propagates both by bulbs and bulblets. The principal objection to this species as well as to others of this genus is that milch cows can not be pastured where it grows because the garlic odor is transmitted to the milk. The task of ridding the soil of this and other species of this genus is a difficult one, especially if the area is subject to overflow because the bulblets are freely transported. Much literature has been published on the eradication of this species. Copies of this literature may be obtained gratis from the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C. and from the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, West Lafayette, Indiana. Nat. of Eu. ; N. H. to Mo., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 3. Allium sativum L. Garlic. Map 638. Well established on a rocky, wooded slope in McCormick Creek State Park, Owen County. Hansen (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 37: 319. 1928) writes that a number of farms, gardens, and a cemetery in Jefferson County are infested with the escaped form of the cultivated garlic {Allium sativum L.) . It is almost certain that if a species of Allium becomes established it will persist unless it is de- stroyed by man. Nat. of Eurasia. 4. Allium canadense L. Meadow Garlic. Map 639. Found throughout the state. Frequent or common in the southwestern counties in moist soil in woodland and cultivated fields, where it sometimes becomes a pernicious weed. N. B. to Minn, and Colo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 5. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Onion. Map 640. Infrequent throughout the state although there are no records from the southwestern counties. Where it is found, especially on the banks of streams, it is gen- Nothoscordum Liliaceae 311 0 ^50 Map 638 Allium sativum L. 0 50 Map 639 Allium canadense L. a 9 1 0 1 / DP i D HD a D Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. t y\ - 0 P f r D L D D I "I0 -r- ° D 0 p OP P DP _!»„ B r D JxO -y-r iu p r ( [BaDw , — ^ / Miles J iu r i ' — D V. I > D Jt- -1 DJ DW Allium 1VJ :ernu urn 3 50 Map 640 Roth. erally common except in marshes and springy places. This species has a wide range of habitat and distribution. It is usually found on the high and dry banks of streams but it is also found in low, sedge marshes, in marly springy places, and on gravelly bars in rivers. The color of the flowers ranges from white to deep pink. The white form has been named and I have it from Wabash County. N. Y., Minn, to B. C, southw. to W. Va., Ky., N. Mex., and Calif. 1050. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth False Garlic 1. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. False Garlic. Map 641. A few colonies of this plant have been found in the southwestern counties but 1 think it is much more common than our records show. Since it reproduces only by seed it may be more restricted than I think it to be. I found it to be common in alluvial bottoms about 4 miles northwest of Bloomfield, Greene County and also in low ground in the post oak flats south of Half Moon Pond in Posey County. Va., Ohio, Ind. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also in Bermuda and Jamaica. 1072. LtLIUM L. Lily Flowers erect; perianth segments narrowed below into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous. Leaves lanceolate, mostly in whorls. (See excluded species no. 138, p. 1034.) L. philadelphicum. Leaves linear, usually scattered on the stem except for a whorl at the summit 1. L. philadelphicum var. andinum. Flowers more or less nodding; perianth segments not clawed; bulbs rhizomatous. Leaves all or nearly all in whorls, not bulblet-bearing in the upper axils; stems glabrous above; native species. Blades all smooth beneath, long-attenuate at both ends; perianth segments strongly recurving from near the base, mostly 7-8 cm long; anthers mostly (17) 20-25 mm long 2. L. superbum. Blades, at least some of them, more or less scabrous on the veins beneath; perianth segments recurving or spreading from near the middle; anthers mostly 8-12 (17) mm long, sometimes elongating after anthesis. .•',12 LlLIACEAE Lilium . < 0 ) ' D Jan. B I D / HO Feb. f„y -, _ Mar. -pY D " Jh- D Apr. . . D op — r* 1 „ May i rSD U a June 3 July Aug ( Sept. Oct. ■ H - "X. r Nov. Vi_ Dec.l— 1 P Miles 0 5( S^Cr^-J Map 642 Lilium philadelphicum var andinum (Nutl) Ker 3 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f 1 1 1 \ K ' X r fflj ^-J- ? Dec. j- D 1 ' D K I ) D r J Miles ID Lil urn SL perbum 0 50 Map 643 L. Perianth segments spreading (not recurving or scarcely so), base of perianth a reddish purple; plants of dry, wooded slopes. .3. L. canadense f. rubrum. Perianth segments strongly recurved, orange or reddish orange on the outside; plants of a moist habitat such as prairies, marshes, and low woods 4. L. michiganense. Leaves all scattered, none in whorls, the upper ones usually bearing black bulblets in some of the axils; stem more or less gray-pubescent above; plants escaped from cultivation 5. L. tigrinum. 1. Lilium philadelphicum L. var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker. (Lilium umbel- latum Pursh.) Western Lily. Map 642. It is doubtful whether the species occurs in the state. All of the specimens I have seen belong to the variety and I think all reports of it from Indiana should be referred to the variety. All of the reports of the variety and all of my specimens are from northern Indiana. Our reports for the species, however, extend the range to Hamilton, Vigo, Monroe, Clark, and Jefferson Counties and the Lower Wabash Valley. Prince Maximilian, June 10, 1834, reported finding Lilium Catesbaei in Knox County north of Hazelton. Since this species as now known is not found in Indiana and its flowering season is much later, I think this report should be referred to L. philadelphicum var. andinum. This lily is local and all the specimens I have seen were found in wet prairies or in similar habitats. Coulter, in his report from Jefferson County, says : "Common on the sand flats." There is a specimen in the herbarium of Wabash College collected in Harrison County by Clapp. Ont. to Sask., southw. to Ohio and Ark. 2. Lilium superbum L. AMERICAN TURK'S-CAP Lily. Map 643. This species has been reported from various parts of the state but I think it is very rare and that most of our reports should be referred to Lilium michi- ijunense. I have found it only three times and always on wooded slopes. This species is easily confused with Lilium michiganense if the character of the roughness or smoothness of the under surface of the leaves is the only one used. The spreading of the perianth, which begins at the base, and the length of the anthers will easily separate them, but the Lilium Liliaceae 313 spreading of the perianth is a note often omitted, and herbarium specimens do not always clearly show this character. The map shows the location of the specimens that I have seen. Birkbeck passed through Indiana in 1817 and on page 112 of his "Notes on a journey in America from Virginia to the Illinois Territory" he says : "The road from Sholt's tavern to this place [from thirty-six miles east of Vincennes to Vincennes] is partly across barrens, that is, land of middling quality, thinly set with timber, or covered with long grass, and shrubby undergrowth; generally level and dry, and gaudy with marigolds, sunflowers, martagon lilies, and many other bril- liant flowers." We have no way of determining the species of lily Birkbeck saw, but I think it was this species, although this is a mere guess. From Lilium michiganense this species can be distinguished by several characters in addition to those given in the key. It is about half again as high; the leaves are more numerous in at least a few of the whorls, and all the leaves are longer and conspicuously long taper-pointed at both ends ; the more numerous flowers, 3-15, are in umbels or pyramidal racemes, while the flowers in the other species are strictly in umbels, generally num- bering 1-5 flowers. We have had both species moved from the wild and in cultivation for many years and the greatest number of flowers of the first has been 21 while of the second I have no record; but, as I recall, the number ranges mostly from 3 to 5 in vigorous plants, and these are always in umbels. N. B., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Mo. 3. Lilium canadense L. f. rubrum Britt. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 125. 1890.) Canada Lily. Map 644. This lily has been confused with the next, and possibly all, or nearly all reports for it should be referred to the next species. All of my specimens are from rocky, wooded slopes and were associated with Vaccinium vacillans and Asclepias tuberosa. This species is now considered to be Alleghanian and its distribution is not known because of its confusion with the next species. It is known to occur near Lawton in Kalamazoo County, Michigan (Nieuwland). 4. Lilium michiganense Farwell. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 352-354. 1915.) Map 645. Infrequent throughout the northern part of the state and probably rare in the southern part or even absent from the southeastern part. It has been confused with the preceding species and our knowledge of its distribution and habitat can be now ascertained only from field studies or from existing specimens. Almost all of the reports for lilies in Indiana must be ignored on account of the recently acquired knowledge of the genus. Lilium michiganense grows in moist prairie habitats, in mucky soil about lakes and in low woods, and in moist, black soil along roadsides and rail- roads. Locally it may be common over a small area. When once established it is very persistent, competing successfully with blue grass sod. I have known it to be a common plant for possibly 25 years in black, moist soil along the railroad through the old prairie north of Poneto, Wells County. It is to be noted with this species, as with the others, that the available 314 LlLIACEAE Erythronium 0 50 Map 644 Lilium canadense L. 5 ~5o Map 645 Lilium michiganense Farwell 0 50 Map 646 Erythronium albidum Nutt. amount of moisture has a marked effect upon the number of flowers on the plants. Where it is driest, most of the plants will have only one flower. The distribution is probably nearly as follows: Ont., Mich, to Minn., southw. to Ky. and Mo. 5. Lilium tigrinum L. Tiger Lily. Nieuwland writes (Amer. Mid- land Nat. 3: 106. 1913) that this species is an "escape to the woods at Notre Dame, growing perfectly wild and maintaining itself and spreading." I have paid little attention to plants of any kind that have escaped and this species may be more frequent than I know. I have a specimen which I found along a railroad about a mile south of Connersville, Fayette County. Nat. of China and Japan. 1076. ERYTHRONIUM L. Trout Lily Flowers white or pinkish; stigmas mostly 2-3 mm long, curved outward. .1. E. albidum. Flowers yellow ; stigmas usually shorter, erect 2. E. americanum. 1. Erythronium albidum Nutt. White Trout Lily. Map 646. Infre- quent to frequent in moist woods throughout the state, usually more frequent and abundant in rich, alluvial flats along streams. This species and the next one have been reported from all parts of the state. It has a short flowering period, from the last of April to the first part of May, which accounts for the few specimens I have collected. This species and the next are usually called dogtooth violet in Indiana. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and La. 2. Erythronium americanum Ker. Common Trout Lily. Map 647. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. Like the preceding species, where it is found it usually forms dense colonies because of its mode of reproduction. After the seed germinate, it usually takes four years' growth to produce a flower. The seedling, from the beginning of the second year, produces annual crops of runners and bulbs, each going deeper until the necessary depth, size, and vigor are reached to produce a flower, in Camassia Liliaceae 315 o Bo Map 647 Erythronium amencanum Ker 0 30 Map 648 Camassia scillioides (Raf.) Cor 5 ^"33 Map 649 Ornithogalum umbellatum L. addition to the leaf buds which have been produced each previous year. Considering the great number of single-leaf plants, the number of flower- ing ones is small. This species prefers rich, moist soil of wooded slopes in beech and sugar maple woods. It is found also in rich soil in almost all kinds of woods and is often abundant on alluvial wooded plains. In Indiana it is more frequent than the preceding species. N. B., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 1087. CAMASSIA Lindl. 1. Camassia scillioides (Raf.) Cory. (Rhodora 38: 405. 1936.) (Camas- sia esculenta (Ker) Rob. and Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britt.) Common Camas. Map 648. Moist, wooded slopes, usually bordering streams. It is found throughout the state, becoming rare or absent in the northern counties. Pa. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex. 1089. ORNITHOGALUM [Touin] L. 1. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Common Star-of-Bethlehem. Map 649. This species has been reported as an escape in many parts of the state. I have found it as an escape in considerable numbers in fallow fields and in open woodland along streams in the counties shown on the map. In some instances it covered an acre or more. The plant grows in such masses that it crowds out all other vegetation, and where it is found it should be exterminated at once. Nat. of Eu. 1091. MUSCARI [Tourn.] Mill. Flowers globose, 3-5 mm long, not fragrant, deep blue ; leaves 6-13 mm wide 1. M. botryoides. Flowers oblong, urn-shaped 4-5 mm long, fragrant, deep blue; leaves 2-3 mm wide. 2. M . racemosum. 316 Liliaceae Yucca 1. MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES (L.) Mill. Common Grape-hyacinth. This species is commonly cultivated and has been reported as an escape in sev- eral parts of the state. I have never collected it except in our own orchard where it has escaped. Nat. of s. Eu. and Asia. 2. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. Starch Grape-hyacinth. There are only two reports of this as an escape although it may also be wider in distribution than our reports indicate. Nieuwland (Amer. Midland Nat. 3: 107. 1913) says: "Very well established in a sandy field northwest of St. Mary's, Notre Dame, and spreading along a road very fast." In 1910 I found it frequent to common all over a 10-acre clover field on the Aaron Wolfe farm about 7 miles northwest of Corydon. Nat. of Eu. 1103. YUCCA [Rupp.] L. 1. Yucca filamentosa L. Common Yucca. This yucca has been re- ported as an escape several times and remarks have been made as to its persistence and its ability to spread. It is frequently planted in cemeteries from which it has most often escaped. I recall having seen it covering a hillside near a cemetery in Crawford County near the Blue River Church. I also saw it in a woods as an escape from a cemetery in Fulton County. It is so massive that I have never collected it. In the original Coblentz edition of "Travels in the Interior of North America" published in 1839-41, Prince Maximilian writes of his travels from Owensville, Gibson County to Vincennes, on June 10, 1834, as fol- lows : "The region on the other side [north side of the White River, which he crossed in the vicinity of what is now known as Hazelton] changes considerably ; and here appears in a now again sandy soil nearly the same plants as are found in the sandy soil and the prairies of St. Louis, with the addition of a few new ones, a fire-colored lily (Lilium catesbaei), the great-flowered lady slipper (Cypripedium spectabile), a species of Yucca, and many others." It is not known what species Maximilian saw. It may have been this one or Yucca glauca Nutt. both of which may have at that time extended up the Mississippi Valley into Indiana. Nat. from N. C. along the coast to Fla. and westw. to Miss, and Tenn. ; beyond this area probably escaped. 1113. ASPARAGUS [Tourn.] L. 1 . Asparagus officinalis L. Garden Asparagus. Map 650: Asparagus has been reported from many counties and I have found it in several. I recall seeing only a few colonies of it, but usually single specimens here and there along roads, railroads, and streams and in fallow grounds and open woodland. We have had it in cultivation for years and I have rarely found a seedling near our cultivated plants but it is sporadic all over our field and orchard and along our fences. Nat. of Eu. Clinton ia LlLIACEAE 317 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec L D » 3 A T ■■ i iH Lpl f ^ V i — j H- f i r~W] Miles 0 ~ 50 Map 651 Clintonia borealis (AitJ Raf. o "To Map 652 Smilfcma racemosa (L.) Desf. 1117. CLINTONIA Raf. 1. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Bluebead. Map 651. This is a very rare plant in Indiana and I have specimens from only three places. I have a specimen collected by Umbach on May 14, 1898, in full flower in a swamp near Miller, Lake County. I have another specimen discovered by M. W. Lyon, Jr., and Mrs. Lyon in a tamarack bog near Dune Park, Porter County. In 1935 I collected a specimen discovered by R. M. Tryon, Jr., in a decadent bog in the eastern part of Porter County. This species will probably reach extinction in Indiana before long. Lab. to Man. and Minn., southw. in the mts. to N. C. 1118. SMILACINA Desf. Leaves 2-4, rarely 1; inflorescence pedunculate. (See excluded species no. 139, p. 1034.) S. trifolia. Leaves 6-many. Inflorescence pedunculate, paniculate; perianth segments 1-2 mm long; leaves not glaucous. Panicles on a peduncle usually less than half the length of the panicle, ovoid or pyramidal, 0.7-1.7 dm long, 3-10 cm wide, three eighths to three fourths as broad as long; longest branches of panicle 2-6 cm long and with 8-24 flowers. 1. S. racemosa var. typica. Panicles on a peduncle half to one and a fourth times as long as the panicle, nearly cylindric, 4.5-8.5 (-13) cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, a fourth to three eighths as broad as long; longest branches 1-2.5 cm long and with 6-10 flowers la. S. racemosa var. cylindrata. Inflorescence sessile or nearly so, racemose; perianth segments 3.4-5.5 mm long; leaves glaucous 2. S. stellata. 1. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. typica Fern. False Solomon's- seal. Map 652. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in beech and sugar maple and black and white oak woods. This species has recently been studied by M. L. Fernald, who records his studies in Rhodora no. 478 from which I have made my key. Que. to B. C, southw. to N. S., Va., Tenn., 111., Mo., Ariz., and Oreg. 318 LlLIACEAE Maiantheinum o 5o Map 654 Maianthemum canadense Desv. 0 30 Map 655 Maianthemum canadense var. interfus Fern. la. Smilacina racemosa var. cylindrata Fern. (Rhodora 40: 406. 1938.) This is the southern form of the species. Although the variety and the typical form of the species overlap with intermediate forms in Indiana, the northern or typical form of the species and the southern form are quite distinct. The two forms are found throughout the state. Both forms are given on one map because the map was made before the variety was recognized. N. H., N. Y., s. Ont., Ohio, 111., Kans., and Colo., southw. to Ga. and Ariz. 2. Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Starry False Solomon's-seal. Map 653. Infrequent to frequent in the northern half of the state and rare or absent from the southern counties. It prefers moist soil and is most often found on moist slopes and springy banks but is also found on dry banks, in black and white oak woods, and is most abundant on the sand dunes about Lake Michigan. The lower surface of the leaves is very variable, ranging from glabrous to densely short-pubescent. Two varieties of this species have been described and we have both of them, but I think, judging from the descriptions, they are only ecological forms. Lab. to B. C, southw. to Va., Ky., Kans., and Calif. ; also in Eu. 1119. MAIANTHEMUM [Weber in] Wiggers [Butters. Taxonomic studies in the genus Maianthemum. Minnesota Studies in Plant Science 5: 429-444. 1927.] Lower surface of leaves glabrous; margins of blades merely papillate or crenulate 1. M. canadense. Lower surface of leaves pubescent at least on the veins; margins of blades ciliate- pubescent la. M. canadense var. interius. 1. Maianthemum canadense Desf. (Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene). Two-leaf Solomon's-seal. Map 654. Infrequent but usually common where found in low woods and in tamarack bogs throughout the northern part of the lake area. I found it in Jefferson County in a low, flat woods in soil of a pH value of 5.6 where it was associated with Polygon atum LlLIACEAE 319 0 50 Map 656 Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. [TO- \ ^rTT- " v lUIIi ( K. - HttH ) rTU LI ^J-71 D D 1 I / D 1 I B f 0 " ^ — r^ — S - ~y-L— 0 \ 0 Miles 0 ^50 Map 657 Polygonatum biflorum (WaltJ El 6 20 2 D 1 -f D D 0 D Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. .xl D - D 0 D n y. f^ D D 0 ~1 D D r1 i X D 0 P 1 \U J Dec £ T ' \—S\ \ D D / J ~\ r o_j / Miles D r£ a / D 7 D Polyqona 0 j um D ) cana D JA To 50 i/ Map 657a liculatum (Muhl ) Pursh beech, sweet gum, and pin oak. Grimes reported it from Putnam County where it was associated with hemlock. Plants of this species with 3 leaves have been named Maianthemum canadense f. trifolium (Farw.) Vict. (Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal 14: 17. 1929.) Lab. to Md. and in the mts. to N. C, westw. to Minn, and northw. la. Maianthemum canadense var. interius Fern. (Rhodora 16: 211. 1914.) Map 655. The variety has about the same range as the species in the northern part of Indiana but it is not found in the southern part of the state. The species and its variety are of nearly equal abundance but one rarely finds the two in the same colony. The mass distribution of the variety is about the Great Lakes but it has outlying posts as far east as Massachusetts and ranges westward through central Ohio to central Iowa and northward. 1123. POLYGCNATUM [Tourn] Hill [Farwell. Notes on Michigan species of Polygonatum. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 247-257. 1915. Gates. A revision of the genus Polygonatum in North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 117-126. 1917. Bush. The species of Polygonatum. Amer. Midland Nat. 10: 385-400. 1927.] Leaves more or less puberulent beneath, at least on the veins, 6-16 in number, 2-6 cm wide and 4-13 cm long, narrow- to wide-elliptic, or slightly ovate-elliptic, generally broad at the base, rarely somewhat cuneate; peduncles usually beginning at the second leaf axil, rarely beginning at the first or at the third leaf axil, 1-4-flowered, usually 1- or 2-flowered, or a mixture of 1 and 2 flowers; flowers 7-12 mm long; filaments of stamens more or less papillose; stems usually beginning to curve above the second leaf; rhizomes near the surface; plants usually found in thick woodland. 1. P. pubescens. Leaves glabrous beneath, mostly 10-21 in number; blades of wideleaf forms 2.5-10.5 cm wide and 12-21 cm long, very broadly ovate-elliptic or broadly elliptic, those of the narrowleaf forms 1.5-3 cm wide and 6.5-14 cm long, mostly narrow-elliptic or oblong-elliptic; peduncles very variable in length, rarely more than one from an axil, the first one generally from the third to the fifth leaf axil of the wideleaf 320 Liliaceae Polygonatum forms and from the second to the third leaf axil of the narrowleaf forms; flowers single or in twos on the narrowleaf forms and in clusters of 2-8 on the wideleaf forms; stems of the narrowleaf forms usually much more curved than those of the tall wideleaf forms; flowers mostly 15-19 mm long; filaments of stamens glabrous or nearly so; rhizomes deep in the ground (usually 1-1.5 dm); the narrowleaf forms usually in woodland, the wideleaf forms usually along roadsides and in clearings and open places 2- P- biflorum complex. 1. Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. (Polygonatum bifiorum of recent authors.) Hairy Solomon 's-seal. Map 656. Frequent in moist, rich woods in the northern two thirds of the state, becoming very rare in the southern part. I have 86 specimens of my own collecting from which I made this study. N. B. and N. S. to Ont., Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. (complex). (Polygonatum com- mutatum.) Smooth Solomon's-seal. This species complex is found throughout the state: the tall plants with wide leaves usually along roadsides and fences and in open places in general except in cultivated fields; the small plants with narrow leaves are generally found in moist woodland. The fleshy, insipid fruit is eaten by birds and the stony seeds are widely distributed. The wideleaf form is of a somewhat weedy nature. The rhizomes are deep in the ground and if the terminal end is broken off the plant persists. For this reason it is difficult to eradicate from flower beds. My study of this species complex was made from 155 specimens which I have collected from all parts of the state. I am not satisfied with the treatment of this species but I am not able to find differences sufficient to distinctly separate them. My specimens form a lineal series and when I have used the term wideleaf and narrowleaf forms it is in a general sense. I do not think they are all the same species and I think a character may sometime be found that will separate them satisfactorily. The genus has been monographed by three authors and my specimens have been seen by one of them but I can not accept their treatment of this complex. Since the preceding was written a monographic study of the genus has been undertaken by Miss Ruth E. Peck who has studied all my specimens. I now learn that this complex is composed of at least Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. and Polygonatum canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh. See maps 657 and 657a. I refer students of this complex to the forthcoming monograph. A form of this species from St. Joseph County was described by McGiv- ney (Amer. Midland Nat. 9: 662-664. 1925.) under the name of Polygona- tum commutatum f. ramosum McGivney. It differs from the species by having short branches in the leaf axils and is our only report of this form. Western N. H. to Man. and Rocky Mts., southw. to Ga., La., N. Mex., and Ariz. 1128. CONVALLARIA L. Lily-of-the-V alley See excluded species no. 140, p. 1035. Medeola LlLIACEAE 321 0 50 Map 658 Medeola virginiana L. 12 35 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec C I, 0 n NO D D D °f \ JrJ-D D D 0 D [ D P 0 W B D DP D |b d h 3 D D B D 0 D„ "fV IT - i B D D ( . ft, [ B B 10 "D 1 ' B 1C I D L ( B l 1 D 1 DJ D j F [ /!/ Miles Tri lium sessile 0 50 Map 659 L. 0 ' 50 Map 660 Trillium recurvatum Beck 1135. MEDEOLA [Gronov.] L. 1. Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. Map 658. Infre- quent throughout the state although there are no records from the south- western counties. In the hilly counties it is found mostly in deep, wooded ravines and northward it is found mostly in beech woods, on rather acid, sandy flats and on the lower parts of slopes about lakes and swamps. N. B. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tenn. 1138. TRILLIUM L. [W. A. Anderson. Notes on the flora of Tennessee. Rhodora 36: 119- 128. 1934.] Note : Description and measurements of the floral parts in the key apply to flowers in and after anthesis. Flowers sessile. Leaves sessile; sepals not reflexed; petals not clawed. Petals maroon 1- T. sessile. Petals greenish yellow la. T. sessile f. luteum. Leaves petiolate, sometimes very shortly so; sepals reflexed; petals clawed. Petals maroon 2. T. recurvatum. Petals greenish yellow 2a. T. recurvatum i. luteum. Flowers pedunculate. Leaves petiolate, oval or ovate, obtuse; petals white; filaments as long as the ovary; among the first herbaceous plants to flower in Indiana 3. T nivale. Leaves sessile or essentially so, sometimes 1 of the 3 with a petiole a few mm long. Stigmas slender and of uniform diameter, straight and not curved or coiled at the tip, or only slightly so, erect or spreading; petals usually very large and obovate, white, turning pink with age, cheir bases ascending, the upper part spreading; anthers exceeding the stigmas, mostly 10-15 mm long; ovary white, small, globose at maturity; peduncles 3-10 cm long, well above the leaves 4. T. grandiflorum. Stigmas short, stout, tapering from the base to the apex, recurved or coiled at the tip, about half as long as the ovary; petals lanceolate, ovate, oblong-oval or obovate, spreading from the base; anthers usually not exceeding but only equaling the stigmas; peduncles erect, horizontal or sometimes declined be- neath the leaves. Filaments half as long as the anthers or longer. 322 LlLlACEAE Trillium Ovary very dark purple; filaments about half as long as the anthers, about 3.5-4 mm long. (See excluded species no. 142, p. 1035.) T. erectum. Ovary white or nearly so; filaments two thirds as long as the anthers or longer; anthers pinkish or purplish, 2.5-6.5 mm long. Petals 5-9 mm wide; mature anthers 2.5-4.5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 141, p. 1035.) T. cernuvm. Petals 10-17 mm wide; mature anthei-s 4-6.5 mm long 5. T. cernuum var. macranthum. Filaments very short, about a third as long as the anthers or less. Petals white; filaments yellowish white; ovary white or nearly so 6. T. Gleasoni. Petals purplish or maroon; filaments yellowish white, purplish or maroon; ovary white or partly purplish or maroon, rarely entirely reddish brown. 7. T. Gleasoni f . Walpolei. 1. Trillium sessile L. Sessile-flower Trillium. Map 659. Infrequent to frequent throughout the greater part of the state, but becoming rare to absent in the southwestern counties. It is found mostly in rich, moist woods. I have had plants with 4 and 5 leaves and one with greenish yellow petals under cultivation and they have come true for at least 10 years. I also have plants with 2 and 3 stems from the same rootstock. In one instance one stem has 3 leaves and the other has 4 leaves. Pa. to Minn., southw. to Va., Tenn., Ark., and La. (Brown). la. Trillium sessile f. luteum (Muhl.) Peattie. (Jour. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 42: 197. 1927.) This is a form with greenish yellow petals which I have found in Adams, Allen, and Wells Counties. Beyer (Torreya 27: 83. 1927) names this form f. viridiflorum, but since Peattie's treatment ante- dates Beyer's by four months, Peattie's name is used here. 2. Trillium recurvatum Beck. Reflexed-sepal Trillium. Map 660. Infrequent throughout the state. All of my specimens are from woodland of different kinds although I recall seeing the species along the railroad south of Battle Ground, Tippecanoe County. Ohio, Mich, to Minn., southw. to w. Tenn. and Ark. 2a. Trillium recurvatum f. luteum Clute. (Amer. Bot. 28: 79. 1922.) Reported from Monroe County by Friesner, and there are specimens in the herbarium of Butler University from Lawrence and Montgomery Counties. There is a specimen from Johnson County in the herbarium of Franklin College. 3. Trillium nivale Riddell. Snow Trillium. Map 661. In rocky or gravelly soil in protected places on steep, wooded slopes, usually along or near streams. It is local to very local and probably closely restricted to the area indicated on the map after the reports from Clark, Decatur, and Marion Counties are added. On account of its very early appearance it may not have been collected in many places where its occurs, and it may be more widespread than the reports indicate. Authors do not mention that the stem in cross section is hexagonal with the angles more or less winged and minutely roughened. Western Pa. to Minn., southw. to Ky. and Iowa. Trillium LlLIACEAE 323 0 50 Map 661 Trillium nivale Riddell o 50 Map 662 Trillium grandif lorum (Michx.) Salisb. o~~ 50 Map 663 Trillium cernuum var. macranthum Eames & Wieq. 4. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flower Trillium. Map 662. This species is frequent in the northeastern part of the state, becoming infrequent to rare southward. Friesner reports it from Harrison County. It is found mostly in moist woods and is also found in springy places in woods, on moist, wooded slopes, and in marshes. W. Vt., w. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Mo. 5. Trillium cernuum L. var. macranthum Eames & Wieg. (Rhodora 25 : 191. 1923.) Purple-anther Trillium. Map 663. I found a few specimens in a low, wet woods 8 miles east of Michigan City, La Porte County, and Peattie reports finding it in moist woods near Mineral Springs, Porter County. This variety is northern in its general distribution and in Indiana it is found only in the northern counties. Vt., Ont. to Sask., southw. to Pa., n. Ind., n. 111., Wis., and Minn. 6. Trillium Gleasoni Fern. (Rhodora 34: 21. 1932.) (Trillium declina- tum (Gray) Gleason). Map 664. This is our common Trillium found throughout the state. The fact that the peduncles are often erect as well as horizontal or declined has led early authors to determine it also as Trillium erectum or Trillium cernuum. The early records are so confused that they should be disregarded. Friesner (Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 1: 34- 36. 1929), after an exhaustive study of this species and its forms, con- cluded that there were not two forms (Trillium erectum and Trillium Gleasoni) in this state, and that our plant is one highly variable species. It is now evident that the true Trillium erectum occurs east and south of Indiana. Trillium cernuum, likewise, is out of our area. Its range is chiefly along the Coastal Plain and it is represented here only by its var. macranthum. Southern Mich, to s. Minn., southw. to Ohio and Mo. 6a. Trillium Gleasoni Fernald forma Walpolei (Farw.) Deam, comb, nov. (Trillium cernuum var. declinatum Gray f. Walpolei Farw. Rept. Mich. Acad. Science 21 : 363. 1920.) Map 664a. This is a form which is 324 LlLIACEAE Aletris 0 50 Map 664 Trillium Gleasoni Fern, 1 f B Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. .A h Jv [V D " -I " r E fn ^-J- i Dec. t iv b e r. 1 - I L . 3 L/> "T'b » 1 1 '/ Miles f. Tritliu Walpole m ( PV / 0 50 Map 664a Gleasoni Farw.) Deam 0 50 Map 665 Aletris farinosa L. described as having- the petals, and often the filaments and anthers maroon. Specimens occur in this state which also have the ovaries partly or entirely reddish brown. These should not, however, be confused with either Trillium erectum, which has a very dark purple ovary or with Trillium cernuum var. macranthum, which has purplish anthers. Both of the last named forms have much longer filaments than f. Walpolei. Doubt- less this is Trillium cernuum var. atrorubens Wood. (Rept. Indiana Geol. Survey 2: 286-287. 1871.) This form seems to occur with the species in all parts of the state. 1143. ALETRIS L. 1. Aletris farinosa L. Stargrass. Map 665. Infrequent throughout the northern part of the state as indicated on the map. In addition there are reports from Floyd and Vigo Counties and Schneck says it was found in prairies in the Lower Wabash Valley but is nearly extinct. It is found in moist, sandy soil in wet or moist prairies, in prairie habitats in open woods, and in open woods. I have made repeated attempts to establish this species in our garden but it fails in a few years although I have transplanted it into both neutral and sandy soils with an abundance of the original soil. Southern Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La. 1151. SMILAX [Tourn.] L. [Pennell. Smilax, subgenus Nemexia (Raf.), in the eastern United States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 409-421. 1916.] Plants herbaceous, without prickles. Mature leaves not glaucous beneath but sparsely pubescent with colorless hairs, ovate- oblong, very thin, yellow green, glossy above and beneath, mostly cordate at the base, sometimes subcordate or even truncate, usually long-acuminate at the apex, the margins generally erose and usually more or less ciliate with long and short, colorless hairs, blades not decurrent on the petioles or scarcely so; segments of staminate flowers mostly 4-5 mm long, lanceolate; fruit black 1. S. pulverulenta. Smilax LlLIACEAE 325 o 50 Map 666 Sm'lax pulverulenta M'chx o 50 Map 667 Smilax herbacea L. 0 50 Map 668 Smilax herbacea var. lasioneura (Hook) A. DC. Mature leaves glaucous beneath, of an ovate type, bluish green, cordate, subcordate or truncate at the base, short-acuminate at the apex; margins not conspicu- ously erose and lacking the colorless hairs or with a few short ones; fruit glaucous. Leaves all glabrous beneath; bracts on the stem below the leaves appressed; umbels of both pistillate and staminate plants generally with 25-80 flowers 2. S. herbacea. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath with a mixture of short and long color- less hairs; bracts on the stem below the leaves loose. Umbels of pistillate and staminate plants with more than 25 flowers, usually 30-110 flowers, sometimes fewer on branches; leaves of an ovate type, sometimes very broad and sometimes narrow, especially on branches; peduncles usually from the axils of leaves but sometimes 1-3 below the leaves, usually longer to many times longer than the petioles, rarely shorter; plants usually tall and very large ones in exposed places often bent over, generally 1-3 m long 2a. S. herbacea var. lasioneura. Umbels of pistillate plants generally with fewer than 20 flowers; umbels of staminate plants generally with fewer than 25 flowers (in counting the flowers add the scars on the peduncle denoting fallen flowers); mature leaves large, broadly ovate, 11-17 cm long and 9-12 cm wide, few, usually 4-9 to a plant, not tendril-bearing; peduncles 1 or 2 below the leaves or opposite the lowest leaf, shorter than the petioles; plants of low woods, 4-6 dm high 3. S. ecirrhata. Plants woody, vines, with prickles. Leaves glaucous beneath 4. S. glauca. Leaves green beneath. Stem more or less stellate-pubescent at least near the base; leaves mostly more or less contracted near the middle; denticulations and prickles of leaf margins generally colored; margin of leaf thicker than the blade 5. S. Bona-nox. Stem glabrous; leaves not contracted near the middle (rarely leaves of a plant contracted); denticulations and prickles of leaf margins generally colorless; margin of leaf not thicker than the blade. Prickles of stem all more or less flattened, the lower half green; peduncles gen- erally shorter than the petioles; fruit more or less glaucous; seed usually 2 or 3 6. S. rotandifolia. Prickles of stem round and black; peduncles longer than the petioles; fruit black, not glaucous; seed usually 1 7. S. hispida. 326 Liliaceae Smilax 1. Smilax pulverulenta Michx. Map 666. Infrequent to rare in the southern part of the state where it is usually found in hard, dry soil on wooded slopes, associated with oaks, and rarely in dry, sandy soil. I found it also in a low post oak flat south of Half Moon Pond in the southwestern part of Posey County. There is a specimen in the herbarium of the Univer- sity of Notre Dame collected by Nieuwland in St. Joseph County that I doubtfully refer to this species. Southern N. Y., s. Ind. to s. Mo., southw. to N. C. and Tenn. 2. Smilax herbacea L. Smooth Carrion-flower. Map 667. This plant is variable in size and in its habitat. I found a specimen in Franklin County that was 15 feet long. On the whole, plants of the variety are larger than those of the typical form. It is infrequent to rare throughout the state and is found on wooded slopes and alluvial plains, and rarely in the open, usually associated with beech and white oak. Out. to Nebr., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo. 2a. Smilax herbacea var. lasioneura (Hook.) A. DC. Map 668. The variety has the range and habitats of the species but is much more fre- quent,* especially in sandy soil in the northern part of the state where it is somewhat frequent along roadsides. I admit that I do not know this species and its variety and the next species. My attention was first called to them when Pennell revised this section of the genus. For several years I have been assembling the aber- rant forms in our garden with the hope that a study of them would solve the problem, but I have found that the plants of this genus grow very slowly and most of the specimens I have planted are not yet old enough for study. Ordinarily each rhizome sends up one stem, although I have one plant that had 8 stems in 1936 and 9 in 1937. The number of stems from a single rhizome seems yet to be ascertained. This variety is so extremely variable that it seems that no character will hold to separate a large series of plants. I think the complex consists of several forms that might well be recognized. We have some plants that reach 4-6 feet in height that are simple and others that are usually 3-5 feet that are so much branched that they form a compact mass. Some plants will be in flower when others are just peeping through the ground. Some will have 1-3 long peduncles below all the leaves while others will have the peduncles mostly about the middle of the stem. Some plants have wide leaves, few peduncles, and only a very few tendrils, and in all the herbaria I have visited they are referred to Smilax ecirrhata, but they can always be separated from that species by their tendrils and, what I think to be our best character, the fewer-flow- ered umbels. Under this variety I have included several forms which I hope can be satisfactorily distinguished by someone in the future. Ont. and Ohio to Wyo., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Colo. 3. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Map 669. Probably infrequent to rare throughout the state, although I recall seeing it rather frequently in the Lower Wabash Valley in low woods bordering sloughs, especially in Smilax LlLIACEAE 327 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. D A- D \ 4-h . \^ 1L1M { v V,r t ' i — i — n J/s Miles o 5o Map 669 Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. 0 5o Map 670 smilax glauca Walt, var. genuina Blake 0 55 Map 671 Smilax Bona-nox L. Gibson and Vigo Counties. All of my specimens are from low woods on the flood plains of streams. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Tenn. and Mo. 4. Smilax glauca Walt. var. genuina Blake. Sawbrier. Map 670. Our plant is the typical form of the species, distinguished by Blake (Rhodora 20: 78-80. 1918) as var. genuina. Infrequent to common in the hilly counties of the southern part of the state and extending as far northward as Marion and Putnam Counties. It is found in open woodland and in fal- low and abandoned fields. When it becomes established in cultivated ground, it is difficult to eradicate on account of its deep, tuberous rhizomes which, when broken, send up new stems. Va. to s. 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 5. Smilax Bona-nox L. Fringed Greenbrier. Map 671. I have seen specimens from only the counties indicated on the map and I think Andrews' report from Monroe County can safely be transferred to the next species. So far it has been found only on the high hills near the Ohio River where it is usually associated with the next species. Va., s. Ind. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 6. Smilax rotundifdlia L. Roundleaf Greenbrier. Map 672. This species is rare to infrequent in the northern counties, rare or absent in many of the counties in the Tipton Till Plain, becoming frequent to common in the southern counties. It is found in dry soil in woods, clearings, and aban- doned fields where it often forms impenetrable thickets. It forms long vines, and, on account of its many prickles, it is an objectionable plant. N. S. to Iowa, southw. to Ga. and Tex. 7. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. Map 673. An infrequent species throughout the state. It prefers a moist, rich soil. Conn., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Va., Tenn., and Tex. 328 Amaryllidaceae Hymenocallis Jan, Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec — — ,, r y' -— r : "V_ ^ £ ■0 "H_ V - DP b H- i B j. 1 D B l» ! 1 IU Jj B I J »_vrf — o D / j I J J 10 -~/tB*Jkl >- lW |lD b LL-LJ ^-^ s'^Vr [bd"> / . . Miles 0 50 Map G72 Smilax rotund if olia L. 0 50 Map 673 Smilax hispida Muhl. 0 50 Map 674 Hymenocallis occidentals (Le Conte) Kunth. 40. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amaryllis Family Bulbous herbs with flowers on scapes. Flowers clustered; filaments united in a cup-shaped crown; anthers long-exserted. 1194. Hymenocallis, p. 328. Flowers solitary. Perianth naked in the throat 1181. Zephyranthes, p. 328. Perianth with a crown in the throat 1201. Narcissus, p. 329. Bulbless herbs with rootstocks or corms. Tall plants with large, fleshy, basal leaves; flowers not yellow; anthers versatile 1219. Agave, p. 329. Low plants with linear leaves ; flowers yellow ; anthers not versatile 1230. Hypoxis, p. 329. 1181. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb. See excluded species no. 146, p. 1036. 1194. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. 1. Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth. Spiderlily. Map 674. The spiderlily grows in low woodland that is usually inundated each year and in soil which is comparatively free from organic matter and which becomes very hard during the summer months. The bulbs are usually 6-9 inches below the surface in a compact, blue clay. It is rather frequent in the southern part of Posey County where its habitat is frequent and local elsewhere. It is found in the Big Creek bottoms near Wadesville, Posey County, local in the bottoms along Pigeon Creek in the northern part of Warrick" County and the southern part of Gibson County, and local in its habitat along Little Pigeon Creek in Spencer County. It doubtless has a range wider than the location given above, but, as I understand its habitat, it will be restricted to the peculiar low places along streams and low spots in woods of the southwestern counties. Where it is found it is compara- tively abundant. In a restricted habitat southw. from s. Ind. to Ga. and Mo. Narcissus Amaryllidaceae 329 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec TJ4 >L_ V r H Wm y-±_ — L^4 J J D ) f p f D * "\^^\ — D Miles o 5o Map 675 Agave virginica L. 6 35 Map 676 Hypoxls hirsuia (L.) Covllle Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f 1 V [V " -I j HA J J~ r Dec C D fS* D ( / Miles Dioscorea h rt ^\ y o so Map 677 caulls Bartlett 1201. NARCfSSUS [Tourn.] L. Flowers white, crown small, usually much less than half as long as the perianth segments, crisped, red-edged. (See excluded species no. 147, p. 1036.) . . .N. poeticus. Flowers yellow, crown equaling or exceeding the perianth segments. (See excluded species no. 148, p. 1036.) N. Pseudo-Narcissus. 1219. AGAVE L. 1. Agave virginica L. (Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb.) False Aloe. Map 675. Local but rather frequent in southern Indiana. It is generally found only in soil of low fertility in open places on the crests and spurs of post oak and black oak ridges. It is frequent also in the post oak flats of the southwestern part of Posey County. The plants are usually 3-5 feet high and not branched. It is perfectly hardy at Bluffton and does well in black loam soil. In 1932 we had one plant that was 6.4 feet high and that had a long, flowering branch at almost every node, eight branches in all. Ralph M. Kriebel found a large colony on top of a limestone bluff along White River about a mile below Tunnelton in Lawrence County, which had by actual count about 2000 individuals. Outside the range shown on the map it has been reported from Daviess, Jefferson, and Scott Counties. Va. to s. Ohio, s. Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 1230. HYPOXIS L. 1. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Goldeye-grass. Map 676. Infre- quent throughout the state but usually common where it is found, especially in marshland in moist, prairie habitats. It seems to prefer an acid habitat but I have seen it growing in marly bogs with Parnassia. In southern Indi- ana it is found in rather sandy soil on the crests of black oak ridges, on sandstone outcrops, and in the post oak flats, while in the northern part of the state it is usually found in sandy soil at the base of black oak slopes, in mucky soil in marshes, and in moist, black sandy soil in prairies. Sw. Maine to Sask., southw. to Fla., e. Kans., and Tex. 330 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea 43. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Yam Family 1252. DIOSCOREA [Plumier] L. [Bartlett. The source of the drug Dioscorea, with a consideration of the Dioscorese found in the United States. U.S. Bureau of Plant Industry, Bull. 189: 1-29. 1910.] The rhizomes of the species that occur in Indiana are used in medicine. Their great variation in size and shape led Bartlett to make a study of the species of the United States. There are authors who have not accepted Bartlett's division of the genus and it offers an interesting study to one with accumulated data who can restudy the genus with all the species under cultivation. All of the species are perfectly hardy at Bluffton. About 10 years ago I began to plant rhizomes from all parts of the state and I now have a considerable number of plants but failure to use permanent labels prevents me from drawing conclusions. The following key and treat- ment of our species should be regarded as only provisional until our species are better understood. Lower leaves alternate, approximate, or in whorls of 3 (or 4); rhizomes linear, the older ones with lateral branches, dried ones generally 5-8 (10) mm in diameter. Internodes, at least the lowermost, more or less spreading-pubescent with stiff, color- less or reddish brown hairs mostly 0.2-0.5 mm long; lower surface of the leaves pubescent or glabrous; staminate inflorescence axillary, in short and narrow panicles up to 6 cm long; pistillate inflorescence in axillary racemes, developing up to 10 triangular capsules; capsules usually slightly obovoid or elliptic and broader than long, up to 24 mm long; seed broadly winged, up to 16 mm long, the body of the seed mostly about 5 mm wide 1. D. hirticaulis. Internodes glabrous; staminate inflorescence axillary, in widely spreading panicles up to 12 cm long; pistillate inflorescence, capsules, and seed similar to the pre- ceding but the racemes usually developing 5 or 6 capsules 2. D. villosa. Lower leaves in whorls of 4-9, mostly of 5-7, ovate-cordate; rhizomes more or less contorted or, if linear, with many short, knoblike branches, usually (8) 10-15 mm in diameter. Leaves glaucous beneath, usually until maturity; leaves of lowest whorl 5-9, generally 6, the margins rarely somewhat undulate, sparsely pubescent on the principal veins beneath, rarely a plant with dense pubescence; petioles at the insertion of the blade usually more densely pubescent than the blade, glabrous nearly to the base; nodes of stem usually minutely puberulent at the base of the petioles; capsules up to 6 in a raceme, up to 30 mm long, variable in shape; sometimes broadly elliptic and obovoid ones found on the same raceme; seed up to 20 mm long, the margins colorless, body orbicular, up to 5 mm in diameter; rhizomes generally about 10 mm in diameter, contorted, extremely variable in shape, the many laterals diverging in all directions 3. D. glauca. Leaves green beneath, those of the lowest whorl generally 4-6; margins of the first whorl of leaves and often the second and third whorl conspicuously undulate; lower surface of blades glabrous (although there are specimens with the lower surface densely pubescent that are referred to this species complex); petioles of typical specimens glabrous at insertion of the blade as well as at the base; internodes generally glabrous (except the pubescent forms); capsules like the preceding but usually much larger; seed similar but larger and with a brown wing; body orbicular and about 5 mm in diameter; rhizomes mostly about 15 mm in diameter, generally of a linear type but with numerous knoblike laterals. 4. D. quaternata. Dioscorea DlOSCOREACEAE 331 o 5o Map 678 Dioscorea villosa L. 5 Z Jan. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov f J \ K " X -^ J y- r Dec j- i ' — K D L- a. L^l YbHTJ / Miles Dioscorea A Jo 5o Map 679 g lauca Muhl. 0 50 Map 680 Dioscorea quaternata (Walt.) Gmel. 1. Dioscorea hirticaulis Bartlett. Map 677. This species is found in low woodland that usually is inundated at some time of the year, associated with pin oak, sweet gum, red maple, and black gum. Like all the other Indiana species it has both glabrous and pubescent forms and I have not seen intermediates. I think that they are distinct but a paucity of specimens does not warrant a decision in the matter. Va., N. C. to Ga. and Ind. 2. Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam-root. Map 678. Rather frequent in the northern half of the state, becoming rare or infrequent in the southern part. It prefers moist soil of rich woodland. The lower surface of the blades of all the specimens I have seen is densely pubescent. The glabrous variety has not been found in the state. This species and the preceding can be determined definitely only when the whole plant, including the rhizome is at hand. The long, slender rhizomes with few or no laterals are conclusive in naming this species. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Tex. 3. Dioscorea glauca Muhl. (Dioscorea quaternata var. glauca (Muhl.) Fern. Rhodora 39: 399-400. 1937.) Map 679. This species prefers slopes of deep ravines and is usually associated with beech and sugar maple. When the leaves are not glaucous beneath this species is difficult to separate from the next species. Small, in his Flora of the Southeastern States, separates them on the size of the staminate flowers. In the typical form the lower surface of the leaves is sparsely pubescent on the principal nerves ; the number of leaves in the basal whorl is usually 6, their margins rarely undulate ; rhizomes much branched. The wings of the seed of all of my plants are white while those of the next species are brown. Pa. to Mo., southw. to S. C. and Ark. 4. Dioscorea quaternata (Walt.) Gmel. Map 680. Infrequent in the state within the area shown on the map. It is found in wooded ravines, on the crests of chestnut oak ridges, and on the bluffs of the Ohio River. 332 Iridaceae Iris There are two distinct forms in the state. "The common and typical form has the lower surface of the leaves glabrous and the other has the lower surface of the leaves rather densely pubescent. Va. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and La. 44. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Iris Family Leaves long and narrow, all or at least some of them 1 cm wide; flowers large, at least 2 cm long; capsules generally more than 1 cm long; perennials with creeping rhizomes. Flowers blue to lilac (albino forms rare), usually few, more than 3 cm long; sepals recurved or spreading while the petals are erect, both usually widest above the middle; seeds irregular in shape 1264. Iris, p. 332. Flowers orange yellow, mottled with many crimson purple spots, generally less than 3 cm long; sepals and petals remaining in the same plane, not reflexed, narrow- elliptic in shape, persistent and coiled together on top of the ovary after flowering; seed globose, black, shining 1285. Belamcanda, p. 333. Leaves long and narrow but none 1 cm wide; flowers regular, less than 2 cm long; capsules usually globose and less than 1 cm long; seeds globose, small; perennials without rhizomes 1286. Sisyrinciiium, p. 334. 1264/IRIS [Tourn.] L. Iris [E. Anderson. The species problem in Iris. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 23: 457-509. 1936.] Plants less than 1.5 dm high; rootstocks slender, creeping near the surface; flowers light lavender, appearing the last of April to the last of May; perianth tube usually 4-5 cm long; sepals crested but not bearded; capsules sharply triangular 1. 7. cristata. Plants more than 1.5 dm high; rootstocks thickened and not very close to the surface; flowers blue to lilac, appearing the last of May to the last of June. Capsules hexagonal ; stem decumbent or prostrate, bearing flowers from near the base 2. I. brevicaulis. Capsules 3-angled; stem erect, bearing flowers on the upper part. Petals obovate-spatulate, nearly as long as the sepals, thin in texture, readily wilting; sepals with a bright yellow, pubescent blotch at the base, the hairs longer than the thickness of the sepal; capsule usually long and narrow, inner surface dull; seed round to D-shaped, dull, with occasional broad depressions as seen under a hand lens 3. I. virginica var. Shrevei. Petals lanceolate, much shorter than the sepals, firm in texture, not readily wilting; sepals usually without a conspicuous spot at the base, when present, greenish or greenish yellow, the pubescence of microscopic hairs shorter than the thick- ness of the sepal; capsule short and thick, inner surface shining; seed all D-shaped in outline, the surface appearing regularly pitted, the pits in definite rows under a hand lens. (Range concides very nearly with that of the northern coniferous forest, but should be sought in northern Indiana.) /. versicolor. 1. Iris cristata Ait. Crested Iris. Map 681. Local in the knobstone area from Monroe County southward. The Randolph County record is the only one from the glacial area. I found it in a low woods with beech and white ash. In the knobstone area it is usually found on the bases of wooded slopes and where found, it generally forms large colonies. Md., Ohio to Mo., southw. to Ga. and Tex. Belamcanda IRIDACEAE 333 2 6 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. r j F \ J X, [ 1 D f "^ J^ r, Dec. C— [ I III , 1 J j f B 17 D X } { ^" B* . ' U Miles \ /j'A/ 0 50 v5^v| tn Nov. Dec C j r, t i i — J Miles Hat D 1 1 enarl a sc utel ata (Nutt. D 50 Map 696 ) F. Morris 3 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. «0 \ J 1 D \t A rt \ ( ^ . r n r 1 r -^k Dec.j- ■ ' — L/ Miles Habenaria dil ~}K JO J Map 697 atata (Pursh) Gray 0 50 Map 698 Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Lip more or less 3-parted, the divisions fringed or erose-denticulate. Petals entire; flowers gi-eenish; lip deeply parted, the divisions narrow and deeply fringed 10. H. lacera. Petals not entire, more or less minutely denticulate. Lip deeply fringed and 3-parted; fringe 2-5 mm long. Flowers white, not crowded on the spike 11. H. leucophaea. Flowers purplish, crowded on the spike 12. H. psycodes. Lip shallowly erose-denticulate, the teeth usually about 0.5 mm long, the termi- nal lobe usually bifid by an incision 2-3 mm long, 3-parted, rarely cut into 5 divisions; flowers purplish; found only in southern Indiana 13. if. peramoena. 1. Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray. (Habe- naria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. and Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) Pari.) Satyr Orchid. Map 694. Usually not more than a single plant is found in any one locality. It occurs in moist, rich woods, in tamarack bogs or on low borders of lakes. In Noble County I found two large colonies on the low border of Crooked Lake in among Cornus obliqua and Acer rubrum. This is the only place I have seen two specimens or more in a place. It has been reported also from Lake and White Counties. Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. C, Ohio, 111., Mont., and Wash.; also in Japan and China. 2. Habenaria flava (L.) Gray. (Perularia flava (L.) Farw.) TUBERCLED Orchid. Map 695. Mostly in the lake region in tamarack bogs, marshes, and sandy, wet places. It has been reported from Marshall and Vigo Counties. It is very rare and usually a single specimen is found at a place. N. S., Que., Ont, to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3. Habenaria scutellata (Nutt.) F. Morns. (Perularia scutellata (Nutt.) Small.) Map 696. On September 28, 1923, I found a large colony of this species in flower and in fruit in Posey County, growing in a bare place under a clump of buttonbush where it must have been submerged much of the year. I transferred some of it to our garden in Bluffton where Habenaria Orchidaceae 341 0 "To Map 699 Habenaria clavellata (Mich*.) Spreng. 0 55 Map 700 Habenaria orbtculata (Pursh) Torr. (5 50 Map 701 Habenaria Hookeri Torr, it did well for several years. This is the only record I know of from Indiana. Pa., Ind., and Ark., southw. to Fla. 4. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray. {Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) White Bog-orchid. Map 697. A few plants of this species were found in a bog on the Wolverton Estate about 7 miles southwest of South Bend, St. Joseph County. The area was heavily grazed and it will soon disappear if grazing continues. This species was reported by Nieuwland for Umbach (Amer. Midland Nat. 3: 119. 1913) but through the courtesy of N. C. Fassett the Umbach herbarium at the University of Wisconsin was searched, and no specimen was found. There are, however, specimens collected by Nieuw- land in Lake and Porter Counties which are deposited in the herbarium of the University of Notre Dame. The location of this species in Indiana is the extreme southern limit of its range. Subarctic America; Lab. to B. C. and Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ind., Minn., Mont., Idaho, Colo., and Wash. 5. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb.) Northern Green Orchid. Map 698. Our specimens and reports are from our northern tier of counties. It must be very rare in Indiana. I have collected it only twice. Besides the counties shown on the map it has been reported from La Porte and St. Joseph Counties. Newf. to Que., Ont. to B. C, northw. to Alaska, Iceland, and Greenland, and southw. to N. Y., Pa., Ind., 111., Nebr., Colo., and Oreg. 6. Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. (Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb.) Small Green Wood Orchid. Map 699. My specimens are from moist, sandy or gravelly borders of lakes and sloughs. The distri- bution is restricted to our northern counties with the exception of a 342 Orchidaceae Habenaria 0 ~~T5 Map 702 Habenaria ciliaris (L ) R.Br Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov Dec ^tT] i / ,d d l d m _j- \ — BfffFH - 1 ] LfT 1 — L--^1 L J \// Miles tM P\ 7 0 5C Map 703 Habenaria I acera (Michx.) Lodd. 0 30 Map 704 Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray specimen collected in a swamp in Monroe County by J. E. Potzger. There is a report from St. Joseph County which is not shown on the map. Newf., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Fla., and La. 7. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. (Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb.) Large Roundleaf Orchid. Map 700. This is one of our rarest orchids. I have found it twice. Van Gorder found it in Noble County and I have his specimen. It grows in very rich, sandy soil with sugar maple and beech. Newf., Que., Ont. to B. C. and northw. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., W. Va., Md., and in the mts. to S. C, Tenn., Ohio, 111., Mont., and Wash. 8. Habenaria Hookeri Torr. (Lysias Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb.) Hooker Orchid. Map 701. This is also one of our rarest orchids. It has been reported from Lake, La Porte, Noble, and Porter Counties. There is a specimen in the Field Museum which was collected by Agnes Chase, June 21, 1897, east of Edgemoor (probably near what is now known as the Buffington Cement Plant or West Gary). The specimen in the Field Museum so labeled and collected by Bross in La Porte County is Orchis spectabilis. The report from Noble County is not supported by a specimen and I refer the report to Habenaria orbiculata. Dr. Lyon found a few plants in Porter County. It has been found also by R. M. Tryon, Jr., in Dunes State Park, Porter County and he has given me a specimen. N. S., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Pa., Ohio, Ind., Wis., and Iowa. 9. Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (Blephari glottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb.) Yellow Fringe-orchid. Map 702. In marshes, moist, sandy borders of lakes and sloughs, prairie habitats, and low, open and sandy woods. This species was formerly not rare but is now becoming scarce. Its distribution is restricted to our northern counties and besides those indicated on the map it has been reported from Marshall County. Vt., Ont. to Mich., 111., and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Habenaria Orchidaceae 343 0 50 Map 705 Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng, 9 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec <- f -f 1 ^ r~~ \ frL ~ [J- X r of o / ^ 'Un-ft— i D A -/ Miles j OP i B s IU > ' D K ,1 j/ 1 D \ D r iafc D V1 I enaria jeramoena 0 50 Map 706 Gray 0 50 Map 707 Poqonia ophioglossoides (L ) Ker. 10. Habenaria lacera (Michx.) Lodd. (Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.) Farw.) Green Fringe-orchid. Map 703. This species is somewhat fre- quent in the lake area and has a wide range of habitats. It is usually found in tamarack bogs, marshes, and marshy and springy places anywhere. I once found it under a beech tree in a woods and once in a sandy, fallow field that had been fallow for at least 25 years. In addition to the counties indicated on the map it has been reported from Fulton, Lake, and Marshall Counties. Newf., Que., Ont. to Man., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Mo. 11. Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray. (Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Farw.) Prairie White Fringe-orchid. Map 704. Probably local in the lake area years ago but now rare. I have found it in only five places. In addition to these counties it has been reported from the follow- ing counties: Hamilton, Kosciusko, Lake, and Marshall. My specimens are from sphagnum in tamarack bogs. N. S., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Ohio, 111., Mo., and La. 12. Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. (Blephariglottis psycodes (L.) Rydb.) Small Purple Fringe-orchid. Map 705. Rather rare in the lake area in mucky soil about lakes and in low woods. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Jay County. It has also been reported from Clark and Jefferson Counties but these reports doubtless should be referred to the next species. Newf., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. C, Ohio, 111., and Iowa. 13. Habenaria peramoena Gray. (Blephariglottis peramoena (Gray) Rydb.) Fringeless Purple Orchid. Map 706. This species is not infre- quent in our southern counties in low, flat woods, usually associated with beech and sweet gum and pin oak. It has also been reported from Monroe County. Usually rather frequent where found. Pa., Ohio, 111., and Mo., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Tenn. 344 Orchidaceae Pogonia 0 50 Map 708 Tnphora trianthophora (SwJ Rydb. 0 50 Map 709 Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf. 1464. POGONIA Juss. 1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. Map 707. For- merly frequent in peat bogs in the lake area, now infrequent to rare on account of drainage. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Fulton and Marshall Counties. Newf., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 1466. TRfPHORA Nutt. 1. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. {Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) BSP.) Nodding Pogonia. Map 708. An infrequent plant throughout the state. It is generally found in deep humus, usually in beech and sugar maple and oak woods. The flowers are mostly nodding but the fruit is erect. I once found a large colony on a bare, sandy flat in a deep, wooded ravine. Besides the counties indicated on the map it has been reported from the following counties : Fayette, Hamilton, and Steuben. Maine to Wis., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Mo. 1467. ISOTRIA Raf. 1. Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf. (Pogonia verticillata (Willd.) Nutt.) Whorled Pogonia. Map 709. An inconspicuous plant and appar- ently very rare and erratic in its distribution. In the lake area it is found in sphagnum in tamarack bogs and south of this area it has been found in white oak woods. Maine, N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 1474. ARETHtSA [Gronov.] L. 1. Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. Map 710. An extremely rare plant found in sphagnum in bogs. In addition to the counties shown on the map Arethusa Orchidaceae 345 Map 711 Epipactis latifolia (Huds.) All. 0 5o Map 712 Spiranthes Beckii Lindl. 1 2 B Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 5 $ D /"*- D ~~V [V — 1 D -I r B m B D j ^ B Dec.j- Fp IU D Jit no LXj T B» D ' / Miles \ K | SP iranthes r graci lis (Big ) 50 Map 713 ■IJ Beck it has been reported from Carroll and Starke Counties. It must now be very rare or almost extinct in the state. Newf., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Ind., and in the mts. to S. C. 1482. EPIPACTIS Swartz 1. Epipactis latifolia (Huds.) All. (Serapias Helleborine L.) Broad- leaf Epipactis. Map 711. Reported from La Porte County by Nieuw- land & Just (Amer. Midland Nat. 12: 220. 1931). They write: "Inter- laken, Laporte Co., spreading very rapidly in abundance on a dry clay hillside facing the lake, VII. 18. 1930.) (Probably introduced.) " I have seen their specimens and I am admitting it upon their statement that it is spreading rapidly. Found in 1937 by Lyon in South Bend. Que., Ont., N. Y., and Pa. ; also in Eu. Probably all, or most all of our reports are based upon escaped plants because it was formerly cultivated for its supposed medicinal qualities. 1490. SPIRANTHES Richard Ladies' Tresses Upper part of stem and lower part of the rachis of the spike glabrous; leaves basal and usually absent at flowering time; stems slender, usually less than 1 mm in diameter just below the inflorescence. Rachis of inflorescence not twisted; stems bearing a solitary subcylindrical root 1. S. Beckii. Rachis of inflorescence twisted; stems bearing more than one subcylindrical root, usually 3 or more 2. S. gracilis. Upper part of stem and lower part of rachis of the spike more or less pubescent; leaves not all basal and some present at flowering time except in no. 3 where they may be absent; stems usually 1 mm or more in diameter just below the inflorescence. Flowering from May through July; base of lip truncate, without callosities or with small, spreading ones 3. S. lucida. Flowering in Sept. and Oct.; base of lip cuneate and with two, incurved, nipplelike callosities. Flowers about 4, not more than 5, mm long; spikes slender, less than 15 mm wide; petals lanceolate, dilated at the base 4. S. ovalis. 316 Orchidaceae Spiranthes Map 714 Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames 0~ —J5 Map 715 Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. 0 50 Map 716 Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard Flowers about 6, at least more than 5, mm long; spikes stout, mostly about 20 mm wide, rarely as narrow as 15 mm; petals linear, not dilated at the base. Corolla white; spikes usually blunt; lower bracts shorter than the corolla 5. S. cernua. Corolla yellowish; spikes acute; bracts longer than the corolla. (See excluded species no. 157, p. 1037.) S. cernua var. ochroleuca. 1. Spiranthes Beckii Lindl. {Ibidium Beckii (Lindl.) House.) BECK Ladies' Tresses. Map 712. I have found this species in only two counties. It grew in hard, clay soil in open white and black oak woods. Mass., Md., Ky., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. (Ibidium gracile (Bigel.) House.) Slender Ladies' Tresses. Map 713. This species is, no doubt, sparingly distributed throughout the state. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Kosciusko, Noble, and Tippecanoe Counties. My specimens are from sandy or clayey soil in open, white and black oak woods and fallow fields and from sandy, black soil in a prairie habitat. P. E. I., Que., Ont. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3. Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. {Ibidium plantagineum (Raf.) House.) Wideleaf Ladies' Tresses. Map 714. This species is local in the lake area where it is sparingly found on the springy, marl borders of lakes and in bogs elsewhere. In Jennings County in southern Indiana I found it at the base of a 75-foot cliff along the Muscatatuck River growing on narrow ledges of limestone in soil kept continually wet by seepage. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Tippecanoe County. Maine, Que., Ont. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Ohio. 4. Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. (Ibidium ovale (Lindl.) House.) Map 715. This species is very rare throughout its range and I have found it in only two counties. One specimen is from the wooded bluff of the Ohio River Goodyera Orchidaceae 347 on the north side of Leavenworth, Crawford County. The other was found on a low, wooded promontory in the Louis B. Wilkerson woods in sec. 3 about 7 miles southwest of Rockport, Spencer County. Here it was grow- ing under a beech tree and also under a tulip tree. Specimens from this place supplied the photograph of this species for "Our Wild Orchids" by Morris & Eames. Ga., Ala., Miss., Tex., Okla., Tenn., Ark., Mo., and Ind. 5. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard. (Ibidium cernuum (L.) House.) Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Map 716. Well distributed in the lake area where it may be common over acres of recently drained mucky land. It prefers calcareous springy areas and marshes and is usually found in the open. In the southern part of the state it is generally found as an indi- dividual plant here and there growing in hard clay or sandy soil in open, black and white oak woods, on chestnut oak ridges, and less frequently in low woods with sweet gum and pin oak, and sometimes on sandy knolls in the southwestern part of the state. It is also frequent in wet prairies where such habitats occur. A variety of this species has been reported from Indiana but I am excluding it. See excluded species for a discussion of it. N. S., Ont. to Minn., and southw. to Ga., Tex., and N. Mex. 1504. GOODYERA R. Br. 1. Goodyera pubescens R. Br. (Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton and Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM.) Downy Rattlesnake- plantain. Map 717. Local in many parts of the state where its habitat exists. It generally prefers a deep humus soil that is slightly acid. I have seen it as a common plant on residual sandstone soil in Clay and Crawford Counties and only a few plants in a colony here and there in sandy soil in black oak woods. In addition to the distribution shown on the map it has been reported from Lake, Putnam, and Vigo Counties. N. E., Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C, Ala., and 111. 1534. CALOPOGON R. Br. 1. Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. (Limodorum tuberosum L. in part.) Grass-pink Orchid. Map 718. More or less frequent in its habitat throughout the lake area. It grows in the open in both peaty and marly springy places, in tamarack bogs, and in a moist, prairie habitat. In addi- tion to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Cass and White Counties. Newf., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 348 Orchidaceae Calapogon 0 50 Map 717 Goodyera pubescens R. Be Jan. Feb. Mir Apr. Mjy June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 8 C ^{ D \ L KD ID /P" D I D »D B D 0 T f ^/iD 10 J 1 P D I P f rr DP "T V\ r Miles 0 50 Map 718 Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R.Br. 5 55 Map 719 Corallorrhiza Wisteriana Conrad 1548. CORALLORRHIZA [Haller] Chatelain Flowering in Indiana before July 1, mostly in May and early June. Plants northern in their distribution, reaching only northern Indiana; flowers greenish or yellowish; perianth generally 5 mm or less in length; lip truncate at the apex. 1. C. trifida. Plants southern in their distribution, not yet found in northern Indiana; flowers and stem more or less purplish; perianth generally 6-8 mm long; lip notched at the apex 2. C. Wisteriana. Flowering in Indiana after July 1, mostly in August and September. Lip with a short lobe on each side at the base; mature capsule about 10 mm long. . . . 3. C. macidata. Lip without lateral lobes; mature capsule about 6 mm long 4. C. odontorhiza. 1. Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain. Early Coralroot. This species is admitted to our flora upon the authority of Pepoon, who says : "Frequent in the dune swale woods northeast of Dune Park" (Porter County), and upon the basis of a specimen collected by Umbach in 1892 at Miller (Lake County), now in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin. It was also reported from Floyd County but that record should, no doubt, be referred to some other species. Newf., Que., Sask., B. C. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Colo., and Oreg. ; also in Eurasia. 2. Corallorrhiza Wisteriana Conrad. Wister Coralroot. Map 719. Infrequent and rather local in the southern third of the state, rarely in small colonies, but, where found, the specimens are usually a rod or more apart. It grows in humus, generally on wooded, beech slopes, sometimes in black or black and white oak woods, and rarely in white oak woods. This is by far our most common coralroot. Pa. to Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3. Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. SPOTTED CORALROOT. Map 720. My specimens are all from the lake area except the one from Brown County. All grew in rather deep humus in black, black and white, or white oak woods. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported Malaxis Orchidaceae 349 0 50 Map 720 Corallorrhiza macuiata Raf. Jan. Feb M3r Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. D A- \ r ^r- in r r |_L D E J d 1 sr )^T*I\1 wl , V Miles 0 " 50 Map 721 Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt. 1 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 f -f y- D D Jv K -l r ^ J D r1 Dec.*- D / Miles Malaxis un 'folia M 3 '50 Map 722 'chx. from Jefferson, Lake, and La Porte Counties. The report from Jefferson County may probably be wrong since the author did not report Coral- lorrhiza Wisteriana which occurs there. Newf., Que., Sask. to B. C, southw. to Va., N. C, Ind. and Calif. 4. Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt. Late Coralroot. Map 721 This species is found in slightly acid soil in bare places in fallow fields, or in rather sandy soil in deep humus in black and white oak woods. Very local in its distribution but probably found here and there throughout the state. It has been reported from other counties but wrong determinations are so frequent that to enumerate them might lead to confusion. Southern Maine to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla. and Mo. 1552. MALAXIS Sw. Pedicels straight, mostly 3-6 mm long, longer than the ovary 1. M. unifolia. Pedicels twisted, 1-2 mm long, shorter than the ovary. (See excluded species no. 160, p. 1038. ) M. brachypoda. 1. Malaxis unifolia Michx. (Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) BSP.) Green Adder's Mouth. Map 722. I have specimens from four counties : one from Vigo County from a wooded slope, one from Monroe County from "Huckle- berry Hill," one from Noble County near Pleasant Lake, and one from a clump of sphagnum in the Leesburg bog, Kosciusko County. Blatchley col- lected a specimen at "Huckleberry Hill" in Monroe County, June 15, 1887. Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Mo. 1556. LlPARIS Richard Twayblade Flowers usually light madder purple; lip wedge-obovate, mostly 10 mm long; leaves elliptic or ovate; plants usually of dry ground 1. L. lilii folia. Flowers yellowish green or light green; lip obovate or oblong, about 5 mm long; leaves elliptic-lanceolate; plants of a boggy habitat 2. L. Loeselii. 1. Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard. Lily Twayblade. Map 723. Prob- ably found in all parts of the state, being local in the northern part and 350 Orchidaceae Liparis 0 50 Map 723 Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard o 50 Map 724 Liparis Loesellii (L.) Richard 3 3 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. f r J^ iV " X fjM J y~ r Dec. j- 1 ' D L. "(Ba ijtI _— > J / / Miles Ti pu aria ! P r- discol r5 V 7 jr (Purs J 50 Map 725 h) Nutt. more or less frequent in the southern part. The plant is very inconspicuous and doubtless it is more abundant than our records indicate. It evidently prefers a slightly acid soil and is generally found in deep humus in beech or white oak woods and more rarely in black and white oak woods. In Putnam County about 3 miles northwest of Greencastle, on June 3, 1910, I found it in a 19-year old Catalpa planting that had been first cultivated to strawberries and later abandoned. Here the plant was growing by the hundreds. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from these counties : Lake, Union, and Vigo. N. H. and Mass. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo. 2. Liparis Loeselii (L.) Richard. Loesel Twayblade. Map 724. The majority of my specimens were found in sphagnum in tamarack bogs and in open boggy places. It is very local and is restricted to the lake area. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Fulton, Kosciusko, La Porte, and Marshall Counties. It has already become very rare. N. S. to Sask., southw. to N. C, Ala. and Mo. 1560. TIPULARIA Nutt. 1. Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. {Tipularia uni folia (Muhl.) BSP.) Cranefly Orchid. Map 725. This species is restricted to our southern counties but it may have a wider range than the map shows. I have a memorandum that I saw it in Brown County but I did not preserve speci- mens. In 1938 Benjamin W. Douglass wrote me he found it near Trevlac. The leaves disappear before flowering time and look much like those of Orchis spectabilis or those of Aplectrwm, hyemale. Tipularia may easily be distinguished because the lower surface is purplish instead of green. One does not usually collect leaf specimens but in this species a leaf specimen makes a record as authentic as a flowering one. I am of the opinion that it will be found all over the unglaciated area, but very locally. Where it is found it is usually somewhat frequent but it is so inconspicuous Hexalectris Orchidaceae 351 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Wr rh L T f Wr — hi - 1 1 Y^/ Miles O 50 Map 726 Hexalectris spicata (Wall.) Barnh. 0 50 Map 727 Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. 0 50 Map 728 Saururus cernuus L. that it may be overlooked. It grows in deep humus on protected slopes with beech or white oak and in black and white oak woods. N. J., Ohio, and Ind., southw. to Fla. and Ala. 1629. HEXALECTRIS Raf. 1. Hexalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnh. (Torreya 4: 121. 1904.) (Hexa- lectris aphylla (Nutt.) Raf.) Crested Coralroot. Map 726. On August 3, 1922 I found a few scattered flowering plants on a black and white oak slope in a woods bordering the Ohio River in sec. 14 about 151/2 miles southeast of Corydon. R. C. Friesner found it near Edwards- ville in Floyd County August 20, 1923 and again on August 14, 1926. Blatchley reported it as growing on a high, wooded hill 2 miles south of Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County, July 25, 1896. These are our only reports. Va. to Ind., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Ariz. ; also in n. Mex. 1642. APLECTRUM [Nutt.] Torr. 1. Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Puttyroot. Map 727. This orchid is found sparingly throughout the state. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from the following counties : Hamilton, Lake, Marshall, Porter, Steuben, and Tippecanoe. It is found in deep humus in well protected and shaded spots in beech, black and white, and white oak woods. I recall that on the Clark County State Forest a large colony grew on a slope in a tangle of dense second growth of white oak and grape vines. During the winter the vines and excess of forest growth were removed and I never saw a plant there after that time. I have tried to grow the species at Bluffton in neutral soil in a shaded location but in a few years it disappears. Vt. to Sask., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Kans. 352 Saururaceae Saururus 1 D f DF 'f : D Jan. feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. P J, **.■/ 0 D - 0 Df P D f| ' D 0 Jr f^ 0 " r1 -I l\ D t " r, fiM Dec <- D \ F * B 0 D / } I-JI 0 P ( T~G- pV / Mi es 5» 1 J a\ J°\ J J 50 S^^j-^f ^ Map 729 Populus heterophylla L. — D — T D 0 0 uk[ i D t 0 O 0 Jan. feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. I'J '•I L y* N_^ D O 0 0 DP D 0 P n C r" A D D £ P " ? -i D 0 B ii 0 1 ^ r - tn D J t Dec C i ' — "^1 1 °J Tja °| / ' / Miles D D rJ D 0 ( 1 IU / 0 I D S \ Populus d sit ^\ 7 oides lv 50 Map 730 ichx. i i D ' D o ia < D BO D D D P Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. 0 P y' 0 D P - B D DP P 3 D q UG n C fH- D " D D ir X 0 D r r - i 0 J ?- \ 3 IU Dec f S B D D io r Vb — B D B 10 " ) P ^7- B 0 ffe l_^ -J B TV" Vf8 / J "{7 B* / ^ J Miles 0 I f D F op ulus grandidentata 3 50 Map 731 Michx. 52. SAURURACEAE Lindl. Lizardtail Family 1856. SAURURUS [Plum.] L. 1. Saururus cernuus. L. Common Lizardtail. Map 728. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in wet woodland, along muddy borders of streams, and about ponds and sloughs. Where it is found it usually forms almost a complete stand over the area. R. I. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 56. SALICACEAE Lindl. Willow Family Buds with several scales; leaves ovate or deltoid; bracts of flowers laciniate; disk below each flower cup-shaped 1872. Populus, p. 352. Buds with a single scale; leaves lanceolate or narrower, rarely wider; bracts of flowers entire or subentire; disk below each flower consisting of one or more glands 1873. Salix, p. 354. 1872. POPULUS [Tourn.] L. Poplar Branchlets, outer bud scales, and lower surface of leaves white-tomentose; leaves more or less lobed (rarely a branch with unlobed leaves and these usually with about 7 coarse teeth ) 1. P. alba. Branchlets, outer bud scales, and lower surface of leaves not white-tomentose; leaves never lobed. Petioles rounded and more or less channeled above. Leaf blades 10-17 cm long, gradually narrowed toward the apex into an obtuse or merely acute point; pedicels of fruit usually 5-10 mm long. .2. P. heterophylla. Leaf blades 6-15 cm long; fruit nearly sessile or on pedicels up to 3 mm long. Blades typically ovate-lanceolate, whitish, waxy, glabrous or sparsely pubescent 1 ciieath, usually acuminate at the apex; base acute, rounded or subcordate. 3. P. Tacamahacca. Blades broader, mote rounded in outline, pubescent and usually with longer hairs; the apex usually acute; base more deeply cordate; teeth coarser 3a. /'. Tacamahacca var. candicans. Petioles more or less flattened, especially near the blade. Tips of the branchlets curved upward (in winter phase); mature leaves broadly deltoid and mostly more than 7 cm wide (or rhombic-ovate and cuneate at the base) ; stamens 20 or more; capsules 4-8 mm in diameter 4. P. deltoides. Populus Salicaceae 353 Tips of the branchlets not curved upward (in winter phase); mature leaves ovate, broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, mostly less than 8 cm wide (except those of root and coppice shoots); stamens 6-12; capsules 1.5-3 mm in diameter. Winter buds more or less pubescent, dull; young branchlets gray-tomentose at first; leaves generally with less than 12 teeth on each side (except those of root shoots) 5. P.. grandidentata. Winter buds glabrous, glossy; young branchlets glabrous or nearly so at first; leaves mostly with more than 12 teeth on each side 6. P. tremuloides. 1. Populus alba L. White Poplar. This species has been freely planted throughout the state and has escaped in all parts. It rapidly spreads from root shoots, and, when not restricted, it soon spreads in all directions, in fields and woodland in all kinds of soils except very wet ones. It is no longer planted by anyone familiar with its habit of spreading or one who knows that the branches are killed by the oyster-shell scale. Nat. of Eurasia. 2. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp Cottonwood. Map 729. In Indiana it is infrequent in the lake area, local in the central part, local to frequent in the southern part, and possibly absent in the southeastern part. It be- comes a tall, slender tree, 10-16 inches in diameter. It grows on the borders of ponds in woodlands which have for a subsoil a stiff blue clay, locally called "gumbo." The habitat simulates that of pin oak but I do not recall ever seeing these species growing together. It is usually associated with red maple, sweet gum, and cypress. Where there are more than a few trees it is usually found in a pure stand. It is most abundant in the sloughs of the Lower Wabash Bottoms. Atlantic coast from Conn, to Fla., westw. to La., and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to n. Ohio, s. Mich., and Mo. 3. Populus Tacamahacca Mill. (Populus balsamifera of some recent authors.) Balsam Poplar. A few colonies of this poplar have been found along Lake Michigan in Lake, Porter, and La Porte Counties, and it has been found in St. Joseph County. The trees I have seen are small ones near the lake front. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. and reaching the U. S. only on the northern border. 3a. Populus Tacamahacca var. candicans (Ait.) Stout. (Populus candi- cans Ait.) See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 25-37. 1929. This variety is found in the eastern part of the range of the species and is found as a small tree along Lake Michigan. The clon, Balm of Gilead, originating from a specimen of this variety, has been freely planted but I do not know of any place where it is spreading. 4. Populus deltoides Michx. Cottonwood. Map 730. This is one of the largest trees of the state and is found throughout. It grows only in low ground about ponds, in woodland, and along streams and ditches. N. H., w. Que. to the Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 354 Salicaceae Salix o ~T6 Map 732 Populus tremuloides Michx. 0 50 Map 733 Salix nigra Marsh. 0 ~~ 30 Map 734 Salix amygdaloides Anders. 5. Populus grandidentata Michx. Largetooth Aspen. Map 731. This is a tree of small or medium size found more or less frequently in the lake area and less frequently in the unglaciated area. Outside these areas it is local or absent. In the northern part of the state it is found in low- ground while in the unglaciated area it is usually found on the crests of the highest ridges. N. B. to Minn., southw. in the mts. to S. C, Ohio, Ind., and Iowa. 6. Populus tremuloides Michx. ASPEN. Map 732. This small tree is common in low ground in the lake area and I have never seen it growing on hills. It has been reported from all parts of the state but all of the speci- mens I have seen from the southern part of the state should be referred to the preceding species. It is doubtful whether it occurs far south of the stations shown on the map, and, if so, it will be found very locally. Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Term., Mo., Nebr., and in the mts. to Mex. and Calif. 1873. SALIX [Tourn.] L. Willow Note: Specimens of this genus are difficult to determine because the species are dioecious, are highly variable, and freely hybridize. Hence it is advisable to collect a flowering specimen and later to collect a mature leaf specimen from the same plant to make determination easy and certain. KEY BASED PRIMARILY ON PISTILLATE FLOWERS AND CAPSULES Ovary glabrous; bracts of flowers usually deciduous before maturity of the capsule. Ovary sessile or subsessile. Leaves cordate at the base, silky-pubescent above 17. S. adenophylla. Leaves cuneate at the base. Blades more or less pubescent at flowering time; capsules 3-5 mm long. 6. S. alba. Blades usually glabrous at flowering time; branches pendulous; capsules 1.5-2 mm long. (See excluded species no. 162, p. 1038.) S. babylonica. Salix Salicaceae 355 Ovary stalked, sometimes the stalk rather short. Stigmas sessile or subsessile (style, if any, less than 0.5 mm long); petioles without glands. Leaf margins entire; leaves glaucous beneath 15. S. pedicellaris. Leaf margins more or less serrate. Margins of leaves with widely spaced, slender, sharp teeth 8. S. interior. Margins of leaves finely and evenly serrate. Petioles of mature leaves 3-6 mm long. Blades green beneath 1. S. nigra. Blades whitish beneath 5. S. longipes var. Wardi. Petioles of mature leaves 6-15 mm long; blades paler beneath 2. S. amygdaloides. Stigmas on distinct styles 0.5-1 mm long; petioles mostly glandular at the apex. Petioles not glandular; leaves glaucous beneath. Leaves more than 5 mm wide 19. S. glaucophylla. Leaves less than 5 mm wide 16a. S. Candida var. denudata. Petioles glandular at the apex; leaves not glaucous beneath. Capsules maturing after June 20, 7-9 mm long 3. S. serissima. Capsules maturing before June 20, 5-8 mm long. Catkins sessile 18. S. cordata. Catkins distinctly stalked. Leaves of branchlet below the catkin stalk entire 7. S. fragilis. Leaves of branchlet below the catkin stalk serrulate. Catkins loosely flowered; capsules conic-subulate; pedicel twice as long as the gland. (See excluded species no. 166, p. 1038.) und growing between - of limestone rock, about a foot above the water from a bank about 2 feet high on the north side of Laughery Creek about a fourth mile east : Friendship. Ripley County. Good speci- difficult I .in because in all V I es the plants are submerged during high water. The s s a sprawling in character because debris and ice continually keep them broken off, although they are very tough. a - - d willow and should be sought all along the Ohio River. Potoj s - 111. to se. K; - southw. to Cuba and Tex." \ R. Ball ret ts at this species He, Franklin Coir .ix 361 -.. -^ ■ -:: /_ _ .: . • : pes ;;--'"' ."^'-' -: "':'- 5a jlha L . — — ^^ . ■ i _— . ; — ~ » — — — ;';' y* _-^- _] - - - 1 ;.-" -" ■ ■ _ 6. Sales .axea L. European White Willow. Map 739. This is a Euro- pean species that, no doubt, has been planted more or less throughout the ite. I have found it as an escape only a few times although it has been reported from 12 counties - -e in which I have found it Nat. of Eu. 6a. Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes. Golden Willow. This willow has been reported from 10 counties, mostly by our early auth who were not careful to distinguish between escaped and planted -..- I believe it is far more common than our white willow but I have seen it only a few times where I would consider it as an escape. I doubt that it ever escapes by seed but only by means of branchlets which have been broken off and carried down streams and deposited where they are covered with mud. Nat. of Eu. 7. Salix feagilis L. Beittle Willow. Map 740. This European willow has been freely planted throughout the state and is found more commonly as an escape, I believe, because the branchlets are very easily broken off by wind and ice and scattered where they are covered with soil and easily propagate. I recall the ingenious use of this species by a farmer in Wayne County who, about 1857, had planted several rows of the trees and spaced them close and in zigzag rows across a creek bottom. When I asked why he so planted them he told me that it was to catch the rails and wheat that came down the stream during floods. Nat. of Eu. 8. Salix interior Rowlee. (Salix longifolia Muhl.) Longleaf Willow. Sandbar Wdllo'-v. Map 741. Found throughout the state along strear especially on gravelly bars, about lakes, and along ditches. It usually forms dense colonies and often covers large areas. Eastern Que. to Man., southw. in the interior to Va.. Tenn., and Te generally absent from N. E. and the Coastal Plain. 362 Salicaceae Salix 6 20 4 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. » i ■—Yd ■• ■'• Vy B D f \ ° 0 V ■ s » 0 * J, N_^o D 10 o P » - B D _ DP P D /■i 0 0 S » 1 1 f,fi 0 B D B " D SO X * D D P BOD r B » D _J£ 0 J D D I1" OecJ- 10 D » — \ ° 0 p K 1 — ^~/ J— y\ / d J o \ A p | J^j -t^o lb" ? Tb« wl . — ' / Miles > 0 llli p p J* Sal ' s J x in tenor Row 50 Map 741 lee r— | i 0 ID B 0 Jan. B Feb. D 2 1 Mar. Apr. May June July ml 0 f y D n Y 0 V B 1 ^B 0 0 — Aug. Sept. V 0 V 0 1 I D Oct. Nov. D r " LZ D r1 Dec C B 1 *s 1 ^— 'f B \ ) D V? 1 I 1 / 1 D "(bii pi . — ' ' J r£ 0 ( / Miles { v \ y\ J ) 50 j|j45^r 1 io D Jan Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. •y i - B 01 T- ° • v^r J ■L; 0 0 s 1 la d B f 0 0 — I 0 B D B D 0 BO -T B " D r^ r, : Dec. £ 1 ID i ' B 10 I j { D J \_ D 1 /< f 1 J^ 1 ^[ Ba D J D ^/ ^/ Miles cL D L * \ C -. ar; ) :ordi forrr 3 15\ 7 r f \~) is (Wang 0 50 Map 759 ) K.Koch smooth, the shell thin, rarely thick, thinner than that of the preceding species; kernel sweet without astringency. C. Nuts ellipsoidal. Inner surface of fresh husk without a resinous odor; nut rounded at base, acute at apex, broadest about the middle 7. C. ovalis. Inner surface of fresh husk with a resinous odor; nuts smaller and usually more compressed than those of the preceding 7a. C. ovalis var. odorata. C. Nuts obovoid or oblong. D. Nuts taper-pointed or rounded at the apex, broadest above the middle. Nut without an elongate or stipitate base 7b. C. ovalis var. obovalis. Nut with an elongate or stipitate base 7c. C. ovalis var. obovalis f . acuta. ' D. Nuts oblong, cordate or subcordate at the apex. Branchlets glabrous at fruiting time 7d. C. ovalis var. obcordata. Branchlets more or less pubescent at fruiting time 7e. C. ovalis var. obcordata f. vestita. Involucres 3-4.5 mm thick; winter buds reddish brown, at least the margins of the scales pubescent 8. C. pallida. B. Branchlets and leaves densely covered with a rusty brown pubescence when they first appear; dry husk 3-3.5 mm thick 9. C. Buckleyi var. arkansana. 1. Carya Pecan (Marsh.) Engler & Graebner. (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch and Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britt.) Pecan. Map 758. Infrequent or local in the Ohio River Bottoms as far east as Beth- lehem, Clark County, up the Wabash River as far north as 4 miles south of Covington, Fountain County, up White River into Greene County, and known up the Muscatatuck River into Washington County. It was formerly a common tree in Point Township of Posey County and in the southwest part of Gibson County. Its habitat is river bottoms that are usually inun- dated annually. Mississippi Valley from Ind. to Iowa, southw. to La. and Tex. 2. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. (Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt.) Bitternut Hickory. Generally known in Indiana as pignut hickory. Map 749. An infrequent to frequent tree throughout the state. Carya Juglandaceae 369 This species prefers a moist soil but will be found also on wooded slopes. The species is variable in the number and size of its leaflets. The usual number of leaflets is 5 or 7, but trees with 7 or 9 leaflets are frequent. The leaflets of the greater number of trees rarely exceed 3.5 cm in width but the lateral leaflets of some trees are more than twice as wide. Sargent calls the wide-leaflet form var. latifolia Sarg. He says the under surface of the leaflet is usually more pubescent. This is usually true but can not be used as a character to separate the two forms. In Indiana, the forms with wide leaflets are found in the southern half of the state, especially on the wooded slopes of the hill country. Valley of the St. Lawrence River to Nebr., southw. to the Gulf States. 3. Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt.) Shag- bark Hickory. Map 760. Infrequent to common in every county of the state. Its habitat is moist, rich woodland but it is sometimes found on slopes of hills. It is usually associated with red oak, bigleaf shagbark hickory, swamp white oak, basswood, white ash, slippery elm, sugar maple, beech, and sweet gum. N. E., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3a. Carya ovata var. fraxinifolia Sarg. (Sargent. Trees and Shrubs 2: 207. 1913.) This variety is described as "having leaflets lanceolate to slightly oblanceolate, acuminate, thick and firm in texture, lustrous above, pubescent along the midribs below, the terminal 1.4-1.5 dm long, from 4.4-5 cm wide, and raised on a slender puberulous petiolule, the lateral leaflets asymmetric at the base, sessile, those of the lowest pair 7-9 cm long, and 2.5-3 cm wide." Sargent referred specimens which I had collected from Daviess, Martin, and Wells Counties to this variety. 3b. Carya ovata var. Nuttalli Sarg. (Sargent. Trees and Shrubs 2 : 207. 1913.) This variety is described as having "nut rounded, obcordate or rarely pointed at apex, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base, much compressed, prominently angled, about 1.5 cm long, and 1-1.2 cm thick; involucre 4-10 mm thick and splitting freely to the base. Except in size of the fruit there appears to be no character by which the variety can be distinguished from the common Shagbark." This variety is more or less frequent in the northeastern part of the state. 4. Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. (Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg.) Bigleaf Shagbark Hickory. Map 761. Rare, infrequent or fre- quent to common throughout the state, although there are no specimens or records from the northwestern counties. I was told that it occurred in the northern part of Porter County. It may be absent from a few of these counties. This species grows in wet woodland and is usually associated with the shagbark hickory. Locally it is common and throughout the Lower Wabash Valley it is common. It is associated with many species that inhabit wet woods and in one locality in the Spencer County Bottoms southwest of Rockport I found this species and beech the dominant trees. Exception : In the Lower Wabash Bottoms, there is a form of this hickory 370 JUGLANDACEAE Carya 3 ■ f Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. ■*~S r J j S D 'I ^ -4 DP 0 P J r1 Dec. j- ■ T ' D Jy ~ri» o . — > J Miles \ 1 CL B \ » \\ 10 I c .arya torn entosa (La i' 50 Map 762 id Nutt. o ~^5o Map 763 Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 0 50 Map 764 Carya ovalis (Wang) Sarg. that has a tight bark, like that of the mockernut hickory, otherwise it is like the species. This form has the most palatable nut of the genus. The nut is compressed, short, of more than medium size, and has the best cracking quality of all the forms. I have known the nut of this form for many years but I have not had the opportunity of working out the taxon- omy of it. For many years we bought nuts from this area for table use, and I was always able to recognize this nut without mistake. N. Y., se. Ont., to e. Iowa, and se. Nebr., southw. to W. Va., Ala., and La. 5. Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. (Carya alba (L.) K. Koch and Hicoria alba (L.) Britt.) Mockernut. Map 762. Very rare in the northern part of the state, becoming infrequent to frequent in the extreme southern part. It is doubtful whether all reports from the northern part of the state by other authors are authentic. It is essentially a tree of dry and usually poor soil but it is found in the lowlands of the Lower Wabash Valley where it is often associated with the preceding species. In the unglaciated area, it is generally found associated with the pignut hickory, black and white oaks, and often with the tulip tree. E. Mass., sw. Ont., s. Mich, to se. Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 5a. Carya tomentosa var. subcoriacea (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyermark. This variety is known from a single tree on the east bank of the cypress swamp in the southwestern part of Posey County. For several years I bought hickory nuts for table use from this area and nuts of this variety were not infrequent in the lot. It is distinguished from the species by the larger size and shape of the fruit and nut. The dried fruit is 5 cm long, oblong. The nut is oblong, 4.4 cm long, pointed at both ends, or some nuts are somewhat ovoid and more rounded at the base, little compressed, and strongly angled ; shell very thick, 5 mm at the thinnest place ; kernel very small and sweet. 6. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet. (Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt.) PIGNUT Hickory. (Generally known in Indiana as black hickory.) Map 763. This species is found principally in the southern half of the state. I think Carya Juglandaceae 371 that most of the reports of it from the northern part of the state should be referred to Carya ovalis or some of its many forms. One or more trees grow on the high sand bank of the north side of Lake Ann, about 5 miles northeast of Fremont, Steuben County. E. J. Palmer has verified the determination. My record from Delaware County I am now referring to Carya ovalis variety. This species and the next are entirely distinct, but it is impossible to name correctly herbarium specimens which are incom- plete, immature, or without field data. In collecting specimens of these two species, it is desirable that a note be made whether the bark of the trunk and principal branches is tight or somewhat scaly and whether the surface of the fruit is smooth or granular. The prevailing number of leaflets also should be recorded. Fruiting specimens should not be collected until mature, usually after the first of October. Flowering specimens should always be accompanied by a fruiting specimen from the same tree. 6a. Carya glabra var. megacarpa Sarg. (Sargent. Bot. Gaz. 66: 244. 1918.) This variety is distinguished from the type by its larger obovoid fruit, 2.5-4.5 cm long and by the husk, 2.5-3 mm thick. I have a specimen from Franklin County given this varietal name by Sargent. Infrequent to common on hills with black and white oak. It is especially common in the knobstone area of the state. Vt., se. Ont., s. Ind. to sw. 111., southw. to Va., and in the mts. to Ga., n. Ala., and e. Miss. 7. Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. (Carya microcarpa Nutt. in part, and Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt.) Sm all-fruited Hickory. Map 764. All of the varieties are shown on the map with the species. Found through- out the state but infrequent to rare south of the lake area except on some of the sandy ridges of the southwestern part. In the lake area it is usually frequent to common on clay and sandy ridges with black and white oak. This species is extremely variable in the character of the bark and in the shape of its fruit and nuts. The bark is generally scaly on the principal branches and on the trunk except near the base of the tree. It is usually not thick but I know of one specimen in Lagrange County that has very thick and tight bark. The nuts of this tree are almost cubical, but otherwise the tree is typical Carya ovalis. The nuts vary from ellipsoidal to obovoid, with the base acute or rounded, the apex acute, rounded or obcordate, little or strongly compressed, the surface from nearly smooth to strongly ridged or somewhat roughened. Mass. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Miss. 7a. Carya ovalis var. odorata (Marsh.) Sarg. This variety is separated by the resinous odor of the inner surface of the fresh husk, but I have not been able to test this character. I am referring to this variety my speci- mens which Sargent so named. My specimens are all from the extreme northeastern part of the state, from Allen, Grant, Lagrange, Steuben, and Wells Counties. Conn., Pa. to Mo. 372 JUGLANDACEAE Carya 0 50 Map 765 Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn. o ^30 Map 766 Carya Buckley? var. arkansana Sarg. « 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. r" ml i u 1 5 / L D : D D D D B ^x r |T» o 0 _^ ^ | D 0 ■> » „ D n P B 0 V B IB D T^ D B i b l D D B o D _ : • ■ Jl * D -r 5 5 j E f1! ft I Dec.j- IU 4— l 10 D K I V B T D D L, B D j r- B / A I D r£ o B 7d J D P D U Miles D var. k TBT7~nD y Miles J D Quercus jA p 7 montana 3 50 Map 785 Wild. only one from the northwestern part. It is generally found on the dry banks of streams, river terraces, rocky, wooded bluffs, and only rarely in level, moist woods. Vt., s. Ont. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 5. Quercus Prinus L. (Quercus Michauxii Nutt.) Swamp Chestnut Oak. Map 784. This species is restricted to low, flat woods of the southern part of the state. It is local in the southwestern part although it forms about 20 per cent of the stand in a few of the woods along Prairie Creek in Daviess County. It is more frequent in the "flats" of the southeastern part of the state where it is associated with sweet gum, red maple, and pin oak. Del., s. Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 6. Quercus montana Willd. (Quercus Prinus of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Chestnut Oak. Map 785. In Indiana this species is restricted to the area indicated on the map where it is found on the ridges and slopes of sandstone and of knobstone. Where it is found it is usually the dominant tree. Maine, n. shore of Lake Erie to w. cent. Ind., southw. to Ga. and Ala. 7. Quercus stellata Wang. Post Oak. Map 786. This species is, for the most part, restricted to the southwestern part of the state. In the unglaciated area it is found mostly on the crests of ridges with black oak. West of this area it is found in bottom land along the Little Pigeon Creek and in the southwestern part of Posey County on the higher bottoms. It is generally associated with white and black oak, winged elm, and mockernut hickory. In this area, it is also found sparingly on some sandy ridges. In 1932, I found a single tree about 9 inches in diameter on the slope of the high, gravelly bank of Big Wea Creek about 4 miles southwest of Lafayette. It has been reported from Lake and Porter Counties but 384 Fagaceae Quercus 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f -r 1 1 Jv [V " D -i r -^ ~r ^ Dec £ > ' — B D 0 ■ o j b K7 T~ Bo . * J Miles D B /o j wet* J > i'jj ^, Q uerc B ) US D P *• »J St f\ 7 illate "A 50 Map 786 ang. 0 50 Map 787 Quercus macrocarpa Michx 0 50 Map 788 Quercus I y rat a Walt. Buhl (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 5: 10. 1934), in his Supplement to Pepoon, Flora of the Chicago Region, deletes these reports. Mass. to Ind. and s. Iowa, southw. to Fla., Okla., and Tex. 8. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak. Mossycup Oak. Map 787. Doubtless occurring in every county of the state, although it may be very rare in some of the hilly counties of the unglaciated area. This species is generally found in wet places in woods and along streams. It is a pioneer tree in the prairie counties where it grows both in low ground and on high ground and even on sandy ridges. In the prairie area it sometimes forms pure stands. I have noted it as a common tree in areas that undoubtedly were formerly prairies in Kosciusko, Lagrange, Noble, and Steuben Counties. N. S. to Man., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Wyo. 8a. Quercus macrocarpa var. olivaeformis (Michx. f.) Gray. This variety is distinguished from the typical form by its shallow cup and the long, oval nut which is often 3 cm long. The cup is semi-hemispheric and encloses the nut for about half its length. It is rare. I have speci- mens from Wells County, and it has been reported from Gibson and Hamilton Counties. X Quercus Hillii Trelease. This is believed to be a hybrid between Qn< r- cus macrocarpa and Quercus Muhlenbergii. A single tree was found by Hill near Roby, Indiana. I report this on the authority of Sargent. I have a duplicate specimen but I believe it is only a specimen of the bur oak. I question the determination of this specimen because the last named parent of the hybrid does not occur there or, if it does, it is extremely rare. 9. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup Oak. Map 788. This species is very local in the southwestern counties where it grows about river sloughs and in swamps and low, wet woods. Its habitat is usually inundated each -year. I have not seen it common except in a low woods along Prairie Creek about 5 miles northwest of Montgomery in Daviess County. Here it is associated Quercus Fagaceae 385 1 I I "Hdp mill 0 S »D Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. D DP D 0 C ^B 1 B 2 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov 0 HO "f - ^1 _ D D B P D 10 ■4 D f r B / 110 ' " Jll J B E r1 1 , Dec C 1 ' B 10 . K ( 1 D L 1 J? _B ] Y ~^4 0 / J\ *-<* IU 1 J iBa B / — * -/ Miles D ID B 0 rJ P ° Jo [ IU [ \ pa J D Sdp fa l (/ B ) f V^>» 0 50 Map 789 Quercus imbricaria Michx. o 35 Map 790 Quercus boreal is var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe, 0 5d Map 791 Quercus velutina Lam, with the swamp chestnut oak. In 1931, on the bank of Slim Pond (an old river channel) in Posey County, I measured a specimen that was 56 inches in diameter at breast height, and had a clear bole of about 12 feet. Clapp writes he saw it in the vicinity of New Albany. Md. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 10. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. Map 789. Found spar- ingly throughout the state. In some places it is very local and in a few areas it is frequent and locally abundant. Usually it is a tree of low ground and in some places in prairie habitats, it seems to be the pioneer tree species. In the Patoka bottoms it is usually a frequent to common tree in ground just a little higher than where the pin oak grows. On high ground it is usually closely associated with the black oak. Pa., Mich, to Nebr., southw. to Ga. and Ark. X Quercus exacta Trelease. This is believed to be a hybrid between Quercus imbficaria and Quercus palustris. I found a single tree in Posey County. X Quercus Leana Nutt. This seems to be a hybrid between Quercus imbricaria and Quercus velutina. I collected it in Lawrence County and Lake County. I also have a specimen collected by Ralph M. Kriebel from a tree in Lawrence County. Recently Kriebel has collected it in Knox County. 11. Quercus borealis Michx. var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe. (Quercus rubra of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Red Oak. Map 790. This oak is infrequent to frequent throughout the state and even common in some parts. It may be entirely absent from Benton, Newton, and possibly Lake Counties and is rare or absent in the Lower Wabash Valley. While our map shows no specimens from the southwestern part of the state, there are reports from that part and I have seen it growing there. The paucity of specimens of this and other species of oak is due to the fact that oaks do not produce fruit every 386 Fagaceae Quercus 0 50 Map 792 Quercus palustris Muench. 0 50 Map 793 Quercus Shumardii Buckley . 0 Feb. - — Mar. Apr. l . J r May June July / V*-i i . C. pumila. 1. Celtis occidentalis L. var. canina (Raf.) Sarg. (Celtis occidentalis in part, of Cray. Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Celtis Ulmaceae 393 1 Jan. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov 1 P Jt- / Miles P ft IU1 J Celt' s l< ev igata W 3 50 Map 804 ■11 d- 0 50 Map 805 pumila (Muhl) Pursh o 50 Map 806 Morus rubra L. HACKBERRY. Map 802. This tree is no doubt found in every county of the state. It prefers the moist, alluvial soil along streams but is some- times found in sandy upland and on wooded slopes. It is rare in northern and southern Indiana but frequent along our major streams. It is infre- quent to rare in low woods at a distance from a stream. This is the com- mon hackberry in the state. Que. to N. Dak., southw. to Mass., N. Y., Ga., and Okla. la. Celtis occidentalis var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray. (Celtis crassifolia Lam.) Bigleaf Hackberry. Map 803. This form is found probably throughout the state with the preceding but is rare or infrequent. I am not convinced that this variety has any standing. I have found both smooth and rough leaf forms on the same tree. Undoubtedly mere roughness of leaves has little significance. Va. and Ind. to Minn, and Wyo., southw. to N. C. and Tex. 2. Celtis laevigata Willd. (Celtis mississippiensis Bosc of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Sugarberry. Map 804. Infrequent to rare or locally common in low woods in the southwestern part of the state. It is usually found in low woodlands, especially those that are more or less inundated. It is abundant in the bottoms along the Wabash River and frequent in the bottoms near the mouth of Little Pigeon Creek. It no doubt formerly followed the larger streams farther northward than our map indicates. It prefers a hard soil and is rarely found in a porous, alluvial soil. The leaves of this species are usually almost uniform but variations are found. A mile and a half northwest of Griffin, Posey County, I found a large tree that had small leaves, in size and shape like those of the next species but here and there among the leaves were typical ones. The location of the typical leaves indicated to me that the dwarfing was a matter of nutrition but in this I may be in error. The typical leaves are thin and not at all coriaceous but sometimes the leaves are more or less coriaceous. The thickening of the leaves may be due 394 MORACEAE Celtis 1 ml r i i 0 u ° Jan. Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov u J. ° D - S DP LJ > Jv f^ D -i B r H r B B J ■ r"' Dec (- B 1 ' 1 \Bl "Tbb J / Miles D pf_ III B J V 1 01 JS alb ) vat . t |j\ 7 atarica 3 50 Map 807 (L.) Loud. 0 50 Map 808 Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. 0 50 Map 809 Humulus japonicus Sieb.& Zucc. to location of the tree, because, as I now recall, trees of this sort were found in the open. In fact, most of our specimens are taken from low, round-topped trees of the open because specimens could not easily be ob- tained from tall, forest-grown trees. The effects of the environment of the trees must therefore have consideration. This species is usually associated with pecan, sweet gum, pumpkin ash, cane, and soft maple. Va. to Mo. and e. Kans., southw. to the Gulf States and Tex. 3. Celtis pumila (Muhl.) Pursh. (Celtis pumila var. Deamii Sarg. and Celtis occidentdlis var. pumila Muhl.) Dwarf Hackberry. Map 805. Very local and rare to infrequent where it is found. In Lake County it was rather frequent on the sand dunes about Miller. I found it in Steuben County on the high, gravelly slope east of Hogback Lake. In Lawrence County a few very small trees are found on a limestone slope in Spring Mill State Park, associated with dwarf specimens of Zanthoxylum and Rhamnus lanceolata. In Washington County a few trees were found on a wooded slope near Big Spring. In Jefferson County Miss Edna Banta found a few trees in Cliffy Falls State Park near the southern end of Trail no. 1. It is found in Crawford County along Blue River near Milltown. In Harrison County it occurs on a rocky, wooded slope 3 miles east of Elizabeth. In Perry County I found it on several ridges about 7 miles east of Cannelton. The leaves of this species are extremely variable, but no more so than its habitat. Pa., Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla., Ga., and Tenn. 64. MORACEAE Lindl. Mulberry Family Plants woody, small trees. Branches without spines; leaves serrate; pistillate flowers in spikes 1913. Morus, p. 395. Branches with spines; leaves entire; pistillate flowers in heads 1918. Maclura, p. 395. Morus MORACEAE 395 Plants herbaceous, tall, erect or long and twining. Leaves mostly 3-lobed, rarely the blade lobed deeper than to the middle or the upper ones not lobed; long, twining, perennial plants 1972. Humuiajs, p. 396. Leaves 5-7-divided to near the base, the divisions narrow; tall, erect annual plants; introduced 1973. Cannabis, p. 397. 1913. MORUS [Tourn.] L. Mulberry Leaves soft-pubescent with spreading hairs over the entire lower surface, rarely lobed except on vigorous branches or coppice growth, abruptly long-acuminate at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base; fruit dark purple or black, mostly 2.5-3.5 cm long 1. M. rubra. Leaves glabrous beneath except the midrib or midrib and principal nerves, these ciliate- pubescent with appressed hairs. Leaves of an ovate type, rarely lobed; fruit whitish. (See excluded species no. 183, p. 1040.) M. alba. Leaves of an ovate type, mostly 3-5-lobed; fruit mostly 1-2 cm long, reddish or purplish 2. M. alba var. tatarica. 1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry. Map 806. Found as scattered trees probably in every county of the state. Its distribution in the primitive forest can only be conjectured, but since it is a low, round-topped tree and very intolerant of shade, its distribution was, no doubt, very limited. It is abundantly distributed by birds and I have seen it as a frequent to common tree in second growth forests where it is soon shaded out by taller species by the time it reaches a diameter of 4-8 inches. Along fences and in fields it often reaches a diameter of 1-2 feet and usually has a clear bole of 8-10 feet. It is rarely seen in the high forest except in an opening. Vt. to Mich, and S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Morus alba L. var. tatarica (L.) Loud. Russian Mulberry. Map 807. This species was formerly recommended for forest planting for growing fence post timber. It is a small, crooked tree and is a failure for the purpose recommended. It is very hardy and annually produces an abundant crop of fruit which is greedily eaten by birds. Through the agency of birds this species has become widely distributed in woodland and along fences. A neighbor 3 blocks away has a large tree in his yard and each year I have the task of digging about 50-100 seedlings from our garden. Probably introd. from Russia, hence its common name. 1918. MACLURA Nutt. 1. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. (Toxylon pomiferum Raf. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) OSAGE-ORANGE. Map 808. This tree was formerly much planted for farm fences and windbreaks, especial- ly in our prairie area. Since land has become valuable its use has been discontinued. It has sparingly escaped in all parts of the state and it is a wonder that it has not become an obnoxious weed tree. I recall that I studied two lines of large trees that were planted on each side of a deserted lane in the Ohio River bottoms in Perry County. The line of trees 396 Moraceae Humulus was about a quarter of a mile long and the trees were mostly 10-15 inches in diameter near the base. I estimated that on the ground there were not less than 25 bushels of fruit and 1 assumed that the trees fruited almost annually. Yet 1 did not find a single seedling and I do not believe any were dug up. I made no special inquiry to ascertain the cause of the fail- ure of reproduction. Mo. and Kans., southw. to Tex. 1972. HUMULUS L. Hop [Bailey. Humulus. Manual of Cultivated Plants, 239-240. 1924.] Petioles of principal leaves much longer than the blades; leaves 5-7-lobed; bracts of pistillate flowers greenish, usually eglandular, narrow, generally long-acuminate, their margins densely long-ciliate; parts of the staminate involucre usually very glandular, narrow, acute to acuminate; anthers eglandular 1. H. japonicus. Petioles of principal leaves shorter than or only equaling the blades, rarely one or more longer; leaves usually 3-lobed; sometimes all of the leaves on the upper part of the stem unlobed; bracts of pistillate flowers glandular at least at the base, not ciliate, stramineous, not green, broad, the lower acuminate, the middle ones broadly ovate, acute or obtuse; parts of the staminate involucre glandular but the glands easily detached and often becoming eglandular, broad, obtuse; anthers more or less glandular. Lobes of leaves short-acute at the apex or obtuse, coarsely serrate or dentate, the terminal lobe nearly as wide as long; lower surface of leaves sparsely glandular; anthers mostly with fewer than 10 glands. (See excluded species no. 187, p. 1041.) H. Lupulus. Lobes of leaves attenuate to the apex, the teeth of the margins finer than those of the preceding species, the terminal lobe narrower at the base than at the middle, generally at least twice as long as wide; lower surface of leaves usually copiously glandular; anthers generally with more than 10 glands 2. H. americanus. 1. Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hop. Map 809. Re- ported from Tippecanoe County by Wilson but probably more frequent than our knowledge of its distribution indicates. I found it along road- sides near Warsaw and Hobart. Found, also, by Chas. M. Ek in Howard County along a railroad. Nat. of Japan ; sparingly naturalized. 2. Humulus americanus Nutt. American Hop. Map 810. Probably found in all or nearly all of the counties of the state. It prefers a moist and sandy soil and is found infrequently in low ground along streams, about lakes, and along roadsides. Our manuals have not separated this from the Eurasian species and all but one of our reports for the wild hop have been made under the name, Humulus Lupulus. I doubt that the exotic species is found in Indiana and if so, it is very rare. I have not seen a speci- men of it from Indiana. Bailey says : "Lobes of leaves often 5-11," but none of the leaves of my specimens have more than 3 lobes. Since the two species have been confused by most authors I am not able to give the distribution of our native hop, but probably it is nearly the same as that given by authors for the exotic species which is as follows : Cannabis Urticaceae 397 0 50 Map 810 Humulus amen'canus Nutt. 0 50 Map 811 Cannabis sativa L. 0 ~N Map 812 Urtica procera Muhl. N. S. to Wyo., southw. to Fla. and Ariz. The western hop is sometimes considered to be specifically distinct but is usually treated as a variety of Humulus americanus. 1973. CANNABIS [Tourn.] L. 1. Cannabis sativa L. Common Hemp. Map 811. This species yields a strong fibre which is extensively used for cordage. It was formerly sown in northern Indiana for its fibre. The seed of this plant are much used in commercial bird foods, and this accounts for its escape in all parts of the state. The plant grows 6-10 feet high and produces an abundance of seed; it might well be grown for winter food for birds, and people who provide feed for birds during the winter months should be interested in sowing enough hemp to produce a few sheaves of it to be used for this purpose. Hemp is also the source of the narcotic hashish or marihuana, and growing it in Indiana is now prohibited. This species prefers a moist, rich soil but I have found it in almost all kinds of soils and locations. It is usually found in waste places, along roadsides, streams and railroads, and infrequently in fallow fields and open woods. In the Kankakee region it is frequent in low ground along fences and on ditch banks. Nat. of Asia; naturalized from N. B. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans. 65. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Nettle Family Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary panicles. Plants with stinging hairs, the whole plant more or less pubescent, generally 8-15 dm high; leaves generally with more than 15 pairs of teeth; achenes inclosed by the calyx 1974. Urtica, p. 398. Plants without stinging hairs, the whole plant glabrous, generally 3-7 dm high; leaves generally with fewer than 15 pairs of teeth; achenes longer than the calyx 1984. Pilea, p. 399. Flowers in single, axillary spikes, these with or without axillary glomerules; plants without stinging hairs, more or less pubescent throughout; achenes more or less uncinate-pubescent 1990. Boehmeria, p. 400. 398 Urticaceae Urtica Leaves alternate. Plants with stinging hairs; leaves large, with many pairs of sharp teeth; achenes about twice as long as the calyx, oblique, the style lateral 1980. Laportea, p. 398. Plants without stinging hairs; leaves small, entire and undulate; achenes not as long as the calyx, ovate, the style terminal 2007. Parietaria, p. 401. 1974. URTlCA [Tourn.] L. Nettle Blades of leaves at the lower inflorescences generally more than half as wide as long, ovate to broadly ovate, rather deeply cordate at the base, the lower surface gen- erally covered with numerous, setose hairs, coarsely toothed 1. U. dioica. Blades of leaves at the lower inflorescences generally much less than half as wide as long, ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rounded, truncate or sub- cordate at the base, the lower surface lacking the setose hairs or with only a few on the principal nerves and midrib, the margins with smaller and more regular teeth than the preceding species 2. U. procera. 1. Urtica dioica L. There is a specimen of this species in the herbarium of the University of Notre Dame. It was collected by Nieuw- land on the border of St. Joseph Lake, in St. Joseph County. He said it is established there. Nat. of Eu. ; sparingly naturalized in the e. U. S. 2. Urtica procera Muhl. in Willd. (Rhodora 28: 195. 1926.) (Urtica gracilis of authors.) Tall Nettle. Map 812. Infrequent to frequent in the lake area, becoming infrequent to very rare south of this area and re- stricted mostly to low places in the alluvial bottoms of our principal streams. It grows in rich, porous soil only in low ground and is found about lakes and ponds in low woods, in low places along unimproved roads in the lake area, in springy places throughout, and in wet places along streams. This species is often confused with Urtica dioica L. which is a native of Europe and has been reported as sparingly escaped in the eastern part of the United States. It has been reported from Indiana but I am refer- ring all of our reports except the one from St. Joseph County to this species. The two species are difficult to separate. The leaves are variable in texture, in shape of the blade and its base, in the number of setose hairs on either surface, in the number of setose hairs on the stem, petioles, and in the inflorescence, and in the size of the panicles. I have 28 speci- mens from Indiana and 20 of these are monoecious and 8 are pistillate. My specimens represent only the part of the plant with leaves when col- lected and it is probable that the lower leaves and staminate inflorescences of the pistillate specimens had fallen before the plants were collected. The density of the stand of the plants has a marked influence upon them. N. S., Que. to N. Dak., southw. to N. C. and La. 1980. LAPORTEA Gaud. 1. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. (Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Ktze.) Canada Nettle. Map 813. This is strictly a woodland nettle and is found more or less frequently in low, wet woods throughout the Laportea Urticaceae 399 5 17 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec.f- !£K 1 3) B »r, ■ ;u ■ D D - o ? r i D n y f'H: □ D D " D p X ■ lU J 0 DP 1* 0 B r e h m D 1 B s — 1 — D [Si -/ Miles J D B i i B IU K ,* ■f CL D D D 8 / J D 1 D Lapo "r1 rtea D J can ad en sis (L 0 50 Map 813 ..) Gaud 0 50 Map 814 Pilea pumila (L.) Gray o "To Map 815 Pilea fontana (Lune II ) Rydb. state except in the hilly counties where it becomes infrequent or rare. N. B. and N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Kans. 1984. PILEA Lindl. Clearweed Pericarp relatively thin, the inside whitish or very light brown; fruit ovate, green (sometimes violet), the surface more or less irregularly marked with purplish brown (on immature fruit it may be dark green to brown), the total area of the markings covering about half the surface, the markings, under a 25 diameter magnification, appearing as ridges or excrescences; margins of fruit not con- spicuously differing in color from the body; leaves generally cuneate at the base, rarely somewhat rounded or truncate, the number of teeth to a side of average blades 8-15; plants of moist soil and usually growing in cool, shady places 1. P. pumila. Pericarp relatively firm, the inside purplish; fruit ovate, blackish, dull, the surface smooth but unequally bossed all over; margins of fruit conspicuously colorless (whitish) ; leaves rounded, truncate or more rarely cuneate at the base, the greatest number of teeth to a blade 4-9 (10) on a side; longest petioles 0.5-6.5 cm long, varying according to the size of the plant; plants of very wet or springy habitats 2. P. fontana. 1. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray. (Including Pilea pumila var. Deamii (Lu- nell) Fern. For a discussion of this variety see Fernald, Rhodora 38: 169. 1936.) Clearweed. Map 814. This plant prefers a cool, shady place in which to grow and is found in moist, rich soil throughout the state. I once found it growing on an old cypress log in a cypress swamp in Posey County. It is usually found in colonies and when a colony in rich soil is studied it will be found that the plants that are crowded are simple or with few branches at the top while those on the outside of the colony may have long branches even to the ground. Single plants in a similar habitat may be so large that they become decumbent half their length and have side branches that are nearly as long as the remainder of the main stem. The plants are variable in all their parts; the branches at the base may be short or long; the leaves are usually cuneate at the base although I have a specimen with leaves that are truncate at the base ; the teeth of the margins vary from 3-17 on a side and vary from rounded to rather sharply 400 Urticaceae Boehmeria serrate or the margins of the lower leaves are sometimes entire ; the fruits vary in size and in the amount of brown markings and are of a greenish color. My no. 48006 from Crawford County, Oct. 2, 1929, and two just like it from Clark County have purplish fruits, but the inside of the peri- carp is white and they lack the white margins of Piled fontana. In a dry season I collected in the bottom of a pond a sheet of depauper- ate plants only a few inches high. These were named for me by a special- ist as typical Pilea pumila (L.) Gray. Two years later I revisited the same pond when it was full of water and I found only large plants about the pond. Like all annuals delayed germination or lack of moisture pro- duces small or dwarf plants. My collection of 132 sheets from Indiana shows the above variations and others not mentioned. Que., e. Canada to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. (Adicea fontana Lunell.) Map 815. Found in favorable habitats probably throughout the state although its habitat is rarely found south of the lake area. This species grows only in very wet, springy, and boggy places, usually on the borders of lakes and streams. It commonly forms dense stands and usually is 6-12 inches high although I have a specimen more than 3 feet high. One of its favorite habitats is among dead or live cattails. This species can easily be sepa- rated from the preceding species by the white margin of the fruit and the purple color of the inside of the pericarp. It has not been recognized for a time long enough to ascertain its range. P. E. I. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Nebr. 1990. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Leaves mostly broadly ovate, ascending, not folded, generally long-acuminate, smooth, smoothish or somewhat scabrous above; petioles of median leaves (20) 25-80 mm long; achenes generally yellowish green, without purplish splotches, the body usually glabrous 1. B. cylindrica. Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, some or all drooping and generally more or less folded, somewhat scabrous above; petioles of median leaves (3) 5-20 (25) mm long; achenes more or less splotched with purple, the wings and usually the body with uncinate hairs la. B. cylindrica var. Drummondiana. 1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle. Map 816. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in low places in woodlands and less fre- quent in marshes and wet prairies. Maine, Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. la. Boehmeria cylindrica var. Drummondiana Weddell. {Boehmeria cylindrica var. scabra Porter of Gray, Man., ed. 7.) Droopingleaf False Nettle. Map 817. Infrequent to locally frequent in the lake area in open marshes, infrequent to local in wet places in woods and wet prairies, and rare in low places in woods or in springy places in the southern part of the state. It is to be noted that this variety intergrades into the species and in- Phoradendron LORANTHACEAE 401 o 50 Map 816 Boehmeria cylindrica IL.) Sv Map 817 Boehmena cylfndrica var. Drummondiana Weddell 0 ~^6 Map 818 Parietarfa pennsylvanica Muhl, termediates are found that are difficult to place. The scabrous upper surface of the leaves is not a constant character and is of little value. The long- acuminate apex of the leaves generally holds for the species. The length of the petioles, drooping leaves, and purplish achenes are the most reliable characters for their separation. The wings of the achenes are variable in both the species and the variety. Sometimes they are developed more on one side than on the other; they may extend to the base on both sides or on one side only ; the mass of them may be below the median line or it may be above it. On the whole, the achenes with their wings are about 1-1.25 mm wide in the species and 1.25-1.5 mm wide in the variety. It is possible that the alkalinity of the soil has a decided influence on the plant since most of my specimens are from a more alkaline soil than are those of the species. The stem of the variety is usually much more uncinate-pubescent than the stem of the species. Mass., N. Y., and Mich, to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2007. PARIETARIA L. 1. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Pellitory. Map 818. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It is usually found in colonies in dry soil in all kinds of woodland but prefers a sandy soil and is often found in large colonies in mucky or peaty areas that have been drained. Maine, Minn, to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Mex. 67. LORANTHACEAE D. Don Mistletoe Family 2089. PHORADENDRON Nutt. 1. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. Map 819. Formerly frequent to common in the southern counties, now almost extinct. It no doubt covered the southern third of the state. There are reports from as far north as Bartholomew and Franklin Counties and Ridg- 402 Santalaceae Comandra b 50 Map 819 Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt 0 50 Map 820 Comandra Richardsiana Fern. way says: "Fully 90 per cent of the white elm trees in the White and Wabash Rivers bottoms are affected by this parasite. I saw it on no other species except honey locust and elm." The more common hosts, however, include Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Gleditsia triacanthos, Jugkuis nigra, Nyssu sylvatica, Quercus palustris, and Ulmus americana. I have noted walnut trees almost killed by it in both Perry and Posey Counties. In 1934 I saw a large specimen growing on a very large native elm tree in the yard of J. F. Schmid in sec. 18 of Spencer Twp. in Jennings County. It was growing so high that I was unable to secure a specimen. N. J., s. Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 69. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Sandalwood Family Leaves sessile; flowers in corymbiform cymes at the ends of the branches; style slender. 2112. Comandra, p. 402. Leaves on short petioles; flowers in 1-3-flowered lateral cymes; style short 2112A. Geocaulon, p. 403. 2112. COMANDRA Nutt. Rootstock just beneath the surface; leaves lanceolate to ovate, thick, not paler be- neath, when dried the lower surface obscurely veiny; inflorescence corymbose, 1-3 cm wide, of 1-few-flowered cymules on ascending branches. . . .1. C. Richardsiana. Rootstock underground; leaves oblong, thin, pale beneath, when dried the midrib pale beneath; inflorescence, when fully developed, an ellipsoid-oblong panicle with the cymules of smaller more numerous flowers on divergent branches. (See excluded species no. 188, p. 1041.) C. umbellata. 1. Comandra Richardsiana Fern. {Comandra umbellata in part, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Richards Bastard Toadflax. Map 820. Infrequent in dry, sandy soil under black and white oak in northern In- diana and rare in a similar habitat in the southern counties. I have speci- mens from three counties which were found in black, sandy soil in prairies and a specimen from Lagrange County found in a drained tamarack bog where it was associated with tamarack and poison sumac. Most of them were seen by M. L. Fernald and he says that all of my specimens and all Asarum Aristoloch iaceae 403 0 50 Map 822 Asarum canadense L. 0 50 Map 823 Arl stolochi a Serpentaria L. 0 50 Map 824 Aristolochia tomentosa Si of those in the Gray Herbarium from west of the Allegheny Mountains be- long to this species. It is doubtfully separated from Comandra umbellata and in Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, it was regarded as a synonym. Fernald gives the range of Comandra umbellata as restricted to the area east of the Allegheny Mountains. Whether this species is main- tained as distinct or is regarded merely as a geographical form, our speci- mens belong to the segregate of plants with the lower surface of the leaves not paler beneath and with a superficial rootstock. Eastern Que. to Assina., southw. to N. Y., Ind., Mo., and Kans. 2112A. GEOCAULON Fern. See excluded species no. 189, p. 1041. 74. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume Birthwort Family Acaulescent herbs; stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments; capsule fleshy 2170. Asarum, p. 403. Caulescent herbs or woody vines; stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the stigma; capsule dry 2174. Aristolochia, p. 404. 2170. ASARUM [Tourn.] L. Calyx lobes usually reflexed in anthesis, triangular, acute or short-acuminate, generally about as long or less than twice as long as the tube; internodes of the rhizomes, except the last one, generally glabrous 1. A. reflexum. Calyx lobes erect or spreading in anthesis, lanceolate, long-acuminate to caudate, much longer than the tube; internodes of the rhizomes mostly more or less pubescent. . . 2. A. canadense. 1. Asarum reflexum Bickn. (Asarum canadense var. reflexum (Bickn.) Rob.) Curly Wildginger. Map 821. Infrequent to frequent in moist, rich soils in woods throughout the state. It spreads mostly by underground stems, hence it is always found in dense colonies, usually in the lee of an old log or treetop where there is an abundance of leaf mold or in some sheltered situation on a wooded slope or in a ravine. Conn., s. N. Y. to Mich, and Iowa, southw. to Mo. and Kans. 404 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia 2. Asarum canadense L. Canada Wildginger. Map 822. Infrequent to rare throughout the state or absent from some areas. It is found in habitats similar to those of the preceding species but in more protected situations; hence it is restricted more to deep ravines and steep wooded slopes. The length and position of the acuminate portion of the calyx lobes are variable. In Indiana the length of the acuminate part varies from 5-20 mm and the calyx lobe and its appendage may vary from erect to spreading or spreading with the tips incurved. The whole plant in this and the preceding species varies greatly in size and the flowers vary in proportion. As a rule, the more vigorous the plant the longer the calyx lobes. All of our reports for Asarum canadense var. acuminatum Ashe I am referring to this species. N. B. to Man., southw. to N. C, Mo., and Kans. 2174. ARISTOLOCHIA [Tourn] L. Erect herbs up to 6 dm high 1. A. Serpentaria. Long, twining, woody vines 2. A. tomentosa. 1. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virginia Snakeroot. Map 823. Infre- quent to frequent in moist, rich woods throughout the state except the northwestern corner. This herb has been much used in medicine as a bitter tonic since pioneer times. The fact that the tonic was prepared by adding the roots to whiskey may have added to its popularity. Conn, to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims Woolly Pipe-vine. Map 824. Local in the Lower Wabash Valley from the southwestern corner of Knox County southward. It is rather frequent along the lower course of White River in both Gibson and Knox Counties. South of Coffee Bayou in Gibson County it is rare until Point Township in Posey County is reached where it again is local. It climbs to great heights on bushes and small trees. I have seen the dead trunks of large trees shingled with it to a great height. Ridgway (Proc. Nat. Mus. 17: 421. 1894) records the measurements of a vine found in the Lower Wabash Valley as "83 feet long and 10 inches in circumference." I measured a leaf in Posey County, the blade of which was 10 inches wide and 9 inches long. We have had 'it planted for years as a porch trellis and it serves this purpose well but it spreads vigorously by root suckers. N. C, Ind., 111., and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Okla. 77. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Buckwheat Family Sepals 6, the 3 inner ones much longer and enlarged in fruit (except in Rumex Acetosella) ; flowers greenish yellow, frequently tinged with red; stigmas fringed. 2195. Rumex, p. 405. Sepals 5, sometimes 4, nearly equal in length; flowers purple, pink, white, greenish white, greenish pink or greenish yellow in a few species (these with linear leaves) ; stigmas not fringed. Flowers in fascicles in the bracts (generally called sheaths or ocreae in this family) or solitary; if solitary, the flowers not pink and the leaves linear. Achenes enclosed by the calyx lobes; if exserted, the leaves linear 2201. Polygonum, p. 407. Rumex POLYGONACEAE 405 Achenes much exserted; plants erect, with triangular-hastate leaves 2202. Fagopyrum, p. 418. Flowers solitary in the bracts, rose color; stamens 8; leaves linear 2203. POLYGONELLA, p. 418. 2195. RUMEX L. Docks and Sorrels [Rechinger, K. H., Jr. The North American species of Rumex. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Bot. Ser. 17 : 1-151. 1937.] Leaves hastate; flowers dioecious; plants generally less than 5 dm high. Achene much exserted from the scarcely changed calyx 1. R. Acetosella. Achene enclosed by the inner calyx lobes (valves). (See excluded species no. 192, p. 1042.) R- hastatulus. Leaves not hastate; flowers not dioecious; plants generally more than 5 dm high. Inner sepals (valves) entire, crenate or denticulate. Number of valves of fruits bearing a tubercle generally 1, these mixed more or less with fruits with 2 valves bearing a tubercle. Leaves flat, green, tapering at the base ; valves usually bearing only one tubercle. 2. R. altissimus. Leaves wavy, generally with red veins, cordate or subcordate at the base. (See excluded species no. 195, p. 1042.) R. sanguineus. Number of valves of fruits bearing a tubercle generally 3, these mixed more or less with fruits with only 2 valves bearing a tubercle. Leaves flat, light green. Pedicels enlarged upward, more than twice as long as the fruit, not con- spicuously enlarged at the joint; fruit maturing the last of June and first of July 3. R. vertidllatus. Pedicels not enlarged upward, not twice as long as the fruit 4. R. triangulivalvis. Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, dark green. Mature valves less than 2 mm wide. (See excluded species no. 190, p. 1041.) . . R. conglomeratus. Mature valves more than 2 mm wide. Plants very tall, mostly 1.2-2.5 m high; median leaves generally more than 4 cm wide, narrowed at the base; pedicel longer than the fruit, the joint not conspicuously enlarged; fruit maturing in September and October. . 5. R. Britannioa. Plants mostly less than 1 m high; leaves rounded or cordate at the base, the median ones less than 5 cm wide; pedicel about as long as the fruit, conspicuously swollen at the joint; fruit maturing mostly in June and July 6. R. crispus. Inner sepals or valves spinulose-dentate or pinnatifid 7. R. obtusifolius. 1. Rumex Acetosella L. Field Sorrel. Map 825. An abundant weed in some cultivated fields. Its presence is usually indicative of impoverished and minimacid soils. In the sandy areas of the northwestern part of the state it is an obnoxious weed, covering sometimes whole fields. It is some- what frequent in the entire northern part of the state, rare in the central, and frequent in the southern part. Nat. of Eu. Throughout temperate N. A. 2. Rumex altissimus Wood. Pale Dock. Map 826. Infrequent to fre- quent throughout the state in low ground along streams and in low ground elsewhere. 106 POLYGONACEAE Rumex o 50 Map 825 Rumex Acetosella L. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. F D [ inrl ' B ND r p u \ fr1 0 B 0 4 IB D -\^— — L ±, D r "^ D r1 Dec.f- i > ' — D ■J— ^f | D J lj« D 1 0_J J Miles D D cL ° UC J D Rumex a Jr\ 7 tissimus 0 50 Map 826 i/Vood 0 "TO Map 827 Rumex verticillatus L. Peattie observed (Amer. Midland Nat. 10: 130. 1926) that one valve of each fruit had a complete tubercle and a second valve might have an aborted tubercle. He gave this form a name, but if he had read carefully the original description of the species, he would have seen that this phe- nomenon was included in the description of the species. The tendency to double the number of tubercles is frequent among the fruits of this species. Conn, to N. Dak., southw. to Md. and Tex. 3. Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. Map 827. Found in the muddy borders of ponds, swamps, and sloughs in all parts of the state. Where it is found, it sometimes forms dense colonies. Que. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 4. Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. Map 828. (Rumex mexi- canus of Indiana authors, not Meisn.) This species and species no. 2 are very similar and can be distinguished only by the number of valves which bear tubercles. In addition to my records, this species has been reported only from St. Joseph County. I believe it is much more frequent, however, than our reports indicate simply because it is so easily confused with R. altissimus and both have the same habitat. Newf. and Lab. to B. C, southw. to Maine, Ind., Mo., and along the Rocky Mts. to Mex. 5. Rumex Britannica L. Great Water Dock. Map 829. Usually in boggy or marshy places but sometimes in a habitat that is rather muddy, such as about ponds and in swamps. Infrequent. No doubt all the re- ports of it from southern Indiana should be transferred to some other species. In 1932, E. B. Williamson found a plant along Pigeon River in Lagrange County that had a leaf with a blade 35 inches long. Newf., Ont., and Minn., southw. to N. J. and Kans. 6. Rumex crIspus L. Curly Dock. Map 830. A common weed in low Rumex POLYGONACEAE 407 0 50 Map 828 Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser ) Rech. f. 0 50 Map 829 Rumex Britannica L. 0 50 Map 830 Rumex crispus L. ground in cultivated fields, along streams, and in woodland on the border of swamps, ponds, and sloughs. It is one of our most obnoxious weeds. The root was formerly official in medicine and was sold usually under the name of yellow dock. Formerly the early spring leaves were mixed with those of the dandelion and cooked for food. The mixture was called "greens." The discovery, however, that the leaves contain calcium oxalate, which is injurious, has decreased the popularity of this practice. The farmers in Indiana usually call this plant sour dock. The tubercles of the valves of the same plant may vary at the apex from obtuse to acute. Rumex elongatus Guss. is a form of this species with acute tubercles but since both acute and obtuse forms can be found on the same plant, all reports for this species should be referred to Rumex crispiis. Nat. of Eu. Now found throughout temperate N. A. 7. Rumex obtusifolius L. Bluntleaf Dock. Map 831. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It is found almost everywhere in moist or rather moist soil in open woodland, fallow fields, and wasteland and along roadsides. The veins of the leaves of this species are sometimes red and I think our reports for Rumex sanguineus should be referred to this species. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to B. C. and Oreg., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2201. POLYGONUM [Tourn.] L. Knotweed, Smartweed [Some recent authors divide this genus into several small genera. Since I am following Dalla Torre and Harms I am not dividing the genus.] A. Plants not twining. B. Stems not armed with prickles. C. Flowers axillary (solitary or in clusters). Stems and branches terete and striate. Plants erect, mostly 0.4-1.5 m high, rather sparsely branched, the branches 408 POLYGONACEAE Polygonum 17 3 Jar o 0 f : 0 D t> 0 D 0 Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. f^ p Jv [Y D " X •" DP r B [ 1 UC tm r I1 0 Dec <- D IU , 0 IU i 1 r fBa W . — i J Miles D fT 1 0 Run lex ob tusifoliu ) 50 Map 831 s L. r— Jan. lr -- Feb -i Mar L Apr irel D — 1 i i 4 May June July Aug Sept. Oct. J "— i [ f - — Nov. or D \ t Dec .(— [ I 0 ' ' (^*~™T fj Miles y d { ° y \ jp\ i 0 50 S^j-^if Map 832 Polygonum exsertum Small 0 ^3o Map 833 Polygonum erectum L. stiffly ascending; leaves usually narrowly lanceolate or linear, mostly 1.5-5 cm long, usually acute or acuminate at both ends. Sepal lobes with white or pinkish margins; normal achenes about 2.5 mm long and included in the perianth (plants of autumn often have some or all of the achenes long-exserted) 1. P. exsertum. Sepal lobes with yellowish green margins; achenes 3-3.5 mm long (plants of autumn rarely have exserted achenes). (See excluded species no. 202, p. 1043. ) P- ramosissimum. Plants not as above. Stems erect or ascending. Sepal lobes with yellowish green margins; stems generally solid and erect; leaves oval, elliptic, or obovate, generally acute 2. P. erectum. Sepal lobes with white or pinkish margins; stems generally hollow and ascending; leaves like the preceding but smaller and usually nar- rower 3. P. monspeliense. Stems prostrate, or diffusely spreading. Leaves thick, prominently veined, oblong, oval or spatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, usually pale; ocreae very conspicuous; faces of the achenes granular 4. P. buxiforme. Leaves thin, not prominently veined, lanceolate or linear, acutish, acute, or sometimes acuminate at the apex, light or dull bluish green; ocreae not conspicuous; faces of the achenes finely striate. Perianth 2.5-3.5 mm long; achenes 2.5-3 mm long, acute; leaves 2-4 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtusely pointed 5. P. aviculare. Perianth 2-2.5 mm long; achenes 2-2.5 mm long, acuminate; leaves mostly less than 2 cm long, linear-lanceolate or linear, acute (some- times acuminate) at the apex 6. P. neglectum. Stems and branches strongly angled, erect; leaves linear, sharp-pointed, minutely ciliolate 7. P. tenue. C. Flowers in terminal spikes. Styles short, soft, scarcely exserted, withering in fruit; leaves neither large- ovate nor acuminate. Sheaths not ciliate, except rarely the uppermost. Spikes 1 or 2, rarely 3; perennial, aquatic or marsh plants (sometimes persisting for years or even spreading in a terrestrial form after drain- age) with long rootstocks, rooting in the mud. Peduncles glabrous; aquatic plants with floating leaves; leaves elliptic or narrow-ovate, obtuse or subacute 8. P. natans. Polygonum Polygonaceae 409 Peduncles more or less pubescent and glandular; plants semiaquatic or terrestrial; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, very acute or short-acuminate. Sheaths with herbaceous tips 8a. P. natans f . Hartwrightii. Sheaths without herbaceous tips 9. P. coccineum. Spikes several; annuals, preferring a rich, moist habitat. Peduncles copiously glandular-pubescent; spikes erect; stamens 8; achenes 2.2-3.5 mm wide. Leaves copiously strigose-pubescent beneath and often above; achenes mostly 2.2-2.8 mm wide 10. P. pennsylvanicum var. genuinum. Leaves glabrous or glabrescent ; achenes mostly 2.5-3.5 mm wide. Glands of hairs red 10a. P. pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum. Glands of hairs without pigment 10b. P. pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum f. pallescens. Peduncles without stalked glands, smooth or with sessile glands, rarely with a few stipitate glands; spikes drooping or erect; stamens 8; achenes 1.5-2.5 mm wide. Lower surface of leaves glabrous or scabrous on the principal veins; peduncles glabrous or rarely covered more or less with sessile glands; spikes 3-8 cm long, drooping; achenes generally less than 2 mm wide 11. P. lapathifolium. Lower surface of leaves (at least the lower ones) scurfy or covered with a more or less deciduous, flocculent tomentum; peduncles with sessile glands; spikes 1-3 cm long, erect; achenes more than 2 mm wide. (See excluded species no. 204, p. 1043.) . .P. tomentosum. Sheaths ciliate with a row of bristles. Stem and peduncles glandular-hispid 12. P. Careyi. Stem and peduncles not glandular-hispid. Sepals glandular-dotted. Achenes dull, generally triangular; spikes usually strongly arched, the flowers not far apart except toward the base of the spike, often 1 or more flowers in the axil of the next to the top leaf; flowers greenish, generally with pinkish borders; stems often reddish, the internodes short, generally 2-4 cm long; stamens 6. Pedicels strongly exserted from the ocreolae; achenes 2-3 mm long. . . 13. P. Hydropiper var. projectum. Pedicels not strongly exserted from the ocreolae; achenes mostly 3-3.5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 200, p. 1042.) P. Hydropiper. Achenes shining, generally triangular; spikes elongated, flexuous, very loosely flowered down to the first leaf but none below it; flowers greenish, rarely purplish, with white borders; stamens 3-8; stems with longer internodes than in the preceding, usually 3-8 cm L°nE 14. P. punctatum. Sepals not glandular-dotted or with only a few glands about the middle of the perianth in forms of no. 16. Leaves lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm wide; spikes generally much less than 1 cm wide, erect or slightly flexuous; flowers 2-3 mm long. Upper part of internodes of the stem mostly entirely glabrous; spikes erect, mostly more than 7 mm wide, the longest usually 2-4 cm long; flowers generally close together; calyx lobes rose color, usually slightly longer than the achenes; pedicels gen- erally exserted less than 1 mm; stamens 6 15. P. Persicaria. Upper part of internodes of the stem generally more or less strigose below the node, usually for a third of its length; spikes gen- erally more or less curved, mostly less than 7 mm wide, the 410 Polygon aceae Polygonum longest generally 5-7 cm long; flowers not crowded; calyx lobes much longer than the achene, usually pink; pedicels generally exserted 1-2 mm; stamens 8 or fewer. Achenes all triangular 16. P. hydropiperoides. Achenes both lenticular and triangular. (See excluded species no. 201, p. 1043.).... P. Ivydropiperoides var. persicarioides. Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, more than 3 cm wide; spikes stout, usually more than 1 cm wide, nodding, deep rose; flowers 3-5 mm ]ong 17. P. orientale. Styles long, stiff, exserted, persistent, deflexed, and hooked at the tip in fruit; spikes very long and slender, rigid, greenish; leaves large-ovate and acumi- nate 18. P. virginianum. B. Stems armed with hooked prickles, reclining. Leaves hastate; pedicels hispid and often glandular; achenes lenticular 19. P. arifolium var. lentiforme. Leaves sagittate ; pedicels generally glabrous ; achenes triangular 20. P. sagittatum. A. Plants twining; leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base. Calyx not keeled or winged in fruit; achenes dull, minutely longitudinally striate, about 3 mm long 21. P. Convolvulus. Calyx strongly winged in mature fruit; achenes shining, surface not striate. Mature calyx 5-8 mm long; achenes 2.5-3 mm long 22. P. dumetorum. Mature calyx 7-12 mm long; achenes mostly 3.5-5 mm long 23. P. scandens. 1. Polygonum exsertum Small. Map 832. Very local. All of our speci- mens were found in hard, dry soil on the washed slopes of the banks of streams and sloughs. Some were very near the water and only one grew on the top of the bank. Bicknell (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 36: 450. 1909.) says : "I am unable to see that P. exsertum is anything more than a semi- viviparous state of Polygonum ramosissimum Michx." My observation is that this character applies to late flowering plants of all of the species of the Section Avicularia which occur in Indiana. On November 14, 1932, I studied in the field several large mats of Polygonum avicukire, and I was able to find only exserted achenes. A study of my herbarium material showed exserted achenes on all of the plants collected late in the fall, some with a few and some with a great number of exserted achenes. Early flowering specimens of Polygonum exsertum show a large number of achenes of the normal form, while plants collected in September usually have few or no normal fruits. N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Mo. 2. Polygonum erectum L. Map 833. This species has been reported from all parts of the state, and no doubt is generally distributed. Since this section of the genus has been divided, however, some of the reports doubtless belong to other species. Most authors give the habitat as rich soil about dwellings and in waste places. With one exception, all of my specimens were found in moist, open woodland, usually in hard, clay soil. Ont. to Alberta, southw. to Ga., Colo., and Tex. 3. Polygonum monspeliense Thiebaud. ( ^Polygonum aviculare var. rcgrtnni of (I ray, .Man., ed. 7.) .Map 834. My specimens are from barn- yards, waste places, and roadsides. It is local, but no doubt when the Polygonum POLYGONACEAE 411 0 50 Map 834 Polygonum monspeliense Thiebaud 1 2 1 Jan. Fe b- Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. D J d A- D r~ \ J -L, -4 0 IT r1 i r, ^H Dec.f- i i/ Miles Polygonum buxfforme 0 50 Map 835 Small 0 50 Map 836 Polygonum aviculare L. knotweeds are more thoroughly studied it will be found throughout the state. Nat. of Eu. ; becoming naturalized. 4. Polygonum buxiforme Small. Map 835. This species is very local but I believe when the knotweeds are studied more intensively it will be found throughout the state. Ont. to B. C, southw. to Va. and Tex. 5. Polygonum aviculare L. Knotweed. Map 836. An annoying weed in gardens, truck gardens, lawns, pastures, and cultivated fields. It is found, also, along logging roads in woodland, in fallow fields, and along roadsides. Found throughout N. A. and also in Eurasia. 6. Polygonum neglectum Besser. {Polygonum aviculare var. angust- issimum Meisn.) Map 837. Local. No doubt a more intensive study of the knotweeds will greatly extend its range. In sandy to very sandy soil in pastures, clearings, on black oak ridges, and along roadsides. Rydberg gives its habitat as waste places and says it is more common than Polygonum aviculare. Nat. of Eu. 7. Polygonum tenue Michx. Map 838. This species prefers a slightly acid soil and is generally found in exposed places without ground cover and where there are very few or no other plants. In the lake area it is generally found on the crests, slopes, and bases of black and white oak ridges. South of the lake area it is generally found on sandstone bluffs, on exposed crests of chestnut oak ridges, and in sandy places similar to those in the northern part of the state. Maine to Man., southw. to S. C, Ga., and Tex. 8. Polygonum natans A. Eaton f. genuinum Stanford. (Stanford. The amphibious group of Polygonum, subgenus Persicaria. Rhodora 27 : 156- 166. 1925.) Map 839. All of our reports for Persicaria amphibia (L.) 412 POLYGONACEAE Polygonum 0 55 Map 837 Polygonum neglectum Besser 0 50 Map 839 Polygonum natans A.Eaton f. genuinum Stanford S. F. Gray, Persicaria fluitans (Eaton) Greene, Polygonum amphibium L., and Polygonum amphibium var. aquaticum Willd. I am referring to this species. The nomenclature of this and the next species has long been so involved that their distribution in the state can not be determined from the published records. It is, no doubt, restricted to the lake area of the state. Newf., P. E. I., N. S., Que., southw. to Pa. and westw. across the con- tinent to the Pacific Coast States. 8a. Polygonum natans f. Hartwrightii (Gray) Stanford. Map 840. I am referring to this form all of our reports for Polygonum amphibium var. Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell, Persicaria ammophila Greene, Persicaria carictorum Nieuwl., and Persicaria Hartwrightii (Gray) Greene. Mostly in sedge marshes and on the borders of lakes. Newf. and Ont., southw. to N. Y., and westw. to the Pacific Coast States. 9. Polygonum coccineum Muhl. Map 841. This species is an aggregate to which, since I am not able to separate it satisfactorily into forms and varieties, I am referring all reports from Indiana of the following: Persicaria coccinea (Muhl.) Greene, Persicaria coccinea var. asprella Greene, Persicaria coccinea var. tanaophylla Nieuwl., Persicaria emersa (Michx.) Small, Persicaria grandifolia Greene, Persicaria lonchophylla Greene, Persicaria mesochora var. arenicola Nieuwl., Persicaria Muhlen- bergii (Wats.) Small, Persicaria pratincola Greene, Persicaria tanaophylla Nieuwl., Polygonum coccineum var. pratincola (Greene) Stanford, Poly- gonum emersum (Michx.) Britt., Persicaria mesochora Greene, and Poly- gonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. The named variations of this species and the segregates from it are based mostly upon leaf characters, such as the general shape and base of the blades. Using these characters, I have one specimen which belongs to three species. I have a series of specimens of this species all from the same rootstock which might be referred to different species. The species is perennial. One year it may be in deep water, the next year it may be in Polygonum POLYGONACEAE 413 0 50 Map 840 Polygonum natans f. Hartwrightii (Gray) Stanford 0 ~50 Map 842 Dlyg^num pennsylvani'cum var. genuinum Fern. shallow water or for part of the year it may be on dry ground. The species has great ability to persist even when its habitat is drained, and it often advances from ditches along railroads up the banks of the fills to high ground where it seems to thrive better than in a wet habitat. The habitat and the vigor of the plants greatly change the character of the leaves. Therefore, I believe it is useless to try to name all of the many forms. Que. and Maine, to B. C, southw. to Va., La., Calif., and Mex. 10. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. var. genuinum Fern. (Persicaria Pennsylvania (L.) Small, in part.) (Fernald. Variations of Polygonum pennsylvanicum. Rhodora 19 : 70-73. 1917, and Stanford. Polygonum penn- sylvanicum and related species. Rhodora 27: 173-184. 1925.) Map 842. In- frequent to frequent or common in low ground along streams and road- sides, in cultivated grounds, and in low grounds in general. No doubt it is found throughout the state. It has been my method to collect a single specimen of each species from each county. This species has been divided only recently and most of my collecting was done before the division was made. Since my specimens are now distributed among the three present groups, the absence of records from the northern part of the state is, I think, accidental. This species, as well as others of the genus, varies greatly in size, de- pending upon habitat and date of germination of the seed. Apparently the seed do not germinate under water and when they find lodgment in areas which are submerged until summer, the delayed germination, no doubt, accounts for the smaller plants. The largest one of which I have record is my specimen no. 39887 from low ground in Gibson County which I measured in the field. The height was 86 inches above the ground and the longest branch was 82 inches long. Coastal Plain from Mass. to Miss., northw. through the Mississippi Valley to Ont. and cent. N. Y. Ill POLYGONACEAE Polygonum 0 50 Map 843 -"olygonum pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum Fern. 0 50 Map 844 Polygonum pennsylvanicum ar. laevigatum f. pallescens Stanford 0 50 Map 845 Polygonum lapathifolium L. 10a. Polygonum pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum Fern. (See species references.) Map 843. Frequent throughout the state in habitats similar to those of the species. N. B. to S. Dak. and Colo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 10b. Polygonum pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum f. pallescens Stan- ford. (See species references.) Map 844. Frequent throughout the state in habitats similar to those of the species. It is probable that some of the specimens referred to this form belong to the preceding variety since it is difficult to distinguish this form in dried specimens. Distribution given by Stanford is Vt. to Pa. No doubt it is frequent throughout Ind. if I understand the form. 11. Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Small.) Map 845. Frequent in low and wet grounds throughout the state, pre- ferring the low borders of streams. It is also found in cultivated and fallow fields. Throughout temperate N. A. and also in Eurasia. 12. Polygonum Careyi Olney. (Persicaria Careyi (Olney) Greene.) Carey Smartweed. Map 846. Very local but usually common where it is found. It prefers a black, sandy soil in pin oak and low black and white oak woods. I found it abundant in black, mucky soil in a fallow field north of Ora in Starke County. The plants are usually about a yard high with few or many branches. This species was reported from Jefferson County by Young, but since neither Coulter nor Barnes mention it in their lists of Jefferson County plants, this report may be safely ignored. It has also been reported from Kosciusko and Noble Counties. These reports, no doubt, are correct. Maine, Ont., and Mich., southw. to N. J., Pa., and Ohio. 13. Polygonum Hydropiper L. var. projectum Stanford. (Polygonum Hydropiper L. in part, and Persicaria Hydropiper (L.) Opiz.) (Stanford. Polygonum Hydropiper in Europe and North America. Rhodora 29: 77-87. Polygonum POLYGONACEAE 415 0 50 Map 846 Polygonum Careyi Olney o ~3o Map 847 Polygonum Hydropiper L. var. projectum Stanford 0 50 Map 848 Polygonum punctatum Ell. 1927.) Water Pepper. Map 847. Infrequent to frequent in moist soil along streams, roadsides, and ditches, about lakes, ponds, and sloughs, and in low ground in fields and woodland. N. S. and Que. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Okla., and westw. to Calif. 14. Polygonum punctatum Ell. (Polygonum acre HBK. and var. lepto- stachyum Meisn. and PersicaHa punctata (Ell.) Small.) (Stanford. Poly- gonum Hydropiper in Europe and North America. Rhodora 29 : 77-87. 1927.) Water Smartweed. Map 848. Frequent to common in all parts of the state in habitats similar to those of the preceding species. Probably throughout N. A. except the extreme north. 15. Polygonum Persic aria L. {PersicaHa Persicaria (L.) Small.) Lady's Thumb. Map 849. Frequent throughout the state in wet ground along roadsides and streams and in woodland and fallow fields. This species begins to flower much earlier than P. hydropiperoides. It and others of the genus are the source of smartweed honey. Nat. of Eu. ; throughout N. A. except the extreme north. 16. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small.) (Stanford. Polygonum hydropiperoides and P. opelou- sanum. Rhodora 28 : 22-29. 1926.) Mild Water Pepper. Map 850. Fre- quent throughout the state in dried-up ponds and sloughs, in wet ground along streams and about lakes, and in marshes and ditches. N. S., Que., and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 16a. Polygonum hydropiperoides var. strigosum (Small) Stanford. This variety was reported from Indiana by Small. It is separated from the species by having a strigose-pubescent stem. The stems of the specimens at hand vary from glabrous below the nodes to densely strigose for a third of the length of the internode. One branch of a specimen may have all of the internodes glabrous and another have some of the internodes strigose below the nodes. Since a close lineal series from glabrous to ■116 POLYGONACEAE Polygonum o 5o Map 849 Polygonum Persicaria L. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. 2 33 e D L OP UK \ 0 1 SD « 0 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.f- - ? ■> ■^_y 0 \ ( r^" D D f 0 p _1_L 0 I 0 „ D) B 3 OP » OP p r1- b OP 0 _ B HO n r D L rr DP [ HD Wl o _J_1 B D I ID l ' D 10 K f f D L B JB k B D L^l -/v 0 D 10 0 I P [ 0 1 0 B r |Ba P , — ' £/ Miles D D Pc 0 jJ lygo 0 ) num o -r\ / virginiar 6 50 Map 852 urn L. 0 50 Map 853 Polygonum aritolium L. I var. lentiforme Fernald & Griscom 0 ~W Map 854 Polygonum sagittatum L. densely strigose can be found, I prefer to say that the species varies from glabrous to densely strigose. Polygonum setaceum Bald. var. inter jectum Fern., a closely related spe- cies, has been reported by Fernald (Rhodora 40: 414. 1938), after the manuscript of the Flora was written, as having been found by Peattie under buttonbush at the edge of a Chamaedaphne bog near Rolling Prairie, La Porte County. 17. Polygonum orientale L. Princes-plume. Map 851. This species is cultivated as an ornamental and has been reported as an escape through- out the state. Nat. of India, China, Japan; naturalized and escaped throughout east- ern N. A. 18. Polygonum virginianum L. (Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf.) Vir- ginia Knotweed. Map 852. This is strictly a woodland species and is Polygonum POLYGONACEAE 417 o 5o Map 855 Polygonum Convolvulus L. 5 ~50 Map 857 Polygonum scandens L. frequent throughout the state in low places in almost all types of woods. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 19. Polygonum arifolium L. var. lentiforme Fern. & Grisc. (Rho- dora 37: 167. 1935.) (Polygonum arifolium L. in part and Tracaulon ari- folium (L.) Raf.) Halberdleaf Tearthumb. Map 853. Infrequent to rare in springy and swampy places throughout the state. This species is much visited by honey bees. P. E. I. to s. Ont., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Ind., and Mich. 20. Polygonum sagittatum L. (Tracaulon sagittatum (L.) Small.) Arrowleaf Tearthumb. Map 854. Frequent to infrequent throughout the state in ditches, in low ground in wooded ravines and along streams and about ponds and swamps. Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 21. Polygonum Conv6lvulus L. (Tiniaria Convolvulus (L.) Webb & Moquin.) Black Bindweed. Map 855. Probably infrequent in all parts of the state, although there are no reports from the southwestern part. A weed mostly of roadsides and fields, and rarely in woodland. Nat. of Eu. Throughout temperate N. A. 22. Polygonum dumetorum L. (Tiniaria dumetorum (L.) Opiz of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 856. This and the next species are not easily separated unless mature fruits are at hand. Some authors believe this species is a native, while others regard it as a native of Eurasia. There have been 15 reports for this species from Indiana. Some authors do not discuss it and some say that it is common. Those who say it is common have, no doubt, confused it with P. scandens, and I be- lieve most of our reports should be referred to that species. One of our specimens is from a roadside and the other is from the low border of the east side of the Lake of the Woods, which is near a roadside in Mar- 418 Chenopodiaceae Polygonella Jan. Feb Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec ) ,0 D D D "• V4 S p ■ D 1^ .« [_J- I— H rJ"^.. in ^jTt i . J Y^/ Miles 5 55 Map 858 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench ~T5 Map 859 Polygonella articulata (LI Meisn. — Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov X X jT^" L V f^ " X -I X r - in r X rT~ r Dec <- [ ■L-Li 1 1 J^i l *l ' X J / Miles X CL x I j [ x I j-< Chenopo ssp. eu- dium ambi A\* J ambrosioi osioides A 3 50 Map 860 des L. ellen shall County. I doubt if this species is distinct from the next but I am following authors in keeping them distinct. Temperate Eurasia and N. A. 23. Polygonum scandens L. (Tiniaria scandens (L.) Small.) Climb- ing False Buckwheat. Map 857. Frequent in most parts of the state in moist soil along roadsides and streams, in wooded ravines, and about lakes and ponds. N. S. to Ont. and B. C, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2202. FAGOPtRUM [Tourn.] Gaertn. 1. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. {Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Buckwheat. Map 858. Buckwheat has been reported from 15 counties. It persists in fields where it has been cultivated or escapes to fields, roadsides, and railroads. I do not know how long it will maintain itself. Nat. of Eu. 2203. POLYGONELLA Michx. 1. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. Map 859. Local on the dunes about Lake Michigan. It is usually found in open, exposed places. In sands of the coast from Maine to Fla. and about the Great Lakes. 78. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot Family* [Iljin, M. Chenopodiaceae, pp. 2-354, in Komarov, V. L. Flora URSS 6 (Centrospermae) : xxxvi -J- 956p. 1936. Standley, P. C. Chenopodiales, * Text contributed by Theodor Just, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indi- ana. The author is greatly indebted to Mr. Paul Aellen, Basel, Switzerland; to Dr. Paul C. Standley, Field Museum, Chicago, 111. ; and to Mr. C A. Weatherby, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass., for reading his manuscript and for offering valuable criticisms. Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae 419 Chenopodiaceae. North American Flora 21(1): 1-93. 1916. Ulbrich, E. Chenopodiaceae. In Engler und Prantl, Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 2. ed., 16c: 377-584. 1934.] Flowers perfect (or some of them pistillate) ; perianth mostly present. Stem not jointed; leaves flat, not spiny; flowers without bractlets; embryo annular (or conduplicate), not spirally coiled; endosperm copious. Flowers in clusters or panicles; calyx 3-5-toothed or -parted, obvious, persistent; fruit enclosed by or not longer than the calyx. Fruiting calyx wingless, herbaceous, green or reddish (sometimes red and fleshy) ; perianth leaves free, naked ; fruit free, surrounded by perianth, not hardened, indehiscent; leaves often mealy, lanceolate to ovate or deltoid or pinnately lobed to pinnate; flowers with (2) 3-5 sepals and 2-5 stamens, mostly in panicled spikes; endosperm mealy. .. .2223. Chenopodium, p. 419. Fruiting calyx 5-cleft, horizontally winged. Flowers paniculate; perianth keeled, developing into a broad horizontal wing at maturity; endosperm mealy; leaves ovate to lanceolate, flat, sinuate- dentate, 2-7 cm long; annuals, to 80 cm high, branches divaricate 2224. Cycloloma, p. 424. Flowers spicate; each sepal with a dorsal winglike projection; endosperm absent; leaves linear or lance-linear, terete, entire. .2240. Kochia, p. 426. Flowers solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves, forming terminal narrow spikes, with 1-3 thin broad sepals; fruit oval, laterally flattened, distinctly winged (wing 0.5 mm long or more), much larger than the calyx; pericarp membranous, adherent to the vertical seed; leaves linear; caulescent annuals. . 2245. Corispermum, p. 426. Stem jointed, fleshy, squarrosely branched; leaves fleshy, narrow, subulate, spiny- tipped; flowers 1-3 in axils of leaves, subtended by bractlets; stamens 5, free; calyx in fruit with a horizontal wing; embryo spirally and conically coiled; endosperm none; stems striate 2269. Salsola, p. 427. Flowers imperfect (unisexual, monoecious or dioecious), pistillate flower without perianth; stigmas 2 or 3, enclosed in 2 appressed triangular bractlets, these com- pressed, free at least above; fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate; utricles not winged at apex; testa coriaceous; staminate flowers in clusters, mostly spicate; calyx 3-5-parted; embryo annular; leaves lanceolate to hastate-ovate 2229. Atriplex, p. 425. 2223. CHENOPODIUM [Tourn.J L. Pigweed, Goosefoot* [Aellen, P. Neue adventive Chenopodien aus Schweden. Bot. Not. (Lund) 1928: 203-210. 1928. Beitrag zur Systematik der Chenopodium-Arten Amerikas, vorwiegend auf Grund der Sammlung des United States Na- tional Museums in Washington, D. C. I. Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 31-64; II. loc. cit. 26: 119-160. 1929. Die wolladventiven Chenopodien * The satisfactory identification of the species of Chenopodium is definitely de- pendent upon the characteristics of the mature seeds. Consequently specimens bearing such should be collected as well as others with cauline leaves. For illustrations of the characteristics of the seeds of certain species consult especially Iljin, plate 3 facing page 56 (C. Botrys, urbicum, hybridum, murale, album) and Aellen, Bot. Not. 1928: 207 (C. missouriense). The distribution of certain species is known only from a few authentic specimens whereas reports of critical groups have been discarded entirely until a more detailed study now in preparation can appear. Future collections will undoubtedly extend the range of most species and add others new to the state. 420 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium Europas. Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel 41 : 77-104. 1930. Nomenklatorische Bemerkungen zu einigen Chenopodien. Ostenia (Festschr. fur Cornelius Osten), Montevideo, 1933: 98-101. 1933.] Plants with glandular pubescence, more or less aromatic; embryo an incomplete ring. Flowers glomerate, without pubescence; glomerules in bracteate or almost naked spikes (continuous or interrupted) ; perianth more or less fused; stigmas 3 or 4. Sect. Ambrina (Spach) Hook. f. Spikes mostly leafy; calyx lobes slightly keeled; seed mostly horizontal, reddish brown, about 0.5 mm, with prominent wavy lines; leaves 4-18 cm long, lanceolate, coarsely toothed 1. C. ambrosioides ssp. eu-ambrosioides. Spikes mostly leafless, more or less elongated; calyx lobes not keeled; seed to 0.8 mm la C. ambrosioides ssp. eu-ambrosioides var. anthelminticum. Flowers solitary, strongly glandular pubescent, sessile in open divaricate cymes, these in loose panicles; perianth fused only in lower part; stigmas 2; seed horizontal or vertical, dark brown, 0.5-0.7 mm; leaves ovate or oblong, pinnately lobed to pinnate, lobes or leaves angled, obtuse. Sect. Botryoides C. A. Mey..2. C. Botrys. Plants not glandular or aromatic, sometimes with a rank or heavy odor; pubescence frequently more or less mealy; embryo a complete ring. Seeds vertical or the terminal ones occasionally horizontal. Seeds vertical (rarely horizontal) ; styles filiform, one fourth to half as long as the diameter of the utricle. Flowers in glomerules (10 mm in diam.), densely capitate; calyx very fleshy and bright red, becoming red (crimson) and berrylike in fruit; seed with slight margin, blackish brown, dull, 0.8 mm; leaves at base hastate. Sect. Eublitum Moq 3. C. capitatum. Flowers spicate, not succulent in fruit; perianth fused to nearly the middle; stigmas 2 or 3, very long; seed almost spherical, erect (rarely horizontal), with rounded margin, blackish brown, almost smooth, 1.5 mm; leaves bright green, 5-12 cm long, triangular -hastate and acute, almost entire; perennial. Sect. Agathophyton (Moq.) Hook. f. (See excluded species no. 205, p. 1043.) C. Bonus-Henricus. Seed vertical and horizontal in the same inflorescence; flowers sessile, densely glomerulate, the glomerules axillary and terminal, simple or paniculate; perianth with (3) 4 or 5 separate tips, these incompletely enclosing the fruit and not keeled; stigmas short; seed dark brown, shiny, margin slightly keeled, almost smooth, 0.6 mm; leaves on short petioles, pale, white-mealy beneath, oblong to oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, cuneate at base, 1-4 cm long, coarsely toothed; annuals. Sect. Pseudoblitum Hook, f 4. C. glaucum ssp. eu-glaucum. Seeds all horizontal; style branches short; perianth 5-tipped, herbaceous, green, fused to a varying degree, mostly keeled, sometimes winged; stigmas 2. Sect. Chenopodia C. A. Mey. Seeds with characteristic alveolar depressions, black. Seed 1 mm in diam., shiny, with surface markings less prominent towards margin; tips of perianth with a narrow, strongly winged keel; leaves small, ovate-deltoid, the strongest tooth at about the middle of the leaf, rounded at either end, upper leaves cuspidate 5. C. Berlandieri ssp. Zschackei. Seed larger (2 mm max.), flat, with small, narrow radial canals, often promi- nently developed; flowers densely glomerate, in loose foliaceous spikes; perianth tips fused to middle. Leaves with 1 or 2 teeth in the lower half, otherwise irregularly toothed, large (7x4 cm max.), broadly deltoid, acuminate, mucronate. .6. C. Bushianum. Leaves with more teeth in the lower half, the teeth more acute Ga. C. Bushianum f . acutidentatum. Seeds with other markings. Leaves mealy. Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae 421 Leaves not entire, sinuately dentate; inflorescence dense; seed rugose-punctate, 1.5 mm in diam., black, shiny, lenticular, with acute margin; calyx lobes keeled and enclosing the fruit; plants up to 6 ft. tall 7. C. album. Leaves mostly entire. Leaves linear or nearly so, very mealy at least beneath, with short petioles; seed black, shiny, punctate, asymmetrical; calyx lobes keeled, closely enveloping the fruit or erect; pericarp green or greenish 8. C. pratericola. Leaves ovate, about as broad as long, small (1 cm long), on long petioles; seed lenticular, with rounded margin, wrinkled and finely punctate, about 1 mm in diam.; pericarp adherent; plants very fetid, densely mealy. . . . 9. C. Vulvaria. Leaves green or nearly so (except C. missouriense var. Busliianum) . Seed larger than in other species, 1.5-2 mm (-3 mm max. in var.) in diam., black, lenticular, margin more or less rounded, almost smooth or with radial canals of varying depth or slightly granulate or with narrow wrinkles; perianth tips slightly keeled, incompletely enclosing the fruit; leaves with large divaricate (2-4) acute lobes, rounded or somewhat cordate at base, 4-17 cm long, to 12 cm wide, 3-5-angular-ovate, acumi- nate. Inflorescence panicled, loosely branched, leafless, and terminal 10. C. gigantospermum. Inflorescence contracted, spicate 10a. C. gigantospermum f. Griffithsii. Seeds smaller. Pericarp not firmly attached to the seed. Perianth tips not completely enclosing the fruit, slightly keeled; pericarp rust brown, somewhat fleshy 11. C. Standleyanum. Perianth tips completely enclosing the fruit, prominently keeled; pericarp yellow. Leaves glabrous, 5x3 cm; inflorescence paniculate-glomerate 12. C. missouriense. Leaves mealy beneath, mostly smaller; inflorescence glomerulate-cymose. 12a. C. missouriense var. Bushianum. Pericarp firmly attached to the seed. Inflorescence short, spreading, axillary, rather loose, the panicles shorter than the leaves; leaves ovate or ovate-rhombic; seed shiny (appearing dull because of firmly attached pericarp), almost black, faintly punctate, with acute margin 13. C. murale. Inflorescence suberect, moniliform, flower clusters, at least the upper ones, longer than the leaves; seed shiny, brownish black, almost smooth, finely punctate, with rounded margin. Leaves deltoid, more or less hastate, base truncate or subcordate 14. C. urbicum. Leaves longer than broad (often twice as long), base long-cuneate. 14a. C. urbicum var. intermedium. 1. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. ssp. eu-ambrosioides Aellen. (Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 34. 1929.) (C. ambrosioides L. s. str.) Mexi- can Tea. Map 860. A highly polymorphic species of wide tropical distri- bution, but adventive in the temperate zones. Found mostly in gravelly and sandy soil. Reported from: Fayette, Floyd, Gibson, Hamilton, Monroe, Porter, Posey, and Putnam Counties. la. Chenopodium ambrosioides ssp. eu-ambrosioides var. anthel- mInticum (L.) Aellen. (Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 35. 1929.) (C. am- 422 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium 0 "TO Map 861 Chenopodium ambrosioides ssp. eu-ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) Aellen 0 50 Map 862 Chenopodium Botrys L. Miles 0 56 Map 863 Chenopodium qlaucum L. ssp. eu-qlaucuro Aellen brosioides L. var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray.) Mexican Tea, Stinkweed, Wormseed. Map 861. Specimens with fewer bracts have commonly been referred to this variety whose distribution is distinctly southern. It is prob- ably much less common in the state than the subspecies. 2. Chenopodium Botrys L. Feather Geranium, Jerusalem Oak. Map 862. Introduced in America. It grows on sandy hills, in open woods, and similar habitats. Reported from: Fayette, Franklin, Gibson, Hamilton, Jefferson, Kos- ciusko, La Porte, Marion, Montgomery, Noble, Porter, Posey, St. Joseph, Tippecanoe, and Vigo Counties. 3. Chenopodium capitatum (L. )Ascherson. (Blitum capitatum L.) Strawberry Blite, Pigweed or Spinach. Reported from : Jefferson, Lake, St. Joseph, and Steuben Counties. E. Que. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., 111., Minn., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo. 4. Chenopodium glaucum L. ssp. eu-glaucum Aellen. (Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 45. 1929.) Oakleaved Goosefoot, Glaucousleaved Goose- foot. Map 863. The original occurrence of this species in America is not established as certain. Aellen, however, suggests that it is indigenous in salty places in Saskatchewan and Colorado. Que. to Alberta, N. Mex. to Va., and Md. Reported as C. glaucum L. from : Lake, Monroe, and Tipton Counties. 5. Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. ssp. Zschackei (Murr) Zobel. (C album in part, of most American authors, not of L.) Southern White Pig- weed, Woodland Goosefoot, Wood Pigweed. Map 864. This species and the following are characterized by the peculiar alveolar depressions of their seeds, distinguishing them well from other species. The whole group however is quite polymorphic. West of Mississippi River to Pacific coast, Canada, and Mexico, but apparently absent in the eastern U. S. Reports discarded because of uncertainties involved. Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae 423 0 50 Map 864 Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. ssp. Zschackei (Murr) Zobel 0 ~T0 Map 865 Chenopodium Bushianum Aellen Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. X I f J X X I 1 X Z H^ k. ,_tZ Dec. C r V^/ Mi es 0 56 Map 866 Chenopodium album L. 6. Chenopodium Bushianum Aellen (Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 63. 1929.) (C. album and C. paganum in part, of American authors, not L. or Reichenbach.) Map 865. Allegheny region, St. Lawrence River Basin, Great Lakes, and Mis- souri River Basin from N. Dak. to Ark. Reports discarded as in previous species and C. album. 6a. Chenopodium Bushianum f. acutidentatum Aellen. (Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 119. 1929.) Aellen cites but one specimen from Indiana, Wells Co., which was collected in a truck garden. 7. Chenopodium album L. Pigweed, Lamb's Quarters, Goosefoot. Map 866. Most American plants identified as C. album actually belong to C. Berlandieri ssp. Zschackei (Murr) Zobel. Some specifically American races, however, are found in addition to the truly European races intro- duced all over the world. The plants are found in sandy soils along road- sides. 8. Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. (C. leptophyllum Nutt. of most authors.) Narrowleaf Goosefoot. Map 867. Widely distributed west of the Mississippi River, eastward probably only introduced. Highly poly- morphic. Found usually in sandy soil. 9. Chenopodium Vulvaria L. Stinking Goosefoot. Introduced in North America. Reported from Monroe and Noble Counties. 10. Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen. (Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 144. 1929.) (C. hybridum of American authors, not L.) Mapleleaved Goosefoot. Map 868. All specimens from America identified as C. hy- bridum L. should be referred to this species. Its more or less smooth seed with its relatively easily detachable perianth separates it clearly from the European plant. It occurs in sandy fallow fields, and open or moist woods. 424 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. X X { f J l i,fl r1 U ■ L: Dec.j- / Miles C henop odiurr prater icola ) 50 Map 867 Rydb. o "To Map 868 Chenopodium rjirjantospermum Aellen 5 30 Map 869 Chenopodium Standleyanum Aellen 10a. Chenopodium gigantospermum f. Griffithsii Aellen. (Rep. spec, nov. regn. veget. 26: 147. 1929.) Aellen cites one specimen from St. Joseph County. 11. Chenopodium Standleyanum Aellen. (Rep. spec. nov. regn. veget. 26: 153. 1929.) (C. Boscianum Moq. in part [loc. : "Texas," leg. Drum- mond no. 246] and of authors.) Map 869. True C. Berlandieri Moq. ssp. Boscianum (Moq.) Aellen occurs in the southern states. In sandy soil along roadsides and in open sandy woods. Pa. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and N. Mex. 12. Chenopodium missouriense Aellen. (Bot. Not., Lund, 1928: 206. 1928.) (C. paganum Standley, N. Amer. Flora 21(1) : 23. 1916, in part, not Reichenbach.) Map 870. In areas formerly occupied by prairies. 12a. Chenopodium missouriense var. Bushianum Aellen. (Rep. spec, nov. regn. veget. 26 : 156. 1929.) Aellen cites one specimen from Spencer County. 13. Chenopodium murale L. Nettleleaved Goosefoot, Sowbane, Town Goosefoot. Map 871. Introduced in America. 14. Chenopodium urbicum L. City or Upright Goosefoot. Map 872. Introduced in America. Reported from Clark, lefferson, Kosciusko, Marion, Monroe, Steuben, Tippecanoe, and Vigo Counties. 14a. Chenopodium urbicum var. intermedium (Mert. & Koch) Koch. Reported from Pulaski County. 2224. CYCLOLftMA Moq. Winged Pigweed 1. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Winged Pigweed. Map 873. This plant occurs mostly in sand ballast along railroads and in the dunes. Characteristic in late summer. Man. to Ind., Ark. and westw. across the plains; introd. eastw. Atriplex Chenopodiaceae 425 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. r-rTT — "1 3vt r -^ 4- r 1 J.J-T t 'i — L^1 Miles 0 50 Map870 Chenopodium missouriense Aellen 0 50 Map 871 Chenopodium murale L. — Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. j- t X .X y/ \ J \ T I r X r1 — L_ } X x ^/ -/ Miles r i X ' ' -henopod J Map 872 um urbicum L. 2229. ATRIPLEX [Tourn.] L. Orach, Saltbush, Shad-scales [Collins, G. N. Seeds of Commercial Saltbushes. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Bot. Bull. 27. 1901. Hall, H. M. and F. S. Clements. The North American Species of Atriplex in : The Phylogenetic Method in Taxonomy. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 326: 235-355. Pis. 36-58. 1923. Schreiber, Beryl 0. Keys and Charts for California Species of Atriplex. California Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Techn. Note no. 8 : 9p. 1938.] Leaves green, glabrate as the rest of plant, at least the lower ones opposite, usually hastate or nearly so, only the lowest at times dentate, occasionally linear, petiolate; bracts united at the base only, with dentate foliaceous margins, the sides usually tuberculate or muricate, the teeth occasionally rather small and few; radicle inferior. Leaves lanceolate to rounded-deltoid; plants usually decumbent; pistillate flowers all alike, bracteate. Bracts usually smooth on the face, rhombic-oval, mostly broadly cuneate or nar- rowly rounded at the base; lower leaves rhombic-lanceolate, to narrowly lanceo- late or oblong, not hastate, the upper ones usually entire or denticulate (occasionally slightly hastate), medium-sized, rarely with a pair of basal lobes 1. A. patula. Bracts ordinarily tuberculate on the face, orbicular-deltoid or ovate-deltoid, usually truncate or broadly rounded at the base, margins mostly with a few toothlike projections; lower leaves rounded-deltoid or triangular-hastate, the upper usually more or less hastate, with basal angles or lobes, mostly large, more or less irregularly dentate; inflorescence leafless, spicate paniculate la. A. patula var. hastata. Leaves linear, not hastate or but slightly so; bracts tuberculate on the face, erect. . . . lb. A. patula var. littoralis. Leaves gray-scurfy, all alternate, all or most dentate or hastate, never linear, ovate or rhombic-ovate, upper usually sessile, rounded or cuneate at base, cartilaginous on drying; bracts united to about the middle, ovate, acute, longer than broad, fruiting bracts rhombic or cuneate-orbicular, becoming hard and tough with dentate margins, shiny, not apiculate; radicle superior 2. A. rosea. 1. Atriplex patula L. Orach, Narrowleaf Orach, Spear Scale. Map 874. A highly variable species and linked by intermediates with its varieties. 426 Chenopodiaceae Atriplex 1 X X xl f X I X X Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Au& Sept Oct. Nov * X Jk [^ " -I w X. I1 r X m ,i Dec C i, X , / Miles f/ x i r* I- Cy X :lol om a a tripl' cifoliumISp 3 50 Map 873 rengJCoult. o "^3 Map 874 Atriplex patula L. 0 50 Map 874 a Atriplex patula var hastata (L.) Gray In sandy soil and waste places. Reported from : Lake, La Porte, Marion, and Tippecanoe .Counties. Newf. to Fla., Ala., Mo., to B. C. la. Atriplex patula var. hastata (L.) Gray. (A. hastata L.) Halberd- leaved Orach, Spear Orach. Map 874a. Same habitats as species. Reported from : Benton, La Porte, Madison, Marshall, and Wells Coun- ties. Newf. to Oregon, southw. to S. C, Va., Mo., and Calif. lb. Atriplex patula var. littoralis (L.) Gray. (A. littoralis L.) Map 875. Prairie habitat, roadsides. Reported from: La Porte, Porter, and Steuben Counties. P. E. I. to N. J., westw. along Great Lakes. 2. Atriplex rosea L. Red Scale. Reported from Porter County, probably in the state. Introduced in America. 2240. KOCHIA Roth 1. Kochia ScopAria (L.) Schrad. Occasionally found on dumps, sporadic in appearance, but Will never become an escape or established in the state. Introduced in America. One specimen seen from Wells County which might be referred to the var. trichophila (Schinz & Thell.) Bailey. This differs from the species by its narrow, linear leaves (1-2 mm wide), by its fastigiate growth, and its bright red color in the autumn. 2245. CORISPERMUM [A. Juss.] L. Bug-seed Fruit 2-3 mm long; lower bracts much narrower than the fruit, not imbricated; spikes small, laxly flowered, slender; bracts of flowers shorter than or as long as the flowers 1. C. nitidum. Fruit 3.5-4.5 (5) mm long; lower bracts equaling or longer than the flowers, imbri- cated; spikes broader, dense, stout; perianth parts 1-3, very rarely 5 or lacking. 2. C. hyssopifolium. Salsola Amaranthaceae 427 Jan. Feb- Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. X ) — r ~4 X T X n y> f J ^X 't- Uri xi 1 1 ■ \ // Miles 0 50 Map 875 Atriplex" patula var. littoralis (L.) A.Gray o 50 Map 878 Salsola pestifer A. Nelson Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. X X j, — rV" r1 c IT i i ' — Miles 0 55 Map 876 Corispermum nitidum Kit. 0 50 Map 879 Amaranthus hybridus L. 0 ^50 Map 877 Corispermum hyssopifolium L. 7 S Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.j- D l 1 D[ UK 1 1 HD D D 0 D r rV ^D D 1 p — V f D R DP r1 - uc r - X j r, IU 1 ' — 10 I P 1 U Miles Amaran thus "1~K Yo -5o' 1/ Map 880 retroflexus L. 1. Corispermum nitidum Kit. Map 876. On sand dunes. Known from Lake and Porter Counties only. Great Lakes, N. Dak., Idaho, southw. to Texas and Ariz. 2. Corispermum hyssopifolium L. Map 877. On sand dunes; known from Lake, La Porte, and Porter Counties. Ont. to Wash., southw. to Mo. and Mex. 2269. SALSOLA L. Saltwort, Russian Thistle 1. Salsola pestifer A. Nelson. (S. Kali L. var. tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey.) Russian Thistle. Map 878. In sandy soil in waste grounds and along beaches and roadsides. Introduced in America. 79. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth Family Leaves alternate. Ovary 3-8 seeded; filaments of stamens united into a tube. . . .2292. Celosia, p. 428. Ovary 1-seeded; filaments of stamens free. 428 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, distinct, erect sepals; sepals persistent 2299. Amaranthus, p. 428. Flowers dioecious; calyx none in the pistillate flowers; calyx of 5 sepals in the staminate flowers 2300. Acnida, p. 430. Leaves opposite. Flowers spicate or paniculate. Leaves woolly beneath, sessile or nearly so, of a narrow type; flowers spicate. . . . 2332. Froelichia, p. 431. Leaves only sparsely pubescent beneath, with a long petiole, of an ovate type; flowers paniculate 2339. Iresine, p. 432. Flowers in dense, round heads, usually crimson or rose color 2338. Gomphrena, p. 432. 2292. CELOSIA L. Cockscomb 1. Celosia ARGENTEA L. A cultivated form of this plant was reported by Nieuwland as escaped in the foreign settlement in the west side of South Bend. I have noted it from the roadside on dumps and in waste places. We have had it in cultivation for many years and it maintains itself by self sown seed. Before the mature plants are cut for burning enough seed fall to sow themselves in abundance. There is no report that it is estab- lished outside the sandy area about South Bend. Tropical area of Americas, Asia, and Africa. 2299. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. Amaranth Inflorescence of terminal or axillary, simple or paniculate spikes, glomerules of flowers often present also in the axils of the leaves. Plant spineless; utricle regularly circumscissile. Pistillate sepals usually shorter than the utricle, or slightly longer, acuminate or acute; main bracts mostly 2-3.5 mm long; spikes generally 6-12 mm in diameter. Bracts obtuse or acutish, equaling or up to one and a half times as long as the sepals, usually red or purple; sepals of pistillate flowers 1.5 mm long, obtuse or rounded at the apex; utricle subglobose, conspicuously longer than the sepals; seed 1 mm in diameter 1. A. cruentus. Bracts acute or acuminate, usually twice as long as the sepals; sepals of pistil- late flowers 1.5-2 mm long, acute, or the inner rarely obtuse; utricle sub- globose, equaling or shorter than the sepals, very rarely exceeding them; seed 1 mm in diameter 2. A. hybridus. Pistillate sepals obtuse or truncate, equaling or conspicuously longer than the fruit, about 3 mm long; main bracts mostly 4-6 mm long; spikes generally 8-20 mm in diameter 3. A. retroflexus. Plant spiny; utricle irregularly or imperfectly dehiscent 4. A. spinosus. Inflorescence wholly of axillary glomerules. Sepals in both staminate and pistillate flowers 4 or 5; utricle smooth; seed more than 1 mm wide, usually about 1.5 mm in diameter; plants prostrate; leaves toward the ends of the branches scarcely reduced 5. A. blitoides. Sepals 3, those of the pistillate flowers acute or acutish, those of the staminate flowers cuspidate, scarious; utricle rugose; seed about 0.8 mm in diameter; plants stout, erect, with stiff, divaricate or ascending branches; leaves toward the ends of the branches usually much reduced 6. A. graecizans. 1. Amaranthus cruentus L. (Amaranthus paniculatus L.) Tassel Amaranth. This is a garden escape to roadsides, waste places, and dumps, which I have seen many times but never collected. I have no evi- Amaranthus Amaranthaceae 429 Amaranthus spinosus L. 0 50 Map 882 Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. 0 50 Map 883 Amaranthus o/aeci'zans L. dence that it can maintain itself in competition although it has maintained itself in our garden for several years. Nat. of Asia; escaped or adventive in the eastern part of the U. S. as far west of N. Mex. and Ariz., southw. through the tropics to sub-tropical S. A. 2. Amaranthus hybridus L. Slender Green Amaranth. Slender Pigweed. Map 879. Widely distributed throughout the state as a weed in gardens, cornfields, waste places, especially about habitations, and along roadsides and railroads. It prefers a rich, moist soil and is often, like the next species, a pernicious weed in cultivated grounds. Found in the tropics throughout the world and naturalized throughout the U. S. 3. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Rough Green Amaranth. Rough Green Pigweed. Map 880. Like the preceding species this one is widely distributed throughout the state as a weed in cultivated fields and waste places and along roadsides and railroads. It also prefers rich soils and is a too common weed. Nat. of tropical America ; naturalized throughout the U. S. 4. Amaranthus spinosus L. Thorny Amaranth. Map 881. This is a very objectionable weed on account of its many spines. It is restricted mostly to our southern counties in barnyards and lanes where it is often very abundant. I do not understand why farmers do not try to exterminate it when first they discover it on their premises but I have never met one who was making the attempt. All who had a common name for it called it careless, a name sometimes applied to species of the pigweed family. I never could learn the origin or significance of this name and it seems to me to be very inappropriate. Nat. of the tropics ; naturalized in the U. S. from Minn, eastw. 430 Amaranthaceae Acnida 5. Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. Map 882. An infrequent to frequent weed throughout the state. It prefers a moist soil and is most frequently found on the muddy slopes of banks and gravelly liars of streams, in cultivated fields and waste places, and along roadsides and railroads. Minn, to Mo. and Tex. and westw. ; established in e. U. S., s. Canada, and adventive in s. Eu. 6. Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumbleweed. Map 883. An infrequent weed throughout the state. It prefers a dry, sandy soil, hence is much more frequent in the northern part of the state. It is most commonly found in sandy waste places, gravel pits, and cultivated fields and along roadsides and railroads. S. Canada, southw. through the U. S. to n. Mex. ; adventive in Eu., Asia, Africa, and S. A. 2300. ACNIDA L. Water Hemp Utricle circumscissile, verrucose all over; bracts longer than the utricle; staminate flowers mostly 3.5-4 mm long, their sepals rigid, long-acuminate, the outer con- spicuously longer than the inner, their bracts 2-3 mm long; plants erect, 5-16 dm high, mostly of a moist or dry, sandy habitat 1. A. tamariscina. Utricle irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent, smooth or verrucose mostly below the middle; bracts shorter than the utricle; staminate flowers 2-2.5 mm long, their sepals thin, acute, of nearly equal length, their bracts about 1-1.5 mm long; plants erect, decumbent, or prostrate; mostly of a muddy habitat, such as muddy banks, bars in streams, and dried-up ponds and sloughs. Plants erect, mostly 4-12 dm high; leaves of an ovate or lanceolate type, hence broadest below the middle; seed about 0.8 mm wide 2. A. altissinut. Plants prostrate or decumbent; leaves obovate, spatulate or lanceolate; seed mostly 1-1.2 mm wide 3.-4. subnuda. 1. Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Map 884. I found this species in 1919 and 1921 to be common in sandy soil about a half mile east of Lyle, Gibson County, along the roadside and in adjacent cornfields. I found it also as a common plant, 4-6 feet high, in a roadside ditch 4 miles south of Johnsonville, Warren County. This location is in the prairie area of the state. I have also a specimen collected by Umbach in ballast near Miller, Lake County. From what I can learn of the habitat of this species I think it is a native of the western part of the state. Blatchley says he found it to be common along the Wabash River in Vigo County on gravel and sandy banks which is the preferred and native habitat of the species. Ind. to S. Dak., southw. to Tex. 2. Acnida altissima Riddell. (Acnida tnberculata Moq.) (See North Amer. Flora 21 : 122. 1917.) Map 885. Infrequent to common in all parts of the state on the muddy banks and bars of streams, on the borders of ponds and sloughs, in ditches and dried-up ponds and sloughs, and in moist, alluvial cornfields along streams. This is strictly a low ground species and is very common on the muddy slope of the bank of the Ohio River. Ont. to Colo., southw. to Ky. and Mo. Froelichia Amaranthaceae 431 o lo Map 884 Acnida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood 2 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov. 1 f / )a- ^.y J \ j ■L. -X i - x - D DP JT r Oec.^ r» t i ' — 0 (J Miles A( nida subnuda (S. Wat- - ~ 'J K~H J l 1 L. i K 1 Miles 0 50 Map 917 Silene Cucubalus Wibel 0 50 Map 918 Silene Cserei Baumg. clearings and along fences. I have no data concerning its distribution other than that it is known to occur from Pennsylvania and Indiana south- ward. la. Silene stellata var. scabrella Nieuwland. (Amer. Midland Nat. 3: 58-59. 1913.) (Silene stellata in part, of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Scabrous Starry Catchfly. Map 915. Infrequent to frequent in dry woodland throughout the state. I have no data concerning its distribution. It occurs probably from Massachusetts to Minnesota and southward. 2. Silene nivea (Nutt.) Otth. (Silene alba Muhl.) Snowy Catchfly. Map 916. An infrequent to rare plant probably throughout the southern two thirds of the state. There are several published records but these nearly all coincide with the distribution shown on the map. Its habitat is wooded ravines and wooded banks of streams. Pa. to Minn., southw. to D. C. and Nebr. 3. Silene Cucubalus Wibel. (Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Ren- dle.) Bladder Catchfly. Map 917. My specimens were found in railroad ballast and in a pasture field. It has been reported from 7 counties. Nat. of Eu. ; N. B. to Wash., southw. to N. J. and Mo. 4. Silene Cserei Baumgarten. Map 918. 1 have this species from Benton and Montgomery Counties. In Montgomery County, I found sev- eral large colonies in ballast, and on the right of way of the Monon Railroad about 2 miles south of New Richmond. Apparently well estab- lished here. Fassett reports a specimen from Lake County collected by Umbach which is now in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin. I have a specimen from Lake County collected by Umbach which I am referring to this species. Charles M. Ek found it along a railroad in Howard County. Nat. of Eu. and Asia Minor; Ohio, Ind., Wis., Iowa, Minn., and Mont. Silene Caryophyllaceae 447 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. fcfflffl 1 1 J-, | \p Mfles 0 55 Map 919 Silene dichotoma Ehrh. 0 50 Map 920 Silene anlirrhina L. Miles 0 50 Map 921 Silene nocliflora L. 5. Silene dichotoma Ehrh. Forked Catchfly. Map 919. I have found this species in two places, and in each it seems to be well estab- lished. In 1915, I found it to be common along the roadside 4 miles north of Vevay in Switzerland County. In 1931 I found it to be a common weed in a very sandy alfalfa field about 4 miles southeast of Mongo in Lagrange County. I revisited the place in 1932 and I found the field in corn but the plant was frequent along the sandy roadside which bordered the field; and I found it still persisting in 1937. I believe it is well established in both places and it is entitled to membership in our flora. It has also been col- lected in Fountain, Fulton, and Lawrence Counties. Nat. of Eu. ; N. E. to Mo., southw. to Tex. 6. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Map 920. This species is variable. It prefers a very sandy habitat and is frequent in railroad bal- last throughout the state. It is less frequent in fallow and cultivated fields, pastures, and waste places and along roadsides. Our manuals give this species as a native of the United States. I do not believe, however, that it was a native of Indiana. Our earliest authors either do not list it or give it as a plant of waste places. M'Murtrie, who published a flora of Louisville in 1819, does not list it, nor does Riddell, who published his "Flora of the Western States" in 1835. Short, Peter & Griswold published a catalogue of the plants of Kentucky in 1833, and they do not list it. Neither do they list it in any of their four supplements, the last published in 1840. Lapham lists it from Illinois in his flora published in 1857. Dr. Clapp records that he found it in 1835 east of Corydon and in the "barrens." Young, in his catalogue of the plants of Jefferson County published in 1871, does not list it. J. M. Coulter, however, reports it in his catalogue published four years later. Schneck, who published a flora of the Lower Wabash Valley in 1876, says : "In poor grounds among cereals, common." Bradner, Phinney, and Van Gorder did not report it in their floras. Apparently it has become a frequent weed during the past 50 years. I believe it has been introduced mostly in grass and grain seed and by railroads. A form with the internodes lacking the glutinous band is known as f. •148 Caryophyllaceae Silene 0 50 Map 922 Silene regia Sims >iiene virgin i ca Map 924 Lychnis alba Mill Deaneana Fern. It occurs with the species and I found it in Posey County associated with the species and the variety. Maine to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Mex. 6a. Silene antirrhina var. divaricata Robinson. This variety has been reported from the dune area by Peattie. Evidently local and rare in the state. I have it from Kosciusko and Warrick Counties. Mass. to 111., Mo. and Kans. 7. Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Map 921. This species has been reported from 8 counties as a weed of cultivated grounds and waste places. I have two specimens from open woodland. This species much resembles Lychnis alba with which I think it is often confused. It can be easily separated from it by the following characters. Silene noctiflora has 3 styles, calyx 10-nerved, calyx lobes linear-lanceolate and mostly 4-8 mm long, and a capsule with 6 teeth. Lychnis alba has 5 styles, calyx with 10 strong and 10 faint nerves, calyx lobes triangular, mostly 3-5 mm long, and a capsule with 5 deeply bifid teeth. Specimens can be easily separated at any stage of growth. Nat. of Eu. ; N. B. and N. S. to Utah and Wash., southw. to Fla. and Mo. 8. Silene regia Sims. Royal Catchfly. Map 922. A very local plant, mostly of a dry, prairie habitat. All of my specimens are from roadsides. It has been reported from Hamilton, Vigo, and Wayne Counties and the authors say that it is scarce. It has been reported from 3 counties of Ohio. Ohio to Mo., southw. to Tenn. and Ala. 9. Silene virginica L. Firepink. Map 923. Frequent to common in rich woodland in all parts of the state except the northern counties of the north- western part. Pepoon says : "Frequent in open woods from Whiting, Ind., south. Banks of the Des Plaines, abundant. (Babcock). Seems to be an error or the plant is exterminated in the Indiana territory named by Bab- cock." Babcock did not report this species from Indiana, so this reference Lychnis Caryophyllaceae 449 may safely be ignored. It did occur, no doubt, in the northwestern part of the state but possibly not near Lake Michigan. N. J., N. Y., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 2491. LYCHNIS [Tourn.] L. Campion Plants white-woolly all over; calyx teeth twisted; petals crimson. (See excluded species no. 225, p. 1046.) L. Coronaria. Plants not white-woolly all over; calyx teeth not twisted. Flowers scarlet, many, in terminal clusters, opening in the morning; stem rough- pubescent, erect, simple, or little branched; capsule on a stipe about as long as the capsule. (See excluded species no. 224, p. 1046.) L. clmlcedonica. Flowers white or pink, night-flowering, few, loosely paniculate; stem viscid-pubescent, loosely and freely branching; capsule large, ovoid, sessile in the calyx; flowers sometimes dioecious 1. L. alba. 1. Lychnis alba Mill. Evening Campion. Map 924. A weed of fallow and cultivated fields and along roadsides. This species is frequently con- fused with Silene noctiflora. See the discussion under the latter species. Nat. of Eu. ; N. S. to Mich., southw. to N. Y. and Pa. 2502. DIANTHUS L. Pink Plants more or less pubescent throughout; leaves linear; bracts 2; annuals 1. D. Armeria. Plants glabrous, or the margins of the leaves and bracts ciliate; bracts 4; perennials. Leaves linear, 1-nerved; plants tufted, 2- or 3-flowered (the hardy, named garden pinks are derived from this species.) (See excluded species no. 227, p. 1046.) D. plumarius . Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; stems erect, simple, or branched only above; flowers in dense, cymose clusters. (See excluded species no. 226, p. 1046.) D. barbatus. 1. Dianthus Armeria L. Deptford Pink. Map 925. Our only report is by Nieuwland from St. Joseph County. I have found it well established in several of the southern counties along roadsides and in pastures and logging roads in woodland. Nat. of Eu. ; N. S., Ont., Mich, to Iowa, southw. to Ga. 2503. SAPONARIA L. Leaves tapering at the base, sessile or short-petioled; calyx terete; flowers in rather dense, terminal and axillary clusters 1. S. officinalis. Leaves rounded at the base, clasping; calyx strongly 5-winged; flowers in a loose corym- bose cyme 2- S. Vaccaria. 1. Saponaria officinalis L. Bouncing-bet. Map 926. This species prefers a very sandy soil in which it migrates rapidly. Found throughout the state along roadsides, railroads, and spillbanks of dredged ditches and in waste places and fallow fields. This perennial should be regarded as an obnoxious weed in the parts of the state where there is a sandy soil. Nat. of Eu.; now throughout N. A. 2. Saponaria Vaccaria L. Cow Soapwort. Map 927. This species has been reported from 9 counties. My specimens are from a roadside and the 450 Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo Map 925 Dianthus Armeria L. 0 50 Map 926 Saponaria officinalis L. Miles 0 50 Map 927 Saponaria Vaccaria L. right of way of a railroad. While there are several reports, it is doubtful whether this species will spread a great deal or whether it will be able to maintain itself. Nat. of Eu. ; Ont. to B. C, southw. to Fla., La., and Calif. 88. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Waterlily Family Emersed leaves without a sinus, peltate. Leaves nearly orbicular, large, generally 3-6 dm in diameter; flowers very large, usually 1-2.5 dm wide, on erect peduncles well above the surface of the water 2508. Nelumbo, p. 450. Leaves not orbicular, but oblong or oval, mostly 1-10 cm long; flowers generally less than 1.5 cm wide. Leaves of two kinds, the floating ones small, linear-oblong, usually 12-20 mm long, the submerged ones larger, palmately dissected; flowers white or yellowish within, generally 10-15 mm wide; stamens 3-6 2509. Cabomba, p. 452. Leaves of one kind, all floating, broadly oval, mostly 5-10 cm long, green above, purplish and very glutinous beneath; flowers purplish; petals mostly 12-15 mm long; stamens 12-18 2510. Brasenia, p. 452. Emersed leaves with a sinus reaching to the petiole. Leaves orbicular; petals and stamens inserted on the sides and near the summit of the ovary, the petals showy, white, rarely a rose colored form 2513. Nymphaea, p. 452. Leaves oval; petals and stamens hypogynous, the petals inconspicuous, yellow or with the base reddish 2514. Nuphar, p. 453. 2508. NELUMBO [Tourn.] L. 1. Nelumbo pentapetala (Walt.) Fern. (Rhodora 36: 23. 1934.) (Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.) American Lotus. Map 928. This plant is so conspicuous that botanical collectors would not overlook it. Before settlement in Indiana, it no doubt was local in nearly all parts of the state. Its habitat is the deeper ponds and shallow lakes or the borders of deeper ones. One writer suggests that its northern distribution is due to its intro- duction by the aborigines who used the seed and tubers for food. It is becoming extinct in Indiana. I know of five colonies and it is reported Nelumbo Nymphaeaceae 451 0 50 Map 928 Nelumbo pentapetala (Walt.) Fern. 0 50 Map 929 Brasenia Schreberi Gmel. 0 55 Map 930 Nymphaea tuberosa Paine still to exist in the Calumet Region. Drainage and ruthless digging of it have contributed to its disappearance. I recall that it was common in the Stodgdill Pond in Owen County and in Blue River Lake in Whitley County, but it has been gathered in these places until it is now nearly extinct. The species, however, spreads rapidly if not disturbed. In 1872 Babcock re- ported it as infrequent in Wolf and Calumet Lakes in Lake County. James, in a "Contribution to the Flora of Cincinnati, Ohio" writes that it was "abundant in a pond back of Jeffersonville" in Clark County in 1877. Clapp, who died in 1865, reports that it was scarce about New Albany in his time. Schneck, in 1876, reports it as "common in ponds" in the Lower Wabash Valley where it has now entirely disappeared. In 1897 Blatchley reported it as scarce in ponds in Vigo County. Ridgway mentions a trip to Foote's Pond in Gibson County in 1872, when Dr. Schneck and he measured leaves of it that were 3 feet in diameter. There are records of the seed remaining dormant for at least 200 years and germinating (Plant Physiology 5: 225. 1930). The following quota- tion from Hooker's Jour. Bot. 1 : 189. 1834 is instructive : "Dr. Short of Kentucky writes me . . . 'On the Ohio River, a hundred miles north of Lexington, my brother owns a considerable tract of land, a piece of which adjoining the river was subject to inundation, and in a shallow basin of 50 acres or more, the water remained throughout the year. Twenty years ago this basin was drained, sown in grass and is now a productive meadow, — the upper stratum being a tough, whitish clay. In plowing this piece of ground lately, immense quantities of the seeds of the Cyamus {Nelumbo) were turned up from among the clay in which they were embedded to a considerable depth; they are perfectly sound and hard, requiring much effort to break them open, and exhibiting, within, the cotyledons and embryo, full, plump, and apparently fresh ; — none of them, however, mani- fest the slightest disposition to vegetate. The plant has certainly not grown there for twenty years; and the oldest resident of the neighbour- hood has no recollection of having ever seen it.' " In N. A. from Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 152 Nymphaeaceae Cabomba 2509. CABOMBA Aublel 1. Cabomba caroliniana Gray. Fan WORT. This species was reported by Schneck in 1876 as common in the deeper ponds of the Lower Wabash Valley. Ridgway (Amer. Nat. 6: 726. 1872) tells of a journey which he and Dr. J. Schneck made to Foote's Pond in Gibson County in September, 1871. He says: "Little, yellow, star-like flowers resting on the surface of the water, with their cypress-like leaves submerged, were found to be the Cabomba caroliniana." While there is no specimen, I believe we can as- sume the determination to be correct because there is no other aquatic in flower at that time of the year with which it could be confused. The species is, no doubt, extinct in Indiana. I have visited Foote's Pond several times and I have never seen it and I revisited it during the drought of 1930 and 1931 when it was dry for two years. I visited other deep ponds in the Lower Wabash Valley at the same time and they were also dry. The drought probably killed many other species there. Mich, to Mo., southw. to N. C, Fla., and Tex. 2510. BRASENIA Schreb. 1. Brasenia Schreberi Gmel. Watershield. Map 929. Frequent, usu- ally in 3-5 feet of water, on the borders of lakes and in a few dredged ditches in the lake area, very local south of this area. Reported in the southern part of the state by Banta from a pond in Jefferson County and by Clapp and Schneck, who say it was rare. N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also found in Cuba, Mex., Asia, Africa, and Australia. 2513. NYMPHAEA [Tourn.] L. Waterlily [Conard. The Waterlilies. 1-279. 30 pi., 81 fig. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 1905.] Rootstocks bearing numerous, globular tubers; tubers easily detaching when mature; leaves green to purplish beneath, the veins usually more numerous and closer than in the next species; stripes on petioles conspicuous or lacking; sepals green; flowers mostly 10-23 cm in diameter, opening from 8 a. m. to 1 (2 or 3) p. m., scentless or nearly so; petals obovate to almost spatulate, generally rounded at the apex; filaments broader than the anthers; seed 2.8-4.4 mm long. . . .1. N. tuberosa. Rootstocks with few branches; branches not constricted at the base and persistent; leaves deep red to green, tinged with red beneath; stripes on petioles lacking; sepals often purplish outside; flowers mostly 7-12 cm in diameter, fragrant, open- ing from 6 a. m. to 12 m.; petals elliptic; inner filaments narrower than the anthers; seed 1.6-2.3 mm long. (See excluded species no. 228, p. 1046.) N. odorata. 1. Nymphaea tuberosa Paine. (Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene.) Magnolia Waterlily. Map 930. This species is frequent to common in the lakes and sloughs of the lake area and very local south of it because its habitat is lacking. This species has generally been confused with Nymphaea odomta. Nuphar Nymphaeaceae 453 2 3 Jan. Feb. Mar., Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov Dec. C B D MZ\r f 3 Fr HD D r r— _ f^ X r - i / Miles J J~ r 1 i ' — sluph ar variegata Er 50 Map 932 gelm. 0 50 Map 933 Ceratophy Hum demersum L. Conard wrote me in 1933 that the latter species belongs to the Coastal Plain and in the interior it does not occur as far south as Indiana. On August 12, 1930, I found a rose colored form in the west side of Cheesborough Lake, Steuben County. Lake Champlain to Trenton, N. J., westw. to Nebr. and Ark. 2514. NUPHAR Smith [Miller & Standley. The North American species of Nymphaea. Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 16: i-ix. 63-108. 1912. Fernald. Nymphozanthus the correct name for the cow lilies. Rhodora 21: 183-188. 1919. Fernald. Discusses the present nomenclature. Rhodora 39 : 407-409. 1937.] Leaves less than twice as long as wide; sinus a half to a fourth as long as the blade. Petioles terete; leaf blades not floating, erect or spreading; basal sinus open, widest at the base of the lobes; sepals, petals, and fruit generally greenish yellow or yellow but with no tinge of red or only the crown reddish 1. N. advena. Petioles conspicuously flattened; leaf blades floating; basal sinus narrow and usually nearly closed ; sepals generally tinged with red inside at the base ; petals usually red about half their length; fruit reddish at the base up to a half or three fourths its length 2. N. variegata. Leaves more than twice as long as wide; sinus less than a fourth the length of the blade. (See excluded species no. 229, p. 1047.) N. sagittifolia. 1. Nuphar advena Ait. (Nymphaea advena Ait.) Yellow Spatter- dock. Map 931. In shallow, running or stagnant water in lakes, streams, sloughs, and ponds throughout the state. Frequent to common in the lake area, and infrequent south of it. N. Y. to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Tex. 2. Nuphar variegata Engelm. (Nymphaea advena var. variegata (Engelm.) Fern.) Variegated Spatterdock. Map 932. Probably limited to the lakes of northern Indiana. I have no notes on its frequency or its associates. I have seen it in three lakes in Noble County. It is certain that it is much rarer than the preceding species. Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, and Mont. 454 Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyilum 89. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Gray 2516. CERATOPHYLLUM L. 1. Ceratophyllum demersum L. HORNWORT. Map 933. Common in most of the lakes of the lake region, becoming infrequent to rare in streams and ponds south of the lake region. Throughout N. A. except the extreme north. 91. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowfoot Family Plants climbing; flowers white, maroon, or purple; leaves mostly compound 2542. Clematis, p. 463. Plants not as above. Leaves 3- or 4-ternate; plants dioecious; pistillate flowers white; staminate flowers greenish, whitish or purplish; fruit an achene 2548. Thalictrum, p. 473. Leaves not as above ; plants not dioecious. Ovaries several-ovuled (1 or 2 in Hydrastis) ; fruit a follicle which sometimes resembles a berry; calyx generally petaloid. Flowers regular, white, scarlet or yellow. Leaves simple, either palmately lobed or divided, reniform or cordate. flowers white, small, about 1 cm wide; leaves palmately 5-7-lobed; roots yellow ; fruit red 2522. Hydrastis, p. 455. Flowers bright yellow or greenish yellow, large, generally 2-3 cm wide. Flowers bright yellow; leaves not divided; plants of springy places 2524. Caltha, p. 455. Flowers greenish yellow; leaves divided into 7-11 lobes; plants introduced. 2527. Helleborus, p. 456. Leaves ternately decompound. Plants low, generally less than 30 cm high. Leaves basal and cauline, the basal ones biternate, the cauline ones ter- nate, alternate; flowers cauline, several axillary and terminal, the floral parts 5; roots fibrous. (Our species of this genus is often confused with Anemonella thalictroides. The roots of Anemonella are tuberous; cauline leaves in a terminal whorl; and floral parts more than 5.) 2532. Isopyrum, p. 456. Leaves all basal and ternate; 1-flowered, flowers on scapes 2534. COPTIS, p. 456. Plants tall, usually 0.5-2 m high. Flowers in terminal racemes, small, white. Racemes simple, generally less than 5 cm long; fruit red or white, fleshy, several-seeded, resembling a berry 2537. Actaea, p. 457. Racemes generally paniculate, usually 2-4 dm long; fruit many-seeded follicles 2537A. Cimictfuga, p. 457. Flowers not in racemes, large, showy; petals spurred, scarlet 2538. Aquilegia, p. 458. Flowers irregular, blue or pinkish, except albino forms. Posterior sepal prolonged into a spur generally 10-15 mm long 2539. Delphinium, p. 458. Posterior sepal hooded, covering the 2 petals 2540. Aconitum, p. 459. Ovaries 1-ovuled; fruit an achene. Leaves all radical; flowers on scapes. Leaves reniform, 3-lobed; scape 1-flowered 2541 B. Hepatica, p. 462. Leaves linear; scape 1-flowered, the greatly elongated receptacle resembling a many-flowered spike 2543. Myosurus, p. 464. Hydrastis Ranunculaceae 455 1 5 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. tf no 0 D D P o 0 D L J P 1 ' ? » X D » 0 *■ DP r1- OP r 8 m D p j J Miles D Dec. C D D DP T t L { D k , D D /d i1 t J r 1 D \B H ^dra stis tjA 7 canadens t 5b Map 934 is L b 5o Map 935 Caltha palustris L. Leaves not all radical. Sepals and petals present; flowers yellow or white, and if white, the plants aquatic 2546. Ranunculus, p. 465. Sepals present, petals absent; flowers white or greenish white. Cauline leaves alternate, palmately lobed or ternately decompound. Leaves palmately lobed; flowers corymbose. .2545. Trautvetteria, p. 465. Leaves ternately decompound with crenately lobed leaflets; flowers small, numerous, in panicles, dioecious or polygamous; achenes 5-ribbed 2548. Thalictrum, p. 473. Cauline leaves opposite or whorled; flowers few; sepals large, showy. Achenes not ribbed; leaves palmately incised, lobed, parted or divided 2541. Anemone, p. 460. Achenes ribbed; leaves ternately decompound, those of the stem sessile, in a whorl near the summit 2541 A. Anemonella, p. 461. 2522. HYDRASTIS Ellis 1. Hydrastis canadensis L. GOLDENSEAL. Map 934. Infrequent to com- mon in rich, moist woods throughout the state although there are no records or specimens from 5 of the northwestern counties. I once found it growing in a tamarack bog. From the earliest times it has been much used in medicine and now commands a high price. The root of this species and ginseng have always been valuable and for this reason they are almost extinct. I believe that goldenseal is now more rare than ginseng. Its scarcity and high price have resulted in its being cultivated. Western N. E. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Kans. 2524. CALTHA [Rupp.] L. Marsh Marigold 1. Caltha palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Map 935. Found in springy places about lakes, along streams and ditches, infrequent in swamps and ponds in woodland, and in the outlets of springs. It requires fresh water which is more or less circulating. It is frequent in the lake area, becoming less frequent to very local southward. The leaves, both basal and cauline, vary much in the width of the basal sinus and in the margins. Some have a very wide sinus while others 456 Ranunculaceae Isopyrum 0 50 Map 937 Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. r— Jan. s > *1 D 0 J »o 0 ? L_fj Feb. D I / D P D " ' B" Mar. V^ r ° i » 2 22 2 Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. | D 0 f^ B D ° ~| „ 0 p B J, OB B 0 o o o D P I B «' n r f * Oct. Nov. \ ' 3P r' F r o _3I D UC J D 0 Dec.f- 0 JF D iu r i ' — D D D A -- J__J^D_? -rc/' r.: r ( [Bn f » . > D 0 If, • SXQ ) d *y gC5J1j -I D ( \ / J Miles (O D[ r' J 0 ,-^V J 3 50 jX-O^sj^V Map 938 Actaea alba (L.) Mill. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. \ S KD » J E 0 r V IV " -I r -^ r r1 Dec C ■ l — / Miles Ac aea rub ra \ / (Ait.) 3 50 Map 939 Willd. have a narrow one. The margins vary from almost entire to acutely dentate. Nieuwland (Amer. Midland Nat. 3: 325. 1914) describes a form found in Porter County with "the upper leaves under the inflorescence somewhat lobed not unlike those of the red maple, the leaves were lacin- iately toothed." Hansen reported Caltha flabellifolia from Kosciusko County. I am refer- ring this report to Caltha palustris. See excluded species no. 230, p. 1047. Lab. to Sask., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Nebr. 2527. HELLEBORUS [Tourn] L. See excluded species no. 231, p. 1047. 2532. ISOPtRUML. 1. Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. False Rue Anemone. Map 936. Infrequent to common in moist, rich woods throughout the state. Probably absent from a few of the northwestern counties. It prefers the beech and sugar maple type of woods. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2534. COPTIS Salisb. [Fernald. Coptis trifolia and its eastern American representative. Rhodora 31 : 136-142. 1929.] 1. Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. (Coptis trifolia of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Goldthread. Map 937. At one time probably infrequent to common in most of the tamarack bogs of the lake area. The tamarack bogs have nearly disappeared and those remaining have been so modified by drainage and grazing that this species has become rare and local. In Allen County its habitat has been destroyed. It was also found on sites where the tamarack bog had just passed into the Actaea Ranunculaceae 457 Betula lutea stage and where some of the sphagnum still remained. This plant was used in medicine. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Md. and Iowa, and in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn. 2537. ACTAfiA L. Baneberry [Mackenzie. White-fruited Bane-berries. Torreya 28 : 51-53. 1928.] Pedicels stout, generally 3-9 mm long in flower; fruit white (sometimes purplish red but this form not yet reported from Indiana) ; largest seed nearly 5 mm long; leaves glabrous beneath or sometimes with a few hairs on the veins near the axils. 1. A. alba. Pedicels slender, generally 5-11 mm long in flower; fruit cherry red; largest seed nearly 4 mm long; leaves with a few scattered hairs on the midrib and lateral veins beneath 2. A. rubra. 1. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. Map 938. Frequent to very frequent throughout the state in rich woods. There is a red-fruited form of this species which has not been reported from Indiana but may have been found and reported as Actaea rubra. The rhizomes of this and the following species were formerly much used in medicine. N. S., e. Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 2. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. Map 939. This species is very local in a few of our northern counties. I found a single specimen in a low woods in Lagrange County and it is rather frequent on a springy, wooded terrace in the east side of Pokagon State Park. It has been re- ported from Noble County. A specimen from St. Joseph County is in the herbarium of the University of Notre Dame. There is a report from Tippecanoe County which could also be correct. The reports by Phinney from central-eastern Indiana and the report from Jefferson County are open to question. I believe these reports should be referred to the red- fruited form of the preceding species since they come from south of the general range of distribution and the habitat of Actaea rubra, although there were cold springy areas about 4 miles southeast of Richmond. It is regrettable that our early authors did not preserve specimens to validate their reports. These reports would be very interesting if they could be authoritatively interpreted. Lab. to S. Dak., southw. to N. J., Pa., Tenn., and Nebr. 2537A. CIMIClFUGA L. 1. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black Cohosh. Map 940. Local to very local on wooded slopes in the southern counties. I have also found it on the wooded bank of Cedar Creek in Allen County. Outside the area indicated on the map, Coulter reported it from Kosciusko, Shelby, and Tippecanoe Counties, Higley & Raddin reported it from Pine, Lake County, and Schneck reported it from the Lower Wabash Valley and says: "Once common, now almost extinct." The plant is so conspicuous that if it was at all frequent I would have found it elsewhere in southern Indiana. The 458 Ranunculaceae Aquilegia a 2 I Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 '. V fr1 " p t X j- m B D HC Dec <- ■ ' — *— y D 1 J D [y/i [Ba w L - — > / Miles Cir n*c fug a ra y\ 7 cemosa (L 1 50 Map 940 .) Nutt. 0 50 Map 941 Aquilegia canadensis L. 1 — , ** ] ND — Feb D — Mar. Apr. fj V pi 1 6 1 1 May June July Aug. Sept. f r " 1 D B "V— i t Oct Nov r J t DecJ- I IU i ' — -i— X| / D 1 -tt' :u r 1 _Vr^-/ / Miles 1 1 /® J { ^-v / ') 50 ir^S^j-^i/ Map 942 Delphinium Ajacis L. rhizomes and roots have been much used in medicine and since the plant is so conspicuous I fear "root collectors" have almost exterminated it. It is commonly known as black cohosh and to the eclectic physician as macrotys. Maine, Out. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 2538. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. 1. Aquilegia canadensis L. American Columbine. Map 941. Local throughout the state on the wooded bluffs of streams, wooded slopes and banks of streams, banks and slopes of deep ravines, and rarely far removed from stream courses. I have twice found it in open tamarack bogs where it was associated with Rhus Vernix and Rhamnus alnifolia. I have also frequently found it growing in the rocky crevices of cliffs along streams. I suspected this wide difference of habitat would show some difference in the structure of the plants but I find none. The plant when taken from the wild and planted in the garden thrives and reproduces freely from seed, which fact is not entirely consistent with its restricted distribution along streams. N. S. to Alberta, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2539. DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur [Wilde. Studies of the genus Delphinium. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 519: 1-107. 1930.] Pistil 1; capsules densely pubescent; leaf-segments mostly less than 2 mm wide; annual. 1. D. Ajacis. Pistils 3; capsules glabrous or the sutures somewhat pubescent; leaf-segments more than 2 mm wide ; perennial 2. D. tricorne. 1. Delphinium Ajacis L. Rocket Larkspur. Map 942. Somewhat frequent in fallow fields and open woodland near the Ohio River in the southeastern part of the state and probably very local elsewhere. Where Aconitum Ranunculaceae 459 6 50 Map 943 Delphinium tricorne Michx. 0 ^30 Map 944 Anemone quinq u efoha van interior Fern. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. ' \_ f J D ^ L Jh , ~M L 1 Miles 0" 50 Map 945 Anemone caroliniana Walt. it is common, I have seen blue, pink, and white forms of it in the same colony. Nat. of Eu. ; N. S. to Mont, and Kans., southw. to S. C. 2. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Rock Larkspur. Map 943. Infrequent to frequent in rich soil on wooded slopes in the southern counties, becom- ing less frequent northward and probably very local or entirely absent from the northern two tiers of counties. It seems to have very little affinity for streams, because it is usually found near the bases of slopes of ravines as well as along streams. This wild species is easily cultivated in the garden. I have a specimen which I collected on May 1, 1910, in a woods near Wilson Creek northwest of La^wrenceburg, in Dearborn County, on which I have the following note: "In this station I estimate that there is an average of 1 plant for every square foot of space over an area of 20 acres of woodland." I have seen it in large colonies but usually only a few plants are found at a station. The plant is poisonous to stock. I met a farmer who lived a mile north of Cedar Grove in Franklin County who called the plant stagger weed and told me that he had known cattle to be killed by eating it. Pa. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 2540. ACONITUM [Tourn.] L. 1. Aconitum uncinatum L. Clambering Monkshood. This species was reported by Short in his Fourth Supplement of the Plants of Ken- tucky as occurring in the "barrens" of Indiana. On January 1, 1927, I found, in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, two well preserved and ample specimens of this species collected by C. W. Short. The labels are as follows : "Barrens of la. near Corydon, Sept. 1840" and "Barrens of Indiana near Corydon, Oct. 1842." The identification of the specimens is correct. The species may be extinct in Indiana. S. Pa., southw. in the mts. to Ga., westw. to Wis. and southw. to Ky. 460 Ranunculaceae Anemone 2541. ANEMONE [Tourn.] L. Anemone Stems generally 1-2 dm high, simple, 1-flowered, flowering in Indiana mostly in April and before May 20. Plants from a horizontal rootstock, generally 2-3 mm in diameter; stem leaves on petioles 0.5-2 cm long; sepals generally 5, oblong or oval, glabrous on the back. 1. A. quinquefolia var. interior. Plants from a tuber 6-8 mm in diameter; stem leaves sessile; sepals 6-20, narrow- oblong, pubescent on the back 2. A. caroliniana. Stems more than 2 dm high, generally branching above and with more than one flower, flowering in Indiana mostly after May 20, usually in June or later. Stem leaves sessile or nearly so ; fruiting heads orbicular ; achenes broader than long, more or less pubescent with long, straight hairs, the body not hidden by the pubescence 3- A- canadensis. Stem leaves on petioles more than 1 cm long; fruiting heads generally oblong; body of achene longer than wide, so densely woolly with long hairs as to be hidden by them. Margins of the segments of the 3-parted leaves irregularly toothed or cleft above the middle only; fruiting heads more than twice as long as wide 4. A. cylindrica. Margins of the segments of the 3-parted leaves sharply serrate or double-serrate to below the middle; fruiting heads less than twice as long as wide 5. A. virginiana. 1. Anemone quinquefolia L. var. interior Fern. (Rhodora 37: 260. 1935.) American Wood Anemone. Map 944. Infrequent to frequent or local in rich, moist woods in the northern half of the state. I have no specimens from the southern part although there are reports of it from six southern counties. N. Ont. to e. Man., southw. to Ohio, Ind., 111., and Iowa. 2. Anemone caroliniana Walt. Carolina Anemone. Map 945. This species was reported by Blatchley in Indiana Geol. Rept. 21 : 628. 1897. He says it was reported by Miss Nora Arnold, who knew of its growing for 12-13 years in patches on a hill along Durkey's Ferry Road about 5i/2 miles north of Terre Haute, Vigo County. In April, 1933, I asked Prof. Fred Donaghy of the Terre Haute State Normal School to try to redis- cover this species. He found it and sent me specimens. He wrote that a colony about 10 feet square was located on the slope of a bluff opposite Durkey's Ferry. The plants grew in sandy soil among grasses, had very shallow roots, and were 3-8 inches high. Open places, Wis. to Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 3. Anemone canadensis L. Meadow Anemone. Map 946. Found in low ground in woodland and along roadsides, mostly in alluvial soil along streams. Infrequent to frequent in the northern half of the state and in the Wabash Valley, becoming rare or absent in the hilly counties. Cent. Maine, e. Que. to Alberta, southw. to Md., Mo., Kans., and Colo. 4. Anemone cylindrica Gray. Candle Anemone. Map 947. Infrequent throughout the lake area. It prefers a very sandy or gravelly soil and is usually found in prairie habitats along railroads and roadsides and in open woodland, usually on open, black and white oak ridges. Apparently Anemonella Ranunculaceae 461 Anemone canadensis 0 ~30 Map 948 Anemone virginiana L. it prefers a dry habitat, although the only place I ever saw it growing in abundance was on a gravelly bench on the north side of Wall Lake in Lagrange County, which was only a few feet above the water level. This bench was made several years ago when the water level of the lake receded. In this moist habitat the plants were common and vigorous, one of the specimens having 7 fruiting heads. Western Maine to Sask., southw. to N. J., Pa., 111., Mo., Kans., N. Mex., and Ariz. 5. Anemone virginiana L. Tall Anemone. Map 948. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. This is a woodland species and is rarely found in the open along roads and railroads. It generally grows in dry soil on wooded slopes and has a decided preference for slopes along streams. The species varies considerably in the length of its stamens and in the size, shape, texture, and color of its sepals. Some of the variations have been given names but after a careful study of my 77 specimens from all parts of the state I have decided that the characters are too variable to be of taxonomic value. Maine, s. Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 2541 A. ANEMONELLA Spach 1. Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach. (Syndesmon tlmlictroides (L.) Hoffmg.) Map 949. Infrequent to very frequent in all parts of the state except in the prairie areas and in very sandy areas. This is strictly a woodland plant which is found generally in dry soil, usually on slopes and banks along streams and ravines. This species is variable in many ways and some of the variations have received names. Hill (Bot. Gaz. 10: 262. 1885.) wrote of finding speci- mens near Hobart, Lake County, with "flowers greatly doubled, of 20-30 purplish petals, alternating in whorls." Mass., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tenn., and Kans. 462 Ranunculaceae Hepatica 0 50 Map 949 Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach 0 50 Map 950 Hepatica acutiloba DC. 50 Map 951 Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker 2541B. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Hill Hepatica Leaf lobes acute or somewhat obtuse at the apex 1. H. acutiloba. Leaf lobes rounded at the apex 2. H. americana. 1. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Sharplobe Hepatica. Map 950. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state except in the prairie area. The hepaticas are strictly woodland plants. This species is generally found in rich soil on wooded slopes and these most frequently near streams. The flowers vary from white to pink and purple. The leaves of both of our hepaticas vary in color from green to green mottled with maroon. Some authors regard H. acutiloba as only a variety of the next species, but it is entirely distinct although the characters separating it are difficult to describe. The leaves and achenes of Hepatica acutiloba are slightly larger than those of Hepatica americana. This species is a lime loving plant while the next prefers a slightly acid soil and this requirement, I believe, excludes it or makes it rare in southern Indiana. Western N. H., w. Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 2. Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker. (Hepatica triloba of Gray, Man., ed. 7, not Chaix and Hepatica Hepatica (L.) Karst. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) (Fernald. The specific characters of Hepatica ameri- cana. Rhodora 19 : 45-46. 1917.) Roundlobe Hepatica. Map 951. Infre- quent to locally frequent in the lake area, becoming local and very rare in the southern part, or possibly absent. It has been reported from several of the southern counties but there are no specimens. It is possible that the identifications are wrong since this species prefers a rather acid soil, but the habitat does occur locally in southern Indiana, and I see no reason why it should not be found. My efforts to find it have failed. The flowers vary in color from white to pink and purple. These forms have been assigned names but Weatherby (Rhodora 27: 131-132. 1925) found that white forms are constant but that color forms may be one color one year and another color the next year. Hence I am omitting these color form names. N. S. to Man. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Mo. Clematis Ranunculaceae 463 0 50 Map 952 Clematis Viorna L. 1 a i Jan. Feb Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov V- ' rL f -k f 1 \-^ r Dec <— 1 i y i \ // Miles rJ iu DP J ° r H c emat s r^V J ° 50 xf Map 953 Jitcheri T. & 6. o 3o Map 954 Clematis vircjiniana L. 2542. CLEMATIS L. Flowers solitary; sepals thick, purplish or pinkish purple. Styles pubescent their entire length with long spreading hairs; hairs usually about 3 mm long at maturity, those toward the apex shorter; stigmatic lines about 0.5-1 mm long; mature stigma about 4 cm long; flowers pinkish purple 1 . C. Viorna. Styles pubescent only at the base or up to the middle with more appressed hairs; hairs usually about 2 mm long; upper part of style naked or with only a few hairs; stigmatic lines usually 1.5-2 mm long; mature stigma about 2 cm long; flowers purplish or nearly colorless above the middle 2. C. Pitcheri. Flowers many, cymose-paniculate ; sepals thin, white 3. C. virginiana. 1. Clematis Viorna L. (Viorna Viorna (L.) Small.) Leatherflower. Map 952. Infrequent to rare throughout the state except in the northern two tiers of counties where it is either absent or very rare. Clark's report from Marshall County is the only one from these counties. It is found mostly on the rocky, wooded slopes of streams. The leaves of this species, as of the next two, are variable in the amount of the pubescence of the lower surface of the leaflets. Some are nearly glabrous while the majority are more or less densely pubescent. Plants with the apex of the leaflets long-acuminate are Clematis Ridgwayi Stanclley. I have a specimen of this form from Martin County named for me by Standley, and I have specimens from other counties which I refer to it. Pa. to Mo., southw. to Ga. and La. (Brown. Torreya 29: 159. 1929.) 2. Clematis Pitcheri T. & G. (Viorna Pitcheri (T. & G.) Britt.) Pitcher Leatherflower. Map 953. This species is very local in low ground in the Lower Wabash Valley and I have found it twice near the Ohio River. The reports of Blatchley from Vigo County and Clements from Daviess County are, no doubt, correct. Thompson reported it from Carroll County and this report, without doubt, should be referred to the preceding species. Southern Ind. to Nebr., southw. to Tex. 164 Ranunculaceae Myosurus 0 50 Map 955 Myosurus minimus L. — Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov f L_ i'1 V- i r r - i J or ? Dec.f- / Miles Trautvett :ria caro i/ Map 956 inensis (Walt.) Vail 3 14 1 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov 5 D D 1 ) ° D D D y-1. ° D D p i r° P \ f^ D ' r1 X 0 D D r B 4a j DP Dec C i i ' — \ V i J Miles D pf 0 "i u iu 1 ^anuncu lus fl \ / abellari : 50 Map 957 , Raf. 3. Clematis virginiana L. Virgins-bower. Map 954. Infrequent or rarely frequent throughout the state. It is found in moist ground, gen- erally along streams, about lakes, and along fences. The stems of my specimens are more or less fluted and more or less densely appressed-pubescent. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves vary from sparingly to densely pubescent, the lower surface sometimes velvety to the touch. N. S. to Man., southw. to Ga. and La. (Brown. Torreya 29: 159. 1929.) 2543. MYOSURUS L. 1. Myosurus minimus L. Mousetail. Map 955. I have found this species in five widely separated places in Posey County. I found it abundant in very sandy soil in a forest planting of about 15 year old chestnut about 4 miles north of Mt. Vernon; in a pasture field just south of New Har- mony Cemetery; in a sandy by-road along the Wabash River about 3 miles south of New Harmony; frequent in a fallow cornfield on the south side of Pitcher "Lake" about 5 miles northwest of Mt. Vernon; and com- mon in a fallow cornfield along Black River about 2 miles east of Griffin. I found it also in Gibson County, in a fallow cornfield 6 miles west of Princeton, and recently Kriebel has collected it in Daviess County. There is a specimen from Montgomery County in the herbarium of Wabash Col- lege. The plant is very inconspicuous and since I have rarely botanized its habitat, it may be more frequent than my experience indicates. Schneck reported it from the Lower Wabash Bottoms and Benedict & Elrod re- ported it from Cass County, remarking that it was "scarce." In 1937 I found it in its habitat in Newton County. I am of the opinion that if sandy, fallow cornfields are worked carefully, its distribution would be greatly extended. Nat. of Eu. and reported from the U. S. at widely separated stations. Ont., B. C, southw. at Norfolk, Va., Fla., Tex., N. Mex., and 111. Some of the reports may be referable to some other species. For its distribution see Greene (Amer. Midland Nat. 3: 311-316. 1914). Trautvetteria Ranunculaceae r 465 2545. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. 1. Trautvetteria carolinensis (Walt.) Vail. False Bugbane. Map 956. This species was reported from the "knobs" on the authority of Clapp in the "Catalogue of Plants of Indiana" published in 1881. This report was repeated in Coulter's Catalogue to which was added a report for Barnes from Clark County. Dr. Clapp was an industrious and, I think, a very accurate botanist. He came to Indiana about 1817 and continued his botanical work until his death in about 1865. I was fortunate in being able to purchase his copy of Gray's Manual, first edition, and an interleaved copy of Riddell's "Flora of the Western States" in which he kept a list of the plants he collected in the vicinity of New Albany. In the Riddell's Flora he had bound 48 blank pages, on which he kept records. When he found a species in Indiana, he indicated it by a check mark in the cata- logue. On one of the blank pages he summarized his work up to the end of 1840 and he recorded a total of 918 plants, which included 25 ferns. His last note was made in 1857 and whether he failed to keep records after that date I do not know. Nowhere in his books, however, does he mention collecting this plant under the name Trautvetteria or any of its synonyms. There is a specimen in the herbarium of Purdue University which is from the herbarium of C. R. Barnes and the label states that it was collected by A. Clapp, 1837, near New Albany, Indiana (Floyd County) . There is another specimen collected in 1837 by Dr. Clapp in the herbarium of Wabash College. These specimens were, without doubt, the basis for the Floyd County report for Clapp in Coulter's Catalogue. The fact that the first specimen was in the Barnes herbarium probably led to the report of his collecting it in Clark County, where most of Barnes' collecting was done. There is not now a specimen in the Purdue herbarium which was collected by Barnes in Clark County, nor does Barnes men- tion this species in any of his writings. There is a specimen in the herbarium of DePauw University collected by Blatchley which was in bud June 8, 1889, and was collected in the Heckland prairie about 10 miles northeast of Terre Haute, Vigo County, and one in the Gray Her- barium bearing the following label: "Low prairies, w. Ind. E. F. Shipman, 1876." Md., sw. Pa. to Mo., southw. to Ga. 2546. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L. Buttercup The status of some of the species of this genus has been variously interpreted. The species have been divided, and the names have been changed since publication of the fifth edition of Gray's Manual and of Wood's Class-book of Botany (1885). Since these books were used by our early botanists, it is not satisfactory to accept the early reports of the species of this genus. Plants aquatic; leaves finely dissected; achenes wrinkled. Flowers yellow. Leaves of submerged plants sessile or on petioles less than 1 cm long, the seg- ments acute; leaves of emersed plants on petioles mostly 1-3 cm long; achenes 466 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus margined at the base, the beak about half the length of the body of the achene 1. R- flabellaris. Leaves of submerged plants on petioles more than 1 cm long, the segments obtuse; achenes not margined, the beak about a third as long as the body of the achene. (See excluded species no. 241, p. 1049.) R. Purshii. Flowers white. Leaves petiolate, 2-2.5 cm long, collapsing when taken from the water 2. R. trichophyllus. Leaves sessile or nearly so, usually 1-1.5 cm long, not collapsing when taken from the water 3. R. longirostris. Plants terrestrial, growing in springy places and lowland, and on dry, wooded slopes; leaves not finely dissected; achenes not wrinkled. Radical and stem leaves all entire or dentate. Radical leaves ovate or oblong; stem leaves linear or lanceolate; blades generally less than 6 cm long and 1 cm wide; annuals. Plants glabrous, erect at first, then trailing; petals 1-5, about 1.5 mm long; stamens 3-10; achenes brown, beakless 4. R. pusillus. Plants sparingly appressed-pubescent, erect; petals 5, 3-7 mm long; stamens usu- ally 20-25; achenes greenish; beak about 0.2 mm long. . . .5. R. oblorigifolius. Radical and stem leaves lanceolate or the lowest ones oblong, generally all den- ticulate; blades mostly 6-12 cm long and 5-30 mm wide; plants ascending and rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous ; perennial 6. R. ambigens. Radical and stem leaves not all entire or dentate. Achenes less than 1.7 mm wide, without a distinct margin, the style very short, not over 0.4 mm long; petals generally very small, shorter or not much longer than the sepals. Plants glabrous (sometimes a few hairs on the stipular sheaths at the base of the leaf) ; annuals. Radical leaves mostly crenate, sometimes 3-lobed or 3-parted, conspicuously cordate; calyx glabrous; petals shorter than the reflexed calyx; heads subglobose; achenes mostly 1.2-1.7 mm wide, the stigmas nearly sessile; plants of various habitats, the stems solid 7. R. abortivus. Radical leaves all lobed or parted, not conspicuously cordate; calyx pubescent; petals about equaling the calyx; heads cylindric; achenes mostly 0.8-0.9 mm wide, the stigmas nearly sessile; plants of springy or very wet places, the stems hollow 8. R. sceleratus. Plants more or less pubescent. Roots not thickened; annuals; plants of springy or very wet places; stems hollow, usually 3-9 dm high; heads of fruit cylindric; achenes many. 8. R. sceleratus. Roots thickened; perennials; plants generally of the crests of wooded ridges or of wooded slopes; stems solid, generally less than 3 dm high; heads subglobose; achenes few 9. R. micranthus. Achenes more than 1.7 mm wide, with a distinct margin, the style more than 0.4 mm long; petals rather large except in nos. 11 and 12 (R. recivrvatus and R. pennsylvanicus) . Base of stem swollen, bulbiike; introduced plant 10. R. bulbosus. Base of stem not swollen, not bulblike. Flowers small; petals generally less than 3 mm long, shorter than or scarcely exceeding the sepals. Stems solid, with a spreading pubescence; none of the radical or stem leaves divided to the base; mature heads globose; mature styles (beaks) hooked 11. R. reciirvatus. Stems hollow, hispid-pubescent; some or all of the radical leaves and usually some of the stem leaves divided to the base into 3 parts, the parts stalked; mature heads longer than wide; mature styles straight. 12. R. pennsylvanicus. Ranunculus Ranunculaceae 467 Flowers large, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter; petals much exceeding the sepals. Styles in fruit less than 1 mm long, strongly curved; plant introduced, erect; radical and stem leaves 3-7-parted, usually to the base, the divi- sions sessile or rarely on petiolules 13. R. acris. Styles in fruit mostly 1 mm long or longer, straight or curved but not hooked except in no. 15 (R. repens var. villosus) ; radical and stem leaves mostly divided to the base and all of the divisions, at least the middle one, stalked. Roots fleshy, much thickened; radical and stem leaves less than 4 cm wide, pinnately cleft or divided, the lobes or divisions narrow, linear- lanceolate; native plant of a dry, sandy habitat, generally less than 25 cm high; pubescence of the stems and petioles of our plants appressed 14. R. fascicularis. Roots not fleshy; plants erect, trailing or creeping, mostly of a wet habitat; radical and lower stem leaves more than 4 cm wide. Styles ending in a minute hook; introduced, creeping plants mostly of lawns and waste places. Pubescence spreading 15. R. repens var. villosus. Pubescence appressed. (See excluded species no. 242, p. 1049.) R. repens. Styles straight or slightly curved, not hooked at the tip. Plants erect or ascending, never trailing and rooting at the nodes or tips, usually densely spreading-pubescent; styles 1.5-2 mm long. . . 16. R. hispidus. Plants erect at first, later trailing and becoming prostrate and root- ing at some of the nodes or at the tips. Stems and petioles of the later radical leaves upwardly appressed- pubescent or nearly glabrous 17. R. septentrionalis. Stems and petioles of the later radical leaves spreading-pubescent. Pubescence of the stem and of the petioles of the later radical leaves usually not dense and not retrorse; fruiting heads globose with about 20 achenes; styles 1.5-2 mm long 17a. R. septentrionalis forma. Pubescence of the stem and of the petioles of the later radical leaves very dense and retrorse at least on the lower parts; mature heads longer than wide (not measuring the styles), with up to 50 achenes to a head; styles 2.25-3 mm long, rarely shorter; plants robust, few-flowered, soon becoming prostrate and rooting at the nodes 17b. R. septentrionalis var. caricetorum. 1. Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. (Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr.) Map 957. Somewhat frequent in ponds, sloughs, and dredged ditches in the lake area, becoming infrequent to very local or absent from the southern part of the state. When its habitat becomes dry during the summer months, this species assumes a terrestrial form. This form has been named Ranunculus flabellaris f. riparius Fern. (Rhodora 38: 171. 1936.) (Ranunculus delphinifolius var. terrestris (Gray) Fern.) Its appearance is somewhat different from the aquatic form and I believe it has been the source of several reports for Ranunculus Purshii. Central Maine, Ont, Mich., southw. to N. C. and Ark. 2. Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. typicus Drew. (Rhodora 38: 18-29. 1936.) (Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus DC. and Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) F. Schultz.) Map 958. This is a species found 168 RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus 1 3 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. C- f J DP n D r \ fr1 D " D r1 X r J J Miles ■ ' — DP f nanun culu » tr va ic r>\ j lophyllu typicus 3 50 Map 958 s Chaix I" Feb. r Mar. Apr. May \ J K June — \ July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. J r -^ Dec.j- i ' — IT I0 ; Miles 0 50 Map 961 Ranunculus obloncjifolius [_. 0 ~ 50 Map 959 Ranunculus lonojrostris Godr Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. D T p \ D j » r1 V r, _L D D K 1 _/ [Ba H ff - — ' >" D J ~L-L^\ D ?)J Miles / o 5o Map 962 Ranunculus ambigens Wats. 1 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. r \ ( r^ i f _ 1 r r1 1 , Dec.C i -L 1 DS -r' " r ! £/ Miles Ranunculus pusillus 6 ' '56 Map 960 Poir. o 15 Map 963 Ranunculus abortivus L. infrequently in shallow water on the shores of lakes and bayous of streams and in ditches. Lab., Newf., N. S., Maine, and the Coastal Plain to N. J., westw. to Minn., Alaska, and Calif.; also in temperate S. A.; Eurasia. 3. Ranunculus longirostris Godr. (Rhodora 38 : 42-46. 1936.) (Ranun- culus cirdnatus of authors and Batrachium circinatum of manuals.) Map 959. This is our most common white-flowered buttercup. Its habitat is similar to that of the preceding species and it is more or less frequent in the lake area, becoming rare south of it. Que. to Oreg., southw. to Del., Pa., Tenn., Nebr., Kans., Tex., Ariz., and N. Mex. 4. Ranunculus pusillus Poir. Map 960. This species was reported from Knox County by Spillman. I found a large colony of it in a low woods about a mile east of Palmyra in Harrison County, and it is a common Ranunculus Ranunculaceae 469 plant surrounding a pond of about 2 acres nearly 2 miles southeast of Palmyra. It has also been found by Edna Banta in Jefferson County. Atlantic coast from s. N. Y. to Fla., westw. through the Gulf States to Tex., and northw. up the Mississippi Valley to Ind. 5. Ranunculus oblongifolius Ell. Map 961. I found this species to be frequent in a low, open woods in the Hunley Bottoms about a mile north- east of Huntingburg in Dubois County, and in three widely separated places in Posey County where it was common in hard, white clay soil in very wet, fallow fields. Winona Welch collected it in Graebert's woods about 8 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon in Posey County, and Edna Banta found it in the "flats" in Jefferson County. Atlantic coast from Del. to Fla., westw. to Tex., and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Okla. and Ind. 6. Ranunculus ambigens Wats. (Rhodora 38 : 173-175. 1936.) (Ranun- culus laxicaulis (T. & G.) Darby and Ranunculus obtusiusculus Raf.) Map 962. Very local in swamps and ponds throughout the state although there are no reports from the northwestern part. The most northern report is that from Noble County by Van Gorder. This species grows in swamps, ponds, and ditches that are full of water in the spring and become dry in summer when it flowers and fruits. Maine to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 7. Ranunculus abortivus L. SMALL-FLOWER BUTTERCUP. Map 963. This buttercup is frequent to common throughout the state and is found in all kinds of habitats except in very sandy or very wet places. Where clean cultivation is desired in lawns, orchards, and elsewhere, it is a pernicious weed. Lab. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ark., and Colo. 8. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed Buttercup. Map 964. Local in ponds, springy places, and ditches in the lake area and absent or very 470 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus 0 50 Map 967 Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. 0 50 Map 968 Ranunculus acris L. ~!3 Map 969 Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. local south of this area. Our plants vary from glabrous to pubescent all over. Throughout N. A. except in the extreme north; also in Eurasia. 9. Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. (Ranunculus cymbalist es* Greene.) Map 965. There are seven reports for this species, all from the southern half of the state. My specimens are from near the bases of slopes wooded with sugar maple and from the crests of wooded ridges. It is either very local or so inconspicuous that it is overlooked. Maine to Minn, and Sask., south w. to Ga., Ark., and Colo. 10. Ranunculus bulbosus L. Bulb Buttercup. Map 966. There are reports from seven counties. Nieuwland collected it in Lake and Porter Counties and the specimens are in the herbarium of the Univer- sity of Notre Dame. Clark collected it in Marshall County and the speci- men is in the National Herbarium at Washington, D. C. A specimen col- lected by Flora Haas in Owen County is in the herbarium of Indiana University. Nat. of Eu. ; N. E. to Ind., southw. to N. C, and La. 11. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Buttercup. Map 967. In- frequent to frequent or even common in moist, rich woods throughout the state. N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ala., Mo., and Kans. 12. Ranunculus acris L. Tall Buttercup. Map 968. This species has been reported from eight counties, mostly northern. It is local along railroads and roadsides. I have seen it abundant in a few places, and in time no doubt it will become a weed in favorable habitats. My Allen County specimen, no. 47063, is exceptional in that the blades of the stem leaves are divided into three parts and these are on petiolules 0.5-3 cm long. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va. and Mo. * Fernald makes this name a variety and calls it Ranunculus micranthus var. cym- balistes (Greene) Fern. (Rhodora 41: 543. 1939.) Ranunculus Ranunculaceae 471 o 5o Map 970 Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. 6 50 Map 971 Ranunculus repens var. villosus Lamotte 0 55 Map 972 Ranunculus hispidus Michx. 13. Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Tufted Buttercup. Map 969. I have found this species in dry, sandy soil locally in only the northern counties, but it has been reported from Clark, Dearborn, Decatur, Frank- lin, Jefferson, Monroe, Shelby, and Vigo Counties and from the Lower Wabash Valley. Eastern Mass., Ont., Wis., and Minn., southw. to N. C, Tex., and Kans. 14. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup. Map 970. Infrequent in wet places about lakes and in marshes and rarely in ditches in the lake area. Coulter reported it in his Catalogue for Mc- Dougal from Putnam County, but there is no specimen in the herbarium of DePauw University where MacDougal's Indiana specimens are de- posited. Newf. to B. C, southw. to Ga., Kans., and Colo. 15. Ranunculus repens L. var. villosus Lamotte. (Fernald. Varia- tions of Ranunculus repens. Rhodora 21: 169. 1919.) Map 971. This species was reported by the majority of the earlier authors and un- doubtedly all or nearly all of the reports should be transferred to other species. Coulter, in his catalogue, transferred most of them to Ranwi- culus septentrionalis. It has recently been found as a weed in a lawn at Goodland, Newton County, by Madge McKee, and as a weed in a lawn in Bedford, Lawrence County, by Ralph M. Kriebel. It doubtless is more widely distributed in our state than our reports indicate. Nat. of Eu. and nw. N. A. ; introd. in e. U. S. 16. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Bristly Buttercup. Map 972. This species, as I am treating it, seems to me to be a complex but I am not able to divide it. It has been reported from seven counties. I have 67 sheets from Indiana and these come from all parts of the state and from many habitats— from bogs to the crests of our highest and driest hills, and from the shade in woods to the brilliant sun of roadsides and prairies. The foliage varies so widely that no classification can be made on this 472 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus 0 50 Map 973 Ranunculus septentrfona lis P oir. f J D 1 »D Feb D Mar Apr May SA~ J ^ " June > -4 July Aug Sept Cct Nov. 0 r, tn Dec. C ■ • — D , ~^i / ° i Miles 6 50 Map 974 Ranunculus septentrionalis var. carfcetorum (Greene) Fern. 0 50 Map 975 Thalictrum dioicum L. character. The fruit, however, is rather constant. 3.5-7 mm in width and from 6-12 mm in length. Vt., Ont., N. Dak., southw. to Ga. and Ark. The petals vary from 17. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Map 973. In separating this species from this perplexing complex I have no guide except a meager amount of literature. Poiret in his original description says the plant is 8-10 inches high and that the petioles of the radical leaves are glabrous. I infer that the description was drawn from a glabrate form and a very young specimen since he adds that the base of the stem is villous or pubescent but does not mention that later radical leaves may be quite pubescent. He says that the calyx is glabrous, furnished with sparse hairs at the summit. Of the 34 specimens which I have from Indiana, all have the entire calyx appressed-pubescent except one specimen which is glabrous throughout except for a few hairs at the summit of the peduncle. Fernald cited a specimen of Ranunculus hispidus var. falsus Fern, from Indiana and some local authors have been so naming juvenile specimens of this species. Since this species roots at the nodes it certainly does not belong to Ranunculus hispidus which is an erect plant. This species is found throughout the state in wet woods and more rarely on slopes and banks. Since I have never been able to satisfactorily separate this species from the preceding one and the following variety the maps indicate only a scattered distribution. N. B. to Man., southw. to Ga. and Kans. 17a. Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. (Spreading-pubescent form.) This form is found sparsely throughout the state in habitats similar to those of the usual form of the species. I have only 6 specimens from Indiana. 17b. Ranunculus septentrionalis var. caricetorum (Greene) Fern. (Rhodora 38: 177-178. 1936.) (Ranunculus caricetorum Greene.) Map 974. This variety is probably not very rare in the lake area of the state Thalictrum Ranunculaceae 473 but is infrequent south of it. It is usually found in springy and rarely in drier situations. I am following Fernald in considering this a variety of Ranunculus septentrionalis although it seems distinct in characters other than its pubescence. The whole plant is much more robust than its allies, has much larger fruiting heads, longer styles, and the achenes usually average 40-50 per head while the species usually has about 20. I have had the last two species and this variety under cultivation for years. While this treatment was being written during the last of June I visited my colony of this variety and I found plants 5 feet in diameter with an abundance of new plants coming from the nodes. Usually the new plants have 3-5 radical leaves 5-8 inches long and the pubescence on the petioles of all of the leaves from one node is spreading, but sometimes at other nodes some petioles have a spreading pubescence and some have a recurved pubescence toward the base. The main stem above the first node has a sparse spread- ing pubescence. The plant seems to have the retrorse hereditary factor of the pubescence but a quantitative statement is speculative. Ohio and Ind. to Minn., southw. to Mo. 2548. THALICTRUM [Tourn.] L. Meadowrue Stem leaves all petioled; flowering in April and early May, dioecious; plants gen- erally less than 6 (8) dm high 1. T. dioicum. Stem leaves sessile or only the lower ones petioled; generally flowering after May, dioecious or polygamous; plants generally 8-20 dm high. Lower surface of leaflets, especially the veins, and usually the achenes, covered more or less with stalked or sessile glands, or with both; leaflets generally thick and with revolute margins; plants generally with yellow roots 2. T. revolutum. Lower surface of leaflets without glands but more or less densely pubescent with flat, multicellular hairs, very rarely a specimen glabrous. Leaflets thick tfr thin, the margins more or less revolute; flowering mostly in June; anthers mucronate, or at least somewhat acute, generally about 2 mm long; filaments usually more or less enlarged above; mature achenes sessile or nearly so, not reflexed 3. T. dasycarpum. Leaflets thin, the margins flat; flowering mostly in July; anthers mostly 0.5-1 mm long, oblong, obtuse at the apex; filaments usually flat and much enlarged above, usually about as wide as the anther; mature achenes stipitate, re- flexed. 4. T. p&relegans. The treatment of the genus as given is not at all satisfactory and must be regarded as provisional. Until the many species described by E. L. Greene are understood, no satisfactory treatment is possible. I believe the "master key" to our species has not yet been discovered. The char- acters usually given to separate the species are not constant in a large series of specimens. What effect the habitat has upon the thickness of the leaflets I do not know but I do not think we should place thick- and thin-leaved specimens in the same category. 1. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadowrue. Map 975. Generally frequent throughout the state on wooded slopes. This species, like the others, shows considerable variation but I believe we do not have any of the described varieties or closely allied species. 474 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum 0 ~T() Map 976 Thalictrum revolutum DC. 0~~ ~^fj Map 977 Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall 0 — "Trj Map 978 Thalictrum perelegans Greene My no. 5946, collected on the bank of Wildcat Creek west of Greentown in Howard County, I cite as unusual. My specimen arises from a node of an underground stem. The stem remaining on the specimen has nine nodes and is 16 cm long, and shows no decrease in size where it has been broken off at both ends. Central Maine to Sask., southw. to Ala. and Mo. 2. Thalictrum revolutum DC. Waxy Meadowrue. Map 976. Infre- quent to frequent throughout the state in moist soil. A form with yellow roots (when collected) is generally found in dry soil on wooded slopes and less often in moist, sandy places. I think the form, which usually has only sessile glands, should be separated as a species or variety. It may be that it is Greene's Thalictrum amabilis, the type of which I have not seen. I have 70 sheets of this species from Indiana and I have failed to make a record of the color of the roots of many specimens but I think that I made a record when the color was yellow and did not when no color was evident. Mass. to Ont., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Mo. 3. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. Purple Meadowrue. Map 977. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in moist or wet places. It is found mostly in bogs and springy places about lakes and in low places in woods and moist places along roadsides. Some of my specimens of this species had yellow roots when collected. This species shows a wide range in the texture, size, and shape of the leaflets and I think it is also a complex. The lower surface of the leaflets varies from glabrous to densely pubescent. I found a staminate specimen in Noble County that had a lavender inflorescence. N. J., N. Dak. to Sask., southw. to Nebr. and Ariz. 4. Thalictrum perelegans Greene. (Greene, Leaflets of Botany 2: 59. 1910.) (Thalictium polygamum of Indiana authors.) Map 978. I have seven specimens of this species and there are two from Jefferson Podophyllum Berberidaceae 475 0 50 Map 979 Podophyllum peltatum L. 0 ~W Map 980 Jeffersonia diphylla (LJ Pers. 5 13 Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov B p L N T D ) L o D D D p D 0 0 D hoL \ 1 X ' 0 D < D D P ff D B 0 f 0 ) B L I" 0 D I — D HO n a, 7»i 0 j^ f\ ■ * Dec.P _L^ Bo T K ^ B B D D K J f D l r — T 1 "J o J^s 'Tbb P ' ^/ Miles Caulophy Hum tha 5 < V. J lictroides 0 56 Map 981 (U Michx. County in the herbaria of Wabash College and Indiana University. The specimens are all from low ground in woods in the counties bordering the Ohio River. The type specimens were collected at Lemon's Gap, North Carolina, which is located at an elevation of about 3,500 feet about 13i/o miles west of Hot Springs, North Carolina. The leaflets of all of my specimens are very thin, not revolute, and more or less pubescent beneath. The short and blunt anthers on very broad filaments are very distinctive. Broad filaments alone, however, can not be used to differentiate this species because other species also have wide filaments. The achenes are usually few, mostly stipitate, and reflexed when mature. This is a tall plant of wet woods. Ind., N. C, and Tenn. 93. BERBERIDACEAE T. & G. Barberry Family Herbs with white or greenish purple flowers. Petals 6-9; stamens 8-18; fruit many-seeded. Leaves palmately 5-9-lobed (rarely freakish forms); anthers opening longitud- inally; fruit a large berry 2558. Podophyllum, p. 475. Leaves all basal, the blades divided into 2 obliquely ovate leaflets; anthers opening by uplifting valves; fruit a thick- walled capsule opening by a valve at the t0p 2559. Jeffersonia, p. 476. Petals and stamens 6 ; fruit bluish black, resembling a berry, 2-seeded 2565. Caulophyllum, p. 476. Shrubs; leaves simple; flowers yellow; fruit a 1-few-seeded, red berry 2566. Berberis, p. 476. 2558. PODOPHYLLUM L. May apple 1. Podophyllum peltatum L. Common Mayapple. Map 979. Infre- quent to common throughout the state in moist woods. It often spreads and persists after woodlands are cleared because of its creeping root- stocks and the fact that no grazing animal will eat it. The rhizomes are cathartic and have long been much used in medicine. The mature fruit 476 1 Ranunculaceae Jeffersonia is short-elliptic or suborbicular, light yellow, rarely 5.5 cm long and not poisonous, as some people think. I am very fond of them and have eaten them in quantity to determine whether any ill effect resulted from eating them. In 1927 1 found a specimen that had a maroon colored fruit in a woods on the Arthur Miller farm near Mauckport, Harrison County. I did not preserve the fruit but I moved the plant to our garden where it multi- plied and in 1937 I succeeded in maturing four large fruits. These 1 sent to Dr. Edgar Anderson, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, for study. la. Podophyllum peltatum f. aphyllum Plitt. (Rhodora 33: 229. 1931.) This is a form in which the flower terminates a scape without a trace of leaves, the scape arising from the apex of the rhizome. I have a speci- men from Wells County and a second one grew about half a foot from the one I have. 2559. JEFFERSONIA B. S. Barton 1. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. TwiNLEAF. Map 980. Infrequent to frequent throughout the area shown on the map. Generally found in rich soil on wooded slopes and more common in the southern counties. Margins of leaflets vary from entire and undulating to 5-7-lobed. N. Y. to Wis., southw. to Va., Tenn., and Iowa. 2565. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. 1. Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. Map 981. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in moist, rich woods. Since the thickened rootstocks have always been much used in medicine, it is surprising to find it as frequent as it is. N. B. to Man., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Mo. 2566. BERBERIS [Tourn.] L. Barberry Leaves entire; spines generally simple; flowers in fascicles of 2-6; petals notched. 1. B. Thunbergii. Leaves not entire, the margins more or less serrate; spines generally 3-pronged. Margins of leaves regularly bristly-serrate; racemes many-flowered; petals entire; two year old branchlets grayish 2. B. vulgaris. Margins of leaves irregularly serrate, the teeth not bristly-pointed; racemes few- flowered; petals notched; two year old branchlets reddish brown 3. B. canadensis. 1. Berberis Thunbergii DC. Japanese Barberry. This shrub is much used as a hedge plant and for ornamental planting. Nieuwland re- ports it as an escape in St. Joseph County and I have found seedlings in our garden on several occasions. Since it is so commonly used, it will no doubt be found often as an escape where suitable conditions obtain. Nat. of Japan. 2. Berberis vulgaris L. European Barberry. This species was formerly much used as an ornamental shrub. When it was learned that Berberis Menispermaceae 477 0 50 Map 982 Menlspermum canadense L 0 "30 Map 983 Cocculus carolinus (LJ DC 0 30 Map 984 Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. it was responsible for the black stem rust on wheat, oats, rye, barley, and about 75 wild and cultivated grasses, which resulted in a loss of approximately fifty million dollars annually, an active campaign was started by the U. S. Department of Agriculture for its extermination in the wheat area of the U. S. See U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull. 1544: 1-28. 1927, and Purdue Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 145: 1-12. 1926. Nat. of Eu. 3. Berberis canadensis Mill. Allegheny Barberry. There is some question whether this species is a native or has been introduced. It has been found by the Barberry Eradication Agent along the Tippecanoe River in Fulton, Pulaski, White, and Tippecanoe Counties and along Wildcat Creek in Tippecanoe County. A few scattered bushes were found in Scott and Washington Counties, the habitat or exact location not being given. Nieuwland reported it from St. Joseph County, saying that a clump was found about 1894 near the bank of the St. Joseph River at the Four Mile Bridge and that it had disappeared in 1914. The discontinuous distribu- tion indicates that it might have escaped from cultivation, although there is no evidence that this species was cultivated. Before it was eradicated, I saw long stretches of it on the bank of the Tippecanoe River and it ap- peared to be native. It was usually restricted to an area a few feet back from the edge of the bank and down the slope to high water mark. Mts. of Va. to Ga., along the Alleghenies, and in Mo. 94. MENISPERMACEAE DC. Moonseed Family Petals present; anthers 4-celled; seeds flat, circular with a notch. Stamens in the staminate flowers 12-24, in the pistillate flowers represented by 6 staminodia; sepals and petals each 4-8; fruit bluish black 2567. Menispermum, p. 478. Stamens in the staminate flowers 6, in the pistillate ones reduced or lacking; sepals and petals each 6; fruit scarlet 2570. Cocculus, p. 478. Petals lacking; anthers 2-celled; stamens in the staminate flowers 12, in the pistillate ones 9, abortive; seed boat-shaped 2590. Calycocarpum, p. 478. 478 Magnoliaceae Menispermum o 53 Map 985 Magnolia acuminata L. 0 50 Map 986 Liriodendron Tulipifera L. 33 Map 987 Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 2567. MENISPERMUM [Tourn.] L. 1. Menispermum canadense L. Common Moonseed. Map 982. Infre- quent to common throughout the state on the low banks of streams, in alluvial lands along streams, on fences along roadsides, and on the steep and rocky slopes of streams and ravines. Most abundant in overflow woods in the Lower Wabash Valley. This plant twines from left to right. It freezes to the ground each year throughout the state except in a few of the southwestern counties where it becomes woody. I have a specimen from Warrick County that has a stem 1 cm in diameter. The rhizomes were formerly much used in medicine but are rarely used now. When this plant is introduced into cultivated grounds, it is almost impossible to exterminate it. Personal experience prompts this statement. Western Que. and w. N. E. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ark., and Nebr. 2570. COCCULUS DC. 1. Cocculus carolinus (L.) DC. (Epibaterium carolinum (L.) Britton.) Carolina Snailseed. Map 983. Infrequent in a few of the southwestern counties on the banks of streams, ponds, and sloughs that are usually inundated each year. Va., 111. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2590. CALYCOCARPUM Nutt. 1. Calycocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. Cupseed. Map 984. Local in a few of the Ohio River counties on the low banks of streams through bottom land in thickets where it climbs to a height of 8-10 feet. Ind., Mo., and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 95. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. Magnolia Family Buds silky white-pubescent; leaves entire; fruit fleshy, dehiscent 2651. Magnolia, p. 479. Buds glabrous; leaves lobed; fruit a cone of dry carpels, indehiscent until dry 2654. Liriodendron, p. 479. Magnolia Anonaceae 479 Sassafras 0 50 Map 988 utt.) Nees o~ "TO Map 988 a Sassafras albidum var. molle (RafJ Fern. 2651. MAGNOLIA L. Magnolia 1. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Tree. Map 985. This tree was very local and was probably found in all the counties south of a line join- ing Richmond and Vincennes. In addition to my records it has been re- ported from Franklin, Floyd, Jefferson, and Orange Counties. I have been told that it grew also in Crawford, Decatur, Vanderburgh, Wash- ington, and Wayne Counties. Now known in only a few counties. Western N. Y., s. Ont, s. 111. to Ark., southw. to Ga. and La. 2654. LIRIODENDRON L. Tulip [Tree 1. Liriodendron Tulipifera L. Tulip Tree. Map 986. This is an in- frequent to frequent or common tree throughout the state although it may be absent or very local in a few of the northwestern counties. It grows in almost all kinds of soil but prefers a dry, rather sandy one where it is often a common tree in some of the southern counties. In the hilly counties it is usually found toward the bases of slopes and is almost invariably associated with beech and sugar maple, although there are exceptions where it grows with white oak, black gum, and others. Vt., s. Ont. and s. Mich., southw. to Fla. and La. 98. ANONACEAE DC. Custard Apple Family 2673. ASIMINA Adans. Papaw 1. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. PAPAW. Map 987. The papaw is prob- ably found in every county of the state. It is usually local in the north- western part and in the hills of the southern part. It prefers a moist, rich soil and is usually found in colonies on account of its habit of propagating by rootshoots. The fruit is edible and is relished by most people. It is desirable for ornamental planting and is free from insect pests and diseases. N. Y., s. Ont., s. Mich, to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 480 Lauraceae Sassafras 102. LAURACEAE Lindl. Laurel Family Leaves or some of them, lobed, thick; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved; fruit blue black. 2795. Sassafras, p. 480. Leaves entire, thin; anthers 2-celled, 2-valved; fruit red 2821. Benzoin, p. 480. 2795. SASSAFRAS Nees. Lower surface of leaves glabrate or with a few hairs on the midrib and along the principal nerves 1. S. albidum. Lower surface of the leaves more or less soft-pubescent, upon age some of them becoming nearly glabrous while others retain some of their pubescence la. S. albidum var. molle. 1. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. (Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. and Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst.) Sassafras. Map 988. For a discussion of this species and its variety see Rhodora 38 : 178-179. 1936. My specimens pass insensibly from the glabrate to the densely pubescent form. The species and variety have no geographical range in the state. This tree was formerly, without doubt, a native of every county of the state. It is usually found in colonies because it propagates freely by rootshoots. It is somewhat frequent in sandy soil in the northern counties, becoming rare and local south of the lake area, and frequent to common in the hilly counties of the southern part of the state. It is usually found in old, fallow and abandoned fields where it sometimes forms thickets over the whole area. The entire plant is aromatic and the bark of the root was much used by the pioneers for making sassafras tea. Distribution probably mostly in the Mississippi Valley. la. Sassafras albidum var. molle (Raf.) Fern. The pubescent form is more frequent in Indiana than the glabrate form. The distribution is probably that given for the complex by the earlier authors. Maine, s. Ont. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2821. BENZOIN Fabricius. 1. Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spicebush. Map 989. Spicebush was formerly found, without doubt, in every county of the state. It is always found in wet places in woods although I found it to be abundant on the north slope of a wooded hill about 3 miles northeast of Madison in Jeffer- son County. In the forester's opinion it is an obnoxious shrub in the woodland. This shrub is extremely variable as to the pubescence of the branchlets and leaves. The form with pubescent branchlets, lower surface of leaves, petioles, and pedicels has been named var. pubescens Palmer & Steyer- mark (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 545. 1935). Since my 73 Indiana specimens show every gradation between the glabrous and the pubescent forms I prefer to regard our specimens as belonging to a polymorphic complex. Maine, cent. Mich, to e. Kans., southw. to Ga. and e. Tex. Sanguinaria Papaveraceae 481 o 50 Map 990 Sanguinaria canadensis L. Stylophorum diphyllum (MichxJ Nutt 3 Jan. Feb- Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov ND D 0 10 » D r f V V D D X 7 l I0 - i J~ r Dec. J— 1 i i ■ i — !/ Miles Che id onium m aj u s 0 50 Map 992 • L. 104. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Poppy Family Flowers white; leaves all basal; juice of plants red 2841. Sanguinaria, p. 481. Flowers, leaves, and juice not as above. Leaves spiny-toothed 2852. Argemone, p. 482. Leaves not as above. Flowers yellow; juice of plants yellow; pod dehiscent to the base. Capsule oblong, bristly; buds erect, ovoid 2843. Stylophorum, p. 481. Capsule linear, glabrous ; buds drooping just before opening, obovoid 2845. Chelidonium, p. 481. Flowers not yellow; juice of plants not yellow; pods dehiscent at the top or only to the middle 2853. Papaver, p. 482. 2841. SANGUINARIA [Dill.] L. Bloodroot 1. Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. Map 990. Infrequent to frequent in all parts of the state in rich, moist woods. Bloodroot has long been much used in medicine and where it was once frequent or locally common in woodland located near where an active "root gatherer" lived, it has become extinct or rare. N. S. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ala., Ark., and Nebr. 2843. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. 1. Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Celandine- POPPY. Map 991. Infrequent to frequent or local in all parts of the state or possibly absent in some counties. I have not found it in the southwestern counties although I have done much collecting there. Western Pa. to Wis., southw. to Tenn. and Mo. 2845. CHELIDONIUM [Tourn.] L. 1. Chelidonium majus L. Celandine. Map 992. Three authors have reported this species as escaping from about dwellings. I found it 482 FUMARIACEAE Argemone 0 50 Map 993 Dicentra canadensis (Goldfe) Walp. 0 30 Map 994 Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 1 _ Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. D at _y d 1 0 1 D IS \ V " X 'J Miles T~ r Dec (— 1 T ' c orydc lis sem Dervirens 0 50 Map 995 (L.) Pers. in moist woods in De Kalb and Lagrange Counties where it formed a dense stand over acres. In the other counties where I found it only a few plants were found at a place. I predict that where this species becomes established in woodland, it will be the principal part of the spring flora. This plant was formerly used in medicine but is no longer official. This use is, no doubt, responsible for its cultivation and escape. Nat. of Eu. ; cent. Maine to Ont, southw. to N. C. 2852. ARGEMONE [Tourn.] L. Prickly Poppy Corolla white; leaves not blotched. (See excluded species no. 249, p. 1050.) A. intermedia. Corolla yellow; leaves with light blotches. (See excluded species no. 250, p. 1050.) A. mexicana. 2853. PAPAVER [Tourn.] L. Poppy Plant hispid, green; leaves petiolate, pinnately divided. (See excluded species no. 251, p. 1050.) p- Rhoeas. Plant glabrous, glaucous; leaves clasping, lobed. (See excluded species no. 252, p. 1050.) P. somniferv m . 104A. FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumitory Family Corolla with two opposite petals spurred or saccate at the base. Plant scapose, low, erect; petals slightly united; corolla white or pinkish; seeds crested 2856- Dicentra, p. 48.°.. Plant climbing; petals firmly united; corolla flesh color, scarcely saccate; seed not crested 2857. Adlumia, p. 483. Corolla with only one petal spurred or saccate at the base. Capsule oblong, several-seeded; seeds crested; flowers yellowish or pinkish 2858. Corydalis, p. 483. Capsule globular, 1-seeded, indehiscent; flowers deep crimson, purple, 5-7 mm long 2861. Fumaria, p. 484. Dicentra Fumariaceae 483 2856. DICENTRA Bernh. Corolla cordate at the base, the spurs rounded; inner petals conspicuously crested; stem from a flattened orbicular yellowish corm; leaves glaucous beneath, the seg- ments apiculate and more or less rounded at the apex; flowers fragrant 1. D. canadensis. Corolla with two widely spreading spurs; crest of inner petals minute; stem from a fleshy, loosely scaly bulb; leaves greenish beneath, sometimes more or less glaucous, the segments apiculate and acute at the apex; flowers not fragrant. 2. D. Cucullaria. 1. Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. (Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.) Squirrelcorn. Map 993. This species is found possibly through- out the state, although there are no specimens or reports from the south- western counties. It grows in deep, rich leafmold in well drained soil, usually on wooded slopes. It is much rarer than the next species both in its distribution and in its abundance where found. This and the next species are reported to be poisonous to stock. N. S. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Mo. 2. Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. {Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp.) Dutch man's-BREECHES. Map 994. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in deep, rich leafmold and usually in well drained, moist soil. N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo. 2857. ADLIIMIA Raf. 1. Adlumia fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Climbing Fumitory. This plant was reported from Lake County by Ball in 1884 and from Steuben County by Bradner in 1892. I have been acquainted with it in cultivation for years and I saw a specimen in 1910 in an unpastured woods about 3 miles southeast of Michigan City, La Porte County. I was not prepared to take a specimen but I returned to the same spot a few years later and found the woods heavily pastured and the specimen gone. It was, no doubt, a rare plant in northern Indiana and may yet be rediscovered. Eastern Que. to Wis., southw. in the mts. to N. C. 2858. CORYDALIS [Dill.] Medic. Plants usually 4 dm or more high; flowers purplish green or rose color, tipped with yellow; mature capsules generally 3-4 cm long, usually ascending 1. C. sempervirens. Plants less than 4 dm high; flowers light to bright yellow; mature capsules 1-3 cm long, becoming torulose and spreading. Flowers 6-8 mm long; spur short; outer petals crested on the back; seed reticulate, especially near the margin 2. C. flavula. Flowers 8-20 mm long; spur conspicuous; outer petals not crested on the back; seed smooth. (See excluded species no. 253, p. 1050.) C. aurea. 1. Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh.) Pink Corydalis. Map 995. Very local in a few of the northwest- ern counties. Generally found in sandy soil in areas which have recently been burned. It is usually found associated with Geranium Bicknellii. Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ky., Minn., and Mont. 484 Cruciferae Fumaria 0 50 Map 996 Corydalis flavula (Raf) DC. o 50 Map 997 Lepidium campestre (U Br. 1 3 Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. \ J SO J d r E \ f^ " ' i B r D Dec <- i, fJ Miles Lep idium Drat Jo Map 998 a L. 2. Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC. (Capnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze.) Pale Yellow Corydalis. Map 996. Local in the northern part of the state, becoming rather frequent in some of the Ohio River counties. It is found in rich, moist, sandy soil in woodland, usually on slopes and on the wooded bluffs of streams. N. Y., sw. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Va. and La. 2861. FUMARIA [Town.] L. See excluded species no. 254, p. 1050. 105. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Mustard Family [Specimens of this family, in order to make determination certain, should have flowers with the color known, mature pods, and, in some species, the basal leaves. It often happens, however, that one or more of these parts are lacking. In order to compensate for the absence of one or more of these important diagnostic characters, and to employ obvious char- acters, omitting those so often used, such as the position of the cotyledons, the key has been expanded to its present, rather unusual form to make correct determinations possible.] A. Flowers white, creamy white, greenish white, or purplish (flowers very small in Lepidium densiflorum) . Peduncle 1-flowered, all radical 2971. Leavenworthia, p. 501. Peduncles more than 1-flowered. Pods transversely divided into 2 cells; plants fleshy, in Indiana found only on the shore of Lake Michigan 2920. Cakile, p. 490. Pods longitudinally divided into 2 cells. B. Pods short, not more than 3-3.5 times as long as wide. Pods flattened, if at all, parallel to a septum that is as wide as the pod. Pubescence of simple hairs or lacking 2965B. Armoracia, p. 496. Pubescence not as above. Pods glabrous; seeds in 2 rows in each cell 2989. Draba, p. 502. Cruciferae 485 Pods more or less pubescent. Beaks of pods more than 1 mm long 3015. Berteroa, p. 509. Beaks of pods less than 1 mm long. Seed 1 in each cell. (See excluded species no. 275, p. 1054.) 3013. Lobularia, p. 509. Seed more than 1 in each cell. (See excluded species no. 272, p. 1053.) 2989. Draba, p. 502. Pods flattened at right angles to the narrow septum. Seed 1 in each cell; pods dehiscent 2883. Lepidium, p. 487. Seed more than 1 in each cell; if only 1-seeded the pod indehiscent. Styles very short, less than 0.5 mm long; pods very flat, thin, orbicular to obovate-orbicular, winged. Plants stellate-pubescent; pods orbicular, not more than 4 mm wide, not strongly notched at the apex 3006. Alyssum, p. 509. Plants glabrate; leaves mostly basal, pinnatifid or incised; pods wing- less, cuneate to triangular obcordate 2986. Capsella, p. 502. Plants glabrous; leaves not mostly basal, entire or dentate; pods winged, nearly orbicular to obovate-orbicular 2903. Thlaspi, p. 488. Styles more than 0.5 mm long; pods somewhat flattened but not thin. Pods indehiscent, globose, 2.5 mm in diameter, surface conspicuously reticulate, generally 1-seeded; plants very pubescent. (See ex- cluded species no. 271, p. 1053.) 2988. Neslia, p. 502. Pods dehiscent and not as above. Pods globose, about 2 mm in diameter, about 4-seeded; plants finely stellate-pubescent 2983. Lesquerella, p. 502. Pods obovoid, about 4-6 mm in diameter, many-seeded; plants glabrous, at least above 2987. Camelina, p. 502. B. Pods 4-many times as long as wide. Pods indehiscent, moniliform, up to 6-8 mm in diameter, 2- or 3-seeded, walls spongy; flowers purplish 2950. Raphanus, p. 492. Pods not as above. Beaks of pods generally 5-10 mm long; radical leaves ternate, or palmately divided; stem leaves generally 2 or 3, mostly 2-5-parted 2967. Dentaria, p. 500. Beaks of pods less than 5 mm long; leaves not as above. Plants stellate-pubescent, small; leaves small, simple, not clasping at the base; seeds in 2 rows in each cell 2989. Draba, p. 502. Plants not as above. Seed in 2 rows in each cell. Plants aquatic; seeds not winged 2965A. Nasturtium, p. 496. Plants not aquatic; seeds winged in nos. 1 and 7 and excluded species no. 273, p. 1053, of 3001. Arabis, p. 504. Seed in 1 row in each cell. Seeds more than 3 mm long; leaves all simple, dentate but pinnatifid, the larger ones usually 8-13 cm long; pubescence branched; petals generally purplish, sometimes whitish, mostly 1.5-2 cm long; pods up to 12 cm long, widely spreading, contracted between the seed when mature 3041. Hesperis, p. 510. Seeds less than 3 mm long; petals less than 1.5 cm long. Plants glabrous; upper stem leaves simple, dentate; lower stem leaves more or less pinnatifid at the base, clasping; petals purplish, 6-9 mm long; pods 1.5-3 cm long, terete, widely spreading 2963. Iodanthus, p. 494. Plants not as above. Seeds broadly or narrowly winged. Seeds broadly winged; stems glabrous or nearly so; pods re- curved-spreading or pendulous, 7-10 cm long in nos. 5 and 9 of 3001. Arabis, p. 504. 486 Cruciferae Seeds narrowly winged; stems pubescent; pods spreading or erect, 2-4 cm long in nos. 2 and 3 of. .3001. Arabis, p. 504. Seeds wingless. Stem leaves generally not more than 5 mm wide, entire or nearly so; basal rosette of leaves pubescent but often absent at fruiting time. Petals 2-2.5 mm long; seed about 0.5 mm long in no. 3 of 2917. Sisymbrium, p. 489. Petals mostly 3-5 mm long; seed about 1 mm long. no. 8 of 3001. Arabis, p. 504. Stem leaves more than 5 mm wide, usually more or less dentate. Plants tall, glabrous, with leaves sagittate at the base; pods erect, 4-6 cm long in no. 6 of 3001. Arabis, p. 504. Plants not as above. Plants glabrous or more or less pubescent with simple hairs 2966. Cardamine, p. 497. Plants pubescent; hairs not simple in no. 4 of 3001. Arabis, p. 504. A. Flowers yellow or creamy yellow. C. Pods not more than 3 times as long as wide. Pubescence stellate or forked; leaves entire or obscurely toothed. Pods globose. Pods indehiscent, 2.5 mm in diameter, surface conspicuously reticulate, gen- erally 1-seeded 2988. Neslia, p. 502. Pods dehiscent, 2 mm in diameter, smooth, about 4-seeded 2983. Lesquerella, p. 502. Pods thin, flat, orbicular, with a winged margin, 3-4 mm long, few-seeded. 3006. Alyssum, p. 509. Pubescence simple or lacking; leaves pinnatifid or toothed. . .2965. Rorippa, p. 494. C. Pods 4-many times as long as wide. Pods indehiscent, moniliform, 2-3 cm long, much constricted between the seed when mature, up to 10-seeded, walls fleshy 2950. Raphanus, p. 492. Pods dehiscent, longitudinally 2-celled. Seed in 2 rows in each cell. Pods nearly beakless 2997. Descurainia, p. 504. Pods with beaks about 2 mm long 2946. Diplotaxis, p. 490. Seed in 1 row in each cell. Racemes leafy-bracted ; leaves pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes 2947. Erucastrum, p. 490. Racemes bractless. 1). Leaves (at least the lower stem leaves) pinnate, bipinnate, more or less pinnatifid or lobed. Leaves oblong in outline, bipinnatifid, segments numerous, small, toothed or obtuse; pedicels mostly 1-1.5 cm long. . .2997. Descurainia, p. 50 1. Leaves not as above; seed in 1 row in each cell. Pods flat, generally 6-15 mm long, about 1 mm wide; creeping perennials, often rooting at the lower nodes; flowers 3-4 mm long in no. 1 of . . . . 2965. Rorippa, p. 41)4. Pods terete or 4-sided; annuals or perennials but not creeping. Plants tall, widely spreading; leaves large, deeply pinnatifid, the seg- ments very long and narrow, those of the upper leaves 1.4 mm wide and 2-5 cm long, or filiform; flowers about 6 mm wide; pods widely spreading, mostly 7-8 cm long, about 1 mm wide in no. 2 of 2917. Sisymbrium, p. 489. Plants not as above. Plants with pods and pedicels closely appressed to the stem; pedicels Lepidium Cruciferae 487 1-2 mm long; pods mostly 1.1-5 cm long, pointed, the valves with a prominent midrib; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid in no. 1 of 2917. Sisymbrium, p. 489. Plants not as above. Valves of the pods coalescing into an indehiscent, conical beak 2-12 mm long 2949. Brassica, p. 491. Valves of the pods distinct from the beak. Beak of pod 10-15 mm long. (See excluded species no. 260, 261, 262, p. 1052) 2949. Brassica, p. 491. Beak of pod 1-3 mm long 2961. Barbarea, p. 493. D. Leaves entire or dentate, not pinnatifid or lobed. Blades conspicuously sagittate at the base, glabrous. Plants glabrous; leaves elliptic, obtuse at the apex; pedicel and base of pod strongly curved inward 3055. Conringia, p. 510. Plants more or less pubescent at the base; leaves oblong or ovate-elliptic, acute at the apex; pedicel and base of pod not curved inward in no. 6 of 3001. Arabis, p. 504. Blades not sagittate at the base. Leaves linear or lanceolate, rarely more than 1.5 cm wide 3004. Erysimum, p. 507. Leaves not as above, more than 1.5 cm wide (entire-leaved forms of this genus here) 2949. Brassica, p. 491. 2883. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L. [Thellung. Monograph of the genus Lepidium. Mitth. Mus. Univ. Zurich. 28: 1-340. 1906. Hitchcock. The genus Lepidium in the United States. Madrono 3 : 265-320. 1936.] Stem leaves clasping by an auriculate base. Pods winged above and notched at the apex; styles about 0.5 mm long; annual or biennial Li- campestre. Pods not winged above or notched at the apex; styles about 1 mm long; perennial. . . 2. L. Draba. Stem leaves petiolate or sessile, not clasping. Pods slightly winged above, orbicular, oval, or narrowly obovate, generally 2-3 mm long; plants not glaucous, only the lower leaves ever pinnatifid; stamens usually 2. Hairs of rachis of racemes mostly curved; petals present, spatulate-obovate to almost linear, up to 2 mm long; pods orbicular or somewhat oval, 2.5-3.1 mm wide; petals usually not more than 1.5 mm long 3. L. virginicum. Hairs of rachis of racemes stouter, erect; petals absent, or very short and narrow, rarely more than half the length of the sepals; pods slightly obovate, rarely orbicular, 1.7-2.5 mm wide 4. L. densiflomm. Pods winged all around, generally ovate-orbicular, longer than wide, about 5 mm long; plant glaucous, leaves generally all pinnatifid; stamens 6. (See excluded species no. 255, p. 1051.) L. sativum. 1. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Field Peppergrass. Map 997. An infrequent to common or even abundant weed throughout the state. Our first report of it is dated in 1888. During the World War grass seed from Europe was freely sown when our pure seed law was not operative, and I think this fact accounts for its sudden appearance in such abun- dance. Grazing animals avoid it. I have seen clover fields of 5-10 acres that were almost pure stands of this species. 488 Cruciferae Lepidium 0 50 Map 999 Lepidium virginicum L. 0 50 Map 1000 Lepidium densiflorum Srhrad. aspi arvense L. Nat. of Eu. ; N. B. and N. S. to Ont. and Kans., southw. to Va. and along the Pacific coast. 2. Lepidium Draba L. Hoary Cress. Map 998. This species was reported by Hansen in 1927 from Wabash County and in 1925 from Rush County. In 1933 I visited both of these stations and found it to be per- sisting and spreading as a common weed. In 1935 it was detected along State Road 116 in Wells County by Lawrence E. Hicks of Ohio State Uni- versity. A large colony was found on the south side of the road in the southwest quarter of sec. 28, west of the railroad and about 200 feet from where the road turns from a westerly direction to the northwest. The colony was about 150 feet long and was mostly on the right of way of the road with only a few plants in the border of the adjacent field. Nieuw- land has collected it along a roadside north of Angola, Steuben County. Nat. of Asia; local from N. Y. to B. C, southw. to Washington, D. C. and Calif. 3. Lepidium virginicum L. var. typicum C. L. Hitchcock. PEPPER- GRASS. Map 999. Frequent throughout the state. Found everywhere ex- cept in dense woodland and in very wet places. Que. to Minn, and Colo., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex. ; also intro- duced as a weed into W. I. and Eu. 4. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. var. typicum Thellung. {Lepidium apetalum Willd.) Map 1000. This species is probably local or frequent throughout the state in habitats similar to those of Lepidium virginicum from which it can sometimes be separated only with difficulty. Nat. of Eurasia; Maine to Ont. and B. C, southw. to Va., Tex., and Nev. 2903. THLASPI [Tourn.] L. Pods elliptic, about 1 cm wide; seed rugose; lower leaves wing-petioled, the upper ones sagittate-clasping 1. T. arvense. Pods obovate-orbicular, about •"> mm wide; seed smooth; leaves sessile, the upper ones subperfoliate 2. T. perfoliatiim. Sisymbrium Cruciferae 489 1. Thlaspi arvense L. Pennycress. Map 1001. Local in many parts of the state and now possibly established in all parts, although there are no reports from the Lake Michigan area where we would most expect to find it. Most of my specimens are from railroad ballast. Hansen (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1923: 214-215. 1924) reports it from Randolph and Switzerland Counties and calls attention to its tendency to become a weed. I have found only a few specimens at a place except along an abandoned road in Switzerland County where it was frequent. Eu. and Russian Asia; Que. to Man., southw. to N. Y. and Kans. 2. Thlaspi perfoliatum L. Perfoliate Pennycress. Map 1002. This species was found in 1924 by Miss Edna Banta of Brooksburg, Jefferson County, who reports it to be a frequent to common weed be- tween Brooksburg and Madison, a distance of 8 miles, and in other places in the county. Reported also as occurring on the campus of the Uni- versity of Notre Dame, St. Joseph County. Nat. of Eu. 2917. SISYMBRIUM [Tourn.] L. Leaves mostly cauline, pinnate, or pinnatifid; plants generally 4-10 dm high; pedicels stout, about as large as the pod; pubescence, when present, of simple hairs; stigmas 2-lobed; seeds about 1 mm long. Pods 1-1.5 cm long, appressed; petals 2-3 mm long, bright yellow. Pods pubescent 1. S. officinale. Pods glabrous la. S. officinale var. leiocarpwm. Pods more than 1.5 cm long, spreading; petals 5-8 mm long, pale yellow; leaf- segments generally longer and narrower. Stems covered rather thickly all over with long hairs; cauline leaves pinnately parted, usually into 3-7 segments; lateral segments usually 0.5-1 cm wide, the terminal one large and deltoid; mature pods mostly 2-4 cm long. (See excluded species no. 256, p. 1051.) S. Loeselii. Stems glabrous, or with scattered long hairs, especially on the basal part; cauline leaves pinnatifid, usually cut into 9-19 segments; segments of leaves mostly 1-10 mm wide, the terminal one not large and deltoid; mature pods usually 6-8 cm long 2. S. altissimum. Leaves mostly in a basal rosette, entire or slightly toothed; plants generally not over 3 dm high; seed about 0.5 mm long 3. S. Thalianum. 1. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (Erysimum officinale in part, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Hairy-pod Hedge Mustard. Map 1003. A weed in pastures, waste places, and open woodland and along roads and railroads. My specimens, however, are all from the north- ern part of the state. Nat. of Eu. ; local in the ne. U. S. and Canada. la. Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum DC. (Erysimum of- ficinale in part, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Smooth-pod Hedge Mustard. Map 1004. This is a weed with habitats similar to those of the preceding species but it is much more common and is found through- out the state. Nat. of Eurasia; widely distributed in N. A. and S. A. 490 Cruciferae Cakile Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec r-ff jj ^' ^i i Jb— L— 1 ^55 RfSf W^ ~ ' 1 rM i ' — 1 1 J-, } \ £/ Miles 0 50 Map 1002 Thlaspi perforatum L. 3 4 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. D D D 1 f 1: ■ D 0 D r = Jv K D 0 1 DP -l r 1 -^k J Dec. f _ - IU r 1 ' K / Miles s isymb rium r\J Map 1003 officinale (L.) Scop. 10 10 7 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec j- 0 T ° 0] UK I *^~ I o / H 0 D A- 0 D I" Jk f^ 0 D D ~l B D * OP r1 -L.B D 8 D 0 I r r - i J- 0 D 0 D :u r 0 D -, JB \ L i^ vfoj 0 J / Miles D 0 j Sisy var. r^V Map 1004 nbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. 2. Sisymbrium altissimum L. (Norta altissima (L.) Britt.) Tumble Mustard. Map 1005. This is a weed generally of very sandy soil and is found most often in sandy ballast along railroads. It is also found along roadsides and in waste places and fallow fields where it is sometimes abundant, especially in the sandy area of the northwestern part of the state, where it sometimes covers acres. Nat. of Eu. ; N. S. to Ont. and B. C, southw. to Va., Mo., Colo., and Oreg. 3. Sisymbrium Thalianum (L.) J. Gay. (Arabidopsis Thailand (L.) Britt.) Thale-cress. Map 1006. A weed of sandy soil usually found in pastures and fallow and cultivated fields. Sometimes it is common where it is found, especially in sandy, fallow cornfields. Its distribution in the state suggests that it prefers a sandy and slightly acid soil. Nat. of Eurasia; Mass., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Mo., Ark., and Utah. 2920. CAKILE [Tourn.] Mill. 1. Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. var. lacustris Fern. (Rhodora 24: 23. 1922.) Map 1007. This plant is restricted to the beach area of Lake Michigan. It was formerly frequent along the beach but at present much of the beach area is within city limits or is used by children as play grounds during the summer months. The plant, consequently, has become very rare and in time will probably become extinct. Beaches of Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Michigan. 2946. DIPLOTAXIS DC. See excluded species no. 257, p. 1051. 2947. ERUCASTRUM Presl. See excluded species no. 258, p. 1051. Brassica Cruciferae 491 1 5 9 5 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. Dec j- D 1 ND c B D D L 11 , D fi 0 ~w D » -S u D OP 0 \r-U r DP f DP ! D * DP D l[ *; i T~ r, [ 10 I D f rifles D SI ,yrr br ,urr alti JO 50 Map 1005 >simum L. 4 e Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec.f- II ^ So o n ~y o r OP \ J X, i w - i1 - i J r, \ ' ' — cL B B ] D ./ A/ Miles 5| J D f D I MO/-' Sisymbrium :h alianum 0 50 Map 1006 L.) J. Gay i 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec f olf ID » D 0 J r>- r \ it ~ X r / Miles J i i ' — Cakile e dent ula HrK JO xf Map 1007 var. 1 acu stris Fern. Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov. Dec "" 1 \ J ^v D i-ri [m y i i *- \\ \ D i 1 K Miles 0 50 Map 1008 irassica campestn's L. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ay. l J 1 I'D D k ■A- r- r |n i i L K Miles irassica mncea 0 50 Map 1009 (L.) Cosson 0 50 Map 1010 rassica niqra (U Koch 2949. BRASSICA [Tourn.] L. [Bailey. The cultivated Brassicas. Gentes Herbarum 1: 53-108. 1922 and 2: 207-267. 1930.] Upper stem leaves clasping. Petals (9) 10-14 mm long; pods (5) 6-10 cm long; beak 10-17 mm long, moderately stout; pedicels ascending; flowers light yellow; leaves glaucous. (See excluded species no. 260, p. 1052.) B. Napus. Petals 7-11 mm long; pods 3-8 cm long; pedicels spreading. Leaves glaucous, the basal ones lyrate-pinnatifid with a large-toothed lobe at the apex, glabrous or the lower with a few scattered hairs; stem leaves lanceo- late, entire; root slender; sepals 5 mm long; petals 6-7 mm long; beak about 1 cm long 1. B. campestris. Leaves green or glaucous, much resembling those of the preceding species but more or less setose-hispid; root tuberous, much enlarged; petals about 7 mm long, yellow; pods 5-8 cm long, 2.5-4 mm thick, valves with 1 conspicuous nerve. (See excluded species no. 261, p. 1052.) B. Rapa. 492 Cruciferae Raphanus Upper stem leaves not clasping. Beak of pod terete, much narrower than the pod, a ninth to a fourth of the total length of the fruit, without a seed near the base. Pods 3-6 cm long, 2-3.5 mm thick, somewhat 4-sided, spreading; beak 6-12 mm long; pedicels 7-10 mm long, equaling or exceeding the flowers 2. B. juncea. Pods 1-2 cm long, about 1 mm thick, appressed; beak 1.5-2.5 mm long; valves with 1 conspicuous nerve; pedicels 3-6 mm long, shorter than the flowers 3. B. nigra. Beak of pod flat, about as wide as the body, a fourth the length of the fruit, usually containing a seed at the base. Fruiting pedicels mostly 3-7 mm long; pods moderately slender, about 2 mm in diameter, glabrous or hispid, ascending, valves distinctly 3-nerved, the beak usually a fifth to a third the length of the fruit; lower leaves sparingly lyrate, the upper ones usually undivided 4. B. kaber var. pinnatifida. Fruiting pedicels about 10 mm long; pods stout, about 4 mm thick, hispid, spread- ing at right angles, valves indistinctly nerved, beak very broad and flat, usually more than half the length of the fruit; leaves more lyrate. (See excluded species no. 259, p. 1051.) B. hirta. 1. Brassica campestris L. Field Mustard. Map 1008. This weed has been reported twice for the state and I have specimens from two counties. Almost all crucifers are of a weedy nature. Peattie says it is established in the Calumet Region and I found it to be plentiful in the old Fair Grounds at Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County. Nat. of Eu. and widely distributed in N. A. 2. Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. Map 1009. There are two reports of this weed and I have specimens from three coun- ties. I have always very much disliked the introduced species of crucifers and have neglected to collect them. If I had appreciated the necessity of collecting these weeds, no doubt my records would be more numerous. Nat. of Asia, but of recent introduction. 3. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Map 1010. This is a frequent to common weed throughout the state. It prefers a sandy soil as crucifers usually do. Nat. of Eurasia; generally distributed throughout the U. S. 4. Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler. (Rhodora 40: 306-308. 1938.) (Brassica arvensis (L.) Raben- horst. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Sinapis arvensis L. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Charlock. Map 1011. This weed has been reported from 13 counties. It is found not only in waste places and along lines of transportation but also in cultivated and fallow fields. Nat. of Eu. and widely distributed in N. A. 2950. RAPHANUS [Tourn.] L. Flowers pale yellow (fading white in herbarium specimens) ; pods 3.5-4 mm in diameter, longitudinally grooved, 4-10-seeded, the seed-bearing part longer and more slender than that of the following species 1. R. Raphanistrum. Flowers white or purplish; pods 2- or 3-seeded, the seed-bearing part short and thick, at maturity sometimes 10 mm in diameter, not grooved. (See excluded species no. 262, p. 1052.) R. sativus. Barbarea Cruciferae 493 2 1 2 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr- May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec C f y D isl L J r^ D r D V , — - DP lie I i J^ r [ i U T K / K Wh< Wl Miles Bra var. p 5si< inr a at kab fid. er (D C.) kes ^AP 1011 ■eler eeler 0 50 Map 1012 3arbarea vulgaris R. B 1. Raphanus Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. J. M. Coulter wrote of this species (Bot. Gaz. 1 : 34. 1876) that in Jefferson County it "has been found taking possession of some of our fields." Welch reports it from Jasper County. Peattie says: "A bad European weed in old fields of the Calumet District," Lake County. I have never seen it or else I did not recognize it. Nat. of Eu. and n. Asia. 2961. BARBAREA R.Br. Lower leaves with 1-4 pairs of lateral leaflets, rarely entire or with 5 pairs; upper leaves generally obovate with a cuneate base, toothed, rarely pinnatifid; pedicels not as thick as the pod; flowers generally a bright yellow; mature pods 1.5-2.5 cm long, erect or spreading, obtusely angled, beak generally about 2 mm long. . . . 1. B. vulgaris. Lower leaves with 5-10 pairs of leaflets, rarely one or more with as few as 4 pairs; upper leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; pedicels about as thick as the pod; flowers pale yellow; mature pods 5-7 cm long, ascending, rather sharply angled, beak generally 0.5-1 mm long 2. B. verna. 1. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Bitter Wintercress. Map 1012. As treated here this species includes Barbarea stricta Andrz. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not Andrz.; also Barbarea vulgaris var. longisiliquosa Carion (Rhodora 11: 139. 1909). It is extremely variable in its leaves and in the position of the ma- ture pods; however, the latest studies indicate that these differences are ecological (Jour. Bot. 54: 202. 1916 and 57: 304. 1919). This species is well distributed throughout the state and in some fields it forms colonies over large areas and is regarded as an obnoxious weed. It is found in fallow and cultivated fields, pastures, open woodland, and clover fields and along roadsides and railroads. Introduced from Eu. in the Eastern and Central States but native in the north and west. 2. Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. Early Wintercress. Map 1013. Locally frequent in a few of the southern counties and probably scattered 494 CRUCI FERAE Iodanthus ~T5 Map 1014 odanthus pinnatifidus (Mich».) Steud 7 1 6 5 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec j- a ° r i \ t ^ f ^ — y— f B _ I 10 i D { DP ". ' 0 o [si r* 0 D fo [ D fJ Miles Rorippa ly1 \ D J^V J ° 50 ^sJr'H/ Map 1015 sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. 4 15 15 5 3 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. (- D : s: D D D .-"^ D D 0 D D 0 | OP ID D v ODD J rU D D D ( 1 ? l,B o » D fr D DF D D D r * DP J : D ^r- -T~l_ 1 DP TV^r pi D D D 1 ^/ X J P [ 0 0 -hj> f»| V- ' D j^D 7 1 11"-— P^ D If D Lj ustr nell) ^/ Miles D var D R 1 or at ppa rat J )a 0 50 Map 1016 s Vict. throughout the state. I have specimens from fallow fields, an orchard, roadsides, and railroads. Nat. of Eu. ; N. Y. to Wash., southw. to Fla. and Calif. 2963. IODANTHUS T. & G. 1. Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Purple Rocket. Map 1014. More or less frequent and locally common in moist, alluvial soil along streams and on the adjacent wooded slopes, rare elsewhere throughout the state although there" are no specimens or records from the northern fourth of the state. Western Pa. to Minn., southw. to Tenn., Mo., La., and Tex. 2965. RORIPPA Scop. Pedicels of mature pods not more than 3 mm long; pods oblong, somewhat flattened, mostly 6-9 mm long and about 2 mm wide. Styles of pods about 0.5 mm long; seed minutely pitted, about 0.5 mm wide and as long or slightly longer 1. R. sessiliflora. Styles of pods about 1 mm long; seed more or less pebbled. (See excluded species no. 263, p. 1052.) R- obtusa. Pedicels of mature pods mostly more than 3 mm long. Petioles of leaves, at least the median ones, auriculate at the base; pods widely spreading, linear, oblong-linear to ovate-oblong. Mature pods less than 5 mm long, the oblong type generally 3-4 mm long and about 1.5 mm wide; styles 0.5-1 mm long; seed minutely pebbled, about 0.6 mm wide and as long or longer. Stem and leaves glabrous, or nearly so; pods 3-4 mm long 2. R. palustris var. glabrata. Stem and leaves more or less pubescent; pods usually less than 3 mm long, rarely 3.5 mm long 2a. R. palustris var. hispida. Mature pods 7-15 mm long; styles 2-3 mm long. (See excluded species no. 264, p. 1052.) R- sinuata. Petioles of leaves not auriculate at the base; perennials with creeping rhizomes; flowers bright yellow; pods usually slightly curved, mostly about 1.5 cm long and 1 mm wide; styles of mature pods 0.5-1.5 mm long 3. R. sylvestris. Rorippa Cruciferae 495 o 50 Map 1017 Rorippa palustris izv. hispida (Desv) Rydb. 1 e 5 3 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov 1 113 D \ J X D D f 1 ■ — v ° f uo - . : ~W" - i D T~ r, Dec J- — 1 I 1 ' — D LdJV ~^l I Dx IIG 1 1 D /"Tbii D > D V /-/ Miles 1 Rorippa S ylvf stris (L 0 50 Map 1018 Besser o 53 Map 1019 Nasturtium officinale R. Br. 1. Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. (Radicula sessiliflora (Nutt.) Greene.) Sessile-flowered Cress. Map 1015. Infrequent but usually frequent to common where it is found. It inhabits muddy places and is often found on the borders of sloughs, ponds, and streams, usually after the water in them has been lowered by dry weather. Also found in low, flat, fallow fields. It is usually frequent on the muddy slopes of the Ohio River and, no doubt, in such a habitat it probably could be found in all of the Ohio River Counties. Va. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Rorippa palustris (L.) Bess. var. glabrata (Lunell) Vict.* (Radicula palustris (L.) Moench.) Yellow Watercress. Map 1016. Infrequent to frequent or even common in all parts of the state. It seems to have no preference for sun or shade and grows in wet places along streams, about ponds, lakes, and sloughs, and in ditches and fallow fields. Throughout N. A. except the extreme north ; also found in Eurasia. 2a. Rorippa palustris var. hispida (Desv.) Rydb.f (Radicula palustris var. hispida (Desv.) Rob. and Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britt.) Hispid Yellow Watercress. Map 1017. Infrequent mostly throughout the northern part of the state although it was collected by Coulter in Jefferson County. It has the habitat of the preceding species but grows in much wetter places. Throughout temperate N. A. ; also in Eurasia. 3. Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess. (Radicula sylvestris (L.) Druce.) Creeping Yellow Watercress. Map 1018. Local or infrequent on the alluvial bottoms of streams throughout the state except along the muddy slopes of the bank of the Ohio River where it is frequent to common. This is a pernicious weed and should be destroyed as soon as it is discovered. It is best exterminated by the application of some reliable weed killer. Newf. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Ala. and 111. * The latest name proposed for this plant is Rorippa islandica var. Fernaldiana But- ters & Abbe. (Rhodora 42: 28. 1940.) •j-The latest name proposed for this plant is Rorippa islandica var. hispida (Desv.) Butters & Abbe. (Rhodora 42: 26. 1940.) 496 Cruciferae Nasturtium 0 50 Map 1020 Armoracea rusticana Gaertn. 0 50 Map 1021 Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wieg. o 50 Map 1022 Cardamine bulbosa (SchrebJ BSP. 2965 A. NASTURTIUM R. Br. 1. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Sisymbrium Nasturtium- aquaticum L. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Watercress. Map 1019. Infrequent to rare in the glaciated area of the state, becoming rare or absent south of this area. It is found in the outlets of springs and in ditches and small streams which are fed by springs. Where it is found it is generally very abundant, often forming a complete stand over the entire surface of the water. This is the culinary watercress. Nat. of Eurasia. 2965B. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Pods short-oblong to subglobose, 2-celled; styles about 0.5 mm long; plant terrestrial, 8-12 dm high, partially aquatic when growing in ditches when the lower leaves become much dissected; basal leaves with blades 1-3 dm long; cauline leaves long and sinuate or crenate 1. A. rusticana. Pods short-oblong, generally 5-7 mm long, 1-celled; styles 2-3 mm long; plant aquatic, the emersed part usually less than 6 dm long, submerged leaves capillary-dis- sected; cauline leaves elliptic or oblong, rarely more than 1.5 cm broad, early deciduous 2. A. aquatica. 1. Armoracia rusticana Gaertn. (Radicula Armoracia (L.) Rob. and Armoracia Armoracia (L.) Britt.) Horseradish. Map 1020. Much planted and used as a condiment. It has sparingly escaped from cultivation to ditches and banks of the smaller streams throughout the state. I once found it on the bank of a pond in a clearing. I have never seen it mature seed. Nat. of Eu. and widely spread throughout e. N. A. 2. Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wieg. (Rhodora 27: 186. 1925.) (Radicula aquatica (Eaton) Rob. and Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Britt.) Map 1021. In stagnant water in ponds and bayous of streams and lakes. Very local but probably found in suitable habitats in many counties. Que. and Vt. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Ark. Cardamine Cruciferae 497 Cardamine Douglass L o 53 Map 1024 Carcfamine pratensis var. palustris Wimm. & Grab. 2966. CARDAMINE [Tourn.] L. Bittercress Plants perennial, base tuberous; leaves not divided, sometimes those of the stem deeply toothed. Flowers white; stems generally 15-45 cm high, simple or much branched, pubescent at the base only, sometimes glabrous throughout or rarely more or less pubescent throughout 1. C. bulbosa. Flowers purplish (see note in text on white-flowered forms) ; stems generally 12-35 cm high, never branched, generally more or less pubescent all over or the upper part glabrous 2. C. Douglassii. Plants without a tuberous base; leaves pinnate. Petals white or tinged with purple, mostly 8-13 mm long; perennials of springy places and bogs 3. C. pratensis var. palustris. Petals white, mostly 2-3 mm long; annuals or biennials. Lateral leaflets of cauline leaves oblong to oval, often toothed, and usually more or less decurrent on the rachis; terminal leaflet larger, obovate, usually 3- lobed, sometimes entire or 5-7-lobed; plants always found in wet or moist soil 4. C. pennsylvanica. Lateral leaflets of cauline leaves generally linear, or linear-oblong, entire, not decurrent on the rachis; terminal leaflet usually not larger, of the same shape as the lateral leaflets or obovate and 3-lobed; plants of dry soil or rarely in moist soil 5. C. parvifiora var. arenicola. 1. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Bulb BITTERCRESS. Map 1022. Frequent to common throughout the state in low places in woodland, marshes, ditches, and springy places along streams and in wet places about ponds, sloughs, and lakes. This species seems to find its optimum in the inundated woods of the southwestern part of the state where branched specimens are more frequently found. This species, as well as the next, varies in the amount of pubescence. It is generally slightly pubescent near the base only but specimens are found which vary from entirely glabrous (with the exception of a straggling hair here and there) to pubescent up to the middle. Extremely pubescent plants, however, may be albino forms of the next species if we accept this form. Rarely a plant is found that is glabrous except for a pubescent calyx. Eastern Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 498 Cruciferae Cardamine 2. Cardamine Douglassii (Torr.) Britt. (Cardamine bulbosa var. pur- purea (Torr.) BSP.) Northern Bittercress. Map 1023. Rare to in- frequent in all parts of the state but locally frequent. This is strictly a woodland plant and is never found in the open like the preceding one, although it may persist for some time in clearings. It grows in a slightly drier habitat and usually has its base covered with leaf mold, and although Cardamine bulbosa sometimes may have its base in leaf mold it is more often found in muddy places and is most abundant in inundated woodland where the fallen leaves have been floated away. Some authors prefer to call this species a variety of the preceding one and technically this decision seems justifiable because no character except color of flower will separate them and intergrading forms are found. Far- well (Amer. Midland Nat. 9: 261. 1925.) described an albino form of this species and other authors agree with him. It is well known that plants with purplish flowers have albino forms and these are known to occur in some species of the Cruciferae. It is with a considerable degree of uncertainty, that albino and fruiting specimens of this species are separated from the preceding species unless a habitat description ac- companies the specimen. I think, however, the species are distinct for the following reasons. (1) This species flowers 10-15 days earlier. (2) The habitat is much drier and I believe that the soil is slightly more alkaline. The preceding species is generally associated with white elm, swamp white, bur, and pin oaks, and sweet gum while this species is gen- erally restricted to a zone slightly drier. The plant blooms in early spring when excessive rains may occur and its habitat may appear much wetter than it normally is so that wetness of soil is no criterion but the associated woody and herbaceous plants are. This species is usually found associated with beech and sugar maple, basswood, red oak, white ash, and others. (3) The plant, in a large series, is smaller in all of its parts; never (in all the specimens at hand) branched while Cardamine bulbosa is frequently more or less branched; cauline leaves generally 3-5 in contrast with the other species with 4-8 leaves ; basal leaves are often more orbicular, smaller and thinner than in the preceding which, on the whole, has larger and more often elliptic-ovate and thicker leaves. I have studied carefully the length of the pods and the length of their beaks and they are too variable to be of taxonomic value. The seed of a long series of this species, how- ever, are smaller. Conn, to s. Ont. and Wis., southw. to Md. and Ky. 3. Cardamine pratensis L. var. palustris Wimm. & Grab. (Fernald in Rhodora 22 : 14. 1920.) (Cardamine pratensis L.) Cuckooflower. Map 1024. This species inhabits tamarack bogs and marshes in a few of our northern counties. I am not certain of its abundance but I think it is rather rare and local. Quebec to Mack., southw. to Newf., Conn., N. J., Ind., Minn., and B. C. ; also in Eurasia. 4. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Bittercress. Map 1025. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in wet or moist soils. Cardamine Cruciferae 499 ^33 Map 1026 .arSamine parviflora var. arenicola (Brftt.) 0. E. Schul z 0 50 Map 1027 Dentaria laciniata Muhl. 33 Map 1028 Dentaria multifida Muhl. This species, like the next, prefers denuded or semidenuded areas, hence it is more abundant where it is found in moist, clay soil in fallow fields. It is found in wet places in woodland, ditches, and marshes, along streams, and about lakes. Sometimes the base is immersed in water when it may be mistaken for Nasturtium officinale or vice versa. The species may be separated easily by the size of the flowers. The calyx of this species is about 2 mm long and petals about 3 mm long while those of Nasturtium are about 3 mm and 4 mm long respectively. This species is very difficult to separate from the next. Most specimens are easily distinguishable by the habitat but we have specimens from moist, clay soil of fallow fields (the habitat of this species) that, so far as I can determine, belong to the next species. Contrary to my prejudice, I am compelled to recognize two habitats for the next species. Lab., to Minn., and Mont, to B. C, southw. to Fla., Kans. and Calif. 5. Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) O. E. Schulz. (Rho- dora 29: 192. 1927.) (Cardamine parviflora L. and Cardamine arenicola Britt.) Small-flower Bittercress. Map 1026. This species is prob- ably found in all parts of the state except in the rich, neutral soil of the central part. It is rare to infrequent and is usually found in dry soil in bare spots in woodland under black and white oak or in a habitat simulat- ing this one. On these bare spots the plants may be only 2-3 inches high but on or near the border where the leaf mold and vegetation about such places begin the largest plants will be found. The plant is so delicate that it can not push its way through leaf mold or compete with much vegetation. There are, however, plants that must belong to this species that are found in moist, clay soil in fallow fields where they are usually associated with Agrostis hyemalis, Cardamine pennsylvanica, Hordeum pusillum, and Arabis virginica. I am of the opinion that both habitats have slightly acid soil. Que. to Ga. and the Mississippi Valley to Oreg. 500 Cruciferae Dentaria 0 50 Map 1029 Dentaria diphylla Michx. 0 50 Map 1031 Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britt. 2967. DENTARIA [Tourn.] L. Toothwort Inflorescence pubescent; rootstock deeply rooted, an elongated tuber usually 1.5-3 cm long, increased annually by additional ones, forming a lineal series; basal and cauline leaves similar but the basal ones absent at flowering time; cauline leaves 3, whorled or approximate, rarely alternate, cleft nearly to or to the base into 3 nearly equal, broadly lanceolate to linear parts, the parts sometimes likewise cleft, their margins serrate, more or less incised, or entire; anthers mostly 1.5-2.3 mm long 1. D. ladniata. Inflorescence glabrous. Basal and cauline leaves similar in shape. Rootstocks elongated tubers, deep in the soil; basal leaves biternate, all of the segments linear with smooth margins; cauline leaves 2, opposite, biternate with linear segments, margins of segments smooth, sometimes the ultimate segments cleft or divided; petals white, tinged with purple, anthers 1.5-2 mm long 2D. multifida. Rootstocks continuous, usually 5-15 cm long, not deep in the soil; basal leaves ternate, on petioles generally 7-15 cm long; leaflets rhombic-ovate, or oblong- ovate, petiolate; cauline leaves 2, rarely 3, opposite or nearly so, on petioles generally 0.5-4 cm long, ternate or deeply cleft into 3 parts; margins of all leaflets generally ciliate and coarsely crenate with bluntly mucronate teeth; anthers about 3 mm long 3. D. diphylla. Basal and cauline leaves not similar in shape; basal leaves much larger than the cauline ones, ternate, on petioles generally 5-15 cm long; leaflets similar to the preceding; cauline leaves 2 or 3, variously disposed, on petioles 0.5-3 cm long, ternate, deeply cleft into 2 or 3 parts, or simple, the margins of the parts gen- erally ciliate and serrate, sparingly toothed or entire; rootstock consisting of elongated tubers near the surface of the ground; anthers generally 1.5-2.3 mm long 4. D. heterophylla. 1. Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Cut Toothwort. Map 1027. Infrequent to frequent in rich woods throughout the state. This species prefers moist soil and deep leaf mold. The variability of the plants has led authors to assign specific, varietal, and hybrid names to these variations. I can do no better than to quote J. M. Coulter (Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana 6: 234. 1875) who recognized these variations and said in his flora of Jeffer- son County : "The leaves vary from almost entire to finely dissected. Some- Leavenworthia Cruciferae 501 times there are three leaves in a whorl ; sometimes these leaves are alter- nate ; sometimes there are four alternate leaves ; often there are but two leaves either opposite or alternate. In fact there is no kind of division or position of leaves which is not represented in this species." The preceding observation applies to my specimens but I doubt that hybridization is responsible for such variations as the alternate character of the leaves, since, in our area, there are no alternate-leaved species nor entire-leaved species in the genus as now known, with which D. laciniata could hybridize. I believe it is best to regard the genus as a mutating one and some of the aberrant specimens as examples of reversion to ancestral forms. Western Que. and Vt. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La. 2. Dentaria multifida Muhl. Map 1028. This species was first recog- nized as such by Miss Edna Banta, who found it in 1935 on a rocky, wooded slope along Big Creek a mile west of Volga, Jefferson County. It was found also in Jefferson and Clark Counties by early authors who confused it with other species of the genus. They remarked about the many forms of leaves of their specimens. Schneck, in his list of plants from the Lower Wabash Valley, also calls attention to the varied leaves. Ind. and Ohio, southw. to Ga. and Ala. 3. Dentaria diphylla Michx. Crinkleroot. Map 1029. This species has a very restricted range and is local in the state. Where it is found, it often forms large colonies. My Steuben County plant was found in the A. E. Emerson woods about 6 miles southwest of Angola. This colony was very dense, about 3x6 feet, and located in very moist and sandy soil on a low, alluvial flat along a small creek. The Ohio County plants were also found in large colonies on the moist slope of Laughery Creek. Eastern Que. to s. Ont. and Minn., southw. to S. C. and Ky. 4. Dentaria heterophylla Nutt. Slender Toothwort. Map 1030. In- frequent to frequent but locally common on moist, rich, wooded slopes in the southern part of the state. There is a report from Cass & Wabash Counties but there is no specimen. The stem leaves of this species are very variable. N. J., Pa., and Ind., southw. to Ga. and Tenn. 2971. LEAVENWORTHIA Ton. 1. Leavenworthia uniflora (Michx.) Britt. Michaux Leavenworthia. Map 1031. This species is known from only one county in the state. It was discovered by Chas. R. Barnes in 1877 at a place locally known as Denny's Lick, about a mile southeast of Charlestown, Clark County. I collected it there in mature fruit, May 1, 1918, and late in May, 1933, some members of the Indiana Academy of Science visited the place and found it abundant over several acres but it was almost past the fruiting stage. The early fruiting dates indicate that it must flower early in April. The habitat is the washed limestone slopes of a permanent pasture where it is associated with Draba verna, Oxalis violacea, and Veronica arvensis. Ind. to Ky., Tenn., and Ark. 502 Cruciferae Capsella 0 50 Map 1032 Capsella Bursa -pastoris (L ) Med ic 0 50 Map 1033 Camelina microcarpa Andrz. 0 50 Map 1034 Draba brachycarpa Nutt. 2983. LESQUERELLA Wats. See excluded species no. 269, p. 1053. 2986. CAPSELLA Medic 1. Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd Purse. Map 1032. A frequent to common weed throughout the state in cultivated grounds, lawns, and pastures and along roadsides and railroads. The plant is very variable and has been the subject of much study by Almquist and Shull. Almquist, in 1920, writes as follows: "Among 370 races from different countries I was able to find at least 70 species that remained constant in culture during two or three generations. At present I have published descriptions of 200 constant forms." My specimens are variable, and, no doubt, several of the elementary species of this complex occur in Indiana. Nat. of Eu. ; widely distributed throughout the world. 2987. CAMELINA Crantz Stems and leaves pubescent; pods 4-5 mm wide l.C. microcwpa. Stems and leaves glabrous or with scattered hairs; pods 6-7 mm wide. (See excluded species no. 270, p. 1053.) C. sativa. 1. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Map 1033. This species is essentially a sandy ballast plant and is more or less frequent throughout the state. I have found it also along sandy roadsides and in sandy, fallow fields where I once found it as an abundant weed. Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to B. C, southw. to R. I., Va., Kans., and Ariz. 2988. NESLIA Desv. See excluded species no. 271, p. 1053. 2989. DRABA [Dill.] L. Plants conspicuously branched and leafy to the flowers, appressed-pubescent throughout except the glabrous pods; flowers purplish; pedicels of the mature pods rarely more than 2 mm long; pods about 4 mm long, glabrous 1. D. brachycarpa. Draba Cruciferae 503 3 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Au& Sept Oct Nov. f i-i f ^ r i d i r ||_J_ f ^ r Dec. <- B I ID i —C_v y \H M'les D raba verr / o ' 5o Map 1035 a L. 0 50 Map 1036 Draba reptans (Lam.) Fera. 0 50 Map 1037 Descura'nia brachycarpa (Richardson) Schulz Plants not conspicuously branched, not leafy to the flowers, other parts besides the pods glabrous, pubescence not appressed; flowers white; pedicels of the mature pods more than 2 mm long; pods generally more than 4 mm long. Pedicels of the lowest pods more than 1 cm long 2. D. verna. Pedicels of the lowest pods less than 1 cm long. Pods glabrous 3. D. reptans. Pods minutely appressed-pubescent. (See excluded species no. 272, p. 1053.) D. reptans var. micrantha. 1. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Short-fruited Whitlowgrass. Map 1034. Found locally in dry, sandy soil in woodland pastures and on wooded slopes in a few of our southwestern counties. It has been reported by Nieuwland from Lake, La Porte, and St. Joseph Counties but I could not find specimens from these counties in the herbarium at the University of Notre Dame. Buhl (Amer. Midland Nat. 16: 251. 1935) refers a report by Peattie from the Calumet District to D. reptans. Va., 111., Mo., and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 2. Draba verna L. Vernal Whitlowgrass. Map 1035. The common name is derived from the use of this plant in the cure of whitlow disease. Locally frequent to common as a weed in dry soil in pastures, waste places, and cultivated grounds. It has been reported from eight counties not indi- cated on the map. It is much more conspicuous after fruiting when the valves have fallen. The writer has seen it in several counties in this stage of growth but specimens were not collected. Nat. of Eurasia; e. Mass. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tenn. 3. Draba reptans (Lam.) Fern. (Rhodora 36: 368. 1934.) (Draba caroliniana Walt.) Carolina Whitlowgrass. Map 1036. Generally found in very dry, sandy soil in woodland pastures, fallow fields, and waste places, along roadsides, and on open, wooded dunes. The variety has been reported from the dune area. Although I have not seen a specimen, it should be sought in the state. Eastern Mass., s. Ont., Minn, to Idaho, southw. to Ga. and Ariz. 504 Cruciferae Descurainia 2997. DESCURAINIA Webb. & Barth. [Detling. Revision of the North American species of Descurainia. Amer. Midland Nat. 22: 481-520. 1939.] 1. Descurainia brachycarpa (Richardson) 0. E. Schulz.* (Sisym- brium canescens var. brachycarpon (Richardson) Wats, and Sophia pin- nata (Walt.) Howell.) Map 1037. Plants referred to this species are ex- ceedingly variable and some authors divide the forms into varieties and species. I find no character that divides our Indiana specimens satisfac- torily and I think it best to consider our forms as a species complex until further study of the group. I reported Descurainia intermedia for the state but I now refer the specimen to this complex. This species prefers very sandy soil and is generally found in railroad ballast. I have found it also on gravelly slopes and in very sandy soil in a creek bottom. It has doubtless been introduced into Indiana from the west. Que. to Wash., southw. to Tenn., Mo., Tex., and Calif. 3001. ARABIS L. Plants with basal and stem leaves pinnatifid, much branched at the base, the branches widely spreading; plants rarely 4 dm high; pedicels rarely more than 5 mm long; pods about 2 cm long; seed narrow-winged, in 1 row 1. A. virginica. Plants not as above. Stem leaves more or less auricled at the base and often clasping. Stems and leaves more or less pubescent throughout (at least below the middle); seeds in 1 row. Mature pods erect or strongly ascending, 30-50 mm long; plants erect, often divided at the base; leaves pubescent mostly on the margins and midrib beneath (sometimes some of the upper ones entirely glabrous) ; seed oblong, about 1 mm long, narrowly winged. Pubescence of stem spreading or subspreading, predominantly of simple hairs. 2. A. pycnocarpa. Pubescence of stem strictly appressed, often giving a strigose appearance, predominantly of forked hairs 2a. A. pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis. Mature pods spreading; plants erect or decumbent; leaves pubescent all over, at least on the lower surface (except in A. viridis var. Deamii). Plants erect, not branched at the base (at least not conspicuously so), growing on dry rocky or gravelly slopes; pedicels mostly 10-18 mm long. Pubescence of simple hairs; basal leaves usually somewhat pinnatifid 3. A. viridis var. Deamii. Pubescence mostly forked; basal leaves merely dentate 4. A. patens. Plants lax, conspicuously branched at the base, the branches decumbent or ascending, growing in moist, alluvial soil along streams and in moist soil at the base of slopes; pedicels mostly 1-3 mm long 5. A. dentata. Stem leaves glabrous, or only the base of the stem and basal leaves and a few of the lowest stem leaves pubescent. Plants with the middle cauline leaves long and narrow, generally 5-15 mm wide and 7-13 cm long, spreading or rarely erect, entire or coarsely dentate; pedicels mostly 5-10 mm long; pods recurved, spreading, 6-11 cm long; seed in 1 row, winged, about 1.5 mm long including the wing 6. A. laevigata. Plants not as above. Pods terete or 4-sided, about 1 mm wide; seed in 1 row or in some pods the seed interruptedly in 1 and 2 rows, wingless; stem glabrous or somewhat hirsute at the base; stem leaves glabrous; basal leaves more or less * The name of this plant now becomes Descurainia pinnata subsp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling. (Amer. Midland Nat. 22: 509. 1939.) Arabis Cruciferae 505 0~ ~33 Map 1038 Arabis virginica (L.) Poir. 5 9 Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. j- A ° DP] 1 »D 0 DB D ' D D , T~V f r1-0 B D [ 0 III £ _ r - i 0 J rV r ' i D /yS i J-T' Ba 1 I P Miles D A ra bis r\) Map 1039 pycnocarpa Hopkins Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. "* 1 »0 D D y^ o ¥h D 0 D ^ £ i _^- ~r]L Ar^- Ll^ 1 u Jx^1 — — /HT 8a Miles o 56 Map 1040 Arabis pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis Hopkins stellate-pubescent; plants simple, erect, usually 6-12 dm high 1. A. glabra. Pods flattened, 1.5-2 mm wide; seeds winged; basal leaves more or less pubescent. Mature pods erect; stem and stem leaves glabrous; seed in 2 distinct rows. 8. A. Drummondii. Mature pods spreading or loosely ascending; usually the base of the stem and a few of the lowest leaves more or less pubescent; seed, when young, in 2 distinct rows, many aborting and leaving the mature, perfect ones in 1 row almost as wide as the cell. (See excluded species no. 273, p. 1053.) A. divaricarpa. Stem leaves (at least the upper) without auricled bases. Plants much branched, usually less than 3.5 dm high; basal leaves lyrate-pin- natifid; stem leaves rarely over 4 cm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire or with a few teeth; pedicels of fruit ascending; mature pods ascending, mostly 20-50 mm long; seed in 1 row, wingless 9. A. lyrata. Plants simple or nearly so, mostly 5-15 dm high; basal leaves dentate or lyrate- lobed; stem leaves tapered at both ends, generally much more than 4 cm long, more or less deeply toothed; pedicels of fruit recurved; mature pods pendent, mostly 50-80 mm long; seed in 1 row, broadly winged 10. A. canadensis. 1. Arabis virginica (L.) Poir. (Arabis virginica (L.) Trel. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Virginia Rock- cress. Map 1038. Locally frequent to common in fallow cornfields in the southern part of the state. It is usually in moist soil associated with Poa Chapmaniana and Myosotis virginica, indicating a slightly acid habitat which, I think, controls its distribution. Va. to 111., south w. to Fla. and Tex.; westw. to Calif, and Lower Calif. 2. Arabis pycnocarpa Hopkins. (Rhodora 39: 112. 1937.) (Arabis hirsuta of American authors.) Hairy ROCKCRESS. Map 1039. Infrequent to rare in the state and probably absent from some of the central counties. It grows in sandy soil in alluvial bottoms, in crevices of rocks, and on rocky slopes and high banks of streams. Since all of my specimens are from the borders of streams and lakes, its affinity for them is apparent. 506 Cruciferae Arabis 0 50 Map 1041 Arabis viridls var. . Deamii Hopkins 0 5o Map 1042 Arabis patens Sull'v. 6 55 Map 1043 Arabis dentata T. & G. This species is variable in its pubescence which is sometimes restricted to the lower part of the plant. Its pubescence, strict habit, and its habit of sending up several erect branches from the base usually identify it. N. B. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Mo., Ariz., and Calif. 2a. Arabis pycnocarpa var. adpressipilis Hopkins. (Rhodora 39: 117- 118. 1937.) Map 1040. This variety is infrequent and has the habitat of the species. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Va., Mo. and Okla. 3. Arabis viridis Harger var. Deamii Hopkins. (Rhodora 39: 157-158. 1937.) Map 1041. This species is probably not very rare in northern Indiana since I have it from three counties. My specimens are from dry sandy and gravelly slopes. Ind., Wis., and Mo. 4. Arabis patens Sulliv. Spreading Rockcress. Map 1042. I have found this species in two places only. In Bartholomew County it was growing on top of a limestone rock along Clifty Creek north of Hartsville and in Harrison County there is a colony of it in the talus of the ledges of the cliff along a side road along Blue River about a half mile north of White Cloud. It is very local. It has, however, been reported from Clark, Decatur, Jefferson, and Tippecanoe Counties. Pa. to Ind., southw. to Tenn. 5. Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rockcress. Map 1043. Infrequent to rare throughout the state or absent from some counties. Locally it may be rather frequent but I have never found it so. It is usually found in moist, sandy soil of wooded, alluvial bottoms, in the talus of cliffs, and rarely in dry soil on slopes. It is restricted almost entirely to the proximity of streams and is more frequent along our major streams. Western N. Y. to Minn., southw. to Va., Tenn., Mo., and Okla. Arabis Cruciferae 507 Arabis laevigata Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. D ° ~i— ° \^~ -^ Y- ( tttm f- r — L^1 Miles 0 ~50 Map 1045 Arabis glabra (U Bernh. Arabis Drummondi 6. Arabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth Rockcress. Map 1044. Frequent but never common throughout the state. It prefers a rather sandy or gravelly soil and is restricted to the wooded slopes and high banks of streams. The leaves of this species are variable and one form has been named. I am including it under the species. Western Maine to S. Dak., southw. to Iowa and Ark. 7. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. Map 1045. Infrequent to rare in the lake region of the state and extremely rare, absent, or intro- duced in the southern part. My Floyd County specimen was found in a hayfield along Indian Creek near Galena. Several specimens were noted. N. B. to B. C, southw. to n. N. J., Pa., the Great Lakes, S. Dak., Utah, and Calif. 8. Arabis Drummondii Gray. Drummond Rockcress. Map 1046. I found two colonies of this species in gravelly soil on the slope of the north bank of the St. Joseph River, one about a half mile and one a mile and a half southwest of Bristol. Nieuwland's report for it from St. Joseph County is the only other record. Lab. to B. C, southw to N. S., s. N. E., N. J., Ohio, 111., Utah, and Calif. 9. Arabis lyrata L. Lyreleaf Rockcress. Map 1047. Found in very dry, sandy soil in black oak woods and fallow fields and on open wooded dunes and sandy, roadside knolls. Ont. to Man. and Alaska, southw. to Conn., Va., Tenn., and B. C. 10. Arabis canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Map 1048. Infrequent to rare throughout the state; probably absent from some of the central counties. It prefers a dry and rather sandy soil and is found on the crests of wooded ridges and on rocky, wooded slopes. Eastern Mass., Vt., and Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Kans. 3004. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. Petals mostly 20-30 mm long, orange yellow; pedicels and pods in our specimens ascending; pods 4-sided, 6-10 cm long 1. E. asperum. 508 Cruciferae Erysimum o 50 Map 1047 Arabis lyrata L 6 9 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Au£ Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.j- £ >D D 0 D 10 v.^C KT D r [M D f 0 r1 \j- i r il J DF i i 0 J /^ / d L^ — r~^ — S ~^~ij v -J y — \J/ Miles '0 1 t Arab is d JA / 0 50 J Map 1048 :anadensis L. i a Jan. Feb Mar. Apr May June July Au£ Sept. Oct Nov V f r^° - [ D f 1 HZ. J I1 r Dec C i "r- ■ ' £/ Miles :rysimum asperum 0 50 Map 1049 DC Petals less than 10 mm long, lighter yellow than the preceding. Pedicels stout, 1 mm or more thick, almost as thick as the pod, widely spreading or ascending, 4-8 cm long; petals 6-9 mm long 2. E. repandum. Pedicels slender, ascending, mostly about 0.5 mm thick, about half as thick as the pod. Petals 4-5 mm long; lower pedicels mostly 10-15 mm long. . . .3. E. cheiranthoides. Petals mostly 6-8 mm long; lower pedicels less than 10 mm long. (See excluded species no. 274, p. 1053.) E. parviflorum. 1. Erysimum asperum DC. (Cheirinia aspera (DC.) Britt. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) WESTERN WALLFLOWER. Map 1049. Some- what frequent on the limestone ledges of the Wabash River west of Logans- port ; a few plants on a rocky, wooded slope along the Wabash River east of Wabash ; and infrequent in gravelly soil of the slope and top of the high bank of Big Wea Creek about 4 miles southwest of Lafayette. Blatchley reported it as scarce on gravelly banks in Vigo County. It has also been reported from Carroll, Montgomery, and Putnam Counties. The mass dis- tribution of the species is west of our area and it is no doubt very local in Indiana, with reports from two counties in Ohio. Newf., Que., Sask., Colo., southw. to Ohio, Ind., 111., and N. Mex. 2. Erysimum repandum L. (Cheirinia, repanda (L.) Link.) Treacle Mustard. Map 1050. I have found this species along a roadside, in ballast along a railroad, and in a waste place. No doubt it has a much wider dis- tribution than the map indicates. Nat. of Eu.; waste places about eastern seaports, and Ohio to Kans., Ariz., Utah, and Oreg. 3. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. (Cheirinia cheiranthoides (L.) Link.) Wormseed Mustard. Map 1051. This species prefers a muck soil and is fast becoming established in the lake area. Where it has become well established, it forms a complete and dense stand. I found a pure stand of it about three miles north of Albion, Noble County, in muck soil in a low place in an oatfield where the oats had been drowned out. Its habit of germinating late in the season permits it to occupy low places in Alyssum Cruciferae 509 Erysimum repandum L. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Jan. Feb Mar. Apr May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. -f Iffi 1 0 f J D \ BD y - - " i D t D DP r \ r, L i '- Miles 0 50 Map 1052 Alyssum alyssoi'des L. hayfields, peppermint fields, etc. It is rather frequent on the spill banks of dredged ditches and in railroad ballast. There are no reports for the state south of the area shown on the map. Since none of the early authors reported this species, and the first report was in 1915, and because its habitat and its abundance where it is found suggest an adventive plant, I think that it has been introduced in Indiana. Newf. to the Pacific coast, southw. to N. J., Pa., Tenn., and Mo. ; found also in Eu. 3006. ALYSSUM [Tourn.] L. 1. Alyssum alyssoides L. Small Alyssum. Map 1052. A plant of sandy waste places and fallow fields. My Benton County collection is from railroad ballast where it was abundant. Nat. of Eu. ; N. H., Ont. to Iowa, southw. to Mass. and N. J. ; also in the far west and about seaports. 3013. LOBULARIA Desv. See excluded species no. 275, p. 1054. 3015. BERTEROA DC. 1. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. Map 1053. I have specimens of this weed from two places in Elkhart County and my notes say that in 1921 it was common in sandy soil along the roadside between Bristol and Elkhart. I have a specimen collected in 1920 about 2 miles northeast of Bristol and my notes say it was a common weed along the roadside and in an adjacent, fallow field. Hansen (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1923: 215. 1924) says the County Agricultural Agent reported it as a weed in a "run-down" farm in the same county. Hansen also reported a small colony in West Lafayette but it was intentionally destroyed before it 510 Capparidaceae Hesperis o 50 Map 1053 Berteroa incana (U DC. 0 50 Map 1054 Hesperis matronalis L. innqia unnort. seeded. In 1933 I found it in Steuben County and in 1934 1 found it in La Porte County. This is a pernicious weed. Nat. of Eu. ; Maine to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Mo. 3041. HESPERIS [Tourn.] L. 1. Hesperis matronalis L. Dames Rocket. Map 1054. This species has long been used and is still commonly planted as an ornamental plant. It was never reported, however, by our early authors. The first report is that of Grimes in 1910. Nieuwland, in 1915, reported it as escaped along the bank of the St. Joseph River in St. Joseph County. In 1921 I found it to be frequent in a wooded ravine about a half mile west of Aurora in Dear- born County. In 1933 I found it to be a common and abundant weed along the roadside and in an adjacent, fallow field just west of Aurora. Naomi Mullendore has collected it in Johnson County. Nat. of Eu. ; Maine to Iowa, southw. to N. C. 3055. CONRINGIA [Heist.] Adans. 1. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hares-ear Mustard. Map 1055. All of my specimens except one are from railroad ballast. It has been reported from seven counties and all who mention its habitat except one say that it was found along railroads. Apparently this species is slow to establish itself in fields and may not become a serious pest. Nat. of Eu. ; N. B. and N. S. to Man. and Oreg., southw. to Del., Mo., and Colo. 107. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. Caper Family Pods on long spreading stipes; stamens 4-6 .'5087. Cleome, p. 510. Pods stipeless or on very short ascending stipes; stamens more than 6 , 3090. Polanisia, p. 511. 3087. CLEOME L. Stems glabrous; leaves 3-foliolate. (See excluded species no. 276, p. 1054.) . .C. semdata. Steams viscid-pubescent; leaflets 5-7. (See excluded species no. 277, p. 1054.) . .C. spinosa. Polanisia Sarraceniaceae 511 3 14 4 Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov D T 0 B D MI] \ 0 p w 0 3P ^ , 1 B B f D — _ B i1 r JeH i — B D Hj ; Dec. f— - [ » 1 10 p L^i B ID BO 0 t j— — v B f D f L p DP 7 A/ Miles 0 P ola nis ia qraveolen 0 50 Map 1056 s Raf. 0 50 Map 1057 Polanisia trachysperma T, & G. 0 "~ 50 Map 1058 Sarracenia purpurea L. 3090. POLANISIA Raf. Petals 4-5 mm long, usually nearly white; stamens mostly 5-8 mm long, usually less than 12 in number LP. graveolens. Petals 8-10 mm long, light yellow; stamens mostly 9-15 mm long. . .2. P. trachysperma. 1. Polanisia graveolens Raf. Clammyweed. Map 1056. This species grows in very sandy soil and is usually found on sand and gravel bars of streams, along roadsides and railroads, and rarely in fallow or cultivated land along streams. On large sandbars it often forms extensive colonies. Western Que. to Man., southw. to Conn., Md., Tenn., Kans., and Colo. 2. Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Map 1057. This species was found by Madge McKee in sandy soil along the roadside, 2 miles west and ll/2 miles south of Lake Village, Newton County. It is a western species and there is a slight possibility of its having been introduced. The locality where it was found is within the prairie area. The nearest railroad and the nearest main highway are both two miles to the east. I think this is an eastern extension of the range of the species. Found at the same place on Sept. 4, 1938, by Indiana botanists on a field trip and specimens were collected. This species was included in a list of plants reported from Monroe County by Andrews. No data accompanied the report and no specimen was preserved. Since the habitat does not occur in Monroe County, it must have been a waif if the plant was determined correctly. Ind., Iowa to Mo., southw. and westw. 110. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. Pitcherplant Family 3130. SARRACENIA [Tourn.] L. 1. Sarracenia purpurea L. (Sarracenia purpurea gibbosa (Raf.) Wherry. Bartonia 15: 1-6. 1933.) Common Pitcherplant. Map 1058. This species grows in sphagnum in marshes and tamarack bogs and is restricted to the lake area. It formerly was common but is now becoming 512 Droseraceae Drosera 0" 50 Map 1059 Drosera rotundifolia L. 0 50 Map 1060 Drosera intermedia Hayne scarce on account of drainage. My Delaware County specimen was obtained from a bog on the Emerson McCullum farm about two and a half miles southeast of Gaston. Lab. to the Canadian Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla., Ky., the Great Lakes, and Iowa. 112. DROSERACEAE S. F. Gray. Sundew Family 3136. DROSERA L. Sundew Leaf blades suborbicular or wider than long 1. D. rotundifolia. Leaf blades 2-3 times as long as wide; stipules free; seed not appendaged, oblong 2. D. intermedia. 1. Drosera rotundifolia L. Roundleaf Sundew. Map 1059. Infre- quent in tussocks of sphagnum moss in the open and in tamarack bogs ; very rarely in moist sand with such species as Polygala cruciata, Gaultheria promwibens, and Aletris farinosa. In 1915 it was so abundant on the moist, sandy shore of Walker Lake, Porter County, that it covered acres, and at a distance, the ground looked red. This and the next species are restricted to the lake area. Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Fla. and Calif. 2. Drosera intermedia Hayne. (Drosera longifolia of manuals, not L.) Spatulate-leaf Sundew. Map 1060. Less frequent than the preceding species and found in the open in moist, sandy soil among sedges or in mossy places on the wet borders of lakes, and in sphagnum bogs. Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La. 113. PODOSTEMACEAE Lindl. Riverweed Family 3156. PODOSTEMUM Michx. See excluded species no. 278, p. 1054. Sedum Crassulaceae 513 0 50 Map 1062 Sedum telephioides Michx 1 37 3 Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov Dec f- \ ND 0 ° 0 HI I \^ 9 1 B w D DP naria (L ) 50 Map 1092 Mill 0 50 Map 1093 Malus coronaria var. dasycalyx Rehd Malus (Wood) 0 50 Map 1094 Britt. la. Malus coronaria var. dasycalyx Rehd. Map 1093. Rehder says this variety also has the leaves paler beneath than the species. It occurs throughout the state with the species. Ont. to Ohio and Ind. 2. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Prairie Crab. Map 1094. This is, for the most part, a low, widely spreading tree which, according to specimens seen, is restricted mostly to the western part of the state. Ind., Wis. to Minn., southw. to Mo. 3338B. SORBUS [Tourn.] L. Mountain-ash [Jones. A synopsis of the North American species of Sorbus. Jour. Arnold Arboretum 20: 1-43. 1939.] Winter buds glabrous on the back, the inner ones ciliate along the margins; branchlets at flowering time glabrate 1. S. decora. Winter buds usually densely pubescent; branchlets at flowering time more or less densely pubescent. (See excluded species no. 305, p. 1059.) S. Aucuparia. 1. Sorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid. Showy Mountain-ash. Map 1095. The species of American mountain-ash have been poorly understood until the recent synopsis appeared. Our native species resembles Sorbus Aucu- paria, a European species, which has sparingly escaped in northern Indi- ana. The European mountain-ash has been reported as only single speci- mens except Nieuwland and Just (Amer. Midland Nat. 12: 221. 1930) found two colonies of about 20 trees in a woods about 6 miles southwest of South Bend and a single tree in a woods about two and a half miles northeast of Walkerton. The tree at the last station named was about five inches in diameter and approximately 35 feet high. They also report that scattered about the tree were numerous seedlings. So7*bus decora was first found in 1924 by Harold Orahood in a woods about a half mile north- west of Union Mills, La Porte County. The tree he found was 9 and a half inches in circumference at breast height and about 20 feet high. In 1933 530 ROSACEAE Aronia 0 50 Map 1095 Sorbus decora ISarqJ Schneid. I found a tree on the border of a swamp in Pokagon State Park, Steuben County, that was I6V2 inches in circumference and about 25 feet high. Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. Y. and Iowa. 3338C. ARONIA Medic. Chokeberry Branchlets, lower surface of leaves, pedicels, and exterior of calyx glabrous or nearly so at flowering time, entirely glabrous at maturity 1. A. melanocarpa. Branchlets, lower surface of leaves, pedicels, and exterior of calyx more or less densely pubescent at flowering time, remaining pubescent until maturity or some parts becoming glabrous but pubescence evident on the remaining parts, the branchlets always showing hairs on some parts 2. A. p-runifolia. 1. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. (Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. and Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Britt.) Black Chokeberry. Map 1096. This species, like the next one, grows only in slightly acid soil. In the lake area it grows in moist, sandy woods and tamarack bogs and on the borders of lakes ; in the southern part of the state it grows in moist or wet, hard clay soil and on the exposed parts of sandstone cliffs. It is not frequent but common where it is found in the north, and rare to very rare in the south where there are generally only a few plants in a place or in very small colonies. It is usually 2-5 feet high. N. S. to Mich., southw. to Fla. 2. Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Render. (Jour. Arnold Arboretum 19: 74. 1938.) (Aronia floribunda (Lindl.) Spach, Pyrus arbutifolia var. atro- purpurea (Britt.) Rob., and Aronia atropurpurea Britt.) Teuscher dis- cusses the status of this species in Torreya 33: 22-24. 1933. Purple Chokeberry. Map 1097. Infrequent to local in the lake area and very local south of it. It is generally 3-9 feet high and grows in old tamarack bogs, swamps, and low woods. In a few places I have found it forming a dense and nearly pure stand over an acre or more and growing to a height of 6-8 feet. Amelanchier ROSACEAE 531 The species is variable in the shape, size, and juiciness of the fruit. The common form has fruit which is nearly dry and is smaller than the juicy form. Newf. to Mich., southw. to Fla. 3343. AMELANCHIER Medic. Shadblow [Wiegand. Amelanchier in eastern North America. Rhodora 14: 117- 161. 2 pi. 1912. Wiegand. Additional notes on Amelanchier. Rhodora 22: 146-151. 1920.] The species of this genus are known to hybridize and because of this fact the determination of specimens is often difficult. K. M. Wiegand, who has made the most exhaustive study of the genus of anyone in the United States, has named nearly all of my specimens which include several hybrids. He says for accurate determination "collections should be made from the same plant at flowering time just as the petals begin to fall, at the time when the fruit is half grown, and at the maturity of the leaves. Mature ripe fruit is nearly worthless. The mature leaves are not absolutely necessary, but the other two collections are indispensable." The follow- ing key is adapted from his publications : Teeth of leaves coarse (on average leaves 3-5 (6) per cm); veins conspicuous, usually straight, parallel and close together, short intermediate ones few or none; sum- mit of ovary woolly; sepals revolute from the middle at the time when the petals fall; leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex. Petals 7-10 mm long; sepals 2-3 (4) mm long; racemes erect or nearly so; leaves oval-oblong; veins usually becoming irregular just before reaching the margin; stiffly upright shrubs 0.3-1.2 m high, growing in colonies (not in clumps) from rhizomelike bases; margins of leaves serrate to below the middle. .1. A. humilis. Petals 11-20 mm long, narrow; sepals 4 mm long; racemes more or less drooping; leaves oval-orbicular; upper veins, in typical specimens, running straight to the apex of the coarse, spreading, sharp teeth; scrawny, slender, often arching shrubs, 1-2.5 m high; stems solitary or few together; margins of leaves serrate nearly to the base. (See excluded species no. 311, p. 1059.) A. sanguinea. 532 Rosaceae Amelanchier Teeth of leaves fine (on average leaves 5-12 per cm); veins irregular, unequally distant, usually with frequent, intermediate, shorter ones; summit of ovary various. Leaves densely white-tomentose when young, becoming glabrous or nearly so at maturity. Apex of leaves rounded (rarely subacute); sepals usually upright. (See excluded species no. 310, p. 1059.) A. oblongifolia. Apex of leaves acute or short-acuminate; sepals usually reflexed. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, often with a tinge of red; petals 6-8 mm long; tall shrub, rarely a small tree, branching near the ground or at first grow- ing in clumps. (See excluded species no. 309, p. 1059.) A. intermedia. Leaves ovate or obovate, short-acuminate; petals 10-14 mm long; lower pedicels 8-17 mm long at flowering time, becoming 15-25 mm long at fruiting time; petioles remaining pubescent until maturity; small trees when mature, not in clumps 2. A. canadensis. Leaves nearly or entirely glabrous from the first, ovate, oval, or elliptical, and very acute or commonly short-acuminate at maturity, brownish purple, half grown and unfolded at flowering time; petals elongated, 10-18 mm long; summit of ovary glabrous; lower pedicels 15-33 mm long at flowering time, 30-50 mm long at fruiting time; petioles glabrous at maturity; trees or tall shrubs 3. A. laevis. 1. Amelanchier humilis Wieg. Low Shadblow. Map 1098. Known in Indiana as low juneberry. This species grows in colonies in very sandy soil in woods and along fence rows and roadsides. I planted roots of it 10 years ago and it has grown well. A few stems have come up from each root, otherwise it has not spread. The large fruit is edible and much relished by birds as is the fruit of all the species of the genus. Vt. to Minn, and Mack., southw. to e. and cent. N. Y., Ohio, and Nebr. la. Amelanchier humilis X laevis. I have this hybrid from Elkhart, Fulton, Lagrange, Lake, La Porte, Porter, Starke, Steuben, and Warren Counties. 2. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Downy Shadblow. Map 1099. Known in Indiana as downy serviceberry or juneberry. This species is more or less infrequent to local throughout the state and is found generally in dry soil on the banks of streams, on wooded slopes, and rarely in level woodland. The stem is usually less than 2 inches in diameter. N. S. and e. Maine, and from w. N. E. to Wis., southw. to Ga., La., and Mo. 2a. Amelanchier canadensis X humilis. I have this hybrid from Cass and De Kalb Counties. 2b. Amelanchier canadensis X laevis. I have this hybrid from Allen, Brown, Clark, Clay, Crawford, De Kalb, Fulton, Hendricks, Jefferson, La- grange, La Porte, Martin, Morgan, Perry, Porter, St. Joseph, Starke, Steuben, Warren, and Whitley Counties. 3. Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Allegheny Shadblow. Map 1100. Known in Indiana as smooth serviceberry or juneberry. Frequent to infrequent in the lake area, becoming infrequent to local southward. This species, with the preceding and their hybrids, is frequent on the high dunes facing Lake Michigan. It is also found in old tamarack bogs and Crataegus Rosaceae 533 interdimal flats and on the low and high banks of lakes and streams. This species is the largest of the genus in the state, sometimes reaching a diame- ter of 7 inches and a height of 40 feet. Newf., N. E. to Mich., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Kans. 3345. CRATAEGUS' L. Hawthorn, Thorn, Red Haw [Britton and Brown. Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States, ed. 2: 294-321. 1913; Palmer. Synopsis of North American Crataegi. Jour. Arnold Arboretum 6: 5-128. 1925; Palmer. The Crataegus problem. Jour. Arnold Arboretum 13: 342-362. 1932; and Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2: 192-228. 1932.] Shrubs or small trees, usually found in pastures, thickets, and borders of woodland, and most abundantly in limestone regions. Many of the species are attractive on account of their flowers, foliage, and fruit, and are frequently planted in parks and private grounds. The fruit of some species is edible and is sometimes sold on the market in some sections, where it is eaten raw or used for preserves ; its chief value in Indiana is for bird and game food. Crataegus is one of the largest genera of woody plants in the number of species, and it is one of the most difficult for taxonomic treatment. Several hundred American species and varieties have been proposed, many of which are probably hybrids or only forms of polymorphic species. In many cases it is difficult to find a single constant character that can be relied upon for separating species, even though they seem to be distinct when all of the characters are considered. The dimensions of leaves, flowers, and fruit given in the descriptions are intended to cover the normal range, but it should be understood that there may be wider variations in unusually vigorous or depauperate forms. KEY TO THE GROUPS Nutlets not pitted on ventral surfaces; flowers (except in Cordatae) usually opening before the middle of May. Fruiting calyx persistent; fruit usually falling soon after maturity; flowers 12-25 mm in diameter. Leaves of flowering branches all narrowed or acuminate at the base, mostly of an obovate, oblong, or spatulate type, broadest at or above the middle, margins merely serrate or with shallow or obscure lobes toward the apex. Leaves of flowering branches usually one and a half to twice as long as wide (forms of group IV may be sought here). Leaves thick and usually glossy above, unlobed except rarely on shoots; veins not conspicuously impressed; styles and nutlets 1-3 (rarely more); fruit remaining hard and dry I. Crus-galli. Leaves thin to firm, dull above, often slightly lobed on flowering branches; styles and nutlets 2-5; fruit becoming mellow. Leaves of flowering branches mostly obovate, symmetrical, with 5-7 pairs of slightly ascending, deeply impressed veins; fruit 9-16 mm in diameter (rarely larger) ; nutlets usually 2-4 II. Punctatae. 1 The text of the genus Crataegus was written by Ernest J. Palmer of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. The manuscript has, with his approval, been made to conform to the general style of the book. 534 Rosaceae Crataegus Leaves of flowering branches mostly oblong or rhombic, often unsymmetri- cal, with 4 or 5 pairs of strongly ascending veins, not deeply im- pressed; fruit 5-10 mm in diameter; styles and nutlets usually 5 III. VlRIDES. Leaves of flowering branches usually one to one and a half times as long as wide (except in forms of no. 10) TV. Rotundifoliae. Leaves of flowering branches abruptly narrowed, rounded, truncate, or subcordate at the base, mostly ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptic, broadest at or below the middle, usually lobed or incised. Leaves of flowering branches usually slightly narrowed or abruptly acuminate at the base; petioles and inflorescence conspicuously glandular; usually shrubs V. Intricatae. Leaves of flowering branches usually rounded to subcordate at the base; petioles and inflorescence eglandular or slightly glandular; arborescent shrubs or trees. Leaves thin; fruit 7-9 mm in diameter, with small, sessile calyx; flowers 12-15 mm in diameter VI. Tenuifoliae. Leaves firm to subcoriaceous; fruit usually 10-20 mm in diameter; flowers 16-25 mm in diameter. Fruit with thin flesh and relatively large nutlets, remaining hard and dry; fruiting calyx large and elevated (except in no. 18) . . .VII. Pruinosae. Fruit becoming mellow or succulent, usually edible; fruiting calyx smaller, sessile or nearly so. Leaves barely firm; petioles and primary veins slender; fruit glabrous; styles and nutlets usually 3-4 VIII. Coccineae. Leaves firm to subcoriaceous; petioles and primary veins stout; fruit pubescent at least toward the base; styles and nutlets usually 5.... IX. MOLLES. Fruiting calyx deciduous; fruit 5-7 mm in diameter, bright red, long persistent after maturity; flowers about 10 mm in diameter, often not opening until early June. . X. CORDATAE. Nutlets pitted on ventral surfaces; fruit 6-12 mm in diameter, often long persistent after maturity; flowers usually opening after the middle of May XL Macracanthae. KEY TO THE SPECIES I. CRUS-GALLI Loud. Leaves of flowering branches mostly of a spatulate or obovate type, broadest above the middle. Leaves thick and glossy (except sometimes in shade), those of flowering branches 1-2.5 cm wide, usually obtuse, rounded or short-pointed at the apex. Leaves of flowering branches mostly 1.5-2.5 cm wide 1. C. criis-galli, p. 537. Leaves of flowering branches mostly 1-1.5 cm wide la. C. criis-galli var. pyracanthifolia, p. 537. Leaves thinner, shining above, usually pointed or acuminate at the apex 2. C. pyracanthoides var. arborea, p. 537. Leaves of flowering branches broader, mostly oblong-obovate or elliptic, usually broad- est about the middle. Leaves thick, those of the flowering branches usually acute or acuminate at the apex; fruit obovoid or ellipsoid 3. C. regalis, p. 538. Leaves thinner, those of the flowering branches usually rounded or short-pointed at the apex; fruit subglobose 4. C. acutifolia, p. 538. Crataegus Rosaceae 535 II. PUNCTATAE Loud. Foliage and inflorescence villous or pubescent; leaves dull above. Leaves of flowering branches usually 3.5-5 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, on sterile shoots acute or acuminate and incised toward the apex; fruit 12-18 mm in diameter. . . . 5. C. punctata, p. 539. Leaves of flowering branches usually 2-3 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, on sterile shoots often obtuse or short-pointed and with shallow or obscure lobes; fruit 8-14 mm in diameter 6. C. collina, p. 539. Foliage and inflorescence glabrous or essentially so; leaves somewhat glossy above. Leaves mostly rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, slightly villous above when young; fruit subglobose, bright red at maturity 7. C. grandis, p. 540. Leaves mostly acute or acuminate at the apex, glabrous; fruit oblong or obovoid, dull red or russet at maturity 8. C. disperma, p. 541. III. VIRIDES Beadle Leaves mostly oblong or rhombic in outline, dentate or with shallow lobes, thin, glabrous at maturity except for tufts of tomentum in the axils of the veins; fruit subglobose, 5-8 mm in diameter; nutlets usually 5 9. C. viridis, p. 541. IV. ROTUNDIFOLIAE Eggl. Leaves variable, short-obovate or suborbicular (or in the variety lance-ovate) , usually incised with small, shallow lobes; fruit subglobose, 8-14 mm in diameter; nutlets 2-3. Leaves rounded or short-pointed at the apex, from slightly longer than wide to equilateral or even wider 10. C. Margaretta, p. 541. Leaves lance-ovate or lance-elliptic, narrowed or acuminate at the apex, one to one and a half times as long as wide 10a. C. Margaretta var. angustifolia, p. 543. V. INTRICATAE Sarg. Leaves and inflorescence glabrous or essentially so; fruit glabrous. Leaves mostly ovate, rounded or abruptly contracted at the base, broadest below the middle, usually sharply lobed; fruit dull orange or bronze 11. C. intricata, p. 543. Leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, pointed or acuminate at both ends, usually broadest about the middle, undivided or with shallow, obscure lobes; fruit bright red at maturity 12. C. rubella, p. 543. Leaves and inflorescence villous; fruit pubescent 13. C. biltmoreana, p. 544. VI. TENUIFOLIAE Sarg. Leaves thin, mostly ovate, more or less lobed; flowers 12-14 mm in diameter; stamens 10 or fewer; fruit 7-9 mm in diameter, becoming mellow or succulent, with a small, sessile calyx 14. C. macrosperma, p. 545. VII. PRUINOSAE Sarg. Stamens usually about 20; fruiting calyx large and elevated; leaves glabrous (except in no. 17). Leaves of flowering branches mostly ovate, rounded or abruptly contracted at the broad base, distinctly longer than wide, usually blue green. Leaves glabrous; fruit subglobose to slightly pyriform, remaining hard and dry, green or dull crimson at maturity. Leaves pointed but not conspicuously elongated at the apex; fruit usually 12-16 mm in diameter 15. C. pruinosa, p. 545. 536 Rosaceae Crataegus Leaves with the terminal lobe wedge-shaped and usually conspicuously elongated; fruit 10 mm or less in diameter 16. C. Gattingeri, p. 546. Leaves scabrate above when young and usually slightly villous on the veins beneath; fruit globose or depressed-globose, becoming slightly mellow, orange red at maturity 17. C. platycarpa, p. 547. Leaves of flowering branches broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at the base, often isometric or broader on shoots, usually yellow green 18. C. rugosa, p. 547. Stamens 10 or fewer; fruiting calyx small and sessile; leaves scabrate above when young, glabrous beneath 19. C. prona, p. 548. VIII. COCCINEAE Loud. Leaves of flowering branches mostly ovate or broadly ovate, longer than wide, abruptly narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous or nearly so at maturity; fruit obovoid or nearly globose, 10-14 mm in diameter. Flowering corymbs and petioles villous; corymbs usually compound and many- flowered 20. C. pedicellata, p. 548. Flowering corymbs and petioles glabrous; corymbs often nearly simple and few- flowered 20a. C. pedicellata var. albicans, p. 549. Leaves of flowering branches broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, often isometric, truncate or subcordate at the base, permanently pubescent at least on the veins beneath; fruit subglobose, 14-20 mm in diameter 21. C. Putnamiana, p. 549. IX. MOLLES Sarg. Leaves of flowering branches ovate, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, pointed or acuminate at the apex, 3-6 cm wide, scabrate or villous above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath, with stout, villous petioles; fruit 15-20 mm in diameter, pubescent. Leaves of flowering branches mostly rounded or truncate at the broad base 22. C. mollis, p. 550. Leaves of flowering branches mostly oblong-elliptic, narrowed or acute at the base. 22a. C. mollis f. dumetosa, p. 550. Leaves of flowering branches broadly oval to suborbicular, mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex, 2.5-4 cm in width; petioles more slender; fruit glabrous or nearly so. 23. C. Kelloggii, p. 551. X. CORDATAE Beadle Leaves glabrous, ovate or deltoid-ovate in outline, rounded to cordate at the base, usually with one or two pairs of acute, spreading lobes; flowers small, appearing after the leaves; fruit 5-7 mm in diameter, bright red, with deciduous calyx 24. C. Plwenopyrum, p. 551. XL MACRACANTHAE Loud. Leaves of flowering branches mostly ovate or elliptic, 3-4 cm wide; flowering corymbs villous or glabrate; fruit bright red, mellow or succulent at maturity. Mature leaves firm but not subcoriaceous, veins slightly impressed above; flowering corymbs villous or tomentose; fruit obovoid to nearly globose, orange red or scarlet; thorns usually scattered and slender or branches nearly unarmed.. ... 25. C. Calpodendron, p. 552. Mature leaves subcoriaceous, veins conspicuously impressed above, becoming glabrous above and glabrate or finely pubescent along the veins beneath; flowering corymbs glabrate or slightly villous; fruit subglobose, dark red, becoming suc- culent; thorns usually numerous, long and stout 26. C. succulenta, p. 552. Leaves of flowering branches mostly obovate or elliptic, 2-3 cm wide; flowering corymbs villous or tomentose; fruit ovoid or subglobose, remaining hard, pale red or yellow green at maturity 27. C. incaedua, p. 553. Crataegus Rosaceae 537 9 3 o i Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. y-* D D Js^ [V V- 0 0 J D r, TO D Dec J- D i ' D I L y* 1 T D j \ . T D -^ — / — J_/| 1 0 1 1 S ( — ^^ J Miles c D ratae qus crus-gal 50 Map IIOI i L. 0 Map 1102 Crataegus pyracanthoides var. arborea (Beadle) Palmer 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. f V f^ -J, qr _ r trj J r1 Dec. j- ■ ' — - D 1 D IT8* I __J -/ Miles > d r j Cratae JUS n P\ / 0 50 Map 1103 'galis Beadle 1. Crataegus crus-galli L. {Crataegus arduennae Sarg., Crataegus at- tenuata Ashe, and Crataegus trahax Ashe.) Cockspur Thorn. Map 1101. Leaves mostly spatulate or obovate, 2-6 cm long, 1-3.5 cm wide, rounded or acute at the apex, attenuate at the base into short, slender petioles, sharply serrate to below the middle, glabrous, firm in texture, usually glossy on the upper surface; flowers 12-15 mm wide, in compound, glabrous corymbs ; stamens about 10 ; anthers pink or creamy white ; styles 1-3 ; fruit obovoid to subglobose, 9-12 mm in diameter, flesh thin, hard and dry, dull crimson, with dark blotches or dots; calyx sessile or nearly so; calyx lobes entire or slightly serrate near the base ; nutlets 1-3, usually 2. A small tree or rarely a stout shrub up to 6-7 m high, with slightly scaly, pale gray bark and spreading branches, forming a low, flat crown in old specimens: branchlets often flexuous and armed with numerous, long, slender thorns. General throughout Indiana, but most common in limestone regions, growing in fertile or rocky ground in thickets and pastures, and in open woodland along small streams. Southeastern Canada to Minn., southw. to S. C. and Ark. la. Crataegus crus-galli var. pyracanthifolia Ait. Differs from the typical form only in the narrower leaves and the usually smaller fruit. This variety is known in Indiana only from Posey County, but it is likely to be found in other sections. 2. Crataegus pyracanthoides Beadle var. arborea (Beadle) Palmer. (Crataegus arborea Beadle and Crataegus tenuispina Sarg.) Map 1102. Leaves narrowly obovate or lance-obovate, 3-6 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into slender, winged petioles, serrate to below the middle with broad, shallow teeth, rather thin but firm, glabrous, glossy above; flowers 12-14 mm in diame- ter, in lax, mostly 6-10-flowered, glabrous corymbs ; stamens 10-20 ; anthers usually white or cream color; styles 3-4; fruit subglobose, 7-10 mm in diameter, orange red, flesh thin; nutlets 2-4, usually 3. 538 ROSACEAE Crataegus o 55 Map 1104 Crataegus acutifolia Sarg Known in Indiana only from Randolph County, growing in moist, open woods. Ala. to Mo. and Ark. 3. Crataegus regalis Beadle. (Crataegus crus-galli of Eggleston in part, not of L. of Deam, Trees of Indiana, ed. 2, pi. 78. 1932) . Map 1103. Leaves oblong-obovate or elliptic, or on shoots oval to nearly orbicular, 3-7 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, usually abruptly pointed or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into slender petioles (8-15 mm long), sharply serrate to below the middle, firm to subcoriaceous, glabrous, shin- ing above; flowers 14-16 mm in diameter, in lax, glabrous, many-flowered corymbs; stamens about 10; anthers white or cream color; fruit oblong or ellipsoid, 8-10 mm long, 7-8 mm thick, green or becoming dull red; calyx lobes linear, entire or nearly so, often persistent and appressed on the fruit; nutlets 2-3. A tree sometimes 6-8 m high, with gray, slightly scaly bark and with wide-spreading branches, abundantly armed with long, spreading thorns. Found in the southern part of Indiana growing in fertile soil along streams and in open woodland and thickets. N. C. and Ga. to Ind., Mo. and Ark. 4. Crataegus acutifolia Sarg. (Crataegus erecta Sarg. and Crataegus ludoviciensis Sarg.) Map 1104. Leaves oblong-obovate or elliptic, mostly 3.5-6 cm long, 2.5-3.5 cm wide, rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, serrate nearly to the base with broad, shallow teeth, or on shoots some- times obscurely lobed and with sharp, spinulose teeth, rather thin but firm, glabrous, dull or slightly glossy above ; flowers 12-14 mm in diameter in lax, glabrous, many-flowered corymbs; stamens about 10-15; anthers white or pale yellow ; styles 2-4 ; fruit subglobose or slightly elongated, 7-8 mm in diameter, dull red, firm but mellow at maturity; nutlets usually 3-4. A tree up to 10 m high with thin, pale gray, scaly bark and with slender wide-spreading branches, usually sparingly armed with slender thorns. Crataegus Rosaceae 539 This species may have originated as a hybrid between Crataegus viridis and Crataegus crus-galli or some species of the Crus-galli group, as is sug- gested by the intermediate character of the bark, foliage, and fruit, and by the fact that it is found only within the range of these species. In Indiana it is known only from Jackson, Lawrence, and Posey Coun- ties, growing in low, alluvial woods along the larger streams. Southwestern Ind., s. 111., and e. Mo. 5. Crataegus punctata Jacq. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2, pi. 80. 1932.) Dotted Haw. Map 1105. Leaves spatulate or lance-obovate, 2.5-7 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm wide, rounded, acute, or acuminate at the apex, at- tenuate at the base into winged petioles (1.5-2 cm long) , sharply serrate or dentate on the upper two thirds of the blades, often incised and with shal- low lobes above the middle, or on vigorous shoots deeply laciniate, firm in texture, with veins deeply impressed on the upper side, dull grayish green, scabrate above when young and pubescent along the veins beneath ; flowers 16-20 mm in diameter, usually in many-flowered, compound, villous corymbs ; stamens about 20 ; anthers red or rarely pale yellow ; calyx lobes narrowly deltoid, usually entire ; fruit subglobose or short-oblong and flat- tened at the ends, 14-20 mm in diameter, dull red with pale dots, becoming mellow; nutlets 3-4. A tree up to 10 m high, with gray, furrowed or slightly scaly bark, and often with compound thorns on the trunk or principal branches. The branches are at first ascending but, in old trees, becoming horizontal or depressed ; the branchlets villous the first season, olive brown and glabrous the second season, and finally gray, unarmed or armed with long, slender thorns. Throughout Indiana, in thickets, pastures, and borders of woods. Newf. and e. Canada to Minn., southw. to N. C. and 111. 5a. Crataegus punctata var. aiirea Ait. This variety differing only in the bright yellow fruit, has been found in Jennings and Wells Counties, and should be sought in other sections. 5b. Crataegus punctata var. canescens Britt. This variety differs in the close, copious, gray pubescence of the leaves and young branchlets. It is -occasionally found throughout the range of the species, and is known from Allen, Grant, Hamilton, Howard, Marshall, Vermillion, and Wayne Counties. 6. Crataegus collina Chapm. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2, pi. 82. 1932.) (Crataegus macropoda Sarg. and Crataegus sucida Sarg.) Map 1106. Leaves narrowly obovate or oblong-obovate, 2-6 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, rounded or pointed at the apex, attenuate at the base, serrate on the upper two thirds of the blades, or sometimes nearly to the base, thin but firm, with veins slightly impressed above, dull green, scabrous above and villous beneath when young, at maturity glabrous above and slightly villous on the veins beneath ; flowers 14-17 mm in diameter, in compound, many- flowered, villous corymbs; stamens 15-20; anthers pale yellow or rarely 540 ROSACEAE Crataegus Jan Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov f — r— r— (r1 " r1 X r fn J Dec. C i i ■ < — D ^ / Miles rf d C •atae gus 9 tj\ 7 "anrJis / D 50 Map 1107 \she Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec. """r D s ( D 0 1 (]h ■ ~£-ri r | / K __ Miles 0 50 Map 1108 Crataegus disperma Ashe 0 50 Map 1109 Crataegus viridis L red; calyx lobes lanceolate, usually glandular-serrate; fruit subglobose, 8-14 mm in diameter, dull red, with thin flesh ; nutlets usually 4-5. This species has been found in Indiana only in Dearborn County, where it grew on a wooded slope along Laughery Creek, 3 miles west of Aurora. Va. to se. Ind., southw. to N. C. and Tenn. 7. Crataegus grandis Ashe. (Crataegus cuneiformis of Eggleston in part, not Mespilus cuneiformis Marsh.) Map 1107. Leaves obovate, mostly 2.5-7 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, rounded or short-pointed at the apex, cuneate and attenuate at the base into slender, winged petioles, coarsely serrate on the upper half to two thirds of the blades, otherwise entire, or sometimes obscurely lobed on shoots, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above when young, at maturity dark green and shining above, with deeply im- pressed veins; flowers 14-16 mm in diameter; anthers pink or white; calyx lobes narrowly linear, entire or slightly serrate toward the base, slightly pubescent; fruit subglobose, 10-14 mm in diameter, bright crimson, flesh becoming mellow ; nutlets 2-3. A small tree 4-6 m high, or sometimes a stout shrub, with ascending, or in old specimens, horizontal, spreading branches and slender, glabrous branchlets usually armed with numerous, slender thorns. Found in southern Indiana in thickets or borders of woods. This species and the next one may have arisen as hybrids between some form of Crataegus crus-galli and Crataegus punctata or some related species, as suggested by Eggleston, who has grouped a number of such forms under the name Crataegus cuneiformis (Marsh.) Eggl. The de- scription of Mespilus cuneiformis given by Marshall seems scarcely definite enough for positive identification, although it may well have applied to one of these hybrids, but since there is such a wide difference in the foliage and fruit characters between this and the next species as well as between others related to them, it seems best to distinguish them and to retain the names already published. The distribution and association of this species, Crataegus Rosace ae 541 as well as the shape and texture of the leaves, suggest that Crataegus regalis may be one of the parents. Ohio to 111. 8. Crataegus disperma Ashe. (Crataegus cuneiformis of Eggleston in part, perhaps not Mespilus cuneiformis Marsh., Crataegus pausiaca Ashe, Crataegus peoriensis Sarg., and Crataegus praestans Sarg.) Map 1108. Leaves obovate or lance-obovate, mostly 2.5-6 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, usually pointed or acuminate at the apex, attenuate at the base into slender, winged petioles, sharply serrate on the upper part of the blades or some- times nearly to the base, otherwise entire or with small, cuneate or spinulose lobes on shoots, rather thin but firm, glabrous or nearly so, bright green and slightly glossy above, veins moderately impressed; flowers 15-18 mm in diameter, in few-flowered or sometimes many-flowered, glabrous corymbs ; stamens about 10 or sometimes 12-15 ; anthers pink ; fruit obovoid or ellipsoid, 9-12 mm in diameter, 12-14 mm long, dark red, flesh thin, becoming mellow but dry ; nutlets usually 2. A small tree 6-8 m high, with gray, furrowed bark on the trunk and with numerous, ascending or finally spreading, horizontal branches and slender branchlets usually armed with numerous, slender thorns. The leaves, flowers, and fruit of this species resemble somewhat more closely those of Crataegus crus-galli than do those of Crataegus grandis. General but scattered in Indiana in open woodland, mostly along streams. Pa. to 111. 9. Crataegus viridis L. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2, pi. 87. 1932.) (Crataegus nitida of Eggleston in part, not of Sarg. in Deam, Trees of Indiana, pi. 88. 1932.) Map 1109. Leaves extremely variable, elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, rhombic, or sometimes ovate on shoots, mostly 2-6 cm long, 1.5-4.5 cm wide, usually pointed or acuminate at the apex and cuneate and attenuate at the base into slender (1-2 cm) petioles, coarsely serrate on the upper two thirds or sometimes nearly to the base, undivided or sometimes with small irregular lobes, or deeply incised on shoots, thin, dark green and somewhat lustrous above, glabrous at maturity except for tufts of tomentum in the axils of the veins beneath ; flowers 10-12 mm in diameter, in glabrous, many-flowered, compound corymbs; stamens about 20 ; anthers cream white or rarely pink ; calyx lobes linear, usually entire ; fruit subglobose, 5-8 mm in diameter, becoming bright red or orange red, sometimes slightly pruinose ; nutlets 4-5, usually 5. A tree sometimes 8-10 m high with a conical or depressed crown and with ascending or wide-spreading branches, pale gray bark, scaly in large, thin flakes from a cinnamon color inner layer, and slender branchlets often unarmed or sparingly armed with slender spines. In Indiana found only in the southwestern part in alluvial bottoms. Va. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex. 10. Crataegus Margaretta Ashe. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2. pi. 81. 1932.) (Includes Crataegus chrysocarpa of Eggleston, not of Ashe in Deam, Trees of Indiana, ed. 2. pi. 86. 1932, and Crataegus Broivnei Britt.) 542 ROSACEAE Crataegus Map 1110 Crataegus Margaretta Ashe o 50 Map III! Crataegus intricata Lange 3 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. f 1 1 1 1 \ fr1 " X r m ~r r1 Dec (- i 0 1 ' D 1/ Miles Crataet us n bella E 50 Map |||2 eadle Map 1110. Leaves variable in size and shape, short-obovate, oval, rhombic, lance-oblong, or nearly orbicular and sometimes wider than long, mostly 2-6 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide, rounded or pointed at the apex, gradually or sometimes abruptly, contracted at the base into slender, winged petioles, coarsely serrate with broad, shallow teeth for about two thirds the length of the blades, usually incised above the middle and with shallow, rounded or triangular lobes, or sometimes undivided, slightly scabrate above when young, glabrous at maturity, firm and with veins slightly impressed above ; flowers 12-15 mm in diameter, usually 6-12 in small, compact, simple or slightly branched corymbs, on glabrous or sparsely villous pedicels ; stamens about 20; anthers white or cream color; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, en- tire or nearly so ; fruit subglobose, 7-10 mm in diameter, dull red or russet, often irregularly blotched, with thin flesh, remaining hard and dry; nut- lets usually 3. A small tree or often an arborescent shrub, up to 5-6 m high, with roughish dark gray bark and stout, ascending or spreading branches, usually sparingly armed with slender thorns, or sometimes nearly unarmed. Crataegus Margaretta is difficult to describe because of the great varia- bility in the shape and size of the leaves and fruit, but it is a well marked species and it is easily recognized when once known in the field. There has been considerable difference of opinion as to the relationship of this species, some botanists placing it in the Punctatae group, or regarding it as the type of a distinct group, but it seems most nearly related to such species as Crataegus Dodgei, Crataegus chrysocarpa, and Crataegus rotundifolia, and it is therefore retained in the Rotundifoliae group in this treatment. General and frequent in Indiana, especially in the eastern and northern counties, growing in pastures, thickets, and borders of woods. In the north it is usually in dry, sandy or gravelly soil or in clay on terminal moraines and southward on rocky slopes. Southern Ont. to Iowa, southw. to Va. and Mo. Crataegus Rosaceae 543 10a. Crataegus Margaretta var. angustifolia Palmer, var. nov.1 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lance-elliptic, 1-3 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or acuminate at the base and decurrent on the slender petioles, which are a half to two thirds as long as the blades. Flowers and fruit like those of the typical form. Found in northern Indiana in Elkhart and Lagrange Counties. Specimens examined : Deam no. 38534, a quarter of a mile east of Bristol, Elkhart County (type), May 25 and September 12, 1923; Deam no. 15660, 1 mile north of Howe, Lagrange County. Type in herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum. 10b. Crataegus Margaretta f. xanthocarpa Sarg. This form differs from the typical form in having bright or pale yellow fruit. Our only specimen is from Grant County. 11. Crataegus intricata Lange. (Crataegus meticulosa Sarg.) Map 1111. Leaves ovate or elliptic, mostly 3-6 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide, acute at the apex, rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base, slightly decurrent on the slender (1-3 cm long), glandular petioles, coarsely serrate nearly to the base, usually incised on the upper two thirds of the blades with 2-4 pairs of shallow, steplike, lobes, thin but firm in texture, glabrous or essentially so, though sometimes with a few hairs on the upper surface when young; flowers 12-16 mm in diameter, in few-flowered, simple, corymbs, usually much exceeded by the subtending leaves ; stamens about 10 ; anthers cream white or pink ; bracts and calyx lobes glandular ; fruit oblong or pyrif orm, or sometimes nearly globose but attenuate at the base, bronze green or becoming dull red at maturity; fruiting calyx broad and prominent; nutlets usually 3-4. A straggling shrub 1-3 m high with dark gray, scaly bark, ascending or spreading branches, and slender branchlets usually armed with long, slender thorns. Uncommon and scattered in northern Indiana, and known only from Kosciusko, Lagrange, and Lawrence Counties. Vt. to Mich., south w. to Va. and Ind. 12. Crataegus rubella Beadle. (Crataegus pygmaea Sarg. and Cra- taegus meticulosa Sarg. of Deam, Shrubs of Indiana, ed. 2. pi. 60. 1932.) Map 1112. Leaves mostly elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long, 1.5-4.5 cm wide, pointed or acuminate at the apex, cuneate or attenuate at the base, sharply serrate nearly to the base, obscurely lobed with 3-5 pairs of small, shallow lobes, or sometimes nearly entire, thin but firm at ma- turity, glabrous, yellow green ; petioles slender, a fourth to half the length of the blades, glandular; flowers 18-22 mm in diameter, mostly 3-6, in compact, simple corymbs, on glabrous, glandular pedicels; bracts con- spicuously glandular; stamens about 10; anthers pink or rose color; fruit oblong-obovoid or pyriform, 9-12 mm thick, 10-14 mm long, bright red or orange red at maturity ; nutlets usually 3-5. 1 A typo differt foliis oblongo-lanceolatis vel elliptico-lanceolatis, 1-3 cm longis, 0.8-2 cm latis. 544 ROSACEAE Crataegus Jan. Feb Mar. Apr May June Jul) Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec p r j s u ttn ] i L J K Miles 0 50 Map 1113 Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle 1 9 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov 0 D ,T~ \ 0 D 'rl ' D ! Y D n J T~ r D _1 Dec. C— [ " i i — «- r [J Miles Crataeq JS -\f Map 1114 macrosperma Ashe 0 ~3o Map 1115 Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K.Koch An irregularly branched shrub, 1-4 m high, with gray or brown gray bark, scaly on old stems ; the branchlets slender, usually armed with many long, slender 'thorns. Scattered and uncommon in southern Indiana, usually growing on bluffs or rocky or sandy banks of streams. Pa. to Ind., southw. to N. C. and Ky. 13. Crataegus biltmoreana Beadle. (Crataegus intricata of Eggleston, not Lange, in Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2. fig. 2366, Crataegus modesta Sarg., and Crataegus villicarpa Sarg.) Map 1113. Leaves ovate- elliptic or nearly orbicular, mostly 3-8 cm long and 2.5-6 cm wide, abruptly or acutely pointed at the apex, abruptly cuneate or rounded at the base, and usually slightly decurrent on slender (1-3 cm long), glandular petioles, coarsely serrate nearly to the base, the lower teeth glandular or gland- tipped, usually incised with 1-3 pairs of short, triangular lobes, thin, dull yellowish green, short-villous or scabrate above and pubescent at least on the veins beneath ; flowers 18-22 mm in diameter, in compact, nearly simple, 3-7-flowered, villous corymbs; stamens about 10; anthers pale yellow; calyx lobes villous, conspicuously glandular-serrate or pectinate; fruit subglobose or slightly attenuate at the base, 10-15 mm in diameter, with a large, shallow calyx, pubescent, bronze green or orange red, more or less blotched with russet or brown ; nutlets 3-5. A stout shrub 1-4 m high, with brownish gray, scaly bark, ascending or spreading branches, and stout branchlets at first villous but soon becoming glabrous, olive green or brown the first season, later becoming gray and usually abundantly armed with long, slender thorns. This has been confused with Cratageus intricata Lange, but examina- tion of specimens from the type tree of that species, cultivated in the Botanic Garden at Copenhagen, Denmark, and sent us by A. Lange, shows it to be the much commoner glabrous plant described under number 11. Rare in Indiana and known only from Lawrence and Vermillion Coun- ties. Vt. to Mo., southw. to N. C. and Ark. Crataegus Rosaceae 545 14. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2. pi. 89. 1932.) (Crataegus bella Sarg., Crataegus colorata Sarg., Crataegus ignea Sarg., Crataegus sextilis Sarg., Crataegus Egani Ashe, Crataegus otiosa Ashe, Crataegus tenera Ashe, and Crataegus uber Ashe.) Map 1114. Leaves ovate, mostly 3-7 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, sharply serrate nearly to the base, usually incised on the upper half or two thirds of the blades with 2-4 pairs of triangular lobes terminating in acuminate, spread- ing or reflexed teeth, thin, finely scabrate on the upper surface when young, otherwise glabrous ; petioles slender, eglandular or with a few small glands ; flowers 15-18 mm in diameter, in usually 5-10-flowered, glabrous corymbs ; stamens generally 5-10 ; anthers pink or rose color ; calyx lobes entire or slightly serrate toward the base ; fruit obovoid, ellipsoid or nearly globose, 7-12 mm thick, 8-14 mm long, bright red and succulent at maturity, often slightly glaucous ; calyx small and sessile ; nutlets 3-5. A small tree up to 7-8 m high, or sometimes lower and shrubby, with gray, slightly scaly bark, stiff, erect or spreading branches, and stout, often flexuous branchlets, armed with stout, curved thorns. General but not common in Indiana, growing in pastures, thickets, and open woods, preferring well drained soils near streams. Se. Canada to 111., southw. to N. C. and the mts. of Ky. and Tenn. 15. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch. (Crataegus conjuncta Sarg., Crataegus vatrum Sarg., and Crataegus palustris Ashe?.) Map 1115. Leaves ovate or elliptic, mostly 4-8 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide, pointed or short-acuminate at the apex, abruptly contracted, rounded, or subcordate at the base, sharply or coarsely serrate nearly to the base, usually incised with 2-4 pairs of shallow, triangular lobes, firm in texture, glabrous, usually bluish green ; petioles slender, a third to half as long as the blades, eglandular or with a few small glands; flowers 18-22 mm in diameter, usually 6-10, in glabrous, nearly simple or somewhat branched corymbs ; stamens usually about 20 ; anthers pink or sometimes pale yellow ; calyx lobes lanceolate or narrowly deltoid from a broad base, entire or with a few shallow teeth toward the base; fruit subglobose, depressed-globose, or somewhat pyriform with an attenuate base, often 5-angled, 10-16 mm in diameter, with a broad, shallow, elevated calyx, dull or rarely bright crimson at maturity, or sometimes remaining green with dark dots and blotches, usually with a bloom ; flesh thin, remaining hard and dry ; nut- lets usually 4-5, relatively large. Sometimes a small tree up to 6-7 m high, or more often an arborescent shrub, with dark gray, scaly bark and intricate ascending or finally spread- ing branches ; the branchlets slender, glabrous, usually armed with many, long, slender or stoutish thorns. Common and general in Indiana, growing in pastures, thickets, or borders of woods, preferring dry soils along or near streams. Que. to Man., southw. to N. C. and Ark. 546 ROSACEAE Crataegus Jan, Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sept Oct. Nov Dec 1- i ^ ^ !^\ n r" n D J \y Miles Map 1116 Crataegus Gattingeri Ashe Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Way June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec J _, , ■ i ^ ^y_ r^Tl uJn \ i- — " D J D 1 les 0 ~~^0 Map 1117 Crataegus platycarpa Sarg. Map 1118 Crataegus rugosa Ashe 16. Crataegus Gattingeri Ashe. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2. pi. 93. 1932.) (Crataegus priva Ashe, Crataegus vicinalis Beadle, and Crataegus tili pes of Eggleston, not of Ashe.) Map 1116. Leaves ovate or deltoid, variable in size, mostly 2.5-5 cm long, and 1.5-4 cm wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed, rounded or on sterile shoots, truncate or cordate at the base, sharply serrate nearly to the base, usually with 2-4 pairs of triangular lobes, the terminal one often wedge-shaped and con- spicuously elongated, thin but firm, glabrous, blue green; petioles very slender, half to two thirds the length of the blades; flowers 14-16 mm in diameter, in mostly 3-7-flowered, nearly simple, glabrous corymbs; sta- mens about 20; anthers pink or rarely white; fruit pyriform, oblong, or nearly globose, but usually attenuate at the base, 7-10 mm thick, 8-12 mm long, with narrow, slightly elevated calyx, dull crimson, slightly pruinose, with thin flesh, remaining firm or hard ; nutlets usually 4-5. A stout shrub or sometimes a small tree up to 4-5 m high, with dark gray, slightly scaly bark, crooked, ascending or spreading branches, and slender, flexuous, glabrous branchlets, armed with numerous slender or stout thorns. Scattered in southern Indiana, growing in thickets and on borders of woods, usually in well drained soil along streams. W. Va. to e. Mo., southw. to Ga. and Ark. 16a. Crataegus Gattingeri var. rigida Palmer, var. nov.1 (Crataegus Gattingeri of Eggleston (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2: 219-22. pi. 94. 1932), not of Ashe.) This variety differs from the type in the stouter, rigid, flexuous branchlets, and in the short, stout thorns, 1-2 cm long. Known in Indiana only from Perry County. Specimens examined : Indiana : Deam no. 27143, a quarter of a mile north of Cannelton, Perry County (type), April 24 and July 22, 1919. Type in herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum. Kentucky: Palmer no. 17716, 1 A typo differt ramulis crassis rigidis spinis crassis 1-2 cm longis. Crataegus Rosaceae r)47 open banks and hillsides, sandy soil, Livermore, McLean County, June 2, 1920. Sw. Ind. and w. Ky. 17. Crataegus platycarpa Sarg. (Rept. Missouri Bot. Gard. 19: 92. 1908.) Map 1117. Leaves mostly ovate, 2.5-6 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed, rounded, truncate or on shoots, sometimes cordate at the base, sharply serrate nearly to the base, usually with 2-4 pairs of shallow, lateral lobes terminating in acuminate teeth, rather thin but firm, sparingly short-villous or scabrate above when young and more or less villous on the veins beneath ; petioles slender, a third to half as long as the blades, generally slightly villous and often beset with a few stalked glands; flowers 18-22 mm in diameter, in usually 3-6-flowered, nearly simple, sparsely villous corymbs; stamens about 20 or sometimes fewer; anthers red or pale yellow; fruit sub- globose or depressed-globose, 12-16 mm in diameter, 10-15 mm long, bright red or orange red at maturity; calyx broad, shallow, nearly sessile or slightly elevated ; flesh thick, becoming succulent ; nutlets 3-5. A tree up to 6-7 m high, with rough, gray bark and ascending or wide- spreading branches, the branchlets slender, armed with numerous long, slender thorns. Although this species seems to agree most closely with the Pruinosae group, the fleshy, bright red fruit and the slight but variable pubescence of the foliage and inflorescence, so uncommon in that group, suggest that it might be a hybrid between some form of the Pruinosae and Crataegus mollis. See also note under Crataegus no. 23. Indiana specimens are from both dry and moist woodland. Southern Ind. to ne. Ark. 18. Crataegus rugosa Ashe. (Crataegus onusta Ashe and Crataegus superata Sarg.) Map 1118. Leaves ovate, broadly ovate or deltoid, pointed or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base or sometimes deeply cordate on shoots, sharply serrate nearly to the base, usually with 2-4 pairs of small, lateral lobes ; petioles slender, a third to two thirds the length of the blades, firm at maturity, glabrous, usually yellowish green; flowers 20-22 mm in diameter, usually in 3-6- flowered, glabrous, nearly simple corymbs; fruit subglobose or depressed- globose, 14-17 mm in diameter, with broad, shallow, slightly elevated calyx, becoming dull red, with thin flesh, remaining hard and dry ; nutlets usually 4-5. A tree up to 6-8 m high, or often a stout arborescent shrub, with dark, scaly bark and stout, ascending branches; branchlets often flexuous and armed with numerous, long, stout thorns. Crataegus rugosa is closely related to Crataegus pruinosa and appar- ently intergrades with it, although it often looks entirely distinct in its broader leaves and somewhat larger flowers and fruit. Generally distributed but not common in Indiana; found in thickets, pastures, and borders of woods, usually in well drained soil. N. Y. to Iowa, southw. to N. C. and Mo. 548 ROSACEAE Crataegus o 5o Map 1119 Crataegus prona Ashe 50 Map 1120 Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. Jan. reb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. - r j — Vi i i ' Tr- ■ri - rn _j^_0 J Miles 50 Map 1121 Crataegus Putnamiana Sarg. 19. Crataegus prona Ashe. (Crataegus allecta Sarg. and Crataegus gravis Ashe.) Map 1119. Leaves ovate, 3-7 cm long, 2.5-6 cm wide, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or rounded at the base, or sometimes truncate or subcordate on shoots, sharply serrate nearly to the base, usually with 2-4 pairs of obscure or shallow, triangular, lateral lobes, firm, sparsely short-villous or scabrate on the upper surface when young, glabrous at maturity; petioles slender, from a third to half the length of the blades, eglandular or with a few glands; flowers 18-20 mm in diameter, in mostly 6-10-flowered, glabrous, simple or slightly com- pound corymbs; stamens 10 or fewer; anthers pink or rose; fruit usually oblong or obovoid, 8-10 mm thick, 10-14 mm long, becoming crimson or orange red, with dark or russet blotches, flesh becoming mellow; calyx small and sessile or nearly so ; nutlets 3-5. A tree up to 6-7 m high, or often a stout shrub, with gray, slightly scaly bark, ascending or spreading branches, and stoutish, often flexuous, glabrous branchlets armed with numerous, long, curved thorns, This species grows in fields and thickets in rocky or well drained soil and in dry soil on wooded slopes. Ont. and Pa. to Mich, and Ind. 20. Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, ed. 2. pi. 97. 1932.) (Crataegus coccinea of Eggleston, not of L., Crataegus acclivis Sarg., Crataegus arcuata Ashe, Crataegus pura Sarg., and Crataegus sertata Sarg.) Map 1120. Leaves ovate or broadly ovate, mostly 4-8 cm long, 3.5-7 cm wide, pointed or acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, sharply and rather finely serrate, usually with 3-5 pairs of small or obscure lateral lobes terminated by acuminate, spread- ing or reflexed teeth, scabrate or short-villous above and sometimes slightly villous on the veins beneath when young, thin and barely firm at maturity and then glabrous on both surfaces or with slight traces of pubescence beneath ; petioles slender, a third to half the length of the blades, slightly villous or glabrous ; flowers 16-22 mm in diameter, in compound, mostly Crataegus Rosaceae 549 6-12-flowered, more or less villous corymbs ; calyx lobes lanceolate, usually glandular-serrate ; stamens 5-10 ; anthers pink or red ; fruit oblong, slightly pyriform or nearly globose, 10-14 mm thick, 10-16 mm long, glabrous, bright crimson or scarlet at maturity, with soft, mellow flesh ; nutlets 3-5. A tree 6-8 m high, or often a stout arborescent shrub, with gray, slightly scaly bark, and numerous ascending or spreading branches, forming a conical or round crown ; branchlets rather stout, often flexuous, and armed with numerous stout thorns. Uncommon in Indiana and found in thickets, pastures, and borders of woods. Indiana specimens are mostly from high, wooded banks of streams. Que. to Pa. and 111. 20a. Crataegus pedicellata var. albicans (Ashe) Palmer. (Dole. Flora of Vermont, 154. 1937.) (Crataegus albicans Ashe and Crataegus cristata Ashe.) Differs from the typical form in the glabrous corymbs and petioles and in the generally broader leaves. Known in Indiana from La Porte, Steuben, and White Counties and found in habitats similar to those of the species. N. Y. and Pa. to 111. 21. Crataegus Putnamiana Sarg. (Deam. Trees of Indiana, eel. 2. pi. 96. 1932.) (Crataegus coccinioides of Eggleston, not of Ashe.) Map 1121. Leaves ovate or, on shoots, deltoid in outline, acute or short- acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, 4-8 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, sharply and unevenly serrate with spinulose teeth nearly to the base, incised, and generally with 3-4 pairs of shallow, lateral lobes, the lowest pair sometimes enlarged and triangular on shoots, thin but firm at maturity, scabrate above when young, and permanently pubescent at least on the veins beneath; petioles slender, a third to half as long as the blades, slightly villous and usually with stalked or sessile glands; flowers 18-22 mm in diameter, in simple or rarely branched, slightly villous or glabrate corymbs; stamens about 20; anthers usually pink, sometimes white; fruit subglobose or depressed-globose, full and rounded, 12-17 mm in diameter, bright red, sometimes slightly pruinose, with thick flesh, becoming mellow but firm; calyx broad and shallow, slightly elevated; calyx lobes lanceolate, glandular-serrate, usually per- sistent on the fruit; nutlets 4-5, usually 5. A tree up to 4-5 m high, or sometimes an arborescent shrub with gray, slightly scaly bark, ascending or spreading branches, and stoutish, glabrous branchlets usually sparingly armed with stout, purple thorns. This species has been confused with Crataegus coccinioides, which dif- fers from it in its glabrous, broader leaves with crisped margins, its larger flowers in glabrous corymbs, and in its larger, bright crimson, usually angular fruit with a very large calyx. Indiana specimens are from the unglaciated area and are found in Clark and Floyd Counties in the "knobs" in open woodland, and in Martin County on a wooded slope. Northern Ky., s. Ohio, and s. Ind. 550 ROSACEAE Crataegus D — Jan Feb D Mar I D 0 J 1 17 May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov /-L-, 0 D f f 0 D _ o n ^1 ' i J h — r Dec (- J \ , t ° y — i — 0 i ' — 0 I i ° jj Miles I ° r> \ Jr \ J 0 50 l