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FLORA OF JAMAICA

CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF
THE FLOWERING PLANTS KNOWN
FROM THE ISLAND

BY

WILLIAM FAWCETT, B.Sc., F.L.S.

FORMERLY ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, BRITISH MusEUM
(NATURAL HisTory)
LATE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC GARDENS AND PLANTATIONS, JAMAICA,

AND

ALFRED BARTON RENDLE,M.A.,D.Sc.,F.R.S.,F.LS.

KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BoTANY, BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HIstTory)

VOL. III.
DICOTYLEDONS
FAMILIES PIPERACEA TO CONNARACEZ

WITH 113 TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS AND FIVE PLATES 5 bo

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PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
AND SOLD BY

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PREFACE

Tuis volume is a continuation of a systematic account of the
flowering plants of the Island of Jamaica, the first volume of
which, on the Orchids, was published in 1910. The remainder
of the Monocotyledons will form the subject of Vol. II., and
it is estimated that the Dicotyledons will be completed in
three more volumes, making six in all. As with the first volume,
the larger part of the work of preparation has been done by
Mr. Fawcett, but both authors are jointly responsible.

We are again indebted to the Government of Jamaica for the
loan of the Jamaican Herbarium, and also for a generous grant
towards the expense of the preparation of the work. We have -
also gratefully to acknowledge facilities for the study of the
specimens in the Herbarium at the Royal Gardens, Kew, and
the loan from the Director of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden of
the Jamaican specimens in the Herbarium under his charge.

To the list of individuals and botanical institutions whose _
help we have previously acknowledged, we must add the
Botanical Museum at Copenhagen, and the Botanical Department

. of the Naturhistoriska Riks-Museum at Stockholm.

Since the publication of the first volume we have ascertained

the existence in the Bristol Museum of an interesting collection

made in Jamaica by Dr. Arthur Broughton between the years
1783 and 1796, together with a series of drawings (1761-69) by
the Rev. John Lindsay, and we are indebted to the Bristol
Museum for the loan of these. ,

The descriptions have been drawn up with special reference
to West Indian specimens. We have thought it useful to
include an illustration of each genus; these, with the exception
of a few plates, are included in the text; the drawings have
been made under our supervision by Mr. Percy Highley.

A. B. RENDLE.

DEPARTMENT OF Botany, :
British Muszum (Natura History),
CROMWELL Roap, Lonpon, 8.W.

November, 1914.

* abel 3

i Ree As fC
ie Bae RS

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viii FLORA OF JAMAICA

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4
E
4

“

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x FLORA OF JAMAICA

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Xil FLORA OF JAMAICA

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Sarg. Silv.—The Silva of North America. ©. 8. Sargent. Boston and
New York. 1891-1902.

Saund. Ref. Bot.—Refugium Botanicum. W. W. Saunders. London.
1869-73.

Schott & Endl. Melet.—Meletemata Botanica. H. W. Schott and
8. L. Hndlicher. Vienna. 1832.

Schult. Syst.—see Roem. & Schult. Syst.

Scop. Fl. Carniol.—Flora Carniolica &. G.A.Scopoli. Vienna. 1760.
Hd. 2. 1772.

Seem. Journ. Bot.—see Jowrnal of Botany (founded by B. C. Seemann).

Sloane Cat.—Catalogus plantarum que in Insula Jamaica sponte pro-
veniunt...H. Sloane. London. 1696.

Sloane Hist.—Voyage to. ..Jamaica, with the Natural History. H. Sloane.
London. 1707-25.

Small Fl. §. E. U. States—Flora of the south-eastern United States &c.
J. K. Small. New York. 1903.

Smith Fl. Brit.—Flora Britannica. J. E. Smith. London. 1800-04.

sie Contrib.—_Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Washington,

C

Spreng. Syst.—Systema Vegetabilium. C, Linneus. Hd. 16, C. P. J.
Sprengel. Gottingen. 1825-28.

Steud. Nom.—Nomenclator botanicus. E.G. Steudel. Ed. 2. Stuttgart’ -

and Tubingen. 1840-41.

Stokes Bot. Comm.—Botanical Commentaries. J. Stokes. London.
1830.

Sw. Adnot. Bot.—Adnotationes Botanice. O. Swartz. Ed. by J. EH.
Wikstrém. Stockholm. 1829.

Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ.—Flore Indie Occidentalis. O. Swartz. Erlangen.
1797-1806.

Sw. Icon.—Icones Plantarum &c. O. Swartz. Erlangen. 1794.

Sw. Icon. ined.—Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum incognitarum quas in
India occidentali detexit atque delineavit O. Swartz. Lent by Prof.
I. Urban. Berlin.

Sw. Obs. Bot.—Observationes Botanice. O. Swarez. Erlangen. 1791.

Sw. Prodr.Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus &c.
O. Swartz. Stockholm. 1788.

Syme Hng. Bot.—English Botany. Ed. 3. J. T. I. Syme (afterwards
Boswell-Syme). London. 1863-86. ;

Thell. Monogr.—Die Gattung Lepidiwm &e. A. Thellung. (Mitteil. bot.
Mus. Univ. Ziirich xxviii.) Zurich. 1906.

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Torreya. New York.

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Trew Pl. Select.—Plantz Selecte, &c. C. J. Trew, illustrated by G. D.
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Tussac Fl. Ant.—Flora Antillarum &. F.R.de Tussac. Paris. 1808-27.

Urb. Symb. Ant.—Symbole Antillane. I. Urban. Berlin, Leipzig &c.

xiv FLORA OF JAMAICA

Vahl Enum.—Enumeratio Plantarum &c. M. Vahl. Copenhagen.
1804-06.

Vahl iy Bot.—Symbole botanice &c. M. Vahl. Copenhagen.
1790-94.

Vet. Handl. Stockh.—Kungl. Vetenskaps akademiens Handlingar. Stock-
holm

0. .
Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Kopenh.—Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes
Selskabs Skrivter. Copenhagen. 1801-18.
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1786-89,
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1836 et 1837 sur...la Bonite. Paris. 1846-66.

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Paris. 1856.

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Hanover. 1798.

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Copenhagen. 1793.

Wight Ic.—Icones Plantarum Indie orientalis &. R. Wight. Madras,
&c. 1840-56.

Wight & Arn. Prodr.—Prodromus Flore Peninsule Indie orientalis &c.
R. Wight and G. A. Walker-Arnott. London. 1884.

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1790.

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now. Berlin. 1797-1810.

Wright Mem.—Memoir of the late W. Wright. (Anonymous.) London.
1828.

LIST OF PLATES

Prate 1, A. 1-5, Peperomia verticillata; B. 1-9, Species of Pilea.
Prarr 2. Species of Pilea.

Puate 3. Species of Pilea.

Puate 4, Dendrophthora opuntioides,

Prate 5, Scybalium jamaicense.

a a ee

NAMES OF COLLECTORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
WITH DATE OF COLLECTION

Batz, J. 1882.

Bancrort, E. N. 1811-42.
Baruam, H. 1680-1726.
Berrero, C. 1821.
Bovet, J. R. 1914-

Brirron, N. L. and Mrs.
1906—

BromFigetp, W. A. 1844.
Broveuton, A. 1783-96.
Browne, P. 1746-55.
CAMPBELL, E. 1894-6.
Ciutr, W. N. 1900.
Craie, R. 1904—
Cumine, H. 1831.
Dancer, T. 1773-1811.
Distin, H. 1830-40.
Eacers, H. von. 1888.
Fawcett, W. 1887-1908.
Gossz, P. H. 1844, 5.
Harris, W. 1881-
Hart, J. H. 1881-6.
Hartwec, K.T. 1843.
Hewarp, R. 1823-26.
Hirencock, A. 8. 1890, 1.
Hovstoun, W. 1729-33.
Jacquin, N. J. 1758.
JenmMAN, G.S. 1873-9.

Kress, H. J. Between 1843
and 1866.

Lanz, A. W. 1843.

Linpsay, J. fi. 1790.
Maorapyen, J. 1825-50.
Marcu, W. T. 1857, 8.
Masson, F. 1781.

McNas, G. 1838-59.
MeErcALFE, 1859-60.
Mittar, R. 1735, 6.
Mittspauen, C.F. 1899-1900.
Moorsg, A. 1883-—

Morris, Sir Dantev. 1879-86.
Nicuots, G. E. 1903, 6.
OrrsteD, A.S. 1846.
PaRNELL, R. 1839, 40.
Ponruizevu, H. pe. 1778.

Prior, R. C. ALEXANDER.
1849-50.

Pourpiz, W. 1843, 4.

Rone, J. P. B. von. 1786.
SHaksPeAR, R. 1777-82.
Stoane, Sir Hans. 1687-9.
Swartz, O. 1784, 5, 6.
THompson, W. J. 1889-1908.
Tussac, F. R. pz. 1802.
Wart, D. E. 1890-

Wites, J. 1793-1806.
Wuson, N. 1846-74.
Wrieut, W. 1764-85.
WULLSCHLAEGEL, H.R. 1847-9.

CONSPECTUS.OF THE FAMILIES CONTAINED IN
THIS VOLUME

DICOTYLEDONS

Stems with open bundles. Leaves mostly net-veined. Floral
parts generally in fours or fives. Embryo normally with two
cotyledons.

Famiurs PIPERACEZ to CONNARACHEZH

» Fam. 1. Piperacese. Fis. hermaphrodite, without a perianth,
minute, in fleshy spikes, more or less covered by bracts. Herbs
or shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, without
stipules. (Page 1.)

Fam. 2. Chloranthaces. Fils. monecious or dicecious,
minute, not covered by bracts; male fl. without a perianth, in
spikes; female fi. with inconspicuous perianth, in panicles.
Aromatic shrubs. Leaves opposite; stipules united into a sheath
enclosing the stem. (Page 27.)

Fam. 3. Lacistemacezs. Fs. hermaphrodite, with perianth of
distinct unequal segments more or less covered by imbricated
bracts, minute, in spikes. Small trees. Leaves alternate,
distichous, without stipules. (Page 29.)

[Fam, 3a. Salicaces. Fs. dicecious, small, without a perianth,
in catkins, more or less covered by bracts. Seeds woolly. Trees.
Leaves alternate ; stipules free.] (Page 30.)

Fam. 4. Myricaces. Fls. unisexual, minute, without a
perianth, in spikes, more or less covered by bracts. Small trees
or shrubs, generally aromatic. Leaves alternate, without
stipules. Fruit wawy outside. (Page 31.)

Fam. 5. Juglandaces. fF ls. monecious, small; perianth
calycine, epigynous; male fis. in catkins; female fis. in erect
terminal spikes. Trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, with-
out stipules, aromatic. Fruit walnut-like. (Page 33.)

Fam. 6. Batidacess. Fils. diccious, minute, in strobiles ;
male fis.: scales free, imbricate in 4 rows, perianth cup-shaped ;
female fls.: scales in alternating pairs ; perianth wanting. Mari-
time shrub. Leaves opposite, fleshy, semiterete. Ovaries united
to form a fleshy compound fruit. (Page 34.)

A” gl
4 r

CONSPECTUS OF FAMILIES XVii

Fam. 7. Ulmacess. Fils. unisexual, moneecious or polygamous,
minute, in small, panicle-like inflorescences, or the fertile solitary ;
perianth calycine. Trees or shrubs with a watery sap. Leaves
alternate, 3-nerved at base; stipules caducous. Fruit small,
drupaceous, one-seeded. (Page 36.)

Fam. 8. Moracese. Fils. monccious or diccious, minute,
perianth calycine, or wanting; fls. massed together in various
ways, rarely the female solitary. Trees or shrubs generally with
milky juice. Leaves alternate, entire (palmatilobed in Cecropia).
Fruit often composed of the union of one or several ovaries with
enlarged fleshy bracts, perianth, or receptacle, one-seeded.
(Page 40.)

Fam. 9. Urtieacess. Fils. monccious or diccious, minute,
clustered or scattered, clusters or flowers paniculate or crowded
and sessile; perianth calycine or wanting. Herbs, shrubs or
small trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, with stipules often
caducous, sometimes with cystoliths. Fruit an achene, sometimes
enclosed in the perianth. (Page 54.)

Fam. 10. Olaeacess. Fils. hermaphrodite, small, axillary, in
short inflorescences, or solitary ; calyw persistent, toothed, or cup-
shaped and entire; corolla of free or united petals. Shrubs or
trees. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Fruit a
drupe. (Page 85.)

Fam. 11. Loranthaeez. Fils. unisexual or hermaphrodite,
usually small, in spikes, racemes or panicles; calyx epigynous,
small, sometimes reduced to a ring or altogether wanting, corolla
of free or united petals. Small shrubs, parasitic on branches of
trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, large, or reduced to scales, or
wanting. Fruit baceate. (Page 88.)

Fam. 12. Balanophoraces. Fs. unisexual, minute, crowded
on unisexual or androgynous spadices; pefianth calycine or
wanting. Fungus-like fleshy herbs without chlorophyll, parasitic
on roots. Leaves represented by scales. (Page 103.)

Fam. 13. Aristolochiaces. [FF ls. hermaphrodite, large,
generally solitary ; perianth irregular, coloured, tubular, constricted
above the ovary, prolonged above into a limb which is sometimes
tailed ; stamens united with the pistil; ovary inferior, 6-celled.
Herbaceous or shrubby, twining. Leaves alternate, without
stipules. Fruit a 6-valved capsule. (Page 104.)

Fam. 14. Polygonacese. Fis. hermaphrodite or unisexual,
small, solitary or clustered within a bract, racemose or panicu-
late ; perianth inferior, calycine, sometimes coloured. Herbs,
shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, usually entire; stipules
tubular (ochrea) sheathing the stem. Fruit a nut enclosed by the
perianth. (Page 106.)

b

XViii FLORA OF JAMAICA

Fam. 15. Chenopodiacese. Fis. hermaphrodite or moneecious,
small, in clusters which are sometimes in simple or branched
spikes; perianth calycine, or sometimes wanting in female fis.
Herbs or shrubs, often with mealy hairs. Leaves alternate,
without stipules, sometimes reduced to scales. Fruit a utricle
enclosed in the perianth or at the base of the enlarged and hardened
bracts. (Page 122.)

Fam. 16. Amarantacese. Fils. hermaphrodite or moncecious
or dicecious, small or minute, usually in terminal simple or
panicled spikes, cymes or clusters, each fl. with scarious bract
and bracteoles; perianth scarious, persistent, sometimes wanting
in female fi. Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate, entire, without stipules. Frutt a utricle enclosed in, or
resting upon, the perianth, or enveloped by the bract and bracteoles. —
(Page 126.)

Fam. 17. Nyetaginacese. Fils. hermaphrodite or unisexual
and diccious, large or minute, in paniculate corymbs or rarely
umbellulate ; perianth corolla-like, segments united, the basal portion
enclosing and adhering to the fruit, surrounded by a calyx-like
involucre in Mirabilis. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite
or partly alternate (in Pisonia), entire, without stipules.
(Page 145.)

Fam. 18. Phytolaceaces. Fils. hermaphrodite, small, white,
in racemes ; perianth corolla-like, or rarely with calyx and corolla.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire; stipules wanting.
or small. Fruit various. (Page 154.)

Fam. 19. Ficoideacese. Fils. hermaphrodite, small, solitary
or in clusters or paniculate ; perianth calycine, persistent. Herbs.
Leaves opposite, alternate or spuriously whorled, entire. Fruit
a capsule. (Page 162.)

Fam. 20. Portulacacese. Fils. hermaphrodite, small, pesto’ 4
or crowded at apex or paniculate or racemose ; sepals 2; peta
4-6, very deciduous. Herbs. Leaves alternate or subopposite,
entire ; stipules wanting, or scarious, minute or changed into
hairs. Fruit a capsule. (Page 168.)

Fam 21. Basellacese. Fils. hermaphrodite, small, in spikes
or panicles; sepals 2; corolla 5-partite. Herbs with twining
stems. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Fruit a
utricle, enclosed in the perianth. (Page 172.)

Fam. 22. Caryophyllaces. Fils. hermaphrodite, small or of
moderate size, in cymes ; sepals 5, persistent, in Silene united into
a 5-toothed tubular calyx; petals 5; ovary 1-celled with a central
placenta. Herbs with swollen nodes. Leaves opposite, entire ;
stipules none, or small and scarious. Fruit acapsule. (Page 175.)

CONSPECTUS OF FAMILIES xix

Fam. 23. Nymphseacess. F's. showy, hermaphrodite, solitary
on scapes; sepals usually 4; petals and stamens numerous.
Fresh-water herbs with peltate leaves. (Page 182.)

Fam. 24. Ceratophyllacess. Fs. minute,moncecious, solitary ;
perianth calycine. Fresh-water submerged herbs. Leaves with
linear divisions, whorled. (Page 186.)

Fam. 25. Ranunculaces. Fils. hermaphrodite or polygamo-
diecious, of moderate size, in simple or branched inflorescences ;
perianth petaloid, or calyx and corolla ; stamens numerous ; ovaries
numerous, distinct. Herbs or shrubby climbers. Leaves divided
or compound, without stipules. Fruit a lend of achenes. (Page 187.)

Fam. 26. Menispermacess. Fs. diacious, minute, paniculate
or racemose ; sepals 6 (in 2 series), or 4, or only one in female jl.
of Cissampelos ; petals distinct or united into a short cup, or
only one in female fl. of Cissampelos ; stamens 6 free, or 4 united ;
ovaries 3 distinct, or 1. Climbing shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate, without stipules, entire. Fruit drupaceous. (Page 190.)

Fam. 27. Annonaces. Fils. hermaphrodite, small or of
moderate size, solitary or clustered ; sepals 3; petals 6 in 2 series °
(inner series sometimes minute or wanting) ; stamens numerous with
the connective produced. Treesorshrubs. Leaves alternate, entire,
without stipules. Carpels free or united into a single large fruit.
Endosperm ruminate. (Page 194.)

Fam. 28. Lauraces. Fils. hermaphrodite or diccious in
some species of Ocotea, small, generally paniculate ; perianth
inferior, calycine; anthers with 4 or 2 cells opening by valves.
Trees or shrubs or parasitic twining herbs (Cassytha). Leaves
alternate, without stipules. Fruit a 1-seedéd berry, with a cupule
formed of the enlarged and persistent perianth, or only the tube
persistent, or rarely without a cupule, the whole perianth being
deciduous (Hufelandia). (Page 203.)

Fam. 29. Hernandiaces. Fils. monecious, corymbose or
paniculate, small; perianth superior, petaloid; anthers 2-celled,
opening by valves; female fil. surrounded at the base by a cupular
involucel, which increases and completely envelops the fruit. ‘Trees.
Leaves alternate, without stipules. (Page 219.)

Fam. 30. Papaveracese. FIs. hermaphrodite, large, showy
and solitary, or small in large panicles; sepals 2 or 3; petals
hypogynous or wanting ; stamens numerous, hypogynous. Herbs
or shrubs, with coloured juice. Leaves alternate, lobed, without
stipules. Fruit a capsule. (Page 221.)

xx FLORA OF JAMAICA

Fam. 31. Capparidaecese. Fils. hermaphrodite, generally
large and showy in racemes, sometimes solitary ; sepals 4, petals 4;
stamens numerous, or, if few, not tetradynamous ; ovary generally
stalked. Herbs, shrubs, or trees with watery juice. Leaves
alternate, simple or digitately compound, sometimes with stipules.
Fruit a capsule or berry. (Page 224.)

Fam. 32. Crucifers. fF ls. hermaphrodite, small or of mode-
rate size, in racemes, often corymbose ; sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 6,
tetradynamous. Herbs with watery juice. Leaves alternate,
without stipules. Fruit a narrow 2-valved capsule with 2 parietal
placentas or indehiscent. (Page 236.)

Fam. 33. Tovariaces. Fils. hermaphrodite, small, in racemes ;
sepals 7 or 8, petals 7 or 8, stamens 7 or 8. Shrubby herbs.
Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate, without stipules. Fruit a_ berry.
(Page 246.)

Fam. 33a. Moringaces. Fls. hermaphrodite, showy, of
moderate size, irregular ; sepals and petals similar, white tinged
with crimson, perigynous ; stamens 5, staminodes 5, perigynous.
Trees. Leaves alternate, 2—3-pinnate, without stipules. Fruit a
long 3-valved capsule.| (Page 247.)

Fam. 34. Crassulacess. Fils. hermaphrodite, of moderate
size, in terminal racemose inflorescences; calyx campanulate,
4-lobed, corolla subcampanulate, 4-lobed, stamens 8, inserted on -
corolla. Herbs, somewhat fleshy. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate
or simple. Fruit of 4 follicles with many seeds. (Page 248.)

Fam. 35. Brunelliacese. ls. dicecious or polygamous, rather
small ; calyx petaloid, petals wanting. Trees. Leaves impari-
pinnate, with very small deciduous stipules. Fruit of 4 or 5
capsules with 1 or 2 seeds. (Page 249.)

Fam. 36. Cunoniacese. fF ls. hermaphrodite or polygamo-
dicecious, small; sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 8. Trees. Leaves
opposite, imparipinnate, with winged rhachis, with stipules. Capsule
small, 2-valved. (Page 251.)

Fam. 37. Rosaeese. Fis. hermaphrodite, perigynous, large or
small ; sepals 5, petals 5, stamens numerous or few and unilateral,
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves simple or compound, alternate,
with stipules. (Page 253.)

Fam, 38. Connaracesx. Fils. hermaphrodite, small, in panicles ;
sepals 5, persistent, petals 5, stamens, 10. Climbing shrubs.
Leaves imparipinnate, alternate, without stipules. Fruit a
solitary follicle. (Page 265.)

KEY TO FAMILIES

The perianth is altogether wanting (A); or consists of a
single series (a calyx which is sometimes corolla-like) (B) ; or of
a double series (calyx, and corolla of separate petals) with superior

ovary (C).
(The figures refer to the number of the family.]

A. Perianth wanting.

Flowers hermaphrodite: 1.
Flowers unisexual.
Perianth wanting in both male and female flowers.*
Flowers on globose receptacles with peltate bracts: 8 (Brosimum).
Flowers in catkins. Fruit a capsule: 3a.
Flowers in spikes. Fruit a drupe, waxy outside: 4.
Perianth wanting in female flowers only.
Fungus-like fleshy herbs, without chlorophyll, parasitic on roots: 12.
Flowers in strobiles: 6.
Flowers in axillary clusters with large ferruginous bracts, female
flower with long filiform persistent style: 9 (Phenaz).
Flowers in axillary clusters, female flower enclosed by 2 bracts:
15 (Atriplex).
Flowers in clusters in spikes, female flower surrounded by the
persistent bract and bracteoles: 16 (Acnida).

Perianth wanting in male flowers only. -
Male flowers in heads surrounded by involucral bracts: 8 (Psewdol-
media

Stipules united into a sheath enclosing the stem: 2.

B. Perianth of a single series (the calyx, which however is sometimes
coloured like a corolla, or the corolla in some Loranthacez).
Flowers hermaphrodite.
Flowers large, or of moderate size, and showy.

Perianth large, coloured, irregular, tubular, constricted above the
ovary, prolonged into a limb: 13.

Perianth large, coloured or white, regular.
Herb: 17 (Mirabilis).
Woody climber: 25 (Clematis).

* An inconspicuous perianth occurs in the female flower of 2, and in
8 (Dorstenia).

Xxii FLORA OF JAMAICA

Flowers small.
Parasitic shrubs: 11.
Plants not parasites.
Stipules tubular sheathing the stem: 14.
Stipules wanting or not tubular.
Leaves compound: 35.
Leaves lobed, plant with coloured juice: 30 (Bocconia).
Leaves entire or toothed; juice not coloured.

Perianth of distinct unequal segments, more or less covered by

imbricated bracts. Flowers in spikes. Trees: 3
Leaves 3-nerved at base. Fruit small, drupaceous: 7.

Fruit a utricle. Perianth, bract and bracteoles scarious, per-

sistent: 16.
Fruit a utricle. Perianth herbaceous: 15.

Fruit an anthocarp (utricle enclosed in persistent perianth-

base): 17 (Boerhavia).

Fruit a berry of one carpel or of several carpels, fleshy out-

side: 18.
Fruit a capsule: 19.
Flowers unisexual.
Leaves compound: 5,
Leaves simple.
Stipules united into a sheath enclosing the stem.
Leaves opposite: 2.
Leaves alternate: 14.
Stipules wanting or not united into a sheath.
Parasitic plants.
Green, parasitic on branches: 11.
Fungus-like, parasitic on roots: 12.
Plants not parasitic.
Submerged water-plants: 24.
Plants not submerged.
Perianth calycine.

Leaves opposite, fleshy, semiterete. Maritime shrub: 6.

Leaves 8-nerved at base. Fruit small, drupaceous: 7.
Trees, shrubs or herbs, with milky juice: 8.

Fruit an achene, sometimes enclosed in the perianth: 9.
Fruit a utricle. Perianth, bract and bracteoles scarious

persistent: 16.

Fruit a utricle. Perianth herbaceous, not persistent: 15.

Perianth, bract and bracteoles scarious: 16.

Basal portion of perianth enclosing and adhering to the

fruit: 17.
Perianth petaloid. Climbing shrub: 25.

C. Perianth of a double series (generally differentiated into calyx, and
corolla of separate petals), with superior ovary (but in Loranthacex

it is inferior, and in Portulaca and Nymphea half-inferior).
Anthers dehiscing by valves.
Perianth inferior, calycine: 28.
Perianth superior, petaloid: 29.

KEY TO FAMILIES Xxiil

Anthers not dehiscing by valves.
Flowers hermaphrodite.
Leaves simple.
Leaves opposite.
Parasitic plants: 11.

Plants not parasites.
Perianth petaloid (involucre simulating a calyx) with basal

portion enclosing and adhering to fruit: 17 (Mirabilis).

Sepals 2. Fruit a capsule: 20.
Sepals 5. Fruita capsule: 22.
Calyx 4-lobed. Fruit 4 follicles: 34.
Leaves alternate.
Aquatic plants with peltate leaves: 23.
sere ne (in Crucifere sometimes simulating a compound
eaf).
Stamens numerous.
Fruit a head of achenes: 25.
Fruit a capsule: 30.
Stamens 6, tetradynamous: 32.
Leaves entire.

Fruit a drupe.
Leaves without stipules: 10.

Leaves with stipules: 37.
Fruit not drupaceous.
Stipules ochreate: 14 (Rwmez).
Stipules not ochreate.
Calyx-segments 5, enlarged in fruit: 18 (Stegnosperma),
Sepals 2. Fruit a capsule: 20,
Sepals 2. Fruit a utricle enclosed in the perianth: 21.
Sepals 3: 27.
Sepals 4: 31.
Leaves compound.
Leaves digitate.
Sepals 4: 31. f
Sepals 7 or 8: 33.
Leaves pinnate.
Rhachis winged: 36.
Rhachis not winged.
Leaves 2-3 pinnate: 33a.
Leaves simply pinnate.
Fruit a head of achenes: 25.
Fruit 4 follicles: 34.-
Fruit-achenes on or enclosed in the merge: 37.
Fruit a solitary follicle: 38.

Flowers unisexual.
Parasitic shrubs: 11
Plants not parasites.

Leaves simple: 26.
Leaves compound: 36.

CORRECTIONS

Page 9, line 20, for P. obtusifolium read P. obtusifolia.
» 40, line 3, for T. Lamarckianum read T. Lamarckiana.
» 51, ,, 6, for Bot. read Bat.
» 124, ,, 8, for Gen. read Gew.
» 176, ,, 6 from bottom, for Mitt. read Nutt.
» 216, ,, 1, for U. read N.
» 217, ,, 7, for Litt. read Lit.

NOTE ON CAPPARIS LONGIFOLIA Sw. (pages 230, 232).

We have lately received excellent material of Capparis cynophal-
lophora L. from Mr. J. R. Bovell, Superintendent of Agriculture,
Barbados.

The form of the leaf varies, even on one and the same
branch, from narrow-linear to elliptical, and includes a form
identical with the leaf of the specimen in Plukenet’s Herbarium -
on which Swartz founded his C. longifolia. This name is there-
fore a synonym of C. cynophallophora L.

For the convenience of workers a comparative scale showing
centimeters and inches is given below.

mtimeters
3 TS Te - a | ee PS ee 1_ 10}
LETT TT TT TTT TTT it
Ee er a Ee fe oe Et Ee er a eT 1 ee
rm, i] ae 3] 4

Inches

a

DICOTYLEDONS

Famity I. PIPERACEZ.

Herss, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, opposite or
whorled, without stipules in the Jamaican species, entire (very
rarely 3-lobed), palmi- or penni-nerved, sometimes glandular-
dotted, sometimes succulent. Flowers hermaphrodite, without
a perianth, in spikes which are sometimes fieshy, stalked,
terminal or opposite the leaves, or more rarely axillary or several
together on a common peduncle ; flowers small to minute, densely
or sparsely arranged in whorls or spirais; bracts sessile or
stalked, sometimes peltate. Stamens 2-6, rarely more, hypo-
gynous ; anthers with two distinct cells, which are sometimes
confluent, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary sessile or rarely
stalked, unilocular, with 1 ovule; stigmas 3 to 4 or solitary ;
ovule orthotropous. Fruit a small berry; seed containing a
small embryo and both perisperm and endosperm. Vascular
bundles of the stem arranged in two or more rings.

Species more than 1,300, widely distributed in the tropics
of the whole world, sometimes subtropical. ~

SEIN ss ca inticc adem dinstiinn axe <ettinsdh agupisaniiuast ce 1. Peperomia.
EDM OF ETOOB Gs 0:5 05 <3 skenredagnls sarah baie nace 2. Piper.

1. PEPEROMIA Ruiz & Pay.

Herbs, annual or perennial, often prostrate, with thin or |
succulent stems. Leaves succulent or thinly membranous, generally
with pellucid dots. Flowers sometimes slightly sunk in pits in
the rhachis. Spikes solitary or 2 or panicled, terminal, or
solitary axillary or opposite the leaves, Bracts round or ellip-
tical, sessile under each flower. Stamens 2. Ovary sessile or
sometimes stalked, apex obtuse, acute or beaked; stigma ter-
minal or lateral below the beak. Berry minute, ellipsoidal to
globose, sessile or stalked, verruculose or smooth, viscid, with a

B

2 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

short style and terminal stigma or with an obliquely-placed
apical appendage (consisting of a shield-like base, with the stigma
subcentral), only slightly produced above the berry or elongated
into a beak ; sometimes smooth above with a viscid pseudocupule
round the lower half.

Species over 600, widely distributed through the warmer
regions of the globe, but mainly in America, extending from
Florida and Mexico to Argentina and Chile.

Fig. 1.—Peperomia.
A, Shoot erry | flower-spikes of
P, pellucida Kunth.
B, Portion of flower-spike of same.
C, Fruit of same.
D, Fruit of P. hispidula A. Dietr.

E, Fruit of P, tenella A. Dietr.
F, Fruit of P. obtusifolia A. Dietr. ;
8, stigma.

G, Fruit of P. dendrophila Schlech-
tend,

H, Fruit of P. septemnervis Ruiz
& Pay. ; p, pseudocupule.

I. Leaves alternate (occasionally opposite in P. rotundifolia and the
lower leaves of P. alpina).

A. Leaves not more than 2°5 cm. (1 inch) long.
1. Leaves roundish or elliptical or obovate.
Leaves with a few white hairs on upper

surface. Spikes filiform................ 1. P. hispidula.
Leaves hispid on both sides. Spikes
PROBING i vieiooita ose iata 5 catsck eating Dania took 17. P. rotundifolia.
Leaves puberulous on bothsides. Spikes
BOGE spp i ntirinssets ietichsbaonsenuaoescese 38. P. Fawcettii. .
Leaves obcordate, puberulous on upper
BULIACOs sss .acsectns redebasedsazebas eaeibeney 18. P. cordifolia.
Leaves minute, 3-4 mm. l., generally
with a few hairs on both surfaces
and margin. Spikes fleshy............ 4, P. emarginella.
2. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate....... 8. P. tenella.
8. Leaves deltoid or deltoid-roundish.
Spikes not fleshy, lax-flowered.............. 2. P. pellucida.
Spikes fleshy, dense-flowered............... 16. P. serpens.

‘B. Leaves more than 2°5 cm. long.

1. Leaves thick and fleshy, broadest above
middle, obovate to oblanceolate, blade
more or less decurrent into petiole.

Spike (in fr.) with acuminate pits of
which edges form a woody network ;
bracts *5-1 mm. br., 2-4 visible
about same level, distant; beak of
berry curved but not hooked, stout,
as long as berry.

Peperomia PIPERACE
Leaves roundish - elliptical, long-
stalked, 3-4°5 cm.1.; bracts *75-1

mm. br., 2-3 visible about same level

Leaves obovate-elliptical, base long-
cuneate and passing into and de-
current on the stalk, 4°5-12 cm. 1.;
bracts *5-"75 mm. br., 3-4 visible
about same level

Spike (in fr.) with ovoid pits not com-
pletely touching ; bracts *4—*6 mm.
br., 3-7 visible ‘about same level,
touching or overlapping in close
whorls; beak of berry curved or
straight, but not hooked, shorter
than the berry.

Leaves sessile, linear-oblanceolate to
obovate; bracts 6-7 visible about
same level ; beak very short, 4%
length of berry .. $

Leaves sessile, sometimes narrowing
into a stalk-like base, oblanceolate,
obovate or oblong-obovate; bracts
4-5 visible about same level; beak
4-4 length of berry

Leaves roundish narrowing into a
winged stalk or obovate, sessile ;
bracts 5-7 visible about same level ;
beak $ length of berry ..............+0++

Spike (in fr.) with spherical pits feseh.
ing; bracts *3-"4 mm. br.,
visible about same level, fost fs
in close whorls; beak straight,
hooked: ah dip Fes6s.i on a cissw ee wen saves

Steet eee teat ete eenae

2. Leaves broadest below middle and ovate-
elliptical or ovate-roundish, or broadest
about middle, lanceolate.

i, Leaves more or less peltate, somewhat
leathery.
Leaves large, 12-20 cm. 1., peltate just

11.

a

GGG WAGE: 6s cliccs coksreks can chs coveabedous 14

Leaves smaller, 5-9 cm. 1.
Leaves peltate at 3-3 of their length
from base

PoeCe CEO COO ee ee eee eer eee

eee eee eee eee ree)

ii. Leaves not peltate.
Leaves decurrent forming wings or ribs

on the stem.
Plant covered with black dots............
Plant glabrous, without black dots or
with a few on lower surface of

leaves.

Leaves 4°5-7 em. 1, elliptical-lanceo-

23.

late, acuminate................ceseeees 20
Leaves 3-7 cm. 1., broadly elliptical... 21

Leaves 2-3°5 cm. 1., elliptical, very

shortly stalked............ccceseseeses 22

. P. alpina.

. crassicaulis,

. amplexicaulis.

. clusiifolia.

. magnoliifolta.

. obtusifolia,

. maculosa.
. hernandisfolia.
. distachya.

- glabella.

. alata.
. dendrophila.

. Hamiltoniana.

B 2

oo

4 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

Leaves not decurrent.
Spikes about as long as leaves.

Spikes thick ...........+0+ gugitendenebes 5. P. basellifolia.
Spikes slender ..........000 sing igs taba 6. P. talinifolia.
Spikes 2 or 3 times as long as leaves,
slender.
Leaves narrowly oblong................ 19. P. Harrisii.
Leaves elliptical ...............::.:+2 24 P. guadaloupensis.

II. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, 4 or 5.
A. Leaves generally opposite, but sometimes
whorled.
1. Leaves large, more than 2°5 cm. 1, lan-
ceolate.
Spikes thick and fleshy. Leaves
T-5-NELVE 4... seevsseeeee ceeeeseescseene BO» P. Septemmervis.
Spikes thin. Leaves 3-nerved.
Margin of leaves not ciliate ............ 28. P. stellata.
Margin of leaves ciliate ....... oNraaee »» 29. P. blanda.
2. Leaves small, less than 2°5 cm. 1.
Leaves round and, with stem, densely
WLLLORG |< css slunn eva prenseapapackaesvaeee antes 80. P. barbata,
Leaves linear or obovate-oblong............ 25. P. filiformis.

B. Leaves 3 in' a whorl, elliptical. Stem
hispidulous. Spike filiform, thin...... «.. 37. P. discolor.

C. Leaves 3-5 in a whorl.
Leaves obovate, emarginate, glabrous.
Spikes fleshy ............00000 pacacstugsceee 34. P. quadrifolia.
Leaves not emarginate.
Rhachis hirtellous. Leaves roundish or
rhombeo-elliptical ............cse0.00s 33. P. reflexa.
Rhachis not hirtellous.
Spikes somewhat fleshy.
Leaves lanceolate, or elliptical-lan-
ceolate, indistinctly 3-nerved... 31. P. Myrtillus.
Leaves obovate-subrhomboid...,.,... 32. P. polystachya,
Spikes thin.
Leaves *5-2 cm. l.
Leaves with brownish dots under-
PUBGRI 5 sara) a cency tage agarascadieaese 26. P. galioides.
Leaves without brownish dots .., 27. P. verticillata.
Leaves 2-5 cm. 1.
Leaves opposite or 8-5 in a whorl.
Margin of leaves not ciliate ... 28. P. stellata.
Margin of leaves ciliate ......... 29. P. blanda.
Leaves 4 in a whorl ..............06- 36. P. rhomboides.

Ny

-§ 1. Berries stalked, setose, mucronate, with stigma terminal.
Leaves alternate.

1. P. hispidula A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. i. 165 (1831); leaves
roundish, with a few hairs above; spikes filiform, not fleshy, —
lax-flowered, bracts inconspicuous ; berries stalked, stalk nearly
as long as berry.-—Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 165; C. DO. in Symb.
Ant. tii. 223; var. Swartziana Dahlst. Stud. 13, t. I. f. 3 (1900).
Piper hispidulum Sw. Prodr. 15 (1788), Fl. Ind. Oce. $3 & Icon.

Peperomia PIPERACEA o

t. 4. Acrocarpidium hispidulum Mig. Syst. Pip. 54 (1843).
(Fig. 1, D.)

In damp peaty soil in shady woods; Blue Mts., Swartz! Newhaven
Gap, 5600 ft.; Blue Mt. Peak, 7400 ft.; Morse’s Gap, 4800-5000 ft. ;
Harris|! F\. Jam. 6728, 7548, 7970, 8320.—Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela,
Brazil, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay.

Stems erect, sometimes decumbent and rooting below, hispidulous at
the nodes, 4-S cm. 1. Leaves thinly membranous, 4-12 mm. l. and br. ;
stalk 2-3 mm. 1. Spikes 7-10 mm. 1.; peduncles 3-5 mm. 1. Berries
ellipsoidal, *7-°8 mm. l.; mucro *15--2 mm. 1.; stalk 5 mm. 1.

§ 2. Berries sessile, subglobose, with several longitudinal
verruculose ribs, mucronate, with stigma terminal. Leaves
alternate.

2. P. pellucida Kunth in H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2. 64
(1816) ; glabrous; leaves subcordate-deltoid ; spikes filiform,
not fleshy, lax-flowered.—Haw. Succ. 6; Mig. op. cit. 79 ; Griseb.
loc. cit.; C. DC. tom. cit. 244 & iv. 189; Dahist. op. cit. 16, t. I.
f. 1. P. concinna “A. Dietr. tom. cit. 164 (1831). Saururus minor
procumbens &e. Plum. Descr. Pl. Amer, 54, t. 72 & Ic. ined.
ww. t. 239. Piper pellucidum L. Sp. Pl. 30 (1753). P. concinnum
Haw. Succ. Rev. 198 (1821). (Fig. 1, A-C.)

In damp shady soil; Swartz in Herb. Stockh.! J.P. 713, Vorris! Hope, - -

700 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6251, 8352; Bath, G. Nichols! Port Antonio,
Millspaugh.—Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Bartholomew, Guade-
loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Barbados, Grenada, Tobago,
Trinidad, trop. America to Peru, W. Africa.

Stems 1-3 dm. high, erect, branching, with rather long internodes.
Leaves thinly membranous, pellucid, 1°5-2°5 cm. 1. and br. ; stalk *5-1cm.1.
Spikes 2-5 cm. 1.; bracts ‘4 mm. br.; peduncles usually about °5 cm. 1.
Berries ‘9-1 mm. 1.

§ 3. Berries stalked, obovate to oblong, smooth, at the apex
with a conical-curved or discoid appendage, with the
stigma just below the apex. Leave alternate.

3. P. tenella A. Dietr. tom. cit. 153 (1831); leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous but sometimes ciliate near apex ;
spikes filiform, slightly swollen, lax-flowered; berries stalked,
stalk about as long as berry.—Griseb. loc. cit.; C. DC. in Urb.
Symb. Ant. wii. 224 ; Dahlst. op. cit. 21, t. IV. f.5. Piper tenellum
Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788), Fl. Ind. Occ. 65 & Ic. ined. t. 31. Acro-
carpidium tenellum Mig. op. cit. 53 (1843). (Fig. 1, E.)

Amongst mosses on trees; Blue Mts,, Swartz! Wiles! Bertero;
Wilson ; March! Catherine’s Peak, Eggers; Cinchona, 5000 ft., Watt!
road to John Crow Peak, 5400 ft.; Morse’s Gap, 5000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
= so sige John Crow Peak, G. Nichols!—Cuba, Guadeloupe, Venezuela,

razil. i
_ Stem creeping and rooting at nodes; flowering branches erect or ascend-
ing, below leafless, 3-12 cm. high. Leaves pellucid-dotted, 8-17 mm. L.,
4-10 mm. br.; stalk 1-1°5 mm. 1. Spikes 2-4 cm. 1., *5--9 mm. br.;

6 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

peduncles -5-1 cm. 1.; bracts ‘5--7 mm. br. Berries 1°5 mm. L,
narrowly obovate, 2-ribbed, mucronate with the apical appendage which
is thick and discoid at base and conical-curved above; stigma terminal.

4. P.emarginella C. DC. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 437 (1869) ;
leaves minute, long-stalked, roundish, truncate or emarginulate
at apex, sometimes slightly cordate at base, with a few long
hairs; spikes slightly fleshy, somewhat lax-flowered ; berries
stalked, stalk nearly half as long as berry.—C. DC. in Urb. Symb.
Ant. iii, 225 & iv. 187; Hensch. Btud. 23, t. I. f. 6; Dahlst. op.
cit, 22,4. I. f. 4,4. IV. f. 4. BP. exilis Griseb. op. cit. 164 (1859) ;
C. DC. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 397. P. minima C. DC. tom. cit,
399. Piper emarginellum Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. 1827, 56
(1828). Acrocarpidium exile Mig. op. cit. 56 (1843). Type in
Herb. Stockholm.

On trees; Blue Mts., Swartz! Wilson.—Cuba, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Trinidad. In Swartz’s Herbarium
in Stockholm there is a specimen labelled ‘“‘ In Jamaice montibus ceeruleis :
O. Swartz!” Dahlstedt records a specimen (No. 626) from Wilson in
Herb. Grisebach, but, so far as we know, it has not been collected in
recent years.

Stems clustered, creeping, much branched, glabrous. Leaves 3-4mm.|1.,
4-5 mm. br.; stalks 2-3 mm.1. Spikes about 1cm.1., *6--8 mm. br. ;
peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts 4mm. br. JBerries slightly
verruculose, obovate-oblong, apical appendage subdiscoid, oblique,
‘7-8 mm. ].; stalk -3 mm. 1.

§ 4. Berries sessile, oblong-ellipsoidal broadening slightly
above, verruculose, apical appendage small, flat, somewhat
oblique, with stigma subcentral. Leaves alternate.

5. P. basellifolia Kunth tom. cit. 66 (1816); glabrous ; leaves
lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, apex long-acuminate and some-
times curved, at the base cuneate and decurrent into the petiole,
leathery-membranous ; spikes solitary, terminal, about as long
as the leaves, thick, dense-flowered.—C. DC. in DC. Prodr. avi.
pt. 1, 406; Dahlst. op. cit. 48, t. I. f. 33.

In peaty soil in shady woodland; Morse’s Gap, 5000 ft.; near Vinegar
Hill, 4200 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8318, 8332; John Crow Peak, G. Nichols!
—Venezuela, Colombia, Peru.

Stem succulent, erect from a procumbent base, simple, sometimes
branching, 2-4 dm. high, 3-7 mm. br., bare of leaves below, rooting near
base. Leaves variable in size, limb 5-10 cm. 1., 1*5-3°75 cm. br.; petioles
*5-1'50m.1. Spikes 5°5-7°5 cm. 1., 3-4 mm. br.; peduncles 3-4 cm. 1.;
bracts *4-"5 mm. br.; 6-8 about the same level on one side. Berries
*8--9 mm. 1.

6. P. talinifolia Kunth tom. cit. 62 (1816); glabrous ; leaves
elliptical, attenuated to base, and slightly to obtuse apex, decur-
rent into very short petiole, leathery-membranous, with 3 or
more indistinct nerves on each side; spikes solitary or 2 or 3,

ee a

Peperomia PIPERACE 7

terminal and axillary, about as long as, sometimes longer than,
the leaves, somewhat slender, dense-flowered.—Griseb. op. cit. 167 ;
C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iti, 252.

On trunks of trees; near Mabess River, 4000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 8338.

Stem succulent, rooting at nodes below, 1°5-3 dm. high, 3 mm. br.
Leaves 7-10 cm.1., nearly 3 to nearly 4 cm. br. Spikes to 10 cm. 1., 2 mm.
br. (in flower); peduncles 1°5 cm.1.; bracts ‘6 mm. 1., -5 mm. br., 4 about
the same level on one side. Berries not seen.

§ 5. Berries sessile, verruculose, ellipsoidal to cylindrical-
oblong; apical appendage consisting of an oblique
“shield,” produced posteriorly into a long beak, with the
stigma subcentral. Leaves alternate.

A. Leaves more or less decurrent, not peltate.

7. P. alpina A. Dietr. tom. cit. 185 (1831) ; leaves somewhat
leathery, long-stalked, roundish-elliptical, apex rounded or obtuse,
base shortly cuneate ; spikes somewhat lax-flowered (in fr.) with
acuminate pits of which the edges form a woody network ; style
of ovaries oblong, linear-acuminate; bracts ‘75-1 mm. br.,
round, 2-3 about the same level on one side; berries with beak
of apical appendage curved but not hooked, stout, as long as the
berry.—Migq. op. cit. 168 ; Griseb. op. cit. 167 ; Dahlst. op. cit. 58 ;
CO. DC. in Bib. Symb. Ant. iii. 257. Piper alpinum Sw. Prodr. 15
(1788) & Fl. Ind. Oce. 62. Type in Herb. Stockholm.

In peaty soil or on decaying trunks of trees; Blue Mts., Swartz! Blue
Mts., McNab! near Morse’s Gap, 5000 ft.; Greenwich, 4500 ft.; Harris!
Fl. Jam. 8316, 10,140 (in part).

Stem creeping below, then ascending to erect, simple or with two
branches, 12-25 cm. 1. Leaves 2-3 pinnate principal nerves on each side,
the‘ younger leaves somewhat puberulous, the lower sometimes opposite,
3-5°5 cm. 1., 2°25-4 cm. br.; stalk 1-3 cm. 1. Spikes, two terminal or

solitary in axils, rhachis 3-6 cm. 1., 1-5-2 mm. br.; peduncles 1°5-2°5
em. 1.” Berries 1-1°25 mm. ki; ellipsoidal. .

8. P. erassieaulis Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. l. 177 (1912) ;
stem thick; leaves leathery, obovate-elliptical, apex obtuse,
sometimes slightly emarginate, base cuneate and passing into
and decurrent on the petiole, median nerve prominent below
and forming a narrow wing or rib on the petiole ; spikes some-
what lax-flowered, in the fruiting stage with elliptical pits of
which the edges form a woody network; style of ovaries
lanceolate-acuminate ; bracts *5—:75 mm. br., elliptical or round,
3-4 about the same level on one side; berries with beak of
apical appendage subulate, curved but not hooked, as long as the
berry.—P. obtusifolia Griseb. op. cit. 166 (in part), non A. Dietr.
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. and in Herb. Jam.

In peat in shady woodland and on decaying trunks of trees; Macfad-
yen! Blue Mts. McNab! John Crow Peak, J.P. 1481, Hart! Morse’s Gap,

8 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

4900-5000 ft.; Greenwich, 4500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8104, 8321, 10,140
(in part); Morse’s Gap, G. Nichols !—Bermuda, Cuba.

Stem rooting below, erect, simple or with two or three branches, to
7 dm. 1., to8 mm. br. Leaves 4-8 pinnate principal nerves on each side,
one or two lower pairs springing from near base, apex sometimes slightly
puberulous, blade 4-12 cm. 1., 2-5 cm. br.; stalk to 3 cm. 1. Spikes
terminal, geminate to paniculate, rhachis 7-16 cm. 1., 2°5-3 mm. br.,
common peduncle 4-8°5 cm.1.; peduncles 2-4 cm.1. Berries 1-1'25mm.L,
ellipsoidal.

9. P. amplexieaulis A. Diet. tom. cit. 144 (1831); leaves
leathery, sessile, linear-oblanceolate to obovate, apex obtuse,
tapering to a very narrow base attached to a projecting horse-
shoe-shaped leaf-trace ; spikes dense-flowered, in close whorls
(in fr.), with ovoid pits not completely touching ; style of ovaries
lanceolate-acuminate ; bracts ‘5 mm. br., 6-7 about the same
level on one side, touching or overlapping ; berries with beak of
apical appendage straight, very short (}-} length of berry).—
Mig. op. cit. 196 ; Griseb. op. cit. 166 (in part); Dahlst. op. cit.
63, t. ID f. 7; C. DC. tom. cit. 258. Piper amplexicaule
Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788), Fl. Ind. Oce. 17 & Ic. ined. t. 56. Type in
Herb. Stockholm.

On rocks; Swartz! Masson! Macfadyen! Moneague, Prior! Money
Corner, 800 ft., Thompson! near Troy, 2200 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 8067,
8689 ; hills near Bulstrode, Mrs. Britton, 2881! Bath, 300 ft., G. Nichols !

Stem thick, rooting below, erect, branching from base, 10-20 cm. 1., to
5mm. br. Leaves 3-5 pinnate nerves on each side, the two lower pairs
springing from near the base, 7-15 cm. 1., 1°5-3°5 cm. br. Spikes terminal
paniculate and sometimes one or two in upper axils; rhachis 5-18 cm. L.,
2mm. br.; common peduncle including branches about 3 cm.1.; peduncle,
terminal 2-2-5 cm. 1, axillary to 3 cm.1. Berries 1 mm. 1, ellipsoidal,
surface obscurely reticulate, beak *2--4 mm. 1. ;

10. P. elusiifolia Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2943 (1829); leaves
leathery, sessile or passing into and decurrent on the petiole,
oblanceolate, obovate or oblong-obovate, apex rounded to obtuse,
sometimes slightly emarginate, tapering to a very narrow base
attached to a projecting horseshoe-shaped leaf-trace; spikes
dense-flowered in close whorls, (in fr.) with ovoid pits not
completely touching ; style of ovaries acute ; bracts *5—*6 mm. br.,
4—5 on same level on one side; berries with beak of apical
appendage curved, }—} length of berry.—Dahilst. op. cit. 62;
C. DC. tom. cit. 257. P. cuneifolia A. Dietr. tom. cit. 146 (1831) ;
Mig. op. cit. 194; Dahlst. op. cit. 63, t. IT. 6; C. DC. tom. cit. 258.
P. obtusifolia Griseb. op. cit. 166 (in part). P. amplexicaulis
var. Swartziana Giriseb. op. cit. 166. Piper clusiifolium Jacq.
Collect. tit. 209 (1789) & Ic. Pl. Rar. ii. t. 212; Haw. Suec. 5.
P. cuneifolium Jacq. Collect. iv. 127 (1790) & Ie. Pl. Rar. ii.
t. 214.

In peaty soil, on trees, and in crevices of rocks; Broughton! Purdie!
Wulischlaegel ; Banana River, 1700 ft., Eggers ; Bryans Hill, 3000-3500 ft. ;

Peperomia PIPERACE a

Guava Ridge Road, 1200 ft.; coast between Portland Point and Rocky
Point; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8359, 10,184; Belvedere, Hanover, Mrs. Britton,
2865! Bath, 300 ft.; G. Nichols!

Stem thick, rooting below, erect or decumbent at base, 10-30 cm. 1., to
5mm. br. Leaves 3-5 pinnate nerves on each side, one or two lower pairs
springing from near the base, 5-15 cm. 1., 2°5-5(-8) cm. br. Spikes
solitary, geminate, or 3-paniculate, terminal and in upper axils; rhachis
10-19 cm. 1., 2-2°5 mm. br., common peduncle about 2cm.1.; peduncle
perinal) 1-2 cm. 1. (when solitary), to 5-5 cm. 1. Berries *8 mm. L.,

eak *3-"4 mm, 1.

ll. P. magnoliifolia A. Dietr. tom. cit. 153 (1831); leaves
leathery, very variable, roundish-elliptical or elliptical, narrowing
abruptly and passing into and decurrent on the petiole or
obovate or elliptical-cuneate, sessile, attached on the older
branches to a projecting horseshoe-shaped leaf-trace, apex rounded
or obtuse; spikes dense-flowered in close whorls, (in fr.) with
ovoid pits not completely touching; style of ovaries acute ;
bracts *4—°5 mm. br., 5-7 on same level on one side; berries
with beak of apical appendage half length of berry.—Dahist.
op. cit. 58, t. I. f. 1-5 (in part). P. obtusifolium Griseb. FI.
Br. W. Ind. 166 (1859) (in part); C. DC. tom. cit. 254 (in part)
& iv. 191, non A. Dietr. P, amplexicaulis var. magnolifolia Griseb.

op. cit. 167. Piper magnolizfolium Jacq. Collect. iii. 210 (1789) - .

& Ic. Pl. Rar. t. 213. P. obtusifolium Ehret in Trew Pl.
Select. t. 96.

Houstoun! Lane! March!—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Dominica,
Martinique, St. Vincent, tropical South America.

Stem thick, erect, 4 mm. br. Leaves with three or four indistinct
pinnate nerves on each side, one or two lower pairs springing from near
the base, 6-13 cm. l., 4-7 em. br. Spikes solitary, geminate or paniculate,
terminal (solitary in upper axils); rhachis 10-14 cm. 1., 1°5-2 mm. br. ;
peduncle 2-3 cm.1. Berries ‘7-8 mm. 1.

12. P. obtusifolia A. Dietr. tom. eft. 154 (1831); leaves
leathery, elliptical, narrowing abruptly and passing into and
decurrent on the petiole, apex rounded, sometimes slightly retuse
or emarginate ; spikes dense-flowered in close whorls, (in fr.)
with spherical pits touching (like a honey-comb); bracts
*3—'4 mm. br., 6-8 on same level on one side; berries with
beak of apical appendage straight with short hook at tip, 3 length
of berry.—Dahist. op. cat. 64, t. IT. f. 10; C. DC. tom. cit. 254 (in
part) & iv. 190. Saururus humilis folio &e. Plum. Descr. Pl.
Amer. 53, t 70 & Ie. ined. iv. 241. Piper obtusifolium
L. Sp. Pl. 30 (1753). (Fig. 1, F.)

March (fide Dahlst.)—Florida, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Mar-
tinique, St. Lucia, Trinidad, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Surinam, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Guatemala,

Stem erect or decumbent, rooting at the nodes at the base, simple or
branching. Leaves with 3-5 indistinct pinnate nerves on each side, one

10 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

or two lower pairs springing from near the base; limb 4°5-8 cm. L,
3°5-4°8 cm. br.; stalks *5-2cm.1. Spikes solitary or geminate, terminal ;
rhachis 5-10 cm. 1., 2-8 mm. br.; common peduncle 3°5-5 cm. 1., pedun-
cles 2-4 cm. 1. Berries ellipsoidal-cylindrical, 9 mm. 1., beak 6 mm. 1.

B. Leaves peltate.

13. P. hernandiifolia A. Dietr. tom. cit. 157 (1831); leaves
peltate at 4 to } of their length from the base, large, 6-8 cm. L.,
ovate, long-stalked, minutely puberulous beneath, especially
along the central nerve; spikes solitary.—Griseb. op. cit. 166 ;
Dahist. op. cit. 71, t. II. 14; C. DC.in Urb. Symb. Ant. iti. 246 &
wv. 189. P. Ponthieui Mig. op. cit. 186 (1843). Piper hernandi-
folium Vahl Enum, i. 344 (1804).

On trees and trailing on steep slopes in the shade; Swartz! Caley!
March ; Greenwich Wood, Blue Mts.; near Mabess River, 3800 ft.; near
Hardware Gap, 4000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8339, 10119.—Cuba, Porto Rico,
Saba, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada, Costa
Rica, Venezuela, Brazil.

Stem creeping and rooting at nodes, minutely puberulous. Leaves
ovate or broadly ovate, rounded at the base, apex abruptly acuminate,
acute, 4-5°5 em. br.; stalk minutely puberulous, 5-9 cm.1. Spikes on
branches which are terminal, axillary or sometimes opposite a leaf; rhachis
dense-flowered, 2-5-4 cm. 1., 2 mm. br.; bracts small, *3 mm. br., 5-6 on
same level on one side; peduncle minutely puberulous, including the
branch longer than the petiole. Berries -8--9mm.1., ellipsoidal or slightly
ovate-ellipsoidal ; apical appendage slightly curved, *6-"7 mm. 1.

14. P. maculosa Hook, Exot. Fl. t. 92 (1825); leaves peltate
a little above the base, large, 12—20 cm. |., ovate to ovate-ellip-
tical, long-stalked, pubescent underneath ; spikes 2 terminal.—-
Dahlst. op. cit. 71, t. IT. 15; C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iit. 245
& iv. 189. Saururus hederaceus &c. Plum. Descr. Pl. Amer.
50, ¢. 66. Piper maculosum L. Sp. Pl. 30 (1753).

In rocky woodland; Abbey Green, 3800 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6430,
8312.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

Stem sparingly pubescent, rooting below, succulent, 5 mm. thick, of
light green colour, mottled with brownish-crimson blotches. Leaves, base
rounded or subcordate, apex shortly and acutely cuspidate, blade 8-11 cm.
br., pinnate-nerved, upper surface dark shining green with whitish nerves,
under surface greenish-white ; stalks 5-18 cm. 1., like the stem, pubescent.
Spikes, each with an ovate acute bract at the base; rhachis fleshy, dense-
flowered, 1°5-3 dm. 1., 5 mm. br. below; bracts *6-*8 mm. br., round or
somewhat elliptical, 5-7 about the same level on one side; peduncles
3-45 em. 1. Berries 1 mm. 1., roundish-ellipsoidal; apical appendage
elliptical with stigma subcentral, beak nearly as long as berry.

P. variegata Ruiz d Pav. F). Per. i. 33. t. 52, a. (1798); the type speci-
men from Peru in Herb. Mus. Brit. is glabrous, but otherwise agrees with
P, maculosa.

15. P. distaechya A. Dietr. tom. cit. 156 (1831); leaves gener-.
ally very shortly peltate, somewhat large, 4°5—9 cm. 1., ovate or

Peperomia PIPERACE 11

elliptical, long-stalked, younger leaves puberulous underneath,
especially at base and apex and along median nerve ; spikes
2 terminal.—Griseb. op. cit. 166; C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ani. iii.
.251 & wv. 190, non Dahklst. P. producta Griseb. op. cit. 166
(1859) ; Dahlst. op. cit. 72, t. I. 16. Saururus hederaceus kc.
Plum. op. cit. 51, t. 67. Piper distachyon L. Sp. Pl. 30 (1753) ;
Sw. Obs. Bot. 21.

On trees and rocks; Swartz! Macfadyen! Nock! J.P. 1251, Morris!
Colthirst River; Whitfield Hall woodland, 4000 ft.; Cinchona; Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5635, 8346 ; Union Hill, near Moneague, Britton & Hollick, 2727!
Mabess River, 2000 ft., G. Nichols |

Stem climbing or creeping and rooting at nodes, glabrous or sparingly
seaeagiesegy Leaves roundish or obtuse and sometimes emarginate at

, apex acuminate, acute, 3-5 cm. br.; stalk puberulous towards apex,
3-9em.1. Spikes, rhachis fleshy, dense-flowered, 3-4 cm. l., 1*2-1°5 mm.
br.; bracts small, -3--4 mm. br., 4 about same level on one side; spike-

ing branches 1°5-3 cm. 1.; peduncles ‘5-2cm.1. Berries -8 mm. 1,
narrowly ellipsoidal; beak subulate, slightly curved, nearly as long as

erry.
Dahlstedt identifies P. distachyon ZL. with a Brazilian species, but as
Plumier states that he collected his plant in 8. Domingo, we agree with
C. de Candolle that Linnseus’s species, which was founded on Plumier’s,
is the West Indian one.

C. Leaves with petiole attached at margin.

16. P. serpens Loud. Hort. Brit. 13 (1830), (non C. DC.) ;
leaves deltoid-roundish, puberulous; spikes fleshy, somewhat dense-
flowered.—Griseb. op. cit. 164. P. scandens Ruiz & Pav. Fl.
Per. i. 32, t. 51, b. (1798); C. DC. tom. cit. 248 & wv. 190.
P. repens Kunth tom. cit. 65 (1816) ; Griseb. op. cit. 165; Dahist.
op. cit. 79, t. IT. 18-20. P. reniformis Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 164 (1825).
Piper longum minimum &c. Sloane Cat. 45 & Hist. i. 137. Piper
serpens Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 69. P. bracteatum
Thomps. in Trans, Linn, Soc. ix. 203, t. 24, f. 2 (1808).

On trees, rocks and walls; ‘ between Guanaboa and Col. Bourden’s
plantation” Sloane Herb. ii. 90! Swartz! near Louisburg, St. Mary,
McNab! J.P. 957, 1294 Morris! Brandon Hill, 700 ft., Thompson! Ramble
and Belvedere, Hanover, 500 ft., Fawcett! Golden Valley, St. Thomas,
600 ft.; Newmarket, 1150 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5455, 8100, 8361, 9954,
10,077; Hansen; near Moneague, Britton, 2635 !—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, Nicaragua, Colombia, Guiana,
Brazil, Peru.

Stem climbing or creeping indefinitely and rooting, puberulous.
Leaves 9-17 mm. 1., 9-20 mm. br.; stalk -5-2 cm. 1. Spikes terminal or
at tips of very short branches opposite leaves or sometimes axillary ;
rhachis 8-15 cm. 1., 1-1'5 mm. br.; bracts 2-3 about same level on one
side, *3--4 mm. br.; peduncle with one scale at base, 5-10 mm. l.,
puberulous. Berries cylindrical-oblong, minutely punctulate, attached
horizontally, very shortly stalked, -7-*8 mm. 1.; beak awl-shaped, 3 to #
length of berry.

12 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

§ 6. Berries verruculose, subglobose, apical appendage con-
sisting of an oblique “shield” very shortly produced, with
the stigma subcentral.

A. Leaves alternate.

17. P. rotundifolia Kunth tom. cit. 65 (1816); leaves round
or oval-roundish, rarely obovate, hispid on both sides, occasionally
opposite ; spikes fleshy, bracts *5—'6 mm. 1. ; Griseb. op. cit. 164;
Hensch. op. cit. 46, t. VII. 2; Dahlst. op. cit. 99, t. XI. 9; C0. DC.
in Urb. Symb. Ant. vii, 228 & iv. 188. P. nummularifolia Kunth
tom. cit. 66 (1816); Griseb. op. cit. 164. Saururus repens folio
&e. Plum. Deser. Pl. Amer, 52, ¢.69. Piper rotundifolium L. Sp.
Pi. 30 (1753). P. nummularifolium Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788) & FI.
Ind. Oce. 72. Type in Herb. Stockholm.

Browne in Herb. Linn.! Broughton! Swartz! Bancroft! Claverty
Cottage, J.P. 972, Morris! Castleton, Harris! Fl. Jam. 8363.—Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Antigua,
St. Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, Mexico, Central America,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador.

Stem creeping indefinitely amongst mosses on trees, and rooting at the
nodes, puberulous. Leaves ‘5-1 cm. 1.; stalks 2-5 mm. 1. Spikes ter-
minal, dense-flowered, later somewhat lax, 15-2 cm. L, -6-*8 mm. br.;
bracts 2-3 about same level all round, *5--6 mm. br.; peduncles 2-5 mm. 1.
Berries *6-*7 mm. 1., *5-*6 mm. br. ; globose-ellipsoidal, apical apres
elliptical-deltoid projecting upwards, about 4 length of berry with stigma
basal.

18. P. cordifolia A. Dietr. tom. cit. 154 (1831) ; leaves obovate,
obcordate, rarely elliptical-roundish, more or less puberulous on
upper surface; spikes not fleshy.—Griseb. op. cit. 164; Dahist.
op. cit. 103; C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iti. 228. Piper cordi-
folium Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788), Fl. Ind. Occ. 71 & Ic. ined. t. 30.
P. obcordatum Stokes Bot. Comm. 176 (1830). Acrocarpidium
cordifolium Mig. op. cit. 56 (1843). Type in Herb. Stockholm.

In moist woods amongst moss on trees and rocks; Broughton! Swartz!
Bertero; Macfadyen! Purdie (a form with leaves not obcordate)! Wilson!
March; Fairfield, Wulischlaegel ; Moneague, Lady Blake! near Mabess
River, 4000 ft.; Holly Mount, Mt. Diabolo, 3000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
8340, 9011; Mabess River, 2500 ft., G. Nichols !—St. Thomas, Dominica.

Stem creeping indefinitely and rooting, puberulous when young.
Leaves 1-2 cm. 1., 7-16 mm. br.; stalk 2-10 mm. 1. Spikes terminal on
stem or branches, somewhat lax-flowered, 1-2 cm. 1., ‘6-*8 mm. br.; bracts
*4 mm. br., 1-2 about same level on one side; peduncles *5 cm. 1.

19. P. Harrisii C. DC. tom. cit. 243 (1902); glabrous; leaves
narrowly oblong, tapering to base and apex, acuminate, without
black dots ; spikes slender, two or three times as long as leaves.

On trees or amongst peaty soil on rocks; Belvedere, Hanover, 500 ft. ;
Harris! Fawcett! Morse’s Gap, 5000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 7630, 8322,
8481.

pa’

Peperomia PIPERACEZ 13

Stem very long, branching, hanging from trees in lengths of 3 ft. and
more with internodes 4 or 5cm.1., or growing in peat and rooting along
the main stem with erect branches with internodes lor2cm.1l. Leaves
thin-membranous (when dry), 5-plinerved, 3-6 cm.1.,1°5 em. br.; stalk
1-3mm.1. Spikes solitary, terminal and axillary; rhachis somewhat lax-
flowered, 11-12 cm. 1.; bracts *5 mm. br., 2-4 about the same level on
one side; peduncles 4-6 mm. 1. Berries ‘8 mm. 1., apical appendage round
and wing-like, nearly as broad as berry.

20. P. alata Ruiz & Pav. tom. cit. 31, t. 48, fig. b. (1798) ;
plant glabrous, without black dots; stem with three narrow
glabrous wings, of which two are decurrent from the petioles ;
leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate; petiole glabrous.—Mig.
op. cit. 87 ; Hensch. op. cit. 40, t. IV. f. 5; Dahlst. op. cit. 109 ;
C. DC. tom. cit. 241 & iv. 189. P. pterocaulis Mig. op. cit. 86
(1843). P. dendrophila Griseb. op. cit. 165 (1859) (in part).
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

On rocks in woodland; Purdie! Wilson; Wuilschlaegel; Kentucky
Hill, Bluefields, 2000-2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,203.—Cuba, His-
paniola, Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Grenada, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,
Brazil, Peru.

Plant erect, 15-30 cm. high. Leaves 3-nerved with two accessory
nerves; blade 4°5-7 cm. 1., 2-2-5 cm. br.; petioles -5cm. 1. Spikes 1-2
terminal, solitary axillary; rhachis slightly fleshy, dense - flowered,

6-14 cem.il., to 1°5 mm. br.; bracts ‘5 mm. br., 3 on about same level on - .

one side; peduncles 3-6mm.1. Berries bent upwards so as to appear to
be attached laterally, ‘5--6 mm. 1.; apical appendage projecting slightly
above berry.

21. P. dendrophila Schlechtend. in Linnea v. 74 (1830) ; plant
glabrous without black dots; stem with two inconspicuous ribs
decurrent from the petioles; leaves broadly elliptical ; petioles
glabrous.—Griseb. op. cit. 165 (in part). (Fig. 1, G.)

On trees; Wilson! J.P. 1265, Hart! Latimer, Cimchona, 5000 ft.;
Harris! Fl. Jam. 8330.—Porto Rico, Mexico.

Stem erect or decumbent, rooting at the “modes, branching. Leaves
triplinerved with two accessory nerves, 3-7 cm. 1., 1-5-3~5 cm. br. ; petioles
5-8 mm.1. Spikes 1-3 terminal, solitary axillary; rhachis fleshy, dense-
flowered, 5-11 cm. 1., to 2 mm. br.; bracts *4—:5 mm. br., 3-4 about same
level on one side; peduncles 1-2'5 cm.1. Berries -6--8 mm. 1, bent so
as to appear to be attached laterally.

22. P. Hamiltoniana Migq. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 417
(1845); glabrous, without black dots; leaves elliptical, very
shortly stalked, 2-3°5 em. 1.—C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. 237.
Type in Herb. Kew.

Macfadyen! (Miquel quotes Purdie in error).—St. Cruz, Colombia.

About a foot high, erect, dichotomously branching. Leaves crowded at
apex of branches, cuneate at base, decurrent into the petiole and stem,
somewhat attenuated at the apex and rather obtuse, 3-nerved with two
accessory nerves, lower leaves rhomboid-elliptical or subovate-rhomboid,
with numerous pellucid dots, 13-16 mm. br.; stalks 3mm. Spikes ter-
minal, solitary, dense-flowered ; rhachis slightly fleshy, 4-7 cm. 1.; bracts

14 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

elliptical and roundish, 2-3 about same level on one side, ‘6 mm. br.;
ovaries obtuse with stigma below the apex; peduncles 2-5 mm, 1.

23. P. glabella A. Dietr. tom. cit. 156 (1831); plant covered
with black dots; stem with two inconspicuous ribs decurrent
from the petioles and sometimes ciliate; apex of leaves and
petioles sometimes ciliate.—Mig. Syst. Pip. 97; Griseb. op. cit.
165; Dahlst. op. cit. 121; C. DC. tom. cit, 235 & iv. 188. Piper
glabellum Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 68. P. scandens
Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788).

In stony places and on walls; Wright! Swartz! Moneague, Prior ;
March! Mount Dakin; near Browns Town, 1200 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
5685, 7173.—Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Antigua, Martinique, Dominica,
Grenada, Trinidad.

Stem creeping and rooting, slender, terete, flowering branches ascend-
ing. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, indistinctly
triplinerved, sometimes with two accessory nerves, blade generally
2°5-4 cm. 1., 1°3-1°8 cm. br.; petiole *5-lcem.1. Spikes filiform, some-
what dense-flowered, 1-3 together terminal, and solitary axillary, slightly
fleshy with shallow elliptical depressions, 5-7 cm. 1.; bracts *4-*7 mm. br.
Berries *5-*7 mm. 1., slightly curved upwards and attached somewhat
laterally at the base; apical appendage projecting above berry about *2 mm.

Var, eaulibarbis var. nov. ; leaves broader than in the species
and often broadly ovate to ovate-elliptical, apex blunt to acute,
7-nerved, the upper nerves starting from above the base, blade
generally 3-5 em. 1., 1-5-2°5 em. br., petiole relatively shorter
than in the species; stem stouter, spike a little thicker than in
the species. —P. caulibarbis Mig. Syst. 98 (1843); OC. DC. in DC.
Prodr. «vi. pt. 1,409 ; Dahlst. Stud. 117.

On walls and trees; near Mabess River, 4000 ft.; road, Black River to

Newmarket, 150 ft.; edge of Great Morass, Negril; Harris! Fl. Jam.
8336, 9940, 10,246.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Vincent, Brazil.

Var. jimenesana C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 236; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, 5-plinerved, 3-5 cm. 1., 1-1'7 em. br. ;
petiole *4—*8 em. 1.

Bog Walk, Fawcett! Fl. Jam. 8133.—Hispaniola, Trinidad, Costa Rica
(fide C. DC.).

24. P, guadaloupensis C. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot. iv. 139
(1866) ; glabrous ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate to obovate-elliptical,
at base cuneate, apex obtuse, with black dots especially under-
neath ; spikes slender, two or three times as long as leaves.—
C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. wii. 239 & DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 416.
P. acuminata Griseb. op. cit. 165 (in part). P. myrtifolia
Dahlst. Stud. 124 (in part). Piper tenuiflorum Vahl in West
Bidr. Ste. Croix, 286 (1793) (specimen in Herb. Banks),

Wilson.—Cuba, St. Cruz, Guadeloupe, Guatemala.

Leaves 3-plinerved with an indistinct accessory nerve on each side,
8-5-5 cm. 1., 1*8-2°3 cm. br.; stalks 2-5 mm. 1. Spikes 2-3 terminal,

Peperomia PIPERACE 15

solitary axillary, rhachis somewhat lax-flowered, 6-11 cm. 1.; bracts
-5--6 mm. br., round or elliptical, 1-3 about same level on one side;
peduncles ‘5-1 cm.1. Berries *7-"8 mm. 1., apical appendage somewhat
acute.

B. Leaves opposite or whorled.

25. P. filiformis A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. 177 (1831) (non Ruiz &
Pav.) ; leaves opposite, 3-4 in a whorl at apex of branches,
small, linear or obovate-oblong ; spikes fleshy.—_Dahlst. Stud. 125
(excl. syn. P. linearis C. DC.); OC. DO. in Urb. Symb. Ant. wii. 261.
P. Swartziana Mig. Syst. Pip. 155 (1843); Griseb. op. cit. 167
(excl. habitat Porto Rico). Piper filiforme Sw. Prodr. 16 (1788),
Icon. t. 5 & Fl. Ind. Oce. 73. Type in Herb. Stockholm.

Amongst mosses on decaying logs; Broughton! Catherine Peak,
Swartz! Purdie; Green Hill Wood; Morse’s Gap, 4900-5000 ft.; near
Vinegar Hill, 4200 ft.; Hardware Gap; Harris! Fl. Jam. 7781, 7969, 8319,
8333, 10,126; Hardware Gap, 4000 ft.; G. Nichols!

Stem filiform, creeping, glabrous. Leaves 5-12 mm. 1., 1:5-3 mm. br.,
pellucid (when dry), apex obtuse, base acute, apex with a few scattered
hairs on the upper surface; stalk 2-3 mm.1. Spikes terminal, rhachis
with shallow depressions, dense-flowered, 1-1°5 cm. 1.; bracts 5-6 mm. br.,
1-2 visible about same level; peduncles glabrous, 4-5 mm.1l. Berries
-6 mm. 1|., bent upwards so as to appear to be attached laterally; apical
appendage small, ovate-roundish.

26. P. galioides Kunth in H,. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. i. 71
(1816) ; stem erect, puberulous on younger branches ; leaves 6—4
in a whorl, subsessile, obovate-oblong or oblong, at length
glabrous, with brownish pellucid dots underneath ; spikes thin.—
Mig. Illustr. 22, t. 20; Griseb. op. cit. 167; Hensch. Etud. 36,
t, 4, f. 3; Dahilst. Stud. 126, t. XI. 7; C. DC. loc. cit. Piper
galioides Roem. & Schult. Syst. i. 335 (1817).

Near Portland Gap, McNab! Wilson! March ; Portland Gap, 5400 ft. ;
Harris! Fl. Jam. 5498.—Hispaniola, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia. 3

Stem erect, branched. Leaves 5-8 mm. 1., 2-4 mm. br. (much longer
in continental specimens), apex obtuse and minutely puberulous. Spikes
1-8 terminal, solitary axillary; rhachis somewhat lax-flowered (very long
in continental specimens), shortly stalked; bracts *5 mm. br., 1-2 visible
about same level. Berries -7-*8 mm. 1., globose-ellipsoidal; apical appen-
dage with a short point.

27. P. verticillata A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. i. 179 (1831); leaves
3-5 in a whorl, very variable, obovate, obovate-oval, oblong-
obovate or roundish, apex rounded or obtuse; indumentum of
stem and leaves very variable even on the same plant, pilose
densely or sparingly ; spikes thin.—Griseb. op. cit. 167 ; Dahlst.
Stud. 128; C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. itt. 262. P. rubella Hook.
Exot. Fl. t. 58 (1823). P. pulchella A. Dietr. tom. cit. 177 ;
Griseb. loc. cit. Saururus erectus minor foliis &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 204. Piper verticillata D. Syst. ed. 10, 856 (1759),

16 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

Amen. v. 391 & Sp. Pl. ed. 2,43. PP. pulchellum Haw. Suce. 8
(1812). P. rubellum Haw. Succ. Rev. 3 (1821), (Pl. 1.) Type in
Herb. Linn.

On rocky banks amongst shrubs, and on dead trees; Browne in
Herb. Linn.! Broughton! Swartz! Hope River, 1300 ft.; Bellevue,
4500 ft.; Eggers! St. Helen’s Gap, 4800 ft.; near Latimer, Cinchona,
4800 ft.; Tweedside; Harris! J.P. 703, Fl. Jam. 8325, 8331.—Cuba, Mexico.

Plant 1-8 dm. high. Leaves *8-2 cm. 1, 4-8 mm. br. (in Jamaican
specimens); stalk 1-3 mm.1. Spikes terminal and axillary, rhachis some-
what lax-flowered, 2-7 cm. 1.; bracts 2 about the same level, 5 mm. br.

P. rubella is a form remarkable for the crimson colour of the stem and
under surface of leaf, but we cannot find any other distinguishing
feature. In Pl. 1, A, we have figured shoots of cultivated specimens from
the Cambridge Botanic Garden and Kew Gardens, which illustrate the
extreme variability of this species.

28. P. stellata A. Dietr. Sp. Pl. i. 175 (1831) ; leaves opposite
or 3-5 in a whorl, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, sub-
acuminate to obtuse, 3-nerved, margin revolute (in drying),
glabrous on upper surface, puberulous on the nerves underneath ;
spikes thin.—Griseb. op. cit. 167; C. DC. tom. cit. 270 (excl. syn.
P. rhomboides Dahlst.). P. turfosa C. DC. op. cit. v. 297 (1907).
Piper stellatum Sw. Prodr.16 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Oce. 74; Jacq.
Collect. iii. 212 & Icon. Rar. ii. t. 217.

Amongst mosses and peat on rocky banks; Broughton! Wilson ;
J.P. 660, Morris! Morse’s Gap, 4900 ft., Fawcett! near Mabess River,
4000 ft.; near Cinchona; Morse’s Gap; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8164, 8317, 8341.
‘* America meridionalis”” (probably Jamaica), Shakespear! “ Insule
Caribe ”’ (probably Jamaica) Masson !

Stem puberulous, erect, branching, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves becoming
elliptical below, 2-5 cm. 1., generally °5-1°5 cm. br.; stalks 2-5 mm. 1.
Spikes 1-3 terminal, solitary axillary, lax-flowered; rhachis 3-7 cm. 1.;
bracts *4--6 mm. br.; peduncles 7-15 mm.1. Berries ellipsoidal-globose,
*6-'7 mm. 1., apical appendage small, round.

29. P. blanda Kunth in H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp.i. 67 (1816) ;
leaves opposite, sometimes 3 or 4 in a whorl, sometimes solitary,
elliptical, obtuse, or shortly acuminate, 3-nerved, sparingly
puberulous on nerves of upper surface, pubescent beneath, margin
ciliate, covered with minute black dots beneath, sparingly dotted
on upper surface, stalks pubescent; spikes much longer than
leaf, lax-flowered, slender, peduncles puberulouws.— Hook. Exot. Fl.
t. 21; C. DC. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 458; Dahist. Stud. 131,
t. wi. f. 3. Piper blandum Jaeq. Ic. Rar. ti. C. 218.

Without locality, Broughton |—Tropical continental America to Mexico.

Stem erect, terete, pubescent, 2°5 dm. high. Leaves blade 2-3(-5) em. 1. ;

1-1°5 cm. br.; stalks 4-5 mm. 1. Spikes geminate, terminal and axillary,
rhachis 3-8 cm. 1., 1 mm. br.; bracts *6--7 mm. br.

30. P. barbata C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. v, 297 (1907) ; leaves
small, opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4, round or roundish-elliptical,
villose on both sides.

Peperomia PIPERACEA 17

On rocks; near Troy, 2000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8531.

Stems branching from the base, villose, 10-13 ecm. high. Leaves
10-17 mm. 1., 8-138 mm. br.; stalk 2-10mm.1. Spikes 2 or 1 terminal,
solitary axillary; rhachis 4-7 cm.1.; bracts 1-2 visible on same level,
‘5 mm. br.; peduncle hirsute, 5-8 mm, 1. Berries *75 mm. 1., black
(when dry).

31. P. Myrtillus Mig. Syst. Pip. 154 (1843); leaves 4-2 in a
whorl, lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, more or less acuminate,
glabrous, indistinctly 3—5-nerved ; spikes thick, fleshy.—Griseb.
op. cit. 168. P. rhombea CO. DC. op. cit. tii, 269 (1902) & tv, 192
(in part) (non Ruiz & Pav.) ; Dahist. Stud. 188 (in part).

On trees; Wiles; Macfadyen! Morse’s Gap, 4900 ft.; Latimer, near
Cinchona, 5000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 7968, 8326.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico.

Plant 2-3 dm. high, branching from base, with 3-6 branches, younger
puberulous. Leaves 1*5-3 cm. 1,, 7-10 mm. br.; stalk 2-6 mm. 1. Spikes
terminal and axillary; rhachis 2-6 cm. l., dense-flowered ; bracts *5 mm. br.,
elliptical, 2-3 visible on same level; peduncles 1-4 cm.1. Berries ‘75 mm.1.,
mucronate with apical appendage ; mucro 2 mm. 1.

©. de Candolle and Dahlstedt include this species under P. rhombea
Ruiz & Pay., but the berries are quite distinct, those of P. rhombea having
a pseudocupule, as shown by the type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

32. P. polystachya Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 23 (1823); leaves 3 in
a whorl (sometimes 2 or 4), obovate-subrhomboid, apex obtuse,
pubescent ; spikes somewhat fleshy.—Dahlst. Stud. 133 ; C. DC. in
Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 271. Piper obtusifolium Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. i.
t. 9 (1781-1786), non LZ. P. polystachyon Ait. Hort. Kew. 49.
(1789) ; Haw. Suce. 7.

Jamaica (fide Hooker, loc. cit.).—St. Cruz (fide Hooker, loc. cit.), Brazil,
Argentina. '

Stem pubescent. Leaves 3-4 cm. 1. to 2 cm. br.; 3-nerved; stalk to
5 em.1. Spikes terminal and axillary, somewhat dense-flowered, about
double as long as leaves; peduncles shorter than the spikes. Berries ovate,
mucronate. ~

§ 7. Berry smooth in the upper part, surrounded at the
base, sometimes as high as the middle, with a viscid
pseudocupule. Leaves whorled or opposite.

33. P. reflexa A. Dieir. Sp. Pl. i. 180 (1831); leaves 3-4
in a whorl, small, roundish- or rhombeo-elliptical or elliptical,
glabrous on upper surface, sometimes puberulous underneath,
especially near the apex ; stalk hirtellous ; spikes fleshy, densely
hirtellous.— Wight Ic. t. 1923, f. 1; Griseb. op. cit. 168 ; Hensch.
Btud. 26, t. IT. f.2; Dahlst. Stud. 174, ¢. IIT. f. 24, t. VIL f.5 ;
C. DC. tom. cit. 263, Piper reflexum JD. fil. Suppl. 91 (1781) ;
Sw. Obs. Bot. 23.

On trees and rocks; Broughton! Bancroft! Macfadyen! Distin! March ;
J.P. 1367, Morris! Abbey Green, 3800 ft.; near Mabess River, 4500 ft. ;

re

18 FLORA OF JAMAICA Peperomia

Harris! Fl. Jam, 6515, 8337; Newhaven Gap, 5500 ft., G. Nichols !—
Tropics throughout the world.

Leaves 8-13 mm. 1, 6-8 mm. br. Spikes terminal, dense-flowered ;
rhachis 1-2 cm. 1., 2-2-5 mm. br.; bracts, 8 visible about the same level ;
peduncles puberulous, as long as, or longer than, spikes. Berries ovate-
ellipsoidal, 1 mm, 1., *5 mm. br., with a pseudocupule reaching to middle;
style subconical, ‘2 mm. 1., with stigma at tip.

34. P. quadrifolia Kunth in H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. i. 69
(1816); glabrous; leaves obovate, emarginate, 4 in a_ whorl ;
spikes fleshy, dense-flowered.—Griseb. op. cit. 168 ; Hensch Btud. 33,
t. 4, f. 6; Dahlst. Stud. 185, t. IIT. 17-19; ©. DO. in Urb. Symb.
Ant, iii. 260 & iv. 192. Piper foliis quaternis &e. Plum. Pl.
Amer. (Burm.) 238, t. 242, f.3. Piper quadrifolium L. Sp. Pl.
ed. 2. 43 (1762).

On trees and rocky banks, amongst mosses; Broughton! Macfadyen!
McNab! Portland, Purdie! Metcalfe! Morris! Cinchona, 5000 ft., Fawcett!
Clute! Clydesdale, 4000 ft.; Cinchona; Harris! Fl. Jam. 7097, 8162, 8314,
8328.—Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela, Ecuador,
Peru.

Siem rooting below at the nodes, branches diffuse, 10-15 cm. 1. Leaves
cuneate at base, 9-14 mm, 1., 6-9 mm. br.; stalks 2 mm.1l. Spikes
solitary, terminal; rhachis 3-3°5 cm. 1.,1°5-2 mm. br.; bracts ‘5 mm. br.,
2-3 about the same level on one side; peduncles 1°5-2 cm.1l. Berries
‘6-"8 mm. 1., inclined upwards, ovate, minutely pitted, pseudocupule
+ length of berry; mucronate with style, mucro } length of berry.

35. P. septemnervis Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Per. i. 31, t. 47.¢.
(1798); glabrous ; leaves opposite or 3 in a whorl, lanceolate,
acuminate, 7-5-nerved ; spikes thick, fleshy.—Griseb. op. cit. 168 ;
Dahist. Stud. 191, t. III. 36; C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii.
271. P. penicillata C. DC. op. cit. v. 297 (1907), & var. magni-
folia C. DC. op. cit. vii, 190.

On trees and in peat on rocky banks; ‘“‘ America meridionalis”
seam Jamaica) Shakespear! Macfadyen! McNab! Purdie! March;
ohn Crow Peak, 6000 ft.; near Morse’s Gap, 4900 ft.; Latimer, near
Cinchona, 5000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 7966, 8315, 8327.—Hispaniola, Peru.
Plant 2 to over 3 dm, high. Leaves 3-8 cm. 1., 1-2cm. br. (rarely
broader); stalks 4-8 mm. 1. Spikes 1-3 terminal and solitary axillary,
dense-flowered ; rhachis 8-14 cm. 1., about 2mm. br.; bracts ‘5-*6mm. br.,
elliptical or roundish, 2-4 visible about same level; peduncles 2-4°5 cm. 1.
Berries ‘75 mm, 1., ovate-ellipsoidal, shortly stalked, pseudocupule about
middle, mucronate with style ; mucro broad, blunt, 25 mm. 1.

36. P. rhomboides Dahist. Stud. 190 t. ai. f. 32 (1900);
stem glabrous but above slightly puberulous; leaves 4 in a
whorl, ovate-lanceolate, rhomboid, acuminate, glabrous but more
or less ciliate at apex, obsoletely 3-nerved, dotted on both sides ;
spike very long, terminal, solitary, somewhat thick, dense flowered.

Without locality, March.

Stem creeping and rooting, apex and branches erect, angular (when
dry). eaves smaller than those of P. sepiemnervis. Petioles minutely
papilloso-puberulous. Spike about 5 times longer than the leaf. Peduncle
minutely and sparsely papillose, one-third to one-fourth length of leaf,

Peperomia PIPERACE 19

Bracts oval, ‘25-3 mm. 1. Berries subglobose, with stigma at oblique
conical apex, ‘8-1 mm. 1.
Description is taken from Dahlstedt, as we have not seen a specimen.

Berries not seen.

37. P. discolor C. DC. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 463 (1869) ;
leaves 3 in a whorl, small, elliptical, subacute at base and apex ;
stem slender, hispidulous ; spike filiform, thin.— C. DC. in Urb.
Symb. Ant. tii. 261. P. Myrtillus forma Mig. in Hook. Lond.
Journ. Bot. iv. 425 (1845). Type in Herb. Kew.

Without locality, Macfadyen |

Stem 5-7 cm. high. Leaves glabrous on upper surface, minutely
velvety-puberulous underneath on the nerves, 15-18 mm. 1., 6-8 mm. br. ;

petioles hispidulous, to 4 mm.1l. Spike somewhat lax-flowered, 3 cm. 1.;
peduncle 4 mm. 1.

38. P. Faweettii C. DOC. op. cit. v. 295 (1907) ; leaves ellip-
tical, sometimes obovate-roundish, puberulous on both sides ;
spikes fleshy ; bracts ‘4 mm. 1.

On trees; Portland Gap, 5550 ft.; Fawcett! Fl. Jam. 8362.

Stem creeping, with erect filiform branches, 3-5 cm. 1., puberulous
when young. Leaves ‘5-1 cm. 1., 3-7 mm. br.; stalks 1-2 mm.1. Spikes
terminal, solitary, before flowering about 1 cm. 1; bracts about 2 on
same level on one side; peduncles 3 mm. 1.

2. PIPER L.

Shrubs or rarely trees; branches usually jointed at the
nodes. Leaves alternate, entire (3-fid in P. Amalago v. variifolia),
base often unequal-sided, sometimes with pellucid dots. Flowers

. Fig. 2.—Piper dilatatum

L. C, Rich.

A, Leaves and young
spike.

B, Spike.

C, Portion of young
spike.

D, Portion of older

spike after fall of
anthers.

&

, Flower ; b, Bract.

sessile. Spikes opposite the leaves or umbellate on an axillary
peduncle. Bracts cucullate or peltate. Stamens 2-6. Ovary
sessile, obtuse ; stigmas generally 3 or 4. Berries small, ellip-
soidal, sometimes 3--4-angled, smooth.

c 2

Teg

20 FLORA OF JAMAICA Piper

Pepper Elder, Joint Wood.

Species, more than 700, widely distributed through the
warmer regions of the globe, wanting in Europe and temperate
N. America, most numerous in tropical America.

I. Spikes opposite the leaves.
1. Leaves palmatinerved. Berries somewhat dis-
tant from each other,

a. Leaves with all nerves springing from one
point quite at the base of the median
nerve, equal-sided at base, or almost
equal-sided. Berries blunt.

Spikes as long as, or a little longer than,

Phe lesves s.5. .sicadvssin ded sfoges paauree es 1. P. Amalago.
Spikes nearly twice as long as leaves.
Leaves lanceolate, acute at base......... 2. P. Wullschlaegelit.
Leaves ovate, rounded at base............ 3. P. nigrinodum.

b. Leaves with the two upper lateral nerves
generally springing from a point above
the base, not eqval-sided at base.
Berries MUCFONALE .......0.sececreceesereene 4. P. discolor.
2. Leaves penninerved. Berries crowded together
and more or less angled by pressure.
a, Leaves penninerved to apex, very unequal
at base; petiole grooved, with a margin
or wing to the groove.
Leaves puberulous underneath on nerves
ANG VEINS. 0420... scdernwersaseastoccesecsrscoes Oe Ls tuberculatum.
Leaves glabrous on both sides.............+- 6. P. arboreum.
b, Leaves penninerved scarcely beyond the
lower half; petiole without margins.
Leaves at base auriculate on the longer

BEG yiiga se esd eae) aemmeresenn eons coer ee 7. P. otophyllum.
Leaves not auriculate.
Leaves at base acute on both sides...... 8, P, Ledebourit.
Leaves at base rounded at least on one
side, ;
DUAN GURGOM, «i vice Sol Davis vss sdk viayotee 9, P. adunewm.

Spikes erect.
Branches more or less pubescent 10. P. scabrum.
Branches Villose .........0sccseessesses 11. P. hispidum.
Branches glabrous...............0....5. 12, P. jamaicense.

Leaves at base unequal, rounded on

SN ES 5 dF kins ves. wdasetaveskccpieys 13. P. dilatatum.
II. Spikes umbellate on the apex of an axillary
hh a ne vostcseeseresves LE, WP. aombellatum.

§ 1. Spikes opposite the leaves. Leaves palmatinerved eee
all the nerves springing from one point quite at the base
of the median nerve), equal-sided at base or almost equal-
sided. Flowers not in a distinet ring or spiral. Bracts
cucullate. Berries more or less distinct from one another,
at apex blunt.

l. P. Amalago L. Sp. Pl. 29 (1753); spikes as long as, or
a little longer than, leaves.—Wright Mem. 229; Haw. Suce. 4 ;

Piper ~ PIPERACEA 21

O. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. wi. 167. P. medium Jacq. Collect.
i. 141 (1786) & Ic. Rar. i. 2, t. 8; C. DO. tom. cit. 165 & op. cit.
iv. 184. P. Berteroanum C. DC. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 249
(1869). P. unguiculatum C. DC. tom. cit. 168 non Ruiz &
Pav. P. Richardianum 0. DC. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 249 &
in Urb. Symb, Ant. vii. 169. Piper longum arboreum kc. Sloane
Cat. 44 & Hist. 1. 134, t. 87, f. 1. Piper frutescens diffusum &e.
Browne Hist. Jam. 121; Enckea Amalago Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
169 (1859) (in part). Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

“Cope’s Plantation” Sloane Herb. ii. 79,80! Browne in Herb. Linn. !
Plukenet in Herb. Sloane xc. 105, ci. 109! Wright! Broughton! moun-
tains, Swartz! Caley! Bertero; Macfadyen! Distin! Westmoreland Mts.
and near Holland Bay, Purdie! Wilson; Prior! March; Newcastle, J.P.
1432, 1437, Hart! J.P. 2111, Morris! Toms River, Thompson! Hope
Tavern, 600 ft.; Campbell! Robertsfield ; Yallahs Valley, Blue Mts., 2500
ft.; Green River, 3500 ft.; Hope Mines, 750 ft.; road to Guava Ridge,
1500 ft.; Stanmore Hill, 2200 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6505, 6590, 8049,
8342, 8353, 8354, 9972; Millspawgh.—W. Indies, tropical America to Peru,
Paraguay, Argentina.

Shrub 6-16 ft., or small tree 20 {t.; branches glabrate or hirtellous.
Leaves variable in form and indumentum, ovate-elliptical, elliptical,
oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous
on upper surface, glabrous, or puberulous on nerves underneath, with very
numerous pellucid dots, 5-14 cm. 1., 2-7 cm. br.; stalks puberulous,

hirtellous, or glabrate, *5-1cm.1. Spikes dense-fiowered and shorter than °

the leaf, afterwards lax and as long or longer than the leaf; peduncle
glabrous, puberulous or hirtellous, as long as, or twice as long as the
petiole.

De Candolle separates P. mediwm Jacq. from P. Amalago L. by the
presence of hairs on the branches, leaves, and bracts of the former, but we
cannot find that this character is constant. The forms named P. mediwm
have generally a broader leaf and are more or less puberulous.

We have also included Jamaican specimens distributed as P. wngwicw-
latum Ruiz & Pay. They do not correspond with the specimen from
Ruiz & Pavon in Herb, Mus. Brit., in which the berries are fleshy and
much crowded.

Var. variifolia ; leaves unequally 3-lobed, lateral lobes very
short, median long linear-acuminate.—P. panduratum C. DC. in
DO. Prodr, xvi. pt. 1, 250 (1869). PP. subpanduriforme C. DC.
in Urb. Symb. Ant. wi. 170 (1902). Enckea Amalago var.
variifolia Griseb. loc. cit. (1859).

Fairfield, Wzllschlaegel.

2. P. Wullsehlaegelii C. DC. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 249
(1869) ; leaves subovate-lanceolate, at base acute; spikes nearly
twice as long as the leaf.—C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 168.

St. Thomas-in-East, Wilson; between Fairfield and Nazareth, Wuwil-
schlaegel.

Shrub. Branches glabrous. Leaves with minute pellucid dots, apex
attenuate-acuminate, glabrous on both sides; limb 6 cm. 1., 2 cm. br.;
stalk glabrous,4mm.1. Pedwncle glabrous, a little longer than the leaf-
stalk. :

22 FLORA OF JAMAICA Piper

3. P. nigrinodum ©. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 294 (1907) ;
leaves ovate, at base rounded ; spike nearly twice as long as leaf.

Black Jointer.

Near Troy, 1500 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 9075.

Shrub 10 ft. high. Branches glabrous, striate, slender, flexuose, jointed,
black. Leaves small, apex acuminate, thinly membranous (when ary},
with very numerous minute pellucid dots, glabrous on both sides; lim
4°5-7T om. l., 2°5-4 em. br.; stalks slender, glabrous, 5-7 mm.1. Spikes
somewhat dense (in fr.), about 8 cm. 1.; peduncles glabrous, 10-13 mm. 1.
Berries about 2 mm. 1.

§ 2. Spikes opposite the leaves. Leaves palmatinerved (the
two upper lateral nerves springing from a point above
the base), the sides slightly unequal at the base. Flowers
not in a distinct ring or spiral. Bracts subcucullate.
Berries more or less distant from one another, at apex
mucronate.

4, P, discolor Sw. Prodr. 15 (1788), Fl. Ind. Oce. 52 & Ie.
ined. t. 55.—P. Swartzii C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 202.
Type in Herb. Stockholm.

Swartz! Wilson; March; near Whitfield Hall Works, Blue Mts.;
below Vinegar Hill, 3500 ft.; between Askenish and Dolphin Head;
Harris! Fl. Jam. 5175, 7447, 8347, 9254.

Shrub 8-10 ft. high. Branches, younger puberulous, afterwards
glabrate. Leaves elliptical to broadly elliptical, at base unequal-sided,
generally rounded on the longer side and acute on the shorter side,
acuminate, on both sides glabrous, membranous, with very numerous
pellucid dots, 6-7°5 cm. 1, 3-5°75 cm. br., difference between the sides
of the limb 2-4 mm.; stalks glabrate,4-6 mm.1. Spike somewhat shorter
than the leaf, becoming somewhat lax in fruit; peduncle glabrate, longer
than the leaf-stalk,

§ 3. Spikes opposite the leaves. Leaves penninerved, the
sides not equal at the base. Flowers in distinct spirals
or rings. Bracts peltate. Berries crowded together and
more or less angled by pressure, at apex blunt.

A. Leaves penninerved to apex, very unequal at base ; petiole
grooved, with a margin to the groove.

5. P. tubereulatum Jacq. Collect. v. 7 (1786-96); leaves
puberulous on nerves and veins beneath.—Jacq. Ic. Rar. it. 2,
t, 211. ©. DO. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii, 177.

Bertero ; Macfadyen |\—Cuba, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Tobago, Trinidad,
Mexico, Panama, Columbia, Brazil, Venezuela.

Tree about 16 ft. high. Branches younger puberulous or glabrate.
Leaves ovate-elliptical or oblong, base rounded on both sides, sometimes
subcordate, apex obtuse to subacute, glabrous above, puberulous on nerves
and veins below, penninerved to apex, membranous (when dry), sparingly
gland-dotted, 9-14 cm. 1., 4-6 cm. br.; difference between the sides of the
limb to 15 mm.; stalks puberulous,7mm.1. Spike as long as, or longer
than, the leaf; peduncle puberulous or glabrate,

Piper PIPERACE 23

6. P. arboreum Aubl. Pl. Guian. i. 23 (1775) ; leaves glabrous
on both sides.—P. geniculatum C. DC. tom. cit. 178.

Shrub or tree 6-25 ft. high. Branches glabrous, nodes more or less
swollen. Leaves variable—ovate, oblong-ovate, oblong, elliptical or
lanceolate, at the base rounded or acute on each side, apex obtuse or
acute, iand sometimes attenuated or acuminate, glabrous on both sides,
with no pellucid dots, or only a few indistinct; stalk glabrous. Spikes
obtuse, shorter than the leaves; peduncle glabrous, about equal to the
whole petiole.

There appear to be several forms of this species, the chief
are :—

Form geniculata, leaves large, elliptical or oblong-elliptical,
apex obtuse, base rounded or subcordate, somewhat leathery,
15-40 cm. 1., 6-14 cm. br.; nodes more or less swollen.—
P. geniculatum Sw. Prodr. 15 (1788), Fl. Ind. Oce. 57 & Ie. ined.
t. 51; C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 178. P. macrophyllum Sw.
Prodr. 15 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 54; Haw. Suce. 3. P. verrucosum Sw.
Prodr. 15 & Fl. Ind. Oce. 56. Artanthe xestophylla Mig. Syst.
Pip. 491 (1844). A. Lessertiana Mig. op. cit. 405. A. verru-
cosa and A. macrophylla Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 171 (1859).
Piper longum arboreum foliis latissimis Sloane Cat. 45 & Hist.

i. 135, t. 88, f. 1. Piper frutescens minus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. °

122. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Woods; “ Rio Nuovo on north side of island,’ Sloane, Herb. ii. 84 and
Ic. ined! St. Mary; St. Elizabeth; Browne; Swartz! Wright! Macfadyen!
St. Mary, McNab! St. Ann and Westmoreland, Purdie! Wilson! Mo-
neague; Pleasant Valley; Prior! near Colthirst River, St. George;
between Askenish and Dolphin Head, 1200 ft.; Tyre, near Troy, 2000 ft. ;
Harris! Fl. Jam. 5569, 8734, 9242, 9465.—Cuba, Trinidad, tropical 8S. America.

Form nitida, leaves lanceolate, oblong or elliptical, apex
generally acuminate, at base attenuated. or obtuse, papery (when
dry), 8-15 cm. ]., 3-6 cm. br.—P. nitidum Sw. Prodr. 15, Fl. Ind.
Oce. 58 & Ic. ined. t. 52; Haw. Succ. 5. Type in Herb. Stock-
holm.

Wright! Swartz! Macfadyen! Guy’s Hill, St. Mary, Purdie! J.P. 1122,
Morris! Newcastle, J.P. 529, 2109, Hart! Morse’s Gap, 4900 ft., Harris!
John Crow (Blake) Mts., 1500 ft.; Harrisand Britton! Fl. Jam. 8324, 10,774;
— warner: Britton 2661! Fern Gully, Ocho Rios, Britton and Hollick

Form staminea, very like form nitida, but leaves more
leathery (when dry), generally narrower and less acuminate ;
slender tree, 20-30 feet high.—Artanthe staminea Mig. in Hook.
Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 461 (1845). Piper stamineum C. DC.
tom. cit. 176. P. olens C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 182 (1912).

Manchester Mts., Purdie! Woodstock, Westmoreland ; lower slopes of
Dolphin Head; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9832, 10,295.—Cuba, Porto Rico.

24 FLORA OF JAMAICA Piper

B. Leaves penninerved scarcely beyond the lower half ; petiole
. without margins.

7. P. otophyllum C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 196 (1902) ;
leaves at the base very unequal-sided, the longer side auriculate
and covering the stalk.

Jointy Benna,

Between Cinchona and Morse’s Gap, Fawcett! Latimer, near Cinchona,
5000 ft.; Bryan’s Hill, 3000 ft.; Dollwood; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5108, 8159,
8197, 8329, 8349.

Shrub 6-8 ft. high. Branches villose. Leaves elliptical or ovate-
elliptical, the shorter side at base rounded or subacute, apex acuminate,
villous on both sides, especially on the nerves below, the older leaves
bullulate, rough above, penninerved in lower half, papery (when dry), with
numerous pellucid dots, 8-15 cm.1., 4-8 cm. br.; stalk villous, below the
limb 1-9 mm. l., between the sides of the limb 2-5mm.1. Spike nearly
as long, or as long, as the leaf; peduncle glabrous, generally longer than
the leaf-stalk,

Form troyana form. nov.; leaves above smooth, glabrate,
below hirtellous with adpressed hairs especially on the nerves ;
stalk puberulous ; branches at first puberulous, then glabrate or
roughish.

Near Troy, 1500 ft., Harris! Fl, Jam. 8545,

8. P. Ledebourii var. jamaicense C. DC. tom. cit. 182 (1902) ;
leaves at the base slightly unequal-sided, on both sides acute ;
branches glabrous.

Hills above Kingston, 490 ft., Lehmann.

Shrub 6 ft. high. Leaves oblong-elliptical, acuminate, glabrous on
upper surface, with a few adpressed hairs on nerves and veins underneath,
with a few pellucid dots, to 13 cm. 1.,5 cm. br.; stalks glabrous, below the
limb 5 mm. 1,, between the sides of the limb almost 3 mm. 1. Spikes a
little shorter than the leaf; peduncle glabrous, shorter than the whole
petiole.

9. P. aduneum L. Sp. Pl. 29 (1753) ; leaves oblong-elliptical
to lanceolate, at base rounded or subcordate; spikes more or
less curved; branches puberulous or glabrate-—Wright Mem.
247 ; Haw. Succ. 3; C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii, 184, iv. 185.
P. longum folio nervoso &ec. Sloane Hist. i. 135, t. 87, f. 2. P.
frutescens diffusum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 122. Artanthe adunca
Mig. Comm. Phyt. 49, t. 4, f. 1 (1838) ; Griseb. op. cit. 171.

Rio Cobre, Sloane, Herb. ii. 81! Houstown! Wright; Broughton ;
Dancer! Shakespear! Swartz! Macfadyen! Murray ; Hopewell, St. Mary,
McNab! Moneague, Prior! near Port Morant, Hitchcock; J.P. 2105,
Morris! Hope, 600 ft., Campbell! Cedar Hurst; Green River, 3500 ft. ;
road to Guava Ridge, 1800 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5214, (in part), 6431,
8345, 8355.—Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Vincent,
Grenada, Barbados, Tobago, Trinidad, Tropical America.

Shrub 12-20 ft. high. eaves, apex long-acuminate, rough above and
hirtellous on nerves, pubescent below, especially on the nerves, papery

Piper PIPERACE 25

eae dry), with pellucid dots, 14-20 cm. 1., 4-7 cm. br.; stalk very short,
-7 mm. 1., puberulous. Spike shorter than the leaf; peduncle pube-
rulous, 2 or 3 times as long as the petiole.

10. P. seabrum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 59 (1797) & Ie. ined. t. 54 ;
leaves broadly elliptical-ovate, acuminate, rounded or obtuse at
the base, rough on both sides, hirtellous above on young leaves,
pubescent underneath on nerves and veins; petiole, peduncle
and branches hirsute-tomentose.—C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii.
187 & iv. 185, under P. hispidum Sw. P. hirsutum var. jamai-
cense C. DC. in Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 276 (1869). Artanthe scabra
a Griseb. loc. cit. Type in Herb. Stockholm.

Broughton! Swartz! Port Antonio, Von Rohr! Caley! Distin! Wilson!
Moneague; Pleasant Valley; Prior! March! J.P. 873, 1045, Morris!
Cedar Hurst; road to Guava Ridge, 2000 ft.; near Troy, 1500 ft.; Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5214 (in part), 8357, 8544.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, tropical America.

Shrub. Branches at length glabrate or rough. Leaves acuminate,
with obscure pellucid dots, 12-20 cm. 1., 4-11 cm. br.; stalks short.
Spikes shorter than leaf, 10-13 cm. 1.; peduncle about as long as. the
whole petiole.

11. P. hispidum Sw. Prodr. 15 (1788) & Ic. ined. t. 53; leaves

oblong-elliptical, at base obtuse or subacute on longer side, - .

villous on upper surface and on nerves and veins beneath ;

tiole, peduncle and branches villous with jointed hairs.—
C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. itt. 187 ; Haw. Succ. 5, P. hirsutum
Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 60 (1797). P. Harrisii C. DC. tom. cit. 189 ;
var. macrophyllum ©, DC. op. cit. vit. 183. P. Fadyenii C. DC.
op. cit. ii. 191. Artanthe scabra f hirsuta Griseb. loc. cit.

Swartz! Macfadyen! McNab! Portland Gap, Purdie! Morris! near
Whitfield Hall Works, Blue Mts.; Green River, 3500 ft.; Harris! Fl.
Jam. 5174, 8344; Clyde River, 4000 ft., G. Nichols! Whitfield Hall,
Mazon |—Cuba. + ane

Shrub. Branches at length glabrate. Leaves with obscure pellucid

dots, 8-13 cm. 1., 2°5-6 cm. br.; stalks short. Spikes shorter than the
leaf; peduncle about as long as the whole petiole.

12. P. jamaicense C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. tii. 192 (1902) ;
leaves elliptical-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, at the base rounded
on the longer side, roundish, obtuse or acute on the shorter, apex

acuminate, glabrous or roughish on the upper surface, hirtellous

with adpressed hairs on the nerves underneath ; petiole hirtellous
with adpressed hairs or glabrate; peduncle and branches glab-
rous, or at first pubescent, at length glabrate.—P. Murrayanum
C. DC. in DC. Prodr, avi. pt. 1, 280 (1869). P. guavanum C. DC.
in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 190. Artanthe jamaicensis Griseb. op.
eit. 170 (1859) (excel. syn.).

Murray; Prior! March! Guava Ridge, 2000 ft., Eggers; Bluefield
Mt., Britton and Hollick 2474! Castleton Hill, 1000 ft., Thompson! Green

26 FLORA OF JAMAICA Piper

River, 3500 ft.; Bryan’s Hill, 3000-3500 ft.; Guava Ridge road, 1500 ft. ;
Harris! Fl. Jam. 8027, 8343, 8349, 8350, 8358; Hardware Gap, 4000 ft.,
G. Nichols!

Shrub or small tree 6-12 ft. high. Leaves with pellucid dots, 7-13 em.
1., 2°5-5°5 cm. br.; stalks below the limb 1-5 mm. ]., between the sides of
the limb 2-5 mm.1. Spikes half as long, to as long, as the leaf; peduncle
as long as the petiole, or two or three times as long.

Form mierophyllum form. nov. ; leaves smaller than in the
typical species, ovate-elliptical, rough on upper surface, 5-7 em. 1.,
2-3 em. br.—P. microphyllum C. DC. op. cit. 190.

Near Whitfield Hall Works, Blue Mts., Harris! Fl. Jam. 5172.

13. P. dilatatum L. Cl. Rich. in Act. Soc. Hist. nat. Paris,
105 (1792); leaves large, elliptical or rhomboid-ovate, at the
base unequally cordate, apex acuminate, with sparsely scattered
hairs on both sides especially on the nerves ; petiole grooved at
the base, hirtellous ; peduncle puberulous or glabrate, generally
shorter than the petiole-——C. DC. op. cit. 197.

Caley !—Lesser Antilles, continental tropical America.

Shrub 8-10 ft. high. Branches, when young, puberulous, afterwards
glabrate. Leaves 14-20 cm. 1., 7-11 cm. br., difference between the sides
of the limb about 5 mm.,; stalk 1-1°5 cm.1. Spikes one-fourth to one-
half as long as the leaf. Bract villous.

§ 4. Spikes umbellate on the apex of an axillary peduncle.
Leaves large, cordiform or peltate. Berries crowded
together and more or less angled by pressure.

14. P. umbellatum L. Sp. Pl. 30 (1753); Haw. Succ. 3;
C. DC. in Urb. Symb. Ant. iii. 210 & iv. 187. P. peltatum L. loc.
cit.; Haw, loc. cit.; C. DC. in Urb Symb. Ant. iii. 208 & iv. 186.
P. longum racemosum malvaceum Sloane Cat. 45, Hist. i. 136.
Potomorphe umbellata Mig. Comm. Phyt. 36 (1840) ; Griseb. op.
cit, 169. P. peltata Mig. op. cit. 37 (1840); Griseb. loc. cit. ;
Britton in Torr. Bot. Club Bull. xaxv. 566.

Colt’s-foot.

Sloane, Herb, ii., 86*, 87 ; viii. 135 (2), and 149 at Swartz | Houstown |!
Broughton! Shakespear! Murray; Distin! McNab! St. Mary, Purdie!
Prior! March! Resource plantation, Hart! Moore Park, Portland, 2000 ft. ;
road to Guava Ridge, 2000 ft.; Castleton district, 500 ft.; Harris! J.P.
1261, 1264; Fl. Jam. 6631, 8356, 8441, 8442; near Kingston, Hansen ;
Norwich, Milispaugh.—Throughout the West Indies and tropical America.

Shrub 2-6 ft. high. Branches glabrous in the peltate form, puberulous
in the other. Leaves with long stalks, large, sometimes peltate, roundish,
at base repand-cordate or deeply cordate, at apex acute or attienuate-
acute, glabrous on both sides usually in the peltate form, puberulous on
the nerves on both sides in the other form, palmatinerved, the central
nerve with two pinnate nerves on each side below, with numerous pellucid
dots, 1-8 dm. 1. and br.; stalk glabrous in the peltate form, puberulous in
the other, about 2 dm. 1.; common peduncle several times shorter than
the leaf-stalk, 1-7 cm. 1., glabrous in the peltate form, puberulous in the
other. Spikes 4-10, umbellate.

Piper PIPERACEA 27

Famiry II, CHLORANTHACEZ,

Aromatic shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, serrate, penni-
veined, stipules connate into a sheath and enclosing the stem.
Inflorescence terminal or axillary. Flowers hermaphrodite or

Fig. 3.—_Hedyosmum nutans Sw.
A, End of shoot with male (a) andfemale C, Female flower.

(b) inflorescences. D, Fruit of H. arborescens Sw., cut length-
B, Male flower. wise (after Baillon).

unisexual. Male flowers spicate; perianth wanting. Stamens ;
filaments very short, continuous with the connective ; anthers
2-celled. Female flowers paniculate; perianth superior, incon-
spicuous. Ovary l-celled; ovule single, orthotropous, pendulous
from the apex. Drupe small, ovoid or globose, exocarp succulent.
Seed of same shape, pendulous ; embryo minute at the base of a
copious endosperm.

About 40 species, distributed through tropical America,
tropical and east Asia, and the islands of the Pacific to New
Zealand.

28 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hedyosmum

HEDYOSMUM Sw.

Branches jointed at the nodes. Flowers unisexual, sometimes
diecious. Male flowers, without bracts. Anther single, oblong ;
the connective produced beyond the cells; the cells parallel,
dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers paniculate ; perianth
very short, 3-lobed ; style very short. Drupe 3-cornered.

About 21 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

Headache Bush.

Leaves lanceolate .........sssssccscsssseoves 1. H. nutans.
Leaves oblong-elliptical ..............006+ 2. H. arborescens.

1, H. nutans Sw. Prodr. 84 (1788); monecious; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate ; anthers with the connective
produced beyond the cells nearly as long as the cells; female
flowers distant from each other along the branches of a cymose
panicle.—Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 959, t. 18; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
173 ; Solms in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 479; Engler in Engl. &
Prantl Nat. Pfl. iii. pt. 1, 13, f. 13. (Fig. 3, A-C.)

Flowers throughout the year; Wright! Broughton! Shakespear!
Swartz! Macfadyen! Morse’s Gap, McNab! Port Royal Mts., Purdie!
Wilson! Blue Mts.; Moneague; Prior! Morse’s Gap, J.P. 900, Morris!
Keith Hall, 2000 ft., Thompson! Kentucky Hill, Bluefields Mt., 2000-
2500 ft., Harris! F1. Jam. 6467, 7976, 10,204.—Cuba.

Shrub 6-12 ft. high. Leaves 6-12 cm. 1., 11-18 mm. br. Male spikes
axillary with the female panicles, at first ellipsoidal, 1 cm. 1., then
cylindrical 2 cm.1.; with long peduncles 8cm.1. Female flowers, each
with an ovate bract. Drwpe 2 mm. 1. ,

2. H. arborescens Sw. Prodr. 84 (1788); dicecious ; leaves
oblong-elliptical, shortly and abruptly acuminate ; anthers, the
connective scarcely produced beyond the cells, subpeltate at
apex ; female flowers in clusters of two or three enclosed by bracts,
clusters arranged along a panicle.—Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 961; Griseb.
loc. cit.; Solms tom. cit. 482; Baill. Hist. wii. 478; Engler tom.
cit. 12, f. 11; Urb. Symb. Ant. wv. 192. (Fig. 3, D.)

Flowers Aug.; Wright! Broughton! Swartz! Macfadyen! Manchester,
Purdie! March; J.P. 1084, Morris! Catherine Peak, 4000 ft., Hggers!
Morse’s Gap, G. Nichols!—Cuba, Porto Rico, Montserrat, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Brazil.

Shrub 12-16 ft. high. Leaves 8-12 cm.1.,1°5-4 cm. br. Male spikes
ellipsoidal, to 1 cm. 1., in clusters along a common peduncle. pe
38 mm. ],

Lacistema LACISTEMACEAS 29

Faminy IIT. LACISTEMACEA.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, distichous, shortly
stalked, penniveined, without stipules. Flower-spikes slender,
cylindrical, short, sessile, clustered in the axils. Bracts imbri-
cate, small, broad, concave. Bracteoles 2, at the base of the very
short pedicel, linear-subulate. Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary
under the bracts. Perianth of distinct, unequal segments.

Fig. 4.—Lacistema aggregatum comb. nov.

A, Leaves and spikes. F, G, Front and side view of anther and
B, Tip of spike. pistil.
C, D. E, Front, side and back view of a 4H, Fruits.

flower from lower part of spike with I, Section of fruit with seed.

b. bract and br, bracteole.

Disk somewhat fleshy. Stamen 1, on the disk. Anther at the
apex of a filament, of two distinct cells on the forked connective,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior in the centre of the
disk, with two or three short stigmas, 1-celled, with three parietal
placentas. Ovules one or two on each placenta, anatropous,
pendulous. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, dehiscing by three
valves. Seed solitary, pendulous. Embryo in the centre of, and

30 FLORA OF JAMAICA Lacistema

a little shorter than, the endosperm, straight ; cotyledons foli-
aceous, about as long as the radicle.

One genus with 17 species, all natives of tropical America,
from the West Indies and Mexico to Brazil and Peru.

LACISTEMA Sw.

L. aggregatum comb. nov.—L. myricoides Sw. Prodr. 12
(1788), Fl. Ind. Occ. 1093, t. 21 & Icon. Pl. t. 1; Schnizl. in Fi.
Bras. iv. pt. 1, 282, t. 81, f. 3; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 25;
A. DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 2, 591. Piper aggregatum Berg. in Act.
Helv. vii. 131, t. 10 (1772). P. fasciculare Rudge Pl. Guian. t. 4
(1805). (Fig. 4.)

Wright! Swartz! Purdie! Bath, Wilson; Moneague, Prior! March ;
Dolphin Head; near Troy, 2000 ft.; Harris! John Crow (Blake) Mts.,
Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 10,308, 10,675, 10,740; Union Hill, near

Moneague, Britton & Hollick, 2805!—Central America and tropical §.
America.

Small tree 15-20 ft. high. Leaves elliptical or elliptical-oblong, shortly
acuminate, entire, glabrous, 8-11 cm. 1.,3-5 cm. br.; stalk *5 cm. 1. Spikes
greenish-yellow, as many as seven in each axil, generally longer than the
petiole. Sepals 4, irregularly ovate, serrulate, the anterior sometimes
obovate. Diskample. Fruit ellipsoidal, 6-8 mm, 1.

[Famity SALICACE AE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, penniveined. Stipules
free. Flowers diccious, in catkins, solitary in axil of each bract.
Perianth wanting. Male flowers: stamens 2 to indefinite, on the
receptacle. Female flowers: ovary 1-celled, with 2—4 parietal
placentas. Ovules ascending, anatropous. Capsule 2—4 valved.
Seeds numerous, small, densely hairy. Endosperm wanting.
Embryo straight ; cotyledons flattish, equal ; radicle very short,
inferior.

Species about 200, mostly in the north temperate zone; a
few tropical.

SALIX L.

Catkins dense, erect, with sessile flowers. Disk of 1-2 glands.
Ovary with 2 placentas. Ovules 4~-80n each placenta. Capsule
2-valved.

Species about 170, with distribution of the Family.

Willow.

S. chilensis Molina Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chil. 169 (1782).—S. Hum-
boldtiana Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 657 (1805); Kunth in H. B. & K. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. ii. 22, tt. 99-100 ; Leybold in Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 1, 227,
t. 71; Griseb, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 113.

Salix SALICACEAS 3k

Purdie! Wilson; Troy, 2000 ft., Harris! Fl, Jam. 8748.—Cuba, Porto
Rico, Texas, Mexico, S. America to Chile.

Tree to 40 ft. high. Leaves linear, acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, to
13 cm. 1., to 8 mm, br.; stipules deciduous. Catkin 5-7 cm. 1., terminal
on leafy branches, appearing with the leaves; bracts woolly, deciduous.
Stamens 4-7. Capsules about 4 mm, 1., glabrous, ovate, stalked; stalk
much longer than the gland.

Mr. W. Harris states :— The Salix trees at Troy were certainly planted,
and I have never seen this species in a wild state. Mr. Muirhead, a very
old resident near Troy, told me that a friend of his brought the original
cuttings from some part of South America,’’]

Famity IV. MYRICACEA.

Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic. Leaves alternate,
penniveined ; stipules wanting. Flowers unisexual, sessile under
the scale-like bracts, in short cylindrical spikes. Perianth

Fig. 5.—Myrica microcarpa Benth..

A, Shoot with male spikes. F, Twig with fruit.

B, Young male spike. G, Fruit.

C, Male flower. H, Fruit with seed cut lengthwise ; 0,
D, Portion of female spike. outer soft layer ; %, inner hard layer

E, A female flower with bract cut off. of pericarp.

32 FLORA OF JAMAICA Myrica

wanting, but the flowers, especially the female, have 2—4 bracteoles
within the bract. Male spikes on branches of the first year’s
growth. Stamens on a receptacle which is adnate to the base of
the bract, with short filaments. Anthers with 2 distinct parallel
cells dehiscing longitudinally. Female flowers: ovary 1-celled ;
style short with 2 filiform branches stigmatic on the inside.
Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous. Drupe small, bearing waxy
papille. Seed without endosperm. Embryo straight; coty-
ledons flat ; radicle short, superior. :

Species 58, widely dispersed in the temperate and warmer
regions of the whole globe, except Australia.

MYRICA L.

This genus is the only one in the Family.

Leaves not pitted on upper surface but with a few
superficial yellow glands.

Male spikes 7-12 mm, 1. ...2,..01....ececeeceeccaceseeeeees 1. M. microcarpa.

Male spikes 8-5 mm. 1... ..s..scceecesesecesesseseeeresserees Qe ML. microstachya.
Leaves with numerous pits.

Male spikes 8420 mm. Jeo. ce petite sess eedeeeunsescsens 3. M. cerifera,

1. M. mierocarpa Benth. Plant. Hartw. 266 (1839) ; lenticels
on branches large, white, apparent; leaves oblanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base, more or less toothed in. the
upper margin, upper surface not pitted but with a few super-
ficial yellow glands ; male spikes 7-12 mm. |. ; stamens usually 4,
united 2—? of length.—-Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 177 (in part) ;
Urban in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xv. 358; Cheval. in Mém. Se. Nat.

Cherb. auaii. 274. (Fig. 5.)

Wax Wood.

Wright! Masson! Lindsay! Bancroft! Macfadyen! Port Royal Mts.,
Purdie! March; Hartweg! Blue Mt. Peak, Prior! Mountains, 4000 ft,
and upwards, J.P. 637, Hart! Cinchona, 4500 ft., Fawcett! Farm
Hill Works, Harris! Fl. Jam. 5612, 8152, 8461, 8462, 9138; Cinchona,
G. Nichols

Shrub or small tree, 9-15 ft. high. Leaves 3-6 cm. 1., 1-2 cm. br.,
becoming crowded towards end of shoot, with very minute hairs on upper
surface which are more apparent on the median nerve, underneath
generally pubescent and punctate with numerous yellow glands; lateral
nerves at angle of 60°-75° from median, prominent underneath. Bracts
of male spikes 1-1*5 mm. 1. and br., of fruit-bearing spikes -6--7 mm. L.,
*8--9 mm. br. Fruit 2°5-3 mm, 1., subglobose, crowned with the style-

branches.

2. M. mierostachya Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xv. 361
(1892) ; lenticels large, white, apparent ; leaves oboval-elliptical
or oblong-lanceolate, slightly cuneate at base, generally entire,
sometimes with 1-3 small teeth which are occasionally on one

Myrica MYRICACEZ 33

side only ; upper surface with a few resinous points ; male spikes
4—6 mm. 1. ; stamens 2 or 3.—Cheval. tom. cit. 276.

Locality in Jamaica and collector unknown.

Leaves 2°5-3 cm. 1., °*9-1°3 cm. br.; internodes 1-3 mm. 1., with very
minute hairs, disks underneath numerous with yellow glands, lateral

nerves at an angle of 65°-70° from median, prominent underneath. Bracts
*4--5 mm.1., °5 mm. br. We have not seen a specimen.

3. M. eerifera L. Sp. Pl. 1024 (1753); lenticels small, not
very apparent; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, long-
cuneate at base and attenuated into the petiole, entire or with a
few teeth near apex, with numerous pits on upper surface with
yellow resin; male spikes 8-20 mm. 1]. ; stamens usually 4—-6.—
Urb. tom. cit. 358; Cheval. tom. cit. 261. M. microcarpa Griseb.
loc. cit. (in part).

Locality in the island unknown; Lindsay !—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, Bahamas, Guadeloupe, Bermuda, southern United States.

Shrub or small tree 6-10 ft. high. Twigs hairy or glabrous. Leaves
4-10 cm. 1., ‘8-1°5 cm. br., adult usually glabrate, but velvety on median
nerve on upper surface and sometimes puberulous underneath; pits
numerous below with yellow or reddish glands; lateral nerves at angle of
50°-60° from median, not prominent underneath. Frwit small, globose,
3 mm. l. and br.; when ripe covered with waxy papille.

Var. dubia Cheval. tom. cit. 265 (1902); leaves larger,
5-12 cm. 1., 1— barely 2 cm. br., lanceolate, generally with 3-5
pairs of large teeth in upper half; surface almost glabrous, with
few glands.

Locality in the island unknown; Lindsay !—Florida.

Famity V. JUGLANDACEA.

Trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate; stipules wanting.
Flowers moncecious, male in catkins, female in erect terminal
spikes. Male flowers adnate to the bract. Stamens numerous.
Female flowers sessile on the rhachis. Perianth epigynous, with
4 teeth or lobes. Ovary 1-celled ; style short with 2 stigmatic
branches. Ovule solitary, erect from the base, orthotropous.
Fruit drupaceous; exocarp fleshy or succulent, endocarp hard,
intruded at the base, dividing the fruit into 2 or 4 imperfect
cells, Seed solitary, without endosperm. Embryo of the same
shape as the seed, with superior radicle.

Species 32 or 33, widely dispersed through the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere, and in the tropics in the
mountains of Asia, Central America and the West Indies.

34 FLORA OF JAMAICA Juglans

’

JUGLANS L.

Perianth of male flowers concrete with the linear bract, the
margin irregularly 5-6-lobed. Stamens inserted on the linear
receptacle in 2 or several series, the connection of the anthers
generally clavate or dilated at the apex but scarcely extending
beyond the cells. In the female flowers the bract and bracteoles
are adnate to the ovary at the base forming an involucre with
margin irregularly 3—5-lobed or toothed. Perianth limb 4-toothed
or 4-lobed. Drupe with wrinkled endocarp.

Species 9, with distribution of the family.

Fig. 6.—Juglans jamaicensis C. DC,
A, Leaf (after Descourtilz).
B, Female flower.
C, Fruit.
D, Putamen (B, C, D after Urban).

J. jamaiecensis C. DC. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 2, 138 (1864).—-
Urb. in Notizbl. k. bot. Gart. & Mus. Berlin, i. 29-31, fig. C. E.
(1895) & Symb. Ant. iv. 193. J. fraxinifolia Descourt. Fl. med.
Ant. vii. 5, t. 453 (1829), non Lam, (Fig. 6.)

Jamaica (side Descourtilz), but not found in recent years.—Hispaniola,
Porto Rico.

Leaves 6-9-jugal, leaflets generally alternate, lanceolate, serrate,
unequal at base. Female flower, perianth-lobes linear, ovary ovate,
acuminate, style-branches long, pendulous. Fruit obversely piriform,
about 4 cm. 1, and as broad at base; putamen 8-3°5 cm. l., 2:7-3 cm, br.,
concave at base, acuminate above.

Famity VI. BATIDACEZ,

A maritime glabrous shrub, with prostrate stems and
numerous opposite ascending branches. Leaves opposite, sessile,
fleshy, linear or linear-oblong, semiterete, entire. Flowers
dicecious, in strobiles which are solitary in the axils. Male
flowers: strobile sessile ; scales free, tightly imbricate in 4 rows,

Batis BATIDACEA SS

persistent, with one flower in each axil. Perianth cup-shaped,
transversely 2-lobed above the middle; lobes truncate, the
posterior larger, external in bud. Stamens 4, inserted at the
base of the perianth, alternating with 4 staminodes. Anthers
2-celled, dehiscing inwardly. Female flowers: strobile stalked,
ovoid-oblong, 4-12 flowered. Scales in alternating pairs towards
the base of the strobile, small, roundish, deciduous. Perianth
wanting. Ovaries ovoid-oblong, each 4-celled, united to form a
fleshy compound fruit, the apices free, bearing 2-lobed, sessile
stigmas. Ovules solitary in the cells, erect from the base,
anatropous. Seeds without endosperm, cotyledons large.

Species 1, a native of tropical America from Florida and the
West Indies to Brazil, found also in California and the Sandwich
Islands.

BATIS L.

Fig. 7.—Batis maritima L.

A, Branch with male flowers.
B, Branch with female flowers.
C, Male spike.

D, Male flower, stamens and stami-
nodes partially lifted out from
the perianth.

E, Female spike.
¥, Fruiting spike.
G, Diagram of flower.

B. maritima L. Syst. ed. 10, 1289 (1759); Jacq. Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 260, t. 40, f. 4 & Amer. Ed. Pict. 126, t. 246; Griseb. FI.
Brit. W. Ind. 61; A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 35; Torr. in Smiths.
Conirib. vi. t. 11; K. Schum. in Fl. Bras. iii. pt. 3, 757, t. 126.
Kali fruticosum coniferum flore albo Sloane Cat. 50, Hist. 7. 144.
Batis maritima erecta &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 356 (1756). (Fig. 7.)

Barilla, Jamaican Samphire.

Wright! Shakspeart Bromfield! March! Palisadoes; Lime Cay;
Fawcett! Ferry River; Great Goat Island; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8187, 9374.—
Florida, Texas, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Culebra,

St. Thomas, St. Cruz, Martinique, eastern tropical continental America,
California, Sandwich Islands.

36 FLORA OF JAMAICA Celtis

Famity VII. ULMACEA.

Trees or shrubs with a watery sap. Leaves alternate,
3-nerved at base, penniveined above; stipules lateral, free,
generally small, caducous. Flowers (in Jamaican species) uni-
sexual or polygamous, axillary on twigs of the same year, cymose,
fasciculate or the fertile solitary. Perianth simple, calycine, lobes
or segments imbricate or valvate. Male flowers: stamens as
many as the lobes of the perianth and opposite to them;
filaments straight or scarcely inflexed at the apex ; anthers erect
inthe bud. Female flowers: ovary superior, one-celled, consisting
of a single carpel, sessile ; style central, 2-partite, stigmatic on
the inner side of the branches. Ovule one, affixed at or under
the apex, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit small, globose or ovoid,
drupaceous (in Jamaican species) with a hard endocarp. Endo-
sperm wanting or scanty. Embryo curved.

Segments of male perianth imbricate; female perianth

POCO icc ois sixencisasnides shin tn siensnano keel suvasdaltien late inepas 1. Celtis.
Segments of male perianth induplicate-valvate ; female
PORTING DOTBIOCOING sade soni od Fasc varoca Abie bags sdaensteai sens anneal 2. Trema.

Species 130, natives of both temperate and tropical regions.

4. CELTIS L.

Cymes, male or androgynous, solitary or racemose, axillary
or at base of young shoots; flowers polygamous, lax or in
fascicles ; fertile flowers long-stalked, solitary or few, axillary.
Perianth 5-(4-) partite, segments imbricate. Embryo with very
broad cotyledons.

Species about 60, widely dispersed in temperate and tropical
regions, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Leaves very oblique at base. Trees without spines.
Leaves broadly ovate or oval. Fruit pedicel more than

twice as long as petioles..............cescrecsedsesvereecese 1. C. trinervia,
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Fruit pedicel usually
shorter than the petioles..........csccccessccssssccesssesees 2. C. Swarizii,

Leaves not oblique at base, oval to oblong-elliptical.
Shrub with spines. Fruit pedicel shorter than
LS PCCD, 1s vosin thats aby chneaatadl'con dabaehseandsnn os s¥neabectas 3. C. iguanexa.

1. C. trinervia Lam. Encye. iv. 140 (1797); leaves obliquely
and broadly ovate or oval, cuspidate-acuminate, serrate except
at base and acumen, teeth mucronulate, base subcordate or
round, sometimes acute on one side and occasionally on both sides,
minutely scabridulous on the upper surface, sparsely pubescent,
at length somewhat glabrate except on nerves ; petiole more or
less pubescent; male flowers stalked, in fascicles of 3 to 5, on

Celtis ULMACEZ 37

young shoots on which leaves are just appearing, and which
spring from branches without leaves; fertile flowers solitary,
stigmas linear, entire; pedicel of drupe more than twice as
long as petiole ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 149 (excl. syn. C. Swartzii
Planch.). C. jamaicensis Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, «. 290
(1848) & in DC. Prodr. avii. 176. (Fig. 8, A, B.)

Fig. 8.—Celtis.
A, C. trinervia Lam., shoot with fruit. F, C. australis L., fruit cut lengthwise
B, C. iguanea Sarg., female flower. (after Baillon) ; ex, exocarp ; en, endo-
C, Male inflorescence of same. carp ; eé, embryo.
D and E, Male flower of same.

Swartz! (by error Shakspear Planch. loc. cit.) Macfadyen! Moneague,
Prior! Cold Spring near Newcastle; Old England, Blue Mts., 3500 ft.;
near Westphalia, Blue Mts., 3800 ft.; Tom’s Cave Wood, Upper Clarendon,
2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5127, 5495, 7358, 10,857; Grierfield, near
Moneague, Britton 2649 !—Hispaniola.

Small slender tree 20-30 ft., without spines. Twigs pubescert, at
length glabrate. Leaves 6-13 cm. 1., 4-6°5 cm. br. Drupe globose-ovoid,
attenuated at apex, 1 cm. 1.

2. C. Swartzii Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, x. 304 (1848) ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, serrate except at

38 FLORA OF JAMAICA Celtis

base and acumen, generally with one side at base roundish and
the other acute, covered on both sides with minute dots, which
are black on the under surface, glabrous; petiole slightly
pubescent, at length glabrate ; flowers in loose axillary cymes
male or a few hermaphrodite generally near the apex of the
cyme, also fertile flowers sometimes solitary; stigmas linear,
entire; pedicel of drupe usually shorter than the petioles.—
C. trinervia Planch. in DC. Prodr. vii. 181 (non Lam.).

Wright! (by error Swartz Planch. loc. cit.) Old England, Blue Mts. ; Cane
River Valley, 300 ft.; Round Hill, Santa Criz Mts., 1500 ft.; Westphalia,
Berwick Road; Great Goat Island; Glasgow, near Troy, 1400 ft.; Harris!
Grove Place, near Mile Gully, 1700 ft., Britton & Harris! Fl. Jam. 5389,
5495, 9329, 9432, 9620, 9695, 10,622.—Cuba, Hispaniola.

Tree 25-45 ft. high, without spines. Twigs very young, pubescent, at
length glabrate. Leaves 3-8(-11) cm. 1., 2-4(-5) cm. br. Drupe purple,
about as long as, or longer than, tbe pedicel, 8 mm. 1.

3. C. iguansea Sarg. Silva, vii. 64 (1895); a spiny shrub ;
leaves not oblique at base.—C. aculeata Sw. Prodr. 53 (1788) ;
Fl. Ind. Oce. 545; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 149 ; Planch. in DC.
Prodr. xvii. 186 ; Hemsl. in Salv. & Godm. Biol. Am. Cent. Bot.
wii. 138. Rhamnus Iguanaeus Jacg. Enum. Pl. Carib. 16 (1760) ;
Commel. Amst. t. 73; Cav. Icon. t. 294. Mertensia zizyphoides
Kunth in H.B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. ti. 31 (1817). M. levigata
Kunth loc. cit. t. 103. (Fig. 8, C-E.)

Macfadyen! Pedro Plain, Purdie! Browns Town, Prior! Grove Place,
near Mile Gully, 1700 ft., Brition & Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,619.—Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, Dominica, Bequia,
Margarita, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru.

Shrub, often climbing high by means of its recurved spines, glabrous ;
spines in axils of leaves and branches, sometimes geminate. Leaves oval
to oblong-elliptical, shortly acuminate, entire or with a few teeth above
the middle, at base generally slightly cordate, usually covered on both
sides with minutes dots, 10-12 cm.1., 3-5 cm. br. Flowers in short or
paniculate axillary cymes; stigmas linear, bifid. Drupe 14 mm. l., much
longer than pedicel which is shorter than petioles, solitary, axillary.

2. TREMA Lour.

Flowers polygamous, the fertile often bearing stamens, in
axillary cymes. Male flowers: perianth, 5-(4—) partite, segments
induplicate-valvate or scarcely slightly imbricate ; ovary rudi-
mentary. Fertile flowers: segments of perianth persistent,
slightly imbricate. Receptacle generally pilose. Drupe sur-
rounded by the persistent perianth and generally crowned with
the involute branches of the style; endosperm fleshy, generally
scanty ; embryo with cotyledons narrow.

Species 30 or less, widely dispersed throughout the tropics
and subtropies.

oe

Trema ULMACEA 39

Leaves 7-12 cm. 1., lanceolate-oblong, subcor-
date, underneath pubescent or glabrescent :
with network of veins not prominent......... 1. T. micrantha.

Leaves 2-6 cm. 1., elliptical-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, underneath tomentose and with P
network of veins prominent ...........0..ceec0e 2. T. ima.

1. T. mierantha Bl. in Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 58 (ca.
1853) ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, 7-12 cm. 1. ; under-
neath with nerves prominent but network of veins not evident.
—Rhamnus an Zizyphus? arborescens &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
173, ¢. 12, f. 2. Rhamnus inermis foliis ovato-lanceolatis Plum.

Fig. 9.—Trema micrantha Bl.

A, Portion of branch with inflorescence. C, D, Hermaphrodite flowers,
B, Portion of cyme. E, Fruit.

Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 206, f. 1. Rhamnus micranthus L. Syst.
ed. 10, 937 (1759). Celtis micranthus Sw. Prodr. 53 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Oce. 547. C. lima Sw. Prodr. 53 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Oce.
549. Sponia micrantha Dene. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris iii. 498
(1834); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 150; Planch. in DC. Prodr. zvit.
203 ; Mig. Stirp. Surinam. 195, t. 57. (Fig. 9.)

Bass Cedar, Jamaican Nettle Tree.

Plantain Garden River, Browne, Wright! Blue Mts., Purdie! St. Mary,
Hartweg\ St. Mary, McNab! Wilson! March! St. Ann’s Bay, Prior! near
Latimer River, Cinchona; near Greenwich, Blue Mts.; J.P. 1382, 1439;
Hart! Cane River Valley, 300 ft.; near Beaufort, Westmoreland, 1400 ft.;
Harris! Fl. Jam. 9627, 9885.—West Indies and continental tropical
America.

Tree 10-25 (60) ft. high. Twigs pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
at base slightly oblique, cordate or obtuse, upper surface rough, under-
neath pubescent especially on the nerves or glabrescent, generally 2°5-4 cm.
br. Cymes 2 or 3 branches from axils, as long as, or twice as long as, the

petiole. Flowers greenish-yellow. Drupe ovoid, quite glabrous, about
3 mm. l.

40 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tremna

2. T. lima Bl. loc. cit. (ea. 1853) ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. |., tomentose, with network of veins
prominent.—T. Lamarckianum Bil. loc. cit. Loti arboris folio
angustissimo &c. Sloane Cat. 163 & Hist. ti. 80. Rhamnus
foliis ovato-oblongis Plum. Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 206, f. 2. Celtis
lima Lam. Eneye. iv. 140 (1797) (non Sw.). Sponia Lamarck-
iana Dene. loc. cit. (1834) ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Planch. tom. cit. 204.

‘* Rio Cobre near St. Jago de la Vega”; Seven-mile Walk; on road to
Guanaboa, Sloane; Wright! Caley! Macfadyen | Green Valley, J.P. 649,
1274, Morris! Ginger Piece, Blue Mts.; Robertsfield, 2000 ft.; Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5124, 6508. —Bermuda, Bahamas, Gr. Cayman, Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent.

Shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft. high. Twigs pubescent. Leaves at base
subequal or oblique, sometimes more or less cordate on one side only, on

the upper surface tuberculose to very rong "7-2 (-4) cm. br. Cymes
short. Drwpe ovoid, glabrous, about 3 mm.

Famity VIII. MORACEZ,

Trees or shrubs, generally with milky juice, rarely (in
Dorstenia) herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed or palmati-
lobed, stipulate. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple, calycine,
small; segments imbricate or valvate; or in the female flower
almost closed; or perianth wanting. Male flowers: stamens
generally as many as the lobes of the perianth and opposite to
them. Female flowers: ovary superior or more or less inferior,
one-celled, consisting of a single carpel. Style undivided,
2-toothed or 2-partite. Ovule solitary, sometimes pendulous,
anatropous, sometimes erect, orthotropous. Fruit indehiscent,
one-seeded, free or variously combined in a pseudocarp of which
the receptacle may form part. Seed with little or no endosperm.
Embryo often curved, with generally thick, often unequal,
cotyledons.

Species more than 900, widely distributed through the
temperate and tropical regions.

Flowers spicate, male spikes lax or interrupted, female

BROEE, LOWTIOWSEOS wisnirsscrccvessesuccajonarsecsdicecausegs 1. Trophis.
Male flowers in catkins, female in capitula ............... 2. Chlorophora.
Male and female flowers together on the surface of a

HAUPETIOG TOCDPUACIG s Sas55csascrersrdceanrtenssscoveebouedeaee 8. Dorstenia.

Male flowers in unisexual globose involucrate recep-
tacles, female flower solitary on its involucrate

TOCOPLACIO .......ccesseseecssesecsnseesnerseenerecenerseseeenes 4, Pseudolmedia.
Flowers in androgynous globose receptacles, male

numerous, female solitary in the centre............... 5. Brosimum.
Male and female flowers enclosed in a EM globose

receptacle with a small opening ..... 6. Ficus.

Male and female flowers together on a “spike, ‘spikes
several together enclosed at first within a spathi-
FORME TRAE cscs iviveseyecdssvsnscestswssstnnsneshvcversesusases 7. Cecropia.

Trophis MORACEA Al

1. TROPHIS L.

Trees. Leaves stalked, underneath prominently penniveined
and reticulate ; stipules lateral, very small, caducous. Flowers
dicecious, in spikes. Spikes solitary or geminate in the axils,
the male with numerous flowers, the female short, few-flowered.
Male flowers: perianth 4-fid, valvate. Filaments inflexed in

Fig. 10.—Trophis racemosa Urb.

A, Leaf with male spike. D, Perianth segment with inflexed
B and C, Male flowers; B, unopened ; stamen.
C, after expansion of stamens. E, Female flower.

¥, Leaf with fruiting spike.

bud, afterwards straight, exserted. Ovary rudimentary. Female
flowers: perianth tubular, adnate to ovary, contracted at the
apex of ovary to form a 4-dentate limb. Style 2-partite ; ovule
pendulous. Fruit globose, fleshy. Embryo straight ; cotyledons
fleshy, equal, semiglobose ; radicle very short, superior.

5-6 species in the West Indies, Mexico, and the Andes of
S. America.

42 FLORA OF JAMAICA Trophis

T. racemosa Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 195 (1905). T. foliis &e.
Browne Hist. Jam, 357, t. 37, f. 1. T. americana LD. Syst. ed. 10,
1289 (1759) & Amen. v. 410; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 153.
Bucephalon racemosum L. Sp. Pl. 1190 (1753) ; Plum. Pl. Amer.
(Burm.) t. 67, f. 1. (Fig. 10.)

Ramoon.

Wright! Dancer! Swartz! St. Mary, McNab! Wilson; Moneague,
Prior! March; Hanover, J.P. 1288, Morris! near Gordon Town, Moore!
Hall’s Delight ; Cedar Hurst ; Kentucky Hill, Bluefield Mt., 2000-2500 ft. ;
Tom’s Cave Wood, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5550,
6075, 10,211, 10,858; near Port Antonio, Britton, 2598!—Cuba, Porto
Rico, Hispaniola, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Colombia, Peru.

Tree to 40 ft. high. Leaves elliptical, shortly acuminate, entire,
glabrous, 1-2 dm. ]., 4-8 cm. br. ; nerves 6-8 on each side, arched. Male
spikes 5-10 cm. 1. Female spikes ‘8-2 cm. 1. Berries 8-12 mm. 1. (fide

risebach).

Leaves and twigs used as fodder for cattle.

2. CHLOROPHORA Gaudich.

Trees with yellow milky juice, with or without spines. Leaves
stalked, entire or toothed, penniveined ; stipules lateral, caducous.
Flowers diccious. Male flowers in catkins, dense, rather long,
with small bracts. Perianth 4-partite, segments broad, obtuse,
slightly imbricate. Filaments inflexed in bud, later straight and

Fig. 11.—Chlorophora tinctoria
Gaudich.

A, Shoot with male catkin.

B, Male flower; ov, rudimentary
ovary.

C, Leaf with female inflorescence.

D, Portion of female inflorescence
dissected, showing flower with
enveloping bracts.

E, F, Gland-bearing bracts.

G, H, Outer and inner perianth
segments.

I, Pistil.

exserted. Ovary rudimentary. Female flowers in capitula
which are globose in W. Indian species. Bracts similar to the
segments of the perianth, sometimes thickened inside at the apex
with two glands. Perianth deeply 4-fid or 4-partite, segments
thickened at the apex, concave, imbricate. Ovary included,
oblique ; style lateral, filiform, with a long stigmatic surface,
undivided ; ovule laterally affixed, descending. In fruit the

Chlorophora MORACEA 43

perianths become somewhat fleshy, and are tightly crowded
together into a globose compound pseudocarp. Achene about
equal to the perianth, ovate, compressed, very oblique at the
apex ; pericarp coriaceous. Embryo with ovate equal cotyledons.

Species 2, one a native of tropical America, the other of
tropical Africa.

C. tinetoria Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 508 in nota (1826).
Morus fructu viridi ligno sulphureo tinctorio Sloane Cat. 128 &
Hist. vi. 3, t. 158, f.1. Morus &e. Plum. Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 204 ;
Browne Hist. Jam. 339. Morus tinctoria L. Sp. Pl. 986 (1753) ;
Wright Mem. 303. Maclura tinctoria D. Don ea Steud. Nomencel.
ed. 2. wi. 87 (1841); Mig. in Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 1. 155. t. 51, 52;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 153. M. xanthoxylon Endl, Gen.
Suppl. iv. IT. 34 (1847) ; Mig. tom. cit. 156, t. 53; Griseb. loc. cit.
(Fig. 11.)

Fustic Tree.

“Plains of the north and south sides of the Island,” Sloane Herb. v.
52a, 54! Wright! Macfadyen! Distin! Cuming! St. Ann; Liguanea
Plain; Purdie! Bromfield! Fairfield, Waullschlaegel, 1381b! Rock Fort,
Campbell! Hope Grounds; Sheldon; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5281, 6504.—
W. Indies and tropical America,

Tree to more than 60 ft. high, twigs with light-brown bark. Leaves
distichous, limb 5-12 cm. 1., 1-5-5 cm. br., elliptical, ovate-elliptical or
lanceolate, entire or toothed, acuminate. Berries as large as a raspberry.

Male spike 3-7 cm. 1., stalk 1-1°5cm.1. Female inflorescence 6-8 mm.
in diam., stalk 3-5 mm.1. Fruit 12-14 mm. in diam., stalk 10-12 mm. 1.

Tree yields a yellow or yellow-brown, very tough, close-grained and
heavy-timber which is exported as a dye-wood, and used locally for mill-
rollers, naves for wheels, &c.

3. DORSTENIA L.

In the West Indies the species are stemless herbs with
membranous leaves, with long flat stalks springing from a
thickened perennial rhizome. Stipules lateral, distinct, persistent.
Flowers monecious, densely crowded on a scape-like long-
stalked saucer-shaped androgynous receptacle. Perianths of
both sexes more or less connate into a fleshy layer clothing the
surface of the receptacle, forming unisexual pits. Male pits
slightly immersed. Stamens 2, filaments at first inflexed, at
length straight, exserted. Ovary rudimentary. Female pits
much deeper. Ovary enclosed ; style lateral, bifid; ovule pen-
dulous. Fruits small, at length protruded from the pits;
exocarp somewhat fleshy, endocarp crustaceous. Cotyledons
subequal, contortuplicate.

Species about 50, natives of tropical America and Africa,
only one in Asia in eastern India.

DiOR VON COTAREO Sai. Goes codes eeec coe ceeeseee 1. D. cordifolia.
TiCRVOR: POlLbAbO iis. iis concdscisendasscnes'essessns 2. D. jamaicensis.

44 FLORA OF JAMAICA Dorstenia

1. D. cordifolia Sw. Prodr. 31 (1788) ; leaves cordate.—Sw. Obs.
Bot. 51, t. 7, f. 2 & Fl. Ind. Oce. 275 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 154.
(Fig. 12.)

Near Dolphin Head, Purdie! Near YS, Wulischlaegel, 1316! Tyre,
near Troy, 2400 ft.; road from Askenish to Dolphin Head, 1000 ft. Harris !
Fil. Jam. 8690, 8808, 9266.

Rhizome nodose, long, rooting sing. the whole length. Leaves ovate-
roundish, ovate or elliptical, cordate at , apex obtuse, rough, sometimes
with scattered tuberculate hairs above, pubescent underneath on the
nerves, limb 3-6°5 cm. 1., 2-4°5 cm. br.; petioles 4*5-12-5 cm. L, slender,
pubescent. Receptacles peltate, 8-10 mm. in diam.; margin with about
12 teeth, 2 mm.1., underneath rough with short rigid hairs; female flowers
— the centre, male flowers near the margin of the receptacle, peduncle
about 2 cm. 1.

Fig. 12.—Dorstenia cordifolia Sw.

A, Plant.
B, Inflorescence seen from above.

C, Section through portion of re-
ceptacle showing male (m) and
female (f) flowers.

D, Stamen.
E, Pistil.

2. D. jamaicensis Britton in Torr. Bot. Cl. Bull. waav. 567
(1908) ; leaves peltate.

On vertical limestone clifis, Somerset, Manchester, Britton 83737; Harris
é Britton! Fl. Jam. 10,607.

Rhizome erect, about 2cm.1.,5mm. br. Leaves ovate to ovate-roundish,
peltate below the middle, papillose-rough above, shortly tomentose under-
neath, limb 3-5 cm. 1., 1°5-4 cm. br.; petioles 3-12 cm. 1., pubescent.
Receptacles peltate, 8-10 mm. in diameter, purplish, puberulent, margin
with about 20 teeth °5 mm. 1.; peduncle about 2 cm. 1.; flowers dark-
purple.

4. PSEUDOLMEDIA Tréc.

Trees with milky juice. Leaves shortly stalked, entire,
thinly coriaceous, penniveined ; stipules intrapetiolar, small, very
caducous. Flowers diccious, male in sessile axillary capitula,
female solitary, sessile, axillary, the receptacle of both sexes
involucrate with bracts in several series. Male flowers: perianth
wanting. Stamens (each representing a flower) numerous on a

Pseudolmedia MORACEZ 45

receptacle within the involucre, intermixed with narrowly stalked
spathulate scales. Female flower: perianth tubular with a small
toothed opening at the apex. Ovary enclosed, adnate at the
base on one side; style with two stigmatose exserted branches ;
ovule pendulous, Fruit ovoid, enclosed by the increased some-

Fig. 13.—Pseudolimedia spurta Griseb.

A, Male shoot. D, Spathulate scale from the receptacle.
B, Male inflorescence with involucre. E, Female shoot.
C, Stamen. F, Female inflorescence.

what fleshy perianth. Pericarp crustaceous. Cotyledons thick,
fleshy, very unequal.

Species 5, in the West Indies, Central America and on the
Andes.

P. spuria Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 152 (1859). P. havanensis
Tréc. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, viti. 130, t. 5, f. 149-154 ; Pittier
in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. aiii. 432. Arbor foliis &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 369. Brosimum spurium Sw. Prodr. 12 (1788), Fl.
Ind. Oce. 20 & Ie. ined. t. 27. (Fig. 13.)

Bastard Breadnut, Milkwood.
Wright! Browns Town, Prior !—Cuba, Porto Rico, Panama.

46 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pseudolmedia

A high free 25-50 ft., glabrous. Leaves elliptical-oblong, abruptly
acuminate, 10-14 cm. 1.,3-4°5 cm. br.; stalk 3-6 mm.1. Female receptacles
generally geminate in axil; flower 2°5 mm.1.; exserted branches of the
style4mm.1. Fruit 1 cm, 1., narrowly ellipsoidal.

5. BROSIMUM Sw.

Trees with milky juice. Leaves shortly stalked, entire,
leathery, penniveined ; stipules lateral, small, very caducous.

Fig. 14.—Brosimum Alicastrum Sw.

A, Shoot with inflorescences, D, Stamens in various stages of dehis-
B, Inflorescence. cence,
C, Same, cut lengthwise.

Flowers monecious or diccious by abortion, without perianth,
attached to globose androgynous receptacles, which are generally
geminate in the axils. Male flowers reduced to a single stamen,
numerous, separated by peltate bracts covering the receptacle.
Female flower immersed in the centre of the receptacle, solitary,
or occasionally 2, style exserted with two stigmatose branches ;
ovule pendulous. Fruit globose, enveloped in the fleshy receptacle.

Brosimum MORACE 47

Seed attached near the apex, without endosperm ; cotyledons
thick, fleshy, subequal ; radicle small, superior.

Species about 8, natives of tropical America, from the West
Indies and Mexico to Brazil.

B. Alicastrum Sw. Prodr. 12 (1788) & Ic. ined. t. 26; Tussac
Fl. Ant. i. 86, t=. 9; Wright Mem. 301; Trécul in Ann. Sc. Nat.
sér. 3, viii. 139, t. 6, f. 163-5; Griseb. FI. Br. W. Ind. 152.
Alicastrum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 372. (Fig. 14.)

Bread-nut.

Wright! Lindsay! Browne; Swartz; Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,406.—
Mexico.

A high tree. Leaves oblong or elliptical-oblong, cuspidate, glabrous,
7-18 cm. ]., 3-6 cm. br.; stalks 8-10 mm. 1. Receptacles covered with
flowers about *5-1 cm.1.; peduncles ‘3-1 cm.1. Stamens peltate, 1-celled,
dehiscing all round. Fruit globose, yellow, about the size of a small plum,
2-2°5 cm. 1.

An excellent timber tree. Nuts and leaves form a valuable fodder.

6. FICUS L.

Trees with milky juice. Leaves alternate, entire, conspicu-

ously pinnately veined; stipules enclosing the terminal bud, | |

Fig. 15.—Ficus aurea Nutt.

D, Section of small portion of fig show-
B, Apex of shoot with two figs; ing flowers.

8, stipule ; 1, leaf-scar. E, Male flower.
©, Vertical section of fig; b, basal ¥, Female flower.

bracts ; m, mouth.

A, Branch with young figs.

48 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ficus

caducous. Flowers monecious, sessile on the inside of a hollow
fleshy globose axillary receptacle (the fig), which is androgynous
and has scales at the small mouth, and an involucre of bracts
at the base. Male flowers: perianth-segments 3, imbricate.
Stamen solitary or two. Female flowers: perianth-segments
4-6. Ovary straight ; style simple; ovule pendulous. Achenes
enclosed in the receptacle. Seed pendulous; embryo curved ;
cotyledons equal or unequal, radicle incumbent above.

Fig.

Species about 600, widely dispersed through the warmer
regions of the world, but in America almost confined to the
tropics.

Figs solitary im axils .........:ccsscssssessscterresrecsesereseesee Ll, 2. steffocans.

Figs two in each axil.
Figs surrounded half-way up with broad bracts
ROP RENE OU IE, Rc s credceeess= coc csuasetheceneces 2. F. Harrisii.
Figs with bracts not cupular nor extending half-
way.
Figs sessile or subsessile.
Mouth not prominent ............:cseceseeresseeseeree 3. FY. tered.
Mouth mamilliform.
Bracts at base of figs not fimbriate............... 4. F’. mamillifera.
eraobes TM Dri ghe : . csassteesvcveas< ances Vaceanestsouveres 5. F'. Berterot.
Figs stalked.
Mouth immersed.
Figs globose or depressed-globose, soft, mouth
not in an umbo.

Figs globose, 8-15 mm. in diam................ 6, I. ochroleuca.
Figs .depressed-globose or longer than
broad, 20-30 mm. in diam.
Figs longer than broad; leaves tripli-
SIGEUOD © Nos ones te spe tessa thbno Se tORraaae® 7. F. Halliana.
Figs broader than long; leaves not
MELD NDOT WOE <5. hes don vsuesta'es 5ssdeunidauane 8. F'. morantensis.
Figs obovoid, hard, mouth immersed in an
WRNIIO 6 bigdog dss oo vinhinsce tandeegbusccuasss Qe 9. F. Grabhamii.

Mouth not immersed.
Leaves generally subauriculate at the cuneate

base; bracts connate .........:.c:cesceseeresees 10. F. Wilsonii.
Leaves not auriculate at base; bracts scarcely
CODMAGC viccvaciscovscssineedieasendfetecedasccssecnet bike ly MORAINE,

§ 1. Figs solitary in the axils. Male flowers with 2 stamens.

1. F. suffoeans Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 150 (1859) ; twigs
terete, not furrowed, glabrous; stipules glabrous; leaves parch-
ment-like, dotted with cystoliths on both sides, elliptical or
oblong, base rounded, obtuse or subacute, sometimes a little
oblique, apex obtuse or bluntly apiculate, glabrous, at base
shortly 3-(5-)nerved ; figs globose, plum-like, shortly stalked,
glabrous, mouth not prominent.—Warb. in Urb. Symb. Ant. tii.
485. Ficus Indica maxima folio &c. Sloane Cat. 189, Hist. i. 140,

Ficus MORACEA 49

t. 223. FF. laurifolia Griseb. loc. cit. (in part, with reference to
the Jamaican specimen, non Lam.).

Moneague, Prior! Wilson; Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 1455,
Hart! Blue Mts.; Ferry River; Troy, 1600 ft.; Shaftston, Westmoreland,
200 ft.; Harris! Big Level, John Crow Mts., Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam.
5177, 8259, 9445, 9974, 10,698.—Cuba.

Tree 40-60(-100) ft., spreading. Leaves 9-20 cm.1., 3°5-8 cm. br. ;
basal nerves ascending, nerves 6-9 on each side, underneath very promi-
nent, with others much more slender alternating; petioles 5-3 cm. 1.;
stipules 8-15 mm. 1. Figs when dry 1°5-2°5 cm. br., blackish; when
living 3 cm. br., yellow; peduncle 7 mm, 1., glabrous,

The specimen Fl. Jam. 10,698 was taken from a tree 100 ft. high,
trunk 4 ft. in diameter with far-extending buttresses.

§ 2. Figs two together in the axils. Male flowers with one
stamen.

2. F. Harrisii Warb. in Urb. Symb. Ant. tii. 457 (1903) ;
branches thick, scars of leaves and figs prominent, stipules
pilose ; leaves large, regularly parchment-like, glabrous, broadly
elliptical, cordate, apex subapiculate, penninerved, the first pair
of nerves springing from the base of the midrib; figs sessile,
a little depressed, silky-puberulous, surrounded as far as the

middle with bracts connate into a cupule; the small mouth not . ,

prominent.—F. crassinervia Griseb. loc. cit. (in part).

Macfadyen! Sheldon, Blue Mts.; Troy, 1600 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
5221, 9459, near Moneague, Britton, 2686 !—Cuba. ;

A very large tree. Leaves 12-22 cm. 1., 9-13 cm. br., 7-9 veins on each
side; petioles 5-8 cm. 1.; stipules 1 cm. 1., densely covered with adpressed
silky hairs. Figs 13 mm. 1., 15 mm. br.; mouth scarcely 1-5 mm, in
diam., closed by broad scales, surrounded by a distinct ring. Cupule
5 mm. high, pubescent outside.

3. F. aurea Nutt. Sylva ii. 4 (1846); glabrous, leaves
somewhat leathery, elliptical, sometimes somewhat ovate or
obovate, base rounded or subacumihate, apex very shortly
apiculate, subobtuse ; figs sessile, depressed-globose, pea-like,
with large broad bracts at the base; mouth rather large, closed
by somewhat prominent scales——Sarg. Silva vii. 95, t. 324;
Warb. tom. cit. 460; Britton Bull. N. York Bot. Gard. iv. 116.
F. sapotefolia Kunth & Bouché Ind. Sem. hort. Berol. 1846,
17, No. 26; Warb. loc. cit. F. dimidiata Griseb. op. cit. 151
(1859). (Fig. 15.)

Fairfield, Wullschlaegel, 18378! Sea-coast, Negril, Harris! Fl. Jam.
10,218.—Florida, Key West, Babamas, Gr. Cayman, Cuba, Hispaniola.

Tree 12-60 ft. (Fl. Jam. 10,218 is described as ‘a very large tree,
lateral limbs extending for a distance of 75 ft. from the trunk, which is
about 6 ft. in diameter”). Twigs scarcely furrowed, with small oblong
lenticels. Leaves 6-15 cm. 1., 2°5-8°5 cm. br., midrib underneath, often
glandular at the base, nerves 6-10 on each side; petioles 1-3-5 cm. 1.;
stipules 1-1-5 cm.1. Figs (ripe) red, (when dry) greyish-brown, or yellow,
to 8 mm. 1., to 1 cm. br. ; bracts 3-5 mm. 1.; mouth, 2-3 mm. br.

E

50 FLORA OF JAMACIA Ficus

4. F, mamillifera Warb. tom. cit. 470 (1903) ; twigs (when
dry) furrowed ; stipules glabrous or puberulous ; leaves parch-
ment-like, glabrous, broadly- or ovate-elliptical, apex rounded,
base rounded or subcordate; petioles short; figs globose or
depressed-globose, commonly smaller than a cherry, glabrous,
with bracts large, glabrous or puberulous, forming a shallow
cupule ; peduncle short, or wanting; mouth mamilliform, very
prominent, not surrounded by a ring.—F. trigonata Griseb.
(non L.) ex mss. in Herb, Edinb. (St. Mary, McNab).

Agualta Vale, St. Mary, McNab! Fairfield, Wullschlaegel, 1849! March!
Robertsfield; Sheldon, Tweedside, South St. Andrew; near Cinchona;
near Beaufort, Westmoreland, 1300 {ft.; Bluefields; Harris! Bath,
Harris é Britton! Fl. Jam. 5206, 5848, 5396, 8594, 9913, 10,198, 10,581.

Large tree, 40 ft. high. Leaves 7-12 cm. 1., 4-8 cm. br., with white
dots on upper surface; midrib underneath sometimes glandular at the
base; nerves 6-9 on each side, more slender parallel nerves often inter-
vening ; petioles 8-28 mm. 1.; stipules 8-12 mm. 1. Figs 8-15 mm. 1,
10-12 mm. br.; peduncles 1-3 mm. 1.; basal bracts 3-4 mm. 1., roundish,
glabrous, not fimbriate ; mouth 2 mm. in diam., 1-5-2 mm, high, closed
by blackish scales,

Var. hirsuta Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot, l. 177 (1912) ;
stipules puberulous, hirsute on the back ; bracts hirsute, figs
smaller, 7 mm. 1., 11 mm. br.

Grierfield, near Moneague, Britton, 2364 !

5. F. Berteroi Warb. tom. cit. 468 (1903); twigs not thick,
(when dry) sulcate or the younger angular ; stipules glabrous ;
leaves membranous, glabrous, ovate or elliptical, apex rounded
or obtuse, base commonly subcordate, rarely rounded ; basal
nerves 5-7, short, the upper scarcely different from the other
nerves in direction and habit ; petioles proportionally short ; figs
somewhat depressed-globose, smaller than a cherry, glabrous,
with 2-3 bracts, slightly connate, glabrous, minutely fringed on
the margin; peduncle thick, small or minute; mouth mamilli-
form, slightly prominent, not surrounded by a ring.—F. laurifolia
Griseb. op. cit. 150 (in part, non Lam.).

Bertero.

Twigs 2-4 mm. br., (when dry) reddish-grey. Leaves 13-17 cm. 1.,
7-10 cm. br.; nerves on each side, besides the basal nerves, 7-9, above
very slightly prominent, underneath prominent, spreading, almost straight ;
veins only underneath slightly prominent; reticulation very delicate, only
distinct underneath; petioles 2-3 cm. 1., glabrous; stipules 1-5-2 em. 1.,
lanceolate, acute, (when dry) red. Figs 8 mm. 1., to 1 cm. br., yellow
(when dry), sessile or subsessile; basal bracts 2-4 mm.1.; mouth 2mm, br.
—Description after Warburg; we have not seen any specimen,

6. F. ochroleuca Griseb. op. cit. 151; stipules minutely
puberulous or almost glabrous ; leaves parchment-like, glabrous,
finely dotted with cystoliths on both sides, elliptical-oblong to

Ficus MORACEA 51

lanceolate-oblong, base subacute to rounded, apex acute to
acuminate, lateral nerves 8-12, spreading, almost straight ; figs
globose, glabrous, with two bracts at base, slightly connate,
puberulous ; mouth deeply immersed, surrounded by a slightly
elevated ring.—Warb. tom. cit. 464 (in part), F. Fadyeni Mig.
in Ann, Mus. Bot. Iugd. Bot. iii. 219 (1861).

Swartz | Macfadyen ; Moneague, Prior! March! near Troy, 1500 ft. ;
Malvern, 2200 ft.; near Darliston, 600 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9067, 9664,
9873; Grierfield, near Moneague, Britton, 2646, 2683!

Tree 25-35 ft. high. Leaves 6-10 cm. 1, 2°5-4 cm. br.; petioles
1-2 em. 1.; stipules -5-1 cm. 1. Figs 1-1°2 cm, in diam.; peduncles
‘7-1 cm. 1.; basal bracts round, 1°5 mm. 1.; mouth 2 mm. in diam.

7. F. Halliana Britton Mss.; stipules glabrous or sometimes
minutely puberulous ; leaves papery, (when dry) glabrous, tripli-
nerved, dotted with cystoliths on both sides, elliptical-oblong,
acuminate, base rounded, lateral nerves 6-10 on each side, spread-
ing ; figs globose, glabrous, soft, as large as a cherry, with
two bracts at base, connate, glabrous; mouth wide open, not
projecting.

John Crow (Blake) Mts., 1700 ft., Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 10,765.

““Epiphytic on large tree-trunks, finally supported by its own roots.”
Leaves 7-10°5 cm. 1., 3-4 cm. br.; petioles 1-2 cm. 1,; stipules 5-8 cm. 1.
Figs yellow, nearly 2cm. in diam., 2:5 cm. 1. (soaked); peduncles about
1 cm. 1.; basal bracts 2 mm. 1.; mouth about 3-4 mm. in diam.

The specific name is in honour of Commander Hall, R.N., a resident in
the locality.

8. F. morantensis Britton Mss. ; leaf papery, glabrous, dotted
with cystoliths on both sides, narrowly elliptical, subacuminate,
base obtuse, lateral nerves about eleven on each side, spreading ;
fig depressed-globose, conspicuously broader than long, soft, larger
than a cherry, with two bracts at base, not connate, minutely
puberulous, mouth broad, neither projecting nor immersed.

Coastal thicket, Morant Point, Britton 4115!

Leaf 10°5 cm. 1., 4 cm. br., nerves somewhat prominent on both sides;
petiole 1-5cm.1. Figs 2°5 cm. in diam., 1:7 cm. 1.

9. F. Grabhamii Britton Mss. ; stipules minutely puberulous
or almost glabrous ; leaves parchment-like, glabrous, dotted with
eystoliths on both sides, elliptical-oblong to elliptical, subacumi-
nate, base subacute to rounded, lateral nerves 7-9 on each side,
spreading, almost straight; figs obovoid-globose, umbonate,
glabrous, hard, as large as a cherry, with two bracts at base, not
connate, minutely puberulous ; mouth very deeply immersed in
the umbo.

Park Mount, near Port Antonio, Britton, 2604! Silver Hill to Hardware

Gap, Harris & Britton! Mabess River, Harris! Fl. Jam. 7704, 10,547.
E 2

a2 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ficus

We also include here, although we have not seen the figs at the time of

writing—Clydesdale; Chester Vale; Sheldon Road; Harris! Fl. Jam.
5120, 5261, 5385.

Tree 35 ft. high. Leaves 6-12 cm.1., 3-6 cm. br.; nerves somewhat
prominent on both sides; petioles 1-3-3 cm. 1.; stipules -5-1cm.1. Figs
about 1°5 cm. in diam; peduncles 7-12 mm. 1.; basal bracts semicircular,
2mm.1.; opening above mouth about 2 mm. in diam.; mouth 4 mm.
below opening. Named in honour of Dr. Grabham of Kingston, Jamaica.

10. F. Wilsonii Warb. tom. cit. 467 (1903); twigs slender,
(when dry) subrugose; stipules glabrous, leaves somewhat
leathery, glabrous, oblong to obovate-elliptical, base generally
subauriculate, cuneate, apex obtuse to subapiculate ; figs pea-like,
not depressed, glabrous, with two connate bracts at the base ;
mouth not or scarcely prominent, not surrounded by a ring.—
F. americana Sw. Prodr. 127 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1569 (non
Aubl.). F. pedunculata Griseb. op. cit, 151 (1859) (non Ait.)
F. pallida Griseb. loc. cit. (non Vahl.).

Swartz! Radnor, Blue Mts., Purdie! Wilson ; Fairfield, Wullschlaegel,
1377! Moneague, Prior! March! near Hope River, 1150 ft.; near
Bellevue, 4250 ft.; Bellevue, 4000 ft.; Eggers! below Craig Hill, near
Gordon Town; Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts.; J.P. 1137, 1401, Hart!
Hanover, J.P. 1295, Morris! Content Road, Port Royal Mts.; near Troy,
1400-1600 ft.; between Lacovia and Elam Wharf; Iron Face, | Chester
Vale, 3000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5264, 8552, 9452, 9455, 9847, 10,030;
Grierfield, near Moneague; between Moneague and Mt. Diabolo; Britton,
2638, 2719! Belvedere, Hanover, Mrs. Britton, 2858!

Tree 20-40 ft. Twigs 2-3 mm. br., grey, younger reddish, scaly.
Leaves 4-10 cm. 1., 1*5-3°5 cm. br.; nerves 6-10 on each side, slender,
scarcely prominent, straight or slightly curved ; stipules 1-2 cm. 1., petioles
5-10 mm.1. Figs (when dry) red, 7-10 mm. br.; peduncles 4-6 mm. 1.,
glabrous; bracts 1‘5 mm. 1., roundish, glabrous; mouth 1-1-5 mm, br.

1l. F. populnea Willd. var. brevifolia Warb. tom. cit.
473; twigs (when dry) commonly furrowed, glabrous ; stipules
glabrous ; leaves parchment-like, glabrous, on the upper surface
minutely dotted with cystoliths, form and size variable, commonly
ovate, more rarely elliptical, base roundish, truncate or obtuse,
or more rarely subcordate, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate ;
figs globose or depressed-globose, or somewhat pear-shaped, long-
stalked, with two small glabrous bracts scarcely connate ; mouth
a little prominent, not surrounded by a ring.—F. levigata Vahl
Enum. ii. 183 (1806) ; Griseb. op. cit. 151.

_ Houstoun in Herb. Sloane vii, 79a! Great Goat Island; Fort Clarence
Hill; Pedro Bluff; near Ferry; sea-coast, Bull Bay; Harris! Fl. Jam.

9328, 9520, 9594, 9811, 10,172, 10,382.—Florida, Cuba, Bahamas, Porto
Rico, Lesser Antilles,

Trees 20-35 ft. high. Leaves generally 5-10 cm. 1., 3-5 cm. br. ; nerves
6-9 on each side, slender; petioles glabrous, to 4 cm. 1.; stipules *5-1 cm.
1. Figs 8-12 mm. br., red; peduncles 1-2 cm. 1.; bracts 2-3 mm. L,
obtuse; mouth about 2 mm. br., closed by glabrous scales.

F, pertusa Griseb. op. cit. 152 (non L. fil.) has not been seen
by us,

Cecropia MORACEA 53

7. CECROPIA L.

Trees with milky juice; trunk and branches hollow with
septa at intervals. Leaves long-stalked, ample, peltate, lobed,
lobes prominently penniveined ; stipules large, connate, intra-
petiolar, enclosing the terminal bud, deciduous. Flowers dicecious,
very dense in cylindrical spikes. Spikes, several at the apex of

Fig. 16.—Cecropia.

A, Apex of female shoot; s, stipule en- D, Male inflorescence.
closing terminal bud; b, spathe-like E, Surface view of male flowers.
bract enclosing young female spikes. F, An unopened male flower.

B, Female flower. G, Opened male flower.

C, Surface view of two female fiowers.
A, C. eyrtostachya Miq. (after Fl. Bras.). Other figures, C. peltata L.

a peduncle within a spathaceous caducous bract, female thick,
male more slender, the flowers of both sexes very small and
numerous, sessile. Male flowers: perianth tubular. Stamens 2,
filaments straight, scarcely exserted. Ovary wanting. Female
flowers: perianth tubular with a small opening at apex. Ovary
included ; style very short, stigma exserted, penicillate; ovule

~

54 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cecropia

erect, orthotropous. Fruit oblong, enclosed in the very thin
perianth. Cotyledons equal, straight ; radicle small, superior.

Species 30-40, natives of tropical America from the West
Indies and Mexico to Brazil.

C. peltata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1286 (1759) & Amen. v. 410;
Wright Mem. 302 ; Mig. in Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 1, 149; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 153. Yaruma de Oviedo, Sloane Cat. 45, Hist. 7.
137, ¢. 88, f. 2&4. 89. Coilotapalus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 111.
(Fig. 16, B-G.)

Trumpet Tree, Snake Wood.

Sloane Herb. ii. 85, 86! Broughton! Swartz! Wulischlaegel ; bey
Prior | —Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan,
Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Bequia, Bar-
bados, Venezuela, Guiana.

Tree 16-40 ft. Leaves 3 dm. and more in diameter, with about 7-9
short lobes to 4 of the diameter, rough on upper surface, white-tomentose
underneath, lobes elliptical, cuspidate. Male spikes numerous, shortly
stalked, about 4 cm. 1., 2 mm. br.; female 4-2, sessile, 5-6 cm. 1., 6 mm, br.
When forest is cleared at an elevation of about 200 ft. this tree springs up
in great numbers.

Famity IX. URTICACEZA.

Herbs, shrubs or more rarely small trees. Leaves alternate
(but opposite in Pilea and sometimes in Behmeria), stipulate.
Flowers unisexual, moneecious or dicecious, clustered or scattered,
clusters or flowers axillary, cymose, paniculate or crowded and
sessile. Perianth simple, calycine, segments imbricate or valvate,
or perianth sometimes in the female flower almost closed but with
a small opening above, or perianth wanting (in Phenaxz). Seg-
ments of male perianth generally 4, of female 2,3 or 4. Stamens
as many as the lobes of the perianth and opposite to them ;
filaments in bud inflexed with reversed anthers, on flowering
straight, exserted with erect anthers. Female flowers: ovary
superior, one-celled, consisting of a single carpel. Style un-
divided, stigma penicillate-capitate or more or less elongated.
Ovule affixed at or near the base, erect or ascending, ortho-
tropous. Fruit an achene, sometimes enclosed in perianth.
Seed erect, with or without endosperm.

Species nearly 500, natives of temperate and tropical
regions.

Leaves opposite.
Inflorescence paniculate or capituliform. Stigma shortly
penicillate. Herbs, sometimes shrubby,............0+ 4, Pilea,
Flower-clusters sessile in axils or forming a spike. Stigma
filiform persistent. Shrubs............cccseceesesseseeeeees 5. Behmeria.

Gyrotenia URTICACE 55

Leaves alternate.

somewhat fleshy and enlarged in fruit.................. 2. Urera.
Stigma very short, becoming hooked in fruit. Annual
BN arise de oes Rina Shale Sap Tages cusp esse dyc\vacieesitenteaess 3. Fleurya
Stigma filiform.
Stigma persistent.

Flower-clusters sessile in axils or forming a spike,
with small scarious bracts. Female flower with
perianth. Shrubs or herbaceous..................... 5. Baehmeria.
Flower-clusters sessile in axils, with large ferruginous
bracts. Female flower without perianth. Shrubby 6. Phenaz.
Stigma not persistent. Female flowers geminate in
the same axil, each with a broad bract. Perennial
NF nso scans i ea soe te einen TeaNo oa ksh soaneso«s heuees 7. Rowsselia.

1. GYROTANIA Griseb.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, entire, triplinerved ;
cystoliths fusiform, of various lengths, prominent, densely covering

Fig. 17.—Gyrotsnia spicata Wedd.

A, Shoot bearing male spikes. D, Part of shoot showing female spikes.
B, C, Male flower. E, Cluster of fruits.

the upper surface of older leaves; stipules small, lateral, free,
caducous. Flowers diccious, sessile, densely crowded in clusters
more or less continuous, in axillary spikes or panicles. Male
flowers: perianth 4-partite, segments imbricate. Stamens 4.
Ovary rudimentary. Female flowers: perianth small, 2-lobed.

56 FLORA OF JAMAICA Gyrotenia

Stigma sessile, penicillate-capitate ; ovule erect from the base.
Achene obliquely ovate, with the perianth unchanged, but with
the rhachis dilated-fleshy. Seed of similar form, with scanty
endosperm ; cotyledons broad.

Species 4, two natives of Jamaica, another of Cuba, and a
fourth of Hispaniola.

Inflorescence Spicate............s-ssecssccsessesseenes G. spicata.
Inflorescence much branched....................... G@. microcarpa.

1. G. spicata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 99 (1869).
Urera spicata Wedd. Monogr. 155 (1856); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
155; leaves subobliquely oblong-elliptical, shortly acuminate,
entire or obsoletely sinuate, glabrous; inflorescence spicate ;
female rhachis fleshy, curved, not sinuate. (Fig. 17.)

Swartz ; Distin! near Troy, 1800-2000 ft.; Malvern, 2200 ft.; Dolphin
Head; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8823, 9076, 9657, 10,288.

Shrub 10-12 ft. high or tree 30 ft. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., 2°5-3°5
cm. br. Male spikes 1 cm. 1., perianth 2mm. in diameter. Female spikes
1-1'5cm.1. Achene nearly 1 mm. 1.

2. G. mierocarpa comb. nov. ; leaves elliptical to ovate, apicu-
late or acuminate, entire or obsoletely sinuate, somewhat puber-
ulous along the midrib on upper surface and on nerves under-
neath or glabrate on both sides ; inflorescence paniculate, much
branched ; female rhachis slightly fleshy.— Wedd. Monogr. 156
(1856) ; Griseb. loc. cit.; Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 95.
Urtica membranacea Wedd. Monogr. 103 (nomen). U. mem-
branacea Sw. ex Wedd. loc. cit. (nomen).

Wright! Swartz! Macfadyen! Wilson! Moneague, Prior! Claverty
Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 966, Morris! Dollwood; near Whitfield Hall
Works; Spanish River, Blue Mts.; Old England, Blue Mts.; near Cascade
River; Harris! Fl. Jam.! 5107, 5230, 5319, 6487, 6607; Grierfield, near
Moneague, Britton, 2662 !

Shrub or small tree to 20 ft. high, with stinging hairs. Leaves 5°5-10
em. 1., 3-4°5 cm. br.; principal veins 5-8 on each side; petiole slender
8-16 mm.1. Cymes 2-5 cm.1.,laxly branched. Achene ovate or elliptical ;
*75 to 1 mm. 1.; perianth much shorter.

2. URERA Gaudich.

Shrubs or small trees, generally with stinging hairs. Leaves
alternate, entire, sinuate or toothed, 3—5-nerved at base, penni-
veined above ; cystoliths in the form of dots or wanting ; stipules
free or more or less connate into one, intrapetiolar. Flowers
dicecious in small clusters laxly paniculate. Panicles dichotomously
cymose or irregularly branched, unisexual, axillary or at the older
nodes. Male flowers: perianth 4—5-partite, segments ovate,
slightly imbricate. Stamens 4-5. Ovary rudimentary. Female
flowers: segments of the perianth 4, subequal or the exterior

Urera URTICACEAE 57

smaller. Stigma generally subsessile, penicillate-capitate, per-
sistent ; ovule erect from the base. Achene straight or oblique,
surrounded or enclosed by the fleshy enlarged perianth. Seed
of similar form, with very little endosperm or none ; cotyledons
broad.

_ Species 19, natives of tropics in America and Africa, and of
the Mascarene and Pacific Islands.

Fig. 18.—Urera caracasana Griseb.

A, From male plant. B, From female plant.
a, Leaf. b, Portion of inflorescence. c, Flowers.

Leaves large, broadly ovate, more or less cordate, with
large crenate teeth.

Cymes dichotomous; fruit 1°5 mm. 1., vermilion....... 1. U. caracasana.
Cymes trichotomous; fruit 3 mm.1., white or rose...... 4, U. baccifera.
Leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical-oblong, crenate,
crenate-sinuate, or entire.
Tips of branches and leaves with stinging hairs......... 2. U. elata.
No stinging hairs; leaves glabrous........2.......0+.0eeee++ 3. U. expansa.

1. U. caraeasana Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 154 (1859) ; leaves
broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base with a broad and

58 FLORA OF JAMAICA Urera

open sinus, or rounded, crenate-dentate, above scabro-hispid,
underneath more or less pubescent, nerves with a few stinging
hairs; cymes regularly dichotomous; female flowers stalked,
single or in threes; mature fruit vermilion-coloured.— Wedd. in
DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1,89. Urera Jacquini Wedd. in Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 3, xviii, 200 (1852) (in part) & Monogr. 144, t. II. A. f. 3-6
(in part). (Fig. 18.)

Wright !—Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent,
Trinidad, continental tropical America.

Plant 10-20 ft. high, twigs generally with stinging hairs. Leaves
variable in size, upper leaves 7-10 cm. 1., lower much larger, 25-30 cm. L.,
20-25 cm. br.; principal veins 6-12 on each side. Flowers dicecious or
sometimes moneecious. Frwit 1°5 mm. 1.

2. U. elata Griseb. loc. cit.; younger branches with numerous
stinging hairs, thickened at the base, deciduous and leaving
tubercles to 1 mm 1.; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate,
rounded or emarginate at the base, in the upper two-thirds
sinuate-crenulate or serrate or rarely subentire, 3-nerved at base,
penniveined above; young leaves with hispid stinging hairs on
petioles and upper surface and with adpressed and inconspicuous
hairs underneath, later glabrescent ; cymes several times divari-
cate-dichotomous, female flowers separate, shortly pedicellate.—
Wedd. tom. cit. 91 (in part). Urera sinuata Wedd. in Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 3, aviti. 201 (1852) & Monogr. 148. U. tuberculata
Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 294 (1899). Urtica elata Sw. Prodr. 37 (1788)
& Fl. Ind. Oce. 322.

In fl. Aug.; Swartz! Distin! Wilson! Moneague, Prior! March;
Content Road; Spanish River, Blue Mts.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5280, 5314,

Tree 10-20 ft. Leaves 6-25 cm. 1., 3-15 cm, br.; cymes 2-5 cm, l.
Flowers dicecious. Fruit 3 mm. 1.

3. U. expansa Griseb. op. cit. 155; with no stinging hairs ;
leaves elliptical or elliptical-oblong, apex somewhat acuminate,
base subemarginate, more or less crenate, glabrous ; cymes many
times divaricate-dichotomous ; female flowers pedicellate.— Wedd.
in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1,91. Urtica expansa Sw. Adnot. Bot. 60
(1829).

Wright! Swartz! Cuming! March! Morris! near Colthirst River, St.
George, Harris! Somerset Woods, near Mandeville; Britton & Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5593, 10,612.

Plant 10-15 ft. Leaves 8-17 cm. 1., 3-8°5 cm. br.; principal veins 5-6
on each side. Flowers dicecious. Achenes orange-yellow.

4. U. baeecifera Gaudich. in Freye. Voy. Bot. 497 (1826) ;
trunk and branches very often with prickles; leaves broadly
ovate to roundish, acute or acuminate, base subcordate or
rounded, irregularly sinuate-serrate, glabrous, or with scattered
deciduous stinging hairs or prickles on upper surface, and with

Urera URTICACE 59

or without recurved prickles underneath, especially on the nerves ;
cymes much branched, corymbiform; female flowers generally
separated.—Griseb. loc. cit.; Wedd. tom. cit. 93. Urtica
frutescens foliis amplioribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 337. Urtica
arborescens baccifera Plum. Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 260 & Ie. pict.
ined. v. 312. Urtica baccifera L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1398 (1762) ;
Jacq. Hort. Schenbr. t. 387 ; Descourt. Fl. vi. t. 433.

Wilson! March; Stony Hill; Fawcett! Fl. Jam. 7177.—West Indies,
S. America.

Plant 8-13 ft. high, with stinging hairs. Leaves 1-3 dm. l., 45-18
cm. br.; principal veins 6-8 on each side. Flowers diecious. Fruit,
perigone very succulent, white or rose-coloured, *5 cm. 1.

8. FLEURYA Gaudich.

Annual herbs, often with stinging hairs. Leaves alternate,
stalked, toothed, 3-nerved at base, penniveined above ; stipules
connate in one, bifid, intra-
petiolar. Flowers monc-
cious or dicecious in clusters

on paniculate cymes ; clus- NE ZS
ters unisexual or androgy- * ier
nous; panicles solitary, \\ > Ve Of, te
axillary. Bractsfew. Male << \' \'/-.
flowers: perianth 4—(5-)par- pe At

tite, subvalvate or slightly

imbricate. Stamens 4(-—5).

Ovary rudimentary. Female

flowers : perianth-segments ,y,\/ {7°

4, imbricate. Ovary at Vg
f Ae
i/ =

length oblique; stigma
at length hooked; ovule
erect from the base. Achene

NY
7

Y — ¢

oblique, compressed, ex- Fig. 19.—Fleurya xstuans Gaudich.
serted. Seed of same form, A, Lent and inflorescence.

* aie Hower bua,
with scarcely any endo- C, Male flower. D, Fruit.

sperm ; cotyledons broad.
Species 8, widely distributed through the tropics and extending
into South Africa.

F. wstuans Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 497 (1826) & in
Voy. Bonite, t. 83; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 154; Bak. in Refug.
Bot. t. 38; Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1,71. Urtica estuans
L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1397 (1762). (Fig. 19.)

Caley! Burlington, Harris! Fl. Jam. 5981.—West Indies, tropical
continental America, tropical Africa.

60 FLORA OF JAMAICA Fleurya

Stem to 12 dm. high; stem and leaves more or less furnished with
bristly hairs. Leaves ovate or roundish-ovate, shortly acuminate, coarsely
serrate, 8-13 cm. 1. (-8 dm.). Panicles androgynous, the clusters andro-
gynous and female on the same panicle, sometimes the male flowers on
distinct peduncles. Female perianth very unequally 4-partite ; stigma very
short. #rwit defiexed, 1 mm. |. or slightly more.

4, PILEA Lindl.

Herbs annual or perennial, more rarely shrubby at the base,
sometimes creeping or diffuse. Leaves opposite, of each pair
equal or very unequal, entire or toothed, 3-nerved or almost
without nerves ; stipules connate into one, intrapetiolar. Flowers
moneecious or dicecious in axillary cymes. Oymes solitary in the
axils, sometimes densely capituliform, sometimes laxly paniculate-
branching, sessile or stalked. Bracts small. Male flower:
perianth 4-partite, segments subvalvate, sometimes connate
below. Ovary rudimentary. Female flower: perianth 3-partite,
one segment (median) generally larger than the other two
(lateral), but sometimes a segment is developed abnormally
opposite to the median segment and similar to the lateral.
Staminodes opposite to the segments, scale-like or more or less
resembling the perianth-segments. Stigma sessile, penicillate.
Achene ovate or roundish, lenticular compressed. Seed of
similar form, with scarcely any endosperm ; cotyledons broad.

More than 100 species, widely distributed throughout the
tropics, but wanting in Australia.

Leaves entire.

Leaves very small, 1-nerved or without nerves.
Leaves obovate, crowded. Stem somewhat
succulent, becoming shrubby....... 1. P. microphylla.
Leaves roundish-deltoid or roundish- spathu-
late. Stems filiform, slender, creeping.... 2. P. herniarioides.

Leaves 3-nerved.
Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Stems naked below. Cystoliths on upper

SUTIGOO, LOL oon odi ss acs 'css ences cco saunananes 3. P. nudicaulis.
Stems leafy below. ag ono ah on SERS
surface, punctiform......... 4. P. lanceolata.
Leaves oblanceolate, 3-5 aes TE 5. P. flavicaulis.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or
elliptical.
Cystoliths large and conspicuous on under
RARE sy Catt oes i csaes baka ses eao) ssehana as tegs 6. P. Parietaria.

Cystoliths inconspicuous beneath.
Segments of female aarp subequal.
Leaves 3-6 cm. 1., 1*2-2 cm. br............ 7. P. virgata.
Leaves 1-2 cm. i *5-"8 om. br............ 8. P. alpestris.
Lateral segments scarcely half as long as
SODIBD ss «0 bisin'srya > Ghee dass ax Shamie tire Sarr 9. P. Weddellii.

Pilea URTICACEA

Leaves elliptical-oblong to narrowly obovate,
6-13 cm. 1. (Leaves sometimes toothed

PADRE BDO.) sviersiee sshvne s easnvtnces¥os cos coe svaseee’ 21.

Leaves not entire.

Leaves of a pair unequal or differing in form.
Smaller leaf of a pair minute.
Larger leaves pinnatifid-lobed.................06+
Larger leaves crenate-dentate.............secees
Smaller leaf one-half or one-third as long as
the larger shia even smaller on the
same plant).
Branches hirsute.
TGR VOSS MADBOUSE sci s <isdis aks ndews ae dareonvencyess
Leaves hirsute.
Cymes paniculatec ............:.ccerertereeeees
Cymes umbellate or corymbose............
Branches glabrous.

Larger leaves broader above the middle... 15.

Larger leaves broader at the middle.
Leaves serrate in upper two-thirds.......
Leaves serrate in upper third...............

Branches glabrous but ciliate at young nodes 18.

Leaves of a pair of the same size or form, or,
exceptionally unequal.
*Stem and leaves glabrous.
+Peduncles (at any rate those of the fruiting
cymes) generally longer than the petioles,
Leaves 1-nerved, penniveined...............065 ¥
Leaves 3-nerved or triplinerved.
Leaves oblanceolate.......csccscssserecseeses
Leaves ovate or elliptical.
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly-ellipti-
22

Leaves ovate.
Leaves large, reaching 10 cm. or
more in length.

Leaf-base rounded, sometimes
slightly cordate-pr unequal ;
dorsal appendages of male
flower linear.

Leaves elliptical or ovate-ellipti-
cal, appendages of male
flower erect or connivent...

Leaves ovate (smaller than in
P. grandifolia), appendages
PAGAN Gs. sSeeksdeleds esdecses.) OH

Leaf-base cordate, appendages of

male flower broad and flat.... 25.

Leaves of medium size, not exceed-
ing 5 cm. 1.
Stipules elliptical, 5-6 mm. 1.
(Leaves sometimes with a few
hairs.
Stipules semilunar, ‘5-1 mm. l.

(Stem minutely puberulous.)... 26.

23.

Prseshisds gia el os. lees 41,

61

P. reticulata.

Shy

P:
Br

nity B RN NX

, lucida.
. crenulata.

Wilsonit.

rufa.

. rufescens.

saxicola.

. Wullschlaegelit.

clandestina.

. ciliata.

. serrulata.

. oblanceolata.

. crassifolia,

. grandifolia.

. Hlizabethe.

. appendicilata.

caudata.

brevistipula.

Leaves small, 1:5 cm. 1. and less,... 27. P. dauciodora var.

parvifolia.

62 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

ttPeduncles (at any rate those of the fruiting
cymes) shorter than the petioles.
Leaves large, 5-13 cm. 1. Stems not

creeping.
Cymes paniculate, lax. (Leaves often
MAUL), oss xiising das tpi gd caawagninrind<sahe ns 21, P. reticulata.
Cymes densely clustered.
Leaves narrowly elliptical................ 28. P. sessiliflora.
Leaves ovate.......... 29. P. impressa.

Leaves small, 1-2cm.1. Stems creeping 30. P. radicans.
**Stem or leaves puberulous, pubescent or pilose.
tPeduncles about equal to, or shorter than,
the petioles; leaves small; stems
creeping.
Leaves round, crenate.......

strsstersesseerecsee OL. P. nummularifolia.
Leaves broadly obovate-spathulate, slightly

crenate in upper half .................005+ 32. P. depressa,
Leaves narrowly elliptical, attenuated
DOlOW, SORTAEO, sire cicescoceccdapnisavuaserdca 18. P. ciliata,

+tPeduncles (at any rate those of the fruiting
cymes) longer than the petioles.
Stems creeping; leaves small, roundish to
ovate.

Leaves with a few obscure teeth, glab-
rous beneath :vid,.355, aeies Wise Wes 33. P. rotundata.

Leaves crenate-serrate, pubescent on
nerves beneath.

Leaves elliptical-roundish ............... 34. P. repens.
Leaves ovate-roundish.
Male perianth pilose................+.. 35.
Male perianth glabrous ............... 36.
Stems not creeping.

Leaves glabrous on both sides, larger
38-4cm.1. Stem minutely puberu-
WEG | Sars soiminsseteseated bhaKoniuaviwensters 26. P. brevistipula.

Leaves on upper surface glabrous,
underneath pilose on nerves.

Cymes laxly paniculate, flowers few in

clusters. Leaves large, 3-6 cm. 1. 87. P. obtusata.
Cymes short with dense-flowered

clusters at apex of peduncles.

Leaves small, -9-1°7 cm. 1.......... 40. P. Hollickii.

Leaves sparsely pilose on both sides, o
glabrous above and minutely puber-
ulous on nerves beneath, 1°5-3
em.1. Stem procumbent ............ 38. P. diffusa.

Leaves sparsely pilose with pellucid
hairs on upper surface, and pilose
on nerves beneath, 1-3 cm. 1.......... 39. P. lamiifolia.

Leaves sparsely pilose with pelluci
hairs or glabrate on both surfaces,

BHO GM, Liven scccovstcaccentssvesevssovstiees 1: P, gilvicola.

Short tomentum (generally reddish) on
apices of branches and on nerves on
back of leaf; leaves 1°5-5:5cem.1. 42. P. nigrescens.

troyensis.
Harrisii.

tah

1. P. mierophylla Liebm. in Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. sér. 5, it. 296
(1851); dicecious or moneecious, herbaceous sometimes becoming

Pilea URTICACE: 63

shrubby, glabrous; stems somewhat succulent, very branched,
diffuse, leaves very small, those of a pair often unequal, elliptical
or oblong or obovate or roundish, mostly obtuse, base often
cuneate-attenuate, entire, one-nerved ; cymules generally con-
sisting of a single sessile cluster, shorter than the leaf, andro-
gynous or unisexual.—Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 155 (including var.
trianthemoides) ; Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1. 105 (in part) ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 200. P. trianthemoides, Lindl. Coll. Bot. sub.
t. 4. Herniaria lucida aquatica Sloane Cat. 50 & Hist. i. 145,
t. 93, f. 2. Urtica humilior disticha &ce. Browne Hist. Jam. 336.
Parietaria microphylla L. Syst. ed. 10, 1308 (1759) & Amen. v.
412. Urtica microphylla Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. viii. 66 (1787)
& Fl. Ind. Occ. 305. Urtica trianthemoides Sw. in Vet. Handl.
Stockh, viii. 68 (1787) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 307. (Pl. 1, B, f. 1.)
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Sloane Herb. ii. 121! Houstoun! Wright! Liguanea, Broughton! Ban-
croft! Distin! Port Royal Mts., Purdie! Fairfield, Wullschlaegel, 1013!
Arnott! Prior! March! Jackson Town, Miss A. Moulton-Barrett! Bryans
Hill; near Browns Town; Salem, Llandovery, St. Ann; Cinchona; New
Forest; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5394, 7257, 7407, 8165, 8418, 10,378.—Florida,
Bahamas, W. Indies, continental trop. America.

Stem varying in length to 3 dm. and more. Leaves 1°5-7 mm. lL,
with linear transverse cystoliths on upper surface; petiole very short or.
1-3 mm. 1. Flowers greenish tinged with white and red. Male flowers °
with pedicel to ‘75 mm.1.; perianth about 1 mm. 1., segments with short
and broad glabrous dorsal appendage, Female flowers subsessile. Achene
ovate, slightly rough, ‘5 mm. 1.; median segment of perianth cucullate,
scarcely longer than the lateral segments and a little shorter than the
achene.

Var. sueculenta Griseb. loc. cit. Leaves orbicular (3-5 mm.
br.), base rounded or shortly cuneate, shortly stalked, stem
shrubby, succulent.

Wilson ; ** Jamaica,” without locality or collector, in Herb. Kew.—
Porto Rico.

2. P. herniarioides Lindl. Coll. Bot. sub. t. 4 (1821); mone-
cious, herbaceous ; stems short, crowded, filiform, very slender,
not branching much, generally prostrate or creeping, glabrous ;
leaves minute, opposite (4 terminal, rosulate), roundish ; upper
surface and margin with a few longish hairs or glabrescent ;
cymules androgynous, generally sessile, in upper axils or among
terminal leaves ; female perianth rudimentary.— Urb. Symb. Ant.
w. 201. P. deltoidea Liebm. in Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Kopenh.
sér. 5, ti. 298 (1851); Wedd. tom. cit. 108. PP. microphylla
Liebm. var. herniarioides Wedd. tom. cit. 106 (1869). P. Brittonize
Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 528 (1908). Urtica herniarioides Sw. in Vet.
Handl. Stockh. viii. 64, t. ID. f. 1 (1787) & Fl. Ind. Oce. 309.
(Pl. 1, B, £. 2.) Type in Herb. Stockh.

In holes in limestone rock; Morse’s Gap, Harris; Fl. Jam. 7396;
between St. Helen’s Gap and Morse’s Gap, Britton, 95! Key Is., Bahamas,

64 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Costa
Rica.

Stems 1-7 cm.1. Leaves 1-3 mm.1. and br. Male flowers, with pedicel
to 2 mm. 1., perianth 1:2-1°5 mm. 1., dorsal appendage almost obsolete,
in the form of a flat hairy tubercle. Female flcwer, perianth about
‘1 mm. L., with triangular subequal segments. Achene to -7 mm. L,
ovate-elliptical, more or less muriculate, with somewhat transparent
margin.

3. P. nudicaulis Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, xviii. 208 ;
diccious, glabrous; stem jointed, naked below; leaves linear-
lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, rather acute, entire, 3-nerved,
basal nerves near the margin, reaching nearly to the apex;
cystoliths on upper surface linear ; stipules very short, triangular ;
male cymes varying in length up to half as long as leaf; female
cymes not much longer than the petioles.—Griseb. op. cit. 156 ;
Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 111. P. nudicaulis Wedd.
B lanceolata Griseb. loc. cit. Urtica nudicaulis Sw. in Vet.
Handl. Stockh, vi. 36 (1785) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 311. (Pl. 1, B, £ 3.)
Type in Herb, Mus. Brit.

Broughton! Masson! Swartz; Macfadyen | kn Cinchona; J.P.
1210, 1257, Hart! Content Road; Westphalia Road, 3000 ft.; Hope
Grounds, 700 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5257, 7454, 8390.—Cuba.

Herb; stem erect or ascending, i3-9 dm. high, simple or with few
branches. Branches slender, straight, erect, covered with oblong cystoliths.
Leaves 4-8(-10) cm. 1., 3-10(-14) mm. br.; cystoliths on upper surface
very numerous, unequal, intricate; on lower surface conspicuous, larger,
scattered, subequal, straight or curved; petiole 3-5 mm. 1.; stipules to
‘6mm.1. Male cymes to 4 cm. 1., male flowers “ white” (Swartz), stalked ;
perianth in bud -7 mm. 1., dorsal appendage mucronate, about ‘1 mm. 1.
Female cymes *6-1 cm. 1. Achene ‘6 mm. 1., smooth, roundish-ovate
slightly projecting beyond the median perianth-segment; median segment
*75 mm. 1., somewhat rhomboid, striolate-keeled; dorsal appendage level
with apex, lateral segments elliptical, striolate, *3-:4 mm. 1.

4. P, lanceolata Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, 7. 208 (1854) ;
moneecious, quite glabrous ; stem leafy below ; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 3-nerved, basal nerves very near
the margin ; stipules persistent, ovate-triangular, blunt, mem-
branous ; cystoliths on upper surface punctiform; cymes uni-
sexual or androgynous, shorter than the leaves; achene ovate,
very minutely granulate-—Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 110
(excl. syn. P. nudicaulis Griseb.). Urtica lanceolata Lam. Encye.
iv. 639 (1797). (Pl. 1, B,f. 4.)

Wright |—Hispaniola, Dominica, St. Vincent.

Stem 1-2 dm. high; rhizome creeping; stem erect, scarcely branching,
slender. Leaves 3-5 cm. 1.,3°5-8 mm. br., green on upper surface, grey
beneath; cystoliths very numerous on both sides, underneath larger, linear,
intricate; petiole scarcely 1 mm. 1.; stipules 2 mm.1. Female cymes
consisting of a few clusters, many-flowered and dense; peduncle longer
than the petiole. Achene ovoid, *75 mm.1.; median segment as long as
achene, about twice as long as lateral segments; dorsal appendage level
with apex.

Pilea URTICACEA? 65

5. P. flavieaulis Urb. & Britton Symb. Ant. vii. 194, dicecious(?),
glabrous, when dry white with cystoliths; leaves oblanceolate,
3-8 cm. 1., apex acute or obtuse, base obtuse, sometimes sub-
cordate, entire, 3-nerved or triplinerved, stalked ; stipules
lunar ; cymes (male only seen) generally shorter than the leaf,
long-stalked, paniculate. (Pl. 1, B, f. 5.)

In crevices of limestone rocks, Peckham woodland, Upper Clarendon,
2500-2800 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,881.

Suffrutescent ; stem procumbent, and rooting at nodes below, sending
up simple erect branches to 6 dm. high. Leaves 1-1°7 cm. br., nerves
reaching to upper quarter of leaf, sometimes with two or three minute teeth
near apex, cystoliths linear and fusiform, large and conspicuous on upper
surface; petioles 3-8 mm.1l. Stipules 1-2 mm.1. Male flowers crowded,
small, sessile or subsessile, perianth of young flower about ‘5 mm. L.,
opposite pairs of segments unequal; dorsal appendage continuous. with
segment, broad, obtuse at apex, of larger segments *2 mm. 1.

6. P. Parietaria Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 48 (1856) ;
a monecious sufirutescent herb ; stems ascending, simple, glabrous ;
leaves of same pair somewhat unequal in size, petioles more
unequal, elliptical, acuminate, acute, base obtuse, sometimes
acute, entire, 3-nerved, upper surface with scattered pellucid
‘hairs, underneath glabrous or with hairs on midrib and nerves,
margin ciliate ; cystoliths on upper surface small, linear, incon- °
Spicuous, not prominent, on lower surface conspicuous, large,
linear and fusiform ; stipules very deciduous, short, triangular ;
cymes paniculate, clusters separate, androgynous, peduncle shorter
than the petiole.—P. ciliaris Griseb. op. cit. 156 (as regards
Jamaica) (non Wedd.). P. ciliaris Fawe. Fl. Pl. Jam. (non Wedd.).
Parietaria foliis ex adverso &c. Sloane Cat. 50 & Hist. i. 144,
t. 93. f. 1. Urtica Parietaria L. Sp. Pl. 985 (1753). (Pl. 1, B,
f. 6.) Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

On shady rocks, ‘‘ Sixteen-mile walk,’ Sloane Herb. ii. 120! Houstown !
Broughton! Macfadyen! McNab! St. Thomas in the Vale, Prior!
Cinchona, J.P. 1256, Hart! near Whitfield Hall Works, Harris! FI.
Jam. 5173.

Leaves 3-7 cm. 1., 1°2-2'5 cm. br. Stipules about 1mm. 1. Cymes
1 or 2 in axils. Male bud :6--7 mm. l1., subglobose, flat-topped; dorsal
appendages short, mucronate, patent. Achene *6--7 mm. 1., ovate-
elliptical, smooth, projecting beyond the median segment by about one-
third; median segment *5 mm. 1., dorsal appendage somewhat tumid or
keeled, ending above in a small mucro; lateral segments acuminate, more
than half as long as the median.

There is in Herb. Kew. a specimen collected by Dr. Wright in Jamaica
with long-stalked leaves nearly 1 dm. 1. and 6 cm. br. which probably
belongs here.

7. P. virgata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1. 112 (1869) ;
dicecious, glabrous, leaves 3-6 cm. 1., oblong-lanceolate or narrowly
elliptical, acutely acuminate, base emarginate, entire, tripli-
nerved ; cystoliths not conspicuous beneath ; stipules very short,

F

66 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

truncate ; cymes small, subsessile, shorter than the petiole;
segments of female perianth subequal ; achene roundish-ovate.
(Pl. 1, B, f. 7.)

Union Hill, near Moneague, Prior! Union Hill, Britton, 2813!

Branches virgate (slender, straight, erect), covered with minute cysto-
liths. Leaves at each node subequal, 1°2-2 cm. br., with very small
punctiform cystoliths on both sides; petioles at each node sometimes very
unequal, *8-2°8 cm. l. Female flowers stalked, pedicels 1:2 mm. 1.
Achene roundish-ovate, *8 mm. 1., median segment *8 mm. 1., dorsal
appendage tuberculate, lateral segments apiculate, a little shorter than the
median segment.

8. P. alpestris sp. nov. ; dicecious, shrubby, branches glabrous,
except for the cilia between the petioles, or with very few short
hairs ; leaves of the same pair equal or unequal ; limbs ovate-
elliptical to narrowly elliptical, more or less acuminate, base
obtuse, 1-2 em. 1., *5-*8 cm. br. ; cystoliths on upper surface
minute, prominent, conspicuous, underneath minute, somewhat
conspicuous ; petioles 5-2 mm. |. ; stipules triangular-acuminate,
about 1 mm. 1.; inflorescence *5-1 cm.1., male bearing 1-3
clusters, female more lax ; segments of female perianth subequal ;
achenes ‘7 mm. ].—P. Parietaria var. alpestris Urb. Symb. Ant. i.
295 (1899). (Pl. 1, B, f. 8.)

Blue Mt. Peak, about 7200 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 5278, 5424; Hansen.

A low, much branched shrub, growing in patches and forming a dense
undergrowth in the forest.

Male perianth -5 mm. 1., stalked, pedicels to *7 mm, 1l.; segments
separate to base, dorsal appendage continuous with segment and equal
in length. Female flowers, median segment with small conical dorsal
appendage, lateral long acuminate.

9. P. Weddellii Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. l. 177 (1912) ;
moneecious, somewhat shrubby; stem ascending, simple or
branched, glabrous; leaves of the same pair of unequal size,
elliptical or narrowly elliptical, shortly or long acuminate, acute,
base emarginate, entire, 3-nerved, glabrous on both sides or
sparsely pilose on upper surface, pubescent on nerves beneath,
margin glabrous or sparsely ciliate ; cystoliths on both surfaces
minute (above prominent and conspicuous, beneath inconspicuous) ;
stipules deciduous, short, semilunar; cymes paniculate, andro-
gynous ; peduncle shorter than the petiole, sometimes a little
longer ; lateral segments of female perianth one-half to one-third
as long as the median.—P. ciliaris var. Rivorie Wedd. in DC.
Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 114 (1869) (in part). P. Parietaria Griseb. op.
cit. 156 (as regards the Jamaican specimens). (PI. 2, f. 2.)

Wright! Masson! Swartz! Bancroft! McNab! Bath, Purdie! Wilson!
Blue Mts., Prior! J.P. 1147, Morris! Catherine’s Peak, 4000 ft., Eggers!
Portland Gap, 5500 ft.; near Morse’s Gap, 4800 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
5426, 7351.

Stem to 9 dm. high, Leaves 1°5-7°5 cm, 1., 1-2°5 cm. br. Stipules
*5-1 mm.1. Cymes 1 or 2 in axils, rose-coloured. Male bud *75 mm. 1,

Pilea URTICACE 67

globose-pyriform ; segments with a raised median line ending in connivent
tubercles. Achene *75 mm. 1., roundish-elliptical or roundish-ovate,
margined, muriculate, projecting beyond median segment of perianth by
one-quarter to one-third; median segment as long as the achene, oblong-
elliptical with a light-coloured dorsal keel; lateral segments elliptical,
shortly acute.

10. P. lucida Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 48 (1856) ;
moneecious, shrubby, glabrous; leaves small, of two forms,
cuneate, the larger leaf pinnatifid (1-3 lobes on each side), the
other minute, obovate, entire, sometimes the larger also entire ;
cymes small, consisting of a single few-flowered cluster, andro-
gynous or monecious, with long stalks.— Wedd. in DC. Prodr.
xvi. pt. 1,119; Griseb. op. cit. 156, var. a and var. 8 cuneifolia
(in part). Urtica lucida Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. vi. 31 (1785)
& Fl. Ind. Oce. 315. (Pl. 1, B, f. 9.)

On damp rocks, or ‘banks in shady woodland; Swartz! Union Hill,
near Moneague, Prior! Tyre, near Troy, 2400 ft.; near Newmarket, 1200
ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8807, 9082; Union Hill, near Moneague, Britton ¢&
Hollick, 2739, 2788 |

A small shrwb, stem 1-2 dm. high, diffusely branching, without leaves
below; branches slender, leafy. Leaves 5-11 mm. 1., 1°5-4 mm. br.,
shortly stalked, upper surface with large linear cystoliths. Pedwnele
nearly as long as the larger leaf. Ags

Male flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate. Perianth “coloured”
(Swartz), about 1°5 mm. 1., globose, with triangular acute “‘ green”’ dorsal
appendages about ‘5mm.1, Female flowers sessile or subsessile; perianth
segments with small brown teeth, median segment about as long as the
lateral segments. Achene elliptical, about 1-1 mm. 1.

11. P. erenulata Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 308 (1907) ; moneecious,
somewhat shrubby, glabrous; leaves of the same pair of very
unequal sizes, cuneate to narrowly obovate, the larger narrowly
obovate or obovate-elliptical, apex rounded or obtuse, below long-
attenuated into the short petiole, triplinerved, crenate-dentate
near the apex, penninerved, the other minute, entire ; stipules
semiorbicular or lunate, *3-:5 mm. l., persistent ; cymes small,
stalked, generally shorter than the larger leaf, somewhat capitu-
late.—P. cuneifolia Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xviii. 212
(1852) & in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 119. P. lucida var. cunei-
folia Griseb. op. cit. 156 (1859) (in part). Urtica crenulata
Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. vi. 35 (1785). Urtica cuneifolia
Sw. op. cit. vitt. 70 (1787) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 319. (Pl. 3, f. 1.)
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Amongst moss on calcareous rocks; Swartz! northern slopes of
Dolphin Head, Harris! Fl. Jam. 9238.

. Stem erect or ascending from a creeping base, 4-7 cm. (“-3 dm.”
Swartz) high, with simple branches. Leaves larger 1-2 cm. 1., 4-8 mm.
br.; stalk 2°5-1 mm. 1.; smaller 1-4 mm. 1., 1-2 mm. br.; cystoliths
linear, much smaller and less conspicuous beneath. Cymes often con-
sisting of a single cluster; peduncle 1-2 cm.]. Male flowers few in the
lowest part of the inflorescence, perianth “red” (Swartz), ‘75 mm. l.,

F 2

68 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

with a short linear dorsal appendage. Female flowers, segments of perianth
subequal. Achene ‘7 mm. l., narrowly obovate, granulate.

12. P. Wilsonii Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 309 (1907) ; dicecious (2),
annual herb, erect or suberect ; stem and branches with spreading
red hairs; stipules ovate or suborbicular, persistent ; leaves of
each pair unequal, sometimes very unequal, tbe larger spathulate,
apex rounded, below long-attenuated into the short petiole, with
about 7 crenatures above and entire below, the smaller sessile or
subsessile, obovate, entire or with 3-5 crenatures above, one-
nerved, penniveined, glabrous ; cymes pedunculate, small, some-
what capitulate——P. lucida Bl. var. cuneifolia Griseb. op. cit.
156 (1859) (in part). (Pl. 3, f. 2.)

Elm Wood Estate (fide Urban), Wilson!

Stems 4—Tcm. high. Stipules *8-1:2mm.1. Leaves larger, ‘6-1'4em.L,
*4-"7 cm. br., petiole 4-2 mm. 1., smaller 2-5 mm. 1., 2-4 mm. br.;
cystoliths linear, underneath smaller and more numerous. Peduncle

6-7 mm.1. Achene elliptical, *8 mm. 1., smooth; median segment nearly
as long as achene, lateral segment *5 mm. 1.

13. P. rufa Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, aviii. 220 (1852) ;
moneecious ; branches hirsute ; leaves of the same pair of unequal
size, the larger elliptical-ovate, sometimes narrowing upwards,
stalked, the other much smaller, subsessile, roundish; tripli-
nerved, serrate from above the middle or in upper two-
thirds ; hirsute, especially on the margins, and nerves beneath,
hairs reddish ; cymes androgynous, paniculate, peduncles much
longer than the petiole.— Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 121;
Griseb. op. cit. 157. Urtica rufa Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. viii.
59 (1787) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 292. (Pl. 3, £. 3.)

In rocky places; Swartz! Macfadyen!

Shrubby; stem much branched, 2-3 dm. high. Larger leaves
1-5-4 cm. |., *8-1.5 cm. br.; smaller leaves *5-1°2 cm. 1.; nerves reaching
about the upper third of the leaf; cystoliths linear on upper surface,
wanting or minute on lower surface; petioles -5-1 cm. 1. hirsute with red-
dish-brown hairs. Stipules roundish, 3-4 mm, 1, glabrous, ferruginous
(when dry), persistent. Male flowers with pedicel -5-1 mm.1.; perianth
*8 mm. L., “ white” (Swartz); dorsal appendage small, triangular, 2 mm. 1.
Female flowers stalked. Achene about 1 mm. 1, elliptical, broadly margined,
minutely spotted, projecting beyond the median segment of perianth by
one-third of its length; median segment slightly shorter than the achene,
lateral segments about half as long as median.

14. P. rufeseens Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. l. 178 (1912) ;
moneecious ; branches hirsute ; leaves of the same pair of unequal
size, the larger elliptical, stalked, the other much smaller,
subsessile, roundish, triplinerved, serrate in the upper half,
glabrous on upper surface, hirsute on margins and on nerves
beneath, hairs reddish; cymes androgynous, umbellate or
corymbose, peduncles much longer than the petiole. (Pl. 2, f. 3.)

Pilea URTICACEA 69

On limestone rocks; near Troy, 2000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 85338.

Shrubby; stem much branched, 2-3 dm. high. Larger J/eaves
1-2°2 cm. 1., *6-1 cm. br.; smaller leaves *5-1 cm. 1.; nerves reaching
about the upper third of the leaf; cystoliths linear-fusiform, conspicuous
on upper surface, smaller and much more numerous beneath; petioles
*4-1 cm. 1, hirsute with brownish hairs. Stipules roundish, 3-4 mm. 1.,
glabrous, ferruginous (when dry), persistent. Male flowers white; perianth
‘7 mm. 1.; dorsal appendage small, tuberculate. Achene 1:1 mm. L.,
elliptical, not margined, minutely spotted, projecting beyond the median
segment by half its length; median segment °75 mm. 1, lateral segments
slightly shorter than the median.

15. P. saxicola Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 311 (1907); monecious
shrub ; stems branching, glabrous ; leaves of each pair equal or
unequal, the larger stalked (the smaller subsessile), oblanceolate
to obovate, base cuneate, apex obtuse, larger two or three times
as large as the smaller, 3-nerved; cystoliths linear, large on
upper surface, smaller and more numerous beneath, glabrous,
crenate in the upper margin; stipules small, semiorbicular or
semioval, persistent ; cyme stalked, small, consisting of 1-3 few-
flowered androgynous or female heads. (PI. 3, f. 4.)

On rocks in woodland; near Troy, 1800-2200 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam.
8540, 8700.

Stems rooting at base, 2°5-3dm. high. eaves, larger -8-1°8 cm. L,
*6-"8 cm. br.; petiole 1-7 mm.1. Stipules 1-1°5 mm.1. Pedwnele -5-1
em. 1, Male flowers (not seen by us), pedicel 1-1-5 mm. 1.; perianth
‘4 mm, 1., 3-partite almost to the base; stamens 3. Female flowers,
pedicel ‘5-1 mm. 1. Achene elliptical-ovate, 1 mm. 1.; median segment
about ‘6 mm. 1., broad, oblong, apex truncate; lateral segments not much
shorter, ovate-triangular.

16. P. Wullschlaegelii Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 310 (1907);
moneecious shrub; stems branching, glabrous; leaves of each
pair equal or unequal, oval-elliptical, ovate or roundish, base and
apex obtuse or rounded, 5-nerved, glabrous or sometimes sparingly
pilose on the nerves beneath, serrate in the upper two-thirds ;
stipules ovate or broadly ovate, persistent ; cymes long-stalked,
small, bearing 1-3 few-flowered heads, unisexual or androgynous.
—P. diffusa Griseb. op. cit. 159 (1859) (in part), (non Wedd.).
(Pl. 3, f.5.) Type at Munich.

On rocks; Fairfield, Wwlischlaegel, 1016! Somerset Woods, near Man-
deville, Harris d Britton! Fl. Jam. 10,604, 10,611.

Stem rooting below. Leaves *7T-3 cm. 1.,*7-2cm. br.; nerves extending
to two-thirds of limb; cystoliths linear, conspicuous on upper surface,
smaller and more numerous beneath; petioles 3 mm.-2 cm.1. Stipules
3-4 mm.1. Peduwnele -5-1°5 cm.1. Male flowers, pedicel 1°5-3 mm. 1.;
perianth about 1 mm. 1., shortly campanulate, dorsal appendages short,
broad. Female flowers subsessile, or pedicel *5 mm. 1.; perianth, segments
3, the larger 8-1 mm. 1., lateral °5--6 mm.1. Achene somewhat broadly
ovate, red, brown-punctate, 1 mm. 1.

17. P. clandestina Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 120
(1869); monecious, glabrous; leaves of the same pair very

70 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

unequal, the larger oblong-lanceolate to elliptical, subsessile, in
the upper half acutely serrate, triplinerved; cymes small,
stalked, longer than the petiole, and sometimes than the sub-
tending leaf. (Pl. 3, f. 6.) Type at Munich.

Mt. Carmel, Wullschlaegel, 1284! Woodstock, near Beaufort, Westmore-
land, Harris! Fl. Jam. 9907.

A small shrub, 2-3 dm. high; stem leafless, branches leafy. Leaves,
larger 1°5-2 cm. 1., 5-8 mm. br., with (3-)5 teeth on each side, basal nerves
extending beyond the middle; cystoliths linear, more numerous under-
neath. Cymes, female consisting of a single cluster, flowers with somewhat
long stalks, 1 mm.1.and more. <Achene ovate-elliptical, nearly 1 mm. L. ;
median segment of the perianth about -5 mm. 1., with a blunt dorsal
appendage, lateral segments °3mm.1. Male flowers not seen.

18. P. ciliata Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 46 (1856) ;
monecious, creeping ; leaves elliptical, attenuated below, serrate
except near base, 3-nerved, nerves prominent above, impressed
below, with a few scattered pellucid hairs on the upper surface,
pilose on the nerves below, margins ciliolate; stipules small,
triangular, persistent ; cymes small, generally unisexual, sessile ;
dorsal appendages of the male perianth triangular, acuminate.—
Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 296. P. Swartzii Wedd. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3,
wvitt. 228 (1852) & in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 160 (excl. Cuba) ;
Griseb. op. cit. 158 (excl. Cuba). Urtica ciliata Sw. in Vet. Handl.
Stockh. vi. 32 (1785), Prodr. 36 & Fl. Ind. Oce. 298. (PL. 3,
f. 7.) Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.
want rocky woodland of the interior; Swartz! Springfield, Wallschlaegel,

Herb ; stem prostrate with ascending branches, about 2 dm. high, nodes
hirsute. Leaves 2-3°5 cm. 1., 10-14 mm. br.; cystoliths small, linear
above; petioles glabrate, 5-8 mm. 1. Male flowers coloured, pedicellate,

appendage as long as the segment and hirtellous, perianth (incl. appen-
dages) 35 mm. 1., anthers white. Female flowers green.

19. P. serrulata Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, wviti. 213
(1852); moneecious, glabrous; leaves small, subsessile, oblong-
lanceolate or obovate-lanceolats, obtuse, base cuneate-attenuate,
serrulate or crenate in the upper half, one-nerved, penniveined ;
stipules semiorbicular or semiovate, persistent; inflorescence
pedunculate, of small few-flowered androgynous heads, shorter
than the leaves.— Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1,140; Urb. Symb.
Ant. v. 312. P. lucida var. serrulata Griseb. op. cit. 156 (1859).
Urtica serrulata Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. viii, 65 (1787) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. 313. (Pl. 3, f. 8.)

On calcareous rocks in the interior; Swartz!—There is a variety
in Cuba.

Asmall shrub; stem erect, branching, 2-3 dm. high; branches stiff
and erect, leafless below, internodes short. Leaves 1-2 cm. 1., 3-4 mm. br. ;
cystoliths linear, conspicuous on upper surface. Peduncle red. Male
flowers 1 or a few, subsessile, amongst the more numerous female
flowers; perianth red, 1:3 mm. 1., globose; dorsal appendage *4 mm. l.,

Pilea URTICACEZ 71

linear blunt. Female flowers *5 mm. 1., with perianth-segments subequal,
median hooded with upper edge fimbriate, lateral oblong, acute; pedicels
of same length.

20. P. oblanceolata Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1. 179
(1912) ; dicecious (?) (only the female flower seen), glabrous, herba-
ceous, stems decumbent or ascending, simple ; stipules 1-1*5 mm. 1.,
lunate ; leaves of the same pair more or less unequal, oblanceolate,
acute or shortly acuminate, base long-attenuate, 6-3 cm. L,
serrate at the apex, triplinerved, membranous; cystoliths on
the upper surface ‘linear, beneath very inconspicuous, very
minute ; cymes female, paniculate, clusters many-flowered, dense-
flowered; peduncles much longer than the petioles. (Pl. 2,
f. 1,4.) Type in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard.

In crevices of rocks; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft.;
Harris! F1. Jam. 10,946.

Stems 10-30 cm. 1., rooting below at the nodes and between the nodes,
when dry, more or less compressed, 1*5-3 mm. br., with very short linear
cystoliths only seen on young shoots; internodes very variable in length
1-4cm.1. Leaves 1-8-1 cm. br., with the two lateral nerves produced to
about three-fourths of their length, petioles -3-1 cm.1l. Cymes solitary
from axils of upper leaves, peduncles 3-4 cm.1. Female flowers sessile or
subsessile. Achene 1 mm. 1., broadly ovate, muriculate; median segment
of perianth 1°2 mm. 1., dorsal appendage tuberculate, lateral segment
two-thirds as long. ~~

21. P. reticulata Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xviii. 215
(1852) ; monecious or diccious, glabrous ; leaves subobliquely
elliptical-oblong to narrowly obovate, acute to acuminate, generally
serrate above the middle, or rarely entire, tripli-(3-) nerved,
nerves reaching nearly to the apex ; stipules triangular-ovate,
persistent ; cymes unisexual or androgynous, peduncles shorter
or much longer than the petioles— Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi.
pt. 1, 145; Griseb. op. cit. 156. Urtica reticulata Sw. in Vet.
Handl. Stockh. vi. 30 (1785) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 286. (Pl. 3, f. 9.)

On rocks, in forest ; Swartz! Westmoreland, Purdie ! slopes of Dolphin
Head, 1200-1400 ft.. Harris! Fl. Jam. 9245, 9270.

Stems herbaceous or somewhat shrubby, 2 dm. to 1 m. high, simple,
leafy only at the top. Leaves 6-13 cm. 1., 2-4°5 cm. br.; cystoliths linear,
unequal on both sides; petioles 1-4 cm. 1. Male flowers, pedicels to
1mm. 1.; perianth ‘9 mm. 1.; crimson, dorsal appendage small, tuber-
culate. Female flowers ‘white’? (Swartz), sessile or subsessile. Achene
1-1 mm. l., roundish-ovoid, muriculate ; median perianth-lobe nearly the
length of achene, tuberculate near the apex.

22. P. erassifolia Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 52 (1856) ;
moneecious or diccious, glabrous; leaves ovate to elliptical-
lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded and emarginate, sometimes
subpeltate, serrate from near the base, triplinerved ; stipules
rather large, oblong-lanceolate, deciduous ; cymes paniculate ;
flowers dense in small roundish separate clusters, peduncles much
longer than the petioles.— Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 143.

72 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

P. densiflora Kunth Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 12 (1846) ; Griseb. op.
eit. 157; Wedd. Monogr. 219, t. 6 ¢, fig. 16,17. Urtica crassi-
folia Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 349 (1805). (Pl. 3, £. 10.)

Wright! Broughton! Dancer! Macfadyen! Wilson; YS.; Fairfield;
Wutllschlaegel, 1018, 1019! Moneague, Prior! March; Holly Mount,
Mt. Diabolo, 2500 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6490, 8496, 8963; Belvedere,
St. Thomas, Britton, 3667!

Stems 9-12 dm. high, ascending, woody at base. Leaves 3-10 cm. L.,
1:5-4 cm. br.; nerves produced nearly to the apex; cystoliths unequal
fusiform, larger on the upper surface; petiole *5-4cm.1. Stipules 5-10
mm.1. Cymes solitary, exceeding the leaves; peduncles 2-4cm.1. Male
flowers with pedicels to 7 mm. 1.; perianth about 1 mm. 1., globose,
coherent below; dorsal appendages ‘1 mm. L., flat-triangular. Memale
flowers red, sessile or subsessile. Achene *8 mm. 1., roundish-ovate, very
oblique, punctate; median segment *6-°8 mm. l., about twice as long as
the acuminate lateral segments, dorsal appendage apiculate; a fourth
segment similar to the lateral segments sometimes present, opposite the
median.

23. P. grandifolia Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 52 (1856) ;
dicecious, glabrous ; leaves broadly ovate, sometimes elliptical,
acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, crenate-serrate with large
teeth, triplinerved, with scattered dark sunken glands on under
surface, occasionally puberulous on veins beneath ; stipules large,
elliptical, persistent ; cymes laxly many-flowered, peduncles
generally longer than the petioles, dichotomously paniculate.—
P. grandis Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat, sér. 3, xviii. 216 (1852) & in
DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 142 (excl. habitat St. Thomas) ; Griseb.
op. cit. 157. Urtica iners racemosa d&e. Sloane Cat. 38 & Hist.
Jam. i. 124, t. 83, f. 2. Urtica erecta, foliis &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 337. Urtica grandifolia L. Amon. v. 409 (1760) & Sp.
Pl. ed. 2, 1396 ; Sw. Obs. 357. (Pl. 3, f. 11.) Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Dwarf Cedar.

Hope River, and in mountains in Guanaboa, Sloane Herb. ii. 76!
Shakspear! Swartz! Caley! Macfadyen! Westmoreland, Purdie! Mon-
eague; Tiddenham, St. Ann, Prior! March! Newcastle, 3500 ft., Hggers!
near Cinchona, C. Nicholls! Old England, Blue Mts., Harris! Scotts Hall,
St. Mary, 600 ft. Thompson! Fl. Jam. 5295, 5296, 6748, 7397.

Shrubby. Stems 9-18 dm. high. Leaves generally 1-2 dm. 1, *5-1
dm. br.; nerves produced nearly to the apex; cystoliths on upper surface
very unequal, fusiform or punctiform, underneath donate Se linear, smaller
and more frequent; petiole generally longer than the next internode.
Stipules 1:5-2cm.1. Cyme (including peduncle) shorter than the leaves,
about equaling its own peduncle, 6-12 cm. 1.; flowers purplish, red, white
or green. Male flowers, with pedicel to *7 mm. 1.; perianth globose,
1:5 mm. 1, with erect or connivent, linear, thick dorsal appendages
*3-"4 mm, 1. Female flowers red, stalked; pedicel ‘3 mm.1l. Achene
‘5 mm. L., elliptical; median segment about *5 mm. 1., dorsal appendage
blunt, projecting above apex ; lateral segments about *3 mm. 1.

24. P, Elizabethee Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1.179 (1912) ;
diceecious (male plant only seen), glabrous, stems woody ; leaves

Pilea URTICACE 73

ovate, acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, Grannis aakrate ; stipules
elliptical, deciduous ; cymes paniculate densely many-flowered ;
dorsal appendages of the male perianth patent. (Pl. 2, f. 5.)

Hills near Bulstrode, Westmoreland; in fi. March; Mrs. Elizabeth G.
Britton, 2876!

Leaves 1 dm. or less, 8-6 cm. br., nerves produced nearly to the apex,
with numerous dark sunken glands on the lower face following the course
of the veins, margin less coarsely serrate than in P. grandifolia ; cystoliths
on upper surface very unequal, fusiform or punctiform, beneath subequal,
linear, smaller and more frequent. Stipules 1 cm.1. Cymes (including
the peduncle) shorter than the leaves, 2°5-6 cm.1. Male perianth globose,
1°2 mm. 1., with patent thick appendages, *2 mm. 1.

25. P. appendicilata Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1. 179
(1912) ; monecious, leaves stalked, ovate, acuminate, more or
less cordate, margin crenate-serrate with large teeth, 3-nerved,
glabrous on upper surface, more or less pilose beneath, especially
on the nerves; stipules rather large, bluntly and broadly ovate,
deciduous ; cymes, male forming several dense clusters at end of
a long peduncle; female much shorter, in the same leaf-axil as
male; male flower, dorsal appendages broad and flat. (PI. 2, f. 6).

In shady places near river; in fl. Feb. ; Leicesterfield, Upper Clarendon
1800 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,843. ais

Stem to 3 ft. high. Leaves T-12 cm. 1., 5-7 cm. br., nerves produced
nearly to apex; cystoliths on upper surface numerous, linear, smaller
beneath; petiole 2-5 cm.1. Stipules 1 cm.1. Cymes, male, peduncle to
7 cm. 1.; flower-heads white, each 6-8 mm, in diam.; perianth (with
appendages) about 2 mm. 1., with pedicel of equal length, ellipsoidal-
globose, segments coherent below, dorsal appendages roundish-elliptical
about half the length of the perianth. Hemale cymes, peduncle to
1 cm. 1. glabrous; flowers *5 mm. l., sessile and subsessile, perianth-
segments subequal and coherent in the greater part of their length.

26. P. brevistipula Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 6 (1909); herb,
monecious; stems at apex minutely puberulous; leaves of
each pair unequal, stalked, the larger shortly ovate to elliptical,
base rounded or obtuse, apex generally obtuse, crenate in the
upper half, 3-nerved or triplinerved, glabrous ; stipules short,
semilunar; cymes long-stalked, subpaniculate, androgynous,
clusters dense-flowered. (PI. 3, f. 12.

In crevices of rocks; between Black River and New Market, 150 ft. ;
Harris! Fl. Jam. 9905.

Stems ascending, rooting below, 10-15 cm. 1., simple or slightly
branched. Stipules ‘5-1 mm.1. Leaves, the larger 3-4 cm. 1., 1°5-3 cm.
br., petiole 3-15 mm. 1., the two lateral nerves produced to the upper
third ; cystoliths linear, conspicuous on upper surface. Inflorescence soli-
tary in the axils of the upper leaves. Male flowers subsessile; perianth
globulose-pyriform light-coloured, cohering to middle, 1 mm. 1.; dorsal
appendages short, bluntly triangular, of one pair broader than the other.
Female flowers sessile or subsessile, twice as long as the lateral. Achene
elliptical, “6 mm. 1., pale yellow; median segment -6 mm. 1., dorsal
appendage tuberculate.

74 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

27. P. dauciodora var. parvifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi.
pt. 1, 139 (1869); monecious, glabrous, stems slender, rooting ;
leaves small, roundish-ovate, base rounded, 3-nerved, serrate
in the upper half; stipules very small, triangular, persistent ;
cymes androgynous, small, consisting of a few clusters, long-
stalked, exceeding the leaf——Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 311, under
obs, vi. (Pl. 3, £. 13.) Type at Munich.

Springfield, Wullschlaegel, 1014!

Leaves 5-13 mm. 1., 3-11 mm. br.; nerves extending to the upper third
of the limb; cystoliths fusiform-linear; petiole as long as or shorter than
the limb. Male perianth globose-pyriform 1 mm. 1.; dorsal appendage
mucronate. Achene ovate *7 mm. l., median segment barely *6 mm. l.,
double the length of lateral. (Material very scanty.)

28. P. sessiliflora Wedd. Monogr, 242 (1856) ; glabrous ; leaves
elliptical or narrowly elliptical, in each pair equal or often very
unequal, narrowed at apex and base, acute, serrulate on the
upper half or third, triplinerved, basal nerves not reaching apex ;
stipules short, triangular ; cymes small, shortly stalked, much
shorter than the petiole ; peduncle winged.—Griseb. op. cit. 157 ;
Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 147. Urtica sessiliflora, Sw. in
Vet. Handl. Stockh. vi. 33 (1785) & Fl. Ind. Oce. 321. (Pl. 3,
f. 14.) j

Swartz! Manchester, Purdie! Springfield, Wullschlaegel, 1020! Wilson!
Battersea Woods, near Christiana, 3000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 8266.—
Colombia.

Stem erect or creeping below, simple or branched at base, 2-3 dm. high,
the lower part leafless, with small round brownish scales on surface.
Leaves 3-8 cm. 1., *5-5 cm. br., smaller leaves, some as short as 1 cm.;
cystoliths very small, fusiform and punctiform on upper surface; petiole
of larger leaf variable in length, 1°5-3cm.1. Stipules 1*5mm.1. Female
Slowers pedicellate or sessile. Achene 1°5 mm. 1., obliquely ovate, a little
longer than the perianth, lateral segments ovate, about half as long as
median segment, which has a short, pointed dorsal appendage. Male
flowers not seen.

29. P. impressa Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 314 (1907); dicecious,
herbaceous, rooting below; stem simple or slightly branched,
glabrous ; stipules semilunar to shortly triangular, persistent ;
leaves of each pair equal or unequal, the larger ovate or ovate-
elliptical, base rounded subemarginate, subacuminate, 3-nerved,
or triplinerved, nerves extending two-thirds length of limb,
glabrous, dentate in the upper 4—3; cymes (male only seen)
capitate, much shorter than the leaves. (Pl. 3, f. 15.)

In damp forest N.W. slope of Dolphin Head, 1400 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam.
271.

Stems 2-8 dm. high, stout, with small, round, brownish scales on
surface. Stipules 1-1°5 mm. 1. Leaves glandular-dotted beneath, the
larger 5-8 om. 1., 2°5-4 cm. br., with petioles 1°5-3 cm. 1., the smaller
with shorter petioles; cystoliths on both sides punctiform and somewhat
prominent. Cymes densely many-flowered, 1-1-5 cm. in diam.; peduncle

Pilea URTICACEAE: 75

*8-2 cm. 1. Male flowers, pedicel to 3 mm, 1.; perianth 3-3-5 mm. 1,
dorsal appendage linear, ‘7-1 mm. L., dotted with brown cystoliths.
one specimen there are sometimes three leaves at a node.

Var. troyana Urb. loc. cit.; leaves at the base subpeltate,
somewhat more acuminate, triplinerved ; petioles glabrous. (Pl. 3,
f. 16.)

In crevices of rocks ; near Troy, 2000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 8532.

Male flower, perianth subglobose, nearly 3 mm. 1.; appendages tri-
angular, obtuse, conspicuously marked with linear cystoliths, about 2
mm. 1.

30. P. radieans Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xviii, 223
(1852) ; moneecious (Swartz), growing and rooting along branches
of trees and rocks, glabrous ; leaves ovate or rhomboid-elliptical,
sometimes those of a pair unequal, obtuse, base cuneate, with
3-4 large crenatures in the upper half, triplinerved, nerves
about two-thirds of length of limb; stipules minute; rarely
flowering; cymes small, androgynous (Swartz), subsessile—
Griseb. op. cit. 158; Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 148.
Urtica radicans Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. vi. 29 (1785) & FI.
Ind. Occ. 299. (Pl. 3, £.17.)

Swartz! Macfadyen! Wilson! J.P. 980, Morris! near Mabess River ;
Tyre, near Troy, 2200 ft.; Harris! between Mansfield and Devils River, °
Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 7466, 7706a, 9081, 10,574.

Herb ; stems long (4-5 dm.), slender, branching, flexuose. Leaves 1-2
cm, l., 5-12 mm. br. (sometimes smaller); cystoliths linear and fusiform.
Flowers “ green” (Swartz). Male perianth 2 mm. 1.; dorsal appendages
conical, ‘75 m.1. Female flowers not seen.

31. P. nummularifolia Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xviii.
225 (1851) ; moneecious, creeping ; leaves small, round, crenate
except at the base, hairy on both sides, 3-nerved ; stipules
rounded ; cymes small, dense, unisexual or androgynous; male
terminal about half as long as leaves, female axillary or terminal,
pedunculate, not or scarcély equalling the petiole-—Griseb. op.
cit. 158 ; Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 158; Urb. Symb. Ant.
iv. 204. Nummularia saxatilis &e. Sloane Cat. 90 & Hist. i.
208, # 131, f. 4. Urtica nummularifolia Sw. in Vet. Handl.
Stockh. viii. 63, t. 1, f. 2 (1787) & Fl. Ind. Oce. 301. (Pl. 3, f. 18.)

On rocks by Hope River, Liguanea, Sloane Herb. iv. 21! Swartz!
Shakspear! Hope Gardens (cult. on tree-fern stems), Fl. Jam. 8360.—
Cuba, Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Cruz.

Herb; stems of indefinite length, villose. Leaves 6-15 mm. 1. and
about as br.; cystoliths very minute on both sides; petiole 3-10 mm.1.,
pubescent-pilose. Stipules 1-2-5 mm. 1., scarious. Male flowers with
hirsute pedicels 3-5 mm. 1.; perianth obovoid-globose, to 2°5 mm. 1., with
broadly triangular hirsute dorsal appendages (“75 mm.1.). Female flowers
subsessile or pedicellate. Achene -75 mm. 1., obliquely roundish-ovate,
projecting more than double beyond the median perianth-segment (*3-—-4
mm. 1.), lateral segment less than half as long as median. i

76 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

32. P. depressa Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ti. 46 (1856) ;
dicecious (moneecious 7), creeping ; leaves small, broadly obovate-
spathulate, sometimes roundish, very obtuse, slightly crenate in
the upper half, glabrous on both sides or puberulous or sparsely
pilose, margin ciliolate, 3-nerved; stipules roundish; eymes
small, male subsessile, female pedunculate, peduncle shorter or
longer than the petiole-—Griseb. op. cit. 158; Wedd. in DC.
Prodr..avi. pt. 1, 159. Urtica depressa Sw. in Vet. Handl.
Stockh. viii. 64 (1787) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 303. (Pl. 3, £. 19.)

In damp shady places, amongst grass by the side of cultivated ground ;
Liguanea, Broughton! Swartz! Yallahs Valley, Harris! Windsor Lodge,
Blue Mts., 1400 ft., Jekyll! Fl. Jam. 7706, 8433.

Stems of indefinite length, to 2°5 dm., puberulous; internodes more
or less elongated. Leaves glaucescent underneath, 5-12 mm. 1., 4-9 mm,
br.; nerves generally not much more than half as long as limb; cystoliths
fusiform and linear, crowded on lower surface, only along margin on upper
surface ; petiole 2-5 mm. 1., puberulous. Stipules to 2 mm. 1. CG
consisting of a single cluster. Male flowers pedicellate; perianth (incl.
appendages) 2°5 mm. ]., puberulous, segments with a triangular dorsal
appendage with enlarged base as long as the segment (1.5 mm. 1.). Female
flowers pedicellate. Achene obliquely roundish, scarcely *5 mm. 1., pro-
jecting by about half beyond larger perianth-segment. There is a small-
leaved variety in Cuba (var. microphylla Griseb. Cat. 60, Wright, 1678,
1682, 2237).

33. P. rotundata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 158 (1869) ; mone-
cious, creeping ; leaves small, roundish or obovate, with a few small
crenatures in the upper half, glabrous on both sides or with a
few pellucid hairs on the upper surface, 3-nerved; stipules
rounded ; cymes unisexual, consisting of a single cluster, peduncles
longer than the petiole.—Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 156.
(PI. 3, f£. 20.)

In crevices of rocks amongst decaying leaves in woodland; Wilson!
Wullschlaegel ; Marshall’s Pen, near Mandeville, Harris & Britton! Fi.
Jam. 10,603.

“‘ Habit of a small Peperomia” (Grisebach). Stem 3-10 cm. 1., at length
ascending, glabrous, lower nodes leafless and rooting. Leaves 1-2 em. 1.
and nearly as broad; cystoliths fusiform and linear. Cymes from the
upper axils, 5mm. br.; male peduncle much longer than the leaf, female
a little longer than the petiole. Male flowers stalked, pedicel 1 mm. 1.;
perianth more than 2 mm. 1., brown-spotted near base, and on dorsal
appendages and below them; appendages about ‘5 mm. 1, linear. Achene
stalked, nearly 2 mm. 1., roundish-ovate, muriculate, with a narrow
margin, median perianth-segment as long as the achene, dorsal appendage
large and conspicuous, nearly level with the apex, lateral segments about
1:2 mm. 1.

34, P. repens Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, aviti. 220 (1851) ;
moneecious, creeping ; leaves elliptical-round or obovate, obtuse,
base broadly cuneate or rounded, crenate or crenate-serrate in
the upper half, glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent on the
nerves beneath, 3-nerved; stipules broadly ovate, persistent ;
cymes small, dense-flowered, androgynous, peduncle filiform,

Pilea URTICACEZ 77

generally longer than the petiole.—Griseb. op. cit. 158 ; Wedd. in
DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 155; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 204. Urtica
repens Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. viii. 61, t. 1, f. 1 (1787) &
Fl. Ind, Oce. 294. (PI. 3, f. 21.)

Bancroft! Wullschlaegel ; Moneague, Prior! Bath, G. Nichols !—Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Peru.

Herb ; stems elongate, pubescent, rooting at nodes, simple or branching
sparingly, branches at length ascending. Leaves 1-3 cm. 1., 1-2°5 cm. br. ;
petiole pubescent. Stipules 1-2 mm. 1. Cymes scarcely as large as a
small pea. Male flowers near the base of the cymes, solitary or very few,
‘subsessile or with pedicel 1 mm. 1. Perianth in bud globose, glabrous,
1 mm. 1.; segments elliptical projecting above the apex of bud with a
ventral appendage covering apex; anthers roundish. Female flowers
subsessile or shortly pedicellate,°5 mm.1. Achene *5 mm. 1., margined,
very minutely punctate, stigma very oblique, projecting about + beyond
the perianth; longer perianth-lobe with a tuberculate dorsal appendage
below the apex, three times as long as the lateral lobes, .

35. P. troyensis Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. l, 180 (1912) ;
moneecious, herbaceous, stems creeping, puberulous ; leaves of
the same pair more or less unequal, broadly ovate and sometimes
roundish, crenate-serrate in the upper half or two-thirds, or
sometimes almost entire, 3-nerved, with sparse pellucid hairs on
both sides, strigillose-puberulous on nerves beneath, membranous ;
stipules very short, roundish ; cystoliths linear, rather smaller on.
the under surface; cymes with peduncles longer than petioles,
paniculate, clusters close together and dense-flowered, male flower
solitary amongst female. (Pl. 2,f.7.) Type in Herb. N. York
Bot. Gard.

Rocky wooded hill, Troy, Britton, 708!

Leaves *5-1 cm. 1., *5-"9 cm. br., with the two lateral nerves produced
to one-half or three-fourths of their length; petioles 1-2°5 mm. 1.
Stipules about *5mm.1. Peduncles glabrescent, 5-7 mm.1. Male flowers
subsessile. Perianth globulose, with few pellucid hairs, about *5 mm. 1.;
dorsal appendages, those of a pair equal, one pair bluntly and shortly
triangular, the other linear, blunt. Female flower about ‘5 mm. 1., larger
segment ‘4 mm. 1., the lateral about half the length. Achene (unripe)
white with orange-red stigma, about *5 mm. 1.

36. P. Harrisii Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 299 (1899); moneecious,
creeping ; younger branches shortly pubescent ; leaves ovate, base
rounded or obtuse, apex obtuse or rounded, crenate from below
the middle, 3-nerved, with a few pellucid hairs on upper surface
or glabrate, underneath sparingly and very shortly pilose espec-
ially on nerves and margin; stipules rounded, persistent ;
peduncle of cyme more than half as long to twice as long as
the leaf, bearing two to four approximate androgynous heads ;
achenes narrowly ovate. (Pl. 3, f. 22.)

Above Bath, Purdie! Wilson! March! Red Hills, Harris! foothills on
§.E. of John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris € Britton! Fl. Jam. 6881, 10,683.

Stems rooting; flowering branches erect or ascending 3-10 cm. L,

branched or simple, glabrescent below, shortly pubescent above. Leaves
-7-1-7 cm. 1., ‘5-1 cm. br.; nerves reaching to about the middle; cysto-

78 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pilea

liths linear, more conspicuous on upper surface; petiole 1-5 mm. 1.
Stipules 1*5-2 mm. 1, Pedunele :7-2 cm. 1., glabrous. Male flowers few
in the apex of the capitulum, glabrous, 1 mm. 1; dorsal appendage
narrowly triangular, barely half the length of the flower. Achene pale
aoe *5-"7 mm. 1.; overtopping the larger perianth-segment by one-
third.

Fl. Jam. 10,683 is a smaller plant of similar habit to the typical
Fl. Jam. 6881, but has smaller cystoliths, and also shows slight differences.
in the flowers, especially the male, but we have only seen one male flower
from this plant.

37. P. obtusata Liebm. in Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Kopenh.
ser. 5, 1. 300 (1851) ; dicecious or moneecious ; stem pilose ; leaves
broadly ovate, apex pointed, obtuse or rounded at base, with
large obtuse crenatures, 3-nerved (sub-5-nerved), glabrous above,
pilose on the nerves underneath ; stipules broadly ovate ; cymes
diffusely branched, with long peduncles, clusters few-flowered,
separate.— Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 153; Urb. Symb. Ant.
iv. 203. P. pubescens Griseb. op. cit. 159 (1859) (non Liebm.).
P. pubescens var. montana Wedd. loc. cit, (Pl. 3, £. 23.) Type
at Copenhagen.

Distin! Prior! Somerset Woods, near Mandeville, Harris ¢ Britton:
Fl. Jam. 10,608, 10,610.—Porto Rico, Montserrat, Martinique.

Herb; stem 1°5-2 dm. high, above pilose and strigulose. Leaves
3-6 cm. 1., 2-3°5 cm. br., glaucescent beneath; cystoliths linear, incon-
spicuous beneath; petioles 1-3°5 cm. 1., shortly pilose. Stipules obtuse.
Cymes solitary; peduncles 2-7 cm.1. Male ers subsessile. Perianth
1°5 mm. 1. (to apex of dorsal appendages), obovate-globulose, coherent at
base with linear tapering appendages, *4--6 mm. 1. (in Jamaican specimen).
Female flowers sessile or subsessile. Achene *75 mm. 1., projecting slightly
beyond median perianth-segment (‘7 mm. 1.), minutely muriculate.

38. P. diffusa Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xviii. 222 (1851) ;
moneecious, stem frutescent below, procumbent, terete ; branches
diffuse, rooting, somewhat erect ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, more or
less acuminate, base obtuse, sharply serrate above the lower third
or half, 3-nerved, upper surface with a few pellucid hairs or
glabrate, the nerves beneath minutely puberculous ; stipules very
short, revolute, persistent ; cymes androgynous, lax; peduncle
much longer than the petiole.—Griseb. op. cit. 159 (in part) ;
Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 154. Urtica diffusa Sw. in Vet.
Handl. Stockh. vi. 30 (1785) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 290. (Pl. 3, f. 24.)

Swartz |

Herb; stem to 30 cm. and more, dichotomous, glabrous; branches
rooting, somewhat erect, often 6 dm. and over, glabrous or (under a lens)
minutely puberulous on younger branches, Leaves 1°5-3 cm. 1., 1-2 cm.
br.; nerves extending to the upper half of the limb, paler underneath ;
cystoliths, on the upper surface linear, of variable length and a few dots,
underneath none or very minute; petiole *5-1 cm. 1., minutely puberulous
(under a lens). Stipules 1 mm.1. Cymes lateral and terminal, laxly
branched, generally twice as long as the leaves, flowers very minute,
pedicellate. Male perianth red, about ‘4 mm. lL, Has ion reddish ;
dorsal appendages ovate-triangular, obtuse, ‘barely half the length of the
flower.

Pilea URTICACE 79

39. P. lamiifolia Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1. 180 (1912) ;
moneecious, herbaceous, stems pubescent, hirsute on young
branches ; leaves of the same pair more or less unequal, ovate to
elliptical-ovate, base obtuse or rounded, sparsely pilose with
pellucid hairs on upper surface, pilose on nerves beneath, coarsely
serrate-crenate in the upper two-thirds, 3-nerved from base,
membranous ; stipules very short, lunate ; cystoliths small, linear,
numerous on the upper surface; inflorescence with peduncles
-3-2 cm. 1. clusters crowded together at apex of peduncle.
(Pl. 2, f. 8.) Types in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard. and in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Woodlands, near Newport, Manchester, Britton, 3205!

Stems 6-8 cm. 1., weak, ascending, sometimes rooting below at the
nodes, simple, densely covered with thin linear cystoliths, internodes
1-83 cm.1. Leaves 1-3 cm.1., *8-1°5 cm. br., with two lateral nerves pro-
duced to one-half to two-thirds of their length, the others not visible above ;
petioles 2°8 mm.1. Stipules -6--8 mm.1. Inflorescence solitary from axils
of upper leaves, peduncles glabrous. Male flowers sessile or subsessile.
Perianth about 1 mm. 1., globose, coherent, sparsely hirsute; dorsal
appendages apiculiform. Female flowers pedicellate. Achene ovate,
‘6 mm. 1., projecting beyond the median segment of perianth, which is
double as long as lateral segments; dorsal appendage of median tuber-
culate.

Var. puberula var. nov.; distinguished from the type in’
being ferruginously puberulous on the stems and under surface
of the leaves, by numerous dot-like cystoliths scattered among
the larger crescent-shaped ones, and by the somewhat larger
shoulder of the median segment of the female perianth.

On rocks and logs in woodland. John Crow Mt., 1500 ft., Harris ¢
Britton! Fl. Jam. 10,777.

40. P. Hollickii Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1. 181 (1912) ;
diecious (male flowers only seen), herbaceous, stems pubescent,
naked below, leafy at apex, leaves of the same pair more or less
unequal, deciduous except at apex where 4—6 are crowded together,
elliptical-ovate, obtuse at base, crenate-serrate in the upper two-
thirds, 3-nerved ; glabrous on upper surface, pilose with long
pellucid hairs underneath on nerves, membranous; stipules
2-3 mm. 1., broadly ovate, amplexicaul; cystoliths (on upper
surface only) linear ; cymes, male, with peduncles longer than
petioles or even sessile, clusters dense-flowered and crowded
together at the end of the peduncle. (Pl. 2, f. 9.) Types in
Herb. N. York Bot. Gard., in Herb. Mus, Brit. and in Herb.
Jamaica.

Union Hill, near Moneague, Britton & Hollick, 2754!

Stem 10-20 cm. 1., ascending, rooting below at the nodes, simple or
slightly branching, covered with thin linear cystoliths, lower internodes
sometimes very long (to 9 cm.1.). Leaves -9-1°7 cm. 1., *7-1°2 cm. br.,
with the two lateral nerves produced to about two-thirds of their length;

80 FLORA OF JAMAICA — Pilea

petioles 3-7 mm. 1.; inflorescence in the axils of the upper leaves, peduncles
glabrous, to 1*7 cm. 1. Male flowers sessile or subsessile. Perianth
1:6 mm. 1., ovoid; segments coherent to level of dorsal appendage, broadly
ovate, the opposite pairs of unequal length; dorsal appendage triangular,
nearly as long as rest of the perianth.

41. P. silvieola Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. 1. 181 (1912) ;
dicecious, herbaceous, shrubby below ; stems ascending, simple
or slightly branching, glabrous; leaves of the same pair more or
less unequal, stalked, elliptical-ovate, somewhat shortly acuminate,
subcordate at base, coarsely serrate in the upper one-third to
two-thirds, 3-nerved, nerves underneath connected reticulately ;
cystoliths on the upper surface linear, below thinner and
smaller, on male plant glabrous, on female plant sparsel
pilose on both sides, membranous ; stipules 5-6 mm. l., elliptical,
with amplexicaul base ; cymes paniculate, peduncle longer than
the petiole; male with peduncles 1-1°5 cm. 1., clusters dense-
flowered ; female with peduncles 2:5-3 cm. 1. clusters few-
flowered. (Pl. 2,f.10.) Type in Herb. N. York Bot. Gard.

In crevices of rocks; Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft.,
Harris, Fl. Jam. 10,948.

Stem 20-30 cm. 1., sometimes rooting below at the nodes, 2-3 mm. br.,
densely covered with short broadly linear cystoliths, internodes 1*5-3 cm. 1.
Leaves 5-3 cm. 1., 3-1'5 cm. br., with the two lateral nerves produced to
about three-fourths of their length, the others not visible above; petioles
8-22 mm.1. Cymes solitary from axils of upper leaves, peduncles glabrous.
Male flowers subsessile or with pedicels to 1 mm.1. Perianth 1:25 mm. L,
coherent at base; lobes ovate with a long acuminate dorsal appendage,
about half its length. Female flowers sessile or subsessile with icels
to *3 mm. 1.; larger lobe of perianth about ‘6 mm. 1., hooded, with short
subconical dorsal appendage about on a level with apex, lateral half as
long, broadly elliptical.

42. P. nigrescens Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 299 (1899); moneecious
or dicecious ; stems near the apex with short reddish tomentum ;
leaves of each pair equal or subequal, ovate or rhomboid, base
obtuse or subcuneate, apex obtuse, sometimes subacuminate,
3-nerved, deeply crenate except at the base, glabrous on the
upper surface, with short reddish tomentum on nerves under-
neath; stipules ovate, persistent; cymes unisexual, male laxly
capitate, female paniculate, longer or shorter than the leaves.
(Pl. 3, f. 25.)

Macfadyen! McNab! Blue Mt. Peak, about 7000 ft.; near Morse’s
Gap, 4800 ft.; Harris! St. George, Watt! Fl. Jam. 5425, 7350; Morse’s
Gap, 5000 ft., G. Nichols!

Stems woody below, erect, 15-30 cm. 1. Leaves 1°5-5°5 om. 1,
1-3 cm. br.; nerves reaching to the upper third; petiole *5-2 cm. L,
cystoliths linear, conspicuous on upper surface. Stipules 3-4 mm. 1.
Cymes, peduncle 1-7 cm.1. Male flowers stalked, pedicels 1-1-5 mm. 1. ;
perianth obovate-globose, 1°4 mm. ]., segments elliptical, dorsal appendage
*3 mm. 1., broadly apiculate. Hemale flowers subsessile. Achene ovate,
with brown dots, ‘8-1 mm, l., projecting by one-half beyond the median

ee Se

Pilea URTICACEZE 81

segment; median segment ‘6--7 mm. 1., obovate when flattened, dorsal
appendage spreading, tuberculate; lateral segments nearly as long, and
similar.

5. B@HMERIA Jacq.

Shrubs or small trees, or (B. cylindrica) suffrutescent or
herbaceous, more or less pubescent; no stinging hairs. Leaves
opposite or alternate, equal- or unequal-sided, toothed, 3-nerved ;
stipules free, deciduous. Flowers monecious or diccious, in
globose clusters. Clusters almost always unisexual, sessile in
axils or at the nodes or along the rhachis of a spike. Bracts
small, scarious. Male flowers: perianth 3- or 4 (5)-partite, valvate;

Fig. 20.—Boehmeria cylindrica Sw.

A, Portion of shoot with inflor-
escence.

B, Enlarged portion of inflorescence
showing male (m), and female
(f) flowers.

C, D, Fruit, front and side views.

E, Fruit with seed in transverse
section. i

stamens 3 or 4 (5) ; ovary rudimentary. Female flowers: perianth
tubular, contracted at the mouth, 2—4toothed, sometimes in
fruit enlarged; ovary included in perianth; stigma filiform,
persistent, hairy on one side; ovule erect from the base. Achene
enclosed in the marcescent “perianth. Seed of similar form, with
endosperm; cotyledons elliptical or ovate.

Species, more than 50, natives of the warmer regions of the
world, mostly in the tropics.

Flower-clusters axillary, leaves alternate.
Female perianth glabrous, style 1-1°5 mm. 1........... 1, B. jamaicensis.
Female perianth hairy, style 3-5 mm, 1...............006 2. B. ramiflora.
Flower-clusters in spikes. .
Spikes pendulous, without leaves at apex. Leaves

DAUR es ucts so cag tent ig vod han oa<t gar sve ance gscacrsnesn cose 3. B. caudata.
Spikes erect, with a few small leaves at apex. Leaves
opposite on stem, alternate on branches ............ 4, B. cylindrica.

1. B. jamaicensis Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 329, 330, fig. B. (1907) ;
moneecious or dicecious ; leaves alternate, of two forms, the larger
stalked, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, base obtuse and a little

G

82 FLORA OF JAMAICA Behmeria

unequal-sided, the smaller lanceolate, base rounded or obsoletely
cordate, subequal-sided, all acuminate, base and acumen entire,
the rest serrate-crenate, upper surface very sparsely pilose,
underneath more so and especially on the nerves ; flower-clusters
axillary ; female flower with style 1-1:5 mm. 1.; perianth of
fruit ellipsoidal-oblong, convex, not with winged margins,
glabrous or very sparingly hairy at apex, usually stalked.—
B. ramiflora Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 160 (1859) (non Jacq.) (with
reference to the Jamaican plant).

Wright! Bertero! Macfadyen! March! Bethabara, Wullschlaegel
1022! Mt. Diabolo; Moneague; Prior! Whitfield Hall Works; near Guava
Ridge, 2000-2500 ft.; New Market, 1150 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5184, 9559,
9560, 9561, 9958; Grierfield, near Moneague, Britton, 2657!

Shrub 6-10 ft. Leaves, the larger 15-6 cm. 1. 4-1 cm. br., stalk
4-1 cm. 1, the smaller 6-3°5 cm. L, 1°5-1 cm. br. Flower-clusters

2-5mm.indiam. Male perianth 3-partite, scarcely 1 mm.1, Anthers 3.
Female perianth 2-8-toothed.

2. B. ramiflora Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer, 246, t. 157 (1763) &
Ed. pict. t. 236 ; moncecious or dicecious ; leaves alternate, of two
forms, the larger lanceolate, base acute or obtuse, unequal-sided,
stalked, the smaller alternating, ovate-lanceolate, with semicordate
base, sessile or subsessile, all acuminate, serrate, upper surface
sparsely hairy, pubescent beneath; flower clusters axillary,
unisexual ; female flower, style 3-5 mm. 1. perianth of fruit
ovoid-lanceolate, not with winged margins, very shortly pilose,
sessile.— Wedd. in DO. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 196; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 160 (in part); Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 330. Caturus ramiflora
L, Mant. 127 (1767); Lam. Illustr. t. 763, f. 1.

Swartz (in Herb. Stockholm)!

Shrub 6-8 ft. Leaves 20--7 cm. 1., 6-2°5 cm. br., stalk 4-1'5 cm. L.,
shortly pilose, the smaller 7-2 cm. 1. with very oblique base. Flower

clusters 4-6 mm. in diam. Male perianth 3-partite, exceeding 1 mm. 1.
Anthers 38. Female perianth 2-toothed.

3. B. eaudata Sw. Prodr. 34 (1788) ; dicecious ; leaves large,
opposite, ovate (sometimes broadly) to elliptical, acute to
acuminate, at the base obtuse or rounded, serrate, upper surface
flat or rugulose and rough-hispid, underneath pubescent ; spikes
simple, leafless, longer than the leaves, spreading or pendulous ;
fruiting perianth broadly obovate, much compressed, with a
membranous margin, puberulous.—Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 279; Mig.
in Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 1, 185, tt. 64, 65 I.; Wedd. tom. cit. 201;
Griseb. loc. cit. ; Urb. loc. cit., fig. F. Urtica fruticosa &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 338.

Nettle Tree.

Wright! Shakspear! Swartz! Macfadyen! McNab! Manchester, Purdie!
March! Blue Mts., Prior! Blue Mts., Cinchona, 5000ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
5238, 9557. Clyde River, G. Nichols !—Mexico, 8. America to Paraguay.

Behmeria URTICACE 83

Shrub or small tree, 6-16 ft. high. Leaves 15-25 cm. 1., stalks very
unequal in length, the longer sometimes half as long as the limb, Female
perianth 2-4-toothed ; fruiting perianth 2-2°5 mm. 1.

4. B. eylindrica Sw. Prodr. 34 (1788); moncecious; stem
generally simple, sometimes branched ; leaves opposite on stem,
alternate on branches, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base
rounded or subcordate, stalked, grossly serrate, young leaves
slightly pubescent on upper surface, at length glabrate, under-
neath puberulous on nerves; flower-clusters sessile on an inter-
rupted spike, spikes simple, erect, generally with leaves at apex ;
fruiting perianth obovate-roundish, compressed, with thick
margin, puberulous above.— Wedd. Monogr. 362, t. 11, f. 18-23
& in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 202; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Urb. loc. cit.
jig. G. B. littoralis Sw. loc. cit. B. cylindrica var. littoralis Wedd.
loc. cit. Urtica racemosa humilior iners Sloane Cat. 38 & Hist. i.
124, t. 82, 7.2. Urtica cylindrica L. Sp. Pl. 984 (1753). (Fig. 20.)

Wright! Swartz! near Ferry, St. Catherine, McNab! Moneague, Prior!
March; New Market to Darliston, Harris! Fl. Jam. 9889.—Bermuda,
Cuba, Porto Rico, Trinidad, continental America.

Plant herbaceous or suffrutescent, erect, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 5-18 cm.

1,, 2-5-7 cm. br. Female perianth 4-toothed; fruiting perianth about
1:5 mm, 1.

6. PHENAX Wedd.

Shrubs or suffrutescent herbs. Leaves alternate, stalked,
crenate or serrate, 3-5-nerved ; stipules free. Flowers monecious

Fig. 21.—Phenax hirtus Wedd.

A, Portion of shoot with axillary
flower-clusters.

B, Cluster.

C, A flower-spike with one male
(m) and one female (/) flower.

D, Male flower opened.

E, Female flower.

(or sometimes dicecious), in dense axillary sessile clusters with

ferrugino-scarious broad bracts; male flowers shortly stalked,

female subsessile. Male flowers: perianth campanulate, divided

above the middle into 4 (3 or 5) lobes. Stamens 4 (3-5). Ovary
G 2

84 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phenax

rudimentary. Female flowers: perianth wanting. Ovary
within a bract ; stigma elongate, slender, persistent ; ovule erect
from the base. Achene somewhat compressed. Seed, with
endosperm ; cotyledons ovate.—Species 10, in tropical America.

P. hirtus Wedd. in DC. Prodr. avi. pt. 1, 235°* (1869).
P. urticefolius Wedd. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, i. 192 (1854) &
Monogr. 495 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 160 (in part). Behmeria
hirta Sw. Prodr. 34 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 285. (Fig. 21.)

Masson! Swartz! McNab! Purdie; Wilson; Cinchona, J.P. 1806,
Hart! Blue Mts.; Cinchona, 5000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam, 5188, 9558.—
Central America and Andes.

Plants to 2°5m. high. Leaves ovate, acuminate, sometimes subcordate,
dentate-serrate, somewhat flat or rugose, sparsely hispid on upper surface,
nerves underneath hirtellous, 3-12 cm. 1., 1:5-5°5 cm. br.; stalk to 3 cm,
1., hirtellous or puberulous. Flowers moncecious; clusters androgynous
flowers of each sex commonly equal in number), spherical, *8-1 cm. in

iam. Male flowers with 4-lobed valvate perianth and 4 stamens. Achenes
about } length of stigma.

7. ROUSSELIA Gaudich.

A perennial herb, tender, diffuse, with many branches. Leaves
alternate, small, broadly ovate, entire ; stipules small, free.
Flowers very small, moneecious, axillary ; male few in a small
cluster, each flower subtended by a small linear bract ; female
geminate with two bracts,
bracts broad, foliaceous, free
from each other, but accres-
cent to the flowers. Male
flowers: perianth 4-partite,
valvate. Stamens 4. Ovary
rudimentary. Female flowers :
perianth ovoid, contracted at
the mouth, 2—4-toothed. Ovary
straight ; stigma filiform,
curved, papilloso-plumose on
one side; ovule erect from
the base. Achene compressed,
ovate, acute, with the enlarged
perianth and attached bract
persistent. Seed with scanty

Fig. 22.—Rousselia humilis Urb. endosperm ; cotyledons ovate.
A, Shoot bearing flowers. . .
B, Male cyme. Species one, in the West
C, Bud of male flower with bract. Indies.
D, Pair of female flowers.
E, Pair of fruits with attached bracts. R. humilis Urb. Symb.

Ant. iv. 205 (1905). R. lappu-
lacea Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 503 (1826) & Voy. Bonite, t. 98 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 160; Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1,
235", Urtica humilis Sw. in Vet. Handl. Stockh. vi. 34 (1785).

Rousselia URTICACEA 85

U. lappulacea Sw. op. cit. viii. 69 t. ID f. 2 (1787) & Fl. Ind.
Oce. 317. (Fig. 22.)

Very common in rocky places and in crevices of walls; in fl. in March
and April; Wright! Liguanea, Broughton! Swartz; Bethany, Wull-
schlaegel 1303! Wilson! Moneague, Prior! Jackson Town, Miss A.
Moulton-Barrett ! Holly Mount, Mt. Diabolo ; New Market, 1150 ft. ; Kemp-
shot, 1100-1600 ft.; Harris! F1. Jam. 8501, 9879, 10,324.— Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Dominica,

Plant 1:5-4dm. Leaves +5-1:5(-8) cm. 1. Female bract with hooked
hairs. Flowers generally in axils of the terminal leaves of the branches.
Male perianth red, hirtellous; stamens white. Female perianth green;
stigmas white.

Famity X. OLACACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers small,
hermaphrodite. Calyx small, cup-shaped, persistent. Petals
4—§, free or united below into a campanulate corolla, inserted on
the receptacle or at the margin of a disk, valvate. Stamens free
or inserted on the petals. Disk well developed and adnate to
the ovary, or wanting. Ovary (in Jamaican species) 3-celled
below, with a central placenta at the apex; ovules 3, pendulous.
Fruit a drupe, l-celled, l-seeded. Embryo minute, at the ape
of the fleshy endosperm. .

Species nearly 150, natives of tropical and subtropical regions
of the world.

Petals bearded inside...........cressccrsssssserseeere 1. Ximenia.
Petals inserted at the margin of a disk......... 2. Schepfia.

1. XIMENIA L.

Shrubs or trees, with or without spines. Flowers in short
axillary cymes or solitary. Calyx with four or five teeth or lobes.

Fig. 23.—Ximenia americana L,

A, Flower-bearing shoot.
B, Flower ; a, anthers.
C, Pistil.

D, Drupe.

Petals 4 (or 5), hypogynous, narrow, bearded inside. Stamens
free, twice as many as the petals. Drupe ellipsoidal.

86 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ximenia

Species 5, one in tropical America, Africa and Asia, one in
Mexico, one in Brazil, one in South Africa, and one in New
Caledonia.

X. americana L. Sp. Pl. 1193 (1753); Wright Mem. 266;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 310 ; Engl. in Fl. Bras. wii. pt. 2, 9, t. 2,
f. 1. X. multiflora Jacg. Enum. 19 (1760) & Sel. Stirp. Amer.
ed. pict. t. 107. X. aculeata Tuss. Ant. zi. 100 t. 30 (1824),
X. montana Macf. Jam. 121 (1837). X. aculeata flore &c. Plum.
Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 261, f. 1 & Ic. ined. v. t. 258. Amyris?
arborescens &c. Browne Jam. 209. (Fig. 23.)

Wright! March; near Browns Town, Costa! Montego Bay, Austin!
Content Road, 3000 ft.; Potsdam, St. Cruz Mts., 2600 ft.; Harris! Fl.
Jam. 6013, 9749.

Shrub or tree; 10-40 ft. high. Twigs angled. Leaves 8°5-6 cm. 1. 2-4
em. br., elliptical, apex obtuse, sometimes mucronate or emarginate,
cuneate at base. Flowers sweet-scented. Petais 6-9 mm. 1., white, linear ;
hairs on inside very dense. Drupe yellow, about the size of a pigeon’s
egg, flesh subacid-sweet, edible.

2. SCHEPFIA Schreb.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Flowers in short racemes
which are solitary or clustered in the axils. Oalyx cup-shaped.
Disk adnate to the ovary with an entire margin, increasi
as the ovary ripens, almost enveloping the fruit. Petals 4-6,

Fig. 24.—Schepjia multiflora Urb.
A, Flower-bearing shoot.

B, Flowers.

C, A pair of empty calyxes,

D, Flower with corolla cut open;
c, calyx ; d, disk appearing above
calyx.

E, Drupe; m, margin of disk.

inserted at the margin of the disk, cohering into a tubular-
campanulate corolla, free at the apex. Stamens equal in number
and opposite to the petals, adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary
half-immersed in the disk. Drupe ringed near the apex with
the margin of the adnate disk.

Species 18, natives of tropical America and Asia.

Scheepfia OLACACEA 87

Flowers sessile, calyxes coherent—
Leaves ovate to elliptical ...........ssssesseseeeees 1. S. chrysophylloides.
Leaves elliptical-lanceolate...........s:.seseeeeseeees 2. S. angustata,
Flowers pedicellate, calyxes separate—
Flowers numerous in clusters at the nodes,
peduncles wanting or very short .........0s06 3. S. multiflora,
Peduncles 1 or 2 at the nodes, 1-1‘5cm.1. ... 4. S. Harrisit.

1. S. chrysophylloides Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, ii. 261
(1854) ; leaves ovate to elliptical, flat or plicato-falcate ; cuneate
at base, apex obtuse ; peduncles, one or more, axillary, 2—(1-3-)
flowered ; flowers sessile, calyxes coherent.—Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 709; Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 182. 8. Marchii Griseb. op. cit.
310 (1860). Diplocalyx chrysophylloides A. Rich. in Sagra Cub.
wi. 81, ¢. 54 (1850).

Purdie; March; on rocky ground, coast between Portland Point and
Rocky Point, Harris |— Cuba.

Tree 25 ft. high. Leaves 4-7 cm. 1., 2-3 cm. br.; petiole 4-8 mm. 1.

Peduneles 1-4 mm. 1. Flowers dimorphic, long- and short-styled. Corolla

campanulate, 3-3°5 mm. 1., style just protruding from the corolla-tube or
included. Fruit narrowly obovate, 6°5-7°5 mm. 1., 4~-4°5 mm, thick,

2. S.angustata Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 6 (1909) ; leaves elliptical-
lanceolate, cuneate at base, somewhat acuminate above, margin
flat; peduncles solitary (rarely 2 or 3), axillary, 2—3-flowered ;
flowers sessile, calyxes coherent.

Sandy soil on dry rocky hills near Port Henderson, Harris! Fl. Jam.
10,154.

Tree to 18 ft. high, trunk 8 inches thick, bark ridged longitudinally, the
older branches terete, greyish-white, those of the first year angled. Leaves
4-5 cm. 1., 1-5-2 cm. br.; petiole 4-6 mm.1. Corollas (not hing yellow
with a dark crimson eye Harris). Frwit obovate, 6-7 mm. l., about
5 mm, thick.—Very near the last species; better material desired.

3. S. multiflora Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 184 (1907) ; leaves ovate
or ovate-elliptical, rounded or obtuse at the base, apex obtuse
and shortly acuminate, flat; flowers numerous in clusters at
nodes from which the leaves have generally fallen ; peduncles
1-2 mm. 1. or wanting, 2-(3)-flowered ; flowers subsessile; calyxes
separate. S. arborescens Griseb. op. cit. 310 (1860) (as regards
the Jamaican specimen). (Fig. 24.)

Prior ; Chester Vale, Blue Mts.; Stanmore Hill, St. Cruz Mts., 2200 ft.;
Harris! near Mile Gully, 1700 ft.; Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 5345,
9952, 10,620.

Tree to 30 ft. high, with longitudinal furrows in the bark. Leaves
6-13 cm. 1., 3-7 cm. br.; petioles 3-5 mm. 1. Corolla greenish-yellow,
campanulate, about 4-5 mm.1. Fruit ovoid 9-10 mm. 1., 7:5 mm. thick.

4, §. Harrisii Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 185 (1907); leaves ovate-
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, produced at the base into the short
petiole, apex obtuse, flat; peduncles 1-3 at nodes from which the

88 FLORA OF JAMAICA Schepfia

leaves have sometimes fallen, 1-1°5 cm. 1., 2-(1—-3)-flowered ;
pedicels 1-2 mm. 1. ; calyxes separate.
Near Troy, 2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8799.

Shrub 15 ft. high. Leaves 4°5-6 cm. 1.,1°5-2°5em. br. Buds rounded.
Flower-parts in sixes (or fives). Stigma 3-lobed.

Famitry XI. LORANTHACEZE.

Shrubs parasitic on trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, reduced
in some species to small scales. Inflorescence various, racemose,
spicate or fasciculate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or uni-
sexual. Perianth double or simple. Calyx epigynous, annular
or cupulate, entire or shortly toothed. Petals epigynous, 3 or 6,
valvate, free or united into a tube. Stamens as many as the
petals, affixed to their base or centre, and generally shorter.
Anthers normally 2-celled, cells parallel or diverging, dehiscing
longitudinally, sometimes 1-celled, with the cells confluent and
dehiscing by a transverse pore or chink. Disk epigynous, some-
times wanting. Ovary inferior ; ovule undeveloped until after
pollination. Fruit baccate. Seed one, with or without endo-
sperm ; embryo in the centre of the endosperm.

The members of this family are generally known by the
popular names, Godbush and Mistletoe.

Species between 400 and 500, very widely dispersed through
the tropics, rarer in the temperate regions,

Corolla of 6 petals.
Corolla very long, about 7-5 cm. 1. (3 inches)......... 1. Psittacanthus,
Corolla small, not more than 3 mm. 1. (§ inch).
Flowers not sunk in pits .........csccescsscccscsceees 2. Phthirusa.
Flowers sunk in pits in spikes which are not
EM CrIARO fb lei 5, «cite iciiintins eee tee aietnche sted 8. Oryctanthus.
Corolla of 3 petals.
Leaves opposite. Flowers more or less sunk in
pits in articulated spikes ..........sscsscssecsecoseneeees 4. Phoradendron.
Leaves replaced by scales or altogether wanting.
Flowers more or less sunk in pits in articulated

AIR dpe s vic fina Sends sancgsvdvennecbins penne tbnniees 5. Dendrophthora,
Flowers not sunk in pits, Internodes con-
RAMALGOR sail btainv cada ubatasvoecteess orem deescuskeyer® 6. Eubrachion.

1. PSITTACANTHUS Mart.

Shrubby with no aérial roots. Leaves opposite. Flowers
large, coloured yellow, sometimes tinged with red, hermaphrodite,
parts of the flower in sixes; 3 or 2 flowers grouped together in
racemes, each flower with a bracteate cupule. Calyx forming a
narrow ring above the ovary. Petals free. Stamens alternately
longer and inserted higher, and shorter and inserted lower ;

Psittacanthus LORANTHACE : 89

filaments filiform, adherent to the petals below, free above;
style cylindrical-filiform, as long as the petals; stigma capitate,
2-lobed. Berry fleshy. Seed without endosperm.

Fig. 25.—Psittacanthus claviceps
Eichl.

A, Portion of shoot with inflor-
escence,

B, Flower cut lengthwise.

C, Fruit.

D, Fruit cut lengthwise, showing
the embryo with-its large coty-
ledons filling the seed.

E, Fruit cut transversely.

Species about 50, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

P. claviceps Eichl. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 26 (1868); Urb. in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. «wiv. 13 (1897).—Scurrula parasitica foliis
ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 197 (1756). Loranthus americanus
L. Syst. ed. 10, 988 (1759) (in part) & Amen. v. 396 (non L,
Sp. Pl. 331). L. Jacquini DC. Prodr. iv, 308 (1830) (in part) ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 199 (excl. syn. Jacq.). L. claviceps Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 311 (1860). (Fig. 25.)

Hunts Bay and Palisadoes, Browne; Wright! Broughton! Macfadyen!
near Bath, Purdie! Mt. Diablo, McNab! Wullschlaegel ; near Newton,
Fawcett! Mt. Lebanon; near Gordon Town; Watson’s Hill, 2200 ft.;
Long Mountain, 600 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6009, 6209, 6210, 8177, 8838,
10,015. Found growing on Hippomane Mancinella (Browne), Eugenia
Jambos, Coccoloba sp. and Metopwum Linnei.

Leaves broadly ovate, obovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at apex, penni-
nerved. Inflorescence terminal, umbellate-racemose or elongate-racemose,
the ultimate branches bearing 3 or 2 flowers; sometimes also from the
axils of the highest leaves. Unopened flower 6-7-5 cm. 1., straight or
curved, thickened at the apex. Corolla tawny yellow, sometimes tinged
with red. Fruit black, about 1°5 cm. 1.

Var. longifolius Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xuxiv. 14
(1897) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or obliquely lanceolate, narrowed
at the base into the petiole, 8-9 cm. 1., about 2°5 cm. br. ; about
34 times longer than broad.—Loranthus Jacquini var. longifolius
DC. Prodr. iv. 308 (1830).

Tussac.

90 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phthirusa

2. PHTHIRUSA Mart.

Shrubby. Roots inside and outside the cortex of the host, those
outside creeping along a branch and inserting haustoria. Leaves
opposite, decussate, more or less leathery. Inflorescence, flowers
solitary or in groups of three arranged in terminal and axillary
spikes, racemes or panicles. Bract and bracteoles fleshy, cupuli-
form at base. Flowers very small, 3 mm. l., greenish, sometimes
tinged with red, hermaphrodite or dicecious (?), parts of the flower
in sixes. Calyx in the form of an elevated margin. Petals free,
fleshy, spreading in flower. Stamens, the longer inserted higher
alternating with shorter inserted lower ; filaments adnate below
to the petals, fleshy, anthers with connective more or less
apiculate, those of the longer stamens smaller. Ovary with an
annular disk ; style stout, columnar. Berry crowned with the
persistent calyx ; embryo straight, surrounded by and slightly
shorter than endosperm.

Species about 45, natives of the West Indies and tropical
South America.

§ 1. Flowers in groups of 3, with bract and bracteoles more or less connate
under the group. (Fig. 26.)

Inflorescence with brown scurfy scales ........... 1. P. lepidobotrys.

Inflorescence not SCUTFY .........scecscssesessccesvenes 2. P. jamaicensis.

Fig. 26.—Phthirusa lepidobotrys
Eichl.

A, Portion of shoot with inflor-
escence.

B, Single cluster of flowers.

C, Upper portion of flower cut
lengthwise.

D, Petals with stamens.

E, Fruit cut lengthwise; e, en-
dosperm ; ¢, cotyledons.

§ 2. (Dendropemon) Flowers not in threes. Bract with the sterile
bracteoles connate under each flower into a cup-shaped, somewhat
entire cupule, produced anteriorly. (Fig. 27.)

Leaves elliptical, 1-2 om. 1........scsssesercsseseeeres 3. P. parvifolia.
Leaves shortly obovate to elliptical, 2°5-4°5 ,
OE dig Ek OURS Mies idecusansestinnkpenkiavenaphices 4. P. pauciflora,

Leaves broadly ovate to roundish-elliptical, nis
5-8°5 om. 1., 3°5-2°5 OM. Dr. ..cscccecescsccseeves 5. P. Harrist.

Phihiresa LORANTHACER 91

Fig. 27.—Phthirusa Harrisit
comb. nov.

A, Portion of shoot with inflor-
escence,

B, Apex of inflorescence ; }, bracts.
C, Flower-bud.
D, Open flower.

§ 1. Flowers in groups of three, with bract and bracteoles
more or less connate under the group.

1. P. lepidobotrys Hichl. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 134° & 333
(1868) ; branches 4-angled or compressed-4-angled above, smooth,
marked at the angles which are rather acute with an elevated
corky line ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate, cuspidate, sometimes
acuminate ; inflorescence of 3-flowered clusters in a raceme, with
brown scurfy scales; flowers hermaphrodite; bud ellipsoid ;
anthers of two forms, those of the longer filaments triangular,
without pollen, those of the shorter larger, shortly ovate, with
the thick connective produced ; berries spreading, oval.—Urb. in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. axziv. 15 (1897). Loranthus lepidobotrys
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 311 (1860) ; Hichl. tom. cit. 62. (Fig. 26.)

Moneague ; near Browns Town, Prior! near Cinchona, 5000 ft.,
Fawcett! Old England, 3000 ft.; Cinchona; Harris! Lyndhurst, near
Greenvale, Harris € Britton! Fl. Jam. 6201, 6211, 6311, 6390, 10,624;
Cinchona, G. Nichols! Growing on Baccharis scoparia, Psychotria undata,
Eupatoriwm triste and Citrus.

Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., 3°5=7-5 cm. br.; petioles *5-1 cm.1. Inflorescence
5-11 cm. 1.; pedicels of the clusters 2-5 mm. 1. Corolla 2:5-3 mm. L,
yellow. Berries 6-7 mm. 1, green tipped with rose.

2. P. jamaicensis Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxiv. 15
(1897) ; branches terete, the younger 4-angled at the apex ;
leaves ovate or oval, somewhat acute; inflorescence, 3-flowered
clusters in a compound raceme, not scurfy ; male flowers only
seen; buds ovate-oblong; anthers somewhat unequal but all
bearing pollen.—P. Theobrome Eichl. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 56
(1868) (so far as regards the Jamaican plant). Loranthus
avicularius Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 312 (1860) (non Mart.).

Purdie!

Leaves 4-7 cm. 1.; petioles about 1 cm. 1. Bracts ovate or ovate-

lanceolate, 1*5-2 mm. 1.; pedicels of clusters none or lowest 2 mm. 1.
Flowers greenish-white ; perianth 8 mm. 1.

92 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phthirusa

§ 2 (Dendropemon) Flowers not in threes. Bract with the
sterile bracteoles connate under each flower into a cup-
shaped, somewhat entire cupule, produced anteriorly.

3. P. parvifolia Hichl. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 55 (1868); leaves
small, elliptical, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, 1-2 cm. lL,
*5-1°3 cm. br. ; petiole 1-4 mm. 1.—Loranthus parvifolius Sw.
Prodr. 58 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Oce. 628; Macf. Jam. ii. 199.
Dendropemon parvifolius Steud. Nomenel. ed, 2, i. 491 (1841) ;
Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. wxiv. 21.

Blue Mts., Swartz! Cinchona, 5000 ft., Fawcett! C. Nicholls! New-
haven Gap, 5600 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6212, 9198; Newhaven Gap,
G. Nichols! Growing on Podocarpus Urbanii, Baccharis scoparia,
Dodonexa viscosa, Vaccinium meridionale, Clethra tinifolia and Ilex montana
var. occidentalis.—Hispaniola.

Stem very much branched, branches terete, more or less compressed
when young, brown-scaly; internodes *5-2 cm. 1. Inflorescence scaly,
subumbellate on short axillary peduncles, 1-6-flowered, generally less than
1cm.1.; flowers subsessile. Bud cylindrical-oblong slightly constricted
about the middle, 2-2°5 mm. 1. Stamens of two forms, the alternate
longer, without pollen, bearing a thin membranous triangular connective,
the shorter bearing roundish apiculate anthers. Berries oblong, 5 mm. L.,
about 2°5 mm. br. .

4. P. paueiflora Hichl. loc. cit.; leaves shortly obovate to
elliptical, apex rounded or obtuse, rarely emarginate, base
narrowed into the petiole, 2°5-4°5 cm. 1., 1-2 cm. br. ; petiole
3-6 mm. 1—Loranthus pauciflorus Sw. Prodr. 58 (1788) & Fi.
Ind. Occ. 627 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 312 (in part); Urb. tom.
cit. 71. L. montanus Macf. Jam. ii. 198 (1850). L. parvifolius
Griseb. loc. cit. (in part). Dendropemon pauciflorus v. Tiegh. in
Bull. Soc. Bot. France, alii. 170 (1895). D. montanus Kr. & Urb.
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. wuiv. 23 (1897).

Swartz! Macfadyen! near Bath; Manchester; Purdie! Wulischlaegel ;
March ; Blue Mts.; Moneague ; Prior! Stony Hill, J.P. 682, Morris! near
Cinchona, 5000 ft., Fawcett! Whitfield Hall Works; Mavis Bank; Mt.
Moses; Petersfield, 2500 ft.; Yallahs Valley, 1700 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam,
6041, 6218, 6218, 6391, 6403, 6811. Blue Mt. Peak, G. Nichols! Growing
on Duranta Plumieri, Ocotea leucorylum, Bucida capitata, Acacia villosa
and Faramea odoratissima.

Stem with branches terete, the younger twigs sometimes compressed
and with the inflorescence brown-scaly. Inflorescences 1*5-3 cm. 1., laxly
6-10-flowered; peduncles terete or subcompressed, slender; pedicels
3-5 mm 1,; bracts and bracteoles connate into a cupule with the apices
free, shortly triangular. Calyx hidden by the cupule. Bud oblong-
elliptical, 8mm.1. Stamens of two forms, the alternate longer without
pollen and with a triangular acuminate connective; the shorter having
roundish shortly apiculate anthers. Berries oblong, 7 mm, 1., 2°5 mm. br.,
dark green with yellow apex.

5. P. Harrisii comb. nov. ; leaves broadly ovate to roundish-
elliptical, base rounded or subtruncate more or less produced
into the petiole, apex very obtuse or rounded, 5-3'5 cm, L,

Phthirusa LORANTHACEA 93

3:5-2'5 om. br.; petiole 5-7 mm. 1.—Dendropemon Harrisii
Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 7 (1909). (Fig. 27.)

Jenman! between Llandovery and Runaway Bay, Harris! Fl. Jam.
10,371. Growing on Piscidia Erythrina.

Stem pendent with branches 60 cm. 1., with the young twigs of the first
ear terete, and, as well as the inflorescences, brown-scaly; internodes
*5-2°5 em. 1. Inflorescences 3-1°5 cm. 1. (-6, Urban), 5-20-flowered ;

pedicels 3-4 mm. 1.; bracts and bracteoles free above. Calyx more or
less hidden by the cupule. Bud 3 mm. 1. Petals lanceolate-linear,
3mm. 1., ‘6mm. br. Anthers, 3 without pollen with a long, lanceolate
connective, 8 fertile shortly apiculate. Style 2mm.1. Berries 7 mm. l.

8. ORYCTANTHUS Eichl.

Shrubs erect, with roots creeping along branches of the host
and inserting haustoria. Inflorescence spicate, flowers solitary,
sunk in pits which are opposite decussate on the simple fleshy
rachis. Bracts forming a margin below the pits. Flowers very
small, hermaphrodite, parts of the flower in sixes. Calyx reduced
to a narrow margin. Petals free, cohering in the ovoid or
oblong bud. Stamens, those longer and inserted higher alter-
nating with the shorter inserted lower ; filaments adnate below
to the petals, connective produced into an apiculus; anthers
with anterior cells smaller than the posterior. Ovary with an
annular disk. Berry with umbilicate apex, and including a
viscid layer; seed with endosperm; embryo straight, lying in
the axis of the endosperm.

Species about 12, natives of tropical America and the West
Indies.

0. occidentalis Hichl. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 89 (1868) ; Urb.
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxiv. 29. Viscum latioribus &c. Sloane

Fig. 28.—Oryctanthus occidentalis

Eichl.
A, Portion of shoot with axillary
spikes.
B, Spike.

C, Upper portion of flower in
section.

D, Petals with stamens.

E, Fruit cut lengthwise; v, viscid
layer ; e, endosperm ; ¢, coty-
ledons.

~

94 FLORA OF JAMAICA Oryctanthus

Cat. 168 & Hist. ii. 92, t. 200, f. 2. Scurrula parasitica foliis
majoribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 197. Loranthus occidentalis
L. Syst. ed. 10, 988 (1759) (excl. syn. Loefl.) & Ameen. v. 396 ;
Macf. Jam. ti. 198; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 313 (excl. syn.
Benth.). (Fig. 28.)

Sloane Herb. vi. 108! Sha r! Wright! Broughton! Bertero!
Distin! Gosse; Macfadyen; Wulischlaegel; Prior! March; Oersted; Wareka
Road, Campbell ; tfield Hall Works; Road to Brandon Hill, 100 ft. ;
Mavis Bank, 2500 ft.; Chester Vale, 3000 ft.; Mona Woodland, 1000 ft, ;
Charlemont, near Ewarton, 1000 ft.; Road to Constitution Hill, 1000 ft.;
banks of Black River, Lacovia; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6012, 6342, 6354, 6382,
6394, 6396, 6542, 6572, 6710, 6812, 9757. Growing on Punica, Persea
gratissima, Phebe montana, Theobroma Cacao, Serjania, Nectandra,
Dipholis, Rondeletia and Vitis.

Branches when young scurfy. eaves variable in form, roundish or
broadly to narrowly ovate or oval, 3-8 cm. 1, 2°5-5°5 em. br. Spikes
axillary, solitary, rhachis smooth, peduncle ‘5-1°2 cm. 1., scurfy. Berries
black, ovate, 4-5 mm. 1.

4, PHORADENDRON Nutt.

Shrubs ; branches articulated at the nodes. Spikes axillary or
terminal, articulated, with two small fleshy bracts at each joint.
Flowers superposed in 2, 4, or 6 rows in each joint, dicecious or

Fig. 29.—Phoradendron Wattii
Kr. & Urb,

A, Portion of male shoot with axil-
lary spikes.

B, Male spike.

C, Petal with stamen,

D, Female spikes in fruit.

E, Female spike in flower.

F, Fruit cut lengthwise; v, viscid
layer; e, endosperm; c, em-
bryo.

monecious, more or less immersed in the rhachis. Male flower :
petals 3, united at base. Anthers at the base of the petals,
almost sessile, 2-celled above, cells longitudinally dehiscing.
Female flower: petals 3. Berry crowned by the petals and
including a thick viscid layer. Seed with a small embryo
enclosed in copious endosperm.

Species about 100, natives of West Indies, tropical America,
and a few in North America,

\ Dhoradiideon LORANTHACES 95°

§1, Scale-sheaths (i.e. pairs of scales more or
less united at the base to form a sheath) only
in the lowest internode of a branch, none in
the other internodes.

Flowers in 4 rows, besides two odd at the top
of the joint, forming a fifth and sixth row.
Berries not granulate above.

Branches usually acutely 4-angled or
even slightly winged. Joints 14-34-
flowered. Spikes 4-9 cm.1........... wee 1. PB. tetrapterum.

Branches 4-angled. Joints 6-18-flowered.
Spikes *7-2°5 cm. 1.

Leaves lanceolate-linear to oblong-lan-
ceolate, 4-10 times longer than

EOD. onsshonaciesehivisiessishecbistiseree Ou EF. PUOKUM,
Leaves obovate to elliptical-oblong, 14-
8 times longer than broad............. 3. P. trinerviwm.

Branches terete or the younger more or
less compressed or 2-edged or even
somewhat 4-angled.

Dicecious—
Male joints 10-14-flowered, female
2-flowered....... sii sameshaphiasas eideen . 1. P. Watt.
Male unknown, female median joint
4-8-flOWETEM. .....ccerecsescvesoersevers 4, P. Fiei.
AION an abnsit) csinichnnninsediensnesedin . . P. crenulatum.
Berries, when young, granulate above....... . 2. P. rubrum vy. gracile.

Flowers (female) in 2 rows, 2 in each joint.
Leaves narrowed somewhat equally above

and below.
Younger branches terete or obtuse-
angled. Leaves leathery....... Lelpbad . 6 P. Wattii.

Younger branches acute-angled or 2-
edged. Leaves somewhat thick-papery 7. P. Campbellii.
Leaves obovate to narrowly obovate-

OE cia oahissnabotcguthurtlasaushnnieanties . 8. BP. trimervium iv.
domingense.
Flowers in 6 rows...........+. Punccnudeuncenpiscece tans 8. P. Grisebachianum.
§2. Scale-sheaths in all the internodes.
Leaves penninerved. Flowers in 4 rows......... 9. P. latifoliwm.
Leaves with principal ferves from the base.
MAO WEER ID CRIB osc cnndsiessovnvn tons vaccesure . 10. P. flavens.

§ 1. Scale-sheaths only in the lowest internode of a branch,
‘none in the other internodes.

1, P. tetrapterum Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxiv.
35 (1897); branches usually acutely 4-angled or with narrow
wings at the 4 angles ; leaves elliptical-oblong, oblong-lanceolate,
obovate, or obovate-oblong, often oblique; spikes 4-9 cm. 1.;
flowers in 4 rows, rarely 5 (besides 2 odd, at top of inter-

node), 12-32 in each joint; berries smooth.—Urb. Symb. Ant.
iv. 207.

Macfadyen! near Hope Gardens, 800 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6393, 6545,
6576, 6926. Growing on Phoradendron rubrum var. gracile, Pithecolobium
dulce and Guazwma tomentosa.—Porto Rico, Martinique.

96 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phoradendron

Internodes 8-7 cm.1. Leaves 4-10 cm. 1., 1:5-4 cm. br., apex obtuse
or rounded, sessile but base narrowed and petiole-like, 5-nerved. Spikes
4-6-jointed, monecious, androgynous, solitary or 8 together in the axils.
Flowers 2-6 highest male, deciduous, the rest all female. Berries 3-3°5
mm. 1., white, obovate-globose or globose.

2. P. rubrum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 314 (1860) ; branches
4-angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate or lanceolate-
linear; spikes 1-2 em. ].; flowers in 4 rows (with 2 odd at top
of internode), 6-18 in the joint ; berries smooth.—Kr. & Urb. in
Engl. Bot, Jahrb. xxiv. 42. P. quadrangulare Kr. & Urb. tom.
cit. 35 (1897). Viscum foliis latioribus &c. Catesby Nat. Hist.
Carol. wi. 81, t. 81. Viscum rubrum LD. Sp. Pl. 1023 (1753) ;
DC. Prodr. iv. 281. V. Kunthianum DC. Prodr, iv. 283 (1830).
V. quadrangulare DC. loc. cit. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Krebs ; March.—Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, St. Vincent, Trinidad, tropical America to Argentina.

Leaves 4-9 cm. 1., *5-1°5 cm. br., apex obtuse or acute, sessile, but
base narrowed and petiole-like, with 3 (sometimes 5) nerves from the base,
Spikes 3-4-jointed, irregularly androgynous or female. Berries yellow or
red, shortly ovate or globulose, 3-4 mm. 1., crowned by the corolla, which
is almost always closed.

Viscum rubrum L. was founded on Catesby’s description and figure.
The corresponding specimens (from the Bahamas) are preserved among
Catesby’s plants in Herb. Sloane (cexxxii. 2 & 8). The stem is quadran-

gular, not terete and compressed, and the plant is identical with
P. quadrangulare Kr, & Urb.

Var. gracile ; leaves lanceolate-linear, 4—5 em. |.,*5—1 em. br. ;
spikes 2-3 cm. 1. 4~7-jointed, male or female or irregularly
androgynous ; male flowers 22-30, female 10—18 in each joint ;
berries, the younger obovate and slightly tuberculate-granulate
above, the mature oval-globulose, becoming smooth.—P. quad-
rangulare var. gracile Kr. & Urb. tom. cit. 37.

Near Gordon Town (male), Ball! Wareka Road; Windward Road;
Campbell! near Hope Gardens, 800 ft.; above Hope Mines, 900 ft.;
Halberstadt, 2900 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6384, 6392, 6400, 6544, 6577, 6585,

6661, 6927. Growing on Guazwma tomentosa, Pithecolobium dulce and
Crescentia Cujete.

3. P. verticillatum comb. nov.; branches 4-angled, becoming
2-angled or terete below, smooth ; leaves obovate to elliptical-
oblong; spikes androgynous or subunisexual, *7—2°5 cm. a
flowers in 4 rows (with 2 odd at top of internode), 4—12 in each
joint; berries ovate or ovate-globose.—P. trinervium Griseb,
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 314 (1860); Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.
wauiv. 37; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 208. Viscum verticillatum L. Sp.
Pl, ed. 2, 1452 (1763) (excl. syn. Sloane); Wright Mem. 303.
V. verticillatum L. Sp. Pl. 1023 (1753) is founded on Sloane
Hist. ii. 93, t. 201, f. 2, which the specimen in Herb, Sloane

‘Phoradendron — - LORANTHACE AS 3 97

- shows to be a monstrous form of Cissus sicyoides. V. parasiticum,
ramulis &c. Br. Hist. Jam. 356. V. caule verticillato Plum. Pl.
Amer, (Burm.) t. 258, f. 2 & Ic. ined. v. 310. V. trinervium
Lam. Eneye. iti. 57 (1789) ; DC. Prodr. iv. 280. V. tetragonum
DC. Prodr. iv. 282 (1830). V.oblongifolium DC. Prodr. iv. 283.
V. jamaicense, Macf. Jam. ti. 195 (1850).

St. Andrew, McNab1 Oe¢rsted. — Porto ‘Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, Trinidad, Costa
Rica.

Leaves 2-6 em. |., 1-3°5 em. br., apex rounded or emarginate, sessile
but attenuated into 4 petiole-like base, 3-5-nerved from the base. Spikes
* generally 3-, more rarely 4-jointed. Berries transparent orange-yellow,
3°5-6 mm. 1. , crowned with the, corolla, which is almost always open.

“Var. domingense comb. nov.; branches not so distinctly
4-angled, here and there 2-angled, ‘generally terete below ; spikes
always unisexual, each joint of the female bearing generally two
flowers, rarely 3-4, the male (very rarely observed) having up to 6
in each joint ; berries (rather young) narrowly oval.—P. trinervium
Griseb. var. domingense Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxiv. 38
(1897). Loranthus domingensis Desv. in Ham. Prodr. 33 (1825) ;
DO. Prodr. iv. 293. Phthirusa domingensis Hichl. in Fl. Bras.
v. pt. 2, 134° (1868), Dendropemon domingensis v. Tiegh. in Bull,
‘Soc. Bot. France, alii. 170 (1895). ;

Shakspear | in woods everywhere, Broughion | Wareka Road, Campbell t
Mona woodland, 800 ft. ; near Wareka, 400 ft.; Hope; near Letitz, 500 ft. ;
Wareka Road, 200 ft. ; " sea-coast’ near Bull "Bay ; ‘Great Goat Island ;
Harris! near "Angel’ 8 ‘Pen; Harris & Britton! Fi. Jam. 6383, 6399, 6552,
6604 (in part), 6605, 6676, 6781, 7264, 8188, 9568, 10,175, 10, 529, Growing
on Croton linearis, Randia aculeata, Annona squamosa, Erythroxylum
areolatum, Casearia and Bauhima divaricata. :

4. PB. Fiei Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 333 (1907) ; dicecious (female
only seen), branches terete, becoming subquadrangular above ;
scale-sheaths 1 or 2, rarely 3, sometimes as much as 5 mm. above
base ; leaves on the same branch very variable, dval-elliptical,
narrowly. obovate, oblongjanceolate or lanceolate ; spikes (female
only seen) 1:2—2°5 ¢m. L., increasing to 4 or 5 cm. in the fruit, 3- or
4-jointed (rarely 2-) ; flowers in 4 rows in the joints (with 2 odd
in the joint next the lowest), making 6 or 8 flowers, generally
fewer in the lowest and highest, more often 2 ; berries smooth.

Great Goat Island, 50 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam, 9220. " Bboilieg on Ficus.

Branches to 30 cm. 1., glabrous ; internodes 1°5-3 cm.1. Leaves 9-5
em. 1., 3°5-1°3 cm. br., narrowed above, obtuse, below narrowed into a
petiole-like base, 3- nerved. mining shortly ovoid, 3-5-4 mm. L, greenish-
yellow, with corolla open.

‘44. P. albovaginatum Urb. Symb. Ani.. vii. 504 (1913) * ;
dicecious (?) ; branches terete, the uppermost internodes 2-angled

* The description of this species was published after the previous sheet,
was sent to press, and therefore too late for inclusion in the Key.

i

98 FLORA OF JAMAICA _ Phoradendron

but not dilated near the apex ; scale-sheaths solitary, white;
leaves ovate-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate ; spikes (female only
seen) about 2 cm. |., 3—4-jointed ; flowers in 4 rows in the
joints (with 2 odd ones added), in each joint 6-13, fewer in the
highest and lowest.

Near Ewarton, Harris ; Fl. Jam. 6703. ; :

Plant about 2} ft. high, yellowish-green- when ‘alive. . Branches
yellowish-olive when dry, internodes 3°5-5°5,.cm.1. Leaves 5-3°5 cm. 1,
2°5-1°5 cm. br., apex obtuse or rounded, below narrowed ; 3-nerved at
base, but the lateral soon. disappearing. Berries (immature) globose,
golden-yellow, crowned by the closed corolla.

5. P. coonnlataen Urb. Symb. Ang. v. "332 (1907) ; moneecious,
branches terete, becoming sometimes 2-angled above; scale-
sheaths solitary (rarely. 2) at the base, or even 4 mm. above the
base of branches ; leaves obliquely obovate-elliptical or obliquely |
elliptical or elliptical-oblong ; ; spikes 1°5-2°5 cm, 1., 5-(4—6-)
jointed ; flowers in 4 rows (with 2 odd at top of each internode),
10-14 in each joint, fewer in the highest. -

Near Halberstadt, 2900 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6659. - Guneiser on Cordia
gerascanthoides.

Plant 4 ft. high, much’ branched. Branches glabrous, internodes 2-5
em.1, Leaves 5-7 cm. 1., 1°5-2°5 cth. br., apex: rounded, somewhat
abruptly attenuated into a short — e-like base,-margin more or less

crenulate, 3-5-nerved. Spikes an ous. Flowers of each Joint, the
upper few or several i the lave eat several or few male.

6. P. Wattii Kr. é Urb. in Engl. Bot, Jahrb. xuiv. 43 (1897);
dicecious ; branches elongate; terete, younger more or less com-
pressed, and towards‘the nodes more or less dilated ; leaves
narrowly oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, slightly oblique ; ;
spikes 1-2 cm. 1., 3—4- (rarely 5-) jointed ;-flowers in the male
joints in 4 rows (with 2 odd at top of internode), i in each joint
. 10-14, in the female joints in 2 rows, in each joint 2; berries
smooth.—Viscum flavens Macf. Jam. ii. 195 (1850) vem ‘Swarte).
ci 29). i845.

ayy et ar! Mucfadg ent Watt! Wareka Road ; Palisadoes ; Campbett
Bitver Hi Petersfield, 2500 ft. ; sea-coast, Ferry Pen; Old
England, 3500 sy 4 "near Wareka, 400 ft.; Char emont, near Ewarton,
1000 ft.; coast between Portland Point” and Roc a Point; Harris! Balt’
Island, Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 6221, 6385, 6386 6395, 6401, 6402,
6538, 6599, 6680, 6711, 10,188, 10,519. Growing on Coccoloba diversifolia,
Hypelate trifoliata, Piscidia Erythrina, Colubrina, Phoradendron baccatum

and Laguncularia.
Plant pendulous, sometimes as long as 2°5 m.; internodes 1°5-5

om.1. Leaves 4-7°5 cm. 1., 1-2°5 cm.-br., apex obtuse, narrowed some-
what abruptly into a petiole-like base, 3-5-nerved. Berries ovoid, 5-7
mm. l. :

. 7, P. Campbellii Kr. & Urb. in“ Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxiv. 44
(1897) ; older branches terete, more or less evidently 4-lined,

7

Phoradendron ; LORANTHACEA: 99

the younger 4-angled-compressed ; callin solitary (rarely
- wanting) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, narrowed above
or acuminate; spikes (when fruiting) 1 em. 1. 3-jointed,
divecious(?) Hodidie s only seen) ; flowers in 2 rows, in each joint 2.

Wareka Road, Campbell! Fl. Jam. 6398 (in part), 6604 (in part).
Growing on Pisonia obtusata. e e

Branches long, ‘glabrous; internodes 2-4 cm. 1. eaves 5-7 cm. 1.,
1+5-2(-3) cm. br., attenuated into a petiole-like base (2-4 mm, 1), sub-

,2 lateral nerves from the base, and 2 from the median nerve

about 1 cm. above the base. Spikes 1 or 2 in the axils; peduncle
2-3 mm. 1; joints 3-4 mm. 1. Berries (immature) shortly ovoid,
2°5 mm. 1, with petals generally somewhat Ppen.

on Grisebachianum Eichl.in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 134” (1868) ;
plant dicecious ; branches térete below, becoming 4-angled towards
apex, compressed ;scale-sheaths 1 or 2 only on the lowest internode
of the branches, one above the base, the other to 1 em. higher ;
leaves ovate to oblon: -lanceolate, sometimes asymmetrical ; spikes
at length 1-2 em. |., 3—4-jointed ; flowers in 6 rows, in the male
joints 20-26, in the female median. joints 4-7, fewer in the
lowest and « highest. —Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jabrb. caiv. 45.
P. Berterianum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind, 313 (1860) (in part).
Prior! Second Breakfast Spring, Tweedside, 2700 ft.; Brumalia, near.
Mandeville, 2200 ft.; Chester Vale, 8000. ft. ; ‘Kentucky. Hill, Bluefields
Mt., 2000-2500 ft. ; Peckham woodland, ‘Upper Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft. ;
Harris! Fl. Jam. "6341, 6376, 6397(a), "10,202, 10,861; Union Hill, near
re te Britton & Hollick, 2772! rowing on Nectandra antillana and
occoloba,
Plant 3 4t. high; branches glabrous, internodes 2-5 cm. 1. Leaves
5-11 cm, 1., 2-5 cm. br. ; ; apex obtuse, attenuated at base into the petiole,
penninerved. Berries globose, 3 mm..in diam., with the corolla closed.

§ 2. Setanta on all the internodes.

9. P. latifolium.Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 314 (1860) ; variable,
branches long, terete, the younger more or less compressed below
.the nodes; leaves penninerved, ovate to elliptical-oblong, some-
times asymmetrical, spikes at length 3-7 cm. 1, 4—8-jointed ;
flowers in 4 rows (with 2 odd at top of-jgints), 6-92 j in each joint,
the highest 2 or few male in the. androgynous joints, the rest
feniale.—Fichl. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 126, t. 41; Urb. in Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. xxiv. 49 & Symb. Ant. iv. 209. Viscum Jatifolium
Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 268,(1797). ¥V. tereticaule DC. Prodr. iv. 280
(1830).

Swartz; Purdie! Wilson! Moneague, Prior!—Fray woods, 1650-1800
ft. ; Harris! F 1. Jam. 10 339. Growing on Hugenia.—Cuba, Porto Rico,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, continental
tropical America.

Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., 2-5 cm. br., generally more or less acuminate, base
narrowed into the short petiole, nerves generally scarcely evident. Spikes
orange-yellow, 1 or several in the axils.of the leaves and at the base of the
branches. Berries yellow or orange-yellow, ovate, 3-4°5 mm. 1.

H 2

Py

100 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phoradendron

10. P. flavens Griseb. Fl: Br. W. Ind. 313 (1860) ; braxichis)
long, terete ; scale-sheaths 2 on the lowest internode, one above
the base, another about the middle, solitary on the other
internodes, 7-15 mm. above the base ; leaves 5-(7)-nerved, ovate
or oval-elliptical or elliptical-oblong ; ‘spikes at length 3—5-cm. L.,
5-6-jointed ; flowers in 6 rows, 24-32 in each joint, the highest
male, the rest female——Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxiv. 50.
Viscum flavens Sw. Prodr. 32 (1788) 4 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 266 (excl.
syn. Plum. & Aubl,); DC. Prodr. iv. 282 (in part). V. macro-
phyllum Macf. Jam. ti.195 aides ee Spreng.): ‘Type in Herb.
Stockholm.

Swartz ; Macfadyen! Westmoreland; Manchester ; Purdie! Morse’s
Gap, 5000 ft.; Harris! St. George, Watt! Fh: Jam. 6208, "6219, Growing on
Chores trichilioides. —Dominica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, tropical

merica.

Leaves 6-15 cm. 1., 2-7 em. br., shortly acuminate, narrowed into a”
petiole-like base. Spikes 1 or several’ in the axils. Berries: waite or
yellow, ovoid.

5. DENDROPHTHORA Eichl.

Shrubs ; branches articulated at the nodes. Leaves (in the
Jamaican species) reduced to minute scales, or wanting, Spikes
axillary or terminal, articulated, with 2 minute bracts at each
joint. Flowers solitary or several on each side of a joint, usually
superposed in 2 rows (4 sometimes), dicecious or moneecious,
more or less immersed in the rhachis. _ Male flower: petals 3,
united at base ; anthers sessile, opposite the petals, transverse,
cells confluent ‘dehiscing by @ single chink. Female flower:
petals ‘3; ovary inferior. Berry crowned by the minute petals.
Seed with a small embryo enclosed in copious endosperm.

Species about 42, natives of West Indies - and topical

America. ra.

Dicecious; internodes more or less compressed.
Plant. light green ; internodes flattened, ar ve ay age 1. -D. monstrosa.
Plant dark green ; internodes more or less flattened,
inferior often HORDE picsanva de crncse scares Sanbotongh 2..D. opuntioides.
Moneecious ; all the internodes terete .......:s..sleeceeeeee 3. D. cupressoides.

1. D. monstrosa nom. nov.; dicecious; all the interriodes
flattened, phyllode-like, ” chloe bese with "rounded apex, some- _
times becoming cuneate, 5-2 cm. 1. to 2 cm. br. 3 male flowers
10-24 in each joint in 2-8 rows; fernale flowers in 2 rows, 2-6 .
in each joint.—D. opuntioides Hichl, in Fl. Bras, . pt. 2, 102
(1868); Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xaiv. 55 (1897); York in J.
Hopk. Univ. Cire. (reprint) 39 (1912); (non L.). “Viscum opun-
tioides DO. Prodr. iv. 284 (1830). . V. monstrosum Bert. MS. in
DC. loc. cit. (nom. ined.). Arceuthobium bss pee Griseb. Fi.
Br. W. Ind. 315 (1860).

Dendrophthora _ LORANTHACE 101

ton Shakspear! Masson! St. Elizabeth, McNab! - Bertero ;

.” Wullschiaegel ;.Moneague, Prior! J.P. 1165; Morris! Cinchona, Watt!

Fawcett! Tweedside, Mt. Moses; Strawberry Hill; Troy, 1600 ft.; Harris!

Fl. Jam: 6217, 6338, 6355, 6477, 9436; Cinchona, G. Nichols! between

Moneague and Mt. Diabolo, Britton, 2714! Growing on on met
, Oreopanax ye and Byrsonima.—Hispaniola.

The typical forms of this and the next-species are quite distinct, but

narrow-jointed forms of D. monstrosa. nearly approach the broader-jointed

_ forms of D, opuntioides, which might perhaps be regarded merely as a

variety of the former. Linneus based his Viscwm opuntioides on a
reference to Sloahe ram ii. 93, t. 201, f. 1), which is undoubtedly
Grisebach’s © Arceuthobiwm gracile, and not the broader-jointed form
generally known as D. opuntioides ’ :

2. D. opuntioides nob. (non Hichl.y; dicecious ; the internodes
more-or less flattened or the inferior terete, 3-1 cm. 1, to 3 or 4
mm. br. ; male flowers’ forming a single or double row on each
edge of the spike, 8-20 in each joint # female flowers in 2 rows,
2 or 4 in each joint ;: when two, inserted under apex.of joint.—
D. gracilis Hichl. tom. cit. 103 (1868) ; Urb. tom. cit. 56; York
loc. eit. D. Danceri Kr. & Urb. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. wiv.
284 (1896). Viscum: opuntioides. ramulis compressis Sloane Cat.
168, ‘Hist. i. 93, t. 201, f. 1. Viscum opuntioides L. Sp. Pl.
1623 (1753) ; Wright Mem. 303 ; Macf. Jam. it. 196. V. gracile
DO. tom. ~eit. 285 (1830). Razoumofskya jamaicensis Hoffm.
‘Hort. Mosq. (1808). | Arceuthobiim gracile Griseb. loc. cit. (1860).

(PL. 4.) Type in Herb, Mus. Brit.

Banks of Hope River, Sloane Herb. vi. 109! Dancer; Bertero; Mac-
fadyen! Port Royal Mts., Purdie! Catherine Peak, 5000 ft., Eggers!
‘Morse’s Gap, 5000 ft., Plawton! Blue Mt. Ridge, Fawcett! Cinchona ;
Portland Gap, 5400 ft.; Greenwich woodland; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6202,
6206, 6215, 6216, 10,189; below Blue Mt: Peak, 6000 ft., G. Nichols!
Cinchona, Shreve! Growing on Cyrilla antillana, Baccharis scoparia and
Heterotrichum patens. Urban distinguishes D. Danceri by its having the
female flowers in the middle of the joint instead of near the apex. We

‘have not seen Dancer’s specimen, but we are unable to distinguish from

D. gracilis the male speqirhens (Fl. Jam. 6200, 6343), assigned to D.
Danceri by Urban. ' > : '

3: D. eupressoides Hichl. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 103 (1868) (in

‘ part) ; all the internodes terete, scales decussate.—Oliv. in Hook.

Le. Pl. waiti. t.-2221; Urb. tom. cit. 59. Viscum cupressoides
Maef. Jam. ii. 197 (14850). Arceuthobium cupressoides Griseb.
Fl. Br: W. Ind. 315_(1860). :

. Macfadyen! Cinchona, 5000 ft., Morris! Fawcett! Harris! G. Nichols!
Fl. Jam. 6204, 6205, 6214, 6388. Growing on Miconia quadrangularis.—
Cuba, Hispaniola. : }

Moneecious, 1°5-2(-3) dm. 1. Internodes *5-1 cm, 1. Spikes *6-1°5
em. l., 3-5-jointed, often proliferous ; joints 2-3 mm.1l. Flowers, in each |
joint 2, generally decussating with the pair at thé next joint, most female,
a few male here and there on a joint. j ’

102. FLORA OF JAMAICA _ _Eubrachion -

- 6, EUBRACHION Hook. f. A bao

Shrub, much branched. Leaves reduced to peltate scales,
spirally arranged. Spikes crowded in a kind of raceme at the ends
of branchlets. Bracts scale-like, roundish-ovate,. the _ lowest
empty, persistent, the intermediate with their male flowers
deciduous, the upper enclosing female flowers persistent. Flowers
sessile in the axils of bracts, monecious in the same spike, parts -
of the flowers in threes. Male flowers: petals 3, springing from
a short, top-shaped receptacle; stamens 3 ; *pistil rudimentary,

A, Portion of plant in flower.

B, Flower-spike. . | H, Germina seed attached -
C, Male flower. ; to twig by its viscous ~
D, Stamen. M covering. —

b t. e, endosperm; ¢, embryo;
F, Fruit cut lengthwise. » © ©”, viscid mass. :

forming a flat 3-lobed disk, the lobes altertiate with the petals:
Female flowers: stamens wanting; ovary broadly obovoid, disk
as in male flowers ; style from’ middle of disk very short, with
obtuse stigma. Berry obovoid-subglobose, crowned with the
persistent petals ; pericarp fleshy with a thick viscid layer above
the seed ; seed depressed-globular ; embryo cylindrical in the
median line of tough endosperm. -
Species 1, in Jamaica, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. -

E. ambiguum Engl. var. jamaiecense Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb, xxiv. 31 (1897). (Fig. 30.) .. .

Eubrachion : LORANTHACEZ § ° , 103

Swartz! near Cinchona, 5000 ft., J.P. 663, Hart! Fawcett! Newhaven
- Gap, 5400 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6220, 6389, 9377, 10,025. Growing on
Calyptranthes, Eugenia frograns and H. biflora. . .

2-4 dm. high cales persistent, 2 mm. 1. with a circular area
just below the middle, 1 mm.1.& br. Spikes generally crowded at apex
of branches, 3-7 mm. 1. Bracts 1-2-1'4mm,1. Petals, male ‘8-Lmm. |.; .
female ‘5-6 mm. 1. I d

.
.

Famity XII. BALANOPHORACE.

Fleshy herbs, parasitic on roots, generally of trees, without
chlorophyll. Rhizomes tuberous, giving rise to peduncles covered
with scales and enlarged above to form spadices, which are some-
times covered with “deciduous bracts. Flowers unisexual, very
densely crowded on «unisexual or androgynous spadices, small, or
the female especially minute and forming a continuous layer, mixed
often witli densely crowded jointed hairs; the male generally much
. larger. . Male flowers usually with a 3-8-lobed perianth of which
. the lobes are valvate. Stamens. opposite to perianth-lobes ; fila-

. . ments free or connate. Anthers free or connate, 2-celled, or

each cell again divided into two or many cells, each cell dehiscing
by pores or chinks, or irregularly ruptured ; pollen globose-
trigonal, Female flower: perianth none, or 2-lipped or tubular,
epigynous. Ovary 1-3-celled ; styles terminal. Ovules solitary
in the cells, pendulous, usually without integument. Fruit of
same shape as ovary but a little larger, a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut.
Seed with endosperm ; embryo microscopic. —__

Species about 40, occuring generally in damp primeval forests
of mountainous places-in the tropics, a few South African, one
“Mediterranean, another in New Zealand..

" SCYBALIUM Schott & Endl.

_ Fungus-like. fleshy “blood-red-coloured plants parasitic -on
_ roots of dicotyledonous trees. Rhizome tuberous. Peduncles,
covered with imbricated’ scales, enlarged above, forming spadices
covered with -subpeltate bracts, which are at first imbricate,
* soon deciduous. Spadices unisexual or androgynous. Receptacle
_ covered with a compact layer of club-shaped ‘scales among which
are the flowers. Flowers. monccious or diccious. Male flowers:
tube of the perianth cylindrical, lobes 3, ovate, concave.
Stamens 3; filaments connate into a, tube "with apices free ;
anthers opposite to the lobes of the perianth, connate, each of
the two cells divided into 2 or 4,.dehiscing by rupture at the
apices. Female flowers: perianth wanting. Ovary 2-celled ;
styles 2, long, filiform, deciduous, stigmas capitellate ; ovules 2,
pendulous from the apex of the central placenta, anatropous.

104 % : "FLORA OF JAMAICA ° Seybalium

Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded nut. Seed. oblong, with oily endosperm ; s
‘embryo very minute, apical. '
‘Species 4, natives of the West Tnihieds Brazil and Colombia:

» Ss. jamaicense Schott & Endl. Melet. -12.(1832); Hichl.. in
* DC. Prodr. xvii. 133; Urb. Syinb: Ant. iv. 210. Cynomorium
erectum é&c. Browne Hist. Jam. 334. .C Ngo soa jamaicense.
Sw. Prodr. 12 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Oce. ; Wright Mem. 297.
C. coccineum Descourt, Fl. Ant. ii. t.. 06. (1821-9) (non L.). »
Phyllocoryne jamaicensis Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. aexeti. 51;
é. 11 (1856) ; Griseb. Fl. Br.-W. Ind? 309, (Pi. 5.) .
In woods on the mountains of the interior during April and Ma:
Wright! Browne ; Swartz ; St. Mary, McNab! Portland; Westmorelan
fo} ‘Wilson ; Wullschlaegel ; Prior! Harris |\—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porte
ico
Rhizome long, cylindrical. Spadices 4-23 cm. ls, unisexual, cylindrical
or subclavate; peduncle 1°5-18 cm.1. Scales greyish-brown, ovate or
broadly triangular, acuminate, the lower smaller, about 5 mm, |.
into the bracts (15-25 mn. 1). Capitulum: bléod-réd-coloured, eek 1.

Male flowers 5 mm, 1. vere femal ene styles) about 2+5 mm. 1.
Fruit2mm.i1. «

Fammy XU Ae tbe’

Herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes twining (in West Indian
species). Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite: Perianth
simple, superior, coloured. Stamens generally 6, sometimes
more, forming a column with the style (gynostemium) ; ; anthers,
adnate to the column, the cells dehiscing outwardly. Ovary
inferior, 6-celled (imperfectly or perfectly), the placentas project-
ing from the walls into the centre of the ovary and sometimes
uniting. Style with 3 or 6 stigmatic lobes.- Ovules numerous,

anatropous, horizontal or pendtlous. Capsule 6-valyed. Embryo 3

small, enclosed in the abundant fleshy endosperm.
Species about 200, widely dispersed ee the temperate
and warmer regions of the whole world.

ARISTOLOCHIA L

Leaves entire or lobed. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered,
generally solitary. “Bract none, or simulating a stipule. Perianth :
irregular, supérior; utriculate round gynostemium, constricted
and tubular above, ending in a tworipped or entire limb, which
is sometimes tailed.

Tiesves Been Be ee. RE. ee io es yd. trilobata.. *
Leaves not 3-lobed. - . .
Perianth-limb 2-lipped ... ecesecshbeaibansee eee Ben.A, Mingepe
Perianth-limb not “slipped. i:
Perianth-limb with a long tail ............ tet... 3. A. grandiflora.

Perianth-limb not tailed.
Perianth-limb saeiiat dich iche, nnteponate ‘4. A. odoratissima.
- Perjanth- limb, cordate-deltoid, obtuse .. - 5. A. elegans:

Aristolochia ARISTOLQCHIACEE =. 105 —

L. Aetrilobata L. Sp. Pl. 960 (1753) ; leaves trilobed, rarely
subentire ; perianth with one lip, lip ending in a tail-2 or 3 times
longer than the whole perianth.—Jacq. Ecloge Pl. Rar. i. 43,

. 4,26; Wright Mem. 189; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 299; Duchartre

in DC. Prodr, xv. pt. 1, 444 ;° Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 210. A. scan- —
dens foliis sublobatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 829. (Fig. 31, A, B.)

Contrajerva of the north side (Browne). ~
Wright! Distin ! Bowdler | St. Thomas’in the Vale, Waterton! McNab!

Wilson! Balaclava, Key !—West Indies, tropical continental America:

: Plant with a heavy smell. Leaves 6-13 cm. in diam, Bract roundish-
elliptical. Perianth, inflated base 3-5 cm. 1., upper tubular portion,.3°5-6
em. 1., lip cordate, about 2 cm. in diam., tail 12-3 dm. 1. Capsule 7-8

em. 1., about 2m. br., ~ pa ‘ went 3

Fig. '31.—Aristolochta. pate Ks
A, shoot with flowers * C, Fruit dehiscing.
and young fruit. . , D, Seed. . .
B, Gynostemium. .
A, B, A, trilobata L., CG, D, A. elegans Mast.

2. A. ringens Vahl Symb? Bot. iii. 99 ; leaves kidney-shaped ;
perianth with 2 lips, the upper lip about double as long as the
lower, lanceolate, obtuse, the lower spathulate.—Jacq. Collect.
v. t. 4 (fruit and seed); Griseb. loc. cit.; Duchartre tom. cit. 471.
A. grandiflora Vahl op. cit. iix 94; t. 47 (non Sw.). Type in Herb.

* Mus. Brit. °

Von Rohr! Purdie; Morant* Bay, Harris! —Cuba, Venezuela,
“Colombia. wees :

Ledves 8-12 cm. in diam. SBract subscarious, reniform. Perianth,
inflated base 3-5 cm. 1., upper tubular portion 2*5-3 cm. 1., upper lip 8-14
em. 1.; lower 5°5-6°5 cm. 1. Capsule 8 cm. 1., 3 cm. br. i

106 . . FLORA OF JAMAICA Aristolochia

3. A. grandiflora Sw. Prodr. 126 (1788) ; Lenives cordate,
roundish-ovate, acute; flowers very large; limb above thie
mouth ample, cordate-ovate-roundish, ending in a tail generally
longer than the litb.—Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 1566 ; Tussace Fl. Ant. *
t. 27 ; Descotrt. Fl. Ant. iii. t. 1575 Hook. Bot. Mag. tt. 4368,
4369 ; Griseb. loc. cit. (exel. syn.) ; Duchartre tom. cit. 472; Urb.
Symb. Ant. iv. 211 (non Vahl). ‘A. scandens foliis amplioribus
&e. Browne Hist. Jam, 329, - A. - Gigas Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842,t. 60. .*

Poisoned Hog-Meat.

Wright! north side, Broughton! Distin! St. Mary, McNab! Sedburgh,
Manchester, Purdie! Prior! March! Morce! Fort Stewart, M ‘e! near
Orange Bay, Thomas! near Castleton,, Harris! cult, in Ho rdens,

_ Fl. Jam. 8438.—Trinidad, Panama, Ruatan Is., Bay of Honduras,
Guatemala. . ptt
_ | Plant, with a fetid pale oisonous: Leaves 8-12 cm. in diam. Bract
perfoliate, roundish-elliptical or ovate, sometimes cordate. Flowers

variegated-purple, varia te in size, Perianth, ne 3 base 6-9 cm. 1, |
limb 1-2 dm.1. Capsule 10 cm. 1,, 4 cm. br.

4, A. odoratissima L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1362 (1762) ; ‘sales
cordate, ovate or kidney-shapéd, obtuse or subacuminate ;-
perianth, limb above the mouth cordate-oblong, mucronate, base .
broadly inflated.—Descour't, Fl. Ant. v. t. 356-;. Wright Mem. 189 ;
Duchartre tom. cit. 474. A. scandens ke. Sloane Cat. 60 & Hist.
i. 162, 4. 104, f. 1. A. scandens foliis cordato-acuminatis é&c.

Browne Hist. Jam. 329. ‘Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. . sete '%
Contrajerva of the south side (Browne).
St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. iii. 32! Wright! Broughton: Shak-

r! Swartz |. Mas ‘adyen | Distin! Purdie! McNab! Heward! Marcht
Bhawe! Hope, 700 ft.;-Stony Hill; Harvie | Fl. Jam. 6655, 8450.—
W. Indies, Central America, P. y. .

The whole plant has a pleasant smell. Leaves very tatisble, 6-l4-cm, _
1, 4-8-5 cm. br. Bract broadly elliptical, cordate. Perianth, inflated base -
1°5-2 om. 1., about 1 cm. br., upper tubular portion "g-L° 5 om. 1, limb
5°5-7'5 cm. l. - Capsule 6-7 cm,

5. A. elegans: Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1885, pt. 2, 301 , fig. 64;
leaves triangular-cordate, obtuse ; perianth, limb above the mouth
cordate-deltoid, obtuse, base not much inflated. (Fig. 31, ©, D.)
* Troy, 2200 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,655. —Braiil. :

Leaves 4-7 cm. 1,, 4-9 em.» br. Bract roundish, cordate. Perianth,

inflated base 2-5-8 cm. 1, about 1 cm, br., upper tubular portion: 1+5-2
em. l., limb 6-7 cm. 1. aon 4-6 cm. 1.

iy XIV." POLYGONACEZS,

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate ‘or, more ranély, ’
opposite, with petiole generally nore or less dilated, amplexicaul
at the base, and then often with a membranous margin con-
tinuous with the tubular stipule (ochrea) which sheathes the stem ;
a ring-like scar is offen left at the fall of the leaf. Flowers

Rumex "4 POLYGONACEA 107

_ generally -small, solitary or generally clustered within a bract..
Pedicels jointed. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, regular.
Perianth inferior, green or coloured, lobes or segments 4-6, in
_2 whorls or. spiral, imbricate, after flowering unchanged, or the
whole 6r one whorl attached to, and growing with, the fruit.
* Stamens 6-9; filaments free or connate at the base. Ovary
superior, l-celled: Styles 2 or 3 with expanded stigmas.
Ovule® single, orthotropous.-. Fruit a nut, 3-angled or bi-
convex, enclosed by the perianth. Seed erect ; endosperm filling
the seed, sometimes ruminate. Embryo more or less excentric ;
cotyledons somewhat flat: ie, 2 '

Herbs. ; sl , j
Perianth-segments 6 in tWO SCLICS ........ssccseseereeenes 1. Rumex.
Perianth-segments 5 ..... Sid chs vec sb esas tet bametdnmtane ss 2. Polygonum.

Trees or shrubs. Perianth-segments 5. ‘
CO TONE MA Fook... 0nce aie occ ckageoo es evoreiees 9 8. Coccoloba.

. [Ochrez obsolete. - Inflorescence with tendrils ...... " Antigonon. |

i : 41, RUMEX L,

Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes radical. Flowers
in clusters which are paniculate in W. Indian species, hermaphro-.
dite or unisexual by ‘abortion, sometimes dicecious. Perianth-seg-
_ ments 6 in two series, the outer unchanged after flowering, the
inner “valves” attached to, ‘and ‘growing with, the nut, or
remaining unchanged. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-angled; styles 3,
expanded into variously cut stigmas. Nut with prominent angles.
Embryo lateral, cotyledons linear or oblong.

Species about 140, very widely dispersed: through the
- temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, fewer in the

tropics and the southern hemisphere. re ae ee

Leaves entire, Flowers hermaphrodite.

+ Valves entire .........0006- iia cicdead dnvwnweSnne sage Lar dhe OFDM,

Valves with long subnlate teeth - ........s0c00000 2. R. obtusifolius.
’ Lower leaves hastate. Flowers dicecious ............ 8. RR. Acetosella.

1. R. erispus L. Sp. Pl. 335 (1753) ; leaves-elongate-oblong,
margin of the larger leaves undulate-crispate, attenuated both at
base and. apex ;-whorls of flowers numerous, crowded in fruit in a
- long narrow panicle, leafy below ; flowers hermaphrodite ; valves
broadly ovate, subcordate, obtuse, with raised reticulation,
entire, sometimes dbsoletely denticulate at the base, the median ~
nerve swollen into an oval callus.—Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 44 ;
‘Lindau in Urb. Symb. Ant. 7. 210, iv. 211.

Port Royal,-McNab! near Gordon Town, Bali! Hardware Gap,
4000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,113.—Bermuda, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, Guadeloupe. Widely distributed in the-north temperate regions of

the Old World, perhaps an introduction in the New World. |
Stem 1-3 ft. Leaves 1°5-2°5dm.1. Valves 3-5 mm. 1.

108 _FLORA OF JAMAICA “Rumen
- 2. R. obtusifolius L. Sp. Pl. 335° (1753) ; ‘eaves ovate- -
oblong, becoming lanceolate above, obtuse to acute, base cordate

to rounded. or obtuse ; whorls of flowers distant in fruit in a _

long, narrow panicle, leafy below ; flowers hermaphrodite ; valves.
triangular, with raised reticulation, base with 3 linear-subulate
teeth on each side, median nerve with or without a callus. —
Meisn. tom, cit. 53; Lindau loc. cit. (Fig. 32.) =

tg $2.—Rumex obtusifolius: L.

3 eeaee S, panicle i in fruit. | F, a bse ee at right ‘degiee
ower.
Cc; Persistent perianth enclosing fruit. G. ie
D, oe veoh persistent péerianth tat a, callus ; “, ockiiaaidelr® <2) pascasens:
%; cle

‘B, Do, cut Sears: ve ’

+ Base of Catherine’s Peak, 4500 ft., Harris\ Fl. Jam. 7660.—Cuba.

Widely distributed in the north temperate negions bes the Old World,
perhaps an introduction in the New World.
_ Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 1*5-3dm.1. Valves about Bx mm. lt.

3. .R. Acetosella L. Sp. Pl. 338 (1753); leaves oulbeag’ to
linear’ or lanceolate (in the Jamaican specimen oblong-elliptical), -
hastate ; panicle, leafless ; flowers diccious ; valves herbaceous,
eso in fruit, ovate, without callus. —Meisn. tom. cit. 63.

damp places along roadside, Hardware Gap, 4000 ft. (without- or.
Harris ! . Fl. Jam. 10,114. —North temperate and arctic zones; introduced
in the south, —

Stem very variable in height, low-growing to 5 am. sete 1°5 to
5 cm. 1.

‘

Polygonum POLYGONACEA 109

nt *

- 2. POLYGONUM L. :
‘Herbs, sometimes shrubby at base. Leaves alternate. Flowers
clustered on spike-like racemes, sometimes panicled [or capitate
in corymbs]. Perianth deeply 5-lobed, coloured. Stamens 8-6,
inserted on the perianth. Styles 2 or 3 united below ; stigmas
capitate. entire. Nut small.. Embryo excentric in’ ertdosperm ;
- cotyledons narrow. — - eg
Species about 150, widely dispersed through the whole world.

Fig. 33.—Polygonum punctatum EN. .

A, Leaf and flower-spikes. E, Nut. .
B, Portion of flower-spike. =_. ~ F, Do. in transversé seetion; e, endo-
C, Perianth cut open. : sperm ; ¢, enibryo.

D, Stamen. 4 :

§ 1, Flower-clusters in spike-like racemes.

Stipules setose-ciliate. “%
Glandular-punctate on calyx and, stipules, _ .
Stipules puberulous ...........+5+.+ partes sisibiien 1, P. punctatum.
Not glandular. Stipules hispid ................++ 2. P. acuminatum,

Stipules not setose-ciliate.
Glandular-hispidulous on young branches and
-- . peduncles. Leayes’linear or linear-lanceo-
late ;

eeeres Pape eeeesecsensseseetseses «8 id ee toe Pp. sibrdiin.

110 FLORA OF JAMAICA Polygonum

§ 1. Flower-clusters in apike-like rapemen.

1. P. punmetatum Ell. Skeich i. 455 (before Nov. 1817);
punctate with sessile glands ; stipules sparsely puberulous, ciliate.
with long slender bristles.—Small in Mem. Columb. Coll. i..88,
t. 31 (1895). P. acre Kunth in H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. ii. .
179 (Dec. +1817) ; Meisn. in DC. Prodr, wiv. 107; Griseb, Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 161 ; Lindau in Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 212 (excl. P. Persicaria
Lun.) ; Urb. -Symb. Ant. iv.:211. Persicaria procumbens &c.
Sloane Cat, 48 & Hist, i: 17, t. 3, f:1. (Fig. 33.) bit ay

Banks of Rio Cobre, Sloane Herb. ii. 105! Fort Stewart, Metcalfe!
Ferry, Spanish "Town Road, Campbell! Brandon Hill Road, Thom, ! .
Hope, 700 ft.; Papine Corner; Harris! Rio Cobre, near Bog Walk, Harris i
é& Britton! Fi. Jam. 5850, 6966, 8075, 8091, 8807, 10,531.—Bermuda, Cuba,
Hispaniola, PortorRico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, _
Trinidad, continental America (from Canada to Paraguay). :

Plant very variable in size. Stem ascending, glabrous. Leaves-lanceo-
late, acuminate, narrowing to the base, glabrous but pubescent on m
_ and nerve, shortly stalked, pellucid-punctate, generally 8-13 cm. (ine

stalk). Racemes 1-8, erect, slender, more or Jess interrupted at ,
5-8 cm. 1. Bracts funnel-shaped, truncate, margin sometimes with short
bristles, with 1 to 4 flowers, pedicels at length exserted. . Flowers white. -
Perianth 5-partite ; stamens 8, included ; style 3-fid. Nwt8-angled, 3mm. 1.

2. P, acuminatum-H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. ii. 178 (1817) ;.
not glandular-punctate ; stipules hispid, ciliate with long bristles.
—Meisn. in DC. Prodr. wiv. 114 ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Lindau loc. eit, ;
Urb. tom. cit. 212. *

Distin | lagoons above Ferry, Purdie! banks of Ferry River, 100 ft.;
Harris! Fi. Jam. 9044.—Cuba, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
Trinidad, continental America. ; . : .

Stem glabrate; younger branches. often hispid. Leaves . lanceolate,
acuminate, narrowed to base, hispid with short hairs, at length glabrescent —
except on the margin and nerves, to 20 cm..l. Racemes geminate or *
branched, linear,-continuous, 5-9 cm.‘l. Pedwncles hispid near apex or
glabrescent. Bracts contiguous, ciliaté* with long bristles, funnel-shaped,
truncate, several-flowered ; pedicels exserted. Flowers white, 2°5 mm. 1.
Perianth 4-5-partite ; stamens 5-8 included ; style 3-fid (occasionally 2-fid)
included. * Nut 3-angled (sometimes biconvex), smooth.

_ 3. P. mexieanum Small in Bull. Torr. Cl: wia. 356 (1892);
branches below glabrous, above hispidulous becoming glandular ;
peduncles glandular-hispidulous ; stipules without cilia; leaves
linear-lanceolate.—Small in Mem. Columb. Coll. i: 60, #. 17.

P. pensylvanicum Lindau tom. cit. 213 (1899) (non Linn.) ; Urb. :
loe. cit. : ;

Shettlewood, Fawcett !—Louisiana, Téxas, Mexico, .. So i

Stem erect, more or less branched. Stipules hirtellous on_ nerves,
Leaves shortly stalked, to 14 cm. 1., to 1-5 cm. br., narro at both ends,
minutely punctate on upper-surface, puberulous on both sides, hirtellous

on margin and nerve. Racemes 2-4°5 cm. 1., paniculate, slender, continuous
or sometimes interrupted at base, dense-flowered. Bracts obliquely funnel-

Polygonum _ POLYGONACEA 111

shaped, about 3 mm. l., glabrous, without cilia, several-flowered; pedicels
2°5-3 mm.1. Perianth 5-partite, not glandular, somewhat ucid-veined,
1°75 mm. L,’increasing to 3 mm. in fruit. Stamens 7 (6-8) included ;
style. 2-cleft. Nut lens-shaped, almost orbicular, cuspidate with the
persistent style-base, flattish, 3 mm, 1. (incl. style-base), black. -

4. P, glabrum Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 447 (1799); glabrous;
stipules without cilia ; leaves lanceolate.—Meisn. loc. cit. ; Hook. /.
Fl. Br. Ind. v. 34; Wight Ic. t. 1799 ; Griseb. loc. cit.; Urb.
loc. cit. .P. portoricense Bert. ms. ex Endl. Gen. Suppl: iv. pt. 2,
47 (1847) ; Small op. cit. 46, t..10. Persicaria urens &c. Sloane
Cat. 47 & Hist. 7.140. - ‘

In ponds and marshes; Sloane Herb. ii. 104! Broughton’! Distin! St.
Mary, McNab | Constant Spring pond, 600 ft:, Campbell! Banks of Ferry
River, 100 ft., Harris! Banks of Rio Cobre, near Bog Walk, Harris ¢
Britton! Fl. Jam. 6141, 9045, 10,530.—Tropics in America, Africa and Asia.

Stem 2-4 ft. . Stipules truncate. Leaves acuminate. Racemes slender,
panicled, continuous. Pedwncles glandular or not. Bracts 2-6-flowered,
. contiguous, shortly funnel-shaped, obliquely truncate, without cilia.
Perianth. white or rosy, variable in size, 5-partite. Stamens 6-8, about as
' long as calyx: . Styles 2, about as long as perianth.' Nut biconvex, black,

[$ 2. Flowers capitate in corymbs. .
P, chinense L.- Sp. Pl. 363 (1753); Meisn. in DC. Prodr.
wiv. 130 ;. Wight Ic. t. 1806; Hook. f. tom. cit. 44. :

Naturalised at Cinchona, 4500-5000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 9107,—
E. Indies to Japan. 2 - :
. Stem erect, trailing, branching. Leaves ovate-elliptical’ of elliptical,
. entire, base truncate-obtuse, decurrent forming more or less wings on
petiole; petioles with deciduous rounded auricles at their base. Stipules
long, tubular, without cilia. Flowers capitate, capitula in a simple or
paniculate corymb, peduncles of the capitula hispidulous. Bracts folia-
ceous, acute, cordate.] “ ’

8, COCCOLOBA L.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers her-
maphrodite, solitary or clustered within small ochreiform bracts,
‘ clusters in spike-like racemes, racemes simple, solitary or rarely
two or three together, or paniculate, terminal and axillary.
Perianth 5-partite, at length more or less fleshy, and enveloping
and.attached to the nut.. Stamens 8; filaments connate at
base ; styles 3 ; stigmas more or less dilated. Nut crowned with

the limb of the perianth, but-in C. venosa protruding above it.
- Embryo enclosed in the ruminate endosperm, with foliaceous
cotyledons. , oy frig ;

Species about 140, in tropical and subtropical America,
_ including West Indies. * © a

112 : FLORA OF JAMAICA

Coccoloba
§ 1. Bracts and ochreolw small or minute. _
Inflorescence a panicle with branches distant from
; flowers small............... sacaanembahnadiersen 1. C. polystachya.
Inflorescence a panicle with numerous branchesin 1 oe
a ‘cluster at base’; flowers large.................... 2. CO. Plymierii.
» Inflorescence a solitary raceme, or rarely 2 or 3 5 oF
Flowers ane or subsessile (pedicels less than . >
1 mm. 1). , ‘
Racemes not longer than leaves....,.............. 8. C. troyana.
Racemes longer than the leaves. rt :
' «Leaves roundish-elliptical, subcordate at ©. -- .
base, drying a light brown or buff....... 5. OC. Krugii.
Leaves elliptical, es. obtuse at base,
ing a dark brown. et :
. Venation obsolete (when dry)...........+1++ 4. C. pirifolia,,
Venation apparent. . tie
Veins inconspicuous ...,.....s0.cseseeeresees 7. C. neglecta,
Veins COnspicuoul.............c.sseeecerseees 6. C. diversifolia.
Flowers evidently stalked (pedicels 1-8 mm. 1.).
. Leaves broader than long, generally very large. J
seers gaits mare hs <tnsdeeeyse ah edicnadpcinens a a Perce ;
eaves pu WEE TAREU AR os on sacra cis'trsvt ar, aee OU, .
- . Leaves lokger than broad. , .
Leaves memibranous ..........sccescsecseseeseeeees 15. C. tenuifolia.
Leaves more or less leathery, .
Leaves with rounded apex................++ 9 C. laurifolia
Leaves not with a rounded apex. — :
Leaves small—not exceeding 8 cm. 1.
Veins on upper surface only seen with tigre
a lens (when dry) .............s-.4++ 16. C. Priorii.
Veins on upper surface evident....... 11. C. Harrisii.
Leaves large—exceeding 8 cm. 1. ~
- Leaves broadly elliptical. ”
Racemes lax, not exceeding 10 cm. ;
. 1.; nodules 1-flowered............ 3. C. zebra.
Racemes dense, more than 10 c .
- 1.; nodules 3-flowered............ 10. C. litoralis.
Leaves oblong-elliptical or ovate- * ;
; QETESEIOA ccilteics ens ns tas vba cocestapine 12. C. longifolia. -
§ 2. Bracts and ochreole large, bracts blackish, ochreole. . : -
lax membranous. , ; °
Leaves papery-membranous ..:............cceeseeseeeees 17. C. venosa.
Leaves leathery .........-..ssecsseneceeereArnnerereversentet LB, C, nigras
Species insufficiently known..............ssces0esees Dice othshil 19. C. excoriata,

§ 1. Eueoeeoloba. Bracts and ochreolw small or minute. |

1. C. polystachya Wedd, in Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xiii. 261, . -

var. jamaicensis Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. li. 125 (1913) ;
twigs glabrous ; leaves papery, roundish-elliptical, apex rounded,

base broadly subcordate or truncate, quite glabrous, nerves

slightly prominulous on upper surface, prominent beneath, veins

reticulate, prominulous on both sides, more conspicuous above; _

ochree glabrous, soniewhat lax, deciduous, with leaf attached

Coccoloba POLYGONACE 113

above the middle ; inflorescence a panicle branching near the base,
lax-flowered ; rhachis and bracts tomentellous ; nodules generally
1-flowered ; flowers se Arne small ; fruit not seen. Type in
Herb. Kew. '

In fl. Jan.; interior of Westmoreland, Purdie!

Leaves 14-15 em. 1.,9-11°5 cm. br.; petioles 2cm.1l. Ochrex 7-9 mm. 1.
Panicle 17 cm. 1. Bracts and ochreole about 1 mm. 1.; pedicels generally
shorter, sometimes slightly longer, jointed at top. Potente tube about
1 mm. 1, lobes about 1-5 mm. 1., elliptical, apex rounded.

The species occurs in tropical. S. America, and is not known from the
a Indies where the variety only occurs.

2. C. Plumierii Griseb. FI. Br. W. Ind. 162 (1859) ; alias
glabrous ; leaves large, springing from lower half of stipule,
. ‘broadly oblong-elliptical, obtuse. or shortly acuminate, base

= _usually cordate or often.subpeltate, nerves and veins prominent,

especially beneath; ochre truncate, lax, ample, deciduous ;

inflorescence ‘a contracted panicle, branches (3-11) more or less
clustered, lax-flowered; nodules 1-flowered; bracts minute ;

pedicels of flowers almost none, of fruit about 15 mm. l., jointed
at’ base ; fruit large, ovate-conical, crowned by’ the connivent
_perianth- lobes. epee go in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiir. 134, t. V. f. 9 &
in Symb. Ant. i. 220. :

Mountain Grape.
Wright! Purdie ; Moneague, March! Moneague, Prior! Mandeville,
- Britton, 3233 |

Arborescent shrub. ‘Leaves 14-26 cm.1., 10-17 cm. br.; petioles 2°5-
- 4*5ems1. Ochrexw about 10 mm. 1. Racemes 15-25 em, 1. Perianth, tube
1-5-2 mm. 1., lobes 2°5 mm.1. Ovary about 2 mm. 1.; styles 1° 5 mm. 1.
Fruit 18-12 mm. A , 12-10 mm. br. ; ; perianth-lobes-about 3 mm. 1.

Ds C zebra ‘Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. ‘162 (1859); twigs’
. glabrous ; leaves attached at base of stipules, broadly elliptical,
obtuse or shortly acuminate, rounded or emarginate at the base,
' glabrous; nerves prominulous beneath, veins on both sides
densely reticulate; ochre adpressed; racemes: lax-flowered,
nodules 1-flowered; rhachis obscurely tomentellous ; pedicels
jointed at the top, exceeding the minute bracts and ochreole ;
fruit large, ovate-conical, the lobes about } length of fruit.—
Lindau in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 135, 4. V. f. 10 & in Ug. Symb.
~ Ant. i. 220. Type in Herb. Kew.
Zebra Wood.

Wilson! March.
-* A very large timber tree; wood variegated ” (Griseb.). Leaves 20-12

“em. 1, 12-8 cm. br., petioles 1°5-2°5 cm. 1. Ochrew 1:2-1°6 cm. 1.

Racemes 10-6 cm. 1. Pedicels 8-4 mm.1.,spreading orcernuous. Perianti, -
tube about 2 mm. 1., 4 mm. in diam., lobes as long as or shorter than
tube,. puberulous. Stamens short, subincluded. Styles exserted. Frwit
. 1:6 cm. 1, 1°2-"8 em. br., lobes about 5 mm. I.

Timber very suitable for building purposes (Wilson).

114 FLORA OF JAMAICA Coccoloba

4. C. pirifolia Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3, 389 (1829) ; plant
glabrous; leaves (in Jamaican specimen) roundish-ovate or

_ elliptical, apex obtuse to rounded, base subcordate to obtuse ;

nerves on upper surface inconspicuous, underneath scarcely ~

prominent, veins not conspicuous ; ochrew adpressed, deciduous;

racemes longer than the leaves, nodules 1-flowered, pedicels

wanting ; fruit.(not seen in Jamaican specimen) globose, shortly

Fig. 34.—Coccoloba Krugii Lindau,

A, Twig with leaves and raceme. B, Fruit cut lengthwise.
B, Portion of. raceme: : ¥, Fruit cut transversely.
D, Flower with portion of perianth gs ri dosperm
, Flower portion of perian ¢, CO’ ons ; e, endos —
and 3 stamens removed. 7! ,

stalked, crowned by the perianthlobes.—Lindau in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. wii. 144, t. V. f.13 &.13a & in Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 222. -
-C. Kunthiana Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 166. ; ’ .

In fl. Jan.—Aug. ; rocks near the sea, Great Valley, Manchester, Purdie !
- Wilson !—Porto Rico, St. Thomas. .

Shrub 10 ft. high, or tree 15 to 30 ft. or more. Leaves 6-12 om. 1,
4-5°5 om. br., attached below base of ochrew, reddish-brown (when dry) ;
petioles as long as the ochre, about 1cm.1l. Racemes terminal, pedun:
scarcely 1 cm. 1.; bracts triangular, 1‘5 mm. 1.; ochreols as long as the
bract. Flowers white or greenish-white (Sintenis). Perianth, ‘tube
1 mm.'1, lobes 2°5 mm. 1. Stamens as long as the perianth-lobes. Ovary
15 mm, 1.; styles (sometimes 4) nearly 1 mm.1. Frwit red (Simtenis), _
about 4 mm. br.; perianth and lobes about 2mm. 1, — ite ee

Coccoloba POLYGONACEAl 115

5. C. Krugii Lindaw'in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 145 (1890) ;
plant glabrous; leaves leathery, roundish-elliptical, base sub-
cordate, nerves flat on upper surface, slightly prominent beneath,
veins finely reticulate. beneath, not very conspicuous ; ochre
adpressed ; racemes generally longer than the leaves; nodules
generally 1-flowered ; fruit pear-shaped, with the perianth-lobes

adpressed,’ about half the length of the fruit.—Lindau in Urb.
Symb. Ant. te 23:3. (Fig. 34.) y

In fi, July-Nov., in fr. Nov.-Feb.; Great Goat Is.; Yardley Chase,
1600 ft. ; Long Mountain, 900 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9335, 9667, 10,008,
10,014; Cross, Clarendon, Craig !—Bahamas, Porto Rico, Barbuda. ‘

Tree 15-20 ft. high, or shrub; branches ashen-grey, lenticels brown.
Leaves 3°7 cm. 1., 2-6 cm. br., inserted below the ochres, yellowish or
brownish-yellow (when dry); petioles 4-7 mm. 1. Ochrewx 4-8 mm. l., very
thin, almost translucent, deciduous. Racemes somewhat dense-flowered ;
peduncle *5-1 cm. 1.; bracts *75-1 mm. 1.; ochreole scarcely longer than
the bracts; pedicels to nearly 1 mm. 1. Flowers green. Perianth, tube
about *5-mm. 1., lobes elliptical, 1*5 mm.1. Ovary 1mm, 1.; styles very
short. Fruit 5-6 mm. 1., 4-5 mm. br. my

6. C. diversifolia Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19 (1760); branches
glabrate ; leaves ovate or elliptical, apex rounded or shortly
acuminate, base acute to truncate, sometimes cordate, nerves and
veins. prominent on both sides; ochresz adpressed; racemes’.
simple, lax-flowered, rhachis glabrous, nodules 1—2-flowered ;
ochreole after the fall of the fruit persistent, well developed,
and somewhat flattened horizontally; flowers subsessile ; fruit
ovate-ellipsoidal, base. rounded, crowned by _ perianth-lobes.—
Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 114, t. 76 & ed. pict, t. 113 ; Hook. Exot.
Fi. t. 102; Meisn. tom. cit. 159 ; Lindau in Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 223.
C. barbadensis Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 37 (1760) & Observ. i. 18,
it. 8; Meisn. tom. cit. 153 ; Lindau in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 148,
t. V. f.16. CC. punctata LD. var. microstachya Griseb. Fl. Br.

_W. Ind. 163 (tide specimen from Moneague, collected by Prior,

- in Herb. Kew.).

Red Grape, Wild Grape,

’ In fl, April-July, Nov., Dec., in fr, Nov.-Feb.; Wright; Broughton!
S r! Macfadyen! Wilson! Moneague, Prior! March ; Eggers;
Providence Road, 700 ft.; Brandon Hill, 1000 ft.; Thompson! near
Claverty Cottage; David’s Hill; Content: Road; Sheldon; Silver Hill;
Cedar Hurst; Charlton, near Ewarton; Holly Mount, 2600 ft.; near
Troy, 2000 ft.; Stony Hill, 1200 ft.; Peckham and Crofts Mt., Claren-
don, 2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5088, 5089, 5090, 5091, 5092, 5096,
5263, 5274, 5500, 6699, 6789, 8062, 8901, 9094, 11,133, 11,194, 11,219.—
Bahamas, West Indies as far south as St. Lucia and Barbados.

Tree 15-40 ft. high. Leaves attached just above base of ochre, 5-12
cm, 1., 4-8 cm. br., on old branches much larger, glabrous; petioles 7-12
mm. 1. Ochrex deciduous. Racemes longer than the leaves; pedicels
*8mm.1, Bracts about 1:4 mm. 1., upper half conical; apex rounded ;
ochreole about 2 mm.1. Perianth greenish, tube about 1 mm. 1., lobes
broadly elliptical, about 2 mm. 1. Frwit 8-10 mm. l1., perianth-lobes
2mm. 1. i

12

He _. FLORA OF JAMAICA ’ Coccoloba

7. C. negleeta Fawe. d& Rendle in Journ. Bot. li. 124 (iets):
twigs glabrous; leaves broadly elliptical, apex rounded or su
acuminate, base acute, obtuse or rounded, nerves prominent
beneath, veins inconspicuous ; ochre, apex deciduous, persistent
below ; racemes longer than the leaves, somewhat dense-flowered ;
rhachis slender, mbbed, tomentellous or glabrous ; nodules 1-2- .
flowered, approximate ; pedicels very short, in fruit about twice
as long as the minute ochreole ; ochreole not reflexed in fruit ;
fruit broadly ovoid, base rounded, crowned by perianth-lobes.
Type in Herb. Jam. - ;

In fl, July, in fr. Feb.; Green Valley, Blue Mts., Harris!’ Fl. Jam.
5094 (in part), 5233. . > :

Leaves attached just above base of ochrew, 5-7 cm. 1., 3-4°5 cm. br.,
glabrous; petioles 5-6 mm. 1. Ochree about 8 mm. 1. Racemes 8-14
cm. 1.; pedicels scarcely 1 mm.1. Bracts about 1:6 mm. 1., upper half
triangular, apex obtuse ; ochreole scarcely 1 mm.1. Perianth, tube about
1 mm. 1, lobes broadly elliptical, about 2 mm.1. Stamens about as long

as perianth-lobes. Fruit 8 mm. 1. {incl,. lobes), about 5 mm. br. ; lobes
_ 1-1'5 mm. 1, :

8. C. troyana, Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 8 (1909); plant glabrous ;
leaves broadly ovate-elliptical, shortly acuminate, base cordate,
nerves on both sides prominent, veins prominulous on both sides
with a fine-meshed network ; ochree adpressed; racemes not
longer than the leaves; nodules 1-flowered ; fruit ellipsoidal,
slightly narrowed at the base, perianth-lobes extending down to
the middle. ... . . : : .

In fl. March, in fr. Oct., Noy. ; near Troy, 2000-2200 ft., Harvis!. John
Crow (Blake) Mts. 1700 ft. Harris &-Britton! F. Jam. 9439, 9474, 10,653,
10,764. ; , po
Tree 20-40 ft. high. Leaves attached at the base of the ochre», 7-10
em. 1., 4*5-7 cm. br.; petiole 1°5-2cm.1. Ochrew deciduous, to 1°3 cm. 1.
Racemes \ax-flowered, 2*5-9 cm. 1., peduncles *5-1cem.1. Pedicels jointed
at apex, ‘5-1 mm.1. Bracts scarcely 1mm. 1., ovate, upper part deciduous ;
ochreole minute ornotconspicuous. Perianth, tube 1*2mm.1., 1mm, br.,.
lobes elliptical, about 2mm. 1. Frwit 1 cm. 1., 6-7 mm. br.

9. C. laurifolia Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. iti. 9, t. 267 (1798) ;
plant glabrous; leaves elliptical, apex rounded, base obtuse,
nerves and veins prominent on both sides; ochre somewhat
lax ; nodules 1—2-flowered ; bracts and ochreole minute ; pedicels
of fi. 1 nearly 2 mm. |., of fr. 3 mm, 1., spreading horizontally ;
fruit somewhat pear-shaped, the lobes forming a rounded,
somewhat mammiliform apex.—Meisn. in DC. Prodr. wiv. 165 ;
Lindau in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 158, t. V. f. 23, 23a & in Urb.
Symb. Ant. i, 227. C. floridana Meisn. loc. cit. (1856). Cocco-
lobis laurifolia Sarg. Silv. vi. 119, t. 300.
Pigeon Plum of Florida. ~ ,

In fl. March-July, in fr. Nov.July; Wright! March! Sheldon, Blue
Mts. ; Content Road, above Gordon Town, 2300 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.

Coccoloba POLYGONACE 117

5093, 5188, 6182. Cross, Clarendon, Craig!—Florida, Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Venezuela.

Tree 25 ft, high or more, or a shrub. Leaves (in Jamaican specimens)
6-12 cm. 1., 4-8 cm. br., attached just above base of ochrew, petioles
1-1:5 om. 1. Ochrew obliquely truncate, base persistent, more or less
deciduous above, 7-9 mm. 1. Racemes about as long as leaf, lax-flowered.
- Perianth, tube about 1-5 mm. 1., shortly ee ai contracted at base,
lobes roundish, about 2mm. 1. Frwit about 1:4 cm. L, 1 em.. br., lobes
3 mm. 1.

“The wood is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle and close-grained
. and in Florida is occasionally used in cabinet-making ” (Sargent).

10. C. litoralis Urb. Symb. Ant. vi. 9 (1909) ; twigs glabrous ;
leaves large, broadly elliptical to roundish ovate, apex sometimes
very shortly and obtusely acuminate, the older leaves somewhat
cordate at base, nerves and veins on both sides prominent ;
ochre ample, glabrous, persistent, apex somewhat lax and
deciduous ; racemes long, 2 together, one terminal, the other
adjacent in axil of upper leaf, solitary in upper axils nodules
generally 3-flowered, rhachis glabrous.

In fi.-March; near the rocky sea-coast amongst Coco-nut palms, Negril,
Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,228.

Tree 40 ft. Leaves attached above base of ochre, 20-14 cm. |., 16-10
em. br.; petiole 1-1°5 cm. 1. -Ochrew, persistent portion *5-1 cm. 1.
Racemes 13-33 cm. 1., dense-flowered. Pedicels 1-2°5 mm. 1., jointed near
apex. Perianth, tube scarcely 2 mm. 1.; lobes elliptical, 2°5 mm. lL,
scarcely 2mm. br. Stamens as long as perianth-lobes. /’rwit not seen.

’ 11. C. Harrisii Lindau in Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 228 (1899); plant
’ glabrous; leaves elliptical or roundish-elliptical, shortly acuminate,
base rounded, nerves and veins on both sides prominent ; ochre,
~ apex somewhat lax and deciduous, base adpressed and persistent ;

nodules 1-flowered ; pedicels 4 or 5 times as long as the bracts ;
fruit not seen. :

In fl. Feb., July, Nov.; Vinegar Hill, Blue Mts., 8500-4000 ft., Harris !
Fl. Jam. 5089, 5481, 7667. -

Tree 30 ft. hig h. Leaves 5-8 om. l., 3-4°5 cm. br.; petioles 1-1°5
cm. 1. Ochrexe ceo 1-2cem.1. Raceme lax-flowered, as ‘long or. a little
longer than the leaf; bracts and bracteoles *5 mm. 1.; pedicels of fi.
1°5-3 mm. 1. Perianth, tube about 1 mm. 1., lobes roundish, about
2mm. br., reflexed in flower.

12. -C. longifolia Fisch. ex Lindau in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii.
161 (1891); twigs glabrous, sometimes tomentellous ; leaves
large, oblong-elliptical or ovate-elliptical, acuminate, base rounded
_or subcordate, nerves and veins prominent on both sides ; ochrez
glabrous or sometimes tomentellous,*adpressed but lax at apex ;
racemes somewhat lax-flowered ; nodules 1-flowered (sometimes

2—-3-flowered) ; rhachis minutely tomentellous or glabrate ; pedicels
much longer than the ochreole, ultimately spreading horizontally ;
fruit roundish-ovoid, perianth-lobes about one-third of length.—

118 FLORA OF JAMAICA Coccoloba

Lindau in Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 229. C. venosa Griseb. ms. in Herb.
Kew. (non L.); Lindau in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 152 & in Urb.
Symb. Ant. i. 225. C. excoriata Meisn: in DO. Prodr. wiv. 168
(1856) (non L.). ©.,diversifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 163 (in
part, non Jacq.). a ; vied.

Wild Grape. é 7

In fi. April, May, in fr. Aug.—April; Swartz; Cuming ; lower moun-
tains of Manchester, Purdie! Wullschlaegel ; Monennes Prior! Claverty
Cottage, J.P. 1456, Hart! Constant Spring, ges fa ! sea-coast, Hectors
River; New Green, Mandeville, 2200 ft.; Holly Mount, near Mt. Diabolo,
2600 ft.; near Troy, 2000-2500 ft.; Oxford, near Troy, 1400 ft.; Leicester-
field, Upper Clarendon; Peckham, Upper Clarendon ; Harris! New Green,
Mandeville; Martin’s Hill, Mandeville; foothills of John Crow (Blake)
Mts.; Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 5714, 6005, 6317, 6489, 8719, 8772,
9462, 9489, 10,597, 10,617, 10,689, 10,756, 10,758, 10,840, 10,873; Union
Hill, near Moneague; Britton d& Hollick, 2663, 2667! Grierfield, near
Moneague; Britton, 2773, 2777 !

Tree 15-80 ft. Leaves from near base of ochrew, 10-30 cm. 1., 4-12
cm. br.; petioles 1-2°5 cm. 1. Ochrew short, triangular, apex deciduous,
rest persistent, -5-1°5 cm. 1. Bracts triangular, ‘5-1 mm. 1., somewhat
tomentellous; ochreole equalling bracts, more or less tomentellous.
Pedicels 2-5 mm. 1. Flowers greenish-yellow. Perianth tomentellous,
tube about 2 mm. 1., lobes about equalling tube or somewhat longer.
Fruit about 1 cm. 1., about *7 em. br. aa

*« A very good timber ”’ (Purdie).

13. C. pubeseens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1007 (1759); leaves large,
roundish or broadly elliptical, broader than long, base cordate,
glabrescent on upper surface but generally pubescent on nerves,
rusty-pubescent beneath, nerves and veins impressed above, -
prominent beneath ; ochre ample, deciduous ; racemes terminal ;
nodules 1—3-flowered, rhachis minutely puberulous.—L. Sp. Pl.
ed. 2,523; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3166; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. wiv.
152; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 161; Lindau in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.
witi, 202; Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. li. 123, C. grandifolia
Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19 (1760) & Sel. Stirp. Amer. 113; Lindau
in Urb. Symb. Ant. 230, Scortea arbor americana, amplissimis
foliis aversa parte nervis extantibus, hirsutie ferruginea refertis,
Leathercoat-tree Barbadensibus nostris. Pluk. Phyt. t. 222. f. 8
(Herb. Sloane «eviii. 23, ci. 196). Coccolobis arborea, foliis
orbiculatis integris Browne Hist. Jam., 210. Type in. Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Leather-coat tree (Barbados), Bois a grandes feuilles

Martini 4
Wright. Hjspantols, Porto Rico, Antigua, en ae Dominica,
Martinique, Nevis, St. Lucia, Barbuda, Barbados, Mexico, Guiana. 2

Leaves 1 or even 2 ft. broad; petioles short, attached at base of ochre. _
Racemes 1°5-2dm.1. Bracts and ochreole 1 mm., minutely puberulous.
Pedicels jointed at top, 4-5 mm.1. Perianth, tube about -5 mm. L., lobes
about 1mm.1. Fruit not seen, described as “ ovoid or globose.”

Browne identifies a plant in Jamaica with this species, and says it is
common between Kingston and Bull Bay, but is of low growth, seldom —

Coccoloba POLYGONACEA 119

rising above 5 or 6 feet. This species, like C. Uvifera, is low-growing in
Jamaica, but according to Jacquin rises to a height of 60 or 80 feet in
Martinique. He describes the wood as red, heavy, very hard, easily
splitting, and almost indestructible, and says it is used for stakes, piles
and that it lasts for centuries without showing any decay, and
_ part which is buried in the earth becomes changed into the hardest
stone. r :

14. C. Uvifera L. Syst. ed. 10, 1007 (1759); twigs tomen-
tellous; leaves roundish to reniform, generally broader than
long, nerves immersed or scarcely prominent on upper surface ;
ochre ample, lax, tomentellous, base persistent ; rhachis tomen-
tellous, nodules 1—4-flowered.—Jacg. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19, Sel.
Stirp. Amer. 112, t. 73 & Ed. pict. t. 110; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3130; Meisn. Mon. Pol. Prodr. 8, 32, t. I. f. 4, IT. B, V. f. 1
& in DC: Prodr. wiv. 152; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 161; Lindau
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 204, t. v. f. 50, 50a, .50b, & in Urb.
Symb. Ant. i. 231. Prunus maritima &c. Sloane Cat. 183 &
Hist. ti. 129, ¢. 220, f. 3-5 ; Catesb. Carol. vi. 96, t. 96. © Uvifera
litorea &c. Pluk. Alm. 394 & Phyt. t. 236, f. 7. Coccolobis
foliis crassis orbiculatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 209. Gujabara
racemosa &c. Plum. Ovied. lib. 8, cap. 13 & Pl. Amer. (Burm.)
136, #. 145. Coccolobis uvifera Sarg. Silv, vi. 115, tt. 298, 299.

. Sea-side Grape. ;

On sea-shore ; Sloane Herb. vii. 69! Broughton! Macfadyen! Mammee
Bay; sea-coast near St. Ann’s Bay; Prior! March; Seemann; Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5978,—Bermuda, Cayman Is., Bahamas, West Indies, eastern
shores of tropical continental America. :

Small tree, 6-15 ft. high, or shrub. Leaves 8-14 cm. 1. or larger,
ae se attached on base of ochre (*5-1 cm. 1). Racemes somewhat
dense-flowered, as long as, or longer than, the leaf. Flowers white.
Perianth, tube 1-5 mm. 1., lobes ovate, about 2 mm.1. Frwit ellipsoidal,
2 cm. 1., including the stalk-like base (2-3 mm. 1.); lobes about 4 mm. 1. ;

pericarp fleshy, edible, blue-black or purplish. “Seed semiglobose, deeply
3-furrowed. ! aon

This species grows to 45 ft. high on the shores of continental America.
The wood is hard, takes a°fine polish, and is used for ornamental work.
The fruit is eaten by children, but is so astringent that it should be taken
- with caution. West Indian or Jamaican Kino is prepared from this
species. Wright (Mem. 265) says “the. bark is reckoned an excellent
astringent in watery purgings and in dysenteries after the inflammatory
symptoms have been abated.”

15. C. tenuifolia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1007 (1759); leaves
membranous to subcoriaceous (when dry), elliptical, sometimes
very shortly acuminate, nerves slightly prominent beneath, veins
not conspicuous, stalks tomentellous; ochre tomentellous ;
racemes dense-flowered, slender, longer than leaves, rhachis
tomentellous, nodules 1-—3-flowered, pedicels short ; fruit sub-
globose, with lobes about one-third length of fruit—L. Amen.
v. 397 (1760) ; Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. li. 124. C. jamai-
censis Lindau in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 206 (1890) & in Urb.

120 FLORA OF JAMAICA Coccoloba

Symb. Ant. i, 232. C. leptostachyoides Lindau in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. xiii. 207 (1890). Coccolobis? frutescens &e. t. 14, f. 3,
Browne Hist. Jam. 210. Type in Herb, Linn.

Fl. Jul 4 t., fr. Sept.-Nov.; above Bull Bay, Browne! Starte! Mt.
Faraway, ts:, J. Watt\ Falls River; Berwick Hill; Green V:
Blue Mts.; Wier 2200 ft; Long Mountain,” 700 ft. Fi. Jam, 5097, 4
5228, 5272, "5343, 5391, 6517, 8862, 9809.

Leaves 3-11 cm, 2; 2-8 cm. br.; ‘stalks tol cm.1. Ochrex to 1°5 cm. 1,
lower half tubular. Rucemes to 24 cm. 1,, terminal on young branches ;
pedicels to nearly 2mm. 1.; bracts triangular to -75 mm. ]., ochreole
tubular, to *5 mm. |. Perianth, tube about 1 mm. 1, lobes’ ren) a
1°5-2mm.1. Frit 5-6 mm. |, 4mm. br. ; lobes 1° 5-2mm. Kt

16. °C. Priorii Fawe. ¢ Rendle in Journ, Bot. li. 124 (1913) ;
leaves small, stalked, leathery, glabrous, elliptical, shortly
acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, nerves on upper surface flat,
beneath prominulous, veins inconspicuous above, netted with fine
meshes and flat beneath; ochrew glabrous, somewhat lax,
persistent, tubular below, 2-toothed at apex ; racemes about as
long as the leaves, geminate or solitary, terminal, erect, lax-
flowered; rhachis, bracts, ochreole, pedicels and -perianth
minutely tomentellous ; nodules 1-flowered ; bracts and ochreolz
minute; pedicels jointed at top, much longer than bracts ;

fruit.... C. tenuifolia Griseb. op. cit. 162 (1859) non L. Type
in Herb. Kew.
Prior!

Leaves 4-8 cm. ae, 2-4.cm. br.: petioles 7-12mm.1. Ochrex §-19%nm. 1.
Racemes 4-8 cm. }. . Bracts and ochreole scarcely *5 mm. 1. Pedicels
2mm. 1,, horizontal. Perianth, tube 2-3 mm. 1., lobes 1*5-2 mm. 1.

§ 2. Campéderia. Bracts and ochreolie large ; ; ochnatiee lax,
membranous.

17. C. venosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1007 (1759); plant quite
glabrous ; leaves papery-membranous (when dry), shortly stalked,
elliptical, narrowed to both ends, often somewhat obovate, apex
shortly acuminate, abruptly subacute, base hire or emarginate,
shiny (fide J acquin), nerves with well defined arches near the
‘margin, flat or semi-immersed on the upper surface, prominulous
beneath, veins reticulate, slightly prominulous on both sides ;
ochree membranous, apex long-acuminate, deciduous, base
adpressed, persistent ; racemes terminal and lateral, shorter or
eae than the leaves, dense-flowered, more or less pendulous,
bracts several-flowered ; flowers shortly stalked ; perianth with
very short tube ; fruit a triquetrous, black, shining nut enveloped
in the white succulent perianth.—Fawe. d& Rendle in Journ, Bot.
li, 123. ©. nivea Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib, 19 (1760), Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 115, t. 78 & Ed. pict. t. 115; Sw. Prodr. 64 & Fl. Ind.
Oce. 693 ; "Hughes Hist. Barb. 179 ; Maye. Fl. Barb. 156 ; Lun.

Coccoloba POLYGONACEA 121

Hort. Jam. i. 78; Descourt. Fl. Ant. v. 178, t. 352; Meisn. in
DC. Prodr. wiv. 168; Griseb. op. cit. 163 ; Lindau in Urb. Symb.
Ant. i. 233 (excl. syn. C. eacoriata L.). C. punctata L. Sp. Pl.
ed. 2, 523 (1762). C. excoriata Lindau (non L.) in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. wiii. 211. Uvifera arbor americana, convolvulacea, fructu
aromatico punctato Pluk. Alm. 394, t. 237, f. 4. Coccolobis
foliis oblongo-ovatis. venosis, uvis minoribus punctatis Browne
Hist. Jam. 210.

Chequered Grape Tree (Browne), Chigery Grape Tree
(Hughes), Raisinier de coudre (Jacquin). et.

. Browne; Swartz.—West Indies. . :

Tree 20-30 ft., with white hard wood, branches ash-grey. Leaves 8-30
em. l., 4-9 cm. br. ; nerves 8-12 on each side; petioles 5-8 mm.1. Ochrex
about lcm. 1. Racemes to 15 cm. 1., shortly stalked. Flowers yellowish.
Berries edible, sweet. .

We have seen no specimen from Jamaica, nor any record of its occur-
rence there since the time of Swartz. A leaf named C. nivea Jacq. in
Herb. Mus. Brit. from Jacquin’s herbarium, proves the identity of this
species with C. venosa L. Both Jacquin and Swartz describe the racemes.
as more or less erect, but in the specimens seen they are more or less
pendulous as described by Lindau. We are indebted to Mr. J. R. Bovell,
Superintendent of the Barbados Agricultural Department, for the loan of
specimens in flower and fruit from Barbados.

18. C. nigra Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. li. 124 (1913) 5°

plant glabrous ; leaves leathery, narrowly elliptical to lanceolate,
shortly stalked, apex obtuse, base obtuse, nerves and veins pro-
minulous on both sides, veins netted with small meshes ; ochrez
lax, ovate, not tubular, persistent ; racemes very dense-flowered,
erect, terminal, shorter than the leaves ; nodules several flowered ;
rhachis black; bracts triangular, leathery, ochreole 2 lobed,
mucronate, translucent ; pedicels short ; perianth with very short
tube ; fruit not seen. ‘ype in Herb. Edinb.

“Jamaica,” fide Grisebach ms. in Herb. Edinb. without name of
collector.

Leaves 6-10 cm: 1., 2°5-4.em. br.; petioles 4~5 mm. 1. - Ochrew 8 mm. 1.
Racemes 7°5 em. 1. Bracts 1°5-2 mm. 1.; ochreole 8 mm. 1. Pedicels
about 1mm.1l. Perianth about 3 mm. 1., tube less than 1 mm. 1, lobes
elliptical, .

19. C. exeoriata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1007 (1759). This species
is known to us only from a leaf-bearing twig from P. Browne
from Jamaica.in the Linnean Herbarium, so named in Linnzeus’s
handwriting.— A stout shoot (apparently a young sucker) 14
em. |. and *5 em. thick with white bark and brown lenticels ;
leaves 7°5-10 em. 1., 6-7 em. br., broadly elliptical, very. shortly
acuminate, base sometimes unequal, rounded, nerves on both
sides prominulous, veins inconspicuous, dark brown on upper
* surface, light brown beneath ; petioles and ochre puberulous ;
ochre dark brown, broadly tubular, truncate, 1 cm. 1., perma-

nent base 5—7 mm. I., leaf inserted about middle of permanent base.

122 FLORA OF JAMAICA Coccoloba

In his copy of Browne’s Natural History of Jamaica, page
210, Linneus identifies his species with the following species
of Browne’s :—“Coccolobis montana major arborea, foliis sub-—
rotundis, cortice levi. The Mountain Grape Tree. This tree
is frequent about the Cross in Clarendon ; it grows to a con-.
siderable size, and is looked upon as a fine timber-wood.” —
Through the kindness of Mr. Robert Craig. we have obtained
specimens of “ Mountain Grape” from the’ Cross in Clarendon.
These comprise two species, C. laurifolia and C. Krugii, but do
not agree with the specimen in the Linnean Herbarium.

[ANTIGONON Endl.

Stem climbing, shrubby below, Leaves alternate. Ochres
seale-like or reduced to a line. Flowers hermaphrodite in
terminal -and axillary racemes, the peduncle ending in a
branched tendril. Perianth with 5 segments, increasing in size
in the fruit, coloured, the 3 exterior segments larger, cordate,
the 2 interior oblong. Stamens 8 united into a tube, staminodes
alternate, tooth-like. Styles 3.

A. leptopus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308, t. 69 (1840) ;
Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 184; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5816. >

Coralilla. : .

Commonly cultivated and sometimes an escape.—Mexico.

Leaves ovate with cordate base, entire, 7-12 cm.1l. Perianth. bright
rose colour, at length about 1 cm. 1.]

Famiry XV. CHENOPODIACEAS.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate,
reduced to scales in Salicornia. Flowers 1—2-sexual, small, regular.
Perianth inferior, of 3—5 free or connate segments, imbricate in _
bud. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments, or fewer, and
opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 2-5 ; ovule solitary,
basal or lateral, campylotropous. Fruit usually with a bladdery
pericarp (utricle), enclosed in the often enlarged fleshy calyx.
Seeds with or without floury or fleshy endosperm; embryo
annular or conduplicate (Salicornia).

Species about 550, widely dispersed through the world,
mostly in temperate regions, some on the shores of the sea or
salt lakes, others in desert places. . '

Stem leafy, Flowers in clusters or spikes.
Flowers hermaphrodite...........icsccascsseseseseesseccesees 1. 0.
Plowers unisexual .........ccdessssesssecscteossscssvsecessree 2, Abriplen.
Stem leafless. Flowers sunk in cavities of the joints ... 3. Salicornia.

Chenopodium ; - OHENOPODIACE 123

CHENOPODIUM L.

. Herbs, with angled stem. Leaves entire, lobed or toothed.
Flowers minute, hermaphrodite or polygamous, in axillary
clusters in simple or branched spikes. Perianth-segments
generally 5. Stamens equal in number to the perianth-segments.

vary free ; stigmas 2-3. Utricle membranous, included in the

‘perianth. Seed horizontal or vertical, testa crustaceous, endo-
sperm floury ; embryo more or less completely annular.
Species about 60, mostly in temperate regions.

: Fig. 35.—Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
A, Leaf and inflerescence. . E, Hermaphrodite flower, perianth re-

B, Portion of inflorescence. moved,
C, Male flower. - G, Seed cut lengthwise; c, cotyledons ;
D, Female flower. e, endosperm.

1. C. murale L. Sp. Pl. 219 (1753); leaves long-stalked,
deltoid-ovate, unequally and acutely toothed, not glandular ;
flowers hermaphrodite.—Mog..in DC. Prodr. wiii: pt. 2, 69;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 60; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 216. Blitum
pes anserinus &c. Sloane Cat. 49 & Hist. i. 144. ° :

: ‘Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. ii. 111! McNab! Purdie! March! Pasmore
‘Town; Campbell! Fl. Jam. 6503.—Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Martin, Antigua, Guadeloupe, S. America.
Introduced from the Old World.
Plant 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 5-8 cm. 1., 4-4°5 cm. br.; petioles to
4cm.1. Perianth glandular; segments 1°3 mm. 1., each with prominent

124 , FLORA OF JAMAICA Chenopodium

‘midrib. Stamens 5, as long as perianth, anthers minute. Sti 2.
Seed compressed, with a sharp edge; embryo annular, enclosing the
endosperm.

2. C. ambrosioides L. Sp. Pl. 219 (1753) ; leaves with short
stalks, lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-toothed, upper entire, glandular
pagent flowers polygamous.— Mog. tom. cit. 72; Griseb. loe.

: Urb. loe: cit.; Volkens in Engl.-Prantl Pflafam. iii. , a, 58,
- ‘25, K-Q; Berg & Schmidt Of. Gen. i. t. 2, c. (Fig. 35.)

Mexican Tea, Hedge Mustard, Bitter Weed. ,

McNab! March! Gordon Town, Ball! J. P. 1381, Hart! Castletom toad,
Thompson! Fl. Jam, 8082.—Bahamas, West Indies. eet and
tropical regions of the whole world.

Plant with an aromatic odour, to 4 ft. high. Leaves 5-8 om. 1, 1+2
em. br. Flower-clusters with hermaphrodite, emale and occasional male
flowers. Perianth about 1 mm, 1.; segments 5. Ovary with glandular
bodies. Hermaphrodite flower with 5 exserted stamens; ovary with 2
or 8 short stigmas. Female flower with 3 long exserted stigmas. Ultricle
gtobular. Seed somewhat compressed, smooth, round; embryo not
the wha annular, imperfectly enclosing the endosperm.

The whole plant. has the go geors of being a vermifuge.

2. ATRIPLEX L.

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers unisexual, in axillary clusters or
short terminal spikes. Male flowers without bracts. Perianth

. Fig. 36,—A triplex cristata Humb. & Bonpl.
Upper sicwest ‘bearing portion of stem. F, Side view of ditto.

A,

B. Cluster of flowers. wid Fruit cut lengthwise; ¢, conjiedaos + 4
C, Back of bract. rv, radicle ; e, endosperm.

D, Side view of bracts enclosing flower. H, Male flower.

, Female flower with one bract removed.

Atriplex CHENOPODIACE 43 a

_ 4-partite. Stamens 4. Female flower with 2 bracts; bracts
flat, enclosing the ovary and dilated in fruit, forming a 2-valved
covering to the utricle. Perianth wanting ; stigmas 2. Utricle
<a thie aie of the greatly enlarged and hardened bracts. Seed
_with annular embryo surrounding the floury endosperm.

Species about 120, natives of temperate and subtropical
regions of the whole world. .

_ A. eristata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 959 (1805) ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 217. Obione cristata Mog. Chenopod. Enum.
73 (1840) & in DC. Prodr, wiii. pt. 2,110. (Fig. 36.)

Sandy beach, Pedro Bluff, Harris! Fl. Jam. 9932.—Bermuda, Florida,

Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan,
Curacao, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru. a

Plant floury-white, 1-3 ft. high, with numerous diffuse or trailing
branches. Leaves. elliptical, or oblong, narrowed to base, 1-2 cm. 1., 6-8
mm. br. Male and female flowers on the same cluster, the male small
and densely crowded. Perianth of male flower scarcely 1imm.1. Bracts
of a ower with large teeth on margin, crested; crests with conical
teeth. .

8. SALICORNIA L-

. _ Succulent, leafless, glabrous herbs, with opposite jointed
branches. Leaves represented by opposite scales at the nodes.

- Fig. 37.—Salicornia ambigua Michx.
A, Portion of stem and branch. . perianth and another perianth
B, Portion of stem in flower. empty. : :
€, Small portion of B cut lengthwise, D, Fruit cut lengthwise; c, cotyledons ;
showing a flower enclosed in the e. " radicle,
4 ; Seed.

126 FLORA OF JAMAICA Salicornia

Flowers in terminal jointed spikes, 3 or more together in cavities
of the joints, the flowering areas decussately opposite. Perianth —
flattish at the top, with a small wer through which the ©
stamens and stigmas protrude. Stamens 2. Stigmas 2.
Utricle enclosed by the perianth which has become spongy.
Seed erect, compressed ; testa leathery, hispidulous with hooked -
hairs ; endosperm none ; embryo conduplicate.

Species about 15, natives of galing soil, widely distributed ;
throughout the world.”

S. ambigua Miche. Fl. Bor. ‘Am. i. 2 (1803) ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 60; Britton Ill. Fl. i. 583. Arthrocnemum? .
ambiguum Mog . Chenop. Enum, 112 (1840) & in DO. Prodr. wiii.
pt. 2, 151. (Fag. 37.)

Glass Wort,

*

Margins of mangrove swamp, Great Goat Is.; between Portland Point ~*

and Rocky Point; Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,178 —On both shores of American
continent, Bahamas, Bermuda,

With a perennial woody rootstock. Stem = in, to 2 ft. ae
with ascending slender branches, terete or flattened.

Famy XVI. AMARANTACEZ.

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipu-
late. Flowers usually in terminal simple or panicled spikes,
cymes or clusters (outer flowers of the cluster sometimes
deformed); each flower with one bract and two bracteoles
_ which are scarious. Perianth-segments, 5-3 scarious, persistent,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 2—5, opposite the perianth-segments,
filaments free or connate below or united with intervening
staminodes into a hypogynous cup; anthers 1- or 2-celled.
Ovary l-celled ; styles 1-3 ; ovules 1 or more, basal, Fruit with
a bladdery pericarp (utricle) in Jamaican species, enclosed in or.
resting on the persistent perianth. Seed erect, roundish, com-
pressed, testa crustaceous ; embryo horseshoe-shaped or annular,
surrounding the mealy endosperm.

Species about 500, widely dispersed throughout the world.

Leaves alternate.
Flowers hermaphrodite. t y
Utricle with 2 or more seeds ..........ceeeseeees .scathinon 1. Celosia.
Utricle witli G00 5. igi .i..3.. indactbededbaltecccesccseyecs 2. Chamissoa.
Flowers unisexual. — : zc
BIG WOT WiaeUIOUS.... 4 « cdctechenanattnseatlcsedtpescsssasiea 8. Amarantus.
Flowers dicecious ..... Fedbs se shone cdvdUC ec cecsadsays cpetngn 4. Acnida,
Leaves opposite.

Flowers in very long spikes. Anthers 2-celled,
Segments of imperfect flowers changed into awns ’
hooked ab MPOK 66. ssisd..si..ccecdssdvevevvevecssevoes 5. Cyathula.
Segments and bracts spimescent ........sscsecceeseeeees 6. Achyranthes.

Celosia AMARANTACEA 127

Flowers in short spikes or capitate. dnihees 1-celled,
Flowers spicate. Perianth woolly, tube crested in

Ruligaberacshi veondaceratac-patpucdacoatecccguesssycoes .. 1. Frelichia.
Flowers capitate. Perianth unchanged in fruit.
Perianth not woolly.
' Staminodes present .......0:s..0c-ecrecseernsseee sevoee 8, Alternanthera.
Staminodes wanting. Sea-shore plants esnipesie 9. Philoxerus.
Petiah th Woodly... iii... sesssessdiessecbeeseciecscsiensens 10. Gomphrena.
Flowers in clusters along the branches of a panicle.
Female perianth re ay fathers l-celled ,..... 11. Iresine.

4, CELOSIA L, |

Herbs annual, sometimes shrubby. Leaves. alternate. Flowers
hermaphrodite, in spikes, with persistent bracts and bracteoles
white or pink, shining. Perianth scarious, striate or ribbed.
Stamens 5, united below into a cup ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes

; Fig. 38.—Celosia argentea L.
A, Upper portion of plant. D, Ovary cut lengthwise.
B, Flower with bract and one bracteole, ' E, Fruit.
©, Flower with portion of perianth }re- KE, Seed cut lengthwise ; ¢, cotyledons ;
moved, r, radicle ; e, endosperm.

none. Ovary with 2 or more ovules. Utricle circumsciss,
sometimes thickened above, with 2 or more seeds. Seeds erect,
testa crustaceous. -

Species about 40, natives of the tropics.

Leaves lanceolate to linear. Spikes compact, cylindrical... 1. C. argentea.
Leaves deltoid or oblong-ovate, Spikes lax....11....sseeceeeees 2. C. nitida.

ao. FLORA OF JAMAICA Celosia

1. C. argentea L. Sp. Pl. 205 (1753); stem herbaceous ;
leaves lanceolate to linear; spikes showy, compact, cylindrical |
or ovate, long-stalked, silvery ; style filiform with 2 or 3 minute
stigmas.—Mog. in DC. Prodr. «iti. pt. 2,242; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 62 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 217. (Fig. 38.)
Distin! Bath, Prior! River courses, Fort Stewart, Metcalfe! Rio
Grande, 200 ft.; Bath; Harris! near Morant Bay, Fawcett! Fl. Jam.
6029, 8247.—West Indies,-tropics in America, Africa and Asia.
Stem 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 2-10 cm. 1. Spikes 2-12 cm. 1. Flowers
rose-coloured, fading to white, about *75 em. 1. Perianth-leaves thin,
transparent. :

2. C.nitida Vahl Symb. ii. 44 (1791); stem shrubby ; leaves

deltoid, ovate to lanceolate ; spikes short and dense or elongated
and lax ; flowers yellowish-white ; style trifid.—Griseb. loc. cit. ;
Urb. loc. cit. C. paniculata Mog. tom. cit. 240 (1849). Ama-
rantus fruticosus &c. Sloane Cat. 48 & Hist. i. 142, t. 91, f. 1.
' Rio Cobre, near Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. ii. 109! Browne!
Broughton! Rock Fort, Campbell! Palisadoes; near Alligator Pond,
300 ft.; Great Goat Is.; Long Acre Point, west of Black River; between -
Portland Point and Rocky Point; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5715, 6754, 7233,
9303, 9870, 10,194.—Florida, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
St. Cruz, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mexico, Central America,
Calif. peninsula.

A straggling shrubby plant. Leaves 2-5 cm. 1. Spikes 2-7 cm. 1. ©
Flowers *5 cm. 1. Pertanth-segments tough, striated. The specimen of
this plant from Browne in Linneus’s Herbarium is labelled by Linneus
Celosia paniculata. The C. paniculata L. of Sp. Pl. (1758) is Iresine
paniculata Kuntze, of the second edition Chamissoa altissima H. B. & K.

2, CHAMISSOA H. B. & K.

Climbing shrub. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite,
with persistent bracts in paniculate spikes, white or greenish.
Perianth scarious. Stamens 5, united below into a cup; anthers
2-celled ; staminodes none. Ovary with 1 ovule, erect with
short stalk, Utricle circumsciss. Seed erect, testa crustaceous.

Species 4, natives of tropical America and subtropical South
America.

C. altissima H.'B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. ti. 197, t. 125
(1818); Wright Mem. 257; Mog. in DO. Prodr. xiii. pt. 2, 250 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 62; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 218. Blitum
album majus scandens Sloane Cat. 49 & Hist. i. 142, t, 91, fig. 2.
Achyranthes altissima es Enum. 17 we ; Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce.
522. Celosia paniculata L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 298 (1762) (non ed. 1,
206). (Fig, 39.) . reg ,

Basket Withe. ,

Near Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. ii. 117! Houstoun! Wright! Brough-
- ton! Shakspear! Distin! McNab! Lane! St. Mary, Hartweg! Moneague,

Chamissoa . AMARANTACE 129

Prior | March! Ball! near Newcastle, J.P. 1058 Hart! August Town,
Campbell! Hope; near Browns Town; Mt. Diabolo; Harris! Fl. Jam.
6372, 6971, 7 9, 8506.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St.
Cruz, Saba, Martinique, Grenada, Trinidad, tropical continental America.

Ct eae te een B. & F.

A, Inflorescence an D, Flower with short: ee Sperianth
B, Flower-bud vith bract and. bracteoles. removed.

C, Flower. E, Fruit.
‘ : F, Seed cut lengthwise ; ¢, cotyledons ; r, radicle ; e, endosperm.

Stems split for hoops and baskets. The young tops are boiled for
greens.

Shrub, with herbaceous branches, ishing through trees, sometimes
20 ft. high. Leaves glabrous, elliptical to lanceolate, to 9 cm. 1., petiole
to 2°5 em. 1. Inflorescence lax-flowered or dense-flowered. Bract and
bracteoles 1°5 mm. 1., keeled. Perianth 3 mm. 1., more or less keeled.
Stamens shorter than, or as desu as, the — Seed enveloped with
a transparent aril.

3. AMARANTUS L.

‘Annual herbs. Leaves alternate, long-stalked. Flowers
moneecious, small, in axillary clusters or spikes, and sometimes
with a long tortninal spike. Perianth-segments 5-3, ovate,
oblong, linear, lanceolate or subulate. Stamens 2-5, free ;
anthers 2-celled ; staminodes none. Ovary compressed ; style
short or wanting, stigmas 2-3, filiform or subulate ; ovule 1,
erect, with short stalk. Utricle compressed, indehiscent or
circumsciss, ‘tip entire or 2~-3-toothed. Seed lenticular, testa

K

130 FLORA OF JAMAICA . Amarantus

ae deep brown to black. Embryo annular, cotyledons
inear. ;

Species, about 45 enumerated, widespread over the whole
world except in polar regions.

Plant’ apiny........cosasangtanelonsps ss0 sop songs cvevhptnerecrsusgesnes 1, A. spinosus.
. Plants without spines, aa : 1 the
Flowers in a terminal spike, generally long and
branched and in axillary spikes or clusters. ;
Perianth-segments 5. Utricle smooth, circumsciss. 2. A. tristis.
Perianth-segments 3, Utricle wrinkled, indehi-
BOORE. diseases vvanhes REE ANS Stitaesaystquamietescoml 8. A. viridis.

Bes [Rak 2 ee pee Vecasenckg detechvopies Spenabege 4. A, crassipes.
Peduncles wanting. Female perianth with urceo- :
late tube, thick ..........00-..0+ EE ES USS PS. 5. A. polygonoides,

1. A; spinosus L. Sp. Pl. 991 (1753) ; leaf-axils with spines.—
Wright Mem. 299; Mog. in DC. Prodr. witi. pt. 2, 260; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 68; Wight Ic. t. 513; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 218.
Blitum Americanum spinosum Sloane Cat. 49 & Hist. i. 143.
Type in Herb. Linn.

Prickly Calalu, Spinach.

By way-sides everywhere and in cane-piece intervals, Sloane Herb. ii.
112! Wright! Broughton! Shakspear| Parnell! river courses, Fort
Stewart, Metcalfe! Moneague, Prior! Ball |—Bermuda (introd.), Bahamas,
West Indies, continental America, trop. Africa and Asia. — :

Stem 8-6 dm. high, red and prickly. Spines of the flowering shoots
*5-1 cm. 1.. Leaves of the flowering shoots ovate to rhomboid-lanceolate
or lanceolate, light green, to 5°5 cm.1., to 3 cm. br. Flowers white or
brown, in axillary globose clusters, and generally also in long terminal
spikes. Bract and bracteoles subulate, bristle-like, equalling or exceeding
the perianth. Perianth 1°5 mm. 1.; segments 5. Stamens 5. _ Ubtricle
1:5 mm. 1, bursting irregularly above the base, apex 2-3-fid. Seed
8 mm. br.

In common use for greens, and by some preferred to the true spinach.

2. A. tristis L. Sp. Pl. 989 (1753); terminal spike with few
branches, long and flexuose, axillary spikes smaller; perianth-
segments 5; stamens 5 (4 or 3); utricle smooth; circumsciss.— ——
Willd.. Amarant. t. 5, f. 10; Mog. loc. cit.; Griseb. op. cit, 69; -
Urb. loc. cit.

Spanish Calalu.

Broughton! Shakspear| Distin! March! Hope, Harris! Fl. Jam.
6802.—Cayman, Bahamas, W. Indies, tees wr P and subtropical regions.

Stem to 4 dm. high. Leaves rhomboid-ovate to ovate, obtuse, sub-
emarginate, to 5 cm. 1., to 8 cm. br., long-stalked. Bracts about as long
as the th, acute. Perianth 2 mm. 1., segments oblong, obtuse,
mucronulate. Utricle as long as the perianth, apex 2-3-fid, circumsciss
at middle. Seed 1 mm. 1., *75 mm. br. ,

There is no specimen in Linneus’s Herbarium. A. gangeticus L., to
which A. tristis is doubtfully referred (Flora of British India iv, 719), has .
8 long-awned perianth-segments, much longer than the utricle.

Amarantus AMARANTACEA | 131

A. ictlatus DZ. (Bleeding Hearts), found in gardens, is allied to
A, triste L, The blodiecd or reddish-green terminal panicle of flowers
- is rough with the projecting bracts. The plant, cut young, makes

excellent greens, the young stems are as as good as asparagus. — A, san-
guineus L., Wright Mem. 298.} :

~ 3. A. viridis L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1405 (1763); terminal spike
with few branches, long and flexuose, with the clusters some-
times distant, axillary spikes long or short or reduced to clusters ;
perianth-segments 3; stamens 2 or 3 ; utricle rough with wrinkles,

, Fig. 40.—Amarantus viridis L. :
A, Portion of plant in flower. = D, Fruit with a perianth.
B, Male flower. : ; E, Seed cut lengthwise; c, cotyledons ;
C, Female flower with one perianth-seg- 7, radicle ; e, endosperm.
ment removed.

acute with the style, indehiscent.— Wright Mem. 298. A. gracilis
Desf. Tabl. 43 (1804) ; Urb. op. cit. 219. Blitum minus album
polyspermum &ec. Sloane Cat. 49 & Hist. i, 143, t. 92, f. 1.
Euxolus caudatus Mog. tom. cit. 274; Griseb. loc. cit. Type in °
Herb. Linn. (Fig. 40.)

Common Garden GCalalu, Green Calalu, Spinach.

Sloane Herb. ii. 114 and ic. 115! Wright! Broughton! March! Arcadia,
Mrs. Sewell!—Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
St. Cruz, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Guadaloupe, Dominica, Martinique,
St. Vincent, Bequia, Curacao, tropics. ;

Leaves ovate-rhomboid, ovate or elliptical, apex rounded or notched,
3-5 om. 1, long-stalked. Bract and bracteoles shorter than the perianth

: K 2

132 FLORA OF JAMAICA ' Amarantus

and utricle. Perianth, male, 1:25 mm. 1, segments somewhat obovate-
elliptical, mucronulate; female ‘8-9 mm. 1., segments unequal, elliptical, ~
mucronulate in fruit, outer elliptical, the others spathulate. Ufricle (incl. .
style) 1°5 mm, 1., somewhat fleshy, Seed 1:1 mm.indiam,. ~

A. Blitum L., with the var. oleracea Hook. f. (A. oleraceus L:), probably
also occurs in Jamaica, although we have no specimen before us. It
differs from A. viridis L. chiefly in the utricle which is not rugose.—
Euxolus viridis Mog. tom. cit. 273; Griseb. loc. cit. _ : Fi

4. A. erassipes Schlecht. in Linnea vi. 757 (1831); flowers,
male, a few together in the axils of the upper leaves, female
several together in axils, with short thick peduncles deciduous -
with the fruit.—Urb. loc. cit. Scleropus amarantoides Schrad. in -
Ind. Sem. Hort. Gotting. (1835) (reprinted in Linnza xi. Litt. 89) ;
Griseb. op. cit. 68. §. crassipes Mog. tom. cit. 271 (1849).

>March! Hope, 600-700 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6800, 6847.—Florida, Key -
West, Bahamas, Ouba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz,
Margarita, Aruba, Curacao, continental America from Mexico to Peru.

Stem 1-7 dm.1. Leaves 1-2°5 cm. 1., spathulate, long-stalked. Bract
and bracteoles keeled, shorter than the perianth. Perianth 1:2-1-5 mm.1.;
segments 5, male oblong, female spathulate. Stamens 3. Ubtricle some-
what fleshy, indehiscent, apex 2-fid, tubercled.

5. A. polygonoides L. Amen. v. 409 (1760) ; flowers in axil-
lary sessile clusters ; female perianth thick, 5-fid, tube urceolate ;
L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,1405; Urb. loc. cit. Blitum polygonoides Sloane
Cat. 49 & Hist. i. 144, t. 92, fig. 2. Chenopodium humile multi-
florum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 184. Amblogyna polygonoides
Mog. tom. cit, 270 ; Griseb. loc. cit. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. —

Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. ii. 116! Kingston, Browne; Wright!
Macfadyen! Kingston, Prior!—Florida and Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, His-
paniola, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, Saba, Antigua,
Bequia, Désirade, Aruba, Curacao.

Stem decumbent or ascending to suberect, puberulous, to 3 dm. 1.
Leaves obovate, long-stalked, apex emarginate, the median nerve at the
back ending in a mucro, *5-2°5 cm. 1. Bract and bracteoles subulate,
nearly as long as the female perianth. Flowers white. Perianth of male
fl. of 3 segments, about 1 mm.1. Stamens 3, Perianth of female flower
2mm.1. Utricle indehiscent, apex 3-fid, enveloped by the persistent
perianth, 3 mm. 1.; lobes with 8 nerves slightly prominulous, base fleshy.

4, ACNIDA L. —

Annual herbs, tall, glabrous, branching. Leaves alternate,
stalked, entire, penninerved. Flowers in clusters.in terminal
and axillary spikes, dicecious, male and female dissimilar ; bracts
and bracteoles shorter than perianth. Male flower: perianth-
segments 5, scarious, mucronate. Stamens 5, free’; anthers
2-celled. Female flower without perianth, enveloped by the
persistent bract and bracteoles. Ovary with 2-5 stigmas; ovule 1,

Acnida AMARANTACE é 133

erect, with short stalk. Utricle indehiscent. ag annular ;
cotyledons linear. ops
Water Hemp.
Species 8 or 4, natives of eastern N. America and West Indies.

A. euspidata Bort. ex Spr eng. Syst. wi. 903 (1826). A-
australis A. Gray in Am. Natural. x. 489 (1876).. A. cannabina
Griseb, Fi. Br. W. Ind. 60 7852) (non L.). (Fig. 41.)

. Fig. 41.—Acnida cuspidata Bert. ii
’ A, Portion of plant. _ Female flower with bract and bracteoles.
B, Male flower. E, Fruit indicating outline of seed.
©, Ditto, with two a ge on F, Seed cut lengthwise; c, cotyledon ;
removed. ”, vadicle ; e, endosperm.

’ Banks of Ferry River; marsh near Black River; Harris! Fl. Jam.
. 9047, 9760.—Florida, Trinidad.
Stem 1-2 m. high, the lower part of the main stem very much swollen,
to 2°5 dm. br. Leaves lanceolate, 1-2 dm.1. to 5cm. br. Spikes panicu-
‘late, lax, drooping at the top. Male agg ge 2°5mm.1.. Female flower,
stigmas generally three. Utricle 2 mm. 1., with 3 acute angles, glabrous,
scarcely a the bracts.

5. CYATHULA Lour.

‘Herbs, sometimes shrubby at base. Leaves opposite, stalked,
_entire. Flowers clustered, clusters spicate, perfect flowers 1-3
in each cluster, surrounded by others ‘imperfect, reduced to
~. perianth-segments with rigid, hooked awns (glochidia). Perianth

134 ‘FLORA OF JAMAICA - Cyathula

scarious, with long, fine hairs; segments 5, mucronate, or with
hooked awns. Stamens 5, united below with staminodes into
a cup; anthers 2-celled. O with a filiform style and
terminal stigma; ovule 1, pendulous from a long basal’ stalk.
Utricle indehiscent ; embryo annular, cotyledons oblong-elliptical.
_ Species «10, natives of the warmer regions of 8. Ametine,
West Indies, Africa and Asia, ' va

Leaves er wading pag seclding péclenthssa.. se ‘ trai.
scarcely longer the fruiting 1. C, pros

Leaves prs Bip en long acuminate. Glochidia
generally sewer twice as long as the fruiting ;
PNA oy cclis . akoreengie ais crs Bdnts a statbecncvvsccannts 2. C. achyranthoides.

1. ©. prostrata Bl. Bijdr. 549 (1825); leaves obovatexhom- —
boid or -elliptical, attenuated at base an ‘shortly accuminate or

x10

Fig. 42.—Cyathula prostrata Bl.

Inflorescence and leaves. D, pens a cup opened out.

3 Cluster of flowers. E, Imperfect flowers.

©, Flower with three perianth- segments K, Embryo of C. ach ides ; c, coty-
removed. ledons ; 7, radicle.

obtuse at apex ; glochidia yellowish, numerous, scarcely as long
as the fruiting perianth.—Mog. in DC. Prodr. wiii. pt. 2, 326;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 63 (in part). Seub. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 1,
230. Achyranthes prostrata L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 296 (1762)...
Desmocheta prostrata DO. Cat. Hort. Monspel. 102 (1813) ;
Wight Ic. 733. Type in Herb, Linn. ae 42.)

Cyathula AMARANTACEA 135

A roadside weed. March! Prior! re. Hill, Portland, 2200 ft. ;

Castleton, 500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 671 .—St. Vincent, Trinidad,
tropical S. America, tropics of the Old World. ‘

: Stem to 9 dm. aan Beam: taAen Red ‘onba:bes Spikes (incl.

peduncle) 5-15 cm. 1. Pees Aten. .

2. C. achyranthoides Mog. in DC. Prodr. ‘wii. pt. 2, 326
(1849) ; leaves ovate-elliptical, attenuated at base, long acumi-
nate at apex ; glochidia reddish, often about twice as long as
the fruiting perianth.—Seub. op. cit. 231. C. prostrata Griseb.
loc. cit. (in part). Desmocheta achyranthoides H. B. & K. Nov.
Gen, & Sp. ti. 210 (1818).

A roadside weed; St. Mary, McNab! near Gordon Town, 900 ft.,
‘Moore! near Darliston, 700 ft., Harris! Fl, Jam. 9931.—Dominica,
Panama, Colombia, B. Guiana, Brazil, Peru.

Stem to 6 dm. high. Leaves to 11 cm. 1, to 4°5cm. br, Spikes (incl.
peduncle) 5-18 cm,1. Perianth 2°5-3 mm. 1,

6. ACHYRANTHES L.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby at base. Leaves opposite, entire.
‘Flowers soon deflexed, in slender spikes ; bracts and bracteoles

Fig. 43.—Achyranthes indica Mill.

A, Part of plant. D, Portion of staminal tube with 2 stamens
B, Flower with bract and bracteoles. and 3 staminodes.
C, Flower with two perianth-segments E, Ovary with ovule.

removed, ¥, Utricle.

G, Embryo ; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle ; e, endosperm.

136 nae FLORA OF JAMAICA Achyranthes

spinescent. Perianth-segments 5, shortly spinescent, at length
hardened and ribbed. Stamens 5, connate at the base with
lamellate staminodes broader above, fringed on the back. below
the apex ;.anthers 2-celled. Ovary with a slender style and
terminal stigma ; ovule 1, at apex of a long basal stalk. Utricle
indehiscent, oblong or ovoid ; embryo surrounding the endo-
sperm ; cotyledons linear-lanceolate, flat, infolded at apex.
Species 12, natives of warm and tropical regions.

Leaves Obovate-roundish o....ccescececcvecce-cosscsscsecsseecacescecvace 1. A. indica.

Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, attenuated at both ends,
ACUMINATC,.,....000000008 Svs. 1.08 egeahecenananee china tannpeahetonesonenis 2. A. aspera.

1. A. indiea Mill. Dict. (1768) & Ie. t. 11, f. 2;. leaves
obovate-roundish, base abruptly narrowing, apex rounded, apicu-
late, pubescent.—A. aspera L. var. indica L. Sp. Pl. 204 (1753).
A. obtusifolia Lam. Encye. i. 545 (1785) ; Ur. Symb. Ant. iv.
219. A. aspera Mog. in DC. Prodr. «iti. pt. 2, 314 (1849) ;
Wight Ic. t. 1777. A. aspera DL. var. obtusifolia Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 62 (1859). Amaranthus spicatus dictamni dc.
Pluk. Alm. 26, t. 10, f. 4. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Herm.
Fl. Zeyl.). (Fig. 43.)

Wilson! Kingston, Prior! Ginger Piece, Blue Mts., J.P. 1420, Hart!
near Kingston, Campbell! Hope, 700 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6484, 6869.—
West Indies, warmer regions of the world. ‘

A weed, to 1 m. high. Leaves 3-7°5 cm. 1., 2-7 cm. br. Spike to

3 dm.1., woolly. Bract3mm.1. Perianth 4mm.1. Stamens 1mm.1.;
staminodes -5mm.1. Ovary ‘5 mm. 1.; style 1 mm. 1.

2. A, aspera L. Sp. Pl. 204 (1753); leaves lanceolate or
elliptical, narrowing at both ends, acuminate, on upper surface
pubescent, beneath sericeous.—Urb. tom. cit. 220. A. caule
geniculato &e.. Browne Hist. Jam, 180. A. argentea Lam. —
Encyc. i. 545 (1785); Mog. op. cit. 315 (with var. virgata).
A. aspera L, var. argentea Griseb. loc. cit. in Herb. Linn.

**Crescence,” Browne; Broughton! Shakspear!—Key West, Ouba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Nicaragua,
Africa, 8. Europe, tropical Asia to Japan.

Leaves 4-9 em. 1., 1°5-3°5 cm. br. Bract about 4 mm. 1., limb about

1*5 mm. 1. Perianth 6 mm.). Stamens 2°5 mm. 1., staminodes 1°5 mm. 1.
Ovary about 1 mm. 1., style about 1 mm. 1.

7. FRELICHIA Meench.

Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite, in spikes,
enclosed by membranous bracts. Perianth woolly, tubular,
5-lobed, tube becoming hard and crested in the fruit. Stamens
united into a tube divided at the apex into 5 lobes; anthers —

Frelichia — AMARANTACEZ . 137

l-celled, sessile on the tube between the lobes. Ovary with
1 ovule pendulous from a long stalk. Utricle enclosed by the
perianth-tube, indehiscent. Seed with annular embryo.
Species about 10, natives of warmer regions of America from
Texas to southern Brazil, including West Indies. _

F. interrupta. Mog. in DO. Prodr. wiii. pt. 2,.421 (1849) ;
_Griseb, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 63 (excl. syn. F. floridana). Gomphrena

Fig. 44.—Frelichia interrupta Moq.

A, Portion of plant. E, Portion of the staminal tube with
B, Flower surrounded by the bract and —

bracteoles. F, Frui :
€, Flower without the bract.eand brac- 4G, Ditto, cut lengthwise. :

teoles. ; Embryo; ¢, cotyledons; vr, radicle
D, Flower without the perianth. e, endosperm.

interrupta L. Sp. Pl. 224 (1753); L’Hér. Stirp. ¢. 5, t. 3;
Nutt. Gen. Am. vi. 79 (1818) (under Oplotheca) ; Celosia pro-
eumbens Jacq. Misc. ti. 344 (1781) & Ic. Rar. t. 51. (Fig. 44.)

Wright | Sha ! St. Andrew; Kingston; McNab! Kingston, Prior!
Admiral’s Pen, Kingston, Campbell! Long Mt. road, Harris! Fl. Jam.
11,234.—Hispaniola, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru. é

Stem to 3 dm. high. Leaves, radical elliptical, obtuse, 5 cm. 1.,
3 cm, br., cauline narrowly elliptical or oblong, 2-4 cm. 1., nearly 2-1
cm. br. Fruiting perianth about *5 cm. 1., lobes linear-lanceolate; crests
2, narrow. - Stamens shorter than perianth.

138 FLORA OF JAMAICA Alternanthera

8. ALTERNANTHERA Forsk.

. Herbs, often somewhat woody below, usually prostrate or
decumbent. Leaves opposite. owers small, hermaphrodite,
capitate. -Heads sessile (in Jamaican species), axillary, solitary,
or 2 or 3 clustered. Bract flat, A egg than exterior lateral -
perianth-segments, bracteoles concave. Perianth with 5 uriequal
segments, two exterior flattened, median flattened, shorter, two .
lateral interior concave, still shorter. Stamens 3-5: filaments
united into.a short cup at base, with alternating staminodes ; :
anthers 1-celled. Ovary with one ovule pendulous at the end of .
a long stalk. Utricle compressed, roundish to obcordate. Seed
with annular embryo.

Species 70, natives of tropics and subtropics, especially of
America, —

Leaves of a pair very unequal.
Leaves obovate-rhomboid, unequal-sided. Exterior
' perianth-segments villose at base only or
SlaDrMEO. «4. sh ae tapends adds edanawacndncedeakesdacksndey 1. A, repens.
Leaves mostly elliptical, aes Sei 4
perianth-segments villose . of . 2. A. parvifolia.
Leaves of a pair, more or less equal.
‘Perianth mucronate or spiny...........cc0ses0eceseeeeeses 3. A. ficoidea, .
Perianth not mucronate nor spiny, though some-
times slightly mucronulate.
Perianth 2 mm. L., exterior segments 1-ribbed,
glabrous. Utricle longer than perianth ..... 4. A. sessilis.
Perianth 4 mm. 1, exterior oe B-ribbed
; and hirsute below... . 5. A. paronychioides,

1.-A. repens Kunize Rev. vi. 540 wes leaves obovate-

rhomboid or obovate-elliptical, unequal-sided, obtuse, one of a pair
larger than the other ; two exterior segments of perianth strongly
acuminate-spiny, with three strong nerves, and short hairs near
base or glabrate ; hairs minutely barbed at apex.—Urb.
Ant. iv. 221 (in part). A. Achyrantha Mog. in DC. Prodr. wiii.
pt. 2, 358 (1849); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 67 (in part). Achy-
ranthes repens L. Sp. Pl. 205 (1753). Mlecebrum Achyrantha
L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 399 (1762).

A prostrate weed on sides of streets, S Town, Harris & Brition |

Fl. rag 10,517.—Florida, Central and 5. west trop. Africa.
ubescent-villose. Leaves mucronate, with a few hairs near the

vambaty brate, larger 1°5-2°5 cm. 1., 1-1: 5 om. br., smaller *7--8 om. 1.
Heads 7-12 mm.1, Bracts rae labrous, lanceolate with spiny apex, a little
shorter than exterior pe: -segments and a little longer than bracteoles.
Flowers sedaanleaend, Perianth-segments, two exterior 4°5 mm, L,
lanceolate, median elliptical, obtuse, mucronate, with short hairs below,
about 3 mm, 1.; interior 2°5 mm. 1., bearded just above the middle but
not to the apex. Stamens 5, about 1 mm. 1.; staminodes in form of
short teeth; cup ‘25 mm. 1. Utricle 1°5 mm. 1., roundish, somewhat
truncate at apex. Seed 1*3 mm, |., round, compressed.

Alternanthera AMARANTACEAS 139

2. A. parvifolia sp. nov.; leaves elliptical, attenuated into
the stalk, obtuse, one of a pair larger than the other; two
exterior segments of perianth acuminate-spiny, three-nerved,
villose from base to above the middle ; hairs minutely barbed at
apex.—A. Achyrantha R. Br. var parvifolia Mog. tom. cit. 359
(1849). A. repens Urb. loc. cit. (1905) (in part). A. Achyrantha,
Griseb. loc, cit. (1859) (in part). (Fig. 45.) .

Fig. 45.—Alternanthera parvifolia Fawe. & Rendle.

A, Portion of plant. D, Flower with perianth removed.
B, Flower with bract and bracteoles. E, Seed cut lengthwise; ¢, cotyledons ;
C0, Flower. r, radicle ; e, endosperm.

Es Hairs from perianth.

Wright | Cinchona, 5000 ft., Fawcett! Fl. Jam. 6007.—Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, St. Cruz, St. Vincent, Barbados, trop. and subtrop. America,
Azores, Madeira, Canary Is., Spain.

Stem pubescent, villose. Leaves, larger 1°2 to nearly 2 cm. 1., -6-:8
cm. br., smaller *6-*7 cm. 1., mucronate, with a few hairs or glabrate.
Heads 7-9 mm. 1. Bract glabrous, ovate, with spiny apex, # length of
exterior lateral perianth-segments, and equal to or shorter than bracteoles ;
bracteoles with a few hairs. Flowers straw-coloured. Perianth-segments
very unequal, two exterior 3°5 mm. lL. elliptical-lanceolate; median
oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter, villose near base; interior 2°3 mm. L.,
bearded at the base and from the middle upwards. Stamens 5, about
1 mm. 1; staminodes nearly as long, triangular-acuminate; cup about
*3mm.1. Pistil (incl. style) as long as stamens, broader above. Ufricle
1‘8mm.1. Seed about 1°3 mm. 1., ovate-roundish, somewhat compressed,
reddish-brown.

140 FLORA OF JAMAICA _ Alternanthera

3. A. ficoidea Roem. & Schult. Syst. v. 555 (1819); leaves
elliptical, attenuated at both ends, somewhat acute ; two exterior
segments of perianth acuminate-cuspidate, 3-ribbed, more or less
hirtellous and brownish.—Urb. loc. cit. A. polygonoides Griseb. -
Joc, cit (1859). Gomphrena ficoidea L. Sp. Pl. 225 (1753). Tlle-
cebrum ficoideum ZL. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 300 (1762). Gomphrena
repens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 184. Telanthera ficoidea Mog.
tom, cit. 363 (1849). Type in Herb. Linn. ;

‘Crab Withe, Rupture Wort. Sesrayea- >
Rock River, Browne; Shakspear! Mon , Prior! J.P. 632;
Catherine Peak, J.P. 1441, Hart! Kingston; tween Kingston and
Morant Bay; Fawcett! Hope, 600 ft.; Grove, St. Andrew, 800 ft.; Black
River; between Portland Point and arg thang Harris! Fl. Jam. 6044,

6114, 6716, 6801, 6832, 8244, 9856.—West Indies, South America.

Stem glabrate, more or less tomentose at apex of branches. Leaves
8-7 cm. 1, 1-2-3 cm. br., glabrate, the tomentum of the young leaves
sometimes partially remaining. Heads -5-1 cm. 1. Bracts about 2°5
mm.1. Flowers straw-colo . Perianth, two exterior segments about
3°5 or 3°6 mm. 1.; median 3-1 mm. 1., slightly pubescent; interior 3-2-75
mm. 1., glabrous. Stamens 2°2 mm. 1.; staminodes as long, with apex
fimbriate. Pistil (incl. style and stigma) about 1 mm, 1., ovary globose.

Var. flavogrisea var. nov. ; stems with very dense greyish-
yellow adpressed pubescence above, giabeaueadh teloie perianth
densely hirtellous nearly to apex.—Telanthera flavogrisea Urb.
Symb. Ant. i. 300 (1899).

Kingston, Prior! Eggers! seashore, Rockfort, prenatal! Kingston,
Fawcett! Rockfort; coast between Portland Point an
Harris! F\. Jam. 6059 (fide Urban), 6114, 9568, 10,182.

4, A. sessilis Mog. tom. cit. 357 (1849); leaves elliptical, —
attenuated at base, obtuse ; exterior segments of perianth 2 mm. l.,
acuminate, strongly one-nerved, glabrous ; utricle a little longer
than perianth.—Griseb. loc. cit. ; Seub. in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 1, 184,
t. 57, f. IL. ; Urb. Symb, Ant. iv. 220. Gomphrena sessilis L. Sp.
Pl. 225 (1753). Tllecebrum sessile L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 300 (1762).
Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Herm. FI. Zeyl.). ,

A weed on lawns, Hope Gardens, Harris ¢ Britton! Fi. Jam. 10,644.—
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Martinique, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, tropics. 3

Stem pubescent in two lines. Leaves variable in size, 1-2-5 em. 1.,
*8-1'3 cm. br., sometimes larger, glabrous. Heads 2-3 mm. 1. Bracts
about 1 mm.1. Flowers white. Perianth-segments about equal in length,
2mm. 1. Stamens 3, perfect, about 1 mm.1; staminodes as long as
stamens, lanceolate-linear; cup almost obsolete. Pistil (incl. style)
shorter than stamens; ovary broader above. Utricle obreniform.

5. A. paronyehioides St. Hil. Voy. Brés. ii. 439 ern
leaves long-stalked, oblanceolate or lanceolate to elliptical ;
exterior segments of perianth 4 mm. 1, acute or somewhat
obtuse, scarcely mucronulate; 3-neryed and hirsute on lower

Rocky Point; | -

Alternanthera - AMARANTACEA 141

half; utricle included in the perianth.—Mog. tom..cit. 358;
Seub. tom. cit, 185, t. 56; Urb. loc. cit. <A. ficoidea Griseb. loc.
cit, (1859). Amaranthoides humile curassavicum foliis polygoni
Sloane Cat. 48 & Hist. i. 141, t. 86, f. 2. Herniaria hirsuta &c.
' Browne Hist. Jam. 104. Gomphrena polygonoides L. Sp. Pi.
225. (1753) (with reference only to syn. Sloane). Illecebrum
polygonoides L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 300 (with reference only to syn.
Sloane & Browne). Telanthera polygonoides Mog. tom. cit. 363
(1849) (excl. some varieties). . t sal

Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. ii. 106! Houstown! Kingston, Browne |
Wright! Shakspear! Distin! McNab! Purdie! in pastures, Newmarket to
Darliston, 1150 ft. Harris! Fl. Jam. 9869.—Bahamas, Cuba, Is. of Pines,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
St. Lucia, Barbados, Grenada, —. tropical continental America.

Stems glabrate, more or less woolly at apex of branches, to 6 dm. 1. or
more. Leaves 1-3 cm.1., *5-1 cm. br., strigose or glabrescent. Heads
' *5-Lem.l. Bracts 2 mm.1.; bracteoles slightly longer. Flowers white.
Perianth, exterior segments 4°25-4°5 mm. L, slightly brownish below;
median, slightly shorter than exterior, hirsute in lower half; interior,
about 3°5 mm. 1., glabrous. Stamens 5, about 1°2 mm. 1.; staminodes
shorter than the filaments, dilated, apex toothed; cup -very short. Pistil
incl. stigma) *75 mm. 1,; ovary broader than long. Uélricle about 2 mm.
., bluntly obreniform.

9. PHILOXERUS R. Br.

‘Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, entire, narrow. Flowers
hermaphrodite, scarious, capitate, with one bract and two
_bracteoles ; heads axillary and terminal. Perianth with 5 seg-
ments, thickened at the base, supported by a spongy stalk.
Stamens 5, filaments united into a short cup at the base,
without alternating staminodes ; anthers l-celled. Ovary with
short style and 2 linear stigmas ; with one ovule at the end of
a long stalk. Utricle compressed, ovoid. Seed with annular
embryo. ~

Species about 10, natives of eastern tropical America, west
Africa, Australia, and the Loochoo Islands. ;

P. vermicularis Beau. Fl. Ow. & Ben. ti. 65, t. 98, f. 1
(1807); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 65; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 223.
Gomphrena vermicularis L. Sp. Pl. 224 (1753). Gomphrena
repens rufescens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 184. Illecebrum vermi-
culatum ZL. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 300 (1762). TIvesine vermicularis
Mog. in DC. Prodr. wiii. pt. 2, 340 (1849). Type in Herb.
Linn. (Fig. 46.)

- Rock-river, Browne! Broughton! Macfadyen! Parnell! St. Thomas in
‘the East, Purdie! March! Montego Bay, Fawcett! Pedro Bluff, Harris!
Fl. Jam. 9813.—Florida, Bahamas, W. Indies, continental tropical
America, west Africa. ,

142 . FLORA OF JAMAICA Philowerus

Poskinul’s sea-shore plant. Stem herbaceous, decumbent, diffuse, with
creeping branches, rooting at the nodes, to 5 dm. or more. Leaves linear,
pares, fleshy, 24em.1. Flower-heads globose or ellipsoidal, 8-23 mm.
, 7-8 mm. in diam. Bract 2-1 mm. 1., 1-nerved; bracteoles 3 mm. L,

Fig. 46.—Philoxerus vermicularis Beauy.

2: Peli NOR oeeaes * «0 eer ontetaciaeret
C, Flower.
keeled. Perianth about 3 mm. 1. (not incl. s base), two outer
segments 3-nerved, obtuse, third segment 1-nerv , & little shorter

than the outer; two inner segments 1-nerved, sca, nearly equal to
third eggs wool at base of inner segments, but not enveloping
periant

10. GOMPHRENA L.

Herbs. Leaves opposite, sessile or shortly stalked, entire.
Flowers hermaphrodite in heads, with one bract and two brac-
teoles. Perianth 5-partite, woolly. Staminal tube long, 5-fid ;
anthers 1-celled, inserted at the apex of the lobes. Stigmas two,
linear ; ovule one at the end of a long stalk. Utricle comprqand,
ovoid. Seed with annular embryo.

Species about 90, mostly natives of Central and South America, a few
of Australia, one found all over the world.

Stem decumbent. Flower-heads 1-15 om. 1. ...........:.. 1. @, decumbens.
Stem erect. Flower-heads 2-3 om, 1. ..........c:cceeseeseeeeee 2. G. globosa,

Gomphrena AMARANTACE 143

G. decumbens Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. t. 482 ; stem procum-
bent ; 3 outer perianth-segments woolly at base only, flat, 2
inner lateral concave woolly.—Mog. in DO. Prodr. wiii. pt. 2,
410. (Fig. 47:) ©

Up Park Camp, 240 ft., Harris! Fl, Jam, 11,542.—Is. of Pines, tropical
continental America.

Stem to 14 ft., with ascending branches, be op Ma ially when
young. Leaves 3-3 em. 1, *5-1 em. br., oblong tical semi-
amplexicaul. Flower-heads subglobose, *8-1:5 cm. 1., terminal, usually

: Fig. 47.—Gomphrena decumbens Jacq.
A, Flowering branch x E, Upper portion of staminal tube with

B, Flower er - ail (br) and brac- 2 stamens re. xX 10.

teoles (b) x ¥, Utricle and seed x
C, Flower X G, Seed in section x np e, endosperm ;
D, Flower with th removed, showing c, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.

staminal tube through which the
pistil is visible x 7.

solitary, with 2 (or 3) leaves at the base. Bract about 2 mm. L,, persistent.
Bracteoles about 5 mm. 1., crested, deciduous with flower. Flowers white
and pink, enclosed by the bracteoles. Perianth-segments 3°6-4 mm.
Staminal tube about 2°5 mm. 1.

G. globosa L. Sp. Pl. 224 (1753); Mog. tom. cit, 409;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 63. G. erecta be. Browne Hist. Jam.
184.

Bachelor’s Button

Naturalised ; Browne ; Miss Wood |—Widely naturalised; perhaps a
native of America.

144 FLORA OF JAMAICA Gomphrena

An erect annual. Leaves oblong-elliptical,-2-8 cm. 1., petioles short,
semiamplexicaul. Flower-heads globose, 2-3 cm. 1., terminal, us
solitary, with two leaves at the base. Flowers —— sometimes rose or

. silvery-white, 7 mm. 1., enclosed by the bracteoles. .

uot ‘ 41, IRESINE L. . a
Erect herbs. : Leaves opposite, entire or serrulate. Flowers
minute, polygamous or dicecious, in clusters along the branches
of a panicle (in Jamaican species), Perianth with 5 segments,
in the female flower encircled by, and at length enveloped in |

Fig. 48.—Iresine elatior L, C. Rich.

A, Portion of inflorescence and leaf. C, Flower rips out, and with one
B, Flower with bract and bracteoles. perianth-segment removed.
D, Fruit cut lengthwise; ¢, cotyledons; r, radicle ; e, endosperm.

wool. Stamens 5; filaments united by a short cup at the base,
with or without alternating staminodes ; anthers l-celled. Ovary
with 2 stigmas, rarely 3; with one ovule at the end of a long
stalk. Utricle compressed-roundish. Seed with annular embryo.

Species about 20, natives of tropical and subtropical America
(incl. West: Indies) and Africa.

Spikes sessile, golden-yellow or White.........ccs:steesceseenees 1. I. paniculata.
Spikes shortly stalked, umber-buff .........c0cccssssseseeseees 2. Tvelatior.. =

Tresine AMARANTACEA 145

1. I. paniculata Kuntze Rev, ii. 542 (1891); spikes sessile,
golden yellow or white ; flowers dicecious.—Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
222. I. Celosia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1291 (1759). I. celosioides
L. Sp: Pl. ed. 2, 1456 (1763) ; Wright Mem. 268 ; Mog. in DC.
Prodr. xiii. pt. 2, 347; Griseb. Fl. Br: W. Ind. 64. f. erecta
. &e. Browne Hist, Jam. 358. Amaranthus panicula, flavicante &c.
Sloane Hist. i. 142, t. 90, f. 2. A. nodosus &e. Pluk. Alm. 26,
t. 261, f. 1. Celosia paniculata L. Sp. Pl. 206 (1753). Type in
Herb. Linn. . : ;

Juba’s Bush, 26

Sloane Herb. ii. 118! Shakspear! Bancroft! McNab! Montego Bay,
Parnell! Moneague, Prior! March! Clydesdale, J.P. 1142, Morris! Ball!
Gordon Town, 1100 ft., Eggers! St. George, Cradwick! Norbrook,
Campbell! Mandeville, 2200 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6238, 6270.—Bahamas,
Cayman, West Indies, continental America from United States south to
Argentina.

Stem 6-12 dm. 1., weak and trailing, or woody below. Leaves, upper
lanceolate, lower ovate, to 15 cm. 1., becoming smaller above, acute or
acuminate, Panicles 3 dm. 1. and longer or much contracted, with no
leaves or a few; spikes with pubescent rhachis, 4-7 mm.l. Bract and
bracteoles broadly ovate; bracteoles not keeled, a little longer than the
bract and a little shorter than the perianth. Perianth 1:1 mm. Ll,
glabrous ; segments inconspicuously 3-nerved. Ultricle -8 mm. 1. Seed
brown-black, ‘6 mm. br. oe

2. I. elatior L. C. Rich. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 766 (1806) ;
spikes stalked, between umber and buff colour; flowers poly-
gamo-monecious.—Mog. tom. cit. 343; Griseb, loc. cit. ; Urb. loc.
cit. (Fig. 48.)

Broughton! Prior! coast between Portland Point and Rocky Point,
Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,187.—West Indies, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama,
Mexico.

Stem to 12 dm. high, trailing, woody below. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, to 15 cm. 1., becoming smaller towards the inflorescence.
Panicles to 3 or 4 dm., leafy below; spikes with woolly rhachis, 4-6 mm. 1,
or sometimes longer. Bract and bracteoles mucronate, 1-nerved; bract
1:1 mm.1.; bracteoles keeléd,1°8 mm.1. Perianth 1°5 mm. 1., villose;
exterior segments somewhat obtuse, mucronate, with one green nerve,
interior narrower, acute; wool 4-6 mm. 1., on perianth and rhachis.
Utricle *8 mm. 1. :

Famury XVII. NYCTAGINACEA.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or partly alternate
(in Pisonia), entire. Flowers in paniculate, corymbiform, ter-
minal and axillary cymes or rarely umbellulate, with a calyx-like
involucre (in Mirabilis) or minute bracts, hermaphrodite or uni-
sexual by abortion. Perianth inferior, persistent and increasing
in size in the fruit, enclosing the pericarp. Stamens 2-10,
. hypogynous, filaments more or less united at the base, generally

L

146 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mirabilis

unequal, Ovary l-celled. Fruit (called an anthocarp) consisting
of the persistent base of the perianth enclosing and adhering to
an indehiscent utricle. Seed erect. Embryo curved or straight ;
cotyledons large, enclosing the endosperm. x
Species 160, natives of warmer regions, especially in America.

Flowers with a calyx-like involucre,..............:eceeeeeseeeeee ».. 1. Mirabilis.
Flowers with minute bracts. ,
Herbs with minute flowers........0..cscccsseeceeereneese cone sad 2. Boerhavia.
Shrubs or trees.
Stamens and stigma exserted .............ccesseeseeeeeeeseevees 8. Pisonia.
Stamens and stigma included..............:ccseceerseseceseeree 4, Nee, *
1. MIRABILIS L.

Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes. Bracts form-
ing a calyx-like involucre, 5-lobed ; lobes erect, imbricate, not
enlarged after flowering. Perianth with a long tube constricted

Fig. 49.—Mirabilis Jalapa L.

A, Portion of plant. Cc Aathocem,

B, Lower pas of flower cut length- D, Do. cut. lengthwise ; ¢, cotyledons ;
wise; b, bract; p, perianth ; st, r, radicle ; ¢, en i
stamens ; 0, ovary. E, Embryo ; c, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.

and deciduous above the ovary ; limb spreading, 5-lobed, plicate.
Stamens 5-6, unequal in length, exserted, filaments connate at

the base into a fleshy cup. Ovary with style exserted ; stigma
capitellate, covered with stalked papille. Anthocarp crustaceous.

Mirabilis NYOTAGINACE 147

Testa of seed adhering to the pericarp. Embryo curved ; coty-

ledons surrounding the floury endosperm ; radicle long.
Species 24, natives of tropical America.

M. Jalapa L. Sp. Pl. 177 (1753) ; Wright Mem. 225 ; Choisy
in DO. Prodr. xiii. 2, 427; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 69; Heimerl
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxi. 616; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 224. (Fig. 49.)

Four o’clock, Marvel of Peru. .

Sloane, fruit coll.! Moneague, Prior! Mavis Bank, Troy, Harris !—
Bahamas, West Indies, continental tropical America. Cult. in tropics.

- Stem 1 to 2 ft. Leaves 2-10 cm. 1., ovate, acuminate, base sometimes
subcordate, long stalked. Flowers 5 cm. 1., white, tinted with red,
ees or “ie with purple lines, in terminal clusters. Anthocarp
about 1°5 cm. 1.

2. BOERHAVIA L.

Erect, diffuse or climbing herbs, woody at the base. Leaves
opposite. Flowers very small, sessile or subsessile in panicles,

Fig. 50.—Boerhavia erecta L.

A, Portion of plant. D, Fruit.
B, Portion of inflorescence. E, Fruit cut lengthwise showing seed.
C, a ng part of the perianth F, Embryo ; c, cotyledon ; r, radicle.

or long-stalked in pedunculate umbels, with minute bracts.

Perianth constricted above the persistent tube, limb funnel-

shaped or campanulate, margin 5-lobed, plicate, deciduous.
L 2

148 FLORA OF JAMAICA Boerhavia

Stamens 2 (rarely 3) in Jamaican species, filaments connate at

the base. Ovary narrowed to the base; style with peltate
stigma. Anthocarp small, ribbed. ‘Seed adhering to the
pericarp. Embryo bent on itself. Cotyledons large, flat, folded
over the small endosperm at the base of the seed. Hog Weed.

Species about 30, — dispersed through the warmer

regions of the world.
Flowers not more than 3 mm. L., sediliie or subsessile in —
panicles,
Flowers rose-coloured. Seed-vessel glabrous............. 1. B. erecta.
Flowers blood-red. Seed vessel with glandular hairs.
Seed-vessel oblong-clavate, 4-6 mm, 1. .........c.000e0es 2. B. Hepner
Seed-vessel obovo d-clavate, 2°5-4 mm. 1.. «ww 3. By hirsuta,
Flowers 5-7 mm. l., umbellate on @ long peduncle ... . 4. B. scandens.

1. B. ereeta L. Sp. Pl. 3 (1753); herbaceous, stem glabrate
or sparsely puberulous, not glutinous ; leaves ovate-undulate to
lanceolate, apex acute, generally marked with reddish dots,
whitish underneath ; flowers rose-coloured, subsessile or shortly
stalked ; fruit club-shaped, glabrous, apex very blunt, angles
broad, furrows narrow. —Wright Mem. 246 ; Choisy in DO. Prodr.
xiii, pt. 2,450; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 69 ; Heimerl in Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. axi. 617 & in Engl.-Pranil Nat. Pflzfam. iti. pt. 1 b.
22 f. 7 B-D.; Urb. ian Ant. iv. 224. Type in Herb. Linn.
(Fig. 50.)

Browne | Wright! Bancroft! Macfadyen! McNab! Parnell! Spanish
Town, Prior! a weed, Hope, Harris! Fl. Jam. 6777, 6799, 6807, 6853.—
Bermuda, Cayman, Bahamas, W. Indies, continental America.

Plant 3-2 or 8 ft. high. Perianth, permanent base glabrous, 1 mm. L.,
limb about 2 mm. 1, and br. Anthocarp 3-4 mm. Ll.

2. B. paniculata Z.C. Rich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par, i. 105
(1792) ; herbaceous ; stem often decumbent at the base, glabrate
or often puberulous or pubescent, especially at the nodes, here
and there glutinous ; leaves elliptical to roundish, apex obtuse,
margin more or less ciliate, lighter-coloured beneath ; flowers
blood-red or purplish, sessile ; fruit, oblong-clavate, angles narrow,
with glandular hairs.—Choisy loc. cit. ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Schmidt
in Fl. Bras. wiv. pt. 2, 369, #. 86; Heimerl in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. xxi. 619; Urb. loc. cit. B. diffusa Sw. Obs. Bot. 10
(1791) (non L.); Wright Mem. 246.

Sloane Herb. iv. ante 26! Macfadyen; Wilson! Lane! Oersted ;
March! Ball! a weed, Hope, 600 ft., Harris! near Castleton, 400 ft.,
Thompson! Fl, Jam, 6685, 6805, 7960. —Bahamas, West Indies, Central
and South America.

Plant 14-8 ft. high. Perianth, —— base 1-1°5 mm. L, limb
about 1 mm. 1. and br. Anthocarp 4-6 mm. 1.

Boerhavia NYCTAGINACEA 149

3. B. hirsuta Willd. Phytogr. 1 (1794); herbaceous; stem
ascending or diffuse, more or less puberulous and _ hirsute,
especially at the nodes ; leaves broadly ovate or subrhomboid,
base rounded, apex obtuse to somewhat acute, margin more or
less ciliate, entire or slightly lobed ; flowers subsessile, blood-red
or purplish; fruit obovoid-clavate, angles narrow, glabrous,
intermediate spaces covered with glandular hairs.—Choisy tom.
cit. 451 ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Heimerl tom. cit. 620 ; Urb. tom. cit. 225.
Solanum bacciferum americanum &c. Pluk. Alm. 349, t. 226, f. 7.
Valerianella folio subrotundo &e. Sloane Cat. 91 & Hist. i. 210.

Plukenet in Herb. Sloane, xeviii. 51! Sloane Herb. iv. 27! Masson!
Bancroft! Mae ! McNab! Falls River, Prior! March; Sea-side,
Dover, Metcalfe! Cinchona, 5000 ft., J.P. 670, Morris! Hope, 600 ft.,
Harris! Fi. Jam. 5936.—West Indies as far south as Grenada, Central and
South America.

Plant 2 ft. high. Perianth, permanent base about 1 mm. 1., limb 1°5-
2mm.1. Anthocarp 25-4 mm. 1.

4. B. seandens L. Sp. Pl. 3 (1753); somewhat shrubby,
glabrous ; stems erect, diffuse or climbing; leaves cordate to
ovate or ovate-lanceolate passing into bracts, entire or slightly
repand ; flowers in umbels, with long pedicels, yellowish- or
whitish-green ; fruit oblong-clavate, glabrous or rough with
papillz, longitudinally 10-striate, glutinous with tubercles near
the apex secreting a viscid fluid.—Choisy tom. cit. 454; Griseb.
loc. cit. ; Jacq. Hort. Vindob. i. 2, t. 4; Heimerl tom. cit. 621;
Urb. loc. cit. Valerianella alsines folio scandens &c. Sloane
Cat. 91, Hist. i. 210. Boerhaavia sarmentosa &e. Browne Hist.
Jam. 123. Typein Herb. Mus. Brit.

Spanish Town (St. Jago de la Vega), Sloane Herb. iv. 26,28! Houstown!
Wright! Dancer! Kingston, Prior! March! Rock Fort, Campbell! Hope;
Gordon Town; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6194, 6977, 8426.—B: , West

Indies as far south as Antigua, Curacao, continental America from
Arizona to Peru.

Plamt to 4 ft. high. Perianth, permanent base 2-3 mm. 1., limb 3-4°5
mm.1.,5 mm, across. Anthocarp 8-10 mm. 1., 1-2 mm. br.

3. PISONIA L.

‘Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or partly alternate.
Flowers small, with 2-3 minute bracteoles, in clusters, in stalked,
paniculate, corymbiform cymes, diecious. Perianth 5-toothed,
of the male flower, tubular-campanulate to funnel-shaped, of the
female flower, oblong-tubular. Male flower: stamens 6-10,
. filaments unequal, slightly connected at the base, exserted ;
ovary small, sterile. Female flowers: ovary with slender style

150 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pisonia

and capitate or multifid exserted stigma; stamens short’ and
sterile. Anthocarp indurated or somewhat fleshy on the outside.
Utricle elongated or ellipsoidal, membranous. Testa of seed
hyaline, adhering to pericarp; embryo straight; cotyledons
ote thin, enclosing endosperm, twisted and plaited or con-
uplicate.

Fig. 51.—Pisonia aculeata L.

A, Portion of male flowering branch x 4. E, Fruit x 2.

B, Male flower x 5. F, Fruit cut across x 5.

C, Female flower x 5. G, Em Soop

D, Do. rm part of the perianth removed _e, endosperm; ec, cotyledons ; r, radicle.
x 5. .

Species about 30, mostly natives of tropical America, a few
indigenous in Asia, Polynesia and Madagascar.

§ 1. Fruit oblong-clavate, 5-angled, with rows of glutinous
papille along the angles ..........s:ssescereserecsetesessrevees Le P, aculeata,

§ 2. Fruit ellipsoidal, fleshy on the outside, not glandular,
Leaves leathery, veins densely reticulate, pro-

minulous especially beneath.,.........6...0--eeererees 2. P. obtusata.
Leaves thin, veins indistinct, flat or impressed.
Panicle solitary, terminal, erect ................4. 3. P. fragrans.

Panicles or racemes, 2 or more together,
OMMNOE 0 S5 sci nuaa Sapa DAPTER sr cae ssvebenenestesvnvses 4, P. discolor.

Pisonia NYCTAGINACE 151

$1, Anthocarp oblong-clavate or subprismatic, leathery, with
rows of glutinous papill along the five angles,

1. P. aculeata L. Sp. Pl. 1026 (1753); Plum. Pl. Amer.
- (Burm.) 223, t. 227, f. 1; Wright Mem. 264; Choisy in DC.
Prodr. xiii. pt. 2, 440; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 70; Heimert in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi. 631; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 226. P. nigricans
Griseb. loc. cit. (in part) (1859) (non Sw.). Paliuro affinis arbor
spinosa &c. Sloane Cat. 137 & Hist. Jam. ti. 25, t. 167, f. 3, 4.
(Fig. 51.)

Cockspur, Fingrigo. .

Millar (in fruit coll. Sloane)! Sloane Herb. v. 90! Houstown! Wright !
McNab! Hartweg! Krebs; Oersted; St. Thomas in Vale; Moneague ;
Ewarton; Prior! March! King’s House, J.P. 1312, Morris! near Gordon
Town, Fawceti! near Ferry, Harris! Amity Hall Hill, St. Thomas, Harris
& Britton! Fl. Jam. 10,042, 10,714.—Florida, Bahamas, West Indies,
tropics generally.

A straggling shrub climbing high in trees, generally armed with curved

spines. Leaves 3-11 cm. 1., 2-6 cm. br., variable in shape, broadly or
narrowly elliptical, subrhomboid or broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate,
acute or obtuse, sometimes narrowing at the base into the stalk, on both
sides glabrous or occasionally pubescent, or glabrous on upper surface and
tomentellous beneath, somewhat leathery, nerves not strongly marked,
arching, veins somewhat indistinct. Inflorescence puberulous. Flowers
greenish-yellow, fragrant. Male perianth broadly campanulate, 3-5-4
mm. 1.; female tubular, 2-2°5 mm. 1. Stamens generally 6, longer than
the style of the sterile ovary, 4°5-6 mm. 1. Anthocarp generally about
1°5 cm. 1., 3-4 mm. br., 3-5 times as long as broad.

§2. Anthocarp ellipsoidal, fleshy on the outside, not
glandular, ribbed (when dry).

2. P. obtusata Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. iii. 35, t. 314 (1798) ;
leaves elliptical, obovate-elliptical or broadly to roundish elliptical,
apex broadly rounded or sometimes emarginate, base cuneate or
rounded, leathery, nerves and veins densely reticulate, prominulous
especially beneath ; panicle erect, corymbiform or pyramidate.—
Choisy tom. cit. 443; Griseb. op. cit. 71 (in part); Urb. loc. cit.
(non Sw.). P. calophylla Heimer! tom. cit. 625.(1896). Torrubia
_ obtusata Britton in Torr. Bot. Ol. Bull. wxwi. 612 (1904). Type
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Bertero; Prior; March! Kingston; Long Mt.; Campbell! Long Mt.,
800 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6426, 6500, 8927.—Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola.

Shrub or tree to 25 ft. high. - Leaves 8°5-8°5 cm. 1., 25-6 cm. br. ;
petioles *7-1'4 cm. 1., with reddish tomentum, later glabrate. Panicle
with reddish tomentum, male many- and dense-flowered, female laxer ;
buds with ‘reddish tomentum. Flowers glabrescent, sessile or subsessile.
Male pes with funnel-shaped perianth, 4-5 mm. |., 6-8 stamens, 6 mm.1.,
and short abortive ovary and style. Female flowers with tubular perianth
2°5-8°5 mm.1. Anthocarp.4 mm. 1. . ;

152 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pisonia

3. P, fragrans Dumont Cours, Bot. Cult. ed, 2, vii, 114 (1814) ;
leaves very variable even on the same branch, elliptical or
obovate-elliptical to obovate-lanceolate, apex subacuminate, obtuse
or rounded, base attenuated or obtuse, membranous, almost the
same colour on both sides, nerves distinct, arching towards the
margin, veins very few and indistinct, with short glabrous slender
stalks ; panicle solitary, erect, terminal, corymbiform, many- and
subdense-flowered, when young brown-puberulous, at length glab-
rate; male flowers with funnel-shaped perianth ; stamens 6-8 ;
female perianth tubular with expanding limb irregularly denti-
culate ; style exserted ; stigma multifid ; anthocarp oblong-ellip-
soidal, subtleshy on outside, ribbed (when dry).—Urb. tom. cit. 225,
P. obtusata Griseb. loc. cit. (in part) (non Jacq.); Heimerl
op. cit, 624 (in part). P. inermis Griseb. loc. cit. (1859) (in
part) (non Jacq.). P. Harrisiana Heimerl in Urb. Symb. Ant.
vit. 214 (1912). Torrubia inermis Britton tom. cit. 614 (1904).

Wright! Lindsay! Hartweg! near Port Maria, Purdie! Wilson!
Moneague, Prior! March! Montego Bay, McCatty! Cherry Garden, 600 ft. ;
Hope; Rock Fort (sea coast); Campbell! Claverty Cottage, 2000 ft. ;
Sheldon Road, 2500 ft.; Stony Hill, 900 ft.; Long Mt., 100 ft.; Chelsea
Hill, S. Cruz Mts., 2200 ft.; Potsdam, 2600 ft.; Spur Tree Hill, 1800 ft. ;
near Malvern, 400 ft.; near Ferry; Tyre. Fil. Jam. 5764, 6030, 6063, 6369,
6520, 8385, 9577, 9688, 9779, 9820, 9857, 9917, 10,814.— West Indies.

Shrub or tree 18-25 ft., sometimes to 50 ft. high. Branchlets ashen-
grey. Leaves 4°5-10 cm. 1., 2°5-5 cm. br.; petioles *5-1'5cm.1. Flowers
tawny-yellow, sessile or subsessile. Perianth, male 4 mm. 1. female
3 mm. 1. Stamens to 8 mm, 1., much exserted. Fruit 6°5-10 mm. L.,
3-4 mm, thick, red.

4, P. discolor Spreng. Syst. ii. 168 (1825); leaves variable,
broadly or narrowly elliptical, oblong, obovate or oblanceolate,
base cuneate or rarely rounded, stalked, apex obtuse or rounded,
thin, often much lighter-coloured beneath, nerves more or less
indistinct, arching towards the margin ; petioles slender ; inflor-
escence lax, generally two or more panicles or racemes together,
from shortened shoots in the axils of leaves, few-flowered, ultimate
branches somewhat tomentose or glabrous ; flowers puberulous or
glabrescent ; fruit fleshy on outside, oblong or somewhat obovoid,
red, pulp rather thin, ribbed (when dry).—Choisy op. cit. 443 ;
Griseb. op. cit. 710; Heimerl in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxi. 626.
Torrubia discolor Britton tom. cit. 613 (1904). T. longifolia .
Britton tom. cit. 614 (1904).

Wright! Bertero; March! Long Mt., near sea-coast, Grabham! Long
Mt.; Pedro Bluff, Black River, Spur Tree Hill, 1800 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam.
7871, 7872, 8928, 9577, 9732, 9735, 9855, 9857.— Bahamas, Ouba, Hispaniola.

Shrub (often trailing) or tree to 18 ft. high. Leaves 2-6°5 cm. 1,
1-4 cm. br.; petioles *2-1°2cm.1. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Perianth,
male 4-45 mm. 1. (fide Heimerl), female about 3mm.1. #rwit 7 mm. 1.

Neea NYCTAGINACEZ _ 2568

4, NEEA Ruiz & Pav, ~

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, with 3
minute bracteoles, dicecious, in solitary terminal stalked paniculate
corymbiform cymes. Male flowers:.perianth tubular-campanu-
late, slightly urceolate, 5-toothed ; stamens. 8, included, inserted
with the aborted ovary at the base of the flower ; filaments
unequal. Female flowers: perianth tubular-urceolate, 5-toothed ;
stamens with sterile anthers inserted at the base of the ovary ;
style included ; stigma penicillate at the mouth of the perianth.

Fig. 52.—Neea nigricans. Fawe. & Rendle.

A, Male flower X 5. D, Female flower cut lengthwise x 5.
B, Do. with perianth removed x 5. E, Fruit in section x 5 ei 1 pericarp ;
©, Female flowers x 5. e, endosperm ; ¢, cotyledons.

Anthocarp somewhat fleshy on the outside, crowned by the
persistent perianth (otherwise agreeing with Pisonia).
Species about 43, natives of tropical America, chiefly South
‘America, a few in Central America and the West Indies.

Tomentum of buds and twigs white............. 1... LN. nigricans.
Tomentum of buds and twigs reddish ...,......... 2. N. rotundifolia. _

1. N. nigricans comb. nov. ; twigs, petioles, inflorescence and
buds white-tomentellous ; leaves narrowly elliptical to oblong-

154 FLORA OF JAMAICA Neea

elliptical, more or less acuminate, membranous, nerves and veins.
prominulous on both sides; N. jamaicensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 71 (1859) ; Heimerl in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxi. 634. Pisonia
nigricans Sw. Prodr. 60 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 643 ; Choisy in
DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. 2, 442 (so far as regards reference to
Swartz, Jamaica). (Fig. 52.) :

Wright! Wilson! Browns Town, Prior! Yallahs Valley, 1500 ft.; Mt.
Lebanon, 2500 ft.; Petersfield, 2500 ft.; Holly Mount, 3000 ft.; near.

Flamstead, 3000 ft.; Catadupa, 1500 ft.; Tyre; Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft.; Harris! north coast; Cuna Cuna Pass; Harris & Britton!
Fl. Jam. 5743, 6100, 6627, 6652, 9004, 9032, 9180, 10,536, 10,567, 10,813, .
10,958, 11,036, 11,053, 11,076, 11,188, 11,207.

Shrub or tree, 12 to 50 ft. high. Leaves 4-15 cm. 1., 2°5-6°5 cm. br.;
petioles 1-2em.1. Inflorescence lax ; flowers sessile or subsessile, yellowish. _
Perianth, male nearly 6 mm, 1., female about 4mm. 1. Fruiti:2cm.L, .
“8-9 cm. br., ellipsoidal, somewhat compressed, scarlet, ribbed (whendry). -

Tree, when of good size useful as bashes, :

2. N. rotundifolia Heimerl in Urb. Symb. Ant. vii. 218 (1912) ;
twigs, petioles, inflorescence and buds red-tomentellous ; leaves
broadly elliptical to almost roundish, thinly leathery, nerves
slightly prominulous on both sides, veins flat and inconspicuous.

Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,985. ce
Tree 25 ft. high. Leaves 6-11'5 cm, 1, 4°3-8°8 cm. br.; petiole
1°2-2°5cem.1. lowers sessile or subsessile. :

To this family (Nyctaginacex) belong Bougainvillea spectabilis
Willd. and B. glabra Choisy, climbing shrubs with tubular
flowers inserted one on each of 3 large coloured bracts, natives

of Brazil and commonly grown in tropical and subtropical
gardens,

Famity XVIII. PHYTOLACCACEZ.

Shrubs or herbs sometimes woody at the base, generally
glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire. Stipules wanting or small.
Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, generally green or white,
with bracts and 2 bracteoles. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth
with 4 or 5 segments, imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals
wanting except in Stegnosperma. Stamens either of the same
number as the perianth-segments and alternate with them, or
more and inserted irregularly or opposite and alternately ;
filaments generally persistent and anthers deciduous. Ovary ~
free, of one or several one-ovuled carpels (except Microtea) ; style
short or wanting. Ovules shortly stalked, basilar. Fruit of one
carpel, a berry, or of several carpels. Seeds erect (enclosed by
an aril in Stegnosperma). Embryo annular, or semi-annular,
surrounding the endosperm, except in Petiveria and Stegno-

Rivina PHYTOLACCACE 155

sperma ; cotyledons foliaceous or semiterete, sometimes one
much larger than the other, convolute or folded on themselves.

Species about 90, mostly natives of tropical and subtropical
regions. |

Perianth of a single series.
Perianth- ents 4,
Fruit globose. ' ;
Stamens 4. Stigma cap itage Pe A 1. Rina,
Stamens 8-16. 9 micillate.......,.... 2. Trichostigma.
Fruit elongate, with d hooks at apex...... 3. Petiveria.
Perianth-segments 5. f
- . Ovary one-celled, with 2 stigmas .................. 6. Microtea,
Ov: several-celled, with as } PLAY, pilgman.e as
ees 4, Phytolacca,

Perianth of calyx Grid Haein eer TORE RET ay 5. Stegnosperma.

1, RIVINA L.

Erect herbs, shrubby below. Leaves alternate, or subopposite
on ‘ores branches. Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes.

Fig. 53.—Rivina humilis L.

Upper portion oR branch x 4 E, Section of seed x 5; e, endosperm;
Flower-bud x 7 ce, cotyledons ; J, lobed’ base o coty-
& Flower X 7. ‘ ledon ; 7, radlicle.
, Fruit x 5.

Bracts and bracteoles minute, deciduous. Perianth corolline,
4-cleft ; segments increased in fruit. Stamens 4. Ovary of one

156 FLORA OF JAMAICA Rivina

carpel ; style short, stigma capitate. Fruit a globose berry, with
eshy pericarp. Embryoannular, surrounding mealy endosperm ;
cotyledons convolute.
Species 3, natives of tropical and subtropical America.

R. humilis L. Sp. Pl. 121 (1753); Mog. in’ DC. Prodr. «iii.
pt. 2, 13; Baill. Hist. iv. 33, 34; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv: 228 ;
H. Walt. in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 83,102. R. levis L. Mant.
41 (1767); Mog. tom. cit. 11; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 59.
R. dichotoma &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 148. Type in Herb. Linn.
( Fig. 53.)

Bloodberry.

Browne ; Broughton! Distin! Cuming! near Greenwich, McNab !
Gosse! St. Ann, Prior! March! ae A St. Mary, Pott! Ginger Piece,
Blue Mts., J.P. 1462, Hart! Hope, Harris! Arcadia, Mrs. Sewell! Up Park
Camp, Campbell! Annotto Bay, Thompson! Fl. Jam. 5779, 6083, 6663,
6854, 8074.—Florida, Bahamas, Cayman, West Indies, tropical and sub-
tropical continental America,

Plant 2-3 ft. high, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate,
pa em.1. Perianth white or pinkish, 2-2-3 mm. lL. in fruit to
3mm.1l. Frwit scarlet, at length dry, about 3 mm.1. whendry. Berries
sometimes used for colouring. ’ '

2. TRICHOSTIGMA A. Rich.

Undershrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves alternate or
subopposite in shortened twigs; stipules minute, deciduous.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in terminal and axillary racemes.
Bracts deciduous; bracteoles persistent. Perianth herbaceous,
4-cleft ; segments increasing a little and reflexed in fruit.
Stamens 8-16. Ovary of one carpel ; stigma sessile, penicillate.
Fruit a globose berry, with fleshy pericarp. Embryo annular,
surrounding floury endosperm.

Species 3, natives of tropical America.

T. octandrum H. Walt. in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 83,
109. TT. rivinoides A. Rich. in Sagra Cub. x. 306 (1845),
Rivina humilis var. scandens L. Sp. Pl. 122 (1753). R.
octandra L. Cent. Plant. ti. 9 (1756) & Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 177;
Wright Mem. 265 ; Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. 2,11; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 59. RR. sarmentosa &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 149,
t. 23, f. 2. Villamilla octandra Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. f. Gen.
Plant. iii. 81 (1880); Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 228. Type in Herb.
Linn. (Fig. 54.) .

Hoop Withe, Cooper Withe. 2

Wright! Bancroft! St. Mary, McNab! Purdie! Yallahs Valley, Prior !
March! J.P. 946, Hart! Yaliahs Valley, 2800 ft., Harris! Windward
Road, Harris & Britton | Fl. Jam. 6591, 10,796.—Cayman, West Indies,

tropical continental America.
Stems climbing amongst shrubs and low trees to a height of 20 ft. _

Trichostigma PHYTOLACCACEA: 157

Leaves elliptical to lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at base, 5-11 cm. 1.

' Perianth whitish, about 4 mm. 1., increasing to 5 mm. in fruit. Fruit

purplish-black, 5 mm, 1. ee sat ae ;
- The common names indicate its uses. The berries are said to be the
chief food of the “ nightingale ” (P. Browne).

Fig. 54.—Trichostigma octandrum H. Walt.

A, Upper portion of branch x #. E, Section of seed-x 4; e, endosperm ;
B, Flower-bud xX 2. ¢, cotyledons ; /, lobed base of coty-
C, Do. opened x 2. ledon; 1, radicle.

D, Fruit x 3. :

3. PETIVERIA L.

Herb, deeply rooting, shrubby at base, with odour of garlic.
- Leaves alternate, entire ; stipules minute. Flowers hermaphro-
dite, in axillary and terminal spikes, which are solitary or two
together, erect or nodding. Perianth 4-cleft, segments slightly
increased in fruit. Stamens 4-8, perigynous. Ovary ellipsoidal,
tomentose, of one carpel, with 4 deflexed hook-like processes at
the top; stigma sessile, penicillate, on the ventral side. Fruit
elongate-cuneate, covered in the lower half by the persistent
perianth, with 4 small lobes at the top from each of which is a
deflexed hook. Seed erect, linear, adherent to pericarp ; endo-
sperm scanty. Embryo erect; cotyledons foliaceous, unequal
in size, the smaller exterior, folded on themselves ; radicle stout.

Species 2, natives of West Indies and warmer parts of
America.

P. alliacea L. Sp. Pl. 342 (1753); Trew Pl. Select. 33, t. 67 ;
Sw. Obs, Bot. 138, t. x. f. tii. ; Mog. in DC. Prodr. xiii. pt. 2, 9 ;

158 FLORA OF JAMAICA Petiveria

Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 59; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 229; H. Walt.

_ in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 83,118. Verbene aut scorodoniz
affinis dc. Sloane Cat, 64 & Hist. i. 172. Petiveria foliis &c.

Browne Hist. Jam. 274. ‘Type in Herb, Linn, (Fig. 55.)

A, Leaf and spike x 3.

B, Flower-buds X 3. G, Embryo x 8.

C, Flower x 5. : H, Section of seed ; e, endosperm ; ¢, coty-
D, Do. cut lengthwise x 5. ledons ; 7, radicle.

E, Ovary x 10.° .

Guinea-Hen Weed,

Sloane Herb. iii. 52*! Houstown! Broughton! Gosse! Prior ; Hope,
Harris\| Providence, near Castleton, 700 ft., Thompson! Fl, Jam. 6872,
8065.—Florida, West Indies, continental tropical America. ‘

Plant 1-8 ft. high. Leaves 6-14 cm. 1., 2°5-5°2 cm. br., elliptical or
rig alt eet ep Sanaa bo Aig et te os g terrer: hae 1.

C) as a strong garlic smell, an a e flavour
to the milk and flesh of cattle feeding on it.

4, PHYTOLACCA L.

Herbaceous plants or shrubby below, erect (in West Indian
species). Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers hermaphrodite (in
W. Ind. spp.), in racemes at first subterminal, later opposite the
leaves. Perianth 5-cleft. Stamens 8-20 (in W. Ind. spp.),
inserted at the base of the —— Ovary of 8-12 carpels; .
styles as many as carpels; ovules solitary in the cells. Fruit
fleshy on outside. Seeds somewhat kidney-shaped, compressed ;

Phytolacca PHYTOLACCACEA! | 159

embryo annular, surrounding the floury endosperm, cotyledons
semiterete, radicleJong. Mountain Calalu, Jocato, Poke
Weed, :

Species 26, natives of tropics and _ subtropics, chiefly
American. ~ eek

Pedicels longer than the flowers. Perianth 2mm. l....... 1. P. rivinoides.
Pedicels as long as'the flowers. Perianth about 4mm. 1. 2. P. icosandra.

1. P. rivinoides Kunth & Bouché in Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.
(1848) 15; racemes much longer than the leaves; pedicels

Fig. 56.—Phytolacca icosandra L.

A, Raceme and leaf x 4. D, Fruit cut across x 2.
B, Flower xX 5. ™ E, Seed in section x 7.
C, Fruitx 2.

longer than the flowers, 5-10 mm. 1. ; perianth-segments pink,
broadly elliptical, about 2 mm. 1. and 1°5 mm. br., reflexed and
generally deciduous in fruit ; stamens 20-10; carpels 16-10.—
H. Walt. in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 83,55. P. icosandra Wright
. Mem. 268 (1828) (non L.); Mog. in DC. Prodr. citi. pt. 2, 33;
Hook, Bot. Mag. t. 4967 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 58 ; Urb. Symb.
Ant. iv. 229.

Wright! Distin! Morse’s Gap, McNab! Bethabara, Wullschlaegel!
Castleton, Hart! Vinegar Hill, 3500 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6417.—West
Indies, Central and tropical South America.

Stem somewhat shrubby below, 4 ft. high. Leaves elliptical, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 10-20 cm. 1., 4-8 cm. br., green, covered with

160 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phytolacea

minute white dots and with a narrow pellucid margin; petioles 2-6 cm. 1.
Racemes, including the long peduncle, 2-6 dm. 1. lax-flowered. Bracts
. 2-3°5 mm. 1.; bracteoles *8-1 mm. 1., adnate about the middle of the
eed. oat it black, 5-7 mm. in diam.; depressed. Seed subreniform,

H. Walter, quoting Eggers, notes this species as scandent and attaining ~
a height of 2-5 m. : 45

2. P. ieosandra L. Syst. ed. 10, 1040 (1759); racemes much
longer than the leaves ; pedicels about as long as the flowers,
4-5 mm. |. (-7), searcely increased in fruit ; bracts as long as,
or a little longer than the pedicels ; bracteoles half as long as
bracts ; perianth-segments broadly elliptical, persistent and not
reflexed in fruit, 3°5-4°5 mm. 1., 2°5-3-5 mm. br. ; stamens
about 20; carpels 10-12.—L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 631; Bot. Mag.
i. 2633 ; H. Walt. in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 83,60. (Fig. 56.)

Broughton! Wulischlaegel! Cinchona, 5000 ft., J.P. 1266, Morris!
Farm Hill, 4000 ft., Gosset! Christiana, 3200 ft., Miss Wood!—Cuba,
Hispaniola, Central and tropical South America,

Stem shrubby, branching, erect, angled, glabrous. Leaves narrowly
elliptical or ovate-elliptical, apex acute or cuspidate, base cuneate, nerves
prominulous beneath, 10-17 cm. 1., 4-8 cm. br.; tiole 2-4 em. l.
Inflorescence laxly racemose, uppermost terminal, the rest opposite or
nearly opposite a leaf; raceme in fruit 27 cm. l.; peduncles 5-7°5 cm. 1.
Bracts linear-lanceolate; bracteoles at middle of pedicel or nearer the
flower. Stamens in 2 series, inserted on a disk, shorter than the perianth,
filaments subulate, about 2°2 mm. 1.; anthers about 1 mm. 1., oblong-
elliptical. Ovary subglobose; carpels connate, about 1°2 mm. 1.; styles
as many as carpels, recurved, 1°5 mm. 1. Fruit 5-7 mm.indiam. Seed
obovoid-roundish, 2*3-2°7 mm. 1., 2-2°3 mm. br.

The Jamaican specimens tend to have rather larger flowers, and longer
pedicels, bracts and bracteoles than usual.

5. STEGNOSPERMA Benth.

Erect shrub. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite in
racemes at ends of branches. Calyx with 5 segments which
enlarge in the fruit. Petals 5. Stamens 10, joined at the base
in a perigynous ring, persistent in the fruit. Ovary 1-celled, the
cell surrounding a central column ; stigmas 3-5 ; ovules as many
as stigmas, basal, erect. Capsule globose, hard and _ brittle,
3-5-angled, 1-celled; 3—5-valved to the base, with 1 to 5 seeds.
Seeds enclosed in a white, fleshy aril, obovoid, black. Outer
seed-coat crustaceous, inner thick membranous. Embryo narrow,
slightly curved close to the inner seed-coat ; cotyledons flattened,
‘face to face, equal; radicle about half length of embryo,
cylindrical. et

Species 1, native of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Centra]
America and California.

S. halimifolia Benth. Bot. Sulph. 17, t. 12 (1844); Mog. in
DC. Prodr. wiii. pt. 2, 36 ; Britton in Torr. Bot. Cl. Bull. ran.

Stegnosperma PHYTOLACCACEA : 161

567 ; Walt. in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 83, 123. 8S. cubense
A. Rich. in Sagra Cub. «, 309 (1845), t. 44° (1855). (Fig. 57.)

Healthshire Hills, 330 ft., Britton & Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,522.— .
Distribution as under genus.

Described by Dr. Britton as “ A woody vine 8 m. long, climbing to the
tops of low trees; its reddish fleshy fruits are 3-grooved, borne in short

ae

Fig. 57.—Stegnospermea halimifolia Benth.

A, Upper portion of branch x 3. C, Fruit with one valve removed x 3;
B, Flower from which the petals have 6, =: v, valve of capsule ; s, seed ;
fallen x 2. a, aril.
D, Seeds enclosed by the aril x 3.
E, Seed in section x 5; e, endosperm ; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle,
-

terminal racemes.” Leaves elliptical, obtuse, 2-5 icm. 1., 1-3°5 cm. br.,
thin, nerves and veins somewhat indistinct on upper surface, but distinctly
reticulate beneath. Racemes 4 cm. 1. (4 times as long in continental
specimens). Pedicels -5 cm. 1. Flowers of Jamaican plant not seen.
Calyx (in fruit) 4mm.1. Capsule about 7 cm. 1. with calyx and filaments
persistent,

6. MICROTEA Sw.

Annual herbs. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers minute,
in terminal and axillary racemes, hermaphrodite. Perianth with
5 segments. Stamens 5(—8), united at base. Ovary one-celled,
of two carpels; stigmas 2; ovule solitary. Fruit globose,
tuberculate. Embryo semi-annular,- surrounding endosperm ;

: M

162 FLORA OF JAMAICA Microtea

cotyledons fiattish-concave, one twice as large as the other ;
icle thick, short. ;
Species 10, natives of West Indies and tropical South
America, . :

M. debilis Sw. Prodr. 53 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Oce. 543, t, 12;
Mog. in DO. Prodr. «iti. pt. 2,°17; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 59.
(Fig. 58.) . es

Fig. 58.—Microtea debilis Sw.

A, Upper portion of branch. x §. B, Flower with part of perianth removed x 10.
. C, Fruit x 10.

Sea-coast, Negril, Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,214.—St. Cruz, St. Eustatius,
St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent,
Tobago, Trinidad, Ruatan, tropical America.

Plant 14 ft. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 3-7 em. L, 1°5-3°5
em. br. Pervanth white, 1 mm. 1. Fruit 1°5 mm. 1., greenish-black
covered with a white network uniting the tubercles. ;

Famuny XIX, FICOIDEACEA.

Herbs. Leaves opposite, alternate or spuriously ‘ whorled,
entire. Flowers pernep and ite. Perianth with 5 cogrente,
free from ovary (in W. Indian genera), dae imbricate,
persistent in fruit. Stamens perigynous or nous, definite
or indefinite. Ovary 3-—5-celled (1-celled in Triunthema) Styles
as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit a capsule, loculicidally

Glinus FICOIDEACEA: oe 163

or transversely, dehiscent. Embryo cucind, surrounding the
mealy endosperm ; cotyledons narrow.
: Species 600, natives of tropical and subtropical regions.

Capsule loculicidal. '
Plant covered with ajeUiade Biaira Si: <aieeteouthadenen _ 1. Ghnus.
PARDO ON | cichici is chives de o0b ua usrnesoscans i -tili anes ». 2. Mollugo.

Capsule circumsciss. ,

Stamens numerous. Capsule 3-5-celled Ad tu buaaek 6 . 3. Sesuvium,
Stamens 6-10, Capsule 1-celled ..........:escssecsseeeeeees 4, Trianthema,

1, GLINUS L.

Annual herbs, stems prostrate, much branched. Leaves
alternate or spuriously whorled, unequal, entire. Flowers in
- few-flowered cymes, clustered. Perianth with 5 segments, green,

Fig, 59.—Glinus radiatus Rohrb.

A, Portion of- plant in flower x 2 E, Seed with aril (a) and appendage (p)
B; Flower unopened x 5. x 20.
, Do. opened x 5. F, Do. in section x 20; e, endosperm ;

D, Capsule opened X 5. ¢, cotyledons ; v, radicle.
< G, Stellate hairs of plant x 50.

with scarious margin. Stamens 3-5, inserted at the bottom of

the perianth. Ovary 3-(5-)celled ; ovules numerous, inserted on

long stalks at the interior angle, style short with 3 (to 5) stigmas.

Cann 3—(5-)celled, Joculicidally 3-(5-)valved. Seeds numerous,
mM 2

164 FLORA OF JAMAICA Glinus

stalked ; aril present at the hilum with a free stalk-like appendage
passing round the seed. :
Species few, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. —
G. radiatus Rohrb. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 238, t. 55, f..1.
G. Cambessidesii Fenzl in Ann. Wien. Mus. i. 358 (1836). Mollugo
radiata Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peru. & Chil. i. 48 (1798). (Fig. 59.)
_ Four Paths, Clarendon, 240 ft., Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam., 10,634.—
Brazil, Chile. j
Plant covered with stellate hairs. Stems1-2dm.1. Leaves elliptical
or spathulate, 4-10 mm. 1, (—20), 3-7 mm. br. (-10). Flowers in clusters
of 3 to 6. Perianth-segments somewhat hooded, mucronate at apex,
‘4 mm.1. Stamens 3-5. Seeds very numerous, light-brown, smooth,
‘4mm. 1, ; aril about half as long.

2. MOLLUGO L.

Erect or diffuse annual glabrous herbs. Leaves radical or
cauline and spuriously whorled. Stipules none or very rare,
membranous, deciduous early. Inflorescence contracted into
sessile umbellules at the nodes or paniculate cymes with scape-

Fig. 60.—Mollugo verticillata L. ,
A, Flower-bud opened x 5, D, Capsule open x 5.

B, Do. opened erxs5. | i." E, seen sideways X 12. _
C, Capsule with persistent perianth and — F, Do. in section; e, endosperm ; ¢, coty-
stamens X 5. . ledons ; 7, radicle.

like peduncles. Flowers stalked. Perianth of 5 persistent seg-
ments, green with scarious margins. Stamens 3 to 5, hypogynous,
persistent. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3-5; ovules numerous,
attached to the inner angle. Capsules included by the perianth,
3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, without an aril.

Mollugo FICOIDEACE 165

Species 15, natives of the tropics of the Old World; a few’
also in tropical and north temperate America. ;

TUG ieve sec ten onses sorvees oo svedeepughhs srapcareug wee 1. M. verticillata.
Leaves all radical.........2ssseecetereess tisteetseseeeeereees 2 M, nudicaulis.

1. M. verticillata L. Sp. Pl. 89 (1753) (excl. 8); stems
diffuse-erect or lying along the ground ; leaves whorled, spathu-
late-lanceolate, lanceolate-linear or linear; inflorescence con-
tracted into sessile umbellules at the nodes; seeds kidney-
shaped, with ridges along the back.—Macf. Jam. i. 51; Griseb.
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 56; Rohrb. in Fl. Bras. wiv. pt. 2, 240, t. 55,
. f. II. ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 230, Type in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 60.)

Houstown in Herb. Sloane iv. 7a! Broughton! Masson! Macfadyen!
near Kingston, McNab !—Cuba, Hispaniola, orto Rico, Buck Island near
St. Thomas, St. Bartholomew, St. Vincent, continental America.

Stems to 40 cm. 1. Leaves 4-5 (-10) at a node, *7-2°5cm.1. Perianth
about 2°5 mm. l., green or purplish. Stamens generally 3, sometimes 4
or 5. Seeds *6 mm. 1.

2. M. nudicaulis Lam. Encye. iv. 234 (17 97); leaves only
‘radical, in an erect-spreading tuft on the ground from which
the stalked paniculate cymes arise; seeds globulose-kidney- ~
shaped, granulate, black.—Gfriseb. loc. cit. ; Rohrb. tom. cit. 244 ;
Urb. loc. cit. M. bellidifolia Ser. in DC. Prodr. i. 391 ; Macf.
Jam. i. 52. Alsini affinis, foliis bellidis mimoris, caule nudo
Sloane Cat. 87 & Hist. i. 203, ¢. 129, f. 2. Alsine auriculze
ursi foliis Plum. Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 21, f. 1. Pharnaceum ~
spathulatum Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 568 (1797). "
“Sandy places of the Town Savanna towards Two Mile Wood,”’
Sloane Herb. iv. 9! Masson !—Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Buck Island,
' St. Cruz, St. Lucia, Guiana, tropical Africa, India, New Caledonia.
Plant to 9 in. high. Leaves broadly spathulate or obovate narrowed .
into.a long petiole, to4cm.1. Perianth about 2 mm. 1., greenish outside,
‘white inside. Stamens 5. ~

3. SESUVIUM L. -

’ Herbs, perennial, sometimes somewhat shrubby, branching,
succulent. Leaves opposite, fleshy, linear or oblong. Flowers
axillary. ~Perianth persistent, united below into a cup, 5-lobed,
lobes mucronate near apex, coloured inside. Stamens numerous
(in the W. Indian species) ; filaments inserted at the top of the
-perianth-cup. Ovary free, 3—5-celled ; styles 3-5, papillose on
the inside ; ovules numerous in the cells. Capsule oblong, 3-5- —
celled, circumsciss, cells with numerous seeds. Seeds stalked ; -
embryo annular.
Species 7, on sea-shoreés of the tropics and subtropics.

166 FLORA ‘OF JAMAICA . . Sesuvium

' § Portulaeastrum LD. Syst. ed. 10, 1058 (1759); Jacq. Sel.
Stirp. Amer. 155, t. 95; Su. Obs. 204 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 171;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 57; Rohrb. in-Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 310,

t. 70 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 230. Aizoon repens foliis &e. Browne -. *

Hist. Jam, 241; .Portulaca Portulacastrum LD. Sp. Pl. 446
(1753). Portulaca aizoides maritima &c.. Sloane Cat, 88
Hist. i, 204. (Fig. 61.) P
“Sampier” (Sloane). : ol
‘Sea-shore. Passage Fort, Old Harbour, and Cays off Port Royal,
Sloane Herb. iv. 9*! Broughton! Macfadyen; March! sea-coast, Don-

. Fig. 61.—Sesuvium Portulacastrum L.
A, Portion of poet in flower x 3. D, Lower part of C cut across: x 3.

*

B, Flower with portion of perianth and E, Seed in section x 10; e,, endosperm ©

some stamens removed x 3. ce, cotyledons ; r, radicle.
C, Capsule with upper part fallen x 3.

caster Pen, Campbell! Spanish Town road, Harris! Fl. Jam. 6428, 6579,
8183, 9105.—Bermuda, Bahamas, Cayman, Cuba, His la, Porto Rico,
St. Thomas, St. Jan, St. Cruz, St. Bartholomew, St. Kitts, Sandy Is.
near Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Bequia, Barbados,
Curagao, tropical and subtropical regions.

Stems t with ng ‘to erect’ branches, 6-12 in. high. Leaves
2°5-5 cm.1.,2-8 mm. br. Flowers generally solitary, stalked. Perianth
*8-1 cm. 1., green outside, crimson inside. Seeds black, about 1 mm. 1,

“*Tis pickled, and eat as English Sampier” (Sloane). Dr. Dancer
speaks highly of the decoction as a gargle.

Trianthema — FICOIDEACEA : 167

4. TRIANTHEMA L.

Diffuse prostrate herbs. . Leaves opposite, entire, the pair
ual ; petiole long, with a sheathing. Flowers axillary

with 2 bracteoles. - Perianth with 5 lobes, mucronate near apex,
coloured inside. Stamens 5 to many. Ovary free, of one carpel
and one-celled (in W. Indian species) ; style one. Capsule one-
* celled with 6—8 seeds, cteeanecte, the lid closed ey at

. Fig. 62.—7'rianthema Soctniecaniren L.
- A, “Portion of shoot showing flower x 5. D, Do. cut lengthwise x 10.
B, Ovary X< 10. E, Seed in “section x 10; e, endosperm ;
C, Upper part of fruit x 10. _ ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.

its base by a spurious transverse sores enclosing 1 (or 2)
seeds, Embryo annular.
Species 17, widely distributed in the tropics. —

-T. Portulacastrum L.. Sp. Pl. 223 (1753); Urb. Symb. Ant.
iv. 231. TT. monogyna L. Mant. 69 (1767); Griseb. Fl. Brit.
W. Ind. 58. Portulacze affinis, folio subrotundo &e. Sloane Cat.
89 & Hist. i. 205. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 62.)

168 ' ‘FLORA OF JAMAICA Lrianthema

Speatsh sislans reonb i Broughton! Rock Fort, C. bell!
own, Sloane Herb, iv. 9* | ! ort, Camp:
Fort. Clarence Hill, Harris! Fl. Jam, 6307, 9538.—Keys of S. Florida,
West Indies, cal continental America, Africa, tropical Asia.

Stem 2-8 ft. long, perennial. Leaves roundish, to elliptical, ee
cuneate at the base, variable in size, blade 1-5 cm. ‘L. « Flowers subsoli
rosy or purplish within, half-concealed within tle petiolar ‘sh
Perianth about *5 cm. 1.

Famity XX. PORTULACACEA.

Herbs, sometimes somewhat shrubby, fleshy. Leaves alter-
nate or subopposite. Flowers solitary or crowded at the apex
of the stems and branches, or in terminal panicles or racemes, -
regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, adnate to the ovary at the
base or free, deciduous or subpersistent. Petals 4—6, hypo-
gynous or perigynous. Stamens inserted with the petals and
often adnate to them at the base, indefinite. Ovary free or
half inferior, l-celled, with basal central placentation. Style
with 3 to 7 stigmatic branches. Capsule-circumsciss or 3-valved.
Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, compressed. Embryo curved
round the endosperm.

Species 210, mostly American, some South African or -
Australian, very few in Asia, North Africa or Europe.

Flowers solitary or clustered at apex of branches. Ovary
Thalf inferkor ics seni. taessaneyoeeniaes «00 -cccvnssccnenneatsachyaassuns 1. Portulaca. -
Flowers racemose or paniculate. Ovary free .......:....s.006. 2. Talimum,

1, PORTULACA I,

Diffuse or ascending annuals. Uppermost leaves usually
involucrate round the terminal flowers. Stipules scarious,
minute or changed into hairs. Flowers solitary or crowded
at the top of the stem and branches, yellow, purple or rosy,
open only during the morning. Calyx deciduous. Petals 4-6,
free, delicate. Stamens 8—25, inserted at base of petals. Ovary
half-inferior ; style deeply 5-7- -partite. Capsule circumsciss, -

Species 38, natives of the tropics ; 2 species also-in temperate

regions.
Leaves obovate-cuneate or spathulate ; ‘axils with or

without very short inconspicuous hairs......s.ses0000- 1. P. oleracea,
Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or subulate; axils with
long hairs.
Stems more or lone be branches undivided.
Petals re endatp ssh ate chdmesainkeaWB oan clsisscbseennccas P, pilosa.
Stems erec adyes numerous. Poe Sag ee ;
Petals 3mm. 1.. SINE. ees be seus -. Nilistdlites:

Petals 8-7 maith), ..dill..2i Bh. setale i.e)... “-< P. pheosperma.

Portulace PORTULACACEA - 4169

1. P. oleracea L. Sp. Pl. 445 (1753) ; leaves obovate-cuneate
or spathulate ; axillary hairs (when present) few, very short, not
conspicuous outside ; seeds black, tuberculate, *8 mm. 1.—Haw.
Suce. 121; DOC. Prodr. iii. 353; A. Gr. Gen. t. 99 ; Macf. Jam. ii.

166; Griseb, Fl. Br. W. Ind. 57; Rohrb. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2,

Fig. 63.—Portulaca oleracea L.
A, Upper portion of branch with flower- C, Fruit after dehiscence x 2.

uds at apex X %. , Seed X 10. ‘
B, Flower in section with sepals and petals E, Do. in section x 10; e, endosperm ;
indicated x 6. e, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.

299 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 232. P. parvifolia Haw. Succ. 122
(1812); DC. tom. cit. ;. Macf. Jam. ti. 167 (form with minute
leaves). Type in Herb. Linn. ; '

Purslane. :

Wright! Macfadyen; March! Spanish Town road, Campbell! King’s
House, 7. Harris! Great Pedro Bay, Harris !—Bahamas, West Indies,
tropical and temperate regions.

Stems prostrate or somewhat erect, branching from the base, to 1 ft.
high. Leaves varying yery much in size, ‘5-4 cm.1. Flowers clustered
or solitary. Sepals keeled, keel ending in a long point, 3-5 mm.1. Petals
yellow, half as long again as the calyx. Stamens 7-12.. Stigmas 3-5.
Capsule covered by the withered corolla, 6 mm. 1.

‘It isa plant destitute of any odour, very fleshy and juicy and insipid
to the taste, but it takes readily the taste of any viands or seasoning which
may be combined with it, and in this manner an agreeable and palatable
culinary preparation may be produced. It is also used with vinegar as a
salad, and forms the ingredient of a soup. As a vegetable it has the
reputation of being cooling, antiscorbutic, diuretic, &c., and peculiarly
adapted for warm weather” (Macfadyen).

oO . FLORA OF JAMAICA Portulaca

2. P. pilosa L. Sp. Pl. 445 (1753) ; stems prostrate, spread
over ‘the ground or ascending, branches undivided ; leaves
narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, axillary hairs long, but shorter
than ‘the leaves ; petals purple or crimson, 14—2 times as long ‘as
calyx ; seeds black, with the surface granular, “6 mm. 1.—Haw.
Suec. 122 ; Bot. Reg. t..792; DC. Prodr. iii. 354 (excl. var.) ;°
Macf. Jam. ii..168 ; Griseb. loc.-cit.; Rohrb. tom. cit. (in part); ~
Urb. tom. cit. Anacampseros supina minor &c. Browne Hist.
Jam, 234. Type in Herb, Linn. _

Crimson-flowered Purslane. - ; .

Browne ; Cays outside Port Royal, Macfadyen ; March! Green Valley, °
2000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6092.—Florida, Porto Rico, St. Thomas,
St. Cruz, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Bequia, Mexico,

tropical and subtropical parts of S. America. :

; Stems somewhat shrubby, to $ ft. high. Leaves *5-1*5cm.1. Flower:
clusters surrounded by wool. © Calyx, lobes not keeled, -linear-oblong,
obtuse, 2-3 mm. 1. Petals 14 to 2 times as long as the calyx. Stamens
15 or more, filaments crimson. Style 5-6-partite. Capsule covered by the
withered corolla, Seeds -3 mm. in diam.

“The leaves are intensely bitter to the taste, and have been used as a
diuretic and stomachic as well as an emmenagogue” (Macfadyen).

3.. P. halimoides L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,639 (1762) ; stems somewhat
erect, diffuse, branches numerous, arranged in a corymbose
manner ; leaves fleshy, subeylindrical, axillary hairs long, but
shorter than the leaves ; petals yellow, 3 mm. |., half as long again
as the calyx, or less ; seeds tuberculate, *4 mm. br.—Haw. Mise.
137 ; DO. loc. cit. ; Macf. Jam. ii. 167 ; Griseb. loc. cit. P. erecta
sedi &c, Sloane Cat. 88 & Hist. i. 205, t. 129, f. 3. Halimus
minimus &e. Browne Hist. Jam, 206. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Savanna Purslane,

Savannas, Sloane Herb. iv. 10! Housiown! Shakspear! Spanish Town,
Kingston, Browne; Kingston, Macfadyen; Pedro Bluff; Hope river
mouth; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9942, 10,049.—Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico,
St. Jan, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Désirade, Saintes, Mexico,

Stems somewhat shrubby, 2-4 in. high. Leaves -6--8 cm. 1. Calyx
2-2'5 mm. 1, Petals 3 mm.1l. Stamens 8-20. Capsule ‘circumsciss at
++ of its height. Seeds black, -4 mm. br. ‘Towards Christmas, the
nae ed regis Sane ed ee ie ae see lay A cover bead gi Seer

at the extremity of each branch an co ,
a rathee remarkable “ak puzzling appeackide® (Msitedyeli).”

4. P. pheeosperma Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 233 (1905); root
thick ; stems numerous, fleshy, branches numerous and parallel ;
leaves linear or oblong-linear, somewhat acute or obtuse ; axillary
- hairs short ;_ flower-clusters with dense hair ; petals yellow,
5-7 mm. l., half as long again as the calyx, or less ; seeds
minutely and densely rough, ‘6 mm. br.—Millspaugh in Field
Columb. Mus, Bot. ‘Ser. ti. 298. . vsanil

Road Kingston to Spanish Town; in crevices of honey-comb rock,
Great Goat Is., Harris! Fl. Jam. 9104, 10,167.—Florida, Bahamas, ‘Cuba,
_ Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Cruz. '

Portulaca ; _ PORTULACACEA . £¥al

Stems ncilowhed shrubby, to 6 in. high. . Leaves *5-1 cm. L Calyx
4-5 mm.1. Petals 5-7 mm.1. Stamens 12-16. Style divided at 4 to 3

of its height into 5-7 linear branches. C io Rens 2°5-3 mm. in.
‘diam., ciretimsciss at the middle or a little a - Seeds 23-35. P
2. TALINUM Adans. ‘ ~~»

im eHabrous herbs. Stipules wanting. .Flowers in terminal
panicles or vacemes. Sepals herbaceous, deciduous or sub-

Fig. 64.—Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.

4 Upper p portion of flowering shoot.x 3.. D, Capsule with part of the wall senoesd
ud X 5. «5.
Cc, Flower with part of the sepals and E, Do cut across X 5,

two of the petals removed x 5. . F, Seed in section:x 10; ‘, endosperm ;
: ‘ e, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.

persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 10-30, adherent to the base of
the petals. Ovary free, style trifid. Capsule 3-valved. —
Species about 19, natives of warm regions.

Inflorescence aati Flowers not exceeding

he SIR Mas octets vheevetieaiennn da cep ty= 2daraybenne dee did tee Tekbeveeed 1. T. paniculatum.
Inflorescence generally racemose. Flowers exceeding
} in. A. sipempone da Svar 04s sau iebpass cAnh betes evegont tegen seag sues 2. T. triangulare.

l. T. panieulatum Gathin: Fret. wi. 219 ¢. 128 (1791);
pedicels terete; sepals deciduous.—-Urb.: Symb. Ant. iv. 231.
T. patens Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 863 (1800) ; Griacb. Ii... Br. W.
Ind. 57 ; Rohrb. in. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 296,t. 67+ T. fruticosum

172. FLORA OF JAMAICA Lalinum

Macef. ii. 169. Portulaca paniculata Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22
(1760); Sel. Stirp. Amer. 148° & Ed. pict. t. 136 (non L.).
’ P. patens L. Mant. 242 (1771); Jacq. Hort. Vindob. ii. 71,
é. 151 (1772). Specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit.
(Fig. 64.) " Bigs
Broughton! Sea-side ; roadsides in the mountains, Macfadyen ; Distin!
March! August. Town, 550 ft., Cam ! near Hope, 700 ft., Harris!
Grabham! Mavis Bank, Fawcett! ba, His bi Porto Rico, St.
Thomas, St. Cruz, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Bequia, Barbados
(cult.), Grenada, Margarita, tropical continental America. ss
Stems somewhat shrubby, erect from a tuberous root, 1-24 ft. _-
Leaves thick, elliptical, tapering to the stalk-like base, 4-8 cm. L,
cm. br. Flowers in a terminal panicle, of which the branches are cymes.
Sepals 3-4 mm. 1. Petals rosy or yellow, ephemeral, 4-5 mm.1. Stamens
15-20. Seeds black, minutely striolate.

2. T. triangulare Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 862 (1800) ; pedicels
with 3 angles; sepals persistent.—Haw. Succ. 123; Macef.
Jam. ti, 169; Griseb. op. cit. 56; Urb. loc. cit. T. racemosum
Rohrb. tom, cit. 297 (1872). Helianthemum frutescens, Portu-
lace folio, Plum. Cat. 7 & Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 150, f. 2.
Portulaca triangularis Jacg. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22 (1760) &
Hort. Vindob. iii. t. 52. P. racemosa L. Sp. Pl. 640 (1762).

Distin! Long Mt., 80 ft.; Pedro Plain; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9601, 9938. -
—Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe,
Martinique, Grenada, Margarita, S. America.

Succulent plant. Stems somewhat shrubby, erect,’ simple or much
branched if broken down to the branching root, to 2 ft. high. Leaves
obovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, fy, Se em. 1., 1-1°5(-2°5) em. br.
Flowers in a raceme, either simple and few-flowered, or long, branching
and many-flowered. Sepals 5mm.1. Petals yellow, sometimes rosy or *
white, roundish-elliptical, 8-9 mm, 1, 6 mm. br., 10-12 mm. in diam.
Stamens about 80. Seeds black, minutely striolate. | ~ . 5

-Famiry XXI. BASELLACEA.

Glabrous herbs'with twining stems. Leaves alternate, entire:
Flowers small, regular, hermaphrodite, in axillary spikes or .
panicles. Bract one at base of the pedicel, Bracteoles 2 at apex
of the pedicel, small. Sepals 2, sometimes adnate to the base of
the corolla. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 5, inserted on a hypo-
gynous disk adnate to the base of the corolla, opposite to the
petals ; anthers versatile, filaments (in West Indian species) .
reflexed in bud. Ovary free, l-celled, with one erect short-stalked —
ovule. Style short; stigmas 3, thickened towards, the apex,
obtuse or 2-3-lobed. Seed erect, Embryo (in West Indian
species) semiannular, surrounding the endosperm.

Species about 15, mostly American.

Sepals not winged in fruit..........c..ccceseeeees 1, Boussingaultia.
Sepals winged in frulit.........cscsseseeeeee senses 2. Anredera.

Boussingaultia BASELLACE -» (Fs

{. BOUSSINGAULTIA H. B. & K,

“Root perennial. Flowers in axillary and terminal branching
racemes. Sepals oblong, obtuse, somewhat shorter than the
corolla and adnate’ to its base, not changing in fruit. Petals
spreading. Stigmas, obtuse. Cotyledons broad, rae pte

_ Species’ 10; natives of tropical America. :

Fig. 65.—Boussingaultia leptostachys Moq.-

A, Portion of flowering branch x 3. C, Do. cut lengthwise x3: (B and C
B, Flower of B. baselloides H. B. & K.. x 3. : after Baillo n.)

es leptostachys Mog. in DC. Prodr. wii, pt. 2, 229 (1849) ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 233. (Fig. 65.)

Near Kingston, 250 ft. ; > Campbell! Fl. Jam. 5703.—Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, Guadeloupe, Mereipiane: Mexico, Yucatan,
Brazil.

Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptical, 2-6 cm. 1.,. 1-5-4 cm. br.; stalks
4-7 mm.1. Racemes lax, much longer than the leaves. Bracts 1°5mm.1.,
linear-acuminate. Pedicels about 1 mm..1. Flowers white. - Bracteoles
‘6 mm. 1., triangular-cuspidate. ts 1-nerved, keeled. Petals about
2mm.1. Styles 1mm.1.

Basella alba LL. and B. rubra L. are cultivated in many tropical
countries, the tender, supewlent leaves making a good “spinach.” ~

) FLORA OF JAMAICA Anredera

2, ANREDERA Juss.

Root tuberous. - Flowers in simple or branched _ racemes.
Sepals. enclosing the petals, keeled, and in fruit broadly winged.
along the back. Stigmas broadened upwards, or.2-lobed. Coty-*
ledons subclavate. —. t ;

Species 1, native of subtropical America from Texas to Peru,
including West Indies. _ een”

A. seandens Mog. in DC. Prodr. wiii. pt. 2, 230 (1849);
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 60;.Volkens in Engl.-Prantl Pflzfam,

+ Fig. 66:—Anredev'a scandens Mog. *

A, Portion of fruiting branch x.3. enn C after Volkens in Engl.-Prantk ~
B, Flower cut peneteeriee x 10, . fam.) S
C, Fruit showing the winged calyx x 5. .

iit. pt. 1, a, 128. Regopyrum scandens seu volubilis &c. Sloane .
Oat. 46 & Hist..i, 138, t. 90, f. 1. Polygonum scandens L, Sp.
Pl. 364 (1753). Type im Herb. Linn. .

Near Spanish Town, Sloane Herb, ii. 103 !—Cuba, subtropical America. :
Leaves ovate, sometimes narrowing at the base, to 8-5 cm, 1, 6 cm. br.; *
lower obtuse, very shortly acuminate, upper oblong-ovate, long acuminate.
Peduncles 6-20 mm.1. Spikes longer t the leaves, 2-13 cm. l., dense-
flowered. Sepals in flower about 2 mm. |., wing in fruit about 4 mm, 1.
Petals about 2 mm. 1. .
Cultivated in Spain, Egypt and Philippines,

_ Drymaria . CARYOPHYLLACE A 175

-

Pawn XXII. CARYOPHYLLACEA,

Herbs. Léaves opposite, entire, generally united at the ‘tise
by a transverse line,.without stipules or with small scarious
stipules. Inflorescence cymose.. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite.
Sepals 4—5, persistent. Petals as many as sepals. Staniens 8-10

or fewer, inserted with the petals.” Receptacle small, or ‘elongated

~ and bearing the stamens at its apex under the ovary, or’ forming

an annular disk bearing the stamens. Ovary free, l-celled, or

* rarely 2-5 celled at the base. Styles 2-5, free or united below.
-Ovules numerous. Capsule dehiscing by valves or teeth at apex. °

Embryo curved surrounding the endosperm ; cotyledons narrow.
Species about 1450, mostly occurring in temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, but also in the southern hemisphere,

_and a few in mountains of the tropics.

Sepals free or very shortly united at base.

Style simple below, divided into 3 above...........eeeeeceees 1. Drymaria,
Styles distinct. from base. ; Hf
Stipules none. ' -
pe Se er oP Re Pe ee 2 2. Arenaria.
Petals 2-lobed ;
CVU an oscns covesetaces yeas +! sweeney he ehere 8. Cerastiwm.*
BAVIGS Bi ci..sc0> cmd es rer, tr ee Ne er 4. Stellaria,
Stipules small, scarious........ccccsssesscsesrsseeeeesseeees 5. Spergula,
Sepals united into a tubular toothed MEAT Sisk are cniasens pe attsat 6. Silene.

1, DRYMARIA Willd.

Herbs. Leaves with small scarious stipules. ‘Flowers in
terminal cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, 2-fid.. Stamens 5-2, opposite

‘the sepals. “Ovary 1-celled ; style simple ait the base, 3- fid ‘shove.

Capsule 3-valved.
Species about 47, natives of tropical ih subtropical haben,
one also dispersed through. tropics of the Old World.

D. cordata Willd. ea Roem. c Schult. Syst. v. 406 (1819) ;
Macf. Jam. i. 53; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 56; Rohrb. in FI.
Bras, wiv. pt. 2, 259, t. 60; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 984. D. diandra
Macf. Jam. i. 52. Holosteum cordatum L. Sp. Pl. 88, (1753).
H. diandrum Sw. Prodr. 27 (1788), Icon. t. 7 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 221.
Alsine americana nummularie &c. Sloane Cat. 87 & Hist. i, 203. -
Holosteum foliis orbiculatis &e. Browne Hist. Jam..139. H. dian-

_ ‘drum &¢. Browne loc. cit. Type in Herb, Linn. (Fig. 67.)

West Indian Chickweed. P

Sloane Herb. iv. 8! Houstown! Swartz! Macfadyen! March! Blue
Mts., Fawcett! Devon Pen, 300 ft., Thompson! Hope Gardens, are!
Fl. Jam. 7958, 8444.—West Indies, tropics.

176 ioe FLORA OF JAMAICA _- Drymaria .

Annual. Leaves roundish, subecordate at base, sometimes kidney- _
shaped, variable in size, 2 mm.-2 cm. br. S lanceolate-elliptical,
variable in size, 2-8:5 mm. 1. Petals shorter than sepals, deeply bifid.
Capsule shorter than the calyx. Seeds 8-2, granulose, about 1 mm. 1, :

: Fig, 67.—Drymaria cordata Willd. ; “ni ae
A, Apex of branch x 3. : E, Seed x 12.
B, Fimenbadopentng x 5. F, Do. cut lengthwise x 12; e, endo-
C, Do. open X & sperm ; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.
D, Capsule open xX 5. :

2, ARENARIA L.

Herbs. Flowers in terminal leafy, paniculate cymes or
solitary, axillary. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10,
i on a disk. Ovary l-celled; styles 3. Capsule with
3 deeply-divided, as it were six, valves. Sandwort.

Species 100, natives of the whole world, but rare in the
tropics except in the mountains.

A. lanuginosa Rohrb. in -Fl, Bras. wiv. pt. 2, 274, t. 63
(1872); Williams in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxwiii. 377. Sper
trum lanuginosam Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 275 (1803). Stellaria
elongata Mitt. Gen. Amer. i. 289 pap DC. Prodr. i: 399.
Arenaria diffusa Ell. Sketch i. 519 (1818); Macf. Jam. i. 54;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 55. (Fig. 68.) oa

Mountains, Bancroft! Mageaes | MeNab! Wilson! Morris! McNeil’s
Estate, 2,500 ft., Hggers!—Bermuda, America from North Carolina to
Patagonia. . ;

Arenaria ' CARYOPHYLLACEA 177

Annual. Stem lax, procumbent, puberulous. Leaves linear or lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed to base, ‘5-3 cm. 1. Sepals
keeled, acuminate, about 4mm. 1. Petals slightly longer or shorter than

Doh. rarely absent. Seeds lens-shaped, smooth, less than 1 mm. in

Fig. 68.—Arenaria lanuginosa Rohr. .

A, spss of branch X 3. - - D, Seed cut lengthwise x 8; e, endo-
B, wer X 4. ‘ . sperm; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.
»G, Capsule open x 4. we A :

8. CERASTIUM L.

Herb. Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes, often
. contracted. Sepals 5. Petals 5, 2-fid, Stamens 10. Ovary
l-celled ; styles 5, distinct from base, opposite the sepals.
Capsule cylindrical, dehiscing at apex by 10 teeth, many- .
seeded. Sake SPIES Vy
Species about 100, natives of. the whole world, but confined
to mountains in the tropics. WW rapa) *

C. viscosum L. Sp. Pl. .437 (1753); Gren. Cer. 25; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 55; Rohrb. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 279.
C. glomeratum Thuill. Fl. Paris. ed. 2, 226 (1799) ; Syme Engl.
_ Bot. ed. 3, wi. 82, ¢. 221. ©. spathulatum Pers. Syn. i. 520;
’ - Maef. Jam. i. 55. (Fig. 69.) Type in Herb. Linn. .

-Mouse-Har Chickweed. ideas, bis
. Catherine’s Peak, Macfadyen; March; Blue Mt. Peak, J.P. 2028,
. N

178 FLORA OF JAMAICA Conantions

eae g aoe ob Stems aseending. Leaves site
ceolate or ‘obovate-spathulate, 1-20cm.1. Pedicels shorter than -
the calyx. Bracts herbaceous. Calyx 4-5 mm. 1. Pig, ware mm.
1., teeth straight. Seeds Mesa

- Fig. 69.—Cerastium viscosum L. *

A, Apex of branch x 3. “fetes E; Capsule x 2. °

B Flower X 2. . Zz Apex of a > as

©, Ovary and four stamens x 4, G, Seed cut lengthwise x. 10; endo-
D, Ovary cut lengthwise x 6. tial c, sein a sa % adic} le.

4. STELLARIA L.

Herbs. Flowers axillary or in terminal cymes. . Pn 5.
Petals 5, 2-partite. Stamens 10, inserted on a disk. Ovary
1-celled ; ater distinct from base. . Capsule 6-valved.

"Species. 100, natives of the whole world. but only on
mountains in the tropics.

S. media Vill. Dawphin. iii. 615 (1789) ; Maef. Jam. i, 54;
Griseb. Fl: Br. W. Ind. 55 ; Syme Engl. Bot. ed: 3, i. 93, 4.1229; °
Rohrb. in Fl. Bras. wiv. pt. 2, 276, t. 64, IL | Alsine media L. Sp.
Pl. 272 errs Type in Heeb. 1 Linn. ae ws

Chickweed.
Mountains, Macfadyen ; haiti, Harris ¢ Britton! Fl. Jam, 10,544.
St and N. caidas regions, in mountains in tropics.

Stellaria CARYOPHYLLACEAE 179

‘ Annual, Stem diffase, procumbent, with a pubescent line down one
side. Leaves ovate or broadly-elliptical, glabrous, *5-3 cm. 1. Flowers

long-stalked. S. somewhat obtuse, 3-4 mm.1. Petals a little shorter.

Stamens 10-3. Capsule a little longer than the calyx. Seed:1jmm. 1.

er Fig. 70.—Stellaria media Vill,
A, Apex of branch x . D,; Seed cut lengthwise x 20;.e, endo-
B, Flower x 4. . sperm; c, cotyledons; 7, radicle.
C, Capsule open x 4. .

5. SPERGULA i.

Annual herbs branching dichotomously or in whorls. Leaves
narrowly linear or thread-like, whorled. Stipules small, ovate,
scarious. Flowers stalked in dichotomous cymes. Calyx 5-
partite. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary 1-celled ;
styles 5, alternate to sepals. Capsule 5-valved, valves entire,
opposite the sepals. Seeds acutely margined or winged.

Species 2 or 3, natives of Europe and temperate Asia, one
found in cultivated land almost.all over the world.

S. arvensis L. Sp. Pl. 440 (1753) ; Syine Engl. Bot. ed. 3, :
it. 126, #.°252, 253; Rohrb. in Fl. Bras. «iv. pt. 2, 263, t. 58,
_ f, TIL, (Fig. 71.)

Corn Sparrey. ‘ Se

... Portland ‘Gap, 5550 ft., Morris! Abbey Green, Harris !—In temperate
climates and mountains of the tropics of northern hemisphere.
: be ae” a

_ 180 FLORA OF JAMAICA Spergula

rere w Petals a little longer than the sepals. Seeds black,

Erect annual. Leaves 1°5-3°5 cm. L, not quite 1 mm. br. =
a
Said to be good fodder for cattle, sheep and poultry.

; . Fig. 71.—Spergula arvensis L.
A, A of branch * §. D, Seed seen edgewise X 15.

B, Flower X 5. - E, Seed cut lengthwise x 15; e, endo-
C, Capsule open*x 5.” . , sperm ; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, ‘radicle. ,
6. SILENE L.

Herbs. Calyx tubular, B toothed: 10-nerved. Petals 5, ~

with a narrow claw, and with or without a corona. Stamens
10. Receptacle elongated above the petals. Ovary 1-celled ;
styles 3, distinct from base, Capsule 3—4-celled at base, dehis-
_ @ing at apex by six teeth. Embryo peripherical. Catch-fly.

' ‘Species 300, natives of Europe, temperate and subtropical —
Asia, Africa and America. . 0 ae

Plant villose. Flowers racomose .......:c.s0eseeesees : shovels liaes 1. S. gallica,.
Plant glabrous. Flowers corymbose .......0:+0.seeeeererses 2 S, Armeria.

1. S. galliea L. Sp. Pl. 417 (1753) form quinquevulnera .
Rohrb. Sil. 96 (1868); villose ; ‘leaves sessile, oblanceolate ;
flowers racemose; petals red or. purple with a white edge ;
corona-scale white, bifid—Rohrb. Fl. Bras. .«iv. pt. 2, 290;

Silene _ CARYOPHYLLACE: ; ‘181

Williams in Journ. Linn. Soc. xawii. 57; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 55 (as 8. gallica L.). “8. quinquevulnera E. Sp. Pl. 416
(1753) ; af ah i. 51. (Fig. 72.)

Fig. 72.—Stlene gallica L, form Se at Rohrb.

A, Portion of stem X 2. * C, Fruit covered by the persistent calyx
B, Flower with part of the calyx and s.
* corolla cut off, and ovary added from __—iOD, Seed cut lengthwise x 10; e, endo-
a or prt a later stage with ripening sperm ; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.
seeds x3 Ms ‘

Catherine’ s Peak, Macfadyen ; MeNab\ Disahiae J. P. 1403, deri |—
Indigenous in central and southern Europe, and occurring all over the
world apparently spontaneous!

Stem 1 ft. and more high. * Leaves about 2 em. 1. Flowers about 1 cm.1.
Calyx *8 cm, 1. in flower increasing in fruit and a little longer than the
capsules (*8 cm. 1.).

' 2..S. Armeria L. Sp. Pl. 420 (1753) ;. glabrous ; leaves (of

the stem) sessile, broadly lanceolate or ‘oblong-lanceolate, sub-
cordate at the base; flowers corymbose ; petals deep ey pink,
- corona-scale of same colour, bisected. —Williams tom. cit. 108.

Blue Mts., Morris ! Cinchona ; Clydesdale ; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9598.—
Indigenous in central and southern Europe; and occurring in many ——
of the world apparently more or less spontaneously.

Stem 1 ft. and more high. Leaves 3-5 cm, 1., semi-amplexicaul.
Flowers about 2 cm.1._ Calyx about 1°6 cm, 1. in flower, and 1°8 cm.1.
in fruit, a little longer than the capsule. ‘

me. 3 FLORA OF JAMAICA Nymphea

"> Fammy XXIII, NYMPHAACEA,

Aquatic herbs with rhizome bearing peltate leaves and one- -
flowered scapes. Flowers large and showy. Sepals usually 4. _
Petals and*stamens numerous, inserted on, the receptacle, with -
which the carpels are often united.’ Anthers dehiscing inwards ;
‘connective continuous with the filament and sometimes produced.
‘Carpels numerous, free or united. Ovules pendulous. Seeds
often with an aril, with or without perisperm and endosperm ;

' eotyledons thick ; radiclé very short.

Species about 53, found all over the world. ~ .
Leaves and flowers floating. Leaves’ cleft nearly to the: .

“CODWEG osckesiestacesssneaasite igen Res iFis tncenasacaghs Mea syes 1, Nymphea.”
Leaves and flowers raised above the water. Leayes not :

cleft .......... ah A PRS eee Silken »sn 5100 mae » 2.°Nelwmbo.

Ao _ NYMPHZA L. _ :
_. Leaves and flowers floating. Leaves cleft nearly to the
centre, Petals (passing gradually into stamens) and stamens in

’

Fig. 73.—Nymphoea, amazonum Mart. & Zuce. *

A, Leaf x 1-4. ; D, Anthers novi. variation from the
B, petal, flowét X 4. ¥ innermost to the outermost x #.
©, Flower x #. . E, Ovary with scars of petals, and bearing
the — Khoo. :
nard,) 3 ‘

F, Ovary cut Across X §. (After

-

Nymphea — NYMPH AACE 183

many series on the receptacle. Filaments petaloid, the outer
‘broad with small anthers, the inner narrow with longer anthers.
Carpels immersed in the fleshy receptacle, and united with it —
“into a many-celled, half-inferior ovary. Ovules’ numerous,
pendulous from the cell-walls. Berry spongy, ripening under
water, and then breaking irregularly. Seeds immersed in the
pulp, with a sack-like aril open at the apex, and with a large
perisperm in addition to the small endosperm.
Species 32; natives chiefly of the northern hemisphere and
' tropics, but found also in South Africa and Australia.

Flowers diurnal.’ Connective appendaged ee waadleiealiatin 2 1, N. ampla.
Flowers nocturnal. Connective not appendaged.
Leaves with entire margin .............ccsscsssseeseseesees 2. N. amazonum.
Leaves with sinuate-dentate margin ............ eos e. . 3, N. Rudgeana.

- § 1. Flowers diurnal, raised above the Water ; connective of

* _outer anthers produced into an appendage ; carpels free
from one, another at the sides ; styles short, conical,
narrowed to apex, stiff and fleshy.

1 N. ampla DO. Syst. ii. 54 (1821) ; Macf. Jam. i. 19 ; Griseb.
Fil. Br. W. Ind. 11 ; Conard Waterlilies 134, ¢. 5. - N? ampla var.
Plumieri Planch. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, via. 44 (1853) ; Casp. in
Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 2, 156, tt. 28-30; Urb. Symb.. Ant. iv. 235. N.
indica flore candido in ambitu serrato “Sloane Oat, 120 & Hist. i.
252. NN. foliis amplioribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 243, N. Lotus
L. Sp. Pl. 511 (1753) (so far as regards American specimens).

Lagoons, Caymanas, Sloane ; lagoons beyond’ Ferry, Browne; Shak-
spear! Ferry & St. George, Macfadyen | “Alligator Pond, St. George,”
Osborne! March! near Spring Garden, Hspeut! Mitcham, St. Elizabeth,
Key! Ferry, Fawcett & Harris! Fl. Jam.7933,—Central America and West
Indies from 14° to 26° n: dat.

Leaves 15-40 cm. br., roundish, peltate,’ sinuate-toothed or nearly
entire, lobes acute, under-surface red-purple. Flowers white, 7-18 cm. br.
Sepals oblong-lanceolate, outer surface green marked with blackish lines.
Petals 7-21, oblong-lanceolate, outermost tinged yellowish-green, Stamens
90-190, yellow, outermost much longer than innermost. Carpels 14-23.
The petals are arranged in an indefinite spiral on the receptacle, and the
stamens follow similarly bs. pag much interval.

Var. speciosa Casp. tom. cit. 158, t. 29, -f. 1-9, t. 30, f. 1;
of medium size ; leaves not large nor very leathery, with wavy or
_ toothed margin, the teeth obtuse, nerves beneath not prominent,
stamens 40-130.—Urb. loc. cit. Conard op. cit. 136. N. speciosa
Mart. & Zuce. in Abh. Akad. Muench. i. 361 (1832).

- . Dancer! Macfadyen; Wilson!—West Indies and Tropical America
from 19° n, lat. to 23° s. lat. ‘This is the form cultivated in Europe as
N. ampla sent to Kew from Jamaica by Macfadyen in 1847 or 1848, and to
(Caspary from Caracas by Dr. Ernst in 1869” (Conard).

184 _ FLORA OF JAMAICA _ Nymphea

Var. pulehella Casp. tom. cit. 159, ¢. 30, f. 2-10; flowers of
medium to small size; stamens 30 to 50; leaves with wae
sub-entire or ‘slightly repand-sinuate, veins slender
prominent.—Oonard op. cit. 136. N. pulchella DC. Syst. i. Od
(1821). «

Pond half-way peeved May Pen and Chapelton, Harris! Fl. Jam.
il 002. MR aren Cuba, Vieques, - Cruz, South America from 2° s. ahs
to, 23° s. lat

Leaves 12-17 cm. 1., 9-14.cm. br. Petals 3 cm. 1,

§ 2. Flowers floating, nocturnal ;- petals in whorls of 4,
alternate -with the sepals and with each other, the stamens
continue the arrangement, the outer 4-or 8 being some-
what petaloid’; anthers without an appendage ; carpels
not free from one another ; —_ aie with enlarged”
club-shaped tips.

2. N. amazonum Mart. & Zuce. in 1 ADh, Akad. Muench. i, 363
(1832) ; leaves, margin entire, petiole -bearing a ring of long
hairs at top.—Casp. tom. eit. 165, t. 35, f. 3-15; Urb. loc. cit. ;
Conard op. cit..200,-t. 19. N. ‘planda Macf. loc. cit. (excl. syn.).
N. Rudgeana var. amazonum Griseb. op: cit, 12. (Fig. 73.)

Spanish Town, Dr. D. Moore; Montpelier, St. Thomas in the Hast,
Macfadyen. — Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Colombia, Guiana, Surinam,
Brazil.

Leaves (mature), to 17 cm. 1., t6 14 em. br., roundish-ovate, peltate,
lobes rounded; under surface brownish-red. Flowers yellowish-white,
7°5-15cm. br. Sepals elliptical, acuminate, about 5 cm. Y Petals 16-20,
ovate to oblong, 3-4°5 cm. 1. Stamens 93 to 297 Caspary), 2- nearly
3 cm. 1. Carpels 25-35. Fruit subspherical with the sepals and outer
petals attached loosely round it, nearly 4 em. in ‘diam. ;

3. N. Rudgeana G@. F. W. Meyer Prim, Fl. Esseg. 198 (1818)
(excl. syn. Sloane and Browne) ; leaves, margin sinuate-dentate,
petiole quite glabrous. — Griseb, op. cit. 11 (excl. inch Casp. tom.
cit. 160; Conard op. cit. 204, t.20. N. blanda Planch. op. cit, 47
(non G. ‘F. We Meyer).

Spanish Town, Dr. D. Moore; St. Elizabeth, March ~Martiniqe,
Guiana, Surinam, Brazil.

Leaves (mature) elliptical to roundish, to 40 om. 1. Flowers salals-
yellow, 6°5-15°5 cm. br. Sepals oblong-ovate, 3-5 cm, l. ° Pe 12-82,
elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, 2° Re 8°5 cm. 1. Stamens 40-80 inserted at
the summit of tacle, 1 *8-2°3 cm. 1. Carpels 11-24. Fruit
bearing the fenindh abuesd wicms, mosagee g by the persistent sepals,
petals and stamens, about 4 cm.

Hemsley (Biolog. Central. oe . Bok i. 25 quotes N. blanda Meyer as
from Jamaica, but the specimen in Herb. Kew. (a cultivated one from
Hort. Glasnevin received from Jamaica), on which probably this citation
is based, is N. ig Planch. = Meyer).

Nelumbo =e NYMPH HACE 185

' NELUMBO Adans.

“Leaves al flowers raised out of the abies Leaves not
cleft, peltate. Sepals, petals and stamens inserted at the base
of the receptacle. Connective of anthers produced into a blunt
_ appendage. Carpels enclosed singly in pits scattered irregularly
on the flat top of the obconical fleshy receptacle. Ovules 1 or 2
*. in the ae conpeles =. from the apex. Nuts projecting from

: Fig. 74.—Nelumbo jamaicensis DC.
A, Leaf % - E, Receptacle in ripe fruit. x }.

3.
B, Flower cut lengthwise xX * F. Fruit cut lengthwise, nat. size; p,
C, Anther, nat. size. cotyledon ; e, plumule.
D, Carpel ca mgeig ats the ovary. cut (A, B, C, E after Bull. Bot. Dep. Jamaica.)
_ Sepereme x3 “

the pits in the receptacle. ‘Seeds without perisperm and endo-
sperm ; cotyledons enclosing a well developed plumule.
Species 3, one N. American, another Jamaican, and the third
Old Won,

N. jamaicensis DC. ‘Sie. ii. 47 (1821) (Nelumbium) ; Maef.
Jam, i. 18 & Deser. (ined.). N. lutea Casp. in FI. Bras. iv.
pt. 2, 133 (in-part). Nelumbium luteum Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 1259
(1799) ; ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 12. Nymphea foliis orbicu-
latis &c. Browne Hist.. Jam. 243. (Fig. gh)

186 . FLORA OF JAMAICA - Nelumbo

Water Bean. . : : ,

Lagoons, near Ferry, Browne; McNab! ‘adyen! Hartweg! Dwidas -
ide Macfadyen); near Lacovia and Pedro, at Mlietbeth K. Tomlinson I

ornwall, Britton! <i , ee

Rhizome horizontal, cylindrical, 8 mm. br. Leaves. to 6 dm. br. when

. young and flat on water, later raised above water—still larger and concave,

about 2°5 cm. 1. Petals more or less obovate; about. 30, outer

pa one and calyx-like, inner about 9 cm. 1., and 4:5 cm, br., of a primrose

colour. ‘ arate — “yp .
pa is near the N. American N. lutea, and possibly not specifically

istinct. : ced

’ *

_ Faminy XXIV. CERATOPHYLLACE.

Aquatic submerged herbs with long leafy branches. Leaves
whorled, 2-cleft or dichotomously divided, with linéar divisions,
often toothed. Flowers solitary, moncecious, sessile in the axils

' Fig. 75.—Ceratophyllum demersum L. aE
A, Portion of plant x %. * E, Fruit, magnified. .
B Male flower, magnified. s “¥F, Fruit cut lengthwise; c, SS .

ed, a 4 4 plumule. (B-E after K. Schumann,
D, Female flower cut lengthwise showing - F, after Baillon.)
the ovule, magnified.

of the whorls. Perianth with 6-12 narrow equal divisions.
Male flowers: stamens 10-20; anthers almost sessile, slightly
exceeding the perianth ; cells 2, extrorse ; connective produced
into a thick coloured appendage generally 2- or 3-toothed.
Female flowers: ovary 1, sessile, ovoid, 1-celled; style long;
stigmatose ; ovule’1, pendulous. «Fruit an indehiscent nut.

Ceratophyllum _ CERATOPHYLLACEA: , 187

Poricarp leathery or — | often with 3 or more spines.
- Seed without eridosperm ; embryo with oblong, equal cotyledons ;
‘plumule well developed with several leaves.
A single genus with one, or at most two or three species,
- found in fresh water almost all over the world.

CERATOPHYLLUM L.

C. demersum L. Sp. Pl. 992 (1753) ; Macf. Jam. ii. 33;
Griseb. Fl. Br. We Ind. 12; K. Schum..in Fi. Bras. iii. pt. 3, 746,
#.125; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. "236. (Fig. 75.)

yk is Weed.

Shakspear | Lagoon near Waake Macfadyen ; also McNab! also

p Purdie! March\| Ferry, Fawcett é Harris! swamps, St. ae Bay ;
pools, = River Valley ; ila Fl. Jam. 5958, 9983.

Famy XXV. RANUNCULACEA,

“ Herbs or shrubby climbers. Leaves radical and alternate or
opposite. *Flowers hermaphrodite or polyamo-dicecious. Sepals
generally 5 or 4, hypogynous, free, often petaloid, deciduous,
imbricate or valvate. Petals as many as the sepals, or some
or all wanting, imbrigate. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free.
Carpels (in West Indian species) numerous, with one” ovule,
ripening into achenes.

Species about 1,200, dispersed over thé whole ound, but rare
* and generally confined to the mountains in the tropics.

Hee. F ek ee eR Oy Se RB Pa 1. Ranunculus.
Shrubby, olinibing Pesiccd cate onwtt Re oe ee Rey ep ee 2. Clematis.

’ * 4. RANUNCULUS L.

Annual or. perennial herbs. Leaves lobed or compound.
Flowers solitary or cymose, yellow. ‘Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals
usually 5, glandular near the base. Ovule ascending. Achenes
capitate, shortly ‘beaked.

Species about 250, dispersed all over the world, mostly in
_ temperate and frigid regions of the northern hemispher e, a few
in the mountains of the tropics.

Achenes not tubercled..

Stems Creeping ........c..seccercense PROG Ar: Tet ane er "2°R. repens.
Stems not creeping .:..........-- sip oc Da Rls PEs vga 2. R. recurvatus.
Achenes tubercled .,........... a a er PARR 3. BR. parviflorus.

§ 1. Perennial, Achenes not tubercled.

1. R. repens L. Sp. Pl; 554 (1753) ; ; stem creeping ; leaves
3-foliate. —Macf, Jam. i. 3. es _

188 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ranunculus

Catherine’s Peak, Macfadyen also Eggers! Cinchona, 5000 ft., Harris !
Fl, Jam. 6303,—N. America and mountains of Central and Northern
South America, Europe, N. and W, Asia, N. Africa. :

Plant 1 ft. high, villose or pubescent. Leaflets 2-4:5 cm. 1., cuneate,
lobed and toothed, entire in uppermost leaves. S spreading, 6-7
mm. 1. Petals 5, obovate-ellip “1-1'5 em. 1. Achenes 2°5 mm, 1. .
(excl. beak), with a curved beak; receptacle slightly hairy.

Fig. 76.—Ranunewlus repens L. * -
A, Upper portion of stem x 3. Y C, Achene cut lengthwise x.10; 2, endo-
B, Fruit x 3. > *” sperm ; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.

2. R. reeurvatus Poir. Encye. vi. 125, (1804); stems. not .
creeping, leaves 3-cleft.—A. Gr. Synopt. Fl. N. Amer. (ed, Robinson)
i. pt. 1, 33. Sol wept witoog

Morse’s Gap, Blue Mts.; Morris! also Harris! Fl. Jam. 6304; also
G. Nichols !|—N. America from Nova Scotia to Florida. .

Erect, villose. Leaves mostly radical and round-cordate in outline,
3-cleft to beyond the middle, lobes obovate-rhomboid, incised and dentate,
of upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, uppermost leaves (floral) 3-5-sect and
sometimes entire, lanceolate, in the Jamaican speciméns from Morse’s
Gap only the lower surface is villose, the u being quite glabrous,

‘reflexed, 8 mm.1. Petals obovate-elliptical, 3-4*5 mm.1. Achenes
minutely pitted, with a long slender circinate-revolute beak, 2 mm, 1.
(excl. beak) ; receptacle hispi . :

Var. tropicus comb. nov.; leaves 3-foliate or 3-sect.—
R. repens var. tropicus. Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. .1 (1859). R.
cubensis Griseb. Cat. Cub. 1 (1866); Urb. Symb. Ant: vi. 87. .

McNab! Blue Mt. Peak, Macfadyen! Portland Gap, 5600 ft., Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5891—Cuba, Hispaniola. , we ‘3

~ Ranunculus RANUNCULACE 189

§ 2. Annual. Achenes with minutely hooked tubercles,

3. R. parviflorus ZL. Syst. ed. 10, 1087 (1759); stem
ascending-diffuse ; leaves 3-cleft or 3-sect. gga Jam. t. 3
Griseb. "Fl Br. W. Ind. 2.

**Portland Gap; Catherine’s Peak; Pastures at Salt Hill;” Mac-
fadyen! McNab! inchona, 5000 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 8585.—Bermuda,
Southern U, States, Madeira, Canary Islands, Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia,
Australia and N. Zealand.

Slender, diffuse, villose. Leaves floral often antire, linear, segments
coarsely an or laciniate-lobed. Sepals at length reflexed, about as
long as the * oe , Villose on the outside. Petals 2-5, oblong, about
3 mm. 1. henes with a short triangular curving beak, 2 mm. 1. ;
receptacle glabrous.

2, CLEMATIS L.

’ Shrubby climbers: Leaves opposite, usually ternately or
pinnately divided ;* stalk twining. Flowers polygamo-dicecious

Fig. 77.—Clematis dioica L.!

A, Bud of male flower x 2. E, Achene cut lengthwise x7; @, en-
B, Male flower open x 2, . dosperm ; ¢, cotyledons ; 1, radi cle.
Cc, Female at x12 F, Leaf. (A-B, after Eichler.)

D,\ iCarpel x 5. E

in panicles. Sepals 4, petaloid, vive Petals none. Ovule
pendulous. Achenes capitate, each terminated by a long
feathery awn.

190 FLORA OF JAMAICA Temaie - :

Species 170, natives of temperate regions, a nes in the.
tropics.

Cc. dioica L. Syst. ed. 10, 1084 (1759) & Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 765 ;
Macf. Jam. i. 2; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 1; Kichl. in Fl. Bras.
wit. pt. 1, 147, t. 33, f. IE. & t. 35 f. IIL. de. ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
236. CO. caripensis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. v, 36 (1821).
Clematitis prima «&c. Sloane Cat. 84 & Hist.i. 199, t. 128 f.1.
Clematis scandens &c. Browne Hist. _— 255. Type in Herb.
Mus. Brit. (Fig. 77.)

Traveller’s Joy, Wild Clematis.

Road between St. Jago de la Vega and Guanaboa, woods near »

Sloame Herb. iii. 122! Howstown! Wright! Broughton | Macf
Distin! McNab! Manchester, Purdie! J.P. 593 Morris! Yallahs V:
1700 ft.; near Troy, 2000 ft.; Long Mt. west, near Kingston; Cane River
Valley, 200 ft.; Harris! Fi. Jam. 6843, 8810, 8844, 10,056,—Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rica, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, tropical
continental America.

A high climber on shrubs and trees. Leaves (in the Jamaican
specimens) ternate; leaflets in the young plant sessile, in older plarits
stalked, ovate or elliptical, “subcordate. or obtuse, shortly acuminate,
3-5-nerved, to 9 cm. 1. and 7 cm. br. Flowers greenish-white. Sepals
6-8 mm.1. Carpels in female flower surrounded by a ring of staminodes.
Achenes about 20, 4 mm. }.

The long slender branches are used as withes, “The negroes bruise
the leaves of this plant and apply it as a blister ; it is very otpeieet” 2
(Purdie MS8.). ;

Famity XXVI. MENISPERMACE&.

Climbing shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stigialan,
entire; petiole swollen below the limb. Flowers minute,
cymose in panicles or racemes, diccious. Sepals and - petals
various in number in dimerous or trimerous whorls, sometimes
solitary. Stamens in the male flower 4 or 6 (sometimes .in-
definite), staminodes in the female flower various, in W. Indian
genera 6 or wanting ; filaments free or united. - Carpels (in W.
Indian genera) 3 or 1, ovule solitary. Fruit drupaceous. Seed
horsehoe-shaped. ;

Species about 350, almost all tropical.

Leaves ovate or elliptical .:..........06+05 Ravanas ssn err 1. Hyperbena.
Leaves roundish, cordate ........:.6:.cseeseersene snare Ri gains 2. Cissampelos.

1, HYPERBANA Miers.

Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves ovate, elliptical ¢ or oblong,
leathery. . Male flowers in slender panicles, the branches
cymose ; female simpler racemose. Bracts and ‘bracteoles
minute, hairy. Sepals 6 in 2 series, the inner opels about

Hyperbena : MENISPERMACEA 191

double the size of the outer. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals.
Stamens 6, free; in male flowers. Staminodes 6, in female
flowers. Carpels 3, with hook-like styles. Fruit a drupe.
Endosperm wanting ; cotyledons thick, semi-cylindrical, long ;
rile very short.

. Species 10, natives of W. Indies, Central and 8. America.

Male inflorescence longer than the petiole.
Lateral cymules 5-10 mm. 1. Drupe 12cm. diam. 1. H. domingansigs
Lateral cymules 2-3 mm.1. Drupe -7 cm. diam.... 2. H. Srlerionh:
Inflorescence- not longer than the petiole. Drupe
Se a GIRS. AAMAS), ns sux snnpncnes cand canons acanennasniohe+sns 3. H. laurifolia,

Fig. 78.— Hi ypetens domingensis Benth.

A, Portion of stem with flowers and ripe D, Female flower < 10.
fruit x %. E, Pistil from female flower x 60.
B, Male flower with one of the interior *F, G, Embryo xX %; ¢, cotyledons; 7,
sépals bent back x.10. « ° radicle (A, F, G, after Miers ; -B-E,
C, Stamen xX 30. : after Bichier.}

“1. H. domingensis Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. 2,
50 (1861); male inflorescence longer than the petiole, lateral
cymules 5-10 mm. 1. rhachis glabrescent ; drupe 1—1°3 cm. in
diam.—Miers Contrib. Bot. iii. 298, t. 131; Urb. Symb. Ant. é.
306 (excl. H. Prioriana & H. valida) & iv. 238. Diels in Engl.
Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 94, 200. H. reticulata Benth. loc. cit. (in party.
Cocculus domingensis DC. Syst. i. 528 (1818) ; Deless. i. t. 96 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 10 (in part). Pachygone domingensis
Eichl. in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 197, t. 47, f- IT. (1864). (Fig. 78.)

192 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hyperbena

Forsyth; Mt. Diabolo, Prior; near Lighthouse, Negril (fruit, in
March), Harris! Fl. Jam. 10,235. —Cuba, ana Beal Porto Rico,
St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique,

Climbing shrub (Di s) or tree 30 it. high is). Leaves sagen in
shape, elliptical to ovate and to oblanceolate, sometimes pubescent on the
nerves beneath, 4-18 cm. 1., 2°5-11 cm. br., nerves and veins minutely
reticulate, generally prominent on both sides (when dry); petiole
1-2-5 cm. 1., and often kneed below the blade. Jnflorescence 5-25 cm. 1, .
male decompound, female shorter; branches more or less pu ;
Sepais 1°5-1°8 mm. 1. Drupe 2 cm. 1, scarlet, finally black.

2. H. Prioriana Miers Contrib.’ Bot. iii. 301 (1871); male
inflorescence longer than the petiole, lateral cymules 2-3 mm. L,
rhachis and pedicles ferrugineo-puberulous ; drupe small, *7 em.
in diam.— Diels tom. cit. 201.

Moneague, Prior! Malvern (fr. in Sept.) ; Boonie! FL Jam, 9920,
Tree 30 ft. high. Leaves ovate to lanceolate 4°5-7 cm. 1., 2-4 em. br.,
nerves and veins minutely reticulate, prominent on both sides lew tis dry) ;
petiole 2-4 cm. 1. JInjlorescence raceme-like, 3-4°5 cm.1.; r.
wee ferrugineo-puberulous. Sepals 1°6 mm. 1. i obliquely sclece
reniform. =

3. H. laurifolia Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 304 (1899) ; inflorescence .
not longer than the petiole, rhachis and pedicels ferrugineo-
tomentellous; drupe 2°5-3 em: in diam.—Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
238 ; Diels tom. cit. 203. H. reticulata Benth. loc. tit (in part).
H. valida Miers in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, wiz. 95 (1867)
& Contrib. Bot. iii. 302. Cissampelos laurifolia Poir, Eneye. v. 11.

Holland Bay (fr. in July), Pwniie, —Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Mont-
serrat.

A small tree 10-16 ft. high. "Leaves oblong to lanceolate, 7-22 om. L.,
8-7 cm. br.;. nerves and veins minutely reticulate, prominent on both
sides (when dry) ; or ag 1°5-3 em. 1. Inflorescences raceme-like, clustered,
Sepals *75-1°5 mm.

2. CISSAMPELOS 1.

Climbing shrubs, Leaves roundish . or roundish-ovate,
subcordate, peltate or with the stalk. inserted at the margin.
Male flowers in paniculate-corymbose cymes ; female in simple
cymes, generally in clusters at the axils of roundish bracts.
Male flowers: sepals 4; petals united into a short cup ;
stamens connate into a column, peltate at the apex with 4 sessile
anthers on the margin (in the W. Indian species). Female
flowers : sepal 1; petal 1, opposite the sepal, and shorter than
it; carpel 1, style 3- lobed, lobes sometimes 2-lobed. Dru
subglobose, more or less hispid. Embryo curved, within “the .
endosperm ; radicle as long as the cotyledons.

Species about 20, natives of tropical America and South
cise one (C. pareira) being’ ‘found in tropics of both worlds.

Cissampelos MENISPERMACE 193

C. pareira L. Sp. Pl. 1031 (1753); Wright Mem. 200;
Sw. Obs. 380, t. 10, f.5; Macf. Jam. i. 16; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 10; Miers Contrib. Bot. iii. 139 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 237 ;
Diels in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 94, 286. C. Caapeba L. Sp.
Pl. 1032 (1753). C. microcarpa DC. Syst. i. 534 (1818) ; Maef.
Jam. i. 17; Miers tom. cit. 149, ¢t 115. C. heterophylla
DO Syst. i. 534 (1818); Miers tom. cit. 145. OC. tomentosa
DC. Syst. i. 535 (1818) ; Miers tom. cit. 152. C. consociata Miers
in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, wvii. 136 (1866) & Contrib.
Bot, iti. 167. C. diffusa Miers in Ann. & Mag. loc. cit. & Contrib.

Fig. 79.—Cissampelos pareira L.

A, Male inflorescence xX 4. E, Drupe cut lengthwise x 4; e, endo-
B, Male flower in section x 10, sperm ; c, cotyledons; 1, radicle.
C, Female inflorescence x 6. (After Baillon.)

D, Female flower in section « 12.

Bot. iii. 168. C. baccifera &e. Sloane Cat. 85 & Hist. i. 200;
Plum. Ic. ined. ti. 130 & Deser. Pl. Amer. 78, t. 93. OC. scandens
foliis &e. Browne Hist. Jam. 357. (Fig. 79.)

Velvet Leaf, Pareira Brava,

Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. iii. 123*, 124! Howstown! Shakspear |!
Browne ; Wright! Broughton! Bancroft! Macfadyen! Distin! McNab!
Torner! Manchester, Purdie! Carpenter Mts., Heward! Wilson! March!
Cinchona; Castleton, J.P. 668, 1193, Morris! near Hope, 700 ft., Fawcett!
Troy, 2000 ft.; Hope; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6968, 8737.

Leaves pubescent on both sides, or only underneath, or glabrate,
2-12 cm. 1. and br. Male flower: sepals 1-1°5 mm. 1.; corolla :8-1:6 mm.
in diam, Female flower: sepal 1-1°5 mm. 1.; petal -5-:8 mm. L,
1-1'5 mm. br. Drupe 4-5 mm. 1.

0

194 FLORA OF JAMAICA Annona

Famiry XXVIT. ANNONACEA.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules.
Flowers terminal or opposite the leaves or axillary, solitary or
clustered, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, more or less united at the
base, valvate. Petals 6, in two series, valvate or slightly
imbricate, the inner series sometimes very small or altogether
wanting. Stamens generally numerous (6-18 in Bocagea) on the
thick receptacle ; connective produced beyond the cells of the
anther. Carpels numerous or 1-6, free or somewhat cohering ;
ovules 1 erect, or 2-8 affixed to the ventral suture. Carpels
fleshy, free or united into a single large fruit. Seeds with
copious ruminate endosperm. Embryo minute near the hilum.

Species about 800, natives mostly of the tropics, a few only
being found in subtropical regions.

Carpels united into a single fruvit.............sccceeeesessecseeeesesenes 1. Annona.
Carpels free.

Connective truncate. Ovules 2-6 in each carpel............ 2. Xylopia.
Connective long produced. Ovule one in each carpel.,... 3. Oxandra.

1. ANNONA L.

Small trees or shrubs. Flowers generally solitary, stalked,
terminal or opposite the leaves. Sepals minute. Petals of the
outer series fleshy, more or less partially closed ; inner petals
somewhat similar or smaller or wanting. Receptacle hemi-
spherical. Carpels numerous, often cohering; ovule solitary,
erect. Fruit large, formed of the united carpels.

Species 60, natives of tropics in America, Asia and Africa.

§ 1. Petals 6, the 3 inner conspicuous. Leaves

glabrous.
Fruit with long, curved spines ...............:.00. L. A. muricata.
Fruit with minute, straight spines ...............0.. 2. A. montana,

Fruit smooth.

Inner petals only slightly shorter than the
OUGEE econ es FesvcaededctadduMcscbeventeccdts cuens 3. A. glabra.
Inner petals much shorter than the outer... 4. A. palustris.
§2. Inner petals reduced to minute scales, or
wanting.

Petals oblong, keeled on the inner side.

Leaves elliptical-oblong or lanceolate.

Fruit tuberculate.............ceeerseeeeeees 5. A. squamosa,

TROIS SMMOOERI: Fs I es ei eeee ceo 6. A. reticulata.
Leaves elliptical, velvety or downy beneath.

Veulbeamooth: hii). idtasstiie hated. 7. A. cherimola.

Fruit tuborculate..........ccccccceeeeeceeeees 8. A. pretermissa.

Petals ovate. Leaves oblong-elliptical, downy
beneath with minute hairs .........ccccesceeeees 9. A. jamaicensis.

Annona ANNONACE 195

§ 1. Petals 6, the 3 inner conspicuous.

1. A. murieata L. Sp. Pl. 536 (1753) ; leaves obovate-oblong,
shortly acuminate; fruit very large, ovoid, oblong-ovoid or
cordate-oblong, green, areolated, the areoles produced into a
large, fleshy, curved spine.—Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Ed. pict. t. 161;
Tussac Fl. Ant. ii. t.24 ; Dun. Anon. 62 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 4 ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 241. A. maxima foliis latis &c. Sloane Cat.
203 & Hist. ii. 166, t. 225. A. foliis oblongo-ovatis nitidis dc.
Browne Hist. Jam. 255. A. foliis ovatis &e. Plum. Pl. Amer.
(Burm.) t. 143, f. 1.

Sour Sop.

Sloane Herb. vii. 90, 94! Thompson! Fl, Jam. 7256. Hope, Harris |—
W. Indies, cultivated in continental tropical America and West Africa.

A small tree 15-25 ft. high. Leaves 10-15(-25) cm. 1., 3°5-4°5(-8)
cm. br. Petals yellow, outer cordate-ovate, sometimes shortly acuminate,
8-3-5 cm. 1., 2-8 em. br., 2 mm. thick, inner ovate, obtuse, shortly clawed,
appearing in the flower only slightly shorter than the outer. Fruit 15-20
em. l., 8-10 cm. br.; pulp white. Seeds black or brown, 1°5 cm. 1., 1 cm. br.

The fruit is slightly acid, with a flavour of black currants; the pulp
squeezed out is a favourite dish, it may be mixed with sugar and water as
a drink, or made into an ice. It is considered an antiscorbutic and
febrifuge. The unripe fruit is sometimes cooked as a vegetable, and a
powder prepared from the dried unripe fruit has been used in the treat-
ment of dysentery.

2. A. montana Macf. Jam. i. 7 (1837) ; leaves oblong-elliptical,
very shortly and abruptly acuminate, shining on upper surface ;
fruit small, globose, covered with small, fleshy, straight spinules.
—Griseb. loc. cit.; Urb. loc. cit.

Mountain or Wild Sour Sop.

Orchard, Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen; Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts.,
J. P. 1457; Hart! Green Valley, Johnson! Yallahs Valley, 1700 ft. ; Troy,
1600 ft.; Hope River Valley, Harris! Fl. Jam. 6862, 9446, 9979.—Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Guiana.

A low tree 15 ft. kigh. Leaves 7-13°5 cm. 1., 3-5°5 cm. br. Petais
olive-green, outer roundish-ovate, subacuminate, 3-3°5 cm. 1., 2-2°5
cm. br., inner roundish-elliptical, of nearly the same size as the outer, but
thinner; claw 4-6 mm.1. Frwit about 5 cm. in diam., dry, not edible.
Seeds brown, nearly 2 cm. 1., 1 cm. br.

3. A. glabra L. Sp. Pl. 537 (1753) ; leaves oblong or oblong-
elliptical, acute; inner petals only slightly shorter than the
outer; fruit broadly ovate, apex rounded, faintly areolated,
smooth.—Sarg. Silv. i. 29, tt. 17, 18; Dun. Anon. 74. A. lauri-
folia Dun. Anon. 65 (1817); Griseb. loc. cit. A. maxima foliis
latis &e. Catesby Nat. Hist. Carol. 64, t. 64.

Pond Apple.

St. Ann, McNab.— Florida, Bahamas, Hispaniola, St. Thomas,
St. Cruz.
o 2

196 FLORA OF JAMAICA Annona
A small free 80-40 ft. high. Leaves 7-14 cm. 1., 4-6 om. br. Petals

pale yellow or dirty white, outer roundish, shortly acuminate, 2°5-3 cm. 1.,
With a red spot inside near base; inner narrower. Fruit broadly ovate,

y.

Fig. 80.—Annona squamosa L.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and &, Fruit x 4}.
flowers X }.

F, Seed x 4.
B, Flower x 3. G, Do, cut across x %.
C, Receptacle and petal x 3. H, Do. cut lengthwise x 2.
D, Petal x 2. (From a drawing by hiss H. Wood.)

truncate or depressed at base, rounded at apex, 75-12 cm. 1., 5-8 cm. br.,
yellow when quite ripe; flesh “light green, slightly. Sueeaahns insipid
edible but of no comestible value” (Sargent). Seed about 1-5 cm. 1., an

1 cm. br.

Annona ANNONACEZ 197

4. A. palustris L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 757 (1762); leaves oblong-
elliptical, shortly acuminate, veins prominent beneath; inner
petals much shorter than the outer ; fruit ovoid-roundish, apex
rounded, faintly areolated, smooth.—Dun. Anon. 65 ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 4226; Macf. Jam. i. 18; Griseb. op. cit. 5; Urb. loc. cit.
A. aquatica &e. Sloane Cat. 205 & Hist. it. 169, ¢. 228, f. 1.
A. uliginosa &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 256. <A. fructu viridi Xe.
Catesby tom. cit. 67, t. 67.

Alligator Apple, Cork Wood.

Bridge over Black River in St. Dorothy, Sloane (seeds only)! Wright!
Shakspear! Wilson ; Ferry River, Harris |—Bahamas, Cuba, ree TS ae
Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan., Antigua, Guadeloupe, Saintes,
Martinique, St. Vincent, S. America, W. Africa.

A small tree 6-15 ft. high. Leaves T-15 cm. 1., 3°5-5°5 cm. br. Petals
outer roundish-ovate, very shortly acuminate, greenish-yellow, 2 cm. l.,
about 1°5 cm. br.; inner externally whitish, internally of a dark blood
colour, about 1:5 cm. 1. and 1 cm, br. Frwit about 7 cm. 1, 6 cm. br.
Seeds brown, about 1°5 cm, 1., 1 cm. br.

The fruit has a pleasant smell, but the taste is disagreeable, and it is
supposed to be poisonous. Alligators are said to be very fond of the fruit,
whence one of its common names. The wood is light and soft, and is
called Cork Wood from the uses to which it is put; it is used as cork to
stop jugs, bottles and casks, as floats for fishing nets, and is made into
rafts for fishing.

§ 2. Petals 3, the inner series reduced to minute scales,
or wanting.

5. A. squamosa L. Sp. Pl. 537 (1753); leaves oblong,
oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptical ; flowers generally several
in a cluster; petals oblong, keeled on the inner side, inner
series wanting; fruit tuberculate-—Jacqg. Sel. Stirp. Ed. pict.
t. 162; Tussac Fl. Ant. wii. t. 4; Dun. Anon. 69; Bot. Mag.
t. 3095; Macf. Jam. i. 9; Griseb. loc. cit.; Urb. tom cit. 242.
A. cinerea, Dun. Anon. 71, t. 8 (1817). A. foliis odoratis &e.
Sloane Cat. 205 & Hist. ti. 168, t. 227. A. foliis oblongo-
ovatis undulatis‘&c. Browne loc. cit. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.
(Fig. 80.)

Sweet Sop.

Sloane Herb. vii. 96, 97, 98! Wright! Shakspear| J.P. 592, Morris
Hope, Fawcett! near Kingston, McNab! (a pubescent form, A. cinerea
Dun.)—West Indies, cultivated in the tropics.

A small tree or shrub, about 15-20 ft. high. Leaves T-14(-17) cm. 1.,
3-4(-5°5) cm. br. (those on the flowering branches much smaller),
slightly pubescent on nerves or glabrate. Petals 1°6-2(-2°5) cm. L,
hollowed out and coloured purple at the base. Fruit 8-9 cm. br.,
globular; pulp white with a tinge of yellow. Seeds dark brownish.

The fruit is edible, sweet, and when grown in the hills, of excellent
flavour, as good as the Cherimoya.

6. A. reticulata L. Sp. Pl. 537 (1753); leaves oblong-
lanceolate or oblong-elliptical ; petals oblong, keeled on the inner

198 FLORA OF JAMAICA Annona

side; fruit smooth, reticulate-areolate.—Tussac Fl. Ant. i. t. 29 ;
Dun. Anon. 72; Bot. Mag. tt. 2911, 2912; Macf. Jam. i. 10;
Griseb. loc. cit.; Urb. loc. cit. A. maxima foliis oblongis &e.
Sloane Cat. 204 & Hist. ii. 167, t. 226. A. foliis lanceolatis &e.
Plum. Pl. Amer. (Burm.) t. 143 f. 2. A. foliis oblongis &e.
Browne loc. cit. Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Custard Apple, Cwur de Beuf,

Sloane Herb. vii. 94*! Wright! Swartz! Blue Mts., Macfadyen.—
West Indies, cultivated in the tropics.

A small tree 15-30 ft. high. Leaves 10-20 cm. 1., 3-5(2) cm. br.
Petals 2-3 cm. 1., hollowed out and coloured purple at the base. Frwit
9-10 cm. in diam. ; ; subglobose, depressed at the ey ay Seeds brown.

The fruit is edible, and rather luscious. It is said . bea remedy for
diarrhcea and dysentery.

7. A. echerimola Mill. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5 (1768); leaves
elliptical, velvety beneath ; petals oblong, keeled on the inner
side, inner minute.—Dun. Anon. 72 ; Macf. Jam. i. 9 ; Griseb.
loc. cit. A. tripetala Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 252 (1789) ; Bot. Mag.
t. 2011. A. foliis ovatis &c. Trew Pl. Select. 16, t. 49. Type in
Herb. Mus Brit.

Cherimoya.

Cinchona, Fawcett! Harris! Fl. Jam. 7675, 9373.—Andes.

A small tree usually about 15 ft. high. Leaves 7-14 cm. 1., 4-9 cm. br.
Petals, outer 2-2°5 cm. 1. Fruit usually as large as the Sour So

especially under cultivation, of a light green colour; pulp white; 8
black.

‘*The fruit is one of the most delicious of the kind, there being a slight
agreeable acidity mingled with a luscious sweetness nv (Macfadyen). The
fruit is brought from Madeira to Great Britain, and sold under the name
of ‘‘ custard apple.”

8. A. preetermissa Fawc. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. lii. 74
(1914) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-elliptical, downy beneath with
minute ‘adpressed hairs ; buds acuminately conical ; petals oblong ;
fruit areolate, tuberculate. Type in Herb. Jam.

Craig Hill, near Petersfield and Gordon Town, 2400 ft., June (1902),
Fawcett | also, June (1913), Harris! Fl. Jam. 11,648.

A small tree, about 15-30 ft. high. Leaves 12-18 em. 1,, 4°5-8°5 cm.
br.; petiole 13-16 mm. 1. Pedunele 1-2-flowered, very short to 1°5 em. 1. :

icels very short tol-5em.1. Sepals 2-5-3 mm.1. Petals 3, 2-2°5 cm.

, *5em. br. Stamens 2mm.1.; anther about 1-5 mm.1. Frwit globose,

about 6 cm. in diam. ; tubercles usually hooked at the apex. Seeds 17 mm.
1., 10 mm. br.

9. A. jamaicensis Sprague in Bull. Herb. Boiss. sér, 2, v. 701
(1905) ; leaves oblong-elliptical, downy beneath with minute
adpressed hairs; buds ovate ; petals 3, ovate ; fruit tuberculate.
—Safford in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. avi. 274. A. sericea
Griseb. loc, cit. (excl. distribution) non Dunal. Type in
Herb. Kew.

Annona ANNONACEE 199

Wild Cherimoya.

Near Bath, Purdie! Wilson! March! Prior! Sheldon Road, 2500 ft. ;
Berwick, Blue Mts.; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
6861, 11,058; Hampton, St. Cruz Mts., Britton, 1196.

A small tree, 20-25 ft. high. Leaves 10-20 cm. 1., 5-9 cm. br. Petals 3,
11-12 mm.1.,8 mm. br. Fruit globose, 4°5-5°5 cm. in diam.; tubercles
hooked at the apex. Seeds 14-15 mm. 1., 6-7 mm. br.

2. XYLOPIA L.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers axillary, sessile
or shortly stalked. Petals, the outer long and narrow, thick,
connivent or scarcely open, the inner included, narrower, 3-angled
above, slightly shorter than the outer. Stamens on the outer
side of the cup-shaped receptacle which encloses the carpels ;
connective dilated, truncate beyond the anther. Carpels 1-5,
distinct, with the long styles exserted; ovules 2—6, ventral.
Berries somewhat oblong or ellipsoidal. Seed with scale-like aril
at base, sometimes hairy. Bitter Wood. African Pepper.

Species about 100, natives of tropics in America, including
the West Indies, West Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, Malaya,
New Caledonia.

Leaves glabrous, elliptical, 4-7 cm. 1. ..........sccseeeeeeenes 1, X. glabra.
Leaves strigose on midrib beneath, lanceolate, 7-8 cm. 1. 2. X. muwricata.
Leaves glabrous above, sericeous beneath, lanceolate,

GL PRR Bag sree oh Be cco nine o's ons aah cceepePp aging te oom cede 3. X. grandiflora.

1. X. glabra LD. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1367 (1763) non Syst. ed. 10,
1250 (1759); leaves elliptical, apex acute, obtuse or shortly
acuminate, glabrous.—Dun. Anon. 121, t. 19; Macf. Jam. t. 13;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 6. Xylopicron foliis &ce. Browne Hist.
Jam. 251.

White Lancewood.

Hills near Bull Bay, Browne; Masson! Wright! March! Prior! near
Troy, 2000 ft., “‘ White Lancewood”’; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft. ;
Harris! Fl, Jam. 9488, 10,869, 10,943, 10,945, 11,067; Union Hill,
Moneague, Britton ¢ Hollick, 2792!

A tree, 15-40(-60) ft. high. Leaves 4-7 cm. 1., 2-3 cm. br. Flowers
2-4 in a cluster, shortly stalked. Calyx about 2 mm.1. Petals white,
outer about 8 mm.1. Berries nearly 2°5 cm. |. (incl. short stalk), about
*5 om. “ibd narrowly oblong, with about three seeds in each. Seeds about
8 mm. 1.

According to Browne, the wood, bark and berries have a warm bitter
agreeable taste. The wild pigeons are said to feed much upon the berries,
and owe to them the delicate bitterish flavour, so peculiar to them. The
wood is easily worked, and is considered a useful timber where it is not
exposed to the weather. The fruits of many species of the genus are
used as aromatics and condiments.

Linneus founded his X. glabra Syst. ed. 10 on Pluk. Phyt. t. 238
(errore 234), f. 4, the original of which in Herb. Sloane xcviii. 177 is
however a specimen of Anona squamosaL, X. glabra L. must therefore

200 FLORA OF JAMAICA Xylopia

be quoted from Sp. Pl. ed. 2, where Linneus cites also Brown. Jam, 251;
Browne’s description agrees with the plant now understood by this name,
It is interesting to note that Browne doubts the identity of Plukenet’s
plant with his own.

2. X. murieata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1250 (1759); leaves
lanceolate, long-acuminate, strigose on midrib beneath.—Dun.
Anon. 120; Macf. Jam. 13. X. jamaicensis Griseb. loc. cit. (1859).
Xylopicrum fruticosum &e. Browne Hist. Jam. 250, t. 5, f. 2.
Type in Herb. Linn.

Fig. 81.—Xylopia grandiflora A. St. Hil.

A, Twig with flowers x 2. E, Stamen x 8.
B, ee of flower with petals removed F, Berry cut lengthwise, nat. size.

x 2. G, Seed cut lengthwise, showing the aril
C, Outer petal x 4. a) and the embryo (em) x 24.
D, Inner petal x *. After A. Richard.)

Mts. in Sixteen Mile Walk, Browne ; Prior! March! Ramble, Claremont,
Fawcett & Harris! Tyre, near Troy, 2000 ft. (‘‘ Lancewood”’); Peckham,
Clarendon, 2300 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 7033, 9477, 11,064.

A tree 20-30 ft. high. Leaves 7-8 cm. 1, 1°3-2°5 cm. br. Flowers
generally 2 in a cluster, shortly stalked. Calyx about 25 mm.1. Petals,
outer 1*4-1°5 cm. l. Berries 2°5-3 cm. 1., 1°6-1°8 cm. br., ellipsoidal,
stalked, with about 3 seeds in each. Seeds about 8 mm, 1.

3. X. grandiflora A. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. 40, t. 8 (1825) ;
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous on upper surface, seri-
ceous beneath, midrib puberulous on both sides.—Griseb. loc. cit.

Xylopia ANNONACEA! 201

X. cubensis A. Rich. in Sagra Cub. a. 16, t. 36 (1845).
(Fig. 81.)

Without collector’s name or locality, Grisebach loc. cit.— Cuba, Is. of
Pines, Trinidad, Panama and tropical South America.

A tree. Leaves 9-13 cm. 1., 2°5-4 cm. br. Flowers 2 or 3 in a cluster,
shortly stalked. Calyx 4-5 mm.1. Petals, outer 3°3cm.1. Berries 1°2 to
nearly 2 cm. 1., ‘6-1 cm. br., somewhat oblong-ellipsoidal; seeds 2-4.

The berries are used in the pharmacies of Brazil for medicinal
purposes; they are said to be energetic tonics for the stomach and
intestines, on which they have a binding, carminative, and stimulant
action. They are gathered, like pimento, before they are ripe, and are of
equal virtue as a condiment for seasoning meat, fish, &c.

8. OXANDRA A. Rich.

Trees or shrubs. Flowers solitary or clustered, axillary or
lateral. Bracts numerous, like the sepals but smaller, imbricated
in 2 rows, inserted either from the base to the apex of the

Fig. 82.—Oxamdra laurifolia A. Rich.

A, Twig with flowers x 2. ¥F, Berry X 4.
B, Flower with 5 petals removed x 4. G, Do. with pericarp cut away to show
C, Receptacle with some of the stamens seed X 4.

and carpels x 4. H, Seed cut lengthwise, showing the
D, Stamen x 8. embryo (em) X 4.
E, Carpel cut lengthwise x 8. (After A. Richard.)

peduncle or only in an involucre at the base. Sepals imbricate.
Petals 6 in two series, imbricate, inner slightly shorter than the
outer, erect-spreading. Stamens numerous ; connective produced

202 FLORA OF JAMAICA Oxandra

above the extrorse anthers into a long, tapering appendage.
Receptacle convex. Carpels numerous, distinct ; ovule 1, erect.
Berries ellipsoidal, stalked. Lancewood.

Species 8, natives of tropical America (incl. West Indies).

Leaves oblong-elliptical, 8-16 om. L............c0ee0es 1. O. laurifolia,
Leaves elliptical, 4-10 cm. 1. ........cc.ceeseeeees seveee 2. O. lanceolata.

1. 0. laurifolia A. Rich. in Sagra Cub. 20, t. 8 (1845) ;
leaves oblong-elliptical, acuminate, villose underneath when
young; flowers axillary and lateral, clustered or subsolitary ;
outer petals oblong, obtuse ; berries stalked.—Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 7; Urb. Symb, Ant. iv. 239. Uvaria laurifolia Sw. Fl.
Ind. Oce. 1001 (1800). Guatteria laurifolia Dun. Anon. 132,
t. 32 (1817); Macf. Jam. i. 14. Bocagea laurifolia Benth. &
Hook. f. Gen. Pl. i. 29 (1862) ; Fawe. Fl. Pl. Jam.1. Arbor foliis
ovatis glabris &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 370. (Fig. 82.)

Portland, Browne; Priestmans River, Deans!—Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Guadeloupe.

Tree, 50 ft. and over, 12-18 in. in diam. and more. Leaves 8-16 cm. l.,
3-5 cm. br.; petiole stout, 3 mm. 1. Calyx 1°5 mm. 1. Petals white,
7mm.1. Berries 11-16 mm. 1., 8-10 mm. br.

A good timber tree, especially where strength or elasticity is required.
This species seems to be confined to the north-eastern portion of the
island. See remarks on the next species, which are also applicable here.

2. 0. lanceolata Baill. in Adansonia viii. 168 (1868); leaves
elliptical, acuminate, tapering to base; flowers axillary, sub-
solitary ; outer petals obovate-roundish ; berries subsessile.—
Urb. loc. cit. O. virgata A. Rich. loc. cit.; Griseb. loc. cit.
Uvaria lanceolata Sw. Prodr. 87 (1788). U. virgata Sw. Fl.
Ind. Occ. 999. Guatteria virgata Dun. Anon. 131, t. 31 (1817);
Macf. Jam. i. 14. Bocagea virgata Benth. & Hook. f. loc. cit.;
Fawe. loc. cit.

Black lancewood.

March! Hope, 700 ft.; Grandvale, Westmoreland, 500 ft.; Troy,
1400 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam, 6720, 6863, 7099, 8618, 9431.—Cuba, His-
paniola, Porto Rico.

A straight-growing tree, to 30 ft. high, and 8-12 ins. indiam. Leaves
4-10 cm, . 2-4 cm. br.; petiole 1-2 mm. 1. Calyx about 2°2 mm, l.
Petals 4-5 mm.1. Berries 11-12 mm. 1., 7-9 mm. br.

The wood is tough, strong and elastic, with very fine, dense grain and
lustrous surface ; it is extremely hard, equalling boxwood. It is pre 789
into England under the name of “ lancewood spars” for carriage building,
It is also used for lances, fishing-rods, ramrods and general turnery.
Weight 52-63 lbs. per cubic foot.

LAURACE 203

Famiry XXVIII. LAURACEA.,

Trees or shrubs or parasitic twining herbs (Cassytha).
Leaves alternate, pinnately-nerved (subtriplinerved in Phebe
montana); stipules wanting. Flowers small, in cymes at the
apex of peduncles, forming axillary panicles, or (in Cassytha)
in spikes or racemes, hermaphrodite or (in Ocotea) diccious,
regular. Perianth, tube often very short, generally developing
into a cupule at the base of the fruit; segments of the limb
generally 6, in a double series, the outer series being sometimes
smaller than the alternating inner series. Stamens opposite the
perianth-segments, in a double ring, an outer ring of 6 perfect
stamens, and an inner ring of which 3 are perfect, alternating
with 3 staminodes which are often very small or altogether
wanting ; in Misanteca the outer ring and the staminodes are
wanting. Filaments free or (in Misanteca) united into a staminal
tube, sometimes very short or wanting; those of the perfect
stamens of the inner ring with a gland at each side of the base.
Anthers with 2 or 4 cells, opening by valves, those of the outer
ring inwards and those of the inner ring outwards or laterally.
Ovary free, 1-celled with 1 ovule pendulous from near the apex.
Fruit a 1-seeded berry, with the perianth enlarged and persistent;
or only the tube persistent, forming a cupule at the base of the
berry, or with the whole perianth deciduous (in Hufelandia).
Seed without endosperm. Embryo straight ; cotyledons thick
and fleshy ; plumule and hypocotyl conspicuous.

Species, about 1000, for the most part natives of the warmer
regions of America, Asia, Australia and the islands in the
Pacific ; a few are found beyond the tropics in N. and 8. America,
the Mediterranean Region, the Canary Islands, 8. Africa and
New Zealand, and a few also in tropical Africa.

KEY FOR FLOWERS.
Leafy trees or shrubs. -

Anthers 2-celled.
SGM F503 dos iTETR s cde sdasveodhvauesttlete oveatbeesed 1. Hufelandia,
GAMES: Di TIO i enn sieen eh Seiahs dev ccddsdedtuedecddibes 2. Misanteca.

Anthers of the outer ring 4-celled.
Staminodes large, sagittate.
Lower cells of anthers touching the upper at
theside. Leaves pinnately-nerved............ 8. Persea.
Lower cells of anthers touching the upper at
their base. Leaves subtriplinerved in
JAMBICAN SPCCIOB...0.....secrecrsccsrrsareceeresencs 4. Phebe.
Staminodes none or stalk-like, sometimes clavate.
Anther-cells, one directly above the other, in

BIRIRR a Noes hentia. cnchivadedesrassmaadghogtgeiieees 5. Ocotea.
Anther-cells of the outer ring more or less in
& DOW-ShAPEd CULVE.......s0eeceerceeseeerssceeeees 6. Nectandra.

Twining, parasitic herbs, the leaves represented by small
MMMEIR On asdatesk a tno dawess co ons 640b6hCas0scegns on ftv ed Ghudeneetvesne eben 7. Cassytha.

204 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hufelandia

KEY FOR FRUITS.

Leafy trees or shrubs.
Fruit without a cupulle.............ccccsecesercsesessercerens 1. Hufelandia,
Fruit with a cupule.
Perianth-segments persistent in fruit.
Segments enlarged only at base, not

oie pick haped (edible)

ruit globose, or pear-s ible).
Leaves ath niet ese 3. Persea.

Fruit ellipsoidal. Leaves subtripli-

nerved in Jamaican species............ 4, Phebe.
Segments enlarged generally.
Oran FING oi on Aaahe iad pt vce shy send tag dat igus Ocotea floribunda.
Cupule le sere Sse fcedhe « «deus tsnase tne aeiel Ocotea staminea.
Perianth-segments deciduous in fruit.

Cupule- bell-shaped, hemispherical, 2-

SNR ahisis 0 i 555%. 50 5eda1- caedch » haamadeene 2. Misanteca.
Cupule saucer-shaped or flat, 1-margined... 5. Ocotea, or
6. Nectandra.

Twining parasitic herbs. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged
persistent porianth ....:...60...scecscseosecesevssccoeeessecseeves 7. Cassytha.

1. HUFELANDIA Nees.

Perianth, tube very short ; segments 6, subequal ; the whole
perianth deciduous in the fruit. Stamens 9; anthers 2-celled ;
glands large, roundish ; staminodes large, cordate-sagittate.
Berry ellipsoidal, without a cupule ; pedicel somewhat thickened.

Species 7 or 8, natives of tropical America, one species
occurring in the West Indies.

H. pendula Nees Plant. Laur. 22 (1833) & Syst. 188;
Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 1, 65; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 280 ;
Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 20, t. IT. f. 2, TTI. f. 8, 25, 25a ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 243. H. Thomea Nees Plant. Laur. 23 & t.
(1833) & Syst. 189. Laurus pendula Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Oce. 719. Beilschmiedia pendula Benth. & Hook. f. Gen.
Pl, iii. 152 (1880) ; Fawe. Fl. Pl. Jam. 33. B. Thomea Benth.
& Hook. f. loc. cit. (1880) ; Fawe. loc. cit. Laurus foliis obverse &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 214. (Fig. 83.)

Slog-wood or Slug-wood; Laurier madame (Dominica).
In fl. March-Sept.; in fr. Sept., Nov., Feb.; Swartz! Caley! Mac-
fadyen! St. Mary, Purdie! March! Browns Town, Prior! Silver Hill;
Spanish River; Doll Wood; Whitfield Hall, 4850 ft.; Troy, 1600 ft.;
Harris! near Mandeville, 2100 ft., Harris € Brition! Fl. Jam. 5286, 53826,
5575, 9447, 10,594.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, Montserrat,
Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia.
Tree 20-45(-60) ft. high. Leaves elliptical, base wedge-shaped, apex
enerally shortly acuminate, areolate on both sides, nerves prominent
neath, slightly puberulous beneath when young, at length glabrous on
both sides, 5-16 cm. 1., 2-55 om. br. Panicles lax, few-flowered. Flowers

Hufelandia LAURACER 205

greenish-yellow, 2-2°5 mm.1. Perianth-segments roundish or roundish-
elliptical. Berry black, elongated-ellipsoidal, 2°7-3°3 cm. 1, 1°3-1°5
cm. br.

The timber is useful for general purposes, the wood being hard, and
standing exposure.

Fig. 83.—Hufelandia pendula Nees.
A, Inflorescence and leaf x 3. E, Staminode x 20.
B, Flower x 6. F, Gland x 12.
C, Do. cut lengthwise and flattened some- G, Fruit cut lengthwise x %; c, cotyledons ;

what X 6

5 p, plumule ; 7, radicle.
D, Exterior anther x 12.

2. MISANTECA Cham. & Schl.

Perianth, tube evident, fleshy ; segments 6, small, scale-like,
deciduous in fruit.. Stamens 3, united into a tube, glandular
below ; the 2-celled anthers opening outwards. Berry oblong-
ellipsoidal or ovoid, surrounded by the enlarged cupule-like
perianth-tube usually with a double margin.

Species 4, natives of tropical America.

M. triandra Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 103 (1889) ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 244. Laurus triandra Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788)
& Fl. Ind. Occ. 706. Acrodiclidium jamaicense Nees Syst. 270
(1836) ; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 1, 85; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 280. Symphysodaphne cubensis Rich. in Sagra Cub. xi. 190,
t. 67 (1850). (Fig. 84.)

Sweet-wood.

In fi. Oct.; in fr. March-July; Wright! Swartz! Macfadyen| Har-
mony Hall; St. Mary; McNab! Prior; Wilson! March! Green Valley,

206 FLORA OF JAMAICA Misanteca

J.P. 1277, Morris! Robertsfield, J.P. 1875, Hart! Plato; Green Valley,
2000-2200 ft.; Tweedside; Chester Vale, 8000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 596
5488, 5630, 5728, 6816, 11,003.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

Tree 30-40 ft. high. Leaves narrowly elliptical, acuminate, nerves and
veins obscurely prominulous above, distinctly beneath, glabrous, 6-12 em.
1, 2°5-4-5 cm. br. Inflorescence paniculate, becoming corymbose in fruit.
Flowers subumbellate at the apex of the peduncles, about 2°5 mm. lL.

Fig. 84.—Misanteca triandra Mez.

A, Portion of flowering branch x 3. D, Young fruit x 3.
B, Flower cut lengthwise x 10. E, Mature fruit x 3.
C, Staminal tube x 10.

Perianth, tube funnel-shaped, about 1} times as long as the lobes,
Anthers evident when flower opens, about 1 mm. 1. Glands dilated-
cordate, two often united, arising at about half the height of the staminal
tube. Staminodes none. Pistil about 2 mm.1. Berry 2 cm.1,1°2 cm.
br.; when young almost enclosed by the cupule; cupule mage 1X;
hemispherical, bright red, covering about one-third of the berry; cel
somewhat thickened.

8. PERSEA Gaertn. f.

Leaves somewhat leathery, generally puberulous beneath.
Inflorescence, joints often broadening somewhat upwards.
Perianth, tube none; segments, outer 4-} as long as the
inner (subequal in P. americana), persistent in fruit. Stamens
9; anthers 4-celled (but those of the inner stamens 2-celled in
P. Urbaniana); staminodes large, cordate-sagittate, stalked.
Berry globose or elliptical, or pear-shaped in P. americana ;

Persea LAURACEA 207

perianth-segments spreading, not enlarged in fruit ; the pedicel
not thickened, or only slightly, in fruit.

Species 63, widely dispersed through N. and 8. America,
6 species occurring in the West Indies, 2 or 3 in temperate

Fig. 85.—Persea americana Mill.
A, Leaf and inflorescence x 3. D, One-third of the lower portion of the
» Flower x 3. fruit with the stone x 4.
C, Pistil cut lengthwise x 3.

N. America, 2 in Chile, 1 in the Canary Isles, 3 in China and

1 in Australia.

Inflorescence much shorter than the leaves.

{Flowers 6-7 mm. 1. Perianth-segments subequal...... P. americana.
Flowers 3-4 mm. lf Outer perianth-segments one-
UniNG Gia Torker tas Te eee a eT avectes 3. P. Urbamana,
Inflorescence long-stalked, longer than or subequal to
the leaves.
Inflorescence paniculate ..............:.sccseccresesctctesseesees 1. P. alpigena.
Inflorescence subcorymbose .2.........:..ccessessccessecseceees 2. P. Harrisi.

[P. americana Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) ; inflorescence
many-flowered, much shorter than the leaves ; flowers 6-7 mm. 1.;
perianth-segments equal, filaments 2 or 3 times as long as the
anthers ; anthers all 4-celled; fruit large, edible-——Urb. Symb.
Ant. iv. 244. P. gratissima Gaertn. f. Fruct. iit, 222, t. 221 (1807) ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 280 ; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 1, 52 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 4580; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 145.
Laurus Persea L. Sp. Pl. 370 (1753); Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peru. &

208 FLORA OF JAMAICA Persea

Chil. iv. t. 345; Tuss. Fl. Ant. iii. t. 3; Wright Mem. 222.
Prunifera arbor fructu &c. Sloane Cat. 185 & Hist. ii. 132, ¢. 222,
f. 2. Laurus foliis oblongo-ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 214.
(Fig. 85.) Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Avocado Pear, Alligator Pear.

In fr. Aug., Sept. ; Sloane Herb. vii. 77! Houstown! Shakspear! Ban-
croft! Murray ; Distin! Cuming ; Gotte ; Prior! Harris! Fl. Jam, 5603.—
A native of Mexico, and cultivated throughout the tropics. Grows
spontaneously in the West Indies.

A handsome tree. Leaves elliptical or broadly elliptical, 7-25 cm. 1.,
4-15 cm. br., on upper surface glabrous, nerves flat, veins areolate, pro-
minulous, beneath sparingly puberulous nerves prominent, veins pro-
minulous. Inflorescence and flowers tomentellous. Flowers light n.
Perianth-segments 5-5°5 mm, 1., elliptical-oblong. Berry in cultivated
specimens from 10 even to 20 cm. 1., pear-shaped ; age thick, edible.

“The fruit is held in the greatest esteem ... the pulp is of a pnsess
firm consistence, and has a delicate rich flavour ... but is so rich and mild,
that most people make use of some spice or pungent substance to give it
@ poignancy ; and for this purpose some make use of wine, some of sugar,
some of lime-juice, but most of pepper and salt. Most sorts of creatures
are observed to feed on this fruit with pleasure’ (Browne). ‘ The large
stone is used for marking linen. The cloth is held over the stone, and the
letters pricked out by a needle through the cloth and into the seed. The
stain is a reddish-brown, which never washes out” (Wright).]

1. P. alpigena Spreng. Syst. ii. 268 (excl. syn. Kunth)
(1825) ; inflorescence few-flowered, long-stalked, paniculate, longer
than or subequalling the leaves ; flowers 5 mm. |. ; outer segments
of perianth about half as long as the inner ; filaments half as long
again, to twice as long as the anthers, anthers all 4-celled.—
Griseb. loc. cit.; Meisn. tom. cit. 48; Mez tom. cit. 167. Laurus
alpigena Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 704 (1798).

Wild Pear.

In fi. June-Sept.; in fr. Aug.Jan.; Swartz; Macfadyen! Cinchona,
J.P. 1012, Morris! Hart! Sheldon; Tweedside, 2000-2500 ft.; Plato; Old
England, 3000-4000 ft.; Green Valley, 2000 ft.; Berwick, 2200 ft.; Troy,
1200 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5235, 5468, 5487, 5492, 5509, 5826, 5840, 5842,
5854, 5957, 5971, 9485.

Tree to 75 ft. high. Leaves elliptical or obovate-elliptical, cuneate at
base, rounded at apex, on upper surface nerves impressed, veins areolate,
puberulous especially on the nerves or glabrate, beneath nerves prominent,
veins more or less prominulous or areolate, tomentellous, 7-12 cm. 1.,
4-7 cm. br. Inflorescence and flowers tomentellous. Perianth, outer
segments 2°3-2°4 mm. 1., inner 4-5 mm.1. Berry globose, ‘8-1 cm. 1.

2. P. Harrisii Mez in Notizbl. Berl. Bot. Gart. i. 325 (1897) ;
inflorescence many-flowered, long-stalked, subcorymbose, longer
than the leaves ; flowers 4—5 mm. 1. ; outer segments of perianth
about half as long as the inner ; filaments about twice as long as
the anthers ; anthers all 4-celled.—Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 308.

Wild Pear.

In fl. July, Aug.; in fr, Oct.-April; Cinchona, J.P. 1263, Hart! Silver
Hill, Watt! Chester Vale; Old England, 3500 ft.; Clydesdale, 4000 ft.;

Persea LAURACE 209

Farm Hill; Silver Hill Gap, 3500 ft.; Orchard, 2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.
5116, 5255, 5335, 5372, 5382,5489, 5520, 5574, 5734, 5839, 5841, 5844, 5864, 5886.

A tree 25-30 ft. high. Leaves Oh aha narrowly elliptical, or oblong-
elliptical, more or less attenuated at both ends or obtuse, areolate on bot
surfaces, nerves impressed or flat above, prominent beneath, glabrous
above, tomentellous beneath, 6-12 cm. 1., 2°2-6°5 em. br. Inflorescence
tomentellous. Perianth, outer segments 1°5-2 mm. 1., inner 3-4 mm. l.
Berry globose, black, 1°2 cm. in diam.

3. P. Urbaniana Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 143 (1889) ;
inflorescence few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves,
branchlets 1-flowered at the apex or with a few subumbellate
flowers ; flowers 3-4 mm. 1.; outer segments of perianth about
4 as long as the inner ; filaments a little longer than the anthers ;
anthers of the inner ring 2-celled.

* Jamaica, Dr. Wright?” in Herb. Kew. !—Martinique.

A tree or shrub. Leaves broadly elliptical, nerves impressed above,
prominent beneath, veins inconspicuous, glabrous above except sparingly
puberulous on central nerve, puberulous beneath, 12-18 cm. 1., 4-8°5 cm.
br. Berry globose, transversely compressed, 1°5 cm. 1., 1°6-1°7 cm. br.

4, PHEBE Nees.

Leaves in P. montana subtriplinerved. Perianth persistent in
fruit,segments equal. Stamens 9 ; anthers of the outer ring 4-celled,

Fig. 86.—Phebe montana Griseb.
A, Portion of flowering branch xX #. D, Alternate perianth-segment with an
B, Flower-bud x 10. outer stamen and a staminode x 10.
C, Perianth-segment with an outerandan i &, Pistil x 10.

inner stamen X 10. Fruit X 4.

F,
G, Fruit cut lengthwise x 4.

210 FLORA OF JAMAICA Phebe

those of the inner ring generally 4-celled and opening outwards
or laterally ; staminodes conspicuous, cordate-sagittate on a broad
stalk. Berry ellipsoidal ; perianth-segments in P. montana enlarged
only at base, not lengthened, and the pedicel somewhat thickened.

Species 82, the majority natives of tropical America (four in
the West Indies), the rest in the East Indies and the Malay
Archipelago.

P. montana Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 279 (1860); Meisn. in
DC. Prodr. av. pt. 1, 31; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 210;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 245. Laurus montana Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788)
& Fl. Ind. Occ. 700. Cinnamomum montanum Nees Syst. 81
(1836). (Fig. 86.)

In fi. Mar.; in fr. July-Feb. Swartz! Macfadyen! March! Old
England; Green Valley; Farm Hill; Harris! Fl. Jan. 5099, 5187, 5259,
5540.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

A tree 12-25 ft. high. Leaves elliptical, acuminate, on the upper
surface glabrate, beneath tomentellous, nerves and veins above impressed,
beneath nerves prominent and veins obscure, 5-10 cm. l., 2-4°5 cm. br.
Inflorescence pubescent, many-flowered, pyramidate-paniculate, generally
shorter than the leaves. Flowers greenish or white, puberulous. Perianth-
segments about 2 mm. L., elliptical. Filaments about as long as the
anthers, hairy, the inner with 2 elliptical flat glands. Berryabout1 cm.1.,
about *7 cm. br.

5. OCOTEA Aubl.

Leaves for the most part glabrous. Flowers diccious or
hermaphrodite. Perianth, tube (in Jamaican species) very short
or none; segments subequal, deciduous or persistent. Stamens
9; anthers 4-celled, the cells superposed in pairs; staminodes
none or minute; stamens in the female flower generally reduced
to scale-like staminodes. Berry globose or ellipsoidal; cupule
flat, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, with simple or double margin ;
perianth-segments deciduous or sometimes persistent, enlarged
and reflexed ; pedicel slightly thickened or expanding above to
the diameter of the cupule.

Species about 250, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America, one species occurring in the Canary Is., two in tropical
Africa, one in South Africa, three in Madagascar and two in
Bourbon.

Anthers normal.
Nerve-axils glabrous.

Upper surface of leaves with nerves flat and veins
impressed. Cupule 5-7 mm. in diam, simple-

POMP oo cds vides vse vecsacssecedeurovsvesnesaveduasese 1. O. lewcoxylon.
Upper surface of leaves areolate, Cupule 6-8 mm.
in diam, 2-margimed........cscsecsersssssecrsersererecs 2. O. floribunda.
Upper surface with nerves and veins prominulous, 2 bw poll
Cupule 4°5 mm. in diam., flat ............-:...000.. 3. O. jamaicensis.
Nerve-axils of leaves on lower surface hairy.......... 4. O. martinicensis.

Outer anthers sessile, oblong-elliptical, cells much :
DOIOW GOK 5:5 sve seuses cnssueesacecvssvessnsutaranpeate crvsace’s 5. O. staminea.

Ocotea LAURACE 211

1. 0. leucoxylon Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 329
(1889) ; leaves oblong-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, on upper
surface nerves flat and veins impressed, beneath nerves and
veins prominulous ; inflorescence more or less rusty-puberulous,
shorter than or subequal to leaves; flowers diccious, with or
without tomentum ; filaments glabrous; staminodes very small
or abortive ; berry globose ; cupule saucer-shaped, simple-
margined, with perianth-segments deciduous, 5-7 mm. in diam.,
pedicel somewhat thickened ; cupule and pedicel generally

Fig. 87.—Ocotea leucoxylon Mez.

A, Portion of flowering branch x #. D, Alternate perianth-segment with an
B, Flower X 5. ‘ outer stamen (staminode wanting)
C, Perianth-segment with an outer and an Xx 5.

inner stamen X 5. E, Fruit X 2.

covered with white warts.—Laurus foliis venosis &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 214% Laurus leucoxylon Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788) & Fl. Ind.
Oce.711. L. parviflora Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 717 (1800). LL. exaltata
var. lancifolia Poir. Encyc. Suppl. tii. 319 (1813). Oreo-
daphne leucoxylon Nees Syst. 413 (1836); Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 283 ; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 1,121. OO. parviflora
Nees Syst. 415 (1836); Meisn. loc. cit.; Griseb. loc. cit.
(Fig. 87.)

White-wood, Loblolly Sweet-wood.

In fi. April, July-Sept. ; in fr. Aug.-May ; Wright! Swartz! Bancroft!
Macfadyen! Wilson! Prior! March! J.P. 718 Morris! soar Hall

P

212 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ocotea

Works; Spanish River; below Vinegar Hill, 4000 ft.; St. George;

Mt. Moses; Chepstow, 800 ft.; near New Market, 1200 ft.; Toms Cave,

Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam.

5229, 5320, 5466, 5588, 5683, 5855, 5984, 9839, 10,854, 10,963.—Cuba,

rp A ag Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique,
renada,

A tree to 80 ft. high. Leaves, base obtuse or rounded or rarely acute,
apex obtuse or acute, 1-2dm.1.,3-9cem. br. Flowers pale yellow, yellowish-
green or white. Male flowers: perianth, tube almost none; segments
2 mm. L., elliptical-oblong; stamens 1-5 mm. 1.; anthers subrectangular ;
pistil sterile, stalk-like, with a discoid stigma. Female flowers: stamens
minute, sterile. B black, about 1 cm. l.; cupule greenish-brown.

This species is as a timber-tree. It splits and saws freely, so that
shingles and staves are made from it, and headings of hogsheads and
barrels. Boards, however, do not last well.

2. 0. floribunda Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 325 (1889) ;
leaves lanceolate to oblong-elliptical, on upper surface areolate,
beneath nerves and veins prominulous-reticulate ; inflorescence
sparingly puberulous above, shorter than the leaves; flowers
dicecious, sparingly puberulous ; filaments glabrous ; staminodes
stalk-like, glabrous, or abortive ; berry subglobose ; cupule flat,
2-marginal, with the enlarged reflexed perianth-segments
occasionally persistent ; pedicel scarcely thickened.—Urb. Symb.
Ant. iv. 246. Laurus floribunda Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788) & Fl. Ind.
Oce. 721. Strychnodaphne floribunda Grriseb. loc. cit. (1860) ;
Meisn. tom. cit, 143.

Black Sweet-wood, Black Candle-wood.

In fi. Oct.-Jan.; in fr. March ; Wright! Swartz! Purdie; Wulisc el ;
Prior ; March ; Green Valley, 2000 ft. Harris! John Crow (Blake) Mts.,
1200 ft., Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 5799, 5923, 10,706.—Cuba, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana,
Nicaragua.

A tree 30-60 ft. high. Leaves base acute, apex acuminate, with very
sparse reddish hairs when young, 6-18 cm. 1.,2-6cm. br. Flowers greenish-
white. Male flowers: perianth, tube very short; segments 2°3-2°4 mm. l.,
elliptical and broadly elliptical; anthers subrectangular ; filamients those of
the inner ring with 2 large glands; pistil sterile with stigma well developed.
Female flowers: stamens Smeaton, but anthers without valves. Berry
globose, 1-3 cm. 1., 1 cm. br.; cupule flat, spreading above the slightl
thickened pedicel, double-margined, and often with the enlarged reflexed,
perianth-segments still remaining.

The specimens from Wright and Swartz have monstrous flowers which
are larger, with all the stamens transformed into perianth-like scales,

3. 0, jamaicensis Mez in Bull. Herb. Boiss. sér. 2, v. 241
(1905) ; leaves elliptical or oblong-elliptical, nerves and veins
very slightly prominulous above, prominent beneath ; inflorescence
white-tomentellous, generally longer than the leaves; flowers
subdiccious, white-tomentellous ; filaments slightly hairy at the
back ; staminodes conspicuous ; berry ellipsoidal ; cupule small,
flattish, 4°5 mm. in diam. ; pedicel somewhat thickened.

Ocotea LAURACEA 213

In fl. July; in fr. April, July; Silver Hill; Woodcutters Gap, near
Neweastle; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5114, 5267.

A tree or shrub. Leaves, base wedge-shaped, apex more or less
acuminate, 6-16 cm. 1., 2°5-5:5 cm. br. Flowers small, scarcely 2 mm. 1.
Perianth, tube very short; segments scale-like, roundish. Anthers broadly
roundish. Berry 1-4 cm. 1., *8-:9 cm. br.

4. 0. martinieensis Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 270
(1889) ; leaves elliptical or oblong-elliptical or obovate-elliptical,
nerves and veins slightly prominulous above, prominent beneath,
glabrous except usually hairy in the nerve-axils beneath ;
inflorescence above more or less tomentellous, shorter than the
leaves ; flowers hermaphrodite, tomentellous ; filaments hairy ;
berry ellipsoidal ; cupule saucer-shaped, simple-margined, with
perianth-segments deciduous, attenuated into the very thick
pedicel.

Wright! Dancer !—Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique.

A very large tree. Leaves, base wedge-shaped, apex acute or very
shortly acuminate, 10-19 cm. 1., 5°5-12 cm. br. Flowers 3 mm. 1,
Perianth, tube very short ; segments ovate, acute. Anthers broadly sub-

rectangular. Filaments of the inner ring bi-glandular. Berry 2:5 cm.1.,
1-4 mm. br.

5. O. staminea Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 240 (1889) ;
leaves oblong to elliptical, on upper surface nerves impressed or
flat and veins obscure or prominulous, beneath nerves promi-
nulous and veins prominent ; inflorescence white-puberulous or
tomentellous, generally shorter than the leaves ; flowers herma-
phrodite, sparingly puberulous ; outer anthers sessile, oblong-
elliptical with cells much below apex ; staminodes linear, hairy ;
berry oblong-ellipsoidal ; cupule cup-shaped, 2-margined, perianth-
segments enlarged and persistent; pedicel enlarged above to
diameter of cupule.—Nectandra staminea Gfriseb. op. cit. 282
(1860). Oreodaphne fragrans Meisn. tom. cit. 127 (1864),
Synandrodaphne antillana Meisn. tom. cit. 176 (1864). Persea
sp. Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl: iit. 158 (1880).
P. staminea Fawe. Fl. Pl. Jam. 33 (1893).

Lignum dorum, Spice wood.

In fi. Jan., Feb., June, July, Sept.; in fr. Jan.; McNab; Kew, West-
moreland, Purdie! Prior! March! Ramble, Claremont, 1700 ft., Fawcett
& Harris! Schwallenburg, St. Ann, 2300 ft.; Lapland; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 7029, 7169, 7689, 9184, 10,959,
11,187.

A tree 20-40 ft. high. Leaves, base generally wedge-shaped, apex acute
or very shortly acuminate, 7-24 cm. 1., 2°5-8°5 cm. br. Flowers about
9 mm. in diam., white, very fragrant. Perianth, tube none; segments
roundish-elliptical, outer nearly 3 mm. 1., inner 2 mm. 1. Siamens
1‘5 mm. l1., those of the inner ring dehiscing extrorsely and laterally,
with 2 large glands at the base; staminodes linear, hairy, more than
imm.1l. Berry oblong-ellipsoidal, mucronate, 2°5-2°7 cm. 1., about 1 em.
br.; cupule cup-shaped, formed of the enlarged base of the perianth, with

214 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ocotea

a double margin, and the perianth-segments enlarged and more or less
persistent ; pedicel enlarged above to the diameter of the cupule.
The timber is used for inside work, also for shingles.

6. NECTANDRA Roland.

Leaves glabrous or sparingly hairy. Perianth thick, some-
what fleshy; tube short, sometimes almost none; segments
subequal, spreading, deciduous in fruit. Stamens 9, much
shorter than the perianth, anthers 4-celled, the cells, at any rate

Fig. 88.—Nectandra antillana Meisn.

A, Portion of flowering branch x 4. E, Alternate perianth-segment with an
B, Flower x 5. outer stamen X 5.
C, Perianth-segment with an outer and an ¥, Pistil x 5.

inner stamen X 5. G, Fruit x 4.
D, Stamens in C with the inner pulled
down xX 5.

of the outer ring, arranged in a bow-shaped curve ; staminodes
none or small ; filaments very short or wanting. Berry globose
or ellipsoidal ; cupule simple-margined, saucer-shaped, generally
red; pedicel slightly thickened or expanding above to the
diameter of the cupule.

Species about 86, natives of tropical America, especially the
Andes, a few in Mexico and the West Indies, and a few reaching
to Argentina and Paraguay.

4
ag
_
4

~~ a

Nectandra - LAURACEA 215

Leaves with nerves prominent beneath, otherwise
nerves and veins flat or impressed. Filaments
wanting or glabrous.
Flowers 8-10 mm. in diam. Anthers sessile ......... 1. N. antillana.
Flowers 4-5 mm. in diam. Filaments glabrous ... 2. N. membranacea.
Leaves with nerves and veins prominent on both
sides. Filaments hairy.
Flowers 4-5 mm. in diam. Filaments of outer ring
about half as long as anthers ............:ceseeeeeree 3. N. patens.
Flowers 6 mm. in diam. Filaments subequalling
BNGHETS ...c..cccscsecssessecsaccecessceseccesecsesessessssoee &, NN. martinicensis,
Flowers 10-12 mm. indiam. Filaments subequalling
anthers.
Leaves membranous or chartaceous, axils of
nerves beneath generally hairy. Inflorescence
white-strigose-tomentellous, subequalling the

leaves OF SHOrbEP TA. eases eeeke a ies 5. N. sanguinea.
Leaves leathery, glabrous. Inflorescence glabre-
scent, evidently shorter than the leaves ...... 6. N. coriacea.

1. N. antillana Meisn. in DO. Prodr. av. pt. 1, 153 (1804) ;
leaves, on upper surface nerves flat, beneath prominent, veins
impressed above and flat beneath ; inflorescence very sparingly
puberulous or subglabrous ; flowers 8-10 mm. in diam. ; anthers
sessile ; berry globose.—Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 425;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 248. N. leucantha Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
282 (1860) (excl. syn. Mig. & var.) (non Nees). Laurus folio
longiore &c. Sloane Cat. 136 & Hist. vi. 21, t. 165. LL. foliis
oblongo-ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 213. (Fig. 88.)

Shingle-wood, White-wood, Long-leaved Sweet-wood.,

In fi. Jan., Apr., May; in fr. May, Sept.; common up to 3000 ft. ;
Red Hills, Rio Cobre, Sloane Herb. v.72! Wright! Dancer! Macfadyen!
Distin! Hartweg! Woods above Spanish Town, Purdie! also Lane!
Heward! Wilson! Wullschlaegel; Moneague, Prior! March! J.P. 723
Morris! Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 1448, Hart! near Castleton ;
near Port Morant; Falls River, Blue Mts.; Content Road, 2000 ft.;
Harris! Ramble, Claremont, 1700 ft., Fawcett @ Harris! Fl. Jam. 5126,
5195, 5198, 5346, 5813, 7027a; near Moneague, Britton, 2653 !—Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Martinique.

Tree 20-40 ft. high. Leaves 7-20 cm. 1., 2-7 cm. br., glabrous or some-
times slightly puberulous on midrib, oblong, oblong-elliptical, oblong-
lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, apex acuminate, attenuated to base.
Flowers whitish. Perianth-segments roundish-obovate, tomentellous on
both sides, 4°5 mm. 1., 3:5-4 mm. br. Berry blue-black, 7-9 mm. in diam. ;
cupule red, saucer-shaped, 7-8 mm. in diam. ; pedicel slightly thickened.

When well grown, this tree attains a diameter of 3 ft.; it splits and
saws freely and is therefore used for shingles, staves and boards; the
wood is not, however, very durable in exposed situations.

2. N. membranacea Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 282 (1860) ;
leaves, upper surface smooth with nerves impressed or flat,
beneath nerves prominent, veins flat ; inflorescence tomentellous
or glabrous ; flowers 4—5 mm. in diam. ; anthers subsessile, with
glabrous filaments ; berry globose.—Meisn. tom. cit. 161; Mez

216 FLORA OF JAMAICA Nectandra

tom. cit. 450; Urb. loc. cit. U. leucantha, var. Rodixi Griseb.
loc. cit. Laurus membranacea Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788) & Fl.
Ind. Oce. 713; Lunan Hort. Jam, i. 79. Oreodaphne strumosa
Griseb. op. cit. 284 (in note on O. parviflora). O. coriacea Griseb.
Pl. Carib. 72 (1857) (non Nees).

In fi. July—-Oct.; Swartz! Cascade R., Blue Mts.; Olive R., Christiana
district, 3000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5344, 8299.—Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Barbados,
Grenada, Trinidad.

A large timber tree to 60 ft. high. Leaves 8-24 cm. 1. 2-8 cm. br.,
glabrous or very sparingly puberulous, elliptical to lanceolate, apex
acuminate, attenuated to base. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves or
about equalling them. flowers yellowish-white. Periant ts,
outer ovate-elliptical, 1°75 mm. 1., white strigillose on outside, glabrous
within, inner roundish above, slightly attenuated to base, 1:4 mm. 1,
puberulous on outside, sparingly on inside. Berry black, 1 cm. in diam. ;
cupule 6-7 mm. in diam., saucer-shaped; pedicel thickened above to
diameter of cupule.

3. N. patens Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 281 (1860) ; leaves with
nerves and veins prominulous on both sides, reticulate in large
meshes ; inflorescence sparsely puberulous ; flowers 4—5 mm, in
diam.; anthers with hairy filaments; berry ellipsoidal._—
Meisn. tom, cit. 164; Mez tom. cit. 455; Urb. loc. cit. N.
coriacea Meisn. tom. cit. 163 (non Griseb.). Laurus patens Sw.
Prodr. 65 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 715; Lunan Hort, Jam. i. 70.

Cap-berry, Sweet wood.

In fi. June-Novy.; in fr. June, Aug., Jan.-April; Swartz! Macfadyen!
Kirk Spring, St. Mary, McNab! Morse’s Gap, Purdie! Prior! J.P. 883,
991, 1096, Morris! Gordon Town, Moore! Claverty Cottage ; Chester Vale;
Old England; Plato; Woodcutters Gap; St.George ; Lancaster; Berwick ;
Tweedside; Browns Town; Troy; Peckham, Clarendon; Harris! John
Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris & Britton! Fl. Jam. 5327, 5339, 5359, 5869,
5381, 5483, 5580, 5560, 5587, 5682, 5917, 6066, 6344, 7081, 8742, 8746,
10,712, 10,957; Fern Gully, Ocho Rios; Britton ¢ Hollick, 2698! Potsdam,
2600 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 9748 (monstrosity, flowers passing into bracts).
—Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Martinique.

Shrub or tree 10-40 ft. high. Leaves ovate to elliptical, base more or
less shortly acute, apex more or less acuminate, glabrous except sometimes
hairy in the axils of the nerves beneath, 7-19 cm. 1., 3-9 cm. br.
Perianth-segments oblong-elliptical, tomentellous on both sides, 2 mm. 1.
Anthers suborbicular, those of the inner ring subintrorse. Berry white
(Harris), 2-2°5 cm, 1.; cupule red, saucer-shaped, 4-5 mm. in diam. ;
pedicel thickened upwards passing into the cupule.

4. N. martinicensis Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 459
(1889) ; leaves membranous or membranous-chartaceous, with
nerves and veins prominent on both sides, with wide meshes,
glabrous on both sides, but sometimes very sparingly strigillose
beneath ; inflorescence white-strigose-tomentellous ; flowers 6 mm.
in diam.; filaments hairy, about as long as the anthers; berry
not known.—Laurus martinicensis Jacq. Coll. ii. 109, t. 5, f. 2.

Nectandra LAURACEA 217

Fl. Jam. 5038 (in Herb. Kew.) Sr spe Jacq.), Trinidad, Panama,

Tree 40-50 tt. high. Leaves elliptical, shortly acuminate, 9-18 cm. l.,
4°5-5°3 em. br. Inflorescence laxly subpyramidate-corymbose, about
equalling the leaves or shorter; pedicels 2-4 mm. 1.

This species appears to us to be closely allied to, and even perhaps only
a form of, N. sanguinea Roland.

5. N. sanguinea Roland ew Rottb. in Act. Litt. Univ. Hafn.
i. 279 (1778); leaves membranous or chartaceous, with nerves
and veins prominent on both sides, with wide meshes, lower axils
of nerves beneath generally hairy, midrib beneath sometimes
strigillose; inflorescence white-strigose-tomentellous ; flowers
10 mm. in diam. ; filaments hairy, about as long as, or a little
shorter than, the anthers; berry roundish-ellipsoidal—Griseb.
loc. cit. (in part); Meisn. tom. cit. 164; Mez tom. cit. 457.
N. exaltata Griseb. loc. cit. (in part, not Cat. Cub. iii.) (1860) ;
Meisn. tom. cit. 165. Laurus exaltata Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Oce. 702. L. sanguinea Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 707 (1798).

Timber Sweet Wood.

In fl. May; Houstown! Wright! Swartz! Wullschlaegel ; “‘ Hort. Bot.,”
Jenman !|—Mexico, Nicaragua, British Guiana, Surinam, Colombia.

A tree, 25 ft. high, or shrub, with the young twigs white-strigose-
tomentellous. Leaves variable in shape, elliptical to elliptical-lanceolate,
acute at both ends or shortly acuminate, 8-14 cm. 1., 2°5-5-5(-7) cm. br.
Inflorescence subcorymbose-paniculate, about equal to, or shorter than, the
leaves; pedicels 2-4 mm.1. Perianth-segments oblong or obovate-oblong,
tomentellous on both sides, about 2°5-3°5 mm.1. Berry about 12 mm. 1,
10 mm. br.; cupule saucer-shaped, about -5 cm. in diam.; pedicel
slightly thickened.

The wood is hard, and esteemed for domestic use, buildings, &e. The
colour is brownish with a tinge of green.

6. N. eoriacea Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 281 (1860) (with
reference only to the syn. Laurus coriacea Sw.) (non Meisn.) ;
leaves leathery, with nerves and veins prominent on both sides,
with large meshes, glabrous; inflorescence sparsely white-
strigose or glabrescent ; flowers 10-12 mm. in diam.; anthers
with hairy filaments; berry ellipsoidal.—Mez tom. cit. 459 ;
Urb. tom. cit. 249. N. Willdenoviana Nees Syst. 321 (non 290)
(1836); Meisn. in DC. Prodr. av. pt. 1, 165. N. sanguinea
Griseb. loc. cit. (1860) (in part) (non Roland). Laurus coriacea
Sw. Prodr. 65 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 710. Oreodaphne coriacea
Nees Syst. 454 (1836) (so far as regards syn. Swartz).

Be CPrm oot, Cap-berry Sweetwood, Small-leaved Sweet-
wood.

In fl. April-June; in fr. July, Jan., April; Shakspear! Swartz! Caley!
Bancroft! Macfadyen! Distin! near Spanish Town, Hartweg! 1566!
Portland; Browns Town; Purdie! Forsyth; Wilson! Wullschlaegel ;
Moneague, Prior! March! Green Valley; Davids Hill; J.P. 1385, 1426,
Morris! Chester Vale; Old England; Robertsfield; Green Valley; Hall’s
Delight, 1000 ft.; Middleton, 2000 ft.; Watson’s Hill, Manchester, 1000 ft. ;

218 FLORA OF JAMAICA Nectandra

Mavis Bank, 2000 ft.; Papine, 1000 ft.; Troy, 2000 ft.; Harris! Long Mt.,
360 ft., Campbell! Fl. Jam. 5098, 5112, 5119, 5207, 5210, 5254, 5508, 5674,
5798, 5809, 6321, 7255, 8374, 8746.— West Indies, Yucatan.

A small] tree to 30 ft. high. Leaves elliptical, ovate-elliptical to lan-
ceolate-elliptical, acuminate, 6-12 cm. 1., 2°5-4°5 cm. br. Inflorescence
glabrescent, evidently shorter than the leaves; pedicels 3-8 mm. lL.
Flowers white, with yellow anthers and rosy pedicels, sweet-scented like
Jasmine. Perianth-segments oblong-elliptical, tomentellous on both
sides, inner about 3 mm. 1., outer about 2 mm. 1. Berry black, to
1°5 cm. L, about 1 cm. br.; cupule red, saucer-shaped, about *5 cm.
in diam.; pedicel thickened upwards, passing into the cupule.

This species seems to us to be so nearly allied to N. sangwinea Roland,
that it might perhaps be considered only a form of it.

7. CASSYTHA L,

Climbing, parasitical herbs. Stems twining, slender, adhering
by means of suckers (“haustoria”). Leaves represented b
minute scales. Flowers in spikes or racemes, Perianth, tube

Fig. 89.—Cassytha filiformis L.

A, Portion of stem with flowers showing _D, Pistil x 18.
attachment to leaf of host-plant by __E, Fruit x 2.

haustoria (h); 8, leaf-scale X 3. F, seed in section, showing the inner face
B, Flower xX 6. of a cotyledon (c), and axis of em-
C, Do. flattened out x 7. bryo (em).

increasing in fruit and becoming constricted at the apex ;
segments 6, the 3 exterior much the smaller. Perfect stamens
9, the outer without glands and the 2-celled anthers introrse ;

Cassytha LAURACEZ 219

the inner glandular and the 1-celled anthers extrorse ; staminodes
large. Fruit globose, enclosed by the succulent perianth-tube,
and crowned by the persistent segments.

Species 16, one cosmopolitan in the tropics, one in tropical
Africa, two in South Africa, one in Ceylon and Borneo, and the
rest Australian.

C. filiformis L. Sp. Pl. 35 (1753) ; Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 115,
t. 79 & Ed. pict. t. 116; Nees Syst. 642; Meisn. in DC. Prodr.
wv. pt. 1, 255; Benth. Fl. Austral. v. 311; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
v. 188 ; Stapf in Fl. Trop. Afr. vi. Sect. 1, 188 & in Fl. Cap. v.
Sect. 1,500. C. americana Nees Syst. 644 (1836); Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 285; Meisn. op. cit. 256 & in Fl. Bras. v. pt. 2, 295,
t. 107 ; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. v. 490 & in Urb. Symb.
Ant. iv. 249. Cuscuta baccifera Barbadensium &e. Pluk. Alm.
126, ¢. 172, f. 2 (specimen in Hb. Sloane xcv. 205). (Fig. 89.)

In fl..Oct.-Dec. ; Pedro plain, Purdie! Healthshire Hills, 50 ft.; Corby,

1500 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 9525, 9684.—Cosmopolitan in the tropics.
Stem *5-2 mm. thick. Flowers about 2mm.1. Fruit 6 mm. in diam.

Famity XXIX. HERNANDIACEZ.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, 3—7-nerved at or a little
above the base, pinnately nerved above, without stipules. Cymes
long-stalked, corymbose or panicled, axillary. Perianth superior,
segments generally in two valvate 3-5-parted whorls. Stamens
opposite the outer segments. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards
by valves. Staminodes more or less glandular, in 1 or 2 whorls
usually outside the stamens, or wanting; those of the outer
whorl in pairs at the base of the stamens, those of the inner
whorl alternate with the stamens. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ;
ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit dry. Seed solitary, without
endosperm. Embryo straight; cotyledons large, lobed (in
Hernandia).

Species about 35, natives of the tropics.

HERNANDIA L.

Trees. Leaves entire. Cymes corymbose, bracteate ; cymules
surrounded by an involucre of 4—5 bracts, usually 3-flowered, the
central flower female, the two lateral male. Flowers monecious.
Male flower: perianth-segments 6 or 8; stamens 3 or 4;
staminodes twice as many as the stamens and attached one on
either side at the base of each filament, or as many and alternate,
or absent. Female flower surrounded at the base by a cupular
involucel; perianth-segments 8 or 10; staminodes 4 or 5,

220 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hernandia

opposite the outer segments; stigma dilated, irregular. Fruit
more or less distinctly 8-ribbed, surrounded by the much in-
creased inflated involucel. Cotyledons lobed.

Species 14, in the tropics.

Leaves 3-nerved at Dase..........scorssccserscsessseceseeerseceee Le H. jamaicensts,
Leaves 5-nerved at base...........sssesersesecrees ditigees stone 2. H. catalpifolia.

l. H. jamaicensis Britton & Harris in Torr. Bot. Cl. Bull.
ry ee (1908) ; leaves 3-nerved at or near the base. (Fig. 90,

Fig. 90.—Hernandia catalpifolia Britton & Harris.
A, Inflorescence in axil of leaf x 3. ¥, Female flower, cut lengthwise and
B, Male flower-bud with perianth removed perianth y removed x 10.
x 3. G, Fruit of H. jamaicensis Britton &
C, Stamen with anther-cell dehisced x 3. Harris Xx 4.
D, Female flower, opening bud x 3. H, Ditto, cut lengthwise x 3.

E, Female flower x 8.

In fr. March; Wright! Woodstock, Westmoreland, Harris! Dolphin
Head, 1350 ft. Harris ¢ Britton! Fl. Jam. 9835, 10,312.

Tree 25-80 ft. high, ‘‘ with spreading and ascending stout branches, the
trunk becoming at least a metre in diameter, the young twigs more or less
flattened and angled.” Leaves somewhat leathery, broadly elliptical to
oblong-elliptical, sometimes somewhat obovate, apex obtuse to truncate-
rounded, base obtuse to wedge-shaped, strongly triplinerved, nerves and
veins flat and somewhat obscure on the upper surface, prominent beneath,
glabrous, 8-22 cm. 1., 3-9 cm. br.; peor glabrous, 3-12 cm. 1. In/flor-
escence (incl. peduncle) 15 cm. 1. Jnwolucral bracts oblong, 4-5 mm. L.,
minutely tomentellous, as are also the flowers. Fruit subglobose, about
2 cm. 1., enveloped by the yellow involucel.

Hernandia HERNANDIACE 221

2. H. eatalpifolia Britton & Harris in Torreya ii. 174, (1911) ;
leaves 5-nerved at or near the base. (Fig. 90, A—F.)

In fi. Sept.; in fr. March; von Rohr! between Sunning Hill and Water
Valley, St. Thomas; north side of Cuna Cuna pass; south-eastern foothills

of John Crow (Blake) Mts.; Harris € Britton! Fl. Jam. 10,566, 10,588,
10,685.

"Tree 30-50 ft. high. Twigs, when young, very minutely puberulous.
Leaves chartaceous, broadly elliptical or roundish-elliptical, or broadly
ovate, apex sometimes very shortly acuminate, base rounded, obtuse, or
subtruncate, nerves and veins flat above, prominent beneath, minutely
puberulous on nerves beneath when young, at length glabrous, 9-21 cm. L.,
6-15°5 cm. br.; petiole minutely tomentellous, 3-11 cm.1. Inflorescence
(incl. peduncle) tomentellous, 9-18 cm. 1. Inwolucral bracts obovate-
elliptical,6 mm.1. Male flower: perianth-segments 6, white, outer ellip-
tical, 5 mm. 1, 3 mm. br., inner oblong-elliptical, rather shorter and
narrower; stamens 3. Female flower: perianth-segments 8, similar to
those of the male flower but narrower, white; stamimodes 4, subglobose,
fleshy. F'rwit subglobose, about 2 cm. 1., enveloped by the involucel.

Famity XXX. PAPAVERACEA.

Herbs, sometimes shrubs, often with coloured juice. Leaves
alternate, often lobed ; stipules wanting. Flowers hermaphro-
dite, regular. Sepals 2 or 3, free, imbricate, very caducous.
Petals 4-6 or wanting, hypogynous, free, imbricate, deciduous.
Stamens hypogynous, numerous, free. Ovary free, 1-celled,
with parietal placentas. Fruit capsular, dehiscing by pores or
valves. Embryo generally minute, but large in Argemone ;
endosperm fleshy, oily.

Species about 300, growing in the temperate and subtropical
regions of the northern hemisphere, and a very few within the
tropics and in the southern hemisphere.

POGAIR: PROACH Bicpascnny cacanivvceccssons sare anntedosn che eee 1, Argemone.
WB GALS WAN TIIE os ce asissdvevvacesecsssdeyecvecsveritiscatecs 2. Bocconia.

1. ARGEMONE L.

Glaucescent herbs (rarely shrubby), with light yellow juice.
Leaves sessile, inciso-pinnatifid with spiny teeth. Ovary with
4-7 placentas; ovules numerous; stigmas distinct. Capsule
opening by 4-7 short valves at the apex, leaving a replum of
as many filiform placentas. Embryo cylindrical in the axis of
the endosperm, and two-thirds its length.

Species 9, all American, of which one is found naturalised in
all tropical lands.

A. mexicana L. Sp. Pl. 508 (1753); Mill. Ic. 33, t. 50;
Lam. Encye. Ill. t. 452; Bot. Mag. t. 243; Wright Mem. 189,

222 FLORA OF JAMAICA Argemone

Macf. Jam. i. 20; A. Gr. Gen. 112, t. 47; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
13; Baill. Hist. iii. 113, figs. 125-127 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 250 ;
Fedde in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 104, 273, fig. 36b. Argemone

>
.
»
Ae
.
,*
Sk
“OQ
wy
.
¥
bs
‘

Fig. 91.—Argemone mexicana L.

A, Upper portion of plant with bud, fruit | E, Ripe capsule x 2.

and flower X 4. F, Seed cut lengthwise. e, endosperm ;
B, Sepal x 3. ce, cotyledons; 7, radicle.
C, Pistil cut lengthwise x 32. (After A. Gray.)

D, Ditto, cut across X 4.

spinosum é&c. Browne Hist. Jam. 244. (Fig. 91.) Type in
Herb. Linn.

Prickly Poppy, Gamboge Thistle, Mexican Thistle.

In fi. throughout the year; Barham (7697 in fr. coll. Sloane)! Browne ;
Kingston, Clute! Spanish Town; Hope; Harris! Fl. Jam. 6760, 6979,
8456.—West Indies, tropical continental America, and widely naturalised.

Herb 14-3 ft. high. Leaves 8-20 cm. 1. Flowers with 2 or 8 leafy
bracts. epals (incl. spiny apex) about 2 cm. 1. Petals yellow or
orange-coloured, 2-2‘5om.1. Capsule rounded at both ends, 4-6-valved,
2-5-3'5 cm. 1.; style very short. Seeds globose, reticulate-pitted, about
2mm. 1,

2. BOCCONIA L.

Herbs or shrubs with dark yellow juice. Panicles terminal,
much branched. Sepals 2. Petals none. Stamens 8-24.
Placentas of the ovary 2; ovule solitary, erect from the base ;
stigmas 2, spreading. Capsule opening by 2 valves from the

Bocconia PAPAVERACEA 223

base, leaving the replum persistent. Seed covered obliquely
with a soft pulpy aril at the base ; endosperm fleshy.

Species 5, natives of tropical America (including West
Indies).

B. fruteseens L. Sp. Pl. 505 (1753); Lam. Encye. i. 432 &
Till. t. 394; Descourt. Fl. Ant. i. t. 54; Macf. Jam. 22; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 13 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 250; Fedde in Engl.
Pflanzenreich iv. pt. 104, 216 (f. 27, 8, rT), 218. B. racemosa &e.

Fig. 92.—Boceonia frut s L.
A, Leaf x 2. E, Fruit with one valve gone ; note oblique
B, Portion of inflorescence X 3. aril enveloping base of seed x 2.
C, Flower-bud x 2. F, Fruit with both valves gone x 2,
D, Flower just opefiing with one sepal 4G, Seed cut lengthwise x 2.

removed X 2.

Plum. Nov. Pl. Amer. Gen. 35, t. 25; Trew Pl. Select. t. 4.
Chelidonium majus arboreum &c. Sloane Cat. 82 & Hist. i. 196,
t. 125. Bocconia ramosa &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 244. Type in
Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 92.)

John Crow Bush, Parrot Weed, Celandine.

In fl. Oct.Jan. ; Howstown (9094 in fr. coll. Sloane)! Sloane Herb. iii.
114! Browne; Broughton! common in the interior, Macfadyen! Distin!
St. Mary, McNab! Purdie! March! common on the Blue Mountains,
Moore! Bryce!—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, tropical continental America from
Mexico to Peru.

224 FLORA OF JAMAICA Bocconia

Shrub 3-10 ft. high. Leaves, outline oblong-elliptical, base wedge-
shaped, pinnatifid, lobes subentire, sparingly denticulate, upper leaves on
the inflorescence entire, oblong or elliptical, repand or denticulate, on
upper surface glabrous, young leaves densely tomentose beneath, but
older leaves only tomentose along the nerves and puberulous on the veins,
1-2 dm. 1.; petioles 1-5-3 cm. 1., tomentose, more or less glabrescent.
Panicles 2°5-4dm.1. Sepals 6-8 mm.1. Stamens nearly equalling the
sepals ; anthers 4-5 mm.1. Style protruding, about 2 mm. L., stigmatic
branches longer, revolute.

The juice of the root is acrid and bitter, and has been used in cases of
chronic ophthalmia, and for warts and ring-worm. ‘ The root scra and
beat up into a pulp is an excellent application to foul ulcers” (Macfadyen).

Famity XXXI, CAPPARIDACE.

Annual herbs, shrubs or trees, with watery juice. Leaves
alternate, simple or digitately compound. Stipules often present.
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Sepals 4, free
or more or less united. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, or, if
few, not tetradynamous. Ovary stalked, rarely sessile, 1-celled
or several-celled, with numerous campylotropous ovules on parietal
placentas. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule or a berry.
Seed with curved embryo ; endosperm wanting.

Species 450, dispersed through tropical and _ subtropical
regions.

Herbs (sometimes shrubby). Fruit a capsule.
Stamens free.

BGAN SE. «en's occ cnn cchicc Sustiilinsssccsstbot¥eessctaass 1. Cleome
SSGRTTIIN SO. 3 oe. os 005 ace Seba «+ 0s odie en ccbiabpanee 2. Polanisia
Stamens attached to the gynophore ............cceceesees 8. Gynandropsis.
Trees or shrubs. Fruit a berry.
DIOR VGN WITRING Sis s, Mic ceiiccievanecdsbarsucdvenciepasQhBevesdbna 4. Capparis.
TideWed B-MGUOIMEG 5.00 snsnsindsctivncs o6d0socsascelensevscteens 5. Crateva.
i. CLEOME L.

Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants. Leaves simple or
3-7-foliolate. Calyx with 4 teeth or lobes, or sepals 4, free.
Petals sessile or clawed. Receptacle short. Stamens 4—6.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds kidney-shaped.

Species 70, in subtropical and tropical regions, specially
numerous in America, Arabia and Egypt.

Leaves compound.
Stipular prickles 2. Leaflets 5-7.
Gynophore much longer than the pedicel......... 1. C. spinosa,

Gynophore much shorter than the pedicel....... 2. C. Houstownii.
Without prickles. Leaflets 3.
Leaflets quite glabrous. Gynophore wanting

OF MOER GUNES i ai6b ss Senedd sagt oibepenrendhds sandande 3. C. serrata.
[Leaflets minutely or obsoletely ciliolate. Gyno-
ROE Sk, CIB cacaies-sevonsovsencesscannesinve chess C. ciliata.]}

LIOR VON SERIDNG, BIRAIL iiss csc cscecceusscevescvussesseshocusinesiag 4, C. procumbens.

Cleome CAPPARIDACE 225

1. C. spinosa Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 26 (1760) ; pubescent,
often glandular; stipular prickles two at base of petiole, deciduous
prickles sometimes on petiole ; leaflets 7 or 5 (or 3 in the highest
and lowest) ; bracts broadly ovate to roundish, subcordate, sessile
or subsessile ; stigma sessile even in the fruit, scarcely dilated ;
eapsule longer than (sometimes twice as long as) the gynophore,
which is generally longer than (sometimes twice as long as) the
pedicel.—Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 190; L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 939; Bot.
Mag. t. 1640; Hichl. in Fl. Bras. wiii. pt. 1, 252 (forms pungens

Fig. 93.—Cleome spinosa Jacq.

A, Portion of flowering branch x }. C, Seed x 5.
B, Flower cut lengthwise, slightly D, Seed cut lengthwise x 5; ¢, coty-
enlarged. _ ledons ; r, radicle. (After Baillon.)

and spinosa); Sprague in Gard. Chron. 1909, pt. 1, 114; Urb.
Symb. Ant, iv. 251. C. heptaphylla LD. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 937 (1763)
(so far as concerns reference to Mill. Dict.) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 252.
C. Erucago Mill. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) (specimen from Houstoun in
Herb. Mus. Brit.). C. pungens Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 689
(1809) & Hort. Berol. 18, t. 18; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 15.
Sinapistrum Aigyptium heptaphyllum &c. Sloane Cat. 80 & Hist.
i. 194. C. assurgens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 273. (Fig. 93.)
Specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit.

St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane; Houstown! Kingston, Broughton!

St. Mary, Purdie! Prior! King’s House Grounds, J.P. 1849, Morris!
Annotto Bay, Thompson! Kingston; Port Antonio; Lucea; Hitchcock ;

Q

226 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cleome

Lacovia, Harris! Fl. Jam. 7913, 9849.—West Indies, tropical and sub-
tropical America.

Herb 3-5 ft. high. Leaflets lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3-9 cm. 1. ;
petioles 2-11 cm. 1. Racemes 1-4 dm. 1. Flowers white or pale rose
rarely purple), sometimes trimorphic on the same plant, about 2 cm. 1.
excl. stamens); pedicels 2-3 cm.1. Petals, claw nearly as long as limb.
Stamens 6, crimson, generally long exserted. Ovary much shorter than
its stalk, the gynophore, inthe flower. Capsule linear-cylindrical, 5-9 cm. 1,
Seeds nearly 2 mm. in diam.

Var. horrida var. nov. pubescent-glandular, sometimes glabre-
scent ; deciduous prickles also at base of lower bracts, few or
many prickles on petioles and middle nerve of leaf; leaflets 5 ;
bracts elliptical to lanceolate, base roundish, obtuse or acute,
shortly stalked ; capsule offen shorter than the gynophore, and
much longer than the pedicel.—C. horrida Mart. ex Schult. Syst.
vii. 32 (1829). C. spinosa form horrida LHichl. tom. cit, 253
(1865).

Troy, 1500 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 8547.—S. United States, Brazil,
Bolivia.

2. C. Houstounii R. Br. (Houstoni) in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2,
év. 131 (1812) ; glandular-pubescent ; stipular prickles at base of
petiole and bracts, and prickles also on petiole; leaflets 5-3 ;
bracts ovate or oblong, cordate, sessile ; style short but increasing
in length in the fruit ; stigma much dilated ; gynophore in fruit
very short, much shorter than the pedicel, which is half as long
as (or less than) the capsule.—DC. tom. cit. 241; Griseb. op. cit.
16; Hichl. tom, cit. 256. Simapistrum indicum spinosum &e.
Houst. Oat. MS. 203 [215] & in Martyn Hist. 45, t. 43 (1737).

St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. iii. 108*! MHoustoun is stated by
De Candolle and Grisebach to have collected this species in Jamaica, but
his plants in Herb. Mus. Brit. are from Havana, and the coloured drawing
by himself in Martyn’s Historia is of a specimen also from Cuba.

Herd 3-5 ft. high. Leaflets lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3-9 cm. L. ;
petioles 2-9 cm. 1. Racemes 1-2°5 dm. 1. Flowers rose-coloured or

urplish, 1-1-5 cm. 1.; pedicels 1*5-2°5 cm. 1. in fl., to 3°5cm.1. in fr.

etals, claw much shorter than limb. Stamens 6, red, not as long as the
petals. Ovary longer than the gynophore in the flower, and soon very
much longer. Capsule linear-cylindrical, 5-9 cm. 1. Seeds 1°5 mm. in
diam., muriculate on back.

{C. ciliata Schum. & Thonn. in Dan, Vid. Selsk. Afh. iv. 68
(1829) ; sparsely pilose or subglabrous ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5),
minutely or obsoletely ciliolate ; capsule with prominent nerves,
several times longer than the short gynophore, and much longer
than, to more than twice as long as, the pedicel.—Oliver Fl. Trop.
Afr. i. 78. C. guineensis Hook. f. in Hook. Niger Fl. 218 (1849).

Spontaneous in Hope Grounds; Hope Mines; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5638,

6551, 6639,—Tropical Africa.
Herb erect, or sometimes trailing, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves long-stalked

Cleome CAPPARIDACEA: 227

below to sessile at apex, variable in size, 9-24 mm. 1. (in Jamaican
specimens); leaflets rhomboid-elliptical to lanceolate. Flowers white-
lilac, 5-7 mm. 1, buds purplish. Stamens 6. Capsule linear-cylindrical,
2-5-6 cm. 1.; gynophore *5-1 cm. 1.]

3. C. serrata Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 26 (1760) ; glabrous,
without prickles ; leaflets 3 (or 1 only near the base) ; capsule
sessile or with a very short gynophore, 4 or 5 times as long as
the pedicel.—Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 190, t. 180, f. 43. ©. poly-
gama L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 939 (1763) ; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Eichl. tom.
cit. 257. Sinapistrum indicum triphyllum &c. Sloane Cat. 80 &
Hist. i. 194, t. 124, f.1. Cleome erectum triphyllum &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 273. Specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Type of C. polygama L. in Herb. Linn. from Browne.

Banks of R. Cobre and Guanaboa, Sloane Herb. iii. 109! Browne!
Wright! Robins! Masson! Distin! St. Mary; Mammee Bay, St. Ann;
Dawkins, St. Catherine; McNab! Wilson! Metcalfe! Port Antonio,
Hitchcock ; Hope Grounds, Fawcett! Hope; Bath; Harris! Fl. Jam.
5478, 6623, 8300.—Cuba, 8. Mexico, Panama.

Herb 2 ft. high. Leaflets lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, acuminate,
minutely serrate, 3-12 cm. 1. Petioles 2-5 cm. 1. Racemes in fruit
1-3 dm.1. Bracts minute, awl-shaped, deciduous. Flowers white or pale
rose, about 1 cm.1.; pedicels 1°2-1°5 cm.1. Petals, claw much shorter
than limb. Stamens 6, about as long as the petals. Ovary sessile.
Capsule 5-7 cm, 1., linear-cylindrical, sessile or very shortly stalked.

4. C. procumbens Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 189, t. 120 & Ed.
pict. t. 181; leaves all simple, linear-lanceolate ; capsule sessile
or with a very short gynophore, twice to three times as long as
the pedicel.—Sw. Obs. Bot. 253; Griseb. loc. cit. ; Hichl. tom. cit.
259. C.Sloanei Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 347. Leucoium luteum &c.
Sloane Cat. 49 & Hist. i. 193, t. 123, f. 1. Specimen: from
Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. iii. 107! Old Harbour, Broughton!
Masson! Swartz! Distin; Liguanea Plain, McNab! March! Hope
Grounds, Fawcett! near Black River, Harris! Spanish Town, Harris ¢
Britton! Fl, Jam. 8301, 9966, 10,518.—Cuba, Hispaniola (Jacquin !).

Herbaceous plant, woody below, glabrous, without prickles, 4-12 in.
high. Root woody, perennial, 5-10 cm.1. Branches procumbent, ascend-
ing, and erect. Leaves 1-2 cm. 1., shortly stalked. Flowers yellow, white,
or rosy, axillary on the branches above, about 5 mm.1. Capsule linear-
cylindrical, apiculate with the persistent style (2-3 mm. 1.) 14-25 mm. 1.

2. POLANISIA Rafin.

Annual herbs. Leaves simple or 3-9-foliolate, the upper
bract-like. Sepals free or united at the base, deciduous. Petals
sessile or clawed, imbricate. Receptacle small. Stamens 8-30,
hypogynous, bent downward in bud. Capsules long, sessile or
stalked.

Q 2

228 FLORA OF JAMAICA Polanisia

Species 14, natives of tropics and subtropics, one (P. viscosa)
found throughout the tropics.

P. viseosa DC. Prodr. i. 242 (1824). P. icosandra Wight &
Arn. Prodr. 22 (1834); Wight Icon, t. 2. Cleome viscosa L. Sp.
Pl. 672 (1753) ; Hook. f. & Thoms. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 170. C. ico-

Fig. 94.—Polanisia viscosa DU.

A, Portion of flowering branch, nat. B, Flower with sepals, petals and most of
size. the stamens removed xX 2.
C, Ripe fruit, nat. size.

sandra L. loc. cit. Sinapistrum zeylanicum &c. Martyn Hist. 23,
t. 25. (Fig. 94.) Type in Hermann’s Herb. in Herb. Mus.
rit.

Mouth of Hope River, McNab! Wilson! Gordon Town, Ball! Kingston ;
Constant Spring; Hitchcock; Spanish Town; Bath; Harris! Liguanea
Plain, Thompson! Fl. Jam. 6823, 8071.—Bermuda, Cuba, St. Thomas,
Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent.

Plant 1-3 ft. high, pubescent with simple and glandular hairs. Leaves
8-5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or narrowly elliptical, equalling or
shorter than the petiole, upper with shorter petioles to subsessile. Flowers
yellow, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Petals obovate, about
lcm. 1. Stamens 12-20. Capsule 6-8 cm. 1. striate, narrowed to the
apex, glandular-pubescent. Seeds about 2 mm. in diam., round, flattened,
shell-like, with raised transverse lines.

Gynandropsis CAPPARIDACE 229

3. GYNANDROPSIS DC.

Annualherbs. Leaves 3-7-foliolate. Racemes leafy. Sepals
spreading, deciduous. Petals obovate, clawed, imbricate or open.
Receptacle hemispherical at the base, and produced in the middle
into a stalk-like process (gynophore) to which the filaments of
the six stamens are united. Filaments free above. Ovary
stalked. Fruit a stalked elongated capsule.

Species about 10, natives of the tropics.

Bracts 8-foliolate. Petals about 1 cm. 1.......... 1. G. pentaphylia.
Bracts simple, Petals 2°5-3 om. L............0.+... 2. G. speciosa.

1. G. pentaphylla DC. Prodr. i. 238 (1824) ; leaflets 5 (the
lowest leaves with 3) ; bracts 3-foliolate ; petals about 1 cm. 1.—

Fig. 95.—Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.

A, Portion of fiowering branch x 2. D, Seed x 7.
B, Flower x 3. E, Ditto, cut lengthwise x 7.
C, Ovary cut lengthwise x 4. (After A. Gray.)

A. Gr. Gen. 180 t. 78; Hichl. in Fl. Bras. wiii. pt. 1, 261, t. 58,
f. TIL. ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 252. Cleome pentaphylla L. Sp. Pl.
ed. 2, 938 (1763) ; Jacg. Hort. Vindob. t. 24; Bot. Mag. 1681;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 15. Sinapistrum indicum pentaphyllum
&c. Sloane Cat. 80 & Hist. i. 194. Gynandropsis palmipes DC.
loc. cit. (1824) ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. t. 1. (Fig. 95.) Type in
Herb, Linn.

230 FLORA OF JAMAICA Gynandropsis

Passage Fort, Sloane Herb. iii. 108 (2, 3)! Broughton! Distin! Prior ;
March.—West Indies and tropical and subtropical America. Native
probably in Africa and Asia.

Herb erect, more or less glandular-pubescent, 1-8 ft. high. Leaflets
obovate, sometimes elliptical, acute or obtuse, entire or minutely denticu-
late, 2-5cm.1. Flowers white or purplish. Sepalsabout *5cm.1. Petals
not imbricate in bud. Capsule cylindrical 4°5-5 cm. 1.; gynophore 2-8
cm. 1, (the upper part about half as long as the lower); pedicel about
2cm.1. Seeds about 1*2 mm. in diam., rugose-muriculate.

2. G. speciosa DC. Prodr. i. 238 (1824); leaflets 7 (5);
bracts simple, cordate ; petals 2°5-3 cm. 1.— Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
252. Cleome speciosa H.B. & K. Nov. Gen, v. 84, t. 436 (1821) ;
Griseb. loc. cit.

Arcadia, Mrs. Sewell !|—Guadeloupe, Martinique, continental America
from Mexico to Ecuador.

Leaflets narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, 7-14 cm. 1. Sepals about
3 mm. 1. Petals imbricate in bud. Capsule linear-cylindrical, about

8 cm.1.; gynophore 5-6 cm. 1. (the upper part about 7 times as long as
the lower); pedicel about 2°5 cm. 1.

4. CAPPARIS L.*

Trees or shrubs, without prickles in American species,
Leaves simple, more or less leathery ; stipules, when present (as
in 0. baducca and ©. flexuosa), generally confined to young or
barren shoots. Flowers pedicellate, corymbose. Calyx 4-lobed
or -partite, or sepals 4, free; the West Indian species have 4
glands at the base of the calyx, each opposite a sepal. Petals 4,
imbricate. Stamens many, but few (about 8) in OC. ferruginea.
Ovary with a stalk (gynophore), 1—4-celled ; placentas generally
2. Fruit a subglobose, elongated or siliquiform berry, with
pulpy pericarp, indehiscent or rupturing irregularly or splitting
into 3 or 4 valves, but without a replum ; the gynophore often
lengthened. Seeds numerous or few, cuaboddga f in the pulp,
globose-kidney-shaped, without endosperm. Embryo convolute ;
cotyledons foliaceous, fleshy.

Species 150, natives of warmer regions, with greatest develop-
ment in the number of species in Central and South America.
Plant mostly covered with minute scales.

Bud 4-angled with the edges of the valvate sepals 1. C. cynophallophora.
Bud with open sepals.

Leaves narrowly oblong-elliptical ...............+ 2. C. indica.
Leaves long, linear-lanceolate ...........:.seeceeeees 8. C. longifolia.+
Plant mostly covered with stellate hairs............... 4. OC. ferruginea,
Plant glabrous and without scales.
Stamens not longer than the petals.................+ 5. C. baducca.
Stamens much longer than the petals............... 6. C. flexuosa.

* See Journal of Botany, lii. 142 (1914), for notes on the nomenclature
of the Jamaican species.

+ Provisionally placed here, but flowers not seen; easily recognised by
the very long narrow scaly leaves.

Capparis CAPPARIDACEE 231

1. C. eynophallophora L. Sp. Pl. 504 (1753), Hort. Cliff. 204
(1737), Syst. ed. 10, 1071 (1759) (excl. syn. Plum.) & Sp. Pl.
ed, 2, 721 (1762) (excl. syn. Plum., Pluk., & Sloan.) ; plant mostly
covered with minute scales ; leaves elliptical or oblong-elliptical,
or narrowly elliptical; flower-bud 4-angled ; sepals distinct, in
one series, valvate, nearly as long as the petals, reflexed ; stamens
two or three times as long as the petals; fruit siliquiform,
torulose, dry, rupturing irregularly.—C. siliquosa L. Syst. ed. 10,
1071 (1759) (excl. syn. Pluk.). ©. jamaicensis Jacq. Enum. Pl.

f

f°

Fig. 96.—Capparis cynophallophora L.

A, Portion of flowering branch xX 2. E, Seed cut lengthwise, A enlarged ;
B, Flower with petals and stamens (except e, cotyledon ; 7, radicle.
one) removed X 4%. F, Embryo slightly enlarged.
C, Ovary cut across x 5. G, Scale very much enlarged.
D, Fruit x 4. - (After Sargent.)

Carib. 23 (1760); Sel. Stirp. Amer. 160, ¢. 101 & Ed, pict. 78,
t. 150; Macf. Jam. i. 39; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 18; Hichl. in
Fl. Bras. awiti. pt. 1, 270, t. 64, f. IL.; Sarg. Silv. i. 33, t. 19;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 252. C. torulosa Sw. Prodr. 81 (1788) &
Fi. Ind. Occ. 932; Macf. Jam. i. 40. C. Breynia Sw. Obs. 210
(1791); Macf. loc. cit.; (non L. nec Jacg.). C. emarginata
A. Rich. in Sagra Cub. w. 28, t. 9 (1845). Breynia fruticosa
foliis oblongis, &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 246, t. 27, f. 1 (excl. syn.).
B. arborescens &c. Browne loc. cit. (excl. syn.). (Fig. 96.)
Specimen from Hortus Cliffortianus in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Black Willow, Zebra Wood (Wright).
In fl. and fr. May-Sept.; Wright! Shakspear! Bancroft! Road from

232 FLORA OF JAMAICA Capparis

Spanish Town to Old Harbour, Macfadyen! McNab! St. Mary, Purdie!
Bath, Wilson! March! Prior! Westphalia, J.P. 1418, Hart! Constant
Spring; Spanish Town Road; Campbell! Sheldon; Robertsfield; near
Troy, 1200 ft.; Cane River Valley, ft.; Potsdam, 2600 ft.; Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5718, 7713, 9488, 9630, 9816.—Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West
Indies, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, Margarita, Venezuela.

Small slender tree or shrub, 6-30 ft. high. Leaves glabrous on the
upper surface, scaly beneath; nerves and veins indistinet above, nerves
sometimes prominulous beneath, veins obsolete; 4-12 om. 1., 2-6 cm. br.;
petiole 1-3 cm. 1. Flowers fragrant. Sepals 8-11 mm. 1. Petals white
changing to purplish, scaly outside, glabrous within, 10-13 mm. 1.
Stamens 20-30, purplish with yellow anthers. Ovary with the bag aad
about as long as the stamens. J’rwit to 8 dm. and more, varying in length
and in its proportion to the gynophore (1°5-5 cm. 1.) sometimes as much
as 10 times as long.

2. C. indiea Fawe. & Rendle in Journ. Bot. lit. 143, 4 (1914) ;
plant mostly covered with minute scales ; leaves narrowly oblong-
elliptical or sometimes narrowly elliptical; calyx small, deeply
cleft; segments subulate or lanceolate, open in bud; stamens
nearly twice as long as the petals; fruit siliquiform, somewhat
torulose, dry, 2-valved, showing the scarlet pulp.—cC. Breynia
L. Syst. ed. 10, 1071 (1759); Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 161, t. 103
& Ed. pict. 78, t. 152; Hichl. tom. cit, 271, t. 64, f. IIL.; Urb.
tom. cit. 253 (non Sw.). C. amygdalifolia Jacq. Enum. Pl.
Carib. 24 (1760). C. amygdalina Lam. Eneyc. i. 608 (1785);
Griseb. tom. cit. 17 (excl. syn. Br. Jam. t. 27, f. 2). Breynia
indica L. Sp. Pl. 503 (1753). Ceratonia affinis arbor siliquosa
&e. Sloane Cat. 153 & Hist. vi. 60. Salix arbor folliculifera &c.
Pluk. Alm, 328, t. 221, f.1. Breynia amygdali foliis &¢. Plum.
Nov. Pl. Amer. Gen. 40. B. elwagni foliis Plum, loc. cit. t. 16;
Breyn. Icon. 13, cum. t.

White Willow.

In fl. Apr., May; in fr. July, Aug.; Savannas, St. Jago de la Vege and
woods between the town and Passage Fort, Sloane Herb. vi. 54! Wright!
Swartz! Arnott |—Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, St. Bartho-
lomew, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St.
Vincent, Mustique, Barbados, Central America, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela.

Shrub or tree 8-25 ft. high. Leaves glabrous on the upper side, scaly
beneath, 7-10 (5-11) cm. 1., 2-3°5 (-4°5) cm. br.; petiole about 1 cm. 1.
Flowers near the top of the branches, very fragrant. Sepals 2-3 mm, 1.
Petals white, elliptical, tomentose on the inside, scaly-tomentose outside,
1-1'20m.1. Stamens about 16. Ovary spuriously 2-celled, with the long
gynophore longer than the stamens. F'rwit 6-25 cm, 1.

A specimen from Mutis, probably from Colombia, in the Linnean
Herbarium is named C. Breynia in Linneus’s writing. The fruits are
very short 2-4°5 cm. 1., with a very short gynophore, about 2 mm. 1.

3. C. longifolia Sw. Prodr. 81 (1788); plant mostly covered
with minute scales ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 10-15 times longer
than broad; fruit siliquiform, rupturing irregularly.—Sw. Fi.
Ind, Oce, 934; Macf. Jam.i. 40 ; Hichl. loc. cit. Salix folliculifera

Capparis CAPPARIDACEA 233

longissimis argenteis et acutis foliis Pluk. Alm. 328, t. 327, f. 6.
Specimen from Plukenet in fruit in Sloane Herb. ci. 168.

“Habitat in locis apricis maritimisque Jamaice,” Swartz (loc. cit.)—
St. Thomas, Antigua, Barbados.

Leaves, apex very acute, glabrous and shining on the upper surface,
scaly beneath, midrib immersed on upper surface and very prominent
beneath, nerves and veins obsolete above and faintly indicated beneath,
13-20 cm. 1., 1°3-2 cm. br.; petiole ‘7-1 cm. 1. F'rwit very long, cylin-
drical-nodulose, three times as long as the gynophore, measuring with the
gynophore about 20 cm. 1., *5 cm. in diam.

4. C. ferruginea L. Syst. ed. 10, 1071 (1759) (excl. ref. to
Browne), plant mostly covered with stellate hairs ; calyx small,
deeply cleft, segments subulate or lanceolate, open in bud ;
stamens usually 8, about as long as the petals; fruit small,
subglobose, 2 or 3 times as long as the gynophore (4—5 mm. 1.) —
L. Amen. v. 398 & Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 721; Sw. Ob. 208; Macf. Jam.
i. 38; Griseb. op. cit. 17; Hichl. tom. cit. 274. C. eleagnifolia
Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 23 (1760). C. octandra Jacq. Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 160 ¢. 100 (1763) & Ed. pict. t. 149. Breynia fruticosa
foliis singularibus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 246 (excl. t. 27, f. 2).
Cratzva fruticosa foliis singularibus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 247,
t. 28. f.1. There is a specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn.
with name “ ferruginea ” in Solander’s writing.

Mustard Shrub.

In fil. March-May (Sept.); in fr. Jan., Apr., June, Sept.; common near
Kingston and in all the lowlands, Browne! Wright! Broughton! Shak-
spear! Rockfort; Ocho Rios; McNab! Windward Road, Kingston, Wilson!

rior ; March! Lime Cay; Waterhouse Pen, 250 ft.; Campbell! Cane
River valley, 300 ft.; near Wareka, 100 ft.; Yardley Chase, 1600 ft.;
Pedro Bluff; Negril; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5800, 6048, 8607, 9624, 9668, 9725,
10,227.—Hispaniola (fide Jacquin).

Shrub or tree to 25 ft. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, oblong-
oblanceolate or sometimes narrowly elliptical, glabrous above, powdery-
pubescent with stellate down beneath, 5-10 (3-) cm. 1., 1-3-5 (-4) cm. br.;
petioles *5-1°5 em.1, Flowers small, odourless but sometimes slightly
fragrant, near the top of branches. Calyx 2-2°5 mm.1. Petals white,
sometimes purplish, elliptical, about ‘5cm.1. Fruit to nearly 1°5 cm. 1,
dehiscent. Seeds few, compressed.

The plant has a pungent smell and taste, whence the common name.

5. C. badueea L. Sp. Pl. 504 (1753) ; plant glabrous, without
scales ; leaves large, somewhat clustered at intervals, elliptical-
oblong, sometimes somewhat obovate, base minutely cordate,
stipulate; calyx 4-lobed, small (2 mm. 1.), lobes imbricate ;
stamens as long as the petals ; fruit short, oblong, irregularly
nodose-torose, 5 to 10 times as long as the gynophore (5-8 mm. |.).
—C, frondosa Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 24 (1760) ; Sel. Stirp. Amer.
162. ¢. 104 & Hd. pict. t. 153; Griseb. op. cit. 19; Hichl. tom.
cit. 280 (in part); Urb. tom. cit. 253. Specimen from Hortus
Cliffortianus in Herb. Mus. Brit.

234 FLORA OF JAMAICA Capparis

In fil. Feb., April, May; in fr. Feb., Aug., Sept., Nov.; Hopewell,
St. Ann, McNab! Ocho Rios, Purdie!—West Indies, Central America,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana.

Shrub or small tree, 7-25 ft. high. Leaves, nerves and veins prominent
beneath, evident above, 1-3 dm. 1., 3:5-10 cm. br.; petioles ‘5-5 em. lL.
Flowers odourless, corymbose at the end of branches. Calya-lobes roundish,
barely 1°5 mm. 1., glands small. Petals pale greenish-white or purplish,
obovate, very fugacious,8 mm.1. Stamens white, pink at base, numerous.
Fruit 3-6 cm. 1., purplish-brown.

6. C. flexuosa L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 722 (1762); plant glabrous,
without scales ; leaves oblong-elliptical to elliptical, but also very
variable in breadth from broadly elliptical to almost linear,
with an oblong axillary gland, stipulate; calyx 4-partite,
segments in two series, imbricate, roundish, concave, one-third as
long as the petals; stamens about three times as long as the
petals ; fruit siliquiform, continuous or torulose, about twice
as long as the gynophore (4-9 cm. 1.).—C. cynophallophora
L. Syst. ed. 10, 1071 (1759) (with ref. to Plumier) & Sp. Pl.
ed. 2,721 (in part) (non Sp. Pl. 504); Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer.
158 4. 98 & Hd. pict. t. 145; Wright Mem. 195; Macf. Jam.
i. 37; Griseb. loc. cit. (excl. 8); Hichl. tom. cit. 282, t. 63; Urb.
tom. cit. 254. Morisonia flexuosa L. Amen. v. 398 (1760). Acaciis
affinis arbor siliquosa &c. Sloane Cat. 153 & Hist. ii. 59.
Capparis arborescens lauri foliis fructu longissimo Plum. Cat. 7,
Pl, Amer. (Burm.) t. 73, f. 1 & Ic. ined. ii. 36. Cynophallophorus
&e. Pluk. Alm. 126, t. 172, f. 4 (specimen in Herb. Sloane
xevi. 2). Type in Herb. Linn.

Bottle-cod Root.

In fl. after the rains in May and Oct.; St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane
Herb. vi. 52! Houstown! Browne! Broughton! Wright! Sha r!
Swartz! common on the plains, Macfadyen; St. Andrew; St. 5 84
Distin! McNab! Morant Bay, Wilson! Hope River, Armstrong! Cherry
Garden; King’s House; Mavis Bank; J.P. 1850, Morris! Stony Hill;
Red Hills; Up Park Camp; Campbell! Hope, Harris! Fl. Jam. 5692,
5922, 6523, 6635.—Florida, Ouba, Cayman, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Bartholomew, St. Eustatius, Antigua, Guade-
loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Mustique, Bequia,
Barbados, Panama, 8. America.

Shrub or tree 8-25 ft. high. Leaves, nerves and veins more or less

rominent on both sides, 4-9 cm. 1., 1-4°5 cm. br.; petiole about -5 cm. 1.
Fecidate axillary and terminal. Flowers showy, nt. Sepals, the
outer smaller than the inner, 5-7 mm.1. Petals white or pale rose,
obovate, about 1°5 cm.1l. Stamens white, to nearly 5 om. 1. Fruit
7-15 cm. 1., 1-1°5 cm. in diam., opening gradually by rupture by two valves
from the apex either on one side or on both. Seeds many in two rows,
imbedded in the scarlet pulp.

Var. saligna comb. nov., leaves long, linear to linear-lanceo-
late, 9-12 cm. 1., *5 to nearly 2 em. br.—C., aie Vahl Symb.
tii, 66 (1794). C. cynophallophora var. saligna Griseb. loc. cit.

Masson | Palisadoes, J.P., 1006, Morris i—St. Cruz.

Crateva CAPPARIDACE 235

5. CRATAVA L.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, the twigs marked with lenticels.
Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers purpurascent, many in a corymbose
raceme, often polygamous, tasting like horse-radish. Sepals 4,
persistent. Petals 4, white, with a long claw, open in bud, two
somewhat larger; claw nearly as long as limb. Receptacle
saucer-shaped with inverted lobed margin from which the sepals
and petals spring, elevated or produced into a cylinder in the
centre from which arise the stamens and pistil. Stamens 8-30,
long exserted. Pistil with a long stalk (gynophore), as long as
the stamens ; ovary 1—2-celled; placentas 2. Berry globose or
ovoid, 1—2-celled. Seeds kidney-shaped ; cotyledons subcylindri-
cal, convolute. The whole plant smells of garlic, whence the
common name, Garlic Pear tree.

Species 10, natives of the tropics.

Petals elliptical above, 1°6-2°4 cm, L, 4-7 mm. br.

Fruit 3°2-3-8 om, in diam,,..........cscccssscssecsccoseeeees 1, C. Tapia.
Petals narrowly elliptical-oblong, -8-1-7 cm. 1., 1-2 mm.
br. Fruit about 2 cm. in diam...................ss00000. 2. C. gynandra.

1. C. Tapia L. Sp. Pl. 444 (1753); petals, limb elliptical
with a long claw, 1:6-2'4 cm. 1., 4-7 mm. br. ; receptacle only

Fig. 97.—Crateva Tapia L.

A, Portion of branch showing leaf and OD, Ovary cut lengthwise x 5.

fruit x 3. E, Ovary cut across x 6.
B, Flower x 3. ¥, Seed cut lengthwise x 14; c, cotyle-
C, Receptacle cut lengthwise x 5. dons ; *, radicle. (After Eichler.)

236 FLORA OF JAMAICA Crateva

slightly elevated in the centre; berry globose, 3:2-3°8 em. in
diam.— Macf. Jam. i. 37 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 17 ; Hichl. in Fl.
Bras. xiii, pt. 1, 264, t. 59. C. arborea foliis crassis &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 247, Tapia Piso Bras. 68 & woodcut & Maregr. Hist.
98 & woodcut. Malus americana trifolia &c. Commel. Amst. i. 129,
t. 67. Tapia arborea triphylla Plum. Nov. Pl. Amer. Gen. 22,
t. 21. (Fig. 97.)

In fl. May; in fr. June-Aug.; Spanish Town road; Salt Ponds;
Macfadyen! Ferry River; near Bull Bay; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8272, 9569.
—Central and tropical S. America.

Tree about 20 ft. high. Leaves, leaflets elliptical or broadly ire
shortly acuminate, base rounded, obtuse or wedge-shaped, lateral oblique
and with unequal sides, membranous, becoming thicker, often somewhat
leathery, in fruit, 5-13 cm. 1., 3-7 cm. br.; petiolule short, 5-13 mm. 1;
common _ 2 cm. 1. near the flowers, and as long as 13 cm. lower.
Sepals oblong, slightly constricted below, 5-7 mm. 1., 1°5-2°5 mm. br.
Stamens 5-6 cm. 1. yaanbees of berry 3°5-6 cm. 1.; pedicel 3-5 om. 1.
Berry “ size of a small orange’”’ (Macfadyen). Seeds 8 mm. in diam.

2. C. gynandra L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 636 (1762); petals, limb
oblong or narrowly elliptical-oblong, *8-1*7 em. 1., 1-2 mm. br. ;
receptacle generally elevated in the centre, 2-4 mm. 1. ; be
ovoid, somewhat more than 2 cm. in diam.—Maef. Jam. i. 36 ;
Griseb. loc. cit. Anona trifolia flore stamineo &c. Sloane Cat. 205
& Hist. ii. 169. Crateva arborea foliis ovatis &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 246.

In fi. March, Apr.; in fr. June; Sloane Herb. vii. 100! Wright!
Swartz! common in the plains, Macfadyen ; Hopewell, St. Mary, McNab!
Spring Garden, Buff Bay, J.P. 1474, Morris! Annotto Bay, Thompson!
Fl. Jam. 7917.—Central and tropical 5S, America.

Tree 15-20 ft. high. Leaves, leaflets elliptical, shortly acuminate,
terminal with base wedge-shaped, lateral unequal-sided with oblique base,
membranous becoming chartaceous, 5-15 cm. 1., 2°5-6°5 cm. br.; petiolule
4-8 mm. 1.; common petiole 3-9 cm. 1. Sepals oblong, more or less
contracted below, 3-5 mm.1. Stamens 2°5-4-°5 cm.1l. Berry “size of a
pigeon’s egg” (Macfadyen).

Sloane’s description of the fruit as ‘‘ perfectly spherical, of the bigness
of a tennis ball,” evidently refers to the preceding species, which he does
not distinguish from this.

Famity XXXIT. CRUCIFERA.

Herbs, annual or perennial, with watery juice. Leaves
simple, alternate; in many species the radical leaves are
runcinate, and the cauline auriculate at the base. Stipules
wanting. Flowers in racemes, often corymbose, generally
terminal, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4, free, the lateral often
saccate at the base. Petals 4, spreading in a cruciate manner.
Stamens 6, of which 4 are long and 2 short (tetradynamous),

Nasturtiwm CRUCIFERZ 237

some of which are sometimes abortive (only 2-4 in Lepidium,
4 in Cardamine hirsuta). Ovary of 2 carpels, l-celled with 1 or 2
parietal placentas, or rarely one basilar. Fruit a narrow
2-valved capsule with 2 parietal placentas, from which the valves
separate in dehiscence (siliqua) ; if the length does not more than
twice or thrice surpass the breadth, the fruit is called a silicula ;
usually a false partition is stretched across between the two
placentas, rendering the pod 2-celled. In Coronopus the silicula
is indehiscent. In Cakile the fruit is indehiscent and trans-
versely 2-jointed. Embryo without endosperm. Cotyledons
folded so that the back of one is laid against the radicle
(incumbent o||), or their edges are longitudinally applied to the
radicle (accumbent o=), or they are folded together lengthwise
(conduplicate oy).

Species 1900, dispersed over the whole earth, but chiefly in
temperate and frigid zones of the northern hemisphere.

Fruit a siliqua.
BOQ 12) BW BOW ad 5 chsh an Shas einen neds vase rans ates whdeenennt 1. Nasturtium.
Seeds in one row.
Valves flat, separating elastically and curved back on
themselves from the base .............s.sseesseeeeeeesess 2. Cardamine.
Valves convex, not separating elastically. ;
[Siliquas adpressed to rhachis, awl-shaped............ Sisymbrium.]
[Siliquas spreading, lanceolate or broadly linear.... | Brassica.]
Fruit a silicula.
Silicula dehiscing by valves.
Silicula obcordate-triangular. Seeds many ............ 3. Capsella.

Silicula compressed-orbicular. Seeds one in each cell 4. Lepidiwm.
Silicula indehiscent, minute, 1°35 mm. 1., didymous.... 5. Coronopus,
Fruit transversely 2-jointed. Plant fleshy.............:000+ 6. Cakile.

A. Fruit a siliqua with the partition as broad as the valve.

1. NASTURTIUM Br.

Branching ‘herbs. Leaves pinnately lobed, pinnatisect or
entire. Flowers small, white or yellow. Stamens 6 (or 1-6).
Siliqua narrow, valves turgid; septum hyaline. Seeds small,
turgid, in two rows ; cotyledons accumbent.

Species 50, found almost all over the world.

N. fontanum Aschers. Fl. Prov. Brandenb. 32 (1864);
O. E. Schulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. iit. 513 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 257.
N. officinale R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 110 (1812) ;
Macf. Jam. i. 24 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 13. Cardamine fontana
Lam. Encye. ii. 185 (1786). Sisymbrium Nasturtium-aquaticum
L. Sp. Pl. 657 (1753). N. aquaticum vulgare Sloane Cat. 79 &
Hist. 7. 193. Sisymbrium aquaticum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 272.
(Fig. 98.) Type in Herb. Linn,

238 FLORA OF JAMAICA Nasturtiwm

Water Oress.
In fi. April-May; in perennial rivulets; Sloane; Ferry and other
ice, Browne; Macfadyen; Mavis Bank, Johnson!|—Bermuda, Cuba,
orto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent,
throughout the whole world.
Perennial aquatic. Stem decumbent below, rooting at the nodes, erect
above, 4-2 ft, (and more). Leaves pinnate, lower 5-10 cm. 1., leaflets

Fig. 98.—Nasturtium fontanum Aschers,

A, Leaf from base ot mex S F, Seed x 8.
B, Upper portion of flowering branch x #. G, Embryo x 8.
€, Flower x 4. H, Seed cut across x 8 c, cotyledons ;

D, Stamens and receptacle x 4. r, radicle.
E, Siliqua slightly enlarged.

1-5 pairs, terminal leaflet broadest and largest, roundish, 1-35 cm, in
diam. Flowers 3°5-4 mm. 1. Sepals 2 mm. 1. Petals white. Disk-
glands 4, Siliqua *6-1*5cm.1. Seed about 1 mm, 1,

N. heterophyllum Blume, Bijdr. 50 (1825), is a weed in
Castleton Gardens, but we do not know of its occurrence
elsewhere in the island. The leaves are denticulate, obovate or
rhomboid, sublyrate, the lower stalked, the highest sessile ; the
flowers are greenish-yellow, petals wanting; the siliquas are
somewhat terete, elongate, strict.

2. CARDAMINE L.

Leaves generally pinnatisect. Flowers purple or white.
Sepals equal at base. Petals clawed or narrowed to base.
Siliqua linear, compressed, valves flat, nerveless, separating

Cardamine CRUCIFER 239

elastically. Seeds in one row, compressed ; cotyledons accumbent.
Lady’s Smock.

Species 120, natives of temperate, alpine and frigid regions of
the world.

C. hirsuta L. Sp. Pl. 655 (1753); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 13 ;
O. E. Schulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. iti. 520 & in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.

Fig. 99.—Cardamine hirsuta L.

A, Plant x 2. KE, abe slightly enlarged.

B, Flower x 4. F, S x 10.

C, Petal x 6. G, Ditto cut across x 10; ¢, cotyledon;
D, Pistil and stamens xX 5. 7, radicle.

waxii. 464, C. sylvatica Macf. Jam. t. 25 (1837) (non Link).
(Fig. 99.) Typé in Herb. Linn.

In fl. Dec.-March; Port Royal and St. David’s Mts., Macfadyen ;
Quashie Hill, 5560 ft., Eggers; Cinchona, 4900 ft.; Hardware Gap,
4000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9204, 10,110, 11,696.—Widely distributed in
the northern hemisphere.

Annual. Stem erect, 4-1 ft. high. Leaves imparipinnate, radical
numerous, 5-8 cm. 1., few on the stem, 2-4 cm. 1.; leaflets 1-4 paired,
stalked, terminal largest, roundish, with a few hairs on the upper surface
and at the base of the petiole. Pedicels of flowers 15-2 mm. 1., of siliquas
*5-1:5cem.1. Sepals greenish-hyaline,1°5mm.1. Petals white, 4, some-
times only 2 or more, about 3 mm. 1. Stamens usually 4, 2 mm. 1.
Style none. Siliqua about 2cm.1.,1mm. br. Seeds about 1 mm, 1.

The sepals of this species are described by O. E. Schulz as “ dorso
parce pilosa,” but in the dried specimens examined the sepals are glabrous.

240 FLORA OF JAMAICA Sisymbrium

[SISYMBRIUM L.

Radical leaves spreading, cauline often auriculate-amplexicaul.
Flowers generally yellow or white. Sepals equal or subsaccate
at base. Petals often narrow and long clawed. Siliqua awl-
shaped-linear, adpressed to the rhachis. Seeds generally many,
in one row ; cotyledons incumbent. Hedge-mustard.

Species 50, mostly natives of Europe, Siberia and western Asia
as far as India, a few of temperate and subarctic N. America,
and a very few of the northern hemisphere.

S. officinale Scop. Fl. Carniol. ed. 2, ti. 26 (1772) ; Maef.
Jam. t. 27; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 13; Eichl. in Fl. Bras. «iti.
gt. 1, 303 ; Britton in Torreya vi. 31. Erysimum officinale
L. Sp. Pl. 660 (1753). Type in Herb. Linn.

In fil. throughout the year; ‘‘not uncommon in Port Royal Mts.”
Macfadyen ; Hart |—Bermuda, Hispaniola. Native of Europe. Natural-
ised in N. America and West Indies.

Annual plant, more or less hairy with recurved hairs. Stem 1 to 2 ft.
high, with branches spreading more or less at right angles. Leaves
runcinate, lower 6-8 cm. 1., upper smaller. Raceme very short and crowded
in flower, much elongated afterwards. Flowers 2-5-3 mm. 1. S
1‘5-2mm.1. Petals yellow. Siliqua1-1°4 cm. 1., at base 1-1°5 mm. br.,
pungent, erect, closely pressed to the rhachis. ]}

(BRASSICA L.

Erect herbs, the radical leaves pinnatifid. Racemes long,
leafless. Flowers generally yellow. Ovary with 12 to 24 ovules.
Siliqua nearly terete, narrowing into the linear beak, spreading
away from rhachis; valves convex with one prominent nerve
and the 2 lateral flexuose; partition as wide as the valves.
Seeds in one row, subglobose. Cotyledons conduplicate.

Species about 50, natives of the Mediterranean Region, and
of central Europe and of central and east Asia.

B. integrifolia O. HE. Schulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. tii. 509 (1903).
B. lanceolata Lange Fl. Danica fase. alv. 7, t. 2658 (1861).
B. juncea Hitche. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 1893, 58 (non Coss.) ;
Kew Bull. 1893, 236. Sinapis integrifolia West Bidr, Ste Croix
296 (1793) ; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 14 (1816). 8. lanceolata
DC. Syst. ii. 611 (1821); Macf. Jam. 7. 31. 8. brassicata
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 14 (1859) (non L.), Sinapi foliis &e.
Sloane Cat. 79 & Hist. i. 193, t. 123, f. 2. Type in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

Wild Mustard.

** Oultivated places,’’ Sloane Herb. iii. 108! common in the Port Royal

Mts., Macfadyen; Lucea, Hitchcock.—Apparently spontaneous in the
West Indies. Native of southern and vastern Asia.

Brassica CRUCIFERZ en Qale

Stem i ni high. Leaves lower broadly obovate, often with small
lobes at the base, coarsely toothed, 8-28 cm. 1.; middle oblong, toothed ;
upper linear-lanceolate, entire, 4-8 cm. 1. Flowers 6-9 mm. 1. Sepals
4-5mm.1. Petals light yellow. Siliqua 3-3°5 cm. 1., 1°5-2 mm. br. ;
style slender, 3-6 mm. 1.]}

B. Fruit a silicula with the partition very narrow.

8. CAPSELLA Medik.

Branching herbs. Radical leaves rosulate. Flowers small,
white, in terminal and axillary racemes, with the petals some-
times changed into stamens. Sepals equal at base. Silicula
laterally compressed, valves boat-shaped, keeled. Seeds many,
in two rows ; cotyledons incumbent. Shepherd’s Purse.

Species 5, natives of temperate regions and of mountains in
the tropics.

C. Bursa-pastoris Moench. Method. 271 (1794); Macf. Jam.
1. 27; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 14. Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris L. Sp.
Pl. 647 (1753). (Fig. 100.) Type in Herb. Linn.

Fig. 100.—Capsella Bursa-pastoris Moench.

A, Plant x 4. F, Silicula with one valve removed. x 2.
B, ne x 6. 6 G, Seed x & niece >
Y. ower X 6. H, Ditto cut across 8; 1 ‘
D, Pistil and stamens xX 12. , r, radicle, se tarred
E, Silicula x 2. (After Sturm.) aA

In fl. all the year; waste places and coffee fields in the mountains,
Macfadyen.—A weed of cultivation, found in temperate regions and in
mountains in the tropics.

R

242 FLORA OF JAMAICA Capsella

Annual. Stem }-14 ft. high. Leaves, radical generally pinnatifid,
8-12 cm. 1.; upper sagittate, clasping, lanceolate, 2-3 cm. 1.; acute,
toothed, with stellate and simple hairs, Flowers 2°5 mm. in diam.
Silicula obcordate-triangular, 6-8 mm. 1. Seeds 10-20, about 1 mm. 1,

4, LEPIDIUM L.

Erect herbs. Flowers small, white. Sepals short, equal at
base. Petals equal, entire, spathulate or obovate. Stamens 6,
slightly tetradynamous, or only 2. Ovary sessile, 2-celled ; ovules
solitary in the cells. Silicula compressed-orbicular. Seed in
each cell, pendulous from near the summit. Cotyledons incum-
bent, rarely accumbent as in L. virginicum. Pepperwort.
Peppergrass.

Species 122, widely dispersed in the temperate and warm
regions of the world.

Petals scarcely longer than thesepals. Silicula 3 mm. 1.... L. virginicwm.
[Petals half as long again as the sepals. Silicula6 mm.1. L. satwwm.]

L. virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 645 (1753); leaves mostly simple ;
petals scarcely longer than the sepals; stamens 2; silicula 3-

Fig. 101.—Lepidium virginicum L.

A, Upper portion of branch x 3. D, Silicula x 4.
B, Flower x 10. E, Seed cut across x 6.
C, Ovary cut lengthwise x 10. (After A, Gray.)

3°5 mm. 1.; fruiting pedicels spreading.— Wright Mem. 283 ;
A. Gr. Gen. 167, t. 73, f. 1-7; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 14;

Lepidium CRUCIFERZ 243

Hitche. in Rep. Miss. Bot. Gard. 58; O. EB. Schulz in Urb. Symb.
Ant. iit. 494; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 255; Thell. Monogr. 222 ;
Descourt. Fl. Ant. i. 193, #. 41. Iberis humilior annua «ec.
Sloane Cat. 80 & Hist. i. 195, t. 123, f. 3. Lepidium erectum
&e. Browne Hist. Jam. 272. (Fig. 101.) Original specimens
from Hortus Cliffortianus & in Herb. Gronovius in Herb.
Mas. Brit.

In fl. all the year; “in most of the inland places,’ Sloane Herb. iii.
110! Houwstoun! Wright! Prior; Morris! hills near Kingston, Hansen ;
Gordon Town, yA ; also Ball! Resource, 3600 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam.
6914; Porus, C. G. Lloyd; Blue Mts., Rothrock.—Bermuda, Bahamas,
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, St. Bartho-
lomew, St. Eustatius, Nevis, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent,
oe Tobago, N. America, from Canada to Texas; introduced into

urope.

Stem 1-14 ft. high. Leaves mostly oblanceolate or linear, serrate, the
lowest often deeply cut or even pinnate, the highest minutely serrate or
entire, lowest 4-10 cm. 1., middle 2-4 cm. 1. Pedicel, flowering 2°5-
3 mm. 1, fruiting 4-5 mm.1. Flowers about 1mm.1. Silicula narrowly
winged at the apex. Seeds about 2 mm. 1, 1 mm. br. Cotyledons
accumbent.

‘* Supplies the place of cress in salads”’ (Sloane).

[L. sativum L. Sp. Pl. 644 (1753); leaves mostly pinnate or
deeply cut; petals half as long again as the sepals; stamens 6 ;
silicula about 6 mm. 1.; fruiting pedicels erect.—Macf. Jam. i.
29; Griseb. loc. cit.; O. E. Schulz tom. cit. 496; Thell. Monogr.
121; Descourt. tom. cit. t. 42. Type in Herb. Linn.

Macfadyen._S. W. Asia and N. E. Africa, now cultivated and
spontaneous all over the world.

Stem 4-2 ft. high. Leaves, lower 3-8 cm. 1., upper 3-4 cm. 1. Pedicels
flowering 1-1:5 mm. l., fruiting 2-3 mm. 1. Flowers 1°5-2 mm. 1.
Silicula broadly winged, especially near the apex. Cotyledons incumbent.

“Tt is a favourite salad, and has the reputation of being antiscorbutic
and antiphthisical ’” (Macfadyen).]

5. CORONOPUS Gaertn.

Herbs much branched from the base, diffuse. Leaves mostly
pinnatitid. Racemes short, opposite the leaves. Flowers very
small, white. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals entire or
wanting. Stamens 6 and tetradynamous, or 4 (the shorter
abortive), or 2. Silicula didymous, broader than long, valves sub-
globose, indehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell. Cotyledons .
long, linear, curved back above their base, thus appearing like
4 in transverse section. Wart-cress.

Species 12, natives mostly of subtropical, also of temperate

regions,
R 2

244 FLORA OF JAMAICA Coronopus

C. didymus J. E. Smith Fl. Brit. ti. 691 (1800); O. EB. Schulz
in Urb. Symb. Ant. tii. 496 ; Muschler in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xl. 134.
Lepidium didymum ZL. Mant. 92 (1767). Senebiera pinnatifida
DC. in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. 144, t. 9 (1799); Macf. Jam.

Fig. 102.—Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith.

A, Portion of branch x 4. E, Embryo x 30; ¢, cotyledons ; r, radicle.
B, Flower x 16. F, Seed cut across where the line s is
C, Silicula x 18, drawn in E x 30.

D, Ditto cut length vise x 16.

i. 28; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 14; A. Gr. Gen. 166, 4. 72,
(Fig. 102.) Type in Herb. Linn.

In fl. throughout the year; ‘“‘common in Port Royal and St. Andrews
Mountains,” Macfadyen; Cinchona, 5000 ft., J.P. 1268, Hart! also
Harris! Fl, Jam. 8579.—America from Patagonia to Canada, also widely
distributed in Africa, Australia and Europe.

Stems spreading on the ground, 2 to 15in.1. Leaves pinnatifid, lobes
linear, generally entire, sometimes serrate or lobed. Raceme with 25-35
flowers, in fruit 2-3:5cm.1. Sepals *5 mm. 1., oblong, hairy. Petals very
short, linear-awl-shaped, or none. Stamens generally only two. Silicula
emarginate at the apex, not quite 1-5 mm. 1., rather over 2 mm. in diam. ;
valves wrinkled, but not crested, readily separating.

“The early leaves which are radical, and much larger than those of
the stem, afford when young an excellent salad, much superior to those
of the garden cress, which they resemble in taste’’ (Macfadyen).

C. Fruit transversely 2-jointed.

6. CAKILE Gaertn.

Fleshy, branching, glabrous herbs. Flowers white or pale
purple. Lateral sepals gibbous at base. Siliqua transversely

Cakile CRUCIFER 2 245

2-jointed, indehiscent, the lower joint 1-celled, with 1 pendulous
seed, the upper l-celled, with 1 seed erect from the base ;
cotyledons accumbent.

Species 4, natives of the shores of Europe, N. America,
Mexico and the W. Indies.

C. lanceolata O. E. Schulz in Urb. Symb. Ant. tit. 504 (1903) ;
Britton in Torreya vi. 29; subspecies domingensis O. E, Schulz
tom. cit. 505; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 256; C. domingensis T'ussac
Fl. Ant. i. 119 (1808). C. wequalis ?Hér. in DC. Syst. ii. 430

Fig. 1038.—Cakile lanceolata 0. E. Schulz,
A, Portion of plant x 2. E, Seed x 2.

B, Petal x 2. ¥F, Embryo xX 2.
C, Flower without fhe petals x 2. G, Seed cut across X 2; c, cotyledons:
D, Fruit with the joints separated, slightly 7, radicle.

enlarged. (A-D after Delessert.)

(1821); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 14. C. cubensis H. B. K. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. v. 75 (1821). Raphanus lanceolatus Willd. Sp. Pl.
iii. 562 (1801) ; Macf. Jam. 7. 32. Eruca duodecima Sloane Cat.
81 & Hist. i. 195. (Fig. 103.)

House Cay near Port Royal, Sloane Herb. iii. 111! Plantain Garden
River Bay, Macfadyen! St. Ann, McNab! St. Ann’s Bay, Purdie! March!
sea-shore, Healthshire Hills; St. Ann’s Bay; Harris! Fl. Jam. 9521,
10,353, 11,628.—Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St.
Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, Guadeloupe,
Désirade, Marie Galante, Martinique, St. Vincent, Barbados, Colombia.

Stem erect, 1-5 ft. high. Leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong

246 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cakile

or oblong-linear, entire or toothed, 3-7 cm. 1. Flowers white, 6-8 mm. 1,
Siliqua 2-3 cm. 1., 4 mm. at greatest br.; lower joint obconical-cylindrical, |
somewhat terete.

Famiry XXXIIT. TOVARIACEZS.

Herbs shrubby at base. Stem erect or trailing on shrubs,
branching. Leaves 3-foliolate, alternate, without stipules.
Racemes terminal. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 7 or 8,
persistent. Petals 7 or 8, inserted on an elevated disk. Stamens
7 or 8, inserted on the disk; anthers dehiscing longitudinally ;
filaments flat, linear, apex acute. Ovary subsessile, 6—8-celled ;
ovules numerous, attached to two spongy axile placentas in each
cell ; style short or wanting ; stigma 5-8-radiate. Berry globose-
ovoid, Seeds numerous, minute, buried in the pulp; embryo
curved, surrounded by a layer of endosperm.

One genus with 2 or more species, natives of Jamaica,
Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru.

TOVARIA Ruiz & Pav.

T. diffusa comb. nov. T. pendula Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
17 (excl. distribution) (non Ruiz & Pav.); Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 664

Fig. 104.—Tovaria diffusa Yawe. & Rendle.
3. E, Fruit, nat, size.
B, Flower with petals and stamens re- FF, Fruit cut across x 2, showing the
moved X 2. branched placenta.
C, Petal x 3. G, Seed cut lengthwise x 20.
D, Stamen x 5. (A-E after Hooker.)

A, Portion of plant x

Tovaria TOVARIACEA 247

(excl. cit. Peru, Caraccas). Bancroftia diffusa Macf. Jam. i. 112
(1837). (Fig. 104.)

In fl. and fr. Sept. and Oct.; Morce’s Gap, and road to Newhaven,
St. George, Macfadyen ; Morce’s Gap, Purdie! Portland Gap, 5550 ft.,
Sullivan! near Vinegar Hill, 4500 ft. Harris!—Mexico, Colombia,

or, Venezuela, Peru.

Stem several feet in length, supporting itself on neighbouring shrubs.
Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, shortly petiolulate, 6-15 cm.1.; petioles
2-6 cm. 1. Racemes 15-20 cm. 1. Pedicels 8-12 mm. 1. Bracteoles
7-8 mm. 1., linear. Flowers greenish-white. Sepals 8, linear-lanceolate,
4-nerved, nerves giving off branches, minutely ciliolate on margin,
5-6 mm.1. Petals 8, linear-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, about 7 mm. 1.,
3-nerved from base, minutely tomentellous near the base on the inside.
Stamens 8, shorter than sepals; filaments minutely tomentellous at the
base; anthers ovate-sagittate, minutely tomentellous. Ovary globose-
ellipsoidal on the elevated receptacle, 6-celled; style wanting; stigma
dilated, with 6 recurved glandular lobes persistent in fruit. Berry 6-celled,
10-11 mm. in diam. Seed about ‘6 mm. in diam.

Differs from T. pendula Ruiz & Pav., of which there are excellent type
specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit., the flowers of which have ovate sepals,
obovate petals much longer than the sepals, and a distinct style which
forms a prominent beak in the fruit.

[Famitry MORINGACEZE.

Trees, the root pungent to the taste and the bark yielding
gum. Leaves alternate, 2—-3-pinnate with an odd leaflet, pinnzw
and pinnules opposite, leaflets obovate, entire. Stipules none,
but sometimes glands at the base of the petioles and pinne.
Panicles axillary. Flowers showy, hermaphrodite, irregular.
Sepals, petals and stamens perigynous at the edge of a cup-
shaped receptacle. Sepals 5, unequal, spreading-reflexed, imbri-
cate. Petals 5, like the sepals in shape, the two upper smaller,
the lateral ascending, the anterior larger, spreading out. Disk
clothing the receptacle with a very short free margin. Stamens
5 perfect, alternating with 5 staminodes. Anthers 1-celled.
Ovary l|-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Style tubular, open
at the apex. Ovules numerous, attached in two rows to the
placentas. Capsule long, 1-celled, dehiscing by 3 valves, which
bear numerous seeds in a single row along the middle of each.
Seeds large, 3-winged or without wings. Embryo without
endosperm ; cotyledons almond-like ; plumule many-leaved.

One genus with 3 species, natives of northern Africa, western
tropical Asia, and the East Indies, one species (M. oleifera Lam.)
found throughout the tropics.

248 FLORA OF JAMAICA Moringa —

MORINGA Juss.

M. oleifera Lam. Encyc. i. 398 (1783) & Ill. t. 337; Urb. in
Fl. Bras. aii. pt. 1, 490, t. 111 & Symb. Ant. iv. 257 ; Paw in
Engl.-Prantl Pflzfam. iit. pt. 2, 243, fig. 146. M. pterygosperma
Gaertn. Fruct. ti. 314, t. 147, f. 2 (1791); Maef. Jam, i. 324;

Griseb. Fl. Br: W. Ind: 16... Mo ben oleifera “Thssae’ FL dae ie.
46, t. 16. Guilandina Moringa L. Sp. Pl. 381 (1753); Descourt.
FI. Ant. i. 131, t. 27.

Horse-padish Tree.

Introduced by Hinton East in 1784; Lindsay! common in sea-side
country near Kingston, and eastwards, Campbell! Macfadyen! Harris!
Fl. Jam. 6454, 7716; Porus, Lloyd; Bog Walk, Port Royal, Hitchcock. —
West Indies and tropics.

Tree 12-20 ft. high. Root thick, soft. Leaves to 5 dm.1. Panicle
solitary, axillary. Calyx white, tinged with crimson. Petals white with
a yellow tinge, touched with crimson on the outside near the base. Ovary
3-cornered. Capsule 3-cornered. Seeds 3-winged.

The root has the taste of, and forms an excellent substitute for, horse-
radish. An excellent palatable oil may be obtained from the seeds, some-
what similar to the oil of ben which is yielded by the wingless seeds of
M. aptera.)

Famity XXXIV. CRASSULACEZ.

Herbs, generally fleshy and succulent. Leaves succulent,
exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular, generally in cymose
inflorescences. Calyx free, persistent, 4-lobed in Bryophyllum.
Petals as many as sepals, free or more or less united. Stamens
perigynous, equal to, or double, the number of petals. Carpels
as many as the petals, free or united at the base, with a scale at
the base of each ; stigmas capitellate. Ovules numerous, attached
to the ventral suture in two or many rows. Follicles 1-celled,
with many or few seeds, dehiscing by the ventral suture. Seeds
minute, punctulate ; endosperm fleshy, often scanty. Embryo
terete, with short cotyledons and long radicle.

Species about 500, chiefly found in the temperate and sub-
tropical parts of Europe, western Asia and southern Africa, also
many species occur in temperate and tropical N. America, very
few in 8. America and Australia.

BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb.

Tall erect fleshy perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, impari-
pinnate or simple; leaflets 1-5, elliptical, crenate. Flowers
large, nodding, in paniculate, many-flowered cymes. Calyx
campanulate, inflated, shortly 4-lobed, valvate. Corolla urceo-

Bryophyllum CRASSULACE 249)

late or subcampanulate, shortly 4-lobed. Stamens 8 in two series,
inserted on the corolla-tube. Carpels 4. Seeds numerous.

Species 4, natives of tropical Africa, one (B. pinnatum)
widely dispersed throughout the tropics.

B. pinnatum Kurz in Journ. As. Soc, Beng. al. pt. 2,52 (1871);
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 258. B. calycinum Salish. Parad. Lond. t. 3
(1805) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 303. Cotyledon pinnata Lam.
Enceye. ti. 141 (1786). (Fig. 105.)

Fig 105.—Bryophylium pinnatum Kurz,

A, Inflorescence and leaf x 4. C, Ovary cut across x 3.

B, Flower cut lengthwise; sc, scale; nat. D, Seed x 40; ¢, cotyledon ; *, radicle.
size.

March; Blue Mts., Hitchcock; Halfway Tree, Miss Wood !—Widely
distributed throughout the tropics, presumably a native of Africa.

Stem 1-3 ft. high. Leaves stalked, uppermost pinnate, lower simple;
blade to 13 cm.1., to 7 em. br. Calyx, tube 2°2-3-5 cm. 1., lobes ‘7-1 em. 1.
and br. Corolla, tube constricted below the middle, 2°5-4°5 cm. 1., lobes
triangular, very acute, 1-1-5 cm. 1, -5-°65 cm. br. Stamens, filaments
free upwards from the constriction below the middle of the corolla-tube.
Carpels 1:2-1°45 em. 1., passing up into styles 2°5-3 cm. 1. Seales
oblong, 2-2°5 mm. 1., 1--1"25 mm. br.

Famity XXXV. BRUNELLIACE.
Trees. Leaves opposite or 3 in a whorl, simple, 3-foliolate or

imparipinnate, with very small deciduous stipules. Flowers in
corymbiform, axillary and terminal panicles. Flowers rather

250 FLORA OF JAMAICA Brunellia|

small, diccious or polygamous. Calyx 4~-5-partite, valvate,
coloured. Corolla none. Disk adnate to the calyx, 8-10-lobed.
Male flowers: stamens 8-10, inserted at the base of the disk ;
ovaries rudimentary. Female or hermaphrodite flowers: carpels
4—5, distinct, l-celled ; styles awl-shaped, with simple stigmas ;
ovules 2, collateral. Capsules 4 or 5, or fewer by abortion,
2-valved, with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds with fleshy endosperm ;
cotyledons flat.
One genus with 10 species, natives of tropical America.

BRUNELLIA Ruiz & Pay.

B. ecomocladifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. Equin. i. 211 t. 59
(1808) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 139; Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. wv.
307 & Symb. Ant. iv. 258. Zanthoxylum Sumach Macf. Jam. %.
195 (1837). (Fig. 106.)

Fig. 103.—Brunellia comocladifolia Humb. & Bonpl.
wiles 5 of inflorescence and base of &, — carpel after dehiscence, empty,
)

x 4. wing the exocarp and endocarp X 4.

B, Hermaphrodite flower x 4. F, Seed x 7.

C, Female flower x 4. G, Section of seed with testa removed

D, Ripe carpel x 7. kot ms endosperm ; ¢, cotyledon; 7,
¥ cle.

West Indian Sumach.

Tree about 20 ft. high, young branches and petioles rusty-tomentose.
Leaves pinnate, 1°5-3 dm.1.; leaflets in 5-11 pairs with an odd one, oblong-
elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacuminate, serrate-denticulate,
penninerved, glabrous above except the midrib which is puberulous, tomen-

Brunellia BRUNELLIACE 251

tose beneath, petiolulate, 5-10 cm. 1., 2°5-4 cm. br. Panicles 6-7 cm. 1.
Flowers numerous, yellow, hermaphrodite and female with apparently
more or less functionless anthers. Calyx 5-cleft, tomentose, segments
2°5-3mm.1. Capsule about4mm.1. Seeds about 1°5 mm. 1.

Cinchona, J.P. 1271, 1854, Morris!—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru.

Famity XXXVI. CUNONIACEA.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate, simple
or compound. Flowers small, sometimes polygamous or diccious.
Sepals 4 or 5. Petals as many as, and usually not larger than,
the sepals. Stamens twice as many as, rarely as many as, the
petals, or sometimes more, inserted under the margin of the
disk. Carpels usually 2, united into a 2-celled ovary, or
distinct ; ovules usually numerous and in two rows on the placenta.
Fruit mostly a 2-valved capsule. Seeds several or numerous ;
embryo small, in the axis of fleshy endosperm ; cotyledons flat
or convex.

Species 120, natives of temperate and subtropical regions of
the southern hemisphere, represented in the northern hemisphere
by a few species of Weinmannia. ;

WEINMANNIA L.

Trees and shrubs. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate (rarely
simple) ; rhachis often winged. Stipules deciduous. Flowers
small, white, in clusters (in the Jamaican species), arranged in
erect terminal and axillary racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamo-
dicecious. Sepals 4 (rarely 5), imbricate, persistent. Petals
inserted under the margin of a perigynous lobed disk, imbricate,
caducous. Stamens 8 (rarely 10) ; filaments exserted, with small
anthers. Ovary free, 2-celled, 2-beaked ; styles 2, persistent,
with simple stigmas; ovules few or many in the cells, in two
rows, inserted on the margins of the inflexed carpels. Capsule
small, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved.

Species 70, natives of the West Indies, of tropical and
temperate S. America, Australia, New Zealand, Malaya, Mada-
gascar and Polynesia.

W. pinnata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1005 (1759); Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 303 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 258 ; Britton in N. Amer. Fl. xwii.
pt. 2,179. W. hirta Sw. Prodr. 63 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 691 ;
Griseb. loc. cit. ; Engl. in Fl. Bras. wiv. pt. 2, 163, t. 38, f. 19-21
& t. 40, f. 4. W. alpestris Macf. Jam. ti. 183 [1850]. Wind-
mannia fruticosa c&e. Browne Hist. Jam. 212. (Fig. 107.)
Specimens of Swartz’s W. hirta are in Herb. Mus. Brit.

252 FLORA OF JAMAICA Weinmannia

Bastard Brazilletto, Wild Brazilletto.

In fl. Sept.—Dec.; Coldspring, Swartz! Catherine's Peak; St. George

Macfadyen ; Blue Mt. Peak, Purdie! Wilson! Cinchona J.P. 658,
J.P. 1033, Hart! St. George, Watt! Clydesdale, 3660 ft.; Sir John’s Peak,
6000 ft.; Harris! Fl. Jam. 5571; Sir John’s Peak, Mrs. Britton!—Ouba,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, Montserrat (Browne), Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, central America tropical S. America.
Tree 10-30 ft. high. Twigs, when young, and inflorescence with
scattered hairs or densely covered with short brownish-yellow hairs. Leaves
4-7 cm. 1.; leaflets in 3 (sometimes more) pairs; lateral oblong-elliptical
or elliptical, unequal and narrowed at base, 1-2(-8) cm. L, "5-1(-18)
em. br.; terminal elliptical-obovate, a little larger than the la ;

Fig. 107.—Weinmannia pinnata L.

A, Inflorescence and leaves x 4. E, Ripe fruit x 4.
B, Flower bud opening x 8. F, Seed x 10,
C, Flower, the petals having dropped x 8. G, Ditto cut lengthwise x 10; e, endo-
D, Flower cut lengthwise, with petals and sperm ; ¢, cotyledons ; 7, radicle.
, 50me stamens removed X 16.

margin serrate in the upper two-thirds; wings of petiole obspathulate to
obovate. Pseudo-racemes 2-7 cm. 1. Bracteoles ovate, obtuse, 1 mm. lL,
or much broader than long, roundish, ‘6-"7 mm.1. Pedicels variable in
length, shorter than the flowers to thrice as long. Flowers variable in
size, white. Sepals persistent, 1-1-3 mm. 1. Petals 1:5-1'8 mm. L
Stamens 2-2°9 mm,1. Capsule-valves oblong-ellipsoidal 3°5-4°5 mm. 1.;
persistent styles 1-5-2 mm. 1.

This species is variable in size of flowers, length of pedicel, and
hairiness. The form, W. hirta Sw., is rare in the Blue Mts.; it has small
numerous flowers, the clusters almost opposite or whorled, icels not
longer than the flowers, the young twigs, inflorescence, leaves beneath and
the petiole, densely covered with brownish-yellow hairs. Another form with
small flowers is almost glabrous.

Chrysobalanus ROSACEA 253

Famity XXXVII. ROSACEZE.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves with stipules. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite, perigynous. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals
equal to number of sepals, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens
generally indefinite, in one or many whorls, rarely unilateral,
free or sometimes connate at base. Carpels one or more, in
one or numerous series, l-celled. Styles as many as the carpels.
Ovules generally 2 in each carpel. Embryo generally without
endosperm ; cotyledons generally almond-like ; radicle short, next
the hilum.

Species 2000, dispersed all over the world.

Fruit superior, not enclosed by a tubular receptacle.
Trees. Carpel 1.
Style arising from one side near the base.
Stamens 15-numerous, ina complete circle 1. Ckrysobalanus.

Stamens 3-8, unilateral ..............6.0606. 2. Hirtella.
Style'termoinal’ i... ..5svics.ccsteesdetintadocsegeccveees 3. Prunus.
Shrubs or herbs, Carpels numerous.
Shrabs: with) pricklesiccciscscccsscssveescenscsevecseree 4. Rubus.
Herb with, Btolonaeirs cits access cose cists cbecbsnecs sees 5. Fragaria.
[Fruit—achenes enclosed in the receptacle...........+.+.+++ Rosa.)

i. CHRYSOBALANUS L.

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, leathery,
glabrous, entire. Stipules small, deciduous. Cymes axillary and
terminal, pubescent. Flowers white, rather small. Receptacle
somewhat campanulate. Stamens 10 to numerous, in a single
whorl on the upper margin of the receptacle, most fertile.
Carpels solitary ; ovary l-celled, sessile at the base of the
receptacle ; style arising from one side near the base ; ovules 2,
ascending. Drupe somewhat pulpy, drying up, with one seed.
Seed suberect {cotyledons fleshy ; radicle inferior.

Species 3, natives of tropical and subtrepical America,
including W. Indies, and of tropical Africa,

C. ieaeo L. Sp. Pl. 513 (1753) (excel. reference to Sloane) ;
Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 154, t. 94 & Ed. pict. t. 141; Tussae Fl.
Ant. iv. 91, t. 31; Wright Mem. 277; Macf. Jam. ti. 2; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 229; Sarg. Silv. iv. 3, t. 148; Urb. Symb. Ant.
iv, 260. OC. pellocarpus G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 193
(1818) ; Griseb. loc. cit. C. fruticosus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 250,
t. 17, f. 5 (excl. syn. Pluk). (Fig. 108.)

Coco-plum.

In fl. and fr. Dec.-May ; Wright! Masson! ‘Morass, Bybrook, St. Thomas
in the Vale, Macfadyen ; St. Elizabeth, McNab! Metcalfe ; St. Ann’s Bay,

254 FLORA OF JAMAICA Chrysobalanus

Prior! March! sea-shore, C. Nicholls! Charlton, near Ewarton; Pedro
Morass, Upper Clarendon, 8000 ft.; Harris! Charlemont, McGrath!
Fl. Jam. 6721, 8488, 8515, 8521, 11,166.—Florida, Bahamas, West Indies,
S. America, tropical Africa.

Fig. 108.—Chrysobalanus icaco L.

A, Portion of plant x 3. D, Flower cut lengthwise and four stamens
B, Diagram of flower. removed: X 3.
C, Flower x 2. E, Pistil with ovary cut lengthwise x 4.

F, Fruit cut lengthwise ; en, endocarp x 4.

Tree to 30 ft. high, or shrub. Leaves roundish-elliptical, obovate-
roundish, or obovate, apex rounded or emarginate, base rounded or wedge-
shaped, 8-10 cm. 1. 2°5-7 cm. br. Cymes 3-6 cm.1. Calyx triangular,
tomentose outside and more or less pubescent within, about 2°5 mm. 1.
Petals obovate-spathulate, white, about 5 mm. 1. Stamens exserted ;
filaments villose; anthers sometimes abortive on one side of the flower.
Drupes, one or two developing on each cyme, ee et nearly spherical,
or obovoid; pericarp fleshy or thin, 1-5-3 em. in diam.

“The wood is heavy, hard, strong and close-grained . . . a cubic foot
weighing 48 lbs. . . . The fruit, which resembles a plum in size and shape,
is sweet and rather insipid; it varies in colour and in the amount of juice
contained in the flesh, in the degree to which this adheres to the stone,
and in the thickness of the wall of the stone” he fog ‘Tt is considered
astringent, and to be useful in bowel complaints. Prepared with sugar,
it forms a favourite conserve with the Spanish colonists, and large
quantities are exported from Ouba. The kernels yield a fixed oil, and an
emulsion made with them is said to be useful in dysentery” (Macfadyen).
The specific name is probably of Carib origin, and is the name still used
in many places for the fruit.

Hirtella ROSACEA 255

2. HIRTELLA L.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, entire. Stipules
caducous. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles or racemes.
Flowers generally small. Receptacle tubular. Sepals reflexed.
Petals deciduous. Stamens 3-10 or more, perfect stamens on
one side only of the receptacle, staminodes on the other side,
filaments united at base, long exserted, circinate in bud. Carpel

. +)

Fig. 109.—Hirtella.*
A, Portion of inflorescence and a leaf of | C, Flower of same x 3.

H. paniculata Sw. x 2. D, Fruit of H. jamaicensis Urb. x 3.
B, Flower-bud of same; c, sepals; », E, Do. cut lengthwise; ¢, cotyledons;
petals; a, stamens; ov, ovary ; 7, radicle x 2.

st, styie ; g, stigma x 5.

solitary ; ovary inserted on one side of the receptacle, 1-celled ;
style arising from one side near the base; ovules 2. Fruit
drupaceous, dry, with one seed. Seed erect; cotyledons fleshy ;
radicle inferior.

* The drawing of A, B, C is made from a specimen of H. paniculata Sw.,
said to have been collected in Jamaica by George Caley. In the absence
of confirmation by other specimens we have not included this species, as
we know that Caley was in St. Vincent at the date mentioned on the label,
which gives no locality.

256 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hirtella

Species, about 42, natives of Brazil and Guiana, very few in
the rest of tropical America and the W. Indies, and one in
Madagascar.

INMOLOSCONCS H. FACAMG. .nanarecasnnspsdersens eraanddusengcnetesdens 1. H. racemosa.
Inflorescence paniculate.
Fruit 2-2°5 cm. 1., densely hairy............c:csceeseeres 2. H. jamaicensis,
Fruit about 1-4 cm. 1., sparingly puberulous......... 3. H. multiflora,

1. H. racemosa Lam. Encye. iii. 133 (1789) & Illustr. ii. 114,
t. 138; inflorescence racemose.—Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 229.
H. americana Aubl. Guian. 247, t. 98 (1775); Sw. Obs. Bot. 94;
Hook. f. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 33 (non L. nec Jacq.).

McNab! (in Herb. Edinb.).—St. Vincent, Trinidad, Central America,
tropical S. America.

Shrub or small tree, 5-10 ft. high. Leaves very variable, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or long pointed acuminate, glabrous
on both sides, or sometimes pubescent on the midrib and beneath, nerves
and veins prominulous on both sides, the smaller somewhat leathery, the
larger membranous; petioles shortly hairy, 4-6 mm. 1.; stipules filiform
or setaceous. Racemes axillary and terminal, longer than the leaves,
many-flowered, sparingly puberulous, 1-3 dm. 1. Bracts awl-shaped,
3-6 mm.1. Pedicels *5-1:5 cm. 1. Receptacle campanulate, 8 mm. 1.
Sepals and petals about 3 mm. 1. Stamens 5-7, 8-12 mm. l. Frwit
obovoid-oblong, glabrous, woolly inside, 8-12 mm. 1.

2. H. jamaicensis Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 355 (1908); leaves
oblong or oblong-elliptical, shortly acuminate, 4-12 cm. 1., 2-4
em. br. ; inflorescence paniculate ; fruit oblong, truncate at the
apex, narrowed at the base, very densely covered outside and
inside with buff-coloured hairs, obsoletely ribbed under the hair,
2-2°5 em. 1., ‘8-1 em. br. H. triandra Sw. Prodr. 51 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. 508 (in part); Griseb. op. cit. 230 (in part).
(Fig. 109 D, E.)

In fi. May-Sept., in fr. March-May; Swartz! Macfadyen! Wilsont
Moneague, Prior! Blue Mts., Hansen ; Whitfield Hall, Blue Mts., Harris!
Fl, Jam. 5604.

Small tree, 20 ft. high. eaves hairy on the midrib, or glabrate, on the
upper surface, with short adpressed hairs underneath, midrib on upper
surface generally prominent, nerves and veins impressed, flat or slightly
prominulous on upper surface, prominent beneath; petioles 2°5-3:5 mm. 1.;
stipules awl-shaped, 1°5-3 mm.1. Inflorescence 2-4 cm. 1., densely pubes-
cent with short buff-coloured hairs. Bracts triangular, 1-5-3 mm. 1;
bracteoles much shorter. Calya-segments 2°5-3mm,1. Petals 3 mm. 1.,
about 2 mm. br., oval, with a very short claw. Stamens generally 3, 6-8
mm.1. Style 10-11 mm. 1., hairy on the lowest third.

3. H. multiflora Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 356 (1908) ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong-elliptical, usually long
acuminate, 5-12 cm. 1., 2-3°5 cm. br.; inflorescence paniculate ;
fruit (fide Urban) subrectangular, more or less ribbed, bidentate
at the apex, narrowed at the very base, with very short hairs
sparingly scattered over the surface, 1‘3-1°4 cm. 1., °6 em. br.

Hirtella ROSACEA 257

In fl. Aug.--March; Purdie! March! Colthirst, Spanish River, about
8000 ft.; Mansfield, Bath; Harris! John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris ¢
Britton! Fl. Jam, 5317, 5417, 5966, 10,753.

Tree 35 ft. high. Leaves, nerves and veins on upper surface prominu-
lous, beneath prominent, sparingly hairy on both sides especially on the
midrib; petioles 2-3 mm. 1.; stipules linear-filiform, 1°5-2°5 mm. 1.
Inflorescence somewhat crowded and corymbose, tomentellose. Bracts
_ lanceolate, to triangular, 2-1 mm. 1.; bracteoles about 1 mm.1. Calyz-
segments 2-25 mm.1. Petals 3-3°5 mm.1., 1°7-1'8 mm. br., ovate or
oval, with very minute claw. Stamens generally 3, filaments 7-8 mm. 1.
Style 7°5-10 mm. 1., hairy on the lower 4-3.

The specimen Fl. Jam. 10,753 collected by Harris and Britton on the
John Crow (Blake) Mts. has broader leaves (to 4°5 cm. br.), and smaller
flowers—calyx-segments 2—2°3 mm.1., petals 2°6-2°8mm.1.,2-2:1 mm. br.,
roundish-elliptical, style 7°5-8 mm. 1., and is possibly another species.

3. PRUNUS L.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers solitary
orracemose. Receptacle obconical, urceolate or tubular, deciduous
with the calyx when fruit ripe. Stamens 15-20. Carpels
solitary ; style terminal; ovules 2, pendulous. Drupe fleshy,
with a bony putamen, with one seed. Seed pendulous ; endosperm
in a thin layer or wanting ; radicle superior. :

Species over 150, natives chiefly of the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, fairly abundant in tropical America,
rare in tropical Asia.

Leaves 1-2 dm. 1. Flowers about 5 mm. 1. Fruit

BEINN ES o'ssi.se nes Deas snsneattapeteds bar qadbiasi ten aii sets 1. P. occidentalis.
Leaves ‘5-1 dm. 1. Flowers about 3 mm. 1. Fruit
globose, about 1°2 cm. in diam......., paeds+sspenmiages 2. P. myrtifolia,

1. P. occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 80 (1788); leaves large, 1-2
dm. 1. ; 4°5-7'5 em. br. ; receptacle about 4 mm. 1. ; sepals about
2 mm. 1.; petals about 3 mm. 1. ; stamens 4 mm. lL. ; fruit ellip-
soidal.—Sw.. Fl. Ind. Occ, 925; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 231;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 260. Cerasus occidentalis Loisel. in Duham.
Arb. ed. nov. v. 4 (1800-19); Macf. Jam. ii. 5. Laurocerasus
occidentalis M. Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. fasc. 3, 89 (1847).

Prune Tree. :

In fl. Feb.-April; in fr. April, May; in the mountains, Wrigit!
Macfadyen! St. Mary, McNab! Purdie! Rutherford! March! Green
Valley, J.P. 1276, Morris! Guava Ridge; Newcastle, 3500 ft.; Harris!
Fl. Jam. 5591, 10,109, 10,145.—Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Kitts,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Guatemala, Panama.

A lofty tree, to 40 ft. high. Leaves oblong-elliptical or elliptical, sub-
acuminate, base rounded to wedge-shaped, glabrous, smooth on upper
surface, nerves distinct, but veins obscure on upper surface, nerves
prominulous beneath. Racemes lateral or axillary, solitary or 2 together,
sometimes branched, 2-8 cm. 1., much shorter than the leaves. Pedicels
5-7 mm. 1. Flowers white, fragrant. Petals rounded-obovate. Stamens

8

258 FLORA OF JAMAICA Prunus

25 or more, exserted. Fruit ‘size of the common plum of Europe,
purple; nut smooth ” (Macfadyen).

“The bark of the tree has an astringent taste, with a strong flavour of
prussic acid, and is used in manufacturing an inferior description of Prune
Dram. It is from the kernels of the drupe that the celebrated liqueur,
the Noyau of Martinique, is prepared. They yield a flavour much superior
to that of the peach, being rich, oily, and nutty, combined with that of
prussic acid. The timber of the tree is of a red colour resembling cedar,
and is very hard and durable, and from its taking a fine polish, makes a
beautiful flooring for houses; but it is not adapted for outdoor work or
where it is exposed to the weather, for in such situations it very soon rots”
(Macfadyen).

2. P. myrtifolia Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 93 (1904); leaves
‘5-1 dm. 1. ; receptacle about 1°5 mm. 1. ; sepals about 1 mm. 1. ;
petals about 2°5 mm.1.; stamens about 2 mm. 1.; fruit sub-
globose, about 1°2 cm. 1.—Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 260. P. sphero-

Fig. 110.—Prunus myrtifolia Urb.

a a of a % F p Sen x #. ; ;
agram of flower. uit cut lengthwise ; en, endocarp ;
C, Flower cut on one side X 4. e, cotyledon ; 7, radicle X 4%.

carpa Sw. Prodr. 80 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 927 ; Griseb. loc, cit. ;
Hook. f. in Fl. Bras. wiv. pt. 2, 56, t. 19; Sarg. Silv. iv. 51,
t. 161. P. pleuradenia Griseb, loc. cit. (1860), Celastrus
myrtifolius L. Sp. Pl. 196 (1723) & Hort. Cliff. 72. Cerasus
spherocarpa Loisel. loc. cit. (1800-19) ; Guilding & Hook. in Bot.
Mag, t. 3141; Macf. Jam. i. 5. C. reflexa Gardn. in Hook.

So eS

Prunus ROSACEZ 259

Lond. Journ. Bot. ti, 342 (1843). Myrti folio arbor, foliis latis
subrotundis, flore albo racemoso Sloane Cat. 162 & Hist. ii. 79
t. 193, £. 1. Laurocerasus spherocarpa M. Roem. loc. cit. (1847).
(Fig. 110.) Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wild Cassada; Ants’ Wood.

In fi. Dec.—Feb. ; in fr. Aug.; Sloane Herb. vi. 72! Wright! Macfadyen |
Manchester, Purdie! Rutherford! March; St. Thomas in the Vale, Prior!
Green Valley, J.P. 2093, Morris! Plato Road; Chester Vale, 3900 ft.;
Port Royal Mts.; Troy, 1300 ft.; Holly Mount, 2000 ft.; Content Gap,
2800 ft.; Bluefields Mt., 2000-2500 ft.; Harris! Lancaster ; Mandeville ;
John Crow (Blake) Mts.; Harris ¢ Britton! Fl. Jam. 5521, 5541, 5546,
5969, 8658, 8990, 9121, 9357, 10,209, 10,538, 10,602, 10,739.—Florida,
Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Mexico.

Tree 15 to 40 ft. Leaves elliptical to oblong-ovate, sometimes some-
what acuminate, base rounded to wedge-shaped, glabrous, shining on upper
surface, obscurely veined, 5-12 om. 1., 2°5-4°5cm. br. Racemes axillary,
solitary or rarely two together, much shorter than the leaves. Pedicels
2-4 mm. l. Flowers yellowish-white. Receptacle about 1:5 mm. 1.
Sepals minute, about 1 mm. 1. Petals rounded, slightly clawed, about
2°5 mm.1. Stamens 12-20, exserted, about 2mm.1. Fruit subglobose,
shining black-purple, about 1°2 cm. in diam.

The wood is heavy, hard, and close-grained, of a light clear red; a cubic
foot of absolutely dry wood weighs 56 lbs. (Sargent). See observations on
the wood of P. occidentalis. The kernel resembles the Bitter Almond in
taste, and the bark smells strongly of prussic acid. ;

4, RUBUS L.

Prickly shrubs, perennial in Jamaican species. Leaves
alternate, compound in Jamaican species. Stipules adnate to the
leaf-stalk. Flowers in panicles or corymbs, terminal and
axillary. Receptacle saucer-shaped, conical in the middle.
Sepals persistent. Stamens numerous, inserted on the margin of
the receptacle. Carpels numerous, inserted on the conical
portion of the receptacle; styles subterminal; ovules 2,
pendulous (one often very small). Achenes drupaceous, crowded
on the dry, receptacle, with one seed. Seed pendulous ;
cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle superior.

Species over 200, abundant in the northern hemisphere, few
in the southern.

Calyx not prickly nor bristly.
Greyish villose-tomentulose on young branches,
under surface of leaves, and calyx ............... 1. BR. jamaicensis,
Pubescent on young branches, under surface of
leaves, and calyx. Stem with a purplish tinge 2. R. alpinus.
{Calyx prickly or bristly.
Petals white. Fruit yellow ..........c::.scceserseeee BR. ellipticus.
Petals red. Fruit purplish-black............... os eaves R. racemosus.]

1. R. jamaicensis LZ. Mant. 75 (1767); stems, when young,
more or less greyish villose-tomentellous, at length glabrate ;
s 2

260 FLORA OF JAMAICA

leaflets 3-5, pubescent, especially on the midrib, or at length
glabrescent on the upper surface, beneath generally whitish,
sericeous, tomentulose ; bracts setaceous or subulate, tomentellous ;
sepals tomentellous.—Sw. Obs. Bot. 205 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 6 ; Griseb.

Fig. 111.—Rubus janwicensis L,

A, Leaf and inflorescence x 3. D, Ripe fruit, nat. size.
B, Flower cut lengthwise x 3. E, Seed cut lengthwise x 10; ¢, cotyledon
C, Unripe carpel x 10. r, radicle.

Fl. Br. W. Ind. 231; Rydberg in N. Amer. Fl. wwii. 455. Rubus
foliis longioribus subtus molli lanugine &c. Sloane Cat. 173 &
Hist. ii. 109, ¢. 213, f. 1. R. aculeatus &e. Browne Hist. Jam.
242. (Fig. 111.) Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Blackberry, Bramble.

In fl. throughout the year, but chiefly in spring and summer; in the
mountains; Moneague Savanna, Sloane Herb. vii. 51! St. Mary, St. Ann,
Browne; Wright! Swartz! Macfadyen; St. Mary, McNab! Purdie ;
Wullschlaegel; March; Prior; Prospect Hill, 1000 ft., Thompson!
Cinchona, Clute! Walderston, 2000 ft.; Cinchona, 5000 ft.; Harris!
Fi. Jam. 7946, 9134, 9141.—Hispaniola.

Ee Ly eee a a eee ee

a

Rubus ROSACEA 261

Stems with recurved prickles, climbing or trailing. Leaves 3-foliolate,
or those of the stem or vigorous branches 5-foliolate ; petioles 5-10 cm. lL,
with recurved prickles; leaflets elliptical or elliptical-ovate, acuminate,
acutely and closely serrate, 5-12 cm.1. Panicles ample, many-flowered,
with branches spreading, more or less sericeous, tomentulose. Sepals
5-6 mm. 1., lanceolate, acuminate. Petals elliptical-obovate, white or
pink, about 7°5 mm.1. /Frwit hemispherical, black when ripe, 8-10 mm.
in diam.; achenes 2mm. l.

“The fruit of this species is very palatable. Infused in spirit with the
bruised kernels of the Prune tree (Prunus occidentalis), and sweetened
with sugar, a liqueur is obtained, not inferior to, and not to be distinguished
from, the Copenhagen Cherry Brandy” (Macfadyen).

2. R. alpinus Macf. Jam. ii. 7 [1850]; stems with a purplish
tinge, youngest portions sparsely pubescent, at length glabrate ;
leatlets 3, glabrous on both sides or sparingly pubescent beneath,
mainly on the veins; bracts lanceolate, glabrescent, purplish ;
sepals somewhat tomentellous-pubescent, especially at the base.—
Griseb. op. cit. 232; Rydberg loc. cit. KR. guyanensis Focke in

Bremen Abh. iv. 160 (1874). R.? maximus, vix aculeatus, foliis
ternato-ternatis, ovatis, quandoque crenatis Browne loc. cit.

Alpine Bramble.

In the higher mountains above 3000 ft.; in fl. in the middle of
the year; Browne; McNab! Macfadyen; Purdie; J.P. 1876, Morris!
Cinchona, 5000 ft., Fawcett !—Costa Rica, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela,
Guiana.

Stems with recurved prickles, climbing or trailing. Leaves 3-foliolate ;
petioles 38-5 cm. 1., with a few small prickles; leaflets elliptical, acuminate
or sometimes obtuse, finely, unequally and acutely serrate, 4-8 cm. 1.
Panicles narrow, pubescent. Sepals 4:5-5 mm. L., lanceolate, cuspidate-
acuminate. Petals elliptical- obovate, white with a purplish tinge,
5°5-6 mm. 1. Fruit rounded-ovate, dark purple, 5 mm. in diam.;
achenes, 1°5 mm, l.

[R. racemosus Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 519 (1832); branchlets,
petioles and inflorescence clothed with glandular hairs ; leaflets
5-7, ovate or broadly elliptical-ovate, dark green and almost
glabrous qn the upper surface, densely white-tomentellous
beneath ; sepals caudate, tomentellous, bristly.— Hook. f. Fl. Br.
Ind. ti. 340.

Grown in the Blue Mts., Fl. Jam. 7164*.—Native of Nilghiri and
Pulney Mts., India.

A prickly Lush 5-6 ft. high, with pruinose branches. Petals large, red.
Carpels woolly. Fruit purplish-black, large and most delicious.

Introduced by one of us into Jamaica about the year 1890. It is well
worthy of cultivation wherever it will grow.]

[R. elliptieus Smith in Rees Cyclop. wx«x. Rubus 16 (1813) ;
stems shaggy with spreading reddish-brown hairs; leaflets 3,
roundish, obovate or elliptical, dark green and glabrous on the
upper surface, tomentellous whitish in colour beneath ; calyx
tomentellous, bristly.— Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi, 336.

262 FLORA OF JAMAICA

Naturalized in the Blue Mts., Cinchona, Harris! Fl. Jam. 9131.—
Native of temperate and subtropical Himalaya, also of mountains of Khasia,
Birma, and Ceylon, and of Yunnan.

A tall erect nrickly bush, attaining a height of 15 ft., and forming dense
thickets. Zeaylets 5-10 cm. 1. Petals white, Frwit yellow, edible and
pleasantly flavoured.

Introduced by one of us into Jamaica in 1894. ]

5. FRAGARIA L.

Herbs, becoming perennial at the base, generally bearing
stolons. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, incise-
serrate, Stipules adnate to the base of the petiole, sheathing.
Scapes erect, with a few flowers in cymes. Flowers polygamo-

Fig. 112.—Fragaria vesea L.

A, Plant x 2. E, Achene X 12. ,
B, Flower seen from below, nat. size. ¥, Ditto cut lengthwise x 12; c, cotyledon
C, Flower cut lengthwise x 4. r, radicle,

D, Carpel cut lengthwise x 20.

diecious: Receptacle obconical, produced into a hemispherical
or convex central portion on which the carpels are borne. Epi-
calyx of 5 segments. Sepals 5, persistent, spreading, valvate.
Petals 5. Stamens about 20. Carpels numerous, separate ;
styles ventral, persistent ; ovule solitary, ascending. Achenes
numerous, minute, generally partially embedded in the receptacle
which becomes large and fleshy or spongy as the fruit ripens,
deciduous, dry. Seed ascending; cotyledons plano-convex ;
radicle superior.

Fragaria ROSACEA 263

Species about 8, natives of temperate and alpine regions of
the northern hemisphere and of the mountains of South America.

Flowers white, Fruit edible............csccressescovcecscereesticecsesses F’, vesca.
[Flowers yellow. Fruit not edible ..............seceeseereseneeeeaneeres F, indica.) .

F. vesea L. Sp. Pl. 494 (1753) ; flowers white ; fruit edible.
—Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 232; Hook. f. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2,
66 & Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 344. F. mexicana Schlecht. in Linnea.
viii. 265 (1839) ; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 7. 375. F. insularis
Rydberg in N. Amer. Fl. xvii. 359 (1908). (Fig. 112.)

Wild Strawberry, Alpine Strawberry.

Common in the Blue Mts., J.P. 1179, Morris! Cinchona, 5000 ft.,
Clute! also Harris! Fl. Jam. 9216; Hardware Gap, Britton, 3324 !—
Distribution of the genus.

Flowers less than 1 cm. to 1:5 cm. in diam. Segments of epicalyx and
sepals 83-5 mm. 1. in fl. Fruit -8-1°5 cm. in diam.

[F. indica Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 479 (about 1807); flowers
yellow ; fruit not edible—Hook. f. in Fl. Br. Ind. ti. 343.
Duchesnea indica Focke in Engl.-Pranil Pfzfam. iii. pt. 3, 3
(1894) ; Rydberg tom. cit. 356.

Naturalized in Darliston Mts.—Mts. of India, Afghanistan, Malay Is.,
Japan, Corea, Formosa; naturalized in N, America, Bermuda and in most
tropical and subtropical regions.

Flowers 1:5-2 cm. in diam. Segments of epicalyx often exceeding the
Pg <x generally toothed. Sepals 7-9 mm.1.in fl. Fruit about lcm.
in diam.

[ROSA L.

Erect shrubs, generally furnished with prickles. Leaves
alternate, imparipinnate; leaflets serrate. Stipules adnate to
the sheathing base of the leaf-stalk. Flowers solitary or in
corymbs, large. Receptacle urceolate. Sepals spreading, leafy,
often -pinnatisect, deciduous or persistent. Stamens numerous,
in numerous whorls, inserted on the upper margin of the
receptacle. Carpels numerous, free, attached to the base and
sides of the receptacle ; styles ventral, exserted ; ovule solitary,
pendulous. Achenes numerous, enclosed in the fleshy receptacle.
Seed pendulous ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle superior.

‘Species, more than 100, natives of temperate and subalpine
regions of the northern hemisphere, but fewer in America ; the
southern limits of the genus are found in Abyssinia, India and
Central America.

Flowers white—
Cipdais bacighhy.... dash. dcvicisanceaeaes bots sgavvoniensevou tents Apes R. levigata.
Calyx tomentose, surrounded by bracts..............06. R. bracteata.
GWEN FON ssa ie ies bas ARES decd ag EU IT Ten Rote aos eee sap R. indica.

264 FLORA OF JAMAICA Rosa

R. levigata Miche. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 295 (1803); flowers
white ; calyx bristly.—Lindl. Ros. Monogr. 125; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 231. R. cherokeersis Donn Hort. Cantab. ed. 8, 170
(1815) ; Small Fl. S. E. U. States, 528. R. sinica Lindl. op. cit.
126, t. 16 (1820) (non L.), t. 29 in Banks MSS. No. 12.

Cherokee Rose, Buckthorn.

Spontaneous; Port Royal Mts. McNab! Wulischlaegel; Moneague,
Prior! near Cinchona, Fawcett! Christiana, Miss Wood! Fl. Jam. 7162*.
—China, Japan, southern U. States.

Stems long, trailing, smooth, with stout, curved prickles. Leaflets
generally 8, smooth, shining, glabrous; petioles with small recurved
prickles; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrulate. Flowers
large, pure white, odourless, solitary; stalks bristly. Receptacle bristly.
Sepals somewhat bristly. Petals roundish, 4 cm. in diam. or larger.
Fruit orange-red, very bristly, somewhat pyriform, 2-2 5 em. 1.

Two forms have been described as species by Lindley: one, R. levi
with persistent, half-adherent stipules, petioles and midribs of leaves
without prickles; and the other, BR. sinica, with deciduous, subulate
stipules, and prickly petioles and ribs.

7

R. bracteata Wendl. Bot. Beobacht. 50 (1798) ; flowers white ;
calyx tomentose, surrounded by bracts.—Small op. cit. 526.

Macartney Rose.

Naturalized in Blue Mts., between Hardware Gap and Rose Hill,
8600 ft., Harris! Fl. Jam. 5711, 10,133.— China, naturalized in south
United States. *

Bush about 2 ft. high, but trailing over neighbouring bushes. Branches
erect, tomentose, with strong, recurved, often twin prickles. Leaflets 3-9,
elliptical, obtuse, narrowing somewhat to base, minutely serrulate, shining .
above, glabrous or puberulous beneath; petioles glandular, prickly; 5
stipules nearly free, tomentose, pectinate. lowers pure white, scent
somewhat like bitter almonds, solitary, or a few together; stalks short,
tomentose. Receptacle and sepals densely tomentose. Bracts large
pectinate, surrounding the base of the flower. Petals large, roundish,
retuse or emarginate, 4°5cm,indiam. Jruit large, spherical, orange-red,
tomentose.

R. indiea L. Herb. d& Lindl. Ros, Monogr. 106 (1820), non
L. Sp. Pl. 492 (1753) ; flowers red. R. sinica L.* Sp. Pl. 402
(1753).— Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 364.

Blush Rose, China Rose, Monthly Rose.

Naturalized, Resource, Blue Mts., Harris! Fl. Jam. 6912.—China.

Bush 6 ft. high, with few prickles on branches. Leaflets 3-5, elliptical,
acuminate, glabrous; petioles with glandular hairs and recurved prickles ;
stipules raeernys linear, acuminate, adherent about two-thirds their
length. Flowers dark rose colour, fragrant, numerous, corymbose; stalks
glandular. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, glandular outside. ]

* See note in Journ. Bot. lii. 184 (1914),

Rouwrea CONNARACEA 265

Famiry XXXVIII. CONNARACE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules, impari-
pinnate or 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets entire. Flowers small, herma-
phrodite, regular. Calyx with 5 segments, in Rourea persistent
and hardened in fruit. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5 or 10,
those opposite the petals shorter ; filaments generally united at
the base. Carpels 5, globose, free, hairy, 1l-celled. Ovules 2,
collateral, ascending from the base. Fruit a solitary follicle.
Seed solitary, erect, usually with an aril. Endosperm none or
fleshy.

Species about 140, of which the greatest number are natives
of South America and south-west Asia, some occur in tropical
Africa, very few in the West Indies, Central America, and the
Pacific Islands, none in North America, nor Australia.

ROUREA Aubl.

Woody vines, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves imparipinnate,
rarely with one leaflet, the twigs often ending in a strong tendril
or hook. Panicles axillary or terminal, with numerous small
flowers. Calyx-segments imbricate ; tube enlarged after flowering.
Stamens 10. Carpels, 1 fertile, 4 generally imperfect. Follicle
sessile. Seed generally longer than the aril. Endosperm none.

Species 42, natives of tropical America and Asia, one
African.

Sepals triangular, ciliolate along margin. Carpels

much shorter than the stamens..................0-. 1. R. paucifoliolata.
Sepals oblong, with a tuft of hair at the apex. Carpels
subequal to the stamens ...........ssessssecesereeererees 2. R. glabra.

1. R. paueifoliolata Planch. in Linnea waiii, 415 (1850) ;
calyx-segments ovate-deltoid, subcordate at the base, puberulous
on the inside and ciliolate along the margin; carpels much
shorter than the stamens.—Britton in N. Amer. Fl. wait. 234 ;
R. oblongifolia Hook. & Arn. var. floribunda Planch. lec. cit.
(1850); R. glabra Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 228 (1860) (in
part); Bak. in Fl. Bras. ziv. pt. 2, 182 (in part); (non
H. B. & K.). (Fig. 118.)

In fi. Aug., Sept.; in fr. March, April; Macfadyen! Distin! March!
Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo; near Troy, 2000 ft.; near Schwallenberg,
St. Ann; Harris! Fl. Jam. 8492, 8753, 9423, 10,336.

Shrub “ climbing by means of woody tendrils...to a length of 90 ft.”
(Harris). Leaflets 3-9, rarely only 1, oblong-elliptical, acuminate, some-
what leathery, nerves and veins slightly prominulous on both sides,
3°5-7°5 cm. 1.,2-3 cm. br. Panicles crowded towards the end of the
branches, equalling, or longer than, the leaves, about 10 cm.1. Calyx

266 FLORA OF JAMAICA Rourea

segments 3 mm. |., tube 2 mm. 1. in fr. Petals oblong or somewhat
obovate, irregular in form especially at apex, about 5 mm.1l. Stamens,
the long stamens longer than, and the short stamens shorter than, the
pears. Carpels about 2mm.1. Follicle about 1°5cem.1. Seed 1em.1;
aril 4 mm. 1.

Fig. 113.—Rourea paucifoliolata Planch.

A, Portion of inflorescence and leaf x 2. F, Follicle dehisced showing the seed,
B, Flower x 3. nat. size.

C, Flower cut lengthwise x 8. G, Seed cut lengthwise; c, cotyledon ;
D, Carpel x 10. r, radicle ; nat. size.

E, Follicle nat. size.

2. R. glabra H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. vii. 41 (1824);
calyx-segments oblong or elliptical, with a tuft of short hairs at
the apex, and slightly ciliolate at the base; carpels subequal to
the stamens.—Griseb. loc. cit. (in part); Bak. loc. cit. (in part) ;
Urb. Symb, Ant. iv. 262; Britton tom. cit. 233.

In fl. May—Dece.; in fr. Jan.; Masson.—Porto Rico, St. Lucia, tropical
continental America.

Trailing shrub or small tree. Leaflets 3-5, oblong. elliptical to ohloné,
acuminate, leathery, nerves and veins distinctly prominulous on bo
sidesj4—11 cm. 1., 2-5 cm. br. Panicles lax, shorter than the leaves,
5-8 cm. 1. Flowers white. Calyx-segments unequal and asymmetrical,
3-3°5mm.1,; tube about 2mm. 1.in fr. Petals spathulate, about 5 mm. 1,
Stamens slightly shorter than the petals. Jollicle 1-1-4 em. 1. Seed
1cm.1.; aril 4 mm. 1,

. Alsine

Acaciis affinis arbor siliquosa
é&c, Sloane Mai yr at
AcHYRANTHES L. -
altissima Jacq..
argentea Lam. .
asperaL. . .
aspera Griseb, .
aspera Mog. .
caule geniculato ’ be.
Browne . .
indica Mill. (fig. 43) .
obtusifoia Lam. .
prostrata L.
repens L.
AcnipaL. .
australis A. Gray .
cannabina Griseb.. .
cuspidata Bert. (fig. 41) .
be Ae aia cordifolium

vg

exile Mig. .

hispidulum Mig.

tenellum Mig.
Acrodiclidiwm j jamaicense Nees
Aizoon repens fol. dc. Browne
Alicastrum dc. Browne .
Alligator Apple
Alligator Pear
Alpine Bramble. .
Alpine Strawberry.
americana nummu-
~ larie éc. Sloane .

auricule wurst foliis Plum.

wa L,

Alsini afinis foliis dc. Sloane

ALTERNANTHERA Forsk.
Achyrantha Griseb.
Achyrantha Mog. .
Achyrantha R. Br.
ficoidea Griseb. .
ficoidea Roem. & Schult.
paronychioides St. Hil. .
parvifolia Fawc. & Rendle

(fig. 45) . as

polygonoides Griseb.
repens Kuntze
vepOns OU... 2. 6s
sessilis Moq.

INDEX
(Synonyms in italics)
PAGE
AMARANTACE Zi ;
234 | Amaranthoides humile curas-
135 savicum &c. Sloane . ‘
128 | Amarantus L.
136 Blitum L. .
136 crassipes Schlecht.
136 fruticosus dc. Sloane .
136 gracilis Desf. . .
nodosus &c. Pluk.

136 oleraceus L. .

13 panicula Aavicante ‘de,
136 Sloane . ‘
134 paniculatus L. .
138 polygonoides L.
132 sanguineus L.
183 " spicatus dictamni &c. Pluk.
133 spinosus L. .
133 tristis L. .

viridis L. (fig. 40) . ris

12 | Amblogyna polygonoides Mog.

6 | Amyris? arborescens de.

5 Browne .

5 | Anacampseros supinaminor éc.
205 Browne <2 inien Feats
166 | Annona L.

47 aquatica éc. Sloane
197 cherimola Mill.
208 cinerea Dun. .
261 foliis lanceolatis &c. Plum.
263 foliis oblongis &c. Browne

foliis oblongo.ovatis nitidis

175 dc. Browne . .

165 foliis oblongo-ovatis undu-
178 latis dc. Browne.
165 foltis odoratis é&e. Sloane .
138 foliis ovatis &c. Plum.
139 foliis ovatis dc. Trew. .
138 Jructu viridi &c. rasa Be
139 glabra L. °
141 jamaicensis Sprague :
140 laurifolia Dun. .

140 maxima foliis latis ‘ ée.

Catesby

139 maxima " oliis’ latis de.
140 Sloane .

138 maxima foliis oblongis de.
139 Sloane eters
140 montana Macf.

268

Annona—continued,
muricata L.
palustris L. ,
pretermissa

Rendle
reticulata L. .
sericea Griseb. avin
squamosa L, (fig. 80) .
trifolia flore staminco de.

Sloane . ol
tripetala Ait.
uliginosa &c. Browne .

ANNONACEZS.
ANREDERA Juss. .
scandens Mog. (fig. 66)
Anticonon Endl. . .
leptopus Hook.
Ants’ Wood. .
Arbor foliis &c. Browne . .
foliis ovatis glabris dc.
Browne . .
Arceuthobium
Griseb..
gracile Griseb.
opuntioides Griseb.
ARENARIA L. ;
diffusa Ell. .
lanuginosa Rohrb. (6. 68)
Arngemone L. .
mexicana L. (fig. 91) .
spinosum &c. Browne .
Anistotocuia L, (fig. 31) .
elegans Mast. .
gigas Lindl.
grandiflora Sw. .
grandiflora Vahl .
odoratissima L,
ringens Vahl J
scandens dc. Sloane . .
scandens folvis amplioribus
dc. Browne . .
scandens foliis, cordato-
acuminatis &c. Browne
scandens folvis cones
dc. Browne . .
trilobata L.

ARISTOLOCHIACE Ai
Artanthe adunca Mig. .
jamaicensis Griseb.
Lessertiana Mig. . .
macrophylla Griseb. .
scabra Griseb. .
staminea Mig. .
verrucosa Griseb.
xestophyllia Mig.
Arthrocnemum ? ambiguum
Moq. ae ee ‘

Fawe. &

cupressoides

PAGE

FLORA OF JAMAICA

ATRIPLEX L.
cristata Humb. & Bonpl.

(hg. OG). is see
Avocado Pear. Pays

Bachelor’s Buttons
BALANOPHORACEAS
Bancroftia apues sank
Barilla.

Basella alba .

peta. ron, age
BASELLACH AS
Basket Withe .
Bass Cedar. .
Bastard Brazilletto ‘
Bastard Breadnut . .
BATIDAOB AGS tuts cue
Batis L. bs

maritima L. (fig. vp)

maritima erecta ke.

Browne .
Beilschmiedia pendula Benth,
& Hook. f. .

Thomexa Benth. & Hook. ef
Bitter Weed.
Blackberry. .

Black Candle- wood.
Black Jointer.
Black lancewood. .
Black Sweet-wood .
Black Willow .
Bleeding Hearts

Blitum album maiMe scandens ;

Sloame. . .
Americanum spinosum
Sloane . .
minus album polyspermum
dc. Sloane .
pes anserinus &c. Sloane.
polygonoides Sloane
BlooGPekey > dys ska’
Blush Rose.
Bocagea laurifolia Benth. &
Hook. f.
virgata Benth. & Hook. f
Bocconia L.
frutescens L. + (Big. 92) . .
lum, m

cylindrica Sw. fig. 20) .
cylindrica We bal :
hirta Sw. ;
jamaicensis Urb. alsa
littoralis Sw... 6 s+
ramiflora Griseb, .
ramifiora Jacq. . . «

:

gbeseekes ‘7

&
fo

BEES 8 SSee

bal

INDEX 269
PAGE ,; ° PAGE
Borruavia L. . 147 | Carparis—continued.

erecta L. (fig. 50) « 148 cynophallophora Griseb. . 234
diffusa Sw... 148 eleagnifolia Jacg.. . . 233
hirsuta Willd. 5 149 emarginata A. Rich. . 231
paniculata L. C. Rich. 148 ferruginea L. , 233
sarmentosa &c. Browne 149 flexuosa L. . 934
scandens L. 149 Frondosa Jacy. ‘ 233
Bois 4 grandes ‘feuilles 118 indica Fawe. & Rendle 232
Bottle-cod Root. 234 jamaicensis Jacq. . 231
Bougainvillea . 154 longifolia Sw. . 232, "Addenda
BoOvUSSINGAULTIA H. B. & K. 173 octandra Jacg.. . 233
leptostachys ue (fig. 65) 173 saliana Vahl 234
Bramble. . 260 stliquosa L. 231
Brassica L. . 240 torulosa Sw. 231
integrifolia 0. E. Schulz. 240 | Carsmnna Medik. a le pg) 23

juncea Hiiche. fares B40 Bursa-pastoris Moench.
lanceolata Lange ; 240 (fig. 100) . Sis hy actions 4
Bread-nut 47 Binkvirets L. 238
Breynia amygdali “ foliis de. fontana Lam. . 237
Plum... - 232 hirsuta IL. (fig. 99). 239
arborescens &c. Browne 231 sylvatica Macf.. . 239
eleagni foliis Plum. . . 232 CARYOPHYLLACEA 175
fruticosa foliis oblongis &c. CassyTHa L.. 218
Browne . 231 americana Nees ; 219
fruticosa foliis singulari- filiformis L. (fig. 89) . 219
bus dc. Browne. . . 233 | Caturus ramiflora L 82
indica L. 232 | Crcrorta L. (fig. 16) 53
Brosmmum Sw. . 46 peltata lL. . . 54
Alicastrum Sw. (fig. 14) « 47 | Celandine 223
rium Sw. . 45 | Celastrus myr tifolius Fi 258
BRounectia Ruiz & Pay. . 250 | CetosialL. . 127
comocladifolia Humb. & argentea L. (fig. 38) 128
Bonpl. (fig. 106) 250 nitida Vahl. . ee ae
BRUNELLIACE AL 249 paniculata L. . 128, 145
BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb. 248 paniculata Mog. a 10
calycinum Salish... 249 procumbens Jacq. . 187
pinnatum Kurz (fig. 105). 249 | Cuuris L. (fig.8) . . 36
Bucephalon racemosum I. 42 aculeata Sw. . . 38
Buckthorn 264 iguanea Sarg. 38
jamaicensis Planch. 37
CAKILE Gaertn. . 244 lima Lam. . 40
axqualis VHér. . 245 lima Sw. : 39
cubensis H. B. K. . 245 micranthus Sw. 39
domingensis Tussac . 245 Swartzii Planch. . 37
lanceolata O. E. Schulz trinervia Lam. . 36
(fig. 103) . 3 245 trinervia Planch. 38
Cap-berr ; . 216, 217 | CerastiuomL. . 177
CAPPARIDACEAS: 224 glomeratum Thuill. 177
Capparis L.. . S830 spathulatum Pers. 177
amygdalifolia Jacq. ey aoe viscosum L. (fig. 69) . 177
amygdalina Lam. . 232 | Cerasus occidentalis Loisel. 257
arborescens lawri foliis de. reflexa Gardn. . 258
Plum.. } 234 spherocarpa Loisel. 258

baducca L. 233 | Ceratonia affinis arbor sili-
Breynia L. 232 quosa éc, Sloane. . 232
Breynia Sw. . 931 | CERATOPHYLLACE A: . 186
eynophallophora L. (fig. 96) 231 | CeratopHyttum lL. . 187
cynophallophora Li. . 234 demersum L. (fig. 75). 187

270

Ouamissoa HH. B.& K. .
altissima H. B. & K.
BEST, wcick
Chelidonium majus arborewn
dc. Sloane 48
CHENOPODIACE A .
CHENOPopIUM L. .
ambrosioides L. (fig. 35) .
humile a aig er de
Browne :
murale L. .
Chequered Grape Tree.
Cherimoya.. .
Cherokee Rose,
Chickweed
Chigery Grape Tree.
ChinaRose. .
CHLORANTHACE AS.
OntoroPpHoRA Gaudich. .
tinctoria Gaudich. (fig. 11)
CHRYSOBALANUS L.
fruticosus de, Browne
icaco L. (fig. 108) .
pellocarpus G. F. . W.
Mere os
Cinnamomum montanum Nees
CISSAMPELOS L. . :
baccifera é&e. Sloane .
CaapebaL.. . . .
consociata Miers
diffusa Miers . .
heterophylla DC. .
laurifolia Poir.
microcarpa DC. .
pareira L. (fig. 79) .
scandens foliis de. ikea!
tomentosa DC...
CiematisL.
caripensis H. B.é K.
dioica L. (fig. 77) .
scandens dc. Browne. .
Clematitis Age dc. Sloane .
CrromeE L. ;
assurgens dc. Browne
ciliata Schum. & Thonn,
erectum cisions é&e,
eo . ee
Erucago Mi
ren Hook. i.
heptaphylla
uae Mart.
Houstounii R. Br.
wosandra lL. . .
pentaphylla L. .
polygama L..
procumbens J: acq. .
pungens Willd,
serrata Jacq. . . «

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE
CLEoME—continued.
Sloaneit Urb. . . « « 227
speciosa H. B.d K. . . 280
Bence Ji aon, (fig. 98) . 225
cosa Li. oe vccany ae
Gavecaona Eis « 44d
barbadensis Jacq. . si eeek ee
diwersifolia Griseb. i is
diversifolia Jacq. . 115
excoriata L. <i yee
excoriata Lindau - 121
excoriata Meisn. . 118
‘dana Meisn. . . . 116
grandifolia Jacq. . . . 118
Harrisii Lindau A 117
jamaicensis Lindau . . 119
Krugii Lindau (fig. 34) 115
Kunthiana Meisn.. . . 114
laurifolia Jacq. . «kd
leptostachyoides Lindau . 120
litoralis Urb. . . 117
donates Fischs 2 4.:. 117
neglecta Fawo. & Rendle. 116
nigra Fawe. & Tangle 121
nivea Je ‘ - 120
pirifolia est. — 114
Plumierii Griceb, . cla AB
polystachya Wedd. . 112
Priorii Fawe. & Rendle . 120
pubescemnsL. . . . 118
punctata L. . 115, 121
tenuifolia Griseb.. . . 120
tenuifoliaL. . . . . 11d
troyana Urb, . pee os)
Uvifera Li... . 0: + a) SAD
venosa Griseb.. . . . 118
venosa L. . 2s os 120
zebra Griseb. . . . 113
Coccolobis arborea foliis dc.
Browne . 118
foliis crassis orbiculatis
dc, Browne . . lig
foliis oblongo-ovatis "de.
Browne . 7 1a
? frutescens &c. "Browne . 120
laurifoia Sarg. . . 116.
montana major &e. Browne 122
wrifera Sarg. . eerie”
Cocculus domingensis De. 191
Cockspur .. ‘ 151
Coco-plum . cue SS
Ceurde Beuf. ...,. 198
Coilotapalus dc. Browne . 54
Colt’s-foot . . ; 26
Common Garden
Oslelu.. .:. «xt shay ee
CONNARAOCEA: . 265
Contrajerva 106.

-

Cooper Withe.

Coralilla.

Cork Wood

Corn Spurrey .

Conca nien Gaertn. .

us J. E. Smith
is 2 102)
Cotyledon innata Lam.
Crab Wit fth @ xtra
CRASSULACEA .
Cratmyal.. .
arborea ‘foliis ‘ovatis de.
Browne ..

arborea foliis crassis éc.
Browne .

Sruticosa foliis singulari-
bus &c. Browne. .

gynandraL, .

_ Tapia L, (fig. 97) .

Crimson-flowered Pur-
slane. .

CRUCIFERZ .

CUNONIACEA .

Cuscuta baccifera Barbaden-

sium dc. Pluk. y

Custard Apple.

CyaTHuta Lour, .
achyranthoides Mog. .
prostrata Bl. (fig. 42) .
prostrata Griseb. ;

Cynomorium coccineum Des-

court. .
erectum dc. Browne
jamaicense Sw...

Cynophallophorus &c. Pluk.

Dendropemon sreneenes v.
Tiegh. . . k
Harrisii Urb. .
montanus Kr. & Urb. .
parvifolius Steud... .
ucrflorus v. Tiegh. 4
DENDROPHTHORA Hichl.
cupressoides Hichl.
Danceri Kr. & Urb.
gracilis Eichl.
monstrosa Fawe. & Rendle
opuntioides Hichl. .
opuntioides Fawe. & Rendle
pag ag mane bora
FE, BEN e500 0h. &

ee DC. .
Dip lyx chrysophylloides A.
Montiel a

cordifolia Sw. (fig. 12)
jamaicensis Britton

INDEX 271
PAGE PAGE
156 | Drymanria Willd. . 175
122 cordata Willd. (fig. 61) 175
197 diandra Macf.. . 175
179 | Duchesnea indica Focke 263
243 | DwarfCedar .. 72
244
249 :
140 | Lnckea Amalago Griseb, 21
948 | Eruca duodecima Sloane . 245
935 | Erysimum officinale L. 240
EUBRACHION Hook. f. 102
236 ambiguum Hichl. (fig. 80) 102
Euaolus caudatus Mog. . 131
236 viridis Mog. 132
233
236 | Fegopyrum scandens seu volu-
235 bilis dc. Sloane 174
FICOIDHACE At 162
170 | Ficus L.. 47
236 americana Sw.. ibs 52
951 aurea Nutt. (fig. 15) 49
Berteroi Warb. . 50
219 crassinervia Griseb. 49
198 dimidiata Griseb. . 49
133 Fadyem Miq.. . BL
135 Grabhamii Britton 51
134 Halliana Britton . 51
135 Harrisii Warb. 49
Indica maxima folio de.
104 Sloane . . 48
104 levigata Vahl . 52
104 laurifolia Griseb. . 49, 50
234 mamillifera, Warb. 50
morantensis Britton . 51
ochroleuca Griseb. 50
pallida Griseb. . 52
97 pedunculata Griseb. 52
93 pertusa Griseb. 52
92 populnea Willd. 4 52
92 sapotxfolia Kunth & Bouché 49
92 suffocans Griseb. 48
100 trigonata Griseb. 50
101 Wilsonii Warb. nie 2
1OL},| B35. omadetin ixmvilaenat .. 48
101 | Fingrigo. . ve» 1B
100 | FLEuRYA Gaudich,. ; 59
100 sestuans Gaudich, (ig. 19) 59
101 | Four o’clock .. 147
FRAGARIA L. 262
135 indica Andr. 263
134 insularis Rydberg . 263
mexicana Schlecht. 2638
87 vesca L. (fig. 112) . 263
43 | Frarica1a Moench. 136
At interrupta Mog. (ig. 44). 1387
44 | Fustic Tree. ., 43

272

PAGE

Gamboge Thistle. 222
Garlic Pear Tree. 235
Glass Wort. ; 126
Grinus L. 2168
Cambessidesii Fenel. . 164
radiatus Rohrb. oe: 59) . 164
Godbush. . 88
GOMPHRENA Li. . 142
decumbens J acq. (fig. a7). 143
erecta &c. Browne . 143
Jicoidea L, 140
globosa L. . 143
enterrupta L. 157
polygonoides L. . 141
repens &e. Browne. 140

repens rufescens &c. Browne 141

sessilis L. 140
vermicularis L. 141
Green Calalu y 131
Guatteria laurifolia Dun.. 202
virgata Dun. . 202
Guilandina Moringa L. 248
Guinea-hen Weed 158
Gujabara racemosa &c. Plum. 119
Gynanpropsis DO, 229
palmipes DC. . 229
pentaphylla DC, (ig. 90). 229
speciosa DC. . 230
Gyrorania Griseb. .
microcarpa Fawe. & Ren-
dle. > BB
spicata Wedd. (fig. 17) - 286
Halimus minimus dc. Browne 170

Headache Bush. . 98

Hedge Mustard ; 124, ~
Hepyosmvum Sw. sere
arborescens Sw. . . . 98
nutans Sw. (fig.3) . . 28
Helianthemum Frutescens
Portulace folio de. Plum. . 172
Hernanpal.. .°. . . 219
catalpifolia Britton &
Harris (fig. 90). . 221
jamaicensis Britton &
Harris . 220
HERNANDIACE 2 219

Herniaria hirsuta dc. Browne 141
lucida aquatica Sloane . 68

Hirreta L. (fig. a i 255
americana Aubl. 256
jamaicensis Urb. 256
multiflora Urb. 256
paniculata Sw.. 255
racemosa Lam.: 256
triandra Sw. 256

Hog Weed 148

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE
Holostewm cordatum L. 175
diandrum é&c. Browne 175
diandrum Sw. . Rie mee |
foliis orbiculitis de.
Browme 6 6S (eS
Hoop Withe. 156
Horse purslane 168
Horse-radish Tree . 248
HUFELANDIA Nees. . 204
pendula Nees (ag. 83). . 204
Thomwxa Nees . . . 204

HyYpERB@NA Miers. . 190
ny ea (fe. 78) —
laurifolia Urb. .
Prioriana Miers ete
reticulata Benth. . . 191,192
valida Miers Ten:

Iberis humilior annua de.

Sloane . 248
Ilecebrum Ach rantha Zs 138
ficoideum - « 140
‘polygonoides Li Ca eee
sessile L, °° ike eta
vermiculatum br aay
Inesine L. . eee ae 144
Celosia L. 145
celosioides L, 145
elatior L. C. - Rich, (fig. 48) 145
erecta &c. B 145
paniculata Keates . oa
vermicularis Mog.. . . 141

Jamaican Nettle Tree. 39

Jamaican Sem p hens < 300
Jocato. . - 159
John Crow Bush. 223
Joint Wood. ..+. wet D
Jointy Bennas yuih aa
Jubea’s Bush, 4 see 2
JUGLANDACEA. . . . 88
Juarans L. ob Be

frawinifolia “Descourt.. . 84
jamaicensis C. DC. (fig. 6) 34

Kali fruticosum i alae ba
loane. . : 85

LacistmmMa Sw...
wale (ig 4 Fawe. & Ren-
le (fig. 4)... :
s Sw...
LACISTEMACE AS 7
Lady’s Smock.
Lancewood .
LAURACE AR

Laurier Madame .
Laurocerasus occidentalis M.
Roem. ‘
spherocarpa M. Roem.
Laurus alpigena Sw. ;
coriacea Sw...
exaltata Sw. . .
exaltata Poir. .
floribunda Sw... .
folio longiore éc. Sloane .
foliis oblongo-ovatis dec,
Browne . .
foliis obverse de. Browne .
foliis venosis &c. Browne.
leucoxylon Sw..

sanguinea Sw. .
triandra Sw. d
Leather-coat tree
Leprpium L. :
didymum Bers
erectum &e, Browne
sativum L. E
virginicum = (fig. 101) .
Leucoiwm lutewm &e. Sloane .
Lignum dorum
Loblolly Sweet- wood.
Lonmg-leaved Sweet-
WOOE ea ae: 4
LORANTHACEZ .
Loranthus americanus L.
avicularius Griseb.
claviceps Griseb.
domingensis Desv.
Jacqqum DC. . .
lepidobotrys Griseb.
montanus Macf. .
occidentalis I...
parvifolius Griseb.
parvifolius Sw.
pact sSw..
Loti arboris folio angustissimo
de. Sloane. .

Macartney Rose .
Maclura tinctoria D. Don.
sxanthoxylon Endl. :
Malus americana trifolia ée.
Comm. Hort. . aa
MarvelofPeru .
MENISPERMACEA

INDEX 273
PAGE PAGE
Mertensia levigata Kunth. 38
zizyphoides moi 38
= Mexican Tea . 124
25' Mexican Thistle. 222
208 | Microrna Sw " 161
217 debilis Sw. (fig. 88) ° 162
917 | Milkwood . ; 45
211 | Mrmasinis L. . : 146
212 Jalapa L. (fig. 49) . 147
215 | Misanreca Cham, & Schl. 205
triandra Mez (fig. ni 205
, 215 | Mistletoe : ; 88
204 | Mottuco L.. . 164
211 bellidifolia Ser. 165
211 nudicaulis Lam. F 165
216 _ yadiata Ruiz & Paw. . 164
216 verticillata L. (fig. 60) 165
210 | Monthly Rose. 264
911 | MORACEA. 4 40
216 | Morass Weed 187
904 | Morrnaa Juss... 248
207 ben oleifera Tussac 248
217 oleifera Lam. . 5 248
205 terygosperma Gaertn. 248
118 | MORINGACEA . 3 247
242 | Morisonia flexuosa L. 234
244 | Morus éc. peer? 43
243 fructu viridi Tigno eo,
243 Sloane 43
242 tinctoria ite J 43
227 | Mountain Calalu. 159
2138 | Mountain Grape. 113, 122
211 | Mountain Sour Sop. . 195
Mouse-ear Chickweed. 177
215 | Mustard sophie 233
88 | Myrica L. 32
89 cerifera L. 83
91 microcarpa Benth. (fig. ) 32
89 microcarpa Griseb. . 83
97 microstachya Kr. & Urb.. 32
89 | MYRICACE4. . 81
91 | Myrti Fi arbor, foliis iatis
92 dc. Sloane 259
94
92
92 | Nasturtium Br. . 237
92 aquaticum vulgare Sloane 287
fontanum Aschers. (fig.98) 237
40 heterophyllum Blume 238
officinale R. Br 237
NeEcTanDRA Roland . fv BT4
264 antillana Meisn. (fg. ~ 215
43 coriacea Griseb. 217
43 coriacea Meisn. 216
exaltata Griseb. . 217
236 leucantha Griseb. . 215, 216
147 martinicensis Mez. 216
190 membranacea Griseb. 215

274

PAGE

NEcTANDRA—continued.
patens Griseb. . . 216
sanguinea Griseb. . - 217
sanguinea Roland . 217, 218
staminea Griseb. = 218
Wilidenoviana Nees 217

NEBA Ruiz & Pav.. 153
jamaicensis Griseb. . . 154
nigricans Fawe. & Rendle

(fig. 52) ‘ 153
rotundifolia Heimer! . 154

Nelumbium lutewm Willd. 185
Nextumso Adans. . 185
jamaicensis DC. (Be. 74). 185
lutea Casp.. . 185
Nettle Tree. . 82
Nummularia saxatilis ‘de.
loame. . eo: 75
NYOTAGINACEAS 145
NympHma L. . 182
amazonum Mart. & Zuce.

(fig. 73) wee oe: Reh 188
ampla DC. Fy oy 188
blanda Macf. F 184
blanda Planch. . 184
foliis amplioribus "de.

rowne 183
foliisorbiculatis de. Browne 185
indica flore candido tio

Sloane . . 183
Lotus L. 75,
pulchella DC: so 184
Rudgeana G. F. W. Meyer 184
Rudgeana Griseb. . . 184
speciosa Mart. & Zucc. 183

NYMPHAACEZ. 182
Obione cristata Mog. 125
Ocorra Aubl. ‘ 210
floribunda Mez 212
jamaicensis Mez . 212
leucoxylon Mez (fig. 87) . 211
martinicensis Mez 213
staminea Mez . 213
OLACACEH At é 85
Oreodaphne coriacea Griseb. 216
coriacea Nees . . . 217
fragrans Meisn 213
leucoxylon Nees 211
parviflora Nees. 211
strumosa Griseb. 216
Oryorantuus Hichl. 93
occidentalis Hichl. (tg. 28) 93
Oxanpra A. Rich. é 201
lanceolata Baill. 202
laurifolia A. Rich, (fg. 82) 202
virgata A. Rich. 202

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Pachygone domingensis Eichl.
Paliuro affinis arbor —
° de. Sloane .
PAPAVERACEZ .
PareiraBrava. .
Parietaria foliis ex adverso de
Sloane. . é
hylla Eisteg
Parrot Weed
Peperomia Ruiz & Pay.
(fig. 1) .
acuminata Griseb. .
alata Ruiz & Pav. .
alpina A. Dietr. . . . 7
ps9 sete. A. ae * 8
ae 8,9
barbata C. ‘DO 16
basellifolia Kunth . 6
blanda Kunth . 16
caulibarbis Mi 14
clusiifolia Hook. 8
concinna A, Dietr. 5
cordifolia A. Dietr. . 12
crassicaulisFawe.&Rendle 7
cuneifolia A. Dietr. ‘ 8
dendrophila Griseb, . . 18
dendrophila ee a oe
discolor C. DC. a 39
distachya A. Dietr, 10
emarginella C. DC, 6
exilis Griseb. . . 1. 6
FaweettiiO.DO. . . . 19
filiformis A. Dietr. . . 15
galioides Kunth . 15
glabella A. Dietr. . . 14
guadaloupensis 0. DC. 14
Hamiltoniana Miq. 13
Hearrisil GO} DG..):. 4% 5) Se
hernandiifolia A. Dietr. . 10
hispidula A. Dietr. 4
linearis C. DC. 15
maculosa a rth 10
magnoliifolia etr. 9
minima Cc, DC. . 6
myrtifolia Dahist. . 14
Myrtillus Miq. 17, 19
nummularifoli a Kunth 12
obtusifolia A. Dietr. 9
obtusifolia Griseb. . 7, 8,9
pellucida Kunth 5
penicillata C. DC, 18
polystachya Hook. 17
Ponthiew Mig. . 10
producta Griseb. 11
pterocaulis Mig. . 13
pulchella A. Dietr. 15
quadrifolia Kunth 18
reflexa A. Dietr. 17

pen? Ye Te

INDEX 275
PAGE PAGE
PrPpEROMIA—continued. PuTuirvusa Mart. 90
reniformis Hook. 11 ensis Hichl. . 97
repens Kunth 11 Harrisii Fawe. & Rendle
rhombea C. DC. . 17 (fig. 27) . . ne oe
rhombea Ruiz & Pav. . 17 jamaicensis Kr, & Urb. . 91
rhomboides Dahlst. 18 lepidobotrys EHichl. (fig. "a 91
rotundifolia Kunth 12 parvifolia Hichl, . . 92
rubella Hook. . ee 16,16 paucifiora Hichl. 92
scandens Ruiz & Pav. 11 Theobromx Hichl. . 91
septemnervis Ruiz & Pav. 18 | Phyl rsebaieies
serpens Loud.. . 11 Hook. ; . 104
stellata A. Dietr. . 16 | Puyroracca in; 158
Swartziana Mig. . . . 15 icosandra L. (fg. 56) 160
talinifolia Kunth. . . 6 icosandra Wright . - 159
tenella A. Dietr. . . . 5 rivinoides Kunth& Bouché 159
turfosa®.DC.. . . 16 | PHYTOLACCACEA . . 154
verticillata A. Dietr. . 15 | Pigeon Plum 116
Pepper Elder . 20 | Pixma Lindl. 60
Peppergrass 242 alpestris Fawe. & Rendle 66
Pepperwort. 242 appendicilata Tans: &
Prrsua Gaertn. f. . 206 Rendle . . arpa: Te
sp. Benth. . 213 brevistipula Urb. 73
alpigena Spreng. . . — 208 Britiomz Urb.. 63
americana Mill. (fig. 85) . 207 ciliaris Fawe. . 65
gratissima Gaertn. f.. . 207 ciliaris Griseb.. 65
Harrisii Mez 208 ciliaris Wedd. . 66
staminea Fawe. 213 ciliata Blume . . ‘70
Urbaniana Mez 209 clandestina Wedd. 69
Persicaria procumbens dc. crassifolia Blume . 71
loane pies ias |. EO crenulata Urb.. 67
wrens &c. Sloane . 111 cuneifolia Wedd. . 67
Prriveria lL. . 157 dauciodora Wedd. . 74
alliacea L. (fig. )) 157 deltoidea Liebm. . 63
foliis dc. Browne . 158 densiflora Kunth . 72
Pharnaceum spathulatum Sw. 165 depressa Blume 76
PuHenax Wedd. 83 diffusa Griseb. . 69
hirtus Wedd. (i fig. 21). 84 diffusa Wedd. 78
urticefolius 84 Elizabethe Fawe.&Rendle 72
Puinoxerus R. Br. . 141 flavicaulis Urb. & Britton 65
vermicularis Beauv. (fig. 46) 141 grandifolia Blume. 72
PHa@BE Nees 209 grandis Wedd. . 72
montana Griseb. (fig. 86) . 210 Harrisii Urb. 77
PHORADENDRON Nutt. . 94 herniarioides Lindl. . 63
albovaginatum Urb, 97 Hollickii Fawe. & Rendle 79
Berterianum Griseb. . 99 impressa Urb. . 74
Campbellii Kr. & Urb. 98 lamiifolia Fawe.& Rendle 79
crenulatum Urb. . 98 lanceolata Wedd. : 64
Fici Urb: 97 lucida Blume . ‘67, 68
flavens Griseb. . 100 lucida Griseb. . . a
Grisebachianum Eichl. 99 microphylla Liebm. 62, 63
latifolium Griseb.. . 99 nigrescens Urb. . . 80
quadrangulare Kr. & Urb. 96 nudicaulis Wedd. , 64
rubrum Griseb. . . 96 nummularifolia Wedd. 75
tetrapterum Kr. & Urb. 95 oblanceolata Fawe. &
trinervium Griseb.. 96, 97 FOGEIG Se oxechenh See
verticilatum Fawe. & obtusata Liebm. By:
Rendle wiywestecticons 96 Parietaria Blume . 65
Wattii Kr. & Urb. (fig. 29) 98 Parietaria Griseb.. 66

FLORA OF JAMAICA

276
PAGE
PirEa—continued,
Parietaria Urb. 66
bescens Griseb. 78
pubescens Wedd. 78
radicans Wedd. 75
repens Wedd, . . 76
reticulata Wedd. . 71
rotundata Griseb. . 76
rufa Wedd.:. . 68
rufescens Fawe. & Rendle 68
saxicola Urb. 69
serrulata Wedd. . 70
sessiliflora Wedd. 74
silvicola Fawe. & Rendle 80
Swarteti Wedd. . Fey {",
trianthemoides Lindl. 63
troyensis Fawc. & Rendle 17
virgata Wedd. ; 65
Weddellii Fawe. & Rendle 66
Wilsonii Urb. 68
Wallschlaegelit Urb. 69
Pirzrr lL. . 19
aduncum L. ? 24
sh dag Berg. . 80
alpinum Sw. ; 7
Amalago L. ; 20
amplexicaule Sw. . 8
arboreum Aubl. 5 23
Berteroanum C. DC. . 21
blandum J 16
bracteatum a 11
clusiifoluum Jacq. . 8
concinnum Haw. . 5
cordifoium Sw. ‘tat ares
cunerfoliwm ea See 8
dilatatum L.C. Rich. h. (Ag. 2) 26
discolor Sw. . pee | OS
distachyon L. . 11
emarginellum Sw. 6
Fadyenii C. DC. . 25
fascwulare Rudge . 80
filiforme Sw. . 15
foliis quaternis dc. ‘Plum. 18
Frutescens Oey ane de.
Browne . 91, 24
race minus &e. x
; 2
polichdee, Roem. & Schult. 15
geniculatum C.DC. . . 28
geniculatum Sw. 23
glabellum Sw... 14
vanum C. DO. 25
arrisii OC. DC. . 25
hernandifolium Vahl . 10
hirsutum 0. DC. . . 25
oe pee rey ; 25
ispidulum Sw. 4
hispidum Sw. . 25

Preer—continued.

hispidum Sw...
jamaicense ©. DC.
edebourii C. DC.

um arboreum de.
ie folio nervoso dc.

loane

solersoiptiaks C. DC..
Murrayanwm C. DC. .
nigrinodum CO, DC.
nitidum Sw. “he
nummularifolium Sw.
obcordatum Stokes
obtusifolium Ehret
obtusifolium mh
obtusifolium L.

olens C. DC.
otophyllum OC. DC.
panduratum C. DC.

polystachyon Ait.
pulchellum Haw.
quadrifolium L.
reflecum I, fil..
Richardianum C, DC.
rotundifolium L.
rubellum Haw.
scabrum Sw. . ...
amet 2 SSK
serpens Sw. . .
stamineum C. DC.
stellatum Sw.

subpanduriforme O. DC..

Swartati C. DC.
tenellum Sw.

tenuiflorum Vahl .
tuberculatum Jacq.
umbellatum L.
unguiculatum C. DC.
verrucosum Sw. . .

Wullschlaegelii 0. Do.

PIPERACEA ..
Pisonta L

aculeata L. _ (fg. 1 51) ‘
calophylla ,
pret Spreng .
fragrans Dumont .

21,

& 8 RES

ry
rary

8 ALES ot oS ESRBRE OSES

ee

Pisonra—continued.

Harrisiana Heimerl . .

obtusata Jacq. .
Poisoned Hog-M eat.
Poke Weed. . ,
Poranisi4 Rafin. .

icosandra Wight & “Arn.

viscosa DO. (fig. 94)
POLYGONACE
Poryconum L. :

acre Kunth. .

acuminatum H. B. &K..

chinense L. FPe 6

glabrum Willa.

mexicanum Small _.
pensylvanicum ro pervom

Persicaria L. 3

portoricense Bert. .

bean tin Ell. (fg: 88)

s
Pond Apple.
Porturaca L.

aizoides

Sloane.

erecta sedi de. Sloane .

halimoidesL. . .

oleracea Li. (fig. 63)

paniculata Jacq. .

parvifolia Haw.

patens I. .

pheosperma Urb.

pilosa L.

Portulacastrum L.

teint DL. :

ularis Jacq. .
PORTULACACE 25

Portulace affinis folio subro-

tundo &c. Sloane .
Potomorphe umbellata Mia.
peltata Mig. . °
Prickly Calalu
Prickly Poppy.

Prune Tree .

Prunifera arbor Fructu "de.

Sloane .
Pronvs L. ‘
maritima de. Sloane Z

myrtifolia Urb. (fig. 110) .
25

occidentalis Sw.
pleuradenia Griseb.
spherocarpa Sw.
PsSEUDOLMEDIA Tréc.
havanensis Tréc. .
spuria Griseb. (fig. 13)

maritima , ée.

INDEX

PAGE

152
152
151

Psirracantuus Mart.

claviceps Hichl. (ig 25) ‘

Purslane.

Raisinier de coudre
Ramoon . Ss
RANUNCULACEA :

| Ranunouuus L.

cubensis Griseb.
parviflorus L. é
repens L. (fg. 76) .
repens Grise :
recurvatus Pols,

Raphanus lanceolatus anor
i a

“arg aia
Ho File;
Red eahie

Rhamnus an zizyphus ? ¢ arbo-

rescens &c. Browne .
foliis ovato-oblongis Plum.
Iguaneus Jacq.

imermis foliis &c, c, Plum. :

micranthus L. Steg
Rivina L. .

dichotoma de. Browne

humilis L. (fg. bs

levis L. .

octandra. Bw. ~
sarmentosa é&c. Browne
Rosa L. ; :
bracteata Wendl.
cherokeensis Donn.
indica L. . ;
levigata Michx.
simica ww,
sinica Lindl.
ROSACEA .
RovureEa Aubl.

glabra Dalinrzesc ai

glabra Griseb. ;
glabra H. B. & Ve
oblongifolia Hook. é Arn.
paucifoliolata Planch. (s.
113) . é
Rovsser1a Gaudich. .
humilis Urb. (fig. 22) .
lappulacea Gaudich.
Rusvus L.
aculeatus &c. Browne .
alpinus Macf. .
ellipticus Smith

foliis longioribus subtus
molli lanugine kc. rou

uyanensis Hocke . .
jamaicensis L. (fig. 111) .
maximus,

foliis &c. Browne
racemosus Roxb. .

via aculeatus

278

Romex L. . 107
Acetosella L. smizita7 OS
erispus L. . Ant
obtusifolius L. (fig. 32) 108

Rupture Wort. . . 140

SALICACEZH .... . 80

Saricornia L. 125
ambigua Michx. (fig. a1). 126

Saurx L.. 30
arbor follieulifera eo,
Pluk.

232
chilensis Molina. . 30
folliculifera longissimis ar-
genteis dc. Pluk. . . 282
Humboldtiana Willd.. . 30
Sampier . a pew SOB
Sandwort. 176
Saururus erectus minor foliis
dc. Browne . i OS
hederaceus &c. Plum.. .10, 11
humilis folio &c. Plum. . 9
minor procumbens de.
Plum... . 5
repens folio &c. ‘Plum. . 12
Savanna Purslane . 170
Scumpria Schreb.. . . . 86
angustata Urb.. . . . 87
arborescens Griseb. . 87
chrysophylloides Planch.. 87
Harrisii Urb. . . by OT
Marchii Griseb. .. 87
multiflora Urb. (fig. 24) . 87
Scleropus amarantoi Schrad. 132
crassipes Mog. . . 182
Scortea arbor americana ce.
Pluk. 118

Scurrula parasitica foliis
majoribus &c. Browne . 94
parasitica foliis ovatis de.

B .

rowne 89
ScyBALIUM Schott & Endl. . 103
jamaicense Schott & Endl. 104
Sea-side Grape . 119
Senebiera on De. 244
SxsvviuM 165
Portulacastrum L. (fig. 61) 166
Shepherd’s Purse . 241
Shingle- sete “Sage 215
SinzneL. . ; 180
Armeria — 181
wecsee’ L. ii 180

181

Sinapi: foliis jis de, Sloane 240
Si mie egrijolie W Griseb. 240
‘olia West . 240

Moleta DOR: «sn 240

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Sinapistrum Agyptium hepta-
phyllum ce. tunes;
yar Hast pentaphylium dc,

indicum spmosum "de,
Houst.

indicum triphyllum " de.
Sloa ;

ne
zeylanicum dc. Martyn
SisyMBRivum L. ,
aquaticum dc. Browne "
Nasturtium-aquaticum L.
officinale Scop. .
Slog-wood, Slug- wood.
Snake-wood. .
Solanum _ bacciferwm ameri-
canum é&c, Pluk. . Z
Sour Sop.
Spanish Calalu
Sprreuta L.
arvensis L. (fig. 71)

Spergulastrum ees
Micha ‘ .
Spice-woo a.
Spinach 130, 181,
Sponia Lamarckiana Dene.
micrantha Dene.
SreGanosPpeRMA Benth.
cubense A. Rich. .
ee ee (ag.
7 ‘
Mig Bs, ones
elongata Mitt.
media Vill. (fig. 70)
ted eg floribunda
Sweet Sop .
Sweetwood . 205, 216,
wa oy ge cubensis
Rie ‘
Synanairciaphne antillana
Meisn.. . be ihe ee

TatinuM Adans. .
fruticosum Maef. .
paniculatum Gaertn. (fg.

64 F

patens Willd.
racemosum Rohrb.
triangulare Willd, .
Tapia Piso . ‘
arborea triphylla Plum. .
sey Hc : arene ‘
vogrisea Ur
polygonoides Mog. .
Thla Bursa-pastoris =
Timber Sweet-wood

Seer si a

oS, SES gee ae Cay

|
;
'
:
i
;

Torrubia discolor Britton .
imermis Raia a
ifolia Bri

ee bes Britton
Tovaria Ruiz & Pav. .
diffusa Fawe. & Rendle
(fig. 104 : =
ndula iseb.
TOVARIACE AR
Traveller’s Joy
Trema Lour. .
Lamarckiana Bl.
lima Bl.
micrantha Bl. (Bg. 9).
TRIANTHEMA L. .

monogyna ma L. ;
Portulacastrum L. (fig. 62)
TricnosticMa A. Rich. .
octandrum H. Walt (fig. 64)
rivinoides A. Rich. .
TropuHis L. es Gt
americana Ll. . .
foliis dc. Browne. .
racemosa Urb. (fig. Ww)
Trumpet Tree. .

ULMACE AS

UrReERA Gaudich.
baccifera Gaudich. ;
caracasana Griseb. (fig. 18)
elata Griseb.

spicata Wedd.
tuberculata Urb.

Urtica xstwans L. .
arborescens bacoifera Pl Plum.
baccifera L. ;
ciliata Swe...
crassifolia Willd. .
crenulata Sw. .
cuneifolia Sw. .
cy Fig a

depressa Sw.

diffusa Sw. .

elata Sw. .

erecta foliis éc. Browne .

expansa Sw...

frutescens Fears ampliori-
bus éc. Browne . ‘

fruticosa dc. Browne .

grandifoha L.

herniarioides Sw. .

humiliordistichade. Browne 68

humilis Sw...
imers racemosa &c. "Sloane
lanceolata Lam. ?

INDEX 279
PAGE PAGE
152 | Urtica—continued.
152 lappulacea Sw 85
152 lucida Sw. . <a aee
151 membranacea Sw. 56
246 membranacea Wedd. . 56
microphylla Sw. 63
246 nudicaulis Swe... 64
246 nummularifolia Sw. . 75
246 Parietaria LD. . . wt.)
190 racemosa humilior imers
38 Sloane. y Day ae
40 radicans Sw. 75
40 repens Sw... 77
39 reticulata Sw. . 71
167 rufa Sw... . 68
167 serrulata Sw. . . 70
167 sessiliflora Sw.. ~ 74
156 trianthemoides Sw. 63
156 | URTICACEA . : 54
156 | Uvaria lanceolata Sw.. 202
41 laurifolia Sw... 202
42 virgata Sw.. 202
42 | Uvifera arbor americana cc.
42 Pak. 121
54 litorea de. Pluk. 119
36 | Valerianella alsines folio scan-
56 dens &c. Sloane . 149
58 folio subrotundo dc. Sloane 149
57 | Velvet Leaf. . 193
58 | Verbene aut scorodonie afiins
58 dc. Sloane. 158
58 | Villamilla octandra Hook, . 156
58 | Viscum caule verticillato Plum. 97
56 cupressoides “pass 101
58 flavens Macf. . 98
59 flavens Sw.. 100
59 foliis latioribus dc. Catesby 96
59 gracile DC... 101
70 jamaicense Macf. 97
72 Kunthianum DC. . 96
67 latifolium Sw. . ; 99
67 latioribus dc. Sloane . 93
83 macrophyllum Macf. . 100
76 monstrosum Bert... 100
78 oblongifolium DC.. 97
58 opuntioides DC. 100
72 opuntioides L. 101
58 opuntioides ramulis com-
pressis Sloane . 101
59 parasiticum ramulis de.
82 Browne . 97
72 roots, ‘Sinai DC. 96
63 rubrum Li. . 96
tereticaule DC.. 99
84 tetragonum DC. 97
72 trinervium Lam. . 97
64 verticillatum L,

280

Wart-cress . 243
Water Bean. 186
Water Cress 238
Water Hemp . 133
Wax Wood .. 82
Wernmannaa L.. 251
alpestris aay: 251
hirta Sw. . 251
pinnata L. (fig. 1 251
West Indian OviOk
weed. - 175
West Indian Sumach . 250
White Lancewood 199
White Willow. Peale ee 3 2
White Wood . . 211, 215
Wild Brazilletto. 252
Wild Cassada . 259
Wild Cherimoya. ., ooo
Wild Clematis .. 190
Wild Grape. 115, 118
Wild Mustard. ., 240
Wild Pear : 208
Wild Sour Sop. 195
Wild soto atad agar 263
Willow. < 30

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

aculeata flore éc. Plum. .

americana L, (fig. se

montana Macf.. .

multiflora Jacq. ;
XYLOPIA

cubensis A. Rich.

glabra L.

jamaicensis Griseb.

grandiflora A. St. Hil.

Xylopicron foliis dc. Browne .
ig ein PRONE dc.

Yaruma de Oviedo Sloane
Zant wm Sumach i:
| Zebra Food gat 118, 231

z q 288 se¥vegsees SI

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1

A. Peperomia verticillata

1 and 2. Portions of stems from a plant growing in the cates
bridge Botanic Garden, with side view of leaves. a
3 and 4, Portions of stems from another plant growi
the Cambridge Botanic Garden (P. rubella), with
view of leaves.
5. Portion of stem of a plant growing in the Royal Botanic we
Gardens, Kew (P. rubella), with side view of leaf.

posing is “

B. Flowers and fruit of species of Pilea

1. P. microphylla, male flower and fruit.
2. P. herniarioides, male flower and fruit.
3. P. nudicaulis, male flower and fruit.
4. P. lanceolata, fruit.

5. P. flavicaulis, male flower.

6. P. Parietaria, male flower and fruit.
7. P. virgata, fruit.

8. P. alpestris, male flower and fruit.
9. P. lucida, male flower and fruit.

A. 1-5 natural size.
_B. 1-9 x 10.

Vol. I. Pl.1.

ee ee, a aati

Bile

OO

P.Highley del.et lith. C.Hodges & Son imp.

A.Peperomia verticillata.

oS ———

B.Flowers and fruit of Pilea spp.

ake + ott nolL

to ethdilo: , : diost

1,
i,

Wet ahha delat let. di oat ea ag Sy A alas

Lt Pilea oble

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2

Pilea oblanceolata

1. Plant, natural size.
4. a, b, female flower in different stages; c, fruit with =
perianth and staminodes (s) folded in; d, perianth (p)
and staminodes (s) opened out; e, cystoliths on portion —¢
of upper surface of leaf.

Pilea Weddellii

2. a, male flower; b, ¢, d, e, female flower in various stages; _
J, fruit ; g, perianth (p) with staminodes (s) after escape —
of achene ; h, cystoliths on portion of upper surface of
leaf, .

Pilea rufescens
3. a, male flower ; b, fruit; ¢, eystoliths on portion of upper
surface of leaf.
Pilea Elizabeth

5. a, male flower; b, cystoliths on portion of upper surface
of leaf,

Pilea appendicilata

6. a, male flower ; b, female flower ; ¢, cystoliths on portion
of upper surface of leaf.

Pilea troyensts

. a, male flower ; b, fruit; ¢, cystoliths on portion of upper
surface of leaf,

Pilea lamiifolia

8. a, male flower ; b, fruit ; ¢, cystoliths on portion of upper PS

surface of leaf. eer
Pilea Hollickit |

9. a, male flower ; b, cystoliths on portion of upper surface ‘lam ¥
of leaf. a
Pilea silvicola ee

10. a, male flower ; 6, fruit ; ¢, cystoliths on portion of upper ; 2

surface of leaf.

Figs. 2--10 all x 10, except fig. 2, b, ¢, d, and 4, a, which are Po e
x 20. The fruit is in each case surrounded by the persistent 4 Pes
perianth. The hairs on leaf-surface, where they occur, are not , 4 4
indicated. a

Flora of Jamaica | Vol. Ill. Pl. 2.

PHighley delet hth. C.Hodges & Son imp.
1. Pilea oblanceolata. 2-10. Flowers and

cystoliths of Pilea spp.

dot og

=

5 ro WOR elaine wie
t olen oy Avarrenh &
BAO est,

» Biakiiew deh ve ee Paprabiactig, [ie ae

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 30

Pilea erenulata, a, male flower ; b, female flower ; ¢, fruit.
Pilea Wilsonii, fruit. Fay Me
Pilea rufa, male flower and fruit.
Pilea saxicola, female flower and fruit.
Pilea Wullschlaegelii, male flower and fruit.
Pilea clandestina, fruit.
Pilea ciliata, male flower.
Pilea serrulata, male and female flowers.
Pilea reticulata, male flower and fruit.
10. Pilea crassifolia, male flower and fruit. —
11. Pilea grandifolia, male flower and fruit.
12. Pilea brevistipula, male flower and fruit.
13. Pilea dauciodora var. parvifolia, fruit.
14. Pilea sessiliflora, female flower and fruit.
15. Pilea impressa, male flower.
16; Pilea impressa var. troyana, male flower,
17. Pilea radicans, male fiower,
18. Pilea nummularifolia, male flower and fruit.
19. Pilea depressa, male flower and fruit. ewe 25
20. Pilea rotundata, a, male flower; b, female flower with
staminodes folded in; ¢, fruit with staminodes opened
3 out, 5 Aen
21. Pilea repens, male flower and fruit. no
22. Pilea Harrisii, a, male flower ; b, fruit immature ; ¢, frait
of Fl, Jam. 10,683. | Va
23. Pilea obtusata, male flower and fruit. . ie
24. Pilea diffusa, male flower. ae
25. Pilea nigrescens, male flower and fruit. [i

- ok ath sok

OMOIAM

‘
oe

Figs. all x 10. The fruit is surrounded by the persistent
perianth except in fig. Le. a

a : Flora ee yemaicd Vol. I. Pl. 3.

2]

P.Highley del.et lith. ; C.Hodges & Son imp.

Flowers of Pilea spp.

94 if
Le ‘Ss
. ae ee er

2

ss 2

FR Heyl
qnley vieiet 2th

: )
bei ard: x %
Dard: op Ritsche

Dendvoohth om tivide. :

Portion of plant x 3. eae
Two joints of male inflorescence X 4. aS OLE Te
Male flower opened x 16. 6 Wi alain
Petal with stamen of ditto x 16. Oe

“Two joints of female inflorescence x 5.
_ Female flower in section after pollinate, with a
ovule — 10,

he lopa of Jamaica Vol. Ill. Pl. 4.

P Highley dei.et lith. C.Hedges & Son imp.

Dendrophthora opuntioides.

oe ta dit

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5
Seybalium eee Bare

size. Le
2. Transverse section of male spadix, siting als > Sorel : *
interspersed with scales, natural size.
3. Portion of receptacle, with two male flower-buds and
scales x 4. .

5
in Trans. Linn. Soe. xxii eID ie -
6. Female inflorescence, bracts covering peduncle but * ee
ciduous from spadix, natural size. es
7. Longitudinal section of female spadix, showing the wah: -
peltate imbricate bracts, and the female flowers inter: |
spersed with scales, natural size. a
8. Portion of receptacle, with female flower and scales x 8.
9. Portion of receptacle with fruit and scales x 8 (aftoe
Hooker fil. loc. cit.).

Be 4

-_ _«¢ =
o —

Flora of Jamaica

Ai
P.Highley del.et lith. - C.Hodges & Son imp.

Scybalium jamaicense.

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

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