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Qgritie? (Utueeum ((^Xainxaf^xBtov^).

This is No. ^%* . 0/2^ copies
of Vol. V. of ''Flora of Jamaica;'
printed on special paper.

FLOEA OF JAMAICA

VOL. V.

DICOTYLEDONS

FAMILIES BUXACE^ TO UMBELLIFER^

3

FLORA OF JAMAICA

CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF

THE FLOWERING PLANTS KNOWN

FROM THE ISLAND

WILLIAM FAWCETT, B.Sc, F.L.S.

FoR-MERi.Y Assistant, Department of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History) •

Late Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, Jamaica

ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A.,D.Sc.,F.R.S., F.L.S.

Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum
(Natural History)

VOL. V.
DICOTYLEDONS

FAMHJES BUXACE^ TO UMBELLIFER.^
WITH 156 TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS

LONDON : V

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM

AA'D SOLD AT
TiiF, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W, 7

AND BY

B. Quaritch, Ltd. ; Dulau & Co., Ltd. ; The Oxford University

Press; and Wheldon & \Vesls;y, Ltd., London; also by

Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh

1926

[All 7-ights rcservecl)
!sueJ 2^ July, 1926J

Printed in Great Britain

PREFACE

The present volume continues the systematic account of the
flowering plants of Jamaica to the end of the free-petaled
Dicotyledons. The description of the Garryacese is appended,
with a reference to the position which it should occupy in the
light of more recent knowledge of its floral structure. Volume VI.,
in course of preparation, will contain the account of the sym-
petalous families.

As in the case of the previous volume, the printing has been
spread over several years.

We are again indebted for the loan of specimens to the
Government of Jamaica, and to various institutions and indi-
viduals, especially to the Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew and Edinburgh, the Bristol Museum, the Naturhistoriska
Riks-Museum at Stockholm, and the New York Botanical Garden.
Special thanks are due to Mr. Cecil Norman, who made a short
collecting trip to Jamaica, and also helped in the elaboration
of the families Turneracefe, Combretace?e, Onagracese, Araliaceai
and Umbelliferae.

As in the previous volumes, the drawings for illustrations
have been made under our supervision by Mr. Percy Highley.

A. B. RENDLE.

Department of Botany,

British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell Road, London, S.W.

July, 1926.

WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

(In addition to those already enumerated in Vols. III. and IV.)

Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. — Abtiandlungen der Mathematisch-Physika-

lischen Classe der K. Bayer. Akad. d. Wissensch. Munich. 1832^
Acta Hort. Petrop. — Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg. 1871->-
Acta Ups. — K. Vetenskaps-Societeteu. Acta &c. Upsala & Stockholm.

1720-51.
A. Gr. Gen. Fl. Amer. — Genera Florae Americse. . .Genera of the Plants of

the United States. 2 vols. A. Gray. Boston. 1848, 49.
A. Gr. PI. Wright. — Plantse Wrightianse Texano — Neo-Mexicanse. A. Gray.

Smithsonian Institution. Washington. 1852.
A. Gr. Syn. Fl. N. Am. — Synoptical Flora of N. America. A. Gray and

others. Cambridge, Mass. 1878-97.
Agric. News — Agricultural News : a fortnightly Review of the Imperial

Department of Agriculture for the West Indies. Barbados. 1902-22.
Allg. Med. Pharm. Fl. — Allgemeine medizinisch-pharmazeutische Flora.

V. F. Kosteletzky. Prague. 1831-36.
Am. Acad. — American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Memoirs. 1785-

3873. Proceedings. 1848^
Ann. Cons, et Jard. Bot. Geneve — Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin

Botaniques de Geneve. Geneva. 1897->
Ann. g6n6r. Sci. Phys. — Annales G6n6rales des Sciences Physiques.

Brussels. 1819-21.
Ann. Hist. Nat. Madrid — R. Sociedad Espauola de Historia Natural.

Annales &c. Madrid. 1872-1902.
Arkiv for Botan. — Arkiv for Botanik. Stockholm. 1903^

Baill. Monogr. Bux. — Monographie des Buxacees &c. H. E. Baillon.

Paris. 1859.
Benn. PI. Jav. liar. — Plantae Javanicse rariores &c. J. J. Bennett.

London. 1838-52.
Berg Handb. Pharm. Bot. — Handbuch der pharmazeutischen Botanik.

Ed. 3. 0. K. Berg. Berlin. 1855.
Bonplandia. — Bonplandia. 10 vols. Hannover. 1853-62.
Bonpl. Melast. — Voyage de Humboldt & Bonpland ... Monographie des

M61astomacees. Paris. 1810.
Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. — Botany of the United States & Mexican

Boundary Survey. John Torrey & G. Engelmann. Washington.

Vol. ii. 1859.
Breyn. Cent. Prim. — Exoticarum. . .Plantarum centuria prima &c.

J. Braynins. Dantzig. 1678.
Breyn. Prodr. — Prodromi fasciculi rariorum Plantarum &c. J. P. Braynins.

Dantzig. 1739.
Britt. Fl. Berm.— Flora of Bermuda. N. L. Britton. New York. 1918.
Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl.— Bahama Flora. N. L. Britton & C. F. Mill-

spaugh. New York. 1920.
Britt. & Rose Cact. — The Cactaceas &c. N. L. Britton & J. N. Rose.

Washington. 1919-23.
Brookl. Bot. Gard. T\Iem. — Brooklyn Botanic Garden Memoirs. Brooklyn.

1918-^

VUl FLORA OF JAMAICA

Bull. N. York Bot. Card.— Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden,

1896->
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.— Soci^'te K. de Botanique de Belgique. Bulletin &c.

Brussels. 1862^
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. — Bulletin de la Soci^t^ Botanique de France. Paris.

1854->
Burm. Fl. Ind. — Flora Indica. N. L. Burmaun. Leyden, Amsterdam.

1768.

Collad. Hist. Cass.— Histoirc naturellc et m^dicalc des Casses &c. L. T. F.

CoUadon. Montpellier. 1810.
Contrib. Gray Herb. — Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of the

Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1891^

DC. Mem. L6g. — Mumoires sur la famille des L^-gumineuscs. A. P. do

Candolle. Paris. 1825.
DC. iK-m. M^last. — M^moire sur la Famille des M61astomac6es. A. P. de

Candolle. Paris. 1828.
Desv. Journ. Bot. — Journal de Botanique appliquee &c. Edited by N. A.

Desvaux. Vol. i-iv. Paris. 1813-14.
Diet. Sc. Nat. — Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles &c. Paris. 1804-

1830.
Don Gen. Syst. — A General System of Gardening and Botany &c. 4 vols.

George Don. London. 1831-38.

Ehret Plantse — Plantffi et Papiliones &c. G. D. Ebret. [London.]
1748(-49).

Fedde Rep. — Repertorium Novarum Specierum Rcgni Vcgetabilis.

F. Fedde. Berlin. 1906->
Feuill^e Journ. Obs. — Journal des Observations &c. L. FeuilKe. Paris.

1714-25.
Fl. des Serres — Flore des Serres & des Jardins de I'Europe. Ghent.

1845-80.

Gard. & For. — Garden & Forest. Conducted by C. S. Sargent. New
York. 1888-97.

Goett. Abh. — Abhandlungen &c. Gottingen. 1843-95.

Gosse Nat. Soj. Jam. — A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, with illustra-
tions. P. H. Gosse & R. Hill. London. 1851.

Gron. Virg. — Flora Virginica &c. J. F. Gronovius. Leyden 1739-43.

Giirke Monats. Kakt. — Slonatschrift fiir Kakteenkunde. Berlin, Neudamm.
1891-1922.

Hiem Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. — Catalogue of the African Plants collected by

F. Welwitsch. W. P. Hiern. London. 189G-1901.
Hof!m. Gen. Umb. — Genera Plantarum Umbelliferarum &c. G. F.

Hoffmann. Moscow. 1814.
Hook. Bot. Misc. — Botanical Miscellany &c. W. J. Hooker. London.

1829-33.
Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. — Flora of British India. J. D. Hooker and others.

7 vols. 1875-97.
Houst. Reliq. — Reliquiae Houstouniante &c. W. Houstoun. London.

1781.

Illustr. Hort. — L'lllustration Horticole. Special &c.' Editor, C. Lemaire.
Ghent. 1854-69.

WORKS REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT IX

Jam. Bull. — Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. [Edited by

W. Fawcett.] Kingston, Jamaica. 1887-1902.
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. — Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal &c. Calcutta.

1832->
Journ. Hort. Soc. — Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London.

London. 1846->-
Journ. N. York Bot. Gard. — New York Botanical Garden. Journal &c.

Lancaster, Pa. 1900^
Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind. — Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.

London. 1882->

Karst. PI. Columb. — Florae Columbise . . . Specimina Selecta &c. 2 vols.

Carl W. G. H. Karsten. Berlin. 1858-69.
Karsten Deutsch. Fl.— Deutsche Flora. Carl W. G. H. Karsten. Berlin.

1880-83.
Koehler Med. Pflanz.— Kohler's Medizinal-Pflanzen &c. F. E. Koehler,

Gera-Utermhaus. [1883-98.]

Ledeb. & Alderstam. Diss.— Dissertatio botanica. K. F. Ledebour &

J. P. Alderstam. Greifswald. 1305.
Linden & Planch. Trois. Voy. Linden — Troisieme Voyage de J. Linden. . .

Premiere partie. Botanique. Plantae ColumbianiE, par J. Linden et

J. E. Planchon. Tome ler. Brussels. 1863. Ined.
Link Enum. Hort. Berol. — Enumeratio Plantarum Horti R. Botanici.

Berolinensis. 2 Parts. H. F. Link. Berlin. 1821, 22.
Link & Otto, Ic. PI. Rar. — Icones Plantarum Rariorum Horti R. Botanici

Berolinensis &c. H. F. Link & F. Otto. Berlin. 1828[-31].
Link & Otto PI. Select. Hort. Berol. — Icones Plantarum selectarum

Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis &c. H. F. Link & F. Otto.

Berlin. 1820-28.
Lond. Sled. Journ. — The London Medical Journal. 1781-90.
Loud. Encycl. PI.— Encyclopaedia of Plants, Editor, J, C. Loudon.

London. 1829.

Mag. der Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde— Gesellschaft Naturforschender

Freunde. Magazin &c. Berlin. 1807-18.
Mart. Cent. — Historia Plantarum Rariorum, Centurise &c. J- Martyn.

London. 1728.
]\Iedic. Malv. — Malven-Familie. F. Kasimir Medicus. Mannheim. 1787.
Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve — Soci^te de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de

Geneve. M^moires. Geneva, Paris, & Basle. 1821^
Mem. Torr. Club— Torrey Botanical Club. Memoirs. New York. 1889^
Mem. Wern. Soc— Wernerian Natural History Society. Memoirs.

Edinburgh. 1811-88.
Moric. PL Nouv. d'Amer. — Plantes Nouvelles d'Am^rique. S. Moricand.

1833-46.
Muehl. Cat. — Catalogus Plantarum Americse Septentrionalis &c. G. H. E.

Muehlenberg. Lancaster. 1813.
Murr. Syst. Yeg.— C. a Linn6 . . . Systema Yegetabilium . . . ed. 13...

J. A. Murray. Goettingen. 1774.

Nov. Act. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Naturf. — K. Leopoldino-Carolinischo Deutsche
Akademie der Naturforscher. Nova Acta &c. Nuernberg. 1757->

Pari. Sp. Cot.— Le specie dei Cotoni & Atlas. F. Parlatore. Florence.

18a6.
Paxton Mag.— Paxton's Magazine of Botany. London. 1834-49.

X FLORA OF JAMAICA

Pfeifier Enum. — Enumeratio diagnostica Cactearum &c. L. G. C. Pfeiffer.

Berlin. 1837.
Pfeiffer & Otto Cact. — Abbildung und Beschreibung bliihender Cacteen &c.

L. G. C. Pfeiffer & C. F. Otto. Cassel. 1843-50.
Poey Rep. — Eepertorio fisico-natural de la Isla de Cuba. Director,

F. Poey. 2 vols. Havana. 1865-68.
Presl Reliq. Haenk. — Reliquiae Haenkeanaj. C. B. Presl. Prague.

1825-36.

Radlk. Monogr. Serj. — Monographic der Serjania. L. Radlkofer. Munich.

1875.
Hendle Classif. Fl. PL— Classification of Flowering Plants. A. E. Rendle.

Cambridge. 1904, 1925.
Rev. Hortic— Revue Horticole &c. Paris. 1832-1004.
Roem. (M.) Syn. Pepon. — Familiarum naturalium regni vegotabilis

synopses monographiciB &c. ^I. J. Roemer. Weimar. 1846-47.
Roemer Collect. — Collectanea ad omnem rem Botanicam spectantia.

J. J. Roemer. Zurich. 1809.
Eoxb. Hort. Beng. — Hortus Bengalensis &c. W. Roxburgh. Serampore.

1814 (1813).
Ruiz & Pav. Syst. — Systema Vegetabilium Florre Peruvians et Chilensis

&c. H. Ruiz Lopez & J. Pavon. Madrid. 1793.

Salm-Dyck Cact. Hort. Dvck — Cactccc in Horto Dyckensi cultse &c.

Bonn. 1850.
Schrad. Neu. Journ. Bot. — Ncucs Journal fiir die Botanik. H. A. Schrader.

Erfurt. 1805-7.
Schrank PL Rar. Hort. Mon. — Plantpe Rariores Horti Academici.

Munich. 1817-19.
Sitzb. K. Bayer. Akad. Math. Phys. KL— Sitzungsberichtcn der K. Bayer.

Akademie der Wiss-cnschaften, Math. -phys. Classe. Munich.

1871->
Skrivt. Naturh. Selsk. Kjoeb. — Skrivtcr Naturhistorie Selskabet. Copen-
hagen. 1794.
Small Fl. Miami — Flora of Miami . . . Florida. J. K. Small. New

York. 1913.
Smith Ic. pict. rar. — Icoues pictse Plantarum Rariorum. James E. Smith.

London. 1790[-93].
Sonner. Voy. Ind. — Vovage aux Indcs orientales &c. P. Sonnerat.

Paris. 1782.
St. Hil. PL Us. — Plantes Usuelles des Brasiliens. A. de St.-Hilaire.

Paris. 1824.
Sweet Brit. Flow. Gard. — The British Flower Garden. 3 vols. London.

1823-29. Series the second, &c. : 4 vols. 1831-38.
Sweet Hort. Brit. — Hortus Britannicus. R. Sweet. London. 1826-27.
Syll. PL Nov. Ratisbon. — Sylloge Plantarum Novarum. Published by the

R. Botanic Society. Vols, i, ii. Regensburg. 1824-28.

Thunb. Diss. Hydroc— Dissertatio Botanica do Hydrocotyle, proponit
J. Ponten. 1798. Dissertationes Academicse Upsalise habitce sub
praesidio C. P. Thunberg. Upsal. 1781-99.

Tod. Oss. Cot. — Osservazioni. . .Cotone &c. A. Todaro. Palermo. 1862.

Tod. Relaz. Monogr. Goss. — Relazione sulla Cultura del Cotoni. . -Mono-
grafia del genere Gossypkim. 8vo. Atlas of 12 pis. fol. A. Todaro.
Rome. 1877-78.

Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond.— Royal Horticultural Society (originally Horti-
cultural Society of London). Transactions. London. 1812-48.

WOEKS liEFERRED TO IN THE TEXT

XI

Trim. Fl. Ceyl. — Flora of Ceylon. H. Trimen, continued by J. D. Hooker.

London. 1893-1900.
Verb, beford. Gartenb. — Melocadus & Ecliinocactus in Verbandl. Verein.

beford. Gartenbaues. K. Preuss. Stat. Berlin. Bd. iii. H. F. Link

& F. Otto. Berlin. 1827.
Vesque Epbarm. — Epbarmosis. J. Vesque. Vincanues. 1889-92.

Watt Wild & Cult. Cott.— Tbe Wild & Cultivated Cotton Plants of the
World ; a revision of tbe genus Gossypium, &c. G. Watt. London.
1907.

W. Ind. Bull. — West Indian Bulletin; tbe Journal of tbe Imperial
Department of Agriculture. Barbados. 1899-1921.

Zeitscbr. f. Naturw. Halle — Zeitsclirift fiir Naturwissenscbaften. Berlin,
Halle. 1882-89.

NAMES OF COLLECTORS

(In addition to those cited in previous Volumes)

DowNES, E. (1920-).
Johnson, Duncan S. (1900-).
KiLLip (1920).
Linden, J. J. (1844).
Maxon, W. (1904-).

Norman, C. (1924).
Perkins, Miss J. R. (1916).
Ridley, H. N. (1916).
Robinson, A. (-1768).
Waters, Rev. J. (1826-47).

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS

p. 71. Rhamnidium. We followed Urban in assigning these
two doubtful species, which he had described, on incomplete
material, to the genus Hhamnidium. More recently {Symh.
Ant. i.v. 228, 1924) Urban removed B. jamaicense to a new genus-
Auerodendron. The two genera arc distinguished as follows :—

Ovarj' 2-celled. Endosperm wanting. Cotyledons

very convex G. Bhamnidinm.

Ovary imperfectly 2-celled. Endosperm present.

Cotyledons Hat Ca. Ancrodcndron.

6.\. AUERODENDRON Urb.

Trees or shrubs, with the younger branches glabrous or
puberulous. Leaves opposite or subopposite, stalked, pinnately
nerved, entire, persistent. Stipules united in the axil of the
leaf. Inflorescences axillary. Flowers hermaphrodite, parts in
fives. Calyx : tube hemispherical, lobes valvate, triangular to
lanceolate-acuminate. Petals folded together, roundish above
with emarginate apex, below broadly clawed. Disk lining the
calyx-tube. Stamens inserted under the bays of the disk ; anthers
ovoid or globose- ovoid, opening at the sides inwards. Ovary
superior, free, globulose, in appearance 2-celled, placenta only one
developed, prolonged almost to the opposite wall ; ovules erect,
2 in the ovary ; style subentire at the apex. Drupe enclosed
by the whole persistent calyx, or by the tube only, crowned by
the style, 2-celled. Seed compressed ; coat thin, with black dots ).
endosperm adhering to the coat, moderately fleshy. Embryo
flattened ; cotyledons obovate, flat, cordate at base ; radicle
very short.

Species 7, natives of Bahamas, Cuba, and Jamaica.

A. jamaicense Urh. Si/mh. Ant. ix. 228 (1924). Rhamnidium
jamaiceuse Urh. Symh. Ant. v. 409 (1908).

Page 4, line 3 from bottom, for Rottb. read L.
,, 19, heading, for Anacardiaceae read Cyrillacece.
,, 21, line 23, after Aug. ; insert McNab !
,, ,, lines 3 and 4 from bottom, for 3-5 read 2-5.

,, 77, after line 19 insert Viscum ramulis et foliis &c. Sloane Cat. 1G8
& Hist. i. 93, t. 201.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS

Xlll

age 77, line 27,

„ 112, ,

, 33,

„ 163, ,

. 10,

,, ,, ,

, 14.

„ 177, ,

, 3.

„ 181, ,

, 5

„ 188,

, 23,

„ 219, ,

, 10

„ 226,

, 14,

„

, 18,

I) )> I

, 19,

„ 230, ,

, 10,

„ 238, ,

, 20,

,, 244, ,

, 2,

„ 325, ,

, 3

„ 327, ,

, 2,

.„ 395, ,

, 21,

, after 90! insert vi. 110 (in part) !

for C. ovata read S. ovata.

for venosa read pilosa.

for hirsuta read villosa.

for IMS. ex read in Linden & Planch.

from bottom, for Camellia read Thea.

for Hist, read Syst.

from bottom, after 5726 insert 5729.

before (Fig. 90) insert Ilex nitida Maxim, forma S ovati-
folia Loes. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Ixxxix. 285 (1908).

before below insert near Morse's Gap.

before 10,034 insert 6737.

for Bohadsehia read Bohadscbia.

for L. read P.

before inflorescence insert male.

from bottom, for Lend, read Loud.

after Bot. insert ed. 3.

omit " Type from Browne in Herb. Linn."

NOTES

Melastoma sessilifolia L,

Melastoma sessilifolia L. is described in Systema Naturse,
•ed. 10, 1022, witla a reference to Browne Nat. Hist. Jamaica,
i. 24, /. 2. Linnaeus, in liis copy of Browne's History, has written
on /. 24 " M, sessilifolia," but he has also given the same name
to a specimen from Browne in his lierbarium of Melastoma
imjjetiolaris Sw. (Miconia imjjetiolaiis D. Don). As Browne's plate
includes inflorescence as well as leaves, and the specimen has
only leaves, it appears right to consider the plate as the type of
31. sessilifolia L., which species is now known as Ilenrieftella
sessilifolia Triana. The words "Type from Browne in Herb.
Linn." should be omitted on page 395, line 21, of this volume.

XIV

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

MACFADYEy, Flora of Jamaica, Vol. it.

References to this volume have been included in the text^
but it must be borne in mind that the volume was never
published. The following note has been written by Mr. William.
Carruthers in the copy in the Library of the Botanical Depart-
ment, British Museum : " The sheets of this second volume
were printed in Jamaica. The printing was stopped because of
the sudden death of Dr. ^Lacfadyen. Only a few copies exist.
Dr. Macfadyen's son informed me that the sheets wei'e used as
waste paper by the executor of his father's will."

We know only of live copies. One is in the Museum, two are
in Jamaica, and one is stated by Mr. Carruthers to be in the
possession of the Macfadyen family. These are apparentlv
similar and include pp. 1-216, that is as far as Poitlandia in
the beginning of Rubiacepe. The copy in the Kew Herbarium
ends at p. 192. A transcription of one of the copies in Jamaica
was made for the Berlin Herbarium. Pritzel saw the volume in
the Kew Herbarium. We note thstt the Index Kcicensls includea
new species described by Macfadyen as thougli they had been
published (e.g. Passijiora regalis ik P. villosa).

SWAJiTZ, Prodromus Descrijjt. Veg. d'c.

For the cloie association between this woi k and the Banksian
Herbarium see note in Journal of Botany, Ixiv. 103 (192G).

For the convenience of workers a comparative scale showing
centimeters and inches is given below.

Cfcn^inqe^crfc

1 1

1 ^

1 ^

1 "^

1 ^

1 ^

1 7

1 S

1 9

1 10 1

lllllllli

lllllllli

iinliiii

lllllllli

lllllllli

lllllllli

lllllilil

lllllllli

lllllllli

iiniinT 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 II 1 1 i 11 I 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1

' 1

1 2

1 3

1 4|

CONSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES CONTAINED IN
THIS VOLUME

DICOTYLEDONS [continued)

Stems with open bundles. Leaves net-veinod. Floral parts
generally in fours or fives, sometimes in threes. Embryo with
two cotyledons.

Families BUXACEJ^ to UMBELLIFEB^*

(Unless stated otherwise FloNvers are regular, 2-sexual ; Petals and
Stamens are free and hypogynous ; Anthers open longi-
tudinally ; Ovary is superior ; Leaves are simple, entire,
alternate.)

Fam. 52. BuxaeesB (Buxus). Fls. unisexual, monoecious, in
racemes. Perianth of 4-6 imbricate {overlappiny) sepals.
Stamens 4, free, opposite the sepals. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule
S-liorned, opening loculicidally ; valves 2-horned, Shrubs or small
trees. Leaves opposite, without stipules. (Page 1.)

Fam. 53. Anaeardiacese. Fls. 2-sexual or polyrjamous or
unisexual, in panicles. Calyx 4-5-lobed (3 in Comocladia), or of
5 sepals (Mosquitoxijlum), imbricate. Petals 4-5 (3 in Comocladia),
imbricate, subvalvate in Spondias. Stamens as many as or twice
as many as petals, sometimes only one or a few fertile. Ovary
1-ceUed {2-5-celled in Spondias). Fruit a drupe, a capsule in
Mosquitoxylum, a nut on top of a fleshy fruit-like stalk in
Anaeardium. Trees or shrubs containing resin. Leaves simple
or pinnately compound, without stipules. (Page 4.)

Fam. 54. Cyrillacese (Cyrilla). Fls. in long spiJce-like
racemes. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate. Petals, same number as
sepals, slightly convolute. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit fleshy, 2-celled, 2-valvecl. Trees or shrubs. Leaves without
stipules. (Page 18.)

* The descriptions of the Families are drawn up with a view to the
determination of Jamaican specimens, and therefore are not always
generally applicable. Contractions : Fls. = Flowers ; usu. = usually.

XVI FLORA OF JAMAICA

Fam. 55. Aquifoliacese (Ilex). Fh. in cymes ; flower-parts
in fours, fives, or sixes. Calyx and petals imljricate. Stamens
adhering to base of the short corolla-tube. Ovary 4-6(8)-celled.
Fruit drupaceous with 4-8 pyrenes. Trees or shrubs, glabrous.
Leaves with minute stipules. (Page 19.)

Fam. 56. Celastracese. Fls. 2-sexual, polygamous or uni-
sexual, in cymes; flower-parts in fours or fives. Calyx with
imbi'icate lobes. Petals imbricate. Stamens 4-5. Ocary
2-4{.5)-celled. Fiuit a capsule or drupe. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves alternate or opposite ; stipules, when present, minute,
(Page 24.)

Fam. 57. Hippoerateaeese (Hippocratea). Fls. in panicles.
Calyx with 5 imbricate .segments. Petals 5, imbricate, some-
times valvate. Stamens generally 3, inserted tcithin a disk.
Ocary 3-celled, with 3 protuberances from its angles, which
continue to grow, so that the 3 ripa carpels are united at the
ba.se only. Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite ; stipules
small, sometimes wanting. (Page 35.)

Fam. 58. StaphyleacesB (Tupplnla). Fls. in panicles. Calyx
with 5 imbricate lolxjs. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted
outside a disk. Ovary 3-cclhd. Fruit not opening ; seeds with a
thick hard coat. Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite,
pinnate, with stipules and stipellse. (Page 37.)

Fara, 59. Icacinacese (Mappia). Fls. minute, polygamous, in
paniculate cymes ; parts in fives. Calyx toothed. Petals
valvate. Stamens inserted alternately with the petals outside the
disk. Ovary 1 -eel led. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs. Leaves
without stipules. (Page 39.)

Fam. 60. SapindaceSB. Fls. polygamo-dioecious, regular or
irregular, in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4 or 5, usually imbricate.
Petals 4 or 5, sometimes wanting or rudimentary, often with
scales on the inside, imbricate. l3isk complete in regular fls.,
represented by 2 or 4 glands in the irregular fls., wanting or
inconspicuous in Dodomea. Stamens, usu. 8, hypogynous, inserted
tcithin the disk, sometimes unilateral. Ovary 3-celled {2-3-celled in
Melicocca, 2-celled in Allophylus). Fruit various. Trees or
shrubs, rarely shrubby herbs, sometimes climbing by tendrils.
Leaves pnnnaie, or twice 3foliolate, or 3- or 1-foliolate. (Page 40.)

Fara, 61, Rhamnaeese. Fls. in cymes. Calyx: tube per-
sistent ; lobes 4-5, valvate, falling off". Petals 4, 5, or wanting,
inserted at the calyx-throat, hooded or infolded. Stamens 4-5,
inserted with the petals, opposite to them, and generally enclosed by
them. Disk perigynous. Ovary 3{2-4)-celled. Fruit various.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate (opposite in Bhamnidium),
penninerved (3-nerved in Zizyphus) ; stipules small. (Page 02.)

CONSPECTUS OF FAMILIES XVH

Fam. 62. Vitacese. Fls. 2-sexual or unisexual, in paniclea
opposite the leaves. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, valvate.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, inserted
outside at base of disk or between its lobes. Ovary usu. 2-celled,
Fruit a berry. Woody vines with watery sap, with swollen,
jointed nodes, and tendrils. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, with
stipules. (Page 73.)

Fam. 63. Tiliaeese. Fls. usu. cymulose, cymules sometimes
solitary, few-flowered, sometimes in corymbs or panicles. Sepals
5 (4-7), free, or more or less united, usu. valvate. Petals usu. as
many as sepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens indefinite, usu. on
a development of the receptacle, free. Ovary 2-1 0-celled. Fruit
various. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves usu. stipulate.
(Page 80.)

Fam. 64. Malvaceae. Fls. axillary, solitary or in racemes,
clusters, or panicles. Sepals 5 (3, 4), more or less united, lobes
usu. valvate. Petals 5, usu. adhering to the base of the staminal
column, tiolsted and imbricate in bud. Stamens indefinite or 5 or
10, more or less united; anthers one-celled, pollen large, spiny.
Carpels in a whorl. Ovary with 2 or more cells. Style with as
many branches as ovary-cells. Ripe carpels sometimes separating
as cocci, sometimes united into a capsule. Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves usu. palmalinerved ; stipules free. (I'age 92.)

Fam. 65. Bombaeaceae. Fls. axillary or subterminal, solitary
or in clusters ; peduncles 1-flowered. Calyx closed in bud,
bui'sting irregularly at apex or sometimes 5-cleft, persistent.
Petals 5, often adherent at base to the staminal column.
Stamens generally indefinite and united into one or several bundles ;
pollen not spiny. Ovary 5(l)-celled. Capsule splitting loculici-
dally by 5 valves. Trees. Leaves digitate or simple ; stipules
free. (Page 149.)

Fam. 66. Sterculiaeese. Fls. usu. 2sexual, but unisexual in
Sterculla and Cola, axillary or sometimes terminal, solitary or in
racemes or paniculate cymes. Calyx valvate, 5-lobed or 5-toothed
(2-3-parted in Guazuma). Petals 5, twisted-imbricate in bud,
wanting in Sterculia and Cola. Stamens usu. more or less united
into a tube divided above into 5 tooth-like staminodes, alternating
with one or several anthers ; in Sterculia the tube bears 15 {10)
anthers crowded together above ; sometimes stamens 5, opposite the
petals, united at the base or higher (Melochia, Waliheria). Ovary
2-5-celled, or of a single carpel (Waliheria). Fruit various.
Seeds not woolly. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, usu. with stellate
hairs. Leaves usu. simple, sometimes lobed, usu. stipulate.
(Page 154.)

v. 6

X\m FLORA OF JAMAICA

Faru. 67. Dilleniacese. Fls. 2-sexual or polygamous ; panicles
tei'rainal or in the upper axils. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent.
Petals as many as sepals, imbricate. Stamens indefinite, filaments
thickened at apex. Carpels one to indefinite, distinct. Climbing
shrubs or trees. Leaves entire or obscurely toothed. (Page 171.)

Fam. 68. Ochnaeese. Fls. solitary or clustered in axils, or
in terminal or axillary panicles or racemes. Sepals 5(4-10),
free, imbricate. Petals as many as sepals, free, imbricate or
convolute. Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary 2-lO-Johed, or entire and
one-celled. Fruit : drupes on a receptacle (Ouratea) or a capsule
(Sauvagesia). Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire or ser-
rulate, stipulate. (Page 173.)

Fam. 69. Maregpaviacese (Maregravia). Bacemes contracted,
nmhel-liJce, pcndidons, terminal. Bracts usu. attached to pedicel
and transformed into nectar-hearing organs. Sepals 4-5, imbricate.
Petals united to form a lid. Stamens 12-40. Ovary incompletely
4-12-celled. Fruit globose, leathery, not opening or only after
some time. Shrubs, climhing by means of rootlets. Leaves usu.
without stipules. (Page 178.)

Fam. 70. TernstPoemiaeese. Fls. 2-sexual, polygamous, or
unisexual, one or feio in leaf-axils. Sepals usu. 5 and free,
imbricate. Petals usu. 5, hypogynous, free or united at base
into a ring or short ttibe, imbricate. Stamens usu. indefinite,
hypogynous, generally united at base and adhering to petals, falling
of icith them. Ovary with 2-10, or indefinite cells. Fruit not
opening or capsular. Trees or shrubs. Leaves usu. simple,
without stipules. (Page 181.)

Fam. 71. Guttifepse. Fls. di(ecious, polygamous, or 2-sexual
(in Symphonia), terminal or axillary, sometimes solitary or
clustered, sometimes in few-flowered cymes or in panicles. Sepals
2-6, imbricate or decussate. Petals 2-8 or wanting, rarely
indefinite, contorted or sometimes imbricate. Male fls. : Stamens
numerous, hypogynous; filaments free, or united only at base, or
forming a tube (Symphonia). Female or 2-sexual fls. : Staminodes
or stamens often definite, or fewer in number than stamens of
male fl. Ovary with 3-10 cells, or 2-celled in Mammea, 1 -celled
in Galovhyllum. Fruit berry-like or drupaceous, or sometimes
opening septicidally. Trees or shrubs with resinous sap. Leaves
opposite, generally decussate, without stipules. (Page 190.)

Fam. 72. Hypepieacese (Aseypum). Fls. usu. terminal.
Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals 4, hypogynous, imbricate. Stamens
indefimte, hyj^.ogynous. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules indefinite. Shrubs
or herbs. Leaves opjposite, gland-dotted, without stipules.
(Page 202.)

CONSPECTUS OF FAMILIES XIK

Fam. 73. Quiinaeese (Quiina). FIs. usu. polygamous, in
short axillary or terminal panicles, raceme-like or clustered.
Sepals 4, imhricate. Petals 4, hypogynous, imbricate or twisted.
Stamens 15-30, free or united at base and loith petals, hypogynous ;
anthers small, globose. Ovary 2-3-cellecl ; styles 2-3 ; stigmas
peltate; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit berry-like, 1-celled, with
1-4 seeds. Seeds witli reddish-brown velvety hairs. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves opposite, with narrow stipules. (Page 203.)

Fam. 74. Bixaeese (Bixa). FIs. large, in a terminal panicle ;
pedicels 5-glandular. Sepals and petals 5, imbricate. Stamens
indefinite, inserted on a thicJc recepAacle ; anthers horseshoe-shaped,
opening at apex by 2 short chinJcs becoming at length a single pore.
Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 2 on ovary-walls ; ovules indefinite.
Capsule 2-valved, spiny. Seeds covered loith a reddish-orange
pulp. Shrub or small tree. Leaves ample, palmately-nerved.
(Page 205.)

Fam. 75. Canellacese. FIs. in axillary or terminal cymes.
Sepals 3, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens united, tubidar,
hypogynous ; anthers outside tube in a close ring. Ovary 1-celled ;
placentas 2-5, on ovary -walls, with 2 or more ovules ; style short,
with 2-6 stigmas. Fruit a berry. Trees with aromatic bark.
Leaves with pellucid dots, without stipules. (Page 207.)

[Fam. ViolaeesB (Viola). FIs. irregular, 1 or 2 together in
leaf-axils. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, unequal, the lower petal
larger or unlike and often spurred, imbricate or twisted. Stamens 5,
hypogynous or slightly perigynous ; anthers erect, in a ring round
the ovary, sessile or subsessile ; connective often flattened or pro-
longed beyond the cells into a membranous appendage. Ovary
1-celled; placentas 3 on ovary-walls, each with indefinite ovules.
Fruit a capsule with 3 valves. Herbs. (Page 210.)]

Fam. 76. Flaeourtiaeese. FIs. 2-sexual (in Xylosma dioecious).
Sepals or calyx-lobes imbricate or valvate. Petals wanting, excepjt
in Homallum. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovary superior or
(in Homalium) more or less half -inferior, 1-celled; placentas 2-6
on ovary-icalls ; ovules indefinite. Fruit fleshy, berry-like, at
length opening by valves, or a capsule, or a berry. Trees or
shrubs. Stipules small or wanting. (Page 211.)

Fam. 77. Turneraeese. FIs. axillary, solitary or few, some-
times racemose ; peduncles free or united with the petiole.
Flower-parts in fives. Sepals imbricate, soon dropping oft*, united
below into a tube (receptacle). Petals perigynous, twisted in
bud, soon dropping off". Stamens inserted at middle or base of
calyx-tube. Ovary 1-celled. Styles simple or divided ; stigmas
brush-like. Carpels 1-celled, 3-valved. Herbs or shrubs. Stipules
small or wanting. (Page 227.)

XX FLOIJA OF JAMAICA

Fam. 78. Passifloraeese (Passiflora). FIs. axillary ; flower-
parts in fives. Calyx-tube saucer-like or bell-shaped ; sepals and
petals imbricate. Corona rising from the throat or ivalls of the
calyx-tube, of one or several series, cut into radiating or erect
Jilaments or membranous. Stamens and ovary raised above the
petals by an elongation of the axis. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 3, or
sometimes a simple style with 3 or 4 branches. Fruit more or
less berry-like or sometimes capsular opening by 3 valves at
apex. Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing by axillary tendrils.
Leaves entire or lobed ; petiole usu. glandular ; stipules 2. Bract
and bracteoles 3, small and distant from flower, or large, leafy,
close to flower. (Piige 231.)

Fam. 79. Carieaeese (Cariea). FIs. unisexual or a few
2-sexual ; corolla of main and female unlike. Male inflorescence
paniculate. Calyx usu. 5-lobed. Corolla with a long slender tube
and a flat limb. Stamens 10. Female fls. solitary or crowded
in a few-flowered panicle. Calyx as in male fl. Petals 5, soon
falling. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a berr}'. Trees or shrubs, with
terminal crown of leaves with milky juice. Leaves usu. palmate ;
stipules wanting. (Page 243.)

Fam. 80. Loasacese (Mentzelia). Fls. terminal, cymose.
Calyx -lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite. Ocary
inferior, 1-celled. Fruit a capsule. Herbs, rough with barbed hairs.
Stipules wanting. (Page 247.)

Fam. 81. BegoniacesB (Begonia). Fls. monoecious, not sym-
metrical, in axillary unisexual or 2-sexual cymes. Male fls. :
perianth-segments free ; outer usu. 2, opposite, valvate, inner 2
or wanting. Stamens indefinite. Female fls. : perianth-seg-
ments 2-5, imbricate. Ocary inferior, 3-celled, 3-wingcd or
3-cornered. Fruit a capsule, 3-cornered, unecjually winged. Herbs
or shrubs. Leaves stipulate. (Page 249.)

Fam. 82. Cueurbitacese. Fls. monxcious or dioecious, solitary,
racemose, or paniculate. Sepals 5, imbricate, united below into
a tube. Petals 5, distinct or united. Stamens free or variously
united, usu. 3, of which one has a 1-celled anther, the others 2-ceUed
anthers. Anthers distinct or cohering or confluent, cells usu.
flexuose. Ovary inferior, usu. 3-celled, placentas usu. meeting in
axis. Fruit usu. fleshy or corky, usu. not opening. Herbs or
undershrubs, annual or with a perennial root, rarely shrubs,
stems climbing or prostrate. Leaves simple or palmately lobed
or pedate, usu. cordate and membranous. (Page 253.)

Fam. 83. CaetaeesB. Fls. often showy, usu. solitary, axillary,
terminal, or inserted on the ribs or in the notches of the stem.
Sepals, petals, and stamens indefinite in number, often numerous

C0NSP2CTUS OF FAMILIES XXI

and ill many series, the inner sepals gradually passing into the
outer petals. Ovary inferior, sometimes sunk in the stem,
1 -celled with placentas on the walls; ovules numerous. Berry
pulpy. Herbs, shrub •>, or trees, usu. succulent, loith distinct cusliion-
like, spine-bearing areas {" areoles"). Stem long, branching, or
reduced to a column or cone or globe. Leaves (when present)
minute, scale- like, soon falling (large in Pereshia) ; stipules
wanting. (Page 271.)

Fam. 84. Thymelseaeese. Fls. 2-sexual or unisexual, in racemes,
spikes, or heads. Perianth-tuhe (receptacle) enclosing the superior
ovary ; perianth-lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in bud. Stamen:^ as many
■or twice as many as the lobes, attached above the middle of the
tube or at the throat, those opposite the lobes higher. Ovary 1(2)-
celled. Fruit not opening. Trees or shrubs, ivith net-lihe inner
baric. (Page 286.)

Fam. 85. Lythraeese. Fls. ii regular in Cuphca, usu. solitary
or cymose, rarely paniculate. Calyx usu. tubular or bell-shaped
tcith 6-4 valvate primary teeth or lobes, sometimes with as many
accessory teeth or lobes. Petals as many as the primary teeth of
calyx, sometimes wanting, clawed, imbricate. Stamens varying
in number, 2 smaller in Cuphea. Ovary 2-6-celled, sometimes
becoming 1-celled. Ovules indefinite ; placentas on axis. Capsule
more or less enclosed by the persistent calyx-tube, with 2 or
more cells or 1-celled, with many seeds. Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves usu. decussate ; stipules minute or wanting. (Page 290.) j

Fam. 86. Leeythidaeese (Grias). Fls. in clusters on trunk and
branches. Calyx cup-like, at length Imrsting into 2-4 persistent
lobes. Petals 4-6, imbricate, springing from a ring-like disk
round the top of the ovary. Stamens numerous, in several whorls,
on the dish above the petals. Ovary inferior. Trees. Stipules
wanting. (Page 297.)

Fam. 87. Rhizophopacese. Fls. axillary in 2- or 3-forked
cymes, or in clusters, or solitary. Calyx 4-5-lobed, valvate, per-
sistent. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted at the base of a
disk, embracing stamens in Mhizophora, fringed above in Cassipourea.
Stamens inserted on the disk. Ovary superior or more or less
inferior, 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous from the
axis. Fruit leathery, 1-5-celled, with one seed in each cell.
Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves opposite, stipulate. (Page 299.)

Fam. 88. CombretaeesB. Fls. 2-sexual, sometimes polygamo-
dioecious or unisexual, in spikes, racemes, or heads, rarely panicu-
late. Calyx with 5 or 4 valvate lobes. Petals wanting, or 4-5,
small. Stamens as many or iicice as many as the calyx-lobes, u^u.
inserted on the calyx-tube (receptacle). Ovary inferior, 1-celled.

XXn FLORA OF JAMAICA

Ovules 2-3{-6), hanginq from apex of cell. Fruit leathery or
drupe-like, angled or tcinged, l-cdled, l-seeded, usu. not opening.
Trees or shrubs often climbing. Leaves alternate, or opposite in
Laguncularia and Comhretnm, without stipules. (Page 303.)

Fam. 89. MyrtaeeSB. Fls. occasionally subregular, 2-sexual
or polygamous, in axillary or subterminal racemes or panicles^
rarely cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed, sometimes undivided in bud and
opening irregularly in the flower or falling oft" like a lid. Petal*
4, o (6) or fewer or wanting, spreading and distinct, or converging
and more or less united to form a cap. Stamens numerous-,
dtsiinct. Ovary more or less inferior, 2-3-celled, or 4-5(-7)-celled.
Fruit a berry, sometimes drupaceous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves
opposite, with resinous or pellucid dots ; stipules usu. wanting,
(Page 313.)

Fam. 90. MelastomacesB. Calyx : tube free or partly or
wholly adherent ; limb truncate, lobod, or lid-like, lobes usu.
imbricate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, imbricate. Stamens
usu. twice as many as petals ; anthers bent down parallel to the
filaments in the hud and lying in niches between calyx and ovary,
2-celled, usu. with a pore {rarely 2 or 4) at apex, connective often
with appendages. Ovary with 2 or more cells ; ovules usu.
indefinite. Fruit enclosed by calyx-tube, capsidar or berry -like,
bursting irregularly or opening loculicidally. 8eeds without
endosperm, usu. minute. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves oppo-
site, with 3-9 nerves curving from base to apex with parallel
transverse veins at right angles ; stipules wanting. (Page 353.)

Fam. 91. OnagraeeSB. Calyx : tube prolonged above the ovary,
often with deeply cleft valvate lobes. Petals usu. 2-4, twisted in
bud. Stamens nsu. twice as many as petals ; anthers opening
towards the centre. Ovary inferior, usu. 4-ceUed ; ovules usu.
numerous in the cells. Fruit a capsule or berry. Herbs, rarely
.shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate ; stipules very small or
wanting. (Page 403.)

Fam. 92. Araliacese. Fls. 2-sexual, or polygamous, or rarely
dioecious. Calyx inconspicuous, superior. Petals usu. 5 (3 or more),
usu. valvate unth apex ihiclc, bent in. Stamens as many as petals.
Ovary inferior, with one or more cells. Styles as many as
ovary-cells ; ovules solitary in cell. Fruit fleshy outside, with
one or more distinct pyrenes, sometimes berry-like. Trees or
shrubs. Leaves simple or compound, usu. stipulate. (Page 413.)

Fam. 93. Umbelliferse. FZs. regular or subirregular, 2-sexual,
umbellate. Sepals free, superior. Petals 5, equal or the outer
larger. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior 2-celled. Disk on ovary,

CONSPECTUS OF FAMILIES XXUl

disltnct from petals and stamens, 2-lohed. Styles 2. Ovules one
in each cell, pendulous. Fruit inferior, dry, disk and styles usu.
persistent, with ribs alternating with essential oil canals, separating
septicidally into 2 one-seeded parts. Seeds adherent to the
pericarp. Herbs. Leaves compound or simple. (Page 423.)

Fam. 3a, GarryaeesB (Garrya). Fls. without petals, unisexual,
dicecious, in spikes, within decussate united bracts. Male fls.
stalked. Calyx with 4 valvate segments. Stamens 4, alternate
to calyx-segments. Female fls. sessile or subsessile, without
calyx. Ovary 1-celled, superior ; ovules 2 ; styles 2, persistent.
Berry ovoid. Seeds 1 or 2. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite,
without stipules. (Page 429.)

KEY TO FAMILIES

The figures before the names refer to the number of the family, those
after the names to the page.]

A. Perianth vranting or of a single series — the calyx.

Flowers unisexual.* Leaves simple or unifoliolate.
Leaves opposite.

Flowers in racemes 52. Buxacccv .^....1

Flowers in spikes within decussate united

bracts 3a. Garryacctc 42^

Leaves alternate.
Sepals free.

Leaves unequal-sided 81. Bcgoniacecu 241>

Leaves equal-sided.

Flowers racemose or paniculate 60. Sapiudacece 40

Flowers in clusters 7G. Flacourtiacece 211

Sepals continuous with calyx-tube.

Flowers in loose heads or spikes. Sepals

imbricate (overlapping) 84. Thxjnulceacca 28G.

Flowers in dense heads or spikes. Sepals

valvate 88. Comhretacecc 303

Flowers 2-sexual. Leaves simple.
Leaves opposite.

Ovary 2-cellcd. Sepals 5 Gl. IDiamnacetc 62

Ovary 4-celled. Sepals 4 91. Onagraccce 400

Leaves alternate.
Sepals valvate.
Sepals free.
Ovary 3-ccrnered. Fruit a 3-winged

capsule 60. Sapindacece 40

Ovary not 3-cornered.

Fruit a drupe 61. Bhamnacccn 62

Fruit globose, dry 63. Tiliaccce 80

Sepals united or continuous with calyx-
tube.

Stamens united 66. Sterculiacem 154

Stamens free.
Ovary superior.

Fruit a drupe , 61. Ehamnacc<x 62

Fruit a capsule.

Flowers solitary 63. Tiliacecn 80

Flowers in racemes or panicles... 76. Flacmirliacca 211

Ovary inferior 88. ComhretacccB 303

♦ Polygamous flowers are referred to both unisexual and 2-sexua
flowers.

KEY TO FAMILIES

XXV

Sepals imbricate.
Sepals free.
Ovary 3-cornered. Fruit a 3-winged

capsule 60.

Ovary rounded. Fruit a berry 76.

Sepals continuous with calyx-tube.
Stamens free.

Flowers with a corona 78.

Flowers without a corona.

Ovules indefinite. Fruit with

several seeds 76.

Ovules solitary. Fruit one-seeded . 84.
Stamens united 76.

Sapindacece 40

Flacourtiacem 211

Passijlaiacece 231

FlacotcrtiacCfT 211

Thymelceaccce 286

FlacourtiacecB 211

B. Perianth of a double series — calyx and petals.

Flowers unisexual.
Leaves simple.
Leaves opposite.

Sepals united below.
Sepals imbricate. Stamens 4-5. Ovary

superior 56.

Sepals valvate. Stamens 8-10. Ovary

inferior 88.

Sepals free.

Stipules wanting. Seeds not hairy 71.

Stipules 2, narrow. Seeds hairy 73.

Leaves alternate.
Sepals imbricate.
Leaves entire, crenate, or toothed.
Ovary superior.
Stamens definite.

Inflorescence terminal 53.

Inflorescence axillary.
Ovary superior.

Petals united at base with

stamens adhering 55.

Petals and stamens free 56.

Ovary inferior 82.

Stamens indefinite 70.

Leaves lobed or angled. Stamens 8 (5).

Ovary inferior

Sepals valvate, or minute, or wanting — the
calyx being represented by a rim.
Leaves entire, crenate, or toothed.
Inflorescence axillary, a paniculate

cyme 59.

Inflorescences axillary and terminal,

racemose or spicate 61.

Inflorescences opposite leaves 62.

Inflorescences axillary, umbels or
heads 92.

Celastracece 24

Combretacece 303

Guitifcne 190

Qu iinacece 203

A nacardiacece 4

Aquifoliacece 19

Celastracece 24

CucurhitacecB 253

TernstrcemiacecB. ..181

82. Cucurbiiacem 253

Icacinacece 39

RhamnacecB 62

Vitacece 73

Leaves lobed.

Inflorescences opposite leaves 62.

Inflorescences axillary 79.

Araliacece 413

Vitacecs. 73

Caricaccce 243

c

XXVI

FLORA OF JAMAICA

57.
66.
89.
90.

Leaves compouud.
Leaves alternate.
Sepals imbricate.
Leaves pinnate with odd leaflet. Fruit

drupaceous 53. Anacardiacea; 4

Leaves biternate or S-foliolate or pin-
nate. Fruit usually capsular GO. Sapindacecc 40

Sepals valvate, or minute, or wanting — the
calyx being represented by a rim.

Leaves with 3 leaflets G2. VitaceiP 73

Leaves with G or more leaflets.

Petals not cohering 79. Caricacecc 243

Petals cohering 92. Araliacece 413

Leaves subopposite 60. Sainitdacccc 40

Flowers 2-sexual.
Leaves simple.
Leaves opposite.

Sepals continuous with caljTC-tube.
Sepals imbricate.

Stamens 3

Stamens 4

Stamens numerous

Stamens twice as many as petals

Sepals valvate or minute.
Stamens definite.
Ovary superior.
Leaves not decussate.

Nerves of leaves pinnate

Nerves curved from base to apex

Leaves decussate

Ovary inferior or half-inferior.
Trees or shrubs.

Ovary wholly inferior

Ovary half inferior

Herbs

Stamens indefinite.

Leaves without glandular dots

Leaves with glandular dots

Sepals free.
Sepals imbricate.
Leaves without stipules. Seeds not
hairy.

Leaves leathery

Leaves not leathery

Leaves with stipules. Seeds hairy ...

Sepals valvate

Leaves alternate.

Sepals more or less united or continuous
/ with calyx-tube.
Sepals imbricate.

Flowers in terminal panicles

Flowers in axillary spike-like racemes.

Racemes in clusLers

Racemes solitary

Flowers in axillary and terminal
cymes

89.

Hippocrateaceic 35

Celastracecc 24

Mtjrtaceie 318

MelastomacciC 353

Ilhamnaccd' 62

Melastomacctc 353

LyUiracece 290

Comhrctacc(C 303

Uhizoplwracecc ....299
Onagracccc 403

lihizophoraceic ....299
Myrtacece 313

Gtittifenc 190

Hypericaccm 202

Quiinaceif 203

lihizophoracece ...299

53. AnacardiacecB

Cyrillacece 18

Flacourtiaccce ...211

55. Aqiiifoliacece 19

KEY TO FAMILIES

XXVll

Icacinacea 39

Rhamnaccce 62

Vitacea 73

Tiliacecc 80

Lecythidacea 297

Flowers solitary, axillary.
Ovary superior.

Flowers without corona 77. Turneracece 227

Flowers with corona 78. PassifloracecB 231

Ovary inferior 80. Loasacea 247

Sepals valvate, or minute, or wanting —
the calyx being represented by a
rim.
Stamens definite.
Stamens free.

Inflorescence axillary.
Stamens alternate with petals 59.

Stamens opposite to petals 61.

Inflorescence opposite to leaves... 62.
Stamens united (sometimes only at

base) 66. Sterculiacccc 154

Stamens indefinite.
Stamens free.

Ovary superior 68.

Ovary inferior 86.

Stamens united.

Pollen spiny 64. Malvacea 92

Pollen not spiny.

Involucel present 05. Bombacacea 149

In volucel wanting 66. Sterculiacecc 154

Sepals free.

Sepals imbricate.
Stamens definite.

Flowers regular 68. Ochnacca 173

Flowers irregular ['Violacecc'\ 210

Stamens indefinite.
Stamens free.
Petals free.

Pedicels not glandular.

Ovary superior 67. Dilleniacca 171

Ovary inferior 83. Cactacece 271

Pedicels 5-glandular below calyx 74. Bixacccc 205

Petals united to form a lid 69. Marcgraviacece ...178

Stamens united at base, free from

petals 09. Marcgraviacece ...178

Stamens, outer united at base, ad-
hering to petals 70. TcrnstrcemiacecB ..IQl

Stamens : filaments united into a

tube 75. CancUacccc 207

Sepals valvate.

Petals hooded 61.

Petals not hooded 63.

Leaves compound.
Leaves opposite.

Stamens 5 58.

Stamens 8 60.

Bliamnaceoi 62

Tiliacecc 80

StapMjleaccce 37

Sapindaccce 40

xxviii FLORA OF JAMAICA

Leaves alternate.
Inflorescence not umbeUate nor in heads.
Inflorescence axillary or terminal.
Leaves pinnate with an odd leaflet.

Fruit fleshy 5B. Anacard^acecB .^4

Fruit a capsule GO. Sap^u^rcec 40

Leaves abruptly pinnate, or 3-foliolate 60. Sapmdacecc .40

7 AirriZt^ G5. Bombacacc(e 149

Leaves digitate „„

Inflorescence opposite the leaves 62. Vitacecr

Inflorescence umbellate. .,„„.,„-, Aiq

Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit fleshy outside 92. Arahace^r^ 41d

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, breaking up ^^ ^^^^^^^.^^^^ 423

Inflorercrnc^Tnd'ense'h^ads::::::: 93. Umbellifer., 423

Leaves wanting, or minute and soon falling 83. Cactac^^ 271

DICOTYLEDONS

Family LTI. BUXAOE^.

Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs. Leaves opposite (in Buxiis) or
alternate, usually entire, leathery, without stipules. Racemes
or spikes axillary or sometirnes above the axils, lax or dense.
Flowers unisexual-, monoecious, rarely dioecious, without petals,
solitary in the axils of the bracts, terminal often female, the
rest male. Perianth of 4-6 imbricate sepals or wanting. Male
flowers : Stamens free, opposite to the sepals or indefinite. Rudi-
ment of . ovary present or absent. Female flowers : Ovary
3-(2)-celled ; styles undivided; ovules- 2 in each cell (rarely 1),
pendulous, with dorsal raphe. Fruit a capsule loculicidally
dehiscent, or more or l^ss drupaceous, usually crowned by
2 or 3 persistent stjdes. Seeds : Endosperm more or less fleshy,
or very rarely small or wanting.

Species nearly 60, found . all over the world except in
Australasia.

BUXUS L.

Shrubs or small trees, much branched, glabrous. Leaves
opposite, subsessile, usually net-veined with the arch of the veins
forming a continuous marginal nerve. Flowers monoecious.
Bracts often numerous, similar to the perianth-segments but
smaller, several often without flowers. Male flowers usually,
stalked in New World species. Sepals 4, in two series. Stamens 4,
opposite the sepals. Rudiment of ovary truncate or obtusely
3-4-lobed. Female flowers sessile. Sepals 6, in two series, the
outer smaller. Ovary 3-celled ; styles, in Jamaican species,
distant from one another, furrowed on the stigmatic portion,
which does not reach to the base, slightly bent outwards. Cap-
sule 3-horned with the persistent styles, dehiscing loculicidally,
the undivided valves 2-horned with the split styles. Seeds
v; B

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Biixus

oblong, 3-coriierecl, ivith a small strophiole ; endosperm somewhat
fleshjT; cotyledons oblong, scarcely broader than the. radicle.

Species about 44, of which 6 are natives of temperate and
mountainous regions of the. northern hemisphere of tlie Old
World, 3 or 4 from tropical Africa, one each from Madagascar
and South Africa, the rest "West Indian.

Leaves less than 10 cm. 1.

Leaves elliptical to narrowly elliptical, usually taper-
ing to both ends, often subacuminate, 4-8 -5 cm. 1,

Filaments broad 1. B.hcvigdta.

Leaves usually broadest above the middle, generally
mucronate, l*6-5 cm. 1. Filaments linear.

Venatidn faintly seen on upper surface only 2. B. bahamensis.

Venation evident on bqth sides 3. B. Vahlii.

Leaves more than 15 cm. 1 4. B. macrophylla.

1. B. laevigata Sprcng. Syst. Hi 847 (1826); leaves 4-8-5 cm. 1.,
narrowly elliptical, oblong-elliptical, or elliptical, tapering to both
ends, often subacuminate ; male sepals 2-3 mm. 1., lanceolate to

. Fig. l.—Buxus Icevigata Spreng.

A. Portion of floweriug branch x i D, Female flower x 7.

Bi Inflorescence X 2. E, Fruit X IJ.

C, Male flower X 7.

oblong; filaments flat, broad. — Baill. Monogr. Bux. 66; Muell.
Arg. in DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 16. B. Purdiana Baill. op. cit. 70
(r859); Muell. Arg. torn. cit. 15; Vrh. Symb. Ant. v. 401.
B. -pulchella Baill. op. cit. 68 (1859). Crantzia laevigata Sic.
Prodr. 38 (1788). Tricera laevigata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 333, t. 7

Buxus BUXACE^ • . .3

(1797) ; Jms. Euphorh. Tent, t 1,3b; Grkeh. Fl. Br, W. Ind. 81.
T. fasciculata Griseh. loc. cit. (Fig. 1.) Specimen from Swartz
named by himself in Herb. Mus. Brit. Purdie's specimen* in
Hprbf Kew., named by Grisebach T. fasciculata.

In fl. Mar.-Deo. ;. in fr. Oct.-Dec. ; Mts. of the west, Swartzl
Wright\ on the coffee ridge, St. Ann, Purdiel Battersea woods, near
Christiana, 3000 ft. ; Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2500 ft. ; Tyre, near Troy,
2000 ft. ; Harris ! John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris d Britton t Fl. Jam.
8265, 8964, 9492, 10,755.

Shrub 3-10 ft. high. Leaves, venation slightly prominent on both
sides, but not so evident beneath, papery. Racemes subsessile or peduncled.
Bracts 1 mm. 1., ovate, acute, at base of peduncle or a little above, with
sterile bracts below the peduncle. Flowers whitish or greenish-yellow.
Male flowers : Pedicels 2-4 ir;m. 1. Bracteoles 2-3 mm. 1. Sepals 2-3 mm. 1.,
lanceolate to oblong. Stamens longer than the sepals; filaments flat,
broad, 2-2-5 mm. 1., to 1 mm. br. ; anthers about 1-5 mm. 1. Budiment
of ovary very small or wanting. Female fljowers : Sepals like those of
male, tityles with stigmas longer than ovary, even to twice- as long.
Capsule about 5 mm. 1., about as long or a little longer than capsule.

The wood is very hard, yellow.

2. B. bahamensis Baker in HooJc. Ic. PL 1. 1806 (1889) ; leaves
r'5-3 cm. 1., oblanceolate to narrowly elliptical, apex usually
acute, sometimes obtuse, mucronulate ; veins faintly seen on
upper surface only ; filaments much narrower than the anther. —
Tricera bahamensis Britton in Bull. N.Y. Bat. Qard. iv. 139
(1906) and in Bull. Terr. Bat. CI. xlii.'bOl ; Britt. & MilUp. Bali.
Fl. 243.

In fl. July ; Long Mt., south side, 300 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9607.—
Bahamas, Cuba.

Shrub or small tree, 4-15 ft. high. Leaves rigid, leathery. Bracteoles
12 mm. 1., ovate with an acute brownish apex. Flowers greenish-white.
Male flowers : PediceZs 2-3 mm. 1. Sepals 1*5-2 mm. 1. Stamens longer
than the sepals. • Female flowers sessile. Sepals,l-2 mm. 1., oblong-ovate.
Styles about as long as the ovary. Capsule 5 mn:. 1.

3; B. Vahlii Baill. Monogr. Bux. 67 (1859) (excl. sy n. . Ji*ss.) ;.
leaves 2-5 cm. 1., obovate or oblanceolate, apex rounded to
somewhat obtuse, mucronulate ; venation net-veined on both
sides ; filaments much narrower than the anther. — Muell. Arg. .
torn. cit. 16-; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 358. Tricera Vahlii Britton in
Brooldyn Bot. Gard. Mem. i. 19 (1918).

Specimen from Jamaica in Herb. Mus. Paris according to Mueller. —
Porto Ricoj S. Cruz. • •

Shrub 6-9 ft. Leaves leathery ; petioles 1-2 mm. 1. Itacemes axillary,
sessile. Bracts almost equalling the short pedicels, sterile below -the
flowers usually 6. Male flovjers : Sepals scarcely 2 mm. 1., oblong-ovate,
acute, greenish. Stamens longer than tha calyx. Ovary glabrous, shorten
than the styles. Capsules 5-6 mm. 1.

4. B. maerophylla comb. nov. ; leaves 15-27 cm. 1., 5-8 em. br,,
lanoeolate-elliptical or narrowly elliptical, acute at both ends.- -

B 2

-t FLORA OF JAMAICA Buxua

Tricera macrophylla Britton in Bvll Torr. Bot. CI. xnxvii. 354
(1910). '

"hi fr. Mar. ; Johti Crow (Blake) Mts., 1500 ft., Harris d Brittod.
Fl. Jam. 10,770. Type in New-York Bot. Card. Herb, and in Jaip. tierb.
. Shrub, sparingly branched or simple, 3-6 ft. high; bark rough.
Leaves very large for the genus, venation slightly prominent and con-
spicuous on both sides ; petiole 1 cm. or less. Racfme (in fruit) slightly
above the axils ; pedtmcle -5 cm. 1. Bracts at base of peduncle, 1-2 mm. 1.,
ovate. Malefloicers (persisting at base of capsule) : Pedicels about 2 mm. 1.,
clustered. Bracteolcs about 2 mm. 1., lanceolate. Capsule 7-8 mm. 1.,
brownish, minutely puberolous ; horns much shorter than capsule. Seeds
shining black, 5 mm. 1.

Family LIH. ANACARDIACE^.

Trees or shrubs, cuntainiag resin. Leivves alternate, simple,
or pinnate with an odd leaflet (or 1-3-foliolate) without stipules,
or the lowest leaflets stipule -like. I'lowers hermaphrodite or
polygamo-dicBcious, or unisexual, regular. Calyx divided into
3-5 segments or consisting of 5 free sepals. Petals 3-6, free.
Disk generally ring-like. Stamens usually twice as many as the
petals, sometimes of equal number, inserted at the base of Uie
disk. Anlhers opening towards the centre. Ovary in the female
flower 1 -celled, in Spondias 2-5-oelled ; styles 1-5. Ovules
s;olitary in the cells, pendulous or broadly attached to the parti-
tion of the cell or pendulous from a stalk which rises from the
base of the cell. Fruit superior, free or surrounded either by
the base of the calyx or disk, sometimes at the top of a fleshy
body formed out of the base of the calyx and the top of the
flower-stalk, 1-5-celled, usually drupaceovis, indehiscent or the
.stone of Mangi/era dehiscent. Heeds : endosperm wanting or
scanty ; cotyledons flat-convex, fleshy.

Species 500, natives of the tropics and subtropics, rare in
temperate regions.

Ovary 1-celled.
Leaves simple.

Nut at the top of a fruit-like bcdy... 1. Anacardium.

[Fruit a drupe Mangifera.]

Leaves pinnate.

Parts of flowers usually in fives.

Calyx 5-cleft 2. Rhus.

Calyx of free sepals.; ... 3. Mosquitoxylum.

Parts of flowers usually in threes 4. Comocladia.

Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves pinnate 5. Spondias. • '

1. ANACARDIUM Rottb.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, entire. Panicles terminal.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous, imbricate.

Anacardium

ANACABDIACEiE

5'

Petals- 5, linear, recurved, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, unequal,
all, or a few, fertile ;. filaments united more or less into a .tube,
but only at the base in A. occideniale. Ovary free ; style thread-
like, lateral, with the apical point stigmatic ; ovule lateral,
ascending. Niit kidney-shaped, at the top of a very-large pear-
shaped fleshy fruit-like body, comjjosed of the enlarged receptacle
and stalk, indehiscent, the shell with a middle layer of numerous
cavities containing an acrid oil. Seed kidney-shaped, ascending ;
cotyledons curved, flat-convex.

Species 8, natives of tropical America, chiefly of. Brazil.

A. oceidentale L. Sp. PL 383 (1753) ; Jacq. Sel. Btirp. Amer.
124, t. 181,/. 35 & Ed. pia. t. 121 ; Wright Mem. 186 ; Descourt.
Fl. Ant. vii. 233, t. 507; Macf. Jam. 219; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.

Fig. 2. — Anacardium oceidentale L.

A, Leaf and portion of infloresence X f.

B, Hermaphrodite flower, calyx opened

and 4 petals removed X 2.

C, Mate flower with 1 sepal and 2 petals

removed- X 2.

D, Pistil cut lengthwise x 3.

E, Nut on the top of the enlarj?ed recep-

tacle and stalk cut lenffthwise X g ;
p, pericarp with layer of oil-contain-
ing cavities ; c, cotyledon ; r, radicle.

(E after Kngler.)

Ind. 176 ; Baill. Hist. v. 274, 275, /. 321-324 ; Hool. f. Fl. Brit.
Ind. a. 20 ; Engl, in Fl. Bras. xii. pf. 2, 409 & in DC. Monogr. iv.
219, t. 4 ; Gooh & Coll. in Contrih. U.S. Nat. Herb. viil. 75 ;-Urb.
Symh. Ant. iv. 359. Anacardi Sp. Rheede Hort. Mal._ Hi', t. 54.
Cassuvium Bumph. Amboin. i. 177, t. 69. Pomifera seu potius&c.
Sloane Cat. 187 «fe Hist. ii. 136. Anacardium" L. Fl. Zeyl. 73,

6 FLORA OF JAMAICA Anacardium

Anacardiuni fructu <kc: Browne Hist. .Jam. 226. Cassuvium*
pomiferum Za»j. Encyc. i. 22 (1783) ; Tussac Fl. AtiL iii. ai, t. 13.
(Fig.' 2.) Type in. Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit. A
specimen also in Herb. Xinn. named by Linnjeus.

Cashew Tree.

In fl. after the rains in summer; Sloanc Herb. vii. 76 1 McNab I Hitch-
cotk ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7633, 8511, 11,899.— Indigenous and cultivated in
tropical America (incl. W. Indies)* cultivated in tropics of Old World.

Tree to 40 ft. high, precocious to an extraordinary degree, as it has
been known to blossom and bear fruit in one year from the time of sowing.
Leaves 1-1 5 dm. 1., obovate-elliptical, apex rounded or emarginate, base
wedge-shaped or rounded, glabrous; petiole 1-1*5 cm. 1. Panicles longer
than the leaves, 1 •5-2*5 dm. 1. Floircrs crowded towards the ends of the
panicle-branches, pink or yellow with pink stripes, fragrant. Calyx
4-5 mm. 1. Petals 7-13 mm. 1. Filnmenfs : one much longer than the
rest, 8-11 mm. 1., the rest 2-3 mm. 1. ; anthers (all with pbllen) of long
filament about 1 mm. 1., the rest barely -5 mm. 1. Ovary in male flower
rudimentary, in female flower nearly 2 mm. long; stylo awl-sbaped,
4-8 mm. 1. Fruit-like body, "cashew-apple," crimson, yellow, or white,
0-10 cm. 1. Nut 2 to nearly 3*5 cm. 1. Heed 1*5 to nearly 3 era. 1. The
'"apple" is but little developed until the nut ?8 of full size, then it com-
pletes its growth in a few days.

The milky juice of the tree is used as an indelible marking-ink. The
gum exuding from old trees is transparent, and not inferior to gum arable ;
it is used by bookbinders, as it is obnoxious to insects. A decoction of the
bark is used as an astringent remedy for diarrha^a. The timber is close-
grained, strong, and durable ; a cub. ft. weighs 30 to 40 lbs. ; it is used for
boat-building, yokes, hubs, charcoal, &c. The cashew apple is edible,
tasting agreeably rough, sweet, and juicy, and forms an excellent preserve.
'• It ia.considered wholesome, and to be of service in cases whore the tone
of the stomach is impaired, and especially in the disease known by the
name of dirt-eating" (Macfadyen). Wine can be made, and a spirit
distilled, from it. The kernels of the roasted nuts are considered equal to
almonds; thoy yield a light yellow oil equal to almond oil. The oil
(cardole) in the shell of the nut is thick, black, and very acrid, efficacious
for preserving bindings of books, carved wood, &c., from white ants. See
Barham, llorlus Aniericantis ; Watt, Diet. Eccn. Products of India.

[MANGIFERA L.

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Panicles terminal.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4-5-cleft, imbricate. Petals
4-5, imbricate. Disk : 5 fleshy lobes, alternate with the petals.
Stamens 1 or 4-5, inserted within or on the disk, 1, rarely moie,
fertile and much larger than the others. Ovary free, 1 -celled ;
style lateral ; ovule above the base of the cell, ascending. Drupe
ellipsoidal or somewhat kidney-shaped, fleshy ; e.ndocarp more or
less fibrous outside. Seed compressed ; cotyledons often lobed.

Species about 27, natives of tropical Asia.

M. indiea L. Sp. PL 200 (1753); Jarq. Ic. PI. Bar. t. 337 ;
Tussac Fl. Ant. ii. 57, L 15; Descourt. Ft. Ant. i. 121; t. 25;
Macf. Jam. i. 221 ; Bot. Mac/, t. 4510; Grlseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
176; lloolc.f. FL Brit. Ind. v. 13; Enfjl in DC.Monocjr. Plian.

Mangifera

ANACARDIACE^

iv. 198, t. ^^ Watt, Did. Econ. Prod. Ind. & Com. Prod. Ind. ;
Tirh. Symb. Ant. iv. 358. M. .domes tica Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 95,
<. 100(1791). (Fig. 3.) Type in Herb. Linn.

Mango.

In fl. Jan., Feb.; in fr.frofa end of May to middle of Aug, ; native in
India ; cultivated and spontaneous in the tropics.

Tree 30-40 ft. high. Leaves l-2(-4) dm. 1.; 5-8 cm. br. ; oblong,
tf-pering at both ends, or lanceolate-elliptical. Panicles ■l-5-2(-3) dm. 1.;
branches and flowers puberulous. Flowers yellow, very fragrant in the
early morning, male and hermaphrodite on the same pianicle. Sepals

Fig. S.^Mangifera indica L.

A, Small leaf and portion of inflorescence C, Fruit cut lengthiwise X J ; ^, endocarp ;

X f. /, funicle ; c, cotyledon ; r, radicle.

B, Hermaphrodite flower x 5; d, disk.

about 2-5 mm. 1. Petals longer than the sepals, 5, with 3-5 ridges.
Stamens : fertile stamen 3-5 mm. 1., sterjle stamens 4, about 1 mm. 1.
Drupe 'S-l'S dm. 1.

The Mango is not mentioned by Sloane, Browne, or Swartz, as it was
only introduced into Jamaica in 1782. Capt. Marshall of H.M. frigate
" Flora," one of Rodney's squadron, captured a French frigate bound from
Mauritius to the French West Indies, with a consignment of plants and
seeds of economic value for naturalization. The plants were transferred
from the '* Flora " to the botanical garden of Mr. Hinton East. The
Mango, of an excellent variety, had the number 11 attached to it. Hence
the progeny of this Mango, with fruit of the quality of the parent, is
known as the No. 11 Mango. The Mango has spread abundantly in
Jamaica from sea-level up to 3000 or 4000 fl. To a stranger ignorant of

8

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Mavgi/na

its history it would seem to form an important and prominnot part of the
indigenous flora. The fruit has varied much, and the different kinds have
deceived local names. The No. 11 Mango was the finest in quality until
the Bombay Mango and other kinds were introduced of late years. The
wild trees are being grafted with the best kinds. See Btill. Bot, Dept. Jam.
Tt.s. via. 161 (1901) ; Bull. Dept. Agric. i. 253, 262 (1903).]

2. RHUS L.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate with an odd leaflet (in
Jamaican species), 1 -3-foliolate, or simple. Panicles axillary or

Fig. 4. — Rhtis Metopium L.

A, Paaicle of male flowers with leaf x 4. C, Female flower ditto X 4.

U, Male flower cut lengthwise X 4. D, Drupe ditto X 2.

(After Sargent.)

terminal. Flowers small, polygamous. Calyx 5-(4-6)-cleft, per-
sistent ; usually imbricate. Petals 5 (4-G), imbricate. Disk ring-
like. Stamens 5 (4-6 or 10), inserted at the base of the disk,
free; anthers Avithout pollen in the female flower. Ovary sub-
globose ; styles 3, united or free, short or long, stigmas simple or
capitate — in West Indian species the styles are united into one
very short style crowned by a 3-lobed stigma ; ovule hanging at
end of a long stalk arising from the base of the ovary. Drupe
small, the outer covering is resinous enclosing a stDne.

lihus ANACARDIACEiE 9

Species about 120, of which a few are tropical, the rest
natives of the warmer parts of regictns outside the tropics.

R. Metopiura L. Syst. ed. 10, 964 (1759) & Amain, v. 395,. 377 ;
Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 375 ; Macf. Jam. %. 225 ; GHseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 175; Sarg. Silc. Hi. 13 (in part), tt. 100, 101. Terebinthus
maxima &c. Shane Cat. 16? & Hist. it. 90, t. 199, /. 3. Metopium
foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 177, t. 13, /. 3. Borbonia fructu
corallino &c. Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) 51, t. 61. Terebinthus
Brownii Jacq. Eimm. PI. Carih. 18 (1760). Metopium. Linnaei
Engl, in DC. Monogr. iv. 367 (1883) (in part). M. Brownei Urh.
Symh. Ant. v. 402 (1908). (Fig. 4.) Type in Herb. Linn.

Jamaica Sumach, Burn Wood.

Shane Herb. vi. 106 1 Browne ! Wright ! Broughton ! Macfadyen 1 near
Savanna la Mar, Purdie ! March ! Prior ! Liguanea plam, Campbell !
Watson's Hill, Manchester, 800 ft. ; Long Mt., 300 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ;
Lititz Savanna, 330-900 ft. ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 5753, G195, 6416, 9224, 9317,
11,766; Pigeon Is., Maxon <& Killip\ — Cuba, Hispaniola, Yucatan.

Tree 15-25 ft. high. Leaves at the end of the branches, 2-paired with
an odd leaflet ; leaflets roundish, sometimes somewhat obovate, rarely
ovate, apex rounded or shortly and abruptly acuminate with obtuse
acumen, sometimes emarginate, base roundish or somewhat wedge-shaped,
often unequal, papery to leathery, 4-9 cm. 1. Panicles about as long as
the leaves or a little longer. Calyx 1'2-1"5 mm. 1., cup-shaped; lobes
semicircular, not imbricate in flowering. Petals nearly 4 mm. L, elliptical,
pale yellow. Drupe ellipsoidal, scarlet, about 1 5 cm. 1.

Sloano gives the name Doctor Tree or Boar 'J'r e to this tree, and
Browne calls it Hog Gum Tree, but Macfadyen (Jam. i. 139) shows that
these names belong to SympJionia glohulifera Linn. f. (Moronobea coccinea).

3. MOSQUITOXYLUM Kr. & Urb.

Tree. Leaves pinnate with an odd leaflet; leaflets entire.
Flowers small, sessile, spicate on branches of lateral panicles,
dioecious, regular, part-s in fives, each with a bract and two brac-
teoles. Sepals 5, free, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, equal,
imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted on th6 margin of a fleshy disk,
very small and sterile in female flower ; filaments awl shaped ;
anthers attached at the back, opening towards the centre. Ovule
attached laterally above the base of the cell, suspended from a
stalk-like appendage ; micropyle sublateral. Style central, short,
3-cleft at the apex^ lobes bearing stigmas on the outside. Capsule
shortly obliquely oval, compressed, exocarp, thin, not resinous,
endocarp thin, bony, opening a little. Seed not seen.

Species 1, native of Jamaica and Panama.

M. jamaieense Kr. (&. Urh. in Notizbl. Berl. Bot. Gard. i. 78
(1895) & Symh. Ant. i. 344. (Fig. 5.)

Mosquito Wood.

In fl. Feb.; in fr. Aug. -Feb. ; Hanover, J.P. 1287, Morrisl Chilton,
Westmoreland, MenneU\ Ipswich, Palachel Lapland, near Catadupa,

10

FLOltA OF JAMAICA

Mosq u ifoxiflum

1760-2000 ft. ; near Darliston, 1.500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9173, 9185,
9828.— Panama.

Tree 30-50 ft. high, with a straight smooth trunk. Leaves 1-5-2 dm. 1.,
5-8-paired ; petiole 3-4 cm. 1. ; leaflets in 8 pairs, 5-13 cm. 1., oblong-
elliptical, broadest above the middle, apex obtuse or very shortly and
obtusely acuminate, base very unequal-sided, tapering into the short

^^

Fi'^.G.—MosijuitoxyluvijainaicengeKr.&Vivh

A, Leaf and inflorescence X J.

B, Portion of inflorescence with flower-

biuls X 3.

V, Fruit witii part of exocarp cut away to
show the endocarp X 2.

petiolule. Bracts at base of branches of panicle, 1-5-2 mm. 1., triangular ;
floral bracts and braeteoles similar, smaller. Flowers white. Sepals
roundish-triangular, outer 1*5 mm. 1., 1-2 mm. br., inner smaller.
Capsules scarlet, 7-8 mm. 1,

Timber good for building purposes, but not so good for posts in the
ground.

4. COMOCLADIA L.

Trees, small ; trunk slender, u.sually not branching ; with
glutinous sap which turns blackish, and makes an indelible stain.
Leaves crowded at top of trunk, alternate, pinnate with an odd
leaflet ; leaflets more or less opposite, entire or toothed, reduced

Comocladia ANACARDIACEiE 11

iu size towards base of leaf. Panicles axillary, usually shorter
than the leaves. Flowers minute, crowded, polygamous, sessile
or subsessile ; parts of flowers (in Jamaican species) in threes, rarely
in fours. Calyx 3-cleft, coloured a lighter tint than the petals,
persistent, imbricate. Petals imbricate, red. Disk with three
broad lobes. Stamens inserted at the notches of the disk, free.
Ovary free, 1 -celled, with 3 stigmas ; ovule at the end of a
long, stalk springing from the base. Drupe oblong-ellipsoidal,
fleshy. Seed oblong ; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex.

Maiden Plum.

Species 20, of which two are natives of Mexico, the rest
natives of the West Indies, seven being found only in Jamaica,
one in J amaica and Hispaniola.

Leaflets entire, not undulate, nor toothed.
Plants glabrous, or more or less hairy.

Leaflets in 6-9 pairs, upper usually more than
5 cm. 1.
Leaves to 6 or 7 dm. 1., glabrous or pubescent.

Leaflets with truncate or rounded base 1. C. pinnati folia.

Leaflets with cordate or subtruncate base ... 2. C. pilosa. .
Leaves to 3 dm. ]., glabrous. Leaflets with

cordate base ". 3. C. cordata.

Leaflets in 3-5 pairs, upper usually less than ' .

5 cm. 1 4. C. parvlfoliola.

Panicle, twigs, and leaves brown-velvety 5. C. velutina.

Leaflets toothed or undulate.
Leaflets with large coarse teeth.
Leaflets in 8-10 pairs, apex acute to shortly

acuminate 6. C. Hollichii.

Leaflets in about 14 pairs, apex ending in a long

slender acumen 7. C. grandidentata.

Leaflets with small shallow teeth.

Leaflets in 10-11 pairs, base subeqvial 8. C.jmnaicensis.

Leaflets in 6-8 pairs, base unequal 9. C. troyensis.

§ 1. Leaflets entire, not undulate, nor toothed.

I. C. pinnatifolia L. Syst. ctl. 10, 861 (1759) & Amoen. v.
375 ; glabrous, or panicles minutely puberulous, and twigs,
petiole, and rhachis of leaves, also midrib and nerves, more or
less covered with brownish hairs, or glabrescent ; leaves 2-6
dm. 1. ; leaflets in 6-11 pairs, largest 5'5-13(-17) cm. 1.,
2'5-5(-7) cm. br., base truncata, rounded, or subcordate, equal
or sometimes slightly unequal. — Brit ton in Bull. Torr. Bof.
CI. xxxvii. 345 & xli. 9. C. caudice &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 124.
C. integrifolia Jacq. Enum. PL Carih. 12 (1760) & Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 12 ; L. Sjp. PI. ed. 2, 49; Lain. Encyc. ii. 69 k, Illustr.
t. 27,/. 1 ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 26; Macf. Jam. i. 223; Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 175. C. pubescens Emjl. Bot. Jahrb. i. 420 (1881) & in
DC. Monogr. iv. 362 ; Britton op. cit. xxxvii. 347. Prunus

12

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Comocladia

racemosa caudice &c. Sloane Cat. 184 & Hist. ii. 131, t. 222,/. 1.
(Fig- 6.)

In fl. Nov. to April ; near St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. vii. 74 !
Robins] Shakspear] Masson] Distinl Martin's Hill, Manchester, P«rdi« !
Wullschlaegel ; March ! Moneague, Prior I Potsdam, Britton, 1231 1 near
Troy, 2500 ft. ; wooded hill near north-east of Dolphin Head ; Leicester-
field, Clarendon, 1800 ft. ; Soho, St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Harris 1 John Crow
(Blake) Mts., lOOO ft. ; near Bull Bay ; Harris d Brittonl Fl. Jam. 9079,
10,814, 10,710, 10,786, 10,839, 11.994. Halberstadt, GosseH— Hispaniola.

Tree 12-25 ft. high, Bometimes flowering on a sucker even at the
height of two feet. Leaves: intervals between leaflets 2-5-5 cm. 1. ;
petiole and rhachis rounded; leaflets, lowest 1-5-8 cm. 1., 1-2-2 cm. br.
ovate, oTjtuse; upper ovate-oblong or oblong, apex acuminate, acute, or
apiculate; nerves prominent beneath. Bracts -8 mm. 1., triangular,

Fig. 6.— Comocladia pinnati/olia L.

A, Male flower x 10. C, Ditto cut lengthwise X 20.

D, Drupe cut leiijjthwise X 55.

A, Aiaie nower x lu.

B, Female flower x 10.

tapering to apex; margin with a few hairs. Floivers sessile or subsessile,
dark crimson. Calyx: segments •4--7 mm. 1., •G--7 nmi. br. Petals
ovate-elliptical or roundish-elliptical, 1-1-3 mm. 1., -9 mm. br. Drupe
slightly incurved, reddish, oblong-ellipsoidal, 7-18 ram. 1.

This and other species of Comocladia are sometimes used for growing
fence-posts, as they readily take root. The larger trees have a dark red
heart-wood, and are used by the peasantry for house-posts, as they are
very durable in the ground.

2. C. pilosa Britton in Bull. Torr. Bat. CI. xxxvii. 348 (1910) ;
young twigs, leaves, and inflorescence densely pilose pubescent,
leaflets pubescent on both sides including the veins, rhachis of
inflorescence densely tomentellous ; leaves about 7 dm. 1. ;
leaflets in about 9 pairs, largest 9-14 cm. 1., 4-5 cm. br. ; base
cordate or subtruncate.

Comocladia ANACARDIACE^ 13

In fl. Apr. ; wooded hill, UEion Hill, near Moneague, Britton d Hollick,
.2762!

. Tree ahout 20 ft. high. Leaflets, lowest pair 4-5 cm. 1., suborbicular,
second and third pairs 6-8 cm. 1.; ovate-orbicular, upper oblong or ovate-
oblong, &pex obtuse, acutish, or abruptly short acuminate. Panicles
2' 5 dm. 1. or less. Sepals rounded, with a few scattered hairs. Petals a
little longer than the sepals, rounded. Filaments twice as long as anthers.
Drupe' not known.

A leaflet, and small portion of the inflorescence in bud, of the type
have been received from Dr. Britton. The species is evidently closely
allied to C. pinnatifolia L.

3. C. eopdata Britton in Torreya, vii. 6 (1907) ; glabrous
plants ; leaves 2-3 dm. 1. ; leaflets in 6-7-pairs ; sessile, largest
about 10 cm. 1., 3*5 cm. br. ; base cordate, equal.

In fl. Sept. ; rocky wooded hill, Troy, Britton, 640 ! near Troy, 2000 ft.,
near Troy, Hirris ! Fl. Jam. 9416.

Tree 40 ft. high. Leaves : intervals between leaflets about 4 cm. ;
petiole roundish, somewhat flattened on the upper side ; leaflets ovate-
oblong to oblong, shortly acuminate, nerves prominent beneath, nearly at
right angles with midrib. Flowers cvvcxi&on. Ca^?/a; ; segments -8 mm. 1.,
1'2 mm. br., roundish. Petals broadly ovate, 1"2 mm. 1. and br. at base.
Drupe not seen.

4. C. parvifollola Brittmi in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxvii. 346
(1910) ; glabrous plant ; leaves 1-2 dm. 1. ; leaflets in 3-5-pairs ;
upper 4-5"5(-7) cm. 1., base subcordate or rounded, subequal.

In fl. Mar. ; woodlands, Dolphin Head, Britton, 2473 ; Dolphin Head,
1800 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,267.

Tree to 30 ft. high. Leaves : intervals between leaflets l'6-l"8cm. ;
petiole angular, more or less 2-edged in the basal node ; leaflets sessile or
subsessile, lowest pair often broadly ovate, 2-3 cm. 1.^ upper, oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, apex blunt, often very shortly acuminate, sometimes
somewhat unequal-sided, leathery ; nerves prominent on both sides ;
a hollow gland in axils of nerves beneath, showing as a slight swelling
above. Panicle as long as the leaves or longer, slender, to 2 dm. 1. Flowers
crimson. Calyx: segments about '5 mm. 1. and br., roundish. Petals
ovate-elliptical, "S-'Omm. 1. Drupe vot seen.

5. C. velutina Britton in Torreya, vii. 6 (1907) ; panicle,
with young twigs and leaves rusty-brown velvety ; leave.s
l'5-3 dm. 1.; leaflets in 5-8-pairs, largest 4-7*5 cm. ].,
2.' 5-3 '5 cm. br., base truncate or subcordate, equal,' sometimes
subequal. — C. propinqua Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 175 (1859)
(non Kunth).

In fl. Mar., Apr., Sept. ; in fr. Mar., Apr. ; Broughton ! March ! Great
Goat Is., 150 ft. ; Healthshire Hills ; Great Pedro Bay ; dry rocky hills,
Fort Henderson ; Harris t Fl. Jam. 9208, 9519, 9713, 10,153.

Tree, 15-40 ft., branching into a spreading head about six feet from
the ground. Leaves: intervals between the pairs 1-5-3 cm.; leaflets
elliptical to oblong-elliptical, apex rounded or obtuse ; nerves conspicuous
beneath; petiolules 1-2 mm. 1. Flowers dull crimson, pedicel extremely
short, pubescent. Calyx: segments roundish, -7- '8 mm. in diam. Petals

14 FLORA OF JAMAICA Comocladia

roundish to broadly ovate, 1-1*2 mm. in diam. Drupe ellipsoidal, 1 cm. 1.,
6-7 mm. in diam.

6. C. •Hollickll Britton in Bull. Ton: Bot. CI. xxxvii. 346
(1910); glabrous plant; leaves 3-4 dm. 1., leaflets iu 8-10-pairs^
upper 6-10 cm. 1., margin coarsely toothed, apex acute -to
shortly acuminate.

In fl. Mar. ; Rocky hillside, Bluefields Mt., 1660 ft., Britton <£ Hollick,
2000 ; wooded hill, Potsdam, Britton, 1271 1

Low, flowering when not more than 3 ft. high, to 10 ft. high. Leaves :
intervals between the pairs about 3-4 cm. ; leaflets : lowest 8-5 cm. 1.,
ovate, upper ovate-lancoolate to oblong, base obtuse or subtruncate,
usually equal-sided, papery; nerves prominent beneath, slightly pro-
minulous above; petiolule 1-5-3 mm. 1. Panicle short, about 8 cm. 1.,
sparingly branched, narcow. Corolla (in bud) -5 mm. in diam., purple.
Sepals and petals obtxise, rounded. Filaments twice as long as tbe
anthers.

We have not seen the inflorescence, but give description from
Britton loc. cit.

7. C. srrandidentata Britton in Bull. Terr. Bot. CI. xxxvii.
346 (1910); glabrous plant; leaves about 8 dm. 1.; leaflets in
alx)ut 14 pairs, upper 7-15 cm. 1., margin coarsely and irregularly
toothed, apex acute or abruptly acuminate, ending in a long
slender acumen.

Hopeton, Westmoreland, 1850 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 9944.

Tree to 30 ft. high, slender. Leaves : rbachis and petiole striate,
intervals between the pairs about 5 cm. ; leaflets : lowest about 4 cm. 1.
ovate, upper 3-4*5 cm. br., opposite leaflets sometimes unequal, oblong,
obtuse or subtruncate and more or less oblique at base, petiole 3 mm. 1.
Flowers &nd fruit not known.

8. G. Jamalcensis Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxvii. 347
(1910); panicle densely and minutely puberulous ; leaves 3-4' 5
dm. 1., rhachis pilose; leaflets in 10-11-pairs, more or less
pubescent on the midrib benejith, and occasionally sparingly
pubescent on midrib above and nerves beneath, 7-8 cm. 1.,
margin undulate with shallow teeth, base equal or subequal,
rounded to subtruncate.

Dry rocky hill, Green Island, 200 ft., Harrisl Fl. Jam. 10,250, also
Britton d Hollick, 2132.

Tree 6 ft. high. Leaves '. pairs not always quite opposite, intervals
between the pairs about 3 cm.; leaflets: lowest 2^5-5 cm. 1., ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, upper about 2 cm. br., oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute
to acuminate; nerves prominent on both sides; petiolules 3-4 mm. 1.,
more or less pubescent. Panicle about 3 dm. 1., branches short and
slender. Floivers very young in specimen. Drupe not seen.

9. C. troyensis Fawc & Bendle in Journ. Bot. lix. 18 (1921) ;
panicle very sparingly puberulous ; leaves 2-5 dm. 1., leaflets in
6-8-pairs, petiole and rhachis more or less covered with long
yellow stiff' hairs ; leaflets' more or less hairy on both sides or

Comocladia A'isACAUDlAGEM 15

glabrescent, upper 5-10 '5 cm. 1., margin undulate with small
teeth, or almost entire, base unequal-sided, obtuse.

In fl. Feb. ; near Troy, 2500 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9349. Types in Herb.
Mus. Brit, and Herb. Jam.

Tree. Leaves : intervals between the pairs, 3-6 cm. 1. ; leaflets : lowest
about 2*5 cm. 1., ovate-elliptical, upper 3-4 "5 cm. br., ovate-oblong to
oblong, apex acute or very shortly acuminate, nerves prominent ; petiolule
1-8 mm. 1. Panicle short, simple. Pedicels about 1 mm. 1. Flowers dark
criinson. Calyx: segments roundish, about '6 mm.l., -G--? mm. br.
Petals broadly ovate, 1-1 •! mm. 1. Drupe not seen.

5. SPONDIASL.

Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate with an odd leaflet ; leaflets
opposite, generally long acuminate. Racemes or panicles terminal
or axillary. Flowers small, polygamous. Calyx small, deciduous,
4-5-lobed, lobes slightly imbricate. Petals 4-5, subvalvate.
Disk cup-shaped, crenate. Stamens 8-10, inserted under the
disk. Ovary 3-5 celled, free ; styles 3-5 ; ovule pendulous.
Drupe fleshy ; putamen bony or woody with openings near the
apex, 1-5-celled. Seeds pendulous ; embryo straight ; cotyledons
elongated.

Species 5, natives of the tropics, often cultivated.

Leaflets distinctly unequal-sided at the base.

Leaflets G-10 cm. 1. ; panicle usually longer than leaves.

Drupe 3-4 cm. 1 1. S. Monhin.

Leaflets 2-4 cm. 1.; inflorescence short. Drupe 2-5-

3 cm. 1 2. S. purptirea.

[Leaflets nearly equal-sided, 6-7 cm. 1. Drupe to 10

cm. 1. and 5 cm. in diam '. S. cj/therea.]

1. S. Monbin L. Sp. PI. 371 (1753) (errore Mombin) ; common
petiole subterete; leaflets 6-10(-13) cm. 1., unequal-sided, acu-
minate, shortly but distinctly petiolulate ; panicle usually longer
than the leaves. — L. Amoen. v. 379 ; Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 138 ;
Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 102; Hicrn Cat. Welw. Afr. PI. i. 175; Urh.
Symh. Ant. iv. 359 ; Britton FL Berm. 222. S. foliis .paucioribus
Ac. and S. foliis plurimis kc. Browne Hist. Jam. 229. S. Myro-
balanus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1036 (1759) k Herb.; Willd. Sp. PI. ii.
751 ; Wright Mem. 272. S. lutea L. Sj). PL ed. 2, 613 (1762) &
Herh. ; Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 175 ; EngL in FL Bras. xii. pt. 2,
374 & DC. Monogr. iv. 244; Guppy Plants dc. W. Indies, 111,
S. pseudomirobolanus Tussac FL Ant. iv. 97, t. 33 (1827).
S. graveolens Mac/. Jam. i. 228 (1837) ; Hart in Gard. Chron. n.s.
xiii. 682 (1880). Prunus americana, ossiculo &c. PhiJc. Phyt. t.
218,/. 3. Myrobalanus folio (fee. Sloane Cat. 181 & Hist. ii. 125,
t. 219,./. 1, 2. Prunus brasiliensis &,c. Sloane Cat. 182 «fe Hist,
ii. 127. Prunus Americana, Prunier d'Amerique Merian Surin.
13, <. 13. A specimen from Plukenet in Herb. Sloane xcvii. 128

16

FLORA OF JAMAICA

SpondidS

(figured in Phyt. I.e.) ! ; another specimen in Herb. 81oane
Ixxxii. 37 !

Hog Plum.

In fl. May (Mar.- June) ; in fr. July; SUxmc Horb. vii. 06! ITouxtpunl
Wright I Shakspear 1 McNab I Wilson I Worthy Park, Moneaguo, Prior !
Mar<;h\ Hitclicock; Hope, 700 ft., i/urris 1 Castleton, Thompson\ Green
Valley, Cradtcick ! — Tropics.

Tree 30-40 ft. high. Leaves 2-2-5 dm. 1. Calyx minute, about
'5 mm. 1.; segments ddtoid. Petals yellowish-white, obloug, with the
magins folded inwards, about 3 mm. 1. FiUntietits very slender, thread-
like. Styles 4. Druiw ovoid, 3-4 cm. 1.; ondccarp very thick, woody;
Heshy exocarp yellow.

The branches grow readily when planted in the ground, and are much
used in this way for fence-posts, as well as for shade in pastures. The
wood is light, and i» usod as a subetitute for cork. Tb« leaves fall at the
end of the year, and the flowers appear about March. The fruit is ripe
in August, and is not liable to be attacked by the fruit fly.

2. S. purpurea L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, fil3 (1762) ; common petiole
angular ; leaflets 2-4 cm. 1., unequal-sided, olxivate to lanceolate,
or oblong-elliptical, acute, not acuminate, base obliquely wedge-
shaped, more or less obscurely serrulate in the upjier part, sub-
sessile ; raceme or panicle sliort, minutely pui)erulous, branohcR

£

A, Male flower X 0.

B, Female flower x 6.

C, Ovary cut across X 9,

Fig. l.—SfondiuH purpurea L.

D, Endocarp of .*?. mangifera Wiljd.,

enlarged.

E, Cell of endocarp of illtto with

embryo, mlarp^ed.
(After Eiigler.)

Spondias ' ANACARDIACEiE 17

with few flowers. — Descourt. FL Ant v. 11.9, t. 336; Macf. Jam.

: i. 227; Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 175; Engl, in FL Bras, xii.pt. 2,

373 (excl. var.) & DC. Monogf: iv. 243 ; Urh. Symh. Ant iv. 359 ;

Britton in FL Berm. 221. S. diffusa &c. Broicne Hist. Jam. 228.

■ S. Monbia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1036 (1759); WilM. Sp. PL ii 750

. (excl. syn. Pluk.) ; Wright Mem. 272. S. Myrobalanus L. Amoen.
V. 279 (1760); Jacq. SeL Stirp. Amer. 139, t 88; Gdertn. Frud.
ii. 102, t. 104. Myrobalanus minor &c. Sloane Cat 182 & Hist,
ii. 126, t 219, /. 3, 4, 5. Warmingia pauciflora EngL in FL
Bras. xii. pt. 2, 281, /. 57. (Fig. 7.) Owing to the confusion
between the two names S. Monhin and S. Myrobalanus in the
Systema and the Amcenitates, where their meaning is transposed
by Linnaeus, we have not thought it wise to restoi'e the strictly
earliest name of the species, S. Myrobalanus.

Spanish Plum.

In fl. Apr., May (Mar.); in fr. July; Sloane Herb. vii. 661 Wrightl
Bertero ; March 1 Hitchcock ! Harris ! — West Indies, tropical continenlal
America.

Tree 10-20 ft. high. Leaves 1'5 dm. 1. Calyx: segments minute.
Petals oblong with the point folded inwards, about 3-4 mm. 1., bright red
or purplish. Styles 3, often 4. Drupe obovoid, 2-5-3 cm. 1.; endocarp
fibrous outside, bony inside ; fleshy exocarp yellow or purple.

The leaves are shed in January or February. The flowers appcivr in
April or May. As the fruit forms, the young leaves appear. The reddish
fruit ripens about July. It has a thick skin and is therefore not liable to
the attacks of the fruit fly. The branches are used like the former species
as "grow posts."

Form lutea. Grows at higher altitudes and flowers much
later. Petals about 6 mm. 1., of a rosy tint. Fruit yellow, with
a thinner skin, very liable to be infested with the maggots of
the fruit fly, probably the same species as attacks the mango,
Anastrepa fraterculus Wied. S. cirouella Tussac FL Ant. Hi. 37,
/. 8 (1824). S. lutea Marf. Jam. i. 226 (1837) (excl. syn.);
Hart in Gard. Ghron. n.s. xiii. 682 (1880).

[S. Gytherea Sonner. Voy. Ind. ii. 222, t. 123 (1782); common
petiole compressed above; leaflets 6-7(-9) cm. I., nearly equal-
sided, acutely acuminate, shortly but distinctly petiolulate,
margin distantly serrate or only indistinctly crenate ; panicle as
long or longer than the lent— Gaertn. Fruct ii. 101, t 103 ;
Tussac FL Ant Hi. 95, t 28. S. dulcia Forst f. Prodr. 34
(1786), PL EscuL 33 (1786), & Ic. ined. Cook's Second Voyage,
t. 144 ; EngL in DC. Monogr. iv. 246 ; Urb. Sym'j. Ant iv. 360 ;
Hart in Gard. Chron. n.s. xiii. 682 (1880). S. macrocarpa EngL
in FL Bras, xii.pt 2, 375, t 78 (1876).

Otaheite Plum.

Monoague, Prior I - Cultivated in the West Indies and tropics generally.
2s^ative in Oceania.

Tree 15-20 ft. Leaves 2-3 dm. 1. Calyx: segments ovate. Petals
V- ■ ' C

18 FLORA OF JAMAICA Spondias

2-2-5 mm. 1. Drujye to 10 cm. 1., 5 cm. in diam., of a light yellowiah-
green colour.

The flowers appear just before the young- foliage begins to shoot in
March or April. The fruit ripens in October and November; it has a
subacid flavour and a fine aroma.

Family LIV. CYRILLACE^ Lindl.

Trees or slirubs. Leaves leathery, entire, persistent, without
stipules. Flowers small, in spike-like axillary racemes (in
Cyrilla), regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted (4-8), imbricate,
persistent. Petals, the .same number as the sepals, free, slightly
convolute. Stamens 5 (in Cyrilla), hypogynous. Disk saucer-
.shaped, confluent with the base of the ovary. Ovary 2(-3)-
celled (in Cyrilla). Ovules solitary in the cells, or (in Ciirilla)
3 (2-4) attached to a short placenta hanging from the apex of
the cell. Fruit (in Cyrilla) small, 2-celled, pericarp spongy, cells
1-seeded. . Seed with fleshy endosperm. Embryo central,
elongated ; radicle superior.

Species 5, natives of the West Indies, subtropical United
States, and tropical S. America,

CYRILLA L.

Glabrous plants. Leaves oblanceolate to oval. Racemes
clustered at the end of twigs of the preceding season. Petals
white. Disk green. Ovary ovoid ; style short, thick 2(-3)-lobed.

Species 1, native of West Indies, .subtropical United States,
and tropical S. America.

C. racemlflora L. Mant. i. 50 (1767) ; Jacq. Ic. PL Bar.
t. 47 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2456 ; Sarg. Silva it. 3, t. 51 ; Britton III.
fV. 11.389; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 361. C. antillana Michx. Fl.
Bor.-Amer. i. L58 (1803); Orineb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 145. Itea
Cyrilla Sm. Prodr. 50 (1788), Obs. Bot. 94, /. 4, /. 1 & Fl. Ind.
Occ. 506. (Fig. 8.) Specimens in Herb. Linn, named by
Linmeus.

Blood Wood, Beet Wood.

In fl. Mar.-July; in fr. Aug.-Peb. ; Wright I Broughtonl Masson]
Swartzl Bancroft \ Macfadyen\ Port Boyal Mts., Purdiel J.P. 890,
Morrisl Prospect Hill, 1500 ft., Thompson] St. George, 2200 ft.; near
Troy, 2500 ft.; near Cinchona, 4500 ft.; Hatrisl Fl. Jam. 7671, 7947,
8725, 9117. — West Indies, Venezuela, Honduras, Guiana, northern Brazil,
southern United States.

Shrub or tree to 80 ft. high. Leaves 2-12 cm. 1., very variable in size
and form. Racemes longer than the leaves, to 15 cm. 1. Pedicels 2-3 mm. 1.
Calyx about 1 mm. 1. Petals about 2*5 mm. 1. Fi'uit 2-5-3 mm. 1.

The wood is hard, heavy, and close-grained, but it is said to be wanting
in strength (Sargent).

Cyrilla

ANACARDIACEyE

19

Fig. S.— Cyrilla racemijiora L.

A, Twig witii leaves and flowers X ?. D, Apex of ripening ovary x 9.

B, Diagram of flower. " E, Fruit cut lengtliwise x 9.
0, Flower with a petal pressed down x 5. (A, B after Sargent.)

Family LV. AQUIFOLIACE^ (ILICINE^).

Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, leathery;
stipules minute, often deciduous. Inflorescence axillary and
terminal, cymose. Flowers small, white, regular, hermaphrodite
or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 3-6-cleft, imbricate, generally
persistent. Petals 4-5, free or united at the base, hypogynous,
deciduous, imbricate. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the
petals, adhering to the base of the short coroHa-tube. Ovary
free, with 3-5 cells, or more. Style wanting or terminal.
Ovules 1, or 2 side by side in the cells, pendulous from the top
of the cell. Fruit drupaceous, slightly fleshy, with 3-18 pyrenes;
pyrenes 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, with copious fleshy endosperm.
Embryo very small, straight, in the apex of the endosperm.

Species about 285, natives mostly of the tropics of America
and Asia ; several in the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere.

c -2

20 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ilex

ILEX L. •

Leaves generally entire. Flower-parts in fours, fives, or sixes.
Corolla rotate. Ovary 4-6(-7)-cellecl (in Jamaican species) ;
style wanting, or short and thick ; stigmas as many as cells of
the ovary. Drupe globose, 4-8-pyrene(l.

Species alxjut 275, mostly natives of warmer regions of
S. America and Asia, fewer in the West Indies and in the
temperate zone of eastern N. America and eastern Asia, sortie in
Central America, very few in Australia and Oceania, and in
Europe, Africa, and California.

Inflorescences solitary.
Leaves more than 3 cm. 1.
Leaves with a few small teeth, acute or acuminate .. 1. I. montana.

Leaves entire, obtuse 2. I. sxihtrifiora.

Leaves less than 3 cm. 1 8. I. obcordata.

Inflorescences clustered.
* Leaves more than 3*5 cm. 1.

Leaves obovaf«-elliptical or elliptical.

Apex obtuse to rounded 4. I._occidentalis.

Apex shortly acuminate or subacute 5. I. Harrisii.

Leaves elliptical, oblong-elliptical, or ovate.
Leaves membranous.

Female infl. 1-3-flowered (Male infl. uot seen) .. 2. I. subtrifloia.
Leaves papery to leathery.

Male infl. corymbose 6. I.nltida.

Male infl. 1-flowered 7. I. uniflora.

Leaves roundish-elliptical, rounded at both ends,

leathery. Female infl. 3-many-flowered 8. I.florifera.

Leaves less than 3-5 cm. 1 9. I. vaccinoidcs.

1. I. montana Griseh. in Mem. Acad. Amer. Sc. <f- Art.,
n.s. via. 171 (1860) (in part), k Fl. Br. W. hul. 147 (excl.
syn. I. ccusine, I. inlnniijlora, PrinoH Ki'ileroxi/loides) ; leaves
3*5-10 cm. 1., broadly to narrowly elliptical to lanceolate, more
or less acuminate or acute, with a few small teeth towards the
apex, rarely subentire, papery to somewhat leathery ; inflorescence
solitary. — Loen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xv. 313 it; in Nov. Act. Nat.
Cur. Ixxviii. 118. Prinos montanus Sw. Prodr. 58 ( 1 788) »fe Fl. Ind.
Occ. 622 ; Macf. Jam. i. 205. P. lanceolatus Macf. Jam. i. 206
(1837). P. Macfadyenii Walp. Bep. i. 541 (1842). Specimen
from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Winter Berry.

Highest mountains, Swartz I Bancroft I Macfadyen 1 Portland Gap ;
Port Royal Mts. ; Purdie I hills, St. Andrew, Prior ! Jcnman ! Cinchona,
Glutei Cinchona, J.P. 664, Hnrt \ also Fawcettl Blue Mt. Peak, Hitch^
cock ; Blue Mts. (everywhere incl. Port Royal Mts. and Peak) Harris 1 Fl.
Jam. 5360, 5428, 5542, 6632, 5541, 5642, 5645, 5669, 5670, 5813, 5872, 5877,
6893, 5968, 8151, 8297, 9115.— Cuba, Hispaniola, lesser Antilles.

Shrtib or tree, 10 30 ft-.. high. Leaveti dark green, shining; midrib flat

Ilex . AQUIFOLIAGEiE 2i

or slightly prominent or slightly impressed on upper surface, somewhat
prominent beneath, nerves and veins more or less evident on Ijoth sides ;
petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Inflorescence : male once to three or four times forked,
divisions 1-3-fiowered, female simple, 1-3-flowered ; peduncles in male
7-16 mm. 1., ultimate pedicels 3-4 mm. 1. Flowers : parts usually in 6's,
sometimes in 5's, rarely in 7's. Calyx 1-1 '5 mm. L, lobes about equalling
the tube, triangular, acute. Petals ovate or ovate-elliptical, united to J or
J of their length, about 2 mm. 1., 1 mm. br. Ovary in female fl. 5-7-ceUed ;
stigma disk-like. Drupe fleshy, purple, sometimes white, 5-7 mm. in
diam. ; pyrenes 5-7, smooth, compressed-flattish from the sides, very
narrow, semicircular-lunate, 3"5-4 mm. 1., about 2 mm. br. on flat side.

2. I. subtPiflora Griseh. ex Loes. in Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xv. 312
(1892) & in Nov. Ad. Nat. Cur. Ixxviii. 121 ; leaves 4-11 cm. 1.,
elliptical (rarely ovate), glabrous, entire, apex obtuse, mem-
branous or papery ; inflorescence solitary or clustered.

March ; Phoenix Park, Moneague, Prior !

" A pyramidal tree like a cypress in outline " (Prior). Leaves : petioles
1-2 cm. 1. Inflorescence (female) usually solitary and 3-flowered, some-
times clustered and 1-3-flowered, racemose or even paniculate, glabrous,
axillary also terminal (in Prior's specimen) ; peduncle 2-6 mm. 1. ; pedicels
3-4 mm. 1. Flowers, parts in 4'8 or 5's. Calyx about 2 mm. in diam.,
lobes roundish ciliolate, scarcely 1 mm. br. Corolla subrotate, about
2 mm. 1. ; petals ovate, united to J of their length. Fmit not seen.

3. I. obeordata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 338 (1797) ; leaves
•7-1*3 cm. 1., roundish obcordate to 1-2 cm. 1., oblanceolate,
apex rounded, often emarginate, mucronulate, base acute to wedge-
shaped, entire, leathery ; inflorescence solitary. — Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 147 ; Loes. in Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xv. 323 & in Nov. Act. Nat.
Cur. Ixxviii. 208. Ilex cuneifolia Hook. Ic. PI. t. 294 (1840).

In fl. Dec.-Feb. ; in fr. Nov.-Apr. ; highest ridge of Blue Mts., Stvartz ;
Macfadyen ; Blue Mt. Peak, Purdiel Monkey Hill, Cinchona, J. P., 985,
Hart ! Morris ! Morse's Gap, 5000 ft. ; John Crow Peak, 5300 ft. ; Harris !
G. E. Nichols ! Fl. Jam. 5944, 9119, 9139, 9379.— Hispaniola.

Shrub or tree, 6-30 ft. high, glabrous. Petioles 1-3 mm. 1. ; stipules
about 1 mm. 1., spine-like. Inflorescence: male 2-3-flowered, pedicels
umbellate (1-2 mm. 1.) on a peduncle (to 4 or 5 mm. 1.) ; female 1-flowered,
pedicels 3-10 mm. 1. Flowers, parts in 4's (rarely 5's or 6's). Calyx about
1 mm. 1., margin of lobes more or less cut. Corolla 3 mm. 1. ; petals
elliptical, crenulate. Ovary 4-celled. Drupe globular, without farrows or
lines, 5-6 mm. 1. (incl. stigma) ; stigma capitate, 1 mm. 1. and br. ; pyrenes
4-6, 3-4 mm. 1., more or less 3-cornered.

4. I. oeeidentalis Mac/. Jam. i. 204 (1837) (excl. syn.
I. obeordata Sw.) ; leaves 3*5-9 cm. 1., obovate-elliptical or
elliptical, apex obtuse to rounded, base wedge-shaped, papery to
leathery; inflorescences clustered. — Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 147
(in part, excl. hab. Dominica). I. sideroxyloides forma jamaicen-
.sis Loes. in Urh. Symh. Ant. i. 346 (1899). I. sideroxyloides var.
oeeidentalis forma jamaicensis Loes. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Ixxviii.
354 (1901).

22 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Ilex

In fl. Sept.-Apr. : in fr. Nov. ; Blue Mt. ridge ; Orchard ; Port
Royal Mts. ; Macfadyen ! Manchester, Purdie ! near Cinchona, J.P. 1205,
1143, Hart ! J.P. 1400, 211G, Morris ! Portland Gap, 5500 ft. ; Tweedside,
north St. Andrew, 2500 ft. ; St. George ; near Cinchona, 4500 ft. ; Harris 1
Fl. Jam. 5643, 6088, 7400, 9110, 9118.

Shrub or tree, 15-40 ft. high. Leaves : midrih impressed on upper
surface, prominent beneath, nerves and veins not always distinct ; petioles
•5-1 cm. 1. Inflorescence: male 3-(6)-flowered, peduncle to 4 mm. 1.,
pedicels 2 mm. 1. ; female l-Howered, pedicel 4-8 mm. 1. Flowers : parts
in 4's. Calyx about 1 mm. 1., lobes broadly triangular. Corolla about
2 mm. 1., petals of male elliptical, of female ovate- or oblong-elliptical.
Ovary 4-celled. Drupe 3*5-4 mm. 1., ovoid; stigma conical; pyrenes 4-1,
irregularly furrowed on back, otherwise smooth, obtusely 3-cornered.

Distinguished from I. sideroxy hides Griseb. by the leaves more or loss
obovate, the parts of the flowers in 4'b not 6*8, and the smaller flowers
and fruit.

"). I. Harrisll Loes. in Urh. Symh. Ant. i. 346 (1899) & in
Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Ixxciii. 411 ; leaves 5-8(-10) cm. 1., elliptical
or obovate-elliptical, apex shortly acuminate or subacute, base
wedge-shaped, entire, thinly leathery ; inflorescences clustered.

In fl. Feb., Mar. ; Green Hill Wood, 8500 ft. ; Newhaven Gap, Cin-
chona, 5600 ft. ; Hardware Gap, 4000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5673, 9200,
10,137.

Shrub or tree, 16 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves : midrib impressed on
upper surface, prominent beneath, nerves slightly prominent on both
sides, network of nerves and veins distinct beneath ; petioles 1-1 "5 cm. 1.
Inflorescences : male 4-8, usually 3-flowered, peduncles 4-9 mm. 1., pedicels
umbellate, 1-5-2-5 mm. 1.; female 1-5, usually l-flowered (rarely 2),
pedicels 3-5 mm. 1. Flowers : parts in 4*8 or 5*8. Calyx : lobes triangular,
a little longer than tube, -7- '8 mm. 1. Corolla: petals, male elliptical,
about 2 mm. 1., female ovate to oblong, about 2 mm. 1., tube about -6 mm. 1.
Otarj/ usually 4-celled; stigma capitate, 4 -5-lobed. Drupe not Been.

6. I. nitida Maxim, in Mem. Acad. PStersh. ser. 7, xxix. no. 3,
27 (1881); leaves 7-12 (5-5-14) cm. 1., elliptical, or oblong-
elliptical (more or less obovate in other countries), apex obtuse,
sometimes very shortly and abruptly acuminate ; margin entire,
or indistinctly more or less crenate-toothed, leathery to papery ;
inflorescences clustered. — Loes. in Engl. Boi. Jalirh. xv. 319 tt
in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Ixxviii. 313 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 362.
I. dioica Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 147. Prinos nitidus VaJil
Eelog. li. 26 (1798). (Fig. 9.)

In fl. and fr. all the year round; Wilsonl Priori near Bardowie,
2000 ft. ; Ginger Piece bridge, 2800 ft. ; near Morse's Gap, 5000 ft. : Mt.
Hybla 4500 ft. ; Peckham, 2300 ft. ; Harris ! Cedar Hurst to Silver Hill
Gap, Harris d Britton\ Fl. Jam. 5822, 6237, 7559, 9122, 10,545, 11,073.—
Mexico, Porto Rico, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique.

Shrub or tree 15-20(-60) ft. high, glabrous. Leaves shining, olive-green
or brownish, midrib flattish on upper surface, somewhat prominent
beneath, veins slightly prominent on both sides; petioles •5-1-5 cm. 1.
Inflorescences d-10: male corymbose, peduncle •5-l{-l-5) cm. 1., pedicels
2-4 mm. 1. ; female l-flowered, pedicels 4-7 mm. 1. Flowers : parts in 4'8
(sometimes 5*8). Calyx 1-1 • 5 mm. 1. ; lobes broadly triangular to rounded,

Ilex

AQUIFOLIACE^-:

23

about as long as tube. Corolla 3-4 mm. 1., petals elliptical to ovate.
Stamens a little shorter than the petals. Ovary l-celled. Drupe 7-8 mm. 1. ,

Fig. 9.— Ilex nitida Maxim.

A, Flowering twig x ?. D, Ovary cut lengthwise X 7.

B, Bud X 5. B, Pyrene X 4.

C, Flower x 6.

orange-scarlet; stigma flat; pyrenes 4-5-5 mm. 1., 3-cornered, with 3-5
narrow keels on back. This species has larger flowers and fruit than the
other Jamaican species.

I. nitida forma ovatifolia Loes. (op. oit. Ixxxix. 285, 1903) is a species
of Xylosma (Flacourtiacece).

7. I. uniflora Fmcc. & Bendle in Journ. Bot. lix. 19 (1921);
leaves 9-12 cm. 1., 4-7 cm. br., elliptical, sometimes ovate-
elliptical, somewhat unequal-sided, apex obtuse, base rounded to
obtuse, margin entire, slightly re volute, leathery ; inflorescences
clustered.

In fl. Nov. ; Holly Mount, 3000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,201.

Shrub 12 ft. high, twigs somewhat thick, warm-grey. Leaves : midrib
and nerves slightly prominent on both sides, veins indistinct ; petiok s
about 1 cm. 1. Inflorescences (male flowers only known) numerous in axils,
1-flowered ; pedicels 5-7 mm. 1., glabrous. Flowers : parts in 5's. Calyx
1'2-1*5 mm. 1., lobes much longer than the tube, ovate-triangular, apex
obtuse. Corolla: petals elliptical, almost free, about 2*5 mm. ]., nearly
2 mm. br. Stamens 5, only about half as long as the petals. Pistilloda
flattened, with a style-like projection in the centre.

24 FLORA OF JAMAICA JlMf

8. I. flopifera Fawc. d- Bendle in Jouru. Bot. lix. 18 (1921) ;
leaves 6-10 cm. 1., 4*5-8 cm. br., roundish-elliptical, apex and
base rounded, margin entire, slightly revolute, leathery ; inflor-
escences clustered.

In fl. and fr. Apr., May ; Union Hill, near Moneague, Britton it Hollick,
2803 t Albion Pen, St. Ann, 2000 it,., Hanis ! F]. Jam. 12,012.

Tree to 40 ft. high, glabrous, twigs ash -coloured. Leaves : midrib fiat
or slightly channelled on upper surface, prominent beneath, nerves distinct
on both sides, veins indistinct; petioles -7-1 cm. 1. Inflorescences (female
only known) several in each axil, 3- to many-flowered, corymbose ; peduncles
about -5 cm. in fl. to 1 cm. in fr. Flowers : parts in 4's. Calyx 1-2-1 '5
mm. 1. ; lobes longer than the tube, tran.sver8ely subelliptioal. Corolla :
petals oblong-elliptical to roundish-elliptical, subtree, 2-3-2-5 mm. 1.,
l*5-l-y mm. br. Ovary 4-celled, subovoid; stigma capitate. Drupe
about 3 ram. 1. (incl. stigma), subglobular to pear-shaped; pyrenes 4,
3-cornered, smooth, with a line along the centre of the back, about

25 mm. 1.

9. I. vaccinoides Loeg. in Urb. Symh. Ant. iti. 270 (1912) ;
leaves 1 'n-rS (1-3-5) cm. 1., obovate to narrowly elliptical, apex
rounded, generally shortly apiculate, biise acute to wedge-shaped,
leathery, entire or sparingly and minutely serrate near apex ;
inflorescences clu.stered.

In fl. April, also Aug. ; Monkey Hill, Cinchona, 5800 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9217, 9379.

Shrub G ft. high, or tree 30-40 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves : midrib
impressed on upper surface, prominent beneath, nerves and veins generally
slightly prominent on upper surface, indistinct beneath ; petioles 2 3(-6)
mm. 1. ; stipules awl-shaped, -5-1 mm. 1. hiflorescences : male 1-flowered,
or once forked and 2 3-flowered ; peduncle 4-7 mm. 1., pedicels 1-2 mm. 1. ;
female 1-flowered, 2 or 3 in a cluster, or reduced to 1. Floioers : parts
in 4*8. Calyx : lobes unequal, triangular, somewhat longer than the tube,
to 1-5 mm. 1. Corolla : petals 2-2-6 mm. 1. Ovary 4-celled; stigma disk-
like. Drupe ellipsoidal, 4 mm. 1. ; pyrenes 4, one sometimes undeveloped,
smooth, 3-cornered, flattish on the sides, with a slight furrow along the
back, alx>ut 3 mm. 1.

Family LVI. CELASTRACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, erect in Jamaican genera. Leaves opposite
and alternate, leathery, simple, never lobed ; stipules when present,
minute and soon dropping off. Inflorescence mostly cymose.
Flowers small, greenish or white, hermaphrodite, by reduction
often unisexual, monoecious or dioecious. Calyx small, with
4 or 5 lobes or segments, imbricate, persistent. Petals 4-5,
short, spreading, sessile below the margin of the disk, imbricate.
Stamens 4-5, inserted on or near the margin of the disk ; fila-
ments awl-shaped. Ovary 3-5-ceUed, with a short thick style,
entire or sometimes 3-5-lobed ; stigma simple or lobed. Ovules
2 or 1 in the cells, anatropous, erect, rarely pendulous. Fruit
a capsule or drupe. Seeds usually erect, with or without an

Mayterms CELASTRACEiE 25

aril; endosperm fleshy, sometimes wanting. Embryo usually
rather large ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous.

Species about 450, dispersed over the whole world in tropical
and more rarely in temperate regions.

Fruit a capsule. Seed with an aril. Flower-parts in fives 1. Maytenus.
Fruit a drupe. Seed without an aril.
Flower-parts in fours.

Flowers hermaphrodite 2. BJmcoina.

Flowers 1-sexual, usually dioecious.
Leaves opposite. Cymes pedunculate.

Ovary 2-celled. Seeds generally solitary 3, Gyminda.

Ovary 4-celled. Seeds generally more than one 4. Tetrasiphon.
Leaves alternate or clustered. Flowers clustered. 5. Schmfferia.
Flower-parts in fives 6. ElcBodendron.

1. MAYTENUS Molina.

Small erect shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, in 2 rows,
entire or serrate. Flowers polygamous, axillary, solitary or
clustered (in Jamaican species), parts in fives ; pedicels jointed
at the base. Anthers ovate-cordate. Disk round with wavy
margin. Ovary immersed in the disk and confluent with it,
2-(3)-celled ; style wanting or very short ; stigma 2-(3)-lobed ;
ovules 2 (or 1) in the cells, erect. Fruit a capsule, leathery,
1-3-celled, at length loculicidally 2-valved (in Jamaican species) ;
valves keeled and brown or purplish inside. Seeds enclosed
altogether or partially by a thin aril, erect ; endosperm some-
times wanting.

Species 125, natives of the, West Indies, of tropical and
subtropical America, and of temperate S. America.

Leaves with apex rounded, obtuse, or shortly acuminate.
Petals longer than 1 '5 mm.

Capsule smooth on outside ; pedicel thin.

Capsule 12-15 mm. 1.. 1. M. jamaicensis.

Capsule 7-9 mm. 1 2. M. microcarpa.

Capsule rough outside ; pedicel thick.

Leaf-margin revolute 3. M. clarendonensis.

Leaf-margin flat 4. M. crassipes,

PeteJs about 1 mm. 1. Capsule 13-20 mm. 1.,

slightly rough ; pedicel slender 5. M.virens.

Leaves with apex long and narrowly acuminate 6. M, Harrisii.

1. M. jamaicensis Kr. & Urh. in Notizbl. Berl. Bot. Gard. i.
nr. 2, 78 (1895) & in Urh. Symh. Ant. v. 57 (1904). M. brachycarpa
Kr. d: Urh. in Urh. Symh. Ant. v. 38 (1904). (Fig. 10, a-d.)

In fl. Nov.-Mar. ; in fr. May-Nov. ; Chester Vale; Woodcutter's Gap,
4200 ft. ; Green River ; Whitfield Hall, 3000 ft. ; Vinegar Hill, 3600 ft. ;
Cedar Hurst ; Silver Hill G»p, S60O-3800 ft. ; between Hardware Gap and

26

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Maytcnus

Rose Hill, 3700 ft. ; St. George ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Hams !
John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris d Brittonl Fl. Jam. 5331, 5416, 5429,
6430, 5460, 5470, 6506, 6570, 6106, 6438, 6588, 7609, 10,031, 10,135, 10,761.

Shrub or tree, 9-26 ft. high. Leaves 6-12(-17) cm. 1., roundish, ovatc-
or oblong-elliptical, ovate, or elliptical, papery or leathery, often thick and
stiff, margin entire, or subundulate above, flat, or recurved, or revolute.
Flowers clustered, yellowish and green, very fragrant ; pedicels 4-8 mm. 1.,

Fig. 10. — MayUnut jatnaieentu Kr. & Urb.

A, Branch with leaf and flowers X i. D, Pistil cut lengthwise x 10.

B, Male flower X 6. E, Fruit of M. erassipes Urb., showing

C, Female flower with petals removed X 5.

two seeds with aril, nat. size.

slender. Calyx 1'2-1*5 mm. 1., lobes usually semilunar. Petals
l'8-2-5 mm. 1., elliptical-ovate or roundish-elliptical. Ovary 2-celled.
Capsule roundish-ellipsoidal, ovoid or obovoid, apiculate, 12-15 mm. 1.;
long stipitate ^1-5-2 mm. l.j, valves 8-10 mm. 1., 7-9 mm. br., reddish-
brown or purplish on the inside. Seeds 4-3 (2-1) ovoid or flatly ellipsoidal,
7-12 mm. 1., 3 •6-6 mm. br.

The leaves vary considerably in form and size ; Urban recognises three
varieties, orbicularis, longifolia, and minor.

2. M. mierocarpa Faicc. & Itendle in Journ. Bat. lix. 19 (1921).

In fl. Dec, Jan.; in fr. May; limestone rocks in woods, Peckham,
Clarendon, 2600 ft. ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 11,054, 12,800. Types in Herb.
Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Jam.

Shrub 9-10 ft. high; branchlets with numerous lenticels and bark
silvery-grey, splitting. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., ovate-elliptical, very shortly
and bluntly subacuminate, leathery, margin entire, slightly revolute.
Flowers 7 or 8, clustered in axils; pedicels slender, 2*5 mm. 1. in bud.

Maytenus CELASTKACEyE 27

5 mm. 1. in fr. Calyx: lobes transversely elliptical, about 1 mm. 1.
Petals about 1'5 mm. 1., roundish. Capsule ellipsoidal, slightly apiculate,
very shortly stipitato, 7-9 mm. 1. ; valves 4-5 mm. br., reddish-purple
on the inside. Seeds flattened-ellipsoidal, about 5'5 mm. 1., about
3*5 mm. br., black.

This species is near 1^1. janiaicensis Kr. & Urb., but differs in the
smaller fruit.

3. M. elarendonensis Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxix. 8
(1912).

In fl. Sept.; in fr. July; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Croft's Mt.,
Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris 1 PI. Jam. 10,947, 11,222.

Tree, 40-50 ft. high. Leaves 6-13 cm. 1., 4*5-8-5 cm. br., broadly
elliptical, obtuse or rounded at both ends, leathery, margin entire, revolute.
Flowers solitary or 2 together, greenish-yellow ; pedicels thick, 5-6 mm. 1.
Calyx about 1*6 mm. 1., lobes roundish or somewhat deltoid. Petals
roundish or ovate-roundish, 2 mm. 1. in young flower. Capsule ellipsoidal,
apex apiculate, l'5-l-9 cm. 1.; valves 1-1-1 -5 cm. 1., rough with fiat
tubercles, reddish-brown inside. Seeds 2 or 3, completely covered with
the aril, about 1 cm. 1.

4. M. erassipes Urb. Symh. Ant. v. 404 (1908). (Fig. 10, e.)

In fi. Aug. ; in fr. Aug., Dec, May; Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2600 ft. ;
Dolphin Head; Albion Pen, St. Ann, 2000 ft.; Peckham, Clarendon,
2000 ft. ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 8966, 10,303, 12,014, 12,816 ; Union Hill, near
Moneague, Britton <& Hollick, 2737, 2746 !

Shrub or tree, 10-25 ft. high. Leaves 5-15 cm. 1., elliptical, ovate-
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse or obtuscjly subacuminate, base
obtuse to rounded, thinly leathery, margin entire, flat, or sometimes
slightly recurved. Flowers solitary or clustered, greenish ; pedicels in fi.
1-2-5 mm. 1., in fr. 1-9 mm. 1., 1-2 mm. thick. Calyx : lobes roundish to
1 mm. 1. Petals 1-5-1-8 mm. 1. Capsule obovoid-globular, or ellipsoidal,
not stipitate, 1-1-7 cm. 1.; valves -6-1 cm. 1., rough outside, woody.
Seeds 2 or 1, 8-10 mm. 1., 6-7 mm br., flat-ellipsoidal, covered by the aril,
black.

5. M. vipens IJrh. Symh. Ant. v. 60 (1904).

Rock Wood.

In fl. Sept.-Dec. ; in fr. all the year round ; Schwallenburg, 2200 ft. ;
near Tro^fc 2000-2500 ft. ; Fray woods, 1650-1800 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft. -JHarris I Fl. Jam. 7049, 8764, 8797, 8802, 9080, 10,344, 10,346,
11,001, 11,015, 11,050, 11,191, 12,784, 12,796.

Shrub or tree, 9-20 ft. high. Leaves 3-10 cm. 1., 2-4 (l"5-5) cm. br.,
ovate to roundish-ovate or oblong, shortly acuminate, papery to leathery,
margin entire, narrowly recurved. Flowers solitary or clustered, greenish-
yellow ; pedicels slender, 4-5 mm. 1. Calyx : lobes semilunar, -7- -8 mm. 1.
Petals about 1 mm. 1., elliptical. Capsule 13-20 mm. 1., obovoid-ellip-
soidal ; valves to 1-1 cm. 1., about 8 mm. br. ; yellowish-brown on the
inside, keel prominent. Seeds 2, flatly ellipsoidal.

6. M. Harrisli Kr. rC- Urh. in Notizbl. Berl. Bot. Gart. i. 78
(1895) & in Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 59.

In fr. July ; near Woodcutters' Gap, Harris ! PI. Jam. 6266,
Leaves 6-9 cm. 1., 3-5 cm. br., ovate or broadly elliptical, apex long and
narrowly acuminate, base acute, papery, margin entire or subundulate

28

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Maytenns

above, flat or narrowly subrecurved. Flowers clustered ; pedicels of fruit
6-10 mm. I. Capsule obovate or narrowly obovate, 15-17 mm. 1. ; valves
8-10 mm. br., reddish-brown on the inside. Seeds generally 3, sometimes
4, 2, or 1, flatly ellipsoidal, 10-11 mm. 1., 4-5-5 mm. br.

2. RHACOMA L.

Shrubs (»• small trees. Leaves opposite, alternate, or 3
together, entire, crenate, or spiny. Inflorescence axillary,
cymose on long or very short peduncles, or clustered. Flowers
hermaphrodite, parts in fours, minute. Calyx lobed. Petals
recurved in flower. Ovary 4-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell,
erect. Fruit a drupe. Seed without an aril ; endosperm present.

Species 14, natives of tlie West Indies (incl. Bahamas),
Floiida, and northern South America.

R. Crossopetalum L. Syst. e^. 10, 896 (1759) k Amoen. v. 393,
376; Trel in A. Gr. Si/n. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. 1, 399 ; Urh. Symh.
Ant. tr. 364, r. 71 ; Brttton Fl. Biim. 224 ; Britt. d Milhp. Bah.

Fig. H. — Rhacoma Crogsopetalum L.

A, Twig with leaves and flowers, nat. size. C, Ripening ovary cut lengthwise X 10.

B, Flower X 10. B, Fruit X 5.

n. 248. Crossopetalum fruticulosum tenue &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 145, /. 17,/. 1. C. Rhacoma Crantz Inst. ii. 321 (1766).

C, pallens Kuntze Bev. i. 116 (1891). Myginda Rhacoma Sw.
Prodi: 39 (1788) & Fl. Incl. Occ. 340; Jacq. Ic. PI. Bar. ii. 9,

Rhacoma CELASTRACE.E 29

t. 311; Mac/. Jam. i. 204; Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 146. M.
pallens BavJcs ex Smith in Bees Cijcl. xxiv. (1813) ; Griseh. loc. cit.
M. uragoga -Bich. in Sagra Cub. x. 141 (1845) (non. Jacq.).
(Fig. 11.) Type specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn.

•PoisonCherry.

In fl. and fr. throughout, the year ; woods, Martha Brae river, Browne 1
Wright ! hill above Eock Port, Broiighton ! sandy shore in west. Swarf z ;
sea-shore, Old Harbour, Macfadyen ! Purdie ; March ! Lucea, Hitchcock ;
Long Mt., 350 ft., Campbell ! Healthshire hills, 50 ft., sea-coast near Bull
Bay ; Long Mt., south side, 250-800 ft. ; Albion Mt., St. Thomas, 200 ft. ;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 6148, 9532, 9572, 9582, 9584, 9609, 11,685.— Bermuda,
Florida (incl. Keys), Bahamas, West Indies as far south as St. Lucia,
Colombia.

Shrub or tree, 2 to 15 ft. high; branches more or less diverging and
drooping ; young twigs with 4 raised longitudinal lines. Leaves opposite,
1-4 (5) cm. 1., shape very variable, obovate, elliptical to roundish, or
narrowly lanceolate, apex obtuse or rounded, often emarginate, margin
usually crenulate, sometimes minutely toothed, or subentire, papery or
leathery. Inflorescence with minute white hairs, with peduncle { • 5-2 cm. 1.),
divided cymosely once to four times; pedicels 1-2*5 mm. 1. Calyx
•7 mm. 1.; segments imbricate in bud. Petals obovate-elliptical,
1-1-2 mm. 1., green tinged with red. Style with 4 recurved stigmas at
apex. Drupe to 7 mm. 1., scarlet, obliquely obovoid or obliquely globular,
style persistent, more or less one-sided, l(2)-seeded.

3. GYMINDA Sarg.

Shrub or tree. Leaves opposite, entire or crenulate-serrate
above the middle. Inflorescence axillary, in pedunculate few-
flowered cymes forking once to four times. Flowers minute,
unisexual, dicecious, parts in fours. Sepals free or subfree.
Petals white, recurved in flower. Stamens (in the male flower
only) inserted in the lobes of the disk. Ovary (in male fl.
rudimentary) in female fl. 2-celled, combined with the disk,
with a 2-lobed stigma ; ovule solitary, pendulous in each cell.
Drupe black or dark blue, often 1 -celled. Seed solitary
(rarely 2), pendulous ; endosperm thin, fleshy.

Species 1, native of the Florida Keys, West Indies, Mexico.

G, latifolia Urb. Symb. Ant. v. 80 (1904) & iv: 365. G.
Grisebachii Sarq. in Gard. t& For. iv. 4 (1891) & Silv. ii. 14, t. 54 ;
Trel. in A. Gr. Sijn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. 1, 399 ; Small Fl. S. E. U.
St. 736. Myginda latifolia Sw. Prodr. 39 (1788) & FL Ind. Occ.
342 (excl. syn. Vahl) ; Grisebach Fl. Br. W. Ind. 146. (Fig. 12.)

In fl. and fr. during the first halt of the year ; St. Ann, McNab !
Wullschlaegel ; Great Goat Is. ; Hams 1 Fl. Jam. 10,160, 10,174. —Distri-
bution as under genus.

Shrub or tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, glabrous ; twigs of one season's growth
marked with four raised lines. Leaves 1- 5-5 cm. I., variable, generally
obovate-wedge-shaped with rounded apex, sometimes obovate-oblong or
oblong, sometimes rhomboid or rhomboid-elliptical with apex narrowed
or obtusely acuminate, apex often emarginate, on the upper surface more

30

FLORA OF JA^rAICA

(hfminda

Fig. n.—Gifminda latifolia Uib.

A, Flowerinp: twin x jj. C, Female flower cut lengthwise x 8.

B, >!ale flower cut leugtliwise X 8. D, Drupe cut leiiRthwIse X 0.

(After Sargent.)

or leas glauccscent, beneath brownish (when dry) ; petioles 1-5 mm. 1.
Sepah 'B-'B mm. 1., roundish or semicircular. Petals l*6-22 mm. 1.,
elliptical. Drupe narrowly- to roundish-ellipsoidal, 4-8 mm. 1.

4. TETRASIPHON Urb.

A small tree, bushy or slender, glabrous. Leaves opposite,
clecus.sate, stalked, entire, penniveined. Stipules small, within
the petiole, but not united, persistent. Inflorescences terminal
and axillary, cymose ; pedicels wanting or very short. Flowers
small, dioecious, parts in fours. Petals spreading or recurved in
flower. Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disk ; anthers
cordate, attached at the base. Staminodes none in the female
flower Disk in male flower lobed, in female flower adnate to
the base of the ovary. Ovary in male flower rudimentary ; in
female flower 4-celled ; style none ; stigmas 4. Ovule solitary
in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the ovary. Drupe
purplish-black, smooth, exocarp thinly fleshy, mesocarp fibrous,
ample, endocarp bony, 2-4 -celled. Seeds solitary in a cell,
pendulous from the apex of the cell, without an aril, somewhat
flattened, oblong-ellipsoidal ; endosperm present. Embryo as
long as the seed ; cotyledons flat, narrowly lanceolate ; i-adicle
superior.

Species 1, native of Jamaica.

Tetrasiphon

CELASTKACE^

T. jamaieensls Urh. Symh. Ant. v. 84 (1904). (Fig. 13.)

In fl. and fr. Jan., Feb., June; in fr. Jan., Feb., June, July; Militia
Target Range, Campbell 1 road to Wareka, 200 ft. ; Albion Mt., St. Thomas,
150-200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6501, 8604, 11,865, 11,866, 12,076, 12,077.

Tree 15-30 ft. high. Leaves 3-5 (2-5-5-5) cm. 1., obovate-elliptical,
elliptical to broadly elliptical, apex rounded, below gradually narrowing

Fig. 13. — Tetrasiphon jamaicensis Vxh.
A, End of branch with leaves and D, Female flower x 10.

flowers X ij.

B, Portion of inflorescence x 5.

C, Male flower x 10.

B, Ditto cut lengthwise x 10.

F, Drupe cut lengthwise X 2.

G, Embryo x 3.

into the petiole, margin flat, entire or subentire, brownish on the upper
surface when dry. pale beneath. Inflorescences -5-1 -5 cm. 1., peduncle
2-7 mm 1., forking cymosely once to four times. Calyx about 1 mm. 1.
Petals greenish-yellow : male obovate-oblong or oblong, 1 • 8-2 mm. 1., female
ovate-oblong, 2 -2-2 -5 mm. 1. Drtipe about 1 cm. L, roundish ellipsoidal.

5. SCH^FFERIA Jacq.

Rigid, glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or
clustered on short spur-like branches, small, entire, obovate or
spathulate, without stipules. Flowers dioecious or sometimes
monoecious, axillary, sessile or shortly stalked, small, green or
white ; parts in fours. Calyx 4-parted, persistent, segments

32

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Schcrfferia

roundish. Petals hyp)ogynous, oblong, obtuse. Stamens hypo-
gynous or inserted below the margin of a small inconspicuous
disk. Ovary 2- celled ; style very short with rather large
2-parted stigma ; ovules solitary in the cells, erect. Fruit a
small dry drupe, 2-pyrened ; pyrenes with a thin roughish shell.
Seed without aril, smooth ; endosperm fleshy.

Species 8, natives of the West Indies and tropical alicl
subtropical America.

Leaves elliptical to lanceolate, acute, 2"5-6 cm. 1 1. S. fruiescens.

Leaves obovate, apex rounded, sometimes emarginate.

Leaves l-5-2'5 cm. 1 2. S. obovata.

Leaves 'S-lfi cm. 1 3. S. Marchii.

1. S. fruteseens Jucq. Emm. PL Carih. 33 (1760) & Sel.
Stirp. Amer. 259 (1763); Lam. Illustr. t. 809; Karst. Fl.
Cdumh. i. 183, <. 91 ; Griaeh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 146 ; Sarg. Sih. it,
17, /. 55 ; Trel in A. Gr. Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. yt. 1, 399 ; Small
Fl. S. E. U. St. 73G ; Umb. Symb. Ant. !v. 365, v. 84 ; Britt. d-
Millsp. Bah. Fl. 249. S. completa Sto. Prodr. 38 (1788) & FL
Ind. Occ. 327, t. 7 ; Marf. Jam. i. 207. Buxi folio majore &c.
Shane Cat. 171 it Hi«t. i!. 102, t. 209,/. 1. (Fig. 14.)

Fig. U.—Sc/icefferia fruteseens J«cq

A, Fruiting branch X 3. C, Female flower cut lengttiwise X 7.

B, M»Je flower cwt lengthwise x 7. D, Drupe cut lengthwise x 4.

(After Sargent.)

Schivfferia CELASTRACEiE 33

In 11. Sept., Oct. ; in fr, May-Dec; Sioane Herb, vii, 23 & 23*!
Swartz ; hills north of Luidas Vale, Prior \ Marchl Port Henderson,
Campbein base of Long Mt., 100-250 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ; Corby, Chelsea
Hill and Potsdam Hill, St. Cruz Mts., 1500-2200 ft.; near Perry river;
Grant's Pen near Yallahs Bay; Lifcitz savanna; Harris \ PI. Jam. 6050,
8925, 9014, 9321, 9589, 9685, 9694, 9801, 10,041, 10,642, 11,767.— Florida
(incl. Keys), Bahamas, West Indies as far south as Grenada, Mexico,
Ecuador.

Shrub 6-10 ft. high, or tree to 20 ft. high ; branches striate with raised
lines. Leaves 2-5-6 cm. 1., broadly elliptical to lanceolate, acute or
subacuminate, thinly leathery. Flowers solitary or a few in a cluster,
greenish or yellow. Pedicels 1-3 mm. 1. in fl., 1-6 mm. 1. in fr. Calyx
•7-1 mm. 1., segments roundish. Petals elliptical or oblong, 3-4 mm. 1.
Drupe 4-6 mm. 1., spherical to ovoid, bright scarlet to orange-scarlet.

2. S. obovata Urh. Symh. Ant. v. 405 (p08).

In fr. July-Sept. ; between Rock Fort and mouth of Hope river ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 9384, 10,820.

Shrub 5-6 ft. high. Leaves 1 •5-2*5 cm. 1., broadly to narrowly
obovate, apex rounded, papery. Floivers greenish-yollow (only female A».
from which the petals had dropped, seen by us). Pedicels 2-8(4 -5) mm. 1.
Calyx "6- '7 mm. 1., segments oblong or roundish-triangular. Drupe
3*5 mm. 1., ovoid or ellipsoidal, green and orange, shortly beaked with the
persistent style.

3. S. Marehii Griseh. FL Br. W.Iad. 710 (1864) (name only) ;
Urb. Symh. Ant. v. 86. A specimen from March in Herb. Kew.,.
named by Grisebach.

In fr. Sept.; March\ Windward road, east of Rock Fort, Harris \
Fl. Jam. 9383.

/S/irzt6 8 ft. high. Leaves •5-l'5cm. 1., broadly to narrowly obovate,
apex rounded, generally emarginate, papery-leathery. Flowers not seen.
Pedicels in fruit 0-1 mm. 1. Drupe with 4 persistent roundish sepals,
roundish-ellipsoidal, 3-5-4 mm. 1.

6. ELiEODENDRON Jacq. f.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite and
alternate, entire or crenate. Stipules minute. Flowers he.--
maphrodite or mote or less unisexual, dioecious in E. dioicum, in
cymes on axillary peduncles, parts in fours or fives. Stamens in
the female flowers petal-like in West Indian species. Disk
thick, with 4 or 5 lobes. Ovary pyramidal, confluent with the
disk, generally 3-cornered, 3-(2-5)-celled ; style very short;
stigma with 2-5 lobes. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect from the
base. Drupe dry or pulpy ; stone 1-3-celled ; cells with one
seed, sometimes two. Seeds erect, without an aril.

Species about 60, dispersed throughout the tropics.

E. dioeeum Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 709 (1864). E. attenu-
atum Griseh. op. cit. 145 (1859) (in part, as regards the Jamaican
specimen <»nly) (non A. Mich.). E. xylocarpum D(7. var. dioeeum

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Elceod^ndron

rreziera(?) dioica Mac/. Jam. i. 1 1 5

Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 89 (1904).
(1837). (Fig. 15.)

In fl. May; Tweedside road, opposite Sheldon Works, Port Royal Mts.,
Macfadyen I

Tree about 20 ft. high. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches,
elliptical or oblong-eliptical, apex rounded, or very shortly acuminate,
base wedge-shaped to very obtuse, distantly serrate-crcnatc, 7-10 cm. 1.,
3*5-6 cm. br. ; petiole 7-12 mm. 1. Peduncles : male about as long as the
petiole, forking 2-4 times, with numerous flowers. Male flower : Sepals,
petals, stamens 5. Ovary sterile. Female shorter than the petiole,

I'fg. 15. — Elceodetidron dioecum Qtiidh. v. dolichocarpum.

A, Portion of twig with leaf and

inHorescence X 5.
15, Male llower X 5.

C, Female flower X 5.

D, Ditto cut lengthwise X 5.

E, Drupe cut lengthwise x 1^

bearing about eight small greenish shortly pedicelled flowers in a head.
Female floicer : Sepals 4-5, rounded. Petals 4-5, elliptical, obtuse.
Staminodes petaloid, alternating with petals, oblong, obtuse, spreading,
inserted on a hypogynous disk. Ovary conical ; stigma obtuse, subentire.
Drupe (fide ^lacfadyen), size of a gooseberry, globose ; stone 2-celled, with
one cell undeveloped. Seeds solitary, globose, compressed.

Var. obovatum (Ui-h. loc. cit. under E. xylocarpum) ', leaves
elliptical, sometimes moi'e or less obovate, apex shortly and
subabruptly acuminate, base obtuse to acute, 8-10 cm. 1.,

Elceodendron CELASTRACEJ5 35

4 -5-6 -5 cm. br. ; drupe obovoid or obo void -globular, apex
rounded, 1*7-2 cm.' 1., 1 •2-1*8 cm. br., pale yellow.

In f r. Feb.-July ; above Gordon Town; Content road, 1200 ft.; Hall's
Delight, St. Andrew, 1200 ft.; Maryland road to Newcastle, 1200 ft.
Walderston, 2600 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5578, 5881, 10,108, 10,143, 12,756.

Var. acuminatum ( Urh. loc. cit. under E. xylocarpum) ; leaves
elliptical or elliptical-oblong, apex acuminate or rounded apiculate,
base somewhat acute, 10-15 cm. 1., 3*5-6 cm. br. ; drupe ovoid,
apex obtuse, 2 '2-2 '5 cm. 1., 1"5-1*8 cm. thick; bushy tree,
20 ft. high.

In fi. June ; Clydesdale, Blue Mts., 3500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5755.

Var. dolichoearpum ( Urh. torn. cit. 90 \inder E. xylocarpum) ;
leaves ovate or elliptical, apex shortly and obtusely acuminate,
base acute or narrowed into the stalk, 8-12 cm. 1., 4-6*5 cm.br. ;
drupe ellipsoidal or oblong-ellipsoidal, apex obtuse, 2-3 cm. 1.,
1-1 • 5 cm. thick.

In fl. April; in fr. Aug.-Nov. ; Chester Vale and neighbourhood,
Blue Mts., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5125, 5325, 5437. ■

The Bast Indian species E. glaucum Pers. has been introduced into
Jamaica, but is readily distinguished from West Indian species by the lax
inflorescence as long as the leaves, by the hermaphrodite flowers, and the
2-celled ovary.

Family LVII. HIPPOCRATEACE^.

Small trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite ; stipules
small, deciduous or wanting. Flowers small, in axillary panicles
or cymes, greenish or white. Calyx small, with 5 segments,
imbricate. Petals 5, spreading, imbricate, sometimes valvate.
Stamens generally 3 ; filaments flattened, inserted within the
disk, free or sometimes attached to the base of the ovary,
recurved or reflexed at the apex ; anthers 2-4-celled, cells at
length confluent, opening on the outside. Disk conspicuous.
Ovary 3-celled ; style short, with a 3-lobed stigma; ovules 2-10
in each cell generally attached axially at the base. In Hippo-
cratea the ovary has 3 protuberances from its angles, which
continue to grow, so that tlie 3 ripe carpels arc united at the
base, compressed, leathery, 2-valved or indehiscent, with few
seeds in the cells. In Hippocratea, seeds compressed, usually
Avinged below ; endosperm wanting ; embryo in the upper part
of the seed ; cotyledons large, flat.

Species, about 200, dispersed through the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the world, except in the islands of the
Pacific.

D 2

36

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Hippoeratea

HIPPOCRATEA L.

Description the same as of the family.

Species, about 100, with distribution of the family.

H. oblongrata Solander (/«». deacript. in Herb. Mas. Brit.)
ex Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. scxviii. 362 (1872). Hippoeratea

Fig. 16.—Uippocratea oblongata Solander.

A. Twig with leaves and infloreucence X I-

B, Flower-bud x 4.
<;, Hower X 3.

D, Flower cut lengthwise with petals cut

off X 10.

E, Ovary of //. volubilis L., cut length-

wise through two of the cells as the
fruit has begun to form, enlarged.

F, Ripe fruit of ditto x h

G, A single valve of one of the capsules

X i.
II, Pedicel, receptacle and four seeds from

which the two valves have fallen off

X S.
I, Embryo, nat. size.

(E-I after Mitrs.)

A. Robinson ms. & quoted in Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 373. H. ovata ?
Macf. Jam. i. 142 (1837) (non Lam.); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 148

Hijrpocratea HIPPOCEATEACEiE "67

(in part). H. malpighipefolia Griseb. loc. cit. (1859) (in part)
(non Budge). H. lancifolia Wilson ex Tr. & Planch, in Ann. Sc.
Nat. ser. 5, xvi. 372 (1872). Pristimera oblongata Miers loc. cit.
P. granulosa Miers torn. cit. 363 (1873). Hylenjea jamaicensis
Miers torn. cit. 369. Romualdea lancifolia Tr. <£• Planch, loc. cit. ;
Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 98.

In fl. and fr. spring; Jamaica, without locality, SliakspearX banks of
Cabaritta river, Bobinson ; near Ginger Hall Works, St. Thomas in the
East, Macfadyen ! Wilsoji ! (Fig. 16.) Type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Shrub, climbing. Stem jointed. Leaves 6-15 cm. 1., 2-5 "2 cm. br.,
oblong- or ovate-elliptical, apex acute, base obtuse, entire, network of
nerves and veins slightly prominent on both sides ; petiole 5-10 mm. 1.
Infloi-escence 2-5-3 cm. 1., with 8 or 9 flowers ; peduncle slender, 1-1 • 5 cm. 1.
Flowers pale yellow, very fragrant. Calyx : larger segments semicircular,
about 1*5 mm. 1., outer smaller. Petals obovate, 4-5 mm. 1., 3 mm. br.,
margin undulate-denticulate. Disk somewhat cup-shaped, 5-lobed, half
as long as calyx. Stamens twice as long as the disk. Ovary roundish ;
style cylindrical, short. Capsules (fide Robinson) ; largest i cm. 1.,
3 cm. br., ovate, compressed with many branched veins running from the
base to the margins and apex, splitting lengthwise into 2 valves, generally
with 2 seeds. Seeds (fide Bobinson), excessively, bitter, as are the leaves,
ovate, " each adhering to the base of the valve to a small receptacle, with
a margin running down their interior parts, ending in a narrow tail or
appendicle at the base."

The granulose character of the leaf surface in Macfadyen's and Wilson's
specimens on which Miers based his P. granulosa, is shown by examination
to be pathological.

Family LVIII. STAPHYLEACE^.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves generally opposite, pinnate
with an odd leaflet, generally with stipules and stipella-. Panicles
spreading, terminal or axillary. Flowers small, regular, herma-
phrodite. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5,
inserted outside the disk. Disk crenate or lobed. Ovary generally
3-lobed, 3 celled ; styles 3, free or united ; ovules few or many in
each cell on a central axis. Fruit sometimes capsular, in Turpinia
indehiscent, somewhat globular, ci-owned by the remains of the
styles, fleshy or leathery, 3-celled ; cells with few or many
seeds. Seeds with hard coat, fleshy endosperm, and plano-convex
cotyledons.

Species about 25, natives of the north temperate zone, spreading
southwards to the tropics.

TURPINIA Vent.

Calyx persistent. Petals broadly spathulate to roundish.
Filaments flattened. Disk large. Seed with polished coat.

Species 13, natives of the West Indies, Central America,

38

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Turpinia

moimtains of India tx) southern China, and the Malayan Arclii-
pelago.

T. occidentalis G. Don Gen. Syst. il. 3 (1832); Griseh. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 128 (excl. syn. Shane & Vent.) ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv.
368. Staphylea occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 55 (1788) & Fl. Ind.
Occ. 566 (excl. syn. Shane & PIuJc.) ; A. Robinson ms. d ic. ined. ;

Fig. 17. — Turpinia occidentalis G. Don
A, End of twig with flowers and leaves C, Ditto cut lengtliwise X 5.

Xh
B, Flower x 5.

D, Fruit cut across X IJ.

E, Seed cut lengthwise, enlarged.
(E after Engler.)

DG. Prodr. ii. 3 ; Macf. Jam.i. 203 (excl. syn. Shane). S ? corym-
bosa DC. he. cit. (1825). (Fig. 17.) Specimen from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Iron Wood.Cassada Wood, Wild Cassada, Mutton Wood.

In fl. April- June and autumn; Wright \ Swartz \ Macfadyen] Pedro

woods, St. Ann, Purdiel Wilson \ Moneague, Priori March \ Ciachona,

Turpinia STAPHYLExVCE^ 39

J.P. 600; Claverty Cottage, J.P. 2019; Hart\ Cinchona; Vinegar Hill;
FawcctV. Bryaus Hill; near Troy, 2000 ft.; Harris I M. Jam. 5392, 8150,
9354. — Porto Rico (?), Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. "Vincent,
Grenada, Guatemala. •

Tree 20-30 ft. high. Leaves with 1-3 pairs of leaflets ; stipules incon-
spicuous; leaflets ovate or elliptical, acuminate, crenate-serrate, stipellate,
4-8 cm. 1. Panicles as long as, or longer than, the leaf. Flowers white,
fragrant. Sepals varying in size and form, three outer 3, 3- 5, and 4 mm. 1.,
elliptical, two inner 4 man. 1., petal-like, somewhat spathulate-roundish.
Petals varying in size and form, 4-5 mm. 1., spathulate to roundish-
elliptical. Filaments varying in length and breadth, 4 -5-3 '5 mm. 1. ;
anthers 1'3 mm. 1. Disk lobed. Drupe to 1*5 cm. in diam., 3-mucronate ;
points (remains of styles) distant. Seed : coat thick, woody.

Swartz's specimen shows that he was in error in describing the leaves
as alternate, and duplicate-pinnate.

Family LIX. ICACINACE^.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, entire or with
wavy margin, without stipules. Inflorescence (in New World
species of Mappia) lax axillary paniculate cymes. Flowers minute,
polygamous (in Mappia) ; parts in fives, rarely fours. Calyx
small, not enlarged in fruit. Petals generally free, hypogynous,
valvate. Stamens alternate with the petals, and inserted with
them. Disk cup-shaped or 5-lobed. Carpels usually 3, united ;
ovary usually 1-celled by non-development ; ovules 2, pendulous ;
styles undeveloped or united. Fruit a drupe, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Seed pendulous ; endosperm fleshy.

Species over 100, natives of the tropics.

MAPPIA Jacq.

Calyx toothed. Petals hairy inside. Filaments glabrous.
Ovary 1-celled. Embryo rather large ; cotyledons foliaceous.

Species about 12, natives of tropical S. America, West Indies,
India, and Ceylon.

M. raeemosa Jacq. Hort. Schoenhr. i. 22, t. 47 (1797); Miers
in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, ix. 394 &, Contr. i. 64 ; Griseh.
FL Br. W. Lid. 310; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 367. M. affinis 3Iiers
loc. cit. (1852). Icacina dubia Macf. Jam. i. 122 (1837). (Fig. 18.)

In fl. May, June, Sept., Oct. ; Port Royal Mts. ; St. David, mts. ;
Macfadyen 1 Manchester, Purdie ! Grier Park, St. Ann, Prior ! Green
Valley, 2000 ft., J.P. 1342, Morris \ also Harris \ Bryans Hill, 8000 ft.;
Westphalia road, 3500 ft. ; Mansfield, Bath ; Schwallenberg, St. Ann ;
Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5387, 5506, 5761, 5876,
6008, 6511, 7043, 11,193.— Cuba, Porto Rico.

Shrub or tree 6-30 ft. high. Leaves 8-15 cm. 1., lanceolate-oblong,
often with a gland in the nerve axils beneath. Panicles somewhat shorter
than the leaves. Petals oblong, thickened at apex, 4 mm. 1., yellowish.
Disk obtusely 5-lobed, glabrous. Drupe 1-6-1 "8 cm. 1.

40

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Mappia

A, FloweriuK twig x 5.
I!, Male flower X 5.

D ^ C

Kig. K.—lUapi/ia raeemosa .Iac(i.

C, Hirmaplirodite flower cut lengthwise x 10.

D, Drupe cut lengthwise, slitfhtly enlarg(>(1.

Family LX. SAPINDACE^].

Trees or shrubs, rarely shrubby herbs, sometimes climbing by
tendrils. Tjcaves alternate, without stipules (stipules present in
PauUinia and sometimes in Serjania), abruptly pinnate or with
an odd leaflet, sometimes biternate, 3- or 1-foliolate. Racemes,
or panicles, sometimes corymbose, generally axillary, sometimes
terminal. Flowers generally small and polygamo-diciocious,
regular or irregular. Sepals 4 or 5, generally imbricate. Petals
4 or 5, sometimes wanting, imbricate, sometimes with scales on
the inside. Di.sk complete in the regular flowers (wanting or
small in Dodoncea), represented by 2 or 4 glands in the irregulai*
flowers. Stamens generally 8, usually hypogynous and inserted
within the disk, sometimes placed on one side. Ovary 3-celled
(2-celled in Allophyltis and 2-3-celIed in Melirocca). Ovules 1
(or 2) in each cell, attached to the axis. Fruit capsular or
indehiscent, drupaceous, baccate, or leathery, or composed in

Berjania SAPINDAGE^. 41

Serjania of 3 samaras. Seeds without endosperm, generally with
an aril.

Species about 1,050, mostly natives of warmer regions of the
world.

Plants climbing by tendrils.
Leaves twice 3-foliolate.

Fruit composed of 3 samaras united in the axis 1. Serjania.

Capsule 3-valved, leathery 2. Paullinia.

Capsule of 3 inflated membranous lobes 3. Cardiospeiimim.

Plants not climbing.
Leaves 3-foliolate.

Petioles not margined.

Flowers irregular 4. Allopliylus.

Flowers regular 10. Exothca.

Petioles margined. Flowers regular 9. Hypelate.

Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Sepals and petals 5.
Fruit not splitting open.

Fruit a 1-seeded berry-like drupe, with the

second cell undeveloped 10. Exothea.

Fruit fleshy, usually of 1 coccus, the other

two undeveloped 5. Sapindtis.

Fruit splitting open.

Capsule dry 6. Cupania.

[Capsule fleshy Blighia.]

Sepals 5, petals rudimentary. Capsule with 1-3

compressed, 2-valved lobes 7. Matayba.

[Sepals and petals 4. Drupel-celled, 1-seeded... Melicocca.]

Leaves simple (1 foliolate). Capsule 3-winged 8. Dodonaa.

§ A, Flowers irregular. Petals 4, the place of the fifth
vacant. Disk represented by 2 or 4 glands. Stamens
unilateral.

1. SERJANIA Plum, ex Schum.

Shrubs climbing by peduncular or axillary tendrils ; epidermis
with mucous in Jamaican species. Leaves biternate and with
pellucid dots in Jamaican species, without stipules or with minute
stipules. Racemes or panicles axillary. Flowers polygamous,
rather small and white in Jamaican species. Sepals 5 (or some-
times 4), 2 more or less united, tomentose, imbricate, the outer
smaller. Petals bearing a scale, the scales of the two inferior
petals appendaged at the apex. Disk glands : 2 larger and
2 smaller, the latter sometimes not developed. Stamens 8.
Style 3-lobed. Fruit of 3 samaras, broadly winged below,
united in the axis, with indehiscent cells at the apex. Seed
with a very small aril ; embryo incurved ; cotyledons incumbent,
the inner transversely folded.

Species nearly 200, natives of the West Indies, tropical
America, and subtropical S. America

42 FLOliA OF JAMAICA Serjania

Branches 5-angled, generally thorny. Common petioles
naked or lined by a narrow margin, partial petioles

with a broader margin 1. S.mexicana.

Branches 3-cornered or nearly terete. Petioles not
margined.

Fruit about 1"3 cm. 1 :: 2. S.loivigata.

Fruit about 2'6 cm. 1 3. S. eqiiestris.

1. S. mexicana Willd. Sp. PL /t. 465 (1799) ; branches
o-angled, generally thorny ; common petiole of leaves naked or
lined by a very narrow margin, partial petioles with a broader

Fig. 10.— Serjania mexitatui Wtlld.

A, Leaf and portion of raceme in fruit D, Fruit, nat. size.

X ^. . £, Saniara witli seed cut lengthwise

B, Male flower X 4. X IJ.

C, Stamen X 11. (A after Schumacher.)

margin ; fruit in section 2-2 • 7 cm. 1., 1 • 4-1 • 8 cm. br. near base,
oblong or ovate, base cordate, scarcely or not at all constricted
below the cells, generally glabrous; cells 5-6 mm. 1., glabrous
within. — Badlk. Monogr. Serj. 235 & Suppl. 124. S, divaricata
Schum. in Skrivt. Naturh. SelaJc. Kjoeh. in. p. 2, 126, t. 12, /. 2
(1794) ; Willd. torn. cit. 464 ; Macf. Jam. i. 157 ; Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 123 (excl. specimen from March). S. spectabilis Schum.
torn. cit. 127, t. 12, /. 4 ; Willd. torn. cit. 465. Paullinia mexicana

Serjania SAPINDACE.E 43

L. Sp. PI- 366 (1753) (excl. syn. Plum.); Lun. Hort. Jam. ii.
216. P. caribsea Jacq. Obs. Bot. pt. 3, 11, t. 62, /. 7 (1768).
P. divaricata Sw. Prodr. 64 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 6%.
(Fig. 19.) Specimens from Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit, and
one in Herb. Linn.

Wright ! Broughton 1 Clarendon, Bobinson ; Swartz ; Port Royal Mts.,
Macfadyen ! Distin 1 Fairfield, Wullschlacgel (under S. lucida Schum. in
Griseb. loc. cit.), Wilson ! Prior \ Hope Mines, 750 ft. ; Potsdam, 2600 ft. ;
Hope estate, 650 ft.; Harris] Fl. Jam. 8364, 9818, 10,804.— Central
America, Colombia, Venezuela.

Stem and branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaves : lower about 3 dm. 1.,
becoming gradually smaller upwards and sometimes not fully developed ;
leaflets 6-18 cm. 1., elliptical, ovate, obovate, or oblong, terminal narrowed
at the base, apex obtuse or retuse, acute, or acuminate, subentire or with
2-4 blunt teeth on each side, glabrous or pubescent beneath, sessile ;
petioles sometimes thorny beneath. Eacenies solitary (<S. speclabilis) or
paniculate with divaricate branches {S. divaricata). Sepals covered with
white tomentum, the inner 3 mm. 1. with two (third and fifth) united at
the base, the outer shorter. Petals a little shorter than the sepals ; scales
(excl. the crest) about half as long as the petals, margin hairy, two (the
upper) with a broad emarginate crest, and an appendage turned down,
more than half as long as the scale, hairy. Seed inserted below the middle
of the cell, lens-shaped.

2. S. laevigata Badlk. in Urb. Symb. Ant. i. 347 (1899);
branches 3-angled or nearly terete ; leaflets broadly ovate to
narrowly elliptical, obtuse or emarginate, base narrowed into the
short petiolule, subentire, occasionally with a very short tooth or
shallow notch, leathery ; petioles not mai'gined ; fruit about
1 • 3 cm. 1., cordate-ovate, apex retuse, somewhat constricted
below the cells ; cells 5 m. 1., 3-cornered, with broad partition
wall, keeled on the back, slightly crested, puberulous, hairy on
internal walls.

In fi. Oct., in fr. Jan. ; near Wareka, 400-800 ft. ; Spur Tree Hill,
2000 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 6679, 9024, 9860.

Stem and branches, very young parts and the inflorescence puberulous.
Leaves, upper 12-14 cm. 1.; leaflets, terminal 6'5-8 cm. 1., glabrous on
upper surface and also beneath except for a minute hairy tuft in the
axils of the nerves. Panicle 10-15 cm. 1. Sepals with white tomentum :
two outer 3 '5-4 mm. 1., roundish to roundish-elliptical, inner 4-4-5 mm. 1.,
broadly elliptical, concave, two slightly connected at base. Petals about
5 mm. 1., obovate with a small claw ; scales (excluding the crest) about
half as long as the petals, margin hairy, two (the upper) with a broad
semicircular crest, and an appendage turned down, more than half as long
as the scale, hairy, the lower scales with crest only. Fruit at base 10-14
mm. br., at the cells 7-8 mm. br. Seed inserted at the base of the cell,
obovoid, 5 mm. 1.

3. S. equestris 3Iacf. Jam. i. 156 (1837); branches 3-angled;
leaflets^ ovate, apex subacuminate, acumen somewhat blunt,
sometimes retuse, apiculate, base narrowed, distantly and
bluntly toothed above the middle, sessile, sometimes shortly
stalked, papery; petioles not margined; fruit about 2*5 cm. 1.

44 FLORA OF JAMAICA Serjania

cordate, orate ; cells about 1 era. 1., densely and shoi-tly
pubescent, with reddish hairs on internal walls. — Badlk. Monogr.
Sfirj. 216. S. pauiculata Grvteb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 123 (1859)
(in part, as. regards the Jamaican specimen) (non Kxnith).
J?, di^'aricata Grinvb. Inc. cit. (in part, as regards specimens from
March (non Schum.). Specimen from Macfadyen in Herb. Kew.

Moiiutaiu Supple Jack.

Macfadyen I March ! Wilson ! David's Hill, St. Andrew ; near Maho-
gauv Vale Bridge, 1500 ft.; Robertsfield; Bryan's Hill; Harris\ 5519,
5742, G039, G079, 6548.

Stcvi and branches, young puberulous, adult glabrate. Leaflets about
5 cm. ]., terminal larger, subrhomboid, glabrous on upper surface and also
beneath except for a minute hairy tuft in the axils of the nerves. Sepals
covered with white tomentum, the outer two small, roundish, the three
inner three times longer than the outer, obovate-roundish, with 2 cohering.
Petals nearly the same size as the larger sepals. Seed obovoid, inserted
near the base of the cell.

S. angustlfolla Willd. Sp. PI. ii. 466 (1799), liadlk. torn. cit. 848, remark-
able for its linear-lancoolate leaflets and foliaceous petioles, is said by
Descourtilz {Fl. Ant. iv. 17, /. 237) to occur in Jamaica, but is unknown
except by the descriptions and drawings of Pluraier {PI. Amcr. Bnrm. 103,
/. 113,/. 1) and Descourtilz.

2. PAULLINIA L.

Shrubs climbing by peduncular or axillary tendrils. Leaves
biternate and with partial petioles winged in Jamaican species ;
stipules deciduous. Inflorescence a thyrse, axillary. Flowers
small polygamo-dia'cious. Sepals minutely puberulous, 5, two
outer smaller, two of the inner .sepals (third and fifth) more or
les>; united, imbricate. Petals 4, the place of the fifth vacant,
each with a crested hooded scale on the inside, the scales of the
upper petals with a tongue-like appendage below the apex,
pointing downwards, bearded below. Disk with 4 glands, the
two larger opposite the smaller petals. Stamens 8, inserted at
tlie anterior side of the flower. Style with 3 stigmas. Fruit
capsular, septifragally 3-valved, valves 3-winged or 3-6-ribbed,
reddish or yellow, 3- or 2-1-seeded, leathery. Seed arillate ;
embryo curved. Supple Jack.

Species about 1 50, natives of tropical America, a few of the
West Indies, one wide-spread species extends to tropical Africa,
including Madagascar.

Leaflets entire or crenulate. Capsule 3-winged 1. P. barbadensis.

Leaflets serrate. Capsule 3-6-ribbed 2. P. jamaicensis.

1. P. barbadensis Jacq. Enum. PI. Carih. 3G (1760)u& Obn.
Bot. Hi. 12, t. 62,/. 9. Schum. in Skrivt. Naiurh. Selslc. Kjoeb. Hi.
pt. 2. 123, /. 9, /. 3, t. 10, /. 6. Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 124 ;
liadlk. Monogr. Paul, in Ahh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wi»s. xix. 293

PaulUnia

SAJ>INDACEili

45

(1896). p. pinnata L. Sp. PI. 366 (1753) (only as regards syn.
Sloane, and hab. Jamaica) ; Wright Mem. 267. P. seriana
Gaertn. Fruct. 381, t. 79, a-h (1788) (excl. syn.; (non. L.).
P. foUis biternatis ifec. A. Robinson ms. & Ic. ined. Pisum
cordatum non vesicarium Sloane Cat. Ill & Hist. t. 239
(in part, as regards description of leaves and fruit, excluding

A, Leaf and inflorescence X ?.

B, Male flower in bud opened out X 4.

C, Ditto cut length>vise x 7.

D, Petal (upper) and scale from'fiont and

side X 6.

Fig. 20. — Paullinia hurbadensis Jacq.

E, Pet.al (lower) and scale from front auJ
side X 6.

F, Capsule X U-

G, Ditto with valves fallen, showing two
seeds and one undeveloped X IJ.

description of seeds). (Fig. 20.) Specimen from Jacquin in
Herb. Mus. Brit. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn,
named in Solander's hand P. niexicana.

Sloane Herb. iv. 103 1 Houstoun ! Brotvne ! Wright ! Broughton ?
Shakspear 1 Bertcro ; Macfadycn ! March 1 Wilson ; 3. P. 1008, Hart ! near
Wareka, 400 ft. ; Harris I Windward Road, near Hope River ; Harris d;
Britton ! Fl. Jam. 6583, 10,795. — Barbados (fide Jacgwiw, at present known
only as a garden plant).

Shrub glabrous. Leaves 0-8 cm. 1. ; leaflets upper 3-5 cm. 1., lower
scarcely 1 cm. 1., elliptical, obtuse, narrowed to the base, terminal
generally obovate, all sessile, entire or crenulate, thinly leathery, common
petiole 1-2 cm. 1., not margined, partial petioles margined or narrowly
winged, a little longer or shorter than the common petiole. Inflorescence
solitary, 3-15 cm. 1., pedunculate or sessile. Sepals outer 2 mm. 1., inner

46 FLORA OF JAMAICA PauUinia

3 mm. 1. PeUUs elliptical, 3-5-4 mm. 1. Filaments hairy. CapsuU
3-wioged, 1"4-1'7 cm. 1., 1-2-1-5 era. br. ; valves semi-elliptical to
semicircular. Seed 6-7 mm. 1.

The branches of species of Paulliuia, called " Supple Jacks," are
flexible and tough;' they are used as riding switches and walking sticks.
The seeds are said to possess the property of intoxicating fish.

2. P. Jamaicensis Mavf. Jam. i. 158 (1837) ; Bndlk. Monoqr.
Paul, in Ahh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wise. xix. 198 (189'6).
P. sarmentosa itc. liroicne Hist. Jam. 212. P. inexicana L. Herb.
(in Solauder'.s hand) (non Sp. PI.) no. 4, specimen aflSxed on
left, probably collected by Browne, named " curassavica " by
J. E. Smith. Griseh. loc. cit. (sub P. curassavica Jacq. excl. hab.
N. Grenada) ; Pisum decimum A-c. Sluane Cat. 110 & Hist. i. 238
(in part, as regard.s description of leaves, excluding description
of fruit and seeds). Planta frutico.sa scandens ex cujus caule
scipiones Jtc. Sloanc Cat. 214 «k Hist. ii. 185, t. 231, /. 6.

Sloane Herb. iv. 102 ! Wright t Robins I Shakspear ! Macfadyen !
Port Royal Mts., Piirdie 1 March ! Bloneague, Prior ! Walderston, 2000 ft. ;
near Troy, 1500 ft. ; near Content Gap, 2800 ft. ; Chester Vale, 3000 ft. ;
near Grove, Gordon Town; Hanisl Fl. Jam. 7016, 8416. 8563, 9149,
10,019 ; Port Xlorant, Hitclicock. —Cuh&.

Shrub, branches bearing inflorescences, puberulous at length glabrate,
with shallow furrows spotted with numerous brown lenticels. Leqvcs
10-20 cm. 1. ; leaflets terminal 4-8 cm. 1., lateral smaller, upper elliptical-
lanceolate or terminal subrhomboid, apex acuminate, acute, base narrowly
wedge-shaped, lateral lower elliptical, obtuse, all sessile, distantly serrato-
deutate, teeth sometimes rather large, membranous-papery ; common
petiole 2-6 cm. 1., rhacbis (intermediate partial petiole) with margin or
wing (-5-1 '6 mm. br.). Inflorescences solitary or paniculate, puberulous,
4-8 cm. 1., pedunculate or sessile. Sepals, inner 2 mm. 1., subpetaloid, two
united to one-third of their length, outer about 1 mm. 1. Petals obovate,
white. Filaments glabrous. Capsule 3-6-ribbed, ellipsoid - globular,
contracted into a stalk-like base, pulverulcnt-puberulous outside, with
short tomentum inside, about 15 cm. 1., including the base (4-5 mm. 1.) ;
valves obovate subacute.

3. CARDIOSPERMUM L.

Shrubby or annual herbs, much branched, branches ribbed,
climbing by 2 tendrils on the peduncle. Leaves biternate ;
leaflets crenate or serrate, often with pellucid dots or lines.
Corymbs axillary. Flowers white, with jointed pedicels, poly-
gamo-diopcious. Sepals 4, in Jamaican species, broadly imbricate,
the 2 outer much smaller. Petals in pairs, two with a crested
scale which has a bearded appendage pointing downwards, the
other two with a scale which has a wing-like crest on the back.
Glands 2, opposite the petals with the appendage. Stamens 8.
Style 3-lobed. Capsule of 3 inflated membranous lobes, opening
loculicidally. Seeds subglobular, black, often arillate at the
base ; cotyledons large, transversely folded on themselves.

Cardiospermum SAPINDACKiE 47

Heart-pea.

Species 10, natives of tropical America, three of these are
found in the West Indies, one of which occurs also in tropical
Africa, and two are found throughout the tropics.

Flowers 8-10 mm. 1 1. .C. grandiflwum.

Flowers 4-6 mm. 1.

Seed with a heart-shaped bilobed hilum.

Capsule subglobular, 3-4 cm. in diam 2. C. halicacabum.

Capsule 3-angled, apex truncate or depressed,

about 1 cm. high 3. C. microcarpum.

Seed with a semicircular hilum scarcely emarginate 4. C. corindum.

1. C. grandiflopum Sw. Prodr. 64 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 698
(1800); leaves, lower (incl. petiole 4-5 cm. 1.) 15-20 cm. 1. *,

Fig. 21. — Cardiospermum grandiJlorumSw.

A, Leaf and inflorescence X 3- C, D, Petals of ditto seen from

B, Bud of male flower opened front and side X 2.

X IJ. E, Fruit X n-

F, Seed x 2. .

leaflets deeply serrate, serratures acute ; inflorescence as long as
the leaves, sometimes longer; petals about 10 mm. 1.; disk-
glands horn-like; capsule to 6-5 cm. 1., to 3-5 cm. br., obovate
or ellipsoidal, 3-angled, acute at both ends. Macf. Jam. i. 155

48 FLORA OF JAMAICA Caniioapetmum

Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 122 ; liadlL in FL Bra^. xiiL pt. 3, 433.
C villoBunt itc. Browne Hint. Jam. 213. fisum coi'clatuin non
vesicarium Sloane Cat. 1 1 1 ik Hist. i. 239 (only with reference to
the description of the seed). Fisuni deciwum ike. Sloane Cat. 110
ife Hist. i. 238 (only with reference to the description of the fruit
jind seed). (Fig. 21.)

Wild Supple Jack.

In fl. Jone-Oct. ; Sloaiie Herb. iv. 102 ! Wright ! Shakspcar I Mac-
fadyen ! St. Marj- ; St. Thomas in tho Vale ; McNab ! Distin I Wilson ;
Prior; March\ Bine Mt.s., HitcJicock ; J. P. 1211, Hart\ Chester Vale,
Cradtcick] Round HiU, 1860 ft., Harris] Fl. Jam. 9969. Hardware Gap,
Q. E. Nichols 1 — St. Thomas, Martinique, warmer continental America,
tropical Africa.

. Stem to 25 ft. long, woody, pubescent. Sepals 2 outer about 3 mm. 1.,
roundish-ovate, inner about 7 mm. 1. oblong. Capsule greenish-yellow.
Seed 7 mm. in diam. with a white, roundish aril, about 1'5 mm. in diani. ;
coat very thick, fleshy.

2. C. halicacabum L. Sj). PL 3G6 (1753); leaves, larger
(incl. petiole 3-4 cm. 1.) 8-12 cm. 1. ; leaflets incised and obtusely
serrate ; inflorescence alK)ut as long as the leaves ; flowers 4 mm. 1. ;
disk glands spheroidal ; capsule 3-4 cm. 1. subglobular ; seed,
hilum white, heart-shaped or kidriey-shaj)ed. — L. Amoen. v. 378 ;
Gaertn. Fruct. i. 381, /. 79; Descourt. Fl. Ant. iv. 37, /. 241;
Grineb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 122 (excl. syn. cf. C. corinduni) ; RadR-.
in Fl. Bra». xiii. pt. 3, 438 ; Urb. Symh. Ant. iv. 369 ; Britt. tf:
Millsp. Bah. Fl. 252. C. scandens «tc. Browne Hist. Jam. 213.

Hartwegl St. Mary, McNab \ Lucea, Hitchcock; near Spanish Town,
Harris I Fl. Jam. 12,060.— Tropics.

An annual or biennial herb, stevi to 6 ft. long, and more, simple or
branched. Sepals 2 outer roundish-ovate, inner oblong, twice as long as
the outer. Seed about 5 mm. in diam.

3. C. mierocarpum H. B. if: K. Nov. Gen. d Sp. v. 104 (1821) ;
plant sometimes only a span high, sometimes climbing to a length
of 3-10 ft. ; terminal leaflet generally lengthened into an acumen ;
flowers very small; capsule small, about 1 cm. high, 3-angled
top-shaped, with a truncate or depressed apex, broader than high.^ —
Griseb. lac. cit. ; Britton Fl. Berm. 226; Britt. d' Milhp. Bah.
Fl. 252. C. halicacabum var. y L. Sp. PI. 367 (1753); Bot.
Mag. t. 1049. C. halicacabum L. var. mierocarpum Bl. Bumphia
Hi. 185 (1847); Badlk. in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 3, 442; Urb. Sijmb.
Ant. iv. 370. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named
C. halicacabum by Linnaeus,

Browne 1 Shakspcar ! Arnott ! Inverness, Clarendon, 300 ft., Harris I
Fl. Jam. 12,754.— Tropics.

4. C. eopindum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 526 (1762) ; leaves biternate
or subbipinnate or subtriternate, larger (incl. petiole) 8-10(-15)
cm. 1. ; leaflets incised and toothed, or only crenate and sub-

Cardiosperm itm

SAPINDACE^

49

entire ; inflorescence longer than the leaves ; flowers 4-6 mm. 1. ;
disk glands spheroidal; capsule 2'5-3(-4), cm. in diam. if
globular, in length if top-shaped ; hilum white, semicircular,
scarcely emarginate. — Miller Diet. ed. 8 ; Badlk. in Fl. Bras. xiii.
pt. 3, 443, Urb. Sijmh. Ant. iv. 370. C villosum &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 213. C. halicacabum L. Amjen. v. 378 (1760) ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 122 (as regards syn. Mus. Banks, C. moUe Kunth,
C. loxense Kunth, 0. villosum Mac/. Cull. Purdie). C. villosum
Mac/. Jam. i. 154 (1837) (excl. syn. Shane).

Houstoun 1 Browne ! Liguanea, Broughton ! Stvartz ! St. Mary, Purdie !
Windward Road, Faivcett 1 August Town, Campbell ! road to Hagley Gap,
1000 ft. ; Grove, near Gordon Town, 800 ft. ; Mona, 700 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 5786, 6539, 6831, 8837.— Tropics.

Stem to 6 ft. long and more, woody, hairy or glabrate. Sepals, inner
about twice as long as the outer. Petals more or less persistent. Seed
2*5-4 mm. in diam.

4. ALLOPHYLUS L.

Erect shrubs or small trees, without tendrils. Leaves with
3 leaflets in W, Indian species ; leaflets generally large, entire

Fig. 22.—Allophjflitsjamaiceiuig Radlk.

A, Leaf and inflorescence x J. D, E, Petals seen from front and side x 11.

B, Male flower x 7. F, Fruit, nat. size.

C, Female flower x 7. O, Seed cut lengtliwise X '2.

V. K

~>0 FLORA OF JAMAICA AUophylva

or serrate, often pellucid-dotted or -lined, lateral more or less
unequal-sided. Inflorescence raceme-like or laxly paniculate,
axillary. Flowers small or minute, globose, often closed, poly-
gamo-dioecious. Sepals 4, opposite in pairs, concave, broadly
imbricate, the two outer smaller, elliptical, the inner roundish.
Petals, each with a small 2-lobed scale. Disk- glands opposite
the petals, 4 (in W. Indian species). Stamens 8. Ovar}- deeply
2-lobed, lol)es somewhat globular or obovoid, united by the style :
style 2-lol)ed. Fruit composed of one indehiscent coccus (the
other usually undeveloped), obovoid or somewhat globular. See<l
erect, with a very short fleshy aril ; embryo curved ; cotyledons
double<l on each other.

Species loG, about ecjually divided between the three great
divi.sions : tropical America, tropical and south Africa, Asia and
the islands of the Pacific.

Leaflets serrato, puberulouR 1. .4. Coininia.

Leaflets entire, glabrou.".

Ix>ave8 17-30 cm. 1 2. A.jamaiccnsis.

Leaves 7-13 cm, 1 3. A. imchyphyllus.

1. A. Comlnia .SV. Prodr. 62 (1788); Hadlh. in Siizungshcr.
K. Bayer. Ahtd. Math. Phys. KI. xxxviii. 215 ; Britf. ,(• Mtlhp.
Bah. Fl. 253. Baccifera indica «fcc. Shane Cat. 170 tk Hist. ii.
100, /. 208, /. 1. Cominia arborea <kc. Browne HiH. Jam. 205.
libus Coniinia L. Amaen. v. 395 d: 377 (1760). Toxicodendron
arboreum Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Schniidelia Cominia Sw. FL
Ind. Ore. 667 (1798); Mac/. Jam. i. 161; Oriseh. FL Br. W.
Ind. 126. Miller's type, Hou.stoun's specimen from Cam-
peachy, is in Herb. Mus. Brit. Type from Browne in Herb.
Linn.

In fl. Aug., Sept. ; in fr. Dec. ; Red Hills, Sloane Herb. vii. 19*, 20 !
Wright I Brovme 1 Broughton ! Disiin ! St. Mary, McNab ! Crreat Valley,
Manchester, Purdie I Wilson I Ewarton, Prior ! March ! ^lavis Bank, J.P.
1131, Hart\ Robertsfield, J.P. 1447, M(rrris\ Stony Hill, York Moorcl
Belvidere, near Montpclier ; near Bito ; Fawcett 1 near Christiana, 3000 ft. ;
near Mona, 800 ft. ; Long Mt. 900 ft. ; Malvern, 2200 ft. ; New Market,
1100 ft. ; Troy, 1600-2000 ft. ; Font Hill, St. Elizabeth ; Harris ! Provi-
dence, Thompson ! PI. Jam. 8621, 9458, 9928.— Bahamas, Cuba, Is. of Pines,
Hispaniola, Martinique.

Tree 20-40 ft. Leaves 15-20 cm. 1. (incl. petiole 4-7-5 cm. 1.) ; leaflets
8-15 cm. 1., obovate-elliptical to obovale-lanceolate, lateral usually some-
what unequal-sided especially at the base, apex abruptly and shortly
acuminate, more or less serrate especially in the upper half, sometimes
subentire, puberulous on both surfaces, densely so on midrib aud nerves,
with small axillary tufts beneath and often tomentose ; petiolules, terminal
5-8(-2) mm. J., lateral 0-5 mm. 1. Infiwescencc usually shorter than
the leaves. Flowers pale yellow. Sepals, two outer oblong-elliptical,
•8-1 mm..l., two inner petaloid, obovate, 1-2-1-4 mm. 1. Petals oblong,
about 1 mm. 1. Cocais subglobular-ellipsoidal, 5 mm. 1. Seed 4 mm. 1.

AUophylus SAPINDACE^ 51

2. A. jamaicensis Badlk. in Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 407 (1908).
Schmidelia glabrata Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 126 (1859) (nou
Kunth). (Fig. 22.)

In fl. Sept. ; in fr. Nov. - Jan. ; Wilson \ Mt. Diablo, Prior!' near Troy,
1000 ft.-2000 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! near Mandeville,
Harris d Britton ! also Britton, 1048 ! PI. Jam. 9068, 9440, 10,596, 12,818.

Tree 20-30 ft. high. Leaves 17-30 cm. 1. (incl. petiole 4-10 cm. 1.) ;
leaflets 11-19 cm. 1., elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, lateral a little
smaller, slightly unequal-sided, all shortly and obtusely acuminate, some-
times retuse, entire, glabrous on both sides except for a triangular patch
of woolly hair in the axils of nerves beneath; petiolule -5-1 "5 cm. 1.
Inflorescence about as long as the petiole or somewhat longer. Flowers
yellowish-green or whitish. Sepals 1-5-1' 8 mtn. I. Petals 1-3-1 '4: mm. I.
Coccus somewhat obovoid, 7-8 mm. 1., glabrous, ribbed. Seed 5-6 mm. 1.

3. A. pachyphyllus Badlk. in Urh. Symh. Ant. v. 406 (1908).

In fr. Jan. ; Bethabara, Wullschlacgel ; near Mandeville, Britton, 1009 !
near Moneague, Britton d Hollick, 2734 ! Walderston, Manchester, 2600 ft. ;
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 12,857.

Bushy tree to 20 ft. high. Leaves 6 "5-13 cm. 1. (includ. petiole
l'5-4 cm. 1.); leaflets 5-9 cm. 1., elliptical, shortly acuminate, base
narrowed into a short petiolule, entire, glabrous on both sides except for
woolly hair in the axils of the nerves beneath ; petiolule 3-7 mm. 1. Inflor-
escence as long as, or longer than, the petiole. Coccus somewhat obovoid-
globular, 7-10 mm. 1., glabrous, ribbed.

§ B. Flowers regular. Disk complete (wanting in Dodonsea).
Stamens central.

5. SAPINDUS L.

Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate, leaflets entire. Racemes
paniculate, terminal or axillary. Flowers polygamous. Sepals
5, outer smaller, broadly imbricate. Petals 5. Stamens 8.
Filaments hairy, anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled. Style ter-
minal, stigma 2-4-lobed. Fruit fleshy, rarely of 3 cocci, usually
2 or 1 undeveloped ; cocci globose, indehiscent. Seeds globose,
not arillate ; embryo curved ; cotyledons thick.

Species about 10 (fide Radlkofer), natives of tropics and
subtropics.

S. Saponaria L. Sp. PI. 367 (1753) & Amoen. v. 378 ; Des-
conrt. Fl. Ant. iv. 121, «. 261 ; Wright Mem. 267 ; Macf. Jam. i.
159; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 126; Badlk. in Sifzungsber. K.
Bayer. Akad. Math. Phys. Kl. viii. 319 & in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 3,
512, t. 109; Sarg. Silv. ii. 69, tt. 74, 75; Duss. in Ann. Inst.
Colon. Hi. 121 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 371. S. foliis &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 206 ; A. Bobinson ms. & ic. ined. S. rigidus Mill.
Diet. ed. 8; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 341, t. 70, fig. a-f; Ait. Hort.
Kew ii. 36 ; DC. Prodr. i. 608. S. insequalis BC. loc. cit. (1824) ;

E 2

52

FLOUA OF JAMAICA

Sapindus

Ihiteb. loc. cit. Prunifera seu Nuciprunifera &c. Pink. Phyt.
t. 217, /. 7. Prunifera raceniosa itc. Sloane Cat. 184 & Hist. ii. 131.
Cupania saponarioides Sic. Prodr. 62 (178S) &, Fl. Ind. Occ. 661
(as regards leaves only, the inflorescence and young fruit refer
to Cupania americana). (Fig. 23.)

Soap Berry Tree.

In fl. Sept.-Oct. ; in fr. Mar. ; Houstotin 1 Sloane Herb. vii. 75 1 Wriglit !
Broughton ! Shakspearc ! Distin I Priestmaus River, Deans ! Constant
Spring, 600 ft. ; Halberstadt, 2900 ft. ; Hatris 1 Fl. Jam. 6815, 66GG.—

Fig. 2:i.—Sairindvt Saponaria L,

A, Male fl»wer x 7.

B, Ditto cut lengthwise X

C, Petal X 7.

D, Female flower x 7.

E, Fruiting branch x h

d, disk.

F, CoccuB cut lengthwise, sLowlug

the seed x j.
O, Seed abowing the hihim X I.
II, Seed cut lengthwise x I.
(After Fl. Bras.)

Native in tropical and subtropical America, ioclading West Indies, from
Florida to Argentine; introduced in West Africa, Mascarene Is., Poly-
nesia and Philippines.

Tree 12-30(-50) ft. high. Leaves with 4-5 (3-6) pairs of leaflets;
rhachis and petiole sometimes with wing or margin, sometimes without
(form incequalis) ; leaflets 7-13 cm. 1. (or more), elliptical, oblong, or lanceo-
late, more or less equal-sided, sometimes (f. ijicequalis) unequal-sided.
Panicles terminal, to 3 dm. 1. Flowers white, small. Sepals roundish,
petaloid, ranging in size from 1 mm. 1. to 2 mm. 1. Petals shorter than
the sepals, hairy. Coccus 1-5-2 cm. in diam., yellow. Seed 1*2 cm. in
diam., globular, black.

The wood is heavy, rather hard, close-grained : a cubic foot weighs
52 lb. (Sargent) ; it is however not durable, except for inside use. The
fleshy exterior of the fruit can be used as soap, though it has a bad effect
on cloth. The seeds pounded and thrown into a stream intoxicate and

Sapindus ■ SAPINDACEJ': 53

kill fish. Given to fowls, they are said to be a preventive against the
disease called fowl-yaws (Macfadyen) ; they were formerly imported into
England for waistcoat buttons.

[MEUCOCCA L.

Glabrous trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets in 2 or 3
pairs subopposite, subsessile, entire, membranous. Racemes long,
terminal on lateral branchlets, simple or paniculate, with
numerous flowers. Flowers polygamo-di(jecious. Calyx deeply
4-lobed, imbricate. Petals 4, roundish or obovate. Disk
4-5 lobed Ovary 2-3-celled ; stigma peltate, 2-(3)-lobed. Drupe
1-celled with one seed. Seed erect, enclosed in a pulpy aril;
• embryo straight ; cotyledons thick, united.

Species 2, one a native of Nicaragua and northern S. America,
cultivated in the West Indies and Brazil ; the other of Bolivia
and Paraguay.

M. bijuga L. Sp. PL cd. 2, 495 (1762); Sw. Ohs. Bot. 146;
Mac/. Jam. i. 164; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 127; Badlk. in Fl.
Bras. xiii. pt. 3, 523 ; Cook & Coll. in Gontr. U.S. Nat. Herb. viii.
190; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 372; Britt. A Millsp. Bah. FL 253.
Melicoccus foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 210. Sapindus Meli-
coccus L. Amoen. v. 378 (1760). Schinus? Melicoccus L. Amoen.
V. 379 (1760). Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Enum. PL Carih. 19
(1760), SeL Stirp. Amer. 108, t. 72 & Ed. picL t. 109. Specimen
named by Linnseus in Herb. Linn.

GenipTree. .

In fl. Apr.-June; Wright \ Broivne ; Shakspearel Swartzl Lindsay \
Distill ! Wilson I Prior 1 King's House grounds, Briscoe ! Hope grounds,
Harris \ Fi. Jam. 7930, 7931, 9228; Port Antonio, Lucea, Hitchcock.—
Cultivated, and, as it were, spontaneous in Bahamas, West Indies, Mar-
garita, Bonaire, Curasao. Native in tropical America from Nicaragua to
Surinam.

Tree B0-40(-70) ft. high. Leaves shed annually, young leaves appearing
with the flowers in spring, usually 2-paired ; petiole and rhachis flat,
sometimes winged ; leaflets 7-11 cm. 1., elliptical or ovate-elliptical, apex
acute, subacuminate, or obtuse, base somewhat unequal-sided, entire,
usually undulate ; petiolules short. Liflorescence : male much branched,
female less branched. Flowers open 6-8 mm. in diam., sweet-smelling.
Fruit about 3 cm. in diam., green ; pulp fibrous, gelatinous, of a sweet
subacid slightly astringent taste. Seeds usually only one.

The tree is a handsome shade tree, and the flowers are very attractive
. to bees and humming birds. The fruit is sold in the markets ; it is said
that the fine fibres of the pulp have caused the death of children, when
swallowed, by forming a coating over the lining of the stomach. The
timber is hard and heavy, suitable for most purposes in protected situations.
Browne states that the tree was introduced from Surinam.]

6. CUPANIA L.

Small trees. Leaves with on odd leaflet or abruptly pinnate ;
leaflets alternate and opposite, entire. Flowers paniculate or

54

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Cupania

racemose, polygamo-diivcious. Sepals 5, broadly imbricate in
2 series. Petals 5, with 1 or 2 scales more or less united with
the petals on the outer margin. Stamens 8, inserted within the
disk, central. Ovary S-angled-subglobular or obovoid ; ovules
attached to the axis near the base. Capsule obovate-subglobose,
3-comered, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, with a long or short
carjX)phore. Seeds subglobular, with a cup-shaped aril ; embryo
thick, curved ; cotyledons plano-convex.

Species 38, natives of the warmer regions of America (inch
the West Indies) from Mexico to Argentina.

Capsule glabrous, top-shaped-triangular 1. C. glabra.

Capsule tomentosc, globose, 3-cornored 2. C. amencana.

1. C. glabra Sw. Prodr. 61 (1788) ; leaflets glabrous on both
sides or sometimes more or less pubescent beneath, entire,
crenate-undulate, or more or less serrate ; capsule glabrous, top-
shaped-triangular. — Su>. Fl. Ind. Occ. 659 (excl. syn. L. & Plum.

Fig. 2i.— Cupania glabra Sw.

A, T>eaf and inflorescence X J. E, Ditto'seen from the side X 11.

B, Flower X 7. • F, Fruit splitting open, nat. size.

C, Ditto cut lengthwise x 7. G, Ditto cut across, nat. size.

D, Petal with two scales x ll.

Cupania SAPIKDACE.E • . 55

& hab. Hispauiola) ; Macf. Jam. i. 162 ; Mich, in Sagra Cub. x.
117 (1845); Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 125 ; Badlk. in Sitzungshcr.
K. Bayer. Ahad. Math. Phys. Kl. ix. 559 (1879) j Urb. Symb. Ant.
iv. 373. C. arborea &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 178. C. americana
Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 469, t.l77 (1791) (non L.). C. multijuga Bich.
torn. cif. 118, t. 31 (1845). Moschoxylon, Red Musk Wood,
Bobinson ie. ined. (Fig. 24.)

LoblollyTree.

In fl. Sept. ; in fr. Jan..- Feb. ; Wright [ Macfadyenl Distinl Wullsch-
laegel ; Prior ! March ! Belvedere, near Montpelier, Fawcctt I . Hall's
Delight ; Green Valley ; Yallahs Valley, 1700 ft. ; Hopeton, Westmore-
land, 1000 ft. ; Grandvale, Westmoreland, 500 ft. ; Troy, 1600 ft. ; Stan-
more Hill, 2200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5548, 5607, 6S42, 7048, 7059, 9451,
9772. — Key Is., Cuba, Porto Rico, Mexico, Costa Rica.

Shrub or tree, 25-40 ft. high (or more). Leaflets •5-1 dm. 1., oblong,
oblong-elliptical, or obovate-oblong, apex rounded, base wedge-shaped
sometimes oblique ; petiole 3-5 mm. 1. Panicle as long as, or longer than
the leaves. Floivers numerous, crowded, white. Sepals 2 mm. 1. or
shorter, roundish to elliptical, puberulous inside. Petals long-clawed,
about 2 mm. 1. Style as long as ovary, 3-lobed. Capside 10-18 mm. 1.
and br., apiculate with the remains of the style, generally 3-celled, some-
times 2- or 4-celled. Seed about 7 mm. 1., roundish-ellipsoidal; aril about
one-third as long.

2. C. amerieana L. Sp. PL 200 (1753) ; leaflets, pubescent
on nerves on upper surface, densely pubescent beneath, serrate ;
capsule tomentose, depressed-globose, 3-cornered. — Griseb. loc. cit. ;
Badlk. torn. cit. 557 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 372. C. tomentosa,
Sw. Prodr. 61 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 657. C. saponarioides
Sw. Prodr. 62 (1788) & FL Ind. Occ. 661 (as regards inflorescence
and fruit). Cupania Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) t. 110. '

Castlcton district, 500 ft., Harrisl Fl. Jam. 11,920.— Cuba, Is. of Pines,
Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Martinique, Trinidad, Venezuela.

Tree 30-40 ft. high. Leaflets *5-2 dm. 1., obovate-oblong, obovate-
clliptical, or elliptical. Capsule about 1"5 cm. 1., 2 cm. br., with a very
short carpophore.

This species seems to be very rare in Jamaica.

7. MATAYBA Aubl.

Trees. Leaves subopposite (in Jamaican species) or alternate.
Panicles axillary, many-flowered. Flowers small, polygamo-
dioecious. Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, rudimentary in Jamaican
species. Style terminal, stigma 2-3 lobed. Capsule with thick
carpophore, leathery, 1-3 -lobed ; lobes globose, compressed,
2-valved, opening along the back. Seeds arillate ; cotyledons thick.

Species 42, natives of warmer regions in America (inch West
Indies), from Mexico to Argentina.

M. apetala Badlk. in Sitzungsber. K. Bayer. Ahad. Math. Phyfi.
KL ix. 535 & 624 (1879) & in Urb. Symb. AnL L 352 & iv. 373.

56

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Matayha

Cupania apetala Mac/. Jam. i. 162 (1837). C. oppositifolia
Rich, in Sagra Gtib. x. 121, t. 32 (1845). Ratonia apetala
Oriseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 126 (1859) (excl. syn. C. Juglandifolia).
(Fig. 25.) Type in Herb. Kew.

Wanika, Cromanty, Bastard Mahogany, Coby, Red
Wood.

" Road from Halberstadt to Galloway Lodge ; road from Mt. Henty to
Ross Valley ; Scott's Pass, Hopewell " ; Macfadi/en ! Distin ! March !

Fig. 2;'. — Mataijba ajjetala Badlk.
A, Leaf (nid inflorescence y. J. E, Ditto cut lengthwise x 11.

B, Portion of inflorescence X 4.

C, Male flower X 7.

D, Fertile flower x 7.

F, Capsule, iiat. size.

G. Ditto ripe and split open, showing

one developed seed, iiat. size.

Wihon\ Jenmanl Castleton Hill, 1000 ft., Thompson\ Vinegar Hill,
4300 ft. ; Troy, 1500 ft. ; Lapland, near Oatadupa, 1600 ft. ; road from
Askenish to Dolphin Head, 1000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. G404, 6404b, 8018,
8676, 9166, 9243. — Cuba, Is. of Pines, Porto Rico, Ruatan Is. (Honduras).

Tree, 15-60 ft. high. Leaves about 2 dm. 1. ; common petiole somewhat
•S-angled ; leaflets 10-17 (in Jamaican form) or 4-10, alternate or sub-

Matayha SAPINDACE^ • 57

opposite, 6-12 cm. 1., oblong-elliptical, apex rounded, sometimes obtusclj'
subacmninate, base wedge-shaped and sometimes oblique ; petiolule very
short and thickened at the base. •Panicle as long as the lea-ves or longer
or shorter. Flowers yellow. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, puberulous outside,
about 1 mm. 1. 'Stamens of hermaphrodite floWer 1*5 mm. 1., filaments
puberulous ; of male flower slightly longer than the calyJc. Ovary hairy,
shortly stalked ; style long; stigmas 3. Capsule usually ^-lobed (one lobe
often imperfectly developed) 10-12(-16) mm. 1., stalked (stalk thick,
4-6 mm.' 1.), red. Seed 6-8 mm. 1., ellipsoidal, black, surrounded at the
base by a cup-shaped, light orange-coloured aril.
Timber hard, durable when exposed to weather.

[BLIGHIA Koenig

Tree. Leaves alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches,
abruptly pinnate ; leaflets in 3-5-pairs, opposite or .subopposite,
entire, glabrous. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, usually as
long as the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers polygamous, white.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, with a scale at the base about half as
long as the petal. Disk ring-like. Stamens .8, longer than the
petals. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules one in each cell. Fruit a red-
coloured fleshy capsule, 3-celled ; valves 3, with the sppta in the
middle. Seeds black, one in each cell, with a large white fleshy
aril, called " akee," round its base, the aril attached to the
placenta by a red membrane.

Species 2, natives of West Africa, one naturalized in the
West Indies.

B. sapida Koen. in Ann. Bot. n. 571, tt. 16, 17 (1806) ;
Mac/. Jam. i. 160; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 125. The Akee,
Broughton Hortns Eastensis 11 (1794). Akeesia africana Tussac
FL Ant. i. 66, t. 3 (1808). Akea .solitaria Stohes Bot. Mat.
Med. a. 353 (1812).

Naturalized; in fl. after the rains in May; in fr. Dec, Jan. — Native in
western tropical Africa.

Akeetree.

Tree 30 ft. high. Leaves large, common petiole and rhachis about
17 cm. 1.; leaflets 10-18 cm. 1., lowest pair of the same shape, about half
as long ; midrib, nerves and venation prominent beneath. ' Sepals about
3 mm. 1. Petals about 4*5 mm. 1. Fruit about 7 or 8 cm. 1., pendulous.

The timber is durable in protected situations. The white fleshy
substance, the "akee," at the base of the seed is the part which is eaten.
It is prepared by parboiling in water with salt, and afterwards stewing or
frying with butter, or by simply boiling in soups. It is very wholesome
('Macfadyen). If not used fresh, or if plucked from a broken branch, the
akee is poisonous. It is recognised as fresh when pulled from the capsule
by not bringing away with it the red membrane.]

8. DODON^A L.

Erect shrubs, usually viscous, leaves simple. (1-foliolate),
rarely pinnate. Flowers inconspicuous, uniseiual or polygamo-

58

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Dodonoea

dioecious. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, racemose, corymbose,
or paniculate. Sepals 4 (5-3), valvate or narrowly imbricate.
Petals wanting. Disk wanting in the male flower, short and
stalk-like.in the female flower. Anthers liuoai'-oblong, obtusely
4-cornered. Ovary 3-cornered ; style lobed at apex ; ovules 2 in
each cell. Capsule 3-(2-6)-celled, septifragal, 3-valved ; valves
winged on the back, sep-arating from the persistent column, to
the middle of which the seeds are attiiched. Seeds 2 or 1 in
each cell, without an aril ; embryo rolled on itself spirally.

Species 43, of which 39 are Australian, the rest dispersed
through the tropics and sub-tropics.

D. Viscosa Jacq. Enum. PI. Garib. 19 (1760) & Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 109; L. Mant. 228; Oaertn. Fruct. it. 134, t. Ill ; Stc.
Ob$. Bot. 151 ; Gray Oen. 218, t. 182 ; Oriseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 127 ;
Bam. in Fl. Bras. .rlu. pt. 3, 639 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 373.

Fig. 26. — Dodoiwea vigcoga J acq.

A, Portion of branch with flowers and leaves x 1-

B, Male flower with a sepal pressed down and a stamen removed X i.

C, Fediale flower X 4. D, Fruit, nat. size.

Dodoncea SAPINDACE^] 59

D. Burmanniana DC. in Mem. Soc. Genev. i. pi. 2, 447 (1822) &
Prodr. i. 616 ; Griseb. loc. cit. Aceri vel Paliuro affinis arigusto &c.
Sloane Cat. 138 & Hist. ii. 27, t. 1-62,/. 3. Staphylodendron &c.
Plum. Ic. ined.-v.'t. 263 <k PI. Amer..{Burm.) 246, t. 247, /. 2.
PteleaviSGosaX.-^ PZ. 118 (1753). (Fig. 26.)

Switch Sorrel.

Old Harbour ; Red Hills ; Sloane Herb. v. 97 ! sea-coast, Black River,
Purdie 1 Port Royal Mts. Prior ! March ! Hope, J.P. 998, Morris I Port
Henderson, Campbell 1 Fl. Jam. 6652. — All warm countries.

Shrub 3-15 ft. high. Leaves 3-12 cm. 1., 1*5-3 '5 cm. br., subobovate-
wedge-shaped to oblong-obovate. Inflorescence about half as long as the
leaves ; longer in fruit. Flowers greenish-yellow, often hermaphrodite.
Sepals 2-8 mm. 1., oblong. Stamens rather shorter than the sepals ;
filaments scarcely 1 mm. 1. Ovary 2 mm. 1.; style 3*5-4(-6) mm. 1.
Capsule variable in size, 1*2 in diam. to 2*2 cm. 1. and 2*5 cm. br., round,
notched at apex and base, or apex subobcordate and base subentire.
Seeds 2 "5-3 mm. in diam., black, lens-shaped.

Var. angustifolia Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 476 (1863) ; leaves
4-12 mm. br., linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate ; capsule
12-16 mm. hr.—Hemsl. in Pot. Chall. Exp, Bermuda, 27.
D. angustifolia Linn. /. Suppl. 218 (1781) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 150 ;
Griseh. op. cit. 128. D. jamaicensis DC. in Mem. Soc. Genev. i.
pt. 2, 447 (1822) <fe Prodr. i. 616 ; Macf. Fl. Jam. i. 165 ; Britt. Fl.
Berm. 225. Triopteris erecta «fec. Broicne Hist. Jam. 191, <. 18,/. 1 .

Sloane Herb. v. 99 ! Houstoun ! Broughton 1 Shakspear 1 Macfadyeii !
Port Royal Mts., McNab ! Purdie 1 Blue Mts. ; Liguanea hills ; Prior !
March ! Morris ! Kings House, Campbell 1 Cinchona, 5000 ft. ; Malvern,
2200 ft.; Lititz savanna, 300-900 ft. ; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5887, 8578,9658,
11,753 ; Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; Cinchona, G. E. Nichols ! — All warm
countries.

9. HYPELATE Sw.

Tree or shrub. Leaves 3-foliolate ; petioles narrowly margined.
Flowers small, white, polygamo-moncecious, in axillary panicles.
Sepals 5, imbricate, soon falling. Petals 5. Stamens 8, inserted
on the disk, shorter in the female flower, and more or less
imperfect. Ovary 3-celled, rudimentary in the male flower ;
ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a drupe, flesh thin, l-celled, 1-seeded.
Seed without endosperm ; cotyledons thin, folded on themselves
irregularly.

Species 1, native of Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman,
Jamaica, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Rico, Anguilla, St. Martin.

H. trifoliata Sw. Prodr. 61 (1788) <fe Fl. Ind. Occ. 655, t.M;
Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 387; Macf. Jam. i. 163; Deless. Icon. Hi. 23,
t. 39; Griseh. Fl Br. W. Ind. 127 ; Sarg. Silv. ii. 78, it. 80, 81 ;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 374; Britt. tt Millsp. Bah. Fl. 254.
H. fruticosa ifec. Browne Hist. Jam. -208. Cytisus arboreus
foliis &c. Sloane Cat. 141 & Hist. ii. 33 (excL' t. 176,/. 1).

60

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Hypelatr

Amyris Hypelate L. Am<rn. r. 378 (1760). A. hypelate <t
A. F)iilippH»a A. Bobinson ma. A ex L»n. Hort. Jam. i. 149, 150
(1814). A. ? Robinsonii DC- Prodr. it. -82 (!825). (Fig. 27.)
Swartz's type in Herb. Miis. Brit.

Rio' Cobre; Red Hills; Sloaiic Herb. vi. 31 Wnght\ Long Mt. ;
Salt Pond hill; Broughton \ Shahxpcar \ Su-artz \ Wihonl March \
Long M«., 860 ft. ; Port Henderson, 50 ft. ; Ferry Pen, 150 ft. ; Rock Port ;
CavipbfU\ Watson's Hill, 600 ft.; near Alligator Pond; near Bull Bay;

Fig. il.—UypelaU tr\foliata Sw.

A, Portion <^ braucb witli leaves

and flowers X i.

B, Male flower X 3.

C, Female flower x 3.

D, Ovary cut across x 6.

E, Ovary cut lengthwise X 12.

F, Fruit cut lengtliw ise X 6.

(After riargeut.)

Long Mt., 200 ft.; Lititz savanna, 300-900 ft.; Harris \ near Salt Ponds,
Harris d Britton ! Fl. Jam. 5672, 5882, 6261, 6285, 6527, 7229, 9570, 9588,
10,614, 11,754. — Distribution of genus.

Tree or shrub 16-40 ft. high ; bark "with many shallow depressions.
Leaves: petioles !• 5-3 '5 cm. 1.; leaflets sessile, 2 •5-5 5 cm. 1., obovate
to oblanceolate, lined with close parallel nerves. Faniclcs 4-9 cm. 1.,
somewhat longer than the leaves, glabrous. Sepala 2*5-3 mm. 1.,
elliptical, concave, coloured. Petals about 2 mm. 1., roundish-elliptical.
Stamens in male flowers 3 mm. 1., exserted. Drupe 6-8 mm. 1.,
ellipsoidal, black.

The wood is very heavy, hard, close-grained, and rich dark brown in
colour. It is durable in contact with the soil, and is used for posts^ also
in shipbuilding and for the handles of tools. (Sargent.) •

Exothea

SAPINDACE.fl

61

' . . 10. EXOTHEA Macf. ' . -

Tree with thin scaly bark. Leaves abruptly pinnate or'
3-(l)-foliolate. Flowers small in terminal or axillai-y panicles,
polygamo-dioecious. Sepals o, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5.
Stamens' 7 or 8, inserted on the disk, as long as the petals in the
male flower, short and imperfect in the female flower. Ovary
2-celled, rudimentary in the male flower ; stigma globose ; ov.ules
2 in each cell, hanging, collateral. Fruit a globular 1 -seeded
berry-like drupe, with the rudiment of the second cell ; endocarp
parchment-like. Seed without an aril, without endosperm ;
cotyledons fleshy ; radicle very short, enclosed in a cavity of the
seed-coat.

Species 2, one a native of Florida, West Indies, and Guate-:
mala, the other a native of Mexico.

E. paniculata Badlk. in Durand Ind. 81 (1888) (nomen), it
Sitzungsb. K. Bayer. Akad. xx. 276 (1891) ; Sarg. Silva. ii. 75,
tt. 78, 79 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 746 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 374 ; Briit.

Fig. 28. — Exothea paniculata Radlk.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and f, Female flower cut lengthwise X 5

flowers X 3- D, Fniit cut lengthwise X 2. '

B, Male flower x 5. (After Sargent.)

& maisp. Bah. Fl. 254. E. oblongifolia Macf. Jam. i. 232. Meli-
cocca paniculata Jiiss. in Mem. Mas. Paris, iii. 187, t. 5 (1817).
Hypelata paniculata Camb. in Mem. Mas. Paris, xviii.'32 (1829);
Hook. Loud. Journ. Bot. Hi. 227, t. 7 ; Griseh.Fl. Br. W. Ind. 127.
(Fig. 28.) . . • . , .

62 FLORA OF JAMAICA Exothea

Wild Ginep. . * . ' * .

Port Royal Mts. ; road to Friendship, St. David ; Macfadycnl Annotto'
B&y, Land Pcior ! Norbrook, -600 ft., Cojnpbcll I, Toit Royal Mts.; near
Troy, 1500 ft. ; road, Askenish to Dolphin Head, 900 ft. ; Peckham,
Clarendon, .2300 ft.; Harris \ PI. Jam. 5121, 5829, 6186, 6532, 6658; 8683,
10,277, 11,077 .-^Florida and Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaciola, Mona,
Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Eustatius, D^>sirade, St. Vincent, Guatemala.

Tree 15-50 ft. high ; bark red to brown. Leaves : petioles "5-2 '5 cm. 1.
on flowering branches; leaflets 6-11 cm. 1., oblong-elliptical to elliptical,
sessile or subsessile. Panicles as long as, or longer than the leaves, the
younger branches as well as the sepals covered with yellowish or orange
tomentvun. FUnoers white, fragrant. Sepals qi female flowers 3*5 mm.l.,
elliptical, reflexed after flowering, of male flowers shortejr. Petals about
as long as the sepals, elliptical. Fruit about 1 cm. in diam. ; pericarp
dark purple, juicy, when ripe. Seed about 8 mm. in diam.

The wood is very hard and close-grained, capable of receiving a beautiful
polish. Its colour is bright red-brown. It is heavy; a cubic foot of dry
wood weighs BO lbs. It is used for piles, as it resists the attacks of the
Teredo ; also for boat-buUdiug, etc. (Sargent.)

• Family LXI. RHAMNACE^.

. Trees or'shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or (in Bhamnidium)
opposite, penninerved or (in Zizi/phus) 3-nerved ; stipules small,
sometimes changed into spines. ' Flowers small, hermaplirodite,
generally in axillary cymes and of a greenish colour. Calyx : tul>e
obconical or top-shaped, persistent ; lobes 4-5, valvate, falling off.
Petals 4, 5, or none (in Zizyphus CMoroxylon and Krugiodendron),
inserted at the throat of the calyx, generally smaller than' the
calyx-lobes, hooded or infolded, sessile or clawed. Stamens 4-5,
inserted with the petals, opposite to them and generally enclosed
by them. Anthers versatile. Disk perigynous. Ovary fi-ee or
immersed in the disk, free from or adherent to the calyx-tube,
3-(2-4)-celled. Ovules in each cell 1 (very rarely 2), erect from
the base. Fruit free or adherent at lower third or half with the
persistent C9,lyx-tube in Golubrina, completely in Gouania, capsular
or drupaceous, 3-coccous or putamen 1-3-celled. Seeds solitary
in the cells, erect ; endosperm fleshy, often scanty, rarely none.
Embryo large, orthotropous ; cotyledons flat or plano-convex.

Species about 500, natives of vv^arm and tr6pical regions of
the world.

Leaves 3-nerved. - Petals wanting 1. ZizypJms.

Leaves penninerved (3-nerved at ■ base in Golubrina

asiatica). • .

■ Trees or shrubs, not climbing. Fruit superior or
half-inferior in Golubrina.
.Leaves alternate.

■ Petals- wan ting*... 2. Krugiodendron.

Petals present. ."

Panicles with alternate branches, terminal .
■ ■ and axillary. Calyx-tube beneath fruit... 3. SarcompJialus.

Zizyphus RHAMNACE^ 63.

Panicles with umbelliform cymules.

Calyx-tube forming an adherent cupule
round baser of fruit. Leaves entire

(serrate in C asiaiico) .^ 4. Colubrina.

■' • ' \Calyx-tube free beneath fruit. Leaves

. • . serrate :.... .' -5. Rhamnus.

. ' • Leaves opposite or subopposite 6. Bhqmnidium.

Shrubs climbing by tendrils. Fruit inferior, crowned

by calyx : — % 7. Goua^iia.

.1. ZIZYPHUS Juss. . '

Trees (or shrubs). Leaves 3(-5)-nerved ; stipulate. Cymes
short, axillary, few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish. Calyx.
5-lobed ; tube . broadly obconical, persistent beneath the fruit ;

Fig. W.—Zizyphun Chltroxylon Oliv.

A, Portion of branch with l^af and

flowers X §.

B, Flower with two calyx-lobes bent

•down X 0.

C, Unripe fruit cut lengthwise X 3.

D, Ripe fiuit, nat. size.

B, pitto cut across, nat. size.

64 FLORA OF JAMAIC'-V Zizyphus

Jobes triangular-Qvafe, acute, spreading, keeled on the inside.
Petals 5, or wanting in Z. Chloroxylon. ' Disk 5-cornered, with A
frfee margin. Stamens 5. Ovary immersed in the disk, superior,
2— (3-4)-celled ; styles 2-3, or, in' Z. Chlorcxylon, represented i)y ■
3 lobes at top -of oVary. Fruit- a drupe, putameri 1— (3)-eelled.
Seeds plano-convex ;■ endosperm-scanty or none.

Species about 80^ natives of tropical regions in Asia find
America, fewer in Africa, very few in Australia ; some species
also occur here and there in subtropical regions.

Z. Chloroxylon OUv. In Kew Bull. (1889) 127, /. ik In Hook.
Ic. PI. i. 1862 (1889). Grossulari.t fructu arbor non spinosa &c.
Sloaue Hkt. ii. 8o. Chloroxylum foliis ifcc, Brpione Ilist. Jam.
187, /. 7, f. 1. Laurus Chloroxylon L. Sifft. ed. 10, 1010 (1759)
k Amom'. v. 378 : Griseh. Fl. Br. W. ' Lid. 285, Ceanothus-
Chlaroxpon Nee.» Si/gt. Launn.QGO {183G). (Fig. 29.) Specimen
from Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Cogwood, Greenheart.

lied Hills, Sloane vi. 94 ! Broivnc ! Prior ! March ! T. Harrison I Mocbo,
Four Paths, Whitney, (/. Doiict ! Stewart Castle, Duncans, Dewar !
Berwick, Port Royal Mts., 2500 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris !
Somerset Woods near Mandeville, Harris it Britton 1 Fl. Jam. 5652, 10,60&,
11,260.

A high "timbefr tree with wide-spreading branches, without spines.
Leaves G-18 cm. 1., 4-5-10- cm., br., ovate-elliptical or oblong-elliptical,
glabrous, entire ; nerves 3; reaching" to the apex, somewhat prominent
beneath; petioles 5-12 mm. 1. Inflorescence corymbose, 2 cm. or less,
young parts and buds densely yellow-puberulous. Caiyx-segments fleshy,
two-pitted inside. tVuit subglobular, 16-20 mm. in diam. ; pericarp hard
arid .brittle.. Seed of the samae shape, solitar'y.

Z. JuJuba Lam. introduced from the tropics of the Old World,-has
become naturalized in the Liguanea Plain. It is a small spiny tree ;
leaves 2-5-G*5 cm. 1., roundish to. ovate, covered beneath with a dense
woolly pale-coloured tomentum ; fruit fleshy and mealy.

2. KRUGIODENDRON Urb.

• Shrub or tree, without spines. Leaves ; lower on the branches
genferally alternate the upper generally opposite or subopposite,
peiininerved, siibkathery, entire, persistent. Infloi-escencecymose,
. umbel-like, few-flowered, glabrous. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Calyx 5-(4-6)-parted below the middle ; tube very short, flattish,
persistent beneath the fruit ; lobes keeled inside, narrowly
triangular, acute. Petals wanting. Stamens equal in number
tq the sepals, anthers opening laterally inwards. Disk a fleshy
ring surrounding the base of the ovary. Ovary free, 2-celled in-
appearance only, the two partitions free from each other and not
quite reaching the opposite walls. Ovules 1 in each compart-
ment. Styles 2, more or -less united. ' Drupe with scanty flesh •

Krugiodendron

KHAMNACEiE

65

putamen thin, bony, almost always 1 -celled. Seed with coat
adherent to the endocarp ; endosperm none. Cotyledons almost
semiglobular.

Species 1 , native of Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West Indies
as far south as St. Vincent.

K. fepreum TJrh. Symh. Ant. Hi. 314 (1902) & in. 375; Britt.
<& Millxp. Bah. Fl. 256. Rhamiius ferreus Vahl in West St. Croix
276 (1793) (nan^e only) & Symh. Hi. 41, /. 58 (1794). Zizyphus
emaro;inatus Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1954 (180^). Ceanothus ferreus
DC. Prodr. ii. 30 (1825). Scutia ferrea Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat.

Fifr. 30. — Krugiodendron ferreuvi Urb.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and C, Ovary cut lengthwise X 10.

flowers X §. D, Ditto cut across x 20.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 4. E, Fruit cut lengthwise X 3.

(E after Sareent.)

ser. 1, X. 363 (1827). Condalia ferrea Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
100 (1859). Khamnidium ferreum Sarg. Gard. d For. iv. 16
(1891) & Silv. ii. 29, t. 58. (Fig. 30.)

Black Iron Wood.

Wright 1 March 1 Blue Mts. (Tweedside ; Westphalia road, 3500 ft. ;
Content road, ItiOO ft. ; ijear Uinchona) ; Grandvale, Wesimoreiand, 500 ft. ;
Long Mt., 80J It. ; Great Goat Is. ; Pedshnm, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Hairis !
Healthshire Hills; Harris & Brittonl i\. Jam. 5030, 5723, 5797, 7090,
8593, 8935, 9306, 9316, 10,521, 10,9i4, 10,982, 10,993, 11,186.— Distribution
of get)U3.

Tree 15-50 ft. high. Leaves 3-0 cm. 1., ovate to roundis-h-elliptical,
apex obtuse, usually* emarginate. Inflorescence 7-14 mm. 1. Flowers
greenish-yellow, with a strong almond-like od ur. Calyx 2' 6-3 mm. 1.
Stamens shorter than the calyx. Drujie 7-9 mm. 1., black.

V. F

66

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Savcoviphalus

3. SARCOMPHALUS Griseb.

Trees. Leaves glabrous, entire. Panicles axillary and
terminal, branches alternate, few-flowered, corymbose. Flower.s
small. Calyx 5-lobed, top-shaped ; tube persistent beneath the
fruit ; lobes spreading, keeled on the inside. Petals 5, hooded,
long-clawed. Disk covering the base of the calyx. Stamens 5,
free, as long as the petals ; anthers opening laterally inwards
in bud ; filaments recurving later. Ovary surrounded by the
disk, free ; style simple, shortly 2-lobed. Drupe dry, superior ;
putamen 2-celled, thick, bony ; cells 1-seeded.

Species 5, natives of the West Indies.

S. laurinus Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 100 (1859). S. foliis *fec.
Browne Hist. Jam. 1 70 : A. liohijiwn Jc. inrd. d Mf. Ilhamnus

I'ig. 31. — Sarconipfialus laurinuji Giiseli.
A, Purtion of liiaiich with leaves and 0, Petal and Btarnen from the Itud x 11.

flowers X ?.
B, Howcr-hud cut lengthwise, the petals
enclosing the stamens x 7.

D, Flower >♦ 7.

E, Fruit cut across ; c, cell ; ?•, resin-

cell X 2.

Sarcomphalus L. Syst. ed. 10, 937 (1759) A Amam. v. 395, 377.
Ceanothus? Sarcomphalus DC. Prodr. ii. 30 (1825); Macf. Jam.
i. 210. (Fig- 31.) A specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn,
named by Linnfeus.

Sarcomphalus RHAMNACE^IS 67

Bastard Lignum Vitae.

In fl. Apr.-Aug. ; in fr. July, Aug. ; Wright ! Broughfon ! between
Kingston and Albion on Windward road, Macfadyen I March ! Fort Hen-
derson; Liguanea plain; Long Mt. ; GampheU\ Great Goat Is., 150 ft.;
sea-coast near Bull Bay; Long Mt., 500 ft.; hill near Perry, Liguanea
plain, 200 ft.; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 5883,6410,6499,6558, 9207,9305, 9571,
9574, 9613, 10,035, 10,384.

Tree 12-45 ft. high, to 2J ft. thick ; bark thick, scaly, branchlets some-
times sparingly armed with pungent axillary spines, glabrous but inflor-
escence more or less puberulous. Leaves 3-9 cm. 1., ovate to broadly
ovate or even roundish or elliptical, apex obtuse, emarginate, leathery,
penninerved; petioles -5-1 cm. 1. Inflorescence and young buds more or
less covered with ferruginous tomentum. Panicles shorter than the
leaves, puberulous or glabrous ; pedicels 2 • 5-5 mm. 1. Floioers greenish-
yeUow or tawny-yellow. Calyx about 3-5 mm. 1. ; lobes slightly
thickened at apex' Petals 5, about as long as the calyx, acuminate-
linear. Stamens recurved in the open flower. Dish white, waxy. Drupe
2-celled, ellipsoidal-globular, about 9 mm. 1., 8 mm. br. Seeds hemi-
spherical.

The wood is hard, of a dark colour and close grain ; it is looked upon
as one of the best timber woods in the island. (Browne.)

Var. Faweettii Kr. (t JJrh. in Notizhl. Bot. Gart. Berl. i. 319
(1897) & Symh. Ant. i. 357 ; leaves with apex obtuse or generally
obtusely acuminate, membranous ; inflorescence and calyx densely
ferrugineous-tomentose ; pedicels 1 '5-2 mm. 1.— Rhamnusfoliis&c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 172, t. 12, f. 1.

In fl. Dec. ; near Bull Bay, 200 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6677.

Rhamnus Sarcomphalus L. was referred by Rafinesque to his Sarcom-
phalus retusus (Sylva Telluriaua, no. 124, 1838) ; if correct, this would be
the earliest tenable name, but Rafinesque's description of the genus as
having a tetramerous apetalous flower suggests Bhamnus rather than
Sarcomphalus.

4. COLUBRINA L. C. Rich.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves penninerved or 3-nerved at base ;
stipules small, soon falling. Inflorescence axillary, paniculate
with umbelliform cymules. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes keeled on the
inside, spreading, triangular-ovate, tube persistent confluent with
the fruit (a cupule). Petals 5, inserted below the disk, clawed,
hooded. Stamens 5, enclosed by the petals. Disk 5-cornered
or 5-10-lobed, thick, covering the tube of the calyx. Ovary
immersed in the disk aind confluent with it, 3-celled ; style
3-lobed or 3-branched. Fruit subglobose, capsular, 3-coccous,
cocci splitting open on the inner side. Seeds flattish-
ellipsoidal, with scanty endosperm ; cotyledons round, flat or
incurved.

Species about 26, chiefly natives of tropical America and
subtropical N. America, one widely dispersed through tropical
regions of the Old World.

68 FLORA OF JAMAICA Coluhrina

Leaves entire, penninerved.

Leaves rusty-tomentose beneath (rarely glabrate).
Capsule with cupule reaching half-way from

base 1. C, ferruginosa.

Leaves minutely puberulous beneath or glabrate.
Capsule with cupule reaching one-third from

base 2. C . reclinata.

[Leaves serrate, 3 -nerved at base, glabrous C. asiatica.']

1. C. ferrugfinosa Brongn. in Ann.Sc.Nnt.ser. 1, x. 360 (1827) ;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 100 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 377. C Colubrina
Mills}), in Field Col. 3Ius. Bot. ii. G9(1900); Britt. & MilUp.
Bah. Fl. 258. Rhamnus arboreus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 172.
R. colubrina Jacq. Enum. 16 (1760), Sel. Stirp. Amer. 74, &
Ed. jiict. t. 74. R. obscurus Schrauk in Syll. PI. Nov. Ratishon.
202 (1824). Ceanothus colubrinus Mac/. Jam. i. 212 (1837).

Greenheart, Snake Wood, Black "Velvet, Wild or
Mountain Ebony.

In fl. Sept.-May, in fr. Oct.- July; Wright \ Swart z \ Moneague,
Prior\ MarchX J.P. 2023, Morris\ Corby, St. Cruz Mts., 1500 ft.; Soho,
St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 9G86, 12,026.— Florida and Keys,
Bahamas, West Indies as far south as Antigua and Barbados.

A specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, named in Dryander's
hand " Ehamnus obscurus Swartz." The specimen mentioned by
Schrank is probably of the same collecting.

Tree 20-40 ft. high ; branchlets rusty-tomentosc. Leaves 4-13 cm. 1.,
ovate-elliptical, elliptical, or oblong-elliptical, apex obtuse, or shortly and
bluntly acuminate, usually dark brown and glabrous above, paler and
more or less covered with rusty tomontum beneath, or glabrnte except the
nerves, entire, penninerved, olten with a few dark roundish glands beneath.
Inflorescence: peduncle 5-10 mm. 1., pedicels shorter than the peduncle.
FiaM;er« greenish. Calyx rusty-tomentose on the outside; lobes 2 mm. 1.
Petals about 2 mm. 1., very shortly clawed. Stamens about 3 mm. 1.
Style 3-lobed at apex. Capsule globular-top-shaped, 6-7 mm. in diam.,
7-8 mm. 1., twice as long as the cupule, black. Seeds about 4 mm. 1.,
flattened-ellipsoidal or roundish, black, shining.

The seeds are shot out by the elastic dehiscence of the cocci, which
separate when ripe. The lower halves of the side walls of the cocci are
thinly membranous and separate somewhat in the form of a valve, bending
outwards, thus separating the cocci. Suddenly the splitting along the
inner angle of the coccus extei ds upwards to the apex and about halfway
down the back of the endocarp with a noise like the cracking of glass, and
the seed is shot several feet away. In some cases the dehiscence of the
cocci is not simultaneous, and the seeds from the one which opens first,
the middle coccus, is unable to escape suddenly and merely drops out
later (see fig. 32).

The seeds of this and other species are used for making necklaces and
other ornaments.

2. C. reelinata Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, x. 369 (1827) ;
Griseh. op. cit. 101 ; Sarg. Silva ii. 49, t. 66 ; Urh. torn. cit. 378 ;
Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl. 257. Ceanothus reclinatus L'Herit.
Sert. Anal. 6 (1 788) ; Macf. Jam. i. 211. Rhamnus arborescens &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 172, L 29, f. 2. R. ellipticus Sw. Prodr. 50

Colubrina

RHAMNACE^

69

(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 497 ; Ait. Hort. Kew i. 265 ; A. Bohimon
Ic. ined & Ms. (Fig. 32.)

In fl. July-Feb. ; in fr. Dec-Mar. ; Wright ! Port Koyal Mts. ; near
Halfway Tree; Macfadyenl March \ Fort Clarence Hill, 50 ft.; Bound
Hill, St. Cruz Mts., 2000 ft. ; dry rocky hills, Fort Henderson; Harrisl
Fl. Jam. 9540, 9701, 10,152.— Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West Indies as
far south as St. Vincent, Venezuela.

Tree 12-15 ft. high and more; branchlets glabrescent. Leaves 2-5-
7 "5 cm. 1., elliptical, acuminate, glabrous on upper surface, minutely

Fig. 32. — Coluhrina reclinata Brougu.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and

fruits X ?.

B, Flower x 7,

C, Unripe fruit with one lobe of calyx

still attached x 4.

D, Kipe fruit before splitting, cut across

x 2.

E, Ripe fruit beginning to split X 2.

F, Endocarp of one coccus after splitting

XIJ.

puberulous beneath, entire, penninerved, often with a gland on the margin
on each side near the base and an occasional one higher up. Inflorescence :
peduncle 3-8 mm. 1., pedicels longer than the peduncle. Flowers greenish.
CaZj/x puberulous on the outside ; lobes 1' 3 mm. 1. PetoZs about 1*2 mm. 1.,
BBssile. Stamens about 1"5 mm. 1. Style deeply divided into three.
Capsule globular, about 7*5 mm. in diam., three times as long as the
cupula, purplish-brown or orange-red. Seeds about 5 mm. 1., flattened-
ellipsoidal somewhat obovate, blackish, shining,

[C. asiatica Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, x. 369 (1827);
Griseb. loc. cit. ; Laws, in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 642 ; Guppy,

70

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Colubrina

Plants, dc. W. Indies, 200. Ceanothus asiaticus L. Sp. PI. 196
(1753) ; Cav. Icon. t. 440, Jig. 1. Type in Herb. Hermann in.
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Hoop Withe.

In fl. Apr. ; naturalized ; March 1 near Holland Bay on banks of
Plantain Garden river, Harns I FI. Jam. 11,952. — Old World tropics.

Bushy shrub, 12 ft. high, glabrous, with long trailing branches. Leaves
4-7 cm. 1., ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved at base, pinnate above.]

5. RHAMNUS L.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves penninerved. Flowers in axillary
clustered pedunculate cymes, hermaphrodite (in It. sphserosperma)
or polygamo-dicecious. Calyx 5-(4)-lobed ; tube free below the

Fig. 33. — Rhamnuti gphcerospei-ma Sw.
A, Leaf and inflorescence X j. D, Fruit cut lengthwise x 4.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 7.

C, Petal X 11.

E, Embryo x 3.

fruit ; lobes triangular, keeled inside. Petals 5 (4, or wanting),
hooded, inserted on the maigin of the disk above the ovary.
Stamens 5 (4) with very short filaments. Disk covering the
tube of the calyx. Ovary free, 2-4-celled, style 2-4-branched

Bhamnus EHAMNACEiE 71

or lobed. Drupe berry-like with 3 (2-4) pyrenes ; pyrenes not
splitting open or only slightly. Seeds smooth.

Species about 170, natives chiefly of temperate and subtropical
regions of America, Asia and Europe, few in the tropics, but not
occurring in tropical Africa, Australia or Polynesia.

R. sphserosperma Sw. Prodr. 50 (1788) & FL Ind. Occ. 499 ;
Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 377. Ceanothus? sphserocarpus DC. Prodr. ii.
30 (1825); Macf. Jam. i. 210. Frangula sphserocarpa Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 99 (1859). (Fig. 33.)

In fl. and fr. Jan.-July; Port Royal Mts., Macfadyetil Mount Teviot,
St. Andrew, Purdie\ Priori J.P. 1200, Hartl near Blue Mt. Peak;
Raymond Hall, 3500 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2800 ft. ; Harris 1 PI. Jam .
5219, 5681, 11,089; near Moneague, Britton 2663, 2713 1— Hispanlola,
Porto Rico.

Tree 15-25 ft. high. Leaves 7-17 cm. 1., elliptical, ovate-elliptical, or
ohlong-elliptical, shortly acuminate, serrate, glabrous on upper surface,
puherulous or glabrous beneath ; petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Flowers greenish.
Calyx 5-lobed, minutely puberulous outside; lobes 1*6-3 mm. 1. Petals
yellowish-white, 1' 3-1 "8 mm. 1. ; clawed, with an emarginate blade. Style
3-lobed. Fruit globular, about 7 mm. 1. ; pyrenes about 4 mm. 1., flattened-
ellipsoidal, somewhat 3-cornered.

6. RHAMNIDIUM Reissek.

Small trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, penni-
nerved ; stipules united together in the axil of the petiole.
Flowers white. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes triangular, keeled inside,
tube persistent in the fruit, not adherent. Petals 5, hooded,
clawed. Disk covering the tube of the calyx with free margin.
Stamens 5, enclosed by the petals. Ovary surrounded by the
disk, free, 2-celled ; style short, stigma 2-lobed. Fruit drupa-
ceous, superior, apiculate with the base of the style ; endocarp
membranous, 1 -2-celled. Seed without endosperm ; cotyledons
obovatf^ or elliptical.

Species 12, natives of Brazil, Cuba, two of Jamaica.

We have followed Urban in assigning the two following species to the
genus Rhamnidium. In each case only fruiting specimens are known,
and the character of the endocarp is tough and leathery — certainly not to
be described as membranous.

Apex of leaves obtuse or acute. Inflorescence

paniculate 1. B. jamaicense.

Apex of leaves shortly and bluntly acuminate.

Pedicels in clusters 2. B. dictyophyllum.

1. R. jamaicense TJrh. Symb. Ant. v. 409 (1908).

On sand dune, Great Pedro Bay, Harris I Fl. Jam. 9708.

Tree 30 ft. high. Leaves 4-6 '5 cm. 1., opposite or subopposite, ovate to
elliptical, apex obtuse or acute, base retuse or subcordate, papery ; petiole
1-2 cm. 1. Inflorescence (in fruit) few-flowered, paniculate, 2-3*5 cm. 1.;

72 FLORA OF JAMAICA Bhamnidium

pednnole 6-12 mm. 1.; pedicels 6-9 mm. 1. Fruit ellipsoidal-globose,
1-6 cm. 1., 2-celled.

2, R. dietyophyllum Urh. in Fedde's Bepcrtorium, x'm.
459 (1914).

Somerset woods, near Maudeville, Harris d Britton I Fl. Jam. 10,006.

Tree 35 ft. high. Leaves 6-10{-12'5) cm. 1., opposite or subopposite,
elliptical or ovate-elliptical, apex shortly aud bluntly acuminate, base
rounded, sometimes oi.soletely cordate, papery- leathery ; petiole 6-10 mm. 1.
Inflorescence (in fruit) sessile, few-flowered, clustertd; pedicels 4-7 mm. 1.
Fruit ellipsoidal-globose, about 15 cm. 1.

7. GOUANIAJacq.

Shrubs climbing high by means of tendrils, formed by the
moditication of the ends of branchlets. Leaves penninerved,
large ; stip'jl< s soon falling. Flowers small, polygamous. Inflor-
escence racemose or spicate, axillary and terminal ; in Q. lupu-
loides the flowers are in clusters on a peduncle. Calyx, tube
adherent to the ovary, lobes 5. Petals 5, inserted below the
margin of the disk, hooded. Stamens 5, enclosed at first by the
petals, inserted on the margin of the disk. Disk 5-lobed ; lobes
alternate with the stamens. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-celled;
style 3- branched. Fruit inferior, crowned by the persistent
calyx ; 3- winged, 3-coccous ; cocci not splitting open, separating
from the axis. Seeds convex, with scanty endosperm ; cotyle-
dons roundish.

Species about 50, chiefly natives of S. America, also of tropical
Africa and Asia, one of Polynesia, none of Australia.

G. lupuloides Urh. Si/mb. Ant. iv. 378 (1910). G. domingensis
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1663 (1763); Wright 3Iem. 214; Sw. Obs. Bot.
387 ; Marf. Jam. i. 209 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 101. G. glabra
Jarq. Sel. Stirp. Amtr. 264, t. 179,/. 40 & Ed. pict. t. 264,/. 96.
Lupulus sylvestris Ac. Pink. Phtjt. t. 201, / 4. Radix fruti-
cosa &c. Sluane Cat. 214 & Hist. ii. 185, /. 232,/. 2, 3. Banisteria
lupuloides L. Sp. PI. 427 (1753). Rhamnus sarmentosus &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 172. R. domingensis Jacq. Enum. 17 (1760).
(i*ig. 34.) Specimen from Plukenet in Herb. Sloane xcvi. 158.

Chaw-stick, Chew-stick.

In fl. Aug.-Nov. ; in fr. Nov., Dec. ; Wright ! Macfadyen 1 Wilson I
Yallahs valley, 1700 ft. ; Gordon Town road, 750 ft. ; Iron Face, Chester
Vale 3000 ft. ; Hope Gardens ; Harris I Bobertsfield, Fawcett I Fl. Jam.
6841, 8424, 10,0;i4. — Florida, Bahamas, West Indies as far south as
Grenada, Central America.

Shrub traihng over shrubs and trees to 20 ft. long, supported by the
tendrils. Leaves 5-9 cm. 1., ovate to elliptical, usually shortly and bluntly
acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, crenateserrate, serratures distant,
often little developed, with or without minute glands, glabrous, glabrescent,
or glabrate, nerves tapering towards the margin. Inflorescence pubescent,

Gouania

RHAMNACE.3E.

73

not tomentose. Flowers yellowish-green. Calyx pubescent outside, 1"5-
2 mm. 1., lobes about 1 m. 1. Petals as long as the calyx- lobes. Capsule :
•wings 8-9 mm. 1. Seeds 2 5-3 mm. 1.

This species is an agreeable bitter, used as a substitute for hops in
ginger-beer and cool drinks. The infusion has been used in cases of

A, Leaf and inflorescence X J.

B, Flower X 7.

C, Fruit X 2.

Fig. 34. — Gouania lupuloides Urb.

D, Fruit cut across x 4.

E, Seed X 4.

debility to restore the tone of the stomach. It has been recommended for
dropsy. In powder it forms an excellent dentifrice. A tincture also is
used as a wash in disease of the gums. Chew-stick is also a substitute
for the tooth-brush itself. (Macfadyen.)

Family LXII. VITACE^ (AMPELIDACE^).

Woody vines, with a copious wateiy sap and with swollen
jointed nodes, climbing by means of tendrils which are sterile
peduncles or sometimes simple branches of the flowering peduncles.
Leaves alternate, simple or digitately 3-foliolate, stipulate. Inflor-
escence paniculate, opposite the leaves. Flowers greenish-yellow
(red in Cissus microcarpa), regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual.

74 FLORA OF JAMAICA Vitis

Calyx small, with 4 or 5 teeth or lobes. Petals 4 or 5, soon
falling, valvate. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to
them, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes. Disk
between the stamens and ovary. Ovary generally surrounded
by the disk, usually 2-celled ; cells with 2 ascending anatropous
ovules. Fruit a berry, usually 1-2-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded.
Seeds with cartilaginous endosperm, at the base of which is the
short embryo.

Species, 400 to 450, natives of tropical and subtropical regions.

Inflorescence paniculate with main axis indeterminate,

but branches cymose 1. Vitis.

Inflorescence spike-like 2. Ampelocissus.

Inflorescence corymbose 3. Cissus,

1. VITIS L.

Shrubby climbing plants with tendrils opposite the leaves or
produced from the ends of the peduncles. Leaves simple, variously
lobed. Inflorescence with main axis indeterminate, but branches
cymose, with or without a tendril. Flowers polygamo-dioecious,
the male flower like the hermaphrodite, but with longer stamens
and an undeveloped pistil. Calyx cup shaped with 5 teeth, more
or less indistinct. Petals 5, cohering at the tips, the whole
corolla usually separating from the base before expansion and
soon falling away. Disk of 5 hypogynous glands adhering more
or less between themselves and to the base of the ovary. Berry
2-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, pear-shaped.

Species about 80, natives of the northern hemisphere, espe-
cially of the temi)erate regions.

V. tiliSBfolia Humh. & Bonpl. ex Roem. <t ScJiult. Syst. v. 320
(1819) ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 379. V. fructu minore &c. Sloane
Cat. 171 & Hist. Jam. it. 104, /. 210,/. 4. V. vinifera sylvestris
«tc. Pluk. Phyt. t. 249,/. 1. V. sylvestris etc. Browne Hist. Jam.
178. V. Abutili folio &c. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) 257, t. 259,
/. 1. V, labrusca L. Sp. PL 203 (1753) (in part, as regards syn.
Pluk. & Sloan.). V. indica Sw. Obs. Bat. 95 (1791). V. caribaea
DC. Prodr. i. 634 (1824) ; Wright Mem. 256 ; Macf. Jam. i. 181 ;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 102; Planch, in DC. Monogr. v. 330;
Small FL S.E. U.S. 756. (Fig. 35.)

Water Withe, Wild Grape.

In fr. Sept. ; Sloane Herb. vii. 31 1 and Petiver's coll. clxii. 229 1 Wright I
BroughtonX Masson\ Macfadyenl McNab\ Prior; March \ Blue Mts.,
Hitchcock; J.P. 887, 1016, Morrisl near Brown's Town, 1000 ft.; near
Troy, 2000 ft. ; Harris 1 PI. Jam. 7086, 93G7.— -U.S.A. (Florida to Louisiana
and Texas), Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Bar-
tholomew, Guadeloupe, S. America to Ecuador.

Stem sometimes as thick as 2 dm. in diam., running up to the top of
high trees, giving ofi few branches. Branches, young leaves and inflor-

Vitis

VITACE^

75

escence covered with reddish or whitish tomentum, persistent on under
surface of older leaves. Leaves '5-2 dm. 1., cordate-roundish, mucronate-
toothed, undivided or obscurely angulate-3-lobed, rarely divided into 3 to
6 cuspidate lobes. Berries globular, G-7 mm. in diam. Seeds 2 or 3.

" The fruit, though somewhat austere, with its sweetish piquancy is
not unpleasant, and is very much eaten as well by way of desert as made
into tarts. The vine growing on dry hills in the woods where no water is

i'ig. 35. — Vitis tilimfolia Uumb. & Bonpl.

A, Portion of stem with leaf, fruit, and D, Fruit of V. lahrusca cut lengthwise,

tendrils X !. enlarged.

B, Bud throwing off the united petals X 7. E, Seed of ditto cut lengthwise,'enlarged.

C, Ditto, petals having fallen x 7. F, Ditto cut across, enlarged.

(D, B, F after A. Gray.)

to be met with, its trunk, if cut into two- or tliree-yards-long pieces, and
held by either end to the mouth, there issues out of it so plentifully [about
a pint] a limpid, innocent and refreshing water or sap as gives new life to
the drougthy traveller." (Sloane.) " By proper management and with
little expense, a generous rough wine might be made from the fruit."
(Wright.) '• The berries make first-class jelly." (C. F. Baker on ticket of
specimen.)

2. AMPELOCISSUS Planch.

Shrubby climbers ; tendrils branches of the flowering peduncles.
Leaves simple, entire or lobed. Flowers polygamo-moncecious or

76 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ampelocisaua

hermaphrodite, in a spike-like inflorescence. Calyx cup-shaped,
with 5(-4) lobes or subentire. Petals (in Jamaican species) 5,
touching valvately with the margins infolded, apex of each free
from the rest, spreading during flowering. Disk hypogynous,
forming a ring adherent to the base of the ovary. Berry sub-
globose, 2-4-seeded. Seeds boat-shaped or 3-cornered, or (in
Jamaican species) triangular-ovoid.

Species 65, natives ot the tropics, chiefly in Africa and Asia,
but also in America and Australia.

Young branches and underside of leaves with reddish

woolly cobwebby hairs. Leaves 3(-6)-lobed 1. A. Bohinsonii.

Young branches and underside of leaves with whitish
hairs. Leaves not lobed, or sometimes with a small
lobe on each side above the middle 2. A. Alexandri,

1. A. Robinsonli Flancli. in DC. Monogr. v. pi. 2, 415 (1887);
Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 16. Irsiola scandens foliis cordatis trifidis v.
pentatidis rugosis, baccis nigris niajoribus racemosis A. liobinson
ex Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 316. Cissus rugosa DC. Prodr. i. 629
(1824) ; Macf. Jam. i. 179 (1837).

Longville, Clarendon Mts. A. Robinson. — Hispaniola.

Branches slender, younger covered with reddish woolly cobwebby hairs.
Leaves 4-10 cm. in diam., alternate, cordate-ovate, 3-lobed, sometimes
with 2 other lobes at base, 5-nerved, toothed, puberulous on the upper
surface, with reddish woolly cobwebby hairs beneath. Calyx subentire.
Petals oblong. Stamens 5. Ovary surrounded by the disk. Berries as
large as the common grape (fide Robinson). Seeds triangular-ovate.

"The general aspect of this plant is exactly that of a true vine."
(Plancbon.)

2. A. Alexandri Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 15 (1909); Britton in
Bull. Torr. But. CI. xxxix. 12 (1912).

In fl. and fr. Dec; Mt. Diablo, Prior; Union Hill, near Moneague,
1500 ft. ; Brxtton d Hollick 2767.

Branches (flowering) to 35 mm. thick, with whitish hairs. Leaves
14-20 cm. 1., 11-14 cm. br., cordiform, deeply and broadly cordate at the
base, apex long and narrowly acuminate, not lobed, or with a small
triangular lobe on each side above the middle, margin irregularly crenate,
with very short and sparse hairs on upper surface, with short hairs beneath,
especially on the nerves, membranous, 5-nerved. Calyx 5-lobed, *5 mm. 1.,
lobes about as long as the tube. Petals 1*5 mm. 1. Berry depressed
globose, black, shining, 1-5 cm. in diam. Seeds 2 or 3, depressed-obovoid,
slightly rugose, rather deeply and broadly grooved, 5 mm. 1., 4 mm. br.
The description of the berry is from Britton loc. cit.

3. CISSUS L.

Shrubby plants, generally climbing by means of tendrils.
Leaves simple or 3-foliolate. Inflorescence a corymbose cyme,
divided more or less umbellately, generally opposite a leaf.

Cissus VITACEiE V7

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-monoecious. Calyx short,
subentire. Petals 4, ovate-oblong, spreading during flowering,
distinct or sometimes more or less cohering before flowering.
Disk 4-lobed. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Berry l-(4)-
seeded. Seeds ovoid or obtusely 3-cornered.

Species about 300, mostly natives of the tropics.

Leaves simple 1. C. sicyoides.

Leaves with 3 leaflets.

Flowers greenish-yellow. Leaflets 1-5-5 cm. 1.,

deeply toothed above the middle 2. C.trifoliata.

Flowers red. Leaflets 6-10 cm. 1., setaceous-serrate 3. C. microcarpa,

1. C. sieyoides L. Syst. ed. 10, 897 (1759) & Amoen. v. 376 ;
Jaeq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 22, t. \b k El. pict. t. 20; Wright Mem.
250, 412; Sw. Obs. Bot. 48; Riscourt. Fl. Ant. v. 29, t. 311.
Macf. Jam. i. 178 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 102 ; Planch, in DG.
Monogr. v. 521 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 757 ; Urb. Si/m'K Ant. iv. 379 ;
Britton Fl. Berm. 229 ; Britt. & Mil'sp. Bah. Fl. 260. Bryonia
alba geniculata &c. Shane Cat. 106 & Rist. i. 233, t. 144, /. 1.
Irsiola scandens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 147, t. 4, /. 1, 2.
Spondylantha aphylia Presl Bel. Haenk. ii. 35, t. 53 (1836)
(a monstrous form of the inflorescence with branches and flowers
in whorls). Vitis sicyoides Morales in Poi^y Bepert. i. 206 (1866) ;
Bah. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 202 ; Urh. in Engl. Jahrb. xv. 324.
Type in Herb. Linn.

Snake Withe, Wild Yam, Yaws Bush, Bastard Bryony.

In fl. after rains throughout the year ; St. Jago de la Vega ; Rio Gobre !
Black River ; SLoane Herb. iv. 89, 90 1 Browne ; Broughton ! Distin !
McNab\ Wilson\ Prior; March \ Charlemont, near Ewarton, 1000 ft.;
Green Valley, Blue Mts., 1800 ft.; Harrisl Providence road, near
Castleton, Thompson ! Port Antonio, Lucea, Hitchcock. Fl. Jam. 6672,
6767, 7664. — Bermuda, Florida, Bahamas, West Indies, Margarita, Curasao,
Aruba, Tres Marias Is., tropical continental America.

Glabrous. Stem with tendrils, climbing or creeping; branches jointed,
rounded. Leaves simple, variable, oblong to cordate-ovate, or ovate, base
generally subtruncate or wedge-shaped, minutely toothed, teeth bristle-like,
far apart, 5-15 cm. 1, Cymes usually shorter than the opposite leaf,
forking 2 or 3 times. Flowers small, greenish-yellow or white or purplish.
Berry obovoid-globose, black, 8-10 mm. 1.

This species climbs to a great height on trees and rocks, sending down
bundles of long cord-like fibres, which take root when they reach the
ground. Even when the stem is cut across the upper part still survives
and roots again by the descending fibres. It is trained to cover arbours,
affording a clo.-e shade, remaining green in the driest seasons. It is
used as an application to sores (e.g. yaws), and as a substitute for
adhesive plaster. The leaves bruised in water make a lather like soap.
(Macfadyen.)

2. C. trlfoliata L Syst. ed. 10, 897 (1759) (uon Sp. PL ed. 2,
170 (1762) which is C. microcarpa Vahl); Jacq. Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 23; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv 380, Brilt. & Mdlsp. loc. cit.

78 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cissut

Sicyos trifoliata L. Sp. PI. 1013 (1753). Cissus acida L. Sp. PI.
ed. 2, 170 (17G2) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 49 ; Jacq. Ihrf. Schoeiihr. i. 14,
/. 33 (excl. syn. Bumph.) ; Mocf. Jam. i. 179; Grisch. loc. cit. ;
Planch, torn. cit. 534 (excl. var.) ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 757.
Bryonoides trifoliatum indicum &c. Pluk. Phyt. t. 152, /. 2.
Bryonia alba triphylla geniculata, foliis crassis acidis Sloane
Gat. 106 ck Eht. i. 233, /. 142,/. 5, 6. Irsiola triphylla scandens
et claviculata itc. Browne Hist. Jam. 147. Vitis trifolia minor ikc.
Plum. PI. Amrr. (Burm.) 259, /. 259, /. n. A specimen in Herb.
Linn, named C. acida by Linnaeus with a specimen of another
species on the same sheet.

Sorrel Vine.

In fl. May-Sept. ; near St. Jago de la Vega ; Rio Gobro ; Sloaiie,
Herb. iv. 87, 88 ! Brougliton 1 Distin ! March 1 Great Goat Is. ; Cane River
valley, 300ft.; Great Pedro Bay; Jlarrisl Fl. Jam. 9300, 9G34, 9939.—
Florida and Keys, Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Rico, Vieques,
St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Colombia, Guiana.

Glabrous. Stem climbing with tendrils over shrubs and low trees ;
branches somewhat succulent, more or less jointed and flexuose. Leaves
with 3 leaflets ; leaflets fleshy, obovate-wodge-shapcd, deeply toothed above
the middle, 1*5-5 cm. 1. ; teeth close together, spreading. Cymes long-
stalked, longer than the opposite leaf. Flower.^ long-stalked, greenish-
yellow or creamy-yellow. Petals slightly hooded at apex. Berry ovoid-
globose, mucronate, black, l-(2)-socded, G 7 mm. 1.

All parts of the plant have an acid taste. This species can be used like
the preceding to cover arbours. The monstrous form {Spondylanfha)
occurs also in this species.

3. C. microcarpa Vohl Eclo<i. i. 16 (1796); C. trifoliata
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 170 (1762) (non cd. 1) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 50 ; Mac/.
Jam. i. 180; Griseb. loc. cit. (omitting syn. C. obovata, C. caustica,
C. intermedia) ; Planch, torn. cit. 546. C. alatus Jacq. Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 23 (1763) '(as regards syn. and hab. Jamaica). Bryonia
alba triphylla maxima Sloane Gat. 106 & Hist. i. 233, t. 144,/. 2.
Irsiola triphylla scandens, foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 147.
Vitis foliis ternatis «fec. Plum. Ic. ined. Hi. t. 167 & PI. Amer.
(Burm.) 258, /. 259, / 4. V. trifoliata Bak. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2,
212, /. 50,/. 2. (Fig. 36.) A specimen in Herb. Linn, named
G. trifoliata by Linnaeus. Specimen from Dr. W. Wright,
Jamaica, in Herb. Mus. Brit, named G. trifoliata by Swartz.

In fl. July-Sept. ; near St. Jago do la Vega, Sloane, Herb. iv. 91 1
Broughtonl Bertero ; Distinl Friar; March; J.P. 1044, 1198, Morris \
Annotta Bay, Thompson ! St. George, 2200 ft. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Green
Valley, St. Andrew, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6472, 76G2, 8759, 12,392.—
Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Surinam, Ecuador, Brazil.

Glabrous. Stem with few tendrils; climbing over trees, &c., to a
length of 90 ft. ; branches below 4-winged, above angled. Leaves with
3 leaflets ; terminal leaflets subrhomboid-elliptical, lateral obliquely ovate,
unequal-sided, all mucronate-serrate, 6-10 cm. 1. Cymes many-flowered,
shorter than the opposite leaf. Floioers small, red. Petals ovate-oblong.

Cissut

VITACE.^

79

I'ig. 36. — Cinnns microcarpa Valil.

A, Leaf and inflorescence X ?.

B, Flower bud X 4.

C, Flower X 5.

D, Flower with petals removed,

cut lengthwise X 11.

B, Ovary cut across x 11.

F, Fruit X 2.

G, Ditto cut lengthwise x 2.

usually free, sometimes cohering to form a lid. Berri/ ovoid-globose ;
about 8 mm. 1., purple.

C. quadrangularis L. Mant. 39 (1767) has 4 wings on the thick fleshy
stems, and simple leaves. It was introduced from the East Indies by
Mr. Hinton East.

C. (?) eucurbitacea Briiton in Bull. Ton: Bot. CI. xxxvU. 353
(1910).

Dry rocky hillside, Fort Henderson, Britton it Hollick, 1812 ; base of
Healthshire Hills, climbing to a height of 20 ft. on mangrove, &c., Harris d:
Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,512.

Woody, high-climbing vine. Stein to 7*5 cm. thick at base ; twigs and
leaves fleshy. Leaves 6-10 cm. 1., triangular-ovate, cordate, sinus wide
open, 5-nerved, pinnately veined, remotely dentate with apiculate teeth,
rough on both sides with short stiff hairs, or when old papillose ; petioles
2-3 cm. 1. Tendrils slender, 1-2 dm. 1. Flowers and fruit not known.

The position of the tendrils at the side of the leaf-base and the
bicollateral vascular bundles suggest that these specimens belong to the
Cucti/rbitacece.

80 FLORA OF JAMAICA Leea

Leea sambucina Willd. Sp. i. 1177 (1797) is naturalized in woodland
in the neighbourhood of Castleton Gardens. The flowers are small, white,
in corymbose cjnnes opposite the terminal leaf. The 5 stamens are united
below into a wide tube, deeply 5-lobed at mouth, adhering bolow to the
tube of the petals; anthers on inside of tube, alternate with the lobes,
united by their edges. The ovary is 6-celled, and berry subglobose
flattened at top, pur^le-blacls, with 6 seeds. The leaves are bi-ternate,
5-9 dm. I.

Family LXIII. TILIACE^.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or
subopposite, simple, entire, toothed or lobed. Stipules usually
present. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, generally cymulose,
cyniulea sometimes solitary, few-flowered, sometimes in corymbs
or panicles. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or sometimes poly-
gamous (Elifocarpux). Sepals 5 (4-7), free, or cohering, or united
into a bell-shaped calyx, generally valvate. Petals usually as
many as sepals, sepaloid (in Sloanea), or wanting, inserted round
the base of the receptacle. Stamens inuefinite, usually borne on
a development of the receptacle and free. Anthers 2-celled,
opening usually longitudinally or sometimes by a chink at the
apex {Sloanea and Elveocarpus). Ovary free, sessile on the recep-
tacle or gonophore, 2-10-celled. Style usually simple, awl-shaped,
with .as many lobes at apex as ovary-cells. Ovules attached to
the interior angle of the cells, anatropous or subanatropous.
Fruit 2-10-celled, or with only 1 cell developed, or the cells
divided longitudinally or transversely by partitions of later
growth between the seeds into many cells ; dry, drupe-like or
berry-like and not opening, or separating into cocci, or opening
by as many valves as true cells. Seeds solitary or indefinite;
endosperm fleshy, plentiful or scanty, very rarely wanting.
Embryo straight, rarely incurved ; cotyledons ovate or roundish-
cordate ; radicle next the hilum.

Species 380, dispersed through the world, numerous in the
tropics, fewer in temperate regions, wanting in alpine districts
and in the arctic and antarctic circles.

Herbs or shrubs.

Fruit covered with hooked prickles 1. Triumfetta.

Fruit a herbaceous capsule 2. Corchorus.

Trees.

Fruit berry-like 3. Muntingia.

Fruit a woody capsule 4. Sloanea.

1. TRIUMFETTA L.

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs, usually with star-shaped
hairs. Leaves variable in size and shape, often with 3-5 angles

Triumfetta TILIACE.E 81

or lobes, generally irregularly toothed-serrate, teeth sometimes
glandular. Flowers yellow, axillary or opposite the leaf, few or
densely clustered, sometimes a terminal raceme or panicle with
the leaves becoming small, bract-like, or wanting. Sepals 5,
often coloured yellow, the apex more or less concave or hooded
(in T. Bartramia shaped like a minute helmet), usually apiculate.
Petals 5, sometimes wanting, the base thickened or pitted
forming a gland, inserted round the base of the receptacle which
is more or less raised and bears the stamens and pistil (gonophore).
Stamens indefinite, inserted on the gonophore which is geneially
5-glandular and with a saucer-shaped expansion above (disk).
Ovary of 2-5 cells ; ovules 2 in each cell ; stigma 2-5-toothed,
Fruit subglobose, dry, glabrous, puberulous, or more or less
tomentose, covered with prickles, 2-5-celled, often splitting as
the pericarp and partition walls decay ; prickles hooked at apex
and hispid with minute hairs pointing backwards or glabrous, or
pilose. Roadside weeds.

Bur -weed, Bur-bush.

Species about 150, natives of tropical and subtropical regions.

Prickles of fruit glabrous 1. T. Bartramia.

Prickles of fruit hispid.

Body of fruit glabrous 2. T. semitriloba.

Body of fruit tomentose or puberulous with stellate
hairs.
Petals present.

Fruit 3-celled 3. T. hispida.

Fruit 2-celled 4. T. Sluanei.

Petals wanting.

Fruit 4-5 mm. in diam. Stipules 5-6 mm. 1.... 5. T. Lappula.
Fruit 2-2-5 mm. in diam. Stipules 2-5 mm. 1. 6. T. heterophylla.

1. T. Bartramia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1044 (1759); leaves with
minute stellate hairs on upper surface, stellate-tomentose beneath,
usually soft to the touch ; stipules 3-5 mm. 1., linear-awl-shaped,
glabrate on both sides with ciliate margins ; flower-bud broader
near the apex than below and 5-lobed ; sepals hairy outside, apex
helmet-like, long apiculate ; fruit 3 mm. in diam., tomentose,
prickles glabrous, half as long as diam. of fruit, or less. — Fawc. d:
Rendle in Journ. Bot. lix. 224. T. villosa kc. Browne Hist.
Jam. 233. T. rhomboidea Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 22 (1760);
Sel. Stirp. Amer. 147, t. 90, & Ed. pict. t. 134; Lindl. Coll.
Bot. t. 29; Macf. Jam. i. Ill; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 96;
Harv. & Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 227 ; Masters in Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 257
(in part) & in Booh. f. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 395 ; K. Schum. in Fl
Bras. xii. pt. 3, 132, t. 27, /. 1 ; Trim. Fl. Ceijl. i. 179 ; Sprague &
Hutch, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxix. 266 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 2,
1351. T. rhombesefolia Sw. Prodr. 76 (1788) ; Wright Mem. 274.
T. indica Lam. Encyc. Hi. 420(1789)? T. rhombifolia Stv. Fl.

v. G

82

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Triunifetta

Ind. Occ. 863 (1798). Lappula Benghalensis &c. Pluk. Phyt.
t. 41, f. 5. Bartramia indica L. Sp. PL 389 (1753). B. Lappago
Oaerin. Fruct. ii. 137, t. Ill (1791). (Fig. 37) Type in
Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit. Two specimens in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus. Specimen from Jacquin in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Paroquet Bur.

Wright I Macfadyenl Wilsonl Mt. Diablo; Hope estate; Priori —
Found throughout the tropics, naturalized iu Florida.

Uiulcrshriib or perennial herb, to 3 ft. and more high. Leaves
4-8 (2-5-9) cm. 1., broadly ovate or rhomboid, 3-5(-7)-nerved, often some-

Fig. 37.— Triumfetta Bartramia L.

A, Portion of flowering branch X §. D, Fruit X 4.

B, Flower-bud x 4. E, Priclile from fruit X 11.

C, Flower cut lengthwise x 4. F, Fruit cut across X 4.

(A after K. Schumann.)

what 3-lobed, irregularly toothed, teeth sometimes glandular. Sepals
6-8 mm. 1., narrowly oblong. Petals two-thirds as long as sepals, obovate-
oblanceolate. Stamens about 15. Ovary of 2 or 3 cells, with 1 or 2 ovules
in each cell, secondary walls arise between the ovules if two develop in a
cell, so that an ovary may become 4- or 6-celled. Gonophore and ring
present. Fruit 2-6-celled ; partition walls not easily recognised, as they
are soft and soon decay, liberating the seeds ; seed-coats hard.

The bark soalied for 8 or 10 days in water, then washed and dried,
makes a white strong hemp. (Wright.)

2. T. semitriloba Jacq. Enum. 22 (1760) (excl. syn.), Sel.
Stirp. Amer. 147 & Hort. Vindoh. in. t. 76 (omitting the fruit);

Triumfetta TILIACE^ 83

leaves generally stellate-tomentose and soft to the touch on both
sides; stipules 5-8 mm. 1., base deltoid to lanceolate, awl-shaped
above, glabrous on upper surface, hirsute beneath ; sepals scarcely
hooded, shortly apiculate, with minute stellate hairs outside or
glabrescent; pistil: parts in threes; fruit 4-5 mm. in diam.,
glabrous, 3-celled, partition walls bony, thick ; prickles hispid. —
L. Mant. 73 ; Mac/. Jam., i. 110 ; Masters in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind.
i. 396 ; K. Schum. torn. cit. 134 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 760 ; Sprague
& Hutch, torn. cit. 262; Britton Fl. Berm. 231 ; Britten & Millsp.
Bah. Fl. 263 ; Faioc. & Rendle torn. cit. 225. T. I^appula Hemsl.
Bot. Chall. Exp. Bermuda 23 (non L.). Lappula Bermudensis etc.
Pluk. Phyt. t. 245, /". 7. Specimen from Plukenet in Herb.
Sloane xcvi. 128, and specimens from Hort. Vindob. without
fruit in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Houstoun ! Wright ! Distin 1 St. Mary, McNab I Wilson ! Moneaguo,
Pricn-\ near Cinchona, J. P. 939, 1144, Morris\ near Ewarton, 950 ft.,
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6617 ; Port Morant ; Port Antonio ; Porus ; Lucea ;
Hitchcock ; Newcastle and road thither ; ]\It. I)iablo ; Ridley ! — Florida,
Bermuda, Bahamas, West Indies, tropical continental America, Mauritius,
Tenasserim.

Undershruh or hcrh woody below, 2-7 ft. high, and more ; stems above
tomentellous or more or less with silky hairs. Leaves 4-10 (2 •5-20) cm. 1.,
broadly ovate, subcordate, 3-lobed or 3-angled, the middle lobe larger
3-5(7)-nerved, upper leaves ovate to oblong and lanceolate or linear-
oblong, apex generally acuminate, irregularly toothed, teeth sometimes
subglandular. Sepals 5-8 mm. 1., narrowly oblong. Petals somewhat
shorter than the sepals, oblong-oblanceolate. Stamens 15-25, filaments
generally hairy at base. Carpels 3, gonophore and disk present. Seeds
1 or 2 in each cell.

3. T. hispida A. Bich. in Sagra Cub. x. 81 (1845) ; leaves
pubescent — mostly with long simple hairs and sometimes minute
stellate hairs, on upper surface, stellate-tomentose beneath ;
stipules 6-7 mm. 1., lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous on upper
surface, hairy beneath ; sepals long apiculate, with whitish
villose down outside ; carpels 3 ; fruit 3-4 mm. in diam., tomen-
tose, 3-6-celled, prickles hispid. — Griseh. in Bonplandid (1858) 3
& Fl. Br. W. Ind. 96.

Wright [ Broughtonl Bancroft \ Spanish Town road, McNab \ March I
Hope estate. Prior 1 Norbrook, Liguanea plain, 600 ft., Campbell ! Fl. Jam.
6123 ; Constant Spring, Ridley ! — Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola, Yucatan,
Panama, Colombia, Ecuador.

Undershrub. Leaves 2 -5-7 cm. 1., ovate, with or without 3 angles or
lobes, acute or acuminate, irregularly toothed, teeth sometimes glandular.
•Sepals 5-8 mm. 1. (and more), linear-oblong. Petals somewhat shorter
than the sepals, narrowly elliptical narrowing towards the base. Stamens-
about 20. Qonopliore and disk present.

4. T. Sloanei Faivc. & Bendle in Joum. Bot. lix. 225 (1921) ;
leaves with minute stellate hairs on the upper surface, stellate-
tomentose beneath, usually soft to the touch ; stipules thread-

84 FLORA OF JAMAICA Triumfetta

like with a short lanceolate base, hispid ; sepals linear, apex
incurved slightly but not hooded, shortly apiculate, puberulous
outside; carpels 2; fruit 3-3 "5 mm. in diam., tomentose,
2-celled ; prickles hispid, two-thirds as long as diam. — Agrimonia
lappacea kc. Shane Cat. 92 it Hist. i. 211. Types in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

St. Jago dc la Viga, Sloayic Herb. iv. 31! Constant Spring, liidlcy !

Undcrshrub. Leaves 3-7 cm. 1., ovate or rhomboid to lanceolate,
3-5-nervod, often somewhat 3-lobed, base obtuse to acute, somewhat
regularly toothed. Sepals 5-7*5 mm. 1., •8-1-2 mm. br. Petals
4*5-6 mm. 1., 1*3 mm. br. near apex, oblanceolatc. Stamens about 15.
Gotwphore and disk present.

5. T. Lappula L. Sj>. PI. 444 (1753) ; (excl. syn. Pluk. & Slo(me)
base of leaves often subcordate ; stipules 5-G mm. 1., ovate-
triangular, long acuminata, glabrous on upper surface, hairy
beneath ; sepals 3-4 mm. 1. ; petals wanting ; carpels 2 ; fruit
4-5 mm. in diam., puberulous with .stellate hairs, prickles hi.spid. —
Jitcq. Etniiii. PI. Carib. 22 & Sel. Stirp. Amer. 146; Lam.
Eiicyc. Hi. 419 & lUnstr. t. 400; Dexc Fl. Ant. ii. 133, /. 101 ;
Mac/. Jam. i. 109; Grisch. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 95; Ilemsl. in Biol.
Cent. Am. Bot. i. 138 ; Urh. Sijmh. Ant. iv. 384 ; Sprague d- Hutch,
torn. cit. 262, t. \1, f. 11. T. fructu »kc. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.)
253, t. 255. T. Plumieri Gacrtn. Fruet. ii. 137, t. Ill (1791).
Specimen in Herb. Linn, with leaves only, named by Linnreus.
A similar specimen in Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright \ Macfadycn\ Kingston, Prior \ near Gordon Town, Ball\
Constant Spring; Port ^lorant; IlitcJicock ; Charlemont, near Ewarton,
1000 ft.; Hope road, 700 ft. ; Harris\ Fl. Jam. GG14, 8217.— West Indies,
tropical continental America, Cape Verde Is. and Mauritius.

Herb woody below, or undeislirub, 2-5 ft. high, velvety with stellate
down. Leaves 4-12 cm. 1., roundish or ovate, with or without 3-5 angles
or lobes, upper gradually getting smaller, and sometimes oblong, very
irregularly toothed, stellate-tomentose on both sides, or only beneath with
scattered stellate hairs on the upper surface, soft to the touch. Inflorescence
paniculate, leafy at the base ; peduncles and pedicels 2 3 mm. 1. Sepals
linear-oblong, hooded, shortly apiculate, hairy outside. Qonophore minutely
tuberculate, hairy ; glands and disk wanting. Stamens 10(6-15). Fruit
normally 2-celled, but with the development of both ovules in one cell or
in both cells sometimes apparently 8-4-celled.

6. T. heterophylla Lam. Encijc Hi. 420 (1789) (excl. syn.);
ba.se of leaves usually wedge shaped ; stipules 2-3'5(-5) mm. 1 ,
lanceolate, acuminate, apex hairy, base glabrous on both sides ;
sepals 4 '5-6 mm. 1. ; petals wanting; carpels 2; fruit 1*5 mm.
in diam., tomentose, prickles hispid. — Hemsl, torn. cit. 137 ;
K. Schum. in Fl. Bras, xii.pt. 3, 139, t. 27,/. 2.

Hanover, Purdie I — Central America and tropical South America.
Herb woody at the base, or undershrub, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves 4-11 cm. 1.,
ovate, acuminate, with or without 3-5 angles or lobes, upper subrhomboid

Triumfetta TILIACE/E 85

to oblong-lanceolate, usually irregularly toothed, more or less tomentose.
Peduncles and pedicels 1-5-2 '5 mm.l. Sepals linear, very shortly apieulate,
hairy outside. Stamens about 10. Gonophore very short, without glands,
disk indistinct.

2. CORCHORUS L.

Herbs, undershrubs, or small shrubs, with simple or some-
times stellate hairs. Leaves serrate, usually with stipules soon
falling. Peduncles 1 -few- flowered, very short, axillary or
opposite a leaf. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals and petals 5 (4).
Stamens indefinite or sometimes twice as many as the sepals,
free, inserted on the receptacle. Ovary 2-5-celled ; ovules
numerous in each cell. Capsule sometimes pod-like, sometimes
short or subglobose and covered with hairs, loculicidally
2-5-valved, with many seeds, sometimes with transverse par-
titions between the seeds. Seeds hanging or horizontal, with
endosperm ; embryo generally curved, with leafy cotyledons.

Species about 55, natives of the tropics.

Calyx more than 4 mm. 1.
Leaves with teeth equal.

Capsule 2-celled, with 4 short erect points at apex... 1. C. siliqiiosus.

Capsule 3-celled ; beak erect '2. C. orinocensis.

Capsule 4-celled, woolly 3. C. hirsiitus.

[Leaves with 2 lowest teeth ending in a long bristle.

Capsule 5-celled C. olitorius']

Calyx not more than 4 mm. 1. Capsule 3-celled, horns

horizontal, when ripe 4. C. (cshians.

1. C. siliquosus L. % PI. 529 (1753) & ed. 2, 74G : leaves
with teeth equal ; calyx G-7 mm. 1. ; capsule 2-celled, not beaked
but with 4 short erect points at apex, transverse partitions
wanting.— WrigJd Mem. 281 ; Sic. Obs. Bot. 219 ; Macf. Jam. i.
106 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 97 ; Urb. Symh. A7ii. iv. 382 ; Small
Fl. S.E. U.S. 760 ; Britt. & Milhp. Bah. Fl. 262. C. linearis
Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Corchoro attinis chamssdryos etc. Sloane
Cat. 50 & Hist. i. 145, t. 94, /. 1. Coreta foliis minoribus &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 147 1 Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn,
named in Solander's hand.

Broom Weed.

In fl. after rains, Sloane Herb. ii. 122 1 Bwivnel BrougJitonl Mac-
fadyenl Ptp-dicl Wilson \ March [ Moneague, Prior 1 Blno Mts., Bothrock ;
Kingston ; Bog Walk ; Porus ; Port Morant ; Port Antonio ; Hitchcock ;
sea-coast, Priestman's river district; Whitehall, St. Thomas; Harris \
Liguanea plain, Campbell \ Golden Spring, Thompson\ Fl. Jam. 5955,
6156, 6178, 8037. — Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West Indies, continental
America from Texas to Guiana and Colombia.

A somewhat shrubby herb, 1 to 3(-6) ft. high ; stem and branches
usually with a line of short hairs. Leaves small, variable in size, 2-4 cm. 1.
(4 mm.-7 cm. 1.), ovate, acute or acuminate, or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous
or with a few hairs on nerves beneath ; petioles hairy on upper surface.

86

l-LOU.V UF JAMAICA

Corchorua

Flowers 2 together or solitary. Petals 5-6 mm. 1. Capsule 3"5 5(-8) cm. 1.,
linear, glabrous but minutely puberulous along the line of separation
between the valves ; transverse divisions wanting, but sometimes indicated
by lines. Seeds 3-angular with truncate ends, blue-black, about 1 mm. 1.

Browne's description does not agree with the usual flowering specimens,
Linn?cus {Sp. PL ed. 2, 740) appears to think that his description refers to
Howcrs in the spring.

2. C. orinocensis //. B. d K. Nov. Gen. d- Sp. v. 337 (1823) :
leaves with teeth equal ; calyx 7-8 mm. 1. ; capsule 3-valvecl,
glabrous, with erect beak and transverse partitions.^ — Urh. Symh.
Ant iv. 382. C. pilobolus aitri. viult. (non Link, fide Urban).
C. hirtus var. orinocensis K. Sriiuui. in Fl. llras. xii. pt. 3, 127
(188G). (Fig. 38.)

Valley of llio Cobre, Prior \ Kingston, Grabhaml Hope Grounds,
700 ft., Jlarrisl Fl. Jam. 6856.— Cuba, Porto Rico, Ciuadoloupe, Dominica,
St. Vincent, Cura<jao, Arizona, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia.

Fig. 38. — Corchortis orinocensis H. B. & K.

A, Portion of stem in flower X s.

B, Flower X 3.

C, Capsule cut across Ijcfore splitting

X5.

D, Capsule opened and most of tlie

seeds fallen out, nal. size.

E, Seed cut lengthwise x H.

F, Ditto cut across X 11.

Cor chorus TILIACE^ 87

Herb, woody below, with 1 or 2 branches, to 3 ft. high, densely
puberulous on one side, at length glabrate. Leaves 3-10 cm. 1., ovate to
lanceolate, acuminate, on branches often narrowly elliptical, glabrous, but
middle nerve generally with a few hairs; petioles 9-13 mm. 1., densely
puberulous on the upper surface; stipules 3-4 mm. 1., thread-like,
puberulous. Peduncles 1-flowered, 3-4 mm. 1. in flower, 5-6 mm. 1. in
fruit, puberulous, at length glabrate, generally 2 together. Petals
4-5 mm. 1. Ovary 3-celIed. Capsule 4-6 cm. 1., linear-cylindrical; beak
4-5 mm. 1. Seeds about 1*2 mm. 1., of irregular-cubical shape, somewhat
angular, black.

Kunth described the capsule as 2-celled without mention of transverse
partitions, but in all the specimens that we have seen, it is as described
above. Urban, who has seen the type specimen, has determined the
specimens from Prior and Harris as G. orinocensis. The species is closely
allied to the widely distributed Old World C. trilocularis L.

3. C. hirsutus L. Sp. PI. 530 (1753) ; leaves with teeth equal ;
sepals 6 mm. 1. ; capsule 4-celled, woolly with a short erect
beak. Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) t. 104; Jacq. Set. Stirp. Amer.
165 & Ed. pict. t. 157 ; Griseh. loc. cit. ; Urh. loc. cit. ; Britt. &
Millsp. Ball. Fl. 262. C. lanuginosus Macf. Jam. i. 108 (1837).

Liguanea, Broughton 1 on Windward road between Albion and the
eleventh milestone ; near Mocha House, St. David's ; Macfadyen ! McNab !
Wilson ! gravel of Falls river. Prior I March ! Kings House, J. P. 13.'51,
Morris I Liguanea plain ; Rock Fort ; Campbell 1 Mona woodland, Harris 1
PL Jam. 5780, 5888, 6253, 6543.— Bahamas, West Indies, tropical Africa.
There is an interpolated specimen in Sloane's Jamaican Herbarium vol. iv.
before fol. 58, but there is no evidence that it came from Jamaica.

Undershrub 2-5 ft. high, covered with soft star-shaped pubescence.
Leaves 2-4*5 (6) cm. 1., oblong-ovate, lanceolate, or elliptical. Peduncle
bearing a cluster of 2-6(-8) pedicels. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals
obovate, about as long as the sepals. Stamens indefinite, shorter than the
petals, with the ovary on a slightly raised receptacle, which is saucer-
shaped ; anthers versatile. Ovary 4-celled. Capstde 12 mm. 1., oblong-
ellipsoidal, "oblong-conical, curved so as to resemble the form of the
cornucopia.'" (Macfadyen.) Seeds irregularly ellipsoidal, smooth,
1*5-2 mm. 1., black.

[C. olitopius L. Sp. PL 529 (1753); leaves with the two
lowest teeth pointing backward, and ending in a long bristle ;
calyx 7-8 mm. 1. ; capsule 5-celled, beak long, erect, valves with
transverse partitions between the seeds. — Lam. Encyc. ii. 103 &
Illustr. t. 478; Gaertn. FrucL 308, /. 64; BoL Mag. t 2810;
Macf. Jam. i. 108 ; Masters in Oliv. FL Trop. Afr. i. 262 Ai in
Hook. f. FL Br. lad. i. 397; Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 97;
K. Schum. in FL Bras. xii. pt. 3, 126 ; Watt Diet. Econ. Prod.
Ind. & Comm. Prod. Ind. ; Britt. <& Millsp. Bah. Fl. 262. Alcea
cibaria &c. Pluk. Phyt. t. 127, /. 3. Specimen in Herb. Linn,
named by Linnaeus.

Jews Mallow.

Naturalized, Black River, Harrisl Fl. Jam. 9961, 12,499.— Wild and
cultivated in India and tropical Africa, naturalized or cultivated in most
tropical countries. Specimens in Plukenet's Herbarium in Herb. Sloano
xcv. 28 ; xcix. 37 !

88 FLORA OF JAMAICA Corchorua

Annual herb, 1-9 ft. high ; stems woody at the base, usually glabrous.
Leaves 7-10 (2-12) cm. 1., oblong-ovate, apex acute, base usually truncate,
glabrous. Floivers solitary or 2 together. Petals as long as, or longer
than, the sepals. Capsule 5-7 cm. 1., with the projections made by the
seeds distinct, prominent. Seeds l"5-2 mm. 1., brownish, triangular-
rhomboidal, roughish with raised lines.

This species is used as a pot-herb; the loaves afford a substitute for
spinach. In India the emollient leaves arc used in infusion as a refrigerant
in fevers and also in dysentery ; the dried plant toasted and powdered is
used in visceral obstructions. The commercial fibre, jute, is obtained
from this species and from C. capsularis L.]

4. C. SBStuans L. Syst. ed. 10, 1079 (1759) & Am<xn. v. 379 ;
leaves with the two lowest teeth equal to the rest or one or both
ending in a bristle ; calyx 3-4 nun. 1. ; capsule 3-cellecl, 6-angled
with 2 or 3 of the angles Avinged, beak with 3 entire or *J-tid
horns, horns becoming horizontal, transverse partitions indicated
by raised lines. — Jacq. Hort. Vindoh. t. 85 ; Lam. Encyc. ii. 104 &
Illustr. t. 478 ; Gaertn. Fruci. 308, /. G4 ; DC. Prodr. i. 504 ;
Mac/. Jam. i. 107 ; Grisch. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 97 ; Fawc. d Bendle
in Journ. Bot. lix. '225. C. coreta Ehagren, Ammn. v. 398.
C. acutangulus Lam. loc. clt. ; DC. Prodr. i. 505 ; Wight Icon. t.
739 ; Mai<t. in Oliv. Fl. Trap. Afr. &, in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind.
t. 398; Griseh. loc. cit. ; K. Schuin. in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 125,
t. 26,/. 2; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 381 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 1351.
C. campestris Mac/. Jam. i. 107. Lysiiuachia non papposa etc.
Pluk. Phyt. t. 44, /.I. C. olitorius L. {Fl. Zeyl. 213, speci-
mens in Herb. Hermann). Triurafetta subvillosa ifec. Browne
Hist. Jam. 232, /. 25, /. 1. Type, lU-owne's specimen, in
Herb. Linn.

Brovme ! Rock Fort, Broughton I Macfadycn. Plukenet's specimens in
Herb. Sloane xciii. 11 ; xcvi. 1681 Tropics of both worlds.

Annual or perennial herb; stem woody at the base, hairy all over or
along one line. Leaves 3-7 (2-8) cm. 1., ovate, sometimes roundish,
rarely oblong-lanceolate, acute, base rounded, petioles hairy. Flowers
2-3-cIustered. Sepa^ broader above. Petals 3-4mm. 1., obovatc-cUiptical,
shortly clawed. Capstile l-5-2-5(-3) cm. 1., glabrous. Seeds disk-like,
thick, scarcely angular, dark brown, usually less than 1 mm. 1.

3. MUNTINGIA L.

Small tree, with stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple,
toothed, stipulate. Peduncles 1-flowered, 2 or 3 together,
axillary or supra-axillary. Sepals and petals 5 (6, 7). Stamens
indefinite, free, inserted round the outside of the cup-like disk.
Ovary surrounded by hairs. Cells of the ovary and berry 5 (6, 7) ;
pLacenta in each cell hanging from the apex, 2-cleft, densely
covered with numerous ovules ; stigma sessile, sublobed. Fruit
a berry. Seeds very small, enclosed in pulp ; embryo in the

Muntingia

TILIACE.'E

89

middle of endosperm, straight ; cotyledons small, continuous
with the thick radicle.

Species 1, native of Jamaica, Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola,
Trinidad, and tropical continental America.

M. Calabura L. Sp. PI. 509 (1753) & Amoen. v. 379 ; Jacq.
Sel. Stirp. Amer. 166, t. 107 & Ed. pict. t. 158; Gaertn. Fruct. i.

Fig. 39.— Muntingia Calabura L.

A, Portion of flowering branch X §.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 2.

C, Ovary maturing, cut across, showing

the 2-c!eft placeuta, X 4.

D, Ditto cut lengthwise to expose the

placenta, one branch of which is cut

across below to show how it is folded
X 4.

E, Fruit cut lengthwise x 3.

F, Fruit cut across x 3.

G, Seed cut lengthwise, enlarged.

(F, G after Karsten.)

285, U 59 ; Sivartz Ohs. Bot. 211 ; Tussac Fl. Ant. iv. 59, /. 21 ;
Descourt. Fl. Ant. v. 243, /. 308; Mac/. Jam. i. Ill ; Griseh. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 98; Karst. Fl. Col. ii. 55, t. 128; K. Schum. in Fl.

90 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mnntingia

Bras, xii.pt. 3, 166, /. 34, f. 1. M. pedunculis uuifloris L. Hovt.
Cliff. 202 (1737). M. fruticosa etc. Browne Hist. Jam. 245.
M. rosea Karst. loc. cit. (1862). Loti arboris folio angustiore etc.
Shane Cat. 162 & Hist. ii. 80, /. 194,/. 1. (Fig 39.) Specimens
in Hort. Clift'. in Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Linn,

In fl. and fr. throughout the year; near Ferry and Guanaboa, Sloane
Herb. vi. 801 Houstoun\ Droughton\ Shakspcar\ Macfadyenl McNabl
Wilson; dry bed, Falls river, Priori March] J. P. 684, Jcnnianl Green
Vallev, MoiTisl also Cradwickl Liguanea plain, GOO ft., Campbell [ also
700 ft., Harrisl Fl. Jam. 5717, 6555.— Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola,
St. Vincent, Trinidad, tropical continental America.

Tree 10-M) it. high, or shrub ; brauchlets densely covered with villose
hairs, generally mixed with glandular hairs. Leaves 4-11 cm. 1., oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base oblique, semicordate, puborulous or
glabrate on upper surface, tomentose beneath with stellate hairs ; petiole
2-6 mm. 1. ; stipules linear, longer than the petiole. Pedicels 1-2*5 cm. 1.
Sepals 8-12 mm. 1., lanceolate, with thread-like acumen. Petals white,
sometimes rosy, about as long as, or slightly longer than, the sepals,
obovate. Stameyis half as long as the petals. Bern/ red, globose, crowned
by the prominent stigmas, about 12 mm. in diam.

4. SLOANEA L.

Trees. Leaves alternate or subopposite, entire or toothed,
penninerved ; petiole swollen just below blade ; stipules soon
falling. Flowers solitary or in racemes, panicles or clusters
axillary or terminal. Calyx-segments 4-5, valvate (or imbricate).
Petals none or 1-4, imbricate. Stamens indefinite, covering the
broad disk between the petals and the ovary ; anthers linear,
opening by a chink. Ovary 3-5-celled ; ovules several in each
cell. Style simple (or divided into 5 branches). Capsule woody,
or leathery, densely covered with bristles, or velvety, 5-3(1 )-celled,
loculicidal. Seeds 1-8 or indefinite, pendulous, with an aril ;
endosperm present ; cotyledons broad, somewhat fleshy.

Species over 60, natives of tropics.

S. jamaieensis Hook. L. PI. tt. 693-696 (1844); Griseh. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 98 ; Benth. in Journ. Liun. Sac. v. Suppl. 2,71 (1861).
S. foliis (fee. Browne Hist. Jam. 250. S. emarginata L. Amoen. v.
379 (1760) (non Sp. Pi). Sloana Phm. Nov. PI. Amer. Gen. 48,
t. 15. (Fig. 40.)

Break-axe tree. Iron Wood, Lignum durum.
In fl. March, Sept. ; young fr. in Feb. ; St. Ann; Manchester; Hanover;
Purdie ! Albion Pen, St. Ann, Prior ! Ramble, Claremont, Fawcett £ Harris !
JIarshall's Pen, Mandeville, 2200 ft. ; near Troy, 2200 ft. ; Holly Mount,
Mt. Diablo, 2500 ft.; Croft's Mountain, Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Harrisl
John Crow (Blake) Mts. 1700 ft. Harris d Britton ! Fl. Jam. 6375, 7028,
8694, 8877, 10,760, 11,211. Type in Herb. Kew.

Tree to 100 ft. high and more, often 4 ft. in diam. Leaves elliptical,
sometimes obovate, apex shortly acuminate, sometimes obtuse, glabrous,
entire, or near apex wavy-toothed, 1-2 dm. 1.; petiole l"5-3"5 cm. I.

Sloanea

TlUkQ'&AL

91

Flowers yellowish-brown, solitary in axils of leaves near the ends of
branches. Peduncle 1-5-3 cm. 1., much increased in thickness in fruit.
Calyx 4-parted nearly, or quite, to the base ; segments broadly ovate,
shortly acuminate, somewhat leathery, velvety-puberulous on both sides,
12-17 mm. 1. Petals oblong, or oblong-ovate, subacuminate, sometimes
toothed, inserted under the hypogynous disk, with texture and hairiness
of the calyx. Disk fleshy. Stamens shorter than the petals ; filaments

Fig. iO.— Sloanea jamaicensis Hook.

A, Apex of twig with leaves and C, Ovary cut across X 4.

flowers X {. D, Capsule X J.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 2. E, Seed cut lengthwise.

(D, E after Hooker.)

very short, silky ; anthers linear, terminal, apiculate, 2-celled, cells
opening near the apex. Style awl-shapcd, overtopping the stamens ;
stigma acute. Capsule 10-11 cm. 1., 8-10 cm. in diam., somewhat
spherical with indications of 4 or 5 angles, woody, very hard and thick,
4-5-valved, 4-5-cellcd, the outside covered with straight bristles. Seeds 2
or^morc in each coll, covered with a yellowish fleshy aril.

92 FLORA OF JAMAICA

Family LXIV. MALVACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or tree.s. Leaves alternate, generally palmati-
nerved ; stipules free. Peduncles axillary and 1 -flowered, or
in racemes, clusters, or panicles, sometimes very short or the
flowers sessile. Bracteoles sometimes none or minute at the
joint of the peduncle, sometimes 3 or more, close to, or adherent
to the calyx, in a whorl or united cup-like, forming the
" involucel," like an outer calyx. Flowers regulai", hermaphrodite
or very rarely diiecious or polygamous. Sepals 5 (3-4), more or
less united into a cup ; lobes usually valvate. Petals 5, hypo-
gynous, usually adnate to the base of the stamiual column, the
basal margins often with hairs filling up the spaces l^etween the
claws, twisted and overlapping in bud. Stamens indefinite or 5
or 10, hypogynous, more or less unitetl ; the column sometimes
divided ahove into b l)undles ending in stamens, or more or less
covered with stamens, the bundles epipetalous. Anthers 1 -celled.
Ovary with 2 or more cells ; carpels in a whorl. Style simple
at the base, with as many branches abo\e as ovary-cells. Ovules
1 or more in the cells, attached to the inner angle, anatropous.
Fruit dry (in Malcnvincns berry-like), the ripe carpels sometimes
separating as cocci, not opening or 2-valved, sometimes united
into a capsule with an indefinite number of cells opening
loculicidally. Seeds with little endosperm. Embryo curved ;
cotyledons foliaceous folded or twisted and folded.

Species about 700, dispersed over the whole world, arctic
regions excepted.

§1. Staminal column bearing anthers at tho apex. "Car-
pels whorled, separating when ripe, but in Bastardia
forming a capsule.

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.
Involucel wanting.

Carpels with a transverse ring inside, dividing

each more or less into 2 cells 1. Wisnadtda.

Carpels without a ring 2. Abutilon.

Involucel of 3 bracteoles. Carpels with a trans-
verso partition 3. Modiola.

Ovules solitary in each carpel.

Involucel of 3 bracteoles 4. Malvastrum.

Involucel wanting.

Carpels with a transverse ring inside, beaks

pointing upwards 1. Wissadula.

Carpels in a star-like whorl, the inner walls

of which have more or less disappeared ... 5. Anoda.
Carpels with beaks curved towards the centre,

or without beaks H. Sida.

Carpels united into a capsule loculicidally
5-valved, valves with the partition in the
middle 7. Bastardia.

Wissadida MALVACEy!-: 93

§ 2. Staminal coluran bearing anthers on the outside,
the apex truncate or 5-toothed. Carpels separating
when ripe.

Flowers in dense heads with an involucre of leafy
bracts, but without involucel, except in M.

radiato in which the involucel is present 8. Malachra.

Flowers without an involucre, but with involucel.
Leaves with 1-3 glands beneath.

Involucel of 5 united bracteoles. Ripe carpels

covered with numerous barbed spines 9. Urena.

Leaves without glands.

Involucel of 5-8 herbaceous bracteoles, distinct
or united at base. Carpels without spines

or with 1-8 barbed spines at apex 10. Pavonia.

Involucel of indefinite bracteoles, herbaceous or

bristle-like. Carpels fleshy on the outside,

united into a berry, separating after a time 11. Malvaviscus.

§ 3. Staminal column bearing anthers on the outside,

the apex truncate or 5-toothed. Capsule splitting

open loculicidally, the carpels not separating.

Style-branches at length spreading or the stigmas
spreading. Seeds kidney-shaped.
Ovules 2 or more in each cell of the ovary. Brac-
teoles indefinite 12. Hibiscus.

Ovules solitary in each cell of the ovary. Brac-
teoles 5-10 13. Kosteletzkya.

Style thicker at the apex, undivided, or divided
into 5 short erect branches. Seeds obovoid or
angled.

Bracteoles 3-8, small 14. Thespesia.

Bracteoles 3, large, cordate 15. Qossypium.

§ 1. Staminal column divided at the apex into an indefinite
number of filaments bearing anthers at their apex.
Style branches as many as the cells of the ovary or the
carpels. Carpels whorled in a simple series, separating
when ripe from the axis, but in Bastardia forming a
5-valved capsule. Cotyledons foliaceous, folded in two,
or variously contorted in the folding.

1. WISSADULA Medic.

Shrubs, generally covered with white tomentum. Leaves
cordate. Peduncles axillary, with one or more flowers, the
upper flowers in a terminal panicle or interrupted spike.
Flowers yellow, small. Involucel wanting. Calyx 5-lobed.
Ovary with 5 cells ; ovules in each cell, one pendulous in the
lower portion, and two in the upper part ascending, or wanting
in the upper part in W. Fadyenii ; style-branches with capitate
stigmas. Fruit more or less top-shaped in form ; carpels beaked,
with the beaks pointing outwards, partially divided in the inside
by an incomplete transverse partition, except in W. contractu,
sometimes represented by a ring, opening by two valves.

94

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Wissadula

Species 37, natives of tropical America, one ranging also
through Africa and tropical Asia.

Ovary-cells with 3 ovules. Ripe carpels usually with
3 seeds.
Carpels constricted and divided into 2 cells.

Leaves ovate-triangular, base with bay open

and shallow 1. W. pcrij>locifolia.

Leaves ovate-elliptical, base with bay narrow

and deep 2. W. hernandioidcs.

Carpels scarcely constricted, not divided into 2 colls.
Leaves roundish-ovate, base with bay open and

acute 3. W. contracta.

Ovary-c«lls with 1 ovule. Ripe carpels with 1 seed... 4. W. Fadyenii.

A. Cells of the ovary with 3 ovules. Carpels with 3 seeds.

1. W. pepiploeifolia Presl Bel. Haenk. il. 117 (1836);
K. Schum. in Fl. Bran. xU. pt. 3, 441, t 77 ; B. E. Fries in
Svensk. Vet. Akad. Hundl. xliii. no. 4, 32 (var. antillarum) ; Urh.

I'ig. 41. — Wisnadula periploci/olia Viiisl.

A, Portion of flowering branch with leaf C, A single ripe carpel seen from the side

X S. X 3.

B, Fruit separating into its component D, Seed from upper part of ripe carpel x 7 .

carpels x 3. E, Seed from lower part x 7.

(A after K. Schumann.)

Wissadula MALVACEAE 95

Symh. Ant. iv. 386. W. zeylanica 3Ied{c. Malv. 25 (1787);
E. G. Bak. in Journ. Bot. xxxi. 70. Althaea Scaramonii <fec.
Pluk. Phyt. t. n,f. 7. Sida periplocifolia L. Sp. PL 684 (1753)
(non Herh.). S. erecta glabra &c. Broivne Hist. Jam. 280.
(Fig. 41.) Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Specimen from Plukenet in Herb. Sloane xcv. 39.

Houstoun ! Masson ! Swartz ; near Halfway Tree, McNab ! — Cuba, Porto
Rico, St. Cruz, Cannouan, Trinidad, tropical S. America, south-east
Asia.

Undershrub 3-5 ft. high ; younger parts of branches, and inflorescence
with brownish-grey tomentum and stellate hairs. Leaves 3-6(-14) cm. 1.,
ovate-triangular to lanceolate-triangular, narrowing gradually towards the
apex, the tip in Old World plants very long, tail-like, base more or less
cordate to truncate, bay very open and shallow, — not deeper than "5 cm.,
margin entire, 5(7)-nerved, upper surface darker than beneath, covered
with minute stellate hairs or subglabrous, beneath white or grey, more or
less densely and shortly tomentose, often mixed with brown hairs ;
petioles 1-3 cm. 1. ; stipules linear, acuminate, about 3 mm. 1., soon
falling. Flowers axillary, solitary or forming a terminal panicle, long-
peduncled, lower peduncles to 10 cm. 1. Calyx 2-3 mm. 1., cut about half-
way into triangular lobes. Petals about 5 mm. 1., white. Capsule
8-10 mm. in diam. ; carpels 5, very shortly puberuloias, beak with a short
point about 1 mm. 1. Seeds 3, 1-5-2 mm. in diam., upper triangular-
globose, subglabrous or minutely puberulous, lower obconical-globose,
truncate above, hirsute.

2. W. hernandioides Garcke in Zeitschr. f. Naturw. Halle
Ixiii. 122 (1890) (in part); K. Schuii. torn. cit. 439; Urh. Symh.
Ant. iv. 387 & viii. 411. W. periplocifolia var. hernandioides
Griseh. Cat. Cub. 25 (1866). W. amplissima B. E. Fries torn. cit.
48, It. 4, /. 1, 2; 6, /. 12-14 (1908) (excl. syn. L. & Plum.).
Alcea populi folio incano &c. Sloane Cat. 98 & Hist. i. 222 (in
part). Sida hernandioides L'Her. Stirp. H. 121, t. 58 (1789).
S. periplocifolia L. Herh. (in part); Sic. Ohs. Bot. 260 (1791).
Abutilon periplocifolium Sweet Hort. Brit. 53 (in part) ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 77 (excl. var. P). The Linnean Herbarium has
a sheet with two specimens from Browne labelled by Linnaeus
Sida 'peri])locifolia, the one on the left is W. hernandioides
Garcke, the other on the right is W. Fadyenii Planch.

Sloarie Herb. iv. 64, no. 1 ! Broivne ! Broughton ! Swartz ; Macfadyen !
McNab 1 I'arnell ! Linstead, Prim- 1 March ! near Gordon Town, Ball I
Green Valley, 1800 ft. ; Longville Park to Old Harbour ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam.
5452, 11,949. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, "Vieques, St. Cruz, St. John,
Guadeloupe, trop. cont. America, trop. Africa.

Undershrub or shrub 1-10 ft. high, branches above minutely stellate-
tomentose, at length glabrate. Leaves variable in size, 4-15 cm. 1., ovate
{to roundish-ovate), abruptly- or long-acuminate, base cordate, bay deep
(to 1'5 cm.) and usually narrow, margin entire, sometimes obscurely
toothed, 7(9)-nerved, nerves and veins beneath prominent, on the upper
surface glabrous or more or less densely tomentose, beneath lighter in
colour, tomentose with larger stellate hairs ; petioles l-6(-10) cm. 1. ;
stipules linear-acuminate, 5-10 mm. 1, ; for some time persistent. Flowers
axillary or in a terminal panicle; flowering peduncles 1(2) cm. 1., in

96 FLORA OF JAMAICA Wissadula

fruit 2-3-5 cm. 1. Calyx 3-4 mm. 1., divided about halfway into ovate-
triangular lobes. Petals 4(-6) mm. 1., yellow. Capsule 8-10 mm. in diam.,
subglobose, puberulous ; carpels 4 or 5, 7-8 mm. 1., beak acuminate, point
•6-1 -5 mm. 1. Seeds about 2 mm. in diam., upper globose-heart-shaped,
dotted and with minute white hairs, lower subovoid, truncate above, with
longer white hairs.

3. W. eontPaeta B. E. Fries in Svensk. Vet. Akad Handl.
xliii. no. 4, 60, t. 3,/. 1, /. 6,/. 24 (1908); Urh. Symh. Ant. viii.
412. W. heniandioides et rostrata and. (in part). Sida con-
tracta Link Enum. Hort. Berol. ii. 204 (1822). 8. Luciana DC.
Prodr. i. 468 (1824). Abutilon luciauum Sioeet Hort. Brit. i. 53
(1826) ; Urh. Symh. Ant. ». 4 15. A. periplocifolium Don j3 albicans
Oriseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 77 (1859).

St. Andrew's Mts., Purdie\ — St. Lucia, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad,
Guatemala, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil.

Shrub, younger parts tomentellous. Leaves 7 {'■i-V2) cm. 1. ; roundish
or ovate, acuminate, base cordate, bay open and acute, to 1 cm. deep,
margin entire, on both sides with very minute stellate hairs, on upper
surface at length glabrescent, beneath white-tomentellous and soft to the
touch, 7(9)-nerved, nerves and veins prominent beneath ; petiole 5 (1-9)
cm. 1.; stipules linear-lancoolate or linear, 3-7 mm. 1. Flowers in a
cylindrical contracted panicle; peduncles flowering "5 cm. 1. or less,
fruiting 1-1-5 cm. 1. Calyx 3-3-5 mm. 1., divided about halfway into
ovate-triangular lobes. Petals 3-5-4 mm. 1., (when dry) pale yellow or
white. Capsule G-9 mm. in diam., subglobose or above more or less
truncate, minutely puberulous, not obviously constricted ; cells not
divided; carpids 3-G, 6-7 mm. 1., point -5-1 mm. 1. Seeds 2-1^-5 mm. 1.,
2 mm. br., all similar, globose-pear-shaped, glabrous or more or less
covered with stellate hairs, hairy at the hilum.

B. Cells of the ovary with 1 ovule. Carpels with 1 seed.

4. W. Fadyenli Planch, ex B. E. Fries in Svemk. Vet. Akad.
Handl. xliii. no. 4, 30, t.lj. 1-2, /. 6, /. 2-4 (1908) ; W. divergeiis
E. G. Bak. torn. cit. 69 (1893) (in part). Alcea populifolio,
incano &c. Shane Cat. 98 & Hist. i. 222 (in part). Sida peri-
plocifolia Mac/. Jam. i. 85 (1837) (non L.) (excl. syn. Broione, Sw.,
Bich.). S. divergens Oriseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 77 (1859) (non
Benth.). Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, on sheet (right
hand) named by Linnseus Sida periplocifolia. Type specimen
from Macfadyen in Herb. Kew named by Planchon

Sloane Herb. iv. 64, no. 2 and Ixxxii. 39 1 Browne 1 Macfayden 1
Distin\ McNab\ Kingston, Priori Kingston, Hitchcock; Hope grounds,
700 ft. ; near Grove, 800 ft. ; Pedro Bluff ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6651, 6830,
9722. — Trinidad, Colombia.

Undershrub 1 to 4 ft. high, younger parts with yellow-brownish
stellate hairs. Leaves 5-8 (10) cm. 1., ovate-triangular, narrowing gradually
into a long tip, base truncate or cordate, margin entire, upper surface
covered with very minute white stellate hairt<, sometimes subglabrous,
beneath densely tomentose and soft to the touch, with larger stellate hairs
interspersed, 5-7-nerved, nerves and veins prominent beneath ; petioles
from very short to 4 cm. 1. ; stipules 4-5 mm. 1., thread-like. Flowers in

Wissadula MALYACE^ 97

the axils of the upper leaves and on a large terminal panicle ; peduncles
1-5-3 cm. 1., in axillary flowers to 5 cm. 1. Calyx 3-3'5 mm. 1., divided
about halfway into triangular lobes, purplish. Petals tawny-yellow or
orange, 4-5 mm. 1. Capsule about 6 mm. in diam. ; carpels rainutely
puberulous, 4 mm. L, point about '5 mm. 1. Seed one only, about
2 mm. 1., hirtellous, densely so towards the hilum.

2. ABUTILON Gaertn.

Herbs or shrubs, some few trees, usually with tomentum soft
to the touch. Leaves generally cordate. Flowers mostly axillary.
Bracteoles of involucel none. Calyx 5-lobed. Ovary with 5 or
more cells ; style-branches with stigmas at the apex ; ovules 3-9
in each cell. The ripe carpels united at the base or completely
separating, 2-valved. Seeds, upper usually ascending, the lower
pendulous or horizontal, somewhat kidney-shaped.

Species about 150, natives of tropical and subtropical regions,
some being widely dispersed.

Carpels with 3 ovules or seeds in each.
Petals erect or spreading, not reflcxed.

Flowers corymbose or subumbellate at ends of

branches. Petals 8 mm. 1 1. A. umhellatum.

Flowers solitary, sometimes also corymbose or
racemose at ends of branches.
Plant viscous-glandular. Petals nearly 2 cm. 1. 2. A. liirtum.
Plant not glandular.

Fruit light yellow, with long white simple

hairs, globose-inflated 3. A. crispum.

Fruit not as in yl. crispum.

Leaves beneath tomentose with very minute
stellate hairs.
Fruit tomentose with large stellate hairs,

12 mm. 1 4. A.indicum.

Fruit villose, 14-15 mm. 1 5. A.lciospermum.

Leaves beneath tomentose with somewhat

long stellate hairs. Fruit villose, 9 mm. 1. 6. A. permolle.
Leaves beneath tomentose with large and
small stellate hairs. Fruit tomentose

with minute hairs, 15 mm. 1 7. A. amcricanum.

Petals reflexed. Flowers in a panicle 8. A. gigantctim.

Carpels with G-8 ovules or seeds in each 9. A. pauciflorum.

1. A. umbellatum Sweet Hort. Brit. i. 53 (1826) ; leaves on
both sides with minute stellate hairs, denser beneath ; flowers
corymbose or subumbellate, corymbs becoming crowded at the
ends of stem and branches ; calyx 5-6 mm. 1. ; carpels 5-7, each
with 3 ovules or seeds, ripe 6-7 mm. 1., hirsute-tomentose,
awned conspicuously, awns about 2 mm. 1. ; seeds "■ brown, with
very minute tessellate markings and scattered yellow tubercles. —
Grisch. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 78 ; K. Schum. in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 373 ;

* The seeds of species of AbiUilon are described as seen under a com-
pound microscope with a two-third in. objective.

v. H

98 FLORA OF JAMAICA AhuHlon

Urb. Si/mh. Ant. iv. 384 «fe viii. 409. Sida umbellata L. Syst.
ed. 10, 1145 (1759) & Amcen. v. 401, 380; Jacq. Hort. Vindob.
t. 56 ; Cav. Diss. i. 28, t. 6,/. 3 it v. 275, t. 129,/. 2. Specimen
from Browne in Herb. Linn, named in Solander's hand.

Browne ! BrougJitoyi ! St. George, McNab ! Kingston, Prior ! Wind-
ward Road ; Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5976. — West Indies, IMexico, Colombia,
Venezuela, Peru.

Herb, annual or perennial, 1^-2^ ft. high, woody at the base, young
branches, also petioles, Yillosc-tom"entose. Leaves 3-7 (2-11) cm.l., roundish
to ovate, occasionally somewhat 3-lobed, more or less shortly and abruptly
acuminate, base cordate or subtruncate, 7{9)-nerved, crenate-serrate ;
petioles nearly as long as blade below, less than half above ; stipules
5-7(-10) mm. 1., linear, acute. Bracts 2-3 mm. 1. Calyx tomentose,
divided halfway or more into ovate-triangular lobes, acute or very shortly
acuminate. Petals 8 mm. 1., yellow, white-hairy at base. Seeds about

2 mm. I.

2. A. hirtum Sweet Hort. Brit. i. 53 (1826) ; plant glutinous-
Iiairy ; leaves on both sides soft to the touch, stellate-tomentose
with some long simple hairs besides, on upper surface glabre-
scent ; flowers solitary, axillary, more or less corymbose at ends
of branches : calyx 1 • 3-1 • 6 cm. 1. ; carpels about 20, each with

3 ovules or seeds, ripe 1-1 '2 cm. 1., blunt or very shortly apicu-
late, tomentose with moderately long stellate hairs or glabre-
scent ; seeds dark brown, covered with minute pit-markings,
with numerous minute stellate hairs, densely covered near hiluni
with larger stellate hairs. — Mast, in Oliv. Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 187 ;
K. Sclium. torn. cit. 384 ; Urb. Syrnb. Ant. iv. 385 &. viii. 409 ;
Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 763; Britt. d- Milhp. Bah. Fl. 265. A.
indicum v. hirtum Gri>^eb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 78 (1859). A. graveo-
lens V. hirtum Mast, in Hoolc. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 327 (1874) ,•
E. G. Bah. torn. cit. 213. Sida hirta Lam. Encyc. i. 7 (1783).

Distin ! McNab 1 Morant Bay, Wilsoii ! iloneague, Prior ! Liguanea
plain, 100 ft., Campbell \ near Mico College, Kingston, Harris \ Fl. Jam.
6099, 8869. — Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West Indies, trop. Africa, south-
eastern Asia.

Shrub or perennial herb, 3-10 ft. high, flowering in its first year,
flowering branches with three kinds of hairs — very short stellate, glutinose,
and long white hairs. Leaves 3-10 cm. 1., roundish to roundish-ovate,
sometimes indistinctly 3-lobed, apex mucronulate, obtuse, acute, or shortlj-
acuminate, base cordate, 7-9-nerved, irregularly serrate or creuate ; petioles
3-10 cm. 1.; stipules 7-9 mm. 1., linear-lanceolate, for some time per-
sistent. Peduncles 2-5 cm. 1., glutinous-hairy like the branches, jointed
above the middle. Calyx divided about halfway into triangular apiculate
lobes. Petals to nearly 2 cm. 1., very broadly subrhomboid-obovate, very
oblique, apex subretuse, the basal margin hairy, tawny-yellow or orange
with a reddish spot at the base. Staminal tube stellate-hairy. Seeds
2*5-3 mm. in diam., dark brown.

3. A. crispum Medic. Malv. 29 (1787); leaves on both sides
soft to the touch, more or less tomentose with very minute
stellate hairs, denser beneath ; flowers axillary, solitary, rarely

Ahutilon

MALVACEJ*:

99

with an additional peduncle from the same axil ; calyx 4-8
mm. 1. ; fruit yellowish, inflated, globose, of about 12 carpels,
each with 3(-l) seeds, ripe 10-15 min. 1., with minute scattered
down and usually long, subspiny hairs ; seeds brown-black, with
shallow pit markings, and a few minute hairs adpressed. — -Sweet
Hort. Brit. i. 53 ; WigJit Icon. t. 68 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Inch 79
Mast, in HooJc. f. FL Brit. Lid. i. 327 ; A. Gr. Gen. Fl. Amer
<. 126; K. Schmn. torn. cit. 382, t. 70; E. G. Bale. torn. cit. 213
JJrh. Symb. Ant. iv. 385. A. vesicarium crispum &c. Dill. Hort
Elth. 6, t. 5. A. aliud vesicarium &c. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.)
15, t. 25"-. Sida crispa L. Sp. PL 685 (1753) & Amcen. v. 380.

Fiy. 42. — Ahutilon crispum !Medic.

A, Leaf and flower X ?. C, Capsule, nat. size.

B, Flower cut lengthwise, calyx and D, Seed cut throu^li X 0.

petals removed, enlarged. (After A. Gray.)

8. erecta subvillosa &c. Broione Hist. Jam. 281 ; Car. Diss. i. 30,
t. 7, /. 1 & V. 275, t. 135, /. 2. Gayoides crispum Small Fl
S.E. U.S. 764 (1903); BritL & Millsp. Bah. Fl. 266; U7h. Symb.
Ant. via. 409. (Fig. 42.) Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Browne ! Kingston, Prior ! Windward road ; May Pen Cemetery ;
Campbell ! near Lititz, 500 ft. ; Healthshire Hills, 50 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
5991, 6365, 7312, 9529.— West Indies, Florida, Bahamas, trop. and sub-
trop. cont. America, south-east Asia, Bourbon.

Herb, trailing along the ground for 3 or 4 ft., or erect, woody at the
base, more or less stellate- tomentose and soft to the touch or pubescent.
Leaves 2-8 cm. 1., ovate, acute to shortly acuminate, base cordate, crenatc

IT 1

100 FLORA OF JAMAICA Abutilon

or serrate, 7-9-nervccl, petioles of lower leaves 4-5 cm. 1., usually decreasing
upwards and sometimes wanting; stipules 3-7 mm. 1., awl-shaped, some-
what persistent. Peduncles slender, jointed, 1*5-5 cm. 1. CaZ(/x divided
below the middle into lanceolate-triangular acuminate lobes. Petals
yellow, sometimes a little longer than, sometimes twice as long as, the
calyx, apex obtuse, somewhat oblique. Seeds about 2 mm. 1.

4. A. indicum Stccrt Hort. Brit. {. 54 (1826) ; leaves on the
upper surface with very minute stellate hairs, at first soft to the
touch, at length glabrescent, beneath tomentose-white and soft
to the touch with very minute stellate hairs ; flowers axillary,
solitary, often corymbose at ends of branches ; calyx about
1 cm. I. ; carpels 1 2-30, each with 3 ovules or seeds, ripe about
1 '2 cin. 1., tomentose with large stellate hairs, shortly apiculate ;
seeds, sui-face marked with minute pits, glabrous but more or
loss hairy at the hilum. — Wight Icon. t. 12; Griseh. Fl. Br. W.
Infl. 78 (extl. vara. y8 tt y) ; Mast, in 01 i v. Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 186 &
Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Lul i. 326 ; A'. Schum. torn. cit. 385 ; E. G.
Bah. torn. cit. 213; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 385 & viii. 410. Sida
indica L. Cent. PI. ii. 26 (1756); Cav. Diss. i. 33, t. 7, f. 10.
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnseus,

Ferry, 100 ft., Campbell [ Fl. Jam. 6160.— West Indies, trop. cout.
America, trop. Africa and Asia. The single specimen cited from Jamaica
is doubtful. It has glabrous seeds of A. indicum, but approaches A. hirtum
in indumentum of stems and leaves and in staminal tube covered with
small stellate hairs.

Uerh or nndershrub 3-5 ft. high, shrtib to 10 ft. high, flowering in its
first year, young parts covered with white-grey tomentum, usually with
long hairs as well. Leaves 3-5-9 (2-13) cm. 1., roundish-ovate to ovate,
apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate, more or less obviously 3-lobed, base
cordate, irregularly crenate or serrate, 5-7-nerved ; petioles long, as long
as, or longer than, the blade, or shorter to one-half ; stipules 3-5 mm. 1.,
linear to linear-lanceolate, persisting for some time. Peduncle longer than
the petiole, jointed near the flower, 3 6(-7) cm. 1. Calyx divided some-
what more than halfway into 5 ovate- triangular apiculate lobes. Petals
to nearly 15 cm. 1., longer than the calyx, yellow, oblique, roundish-
triangular, basal margin hairy. Staminal tube glabrous. Ovary sub-
globose, depressed above, tomentose. Seeds 2-2 5 mm. in diam.

5. A. lelospermum Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 79 (1859) ; leaves
on both sides soft to the touch and very minutely tomentose ;
flowers axillary, solitary; calyx 8-10 cm. 1. in fl., to 12 cm. in
fr. ; carpels 12-20, each with 3 ovules or seeds, ripe 1*4-1 '5
cm. 1., villous, cuspidate ; seeds, surface covered with yellowish
tubercles, glabrous. — Sida vesicaria Cav. Diss. ii. 55, t. 14,
f. 3 (1786)? The type from March named by Grisebach in
Herb. Kew.

Distin ! March ! — Cuba, St. Vincent.

Undershrub, young parts very minutely tomentose, and also with long
hairs. Leaves 4-10 cm. 1., roundish ovate, apex acuminate, base cordate
with a broad bay, 7-nerved, unequally broadly toothed, subtrilobed, pale
green on upper surface, glaucous-white beneath ; petioles 4-7 cm. 1., even

Ahutilon MALVACE-E 101

to 14 cm. Peduncles 4-7 era. 1. Calyx deeply divided into ovate apiculate
lobes. Petals l-3-l'5 cm. 1., varying much in width, yellow, obovate.
Seeds about 3 mm. 1., dark brown.

6. A. permolle Sweet Hort. Brit. i. 53 (1826) ; leaves on both
sides soft to the touch, on the upper surface with short stellate
hairs, beneath tomentose with longer hairs, and of a lighter
colour ; flowers axillary, solitary, becoming racemose or corym-
bose at ends of branches; calyx 8-10 mm. 1., slightly longer in
fruit ; carpels 7-10, each with 3 ovules or seeds, ripe 9-10
mm. 1., villose, with acuminate beaks ; seeds usually with minute
tubercles.— 6?r«se6. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 78; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 763;
Britt. & Milhp. Bali. Fl. 265. Sida permollis Willd. Enum. Hort.
Berol. 723 (1809).

Quarry, Spanish Town, Harris ! Fl. Jam. G757. — Florida, Bahamas,
Cuba, Cayman Is.

Undershrub 2-5 ft. high, pubescent on young parts. Leaves 2-9 cm. 1.
or more, ovate to roundish, apex acuminate to obtuse, baso cordate, 7-
nerved, crenulate ; petioles usually half as long as the blades or somewhat
longer. Peduncles jointed near the flower, somewhat shorter than the
petiole below, longer above. Calyx divided nearly to the base into ovate-
lanceolate segments, tube not angled. Petals 1"2-1"7 cm. 1., yellow,
obovate. Seeds 2 mm. in diam.

7. A. amerieanum Sweet Eort. Brit. i. 53 (1826); leaves on
upper surface more or less densely covered with stellate hairs,
beneath tomentose with large and small stellate hairs, on both
sides soft to the touch ; llowers solitary, axillary, becoming
crowded and corymbose at ends of branches ; calyx 12-14 mm. 1.,
to 15 mm. 1. in fruit ; carpels 7-12, each with 3 ovules or seeds,
ripe about 1"5 cm. 1.. tomentose, with a long acuminate beak;
seeds more or less covered with a network of minute whitish
hairs. — A. abutiloides K. Schum. in Fl. Bras, xii.pt. 3, 397 {in ohs.)
(1891) ; Britt. d Milhp. Bah. Fl. 265. A. lignosum G. Bon Gen.
Sijst. «. 501 (1831) ; J. Bich. in Snrjra Cuh. x. 57 (1845) ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Lid. 79 ; Urh. Sijmh. Ant. vi. 92. A. Jacquini G. Don
torn. cit. 503 (1831). Lavatera americana L. Syst. ed. 10, 1148
(1759) & Amain, v. 400, 380. Sida americana L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 963
(1763) ; DC. Prodr. i. ^70 ; Macf. Jam. i. 86. 8. abutiloides Jacq.
Ohs. i. n,t. 7 (1764) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 86 ; Urh. Si/mh. Ant. viii. 410.
8. lignosa Cav. Diss. i. 28, /. 6, /. 2 (1785). S. crassifolia
L'Herit. Stirp. 125, t. 60 (1788). Specimen from Browne in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnjeus Lavatera americana, another
specimen from Browne named by Linnaeus Sida americana.
Specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Broivnel Broughtoiil near Kingston, Prior ! Rockfort, near Kingston,
Grabhaml also Harris d: Brittonl Fl. Jam. 10,793. — Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispaniola, Mexico.

Shrub to 5 ft. high, young parts, petioles, under side of leaves, and
pedicels tomentose with stellate hairs mostly minute but mixed with

102 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Abutilon

fewer long stellate hairs. Leaves 2-13 cm. 1., broadly ovate, usually
acuminate, in small leaves (2 cm. 1.) very shortly acuminate, base cordate,
rarely sub-3-lobed, 7-9-nerved, nerves and veins prominent beneath,
crenate or irregularly toothed ; petioles one-third to two-thirds as long as
the blade; stipules to 1 cm. 1., awl-shaped, falling after some time.
Peduncles generally longer than the petioles. Calyx cut nearly to the
base into broadly ovate, subcordate, .acuminate, sharply pointed lobes.
Petals 10-12 mm. 1., yellow, obovate. Seeds 2-2-5 mm. in diam.
A decoction of the leaves is used in cases of diarrhoea.

8. A. giganteum Sicecf Hort. Brit. i. 53 (1826); leaves on
both sides soft to the touch, upper surface with stellate hair.s
intermixed with simple, beneath tomentose, with simple hairs on
nerves and veins ; flowers solitary, axillary, each with a flowering
shoot arising during flowering, forming axillary and terminal
panicles, sometimes the solitary flowers are wanting; calyx
al)out 1 cm. 1. : petals at length reflexed ; carpels 8-14, each
with 3 ovules or seeds, ripe 1 cm. 1., tomentose, shortly beaked ;
seeds black or brown, with pit markings and short white hairs
tuberculate at base. — A'. Schum. torn, cit. 394. A. elatuni Grisch.
FI. Br. W. Ind. 79 (1859). Sida gigantea Jncq. Hort. Schvprihr. //.
8,/. 141. S. elata 3/rtr/. Jam. i. 87. Jaccjuin's specimen flgured
in Hort. Sclnenbr. t. 141 is in Herb. Mus. lirit.

Below Pimento Grove, St. David, Maefadyen ; sea-coast, Westmoreland,
Purdic I Wilsoii ! J. P. 1054, Mortis ! — Cuba, Trinidad, Central America,
Colombia, Peru.

Heib or sJtrub 6 to 15 ft., above (and petioles) tomentose, often also
with long hairs, soft to the touch. Leaves 6-11 (2-20) cm. 1., roundish-
ovate, occasionally sub-3-lobcd, acuminate, base cordate, 9-ncrved, nerves
and veins prominent and produced into teeth ; petioles often longer than
the blade; stipules 3-4 mm. 1. Calyx divided below the middle into
lanceolate-triangular lobes, 1-nervcd within. Petals orange-yellow, some-
what longer than the calyx, obovate-oblong, obtuse, villose at the insertion
of the tube, forming a circle of hair round the staminal tube. Seeds about
2 mm. in diam.

9. A. pauciflorum St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mcr. i. 206 (1825);
leaves on both sides soft to the touch, upper surface more or less
covered with stellate hairs, beneath woolly-tomentose and of a
lighter colour; flowers solitary, axillary; calyx 1*2-1 "5 cm. 1.
or longer in fruit ; carpels 10-12, each with 6-8 ovules or seeds,
ripe 1'3-1"6 cm. 1., villose; seeds with minute pit markings,
hispid with hairs springing from tubercled base. — K. Schum. torn,
cit. 404 ; Britt. & Milhp. Bah. Fl. 266. A. pedunculare Grinch.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 78 (non H.B.K.) ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 763.
Sida peduncularis Macf. Jam. i. 85 (non DC).

Bancroft ! Maefadyen 1 Kingston ; Halfway Tree ; McNab ! Hope estate.
Priori Marchl Bath, Wilson] J. P. 1340, Morris \ Faiccettl Long Mt.
road, 250 ft., Campbell ! Hope grounds, 600-700 ft. ; Santa Cruz, 450 ft. ;
Harris ! — Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Mexico to Paraguay.

Undershrub 3-5 ft. high, younger parts with long spreading white hairs
2-3 mm. 1. and tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves 5-15 cm. 1., ovate,

Ahntilon

MALVACE.'E

103

acuminate, base cordate, unequally toothed or cronate, 9-necved ; peti oles
long, 3-12 cm. 1. ; stipules 5-10 mm. 1., thread-like or narrowly awl-shaped.
Peduncles long, stout. Calyx cup-shaped, angular, divided more than
halfway into triangular acuminate lobes. Petals rose-coloured, longer
than the calyx, obovate, apex emarginate, basal margin densely hairy.
Ovary 10-12-celled, each with 6-S ovules. Ripe carpels l-3-l'6cm. 1.,
shortly beaked, villose outside, glabrous on the inside, 6-8 seeded. Se eds
about 2 mm. in diam.

A. striatum Dicks, ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. Not, 39, a native of
Uruguay, is an escape from gardens in Jamaica. Shrub to 10 ft. high.
Leaves 5-12 cm. 1., with 8-5 acuminate lobes. Flowers bell-shaped,
orange strongly veined with crimson, on long slender stalks. Ovary
11-celled, with 7-9 ovules in each. Griseb. Ft. Br. W. Ind. 79 ; K. Schum.
torn. cit. 426 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3840 (Sida picta) ; Britton Fl. Berm. 233.

3. MODIOLA Moench.

Prostrate rooting herbs. Leaves palmately lobed, and lobes
again cut ; stipules ovate to awl-shaped, soon falling. Flowers
small, axillary, pedunculate.
Bracteoles 3, free, forming an
involucel below the calyx. Calyx
5-lobed. Ovary with an indefi-
nite number (20-14) of cells ;
ovules 2 (or 3) in each cell ; style-
branches as many in number,
with capitate stigmas. Carpels
2-valved, valves cuspidate on
back, transversely partitioned
inside between the seeds. Seeds
kidney-shaped, 2 in each carpel.

Species 2 or 3, natives of
America and South Africa.

M. earoliniana G. Don Gen.
S>jst. i. 466 (1831); A. Gr. Gen.
a. 72, f. 128; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 12; K. Schum. in Fl. Bras,
xii. pt. 3, 453 ; Small Fl. S.E.
U.S. 765 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 234 ;
Urb. Sipnh. Ant. viii. 412. M. mul-
tifida Moench. 3Ieth. 620 (1794);
E. G. Bah. in Journ. Bot. ocxxi.
368. Malva earoliniana L. Sp.
PI. 688 (1753); Cav. Diss. ii. 58,
t. 15, /.I. M. prostrata Cav. torn,
cit. 59, t. 16, /. 3 (1786) ; Mac/.

Jam. i. 58. Abutilon repens ic. Dill. EltTi. 5, i. 4. (Fig. 43.)
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by himself, and one also in
Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit.

43. — Modiola earoliniana G. Don.

A, Leaf and flower, nat. size.

B, Fruit cut through to show seeds X 3.

(B after A. Gray.)

104 FLORA OF JAMAICA Modiola

Clifton Mount, Macfadyen\ Abbey Green, Blue Mts., Prior 1 Cinchona,
5000 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8576, 11,954.— Bermuda (introd.), Hispauiola,
trop. and subtrop. America, S. Africa.

Herb, with prostrate stems, rooting at the nodes, hairy with stellate
and simple hairs. Leaves 2-4 (1-5) cm. in diam., 7-nerved, with hairs —
stellate and simple with bulbous base, or glabrate ; petioles 2-5 (1-6) cm. 1. ;
stipules 4-5 mm. 1. Peduncles 1 or 2 in axils, 2-4 cm. 1. Bracteoles about
1 mm. below the calyx, about 5 mm. 1., persistent. Calyx 6-7 mm. 1.
Petals 7-8 mm. 1., red (purple when dried). Ripe carpels 4 mm. 1., cusp
1 mm., hirsute above on the back, glabrous below and tuberculate-ridged.
Seeds about 1-2 mm. 1., brown becoming black near hilum, glabrous.

4. MALVASTRUM A. Gr.

Herbs, sometimes tall, soinctiraes low growing in clumps, or
woody. Leaves serrate (in Jamaican species) or entire, or lobed,
or cleft. Flowers shortly pedunculate or subses-silo, axillary or
in terminal spikes. Bracteoles of involucel 3 in Jamaican
.species, about as long as the calyx, more or less linear-lanceolate,
and sometimes adherent at the ba?e to the calyx, occasionally
wanting. Calyx 5 lolied. Ovary with 5 or more cells ; ovules
one in each cell, attached at the middle of the cell ; style-
branches as many as the cells, with capitate stigmas. Carpels
splitting open on the back down to the middle ; back sometimes
apiculate. Seeds kidney-shaped, attached at the middle of the
cell. Embryo curved ; endosperm scanty. Mallow.

Species 85, mostly natives of America, two of these widely
dispersed now through the tropics, the rest natives of South
Africa.

Branches, &c., strigose.

Carpel with 3 spines on back 1. M. coromandeliannm.

Carpel without spines 2. M. corchorifolium.

Branches, &c., minutely tomentose 3. M. spicattim.

1. M. coromandelianum Garclce in Bonplandia v. 295 (1857) ;
young stems and branches, the leaves on both sides, petioles,
peduncles, and calyx with stiiF white adjDressed hairs, simple or
2-4-armed ; flowers at first solitary in the axils, a subsidiary
flowering branch appearing later ; ripe carpels with a long spine
near the apex, and 2 short spines near the middle of the
back.— .K:. ScJium. in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 268, t. 53 ; Urh. Si/mh.
Ant. iv. 387 & riii. 412; Briit. Fl. Berm. 235; Britt. d: Millsp.
Bah. Fl. 267. M. tricuspidatum A. Gr. PL Wrirjht. i. 16 (1852) ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 72. M. americanum Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. Surv. 38 (1859); Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 768. Malva
coromandelianum L. Sp. PL 687 (1753) ik Ama>n. v. 380.
M. humilior subvillosa kc. & M. humilior foliis Arc. Browne Hist.
Jam. 282 ; Sw. Ohs. BoL 262. M. tricu.spidata Ait Eort. Knc.
ed. 2, iv. 210 (1812) ; Marf. Jam. i. 57 ; A. Rich, in Sagra Cub. x.
41. Sida jamaicensis Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (non L.). (Fig. 44.)

Malvastrum

MALVACE^

105

Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus. Miller's type in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Sloane Herb. iv. 52 (in part) ! Wright ! Bancroft ! Macfadyen ; Distin !
Wilson ; near Gordon Town, Ball ! Pen Hill, 2500 ft. ; Hope grounds ;
Harris ! Liguanea plain, Campbell 1 Devon Pen, TJiompson ! Kingston ;
Porus; Hitchcock. — Texas, Florida, Bermuda (naturalized), Bahamas,
W. Indies, Tropics. -^

Perennial herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves 3-^ (2-8) cm. 1., ovate, ovate-
oblong or oblong ; petioles 1-2 cm. 1. ; stipules 7-9 mm. 1., lanceolate,

Fig. 44. — Malvastriim caromandelianum Garcke.

A, Portlou of flowering branch, nat. C, Back of ditto beginning to split

open X 7.
D, Ripe carpel with seed, cut through

X 7.

size.
B, Ripe carpel X

acuminate. Floiocrs yellow, on short (1-3 mm. 1.) peduncles. Bractcoles
about as long as the calyx, adherent at the base to the calyx. Calyx
about 5 mm. 1. in fl. to 7 mm. 1. in fr., with many longitudinal hairy
angles. Petals 8-9 mm. 1.

This species abounds in a mucilaginous sap, and is employed by the
natives as a substitute for soap in washing coarse clothes (Macfadyen).

2. M. eorehorifolium Britton in Small Fl. Miami 119 (1913) ;
young stems and branches, the leaves on both sides, petioles,
peduncles, and calyx with stiff white adpressed hairs, simple or
2-4-armed ; flowers solitary in the axils and crowded into a
terminal head; ripe carpels 8-15, back hispid on upper half,
without spines. — P. Wils. in (Veg. Vieques) Bull. N. York Bof.
Gard. viii. 397 ; Urh. in Fedde Rep. xvi. 33 & Symh. Ant. viii.
413 ; Britt. & Milhp. Bah. Fl. 267. M. Rugelii S. Wats, in
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 367 (1882); Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 768.
Malva corchorifolia Desr. in Lam. Eneyc. Hi. 755 (743 errore)

106 FLOItA OF JAMAICA Malvastnmi

(1789). M. scoparia Jacq. Coll. i. 59 (1786) ct Ic. PL Bar. H,
t. 139 (non L'Herlt.).

Distinl Priori Near Mandeville, Britton, 1022 !— Florida, Bahamas,
Cuba, Grand Cayman, Virgin Gorda.

Perennial herb, 2-6 ft. high. Leaves 1-5 cm. 1., broadly ovate to oblong-
ovate ; petioles shorter than limb ; stipules linear-awl-sbaped, shorter than
the petiole. Floicers subsessilc. Bracteoles about as long as the calyx.
Calyx about 4 mm. 1. in ti., about 5 mm. 1. in fr., hairy. Petals about
1 mm. longer than calyx.

3. M. splcatum A. Gr. {PL FemIL) in 31('m. Am. Acad. u.s. iv.
22 (1849) : young stems and branches, the leaves beneath, and
petioles stellate-tonientose ; flowers crowded into a spike terminal
on stem and branches, sometimes shortened into a head on the
branches ; ripe carpels : apex at inner angle prolonged, beak-
like, hispid on the back, without spines. — Griseh. loc. cit. ; Small
Fl. S.E. U.S. 768 : K. Schmn. torn. cit. 271, /. 52,/. 2 ; Urh. Symh.
Aut. iv. 388 <k viii. 413. Althwa spicata . . . flore luteo 6:c.
Slonne Cat. 97 &, Hist. i. 219. Malva americana L. Sp. PL 687
(1753) : A. Pich. in Sagra Cub. .r. 40. M. spicata L. Syxt. ed. 10,
1 146 (1759) (excl. reference to Sloane) & Amcen. r. 401 & 380 ; Siv.
Obs. Pot. 262 ; Wright Mem. 291 ; Maef. Jam. /. 58. M. assurgens
subvillosa ttc. Browne Hint. Jam. 282. Specimen in Herb. Linn,
named by Linuivus Malva spicata.

In fl. Sopt.-March ; Sloane Herb. iv. 5G ! Wright ! Kingston, Broughton !
Macfadi/enl Distinl Wilson \ March I Kingston, Priori Liguanea plain,
Camphelll Kingston; Constant Spring; IMue ISIts. ; Lucea; Hitchcock;
Charleraont, near Kwarton, 1000 ft.; Liguanea plain; Plowdon Hill,
1000 ft.; Harris I Fl. .Tam. 6269 (in part), 0325, CG98. 6908, 8168; Blue-
fields, Britton, 1605 !— Florida, ^Yest Indies, tropical and subtropical regions
of the whole world.

Perennial herb 2 to 6 ft. high. Leaves 2-8 cm. 1., usually triangular-
ovate, on upper surface rough with stellate hairs, sometimes tomcntose ;
petioles 1-6 cm. 1. ; stipules thread-like with a lanceolate base, 4-6 mm. 1.
Flowers sessile, the lowest flowers with small leafy bracts with 2 stipules,
most of the bracts 2-cleft at the apex. Bracteoles 5-7 cm. 1. Cahjx about
5 mm. 1., hispid with white hairs from a brown tubercular base. Petals
6-8 mm. 1.

The bark makes strong white hemp (Wright).

Malva rotundlfolia L. according to Browne Hist. Jam. 282 was intro-
duced, but apparently it has died out. It differs from Malvastnim in that
the thread-like style-branches arc stigmatose longitudinally on the inside.

5. ANODA Cav.

Herbs, hispid or glaljrescent. Leaves hastate or lobed at
the base. Flowers axillary. Bi-acteoles of involucel wanting.
Calyx 5-cleft. Cells of the ovary indefinite, each cell with one
ovule. Ilipe carpels in a star-like whorl, convex below, flat on
top ; the internal walls of the cells of the ovary usually become
more or less absorbed, so that the ripe carpels open into one
another, then the outer portion of each becomes detached and

Anoda

UALYJ^CEAi

107

falls out, generally carrying the seed with it. Seed hanging or
attached horizontally.

Species 10, natives of West Indies and trop. cont. America,
especially of Mexico.

A. aeerifolia DC. Prodr. L 459 (1824) ; E G. Bah. in Journ.
Bot. XXX. 73 ; Hochr. in Ann. Cons, et Jard. Bot. Geneve xx. 50.
A. hastata Schlecht. in Linnsea xi. 214 (1837) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 77 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 73 (in part) (non L.) ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
394 &, via. 419. Sida aeerifolia Zucc. in Boemer Collect. 148
(1809). S. hastata Sims Bot. Mag. t. 1541 (1813) (non Willd.).
(Fig. 45.)

Bancroft 1 Bath ; near Gordon Town ; Macfadycn ; St. Ann, McCatty !
Morris \ near Gordon Town; Faiocett\ Walderston, 2000 ft., Harris \ Fl.
Jam. 8414. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Tobago, Mexico to Peru.

I'ig. 45. — Anoda aeerifolia DC.

A, Leaf and fruit X i.

B, Ripe carpel, showing exocarp, endocarp, and seed X 5.

C, Endocarp of ditto X 5.

Plant covered with bristly hairs. Leaves 2-7 cm. 1., variable in form,
lower more or less pentagonal or 5-lobed with large teeth, uppermost
hastate, base truncate or slightly cordate. Flowers solitary ; peduncles
sparingly hairy, of fl. 2-8 cm. 1., of fr. 7-15 cm. 1. Calyx in fl. 7-9 mm. 1.,
in fr. to 13 mm. 1., lobes ovate, somewhat obtuse, mucronate. Petals
usually blue, approaching to purple, rarely white (Macf.), 8-15 mm. 1.
Fruit of 9-16 carpels, outer angle of back with a very short mucro or
simply a boss; endocarp separating from the exocarp, net-veined, not
adhering to the seed.

6. SIDA L.

Herbs or shrubs, with stellate or simple hairs, often velvety
or tomentose. In Jamaican species leaves serrate, except in

108 FLORA OF JAMAICA SiiJa

S. linifolia ; stipules usually somewhat linear, but more or less
lanceolate in S. (jlomeraia, S. jamaieensis, and S. acuta. Flowers
axillary, or in terminal racemes, spikes, heads, or rarely panicles.
Bracteoles beneath the calyx usually wanting. Calyx with
5 teeth or lobes. Petals usually somewhat longer than the
calyx. Carpels 5 or more, the number indicated in the flower
by the lobes and the cells of the ovary, and by the number of
the style-branches ; one pendulous ovule in each cell. Ripe
cai-pels opening usually by 2 valves at the apex, occasionally by
irregular splitting below. Seed hanging from apex or attached
horizontally. Broom Weed.
Species alx)ut 70, mostly American.

Carpels 5 (in S. pyramidata 5 or 6).

Inflorescences terminal and axillary : sessile globose
heads intermixed with stipules and stipule-like
bracts. Petals yellow. Leaves lanceolate or

subrhomboid-lanceolate 1. S. glovuirata.

Inflorescences : terminal heads or spikes with 1 or
2 leaf-like bracts ; in axils 1 flower or a few
clustered. Petads yellow.
Plants tomentose and soft to touch. Leaves

ovate, cordate. Calyx hirsute 2. S, aggregata.

Plants more or less hirsute. Leaves ovate, long

acuminate 3. <S. urens.

Inflorescences : flowers solitary in axils, with some-
times a flowering branch developing later.
Ripe carpels opening at apex.

Plants more or less tomentose with stellate
hairs.

Inflorescences stalked. Petals yellow 4. S. sjnnosa.

Inflorescences subscssile. Petals white or

pale buff 5. S. jamaicensis.

Plants procumbent, with minute stellate hairs
and also long simple hairs. Petals pale

yellow or nearly white G. S. procumbeiis.

Plants puberulous with simple hairs. Petals

orange-yellow 7. S. glabra.

Plants with stem and branches with short
glandular hairs and longer simple hairs.

Petals yellow 8. S. ghdinosa.

Bipe carpels opening irregularly below. Plants

prostrate, rooting. Petals yellow 9. S . hederce folia.

Ripe carpels opening below by the white mem-
brane bursting irregularly. Petals white ... 10. S. alba.
Inflorescence ample, diffuse, panicle-like.

Calyx 2-5-3 mm. 1. Petals purple or crimson ... 11. S. paniculata.
Inflorescence a terminal panicle.
Calyx 4-5 mm. 1. Petals yellow.

Stem with minute stellate hairs 12. S . pyramidata.

Stem with glandular pubescence 8. S. gluiinosa.

Sida MALVACE/E 109

Carpels more than 5 (in S. pyramidata 5 or 6).
Calyx 5-8 mm. 1.

Leaves with serrate margin.
Inflorescence a terminal panicle. Petals yellow 12. S . pyramidata.
Inflorescence terminal, flowers solitary or
usually in leafy heads of 3-8, peduncle
adherent to petiole of leafy bract. Petals

purplish-red 13. S. ciliaris.

Inflorescence : flowers solitary in the axils with
a flowering branch also sometimes develop-
ing later, the flowers usually becoming
crowded at apex of stem and branches.
Leaves tomentose and soft to the touch on
both sides.
Carpel : beaks with hairs pointing back-
wards.

Leaves ovate. Petals yellow-bufT 14. S. cordifoUa.

Leaves oblong to linear. Petals pale
buff or yellowish-white veined with

pale pink 15. S. salvicefolia.

Carpel : apical corners acute or mucronate.

Petals yellow 14. yblv. althcBCBfolia.

Leaves tomentose and soft to the touch
beneath. Petals yellow. Awns long,

glabrous or with very minute hairs 16. S. rhombifolia.

Leaves usually glabrate ; stipules sub-lanceo-
late. Petals yellow or white 17. S. acuta.

Leaves entire. Petals white with purplish base 18. S. linifolia.
Calyx 3-3-5 mm. 1 19. S. troy ana.

1. S. glomerata Cav. Diss. i. 18, t. 2, /. 6 (1785); young
branches, petioles, and peduncles tomentose ; leaves lanceolate
or subrhomboid-lanceolate, narrowed to the apex, base wedge-
shaped, or narrowly truncate, or very narrowly cordate, usually
3-nerved, on both sides with long simple hairs, beneath with
stellate hairs also, especially on nerves ; stipules broadly
lanceolate, acuminate; inflorescence sessile or subsessile, axillary
and terminal, a many-flowered raceme shortened into a globose
head intermixed with stipules and stipule-like bracts ; carpels 5,
in fruit 2 mm. 1., glabrous, net-veined, valves usually ending at
apex in a sharp point. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 73 ; K. Schum. in
Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 323 ; E. G. Bah. in Journ. Bot. xxx. 237 ;
Urb. Symh. Ant. iv. 389 & viii. 415.

Moneague, Prior ! — West Indies, Central and tropical 3. America.

Herb with woody base, erect, branching. Leaves 2-5-6(7) cm. 1.,
unequally serrate ; petioles 5-7 mm. 1. ; stipules 8-10 mm. 1., 5-1-nerved,
margin ciliate otherwise glabrous, persisting. Peduncles short or very
short, jointed at middle. Calyx 5-7 mm. 1., 5-angled, 10-nerved, lobes
acuminate, margins and angles hispid with long hairs. Petals yellow.
Seeds glabrous but puberulous near hilum.

Broom-weeds are so called from being cut and used as brooms.

110 FLORA OF JAMAICA Sida

Pounded and squeezed they yield a mucilaginous juice, which, on mixing
with any greasy substance in clothes, &c., answers all the purposes of
soap. (Wright.)

2. S. aggregata PresI Eeliq. Haenl: ii. 106 (1836) ; young
branches, petioles, and peduncles soft to the touch, minutely
tomentose, sometimes also with long spreading haii's ; leaves
ovate, cordate, apex acute, obtuse or subacuminate, 7-nerved, on
both sides soft to the touch, minutely tomentose ; inflorescence
terminal and axillary, terminal a dense interrupted spike, axillary
a globose cluster with sometimes also a flowering branch; carpels 5,
in fruit 2 mm. 1., valves blunt at apex, covered with minute
stellate hairs, sides glabrous.— flipm.<(/. in Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. i. 102 ;
E. G. Bak. tout. cit. 292 ; Urb. Symh. Ant. vi. 92. S. savannarum
K. Schitm. torn. cit. 308 (1891); E. G. Bal: lac. cit. Malva
assurgens villosa &.c. Browne Hist. Jam. 2821

Bancroft I Macfadxjcn ! near Gordon Town, Ball ! Liguanea plain,
Campbelll also Glutei Fawcett\ Harris \ Fl. Jam. 6084, GllG, G2G9 (in
part), 6988. — Mexico to Colombia and Guiana.

Perennial shrubby herb. Leaves 2-7 cm. 1., unequally serrate ; petioles
as long as, or shorter than, the blade ; stipules 5-7 mm. 1., thread-like.
Calyx 7-8 mm. 1., 10-angled, minutely tomentose, long hirsute midway at
the angles; lobes triangular, acute. Petals 11-12 ram. 1., buff-yellow.
Seed scarcely 2 mm. 1., dark brown, glabrous but with a few short hairs
near hilum.

3. S. urens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145 (1759) *k Ammn. v. 402, 380 ;
stem and branches, with petioles, peduncles, and angles of calyx,
hirsute with long simple hairs, .sometimes 2-3-4-armed and often
shorter stellate hairs ; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, long acuminate,
base cordate, unequally serrate, 5(7)-nerved, covered on both
sides, especially on nerves beneath, with short hairs, 3-4-armed
or sometimes stellate ; flowers sessile or shortly stalked, axillary,
one or a few in a subglobose cluster, with a flowering branch
developing later into a terminal head or spike with 1 or 2 small
leaves or Vjracts ; carpels 5, in fruit somewhat more than
2 mm. 1., apex usually with 2 short teeth, glabrous. — Sic. Oh».
Bot. 261 ; Macf. Jam. i. 82 ; Griseh. op. cit. 75 ; Mast, in Fl. Trop.
Afr. i. 179; K. Schiim. torn. cit. 306, /. 60; E. G. Bale. torn. cit.
294; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 392 «fe viii. 418 ; Britt. dk Milhp. Bah.
Fl. 268. S. hirta urticata &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 280. Althtea
spicata betonicse folio villoso spica breviori & laxiori Sloane Cat.
97 & Hist. i. 44, t. 14,/. 3. (Specimen in Herb. Sloane iv. 57
from "one of the Caribe islands.") Specimen from Browne in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Browne 1 Wright ! Macfadycn ! Wilson ! Moneague, Prior ! near Gordon
Town, Ball 1 Bog Walk ; Blue Mts. ; Port Antonio ; Lucea ; Porus ; Hitch-
cock.— Bahamas, West Indies, trop. cont. America, trop. Africa, Java.

Perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 2-6(1-9) cm. 1. ; petioles 1-2-5 cm. 1. ;

Sida MALVACEiE 111

stipules 3-6 mm. 1., linear. Calyx 6-8 mm. 1., 5-angular ; lobes long
acuminate. Petals yellow blotched with red at base. Seeds somewhat
more than 1*5 mm. 1., 3-sided, emarginate at hilum, brown.

4. S. spinosa L. Sjp. PL 683 (1753) ; young branches, petioles,
and peduncles more or less covered with very minute stellate
hairs, sometimes glabrate ; leaves ovate-elliptical, oblong-lanceo-
late, linear-lanceolate, or lanceolate, base truncate or rounded,
crenate- serrate, 5(3-7)-nerved, upper surface more or less covered
with very minute stellate hairs, beneath soft to the touch, tomen-
tose with very minute stellate hairs : flowers solitary in axils,
sometimes accompanied by a very short flowering branch, at apex
sometimes corymbose ; carpels 5, ripe about 2 • 5 mm. 1. ; valves
at apex with 2 short spines, upper part and spines puberulous,
back glabrous, hard, margined, brown, opening above. — Biirm.
Fl. Ind. 145 ; Auhl. PL Guian. ii. 703 ; Lam. Encyc. i. 4 ; BC.
Prodr. i. 460 ; Presl Peliq. Haenh. ii. 109 ; Griseb. oj). cit. 74 (in
part) ; E. G. Bak. torn. cit. 237 (in part) ; TJrh. Symh. Ant. iv. 389
(in part) & viii. 414 ; Britton III Fl. ii. 421 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S.
771 ; Britt. d; Mills]). Bah. Fl. 268. S. foliis cordato-ovatis &c.
L. Hort. Cliff. 346. S. pimpinellifolia Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768),
S. angustifolia Lam. Encyc. i. 4 (1783) ; L'Herit. Stirp. 109, t. 52.
S. minor Macf. Jam. i. 79 (1837). S. spinosa var. angustifolia
K. Schum. torn. cit. 298 (1891). Althaja virginiana &c. PluJc. t. 9,
/. 6 (specimens in Herb. Sloane xcii. 10 & xcix. 53). Malva
minor erecta betonicae folio &c. Sloane Cat. 96 & Hist. i. 217.
Type in Herb. Linn. Miller's type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

<SZoa?ie Herb. iv. 50 ! Bancroft I Wilson I Kingston, PHo/- 1 near Spanish
Town, iTarnsl Fl. Jam. 11,910.— U.S.A. (New York to Kansas, Florida,
and Texas), tropical America (incl. Bahamas and West Indies), infrequent
and probably introduced in the Old World and Polynesia.

Perennial ]ierb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 1-4 cm.].; petioles -5-2 cm. 1.,
sometimes with 1 or 2 minute tubercles or spines just below the insertion ;
stipules 5-9 mm. 1., linear, awl-shaped. Calyx 5-7 mm. 1., tomentose with
minute stellate hairs, 10-nerved, 5-angled ; lobes deltoid, acute. Petals
yellow. Seeds about 2 mm. 1., 3-sided, dark brown.

5. S. jamaieensis L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145 (1759) & Amoen. v. 401,
380 ; young branches tomentose with stellate hairs ; leaves oblique
and variable in shape, roundish-ovate, ovate, oblong, or sub-
rhomboid, apex obtuse, 5-nerved, serrate-crenate above the base,
on upper surface with minute stellate hairs, beneath densely
tomentose with stellate hairs ; flowers solitary in axils with very
short peduncles, sometimes with another flower and a short
flowering branch appearing later, forming a subsessile cluster,
peduncles 2-3 mm. 1., not jointed; carpels 5, in fruit 2-3 mm. 1.,
with 2 short beaks, upper part tomentose, back and sides net-
veined, glabrous. — Cav. Diss. i. 17, t. 2, f. 5 ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 258 ;
Macf. Jam. i. 77; Griseb. op. cit. 74; K. Schum. torn. cit. 304;

112 FLORA OF JAMAICA Sida

E. G. Bal: torn. cit. 237 ; Urh. Symh. vlil. 414. S. alnifolia Presl
Heliq. Haenk. ii. 108 (1836) (noii L.). S. humilior foliis itc.
Brotcne Hist. Jam. 280. S. sericea Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768).
Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.
Miller's type from Houstoun in Herb. Mus. Brit. Specimen
from Presl (Reliq. Haenk.) in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Broad-leafed Broom Weed.

Savannas round St. Jago de la Vega, Sloanc Herb. iv. 52 1 Houstoun
Hb. Sloane iv. 52* ! Browne [ Bajicjoftl Moneague, P/Jo?- 1 Marclil — Cuba,
Hispaniola, St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cruz, St. Bartholomew, Guade-
loupe, D^sirade, trop. cont. America.

Perennial decumbent herb or undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves
1 5-4 cm. 1. ; petioles 4-7 mm. 1., villose; stipules equalling the petiole,
lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, or linear, hairy. Calyx about G mm. 1.,
5-angled, densely tomentose; lobes acuminate. Petals as long as the
calyx, white or pale buff. Seeds 1*5 mm. 1., brown, 3-sided, eniarginate
at apex, sometimes with a few minute hairs on surface, usually some near
hilum.

The leaves and buds contain a great quantity of mucilage, and they
lather like soap, with water; they are used in shaving washes, &c. The
leaves are purgative. (Browne.)

6. S. ppocumbens Sw. Prodr. 101 (1788) tt Fl. hid. Occ.
1211 ; young branches, petioles, peduncles, and calyx more or
less covered with minute stellate hairs and also with long simple
hairs ; leaves ovate to ovate-roundish, cordate, apex obtuse to
rounded, crenate-serrate, 7-nerved, minutely tomentose on both
sides, often with long hairs on nerves beneath ; ilowers axillary,
usually .solitary ; peduncles slender, usually longer than the
petiole, sometimes longer than the whole leaf, jointed near apex ;
carpels 5, ripe, 3 • 3-4 mm, 1. (inch beaks), back glabrous,
wrinkled, margined ; valves 2-beaked ; beaks scarcely 1 mm. 1. —
Urb. Sijmb. Ant. iv. 390 k viii. 416 ; Britt. d- Millsp. Bah. Fl. 269.
S. pilosa Cav. Diss. i. 9, t. I, f. S (non Bctz.) (1785). C. ovata
Cav. Diss. vi. 350, /. 196, /. *2 (1788) (non ForsTc.). S. supina
VHer. Stirjh v. 109 bis, t. 52 bis (1788); Griseb. op. cit. 75;
E. G. Bah. torn. cit. 291 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 770. S. abutifolia
(abutilifolia in ras.) Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) is perhaps a
synonym. Specimen collected in Hispaniola from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit, named by him.

Salt ponds, Broughton 1 Swartz ! Long Mt., 1200 ft. ; Healthshire Hills,
50 ft.; Luana Point; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 9388, 9531, 9904.— Florida Keys,
Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St.
Martin, Saba, St. Eustatius, Curasao, Mexico to Venezuela.

Annual or perennial herb, branched from the base ; branches procum-
bent or spreading, 1-G dm. 1. Leaves •G-1-5 cm. 1.; petioles nearly
equalling the limb; stipules small, thread-like. Calyx 5-G mm. 1., lobes
ovate, acuminate, somewhat shorter than the 5-angled tube. Petals half as
long again as the calyx, pale yellow or nearly white. Seeds slightly
longer than 2 mm., dark brown, with minute hairs or glabrate.

Sida MALVACE^ 113

7. S. glabra Mill. Did. ed. 8 (1768) ; young branches,
petioles, peduncles, and calyx puberulous with simple hairs ;
leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, cordate, serrate-crenate,
more or less puberulous on the nerves ; flowers at first solitary
in the axils, a flowei'ing branch with small leaves usually
developing later in each axil ; peduncles 1-4 cm, 1., slender ;
carpels 5 ; ripe glabrous, about 2 • 5 mm. 1. ; beaks 2, minutely
puberulous, 2 mm. 1. — Britton in Broohl. Bot. Gard. Mem. i. 68.
S. ulmifolia Cav. Diss. i. 15, t. 2, f. 4 (1785) ; Griseb. op. cit. 75;
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 392 & viii. 417. S. arguta Sw. Prodr. 101
(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1205 ; 3Iacf. Jam. i. 81 ; E. G. Bak. torn,
cit. 293. Type specimen from Miller, renamed >S'. arguta by
Swartz, in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Macfadyen; Kingston, Pri(yr\ Marcli\ Constant Spring; Bog Walk;
Lucea ; Hitchcock ; Lititz, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,687. — West Indies as far
south as Martinique, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador.

Shrubby herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves 2-7 cm. 1. ; petioles 1-2-5 (-5-3 -5)
cm. 1. ; stipules linear, 2 '6-5 mm. 1. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1. ; lobes acuminate.
Petals yellow or orange-yellow.

8. S. glutinosa Commers. ex Cav. Diss. i. 16, t. 2,/. 8 (1785) ;
young stem and branches with short glandular hairs and longer
simple hairs ; leaves ovate, usually acuminate, base cordate,
7(9)-nerved, irregularly serrate, stellate-puberulous on both
sides but denser beneath, velvety in young leaves ; flowers with
long peduncles, at first solitary in the axils, sometimes with
another flower or a flowering branch developing later, ultimately
forming a leafy panicle ; carpels 5, when ripe 2 mm. 1. (excl.
beaks), puberulous on upper part ; beaks 2, puberulous with
simple hairs, spreading or ascending, 1 mm. 1. —K. Schum. torn,
cit. 310 ; E. G. Bnk. torn. cit. 293 (incl. var. cinerea) ; Urh. Symb.
Ant. iv. 394 & viii. 417 ; Britt. d Millsp. Bah. Fl. 269. S. nervosa
DC. Prodr. i. 465 (1824) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 83 ; Griseb. op. cit. 75.

Wright ! Broughton ! Swartz 1 Macfadyen ! Distin ! Mt. Diablo, Prior !
March \ Kingston, Hitchcock; near Ewarton, 1000 ft., Harris [ Fl. Jam.
6619. — Bahamas, West Indies, Central America, northern South America.

Shrubby herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves 2-6 (1-5-7 -5) cm. 1. ; petioles 2-3-5
cm. 1., puberulous, sometimes glandular; stipules 1-5-2 mm. 1., thread-
like. Peduncles 1-2-5 cm. 1., puberulous, often glandular. Calyx 4-5-5
mm. 1., puberulous, lobes triangular, subacuminate. PetoZs yellow. Seeds
1-6 mm. 1., glabrous, dark brown.

9. S. hedersBfolia Cav. Diss. i. 8, t. 9, /. 3 (1785) ; stem
simple or with few branches ; young branches hispid with stellate
hairs or glabrate ; leaves roundish or ovate-roundish, cordate,
crenate toothed, more or less hirsute on both sides with stellate
hairs (sometimes simple), or glabrate ; flowers axillary, solitary ;
peduncles very slender, about as long as the petioles, glabrate or
densely puberulous; carpels 5, when ripe covered all over with

V. I

114 FLORA OF JAMAICA Sida

network of slightly prominent lines, about 4 mm. 1. (incl. beaks),
apex and beaks minutely hirtellous. — DC. Prodr. i. 463 ; Gristb.
PI. Wright, in Mem. Acad. Amer. n. ser. viii. 163; Urh. Synib.
Ant. iv. 391 & viii. 417 ; Britt. d- Millsp. Bah. Fl. 268. S. foliis
cordatis &c. Plum. PL Amer. {Burm.) t. 169',/. 3.

Wright ! — Bahamas, Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

-Heri, prostrate, rooting at the nodes. Leaves •6-2"5 cm. br. ; petioles
equal to or longer than the limb, 1-3 cm. 1., densely hirtellous with
steUate hairs or glabrate,or with a lire of simple hairs on upper face ;
stipules about 3 mm. 1., linear. Calyx 3-3 5 mm. 1. Petals yellow.

The beaks are described by Cavanilles as " hamatis," and his figure
and that of Plumier agree with the description in representing the beaks
as with hairs pointing backwards — otherwise his description agrees with
our specimens.

10. S. alba L. Sp. PL cd. 2, 960 (1763) ct (name only)
Amoen. v. 380 (1760); young branches, petioles, and peduncles
covered with minute stellate hairs ; leaves roundish-ovate to
lanceolate, subcordate to rounded at base, serrate, 5-nerved, wuth
very minute stellate hairs on both sides, sparse on upper
surface, denser beneath and sometimes tomentose ; flowers at
first solitary, then a shortened raceme of a few crowded flowers
developing, often succeeded by a flowering branch ; carpels 5,
when ripe about 2 mm. 1., opening below by the white thin
membrane bursting irregularly, apex with 2 short beaks,
puberulous at apex and on beaks. — Burm. Fl. Ind. 146; Lam.
Encyc. i. 4 ; BC. Prodr. i. 460 ; Boxb. Fl. Ind. Hi. 174. S. angusti-
folia Mill. Did ed. 8 (1768). S. spinosa var. (3 L. Sp. PI. 684
(1753). S. spinosa L. (as regards var. )8) Griseb. op. cit. 74;
Mant. in Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 180 & in Boole, f. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 323 ;
K. Sclmm. torn. cit. 297 ; E. G. Bale. torn. cit. 237 ; Trimen Fl.
Ceyl. i. 142. Malvinda bicornis itc. Dill. Elth. 214, <. 171, /. 210.
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnams, cultivated in Hort.
Upsal. Miller's type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Distin\ Macfadyenl Bethlehem, St. Elizabeth, T. J. Harris I Fl. Jam.
8288. — Bahamas, Cuba, Montserrat, tropical cont. America, Africa, India.

Leaves 1*5-4 -5 cm. 1. ; petioles 2*5-1 cm. 1. (-4 mm.l.) ; stipules linear-
awl-shaped, 3-Y mm. 1. Peduncle 8-13 mm. 1. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1.,
tomentose with minute stellate hairs, 10-nerved, 5-angled ; lobes deltoid,
acute. Petals white. Seeds about 2 mm. 1. 3-sided, dark brown.

11. S. panieulata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145 (1759) & Amopn. v.
401, 380; stem and branches covered with yellow stellate hairs,
youngest parts tomentose, at length glabrate ; leaves ovate, more
or less acuminate, cordate at base, unequally serrate, 7(5)-nerve(l,
upper surface more or less covered wnth small stellate hairs,
beneath tomentose ; flowers at first solitary wnth long slender
peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves, followed generally by
a flowering branch in each axil, forming ultimately altogether a

Sida MALVACE/9^. 115

large terminal leafy paniculate inflorescence ; carpels 5, when
ripe 2 -5-3 '5 mm. 1., valves acute at apex or with 1 or 2 very
short beaks, back with minute stellate hairs. — Cav. Diss. i. 16,
t. 12, f. 5; Siv. Obs. Bot. 259; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 76;
K. Schum. torn. clt. 293, t. 58; E. G. Bah. torn. cit. 294.
S. humilior ramosa &c., S. foliis cordato-acuminatis serratis &c.
Browne Hist. Jaw. 280. S. atrosanguinea Jacq. Ic. PI. Bar.
t. 136 ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 260; S. capillaris Cat: Diss. i. 10, t. 1,/. 7 ;
Mac/. Jam. i. 83. S. floribuuda H. B. it K. Nov. Gen. tt Sp. v.
258, t. 473. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named in
Solander's hand.

Broivnel Wright \ Masson\ Westmoreland, i'z<?-die ! Pedro Bluff; Belle
Vue, near Spanish Town ; between Old Harbour bay and Longville Park ;
Two Mile Wcod Pen, St. Catherine; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 9723, 11,912,
11,948, 12,049, 12,068.— Cuba, Mexico to Paraguay, Galapagos Is., trop.
Africa.

Perennial herh, woody at the base, to 3 ft., and more, high. Leaves
varying much in size, about 5 cm. 1. where the flowers begin to show,
larger below, and smaller above with inflorescences in their axils ; petioles
very short in upper leaves, long in lowest leaves ; stipules thread-like,
5-8 mm. 1. Calyx 2-5-3 mm. 1., tomentose with stellate hairs, lobes
triangular, somewhat acute. Petals crimson or purple. Seeds 1'5 mm. 1.,
purplish-brown, with very minute adpresscd hairs scattered over surface.

12. S. pyramidata Desportes ex Cav. Diss. i. 11, t. I, f. 10
(1785) (k t. 194, /. 1 ; young branches, petioles, and peduncles
more or less covered with very minute stellate hairs ; leaves
roundish ovate, acuminate, cordate, crenate-serrate, 7-nerved,
more or less covered with very minute stellate hairs sparsely on
upper surface densely beneath ; flowers in a terminal panicle ;
carpels 5 or 6, when ripe about 2 • 5 mm. 1., with 2 very short
beaks (•5 mm. 1.), back and beaks covered with minute stellate
hairs. — Griseh. torn. cit. 75 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 393 &: viii.
418. S. dumosa Sw. Prodr. 101 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1209;
Mac/. Jam. i. 82 ; E. G. Bak. torn. cit. 296. Specimen from
Wright in Herb. Mus. Brit, named by Swartz.

Wright 1 Macfachjen ! McNab ; Wilson \ Prior ! March ! Porus, Hitch-
cock; Stony Hill, J. P. 683, Jenmanl Grandvale, Westmoreland, 500 ft.;
Nogril sea-coast, Harrisl PI. Jam. 7071, 10,216.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, Martinique, Mexico to Colombia.

UndersJirtib, 3-8 ft. high. Leaves 4-11 cm. 1.; petioles 1-5-7 cm. 1.;
stipules 7-10 mm. 1., linear-awl-shaped or thread-like. Calyx 4i- 5- 5 mm. 1.
with minute stellate hairs, 5-cornered in bud ; lobes triangular, shortly
acuminate with a long narrow tip. Petals 6-7 mm. 1. and more, tawny
yellow. Seeds about 1-3 mm. 1., dark brown, glabrous but with very
minute hairs near hilum.

13. S. eiJlaris L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145 (1759) & Amcen. v. 401,
380 ; young branches covered with stellate or 2-4-armed ad-
pressed hairs ; leaves oblong, oblong-elliptical, or obovate, serrate
above the middle, upper surface glabrous, but with simple hairs

I 2

116 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Sida

in S. American specimens, covered beneath with stellate hairs ;
inflorescence terminal, flowers solitary or usually in umbel! iform
heads of 3-8, peduncle adherent to the petiole of the leafy bract ;
carpels 7-8 (5-6 in S. America), when ripe about 2 mm. 1.,
tuberculate-spiny. — Cav. Diss. i. 21, i. 3,/. 9 ; Siv. Obs. Bot. 257 ;
Macf. Jam. i. 79 ; Griseb. op. cit. 73 ; K. Schum. torn. cit. 283 ;
E. G. Bale. torn. cit. 141 ; Urb. Si/^nb. Ant. iv. 388 ; Britt. rt
Millxp. Bah. Fl. 267. Malva minor supina betonicje folio, flore
coccineo tfcc. Sloane Cat. 96 &, Hist. i. 217, t. 137,/. 2. Malva
minima supina itc. Browne Hist. Jam. 282.

Savannas, Sloaiic Herb. iv. 49 I Browne ! Bronghton ! Siuartz ! Ban-
croftl near Kingston, McXabl Priori Liguanea plain, Cawy^feeWl Hope
grounds, Fawccttl near Black llivcr ; near Spanish Town; Harrisl Fl.
Jam. 6023, 8303, 9768, 12,044.— Florida Keys, Bahamas, West Indies,
Texas, Central and South America.

Perennial licrb, woody at base. Stems several, 1-8 dm. 1., prostrate or
spreading. Leaves 6-13(-25) mm. 1. ; petiole as long as, or shorter than,
the limb ; stipules linear or linear-spathulato, ciliato, about as long as the
petiole. Calijx 4-5 ram. 1., lobes rather longer than the tube, triangular,
hirsute. Petals usually purplish-red, sometimes yellow at tips. Seeds
about 1*5 mm. in diam., dark brown, covered with minute adpressed
hairs.

14. S. eopdifolia L. Sp. PL 684 (1753): stem and branches
in upper parts, petioles, and peduncles minutely tomentose,
sometimes also with long hairs, at length glabrate ; leaves ovate,
obtuse or acute, cordate, on both sides soft to the touch, minutely
tomentose ; inflorescence terminal and axillary, a crowded raceme
or corymb or cluster, flowers sometimes solitary in the axils ;
carpels 7-12; ovary hairy on backs of lobes with minute con-
verging spinules at apex with hairs pointing backwards, ripe
carpels 3-4 mm. 1., opening at apex, valves, back and sides net-
veined, with 2 stiff bristles at apex about as long as the carpel,
prolonged beyond the calyx, covered with short hairs pointing
backwards. — Griseb. op. cit. 76; Mast, in Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 181 &
in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 324 ; K. Schum. torn. cit. 329, t. 62 ;
E. G. Bah. torn. cit. 291 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 770 ; Ui-b. Symb.
Ant. iv. 391 & viii. 416. S. foliis cordato-ovatis &c. L. Fl. Zcyl.
n. 254, 116. S. conferta Linh Enum. Hart. Berol. ii. 207 (1822).
Althiea maderaspatana tfec. Pluk. Phyt. t. 131, /. 2 (specimens
in Herb. Sloane xcv. 2). A. orientalis bidens itc. Pluh. Phyt.
t. 356, /. 1 (specimens in Herb. Sloane xciii. 21 & xciv. 143).
Malva bicornis kc. Bill. Elth. 211, t. 171,/. 209. Specimen in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus. Specimen in Herb. Hermann
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Liguanea plain, McNab ! Great Valley, Manchester, Purdic I Windward
road, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5972. — Florida and Keys, West Indies, tropical
cont. America, trop. and subtrop. Africa and Asia.

Perennial herb or undcrshrub, erect, 1-5 ft. high. Leaves 3-5 (2-8)

Sida MALVACKiT; 117

cm. 1., serrate ; petiole generally about half as long as the blade; stipules
5-7 mm. 1., thread-like, tomentose. Peduncle jointed, shorter or longer
than the petiole. Calyx G-7 mm. 1. in fl., 8 mm. 1. in fr., tomentose, tube
10-angled. Petals about 1 cm. 1., yellow-buff. Seeds about 2 mm. 1.,
somewhat cordate, dark brown, glabrous, but with very minute hairs near
hilum.

Var. althseifolia Griseh. loc. cit. (1859) ; distinguished by
absence of terminal spinules or bristles on ovary and fruit. —
S. althc^Befolia Sw. Prodr. 101 (1788) & Fl. Intl. Occ. 1207 ;
VHer. Stirp. v. l\2 his; DC. Prodr. L 464; Mac/. Jam. i. 81.
Althaea flore luteo Shane Cat. 96 & Hist. i. 218, t. 136, /. 2.

Old Harbour, Sloane Herb. iv. 53 ! Wright 1 Houstoun 1 common on dry
plains and hills, Macfadyenl Lanel March I Priori near Gordon Town,
Ball ! Liguanea plain, Clute ! — Cuba, Hispaniola, Isle of Pines, Porto
Rico, Yucatan, Cape Verde Is.

15. S. salvisefolia Presl Bel. HaenJc ii. 110 (1836) ; stem
soft to the touch, tomentose with minute stellate hairs ; leaves
oblong, oblong-lanceolate to linear, usually obtuse, base rounded,
soft to the touch and tomentose with very minute stellate hairs
on both sides, 1-3-nerved ; flowers solitary in the axils, becoming
corymbose at apex ; carpels 7-10, when ripe 3 mm. 1. (excl.
bristles), hirtellous on upper part of back, broader below, with
2 long bristles at apex, bristles 2-2 • 3 mm. 1., covered with short
hairs pointing backwards. — K. Schnm. torn. cit. 338 (under
S. rhombifolia L.) (1891). S. erecta 3Iacf. Jam. i. 80 (1837) ;
Urh. Symb. Ant. vi. 92. S. spinosa var. angustifolia, form Griseh.
op. cit. 74 (1859). S. angustissima St. Hil. var. Moritziana
K. Schum. torn. cit. 336 (1891). S. spinosa var. salvisefolia
E. G. Bale, in Journ. Pot. xxx. 237 (1892). 8. angustissima
P. E. Fries in Svensha Vetensk. Alcad. Handl. xlii. n. 12, 34
(1908) (with regard to specimens from Porto Rico to Colombia)
(non St. Hil.). Specimen from Presl in Herb. Mus. Brit.
Specimens from Macfadyen in Herb. Kew.

Liguanea plain, near Halfway Tree, Macfadyen ! also McNah ! also
Campbell ! Kingston, Prior 1 Long Mt. read, Harris ! PL Jam. 60<J7,
10,000. — Porto llico, St. Cruz, Margarita, Mexico, Colombia.

Perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high, erect, branches few. Leaves 1-5 cm. 1.,
serrulate ; petioles rather short ; stipules thread-like, soon falling.
Peduncle short, usually longer than the petiole, jointed. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1.,
minutely tomentose, 10-ribbed, 5-angled ; lobes acuminate or acute.
Petals pale bull' colour or yellowish-white veined with pale pink.

16. S. rhombifolia i. Sp. PI. 684 (1753); young parts of
branches, also peduncles, with very minute stellate hairs ; leaves
lanceolate, oblong, or rhomboid-oblong, wedge-shaped at base,
3-nerved, upper surface with minute stellate hairs or glabrate,
minutely tomentose beneath ; flowers solitary in the axils, rarely
a flowering branch appearing much later than the original flower,

118

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Sida

sometimes the terminal flowers become corymbose ; carpels 10-14,
when ripe 3-4 mm. 1., with 1 or 2 beaks at apex, beaks glabrous
or with very minute hairs.^ — Wright Mem. 291 ; Griseh. op. cit.
74 ; Mast, in Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 181 & in Hookf. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 323 ;
K. Schum. torn. cit. 337, /. 63 ; E. G. Bah. torn. cit. 239 ; Small
Fl. S.E. U.S. Ill ; Urh. Si/mh. Ant. iv. 390 & viii. 415 ; Briiton
Fl. Bcrm. 236. S. ruderata Macf. Jam. i. 80 (1837). Malvinda

Fi^'. 46. — Sida rhomhifoUa L.

A, Portion of branch with leaves ami C, Ditto seen from the l)ack X 7.

flowers X 3. D, Seed x 7.

B, Ripe carpel seen from the side X 7.

unicornis &c. Dill. Elth. 216, I. 112, f. 212. (Fig. 46.) Specimen
in Herb. Linn, named by Liuuwus. Specimen from Hort. Cliff.
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright\ St. Mary, McNabl St. Ann, Purdiel Moneaguc, Priori Port
Morant; Porus ; Hitchcock; J. P. 940, Morris 1 near Castleton, Thompso7i\
Pen Hill, Port Royal Mts., 2500 ft. ; Troy, 2000 ft. ; Harris 1 PI. Jam.
5802, 6742, 12,604.— Bermuda, N. Carolina to Texas and Florida, West
Indies, warmer regions of the whole world.

Perennial herb, 1-3 ft. high, usually much branched. Leaves 2-8 cm. 1.
and more, serrate or crenulate above the base ; petioles 3-5 mm. 1. ;
stipules 4-5(-10) mm. 1., narrowly linear ; tubercles below the petioles
occasionally occurring. Peduncles often nearly equalling the leaf, 2-8-5
cm. 1., jointed above the middle. Calyx 6-7 mm. 1., 10-angled, with very
minute hairs, angles thickened at base. Petals yellow, sometimes with a
purplish blotch at base. Seeds about 2 mm. 1., brown, glabrous but with
very short hairs near the hilum, somewhat cordate.

8ida MALVACEi*: 119

17. S. acuta Burm. Fl. Ind. 147 (1768) ; young parts of stem
and branches together with petioles and peduncles usually with
stellate and simple hairs ; larger leaves unequal -sided, oblong-
lanceolate to ovate or narrowly lanceolate, sometimes sub-
acuminate, base rounded or wedge shaped, 3(l)-nerved, at first
with stellate and simple hairs, the stellate ver}^ minute on upper
surface, mature leaves usually glabrate ; flowers at first solitary,
later accompanied by a flowering branch often more or less
subsessile, with several flowers simulating a globose or umbellate
inflorescence; carpels 7-12, when ripe 3-4 mm. L, with margins
of back subcrested, sides net-veined, apex with 2 very short
beaks, apex and beaks puberulous with very minute stellate
hsiirs.— Wight Ic. t. 95 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 771 ; Urb. Symh. Ant
iv. 389 & viii. 415. S. acuta Burm. var. carpinifolia K. Sclium
torn. cit. 326 (1891) ; E G. Bale. torn. cit. 238 ; Robinson in A. Gr
Fl. N. Amer. i. 324. S. ulmifolia Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768)
S. carpinifolia Linn. f. Suppl. 307 (1781); Griseb. op. cit. 73
Mast, in Fl. Trap. Afr. i. 180 & in Hoolc f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 323 ;
Britt. Fl. Berm. 236 ; Britt. d; Millsp. Bah. Fl. 268. S. stipulata
Cav. Diss. i. 22, t. 3, f. 10 (1785). S. Balbisiana DG. Prodr. i.
460 (1824). S. triVialis Macf. Jam. i. 78 (1837). Althsea
coromandeliana angustis &c. Pluk. Aim. Mant. fol. 10, pi. 2 &
Phyt. t. 334 (specimens in Herb. Sloane xcii. 10 & xcix. 53).
Malva erecta minor carpinifolio &c. Sloane Gat. 96 & Hist. i. 218.
Specimen" from Madeira in Herb. Mus. Brit., also Miller's type.
The type of Miller's S. hirsutissima (Diet. ed. 8) in Herb. Mus.
Brit, appears to be merely a hirsute form.

St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. iv. 51 1 Wright ! Swartz I St. John,
Purdie 1 Kingston ; Moneague ; Mt. Diablo ; Prior 1 March ! Kingston,
Clute ! Constant Spring ; Bog Walk ; Porus ; Port Morant ; Hitchcock ;
near Castleton, Thompson ! Ton Bridge Pen, 400 ft. Campbell I Quarry,
Spanish Town, Harris] Fl. Jam. 6238, 6422, 6759, 8088.— S. United States,
Bermuda, Bahamas, West Indies, subtropical and tropical regions.

Perennial or annual herb or undershrub, 1-3 ft. higb, erect or more or
less prostrate, branching. Leaves l"5-7 (9) cm. 1., irregularly serrate;
petioles 4-5 mm. 1. ; stipules 1-1-5 cm. 1., sublanceolate to linear. Calyx
6-8 mm. 1., often with minute stellate hairs and long simple hairs on
margins and nerves, 10-nerved ; lobes acuminate. Petals orange-yellow or
white. Seeds glabrous but puberulous near hilum.

18. S. linifolla Juss. ex Gav. Diss. i. 14, t. 2, /. 1 (1785);
young parts with simple, forked, or stellate hairs ; leaves linear
to lanceolate, long attenuate-acuminate, entire, 3-nerved, with
simple or forked adpressed hairs on both sides ; inflorescence a
terminal corymb with sometimes 1 or 2 flowers together in the
upper axils; carpels 7-9, when ripe about 2*5 mm. 1, glabrous;
apex, in still unripe state, hollowed so as to appear as if there
were 2 small horns, but these are indistinct when ripe. —
Griseb. op. cit. 76 ; Mast, in Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 179 ; K. Schum.

120 FLOIIA OF JAMAICA Sida

torn. cit. 292, t. 57; E. G. Bale. torn. cit. 140; Urh. Sym. Ant.
via. 413.

Hollis's savanna, Upper Clarendon, 2100 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,250. —
Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, Tobago, Trinidad, Central America, trop.
S. America, trop. Africa.

Annual or biennial herb, 1-3 ft. high, becoming woody below. Leaves
2-6(-14) cm. 1. ; petioles 2-G mm. 1. ; stipules 4-7 mm. 1., linear or narrowly
lanceolate. Calyx about 5 mm. 1., pubescent. Petals nearly twice as long
as calyx, white with dark purple b^se. Seeds scarcely 2 mm. 1., brown,
glabrous.

19. S. tpoyana Urh. Symh. Arit. v. 419 (1908) ; young parts of
branches, also petioles and peduncles, with minute stellate hairs ;
leaves oblong-oblanceolate, base blunt, serrulate but entire near
base, upper surface glabrous, beneath minutely stellate-tomentose ;
flowers solitary in the axils, terminal often corymbose ; carpels
about 10, when ripe about 3 mm. 1., with short beaks about
•5 mm. 1., glabrous.

Weed in pastures, near Troy, 2200 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8805.

Undershrub, 3 ft. high, much branched. Leaves •5-2*2 cm. 1. ; petioles
2-3 mm. 1. ; stipules 3-4 mm. 1., linear-awl-shaped. Peduncles 1-2 cm. 1.
Calyx united below the middle; lobes elliptical, prolonged into an awl-
shaped tip, 3-3 '5 (incl. tip) mm. 1. Petals none. Seeds scarcely 1'5 mm.
in diam. ; minutely hairy near hilum.

The appearance of this specimen suggests that it may be perhaps a
depauperate form of S. rhombifolia L. The only flowers present are small,
apetalous, at the ends of the shoots.

7. BASTARDIA H. B. & K.

Herbs or undershrubs, with the habit of Sida, tomentose,
viscous-glandular, fct'tid. Leaves cordate, entire or crenate-
toothed ; stipules threiid-like, soon falling. Flowers axillary,
yellow, solitary or 2 or 3 together, with a flowering branch
developing later. Involucel wanting. Calyx 5-cleft. Ovary
5(8)-celled ; ovules one in each cell, hanging, attached at the
inner angle above ; styles as many as the carpels. Capsule
loculicidally 5(8)-valved ; valves bearing the partition in the
middle. Seeds hanging.

Species 6, natives of West Indies and trop, cont, America.

Capsule without beaks 1. B. viscosa.

Capsule-valves 2-beaked 2. B. bivalvis.

1. B. viseosa H. B. rO K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. v. 256 (199) (1822).—
Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 80 ; Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. i. 107;
K. Schum. in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 360 ; E. G. Bale, in Journ. Bot.
xxxi. 68; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 393 & viii. 419; Britt. & MilUp.
Bah. Fl. 270. B. parvifolia H. B. d- K. torn. cit. 255, t. 472
(1822). Alcea populi folio villoso &c. Sloane Cat. 98 <k Hist. i.
222, i. 139, /. 4. Sida fruticulosa &c. Broivne Hist. Jam. 280.

Baatardia

MALVACEAE

121

Sida viscosa L. Syst. x. 1145 (1759) & Amcen. v. 402, 380 ; L'Her.
Stirp. Ill bis, t, 53 his. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn,
named by Linnaeus. (Fig. 47, a.)

Sloane Herb. iv. 65 (in part) 1 Houstoun ! Browne ! WrigJit 1 Masson 1
Kock Fort, McNabl Kingston, Priori Windward road, near Kingston;
sea-coast, Liguanea plain ; Campbell ! Pedro Bluff, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5977,
6326, 97iil. — Bahamas, West Indies, trop. cont. America.

Undershrttb, 2-3 ft. high, much branched, young stems and branches
and petioles soft to the touch, glandular-tomentose with scattered long
simple hairs. Leaves 1-11 cm. 1., ovate, usually acuminate, cordate,
5-7(9)-nerved, with minute teeth, on both sides soft to the touch and
minutely tomentose or glabrescent ; petioles about as long as the leaves

i1 .—Bastardia.

A, Portion of flowering branch of B. vis-
cosa H. B. & K. , nat. size.

B, Capsule of B. bivalvis H. B. & K. , X

C, Two valves of ditto X i.

or longer; stipules 2-3 mm. 1. Peduncle long, 1-3 (•5-3-5) cm. 1.,
puberulous. Calyx 3-5-4 mm. 1., tomentose; lobes acuminate. Petals
about 5 mm. 1., tawny-yellow. Capsule 5-8-celled, very minutely tomen-
tose; valves 3 mm. 1., not beaked. Seeds 1'7 mm. 1., somewhat heart-
shaped, black, puberulous with white hairs.

B. bivalvis If. B. A K. Nov. Gen. d- Sp. v. 255 (198) {in Ohs.)
{1S22). —Griseh. loc. cit. ; K. Schmi. torn. cit. 363; E. G. Bah.
loc. cit.; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 393 & viii. 419. B. spinifex Tr. d-
Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvii. 186 (1862). Alcea populi folio
incano &c. Sloane Cat. 98 & Hist. i. 222, t. 139, /. 3. Sida bivalvis
Cav. Diss, i.l^jt. 11, /. 3. S. viscosa Macf. Jam. i. 84 (excl. syn.)
(nonL.). S.'fragrans VHer. Stirp. Ill, i. 53 (1789). (Fig. 47, b,c.)

Sloane Herb. iv. 57 (in part), 64 (in part)! Salt Ponds, Macfadyen ;
Four Mile Wood, St. David, Wilson ! March ! Kingston, Prior 1 near Up

122 FLORA OF JAMAICA Bastardia

Park Camp, Camphell\ Hope grounds, Hai-ris\ Fl. Jam. 6098, 63G2,
8914. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, trop. S. America.

Herb or shrub to 3-4 ft. high ; yovmg stems and branches, petioles, and
peduncles glandular-viscous with small stellate hairs and long simple
hairs. Leaves 2-6 (1-13) cm. 1., ovate, acuminate, cordate, 7-ncrved,
crenate, soft to the touch on both sides, puberulous with minute simple
and stellate hairs on upper surface, thickly covered with short stellate
hairs beneath ; petioles half as long as blade or shorter ; stipules 3-4 mm. 1.
Peduncles very short, 1-5 mm. 1. Calyx 7-8 mm. 1., tomentose ; lobes
acuminate with a thread-like acumen. Petals nearly 1 cm. 1., pale yellow.
Capsule 5-celled, puberulous; valves 3"5-4 mm. 1., 2-beaked ; beaks
l"5-2 mm. 1. Seeds about 2 mm. 1., ellipsoidal-globose, black, puberulous
with scattered light-coloured hairs.

§ 2. Staminal column bearing anthers on the outside, the
apex truncate or o-toothed or -crenate. Style-branches 10.
Carpels 5, separating when ripe from the axis or re-
ceptacle. Cotyledons as in § 1.

8. MALACHRA L.

Hispid herbs or shrubs ; stems usually marked with a
tomentose-pubescent line. Leaves palmately angled or lobed,
with long petiole ; stipules thread-like. Flowers yellow, white,
or red, in dense axillary or terminal heads, with an involucre of
leafy bracts. Bracts usually 3, but 5 or 6 in M. radiata,
generally doubled down the middle, but flat in M. radiata, shortly
stalked or sessile, 3-9-nerved, nerves and veins prominent
beneath, but veins in M. radiata indistinct, each bract with
2 or 4 stipules ; bracts wanting for the inner flowers, but
stipules present, in-egularly mixed with the flowers or wanting.
Involucel of 9-12 bracteoles round single flowers in M. radiata,
wanting in other species. Calyx usually increasing after flower-
ing, o-cleft or 5-parted ; lobes 3-nerved. Ovary 5-celled, each
with 1 ovule. Pericarp of ripe carpels membranous, with
network of veins slightly prominent, splitting open below at the
inner angle, 3-sided-obovate. Seeds of somewhat similar form to
the carpel, but slightly smaller. Wild O c h r a .

Species 9, natives of tropical and subtropical Amei'ica, of
which 1 or 2 are also widely dispersed in Asia and Africa.

Heads axillary.

Calyx 6-8 mm. 1.

Outer bracts roundish. Calyx-lobes ovate-
lanceolate. Petals 10 mm. 1 1. M. capitata.

Outer bracts broadly triangular. Calyx-lobes

lanceolate, long-tipped. Petals 15 mm. 1. 2. M. alcecefolia.
Calyx 4-5 mm. 1.

Leaves undivided 3. M.urens.

Leaves 3-5-lobed 4. M.fasciata.

Heads terminal 6. M. radiata.

Malachra

MALYkCT&M

123

1. M. capitata L. Syst. ed. 12, 458 (1767); whole plant
covered with very minute dense stellate hairs, usually forming
tomentum on young branches and on under surface of leaves ;
stem with long white simple and stellate hairs ; leaves : lower
roundish, palmately sinuate or 5-lobed, upper 3-lobed or un-
divided, all at base obtuse, rarely subcordate ; stipules

Fig. iS.— Malachra capitata L.

A, Leaf and head of flowers x 3.

B, Plan of head of flowers : i, bracts of

involucre enclosing 6 flowers ; », sti-
pules of bracts.

C, Flower with perianth removed cut
lengthwise, enlarged.

D, Fruit with the persistent calyx, en-
larged.

E, Seed cut lengthwise x 3.
(After A. Gray.)

5-15 mm. 1.; heads 1-3 in upper axils; peduncle 1-7 cm. 1. ;
bracts roundish to broadly ovate, apex acute, base cordate,
entire or 1-2 teeth, to 2 cm. 1., 2-5 cm. br. ; calyx 6-8 mm. 1.,
lobes ovate-lanceolate; petals yellow, 9-10 mm. 1. — Giirke in
Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xvi. 348 & in TJrh. Symh. Ant. iv. 394 & viii.
420; Small. Fl. S.E. U.S. 772. M. palmata Moench. MetJi. 615
(1794) ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Inch 81. M. mexicana Schrad. in

124 FLORA OF JAMAICA Malachra

Lid. Sem. Hort. Goett. (1830); A. Gr. Gen. ii. 74, /. 129. Sida
florum capitulis itc. L. in Act. Uj>s. 1743, 137, t. 2 (1749);
Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) 162, /. 169, /. 1. S. capitata L. Sp.
PL 685 (1753) «£• Ama'n. v, 380. S. hirta assurgens &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 281. (Fig. 48.) Linnajus's type in Herb. Linn.

In fl. and fr. Oct. to March ; Wright ! Masson ! Lucea, Hitchcock ;
Green Island, roadside and along edges of pond, dry rocky hill, 200 ft.,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,252. — West Indies, as far south as ISIartinique, Texas
to Panama.

Perennial Jwrb, 2-G ft. high. Leaves, lower G-10 cm. 1., shorter above ;
stipules two, rarely four. Heads with 3-G flowers. Bracts somewhat
hispid with hairs on upper surface and on nerves beneath, on both sides
with very minute hairs, 7-9-nerved. Carpels 3-3 -5 mm. 1., blackish-
brown, glabrous. Seeds slightly shorter.

2. M. aleesBfolia Jncq. Collect, ii. 350 (1788) ct Ic. liar. Hi.
t. 549 ; stem, branches, fH^tioles, and leaves usually with long
rigid yellowish bulbous hair.><, simple or stellate, besides with
sparse very short stellate hairs ; leaves : lower cox'dato at base,
upper subcordate or rounded, all roundish or ovate, 3-5-angled
or -lol)ed ; stipules 10-15 (20) nun. 1. ; heads 3-7 in upper axils ;
peduncle 1-10 cm. 1. ; bracts broadly triangular, often somewhat
3-lol)ed, apex acute, base deeply cordate, margin sometimes
toothed aljove, sinuate below, to 25 mm. 1. and br. ; calyx
6-7 (8) mm. 1., membranous, whitish ; lobes lanceolate, long
tipped ; tips and nerves reddish-brown ; petals yt^llow, 15 mm. 1.
— Giirke in Fl. Bras. xii. pi. 3, 461, in Enyl. Bot, Jahrh. avi. 350,
«fc in Urb. Syinh. Ant. iv. 394 & viii. 420. M. ca})itata Car. Diss.
ii. 97, /. 33,/. 1 (1786) (excl. vars.) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 59 ; Grisch.
torn. cii. 80 (non L.). M. rotundifolia >Scliranli PI. Bar. Hort.
Mon. t. 56 (1819). Malva aspera major etc. Sloane Cat. 9G <k
Hist. i. 217, t.lS7,f. I.

In fl. and fr. Aug.-JIarch ; in watery places of savannas and by river-
sides, Sloane Herb. iv. 48 1 Macfadycn ! Guys Hill, St. ]\Iary, riirdie ! ]\It.
Diablo, Prior ! Ferry, Liguanea plain, Caviphell I also Harris ! Lucea,
Hitchcock; Negril, Harrisl Fl. Jam. G159, G17G, 8277, 9050, 10,215.—
West Indies, Panama to Guiana.

Perennial, 1^-6 ft. high. Leaves 12-8 cm. 1. and br., margin irregu-
larly crenate-toothed with large teeth, on both sides rough, 5(3)-nerved.
Bracts on upper surface and on nerves beneath with scattered long rigid
hairs, besides at the base and along the nerves with very minute stellate
hairs, 7-nerved. Calyx, tip and nerves on both sides hispid with long
rigid hairs. Ripe carpels 3-3-5 mm. 1., puberulous, rarely glabrous.

3. M. urens Poit. in Lecleb. & Adlerstam Diss. 22 (1805) &
Schrad. Neu. Journ. Bot. ii. 293 (1807) ; stem, leaves, and petioles
with rather few rigid yellowish bulbous hairs, simple or some-
times stellate, below glabrescent ; leaves ovate to lanceolate,
undivided, occasionally angled near base ; stipules 5-10 mm. 1. ;
heads solitary (-2) in the upper axils, subsessile or short stalked ;

Malachra MALVACE^ 125

bracts triangular, long acuminate, base deeply cordate, margin
bristly-toothed, to 15 mm. 1., 7-8 mm. br. ; calyx 4-5 mm. 1.,
longer after flowering, membranous, whitish ; lobes lanceolate,
long tipped ; tips and nerves reddish-brown ; petals orange-
coloured or red, 12 mm. 1. — Griseb. op. cit. 81 ; Giirke in Engl.
Sot. Jahrh. xvi. 352 & in Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 395 & viii. 420 ; Small
loc. cit. M. ciliata Pair, in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. Hi. 578 (1813).

Masson I Sioartz ! Distin ! Port Morant, Hitchcock. — Florida Keys,
Cuba to Porto Rico, Central America.

Perennial herb, about li ft. bigh. Leaves 3-6 (2-9) cm. 1., obtuse or
somewhat acute at apex, obtuse rarely subcordate at base, with teeth large
ending in a bristle, on both sides generally rough. Bracts 3-5(7)-nerved.
Ripe carpels about 3 mm. 1., puberulous. Seeds about 2*5 mm. 1., black.

4. M. faseiata Jacq. Coll. ii. 352 (1788) & Ic. Bar. Hi. t. 548 ;
the whole plant, and especially the inflorescences, hispid with
long very rigid yellowish bulbous hairs, simple or stellate ;
leaves : lower 5-lobed (or -parted), upper 3-lobed or undivided
and lanceolate, all obtuse at base ; stipules to 20-30 mm. 1. ;
inflorescence very hispid with rigid yellow hairs ; heads axillary,
peduncle 5-15 mm. 1. ; bracts ovate or broadly triangular, apex
long acuminate, base subcordate, sometimes toothed, often ciliate,
or above entire, below with 1 or 2 very large teeth on each side,
to 25 mm. 1., 20 mm. br. ; calyx 4-5 mm. 1., lobes lanceolate,
long tipped, whitish with nerves and tip brown ; petals white,
reddish outside before flowering, 10 mm. 1. — GurJce in Fl. Bras,
xii. pi. 3, 463, i. 81, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi. 353 & in Urb. Symb.
Ant. iv. 395. M. humilis Benth. PI. Hartw. 113 (1843) & Bot. of
Sulph. 70. M. radiata Griseb. loc. cit. (non L.).

In fl. and fr. Nov. -Jan. ; Wright ! Masson ! Distin ! Orange Bay morass,
Hanover; cane-fields, Vere Common; Purdiel Wilson] Priori March \ —
West Indies (but not reported from Hispaniola), trop. cont. America.

Shrubby perennial herb, 2-9 ft. high. Leaves: lower 10-15 cm. 1.,
upper gradually smaller, margin serrate irregularly with large teeth, on
both sides hispid with simple rigid adpressed bulbous hairs, 5-3-nerved.
Bracts 3-5-nerved. Ripe carpels 3-3-5 mm. 1., reticulate. Seeds brown,
2'5 mm. 1.

" Admirably adapted for use as a fibre plant" (Wilson ex Griseb. loc.
cit.). Host-plant for " cotton-stainer " {Dysdercxissaiurcllus)\ia.'MoTiti,erTSi.\,.

5. M. radiata L. Syst. cd. 12, 459 (1767); the whole plant
hispid with very rigid long yellowish bulbous stellate hairs ;
leaves palmately 5-3-parted, base cordate, segments narrowed at
the base, oblong, often 3-lobed or cut into strips ; stipules
10 mm. 1.; heads terminal; bracts roundish-ovate obtuse or
acuminate, tip sometimes oblong, base obtuse, serrate-toothed,
not folded together; involucel of 9-12 thread-like segments;
calyx herbaceous, 8-10 mm. 1., longer after flowering ; lanceolate-
ovate, acute; petals pink, 11-13 mm. 1. — Cav. Diss. H. 98, t. 33,
/. 3 ; 3Iast. in Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 188 ; Giirhe in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3.

126 FLORA OF JAMAICA Malachra

467, /. 83,/. 1, in Engl. Bot. Juhrh. xvi. 358 & in Urh. Synih. Ant.
via. 421. M. capitata Wri(/ht Mem. 288 (nou L.). Sida radiata
L. Sj). PI. ed. 2, 965 (1763). S. foliis palmatis i^c. Plmn. PI.
Amer. (Burm.) t. 19.

Wright\ — Cuba, Hispauiola, Central and trop. S. America, trop. Africa.

Perennial shrubby herb, 3-8 ft. high. Leaves: lower 12 cm. 1., upper
gradually smaller, margin serrate with large teeth, on both sides with
rigid stellate adprossed hairs or on upper surface glabrescent, 5-3-nerved.
Bracts on both sides with rigid adpressed hairs, stellate beneath but
usually simple on upper surface, 5-7-nerv'ed. Ripe carpels 4 mm. 1.,
reticulate, glabrous, minutely warted. Seeds 3 mm. 1., brown.

A kind of flax is obtained from the bark. (Wright.)

9. URENA L.

Herbs or uudershrubd. Leaves usually angled or lobed,
with 1-3 long narrow split glands at base of median nerves
beneath ; stipules awl-shaped. Flowers solitary or in small
clusters, axillary. Bracteoles united into a 5-cleft involucel,
adhering to the calyx-tube. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obliquely
obcordate or obovate, usually pink. Staminal tube about as long
as the petals, wider at the base, columnar, bearing anthers below
the truncate apex. Each cell of the ovary with one ascending
ovule. Ripe carpels 5, not splitting open, armed with barbed
spines in New World s])ocies. Seeds ascending. Bur M a 1 1 o w,
Indian Mallow.

Species 6, of which 2 are natives of the tropics generally, the
rest natives of tropical Asia and Australia.

Leaves more or less angled, or often lobed with narrow

bays, rarely cleft as far as middle 1. JJ. lohata.

Leaves lobed with roundish bays, cleft to and beyond the

middle 2. U. sinuata,

1. U. lobata L. Sp. PI 692 (1753); Cav. Diss. vi. 336,
/. 185, /. 1 ; Descuurt. Fl. Ant. iv. 176, /. 271 ; Bid. Mag. t. 3043 ;
Si. Hil. PL Us. t. 56; Qrineh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 81 (with vars.) ;
Giirke in Fl. Bras. .rii. pt. 3, 469, in Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xvi. 370
(with vars. Swartzii, americaua, and viminea) k in Urh. Si/mh. Ant.
iv. 395 & via. 421 ; Watt Diet. Econ. Pr. Ind. ; Small Fl. 'S.E. U.S.
773. U. foliis itc. Browne Hist. Jam. 281. U. americana Liyin.
f. Suppl. 308 (1781). U. viminea Cav. Diss. vi. 335, t. 184,/. 1
(1788). U. sinuata Sw. Ohs. Bot. 263 (1791) (non L.). U. reti-
culata Macf. Jam. i. 59 (1837) (non Cav.). Malva vel alcea
fruticosa ribesii &c. Shane Cat. 96 it Hist. i. 37, t. 11, f. 2
(specimen from Barbados). (Fig. 49.) Specimen in Herb. Linn,
named by Linnseus.

Broughton I Distin 1 McNab ! hills near Kingston ; Moneaguc ; Prior 1
Marchl Blu3 Mt. Peak; Lucea; Porus ; Hitchcock; J. P. lOGO Morrisl

Urena

malvacp:^^.

127

near Castleton, 700 ft.; Prospect Hill, 2000 ft.; Brandon Hill, 1200 ^t. ;
Thompsonl near Ewarton, 950 ft.; near Troy, 2200 ft.; Harrisl Knowley
Park, Devon, 2550 ft. ; Miss H. A. Wood ! Fl. Jam. G618, 6756, 8034, 8077,
8798. — Florida, West Indies, warmer regions of the world.

Stem 1-4 (6) ft. high, somewhat shrubby, usually tomentose with
stellate hairs. Leaves 3-8 (-12) cm. 1., varying much in form — roundish or
ovate to lanceolate, more or less angled, sinuate, or often lobed (with
narrow bays, rarely cleft as far as the middle), margin unequally serrate,
3-9-nerved, on both sides hairy or more or less tomentose, with 1 or 3

Fig. 49. — Urena lobata L.

A, Portion of flowering branch, showing
under side of leaf, flower, and young
fruit X n.

B, Invohicel and calyx X 2J.

C, A single ripe carpel cut open, showing

the seed X 3i.

glands beneath. Involucel 5-7 mm. 1. in fl. Calyx 5-7 mm. 1., usually
shorter than the involucel. Petals 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx.
Staminal tube 15-18 mm. 1. Ripe carpels about 6 mm. 1, Seeds about
3 "5 mm. 1.

The bark of this and the following species yields a good, easily extract-
able fibre, which is considered suitablo for the manufacture of sacking and
twine, and a fair substitute for flax. (Watt.)

2. U. sinuata L. Sp. PI. 692 (1753) & Amoen. v. 380; Cav.
Diss. vi. 336, t. 185,/. 2; Grisej. loc. cit. ; Giirhe in Fl. Bras,
xii, pt. 3, 472, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xvi. 377 ct in TJrh. Symh. Ant.
iv. 396. IT. americana var. Wright Mem. 287 (1787) (nou
Linn. /.). U. aculeata Mill. Diet. ed. 8. U. Swartzii Mac/.
Jam. i. 60 (1837) (excl. syn.) (non DC). Alcea indica &c.
Pluk. Phyt. t. 5, /. 3 (specimen in Herb. Sloane xcv. 22). Type
specimen in Herb. H[ermann in Herb. Mus. Brit. Specimen

128 FLORA OF JAMAICA Urena

in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus. Miller's type in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

Wright ! Distin ! Moneague, Prior I March ; Bog Walk, Hitchcock ;
Trinityville, 2000 ft. ; Ewarton, 950 ft, ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6034, 6616.—
West Indies, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Is. of east Africa, south and
east Asia.

Plant much like U. lobatu but smaller in all parts, and leaves all
deeply lobed. Stem 1-3 ft. high, rather pubescent than tomentose above.
Leaves 2-6 cm. 1., all 3-5-parted to or beyond the middle, lobes narrowed
at the base, bays roundish, 1-5-nerved, usually with 3 split glands beneath.
Involucel 4-6 mm. 1., in fl. Calyx 4-5 mm. 1. Petals 3 or 4 times as long
as calyx. Staminal column 12-17 mm. 1.

10. PAVONIA Cav.

Undershrubs or shrubs (rarely herbs), glabrous or variously
hairy, sometimes with a line of dense minute hairs from node to
node. Leaves usually with pellucid dots, entire, serrate, angled,
or lobed. Stipules usually linear-awl-shaped. Flowers solitary
in upper axils, or forming, with non-development of leaves,
racemes, corymbs, or panicles at the ends of branches. Bracteoles
of involucel 4 to many, usually herbaceous, free or more or less
united with each other and with the base of the calyx. Calyx
5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals yellow, white, or rose. Staminal
tube with filaments springing in the upper two-thirds or half.
Ovar3--cells with 1 ovule. Style with 8-10 short branches at
apex ; stigmas thick. Ripe carpels with, or without, 3-1 spines
at apex, more or less 2-valved, occasionally not opening.

Species about 100, most natives of South America, the West
Indies, Central America, and the warmer regions of North
America, a few in Africa, tropical Asia, and the Polynesian Is.,
one also of the S. American species occurl-ing in Australia.

Carpels armed with 3 spines.

Flowers solitary in axils. Petals 2-3 cm. 1 1. P. spinifex.

Flowers in terminal dense heads. Bracts

ovate-lanceolate 2. P. fruticosa.

Flowers in terminal lax heads or corymbs

(5-20 flowers). Bracts linear-lanceolate . 3. P. rosea.
Flowers solitary in axils and in few (3-4)-

flowered corymbs. Petals 1-1*5 cm. 1. ... 4. P. psetido-typhalcea.
Carpels without spines.

Branchlets with glandular hairs 5. P. paniculata.

Glandular hairs absent 6. P. spicata.

1. P. spinifex Cav. Diss. Hi. 133, /. 45, /. 2 (1787) ; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, more or- less acuminate, base rounded to
cordate ; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, sometimes
2 or 3 close together at the apex ; petals 2-3 (4) cm. 1. ; carpels
with 3 spines at apex, diverging and bearing stiff hairs pointing
backwards ; 3 ribs running from the spines to the base, back
transversely wrinkled. — Wright Mem. 287 ; Bot. Reg. t. 339 ;

Pavonia

MALVACE^-]

129

Mac/. Jam. i. 61 ; Griseb. Fl Br. W. Ind. 82; GiirJce in Fl.
Bras. xii. pt. 3, 480, t. 85 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 773 ; Urh. Symh.
Ant. iv. 396 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 237 ; Britt. rf; Millsj). Bah. Fl. 270.
P. aristata Gav. loc. cit. t. 45, /. 3 (1787). P. communis *S^^ Hil.
Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 224 (1825). Hibiscus foliis cordatis kc. Plum.
PI. Amer. (Burm.) t. 1 & Ic. incd. in. 174. H. spinifex L. Sijst.
ed. 10, 1149 (1759) ; Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 196 & Hori. Vindoh.
f. 103. (Fig. 50.) Specimen without flowers and fruit in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnseus.

Spur Bur.

Wright ! sparingly in limestone districts ; Halberstadt ; road from
Springvale to St. Johns ; Macfadycn ! Distin ; Great Valley, Manchester,

Fig. 50. — Pavonia spinifex Cav.

A, Portion of (lowering branch X I.

B, I'ruit witli one side cut away to
show the seed X 2.V.

Purdie ! Moneague, Prior ! March ! Porus, Hitchcock ; near Alligator
Pond, 50 ft. ; Spring, Trelawney, 500 ft. ; near Balaclava ; Lititz, Slan-
chester, 800 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7270, 8170, 12,445.— Bermuda (intro-
duced), Southern U. States, Bahamas, W. Indies, tropical continental
America.

Unclershruh, 2-15 ft. high, simple or with a few trailing branches
(2-3 ft. 1.), glabrous or with small stellate hairs. Leaves 12-4 (or less)
cm. 1., serrate or crenate with large irregular teeth, both sides with a few
stellate hairs or glabrous, 3-5-nerved ; petioles 1-3 cm. 1. above, longer (to
G cm.) below; stipules 7-10 mm. 1. Peduncles 1-5(7) cm. 1. Involucel
with 5-8 oblong-linear bracteoles about as long as the calyx. Calyx
5-parted to two-thirds down, cup-shaped at base, 9-12 mm. 1. PetaU
yellow. Staminal tube usually longer than the petals. Ripe carpels
4-5 (6) mm. 1., not opening; spines 5-10 mm. 1.

The species of this genus are fibre plants, yielding a fairly strong flax
or hemp ; they are also emollient. (Wright.)

V K

130 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pavonia

2. P. fruticosa comb. nov. ; leaves oblong-elliptical to lanceo-
late or elliptical, rarely obovate- or oblanceolate-elliptical, apex
somewhat acuminate, base wedge-shaped or obtuse to rounded ;
flowers crowded into a head at apex of stem and floral branches,
rarely solitary ; bracts at base of heads mostly o\'ate-lanceolate,
6-8 mm. 1., 2-2 -5 mm. br. ; bracteoles of involucel ovate;
carpels with 3 spines close together at apex, with stift' hairs
pointing backwards, back smooth, with a very slender median
rib.— P. typhalsea Car. Diss. Hi. 134 (1787) & vi. 350, /. 197 ;
Gurie torn. cit. 483, /. 87, /. 1 ; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. iv. 397 & viii.
422. P. typhaleoides H. B. «0 K. Nov. Gen. tfc Sp. v. 279 (1822) ;
Griseb. op. cit. 82. Urena fruticulosa «tc. Browne Hist. Jam.
281. U. Typhahva L. Mant. 258 (1771); Sw. Obs. 264. Sida
fruticosa Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Miller's type in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

Broughton\ Shakspcar\ St. Mary, McNah\ Monoague, Prior \ — Cuba,
Hispanioia, Porto Rico, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, Central and B.
America.

Undcrshnib, 3-6 ft. high, simple or occasionally with a few branches;
stem and branches with stellate hairs above. Leaves 20-5 cm. 1., serrate
or crcnate with large irregular teeth, 1-3-nerved, on both sides with minute
stellate hairs; petioles 5-1 cm. 1.; stipules 5-10 mm. 1. Flowers, heads
5-15(20)-flowered. Involucel with 5(-8) bracteoles united for one-fourth of
their length, 8-10 mm. I., 2-4 mm. br. Calyx 5-cleft to halfway down,
cup-shaped at base, 5-7 mm. 1. Petals 12-13 mm. 1., white. Staminal
tube shorter than the petals. Carpels 5-6 mm. 1., 3-sided, opening from
base ; the median spine 6-7 mm. 1., lateral 3-4 mm. 1. Seed brown, about
4*5 mm. 1.

3. P. rosea Schlecht. in Linnsen xi. 355 (1837) ; leaves
obl.anceolate to obovate- or oblong-elliptical or elliptical, apex
usually acute or somewhat acuminate, base wedge-shaped or
obtuse ; pe<luncles 3-10 cm. 1. ; pedicels 5-10 mm. 1. ; flowers
crowded into a corymb or loose head at apex of stem and floral
branches, rarely solitary — corymbs or head.s with 5-20 flowers ;
bracts 1-3, at base of pedicels linear-lanceolate or linear, 5-7
mm. 1., '5-1 mm, br. ; bracteoles of involucel linear or linear-
lanceolate ; carpels with 3 spines, one at apex, one at each side
springing from the margin distant from the median spine 1 mm.
below, hairs on spines pointing downwards, back smooth with a
very slender median rib. — Giirlce torn. cit. 484, /. 87, /. 2.
P. typhalaea Mac/. Jam. i. 61 (1837); Griseb. loc. cit. (non Cav.).

Wright ! Bancroft ! common, Macfadycn ; moist woods St. Thomas in
the Vale, and everywhere, Purdicl Wilsoiil Kio Cobre, Priori March \
Content road, Campbell ! Lennox hill, 300 ft. ; Pittsfield ; Keith Hall,
2400 ft. ; Thompson ! Bethlehem, St. Elizabeth, T. J. Harris 1 Castleton,
490 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6471, 6740, 7977, 8286, 11,875.— Tropical
continental America.

JJndershrub, 2-6 ft. high, simple or scarcely branching except in the
inflorescence ; young stem and petioles covered with stellate hairs. Leaves

Pavonia MALVACE^ 131

20-4 cm. 1., serrate or crenate with large . irregular teeth, 1-3-nerved, on
both sides rough with minute stellate hairs or glabrescent ; floral leaves
much smaller, linear-oblong ; petioles 4-1 cm. 1. ; stipules 7-10 mm. 1.
Involucel of 6-8(-10) bracteoles, united for about one-fourth of their length
and with the calyx, 5-10 mm. 1., •5-1-5(2) mm. br. Calyx 4-5 mm. 1.,
5-cleft halfway down, cup-shaped at base. Petals 10-13 mm. 1., of a pale
rose colour or white. Staminal tube shorter than the petals. Carpels
about 6 mm. 1. ; median spine to 9 mm. 1., the others shorter.

4. P. pseudo-typhalsea Planch. & Lind. ex Tr. <& Planch, in
Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvii. 160 (1862); leaves oblong-elliptical or
lanceolate, apex acute or slightly acuminate, narrowed to the
base or rounded ; pedicels 1-3 cm. 1. ; bi^acts awl-shaped 6-8
mm. 1. ; flowers solitary, axillary or crowded into a corymb — -
corymbs with 3-4 flowers ; bracteoles of involucel linear ;
carpels not seen. — Gurke torn. cit. 486 ; P. E. Fries in Svenslc.
Vetensk. Handl. xlii. 42.

Swartz (fide R. E. Fries). — Colombia.

Undershrub ; young stem and petioles covered with stellate hairs.
Leaves 6-16 cm. 1., serrate with large teeth, 1-3-nerved, on upper surface
more or less glabrate, beneath rough with stellate hairs; petioles -5-3
cm. 1. ; stipules awl-shaped, linear, 8-10 mm. 1. Involucel of 10 bracteoles,
7-9 mm. 1., united for about one-third of their length. Calyx 5-6 mm. 1.
Petals 12-15 mm. 1. Staminal tube shorter than petals.

5. P. paniculata Cav. Diss. Hi. 135, /. 46,/. 2 (1787) ; leaves
ovate, angled or subtrilobed, apex and lobes acute or long
acuminate, base cordate ; flowers solitary in the axils of the
upper leaves, or usually the uppermost leaves not developed and
the flowers crowded into a compound corymb or a panicle ; carpels
without spines or with one very short weak spine at apex, back
with a few transverse markings, edges sharp and rough. — Gilrke
torn. cit. 504, t. 96, /. 1 ; Urb. Stjmb. Ant. iv. 398 & viii. 423.
P. corymbosa Willd. loc. cit. (1801); Macf. Jam. i. 62; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 83. P. scabra Presl Beliq. Hsenk. ii. 129 (1836).
Aithaja corymbosa Sw. Prodr. 101 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1213.
Specimen from Peru from Cavanilles in Herb. Mus. Brit. ; also
a specimen from St. Vincent named by Swartz.

Recorded for Jamaica by Swartz (Fl. Ind. Occ. 1218), but no specimen
seen by us from that island.— Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe,
tropical continental America.

Undershrub, 1-4 ft. high ; stem and branches with glandular and
stellate hairs, sometimes also with long simple spreading hairs. Leaves
12-3 cm. 1., crenate or serrate, 7-(9)-nerved, on upper surface pubescent
with stellate hairs on nerves and veins or glabrescent, beneath pubescent ;
petioles 5-2(-10) cm. 1. ; stipules lanceolate, 10-5 mm. 1. or less. Involucel
with 7-12 linear free bracteoles, twice as long as calyx, 9-13 mm. 1., hispid
with long simple hairs. Calyx 5-cleft to halfway, cup-shaped at base,
5-8 mm. 1., hispid with long simple hairs. Petals twice as long as the
calyx, yellow. Staminal tube 5-6 mm. 1., bearing long filaments from base
to apex. Ripe carpels 3-4 mm. 1., blackish-brown, 3-cornered, Seeds
about 2-5 mm. 1., kidney-shaped, striate on the back.

K 2

132 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pavonia

6. P. spicata Cav. Diss. iii. 136, t. 46, /. 1 (1787); leaves
broadly ovate or scinetimes roundish, acuminate with a narrow
tip, base cordate ; flowers in a terminal raceme, sometimes some-
what crowded and subcorymbose at apex ; cjii'pels with edges of
back sharp, with 3 projections at apex, back sometimes crested
in middle at apex, the median projection forming part of the
crest. — Urh. S)nnh. Ant. iv. 397 it viii. 423. P. racemosa Sw. Fl.
Ind. Occ. 1215 (1800) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 62 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Lid
83 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 773. Alcea fruticosa aquatica ikc.
Sloane Cat. 97 & Hist. i. 221, /. 139, /. 2. Althiwa uliginosa
frutescens i'c. Browne Hist. Jam. 284. Althjea raceinosa Sw.
Prodr. 102 (1788). Malache scabra B. Ch. Vo<jeI in Trcw PL
Sel. 50, /. 90 (1772); Brltt. in Bull. Ton: Bot. CI. .vaxv. 344 ;
Britt. a MilUp. Bah. Fl. 27 \.

Smaller Ma hoc.

Hotistoitnl Bsoks of Salt River aud Fresh River, Sloane Herb. iv. G8 !
Wright ! Rock Fort, Broughton ! Shakspcar ! Bancroft ! salt marshes ;
Rock Fort near Kingston ; Macfadyen ! also McXab ! St. Mary ; between
Ruff Bay and Annotto Bay ; St. Catherine ; McNab I Distin 1 sea-coast,
Westmoreland ; interior of St. Ann ; Purdic ! sea-side, St. Thomas in the
East and Portland, iri/sou ! Ocho Rios, Prior ! March ! sea-side near
Jackson Town, Miss A. Moulton Barrett I Port Antonio, Hitchcock; sea-
coast near Falmouth ; Ferry River, Liguanea plain ; Harris I Fl. Jam.
7225, 8629. — Florida, Bahamas, West Indies, tropical continental America.

Shrub, 3-16 ft. high ; young branches, petioles, peduncles, and pedicels
tomentose with small stellate hairs, older parts glabroscent. Lcarcs
G-13(-18) cm. 1., entire or sinuate, often with a few minute teeth, 6-7-
nerved, on both sides especially near the base with small stellate hairs or
glabratc; petioles 2-9 cm. 1.; stipules linear-lanceolate, 6-13 mm. 1.
Bracts similar to stipules, to 16 mm. 1. Invohicvl with small stellate
hairs, dense at base, with 8 (6-10) lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate bracteoles,
9-11 mm. 1., 2-3-5 mm. br. at base. Calyx covered with small stellate
hairs, 5-cleft to halfway, cup-shaped at base, 12-13 mm. 1. Petals 16-22
mm. 1., greenish-yellow. Staminal tube 15 mm. 1., with filaments on the
upper half or uppermost quarter ; filaments about 4 mm. 1. Ripe carpels
9-11 mm. 1., light brown, 3-cornered, opening along the inner median line,
back with one rib and a very few transverse and longitudinal raised lines.
Seeds about 5 mm. 1., kidney-shaped, striate on the back.

Var. troyana TJrh. Sijmh. Ant. v. 530 (1908) ct vi. 92 (as var.
of P. racemosa Sw.) ; iuvolucel-lcaves to 5 mm. br. at base ; edges
of the carpels more or less expanded into wings ; shrub 10-15 ft.
high, or tree 20 ft. Pa\onia troyana Urb. in Fedde Be]). Sj).
Nov. xiii. 459 (1914). Malache troyana Britt. torn. cit. 345 (190S).

Near Troy, 1400 ft. ; Peckham woods. Upper Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft. ;
Ipswich, St. Elizabeth, 900 ft.; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 9457, 10,868, 10,964,
12,304, 12,775. The specimens from Peckham have carpels not winged.

11. MALVAVISCUS Dill, ex Adans.

Shrubs or undershrubs ; twigs variously hairy or glabrous,
but with 1 or 2 dense lines of hairs from one node to another.

Malvaviscus

MALVACE/F.

133

Leaves entire or toothed, sometimes angular-lobed, variously
hairy or glabrous, usually with pellucid dots ; stipules linear or
awl-shaped. Flowers in axils of upper leaves, solitary or, if
uppermost leaves undeveloped, becoming corymbose or racemose.
Bracteoles of involucel 5 or more, generally linear. Calyx
somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft with sometimes 2 or 3 lobes
united. Petals 5, somewhat obovate, unequal-sided, red, con-
volute into a tube. Staminal tube longer than the petals,
spirally 10-striate. Ovary 5-celled, cells with one ovule; style
10-cleft, stigmas capitate. Fruit fleshy outside, berry-like;
carpels separating later, not opening. Seeds ascending.

Species 12 or more, natives of tropical and subtropical
America, including the West Indies.

M. Sagpseanus Bich. in Sagra Cub.

46,

Br lit. & Millsp. Bah. Fl. 271. M.
t. 383 (1828); Mac/. Jam. i. 63 ;
Grlseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 83 (inch
vars.) (non Cav.). M. arboreus
var. Sloanei E. G. Bah. in Journ.
Bot. xxxvii. 345 (1899). M. pilo-
sus Macf. Jam. i. 64 (excl. syn.
Sw.). Althaea jamaicensis arborea
&c. Pluk. Aim. 24, Phyt. t. 259,
/". 3. Malva arborea folio &c.
Sloane Gat. 96 S^ Hist. i. 216, t.
136, /. 1. Hibiscus frutescens
S:c. Browne Hist. Jam. 284. H.
malvaviscus L. Amoen. v. 380
(1760) & Herb, (as regards speci-
men from Browne) (non Sj). PL).
Achania Malvaviscus Sw. Prodr.
102 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1222
(excl. syn. Linn. & Cav.) ; Wright
illem. 289. (Fig. 51.) Specimen
from Browne named H. Mal-
vaviscus in Solander's hand.

arboreus Desc.

t. 14 (1845);
Fl. Ant. vi. 11,

Plukenet's
Mus. Brit.

specimen in Herb.

Morass Bark,

Fig. 51. — Malvaviscus Sagrceanus Rich.

A, Flower slightly enlarged.

B, Petal slightly enlarged.

C, Fruit about nat. size.

D, Seed in ripe carpel X 2J.
(A, B, C after Kichard.)

Sugar Bark,
^lahoe Rose.

Houstoun\ Browne ! WrigM\ Brougli-
ton ! Bancroft \ Macfadyen ! banks of Wag Water, McNab I Distin 1 Great
Valley, Manchester, Purdiel Lanc\ Wilsonl hills, St. Andrew; Mt.
Diablo; Priori Marchl Catherine's Peak, 3500 ft., ifJf/r/ers ! thickets, Blue
:\Its., J.P. 1032, Morrisl Hartl Ward's Rock, 700 ft., Thompson\ Stony
Hill, 1100 ft.; Red Hills, 1000 ft.; Walderston, 2600 ft.; Harris\ Port
Antonio ; Blue Mt. Peak ; Hitchcock, Fl. Jam. 8022, 11,143, 11,835, 12,863.
—Cuba, Bahamas.

134 FLORA OF JAMAICA Malvaviscua

Shrub, 6-15 ft. high, very variable in indumentum, in form of leaves,
and in size of the parts of the flower. Leaves 3-13 cm. 1., roundish- or
elliptical-ovate, ovate to lanceolate-ovate, base cordate, emarginate, or
rounded, more or less acuminate, unequally crenate or serrate, on both
sides tomentose or with minute scattered stellate hairs, or glabrate, on
upper surface sometimes slightly rough, beneath sometimes bearded in
nerve-axils, and usually indumentum denser ; petioles tomentose or villose.
Peduncles usually villose. Bracteoles of involucel 7-12, erect or somewhat
spreading, a little longer or shorter or of the same length as the calyx,
villose, ciliate, or tomentose. Calyx 9-13 mm. 1. Corolla crimson,
2-3 cm. 1. Stamiiial tube protruding half to the whole length of corolla.
Fruit 8 mm. 1. or more in diam. Seed about 5 mm. 1., puberulous.

The bark of the young shrubs makes a fine, white, and very strong
hemp. (Wright.)

§ 3. Staniinal column bearing anthers on the outside, the
apex truncate or 5-toothed or very rarely bearing anthers.
Style-branches 5. Capsule splitting open loculicidally,
the carpels not sepai-ating. Cotyledons foliaceous, folded
in two, or variously contorted in the folding, sometimes
rather thick and very much contorted.

12. HIBISCUS L.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves various, often deeply lobed.
Flowers of various colours, generally handsome. Bracteoles of
involucel indefinite in number, rarely 3-5, usually narrow, free
or united, sometimes more or less attached to calyx. Calyx
5-cleft or 5-toothed, in some species splitting during flowering,
spathe-like. Ovary 5-celled, each cell with 2 or more ovules.
Style-branches spreading, enlarged at the apex into capitate or
spathulate stigmas. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds 2 or
more, kidney -shaped.

Species about 200, mostly tropical, a few outside the tropics.

Calyx 5-cleft or -toothed.

Bracteoles free or only slightly united at base.
Calyx with thickened margins (10-nerved, nerves
to sinus forming margin to the two neigh-
bouring lobes).
Calyx dry.

Leaves 3-lobed. Calyx in fruit leathery,

acute 1. H- bifurcatus,

[Leaves 3-5-parted. Calyx in fruit mem-
branous, long acuminate H. cannabinus.]

[Calyx fleshy H. Sabdariffa.]

Calyx without thickened margins.
Capsule not winged.

Petals not changing colour.

Seeds with long white cottony hairs.
Bracteoles much shorter than calyx,

oblanceolate,moreior less tomentose 2. H. lavateroides.
Bracteoles longer than calyx, linear,

glabrous or with few hairs 3. H. brasiliensis.

Bracteoles usually shorter than calyx,

linear-spathulate, hispid 4. H. pilosus.

Hibiscus MALVACE^ 135

Seeds glabrous or pubescent (not cottony).
[Leaves ovate, acuminate, with large

teeth H. Rosa-sinensis.']

Leaves 3-5-angled or -lobed.

[Bracteoles longer than calyx. Calyx-
lobes lanceolate-linear H. lunarifolius.]

Bracteoles shorter than the bell-
shaped calyx.
Calyx-lobes triangular-pentagonal,

hirsute 5. H. trilobus.

Calyx-lobes large, foliaceous, ovate 6. H. clypeatus.
[Leaves 3-5-parted. Calyx enlarging

and swelling in fruit H. Trionum.']

[Petals changing colour H. mutahilis.]

[Capsule 5-winged II. vitifolms.']

Bracteoles united into a cup, but free from calyx.
Calyx and bracteoles persistent in fruit. Petals

usually less than 8 cm. 1 7. H. tiliaccus.

Calyx, and usually bracteoles also, falling off in

fruit. Petals generally more than 9 cm. 1. 8. H. elatus.
[Calyx splitting down along one side as the flower
opens, spathe-like.

[Stem and leaves hirsute II. Abelmoschiis.]

[Stem and leaves glabrous or with few hairs only... H. csculentus.']

1. H. bifureatus Gav. Diss. in. 146, t. 51, /. 1 (1787) ;
prickles usually towards apex of stem and branches and on
petioles and nerves of leaves ; leaves 3-lobed to about halfway,
lobes deltoid-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, upper sub-3-lobed or
simple; bracteoles 9-13, linear, unequally forked at apex,
usually longer than calyx in flower, subequal in fruit, covered
with white tuberculate hairs or prickles ; calyx with similar
hairs, enlarged in fruit, lobes with thickened margins and a
gland on median nerve ; seeds with minute tubercles, glabrous. —
Mac/. Jam. i. 66 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 84 ; GiirJce in Fl. Bras.
xii. pt. 3, 560; Hochreut. in Ann. Conserv. it Jnrd. Geneve, iv. 108
(1900) ; Vrh. Symb. Ant. iv. 399.

In fl. Oct.-March; sea-shore near Spring Garden estate, St. George,
Macfadyen. — West Indies, tropical continental America.

Undershrzib, 3~G ft. high. Leaves, lower 8-12 cm. 1., cordate; petioles
shorter than the blade ; stipules linear-awl-shaped 6-8 mm. 1. Peduncles
solitary in axils of upper leaves, 1-3 cm. 1. Bracteoles 12-20 mm. 1. Calyx
13-15 mm. 1. in fl., to 2 cm. 1. in fruit. Petals 7-9 cm. 1., purple. Staminal
tube about half as long as the corolla. Capsule about as long a? the calyx,
with long white silky hairs; cells 4-5-seeded. Seeds of irregular form,
3-4 mm. 1.

H. cannabinus L. Syst. cd. 10, 1149 (1759), Deccan or Ambari Hemp of
India, widely cultivated in tropics ; annual or perennial ; stem prickly ;
upper leaves 3-5-parted nearly to base, lobes narrow, serrate ; petiole
generally prickly, usually longer than the blade ; flowers axillary, sub-
sessile ; bracteoles 7-10, linear, without or sometimes with an appendage
at apex, shorter than the calyx and attached to it at the base ; calyx-lobes
long acuminate; corolla large, spreading, yellow or deep red with a
crimson centre ; capsule bristly, shorter than the calyx.

136 ri.OKA OF JAMAICA Hibiscus

Our specimens from Hope Gardens, Harris [ (Fl. Jam. 12,326) and
from Stewart Town, Jeffrey-Smith ! (Fl. Jam. 10,925) are without glands on
calyx, and usually have an appendage at apex of the bracteoles, agreeing
in these respects with specimens from Cuba ; thus they belong to the form
radiatits, which is considered by some botanists as a distinct species,
I[. radintns Cav.

The hemp is said to be similar to jute, but much superior.

H. Sabdariffa L. Sp. PI. G95 (1753), French, or Indian, or Red Sorrel,
or Rozcllc ; bracteoles and calyx grow together Ijelow the middle, increasing
in fruit into a purplish fleshy cup ; stem commonly purplish ; leaves entire
or lobed. with a gland at base of midrib beneath; peduncles very short,
thickened at apex ; corolla yellow ; capsule villous, shorter than the calyx ;
seeds puberulous. — Wright Metn. 290; Su: Obs. Bot. 269; Dcsc. Fl. Ant.
i. 148, /. 31 ; Macf. Jam. i. 67. Hibiscus rufescens &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
285 ; A. Bobinson Ic. ined. Alcea acctosa &c. Sloaric Cat. 99 &, Hist. i. 224,
Herb. iv. 631 (in part).— Cultivated in the tropics.

The calyx is antiscorbutic ; its acidity neutralizes the bilious secretion ;
it is made into preserves, and a decoction sweetened and fermented is the
refreshing " sorrel drink." The fibre is strong and silky. Specimens from
Distin ! and Priori from Jamaica in Herb. Kew.

-. H. lavateroides Morie. 1» Mem. Soc Phys. Gen. vii. 263,
/. IG (1836) it PI. Natw. d'Amer. 23, /. 16 ; young stem and
branches, petioles, and iieduncles toincntose with large stellate
hair.s ; leaves deltoiil-ovate, apex acute, subacuminate, or obtuse,
ba.se cordate to truncate; bracteoles about 10, spathulate or
oblanceolate, much shorter than the calyx, more or less tomentose ;
calyx densely tomentose, lobes united to nearly halfway up ;
.seeds dark brown, with long white cottony hairs. — HemsJ. Biol.
Cent. Am. Bot. i. 121 ; Jfochreut. torn. cit. 11 . Original specimen
from Moricand in Herb, Mus. Brit.

Greenland, E. G. Britton, 2898 !— Mexico, Honduras.

Shrubby herb, 2-8 ft. high, or more. Leaves 3-9 cm. 1., irregularly
serrate, sometimes slightly lobed on each side, with stellate hairs on both
sides, den.ser beneath ; petioles shorter than the blade ; stipules linear-
awl-shaped, 3-6 mm. 1. Flowers solitary in the upper axils with peduncle
about twice or thrice as long as petiole. Calyx about 17(15-22) mm. 1. ;
lobes triangular, subacuminate. Petals 3-4 cm. 1., with large stellate
hairs on the outside, rosy pink or madder lake colour. Staminal ttibe
usually shorter than the corolla. Capsule shorter than the calyx, covered
with minute stellate hairs or glabrate.

3. H. bpasiliensis L. Sp. PL e<l. 2, 977 (1763) ; young stem
and branches glabi'ous or with very fe\V hairs, often with n
tomentose line ; leaves deltoid-ovate more or less subacuminate,
base truncate to obtuse; bracteoles D-IO, linear, acuminate,
longer than calyx or about as long, glabrous or with a few
stellate hairs ; calyx somewhat hispid, lobes united u.sually to
about 4 mm. from base ; seeds black, with long white cottony
hairs. — Hochrcut. torn. cit. 87 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 398 «fe viii. 424.
H. phceniceus Jacq. Hart. Vindoh. Hi. 11, /. 14(1776); Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 85 ; Gilrhe torn. cit. 566. H. unilateralis Cav.

Hibiscus

MALVACEAE

1 0^7

ioi

Diss. Hi. 158, t. 67, /. F, e, f.; Mac/. Jam. i. 71. H. foliis
cordato-ovatis tkc. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) 153, t. 160,/. 1.

Probably native, also cultivated ; Macfadycn ; Lane ! hills, Moneague,
Prior \ Marchl Kingston (cult.), Harris \ Fl. Jam. 11,873. — Cuba , His-
paniola, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Bartholomew, St.
Christopher, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique (cult.), St. Vincent,
Curasao, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana.

Shrubby herb, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves 3-5(-9) cm. 1., crenate-serrate with
large teeth, occasionally with an indication of a lobe at each side, on both
sides with a few stellate hairs ; petioles 1-2 cm. 1. ; stipules thread-like,
5-6 mm. 1. Flotvers solitary in axils ; peduncle 3-5 cm. 1. Calyx
10-12 mm. 1., lobes ovate to lanceolate, acuminate. Petals l*7(-2) cm. 1.,
spreading, with large stellate hairs on outside, dark crimson or white.
Staminal tube shorter than or about equalling the corolla. Capsule
shorter than the calyx, covered with small stellate hairs.

4. H. pilosus comh. nov.; young stem and branches with
adpressed stellate hairs, often with tomentose lines ; leaves
deltoid-ovate, apex obtuse, base cordate to truncate ; bracteoles

Hibiscus pUosuts Fawc. & Rendle.

A, Flower and leaf, nat. size.

C, Seed X 2.

B, Capsule, nat. size.

9-10, linear-spathulate, usually shorter than the calyx, hispid ;
calyx hispid, lobes united usually nearly halfway ; seeds black,
with long white cottony hairs. — H. spiralis Cav. Icon. ii. 47,
t. 162 (1793); Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. i. 122; Hochreut.

138 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hibiscus

torn. cit. 90. H. Bancroftianus Macf. Jam. i. 70 (1837) ; Griseh.
loe. cit. H. truncatus Rich. Sagra Cub. x. 53, t. 16 (1845).
Achania pilosa Sic. Prodr. 102 (1788) & Fl Inch Occ. 1224 ; Ait.
Hort. Kew. ii. 459. Malvaviscus pilosus DC. Prodr. i. 445
(1824). (Fig. 52.) Specimen of Achania pilosa of Ait. Hort.
Kew. in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright 1 Bancroft 1 common in the higher mountains, Macfadyen ;
March 1 near Falmouth ; Plowdcn Hill, 800 ft. ; Salem, Llandovery, St.
Ann ; southern Manchester ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7224, 8167, 10,379, 12,693.
— Cuba, Mexico,

Shrubby herb, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves 2-5(-8) cm. 1., irregularly crenatc-
serrate, occasionally with an indication of a lobe at each side, on both
sides with stellate and simple hairs ; petioles shorter than the blade,
l-3(-5) cm. 1., hispid; stipules awl-shaped, sometimes from a broad bftse,
4-6 mm. 1. Flowers solitary in the upper axils, with peduncle about twice
or thrice as long as the petiole. Calyx about 12 (9-15) mm. 1. ; lobes
lanceolate, subacuminate. Petals rolled spirally below into a tube,
2 "2-2 -6 cm. 1., glabrous outside, crimson. Staminal tube longer than the
corolla. Capsule longer than the calyx, covered with long stellate hairs.

H. Rosa-sinensis L. Sjy. PI. G94 (1753) ; leaves ovate, acuminate ;
peduncles as long as or longer than the adjoining leaf ; bracteoles linear-
tapering, 6 or 7, half the length of the bell-shaped cal\-x ; corolla red ;
staminal tube longer than corolla; fruit not formed in Jamaica. — Macf.
Jam. i. 65. — Cultivated in tropics. Type in Herb. Linn.

Cultivated in gardens, and often grown as a hedge. Native of tropical
Asia. The common name " Shoe-black " is due to the use made of the
flower. Specimens from Macfadyen ! and Prior I from Jamaica in Herb.
Kew.

[H. lunapifolius Willd. Sp. PI. Hi. 811 (1800); young stem
and branches hispid with adpressed hairs ; leaves on iSowering
branches roundish-cordate with 3-5 acuminate angles ; bracteoles
about 10, lanceolate-linear, united at the base, longer by 2-5 mm.
than the calyx ; lower third of calyx cup-like, lobes lanceolate-
linear ; seeds black, with very minute stellate hairs arranged
irregularly.— jVa«/. in Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 202 ct in Hook. f. Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 338 ; Hochreut. torn. cit. 160.

Naturalized, an escape from Hinton East's botanic garden whence
Prior I got a specimen ; Gordon Town, Ball 1 near Gordon Town ; Hope
River course, 600 ft.; Harris] Fl. Jam. 8260.— Native of tropical Africa,
India, Ceylon.

Undershrub, 3-6 ft. high. Learns 4-9(-14) cm. 1., serrate or crcnate, on
both sides with simple and stellate hairs, denser beneath ; petioles usually
longer than the blades, more or less tomentose. Peduncles very short,
thickened above, tomentose, 1-fiowered, in axils of upper leaves, and
forming a terminal, more or less leafless, raceme. Bracteoles 13-18 mm. 1.
Petals pale yellow with a dark purple centre, 5-6 cm. 1. Staminal tube
half as long as petals, bearing anthers to the base. Capsule 15-18 mm. 1.,
ovoid-ellipsoidal, hispid; valves with a long beak at apex 5-7 mm. 1.
Seeds about 3 mm. 1.]

5. H. trilobus Aubl. PI. Guian. ii. 708 (1775) ; young stem
and branches armed with prickles ; leaves on flowering branches
3-lobed or sub-5-lobed, subacuminate, strongly serrate, base

Hibiscus MALVACE.^ 139

truncate or subcordate ; bracteoles 12-14, linear-acuminate,
about half as long as the calyx, hirsute ; calyx hirsute, 5-cleft
about one-fourth of its length, lobes triangular-pentagonal ; seeds
puberulous- velvety with reddish hairs. — Cav. Diss. Hi. 147, t. 53,
/. 2 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. vi. 4. t. 381 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 85
(in part) ; Hochreut. torn. cit. 142 ; JJrh. St/mh. Ant. iv. 399 & viii.
425, &, in Fedde Bep. xvi. 34. H. domingensis Jacq. Col. Hi. 213
(1789) k Ic. PI. Bar. Hi. t. 550. H. aquations Tussac Fl. Ant.
Hi. 102, t. 31 (1824) (non DC). H. foliis trilobis «fec. Plum. PI.
Amer. (Burm.) 152, /. 159,/. 1 & Ic. ined. v. 279.

Wright ! Distin. — Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

Tree, 10 ft. high. Leaves (on flowering branches) 7-11 cm. 1., on both
sides hispid, especially on the nerves ; petioles a little shorter than the
leaves, with or without prickles, sparingly puberulous, tomentose in furrow
above, the line of tomentum more or less decurrent. Peduncles axillary,
solitary, longer or shorter than the petiole, 1-flowered. Calyx 3-3 "5 cm. 1.,
bell-shaped; lobes 5-nerved. Petals 7-8 cm. 1., scarlet or light purple and
very dark purple at base. Staminal tube about half as long as the
corolla. Capsule about as long as the calyx, hispid with light yellow
hairs ; cells with numerous seeds. Seeds about 3 • 5 mm. 1.

6. H. elypeatus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1149 (1759) ; more or less
velvety all over ; leaves sub-3-lobed-angular, cordate, sub-
acuminate ; bracteoles 9-11, linear-lanceolate, unequal in length,
much shorter than the calyx ; calyx 5-cleft, lobes long, foliaceous,
ovate, acute ; seeds roundish-ellipsoidal, very dark brown, glab-
rous.—^tc. O'js. 270 ; West, St. Croix, 298 ; Desc. Fl. Ant. vH. 278,
t. 517; Mac/. Jam. i. 69; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 85; Eochreut.
torn. cit. 144 ; Urh. Si/mh. Ant. iv. 400. H. foliis cordato-
angulatis &,c. Plum. PL Amer. [Burm.) 153, t. 160, /. 2. H. fru-
ticosus diifusus &c. Broicne Hist. Jam. 286. H. tomentosus Mill.
Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Malva arborea. . .veluto &c. Shane Cat. 95
& Hist. i. 216, t. 135,/. 1. Miller's type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Congo Mahoe.

In fl. and fr. Dec. -Feb. ; Red Hills, Sloane Herb. iv. 44! Houstoiml
Wright 1 Sheldon Works and Five Mile Wood, St. David ; Salt River, St.
Dorothy ; Macfadyen ! St. Andrew, McNab ! March ; New Forest, 600 ft. ;
Mona, 1000 ft. ; Hall's Delight, Port Royal Mts. ; Long Mt., 800-900 ft. ;
Harris [ Fl. Jam. 7240, 7893, 8254, 8868, 90G0.— Cayman, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, St. Cruz (West).

Trailing shrub or small tree, 6-15 ft. high. Leaves i-2 dm. 1., smaller
at apex, with small teeth ; petioles varying in length, often about half as
long as the leaves. Peduncles axillary, solitary, about twice as long as the
petiole, l-flowered. Calyx 3-5-4 cm. 1., longer in fruit, lobes 5-nerved.
Petals 4-5-6 cm. 1., reddish-yellow, velvety on backs. Staminal tube
nearly as long as the corolla. Capsule shorter than the calyx, hirsute-
tomentose, with bright yellow hairs on the outside and on the margins of
the valves inside ; cells with numerous seeds. Seeds about 4 mm. 1.

The bark makes a very fine strong cord, and is employed to make the
lashes of whips. (Macfadyen.)

H. mutabilis L. Sp. PI. 694 (1753) & Ammi. v. 380, Changeable Rose or
Hibiscus ; small tree or shrub ; leaves 5-angled ; peduncles axillary, nearly

140 FLORA OF JAMARA Hibiscus

as long as the leaf ; bracteoles 10, nearly free ; corolla white or pink on
first opening in the morning and deep red by night. — Wright Mem. 289;
Dcsc. Fl. Ant. iv. 171, t. 270. H. fruticosus brachiatus &c. Broicne Hist.
Jam. 286. Type in Herb. Linn.— Native of China and Japan. Cult, in
tropics.

H. Trionum L. Sj). PI. 697 (1753) ; annual, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves, upper
3-5-parted, lower roundish, undivided ; bracteoles 7-12, linear-tapering ;
calyx 5-cleft, increasing in size and becoming inflated in fruit ; corolla
yellow with a purple centre, twice as large as calyx or more ; capsule as
long as calyx, bristly ; seeds minutely warted. — Naturalized ; in waste
places, Cinchona, 5000 ft., Harris ! Fl.Jam. 12,338. Type in Herb. Linn.
— South Europe and hotter parts of the Old World.

[H. vitifolius L. Sj). PI. 69G (1753); young stem VkI
branches velvety ; leaves 3-angular or -lobed or sub-5-lobed,
cordate; bracteoles 10-12, thread-like, shorter than the calyx;
calyx hirsute, ocleft to about the middle, lobes ovate, 5-nerved ;
capsule-valves winged ; seeds minutely warted. — Cav. Diss. Hi.
145, /. 58, f. 2 ; Mast, in Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 197 & in Hook: f. Fl.
Br. Ind. i.'SSS; Grischach Fl. Br. W. Iml 85. Type in Herb.
Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wilsoti ! March ! Kingston, Hitchcock ; Windward Road, Campbell !
marsh near Rock Fort, Harris <f Britton ! Fl. Jam. 5975, 10,794. —
Naturalized in the West Indies. Native in the tropics of Africa, India,
and Australia.

Tall, branched Jierb. Leaves 2-10 cm. 1., toothed, velvety and soft to
the touch on both sides ; petioles about as long as the blades ; stipules
thread-like, 8-4 mm. 1. Peduncles axillary, 1 (or 2), about as long as tbe
petioles, 1-flowcred, often crowded at ends of branches. Calyx 15-20 mm. 1.,
6-cleft to about the middle, hirsute. Petals yellow with a large purple
spot at the base, 4-6 cm. 1. Staviinal tube about half as long as the
corolla. Capsule globose, hirsute, beaked, shorter than the enlarged calyx.
Seeds about 3 mm. 1 ]

7. H. tiliaceus L. Sp. PI. 694 (1753) ; tree or shrub 10-15
(6-35) ft. high ; leaves roundish or roundish-ovate, usually
shortly and abruptly acuminate, cordate ; bracteoles below united
into a cup but free from calyx, 6-17 mm. 1., 8-1 1-toothed, or -lobed,
persistent ; calyx 16-32 mm. 1., 5-cleft to about the middle,
3-nerved, middle nerve sometimes with a split gland, persistent ;
seeds covered with minute warts.^ — Cav. Diss. Hi. 151, t. 55,
/. 1 ; Bot. Reg. 232 ; Tussac Fl. Ant. ii. 18, /. 5 ; Descourt. Fl.
Ant. ii. 327, /. 148 ; Macf. Jem. i. 69 ; Mast, in FL Trop. Afr. i.
207 «fc in Eool: f. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 343 ; Watt Diet. Econ. Pr.
Ind. ; GiirJce torn. eit. 567 (in part) ; Hoehrcuf. torn. eit. 62 (in
part) ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 776 ; Urh. Sijmh. Ant. iv. 398 (in part) ;
Guppy Plants... W. Ind. 214. H. arboreus Detiv. ex Hamilton
Prodr. 49 (1825). Malva arborea maritima «tc. Sloane Cat. 95 (k
Hist. i. 215, t. 134,/. 4 : Cateshy Nat. Hist. ii. 90, t. 90. Altha?a
maritima &c. Browne HitH. Jam. 284. Paritium tiliaceum
A. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. 256 (1825) ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 86 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 239 (under Pariti); Britt. & Millsp.

Hibiscus MALVACE.'E 141

Bah. Fl. 273 (under Pariti). Types in Herb. Hermann (with
icon.) in Herb. Mus. Brit., and in Herb Linn.

Sea-side Mahoe.

Sea-side, St. Ann, Sloane Herb. iv. 43 ! common by sea-shore, Mac-
fadyen ! McNah ! Holland Bay, Purdie 1 Port Antonio, Hitchcock. —
Bermuda (naturalized), Florida, sea-shore in all tropical lands.

Leaves 8-20 cm. 1., entire or minutely crenate, on upper surface
glabrous, beneath hoary-tomentose, venation prominent beneath, usually
with a split gland at the base of the median nerve or of the three median
nerves; petioles long; stipules 2-4 cm. 1., oblong, soon falling. Flotvers
solitary in axils of uppermost leaves, sometimes 2 or 3 close together.
Petals 40-70(-90) mm. 1., obovate, yellow. Staminal tube nearly as long
as the petals, bearing stamens in its whole length. Capsule 15-20(-30)
mm. 1., ovoid, loculicidally 5-valved, many-sided, tomentose. Seeds
4 mm. 1.

Dampier wrote of this tree : — " The Musketo Indians make their lines
both for fishing and striking with the bark which is made up of strings or
threads, very strong ; you may draw it off either in flakes or small threads.
'Tis fit for any manner of cordage, and Privateers often make their rigging
of it."

For the Pacific islander it supplies the materials for cordage, nets,
native cloth, &c. ; and it is also used for planking and building light boats.
Watt states that the fibre seems highly suitable for the paper trade.
From Roxburgh's experiments it seems that the fibre gains in strength
when tarred.

8. H. elatus Sw. Prodr. 102 (1788) & Fl. Inch Occ. 1218;
tree 50 to 80 ft. high, diameter to 3 ft. ; involucel usually falling
off; calyx 34-50 mm. 1., falling off in fruit ; petals 95-110 mm. 1.,
more or less oblong, changing colour — pale primrose in morning,
becoming orange and deep red as the day advances, dark red at
base; capsule 30-33 mm. 1., globose, hirsute with adpressed
hairs ; seeds villous. — Wright Mem. 288 ; Mac/. Jam. i. 68.
Paritium elatum G. Don. Gen. Hist. i. 485 (1831) ; Pich. in
Sagra Cub. x. 54 ; Griseh. loc. cit. ; Guppy loc. cit. H. arboreus
ifec. Browne Hist. Jam. 284. Malva arborea &c. Sloane Cat. 95 &.
Hist. i. 215, t. 134,/. 2, 3. Description like that of H. tiliaceiis
except in the foregoing details.

Blue or Mountain llahoe, Cuba Bark.

Moist inland parts, Sloane Hb. iv. 42 ! Wright 1 Macfadyen 1 interior of
Westmoreland, Purdie ! Wilson ! Dove Hall, Moneague, Prior 1 March I
St. George, Watt\ llobertsfield, 2000 ft.; Harris I Phoenix Park, Mo-
neague, Faivcett d; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6179, 7046. — Cuba.

The wood is of a brownish colour with darker or lighter bands, the
best variety, when fully ripe, being dark mottled green, having the appear-
ance when polished of dark-green variegated marble. The grain is
somewhat coarse, surface lustrous. The wood is very hard, but not so
hard as rosewood {Amyris balsamifera). Wood of good colour is used in
cabinet work, for furniture, &c. ; it is much used locally for building
purposes, for carriage and cart work and for railway sleepers, it also yields
good shingles. It is very flexible, and is said to have " all the characters
of the best European ash, but is more durable and longer in the fibre."
Use is made of it for gun-stocks, carriage poles, ships' knees, and fishing
rods. Weight 44 to 49 lbs. per cubic, foot. The fibres of the bark of

142 FLORA OF JAMAICA Hibiscus

young trees make good ropes. The lace-like inner bark was at one time
known as Cuba bark from its being used as the material for tying round
bundles of Havana cigars. The use of the bark of young trees for making
ropes should be sternly suppressed, as it entails the destruction of valuable
timber trees. An infusion of the mucilaginous leaves and young shoots is
used in dysentery.

[H. Abelmosehus L. Sp. PI. 696 (1753) & Amcen. v. 380;
stem and leaves hispid or hirsute ; leaves 3-5-lobed or -angled,
more or less hastate or cordate ; bracteoles 10-12 ^mm. 1., 8-10,
hirsute; calyx 2 "5-3 "5 cm. 1., 5-toothed, cleft during jSowering
on one side and at length dropping oft' from a persistent base,
pubescent ; petals 4-8 cm. I. ; seeds glabrous, striate, of a
musky smell. — Cav. Diss. Hi. 167, /. 62,/. 2; Macf. Jam. i. 67;
Mast, in Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 207 & in Hool: f. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 342 ;
Watt Did. Econ. Pr. Ind. ; Gurke in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 570 ;
Hochrcui. torn. cit. 150 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 401 it viii. 426.
H. hispidus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 285 ; A. Bohinson Ic, ined.
H. moscheutos Wright Mem. 289 (non L.). Alcea hirsuta &c.
Sloanr Cat. 98 & Hist. i. 223. Abelmosehus moschatus Medic.
Malv. 46 (1787) ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 84. Alcea moschata &c.
Pluk. Phyt. t. 127, f. 1. Specimen in Hort. Cliff", in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Musk Ochra, Musk Seed, Wild Ochra.

Naturalized and cultivated ; Sloanc Herb. iv. 09 1 Wright 1 Liguanea
plain, Bancroft ! Shakspear ! St. Mary, McNab I Lacovia, Tomlinson. —
Apparently native in India, and now naturalized and cultivated throughout
the tropics.

Vndcrshrub, seldom lasting more than a year, about 4 ft. high. Leaves,
lower 10-15 cm. 1., upper smaller, on both sides hirsute or pubescent ;
petioles long; stipules awl-shaped, 5-6 mm. 1. Petals sulphur-yellow,
with crimson or purplish claws. Staminal tube 3 or 4 times shorter than
the petals. Capsule 4-7 cm. 1., lanceolate-ovoid, hirsute, 5-celled ; cells
many-seeded. Seeds 4-5 mm. 1.

Yields a strong fibre and a larger crop per acre than most fibre plants.
Seeds used in perfumery as a cheap substitute for musk ; also used
medicinally in tincture as a stimulant, stomachic, and antispasmodic;
also strung as beads.]

[H. esculentus L. Sp. PI. 696 (1753) & Amcen. v. 380 ; stem
and leaves glabrous or with a few simple hairs ; usually 5-lobed
to the middle; bracteoles 10-13 mm. 1., 8-12, hirsute; calyx
1-5-2 "5 cm. 1., 5-toothed, cleft during flowering on one side and
at length dropping off* from a persistent base, pubescent ; petals
3-6 cm. 1. ; seeds globose-kid nej'^-shaped, striate, somewhat hairy,
5 mm. in diam. — WrigJit Mem. 217; Cnv. Diss. Hi. 168, t. 61,
/. 2; Timac Fl. Ant. i. 91, t. 10; Stokes Mat. Med. Hi. 546;
Desc. Fl. Ant. iv. 165, t. 269; Macf. Jam. i. 66; Mast, in Fl.
Trop. Afr. i. 207 & in Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 343 ; Watt Diet.
Econ. Pr. Ind. ; Giirke in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 569 ; Hochreut. tom.
cit. 150 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 401 tt viii. 426. H. ramosus &c.

Hibiscus MALVACE/E 1-43

Browne Hist. Jam. 285 ; A. Hobinson Ic. ined. Alcea maxima . . .
fructu pentagono &c., Do. . . . decagono &c. Sloane Gat. 98 &
Hist. i. 222, 223. Abelmoschus esculentus Moench. Metli. 617
(1794); Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 84; Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl.
272. Type in Herb. Linn.

Ochr a.

Naturalized and cultivated ; Sloane Herb. iv. 66, 67 ! Wright ! Lucea,
Hitchcock. — Tropics of Old World, and now cultivated in all tropical and
subtropical regions.

Herbaceous undershrub, 3-6(-12) ft. high. Leaves, on both sides with
a few simple hairs; petioles long; stipules thread-like, 8-11 mm. 1.
Petals yellow, with reddish claws. Staminal tube about half as long as
the corolla. Capsule 8-12 cm. 1., 1*5-2 cm. br., lanceolate-ovoid, hirsute,
6-celled ; cells many-seeded.

Yields a good fibre, but not so strong as that from H. Ahelmoschus, and
only a small crop per acre ; a patent was taken out in France for making
paper from it. The full but unripe fruit is an excellent vegetable. It
abounds in mucilage, and is either dressed plain or employed in soups.
Inhalation of the vapour of the decoction is serviceable in allaying cough,
hoarseness, and affections generally of the throat. Seeds yield an oil
similar to olive oil.]

13. KOSTELETZKYA Presl

Herbs or shrubs, generally hispid or rough. Leaves some-
times with angular lobes. Peduncles with 1 or more flowers,
axillary or in terminal racemes or panicles. Bracteoles 5-10,
sometimes minute or almost wanting. Calyx 5-parted to
5-toothed. Ovary 5-celled, each cell with 1 ovule. Style-
branches with capitate or dilated stigmas. Capsule somewhat
flattened down, with 5 prominent angles, splitting open locu-
licidally. Seeds kidney-shaped, ascending.

Species 8, natives of subtropical and tropical America (inch
Jamaica).

K. pentasperma Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 83 (1859) ; Hemsl.
Bot. Biol. Cent. Am. i. 120. K. sagittata Presl Bel. HaenJc. ii.
131, t. 70 (1836); Giirke in Fl. Bras. xii. pi. 3, 572, t. 111.
K. hispida Presl torn. cit. 132. Hibiscus pentaspermus Bertero
ex DC. Prodr. i. 447 (1824) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 65. H. tampicensis
Moric. PL Nouv. Amer. 20, t. 14 (1836). Melochia depressa
Mill. Diet. ed. 8 & Fig. PI. t. 3,/. b (1768) (non L.). (Fig. 53.)
Specimens from Presl and Miller in Herb. Mas. Brit.

Houstoun 1 Masson ! Distin 1 Morass, Savanna la Mar, Purdie ! March !
Banks of Ferry River, Liguanea ; road to Spanish Town ; Meylersfield,
Westmoreland; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 8189, 9j54, 11,790, 11,829.— Cuba,
Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Venezuela.

Shrubby herb, 3-6 ft. high ; stem, branches, stipules, petioles, leaves,
peduncles sparsely or densely covered with spreading white tuberculate
hairs, also with one or two longitudinal tomentose lines with minute
stellate hairs on branches. Leaves 3-8 cm. 1., lanceolate to ovate,
acuminate to acute, base rounded, truncate to cordate, sometimes sub-

144

FLORA OF JA:srAICA

Kosteletzkya

lobed and base sagittate or hastate, irregularly toothed ; petioles one-third
as long as blades below, gradually getting shorter upwards; stipules
thread-like, 3-9 mm. 1. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered, axillary, 5 cm. 1.
below, gradually decreasing upwards to 1 cm. Bracicoles linear, shorter
than calyx. Cali/x about 4 mm. 1., 5-parted ; lobes triangular. Corolla
white (drying yellow), three times as long as calyx. Stami7ial tube half as
long as corolla. Capsule 8-10 mm. in diam., keels hispid with curved hairs,

Fig. hZ.—Kosteletzk\ia j>fntafj>erma Oriseb.
A, Leaf and flower X ii. B, Fruit X 2. C, Seed x 4.

valves marked with one median rib and several transverse. Seeds about
2'5 mm. 1., blackish-brown, with minute 2-3-branched hooked hairS; and
with very minute pits, or glabrous.

We are inclined to agree with Bentham (PI. Hartweg. 114) that the
species referred to in his note on A', sagittata are conspecific with above
species. Specimens (PI. Haenk.) of A', hispida and A', sagittata from Presl
are in Herb. Mus. Bnt.

14. THESPESIA Solander ex Correa

Trees or tall herbs. Leaves entire, sometimes with angular
lobes. Flowers axillary, generally yellow, handsome. Bracteoles
3-8, small or soon falling. Calyx truncate, with 5 minute or
bristle-like teeth, rarely 5-cleft. Ovary 5-celled, cells with a few
ovules ; style thickened, and with 5 furrows and distinct .stigmas
at the apex, or divided into 5 erect short branches which bear
stigmas. Capsule somewhat leathery or woody, releasing the
seeds by its decay, or sometimes local icidally 5-valved. Seeds
obovoid, 2-3 in each cell ; cotyledons black-dotted, folded
together.

Species 7, natives of tropics.

T. populnea Solander (ms. & tab. pict. by S. Parkinson ined.
in Herb. Mus. Brit.) ex Correa in Ann. Mus. Par. ix. 290, /. 25,

Thespesia

MALVACE.^

145

f. 1 (1807) ; Wight Ic. t 8 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 87 ; Mast, in
'Hook. f. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 345 ; Watt Did. Econ. Pr. Ind. ; E. G.
Bah. in Journ. Bot. xxxv. 51 ; Cooh & Coll. in Contr. U.S. Nat.
Herb. via. 253, tt. 58, 59 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 777 ; Urh. Si/mh.
Ant. iv. 401 ; Guppy Plants, Seeds dc. in W. Indies dc. 244, &c. ;
Britt. Fl. Berm. 240 ; Britt. d- Millsp. Bah. Fl. 273. Hibiscus
populneus L. Sp. PI. 694 (1753) ; Cav. Diss. Hi. 152, t. 56, /. 1.

Fig. 54. — Thespesia poptdnea Solander.

A, Leaf and flower with a petal C, Fruit partly cut open x J.

removed X §. i), Seed, iiat. size.

B, Stamen X 7. ' E, Embryo, nat size.

Malvaviscus populneus Gaertn. Friicf. ii. 253, /. 135 (1791).
(Fig. 54.) Type in Herb. Hermann in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Sea-side Mahoe, John Bull Tree.

Sea-shore; Distin ; Wilson \ Morant Bay, Priori March; J. P. 619,
Morris \ Kingston, Hitchcock ; Harris \ — Tropics.

A small tree usually ; herbaceous parts covered with peltate scales.
Leaves 5-20 cm. 1., entire, ovate, acute or acuminate, cordate, 5-7-nerved,
with a glandular pore between the bases of nerves beneath ; petiole two-
thirds as long as the blade. Peduncles as long as or shorter than the
petiole. Bractcoles 3-5, as, long as calyx, oblong-lanceolate. Calyx
V. L

146

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Thcspesia

7-9 mm. 1., cup-shaped, sometimes with 5 minute teeth. Petals 5-6 cm. 1.,
changing colour from yellow to purple as the day advances. Fritit 3 cm.
in diam., globose. Seeds 8-10 mm. 1., with 1 or 2 flat inner faces and
rounded back, more or less tomeutose, often becoming villose at angles,
apex, and base.

This tree, as well as the Silk-cotton tree, harbours the Cotton Stainer,
and is therefore destroyed in those West Indian4slands where the cotton
crop is an important staple.

15. GOSSYPIUM L.

; ■" Herbs, or shrubs, sometimes arborescent, generally marked
all over with black clots, oft^n with simple or stellate hairs.
Leaves 3-5(7)-lobed or occasionally entire. Flowers pedunculate.

^5.—Goi>sypium harhadense L.

A, Flower about to open X s.

B, Flower with calyx and corolla cut

away, showing staminal tube
enclosing pistil, X 3.

C, Pistil with ovary cut lengthwise,

nat. size.

D, Capsule open, sliowinj? mass of

cotton, X H-

E, Seed with cotton attached X {|.

F, Seed cut lengthwise, showing

twisted embryo, x IJ.

Gossypium MALVACEAE 147

solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves, large, y*llo\v to purple.
Bracteoles of involucel 3, large, cordate, usually cut above into
narrowly lanceolate acuminate segments. Calyx truncate or
3-5-toothed or -crenate. Ovary 3-5-celled ; each cell with an
indefinite number of ovules attached at the central angle ; style
Avith thickened apex with 3-5 furrows and 3-5 stigmas. Capsule
splitting loculicidally. Seeds sometimes adhering together in a
kidney-shaped mass, more often free, covered with long hairs
(lint, cotton) or with very short hairs (fuzz), or more or less
with both, fuzz and lint of a rusty colour or white, and fuzz
sometimes greenish ; cotyledons with many folds, usually black-
spotted, with auricles at the base rolled round the straight
radicle. Cotton of commerce.

Species, according to Todaro, 54, which probably should be
reduced to about 10, natives of tropics and subtropics.

Seeds in each cell of the capsule united into a kidney-
shaped mass 1. G. lapidetim.

Seeds free.

Bracteoles dentate, united at base. Leaves with
lobes narrow, oblong-lanceolate. Seeds covered

with fuzz 2. G. arbor eum.

Bracteoles deeply cut into lanceolate acuminate
segments, free or almost free at base. Leaves
with lobes deltoid to ovate or oblong.
Seeds covered with fuzz ; lint firmly adherent.

Leaves villose or hirsute beneath or glabrous 3. G. hirsutum.
Seeds covered, or only partially covered, with
fuzz ; lint firmly adherent. Leaves usually

tomentose beneath 4. G. pcruvianwn.

Seeds with only a small portion of the surface
covered with fuzz ; lint easily separable.
Leaves more or less glabrous.
Lateral lobes of leaf longer than body of leaf ... 5. G. harhadense.
Lateral lobes shorter than body 6. G. purptirascens.

1. G. lapideum Tussac Fl. Ant. ii. 67 (1818). G. brasiliense
Macf. Jam. i. 72 (1837) ; Tod. BeJaz. Monogr. Goss. 265, tt. 9, 12,
f. 34 ; Watt Wild it Cult. Cott. 295, t. 50. G. acuminatum Boxb.
'FI. Ind. 186 (1832) ; Wight III. Ind. Bot. i. 57, t. 27. G. barba-
dense var. a Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 86 (1859). G. religiosum
Pari. S]p. Cot. 54, t. 4 (1866) (in part, excl. many syn.) ; GurJce
in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 583 (in part, excl. many syn.) (non L.).
Specimen in Herb. Linn, without name.

Chain Cotton, Kidney Cotton.

Houstoun ! St. Mary, McNab I Hall's Delight ; Mavis Bank ; Harris I
Fl. Jam. 5255. — S. America, cult, throughout tropics.

Shrub, 4-5 ft. high, or small tree, pubescent, hirsute, or glabrate.
Leaves 10-17 cm. 1., with 4 or 5 (3) lobes; lobes ovate or ovate-oblong,
acuminate. Peduncles with a giand at apex below each bracteole.
Bracteoles nearly as long as or longer than petals, broadly cordate, cut
into 9-13 segments, often with long hair-like points. Capsule : valves 3(-5),

L 2

148 FLOILV OF JAMAICA Gossypium

ovate-oblong, aci«ninate, pit-marked. Seeds united together into one
mass, naked, with white lint.

2. G. arboreum i. Sp. PI. 693 (17">3) ; Mast, in FI. Trap.
Afr. t. 211 .t in Hook./. Fl. Br. Ind. i. 347 ; Watt torn. cit. (incl.
vars.) 81. G. herbaceum JL'c. Pluk. Phyt. 188, /. 3. G. oligo-
spernium Macf. Jam. i. 74 (1837). G. iieglectum Tod. Oss. Sj).
Cot. 35 (1863) it Relaz. Monogr. Goss. 1G9. Type in Herb. Linn.
Plukenets specimens in Herb. Sloane (xcvi. 59, c. 107).

Tree Cotton.

Liguanea plain, Macfadycn ; near Rock Fort, Thotnpsan !— In gardens
in most tropical countries.

Shrub or tree, 6-15 ft. high; young portions pubescent. Leaves 5-8
cm. 1., deeply 3-5(7)-lobed or entire; lobes oblong-lanceolate, mucronate.
Peduticles without glands at apex. Bracteoles with 3-5 (7) lanceolate teeth
at apex or nearly entire, obviously united at base. Capsule 3-4-celled,
:i-3 cm. 1., rough. Seeds covered with fuzz, lint firmly attached.

3. G. hirsutum L. Sp. PI ed. 2, 975 (1763) & Mant. 436 ;
Mill. Diet. ed. 8 ; Sic. Obs. Bot. 265 (we take " semina adlue-
rentia" to mean adhering to the lint in contrast to "facile
.separanda" of G. harhadcnse) ; Macf. Jam. i. 74 ; Grisch. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 86 ; Pari. % Cot. 41, /. 5 ; Tod. Relaz. Monogr. Cot. 210 ;
Giirl-r in Fl. Bra». xii. pt. 3, 581 tk in Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 402 ;
Watt Wild d- Cult. Cott. 183. G. procerius <kc. Browne Hint, Jam.
282 ; A.Bohinson Ic. incd. G. tricuspidatum Lam, Encyc. ii. 135
(1786); Tiismc Fl. Ant. ii. 65, t. 17. G. leligiosum L. Syxt. ed.
12, 462 (1767) it Herb. G. punctatum Schum. d- Thonn. Beshr.
Guin. PL in Vid. Sel Skr. Copcnh, iv, 83 (1829) ; Britt. d; Milhp.
Bah. Fl. 274 ; Watt op. cit. 168 (1907) (incl. vara.). G. jamaicense
Macf. Jam, i. 73 (1837). Miller's specimen in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Short Staple Cottons.

McNah ! Montego Bay, Parnell 1 Bull Bay road, Tliompson I Sea-coast
between Portland Point and Kocky Point, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,171).—
Tropical America and Africa.

Shrub, 4-15 ft. high, usually villose or hirsute with long spreading
simple and stellate hairs. Leaves 4-12(-15) cm. 1., broadly and somewhat
shallowly cordate, with 3(-5) lobes, or sometimes entire, glabrous on upper
surface or with a few simple hairs near base, hirsute or villose beneath,
especially at base on the nerves, with one gland beneath ; lobes short,
deltoid to ovate and usually shortly acuminate, more or less ascending ;
petioles nearly as long as the blade, villose ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate,
1 cm. 1. or more. Peduncles shorter than the petiole. Bracteoles 3-5 (6)
cm. 1., shorter than the petals and capsule, more or less hairy outside,
broadly cordate ovate, cut into 9-13 segments. Petals pale lemon-yellow
or yellow, changing to pink, rarely with a purple spot at base. Capsule :
valves 3 or 4, ovate-elliptical, acuminate, rough. Seeds covered with fuzz,
greenish or rusty, and white silky lint, firmly adherent.

4. G. peruvianum Cav. Diss. 313, t. 168 (1788); Pari. Sp.
Cot. 54 (under G. religioaum) ; Tod. Belaz. Monogr. Goss. 240 ;
Watt Wild d: Cult. Cott. 213.

Gossypium MALVACEAE 149

South American Cottons.

Sloanc vi. 65, 66 ! Wright ! — Tropical America and Africa.

Leaves 7-9 cm. 1., cordate, 3-5-lobed or entire, usually tomentose and
with 1 or 3 glands beneath ; lobes ovate to ovate-oblorg, usually acute,
mucronate. Peduncles with a gland at apex below each bracteole.
Bracteoles much shorter than petals, about as long as capsule, cut into
about 9-11 segments. Capsule : valves 3, abruptly acuminate, pit-marljed.
Seeds free, covered or only partially covered with fuzz, lint firmly adherent.

5. G. barbadense L. Sp. PL 693 (1753) ; Sw. Obs. Bot. 260 ;
Bot. Beg. t. 84 ; 3Iacf. Jam. i. 73 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 86 ;
Pari. Sp. Cot. 48, t. 3*(excl. most syn.) ; Tod. op. cit. 234; Benil.
& Trim. Med. PI. i. t. 37 ; Giirke in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 582,
/. 114 ; Watt op. cit. 265 k var. maritimum, 275 ; Britt. & Millsp.
Bah. Fl. 274. G. maritimum Tod. Oss. Cot. 83 (1862) & Belaz.
Monogr. Goss. 225, //. 7, 8, 11,/. 27-30, 12,/. 31. G. frutescens
. . .barbadense Phik. Phyt. t. 188, /.I. G. frutescens. . .Provi-
dentife Plul. Phyt. t. 188, /. 2. (Fig. 55.) Plukenet's specimens
in Herb. Sloane (c. 105, xcvi. 60).

Sea Island and Long Staple Cottons.

Davids Hill, Faivcett ! — West Indies and tropical continental America.

Shrub, 3-8(-15) ft. high. Leaves 5-14(-16) cm. 1., cordate, 3-5-lobed or
entire, lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, somewhat ascending. Bracteoles
shorter than petals, broadly cordate, usually with few (3-7) segments.
Capsule : valves 3 (rarely 4), ovate, acuminate, pit-marked. Seeds free,
naked ; lint long, white, easily separable.

6. G. purpuraseens Poir. Encyc. Suppl. ii. 369 (1811); Macf.
Jam. i. 73 ; Tod. Belaz. Monogr. Goss. 244 ; Wait op. cit. 250.

Bourbon Cotton.

Liguanea, Macfadyen ; between Portland Point and Rocky Point,
Britton, 1896 I— Tropics.

Shrub or tree, 15 to 20 ft., branches purpurascent. Leaves 3-lobed,
1-glandular ; lobes shortly ovate, with apex spreading outwards. Peduncle
with 3 large glands at apex. Bracteoles nearly as long as petals and some-
what longer than capsule, cut into 5-7 segments at apex. Seeds naked,
with lint easily separable.

Family LXV. BOMBACACE.^.

Trees. Leaves alternate, digitate, or simple ; stipules free,
very soon falling. Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary or subterminal,
solitary or in clusters. Involucel of 3 bracteoles present in
Ochroma. Calyx generally closed in bud, bursting at apex in
flowering and then cup-shaped, truncate or sinuate with irregular
lobes, sometimes 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, often adherent at
base to the staminal column. Stamens generally indefinite,
united into one or several bundles ; staminal column divided
somewhat high up or close to the base into 5 branches, each
bearing 1, 2, or more anthers, or subentire with anthers covering
the column. Anthers with 1, 2, or more cells, globose, linear, or

150 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ceibu

in horseshoe-sh.aped curves : pollen not spiny. Pistil in 5 (2-3)
parts. Ovary r)(l)-eelled, each cell with an indetinito number
of ovules, attached at the inner an^le ; style entire or divided
into «as many very short branches as ovary -cells. Capsule usually
splitting l(X'ulicidally by 5 valves, the carpels not separating,
often packed with wool, a development of the endocai*p. Endosperm
scanty, wanting, or fleshy. Cotyledons twisted, folded, or flat.
Species more than 100, natives of the tropics.

Leaves compound, digitate 1. Ceiba.

Leaves simple 2. Ochroma.

1. CEIBA Gaertn.

Trees with or without prickles. Leaves digitate, leaflets
generally 3-7, entire. Staminal column divided into 5 branches,
each bearing 2 or 3 anthers, simulating a single anther. Style
thickened at the apex, 5-cornered. Capsule woody or leathery,
the cells inside very densely woolly. Seeds obovoid or globular,
wrappetl in the wool of the endocarp ; endosperm very little or
none ; cotyledons very much twisted in the folds, enclosing the
incurved radicle.

Species 9 or 10, all natives of tropical America except one
which is Asiatic and African,

C. pentandpa Gaertn. Fnict. ii. 244, /. 133 (1791) ; A'. Schum.
in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 209 ; Cook d' Coll. in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb,
viii. Ill, /. 24 ; Howe in Torreyn vi. 217, icith illiistrafions ; TJrh.
Symb. Ant. iv. 403 kviii. 428; Jiritt. Fl. lirrm. 241 ; Britt. d; Millsp.
Bah. Fl. 274. C. Casearia .Vcrf/c. Malv. Fam. 16 (1787); Britt.d
E. G. Bak. in Junrn. But. ijtxiv. 173. Gossipium arboreum etc.
Shane Cat. 159 «.t Hist. ii. 72. Bombax foliis digitatis, brachiis
erecto-patentibus, tt B. . . . porrcctis Browne Hist. Jam. 211 .
B. pentandrum L. Sp. PI. 511 (1753); Jacq. Sri. Stirp. Amer.
191, /. 176,/. 70 ik Eil.pict. 93, /. 182 ; Cav. in Lam. Encycl. ii.
551 k Diss. V. 293, /. 151; Writjld Mem. 284; Descourt. Fl.
Ant. iv, 64, /. 247 ; Prain in Journ. Af>. Sot: Beng. Ixii. pt. 2, 66.
B. aculeatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1141 »k Amuen. v. 380 (in part).
B. inerme L. loc. cit. (in part). B. ceiba Lun. Hart. Jain. i. 243
(1814) (non L.). B. orientale Spreng. Syst. Hi. 124 (1826).
B. occidentale Spreng. loc. cit. Eriodendron anfractuosum DC.
Prodr. i. 479 (1824) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 92 ; Gosse, Naturalist's Sojourn
in Jamaica 271, 499; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 88; Watt' Diet.
Econ. Prod. Ind. (Fig. 56.)

Silk-cotton Tree, Ceiba.

Stoane Herb. vi. 67 1 Wright] Distinl Moneague, Prior I between Hope
and Gordon Town, Faivcett 1 Hope grounds, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8448, 12,333 ;
Bog Walk, Hitchcock ; Montego Bay ; Spanish Town ; Ridley 1 — Introduced

Ceiha

BOMBACACE^

151

in Bermuda and Bahamas, aative in West Indies, Central America,
northern S. America, trop. Africa and Asia.

Tree to 150 ft. high and 40 ft. and more in circuraference ; trunk while
young commonly swollen above the base, covered with green bark and
armed with strong spines, young branches also spiny, branching sometimes

Fig. 56. — Ceiba pentandra, Gaei'tn.

A, Leaf x h E, Ripe capsule with part cut away

B, Flower k ^. to show seeds X \.

C, Ditto cut lengthwise. F, Seed X 4.

D, Section of ovary X 4. G, Ditto cut lengthwise showing

crumpled embryo.

low down, sometimes at a great height (50-80 ft.) ; branches horizontal,
generally 3 or 4 on the same plane, wide spreading to a great length and
often contorted, bearing an immense quantity of epiphytes ; buttresses
developed at the base of the trunk to the large roots, often stretching out
even to 12 or 15 ft., and extending upwards even to 12 ft., but with a
uniform thickness of a few (6-12) inches. Leaflets 5-7 (8), lanceolate or

152 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cciba

oblong. Calyx 1-1 • 5 cm. 1. Petals 2 ■ 5-4 cm 1., pale rose-colour tinged with
purple, covered outside with white tomentum. Capsule ll-16(-30) cm. 1.,
4-5 cm. in diam., oblong-ellipsoidal or obovoid. Seeds 4-6 mm. in diam.

We are unable to separate specifically the New and Old World
specimens, which apparently include a nunjber of geographical forms.

The Silk-cotton Tree drops its leaves in the late autumn or winter
months, but flowers only in alternate years. In a flowering season the
leaves drop off usually in November or December, and immense quantities
of blossoms appear in January or February at the ends of the branches.
The seed-pods are well developed, sometimes even ripe, before the young
leaves appear again in April or May. In the following season, when flowers
are not produced, the young leaves appear as early as the end of January,
so that in this case the tree is not without leaves very long. This alter-
nation usually affects the whole tree, but sometimes one side of the tree
flowers, while the other is full of leaf without flowers, and vice versa the
following season. The leaves occasionally fall as early as the end of July.
(Gosse.)

The wood is soft and subject to the attacks of insects, but Macfad;jen
states that if it is steeped in strong lime water it will last for several years
even when made into boards or shingles, and in situations exposed to the
influence of the weather. Young branches grow when planted in the
ground. The trunk is sometimes hollowed out to make canoes. The silky
wool from the pods is exported as "Kapok " from the Msday Archipelago,
where the trees are abundant.

The Silk-cotton Tree, and also the Sea-side Mahoe or John Bull
Trees (Tliespesia populnea), are accused of harbouring the Cotton Stainer
(Dysdcrctis delauneiji), and have been destroyed in the West Indies where
cotton is cultivated.

2. OCHROMA Sw.

Trees. Leaves simple, cordate, subentire, or toothed, or
angular, or lobed. Involucel of 3 bracteoles, very soon falling.
Flowers large, stalked, at ends of branches. Calyx 5-lobed ;
lobes unequal, 2 with pointed apex, 3 rounded at apex. Petals 5.
Staminal tube shortly 5-lobed at apex, covered from the middle
to the apex with adnate anthers; anthers 1-celled, cohering,
more or less spirally twisted. Ovary conical, 5-sided ; style
cylindrical, 5-sided, enclosed in the tube of the filaments ; stigmas 5,
protruding beyond the anthers, spirally twisted and furrowed.
Capsule elongate, 5-valved, inside covered very densely with
cottony hairs. Seeds many, enclosed by the cotton of the endo-
carp, obovoid ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons broad, with infolded
margins ; radicle short.

Species 1, native of West Indies, Central America, Colombia
to Bolivia, Venezuela, Para.

0. pyramidale Urh. in Fedde Bep. Beihefte v. 123 (1920)
& Symh. Ant. viii. 759. O. Lagopus Sw. Prodr. 98 (1788),
K. Vet. Acad. Handl. xiii. 150, t. 6, & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1144, t. 23 ;
Wright Mem. 285 ; Mac/. Jam. i. 94 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W.Ind. 88 ;
Tr. d Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xvii. 323 ; Cooh & Coll. in
Contr. U.S. Nat. Herh. viii. 205, t. 47 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 403 &

O chroma

BOMBACAGEiE

15:

via. 429; Britt. Fl. Berm. 241. O. tomentosa Willd. Enum. 695
(1809) ; Tr. & Planch, loc. cit. aossypium &c. Pluk. Phyt. t. 189,
/. 2. Hibiscus arborescens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 286. Bombax

Fig. 57. — Ochroma pyramidale Url).

A, Stamens and style. The staminal C, Portion of a valve of the capsule,

tube, t, is cut open to show the somewhat reduced.

style and stigmas, ;<. On the outside D, Endocarp of a valve with attached

of the upper half of the tube are the cottony hairs X J.

twisted adnate anthers, a X J. E, Seed x 6.

B, Portion of unopened capsule cut

across, reduced.

Encycl. ii. 552 (1786) & Diss. v. 294,

pyramidale Cav. in Lam.
t. 153. (Fig. 57.)

Cork- wood, Down Tree, Bombast Mahoe, Balsa- wood
(of continental America).

Common in the lower mountains and in damp situations; Wright I
Macfadyen ; Manchester, Purdie ! Wilson ! Port Morant, Hitchcock ;
Schwallenburgh, St. Ann, 1800 ft.; Castleton district, 500 ft.; Harris I
Fl. Jam. 11,962. — Distribution of genus.

Tree, 20-60 ft. high ; growth very rapid, attaining its full height in
12 to 14 years, and even in half that time under favourable conditions.
Leaves 1-3 '5 dm. 1. Involucel 1*5-2 cm. 1. Calyx 7-9 cm. 1. Petals
12-14 cm. 1., pale reddish or yellowish colour. Stigmas about 2-5 cm. 1.,

154 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Ochroina

protruding beyond the anthers. Capsule 3 dm. 1. and more ; when mature,
the outer husk falls off, and the down expands, and looks somewhat like a
hare's foot, whence Swartz's specific name. It contains a large quantity of
silky cotton-like fibres of a pale reddisli colour. Wood white stained with
red, luminous, sometimes silky. It is very porous and absorbent of water,
the lightest of all woods, lighter even than true cork ; when dry, this
wood has a weight of only 7 -3 lb. per cub. ft., while cork weighs 13 7 lb.
per cub. ft.

Although the wood is used as floats for nets and to make rafts (balsa is
Spanish for raft), it absorbs water rapidly and soon becomes water-logged ;
but a water-proofing process has been invented which makes tlio wood
non-absorbent, so that it retains its buoyancy longer than cork. It is
particularly well adapted for insulating purposes. During the war atten-
tion was first directed to its use in aeroplanes, and for lifeboats, and life-
rafts used in men-of-war, as well as transports ; while special refrigerating
trucks, with balsa as the insulating material, were used in France. In
constructing the submarine mine barrage in the North Sea, 250 miles long,
80,000 floats made of balFa wood were used. The cotton-like fibres are
used for stuffing pillows and mattresses. There is a specimen of the plant
collected by Dr. \V'm. Wright in Herb. Mus. Brit., to which is attached a
piece of cloth "made of 3 parts of Spanish wool and 1 part of the down
of Ocliroma." See Agric. News vi. 253 (1907); xvii. 20G, 357 (1918);
XX. 147 (1921). -

Family LXVI. STERCULIACEiE.

Herbs, .shrubs, or trees, commonly with .stellate hairs,
sometimes mixed with simple hairs. Leaves alternate or very
rarely subopposite, sometimes simple, entire, toc)thecl, or lobed,
sometimes digitately 3-9-foliolate. Stipules usually present and
soon falling. Inflorescence axillary or more rarely terminal,
racemose, or cymose-paniculate, or reduced to solitary flowers.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual. Calyx generally
persistent, with 5 (4-3) valvate lobes. Petals 5, hypogynous,
twisted-overlapjjing in bud, often marcescent-persistent, or
wanting. Stamens generally more or less united into a tubular
column ; the column generally divided at the apex into 5 teeth
or lobes (stami nodes) which alternate with the petals, and
bearing in the bays between the teeth or lobes solitary anthers
or 2-5 (or more) together ; sometimes the apex of the tube
entire and bearing anthers, either 15 (10) crowded without
order (StercuUa) or 10-12 in a simple series in a ring (Cola);
sometimes stamens 5, opposite the petals, united at the base or
beyond the middle {Melochia, Waltheria). Ovary free, carpels
more or less united, 2-5-celled, or reduced to a single carpel
(Waltheria). Ovules 2 to many (1) in each cell, attached to the
interior angle, anatropous. Styles as many as the carpels, or
more or less united, or combined into one style. Fruit dry or
.somewhat rarely fleshy outside, the carpels sometimes united
into a capsule either opening loculicidally or woody and not
opening, sometimes separating into cocci either not opening or

Helictcrcs STERCULIACE.-E 155

opening by two valves or along the ventral line. Seeds not
woolly, testa various.

Species more than 1000, most of them found in the tropics or
in S. Africa and extra-tropical Australia, and extending into the
southern United States.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals present.
Petals soon falling.

Petals flat. Gonophore very long 1. Helictcrcs.

Petals hooded.

Petals with a linear 2- cleft appendage 2. GuazumaP

Petals with a spathulate appendage 3. Theobroma.

Petals without appendage or with a stalked gland ... 4. Aycnia.
Petals withering without falling off, flat.

Ovary 5- celled 5. Mclochia.

Ovary 1-celled 6. Waltheria.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Petals wanting.

Seeds with endosperm 7. Sterculia.

[Seeds without endosperm Cola.']

1. HELICTERES I.

Small trees, shrubs, or undershrubs, with stellate hairs or
tomentum. Leaves serrate, crenate, somewhat lobed, or entire.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters. Calyx 2-lipped or
tubulose with 5-cleft apex. Petals 5, Hat, unequal or equal,
clawed, auriculate on the claws. Gonophore longer than the
calyx, curved, forming a sort of noose above the calyx before the
flower is fully expanded. Staminal tube rarely and then only
slightly developed. Stamens 6, 8, 10, or indefinite; filaments
slightly united in pairs at base ; anther-cells 2, diverging,
sometimes confluent into one. Staminodes between the pairs of
stamens nearer the centre. Ovary with 5 styles cohering or
free, 5-celled, with many ovules near the inner angle. Fruit
spiral or sometimes straight, composed of 5 follicular carpels,
splitting open along the inner seam. Seeds small, ovoid,
flattened above and below by mutual pressure; endosperm
scanty ; embryo straight ; cotyledons foliaceous, folded round
the inferior radicle.

Species 45, natives of the tropics (excl. Africa), chiefly
American.

H. jamaieensis Jacq. Eniim. 30 (1760), Sel. Stirp. Amer. 235,
t. 179, f. 99, Ed.pict. t. 226, t Hort. Vlndoh. ii. 67, t. 143 ; Sic.
Prodr.' 98. & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1156 ; Eeichb. Ic. & Descr. PL !. t. 48,
/. 1 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. vi. 102, t. 407 ; Macf. Jam. i. 89 ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 89 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 407 & viii. 433 ; Britt. A
Millsp. Bah. Fl. 276. H. arbor ind. Occident. &c. PMc. Pluit.
t. 245, /. 3. H. Isora var. )8 L. Sp. PI. 963 (1753) ; H. villosa
&c. Browne Hist. Jam. 330, Ehret. Icon. ined. 85. H. barbadensis

156

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Helicteres

Jacq. Enum. 38 (1766). H» brevior Mill. Diet. ed. 8, 1768.
H. spiralis Northrop Mem. Torr. Club xii. 50, t. 11 (1902).
Abutilo affinis «fec. Sloane Cat. 97 & Hist. 1. 220. Isora...
crassiori Plum. Gen, 24, /. 37. (Fig. 58.) Specimen from Browne
ia Herb. Linn, named by Linnjeus H. Isora.

Screw Tree.

In fl. !May to Dec; Red Hills, Sloajie iv. 61! near Kingston (seeds)
Jacquin ; Browne I Wrightl Broughtonl Massonl Macfadyenl banks of
Yallahs R., Purdiel March\ base of Long Mt., 350 ft., Campbelll Wind-
ward Road, FawcettX Hall's Delight; Watson's Hill, 1000 ft.; near

Fig. 58. — Helicteres jamaicensifi Jacq.
A, Biul of flower just opening cut D, Apex of gonophorc with stamens

lengthwise, nst. size.

B, Flower, nat. size.

C, Petals, nat. size.

and pistil x 4.

E, Stamen X 8.

F, Fruit X g.

Wareka; near Letitz, 500 f t. ; Long Mt., 800 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ; Cane R.
valley, 300 ft. ; Grove; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 6155, 6314, 6582, 7262, 8865, 9342,
9632. — Babamas, West Indies as far south as St. Martin, Central America.
Shrub or tree, 4 to 15 ft. high ; twigs densely tomentose. Leaves
4-20 cm. 1., ovate-elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, usually acute or acuminate
and rather deeply cordate, often unequal at base, unequally crenate-
tootbed, pubescent or tomentose on upper surface, tomentose beneath ;
petioles short, tomentose ; stipules tomentose, awl-shaped. Peduncles
terminal or axillary, tomentose, few-flowered, 1*5-3 cm. 1.; pedicels
•5-1*5 cm. 1., glandular at junction with peduncle. Calyx 1*5-2 cm. 1.,
densely tomentose, bell-shaped, 2-lipped, unequally 5-toothed ; base inside
thickened. Petals longer than the calyx, white, diflering in form, unequal-
sided, oblong, more or less auricled at base. Gonophore about 7-8 cm. 1.,

Helicteres STEKCULIACE.^ 15/

curved, villose. Stamens 10, with short filaments ; staminodes 5. Ovary
tomentose-villose on surface not covered by staminodes. Style 5-fur rowed,
with 5-cleft stigma. Carpels 5, twisted nearly round tv«ce so as to show
8-10 threads, becoming, when quite ripe, more or less free at apex for
about 1 cm. Seeds numerous.

Jacquin described this species from 3 small trees grown in the Vienna
botanic garden from seeds which he collected near Kingston, Jamaica, in
1757, and sowed in a hothouse in 1770.

2. GUAZUMA Adans.

Trees, with tornentum of stellate hairs or glabrescent.
Leaves unequally toothed, often oblique, stipulate. Cymes
axillary. Flowers small. Calyx 2-3-parted. Petals 5, hooded-
concave, apex 2-cleft, bearing a terminal linear 2-cleft appendage.
Staminal column with 5 staminodes alternate with the petals,
acuminate ; anthers with 2 diverging cells, 2 or 3 together
between the staminodes. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell ; styles more or less united. Fruit sub-
globose, woody, tuberculose-spiny or with very long soft plumose
bristles, not opening or with apex imperfectly loculicidally
5-valved. Seeds with endosperm ; embryo slightly curved ;
cotyledons leaf-like, inflexed-folded ; radicle very near the hilum.
Bastard Cedar.

Species 5, natives of West Indies and tropical continental
America.

G. ulmifolia Lam. Encycl. Hi. 52 (1789) ; St. Hil. PL Usiielles
tt. 47, 48 ; St. Hil. et Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xviii. 31 ; Des-
court. Fl. Ant. ii. 73, t. 85 ; Macf. Jam. i. 99 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 91 ; K. Schum. in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 80 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv.
407 & viii. 432. G. tomentosa H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. <(■ Sp. v. 320
(1823) ; Bich. in Sagra Cub. x. 74; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 90 ;
Mast, in Book. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 375 ; TJrh. loc. cit. G. bubroma
Tiiss. Fl. Ant. iv. 69, t. 24 (1827). G. Guazuma CocJcerell in Bull.
Torr. Bat. CI. xix. 95 (1892); Cooh <£• Coll. in Contr. U.S. Nat.
Herb. viii. 155, t. 36; Britt. Fl. Berm. 242. Ccnchramidea
jamaicensis morifolia &g. PliiJc. Phyt. t. 77, /. 2 & Aim. 92. Alni
fructu, morifolia &c. Sloane Cat. 135 & Hist. ii. 18. Theobroma
Guazuma L. Sp. PI. 782 (1753); Sw. Obs. Bot. 291; Ildiq.
Houst. t. 14: ; WrigJit Mem. 286. T. foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
306. T. foHis serratis Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) 135, t. 144,/. 1
& Ic. ined. t. 300 ; A. Bobinson Ic. ined. (Fig. 59.) Specimen
from Browne in Herb. Linn, named in Solander's hand, with
drawings noted by J. E. Smith as " ex D. AUemand."

Bastard Cedar.

Sloane Herb. v. 64, G5 ! Houstoun 1 Broivne ! WrigJd ! BrougJiton !
Dancer ! Shakspear ! Distin 1 McNah ! Montego Bay, Parnell ! iloneague ;
Kingston ; Prior ! March ! Liguanea plain, J. P. 1394, Morris ! also

158

FLORA QF JAMAICA

Guazuma

Campbell I Constant Spring ; Porus ; Lucea ; Port Antonio; Port Morant ;
Hitchcock ; Hope, 700 ft. ; near Hope, 800 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ; Harris !
FI. Jam. 5705, 6829, 6994, 9320, 11,008.— West Indies, tropical continental
America.

Tree, 10-50 ft. high. Leaves 3-13(-21) cm. 1., very variable in form,
ovate to oblong or lanceolate, base unequal, glabrous, or more or less
oovered with minute hairs on upper surface, and more or less tomentosc
beneath. Inflorescence paniculate. Calyx 3-lobed, tomentose outside,
2-5-3 ram. 1. Petals yellow, narrowed gradually to the base, puberulous,
3*5-4 mm. 1.; appendage 4-4*5 mm. 1., cleft more than halfway down.
Staminal column bell-shaped, divided about one-third ; staminodes lanceo-
late ; stamens 2 or 3 together ; filaments short. Styles united. Fruit

A, Flower X 4.

B, Dltt 3 with petals removed, showing

staminal tube with stamens and
staminodes, X 7.

C, Portion of flower showing the apex

B ^' D

Fig. [>9.— Guazuma ulmi/olia Lam.

of a petal with appendage lying

on a stamen, also ovary and style,
X 7.

D, Fruit cut across, nat. size.

E, Embiyo X 11.

purplish-black, globose or ellipsoidal, rounded at apex and base, pericarp
tuberculose, perforated with numerous holes between the tubercles, 2-2*5
cm. 1. Seeds indefinite in each cell, in 2 or 3 series, 3*5-4 mm. 1.

The Bastard Cedar grows in both wet and dry districts in Jamaica. It
is encouraged in pastures, as besides being a shade tree, the foliage and
capsules are readily eaten by cattle and horses, and are of some importance
where the grass is apt to be burnt up in times of drought. In this respect
it is as useful as the Bread Nut (Brosimtim Alicastrum Sw.). The
capsules, coarsely bruised, are often given to horses as a substitute for
corn. The timber is light, splits readily, and is easily worked ; it has
been used for the staves of sugar hogsheads, and by carriage-builders for
side pieces.

3. THEOBROMA L.

Trees. Leaves large, undivided. Peduncles axillary or
lateral, one-flowered and clustered, or branching with numerous
flowers. Flowers small. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, hooded-concave.

Thsobroina

STERCULIACEiE

159

clawed, with a terminal spathulate appendage. Staminodes 5,
opposite the sepals, lineai- or lanceolate ; anthers 2 or 3 together
between the staminodes, with 2 diverging cells. Ovary 5-celled,

Fig. 60. — Theohroma Cacao L.

A, Portion of a branch with flowers X §.

B, Flower x 4.

C, Petal X 8.

D, Staminal column partly cut to show

pistil X 5.

E, Pod cut away below to show seeds

surrounded by pulp x J.

F, Seed x ^

G, Embryo X ?.

with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit fleshy outside. Seeds
covered with pulp, without endosperm ; cotyledons thick, corru-
gate ; radicle very short.

Species 12, natives of tropical America.

160 FLORA 'of JAMAICA Thcohroma

T. Cacao L. Sp. PI. 782 (1753); Wright Mem. 239, 276;
A. Robinson Ic. ined. ; Desconrt. Fl. Ant. iv. 147, t. 266; Mncf.
Jam. i. 96 ; Griseb. FL Br. W. Jnd. 91 ; Bentl. d- Trim. 31ed. PL
t. 38; K. Schnm. in Fl. Bras, xii.pt. 3, 72, t. 16. Theobroma
2 & 3 Browne Hist. Jam. 306. Cacao Sloans Cat. 134 & Hist. ii. 15,
//. v.f. 2, 160. C. guianensis Aubl. PI. Guian. ii. 682, /. 275 (1775).
C. minus Gaertn. Frucf. ii. 190, t. 122 (1791). C. Theobroma
Tussac Fl. Ant. i. 101, t. 13 (1808). (Fig. 60.) Specimens of
leaves in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Cacao, Cocoa, Chocolate Tree.

Sloane Herb. v. 591 — Cultivated and spontaneous in West Indies and
tropical continental America, introduced into the tropical regions of the
Old World.

Tree, 10-25 ft. high. Leaves 2-3-5 dm. 1., ovate or obovate-oblong,
acuminate, somewhat unequal at the obtuse or rounded base, entire,
glabrous ; petiole 2-3 cm. 1. Inflorescence : many-flowered clusters on the
trunk. Calyx divided almost to the base, 5-G mm. 1. Petals : hood
2*5 mm. 1.; appendage 5 mm. 1., rhomboid-spathulate with a long claw
with a knee-like bend. Statninoiles awl-shaped ; stamens bearing 2 anthers.

4. AYENIA L.

Herbs or undershrubs, with stellate tomentum, or hirsute, or
glabrescent. Leaves serrate. Flowers small, solitary or in
clusters or cymes, in the axils. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, limb
hooded-concave, apex inflexed and affixed to the staminal tube,
with a very long thread-like claw. Staminal tube with lobes
(staminotles) without anthers, alternate with the petals ; anthers
solitary, between the staminodes, 3-celled. Ovary stalked,
5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style simple, with stigma of
globose lobes. Capsule spiny, 5-coccous ; cocci 1-seeded, opening
along the inner angle. Seeds oblong, narrowing to one end,
without endosperm ; cotyledons spirally rolled round the radicle.

Species about 40, natives of tropical America, including the
West Indies.

Leaves serrate.

Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, 5-9 cm. 1.... 1. A. magna.

Leaves oblong to roundish, 1-3 cm. 1 2. A. pusilla.

Leaves entire 3. A. Icevigata.

1. A. magna L. Syst. ed. 10, 1247 (1759) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 91 ; Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot. i. 134; Urb. Symb. Ant. v.
423,/. K-N. (Fig. 61, D, E.) Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus.

In fl. & fr. Nov.-March ; Browne \ Liguanea plain; Macfadyen\
St. Andrews, McNab 1 March ! Campbell ! Harris 1 Plowden Hill, 800 ft. ;
Fort Clarence Hill, 50 ft. ; dry rocky hills. Fort Henderson ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 6085, 6950, 8172, 9539, 10,147.— Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela,
Bonaire Is.

Ayenia

STERCULIACE^

161

Shrub, 2-6 ft. high. Leaves 5-9 cm. 1., ovate-cordate, acuminate,
serrate, pubescent, soft to touch beneath ; petiole nearly half as long as
the limb. Floivers white or greenish, in stalked umbellate 2-3-flowered
cymes. Calyx 2-5-3 mm. 1., divided to three-fourths of length, seg-
ments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous on, outside. Petals: limb
without a gland, kidney-shaped, hastate ; claw much longer than limb.
Staminal tube cup-shaped, free from ovary ; lobes erect, entire. Ovary
sessile. Capsule 5-6 mm. 1., about 8 mm. in diam., depressed globose,
more or less covered with soft spines, 1-1 '5 mm. 1. Seeds 3 -5-4 mm. 1.,
transversely wrinkled, with minute tubercles, black.

2. A. pusilla L. Syst. ed. 10, 1247 (1759) ; Cav. Diss. v. 289,
t. 147 ; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 383, t. 79 ; Macf. Jam. i. 101 ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 92 ; K. Schum. in Fl. Bnls. xii. pt. 3, 105, t. 24 ;
Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 781; Britt. <& Millsp. Bah. Fl. 278; Urh.
Symh. Ant. iv. 406, v. 423, /. a-d, & viii. 432. Urticse folio

Fig. 61. — Ayenia 'puifllla L.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and

llowers X f .
a, Flower ; p, petals ; e, claw of petal ;
g, gland on petal X 6.

C, Ditto with calyx and petals removed ;

st, stamens ; d, staminodes x S.

D, Capsule of A. magna L. with one

carpid detached x 2.

E, Seed of A . magna L. X 4.

aaomala &c. Shane Gat. 90 k Hist. i. 209, t. 132,/. 2. Ayenia
L. in K. Vetensh. Acad. Ilandl. xvii. 23, t. 2 (1756). D'Ayenia
pusilla Mill. Ic. t. 118 & Diet. ed. 8 (1768). (Fig. 61, a-c.)
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnseus.

In fl. and fr. June-Aug. ; among low shrubs and grasses in savannas ;
savanna of St. Jago de la Vega, Sloane Herb. iv. 23 1 Browne ! between
Kingston and Rock Fort, Broughtonl Two-mile-wood Pen, St. Catherine,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,069, 12,405.— Florida Keys and Texas to California,
Bahamas, West Indies to Guadeloupe, tropical continental America.
V. M

162 FLOUA OF JAMAICA Ayenia

Plant about 6 in. to 1 ft. high ; stems numerous from a perennial root.
Leaves variable in size and form, -5-3 cm. 1., ovate, oblong, elliptical, or
roundish, serrate. Floicers purple, solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx
2-3 mm. 1., divided nearly to the base, segments ovate-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate. Petals ; claw a little longer than the calyx ; limb roundish-
rhomboid, 2-cleft, with a stalked oblong gland on back, much shorter than
the limb. Staminal tube funnel-shaped above, tubular below, more or less
united to the stalk of the ovary ; lobes erect, subemargiuate. Ovary long-
stalked. Capsule 3 mm. 1., 4 mm. in diam., globose slightly flattened
above, muricate. Seeds slightly longer than 2 mm., tuberculate, trans-
versely rough.

3. A. laevigata Sw. Prodr. 97 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1131; Mac/.
Jam. i. 101 ; Grisch. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 91 ; Urb. Siimh. Ant. v. 423,
/. E-H.

In fl. Feb., Slay, July; S warts ; on Long Mt. above Rock Fort,
Broughton\ near Wareka, Long Mt., 500-600 ft.; Albion Mt., St.
Thomas, 150-200 ft.; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 6692, 8932, 9612, 11,867.— A
specimen in Herb. Mus. Brit, labelled "America meridionalis, R. Shake-
spear."

Shrub or small tree, 10 to 18 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 2-6 cm. 1.,
ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire ; petiole 2-4 mm. 1. Peduncles
solitary or 2 together, very slender, red. Flowers dark reddish-brown.
Calyx 4 mm. 1., divided nearly to the base, segments lanceolate, acute.
Petals : limb with 2 tail-like appendages at base, without a gland ; claw
about twice as long as limb. Staminal tube cup-shaped above, tubular
below united with the stalk of the ovary ; lobes spreading, 2-cleft. Capsule
12-13 mm. 1., about 10 mm. in diam., globose-ellipsoidal, more or loss
covered with soft spines about 2 mm. 1. Seeds 6-7 mm. 1., oblong,
narrowing to one end, surface rough, dark brown.

5. MELOCHIA L.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, stellate hairs not intermixed with
simple hairs. Leaves serrate, narrow, ovate, or broadly cordate.
Flowers usually small, .sometimes clustered in the axils or in a
spike-like inflorescence, sometimes more laxly cymose or panicu-
late, axillary or terminal, hermaphrodite, heterostyled. Calyx
5-lobed or 5-toothed, l)ell-shaped, enlarged in M. lupulina, per-
sistent. Petals 5, spathulate or oblong, with roundish apex,
narrowed into a claw, more or less adherent to the stamens
below, marcescent. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, united into
a tube which is adherent below with the claws of the petals,
rarely bearing 5 alternate teeth or lobes (staminodes) ; anthers
with 2 parallel cells. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ;
styles 5, free or more or less united. Capsule septicidal and
more or less loculicidally 5-valved, or loculicidal only, 5-10-seeded.
Seeds ascending, with more or less endosperm ; embiyo straight,
cotyledons flat, radicle next the hilum.

Species about 90, growing in tropical and subti'opical
regions.

MelocJiia

STERCULIACE^

163

Capsule 5-lobed-globose, composed of 5 cocci at length separating.
Cocci slightly opening along the inner angle.

Calyx enlarged after flowering. Inflorescence
axillary, flowers in clustered pedunculate

corj'mbs 1. M. kipulina.

Calyx not enlarged. Inflorescence axillary, flowers

subsessile in dense subglobose clusters 2. M.nodiflora.

Cocci splitting at apex by 2 short valves. Inflores-
cence a terminal panicle, leafless above, com-
posed of pedunculate corymbs 3. M.vcnosa.

Cocci splitting completely into 2 valves. Inflores-
cence a terminal interrupted or compact leafy
spike, composed of dense axillary sessile or sub-
sessile clusters 4. M. hirsuta.

Capsule pyramidal, 5-angled.

Plant glabrous. Inflorescence opposite the leaves... 5. M. pyramidata.
Plant tomentose.

Inflorescence axillary 6. M. tovientosa.

Inflorescence opposite the leaves 7. M. crenata.

1. M. lupulina Sio. Prodr. 97 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ 1141;
inflorescence axillary, flowers in clustered pedunculate corymbs ;
calyx much enlarged after flowering ; capsule 5-lobed-globose,

If!

E

vr;-' bl.

Fig. 62. — Melochia lupuliaa Sw.

A, Flower X 2. C, Fruit X 6.

B, Ditto with calyx and petals re- D, Fruit of M. nodi/iora Sw. x 4.

moved ; st, stamens ; s, styles X 4. E, Fruit of M. tomentosa L. x 2.

composed of 5 cocci at length separating and slightly opening
along the inner angle. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 94 ; K. Sclmm.
in FL Bras. xii. pt. 3, 35. Mougeotia inflata H. B. & K. Nov. Gen.
d Sjh V. 330, t. 484 (1822). Riedleia inflata DC. Prodr. i. 491
(1824) ; Macf. Jam. i. 103. (Fig. 62, A-c.)

Macfadyen ! Parnell ! Purdie ! Wilson ! near ]\Iorant Bay, Prior ! Port
Morant, Hitchcock ; Woodstock, Westmoreland ; Kempshot, 1100-1600 ft. ;

M 2

164 FLORA OF JAMAICA Melochia

near Holland Bay ; Harris ! Phillipsfield, near Bowden, Har7-is d- Britton !
Fl. Jam. 9831, 10,328, 10,783, 11,965.— Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
Herb or undershruh, 3 ft. high, sometimes with trailing branches
supported by other shrubs and growing to a height of 10 ft., puberulous at
ends of branches. Leaves 2-9 cm. 1., ovate, acuminate to acute, subcordate
to rounded, serrate, on upper surface pubescent with adpressed hairs,
beneath pubescent or subtomentose. Calyx 4-4*5 mm. 1. in fl. Petals
slightly longer than sepals, oblong, shortly clawed, white with a yellow
spot in centre. Filaments united to middle. Ovary shortly stalked;
styles distinct. Frui< puberulous, 3 mm. 1. S<?cds about 1'6 mm. 1.

2. M. nodiflopa Sw. Prodr. 97 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1139 ;
inflorescence axillary, flowers subsessile in dense subglobose
clusters ; capsule 5-lobed-globose, composed of 5 cocci at length
separating and slightly opening along the inner angle. — Griseh.
op. cit. 94 ; Urb. Si/mb. Ant. iv. 405 it vlii. 430 ; Briit. d- 3Iill8p.
Bah. Fl. 277. Mougeotia nodiflora If. B. d K. torn. cit. 330
(1823). Riedleia ncxliflora DC. Prodr. i. 491 (1824) ; Mac/. Jam.
i. 103. Abutilon fruticosuni foliis itc. Cat. 97 &. Hist. i. 219,
/. 135, /. 2. (Fig. 62, D.)

St. Jago do la Vega, Sloanc Herb. iv. 59 ! Wright I Broughton 1 Shake-
spear I Massonl Macfadyen\ Land Kingston; Mt. Diablo; Prior \ Marchl
Jenmanl Liguauea plain, 200 ft., Campbelll near Ewarton, 1000 ft.;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. G090, 6615, 6697 ; Kingston, Eothrock ; Constant Spring ;
Bog Walk ; Port Morant ; Porus ; Hitchcock. — Bahamas, West Indies,
Central America, Colombia, Bolivia.

Undershruh, 2-6 ft. high ; glabrate, but younger parts at first puberu-
lous. Leaves 2-12 cm. 1., ovate, ovate-elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, apex
acuminate to acute, base rounded, truncate, or emarginato, serrate,
puberulous on nerves beneath ; petioles about one-fourth as long as the
blade; stipules 4-5 mm. 1., linear-lanceolate. Calyx '6- 5-i. mm. \.; lobes
triangular-lanceolate, shortly acuminate. Petals about 4*5 mm. 1., white,
striped with rose, or reddish-white, obovate-oblong, shortly clawed.
Filaments united to apex. Ovary sessile ; styles distinct. Fruit pube-
rulous, nearly 3 mm. 1. Seeds about 2 mm. 1., black.

3. M. pllosa comh. nov. ; inflorescence a narrow terminal
panicle, leafless above, composed of pedunculate corymbs ; capsule
5-lobed-globose, of 5 cocci at length separating and splitting at
apex by 2 short valves. — M. venosa Sw. Prodr. 97 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. 1137; Griseh. op. cit. 94; K. Schum. torn. cit. 37.
Mougeotia polystachya H. B. <t K. torn. cit. 328, tt. 483, 483a
(1822). Sida pilosa Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1 768). Riedleia jamaicensis
DC. Prodr. i. 492 (1824). R. virgultosa Macf. Jam. i. 104 (1837).
Miller's type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Houstcunl Wright [ March; road to Constitution Hill, 1000-1500 ft.,
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6815, 9026.— Tropical S. America.

Undershruh to 3 ft. high ; younger branches woolly. Leaves 2-8 cm. 1.,
ovate to oblong or elliptical or lanceolate, apex acute or obtuse, base rounded ;
petioles short ; stipules 7-8 mm. 1., linear-lanceolate. Calyx 5-5*5 mm. 1.,
lobes lanceolate, acuminate to a long point. Petals 6*5-8 mm. 1., obovate,
clawed, yellow. Filaments united to apex. Ovary sessile ; styles distinct.
Fruit villose, 3-4 mm. 1. Seeds about 2 mm. 1., blackish.

Melochia STERCULIACE^ 165

4. M. villosa comb. nov. ; inflorescence a terminal interrupted
or compact leafy spike, composed of dense axillary sessile or
subsessile clusters ; capsule 5-lobed-globose, of 5 cocci at length
separating and splitting completely into 2 valves. — M. hirsuta
Cav. Diss. vi. 323, t. 175,/. 1 (1788); Bich. in Sagra Cub. x. 77 ;
Griseb. op. cit. 94 ; K. Schum. torn. cit. 45 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 405
«k viii. 430. M. serrata St. Hil. & Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2,
xviii. 36(1842); Griseb. op. cit. 93. Althaea spicata. . .villosis-
simo Sloane Cat. 97 & Hist. i. 218, t. 138,/. 1. Sida villosa Mill.
Did. ed. 8 (1768). Riedlea serrata Vent. Choix t. 37 (1803);
Mac/. Jam. i. 104. Mougeotia hirsuta B. B. & K. torn. cit. 331
(1823). Miller's type in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Mt. Diablo, Sloane Herb. iv. 55! Wright i St. Thomas in the Vale,
Macfadyen\ McNabl Purdiel Moneague; Mt. Diablo; Prio7-l March\
Bull Head, Fawcett ! Oxford, 1200 ft. ; Kellits, Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; Hollis's
savanna, Clarendon, 2400 ft. ; James Hill savanna, 2400 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 8468, 9428, 11,151, 12,251, 12,842.— West Indies, tropical conti-
nental America.

Undershrub, 3-5 ft. high, young branches densely hairy with long hairs
intermixed with short. Leaves 2-5 cm. 1., ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptical,
apex acute to obtuse, base rounded or subcordate, doubly serrate, on both
sides with long silky adprcssed hairs, upper surface sometimes glabrate ;
petioles short; stipules 5-6 mm. 1., lanceolate. Bracteolcs of involuccl 3,
twice as long as calyx, linear-tapering, hirsute. Calyx 4 mm. 1., hirsute;
lobes ovate, acuminate. Petals 6-7 mm. 1., obovate, clawed, attached by
claws to the staminal tube, pink to rosy-violet. Staminal tube, in the
long-styled form, 4 mm. 1. ; in the short-styled form, 7 mm. 1., cut below
the middle. Pistil 7 or 4-5 mm. 1. ; styles united below. Fruit about
3 mm. 1. Seeds l'5-2 mm. 1., mottled greenish-grey and black.

5. M. pyramidata L. Sp. PL 674 (1753) & Amoen. v. 380;
inflorescence cymose-umbellate, opposite the leaves, 3-10-flowered ;
capsule pyramidal, 5-angled, angles cuspidate or acute at base ;
plant glabrous.— Jacg. Bart. Vindob. 11, t. 30; Cav. Diss. vi. 319,
t. 172,/ 1; Sw. Obs. Dot. 255; Mac/. Jam. i. 102; A. Gr. Gen.
a. 86, t. 134; Griseb. op. cit. 93; K. Schum. tom. cit. 34; Urb.
Synd). Ant. iv. 404 & viii. 429. M. herbacea &c. Browne Bist.
Jam. 276. M. domingensis Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 194. Abutilon
herbaceum procumbens Szc. Sloane Cat. 97 & Bist. i. 220, /. 139,
/ 1. Moluchia pyramidata Britton in Mem. BrooJcl. Bot. Gard.
i. 69 (1918) ; Britt. & Millsp. Bali. FL I'll. Specimen in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Road St. Jago de la Vega to St. John, Sloane Herb. iv. 60 ! Broughton !
Macfadyenl Corby, St. Cruz Mts., 1500 ft. ; Pepper, St. Elizabeth, 250 ft. ;
Inverness, Clarendon, 300 ft. ; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 9744, 9861, 12,751 ; Lucea,
Hitchcock. — Bahamas, West Indies south to Grenada, continental tropical
America north to Texas, Old World tropics (probably introduced).

Herbs or undershrubs, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 2-7 cm. 1., green, the larger
ovate, oblong, or lanceolate to smaller, elliptical or roundish, glabrous ;
petioles 1-4 cm. 1. ; stipules 2-3 mm. 1., awl-shaped. Calyx 3*5-4 mm. 1.,
minutely puberulous ; lobes lanceolate-awl-shaped, about 2 mm. 1. Petals

166 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Melochia

6-8 mm. 1., obovate-lanceolate, narrowing into the claw, rosy or light
violet-blue with yellow claws. Floivers of 2 forms, long-styled and short-
styled, with corresponding variation in staminal tube. Ovary and styles
very minutely puberiilous. Fruit 6-8 mm. 1. Seeds about 2 mm. 1.

6. M. tomentosa L. Syst. cd. 10, 1140 (1759) & Amoen. v. 400,
380 ; inflorescence axillary, cymose-umbellate, 7-3(-10)-flowered ;
capsule pyramidal, 5-angled, angles more or less rounded ; plant
tomentose. — Cav. Diss. vi. 319, t. 172, /. 2; Jacq. Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 193; Sw. Obs. Bot. 256; WriqU Mem. 285; Macf. Jam.
i. 101 ; Griseb. loc. cit. (excl. var.) ; K. Schuyn. torn. cit. 33 ; TJrb.
Symb. Ant. iv. 404 &, viii. 429. M. frutescens <fec. Browne loc.
cit. M. Turpiniana H. B. d- K. torn. cit. 323, /. 482. Abutilon
arboreum &c. Sloane Cat. 97 & Uist. i. 219, t. 138, /. 2, 3.
Althjea americana incana &c. Pliik. Phyt. t. 131,/. 4. Moluchia
tomentosa Britton loc. cit. ; Britt. d- Millsp. Bah. Fl. 276.
(Fig. 62, E.) Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnseus.

Sloaiic Herb. iv. 58 ! Wright ! Broughton 1 Shakespcar 1 McNab 1 Lane !
Purdiel Kingston, Priori March I near Gordon Town, Balll Watson's
Hill, Manchester, 800 ft. ; sea-coast near Falmouth ; near Alligator Pond,
300 ft. ; Plowden Hill, lOCO ft. ; Harris ! Long Mt. road, Fawcctt 1 PI.
Jam. 6315, 7222, 7230, 7313, 8171.— Bahamas, West Indies, tropical
continental America north to Texas and California.

Undershrub or shrub, 6-10 ft. high. Leaves variable in size and form,
1-7 cm. 1., ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, more or less wbitish-tomentose ;
petioles very short or long; stipules 4-7 mm. 1., awl-shaped from a
lanceolate base, very soon falling. Calyx about 6 mm. 1. ; lobes 4 mm. 1.,
linear-acuminate, stellate-tomentose outside. Petals 10-13 mm. 1.,
o])lanceolate, with a long claw, rosy or purple. Stamens 5*5-6 mm. ].,
tube 4 mm. 1. Pistil 10-11 mm. 1. ; ovary stalked, puberulous; styles
united about half the length, puberulous. Fruit 9 mm. 1. Seeds about
2 mm. 1., irregularly ovoid, 1 or 2 in each cell.

7. M. crenata Vahl Symb. Hi. 86, t. 68 (1794); inflorescence
cymose-uinbellate, opposite the leaves, 3-l(-5)-flowered ; capsule
pyramidal, 5-angled, often somewhat oblong in outline, angles
rounded ; plant tomentose. — Riedleia crenata DC. Prodr. i. 491
(1824). Specimen collected by von Rohr near S. Martha,
Colombia, in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright ! Palisadoes, J.P. 1002, 1530, Hart !— Colombia.

Undershrub, branches and petioles white-wooUy-tomentose. Leaves
1-5-3 cm. 1., elliptical to round, on both sides white-tomentose, soft to the
touch, margin crenulate; petioles 8-23 mm. 1.; stipules 3 mm. 1., ovate or
deltoid, more or less persistent, glabrous above, tomentose beneath.
Calyx 4 '5-5 '5 mm. 1., woolly-tomentose ; lobes lanceolate, acuminate,
about 2"5-3mm. 1. Petals 14 mm. 1., obovate, narrowing below into a
rather short claw. Stamens IS mm. 1., tube about 4-5 mm. 1. Pistil
about 11 mm. 1. ; ovary and styles somewhat hirsute with branched hairs ;
styles united shortly (I* 5-2 mm.) at base. Capsule pyramidal, 5-angled,
angles rounded, about 1 cm. 1., more or less tomentose. Seeds 2 in each
cell, 2" 3 mm. 1., semiovoid, somewhat acuminate.

It is stated on von Rohr's specimen that it was " repens in arenosis."
Hart collected his specimens on the Palisadoes, which is a sandbank.

Waltheria

STERCULIACE^.

167

6. WALTHERIA L.

Herbs or shrubs, with stellate hair. Leaves serrate or
crenulate. Stipules narrow. Flowers usually small, yellow,
clustered in the axils or in terminal heads, racemes, or panicles.
Bracteoles in Jamaican species linear or linear-lanceolate, free.
Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, spathulate, marcescent. Stamens 5,
united at the base, opposite the petals ; staminodes none ;
anthers with 2 parallel cells. Ovary of One carpel, 1 -celled, with
2 ovules ; style slightly lateral, club-shaped above or fringed.
Capsule 2-valved ; seed solitary. Seed ascending ; eadosperm
present ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat, radicle next the hilum.

Species about 60, growing in the tropics, mostly in America.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, 3-9 cm. 1

Leaves roundish-ovate or -obovate, l-5-3"5 cm. 1...,

1. W. americana.

2. W. calcicola.

1. W. amepieana L. Sp. PI. 673 (1753) ; Sw. Ohs. Bot. 254 ;
Macf. Jam. i. 105 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 95 (excl. syn.
W. ovata Cav. & W. angustifolia H. B. & K.) ; Mast, in Fl. Trop.
Afr. i. 235 ; K. Sclmm. in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 63 ; Small Fl.

Fig. 03. — Waltheria americana L.
A, Portion of branch with leaves and C, Ditto cut lengthwise x 7.

flowers X
B, Flower with l)racteo!e X 4.

D, Fruit with persistent calyx, showinc
seed, X 7.

168 FLORA OF JAMAICA WaWieria

S.E. U.S. 780 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 405 & viii 431 ; Britt. Fl.
Berm. 242 ; Britt. d- Millsp. Bah. Fl. 278. W. indica L. Sp. PL
673 (1753) & Amcen. v. 380; Jacq. Ic. PL Bar. i. 13, t. 130;
Mast, in Hook. f. FL Br. Ind. t. 374. W. nngustifolia L. Syst.
cd. 10, 1140 & Amoen. v. 380. W. foliis' angustis &c. &
W. fruticosa &.c. Browne Hist. Jam. 276. Betonica arborescens
Maderaspatana &c. PluJc. Phyt. t. 150, /. 5. Betonica arbor-
escens foliis <tc. Pliik. Phyt. t. 150, /. 6. Malva americana
abutili &c. Sloane Cat. 97 & Hist. i. 218. (Fig. 63.) Specimen
in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Sloane Herb. iv. 54 1 Houstoun 1 Wright I Broughton 1 Shakespear 1
Distin ; McNab 1 Parnell ! Wilsoti ; Liguanea hills ; Kingston ; Prior 1
March; Liguanea plain, J.P. 1347, Morris \ also J. P. 1460, Hart\ near
Gordon Town, Ball ! Constant Spring ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ; near Kingston,
Clute 1 Hope, Harris ! Liguanea plain, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5654, 5865. —
Key Is. Florida, Bahamas, West Indies, tropical and subtropical regions.

Undershrub, 3-6 ft. high, stem and branches more or less tomentose or
woolly. Leaves 2*5-9 cm. 1., ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, apex obtuse
or somewhat acute, base obtuse, rounded, or subcordate, on both sides
tomentose, usually whitish, serrate ; petioles 4-15(-26) mm. 1. ; stipules
lanceolate-awl-shaped, 3-6 mm. 1. Inflorescence axillary, sessile or
stalked, flowers crowded into a globose mass. Calyx A-b mm. 1., lobes
awl-shaped, with lanceolate base. Petals nearly 6 mm. 1., oblong, claws
Blender. Staminal ttibe 2 mm. 1., undivided. Pistil 2 mm. 1., ovary
hirsute ; style club-shaped at apex, penicillate. Capsule 2 mm. 1. Seeds
1-5 mm. 1.

2. W. ealcieola Urh. Symh. Ant. i. 475 (1900) tt iv. 406.
W. foliis subrotundis <tc. Browne Hist. Jam. 276.

Dry, rocky hills. Fort Henderson ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 10,155.— Porto
Rico.

Low shrubby plants forming thickets (Harris), 3-6 ft. high, young stem
and branches tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves 3 •5-1 "5 cm. 1.,
roundish-ovate or -obovate, apex rounded, base rounded or subtruncate,
margin crenulate except the base, on both sides tomentose ; petioles
3-6 mm. 1. ; stipules thread-like, 3 '5-6 mm. 1. Inflorescence subcapitate
at the apex of the branches, usually 2 flowers together in the axils of very
small leaves. Calyx 6-8 mm. 1. ; lobes triangular-lanceolate, about
3 mm. 1. Petals about as long as the calyx or a little longer, oblanceolate
narrowing into a rather broad claw. Stamens about 4 mm. 1. ; filaments
united into a tube 2 mm. 1., free above. Pistil about as long as the
petals ; stigma composed of many rays forming a small head.

7. STERCULIA L.

Trees. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Inflorescence
paniculate or sometimes racemose, generally axillary. Flowers
unisexual or polygamous, the terminal flowers usually female.
Calyx 5-cleft, usually coloured. Petals wanting. Gonophore
somewhat shorter than calyx. Staminal tube with 10-15
anthers crowded at the apex. Carpels of the ovary 5, sub-
distinct, cohering at apex only by the united styles, with 2 to

Sterculia

STERCULIACE-'?<;

169

maoy ovules in eacli, stigmatic apex peltate or lobed. Ripe
carpels distinct, generally opening along the ventral line. Seeds
1 or many in each carpel ; endosperm fleshy, adhering to the
foliaceous cotyledons ; embryo straight.

Species about 200, growing in the warmer regions of the
world, chiefly in tropical Asia.

[Leaves 5-lobed on flowering branches, tomentose

beneath S. apetala.']

Leaves entire on flowering branches, puberulous or

glabrate beneath S. caribcea.

[S. apetala Karst. Fl. Columh. ii. 35, t. 118 (1862-69);
Britt. Fl. Berm. 242 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. mii. 433. S. carthaginensis
Cm. Diss. vi. 353 (1788) ; B. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 228 ; Griseh.

Fig. 6i.— Sterculia catibcea R. Br.

A, Leaf XI. D, Female flower x 8.

B, Male flower x 2. E, Fruit of S. apetala Karst. X J.

C, Apex of gonophore with anthers X 7. (E after Pittier.)

Fl. Br. W. Ind. 89 ; Pittier in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xiii. 447,
with figs. 70-76 in text, & t. 89. S. Helicteres Pers. Syn. Sp. PI.
it. 240 (1806). Helicteres apetala Jacq. Enum. 30 (1760), Sel.
Stirp. Amer. 238, t. 181, /. 97 & Ed. pict. 115, t. 263, /. 74.
(Fig 64, E.) Specimen of flower from Jacquin in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

170 FLORA Oli- JAMAICA Sterculia

Naturalized; March\ Liguanea plain, Hants! Fl. Jam. 8282, 9215;
Kingston, Donncll Smith. — Natives of Central America, Colombia,
Venezuela, Paraguay.

Tree, 30-50(-100) ft. high. Leaves to 30 cm. aud more in diam.,
deeply 3-5-lobed, shining on upper surface, tomentose bcueatb with
penicillate hairs; petioles 10-20 cm. 1., more or less tomentose above.
Inflorescence in terminal panicles 20-25 cm. 1., tomentose with penicillate
hairs, unisexual or with male and hermaphrodite flowers. Male flotvers :
Calyx 15-18 mm. 1., bell-shaped, cut halfway, coloured inside dirty
yellow with purplish spots and lines. Oonophorc 10-13 mm. 1., curved.
Staminal tube short. Anthers 7-15. Ovary rudimentary. Hermaphrodite
floicers : Calyx similar to male. Oonopliorc shorter. Staminal tube
shallow, cup-like. Anthers 12-16. Ovary 3 mm. in diam., tomentose;
style bent down. Ripe carpels spreading, 6-12 cm. 1., covered inside with
a dense layer of erect stiff yellowish prickly hairs about 2 mm. 1., with 2-4
seeds. Seeds about 2 cm. 1., ellipsoidal, black.]

S. caplbsea B. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 228 (1844) ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 90. S. Ivini Sw. Prodr. 98 (1788) <t Fl. Ind.
Occ. 11 GO (in part) ; Mac/. Jam. i. 96. (Fig. 64, a-d.) Type in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Bastard M ahoe.

Woods near Roaring River, Macfadycn; Purdie 1 — Dominica, ^lartinique,
St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad.

A high tree. Leaves 10-20 cm. 1., ovate or ovate-elliptical, entire on
flowering branches, sometimes 3-lobed on lower part of tree, glabrous on
upper surface, puberulous or glabrato beneath; petioles 2-6 cm. 1.,
glabrous. Inflorescence in terminal panicles, 5-15 cm. 1., covered with
yellow-brownish powdery tomentum. Floivcrs male or hermaphrodite.
Male flowers : Calyx 10-12 mm. 1., cut nearly to base, yellowish ; lobes
oblong-lanceolate, spreading, glandular about the middle. Gonophorc
about 6 mm. 1., curved. Staininal tube minute. Anthers 8-10. Ovary
rudimentary. Hermaphrodite flowers : Calyx similar to male. Qonophore
5 mm. 1. Staminal tube minute. Anthers about 7. Ovary about 2 mm.
in diam., tomentose; style bent down. Ripe carpels about 4 cm. 1., the
carpophore nearly of the same length.

[COLA Schott

Tree.s. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers unisexual or
polygamous, axillary, clustered or shortly cymose or paniculate.
Calyx 5-clef t. Petals wanting. Gonophore very short. Staminal
column with 10-12 anthers, sessile, in a double ring round the
apex. Carpels 3-10, subdistinct, each with several ovules;
styles as many as the carpels. Ripe carpels thick, opening along
the ventral line. Seeds several in each cell, without endosperm ;
cotyledons thick ; radicle next the hilum.

Species nearly 100, growing in tropical Africa.

C. acuminata Schott & Endl. Meletem. 33 (1832) ; B. Br. in
Benn. PI. Jav. Bar. 237 (1844); Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 90;
Bot. Mag. t. 5699. Ceratonia affinis siliquosa itc. Sloane Cat.
154 & Hist. ii. 60. Sterculia acuminata Beauv. Fl. Owar. i. 41,
t. 24 (1805); Macf. Jam. i. 95. Bichy Tree Broughton, Hortus

Cola STERCULIACEiE 171

Eastensis, 34 (1794), reprinted in Bryan Edwards Hist. W.
Ind. Hi. 407 (1794) ; Lunan Hort. Jam. i. 86.

Cola, Kola, Bichy.

Introduced ; Sloane Herb. vi. 55 ! Macfadyen ! March ! Prior ! Cami^hell 1
Thompson I Harris !

Tree to 35 ft. high. Leaves 8-16 cm. 1. (on flowering branches), oblong
or subovate-oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, wedge-shaped and
3-nerved at base, glabrous, entire. Inflorescence a corymbose panicle.
Calyx cleft beyond the middle, with minute stellate hairs inside and
densely hairy outside, of hermaphrodite flower to 16 mm. 1. ; lobes oblong-
triangular pointed. Ovary hairy, 5-celled ; ovules 10-12 in each cell.
Stigmas linear-lanceolate, recurved. Bipe carpels 8-14 cm. 1. Seeds
3-5-4-5 cm. 1.

The seed is chewed by the African native to promote digestion. It is
also used medicinally, and to render putrid water wholesome. The seeds
are sometimes ground and made into a drink like cocoa.]

Family LXVII. DILLENIACE^.

Trees, shrubs, sometimes climbing, or rarely perennial herbs
or unclershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually entire or toothed,
generally leathexy. Stipules either none or wing-likn, attached to
the petiole, soon falling. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.
Sepals 5 (3-6, or indefinite), very much overlapping, persistent.
Petals 5 (1—6), very much overlapping, often corrugate, soon
falling. Stamens generally indefinite, hypogynous, free or
united at the base. Anthers innate, the cells opening laterally
or inwards or by an apical pore. Pistil free ; carpels one to
indefinite, distinct, rarely cohering in the centre of the flower.
Ovules one to indefinite, anatropous, erect from the base or
attached in 2 series to the inner angle, raphe ventral. Styles
separate, terminal or subdorsal, diverging ; stigma simple. Ripe
carpels opening on the inner side or on the back, sometimes
crustaceous or berry-like and indehiscent. Seeds solitary or few,
thick, with an aril. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo minute, close
to the hilum.

Species 350, mostly in the tropics or in Australia, very few
in N. America or in eastern Asia outside the tropics.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 2 inner, very large, concave,
increasing in size and becoming leathery, enclosing the
fruit 1. Davilla.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals not enclosing the fruit 2. Tetracera.

1. DAVILLA Vand.

Shrubs generally climbing by twining. Leaves pinnate-
nerved, nerves parallel. Panicles terminal or in the upper axils.
Flowers hermaphrodite, yellow. Sepals 5, very unequal, two
interior very large, concave, increasing in size, at length leathery,
enclosing the fruit and looking like a globose capsule. Petals 1-6.

172

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Davilla

Stamens with filaments thickened at the apex. Anthers short,
with diverging cells. Carpels 1-3, with 2 erect ovules, not
opening when ripe or bursting irregularly. Seeds enclosed
almost completely by an aril.

Species nearly 40, natives of tropical America (including the
West Indies).

D. rugosa Poh. Encycl. Suppl ii. 457 (1811); St. Hil. PL
Us. t. 22 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 2 ; Eichl. in Fl. Bras, xiii.pt. 1,
106. D, brasiliana DC. Sijst. 405 (1818); Deless. Ic. Scl i. 18,

Fig. 05. — Davilla rtigosa Polr.

A, Flower-bud X 2. C, Diagram of a flower.

B, Open flower x 2.

Tetracera Poepyigiana Schlecht.

D, Fruit X 15. F, Diagram of a flower.

E, Ripe carpel cut open showing (A, B, D, E after A. Richard ;

an arillate seed X 2 ; a, aril. C, F after Elchler.)

i. 71. D. Sagrseana A. Rich. Sagr. Cub. x. 8, xii. t. 2 (1845).
D. ciliata A. Bich. Sagr. Cub. x. 9, xii. t. 3 (1845). (Fig. 65, A-c.)

Red Withe.

Wright ! Macfadijen ; Prior ; climbing over bushes, Schwallenburgh,
St. Ann ; Oxford, near Balaclava ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7042, 8826 ; between
Fontabelle and Galloway, Mrs. E. G. Britton 2870 ! —Cuba, Is. of Pines,
Trinidad, tropical continental America.

Climbing shrub, very variable. Leaves 5-13 cm. 1., elliptical to oblong-
elliptical, apex obtuse to rounded, base decurrent into the short petiole.

Davilla DILLENIACE^E 173-

nerves impressed above, prominent beneath, margin entire or obscurely
toothed. Calyx in flower : larger sepals 5-6 mm. 1., smaller about 2 mm. L
Petals 6-8 mm. 1. Fruit enclosed by the two larger hardened yellowish
sepals about 7 mm. in diam. ; the thin reddish-brown pericarp encloses a
large seed with a shiny blackish coat, enveloped in a thin whitish aril.
Stems useful for making baskets, &c.

2. TETRACERA L.

Climbing shrubs, rarely trees, glabrous or rough-pubescent.
Leaves pinnate-nerved, nerves parallel. Panicles terminal or in
the topmost axils. Flow^ers usually hermaphrodite, sometimes
polygamous, rarely dioecious. Sepals 4-6, spreading. Petals as
many or fewer. Stamens with filaments widening to apex.
Anthers with cells separated. Carpels generally 3-5, acuminate,
with ovules indefinite, in two series, leathery when ripe, opening
along the inner line or by 2 valves. Seeds 1-5, surrounded by
an aril.

Species about 100, dispersed throughout the tropics.

T. jamaieensis DC. Syst. i. 399 (1818) ; Macf. Jam. i. 5.
T. volubilis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 2 (non L.). (Fig. 65, d-f.)

Wiles ; St. Thomas in the Vale; Macfayden ! also Prior ! Bachelor
Hall, near Bath, Harris db Brittonl PL Jam. 10,577. — South America
(R. Shakespear in Herb. Mus. Brit.).

Shruh climbing over fences and trees ; stem and branches rough, with
minute stellate hairs. Leaves 10-18 cm. 1., elliptical, base decurrent into
the petiole, wavy-serrate, but entire towards the base, teeth very small at
ends of nerves, rough on both sides ; nerves impressed above, prominent
beneath and hispidulous. Inflorescence 7-12 cm. 1., somewhat compact in
fruit, roughish with minute stellate hairs. Calyx outside puberulous,
inside silky; sepals 5, unequal, 4 '5-5 '5 mm. 1. Petals 5, yellow, ovate-
oblong, rounded. Ripe carpels usually 4, surrounded by the persistent
sepals (outer 5-7 mm. 1., inner 9-10 mm. 1.), glabrous, shining, 15 mm. 1.,
beaked with persistent style.

Wormia Burbidgei Hook. f. (Bot. Mag. t. 6531) is an escape from.
Castleton Garden, and is well established on the neighbouring hillsides.
This handsome shrub is a native of Borneo. The flowers are pale golden
yellow, 2i inches in diam. Anthers opening by apical pores. Carpels 7.
Leaves 6 inches to 1 ft. long.

Family LXVIII. OCHNACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, stipulate,
glabrous, entire or serrulate. Flowers terminal in panicles or
racemes, or axillary, sometimes solitary or clustered in the axils,
hermaphrodite. Sepals 5 (4-10), free, imbricate. Petals 5 (4-10),
free, soon falling, imbricate or convolute. Receptacle enlarged
after flowering. Staminodes usually none, but in Sauvagesia of
one or two forms. Stamens 5 or 10 (4, 8, or indefinite), inserted
at the base of the receptacle, or above it. Anthers linear-

174 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ouratea

elongate, opening longitudinally or by terminal pores. Ovary
2-10-lobecl, or entire and 1-10-celled. Style simple, awl-shaped,
or, rarely, with apex 2-10-lobed; stigma simple, terminal.
Ovules 1, or 2, or indefinite, in each cell, ascending or rarely
hanging. Fruit very various. Seeds solitary, few, or numerous ;
endosperm fleshy or none. Embryo somewhat large, usually
straight.

Species 400 or more, natives of the tropics, mostly American.

Flowers yellow ; without staminodes. Fruit — drupes on

a receptacle 1. Ouratea.

Flowers white, rose, or violet ; with staminodes. Fruit —

a 3-valved capsule 2. Sauvagesia.

1. OURATEA Aubl.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves persistent, leathery,
shining, entire or serrulate with .sharp teeth, with very numerous
nerves. Stipules in American species free. ]*anicles or racemes
terminal, or terminal and axillary. Flowers yellow. Sepals 5,
usually coloured, imbricate, elliptical-oblong. J'etals 5, imbricate,
obovate, clawed. Receptacle thick, elongated below the pistil.
Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the receptacle; filaments
very sliort ; anthers long, opening by pores at apex. Ovary
5-6-parte(l, the lobes inserted obliquely on the receptacle ; styles
united, stigma simple ; ovules solitary in each cell, ascending
from the base. Drupes 5 or fewer, on the expanded receptacle.
Seed erect ; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex ; i*adicle descending
to the hilum.

Species more than 200, natives of tropics, mostly in America.

Inflorescence dense, dome-shaped; sepals 5 mm. 1 1. 0. laurifolia.

Inflorescence loosely paniculate ; sepals 7 mm. 1. or more.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. Pedicels 1 • 5-2 cm. 1, 2. 0. elegans.
Leaves elliptical or oblong-elliptical, cuspidate.
Pedicels less than 1"5 cm. 1.

Drupes globose. Sepals 7-8 mm. 1 3. O.nitida.

Drupes obovoid. Sepals 8-10 mm. 1 4. O. jamaicensis.

1. 0. laurifolia Engl, in FJ. Bras. xii. it. 2, 350 (1876);
leaves elliptical-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire ; inflorescence
dense, dome-shaped ; pedicels 1-2 cm. 1. ; sepals 5 mm. 1. ; petals
5-6 mm. 1., irregularly obovate, apex slightly eraarginate ; drupes
narrowly ellipsoidal.— Z7r?>. Symb. Ant. v. 430. Gomphia laurifolia
Sw. Fl. Inch Occ. 741 (1798); Mac/. Jam. i. 200; Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 104. (Fig. 66.)

In fl. Jan. -March; in fr. March, Apr. ; Swartz ; near Bridgehill ; near
Pleasant Hill, St. Andrew; Macfadyen\ rocky woods, St. Ann, Purdiel
Liguanea plain, 600 ft. Campbelll Port Royal Mts. (Sheldon; Hall's
Delight; Plato; Bridge Hill, 1500 ft.; Iron Face, Chester Vale, 3500 ft.);

Ouratea

OCHNACE^

175

Holly Mount, near Ewarton, 2600 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 to
2800 ft. ; Constant Spring to Bardowie, 750 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5513,
5535, 6250, 6978, 7869, 8898, 10,104, 10,870, 10,875, 11,919.

Shrub or tree, 10-20 ft. high. Leaves 6-11 cm. 1., nerves and veins
similar and running in the same direction, curved i;pwards, slightly promi-
nent on the upper surface; petioles 6-10 mm. 1. Inflorescence 5-9 cm. 1.

Fig. %&.— Ouratea laurifolia Eugl.

A, Portion of branch with leaves 0, Fruit, nat. size.

and flowers X i- D, Seed cut lengtliwise X 2.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 4.

Sepals greenish-yellow. Petals unequal, claw l'5-2 mm. 1. Stamens
3 "5-4: mm.l. Anthers sessile or with short filaments ("5 mm. 1.). Receptacle
(in fruit) somewhat globose, bearing 4-5 drupes. Drupes 9-11 mm. 1.

2. 0. eleg"ans TJrh. Symb. Ant. v. 428 (1908); leaves lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire or occasionally slightly crenulate above ;
inflorescence loosely paniculate ; pedicels 1 • 5-2 cm. 1.
9-11 mm. 1. ; petals 13-15 mm. 1., broadly obovate.

In fl. Sept. ; Woodstock, near Beaufort, Westmoreland, 1300 ft., Harris !
M. Jam. 9912.

Tree, 30 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 9-13 cm. 1., 2-3 "5 cm. br., nerves
and transverse veins slightly prominent on both sides ; petioles 4-6 mm. 1.
Anthers subsessile, 7 mm. 1.

3. 0. nitida Engl, in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 2, 310 (1876) (only as
regards syn. Sw. and habitat Jamaica) ; leaves elliptical, cuspi-

176 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ouratea

date, acute, serrulate with very small sharp teeth ; pedicels
5-7 mm. 1. ; sepals 7-7 • 5 mm. 1. ; petals slightly longer than
sepals, somewhat roundish, with a short claw ; drupes globose. —
Urh. Symh. Ayit. i. 364, v. 428, 429. Ochna nitida Sic. Prodr. 67
(1788). Gomphia nitida Vald Symh. ii. 49 (1791); Sio. Fl. Lid.
Occ. 739 ; Mac/. Jam. i. 201 ; Grueh. FL Br. W. Ind. 105 (exch
syn.). Specimen from Shakespear named by Swax'tz.

SJiaJu'spcar ! Sicartz.

Tree of moderate height. Leaves 5-12 cm. 1., nerves and veins similar,
veins running somewhat transversely, only the midrib slightly prominent ;
petioles 3-5 mm. 1. Pedicels about 1 cm. 1. in fr. Anthers subsessile,
7 mm. 1., slightly connected at apex in pairs, as long as the calyx ; filaments
like small roundish glands. Ovary globose, 5-furrowed, each carpel on a
distinct short stalk ; styles combined spirally into one, which extends
beyond the anthers. Bcceptaclc (in fruit) somewhat ovate-roundish, bearing
1-5 drupes. Driqws 7 mm. 1., 6 mm. br. Seed large, globose.

4. 0. jamaicensis Urh. Symh. Ant. i. 362 (1899) & v. 430;
leaves elliptical to oblong, acute or cuspidate, entire or occasionally
with a few small teeth above ; pedicels in fl. 5-12 mm. 1. ; sepals
8-10 mm. 1.; petals 10-11 mm. 1., roundish-obovate, with a
short claw; drupes obovoid. — F. Ticgli. in Ann. Sc. Nat. scr. 8,
xvi. 257 (1902). 0. guianensis Engl, in FL Bras, xii.pt. 2, 314
(1876) (in part). Gomphia guianensis Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind.
105 (1859) (non Mich.) (in part). G. jamaicensis J. ^. P/awc/i.
in Hook. Loud. Journ. Bot. vi. 11 (1847).

Cabbage Bark.

In fl. July-Nov. ; Macfadyenl Browns Town, Priori Holly Mount,
2500 ft. ; near Troy, 2500 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Pedro,
St. Ann, E. G. Barrettl Fl. Jam. 6529, 9071, 10,999.

Tree, 30 ft. high. Leaves 8-13 cm. 1., nerves and veins (running in same
direction) often slightly prominent especially on upper surface ; petiolea
5-8 mm. 1. Pedicels 12-17 mm. 1. in fr. Antlwrs sessile, C mm. 1.
Receptacle (in fruit) ovate if only one drupe, transversely ellipsoidal if two
or more drupes, thupes 10-13 mm. 1., 7-8 mm. br.

2. SAUVAGESIA L.

Herbs or undex'shrubs, glabrous. Leaves rigid, entire or
serrulate. Stipules comb-like-ciliate. Flowers axillary or in
terminal i-acemes, white, rose, or violet. Sepals subequal.
Petals eciual, convolute. Staminodes usually of 2 series, outer
thread-like, sometimes alternate with the 5 petals, sometimes
indefinite, the inner 5 petal-like or scale-like, opposite the petals,
enclosing the stamens and ovary. Filaments of the fertile
stamens very short, alternating with the inner staminodes ;
anthers linear, cells opening at the sides. Ovary 1-celled ;
placentas of the ovary 3 ; style simple with obtuse stigma.
Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds indefinite, small; testa
thin and brittle ; endosperm fleshy ; i-adicle longer than the
cotyledons.

Sauvagesia

OCHNACE^

177

Species 18, natives of the West Indies and tropical and sub-
tropical America, vei'y few in the tropics of the Old World.

S. Bpownei Planch. MS. ex Trois. Voy. Linden i. 64 (1863) ;
Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 430 & vi. 93. S. erecta Mac/. Jam. i. 45
(excl. syn. Jacq. & AuU.) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 112 (as regards
plants from Jamaica and Cuba) (non L.). Iron herbaceus &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 179, t. 12, /. 3. (Fig. 67.)

Sloane Herb. iv. 24 ! Pastures between Mt. Diablo and St. Ann,
Brownel Maj Da,j Kill, Bwughtonl Guys Hill, St. Msiiy, McNabl Cold-
spring, St. George, Purdie ! Mcneague, Prior ! Oastleton Garden, 400 ft. ;

Fig. 67.— Sauvagesia Broicnei Planch.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and flowers x

B, Flower ; st, stamens ; d, staminodes x 4.

C, Capsule split open x 6.

D, Seed x 20.

Brandon Hill road; Prospect Hill, 2000 ft.; Thom;psonl near Bardowie,
Harris ! Bull Head, Fawcctt ! lower mountains near Kingston, Hansen ;
Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; Richmond Hill, Millspaugh ; Fl. Jam. 5867,
7940, 8003, 8097, 8470.— Cuba, Is. of Pines.

Stems procumbent or ascending. Leaves 7-13 mm. 1., lanceolate to
elliptical, acute at both ends, serrulate, subsessile ; stipules linear-
lanceolate. Flowers axillary, usually solitary. Pedicels erect, about as
long as the flower. Sepals 4-5-5 mm. 1., lanceolate, with a hair-like tip
(1-1-5 mm. 1.). PetoZs white, shorter, or somewhat longer than the sepals.
Staminodes (of the inner series only) oblong, about as long as the stamens.
Stamens 1-5 mm. I. Capsule about as long as the sepals. Seeds ellip-
soidal, about -7 mm. 1., surface pitted.

V. N

178 FLORA OF JAMAICA Sauvagesia

S. erecta L., native of the West Indies from Hispaniola east and south,
and of tropical continental America, has larger leaves and flowers, two
series of staminodes, the outer of very short, indefinite staminodes,
filament-like with kidney-shaped capitate apex, the inner of 5 oblong
staminodes about half as long as the sepals.

Family LXIX. MABCGRAYIACE^.

Shrubs, epiphytic or climbing, rarely tree-like. Leaves
alternate, simple, leathery, entire. Stipules usually wanting.
Racemes terminal. Bracts more or less attached to the pedicel,
usually transformed into nectariferous, sack-like or hooded
organs. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, sti-ongly
overlapping, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, free or united at
the base, or united to form a lid-like organ breaking away all
round at the base and falling off. Stamens indefinite or 5,
hypogynous, united slightly at base and free from the corolla, or
more or less attached at base to the petals ; anthers opening
inwards. Ovary : cells indefinite or 3-6 ; stigma sessile, more
or less distinctly radiate. Ovules indefinite, attached to thick
placentas projecting from the axis, horizontal or ascending,
anatropous. Fruit globose, fleshy or leathery, not opening or
opening after some time loculicidally from the base, ^eeds
numerous, small, oblong; endosperm scanty. Embryo straight
or curved ; radicle short.

Species between 60 and 70, natives of the AVest ImJies and
tropical continental America.

MARCGRAVIA L.*

Shrubs, climbing on the trunks of trees or over rocks by
means of rootlets emitted just below the insertion of the leaves.
The leaves of the first shoots are 2-ranked, closely adpressed to
the tree trunk, and protect the rootlets, which also become
covered by a moss [Pilotrtchum mucronatiim Mitten in M. Broionei).
The rootlets grow into the interstices of the bark, which, with
the moss, forms a soil for them, the union being so intimate that
the shoot cannot be detached from the trunk without removing
some of the bai-k with it. Shoots are thrown out horizontally,
bearing spirally arranged leaves of a different form, and flowers
at the apex enclosed at first by the terminal leaf acting like a
spathe (in 31. Brownei). Leaves of the creeping stem small and
submembraneous, of the flowering branches leathery. Racemes
usually contracted, umbel-like, pendulous. The lower outer
flowers perfect, without bracts, the upper central abortive and

* Consult I. W. Bailey, Pollination of Marcgravia, in American Journal
of Botany, ix. 370 (1922).

Marcgravia

MAKCGRAVIACE.E

179

with large tubular sack-like coloured bracts adherent to the
pedicels. Bracts with the opening at the base, and (in
Jamaican species) somewhat inflated at the apex. Bracteoles 2,
minute, sepal-like, tightly adpressed to the calyx, persistent.
Sepals 4, decussate. Corolla a lid-like organ without diflferentia-
tion into petals, soon falUng off. Stamens 12-40, mostly slightly
united at the base, free from the corolla ; anthers oblong-linear.
Ovary incompletely 4-12-celled ; style short or none ; stigma
obscurely radiate. Fruit leathery.

Species more than 40, with distribution of family.

Bracts sessile or subsessile 1. M. Brownei.

Bracts on pedicel 2. M. brachysepala.

1. M. Brownei Kr. & Urh. Symh. Ant. i. 367 (1899).
M. rectiflora var. Brownei Tr. <£ Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4,
xvii. 365 (1862) ; Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xxi. 514. M. scandens &c.

Fig. 68.— Marcgravia Broivnei Kr. & TJrb.

A, Portion of climbing shoot, sliowing

under side of leaves next the trunk
with rootlets X i.

B, Portion of flowering shoot X h

C, Flower-bud cut lengthwise, nat. size.

D, Flower after the fall of the corolla,

nat. size.

E, Ovary cut across X 4.

F, Fruit cut lengthwise, nat. size.

G, Hollow Ijract containing honey ad-

herent to pedicel, p, which bears at
its apex abortive flower, /, x ij.

180 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Marcgravia

Browne Hist. Jam. 244, /. 26 ; Ehret\s Oriyinal Sketches of
Broicne's Jamaican Plants, 30. M. umbellata L. Amoen. v. 379
( 1 760) ik Sp. PL ed. 2, 719 (so far as regards reference to Jamaica) ;
Liinan Hort. Jam. i. 490; Descourt. FI. Ant. iv. 25, t. 239;
3Iacf. Jam. i. 141 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 110 (in part) ; (non
L. Sp. PI. ed. 1, 503). Marcgrafia Sw. Obs. Bot. 205. Phyllitidi
scandenti affinis major folio crasso subrotundo Shane Cat. 15 &
Hist. i. 74, t. 28,/. 1. (Fig. 68.)

Sloane Herb. i. G4! Browncl Shakspearl " montes frigid, sylvos.,"
Swartzl Port Royal Mts., Purdiel Claverty Cottage road, J. P. 602,
Hart ! Morse's Gap, Watt ! Hardware Gap, 4000 ft., Harris ! also O. E.
Nicliolls ! Tweedside, below Moody's Gap, 3500 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6022,
10,121.

Climbing oven to a height of 50 ft., glabrous. Leaves of the climbing
stem 1-5-5 cm. 1. to 4 cm. br., roundish-elliptical, subsessile, apex
rounded, emarginate, base subcordate ; of the flowering branches 7-13
cm. 1., 3-5 cm. br., subsessile, oblong, apex abruptly cuspidate-acuminate,
base unequal-sided, obtuse to somewhat rounded, midrib prominent
beneath, nerves inconspicuous or invisible on both sides, glands somewhat
rare on the pellucid margin, beneath with 6-8 rather large glandular pores
on each side, starting from the base of the midrib and curving to near the
margin, where they are smaller and extend to the apex. Inflorescence
with 13-19 perfect flowers, set somewhat straight on pedicels; pedicels
4-5 cm. 1., 2 mm. thick. Bracts usually 2-4, sessile, with pedicel attached,
more or less curved inwards, with the outer lip of the opening prolonged
and recurved. Sepals 5-6 mm. 1. Corolla ovoid, about 1 cm. 1., 7-8 mm.
br. Stamens numerous. Ovary about 9-celled; style about 4 mm. 1.
Fmit about 11 mm. in diam., globose, crowned by the stylo. Seeds about
1 mm. 1., 3-sided, back rovmded, surface pitted.

2. M. braehysepala Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 17 (1909). M. um-
bellata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 110 (1859) (so far as regards
reference to Jamaica, in part); Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. pl7
(so far as above) (non L.). Marcgravia of "Westmoreland
A. Robinson descr. d: icon. ined. P. sc. afF. minor folio crasso
oblongiori ; P. sc. aff. minima folio crasso oblongiori ; Sloane
Cat. 15, Hist. i. 74, /. 28,/. 2, 3.

Mt. Diablo, Archer's Bidge, Orange River, Sloane Herb. iv. 65-67 !
Mrs. Poore (1779) ! Wullschlaegel ; Phoenix Park, Moneague, Prior ! Tyre,
1500 ft. ; near Troy, 1600-2000 ft. ; Toms Cave Wood, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ;
Harris ! Cuna Cuna Pass ; John Crow (Blake) ]\Its., 1500 ft. ; Harris d
Britton ! Fl. Jam. 8647, 8767, 9444, 10,565, 10,688, 10,771, 10,859.

Climbing to 30 ft., glabrous. Leaves of the climbing stem 1-4*5 cm. L,
•5-2-5 cm. br., subsessile, ovate-oblong to ovate, apex obtuse, base cor-
date; of the flowering branches 5-10 cm. 1., 3-4 cm. br., subsessile, ovate-
elliptical or elliptical-oblong, apex acutely acuminate, base rounded or
subtruncate, nerves on upper surface scarcely visible or very slightly
prominent, beneath more or less slightly prominent with a network of
veins, with glands sunk into the margin, beneath with 3-5 rather large
pores on each side above the base, and with some very small pores here
and there near the margin ; petioles 3-5 mm. 1. Inflorescence with 15 to
35 perfect flowers, set obliquely on pedicels; pedicels 2-3 cm. 1., •8 mm.
thick ; abortive flowers 3-7 at the apex of the rhachis, the pedicels
;springing at a distance of 2-3 mm. from the pedicels of the perfect flowers.

Marcgravia MAKCGKAVIACE.E 181

Btacts !• 2-'2 cm. 1., with a length of pedicel below them of 1-1 -5 cm.
Sepals about 1 mm. 1. Corolla ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoidal, 8-9 mm. 1.,
4-5 mm. thick. Stamens 8-14. Ovary 6(4)-celled ; style 1"5 mm. 1.
Frtiit shortly obovate-globulose, barely 1 cm. in diam.

Family LXX. TERNSTRCEMIACE^ (THEACE^).

Trees oi* shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually simple and
leathery, pinnate-nerved. Stipules none. Flowers axillary, one
or few, or rarely in terminal or axillary racemes, regular, usually
hermaphrodite. Bracteoles often 2 under the calyx, somewhat
like the outer sepals. Sepals generally 5, free or shortly united
at the base, overlapping. Petals usually 5, hypogynous, free or
more often cohering at the base into a ring or short tube,
generally widely overlapping. Stamens usually indefinite,
hypogynous, generally united at the base and adhering to the
corolla and falling off with it. Ovary usually free, with 2-5 or
indefinite cells ; ovules 2 to indefinite in each cell. Fruit
sometimes fleshy, leathery, or somewhat woody, and not
splitting open, sometimes capsular, valves opening loculicidally
or septicidally, generally leaving a persistent axis. Seeds few
or indefinite, attached to the inner angle, placentas often
prominent, spongy or fleshy ; endosperm scanty or wanting, or
abundant and fleshy. Embryo a little shorter than the
endosperm when present, straight or curved, horseshoe-shaped
or spiral ; radicle near the hilum ; cotyledons sometimes half-
cylindrical, continuous with the radicle, not wider and much
shorter than it, sometimes much larger than the radicle.

Species 200, almost all growing in the tropics of America,
Asia, and the East Indian Archipelago, few in Africa, some are
found in N. America and Eastern Asia beyond the tropics, but
the Family is wanting in Australasia.

Ovary 2-5-celled. Petals less than 1*5 cm. 1. Fruit not
opening. Seeds curved horseshoe-like.
Flowers hermaphrodite.

Style simple, stigma punctiform 1. Ternstrcemia,

Style with 2-5 short branches at apex, stigmas small 2. Erotetim.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Style wanting or

very short, stigmas 3 oval to oblong 3. Freziera.*

Ovary 5-10-celled. Petals 1*5-3 cm. 1. Fruit a capsule.

Seeds flattish, winged 4. Laplacea.

[Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds not winged... Camellia.]

1. TERNSTRCEMIA Linn. f.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire (in Jamaican species) or
toothed-crenate, nerves and veins inconspicuous. Peduncles
1- flowered, recurved, axillary, solitary or a few clustered, with

182 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tcmstroemia

2 bracteoles to each flower. Flowers w hite. Sepals 5, increasing
in size in fruit. Petals 5-7, united at base or even to one-half
their length, very soon falhng. Stamens indefinite, usually in
two series, rarely in one or several ; outer filaments adhering to
the base of the corolla ; anthers glabrous, longer than filaments,
connective more or less prolonged. Ovary 2 (3, 4)-celled ; style
simple : stigma or stigmas minute or more or less developed,
entire or lobed ; ovules several to 2 in each cell (10-16 in
Jamaican species), hanging. Fruit crowned by the persistent
style, not splitting open. Seeds rather large, curved like a
horseshoe, but more compressed ; endosperm fleshy, scanty ;
embryo curved ; cotyledons shorter than the radicle, half-
cylindrical. "Wild Mammee-Sapota, Scarlet Seed.

Species over 70, most natives of the West Indies and tropical
continental America, the rest natives of the warmer parts of
Asia, especially the East Indian Archipelago.

Sepals in fl., outer roundish, less than 1*5 cm. 1.
Petals 11-13 mm. 1. Leaves, apex rounded or pointed
obtuse, narrowed gradually to base and prolonged

into the petiole 1. T. gramilata.

Petals 7-10 mm. 1.
Leaves, apex pointed obtuse, base very obtuse or
rounded, suddenly narrowed or contracted into

the petiole 2. T. Hartii.

Leaves, apex rounded or very obtuse, narrowed
gradually to the base and prolonged into the

petiole 3. T. rostrata.

Sepals in fl., outer ovate-elliptical, 1"6 cm. 1. or more.
Leaves, apex rounded, base rounded to wedge-shaped
and contracted suddenly into the petiole 4. T. calycina.

1. T. granulata Kr. d- Urh. in Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xxi. 534
(1896). T. obovalis Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 103 (1859) (in part)
(non Etch.).

In fl. May -Sept. ; Wright I McNabl Purdiel near Browns Town,
Prio7- ! Ramble, St. Ann, 1700 ft., Fawcctt d Harris ! near Troy, 2000 ft. ;
road to Holly Mount, 2000 ft. ; Ipswich, St. Elizabeth, 900 ft. ; Harris !
near Mile Gully, 1700 ft., Harris d Brittonl Fl. Jam. 7026, 8786, 8987,
10,621, 12,369.

»Tree, 20-30 ft. high and more. Leaves 4-9 cm. 1., 3-4 cm. br., obovate-
elliptical, narrowed gradually to the base and prolonged into the petiole,
apex rounded or pointed-obtuse, on both sides densely granulate ; margin
narrowly revolute ; midrib distinctly channelled on upper surface ;
nerves 7-9, slightly prominent beneath, scarcely or not evident on upper
surface; petioles 5-10 mm. 1. Pedtmcles 2-4 cm. 1. Bracteoles ovate to
ovate-triangular, 4-5 mm. 1., 3-4 mm. br., margin often glandulose-
denticellate, back more or less keeled. Flowers white, fragrant. Sepals,
outer 9-10 mm. 1., 10-11 mm. br., inner 9-10 mm. 1., 8-9 mm. br.,
increasing in fr. to 1'5 cm. 1., roundish, roundish-elliptical, or triangular-
ovate, the outer glandulose-denticulate on the whole margin or on the
lower part. Petals 11-13 mm. 1., obovate, emarginate at apex, falling as

Ternstrcemia

TERNSTRCEMIACE^.

183

soon as the fl. expands. Anthers oblong or linear ; connective prolonged,
tongue-like. Ouar?/ 2-celled; cells with 10-12 ovules; stigma minute.
Fruit nearly 3 cm. in diani., spheroidal, apex rounded, granulate. Seeds
(in fruit not ripe) more than 1 cm. 1., covered with scarlet papillae.

Fig. 69. — Ternstrcemia granulata Kr. & Urb.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and

young flowers X 5.

B, Flower, nat. size.

C, Fruit cut lengthwise, nat. size.
I), Seed cut lengthwise X 2.

2. T. Hartii Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jalirh. xxi. 532 (1896).
Arbor minor diffusa, obscure virens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 368,
/. 20,/. 3 ; Lunan Hort. Jam. ii. 149 (fide Urban, but we think
that it is more likely to refer to T. granulata).

In fl. June, in f r. Sept. ; Clevelands, Portland, J. P. 655, Hart ! St. George,
2200 ft. ; Mansfield, Bath, 400 ft. ; Harris ! PI. Jam. 5767, 6057.

Tree, 25-30 ft. high. Leaves 6-11 cm. 1., 8-5 '5 cm. br., elliptical or
obovate-elliptical, very obtuse or rounded at base, suddenly narrowed or
contracted into the petiole, apex pointed-obtuse, on both sides granulate ;
margin flat ; midrib slightly impressed ; nerves 7-10, scarcely, or not,
visible ; petioles 6-10 mm. 1. Peduncles 3-7 cm. 1. Bracteoles 3-4 (5) mm. 1.,
ovate. Sepals roundish, outer 5-6 mm. 1., 6*5-8 mm. br., inner 5-8 mm. 1.,
6-7*5 mm. br., margin usually entire, but the outer sometimes glandulose-
denticulate, at any rate at base. Petals 8 mm. 1., obovate, apex not, or
only slightly, emarginate. Ovary 2-celled ; cells with 13-16 ovules ;
stigma minute. Fruit (from Mansfield) about 2 cm. 1., 2*5 cm. br., ovoid-
spheroid, apex rounded; pericarp 4-6 mm. thick. Seeds narrowly ovoid,
8-9 mm. 1. (or more), covered with scarlet papillaj.

We follow Urban in including provisionally here the fruiting specimen
no. 6057 from Mansfield.

184 FLORA OF JAMAICA Temstroemia

3. T. rostrata Kr. & Urh. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. ccxL 533 (1896).
T. meridionalis ? 5^tp. Frodr. 81 (1788) & Ohs. Bot. 207 (in part) ;
Macf. Jam. i. 113 (non Mutis).

In fl. throughout the year; Wright I Rev. Lindsay \ below Trafalgar
House, Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen; McNab\ March \ above Egnor
Gap, J.P. 964, Hart\ St. George, Gilbert \ summit of John Crow Peak,
Britton, 2661 Fish River Mts., 400 ft.; N.E. of Dolphin Head; Harrisl
Fl. Jam. 10,259, 10,317.

Tree, 30-40 ft. high. Leaves 3*5-10 cm. 1., 2-5 cm. br., obovate-elliptical
or narrowly obovate-elliptical, narrowed gradually to the base and usually
prolonged into the petiole, apex rounded or very obtuse, sometimes slightly
emarginate, upper surface granulate, margin flat or slightly recurved ;
nerves 6-8, slightly prominent beneath, not, or scarcely, visible on the
upper surface; petioles 5-7 mm. 1. Peduncles 3-5 5 cm. 1. Bractcoles
roundish to ovate, margin entire, not, or slightly, keeled, 3-5 mm. 1.,
4-5 mm. br. Flaiccrs rather showy, white, fragrant. Sepals green, outer
roundish, inner elliptical or elliptical-roundish, in fl. 7-12 mm. 1.,
7-10 mm. br., in fr. outer 8-9 mm. 1., inner 11-14 mm. 1. ; margin entire,
rarely denticulate all round. Petals oblong, sometimes somewhat broader
above, 7-10 mm. 1. Ovary 2-cellcd ; cells with 11 or 12 ovules ; stigma
minute. Fruit 1*5-2 cm. in diam., spheroidal, or roundish-ovoid,
acuminate-beaked, granulate. Seeds about 8, ovoid or somewhat narrowly
ovoid, more or less compressed, 9-10 ram. 1., densely covered with papillae.

We have followed Urban in recording the above as three species;
further investigation may show them to be merely forms of one species.
The material and information available is at present too scanty for
decision.

4. T. calyelna Faicc. d- Rendle hi Jom-n. Bot. Ix. 363 (1922).

In fl. May, in young fr. July; Peckham woods. Clarendon, 2500 ft.,
Harris I Fl. Jam. 10,979, 11,035.

Tree, 10-30 ft. high. Leaves 5-9 cm. 1., obovate-elliptical, apex rounded
or very obtuse, base rounded to wedge-chaped and contracted suddenly
into the petiole, upper surface wrinkled-granulate ; margin slightly
recurved, leathery; midrib flat or scarcely impressed on upper surface,
somewhat prominent beneath ; nerves 6-8, comparatively conspicuous and
more or less slightly prominent on both sides ; petioles 5-8 mm. 1.
Peduncles 1*5-2 cm. 1. Bractcoles 7-9 mm. 1., ovate. Sepals 17-13 mm. 1.,
11-9 mm. br., ovate-elliptical, crimson; margin glandulose-denticulate or
entire. Petals not seen. Ovary 2-celled ; style (from fl. of which petals
have fallen) 9-12 mm. 1. ; stigma 2- punctate.

2. EROTEUM Sw. (Cleyera Choisy).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves papery or papery-leathery, crenat©
or crenulate, toothed, or entire. Peduncles short, axillary,
solitary or often clustered. Flowers small, one or a few in the
axils. Bracteoles minute, soon falling. Sepals 5. Petals 5,
alternate with the sepals, united at base or subfree. Stamens
12-30, united at the base to the corolla; anthers usually with
bristly hairs, opening near the apex, much shorter than the
filaments. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style 2-5-cleft at the apex only or
sometimes to the base ; stigmas small ; ovules 10-50, attached to
a placenta at the middle of the cell. Fruit berry-like, not splitting

Eroteum TERNSTRCEMIACE.E 185

open. Seeds 5-8, horseshoe-shaped, 2-3 mm. in diam., with
fleshy endosperm ; embryo horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons shorter
than the radicle.

Species about 12, natives of the West Indies and tropical
continental America from Mexico to Venezuela, a few natives of
India or Japan.

E. theseoides Sw. Prodr. 85 (1788) ik Ic. ined. t. 41 ; G. Maza
in Ann. Hist. Nat. Madrid, xlx. 222 (1890). Fawc. tt Bendle in

Fig. 70. — Eroteum theceoides Sw.

A, Portion of branch with leaves B, Flower cut lengtliwise X\2.

and flower x §. C, Fruit cut across x 2.

Journ. Bot. Ix. 362. Freziera theoides Sw. FL Ind. Oec. 972,,
/. 19 (1800); DC. Prodr. i. 524; Macf. Jam. i. 115 ; Bot. Mag.
t. 4546. Cleyera theoides Choisy in Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, xiv.
110 (1855) (excl. syn. TuL); Griseh. Ft. Br. W. Ind. 103 (excl.
syn. Till, and Chois.) ; Urh. in Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xxi. 538 & in
Ber. Beutscli. Bot. Ges. xiv. 1, 48. (Fig. 70.) Specimen from
Swartz in Herb, Mus, Brit.

Wild Damson.

In fl, throughout the year ; Wright 1 Catherine Peak, Swartz ! Moerter I
Macfadyen ! Blue Mt. Peak, McNab ! Purdie ! Wilson ! Portland Gap,
5550 ft., J.P. 654, Morris \ near Cinchona, J.P. 654, Hartl Morse's Gap,
Jam. Bot. Dept. ! St. George ; Content road, 3500 ft. ; John Crow Peak,
5600 ft. ; Sir John's Peak, 6000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5536, 6104, 6513,
9514. — Cuha, Central America.

186

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Eroieum

Shrub or tree, 10-30 ft. high. Leaves 3-8 cm. 1., obovate or elliptical;
petioles 3-7 mm. 1. Peduncles solitary (or 2), 1-2 cm. 1. Sepals 4-6 mm. 1.,
roundish to elliptical, outer 2-8 '5, inner 3 "5-5 mm. in diam. Petals
8-9 mm. 1., white or greenish-yellow. Filaments about 30. Anthers small,
with 1 or a few bristly hairs on the back. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 14-18 in
■each cell. Fruit globose, 8-10 mm. in diam., pur pie, juicy. Seeds 6-8,
3 mm. in diam.

The leaves are astringent with taste exactly that of tea. (Swartz and
Macfadyen.)

3. FREZIERA (Sw.) Choisy (emend.).

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves usually serrate-crenate and
many-nerved. Flowers small, 1 or several clustered in the axil
of the leaf, or in 2 ranks on an abbreviated branch, with per-
sistent bracteoles, polygamous or dioecious (rarely hermaphrodite).

Fig. 71. — Freziera Grisebachii Kr. & Urb.

A, Portion of branch with leaf and flowers turned baclc, and one petal cut off,

X i- showing stamiuodes round the base

B, Female flower with bracteoles X 3. of the ovary, X 4.

C, Ditto with sepals cut off near base and D, Ovary cut across x 10.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, scarcely united at
the base or free. Male or hermaphrodite fls. : Stamens 15-30,
united at the base to the corolla ; anthers glabrous, opening to
the base, much shorter than the filaments, rarely as long as the
smaller filaments. Ovary 3(2-5)-celled ; style entire ; stigmas
3(2-5), oval to oblong, short; ovules 15-60, attached to a
placenta intruded into the middle of the cell. Female fls. :
Staminodes generally fewer ; anthers minute. Ovary and style
as in the hermaphrodite fl. Fruit not opening, dry. Seeds
10-50, kidney-shaped, "S-l mm. in diam., embryo somewhat

Freziera TERNSTRCEMIACE^ 187

straight oi* slightly curved ; cotyledons about half as short as
the radicle.

Species about 20, natives of the West Indies and tropical
continental America.

Sepals 4-5 mm. 1. Petals only a little longer 1. F. Grisebachii,

Sepals l'5-2 mm. 1. Petals about 3 times as long ... 2. F. undulata.

1. F. Gpiesbaehii Kr. & Urh. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxi. 542
(1896); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Inch 104 (1859) (as regards the
reference to Jamaica under F. hirsuta Sm.). Eroteum hirsutum
G. Maza in Ann. Hist. Nat. Madrid, xix. 222 (1890).

In fl. Nov. ; March; Tweedside, below Moody's Gap, 3150 ft., Harris !
PI. Jam. 5658, 6067.— Cuba.

Tree, 30-40 ft. high ; branches above with reddish hairs, below glabres-
■cent. Leaves 13-15 (7-17) cm. 1., 4-5-5 cm. br., ovate-lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate or elliptical, apex generally tapering to a point, sometimes
acuminate ; petioles 10-15(-20) mm. 1. Peduncles 2-3 in the leaf-axils,
2-4 mm. 1., with reddish hairs. Bracteoles semicircular, 2-3 mm. 1.
Sepals 4-5 mm. 1. Petals free at base, 5-6 mm. 1., white. Female fl. :
Staminodes about 1-6 mm. 1., linear, about 25 in one series. Ovary ovate-
conical ; style conical, continuous with ovary ; ovary and style 4 mm. 1. ;
stigmas 3, short, ovate, blunt, fleshy, about "5 mm. 1. ; ovules about 50 in
each cell.

2. F. undulata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 974 (1800) ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 104; Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 542 (inch all vars.);
Fawc. & Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ix. 362. F. hirsuta Sm. in Bees
Cijcl. XV. n. 4 (1819); Griseb. loc. cit. (in part). Eroteum
undulatum Sic. Prodr. 85 (1788); Vahl Symb. ii. 61 ; Wihstr.
Guad. in Vet. AJcad. Handl. Stockholm, 1827 (1828).

Wright (Hb. Forsyth) ! Forsyth (Porseith) (fide Vahl).—^t. Kitts,
Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent,
Grenada, Trinidad.

Tree to 50 ft. high ; young branches, petioles, peduncles, and bracteoles
glabrate or densely villose in var. hirsuta. Leaves 5-15 cm. 1., usually
lanceolate, acuminate ; petioles 5-15 mm. 1. Peduncles 3-2 (1) in axils,
8-5 (1-10) mm. 1. Sepals 1-5-2-5 mm. 1., roundish. Petals 5-6 mm. 1.,
white. Filaments generally 20. Anthers glabrous, lanceolate, longer than
the filaments. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 15-20 in each cell. Frtdt 4-5 mm. 1.

4. LAPLACEA H. B. <fe K.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves toothed or crenate, papery or
papery-leathery. Flowers solitary, generally subsessile in the
upper axils, hei'maphrodite or unisexual. Sepals 5, unequal,
varying in size from the bracteoles to the petals. Petals 5-7,
cohering slightly at the base. Stamens indefinite, outer or all
more or less united or in bundles of 5 together and adhering to
the base of the petals ; anthers versatile. Ovary 5-10-celled ;
carpels with short diverging styles at apex, or with sessile and
distinct stigmas ; ovules 3-8 in each cell, pendulous. Capsule

188

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Laplacea

somewhat wootly, sometimes thin, oblong, opening loculicidally,
with persistent axis. Seeds somewhat flat, produced at the apex
into an oblong wing ; endosperm wanting ; embryo straight,
oblique ; cotyledons oblong, flat ; radicle short, superior.

Species 28, natives mostly of tropical America, including the
West Indies, 3 natives of the East Indian Archipelago.

Leaves obovate, villose beneath 1. L.villosa.

Leaves elliptical, with inconspicuous hairs

beneath 2. L. hcematoxylon.

1. L villosa Qriseh. Fl. Br. W. Ltd. 104 (1859). Gordonia
villosa Mac/. Jam. {. 117 (1837). Hsemocharis Choisy in Mem.
Soc. Phys. Geneve, xtv. 144 (1855) ; Urh. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxi.
547.

In fl. July- Dec. ; Morse's Gap, Macfadycnl Newhavcn Gap, J.P. 987,
Hartl

Shrub, 5-8 ft. high ; young parts of branches villose. Leaves 5-10
cm. 1., 3-5 5 cm. br., obovate, apex rounded or obtuse, crenate to sub-
entire, papery-leathery, beneath villose ; petioles 1-3 mm. 1. Pedtincles
3-6 mm. 1., densely villose. Floicers white, becoming pinkish, showy.
Sepals 12-15 mm. 1., with silky adpresscd hairs. Petals 5-7, obovate, with
silky hairs outside. Ovary 5-celled ; cells with 6 or 7 ovules in each ;.
styles 5, about 1 mm. 1. Cajisttlc 'A- 5 cm. \. Seeds 5 in each cell.

2. L. hsBmatoxylon G. Don Gen. Hist. I 569 (1831); Griseh.
loc. cit. Hiemocharis hsematoxylon Choisy in Mem. Soc. Phys.

Fig. li.—Laplacea hcematoxylon G. Don.
A Portion of branch with leaves, buil, B, Capsule opened with 2 valves removed:
' and flower X ?. **> persistent axis ; s, seeds X IJ.

C, Seed X 2.

Laplacea TERNSTRCEMIACE.^ 189

■Geneve xiv. 144 (1855); Urh. torn. cif. 546. Gordonia hajma-
toxylon Sw. Fl. Lid. Occ. 1199 (1800); 3Iacf. Jam. i. 116.
(Fig. 72.)

Bloodwood, Ironwood.'

Wright ! Broughton ! Sivartz ! Bertero ; Macfadyen ! Jenman ! Latimer,
Cinchona plantation, Morris \ Hart\ J.P. 594, 609, 902; Vinegar Hill,
3950 ft. ; Clydesdale, 3000 ft. ; near Woodcutters' Gap, 4300 ft. ; Hardware
Gap, 4000 ft. ; Toms Cave Wood, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! John Crow
(Blake) Mts., 1700 ft., Harris & Brittonl Fl. Jam. 5493, 5662, 6736, 10,124,
10,763, 10,852.

Tree, 15-40 ft. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., elliptical, apex obtuse or
shortly and obtusely acuminate, base narrowed into the petiole, crenulate
or serrate-crenate chiefly above, papery, with inconspicuous hairs at the
base and on midrib beneath ; petioles 4-8 mm. 1, Floivers large, showy,
white. Peduncles 2-5 mm. 1. Sepals, larger, 9-11 mm. 1., puberulous.
Petals 5 or 6, obovate, emarginate, 1-5-3 cm. 1., subglabrous. Ovary
-5(6)-celled ; cells with about 5 ovules in each. Capsule 1-5-2 cm. 1.
Seeds 4-6 in each cell ; wing and seed 10-14 mm. 1.

The wood is of a deep red colour, very hard, heavy, fine-grained, and
handsome. It is suitable for building purposes in exposed situations, for
mill work and for turnery ; it might ba used as a substitute for boxwood.

[THEA L.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves leathery or membranous, serrate.
Flowers axillaiy, solitary or somewhat clustered. Sepals 5-6,
unequal. Petals shortly cohering at the base, overlapping.
Stamens indefinite, the outer in indefinite series united shortly
or nearly to the apex, and adhering to the base of the petals,
the inner 5-1 2, free. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles more or less
united or free ; ovules 4-5 in the cells, pendulous. Capsule
woody, opening loculicidally. Seeds usually solitary, somewhat
thick, not winged ; endosperm none ; embryo straight^ cotyledons
thick, radicle short, superior.

Species 16, growing in tropical or eastern Asia.

T. sinensis L. Sjj. PI. 515 (1753); Urb. in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. xxi. 549 ; Szyszylowicz in Engl. & Prantl PJlanzenfam. Hi. 6,
1^-2, fig. 92. T. Bohea L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 734 (1762). T. viridis
L. torn. cit. 735; Bot. Mag. t. 3148; Mac/. Jam. i. 118. Tea
Bull. Dept. Agric. Jamaica, i. 150 & new ser. i. 176. Camellia
sinensis Kuntze in Acta Hort. Petrop. x. 195 in ohs. (1887).
C. Thea Link Emm. ii. 73 (1822); Bentl. & Trim. Med. PI. i.
<. 34. C. viridis Link loc. cit. (Fig, 73.)

Tea.

Naturalized in Blue Mts. Native of Asia.

Shrub, 5-10 ft. high. Leaves 6-11 cm. 1., elliptical to lanceolate.
Flowers solitary, drooping, white, slightly fragrant. Peduncle 5-10 mm. 1.
Petals 5-9, roundish, slightly clawed. Stamens united at the base.
Ovary 3-celled. Capsule 1-5-2 cm. in diam., 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Seeds 1-1-5 cm. in diam., light-brown, 1 or 2 in each cell.

190

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Theco

The tea shrub was first introduced into Jamaica in 1771 (Bull. Dept^
Agric. Jamaica, i. 150, 1903), and soon became naturalized in the Blue Mts.}

Fig. Ti.—Thea sinensis L.

A, Portion of branch with leaf and

flower X ii.

B, Section of flower with sepals and

petals cnt off x 2.

(A, C-E after Bentley & Trimen

C, Petals with stamens X 2.

D, Ovary cut across, nat. sizci

E, Capsule x I.

F, Seed, nat. size.
B, F after Szyszylowiez.)

Family LXXI. GUTTIFER^.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes epiphytic, with resinous sap, often,
yellow or gieenish. Leaves opposite, generally decussate, rarely
whorled, leathery, penninerved, simple, entire, without stipules.
Flowers terminal or axillary, sometimes solitary or clustered,
sometimes in few-flowered cymes, or in trichotomous panicles, or
raceme-like panicles, white, yellow, or pink ; regular, dioecious,
polygamous, or hermaphrodite (in Symphonia). Sepals 2-6^
rarely indefinite, widely overlapping or decussate, persistent.
Petals 2-6, rarely indefinite, contorted or sometimes overlapping.
Male flowers : Stamens numerous, very rarely definite, hypo-
gynous ; filaments free or variously combined, sometimes united
without form into a fleshy mass or combined into as many
bundles as there are petals and opposite to them, sometimes long

Clusia GUTTIFEK^ 191

and thread-like. Ovary wanting, or more or less developed.
Female or hermaphrodite flower : Staminodes or stamens sur-
rounding the ovary, often definite or fewer in number and not
combined to such an extent as the stamens of the male flower.
Ovary with 2 or more cells or 1 -celled in Galophyllum ; ovules

1 to indefinite in each cell, attached to the central angle or erect
from the base in Calophyllum. Stigmas as many as the cells o£
the ovary, various in form, sessile or at the apex of separate
styles. Fruit generally fleshy-leathery, sometimes not opening,
berry-like or drupaceous, sometimes opening septicidally into as
many valves as cells. Seeds thick, often with an aril or stroph-
iole, without endosperm. Embryo filling the seed, sometimes
consisting of a thick radicle with the cotyledons minutely scale-
like or on the whole inconspicuous, sometimes divided into.

2 cotyledons united without form or scarcely separable, radicle-
very short, inferior.

Species 830, all natives of the tropics.

Petioles with a large pit inside at base 2. Rheedia.

Petioles without a pit.

Stamens forming a tube round pistil 3. Symphonia.

Stamens free or united only at base.

Style wanting or very short. Ovary 4-10-celled with

indefinite ovules 1. Clusia.

Style long or not very short.

Ovary 1-celled with 1 ovule 4. Galophyllum^

Ovary 2-4-celled with 4 ovules 5. Mammea.

1. CLUSIA L.

Trees or shrubs, often epiphytic,* rarely climbing. A viscid
resinous yellow sap flows from every part when cut. Leaves
leathery, with a strong midrib, but without nerves or with
numerous pinnate nerves. Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or
hermaphrodite, at the ends of branches, sometimes rather large
and solitary or few, sometimes rather small in panicled cymes.
Bracts 2-6. Bracteoles 2-14, decussate in pairs, sepal-like, but
smaller. Sepals 4-6, roundish, decussate in pairs or overlapping.
Petals 4-10, obovate or oblong, overlapping or decussate. Male
flowers : Stamens in male flowers indefinite, usually numerous^
free or more or less united at base (in W. Indian species), some-
times all growing together into a sessile globose mass or into an
upright column, with the anthers immersed, sometimes the
interior or exterior growing together and sterile,, while the
anthers of the exterior or interior are free ; anthers with 2

* The epiphytic habit is due to birds getting rid of the seeds on the
branches of trees, which germinate there, and send their roots down the^
trunk to the ground below, eventually smothering their host.

192 FLORA OF JAMAICA Clusia

(rarely indefinite) cells, opening by a longitudinal chink on each
side or in various ways. Female flowers : Staminodes 5 to
several, free or united, without anthers or anthers more or less
without pollen. Ovary 4-10-celled ; stigmas radiating, sessile or
with short thick styles, distinct or more or less combined ; ovules
indefinite in the cells, anatropous, attached at or near the inner
angle, usually more or less horizontal. Capsule thick, leathery
or fleshy, opening at length septicidally, showing the angular-
winged axis. Seeds generally indefinite, enclosed in a fleshy
aril ; embryo thick-fleshy, cotyledons minute and scale-like at
the apex. Balsam Tree, Wild Fig.

Species .about 100, growing in the West Indies and tropical
and subtropical continental America.

Bracteoles G-4. Fruit 2-2 -5 cm. 1. Stigmas about 12. 2. C.flava.
J3racteoles 2-4.

Fruit 5-8 cm. 1. Stigmas 6-9. Sepals to 2 cm. 1. 1. C. rosea.
Fruit less than 3 cm. 1. Stigmas 5 (sometimes 4
in No. 3).
Sepals 4-6 mm. 1.

Fruit about 18 mm. 1 3. C. havetioides.

Fruit 12-14 mm. 1 4. C. stenocarpa.

Sepals 18 mm. 1. Fruit 2-2'5 cm. 1 5. C. clarendonensis.

1. C. rosea Jacq. Emtm. 34 (1760) & Scl. Stirp. Amer. 270;
i. Sj>. PI. cil 2, 1495 ; Tussac Fl. Ant. iv. 42, t. 15 (under C. rosa^a) ;
Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 107 ; Vesque Outtiferse in DC. Monogr.
Phan. viit. 108 ; Engler PJlanzcnfam. in. 6, 22G ; Cooh <(• Coll. in
Contrih. U.S. Herb. viii. 119, /. 28; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 414 &
via. 439 ; Britt. d; Millsj). Bah. FL 281. C. major L. Sp. PL 509
(1753) (in part and var. yQ). C. silvicola Briiton in Torr. Bot.
CI. Bull, xxxvii. 354 (1910). C. flore i^oseo &c. Plum. Ic. ined.
(Hb. Mus. Brit.) ii. 103. Cenchramidia &c. Pluh. Phyt. t. 157,
/. 2 ; Catesby CaroL ii. t. 99. (Fig. 74.) Type from Catesby in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Marchl Grounds of Hope Gardens, Fmvcdtl coastal thickets, Blue-
fields (25 ft. high, growing on DiphoUs) Harris I Fl. Jam. 10,197 ; wooded
hill near Dolphin Head, 1300 ft., Britton 2330!— Bahamas, West Indies,
Panama, Venezuela.

Tree, 20-50 ft. high, growing on other trees or rocks. Leaves 9-18 cm. 1.,
obovate, apex rounded or rounded-retuse, narrowed towards the base,
wedge-shaped or obtuse, margin scarcely recurved, midrib on upper surface
slightly prominent below, flat or disappearing above, very prominent
beneath but disappearing neax apex, nerves numerous, parallel, slightly
prominent on both sides; petioles 1-2 cm. 1. Inflorescence 3-5 cm. 1.,
with 1, 2 or 3 flowers, with the oldest in the centre. Bracts ovate, about
6 mm. 1. Bracteoles 2-4, sepal-like, but smaller. Flowers polygamous.
Sepals 4-6, to 2 cm. 1. Petals 6-8, 3-4 cm. 1., pink and white, obovate or
obcordate. Male flowers : Stamens : outer fertile in several series, at the
base more or less imited to form a cup or ring, anthers narrow, cuspidate
with the prolonged connective, cells 2, linear, opening by a longitudinal
chink ; inner sterile, grown together into a solid resinous mass. Female

Clusia

GUTTIFEK^

193

flowers : Staminodes grown together to form a cup. Stigmas 6-9. Fruit
globose, greenish or nearly white, 5-8 cm. in diam., 6-8-celled.

"The seeds contain a pitchy resin, which is used [in Virgin Islands]
for caulking the seams of boats, for which purposa it is said to be the
equal of asphalt. This is recovered in an ingenious manner. The seeds

Fig. 74. — Clusia rosea L.

A, Female llower with the petals re-

moved, nat. size ; s, sepals ; a, sta-
minodes.

B, Double ring of stamens surrounding

pistil of hermaphrodite llower, uat.
size.

C, Portion of the staminal ring, enlarged.

D, Fruit cut lengthwise X i ; c, exocarp

r, resin passage ; p, placenta ; s, seeds.

E, Portion of same cut across, showing

one cell with the seeds attached to
the placentas.

F, Seed cut lenpthwlse X 3.

(A after Schlechtendal ; B, C after de Tussac ; D, E, F after Engler.)

arc set in an ordinary dutch stove, and set alight, burning readily. The
melting resin flows down through the grate, and is collected in the ash
chamber below.'' (Note in Hb. Kew from Comm. of Agric. W.I., 1913.)

2. C. flava Jacq. Enum. 34 (1760), Sel. Stirp. Awer. 272,
t. 167, & Ed. pict. t. 251; L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1495; Andrews
Bepos. t. 223 ; Maycoch Flora Barhadensis 398 ; Macf. Jam. i. 134 ;
Nutt. N. Amer. Sijlva ii. Ill, t. 77 (1852); Griseh. loc. cit. ;
Vesque Guttiferse torn. cit. 81 ; Small Fl S.E. U.S. 782. C. major
L. Sp. PI. 509 (1753) (in part) & Aman. v. 383. C. arborea &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 236 (excl. syn. Catesh. & Plulc). Terebinthus
V. o

l'>4 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Clusia

folio singulari &c. Sloane Cat. 167, Hist. ii. 91, /. 200, /. 1
(excl. fruit). Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn.

Sloane Herb. vi. 107 (excl. fruit) ! Browne ! Wright ! March ! Moneague,
Prior 1 Ferry, Grabham ! Malveru, Miss Banows 1 Bridge Hill, 1500 ft. ;
Great Goat Is. ; Potsdam, 2600 ft. ; Kentuciiy Hill, Bluefields Mt., 2000-
2500 ft.; sea-coast, Negril; Harris I Fl. Jam. 7087, 9376. 9976, 10,213,
10,223.— Barbados (fide May cock), Grs3.nd Cayman (Hitchcock), Floviia Keys
(tide Nuttall).

Tree, 15-30 ft. high, growing on rocks and trees, often killing its tree
host and then supported by its own roots. Leaves 6-14 cm. 1., obovate,
apex rounded or rounded-truncate, narrowed towards the base, wedge •
shaped or obtuse, margin usually slightly recurved, midrib on upper
surface more or less flat, sometimes slightly impressed below, usually
disappearing above, prominent beneath but disappearing above, nerves
parallel, 11-15, usually conspicuous and prominent beneath, not so much
so on upper surface, sometimes inconspicuous or not visible on both sides ;
petioles 1-2 cm. 1. Inflorescence : male 3-5 cm. 1., with 2-7 flowers ;
female usually solitary. Bracts 4-6, 3 mm. 1. Bractcoles 6-14, sepal-like
but smaller and decreasing in size gradually downwards, sometimes also
6-S on pedicels still smaller. Sepals 4, 9-11 mm. 1. Petals 4, opposite
the sepals, one pair larger than the other, pale yellow, obovate, apex
truncate, very thick, 2-25 cm. 1. Male flmvers : Stamens very many,
inserted on a receptacle, crowded, free; filaments very short; anthers
opening along the sides, oblong, basifixed, not cuspidate. Ovary very
small, sterile, with four 3-rayed stigmas. Female flowers : Staminodes
8-12 in 4 bundles, free, with anthers. Stigmas about 12, distinct, persistent.
Fruit subglobose, 2 2-6 cm. in diam., with about 12 cells and 12 valves.
Seeds several.

3. C. havetioides Planch, d- Tr. in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 4, xiii.
368 (1860); Vesque Gtittif. torn. cit. 57. Tovomita havetioide.s
Orisch. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 106 (1859).

Wilson] above Ferry, Purdicl Chester Vale; road to Whitfield Hall,
4000 ft. ; near Clydesdale, 4400 ft. ; Hajiis ! Schwallenburg, Fauxett &
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5356, 6053, 6521, 7013 ; Cinchona, O. Nichols 1 New
Haven Gap, 5600 ft. ; Vinegar Hill Road, 4500 ft. ; Pessin.

Tree, 15-20 ft. high. Leaves 4-10 cm. 1., obovate-elliptical, obovate to
oblanceolate, apex rounded, base wedge-shaped, narrowing into the broad
petiole, margin recurved, midrib on upper surface tlightly prominent
above, canaliculate below, prominent beneath, nerves numerous, parallel,
usually slightly prominent on both sides ; petioles flat above, slightly
margined, l*5-"5 cm. 1., or even less. Inflorescence : male cymes com-
pound, densely corymbiform, terminal ; female with 1 or 3 flowers.
Male flowers : Bracts ovate, 2-5 mm. 1. Bractcoles 2, ovate-triangular or
roundish, 2-2-5 mm. 1. Sepals 4 (5), irregularly elliptical, about 5 mm. 1.
Petals 5 (6), about 6 mm. 1. Stamens numerous, free ; filaments 2-3
mm. 1. ; anthers ellipsoidal, opening at the sides. Female flotoers : some-
what larger than male. Stigmas 6 ('^) . Fruit (?ripe) ovoid or ovoid-
ellipsoidal, 5(4)-cclled, 18 mm. 1,

4. C. stenoearpa TJrh. Symb. Ant. v. 433 (1908)."

Green Hill, 3000 ft. ; between Hardware Gap and Rose Hill, 3600 ft. ;
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5929, 10,134.

Tree, 20-35 ft. high. Leaves 7-12 cm. 1., 4-8 • 5 cm. br., broadly obovate,
apex rounded, base narrowed more or less abruptly into the short petiole,

Clusia GUTTIFElt^E 195

margin recurved, midrib ou upper surface slightly prominent above, some-
what impressed below, prominent beneath, nerves as in C. havetioides ;
petioles 4-7 mm. 1. Inflorescence (in fruit) to 5 cm. 1., regularly branched,
15-flowered. Bracts, primary ovate, acuminate, to 6 mm. 1., upper shorter
and more triangular. Bractcoles 2 or 4, 2-3 mm. 1., lower triangular, the
upper sepal-like. Female flowers : Sepals 4, roundish-ovate, 4-5 mm. 1.
Petals (fide Urban) obovate, broadly clawed, 6-8 mm, 1., 4 mm. br. above.
Stigmas 5, sessile. Fruit ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal-oblong, 5-celled, slightly
fleshy, 12-15 mm. 1. Seeds 6-9 in each cell, 2-5 mm. 1.

5. C. clarendonensis Britton in Bull. Torr. But. CI. xxxix. 7
(1912).

In fr. July and Dec. ; Peckham woods, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris I
Fl. Jam. 10,992, 12,793.

Tree, 15 ft. high, low, spreading, growing on limestone rocks. Leaves
5-10 cm. 1., 4-8 cm. br., broadly obovate, apex rounded-retuse or rounded,
base narrowed into the short petioje (4-6 mm. 1.) or truncate, sessile,
margin flat or slightly recurved, midrib on upper surface slightly prominent
above, somewhat impressed below, prominent beneath, nerves as in
C. havetioides. Inflorescence (in fruit) 5-8 cm. L, with a terminal and 2
lateral flqwers. Bracts, primary and secondary, ovate, triangular, 5-8
mm. 1. Bracteoles 2, semicircular, 4 mm. 1. Female floivers : ScpcJs 4,
outer roundish, inner elliptical, about 8 mm. 1. (in fr.). Stigmas 5,
sessile. Fruit 2-2 "5 cm. 1., ellipsoidal, 5-celled. Seeds about 7 in each
cell, 3-4 mm. 1.

2. RHEEDIA L.

Trees, with yellow sap. Leaves rigidly leathery, with pinnate
nerves; petioles with a margined pit inside at the base. Peduncles
axillary or lateral, 1 -flowered, in clusters. Flowers polygamo-
dicecious, generally small, Sepals 2, united at the base, over-
lapping at the apex or on one side valvate. Petals 4, decussately
overlapping, the outer alternate with the sepals. Male flowers ;
Stamens indefinite, free, inserted around the base of a hemi-
spherical thick fleshy disk ; anthers small, 2-celled, opening
longitudinally. Hermaphrodite flowers : Stamens round the
disk in a single series. Ovary situated on the disk, 3-4(5)-
celled ; stigma peltate-discoid, subsessile or with a short style ;
ovules solitary in each cell, erect, attached at the inner angle
above the base. Fruit a berry, with a leathery wall, 1 -celled by
the disappearance of the partition walls, with l-o seeds, crowned
by the persistent stigma. Seeds enclosed in an aril-like pulp,
ovoid or oblong, seed-coat thin. Embryo large, fleshy, resinous ;
cotyledons very small or wanting.

Species 32, of which 13 are found in the AVest Indies, and
the rest in tropical continental America.

Leaves elliptical to broadly ovate, 12-30 cm. 1.

Petals 6-7 mm. 1 1. R. later ifloi-a.

Petals about 10 mm. 1 2. B. scssiUflora.

Leaves narrowly ovate-oblong, acuminate, 5-li! cm. 1.

Petals 3 mm. 1 3, R. pendula.

O 2

196

FLORA OF JAMAICA

lihcedia

1. R. lateriflora L. Sp. PL 1193 (1753); Tussac Fl. Ant. Hi
104, t. 32; Descourl. Fl. Ant. v. 149, /. 343; Plonch. *fc Tr. in
Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xiv. 307 ; Vesque in DC. Monogr. Phanerog.
vii. 497 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. viii. 440. Vanrheedia Plum. Gen. 45,
t. 18. Rheedia Plum. PI. Amer. (Barm.) 255, t. 257. Mammea
humilis Vahl Eclog. ii. 40, t. 20 (1798); Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
108 (excl. syn. Garcinia macrophylla).

Wild Mainmee.

Wright ! high woods, Pedro, Purdic ! March I — Hispaniola, Montserrat,
Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, Trinidad.

Tree, medium height. Leaves 12-28 cm. 1., elliptical, apex acute, base
obtuse to very ol)tuse, or sometimes subcordate, or acute, running down
into the peiiole, thick, nerves 12-20, witii the veins, prominent on botli
sides; petioles 1-2 cm. 1. Pedicels several in axils of fallen leaves,
1-2 cm. 1., of fruit 1-5-2-5 cm. 1. Sepals 2 (3,4), 1-5 mm. 1. Petals 4 (6),
elliptical, 2 broader, white, G-7 mm. 1. Stamens 20-12. Ovary 3-4-celled ;
stigmas 3-4. Fruit ellipsoidal to subgloboso, vellow, acuminate, 3-4 cm. 1.
Seeds 3-1.

2. R. sessiliflora Planch, rx Vcsqne Ephann. ii. 23, t. 62 (1889)
& DC. Monogr. Phanerog. viii. 500. 11. lateriflora L. forma
Planch, (t Tr. loc. cit. {\S60). (Fig. 75.)

Fig. 75. — Rheedia sessiliflora Planch.

A, Leaf showing pit at base of petiole C, Hermaphrodite flower cut leiigth-

X i- wise X II.

B, Male flower X IJ. D, Kruit X g."

(D after Vesque.)

Bheedia GUTTIFER^ 197

Wild Lime.

High woods, Manchester, and St. Ann, Purdie 1 near Manchioneal,
Jenoure ! Shooters Hill, Scharschmidt 1 Glasgow, near Troy, 1400 ft. ;
Tyre, near Trov, 2000 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! M. Jam.
8668, 9471, 10,965.

Tree, 12-30 ft. high. Leaves 10-17 cm. 1., 6-11 cm. br., broadly ovate
to oblong-elliptical, apex generally acute, base very obtuse to subcordate,
thick, nerves 15-20, with veins, prominent on both sides; petioles
1-5-2 cm. 1. Pedicels several in axils, 4-15 mm. 1. in fl. Se2mls 4-5 mm.
in diam., roundish. Petals about 1 cm. 1., roundish, greenish- yellow or
pale yellow, two outer broader (12-13 mm. br.), two smaller. Male flowers :
Stamens 25-30. Female flowers : Stamens about 10. Ovary 4-celled.
Stigmas 4, broad, reflexed. Fruit (fide Vesque) ellipsoidal, apex gradually
and long acuminate, crowned by the persistent stigma, at the base
contracted, 6 cm. 1., 8*5 cm. br., tip 1 cm. 1.

3. R. pendula Urh. Symb. Ant. i. 368 (1899).

March ! below Vinegar Hill, 3500-3900 ft. ; near Mabess Eiver, 4000 ft. ;
Battersea wood, near Christiana, 8000 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ;
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7451, 7888, 8278, 10,102, 11,208.

Shrub or tree, 8-30 ft. high, with drooping branches. Leaves 5-12(-16)
cm. 1., narrowly elliptical- or ovate-oblong, apex acuminate and usually
folded but not spiny, base obtuse or acute, nerves 15-25, with the veins,
prominent on both sides; petioles 8-15 mm. 1., margined. Male flowers :
Pedicels 5-8 in axils, 3-8 mm. 1. Sepals about 1 mm. 1. Petals about
8 mm. 1., roundish-elliptical or semicircular. Stamens 8-9, unequal, half
as long to as long as the petals. Disk fleshy with an umbo at apex.
Hermaphrodite flowers : Pedicels lengthening in fruit to 3 "5 cm. 1. Sepals
as in male fl. Petals not seen. Stamens, some persisting in the young
fruit, apparently as in male. Stigmas broad, spreading, persisting in the
fruit. Ovanj 8-4-celled. Fruit ellipsoidal, acuminate, 5-8 cm. 1., fleshy
on outside, 1-celled with 2 or 3 cells undeveloped. Seed one.

3. SYMPHONIA Linn. f.

Trees or shrubs, with yellowish sap. Leaves thin-leathery,
pinnate-nerved with the nerves parallel and close together.
rk)wers hermaphrodite, terminal, generally scarlet, rather large,
subumbellately paniculate or rarely solitary. Sepals 5, over-
lapping. Petals 5, larger than the calyx, forming a globular
corolla before spreading. Disk below the stamens, cup-like.
Stamens united into a tube with 5 narrow lobes above opposite
the petals, the lobes bearing 3 or 4 anthers outside below the
apex; anthers linear, adhering, piarallel. Ovary enclosed in the
staminal column, 5-celled ; style long, radiately 5-lobed at the
apex, lobes minutely stigmatic at the apex ; ovules 6-8 in each
cell. Fruit a globose or ovoid berry. Seeds few, sometimes
solitary, coat thin, veiny. Embryo of the same form as the seed,
undivided, cotyledons wanting, radicle very large.

Species 15, one [S. glohuUfera Linn, f.) widely dispersed in
the tropics of America and Africa, another native of tropical
Africa, the rest natives of Madagascar.

198

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Si/mphonia

S. globulifera Lhm. f. StqypJ. 302 (1781); Planch, d- Tr. in
Avn. Sc. Nat. fer. 4, xiv. 287 ; EikjL in FJ. Bras. xii. pt. 1, 4G9,
/. 108 ; Vesqne in DC. Monogr. viii. 227 ; Pittier in Contrib. U.S.
Nat. Herb. xiii. 456. Moroiiobea coccinea Auhl. (in part) /. .313,
/. a-j (1775); Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. Hi. 163, t. 287; Marf.
Jam. i. 139; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 107, 708; Urb. Symb.
Ant. via. 440. Hog Gum Tree A. Bobinson ins. (t icon. incd. ;

Fig. 76.— Sywphnnia globidifera Liiin. f.

A, I/Caf, nat. size. D, Ditto willi sepals, petals, and part of

U, DiaRrani of flower ; d, dig'.v ;*, staminal stainiiial tube cut off, increased by

tube. ont'-tliird.

l". Flower, iiat. size. B, Fruit cut lengthwise showing a ripe seed

and one partially developed x 3.

Bancroft in Hook. Journ. Bot. tv. 136 ; Fawcett in Journ. Bot. ix. 52
(1922). (Fig. 76.) A specimen in Herb. Linn, in a cover named
Si/mphonia, but without .specific name.

Hog Gum Tree.

Bancroft \ Dcrlero; damp mountain forests St. George and Portland,
Macfadyen ; Distin ! Piirdic 1 below Vinegar Hill ; Middle Quarters
Morass, Harrisl — Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, Trinidad,
tropical continental America, tropical Africa, and Madagascar.

Tree, 50-100 ft. high. Aerial roots are emitted from the trunk for
3 or 4 ft. from the ground. Leaves 5-12 cm. 1., lanceolate-, oblanceolate-,
or oblong-elliptical, acuminate, base wedge-shaped, light green ; petioles
3-8 mm. 1. Flowers scarlet, several in umbel-like cymes terminal at the
ends of short lateral branches, hermaphrodite; buds globose, about 1 cm.
in diam. Sepals 4-4 -5 mm. 1. Petals about 12 mm. 1. F7-uit ovoid or
globose, 1*5-2 cm. 1. Seeds solitary, 12-15 mm. 1., glabrous.

The gum which exudes, on cutting into the bark, is at first fluid and
pellucid, but afterwards changes to a yellow colour, and becomes hard and

Symphonia

GUTTlFEl!.^-:

199

friable, resembling Burgundy pitch in appearance for which it is used as a
substitute in plastrrs. Mixed with lard, wax, and rosin, it forms an
ointment, well adapted as a dressing for indolent sores. The Indians of
the Continent make torches with it, which give a good light without much
smoke or smell; and employ it to pitch the outside of their boats, and to
fix ou a head of fish-bone to their arrows. (Macfadyen.)

4. CALOPHYLLUM L.

Trees. Leaves leathery, shining, sttiate with very numei'ous
pinnate nerves close together, without v(!ins. Panicles axillary
or terminal, cymose-trichotomous, or raceme-like. Flowers poly-
gamous. Sepals 4, decussate, the 2 inner often more or less

Fig. 77. — Calopliyllum Jacqulnii Fawc. & Kendle.

A, Portion of brancli with loaf and inflorescence X 3.

B, Hermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise X S.

C, Fruit w ith seed, cut lengthwise, nat. si^e.

petaloid. Petals none or one or more. Stamens indefinite, free
or scarcely united at the base ; lllaments short, thread-like ;
anthers ovate or obloog, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary
1-celled; style usually long, with shield-like stigma; ovule 1,
erect, anatropous. Fruit a drupe, shell hard and Ijrittle. Seed
erect, ovoid or globose, seed-coat sometimes thin, sometimes thick
and spongy. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, radicle very short.
Species about 100; 3 or 4 are tropical American, including

200 FLORA OF JAMAICA Calophyllum

one or two also found in the West Indies, the rest growing in
the tropics of the Old World and Oceania.

Leaves elliptical, 7-14 cm. 1 1. C. Jacquinii.

Leaves narrowly oblong, 15-30 cm. 1 2. C.longi folium.

1. C. Jaequinii nam. nov. ; C. Calaba Jacq. Sel. Sthp. Amer.
269, /. 165 (1763) &: Ed. pict t. 249 (non L. Sp. PI. 514 (1753) ) ;
L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 732 (1762) (only as regards reference to Jacg.
Stirp.): Sw. Ohs. 216; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. 30, t. 74; Mac/.
Jam. i. 136 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 108 (excl. reference to
Brazil) ; Planch, d Tr. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xv. 249 ; Urh.
Symh. Ant. iv. 412 it p.'j'i. 438 ; Vcsque in DC. Monogr. Phan. viii.
588 ; Brition Fl. Berm. 246. Mali persicie Mameyje &c. Sloane
Cat. 180 it Hist. ii. 124. Arbor altissima itc. Broicne Hist. Jam.
372. Calaba &c. Plum. Gen. 39, /. 18. (Fig. 77.)

Santa Maria, Wild M a m m e o .

Sloane Herb. vii. 5S1 Wright\ March; Prior; Castleton, Fawcettl
Langley, Harris I Fl. Jam. 5614, G329. — West Indies (naturalized in
Bermuda).

A lofty tree. Leaves 7-14 cm. 1., elliptical, apex rounded or rounded-
emarginate, base obtuse or wedge-shaped, thinly leathery. liacemcH
axillary, 3 cm. 1. Sepals 5-8 mm. 1. Petals none or 1-2, shorter than the
inner sepals. Male floivers : Stamens 40-50. Pistil very small. Female
flowers : Stamens few, in one series. Ovarij globose ; style short ; stigma
shield-shaped. Drupe globose, 2-2-5 cm. in diam. Seed globose, about
1'3 cm. in diam.

C. Calaba L. Sp. PI. 514 (1753) is founded on a Ceylon plant (Fl. Zeyl.
no. 202) (named later C. Bumianni Wight 111. i. 129, 1838), a different
species from the West Indian plant described by Jacquin under the same
name. In Sp. PI. cd. 2, 732, Linnaeus added the leference to Jacquin.

2. C. longifolium Willd. in Mag. der Geselhch. Natur/orsch.
Frennde 80 (1811) ; Planch. & Tr. in Ann. Sc. Nat. fer. 4, xv. 255.
C, brasiliense Camh. var. longifolium Vesque in DC. Monogr. viii.
592 (1893) ; Sloane Hist. ii. t. 217, /. 4.

White Santa !Maria.

Sloane Herb. vii. 58! Union Hill, Moneague, Priori Marchl Murray
(225, 228 in Herb. DC.) fido Planch. & Tr. Ice. cit.

Leaves 15-30 cm. 1., 4-7 cm. br., oblong, apcxr rounded or obtusely
acuminate, base obtu.se or rounded or somewhat acute, margin thickened,
very narrowly repand; petiole 10-18 mm. 1. Flowers and fruit not known.

5. MAMMEA L.

Trees. Leaves hard and leathery, generally with pellucid
dots, nerves pinnate, slender and close together, connected by a
network of veins. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, solitary or
clustered. Flowers polygamous. Calyx splitting valvately into
2 sepals on flowering. Petals 4-6. Stamens numerous, free or
united at the base ; filaments thread-like : anthers erect, oblong,
2-celled, opening longitudinally. Disk wanting. Ovary 2-celled,

Mammea

GUTTIFERJi

201

each cell with 2 ovules, or 4 celled, each cell with 1 ovule ;
style short, with shield-like stifjma broadly 2-lobed. Drupe
edible, with 1 to 4 seeds. Seeds large. Embryo : cotyledons
very large, thick and fleshy, united or separable ; radicle very-
short.

Species one, indigenous in the West Indies and tropical
America, cultivated in the tropics of the Old World.

M. amerieana L. Sp. PI. 512 (1753) ; Jacq. Sel. Stirp.
Amer. 268, t. 181,/. 82 & Ed. pict. t. 248; Sw. Obs. 214 ; Lunan
Hort. Jam. i. 481; Tussac Fl. Ant. Hi. 32, t. 7; Wright Mem.

78. — Mammea amerieana L.

A, Tip of branch, showing leaves, a bud,

and hermaphrodite Hower, x i.

B, Male flower, nat. size.

C, Pistil cut lengthwise, enlarged.

(After Engler.)

D, Fruit cut across, showing 2 stones, one
of which is opened to show the seed,
X i.

280; Mac/. Jam. i. 135; Griseh. FL Br. W. lad. 108; Flanch.
d; Tr. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xv. 242 ; Engl, in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 1,
395, /. 79 ; Vesque in DC. Monogr. viii. 636 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv.
412 & viii. 438; Pittier in Contrih. U.S. Nat. Herb. xiii. Ab\,
it. 90, 91. M. maxima &c. and M. foliis ttc. Browne Hist. Jam.
249. Mains Persica maxima itc. Sloane Cat. 179 &. Hist. ii. 123,
t. 211, f. 3. (Fig. 78.) A specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus.
Brit. A specimen in Herb. Linn, in cover Mammea, the specific
name added by J. E. Smith. (Fig. 78.)

202 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mammca

M a m m e e.

In fl. Juno, July ; wild and cultivated ; Sloanc Herb. vii. 58 \ Macfadycn\
near Browns Town, Priori J. P. 1383, Morrisl Holly Mount, 2500 ft.,
Harris ! — West Indies, Colombia, Guiana. Cultivated in tropical regions.

Tree, 25-60 ft. high. Leaves l-2'5dm.l., elliptical, sometimes obovato,
apex rounded, base v/edge-sliaped, obtuse, or rounded, with pellucid glands
prominent beneath amongst the veins. Flotvers white, fragrant. Sepals
l-3-l'7 cm. 1. Petals 1-7-2 cm. 1. Fruit 10-15 cm. in diam., globose,
apiculate, with thick russet-brown skin and fibrous-pulpy yellow mcsocarp.
Seeds 2-4, about two-thirds as long as the fruit, with a reddish rough
fibrous coat.

The fruit, when quite ripe, is agreeable, suggesting the apricot, but the
thick skin is bitter and must bo carefully removed, and the inner flesh
next tho stones is also bitter. It is often sliced and soaked in wine with
sugar before eating. A marmalade is also made with sugar and spice. In
the French Islands the flowera arc distilled with spirit to make a liqueur
known as can cr^olc. The gum, melted with fat, is applied to the sores
made by chigoes. ^

Family LXXII. HYPERICACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves usually opposite and
herbaceous, simple, entire or glandular-dentate ; stipules wanting.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, usually terminal, yellow or
white. Foliaceous parts often dotted with pellucid glands,
petals and stamens also dotted but not conspicuously. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, but in Ascyrum 4, over-
lapping. Petals the same number as the sepals, hypogynous,
overlapping. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, variously united
except in Ascyrum. Ovary usually of 3-5 carpels, more or less
perfectly 3-5-celled, in Ascyrum 1-celled. Styles thread-like,
usually free. Ovules indelinite, anatropous. Fruit various.
Seeds without an aril ; endosperm wanting.

Species about 290, dispersed through the temperate and
warmer regions of the whole world.

ASCYRUM L.

Leafy undershrubs. Leaves small, entire. Flowers yellow,
about 3 together at the ends of twigs. Sepals 4, 2 outer very
large or all subequal. Petals 4. Stamens slightly united at
the base or free. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 (4) placentas on
the walls ; styles as many as the placentas, free or cohering at
the base. Fruit a capsule, opening at the placentas. Seeds not
winged. Embryo straight, cylindrical, with cotyledons generally
shorter than the radicle.

Species 6 or 7, growing in the West Indies and North
America, one in Bermuda, and one in the Himalayas.

A. hyperieoides L. Sp. PL 788 (1753) (excl. syn. Pluh.) ;
Sw. Ohs. 294 ; Marf. Jam. i. 132 ; Grineh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 112 ;

Ascyram

lIYrE.IICACE.E

20:';

Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 785 ; Briit. <& Brown III. Fl. ii 428 ; Urh.
Si/mh. A-nt. iv. 411 & viii. 437. A. crux-Andrese L. Sp. PI. ed. 2,
1107 (1763) (excl. sjn. Pluh.) (non ed. 1). A. fruticosum *tc.
Browne Hist. Jam. 309. A. foliis oblongis &c. Plum. PI. Amcr.
(Burm.) 146, t. 152,/. 1. (Fig. 79.) Specimen from Browne in
Herb. Linn, named Hypericum angusiifoUum in Solander's hand
with corx'ection to Ascyrum, the correct specific name added l)v
J. E. Smith.

In fl. all the year; highest mts., Brotightonl cooler mts. of New
Liguanea, Broivne 1 Swartz ! Hartivcg ! Ptirdie ! cofEee plantations, St.
Andrew, i?rom/ieM ! Wilson \ Priori March I Blue Mts., Morris ! Prospect
Hill, near Castleton, 2000 ft., Thompson ! Cinchona, 5000 ft., Harris \ also
Chite ! Fl. Jam. 7936, 85S4 ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hilchcock.— Cuba, Hispaniola ,
Porto Rico, continental America from Massachusetts to Colombia.

Fig. 79. — Ascj/rum fniperlcoiiles L.
A, Portion of stem witli leaves and C, Fruit cut lengthwise with one

flowers, nat. size.
B, F.ower x 2.

sepal behind x 2.

Shrzth, 1-2 ft. high, with compressed 2-cdged branches. Leaves 7-lS
mm. 1., oblong-oblanceolate, narrowed to the base, 2-glandular at base,
with pellucid dots. Bracteoles 2, linear, about 4 mm. 1. Sepals : 2 outer
ovate-elliptical or oblong-ovate, base subcordate, about 1 cm. 1., itmcr
about 3 mm. 1., lanceolate. Petals shorter or somewhat longer than the
large sepals. Styles short, 2. Capsule usually shorter than the large
persistent sepals. Seeds about 1 mm. ]., black, oblong, minutely pitted.

FA.MILY LXXIII. QUIINACE^.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves opposite or
whorled, entire or pinnately cleft. Stipules generally 2,
narrow. Flowers small, regular, usually polygamous, in short

204

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Quiina

axillary or terminal panicles, raceme-like or clustered. Sepals
4-5, overlapping. Petals 4-5 (6-8), hypogynous, overlapping or
twisted. Stamens 15-30, or numerous, free or united at base
and with the petals, hypogynous or perigynous ; anthers small,
globose. Ovary 2-3- or 7-14-celled, free or attached to calyx ;
styles 2-3, distinct, linear, or wanting ; stigmas peltate ; ovules 2
(or more) in each cell, anatropous, ascending. Fruit berry-like,
"with fibrous endocarp, at length opening irregularly by valves,
usually 1-celled with 1-4 seeds, or 11-14-celled with 1-4 seeds
in each cell. Seeds ovoid or globose, tomentose. Embryo
straight ; endosperm wanting or present ; cotyledons thick,
distinct ; radicle very short.

Species about 30, natives of West Indies and tropical
continental America.

QUIINA Aubl.

Stamens 15-30, hypogynous. Ovary 2-3-celled, free;
styles 2-3, stigmas obliquely peltate ; ovules 2 in each cell.
Fruit usually 1-celled, with 1-4 seeds. Endosperm wanting.

Fig. SO. — Qn'iina jamaicenxis Griseb.

A, Portion of flowering shoot with P, Fruit, uat. size.

leaves and flowers X s- E, Seed, nat. size ; h, point of attacli-

B, Male flower X 8. nient.

C, Hermaphrodite flower X 8. F, Ditto cut lengthwise, nat. size.

Quiina QUIINACE^ 205

Species 27, natives of West Indies and tropical continental
America,

Q. jamaieensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 105 (1859); Planch.
& Tr. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xv. 310 ; OUv. in HooJc. Ic. PI. under
PI. 1998. (Fig. 80.)

Velvet Seeds, Mountain Bay.

Wright ! Moneague, Prior ! March ! Liberty Hall, St. Ann, Miss
Stennett ! near Troy, iiOOO-2500 ft. ; Soho, St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Harris I Fl.
Jam. 8721.

Shrub 6 ft. high, ox' tree 15-25(--40) ft. high. Leaves 6-15 cm. 1.,
oblong-elliptical to elliptical, shortly acuminate, base narrowing gradually
and running down into the petiole ; nerves curving strongly upward near
the margin ; veins very slender, sometimes scarcely evident ; young foliage
often rosy-coloured; petioles thick, about 5 mm. 1. Sepals l'5-2 mm. 1.,
ciliate. Petals obcordate, 2-5-3 mm. 1. Fruit l'5-l-7 cm. 1., obovoid,
apex apiculate. Seeds 1 or 2, about 1 cm. 1., covered with reddish-brown
velvety hairs.

Family LXXIV. BIXACEiE.

Shrub or small tree, abounding in a yellow or red sap.
Leaves alternate, simple, ample, entire; palmately nerved,
Stipules 2, falling very soon. Flowers hermaphrodite, large, in a
terminal panicle. Pedicels with 5 glands below the calyx.
Sepals 5, overlapping, very soon falling. Petals 5, overlapping,
soon falling. Stamens indefinite, inserted on a thick receptacle ;
anthers oblong, horseshoe-shaped with the arms united at the
back, opening at the apex by 2 short chinks which at length
become a single pore. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2 placentas on
the cell-walls ; ovules indefinite ; style simple, long, terminal ;
stigma very shortly 2-lobed. Capsule densely covered with
spines, 2-valved ; valves thick, with the placentas in the middle
line. Seeds numerous, obovoid ; coat somewhat fleshy, with red
or yellow sap used as a dye. Embryo in the axis, straight ;
cotyledons broad ; radicle conical-cylindrical.

Genus one (Bixa), species one, native of the West Indies and
tropical and subtropical America, introduced into tropics of Old.
World.

BIXA L.

B. Orellana L. Sp. Fl. 512 (1753); A. Bohinson Icined. ;
Wright Mem. 192; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 292, /. Gl ; Jacq. Hort.
Schoenhr. ic. t. 483 ; Tussac Fl. Ant. ii. 85, t. 20 ; Macf. Jam. i.
41 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 20; Eichl. in Fl. Bras, 'aciii. ft. 1,
433, t. 87; Warh. in Pflanzenfam. Hi. 6, 310, fig. 142; Urh.
Symh. Ant. iv. 415 & viii. 441 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 248. Bixa
foliis kc. Broitne Hist. Jam. 254. Orleana, Orellana, s. Urucu

206

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Bixa

ic. Pluk. Phyt. t. 209, / 4.
52, /. 181, /. 1. (Fig. 81.)
Herb. Sloane xcvii. 41.

Urucu Sloane Cat. 150 & Hint. ii.
Specimen in Herb. Plukenet in

A n n a 1 1 o.

Sioan« Herb, vi, 38, 39 ! Houstounl Droughtonl Macfadyenl St. Mary,
McNab 1 Moneague, Prior 1 Hope Gardens, Harris ! W. Indies, trop. cont.
America, introduce:! in tropics of Africa and Asia.

Shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft. high. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1., ovate, base
subcordate, apex acuminate. Flowers, when open, 3-4 (5) cm. in diam.
Sf2}als 1'2-1*4 cm. 1., covered with reddish-brown scaly hairs. Petals
about 2*5 cm. 1., rose-coloured, rarely white. Stamens somewhat shorter

Fig. 81.— Bixa Orellana L.

A, Portion of braccli »ith flowei-s and D, Antlier X 8

leaves X !.
K, Flower biul, nat. siz**.
C, Kiower cut lengthwise X 2.

E, A valve of the capsule with seeds x

V, Heed X 2.

O, Ditto cut lengthwise X 2.

than the petals ; filaments yellow at the base, purplish upwards. Ovary
ppiny ; style as long as or longer than the stamens. Capsule 8-4 (5 "5)
cm. 1., ovoid, dark red. Seeds about "5 cm. 1., angular, covered with u
reddish-orange waxen pulp.

The dye, annatto, prepared from the f-eed-coats is used for colouring
butter, cheese, soups, chocolate, &c. The seeds are exported from
Jamaica, and the colouring matter removed in England. In Cayenne and
Guadeloupe the annatto is made up into cakes for export. Mr. J. J.
Bowrey, Island Chemist in Jamaica, invented a method of obtaining a
superior kind of annatto (Bull, of Bot. Dept. Jam. no. 7, 1888). The bark
yields a fibre. The friction of two pieces of the soft wood is said to
produce fire readily.

Canella CAKELLACE/K 207

Family LXXV. CANELLACE^.

Trees, glabrous, with aromatic bark. Leaves alternate,
entire, pinnate-nerved, with pellucid dots, without stipules.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, in cymes, axillary or terminal.
Sepals 3, roundish, widely overlapping, persistent. Petals 4 or 5,
usually free, thick, soon falling, overlapping, inner narrower.
Petaloid scale.s as many and nearly as long as the petals and
alternating with them, thin, sometimes wanting. Stamens
hypogynous ; hlaments united into a tube. Anthers of numerous
linear cells attached outside the tube close together in a ring,
opening longitudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 2-6 placentas
on the ovary-walls, with 2 or more ovules. Style short, thick,
with 2-6 stigmas. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Fruit a
berry. Seeds 2 or more ; coat f:hining, hard and brittle.
Embryo short within oily and fleshy endosperm ; radicle short,
near the hilum ; cotyledons oblong.

Species 6, 4 growing in the West Indies and tropical
continental America, 1 in East Africa, 1 in Madagascar.

Inflorescence terminal 1. Canella.

Inflorescence lateral 2. Cinnamodcndron,

1. CANELLA Sw.

Cymes disposed in a terminal subcorymbose panicle shorter
than the leaves. . Sepals 3. Petals o. Placentas of the ovary 2 ;
ovules on each placenta 2 or 3, kidney-shaped, ascending ; style
with stigma faintly 2-lobed. Berry subglobose. Seeds 3 or 4,
tilling the cavity of the fruit.

Species 2, one occurring in West Indies as far south as
Barbados, and Florida, the other in Colombia.

C. Winterana Gaertn. Fruct. i. 373, t. 77 (1788); Small Fl.
SE. U.S. 782 ; Brltt. d- Milhp. Bah. Fl. 282. C. alba Mim:
Syst. Veg. cd. 14, 443 (1784); Wright Mem. 194; Sw. Tram.
Linn. Soc. i. 96, t. S S: Ohs. Bot. 190 ; Dcscourt. FL Ant. viii. 229,
/. 568 ; Macf. Jam. i. 137 ; Miers in Ann. <l- Mag. N. Hist. ser. 3,
i. 347 & Contrih. i. 116, t. 23, a; Grisch. Fl. Br. W. Inch 109;
Baill. Hist. PL i. 165,/. 211-215; BentL d- Trim. Med. PL i.
i. 26 ; Sarg. Silva i. 37, t 20 ; Urh. Symh. AnL viii. 441. C. foliis
tkc. Browne Hist. Jam. lib, t. 27, /. 2, 3 ; .4. JRobinson Ic. ined.
Laurus Winterana L. Sp. PL 371 (1753). Winterana Canella
L. Syst. ed. 10, 1045 (1759); Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 415. Cassia
Cinamomea s. Cinamomum sylvestre Barbadensium ttc. Pluh.
Phyt. t. 160, /. 7. Arbor baccifera, laurifolia, aromatica &c.
Sloane Cat 165 ct Hist iL 87, t 191, /. 2 ; Cateshtj Carol, ii. L 50.
(Fig. 82.) Specimen in Herb, Linn, named by Linneeus.

208

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Canella

Wild Cinnamon, Whitcwood Bark, White Cinnamon.

In fl. April-July, in fr. Aug.-Feb. ; Sloane Herb. vi. 100 1 Wright 1
Long Mt. ; Salt Pond Hill; Broughtoyi\ Port Royal Mts., MacfadyenX
Distin 1 Wilson ! March ! Rock Fort, Grabham 1 noar Alligator Pond,
300 ft.; New Forest, 50 ft.; road to Wareka, Long Mt., 800 ft.; Great
Goat Is., 150 ft. ; sea-coast, Bull Bay ; Lititz savanna, 300-900 ft. ; Harris !
Fl. Jam. 7176, 8011, 8176, 8937, 9021, 9223, 9324, 9593, 11,757.— Florida
Keys. Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, S. Cruz, St. Jan,
St. Martin, Guadeloupe, D^sirade, Martinique, Barbados.

A, Portion of b-ancli with leaves

ami tlowers X j.
1$, Klower X 4.

Fig. isi..— Canella WiiUerana Oaertii.

(', Ditto cut leustlnvise X i.

D, Fruit cut vertically X 2.

E, Seed cut lengthwise X 2.

Tree, 10-50 ft. high; bark white, aromatic. Leaves 5-7 cm. 1., obovatc-
elliptical, with rounded apex, harrowing gradually to the base and running
down into the short petiole, nerves and veins prominulous on both sides.
Sepals 2-3 mm. 1. Petals 4-5 mm. 1., fragrant, red. Petaloid scales wanting.
Berry 9-12 mm. 1., purplish-black ; when ripe, sweet and aromatic, when
gathered green and dried, hot like black pepper. Seeds 5-0 mm. 1.,
black.

Canella Bark is an aromatic stimulant and slight tonic, rarely used now
in medicine. The berries are eaten by pigeons, and impart to the flesh a
peculiar and pleasing flavour.

2. CINNAMODENDRON Endl.

Cymes few-flowered, axillary. Sepals 3. Petals 5. Petaloid
scales 5, thin, subequal. Placentas of the ovary 4-5, with

Cinnatnodendron

CANELLACE^

209'

indefinite ovules ; stigmas 4-5, discoid, sessile round the apex.
Seeds enclosed by the enlarged pulpy placentas.
Species 2, one Jamaican, the other Brazilian.

C. eoptieosum Miers in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, i. 351
(1858) & Contrib. i. 121, t. 24, b; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 109;

Fig. ^S.—Cinnamodeiidroii corticosum Miers.

A, Portion of brancli with leaves and D, Staminal tube surrounding the pistil

flowers X s. X 8.

B, Flower X 4. E, Fruit cut across X 2.

C, Flower cut lengthwise ; g, sepal ; p, F, Seed cut lengthwise, enlarged.

petal ; c, scale ; t, staminal tube ;
d, disk ; x 6.

EicM. in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 524, t. 105,/. 2; Bentl. & Trim.
Med. PI. t. 27. (Fig. 83.)

Mountain Cinnamon, Red Canella.

Sloajie Herb. vi. 1021 Wilson \ March I Whitfield Hall, Blue Mts.,
3000 ft.; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5552, 5963, 6458, 7691 ; Priestmans River, Z»ea»s 1
V. P

210 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cinnamodendron

Tree, 10-30 ft. high ; hark hrownish-grey. Leaves 5-12 cm. 1., somewhat
obovate-elliptical, sides unequal, apex shortly acuminate, blunt at the base
often unequal ; nerves and veins prominulous on both sides. Sepals scarcely
2 mm. 1. Petals about 5 mm. 1., scarlet. Scales shorter than the petals.
Stamens about as long as scales. Fruit about 1 cm. in diam.

Cinnamodendron bark, like Canella bark, is stimulant, tonic, and
aromatic. Both barks have been used in dyspepsia and chronic forms of
gout and rheumatism, and also in the West Indies as a condiment.

[Family VIOLACE^.

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trees. Leaves usually alternate,
simple, entire (or sometimes cut). Stipules leafy or small.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite, irregular or regular. Inflor-
escence in Viola 1-2 axillary flowers. Sepals 5, generally
persistent, overlapping* Petals 5, hypogynous or slightly peri-
gynous, in Viola unequal, the lower petal larger or unlike and
often spurred, twisted or overlapping. Stamens 5, hypogynous
or slightly perigynous. Anthers erect, in a ring round the
ovary sometimes united, sessile or subsessile, connective often
flattened or protluced beyond the cells into a membranous
appendage, cells opening usually by a longitudinal chink. Ovary
free, sessile, 1 -celled, placentas 3 (4-5) on ovary-walls. Style
simple. Ovules indefinite (1, 2) on each placenta, anatropous.
Fruit capsular, opening with as many valves as placentas (or
berry-like, not opening). Seeds attached by very short stalks ;
seed-coat hard and brittle (leathery or membranous) ; endosperm
fleshy, generally copious. Embryo in the axis, generally straight ;
cotyledons flat ; radicle next the hilum.

Species over 300, found all over the world.

VIOLA L.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody. Leaves alternate. Stipules
persistent, often leafy. Sepals subequal, produced at the base
beyond the insertion. Petals spreading. Anthers subsessile ;
connective flattened, produced at the apex into a membrane, two
of the lower stamens generally spurred at the back, ^tyle capi-
tate, club-shaped or variously dilated above, almost straight with
terminal stigma, or more or less recurved with anterior stigma.
Capsule elastically 3-valved, Seeds ovoid -globose, usually with
a swelling at the hilum ; coat hard and brittle.

Species over 200, of which nearly two-thirds are in the tem-
perate regions of the northern hemisphere, nearly one-third in
S. America, chiefly in the mountainous regions, a few in Australia
and New Zealand, and very few in tropical and S. Africa.

Stemless. Stipules entire 1. V. Patrinii.

Stem erect or ascending. Stipules pinna tely lobed 2. V. tricolor.

Viola • VIOLACE^ 211

1. V. PatPinii DC. Prodr. i. 293 (1824) ; HooJc. f. Fl. Br.
Ind. i. 183 (excl. some syn.). V. primulifolia L. Sp. PI. 934 (in
part, with reference to Siberia).

A weed in open places in the cinchona plantations, 4900-5600 ffc.,
J.P. 1051, Morris \ Harrisl Fl. Jam. 9202, 10,928.— Native of Asia and
mid-Russia.

Herb, stemless, without stolons; rootstock short, woody. Leaves
4-8 cm. 1., very variable, ovate, triangular or oblong, crenate or serrate,
base hastate, cordate, or wedge-shaped, running down into the petiole
making it margined ; petiole 5-13 cm. 1. ; stipules entire, linear or linear-
lanceolate, adhering below. Sepals lanceolate. Petals violet or violet-blue
(in Jamaican specimens), white in the typical form ; spur usually short and
broad. Stigma terminal, truncate, depressed, 3-lobed, margined. Capsule
straight, 6-12 mm. 1. ; valves narrow.

2. V. tricolor L. Sp. PI. 935 (1753); Griseh. Fl. Br. W.Ind.
26 ; Eichl. in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 361 in dbs. ; Bohinson in A. Gr.
Syn. Fl. N. Amer. i. pt. 1, 204 ; Britton III. Fl. ii. 455.

Heartsease, Pansy.

Cinchona fields, J.P. 1178, Morris ! above St. Helens Gap, Cinchona,
5300 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,976.— Native of Europe, N. Africa, N. and
W. Asia.

Herb, 4-18 in. high, variable, branching from the root ; stem erect or
ascending, angular. Leaves 1-5-4 cm. 1., long-stalked, ovate-oblong or
lanceolate, lowest roundish or cordate, coarsely and remotely crenate-
serrate ; stipules very large, leafy, pinnately divided, with upper lobe
larger. Sepals with large auricles. Petals shortly clawed, with a thick
blunt spur, upper erect. Stigma capitate, hollow, with a pencil of hairs
on each side.]

Family LXXVI. FLACOURTIACE^.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, toothed or entire.
Stipules small, soon falling, or wanting. Flowers often small,
regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Sepals distinct or united
below, free from the ovary or sometimes united to it below, over-
lapping or valvate. Petals wanting in Jamaican genera, except
in Homalium. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovary free or
more or less half-inferior, 1 -celled, placentas on the ovary -walls
2-6, ovules indefinite; style simple or more or less divided.
Fruit, a berry, or berry-like, ultimately opening by 2-5 valves,
or a capsule. Seeds usually few, sometimes with aril, or the
exterior pulpy ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo axile ; cotyledons
broad, often cordate.

Species over 500, natives of the tropics.

Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals wanting (calyx often petal-like).
Sepals overlapping.
Calyx 4-6-lobed or divided nearly to base.
Stamens alternating with staminodes.

Style present. Stamens 6-15 1. Casearia.

Style wanting. Stamens 20-40 2. Zuelania,

p 2

212 FLORA OF JAMAICA Casearia

Stamiaodes wanting. Stamens on calyx- throat... 3. Samyda.
Sepals distinct, reflexed. Staminodes wanting.

Stamens hypogynous ; i. Laetia.

Calyx-lobes valvate 5. Lunania.

Petals linear-oblong, persistent. Calyx united with

base of ovary 6. Homalium.

Flowers dioecious (or polygamous). Petals wanting 7. Xylosma.

1. CASEARIA Jacq.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves often with pellucid dots or lines ;
stipules soon falling. Flowers hermaphrodite, clustered or
umbellate, less often solitary, inconspicuous, greenish or yellow,
occasionally rosy ; pedicels jointed, bracts at the base. Calyx-
lobes 4-6, overlapping. Petals wanting. Stamens 6-15, inserted
in a simple series on the tube or at the base of the calyx, alter-
nating with as many stamino<les ; filaments free or united amongst
themselves and with the staminodes in a ring. Ovary free, Avoid
or oblong, narrowed into a short style ; stigma capitate or with
3 stigmas ; ovules indefinite, growing on 3 placentas on the
ovary-walls. Capsule fleshy or dry, with 3 or 4 valves bearing
indefinite seeds along the middle line. Seeds oblong or angled,
with a fleshy aril ; endosperm fleshy ; embryo straight ; cotyledons
oblong or roundish, flat ; radicle cylindrical.

Species about 200, growing in the tropics.

Flowers in stalked corj'mbose cymes. Stamens 8 1. C.nitida.

Flowers in stalked clusters. Stamens 10 2. C. arborea.

Flowers in sessile clusters.

Stigma 3-cleft. Calyx 2-2-5 mm. 1. Stamens 10 3. C. sylvestris.

Stigma capitate, undivided. Calyx 4-5 mm. 1.
Leaves glabrous or sometimes elightly pubescent,
especially on the nerves.
Sepals united to J or J of length.
Leaves generally 9-18 cm. 1. Pedicels jointed

close to base 4. C. gidanensis.

Leaves generally 4-7 cm. 1. Branches often
spinescent. Pedicels jointed about middle

or between middle and base 5. C. actileata.

Sepals united near base. Leaves generally 3-7
cm. 1., apex shortly and abruptly acuminate.
Pedicels jointed between middle and base .... G. C. odorata.
Leaves pubescent on both sides with brownish hairs,

beneath densely so and soft to touch 7. C.hirsuta.

1. C. nitlda Jacq. Enum. 21 (1760), Sel. Stirp. Amer. 132, &
Ed. pict. t. 126; leaves 3-10 cm. 1., ovate or ovate-elliptical,
usually shortly acuminate, base rounded to subcordate, minutely
dentate or serrulate or subentire, glabrous ; flowers in axillary
corymb-like stalked cymes (1-2 cm. 1.) ; stamens 8 ; stigma
capitate.— itfac/. Jam. i. 214; Oriseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 24; EicJd.

Casearia

FLACOURTIACE.E

213

in Fl. Bras, xiii.pt. 1, 463. Samyda nitida L. Syst. ed. 10, 1025
(1759) & Amoen. v. 378. S. fruticosa &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 217,
t. 23, /. 3. (Fig. 84.) The original specimen from which t. 126
of Jacq. Sel. Stirp. . Amer. ed. pict. was drawn is in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Wright ! SJiakespear ! Liguanea plain, Macfadyen ! McNab ! March I
Kingston, Prior ! Liguanea plain, J. P. 1302, Morris ! also J.P. 1080,
Hart\ Campbell I Harris \ Long Mt., south side, Harris \ Fl. Jam. 6423,
6937, 9617, 12,140. — Tropical continental America,

Fig. 84. — Casearia nitida Jacq.
A, Portion of branch witli leaves C, Fruit cut lengtliwise X IJ.

and flowers x «.
B, Flower cut lengthwise x i.

D, Seed cut lengthwise x 4.

Shrub or tree, 6-20 ft. high, without spines, glabrous. Leaves when
young of a reddish colour; petioles 1 cm. (8-13 mm.) 1. Flowers yellowish-
white or whitish, fragrant. Calyx about 4 mm. 1. ; tube somewhat more
than 1 mm. 1. ; lobes elliptical or oblong. Staminodes spathulate, red,
hairy. Fruit 11-14 mm. L, fleshy, ellipsoidal to spherical, 3-4-cornered,
pale yellow or purple, at length 3-4-valved. Seeds several, angled-ovoid,
almost enclosed by an orange-coloured aril ; coat glabrous, with resinous
glands.

2. C. arborea Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 421 (1910) & viii. 447 ;
leaves 3-10 cm. 1., oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate with
long and narrow tip, densely serrulate-dentate, on upper surface
glabrous and shining, beneath of a lighter colour, sometimes
tomentose with greyish or brownish hairs, sometimes glabrate ;
flowers in stalked clusters ; stamens 10 ; stigma capitate. —
C. stipularis Vent. Choix. t. 46 (1803) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 23 ;
Eiclil. in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 478. C. serrulata Griseb. loc. cit.
(as regards the Jamaican specimens, non Sic). C. serrata Macf.

214 FLORA OF JAMAICA Casearia

Jam. i. 216 (1837); Urh. Synih. Ant. vL 88 in Ohs. Samyda
arborea L. Bich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. i. 109 (1792).

In fl. Nov.-March; Wright \ near Rose Hill, St. Andrew, Macfadyenl
Moueague, Prior \ Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 1465, Motris\ Bull
Head, Faiccett ! Vinegar Hill, Harris 1 Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; S.E.
slopes, John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris d Britton 1 Fl. Jam. 5475, 10,691,
10,734. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guiana, Brazil.

Shrub or tree, 8-20 ft. high; young branches densely puberulous or
glabrate. Leaves : pellucid dots and lines sometimes numerous, but few
or not conspicuous in leaves tomentose beneath; petioles 2-4 mm. 1.;
stipules about 1 cm. 1. (or less), lanceolate-linear, densely puberulous,
falling very soon. Peduncles 1-2 mm. 1. ; pedicels about as long as the
calyx. Coit/x 3 • 5-4 • 5 mm. 1. ; tube scarcely half as long. Attthers twin-
subglobose, with a minute hairy gland on the back at apex. Staminodcs
oblong-lanceolate-spathulate, hairy, about half as long as the stamens.
Ovary glabrous but hairy at apex; style hairy near base. Fruit about .
4 mm. 1., ellipsoidal. Seeds about 2 mm. 1., ellipsoidal, minutely reticu-
lately pitted.

3. C. sylvestPls Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 752 (1798); leaves 6-9
(3-14) cm. 1., oblong, elliptical, or ovate, acuminate with a long
narrow tip, base usually somewhat unequal, subentire, glabrous ;
flowers in axillary sessile clusters ; calyx 2-2 • 5 mm. 1. ;
stamens 10; stigma 3-c\eit.—Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 23; Eichl.
in Fl. Bras. xiii. pi. 1, 481 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 422 & viii. 448.
C. parviflora Mac/. Jam. i. 216 (non Willd.). Arbor baccifera
foliis &c. Sloane Cat. 173 & Hist. ii. 108, /. 211, /. 2. Samyda
foliis ovatis cum acumine &c. Broicne Hist. Jam. 217. S. parvi-
flora L. Syst. ed. 10, 1025 (1759) & Amoen. v. 378 (non Loefl.).
Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Mus. Botan.
Stockholm.

Banks of Rio Cobre, Sloane Herb. vii. 89 ! Wright I Dancer ! Swartz I
Distinl Wilson I Moneague, P»io?-| March \ J.P. 711, Jcnmanl Kings
House, J.P. 907, Hart 1 Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 1464, 1466,
Morris ! Port Morant, Hitchcock ; Cascade ; Whitfield Hall ; Troy, 2000 ft. ;
Harris 1 Liguanea plain, 600 ft., Campbell 1 between Bath and Cuna Cuna
Pass, Harris <£ Britfonl Ythanside, Portland, Moore \ Robertsfield, Blue
Mts., Perkinsl Fl. Jam. 5236, 5390, 6239, 9408, 10,555, 10,646.— West
Indies, tropical continental America.

Shrub or tree, 12-30 ft. high. Leaves with numerous pellucid dots and
lines ; petioles 4-5 mm. 1. ; stipules cordate-ovate or roundish, 1-1*5 mm. 1.
Flowers white. Pedicels 3-5 mm. 1. Calyx sparingly puberulous; tube
about one-fourth of length. Stamens free ; anthers subglobose with a
glabrous gland at apex. Staminodcs spathulate-oblong, hairy, about half
as long as stamens. Pistil glabrous ; style short. Fruit subglobose, red
or orange, 4 "5-5 mm. 1., 3-cometed, 3-valved ; valves at length spreading,
united at base. Seeds 2 mm. 1., flattened-ellipsoidal, swollen at hilum.

4. C. guianensis Urb. Spnb. Ant. Hi. 322 (1902) ; leaves
6-18 cm. 1., obloDg-elliptical, obovate-elliptical, or elliptical,
obtuse and shortly acuminate, more or less serrulate-dentate,
nerves 5-6, pubescent in young leaves on both sides ; stipules
2-5 mm. 1., linear-awl-shaped, soon falling ; pedicels jointed close

Casearia FLACOURTIACE/E 215

to base ; flowers in axillary sessile clusters, usually at nodes
which have dropped their leaves below the leafy apex of the
twigs; stamens 8; stigma capitate. — Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 420 &
via. 447. C. ramiflora Valil Symb. it. 50 (1791) ; Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 24 (excl. var. /3) ; EicJil. in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 464.
Iroucana guianensis Aubl. Guian. i. 329, t. 127 (1775). A
specimen from Aublet in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Macfadyen ! St. Mary, McNah ! March ! Friendship, St. Ann, Britlon
2559 ! Lucea, Hitchcock ; Mocha road, Catadupa, 2000 ft. ; Gully road,
St. Ann's Bay ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; near Bath ; Hants ! PI,
Jam. 9179, 10,367, 10,369, 11,039, 11,956.— West Indies, Central and
S. America.

Shrub 10-12 ft. high, or shrubby tree 20-30 ft. high, without spines ;
young twigs with brown hairs. Leaves with numerous pellucid dots and
lines ; petioles 3-6 mm. 1. Flowers white, greenish- white, or greenish-
yellow, very fragrant ; pedicels 5-7 mm. 1., usually, together with the
calyx, with brown hairs. Calyx 4 to nearly 5 mm. 1. ; tube less than or
about 1 mm. 1. Stamens glabrous. Staminodcs villose, oblong, broader
near apex. Ovary villose. Fruit white, often with one side brownish-
violet or reddish-brown, 6-12 mm. 1., ellipsoidal or subglobose, obtusely
6-cornered. Seeds 3-10, subovoid, 3-3*5 mm. 1., buff-coloured, minutely
pitted, swollen at hilum, with orange-coloured aril.

5. C. aculeata Jacq. Enum. 21 (1760) & Sel. Stirp. Amer.
133 ; leaves 4-7 (3-12) cni. 1., elliptical, ovate-elliptical, obovate-
elliptical, or lanceolate-ovate, acute, obtuse, obtusely acuminate,
remotely serrate-dentate or subentire, nerves 4-5, more or less
with brown hairs on nerves of younger leaves ; stipules 1 mm. 1.,
lanceolate, very soon falling ; pedicels jointed about the middle
or between middle and base ; flowers in axillary sessile clusters
at the nodes (leafy or leafless) of younger branches, in other
respects as in C. guianensis. — tirb. Symb. Ant. iv. 419 & viii. 446.
C. spinosa Willd. Sp. PL ii. 626 (1799) ; Eichl. in Fl. Bras. xiii.
pt. 1, 463. C. hirta Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 756 (1798); Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 23; Macf. Jam. i. 215. Samyda spinosa foliis itc.
Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) 138, t. 147, f. I. S. spinosa L. Sp. PI.
ed. 2, 557 (1762). S. tomentosa Sw. Prodr. 68 (1788). S. multi-
flora Cav. Icon. i. 48, t. 67 (1791). C. ramiflora Vahl var.
spinosa Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 24 (1859). Type from Jamaica
of C hirta Sic. in Mus. Botan. Stockholm, and specimens from
Swartz from Hispaniola in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Woody pastures, Swartz 1 Macfadytn ! — Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, tropical continental America.

Shrub, 6-8 ft. high ; branches frequently spiny ; young twigs glabrous
or more or less with brown hairs, at length glabrate. Leaves .with
numerous pellucid dots and lines. Fruit ovoid-subgloboso, obtusely
3-cornered. Seeds as in G. guianensis.

6. C. odorata Macf. Jam. i. 215 (1837); leaves 2-5-9 cm. 1.,
elliptical, obovate, or subrhomboidal, apex scarcely *or abruptly
and shortly acuminate, tip obtuse or subemarginate, base acute,

216 FLORA OF JAMAICA Casearia

running into the petiole, margin more or less evidently crenulate-
serrulate, on upper surface shining, beneath on nerves puberulous
or glabrescent ; stipules 1-2 mm. 1., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
acute or shortly awl-shaped ; flowers in axillary sessile clusters ;
stamens 8; stigma capitate. — Urb. Synth. Ant. in. 321. C, rami-
flora V. spinosa Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 24 (as regards the
specimen from Jamaica).

Cockspur.

In fl. Junc-Oct. ; Wright 1 Sicartz ! savannas, St. Thomas in the Vale ;
Port Rojal Mts. ; Macfadyen I Distin 1 Pedro district, Purdie 1 Moneague,
Prior ! Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 1463, Hart 1 Yallahs valley,
1500 ft. ; Mavis Bank ; Cascade Rock ; Troy, 1600 ft. ; Stanmore Hill,
2200 ft. ; Malvern, 2200 ft, ; New Market, 1150 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
6744, 6595, 8155, 9467, 9773, 9808, 9868, 9878.

Shrub, without spines, 6-12 ft. high, sometimes straggling vine-like,
growing to a length of 30 ft., occasionally a tree 15-20 ft. high. Leaves
with numerous pellucid dots but few lines ; petioles 4-6 mm. 1. Flowers
greenish-white, very fragrant, 4-10(-15) in a cluster. Pedicels 4-5 mm. 1.
Sepals 4-5 mm. 1., elliptical-oblong, united at base. Fruit globose,
nearly 1 cm. 1., angled, 3-valvod.

7. C. hlpsuta Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 755 (1798) ; leaves 6-12 cm; 1. ;
elliptical, apex rounded or acute or with a short pointed tip, base
sometimes unequal, pubescent on both sides with brownish hairs,
beneath soft to the touch, obscurely crenate- or dentate-serrate ;
pedicels jointed between middle and base ; flowers in sessile
clusters; stamens 8 or 10; stigma capitate. — Mac/. Jam. i. 217 ;
Oriseb. op. cit. 23 ; Eichl. torn. cit. 470 {in Ohs.) ; Urb. Symb. Ant.
via. 447. C. mollis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. d: Sp. v. 365, t. 480
(1823) (Lindleya mollis in tab.). C. hirta Griscb. loc. cit. (non
Stc). Frutex baccifer folio Ax. Shane Cat. 173 & Hist. ii. 109.
8amyda foliis ovatis villosis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 218? S. Gui
donia L. Amoen. v. 379? (1760). Type in Mus. Botan. Stock-
holm. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn., named " Samyda?
nitida or lateriflora " with a reference to page 2 1 8 of Browne's
Hist. Jam.

Cloven Berries.

Browne I Broughton ! SJiakespear I Masson I Sioariz ! Bancroft I Mac-
fadyen 1 St. Elizabeth, Purdie 1 Moneague, Piior 1 March 1 Liguanea
plain, J.P. 625, 1292, Morris ! Berwick Hill ; Hope Mines, 750 ft. ; Hound
Hill, Santa Cruz Mts., 1850 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8365, 9698.— Cuba, Is. of
Pines, Hispaniola, Panama, Venezuela, Guiana.

Shrub, 8-25 ft. high, without spines. Leaves : nerves and veins slightly
prominent on both sides, with numerous pellucid dots but very few lines ;
petioles 4-5 mm. 1. ; stipules 3 mm. 1., linear-lanceolate. Flowers white or
greenish-white, fragrant. Calyx 4*5 mm, 1., minutely tomentose; tube
less than half as long. Friiit ovoid, 3-cornered, 3-valved, 1-1 '5 cm. 1.

2. ZUELANIA A. Rich.

Trees op shrubs. Leaves with pellucid dots, stipulate.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in dense clusters ; pedicels jointed, with

Zuelania

FLACOUIlTIACE^<:

217

bracts at the base. Calyx-lobes 4-5, overlapping. Petals want-
ing. Stamens 20-40, alternating with as many staminodes.
Ovary free ; stigma sessile or subsessile, peltate ; ovules numerous
on 3 placentas on the ovary-walls. Capsule large, fleshy, globose,
berry-like, at length opening by valves. Seeds numerous, with
an aril ; endosperm fleshy.

Species 1 or 2, natives of Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas.

Z. Guidonia Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl. 285 (1920). Z. laetioides
A. Bich. in Sagra Cub. x. 33, xii. <. 12 (1845). Laetia Guidonia

Fig. 85. — Zuelania Guidonia Britt. & Millsp.

A, Portion of branch with flowers C, Flower just opening X 3.

and young leaves x 5. D, Fruit X i.

B, Flower x 3.

Sw. Prodr. 83 (1788); Mac/. Jam. I. 43. L. longifolia A. Bich.
torn. cit. 31, t. 10 (1845). Samyda icosandra Sio. Fl. Ind. Occ.
1962 (1806). S. major <fcc. A. Bohinson Ic. ined. Thiodia
Ifetioides Grisch. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 22 (1859). (Fig. 85.)

Cuffey Wood, Silver Wood, Glass Wood.

Wright 1 Swartz ! Moneagiie, Prior 1 March ! Greenvale, Westmoreland,
500 ft. ; Potsdam, 2600 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam, 7088, 9819, 11,020,— Cuba, Bahamas.

218 FLORA OF JAMAICA Zuelania

Tree, 20-€0 ft. high. Leaves 6-11 (5-20) cm. 1., elliptical, oblong, oc
oblong-lanceolate, apiculate, base more or less unequal, obtuse, rounded,
or rarely subcordate, serrulate or subentire, puberulous on both sides,
glabrae cent above ; petioles 1 cm. 1. or less. Floioers terminal on twigs
before the leaves appear, after which the shoot is prolonged, so that the
fruit becomes lateral ; pedicels puberulous, 6-10 mm. 1. Calyx 6-7 mm. 1.,
white. Stuminodes about half as long as stamens. Ovary tomentose.
Fruit subglobose, 3-5 cm. in diam., many -seeded.

The timber is used for building.

3. SAMYDA L.

Shrubs. Leaves distichous, oblong, with pellucid lines and
dots. Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or clustered, .axillary.
Calyx-tube bell-shaped, coloured. Sepals 4-6, overlapping,
unequal. Petals wanting. Stamens 8-13, growing from the
throat of the calyx ; filaments more or less completely united
into a tube. Ovary free, ovoid, narrowing into the stylo ; stigma
capitate ; ovules very many, on 3-5 placentas on the ovary- walls.
Fruit subglobose, leathery-fleshy, with 3-5 valves at apex, and
indefinite seeds. Seeds angular, with a ventral hilum, fleshy
aril, coat hard and brittle, endosperm fleshy ; embryo small, with
leafy cotyledons.

Species 4 or 5, natives of the West Indies and Mexico.

Leaves obovate-oblong, or obovate-elliptical, or elliptical,

densely puberulous beneath 2. S. ptibcsccns.

Leaves oblong-elliptical to ovate-lanceolate.

Leaves: apex blunt, base generally acute and shortly
prolonged into the petiole, more or less glabrous

beneath 1. S. glabrata.

Leaves : apex acuminate, base rounded unequal, villose

on nerves beneath 3. S. villosa.

1. S. glabrata Sw. Prodr. 68 (1788) & Fl Ind. Occ. 760;
leaves 2-8(-18) cm. 1., oblong, oblong-elliptical, or ovate-lanceo-
late, apex blunt or broadly acuminate, base generally acute and
shortly prolonged into the petiole, glabrous or beneath sparingly
and minutely hairy on the nerves, margin entire ; flowers solitary
(rarely 2) ; calyx not keeled. — Mac/. Jam. i. 213 ; Griseb. FL Br.
W. Ind. 24 (measurement of flower incorrect) (in part, excl. syn.
Vent, and hab. Porto Rico and St. Thomas) ; Warh. in Engl. &
Prantl P/lanzenfam. Hi. 6, a. 47, /. 18, d-p. S. acuminata Urh.
Symh. Ant. v. 441 (1908). Specimen in Herb. Stockholm collected
by Swartz in Jamaica and named in his own hand ; a specimen
apparently collected from the same shrub by Swartz in Herb.
Mas. Brit.

In fl. (fide Sw.) Oct., Nov. ; high mountains, Swartz ! Distin I Dunrobin
Castle, Purdie ! Wilson 1 Moneague, Prior ! in fl. June, near Old England,
Blue Mts., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5176.

Shrub or small tree, brauchlets glabrous. Petioles 3-6 mm. 1. Stipules

Samyda

FLACOURTIACE^

219

linear-awl-shaped or awl-shaped from a broad base, about 1 mm. 1. Flowers
greenish outside, white inside. Pedicels 1-3 mm. 1. Calyx 9-10 mm. 1. ;
tube about 5 mm. 1. Stamens 10 ; tube white. Ovary oblong-ovate, pubes-
cent. Style as long as or longer than the stamens. Fruit 3-cornered,
3-valved, 3-4 cm. 1. ; valves thick, leathery. Seeds numerous ; aril orange-
coloured.

2. S. pubeseens L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 557 (1762) (excl. syn.) ;
leaves 3-7 cm. 1., usually obovate-oblong or obovate-elliptical,
apex usually rounded, sometimes obtuse or acute, base obtuse to
rounded, sometimes unequal, on both sides soft to the touch, on
upper surface puberulous and densely so beneath, margin minutely
toothed ; flowers 2-4 ; calyx 5-keeled, lobes 3-keeled. — Sw. Obs.

Fig.. 86. — Samyda pubesceiis L.

A, Portion of brancli witli leaves
and flowers X ;.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 2.

C, Fruit, nat. size.

179 ; Spreng. Syst. ii. 354. S. serrulata Andr. Bot. Rep. in. t. 202
(1802); Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. (in part) (non L.). S. rosea
Sims Bot. Mag. t. 550 (1802) ;. Urh. Symb. Ant. viii. 445. (Fig. 86.)

St. Mary, McNab ! March ! near Gordon Town, Rev. J. Roberts ! Miss
Long 1 Bermuda Mount, 950 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5726. — Hispaniola.

Shrub, 5 ft. high, branchlets villose. Leaves : petioles 2-3 mm. 1. ;
stipules awl-shaped, 1-2 mm. 1. Flowers red or white. Pedicels about
4 mm. 1. Calyx 9-16 mm. 1. ; tube less than half its length ; lobes
unequal, semi-elliptical. Stamens 10-12 ; tube 2 mm. 1. Fruit ellipsoidal,
12-15 mm. 1.

3. S. villosa Sw. Prodr. 68 (1788) et Fl. Ind. Occ. 758 ; leaves
4-11 cm. 1., oblong-elliptical or elliptical, acuminate, base rounded,
unequal, puberulous and soft to the touch on both sides, villose
with brown hairs on nerves especially beneath, margin obscurely

220

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Samyda

and obtusely serrate or subentire ; flowers solitary ; calyx not
keeled. — Mac/. Jam. i. 214. Sadymia villosa Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 25 (1859).

In fl. in spring ; Wright 1 mountains, Swartz 1

Shrub, about 6 ft. high, young branchlets villose. Petioles 3-4 mm. 1.,
villose; stipules thread-like, villose, 1 mm. 1. Flowers in axils of leaves,
subsessile. Calyx 8 mm. 1. ; tube about half its length, puberulous ;
lobes oblong, "white, becoming green below" (Sw.). Stamens 10; tube,
lO-striate, white. " Fruit ovate, shortly acuminate, fleshy, obtusely
3-4-comered, 3-4-valved. Seeds several, ovate, shining; aril scarlet or
pale red" (Sw.).

Grisebach separates this species as belonging to a distinct genus on the
ground that the stamens are distinct, and the very short filaments inserted
on the throat of the calyx-tube, but this is contrary to Swartz's description.

4. LAETIA Loetl.

Small trees. Leaves usually crenate or serrate, with pellucid
dots and lines. Flowers hermaphrodite, axillary or terminal,
clustered or corymbose. SepaLs 4 or 5, broad, subpetsiloid, widely
overlapping, at length reflexed and then soon falling. Petals
wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely 15 te 10, hypogynous, some-
times slightly unite<l at base, staminodes wanting ; anthers ovoid.
Ovary with 3 (4 or 6) placentas ; ovules indefinite ; style simple ;

Fig. 87. — Laetia Thamnia L.

A, Portion of branch with inflores- C, Ovary cut lengthwise X 6.

cence X 3. D, Fruit cut lengthwise, nat. size.

B, Flower x 2. E, Seed x ('.

Laetia FLACOURTIACE.E 221

stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Fruit : berry, often resinous inside,
opening after a time by valves. Seeds with an aril ; coat leathery ;
embryo straight ; cotyledons broad.

Species about 20, growing in tropical America, including the
West Indies.

L. Thamnia L. Amoen. v. 413, 379 (1760); Sw. Prodr. 83 &
Fl. Ind. Occ. 950; Mac/. Jam. i.' U ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 20;
Urh. Symh. Ant. viii. 445. L. americana L. (in part) Syst. ed. 10,
1074 (1759) &, Amoen. v. 379. Thamnia foliis &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 245, t. 45, /. 2. T. Swartzii Hitchc. in Fourth Ann. Bep.
Miss. Bot. Gard. 59 (1893). Guidonia &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 249.
Casearia contracta Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 19 (1909). (Fig. 87.)

Wattle Wood.

In fl. March-July ; in fr. Aug. ; • Wright ! Shakespear ! Macfadyen \
Manchester, Pttrdte 1 Manchioneal; Mansfield, near Bath, 1200 ft. ; Wilsonl
Moneague, Prior ! J. P. 717, Jenman 1 Kings House, J.P. 1278, Hart ! Green
Valley, Blue Mts., J.P. 1278, Campbell ! Lucea, Hitchcock ; near Cinchona ;
Mona Mt. ; Fawcett ! Blue Mts. (bslow Berwick Hill ; Sheldon ; Green
Valley) ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Long Mt., road to Wareka ; Harris I Fl. Jam.
5105, 5128, 5214, 8756, 9619, 10,013 ; Robertsfleld, Blue Mts., Perkins !—
Cuba, Hispaniola.

Tree, 8-18 ft. high, very fragrant. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., elliptical or
elliptical-lanceolate, entire or indistinctly crenulate, with pellucid dots,
especially in the young thin leaves ; petiole -5-1 cm. 1. ; stipules triangular,
•7-1 mm. 1. Flowers white with a tinge of rose colour or light yellow, in
stalked corymbs. Sepals 4, petaloid, about 4 mm. 1. Fruit globose, fleshy,
2-4 cm. in diam., 1-celled, 4-5-valved, many-seeded.

The common name is due to the use of the long branches in the
construction of huts.

5. LUNANIA Hook.

Trees with slender zigzag branches. Leaves stalked, entire,
3-5-nerved, nerves connected by transverse veins, with minute
pellucid dots ; stipules wanting. Flowers hermaphrodite, small,
in slender racemes or panicles, axillary or terminal, simple or
branching ; pedicels jointed at the base. Calyx subglobose, at
length split valvately into 2 or 3 spreading membranous lobes.
Petals wanting. Stamens 6-10, inserted round and attached to
a hypogynous cup-shaped disk, alternating with its teeth or lobes
(staminodes) ; anthers ovoid or oblong, opening on the outside.
Ovary ovoid, narrowing into a 3-lobed style with truncate
stigmas ; ovules very many, growing on 3 broad placentas.
Capsule leathery, globose, 3-valved, with few or many seeds.
Seeds with a fleshy aril.

Species 8, 2 natives of Jamaica, 4 of Cuba, 1 of Bolivia and
Peru, and 1 of Mexico.

Racemes solitary, long, pendulous 1. L. racemosa.

Panicles with erect branches, umbel-like at apex... 2. L. polydactyla.

222

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Lunania

1. L. racemosa
(1844); Griseh. FL
Ohs. 1. (Fig. 88.)

Woods above Rio
Town, St. Ann, Priori
Mts., Harris & Britton

Tree, 25 ft. high,
gradually acuminate.

Hook. Land. Journ. BoU Hi. 317, tt. 11, 12
Br. W. Ind. 20 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. vL 19 in

Manna, St. Mary, Purdie ! Wilson ! near Browns
eastern slopes of south end of John Crow (Blake)
! Fl. Jam. 10,738.

Leaves 6-12 cm. 1., ovate, base often oblique, above
tip acute, subleathery-membranous, the 3 strong

fig. 88.— Lt/jianirt racemoaa Hook.

A, leaf and portion of inflorescence C, Ovarj' x 7.

X i. D, Fruit X 2.

B, Flower X 4. _^ E, Seed X 0.

nerves separating a little above the base ; petioles 1-1 "5 cm. 1. Bacemes
solitary at the apex of branches, above usually forked, 3 dm. 1. and more,
pendulous. Pedicels 2-1 '5 mm. 1. Sepals 2, about 3 mm. 1., chestnut-
brown colour. Stamens 6-9. Disk about as long as the calyx. Fruit
depressed-obovoid, brown, crowned by the style, splitting into 3 valves.
Seeds many, ellipsoidal.

2. L. polydactyla Urh. Sj/mb.
lac. cit. under L. racemosa Hook.
specimen).

Ant. vL 18 (1909); Griseh.
(so far as regards Wilson's

Lunanid FLACOUBTIACEiE 223

Swartz\ Mansfield, Bath, 1000 ft., Wilson \ Hibernia, Blue Mts.,
3000 ft.; St. George, 2400 ft.; south-eastern foot-hills of John Crow
(Blake) Mts. ; Toms Cave wood. Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
5298, 5747, 5801, 10,686, 10,851 ; between Vinegar Hill and Thomson's
Gap, J. B. Perkins !

Tree, 20-30 ft. high. Leaves 4-7(-10) cm. L, ovate or ovate-elliptical,
base rounded, sometimes slightly cordate and suboblique, somewhat
abruptly acuminate, tip obtuse, sometimes with unequal sides, papery,,
the 3 strong nerves springing from the insertion of the petiole ; petioles
about 1 cm. 1. Inflorescence terminal and lateral ; branches racemose-
spike-like, erect or sprbading, slender, the terminal 4-5 branches clustered
umbel-like. Pedicels "5-1 mm. 1. Sepals 2 or 3, about 1*5 mm. 1.,
2 mm. br. Stamens 5-7 ; filaments 1 mm. 1. Disk about 1 mm. 1. Style
almost none, undivided ; stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit sphseroid-3-cornered, to
5 mm. in diam. Seeds many, ellipsoidal or globose-ellipsoidal.

6. HOMALIUM Jacq.

Shrubs ■ or trees. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, glandular-
crenate or serrate, less often entire. Flowers hermaphrodite,
small, in axillary racemes (in Jamaican species). Calyx-tube
united with the base of the ovary ; lobes 6-7, persistent. Petals
6-7, inserted at the throat of the calyx, alternate with calyx-
segments, persistent. Disk present in the form of glands
opposite the calyx-segments. Stamens as many as the petals
and opposite them, or more numerous in clusters opposite the
petals, alternate with the glands ; anthers small. Ovary half-
superior, 1 -celled ; styles 2-6, thread-like ; ovules many or few,
attached to 2-6 placentas on the ovary-walls. Capsule half-
superior, leathery, 2-6 valves at the apex, with few seeds.
Seeds angular or oblong, coat hard and brittle, endosperm fleshy ;
cotyledons leafy.

Species about 80, natives of tropical America (incl. W. Indies),
Africa, Asia, north Australia, Fiji islands.

Leaves crenate or crenate-serrate. Petals 3 • 5-5 mm. 1. 1. H. raccmosum.
Leaves subentire or obscurely crenate or crenate-
serrate. Petals 2*5-3-Smm. 1 2. H. integrifolium.

L H. racemosum Jacq. Sel. Stirj}. Amcr. 170, t. 183,/. 72
(1763); Sw. Prodr. 86 & FL Incl. Occ. 989, t. 17; Bot. Mag.
1.519; Mac/. Jam. i. 218; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 298; Benth.
Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 36. H. raccmosum Jacq. subsp. barbellatum
Blahe in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. xx. 229 (1919). Bradleia,
A. Bohinson Ic. ined. (Fig. 89.)

In fl. July, Aug.; in fr. Sept.; Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen ; Great
Valley, Manchester, Purdie 1 March ! J. P. 697, Jenman ! Mavis Bank,
Fawcettl Sheldon road; Content road, 3000 ft.; Old England, Blue Mts.,
3500 ft. ; Hope River valley ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5563, 6108, 6465, 8156,
9981. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique.

Shrub 9 ft., or tree 15-40 ft. high; younger branches with whitish
lenticels. Leaves 5-18 cm. 1., broadly to narrowly elliptical, apex pointed

224

FLOBA OF JAMAICA

Homalium

to very shortly acuminate, crenate or crenate-serrate, glabrous but
often bearded in axils of nerves beneath. Racemes simple or paniculate;
peduncles 2-4 cm. 1., glabrous; rhachis 2-8 cm. 1. Calyx: segment*

Fig. SO.—Uiimalium racemoiuui J acq.
A, Twig with leaves and flowers x %. C, Ovary cut across x 6.

B, Flower with sepals, petals, and
ataineus pressed down in front X 3.

D, Fruit cut down, showing seed, which
has filled the cavity, x 2.

usually lanceolate, 2* 8-3 '5 mm. 1. Petals 3 "5-5 mm. 1. Stamens in
clusters of 3 or 4. Styles 8, distinct. Ovary conical, densely villose;
placentas 3 ; ovules 3 on each placenta. Capsule v?ith 1 or 2 seeds.

2. H. integrifolium Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxvii. 354
(1910); Blake loc. cit.

White Logv70od.

In fl. in March ; S.E. end of John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris d Britton t

Tree, 50 ft. high ; younger branches with whitish lenticels. Leaves

7-14*5 cm. 1., elliptical, oblong-elliptical, or ovate-elliptical, apex acuminate

or acute, obscurely crenate or crenate-serrato or subentire, glabrous on

Homalium

FLACOURTIACE^

225

both sides but sometimes bearded in the axils of nerves beneath, Bacemes
simple, puberulous ; peduncles 1-3-2 -5 cm. 1. ; rhachis 3-7 cm. 1. Calyx :
segments usually lanceolate, 1*5-3 mm. 1. Petals 2 -5-3 '8 mm. 1., ovate
or oval-ovate. Stamens in clusters of 3, shorter than the petals. Styles 8,
distinct. Oyary depressed-conical, villose.

Should perhaps be included under H. racemosum.

7. XYLOSMA Forst.

Shrubs or trees, often with axillary spines. Leaves toothed
or less often entire, shortly stalked j stipult^s wanting. Flowers
clustered in the axils or sometimes shortly racemose, dioecious,

Fig. 90. — XyloHina nitidum A. Gr.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and

flowers X i.

B, Male flower with part of the calyx

cut ott' to show the disk x 7.

C, Ftiniale flower with sepals turned

down to show the disk x 7.

D, Ditto cut Itugthwise X 7.

E, Fruit X 2.

F, Seed X 2.

rarely polygamous. Sepals 4-5, scale like, generally ciliate,
overlapping. Petals wanting. Stamens indefinite, free, often
surrounded by a glandular disk ; anth(jrs versatile, short. Ovary
surrounded by a disk; placentas 2, sometimes 3-6, with 2 or
few ovules on each ; style entire or more or less divided, with
dilated stigmas, or, occasionally the stigma subsessile, flattened
V. Q

226 FLORA OF JAMAICA Xylosma

and lobed. Berry 1 -celled, small, with 2-8 seeds. Seeds
obovoid ; coat smooth, hard and brittle ; cotyledons broad.

Species, about 65, most in tropical and subtropical regions of
the whole world.

Lieaves 5-11 cm. 1., ovate to elliptical, acuminate 1. X. nitidum.

Leaves 3-6 cm. 1., elliptical, apex obtuse or acute 2. X. Fawcettii.

Leaves 2-3"5 cm. 1., obovate, apex rounded 3. X. schccffcrioidcs.

1. X. nitidum A. Gr. ex Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 21 (1859)
(excl. several syn.); leaves 5-11 cm. 1., ovate to elliptical or
ovate-lanceolate, shortly and obtusely acuminate ; petioles 5-6
mm. 1. ; pedicels 2-4 mm. 1. ; sepals of male fls. nearly 3 mm. 1.,
erect. — Hisingera nitida Hellenius in K. Vetensk. Acad. Nya
Handl. xiii. 35, /. 2 (1792). Myroxylon nitidum Kuntze Itev. i.
44 (1891) ; Vrh. in En<jl. Bot. Jahrb. xv. 299. (Fig. 90.)

Manchester, Purdie I Kings House, J.P. 1078 ; Cinchona, 5000 ft.,
J.P. 1128, 1182; John Crow Peak, Blue Mts., J.P. 1479; Hartl Green
Valley, Blue Mts., J.P. 2U86, Morris I St. George ; near Portland Gap,
5400-5550 ft. ; between Clydesdale and Cinchona, 4500 ft. ; below Green-
wich Hill, 8500 ft. ; HarHs I Fl. Jam. 5412, 5543, 6568, 5668, 6143, 10,084,
10,138.

Shrub or tree to 20 ft. high ; lower part of trunk often spiny. Leaves :
base rounded, obtuse, or acute, serrato-crenate to the base, nerves on both
sides prominent. Flowers fragrant, dioecious, in 1 or 2 umbel-like clusters
in axils. Sepals light green or grecnisb-ycUow, with hairs on inside,
margin more or less ciliate. Disk consisting of 6, 8, or 12 scales, free or
more or less united. Male flowers : Sepals roundish. Stamens 15-25,
yellowish-green ; filaments 3-4 mm. 1. Female flowers : Sepals ovate, about
2 mm. 1., persistent. Stamens sometimes 1-4, with anthers sterile.
Styles 2, continuous with ovary, imited on inner face, each with 2 roundish
hollow stigmas. Ovary with 2 placentas ; ovules 4-8. Berry globose,
6-6 mm. in diam.

2. X. Fawcettii Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 440 (1908); leaves 3-6
cm. 1., elliptical to ovate or obovate, apex obtuse or acute, some-
times rounded; petioles 3-4 mm. 1.; pedicels of male fls. 5-8
mm. 1. ; sepals of male fls. 1 * 5-2 mm. 1., spreading horizontally
or recurved.

Moneague, Priori Stanmore Hill, 2200 ft.; Glasgow, near Troy,
2000 ft. ; «oho, St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris 1
Fl. Jam. 9776, 10,672, 11,987, 12,792.

Shrub 9 ft. or tree 15-40 ft, high. Leaves : base wedge-shaped, crenate-
toothed from above the base, nerves and veins on both sides slightly
prominent. Flowers dioecious (male only seen), in clusters of 3-9. Sepals
6 or, by union of two, 4, roundish-ovate, shortly acuminate, greenish-
yellow, fragrant. Glands of disk usually united into a crenate ring,
•5 mm. 1. Stamens 10-17 ; filaments 3-4 mm. 1.

3. X. sehSBfferioides A. Gr. in Griseh. PI. Wriglit. in Mem.
Acad. Amer. n. ser. viii. 155 (1860); leaves 2-3*5 cm. 1., obovate
or oblanceolate, apex rounded or very obtuse ; petioles 2-3 mm. 1.

Xylosma FLA.C0U11TIACE/E 227

— Urb. Syrrib. Ant. vlii. 444. Myroxylon schsefFerioides Kr. & Urb.
in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xv. 300 (1892).

White Logwood.

March 1 Corby, Santa Cruz Mts., 1500 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 9746.—
Cuba, Hispaniola,

Tree to 20 ft. high. Leaves wedge-shaped at base, entire or sparingly
crenulate above, nerves ascending, on both sides prominulous or sometimes
only beneath. Flowers dicBcious, in umbel-like clusters in axils. Pedicels
4-7 mm. 1. Sepals yellow, erect or spreading, about 1 mm. 1., roundish
or ovate. Disk fleshy, ring-like, margin wavy. Male flowers : Stamens 2-2 • 5
mm. 1., 10-16. Female flowers : Style one, very short, stigma broad with
crenulate margin. Fruit globose, 5 mm. 1., scarlet.

Family LXXVII. TURNERACE^.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, glabrous or pubescent, hairs
usually simple, not stinging. Leaves alternate, simple or pin-
na tely divided, usually acutely serrate, often 2-glandular at the
base. Stipules small or wanting. Flowers regular, herm-
aphrodite, axillary, solitary or few, sessile or stalked, sometimes
racemose ; peduncles free or united with the petiole, often jointed
and 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, united below into a tube (receptacle),
soon dropping off, imbricate. Petals 5, perigynous, clawed, mem-
branous, twisted in bud, soon dropping off. Stamens 5, inserted
at the base or middle or throat of the calyx-tube (receptacle),
very rarely hypogynous ; filaments free. Anthers oblong, opening
inwards. Ovary free, ovoid or elongated, 1-celled. Styles 3,
terminal, thread-like, simple (Turnera) or more or less divided
{Piriqueta) ; stigmas brush-like, with an indefinite number of
branches, or rarely simply fan-like. Ovules indefinite, attached
to 3 placentas on the ovary-walls in 2 series opposite the styles,
ascending, anatropous. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved at the apex
or through the whole length, valves with the placentas in the
middle, with indefinite seeds. Seeds oblong-cylindrical, slightly
curved ; aril membranous ; coat somewhat hard and brittle,
pitted ; endosperm copious. Embryo large, axile, straight or
bent ; cotyledons plano-convex.

Species about 150, mostly American, a few African, one
widely dispersed throughout Asia but certainly not indigenous.

Styles simple 1. Turnera.

Styles_divided 2. Firiqueta.

1. TURNERA L.

Herbs, shrubs, or undershrubs, glabrous, pubescent, or tomen-
tose. Leaves serrate, or somewhat pinnately divided, or entire,
often 2-glandular at the base. Stipules small or wanting.
Flowers solitary^ perigynous, yellow ; peduncle usually united to

0, 2

228

FLOP.A OF JAMAICA

Twnera

the petiole, with 2 bracteoles. Receptacle-tube short. Sepals
obloDg, linear, or lanceolate. Petals obovate-roundish or spathu-
late. Stamens inserted below the petals, sometimes hypogynous.
Ovary sessile. Styles simple, with stigma brush-like or fan-like.
Capsule in Jamaican species ovoid-ellipsoidal and minutely tuber-
culate. Seeds in Jamaican species obovoid-oblong ; aril unilateral.
Species about 100, natives chiefly of tropical S. America, but
extending to Mexico and the West Indies, and even to Mada-
gascar ; one species has been introduced into the E. Indies.

Leaves large, 4-15 cm. 1., with 2 glands at base. Shrub... 1. T. ulmifolia.
Leaves small, "5-4 cm. 1., usually without glands.

Annual. Flowers in a terminal leafy head. Leaves

1-4 cm. 1 2. T. Pumilca.

Shrub. Flowers more or less solitary. Leaves "5-1 '5

cm. 1 3. T. diffusa.

1. T. Ulmifolia L. Sp. PL 271 (1753), Hort. aiff. t. 10, k
Amoen. v. 377 ; shrubby herb or shrub, 1-4 ft. high ; leaves large,

Fig. 91. — Tumera ulmifolia L.
A, Portion of branch with flower and C, Ovary cut across X 6,

fruit X J.
B, ilower cut lengthwise, petals cut, x 2.

D, Seed with aiil X 10.

E, Seed cut lengthwise X 10.

Tui-nera TUKNERACE^ 229

7-15 cm. 1., with 2 glands at base; calyx 2-2*5 cm. 1. — MiU.
Diet. ed. 8 & Ic. 179, t. 268; Wright Mem. 261; Descourt. Fl.
Ant. iv. 322, t. 302; Mac/. Jam. ii. 163; Bot. Mag. t. 4137;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 296 ; Urb. in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. ii.
138 & in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 3, 158, t. 48; Small Fl. S.E. U.S.
1352 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 247 ; Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl. 282.
T. frutescens ulmifolia Plum. Gen. 15, t. 12; Mart. Cent. t. 49.
T. e petiolo florens &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 189. T. angustifolia
Mill. op. cit. (1768); Bot. Mag. t. 281. T. ulmifolia L. var.
angustifolia Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1503 (1797); Urh. Symh. Ant. iv.
424, via. 450 & in Fl. Bras. torn. cit. 161. T. acuta Spreng.
Syst. i. 940 (1825) ; Macf. Jam. ii. 164 (1850). T. triglandulosa
Millsp. in Field Columb. Mus. Bot. ii. 77 (1900). Cistus urticse
folio &c. Sloane Cat. 86 & Hist. i. 202, t. 127,/. 45. (Fig. 91.)
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Sloane Herb. iv. 4 1 Wright I Shakespear I Masson ! Bertero ; St. Andrew,
McNab I Lane ! Distin 1 Prior ! Liguanea plain, J. P. 961, 1331, Morris !
Constant Spring ; Port Morant ; Hitchcock ; Lucea, Rothrock ; Bog Walk,
Fawcett 1 Annotto Bay ; Prospect Hill, 2000 ft. ; Thompson I Southfield,
1500 ft. ; road between Montego Bay and Lucea ; Peckham, Clarendon,
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6485, 7073, 7928, 7950, 9236, 11,029.- Bermuda, Bahamas,
West Indies as far east and south as St. Eustatius, Central America south
to Guiana, Margarita, Curasao, introduced in tropics of Old World.

Younger stem and branches usually with adpressed hairs. Leaves 2-5
cm. br. (sometimes barely exceeding 1 cm.), sometimes ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, usually (in Jamaica) lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely
and often irregularly serrate, usually soft to the touch on both sides with
adpressed hairs, dense beneath, but in the broad-leaved form glabrate;
petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Floivers not forming a head ; peduncle united to the
petiole. Bractcoles generally leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-
linear, 1-3 cm. 1. Calyx-tube about 1 cm. 1. Petals (in Jamaican forms)
bright yellow, overtopping the calyx by one-half its length. Filaments
united by their margins to the base of the calyx-tube. Capsule 3-valved
above, 7-9 mm. in diam. Seeds obovoid-oblong, slightly curved, surface
reticulate-striate, about 2*5 mm. L, about 1 mm. br. at broader end.

2. T. Pumilea L. Amcen. v. 395, 377 (1760); herb, annual,
not more than 6 inches high; leaves 1-4 cm. 1., generally with-
out glands ; flowers sessile in a terminal leafy head ; calyx 6-7
mm. l—Sw. Ohs. 116; Macf. Jam. ii. 164; Griseb. FL Br. W.
Ind. 297 ; Urb. in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. ii. 114 & in Fl. Bras,
xiii. pt. 3, 135. Chamaecistus urticae folio &c. Sloane Cat. 87 &
Hist. i. 202, /. 127, /. 6. Pumilea minima &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
188. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named in Solander's hand.
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Amongst grass in savannas ; Sloane Herb. iv. 5 ! Swartz \ Two Mile
Wood, St. Catherine, Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 12,066. — Cuba, Isle of Pines, tropical
continental America.

Villose with white wooUy hairs. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate ; petioles short or very short ; stipules wanting. Bracteoles
linear-awl-shaped, entire, 4-8 mm. 1. Calyx : tube half its length. Petals

230 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tmtiera

4-4*5 mm. 1., slightly overtopping the calyx, yellow. Capsnle S-Talved,
3-6 mm. 1. Seeds about 2 mm. 1., obovoid-obloug, curved, reticulate-
pitted.

3. T. diffusa Willd. ex Schult. Syst. vi. 679 (1820); shrubby,
to 3 ft. high, much branched ; leaves 6-15 mm. 1., without glands ;
flowers more or less solitary, towards the ends of branches, peduncle
very short, free, or wanting ; calyx 5-7 mm. 1. — Urh. in Jahrh.
Bot. Gart. Berl. it. 125, in Fl. Bras. aiii. j,t. 3, 146, t. 44, &
Si/mh. Ant. ii\ 423 & viii. 449. T. microphylla Desv. in Hamilf.
Prodr. 33 (1825). Bohadsehia humifusa Prcsl Beliq. HacnJc. it,
98, /. 68 (1836). Triads microphylla Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
297 (1860).

Long Mt., south side, £00 ft. ; Yardley Chase, 1600 ft. ; Harris \ Fl.Jam.
9606, 9608, 9679. — Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Rico, Vieques,
St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Jan, peninsula of California, Mexico, Brazil.

Young shoots densely puberulous. Leaves obovato to oblanceolatc,
coarsely toothed or crenate, usually densely puberulous on both sides,
especially beneath ; petioles very short ; stipules minute. Bractcolcs
oblong-linear to linear-awl-shaped, 2-4 mm. 1. Calyx : tube half its length.
Petals overtopping the calyx by one-third its length or less, bright orange-
yellow. Capsule 3-4 mm. 1., 3-valved. Seeds curved, l'5-2-3 mm. 1.,
reticulate-striate.

2. PIRIQUETA Aubl.

Herbs (in the Jamaican species), shrubs or trees, much like
Turnera, but usually with stellate hairs and bristly hairs. Leaves
of various form, in Jamaica oblong to linear-lanceolate, remotely
serrate or serrate-repand, and without stipules. Flowers axillary,
usually solitary ; peduncles free, without bracteoles in Jamaican
species. Calyx with a narrow membranous fringed corona con-
tinuous round the tube at the base of the petals. Styles more or
less divided at the apex, in P. cistoides divided to about the
middle. Capsule in the Jamaican species opening from the apex
nearly to the base, smooth.

Species about 30, mostly natives of Brazil, but also occurring
in West Indies, tropical continental America extending to the
southern United States, South Africa, and Madagascar.

P. cistoides Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 298 ; Urb. in Jahrb. Bot.
Gart. Berl. ii. 73, in Fl. Bias. xiii. pt. 3, 104, t. 35,/. 1, & Symb.
Ant. iv. 422 & viii. 449. T. cistoides L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 387 (1762) ;
Sw. Obs. 117. Chamsecistus caule hirsuto (fee. Shane Cat. 87 &
EisL i. 202, t. 127, /. 7. Turnera hispida &c. Plvm. PL Amer.
(Burin.) 141, t. 150, Pumilea? subhirsuta kc. Browne Bist. Jam.
189. (Fig. 92.) Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Shane Herb. iv. 6 1 cane fields, St. Thomas in East, Broughton ! Shakc-
spearl Mosson ! St. Andrew ; St. Mary; McNabl Liguanea plain, 600 ft.,
Campbell I Moneague, Lady Blake \ Prospect Hill, 2000 ft., Thonipnonl

Piriqueta

TURNEEACEiE

231

Liguanea plain, 800-1000 ft., Hams 1 Fl. Jam. 6230, 7961, 8273, 8940,
10,831. — West Indies, tropical continental America.

Annual, 1-2 ft. high, variable, usually with reddish stellate and simple
hairs. Leaves 3-8 cm, 1., oblong to linear-lanceolate, -without glandSj^

Fig. 92. — Piriqiieta cistoides Meyer.

A, Portion of branch with flowers and C, Ditto showing ovary cut lengthwise

fruit X ?. X 8.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 4. D, Seed cut lengthwise, with aril, X 10.

remotely serrate or serrate-repand. Calyx 4-9 mm. 1. ; tube half or nearly
half as long. Petals 6-9 mm. 1., usually more or less overtopping the
calyx, yellow. Styles divided to about the middle. Capsule smooth,
4-7 mm. 1. Seeds 1-4-1 -8 mm. 1., obovoid, reticulate-striate.

Family LXXVIII. PASSIFLORACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, erect or climbing by tendrils, or rarely trees.
Leaves alternate, simple, entire, or lobed, very rarely compound ;
petiole usually glandular. Stipules 2, thread-like, or large, ovate.
Peduncles usually jointed. Bract and bracteoles 3, small, distant
from flower, or large, foliaceous, close to the flower, forming an
" involucre." Tendrils axillary, unbranched. Flowers axillary,
hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, regular, solitary, cymose-
racemose or -paniculate. Calyx-tube (receptacle) somewhat flat,

232 FLORA OF JAMAICA Passiftora

saucer-like, or bell-shaped, giving rise in the centre to a gonophore.*
Sepals 5, rising from the throat of the receptacle, overlapping,
with often a small " horn " on the back near the apex, usually
coloured on the inside. Petals either wanting or as many as the
sepals and alternate with them, rising from the throat of the
receptacle, free, overlapping, withering while still attached.
Corona rising from the throat or walls of the receptacle, of one
or several series, cut into radiating or erect filaments or mem-
branous, rarely wanting. Stamer s in West Indian species 5 (8).
Ovary superior, free, stalked, 1 -celled. Style simple with 3 or 4
branches or usually 3 (5) styles. Ovules pendulous, usually
indefinite, attached to 3 or 5 placentas on the ovary-walls. Fruit
more or less berry -like, or sometimes capsular opening by 3 valves
at apex. Seeds numerous, usually ovoid, compressed, covered
with a fleshy aril or pulp ; endosperm fleshy. Embryo rather
large ; cotyledons often foliaceous ; radicle straight.

Species about 340, all tropical or subtropical, the greatest
number in S. America.

PASSIFLORA L.

Flowers bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or saucer-like. Calyx-
tube (receptacle) generally shorter than the rest of the flower.
Corona of one or usually of several series, the highest of one or
more series at the throat of the receptacle of coloured filaments
or meml)ranous ; the median usually of one series, protecting the
nectary at the base of the gonophote, generally membranous,
bent inwards or more or less erect ; the basilar of 1 or 2 series,
usually ring-like ; (see Fig. 93, b). Style one, very short, or, more
often, styles 3, distinct from the base. Fruit a berry, ellipsoidal
or globose, dry or pulpy, sometimes opening by valves at apex.
Seeds with hard pitted coat.

Species over 300, most of them American, a few Asiatic
and Australian.

Involucre of 3 large segments (bract and bracteoles)
below the flower.
Segments leafy. Petioles glandular.
Segments not united.

Lsaves deeply 3-lobed, serrate P. edulis.

Leaves entire.

Petioles with 2 or 3 pairs of glands P. quadrangularis.

Petioles with 1 pair of glands P. laurifolia.

Segments united above the base, and longer

than flower. Leaves entire 1. P. maliformis.

* An elong:ation of the axis above the petals from which spring both
stamens and pistil.

Passiflora PASSIFLORACEiE 233

Segments pinnately cut into glandular filaments.
Leaves 3-lobed, minutely toothed, often
entire ; petioles without glands.

Plant villose or velyety 2. P. fcetida.

Plant glabrous 3. P. ciliata.

Involucre wanting. Bract and bracteoles small or

wanting, usually at the joint of the peduncle.

Petioles with 2 glands. Petals wanting. Leaves

without glands.

Calyx yellowish-green. Leaves entire or more

or less 3-lobed, median lobe longest;

petiolar glands sessile 4. P. suberosa.

Calyx scarlet. Petiolar glands stalked.
Leaves entire or with indistinct basal lobes 5. P. lancifolia.
Leaves 3-lobed with basal lobes half as long

as median lobe 6. P.regalis.

Petioles without glands. Petals present.
Receptacle (calyx-tube) somewhat flat. Flowers
greenish-white.
Peduncles, each with one flower.
Leaves without glands beneath, cordate,

with 2 triangular lobes 1. P. rubra.

Leaves with glands beneath, with 3 small

erect lobes, or apex subtruncate 8, P. penduliflora.

Peduncles, each with 3, or more, smaller
flowers. Leaves 3-lobed.

Leaves without glands beneath 9, P. sexflora.

Leaves with glands beneath 10. P. trifiora.

Receptacle cup-shaped. Flowers reddish.
Leaves with glands.
Corona at the throat filamentose.
Leaves broader than long.

Leaves: base cordate, lateral lobes
spreading horizontally, usually clasp-
ing the stem with their rounded

auricles 11, P. perfoliata.

Leaves : base broadly rounded or cordate,

slightly 3-lobed or subtruncate 12. P. tacsonioides.

Leaves longer than broad, base obtuse or
rounded, with 2 or 3 short erect lobes,
sometimes 2-lobed, with the lobes

long, lanceolate 13. P. oblongata.

Corona at the throat tubular 14. P. Murucuja.

*P. edulis Sims Bat. Mag. t. 1989 (1818); shrubby; leaves
deeply 3-lobed, lobes oblong to elliptical, acuminate, serrate,
upper surface glabrous, shining ; petioles with 2 sessile glands
below the apex ; stipules linear-awl -shaped ; peduncles longer than
the petioles; segments of involucre leafy, not united, ovate, serrate,
usually glandular; receptacle (calyx-tube) bell-shaped, slightly

* This and the following two species are probably not truly native.

234

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Passiflora

fleshy ; berry edible, ellipsoidal, purplish. — Sabine Trans. Hort.
Soc. Lond. Hi. 99, /. 3; Jacq. Eclog. ii. 5, /. 124 (P. rigidula) ;
Mast, in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 609 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 253. P. incar-
Jiata /3 Bot. Beg. t. 152.

Fig. 93.— Pansi/lora edidit Sims.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and C, Seed X 3.

flowers X 3. D, Ditto cut lengthwise X 8.

B, Flower cut lengthwise, nat. size.

Mountain Sweet Cup.

J.P. 1031, Hart\ Newhaven Gap, 5G00 It., Fawcettl also Harrisl Fl,
Jam. 11,953; Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock; Morse's Gap, O. E. NichoUl —
Cultivated or spontaneous in many warm parts of the world, supposed to
be a native of Brazil.

A high climber. Leaves 6-16 cm. 1. Flowers 4-6 cm. or more in diam.
Sepals green outside, white inside, with a " horn" near the apex. Petals
white, smaller than the sepals. Corona: at the throat of the receptacle,
of several series, thread-like, the outermost threads flattened, spreading,
shorter than or as long as the petals, whitish, purple at base, — inside
these threads there are very short threads ; the median corona rising from
the middle of the receptacle is membranous, divided above into short
threads ; basilar corona membranous. Fruit about the size of a hen's
egg ; the pulp is scanty.

Passiflora PASSIFLORACE^ . 235

P. quadrangularls L. Si/st. ed. 10, 1248 (1759) & Amoen.
V. 382 ; branches 4-angled, the angles more or less winged ; leaves
entire, 1 -nerved from base, ovate to suborbicular, apex abruptly
acuminate, base cordate, subcordate or sometimes rounded ;
petioles with 6 glands ; stipules ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; seg-
ments of involucre leafy, not united, much shorter than the calyx,
each broadly ovate, entire or serrulate ; fruit edible, ellipsoidal,
yellowish-green, pericarp fleshy, thick. — Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer.
231, t. 143 & ed. pict. t. 218 ; Cav. Diss. x. 453, t. 283 ; Sw. Obs.
332 ; Sowerhy Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 21, ^. 3 f. a. ; Tussac Fl.- Ant.
iv. 29, tt. 10, 11 ; Wright Mem. 283 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 158; Griseb.
op. cit. 293 ; Mast. torn. cit. 595 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 428 & viii.
455 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 253. P. foliis amplioribus &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 327.- P. hexangularis Wright in Land. Med. Journ.
viii. pt. 3 (1787) & Mem. 228. P. macrocarpa Mast. torn. cit. 597.
Granadilla Bev. J. Lindsay Ic. (& Ms. ined. Specimen in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus. Specimen from Jacquin in Herb.
Mus. Brit.

Granadilla.

Cultivated in Jamaica and iu all tropical regions, said to be indigenous
in Nicaragua.

Leaves 1-2 dm. 1., 7-16 cm. br. ; stipules 2-4 cm. 1. Peduncles S-angled,
shorter than the petiole. Flowers 8-10 cm. in diam. Sepals usually with
the "horn" at the apex not or only slightly developed. Corona: at the
throat, of several series, the outer two thread-like, about as long as the
petals, the inner of 3-4 series of short tubercules ; above the middle, of
1 or 2 series rising from the receptacle below the throat, membranous at
the base, divided at the apex into short horizontal threads ; median, grow-
ing horizontally from the receptacle, denticulate along the margin ; the
basilar near the bottom of the receptacle, ring-like. Fruit varying in size
up to 2 dm. 1., 1*5 dm. br.

This species is a vigorous climber, and is best grown on an arbour ; the
foliage is dense and the flowers large and ornamental ; it is easily propa-
gated by slips. It forms a tuber of large size which can be eaten like a
yam. The taste of the fruit of this and other edible species is sweet and
subacid, relished particularly by the sick in fevers. The thick rind of
unripe granadilla is often made into pickles or preserved with sugar as
sweetmeats.

P. laurifolia L. Sp. PI. 956 (1753) & Amoen. v. 382 ; branches
grooved-striate ; leaves entire, glabrous, 1-nerved, elliptical, apex
with a short acute point, base rounded ; petioles with 2 glands
near the apex ; stipules linear; peduncles solitary, longer than
the petiole ; segments of involucre leafy, not united, each
elliptical to roundish, margin usually glandular-toothed ; fruit
narrowly ellipsoidal, with a soft shell of an orange-yellow colour. —
Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. ed. pict. 112, t. 219, the same drawing also
in Hart. Vindob. ii. i. 162; Wright Mem. 228; Cav. Diss. x. 454,
/. 284; Sw. Obs. 333; Bot. Beg. t. 13; Macf. Jam. ii. 157;
Griseb. op. cit. 293 ; Mast. tom. cit. 603 ; JJrb. Symb. Ant. iv. 428
k viii. 456 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 252. P. foliis ovatis &c. Browne

236 FLORA OF JAMAICA Passifiora

Hist. Jam. 327. P. arborea «fec. PM: t. 211, /. 3. Clematitis
indica fructu citriformi &c. Plum. Descr, 64, /. 80 & le. orig. ined.
IP. 229. Specimens from Jacquin and Plukenet in Herb. Mus.
Brit.

Pom me d'Or, Golden Apple, Water Lemon.

Indigenous and cultivated in West Indies, Guiana, Brazil.

Leaves 6-14 cm. 1. ; stipules 6-9 mm. 1. Flcnvers 6-10 cm. in
diam., pink or white, with red blotches and crown violet with white
streaks. Sepals horned below the apex. Petals shorter and narrower
than the sepals. Corona : at the throat, of thread-like divisions in many
series, the outer shorter than the petals, strap-shaped, serrulate at apex ;
the filaments that come next are as long as the petals, like the outer but
entire at the apex ; then follow very numerous short tooth-like filaments ;
the median membranous, turned inwards. Fruit to -7 or 8 cm. 1., the size
of a large hen's egg.

1. P. maliformis L. Sp. PI. 956 (1753) & Am(en. v. 382;
branches terete ; leaves entire, 3-nerve(i from base or from just
above base, sometimes 3-lobed, glabrous, ovate- or oblong-
elliptical, apex acute, sometimes shortly awned, base rounded to
subcordate ; petioles with 2 (4 or 6) glands ; stipules narrowly
lanceolate ; segments of involucre entire, united above the base,
ovate, half as long again or twice as long as the flower ; receptacle
short, bfU-shaped ; fruit globose, yellowish-green, with a hard
BheW.— Wright Mem. 2:i8 ; Bot. Beg. t. 94; Mac/. Jam. ii. 156;
Griseb. op. cit. 293 ; Mast. tovi. cit. 594 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 427
& via. 455 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 253. P. foliis cordatis &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 328. Clematitis indica latifolia «fec. Plum. Descr. 67,
t. 82.

Sweet Cup, Water Lemon.

Wright \ Broughtonl Waters I Moneague, Pnorl Hope Gardens; near
Balaclava, 1200 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 9430. — Indigenous or cultivated in
West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil.

Leaves 10-16 cm. 1., 5-8 cm. br. ; stipules shorter than the petiole.
Peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers 5-6 cm. in diam. Sepals
subkeeled on back, with a bristle-like " horn " near apex, greenish with
red spots. Petals shorter and narrower than sepals, greenish-white with
red spots. Corona : at the throat, of two series, filamentose, the threads
thick, fleshy, reddish-violet ribbed with white, the outer threads shorter
and reflexed, the inner about as long as the sepals, erect ; then come
very numerous and very short tubercle-like threads in the tube. Fruit
size of a small apple.

P. ligularis Juss. in Ann. Mus. Par. vi. 113, t. 40 (1805) is a native of
tropical America and is cultivated in Jamaica under the name " Grana-
ditta." It differs from P. maliformis L. in the stalks of the leaves having
six long strap-shaped glands, the leaves being broader and deeply cordate,
and the stipules broad and large (2-5-3 cm. 1.) ; the fruit is about the size
of an orange and contains an agreeable pulp. (Bot. Mag. t. 2967 ; Harris
in Bull. Dept. Agric. Jam. n.s. ii. 166.)

2. P. fcBtida L. Sp. PI. 959 (1753); villose; leaves generally
more or less 3-lobed and cordate, rarely lanceolate with very

Paasiflora PASSIFLORACEiE 237

small lateral lobes near base, lobes minutely toothed or more or
less entire, ciliate with hairs and glands ; petioles without glands ;
stipules deeply cut, divisions thread-like with gland at apex ;
segments of involucre 3-pinnatisect, divisions long thread-like,
ultimate ending in a gland ; receptacle flattish ; berry yellow. —
Cav. Diss. X. 458, t. 289 ; Descourt, Fl. Ant. v. 269, t. 375 ; Mac/.
Jam. ii. 159; Griseh. op. cit. 294; Mast. torn. cit. 582; Small
Fl. S.E. U.S.' 809 ; Urh. Sijmh. Ant. iv. 425 & viii. 452 ; Britt. &
Milhp. Bah. Fl. 287. P. vesicaria &c. Pluh. Phyt. t. 104, /. 1 ;
Broicne Hist. Jam. 327. P. vesicaria L. Amoin. v. 382 (1760).
P. ciliata Jacq. Eclog. t. 122 (1844) (non Ait.)1 Flos passionis
folio ... foetido Sloane Cat. 104 & Hist. i. 229. Specimen in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Love in a mist.

Houstoun\ Broughtonl MacfadyenX Kingston, Purdie\ Lane\ Priori
March ! near Annotto Bay, 100 ft., Thompson I Bethlehem, St. Elizabeth,
T. J. Harris I Mt. Diablo ; Savoy, Clarendon ; Harris ! Green Valley, Blue
Mts., Bot. Dept. 1 Fl. Jam. 7924, 8283, 8520, 12,324 ; Bog Walk ; Porus ;
Hitchcock; near Bulstrodo, Mrs. E. Q. Britten, 2879! — Bahamas, West
Indies, tropics and subtropics of continental America, tropical Africa,
S.E. Asia.

Annual or rarely perennial. Leaves 8-12 cm. 1. Segments of
involucre a little longer than the sepals. Flotvers white with the corona
rosy. Sepals 2*5 cm. l.,or shorter, greenish outside, oblong. Petals of the
same form and size as the sepals. Corona : at the throat, filamentose in
several series, the outer threads slender, white, a little thorier than the
petals, the inner much shorter, curved ; the median ring-like. Frziit the
size of a walnut.

This species has been used in agriculture as a cover crop {Agric.
News xvii. 92, 1918). The plant has a disagreeable smell, but the ripe
fruit has a pleasant smell and an agreeable sweet-acid pulp.

Var. gossypifolia ; stem, petioles and leaves velvety and soft
to the touch ; involucre generally shorter than the flowers. —
P. gossypifolia Desv. in Ham. Prodr. Fl. Iiid. Occ. 48 (1825) ; Bot.
Beg. t. 1634 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2G19 {P. fvetida L.). Ciematitis indica
hirsuta foetida Plum. Descr. 71, ^ 86 & Ic. orig. ined. iv. t. 232.

Sloane Herb. iv. 79 ! Waters ! Kings House Grounds, J.P. 1290, Hart !—
Cuba, tropical and subtropical continental America.

a! P. eiliata Ait. Hort. Kcw. Hi. 310 (1789); like P. fcetida
but differing in the following characters : glabrous ; leaves,
middle lobe long and narrow, margin more or less denticulate
and glandular-uiliate ; segments of involucre 2-pinnatisect ; flowers
light purplish ; fruit bright red. — Bot. Mag. t. 288 ; Griseh. lac.
cit. (excl. hab. Bahamas) ; Britt. in Torr. Bot. CI. Bull xxxv. 343.
P. fcetida var. ciliata Mast. tom. cit. 583. Type from. Hort. Kew.
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wright 1 Black River savanna, Purdie ! Meylersfield, Harris ! Fl. Jam.
11,816 ; Bulstrode, Westmoreland, Mrs. E. G. Britton.

238 FLORA OF JAMAICA Passiflora

4. P. subeposa L. Sp. PL 958 (1753) & Amcen. v. 382;
annual or perennial ; older cortex usually corky, whitish ; leaves
varying very much in form and size even on the same plant,
usually more or less 3-lobed with the median lobe the longest,
sometimes entire, glabrous to hirsute, without glands beneath,
sometimes subpeltate ; petiole with 2 glands ; peduncles solitary
or twin, equalling the petioles ; receptacle saucer-shaped ; calyx
greenish-yellow ; petals wanting ; fruit ovoid or subglobose, blue
or purple. — Jacq. Hort. Vindoh. 77, t. 163 ; Cav. Diss. x. 442,
I. 265 ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 152 ; Griseh. op. cit. 290 ; Mast. torn. cit. 578 ;
Urh. Symh. Ant. tv. 424 <fc viii. 451; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 809;
Briit. Fl. Berm. 251. P. lutea L. Sp. PI. 958 (1753) (only as
regards syn. Sloan. <k hab. Jamaica). P. pallida L. Sp. PL 955
(1753); Descourt. FL Ant. vii. 33, t. 460; Bot. Beg. t. 660;
Griseh. op. cit. 291 ; BritL d Millsp. Bah. FL 288. P. suberosa
V. pallida Mast torn, cit 579. P. hirsuta L. Sp. PL 958 (1753) ;
Griseh. loc. cit. P. suberosa v. hirsuta Mast. loc. cit. P. villosa
Mac/. Jam. ii. 150 (1850); Griseh. loc. cit. P. parviflora Sw.
Prodr. 97 (1788). P. minima L. Sp. PL 959 (1753); Jacq. op.
cit. t. 20; Sw. Ohs. 338; Griseh. op. cit 290. L. suberosa v.
minima Mast. loc. cit. P. angustifolia Sw. Prodr. 97 (1788) &
FL lad. Occ. 1133; BoL Beg. L 188; BoL Mag. L 1983; Griseh.
op. cit. 291. P. suberosa v. angustifolia Mad. loc. cit. P. foliia
nitidis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 328. P. longifolia Lam. Encyc. Hi.
40 (1789) ; Cav. Diss. x. 446, t 270. P. heterophylla Jacq. HorL
Schoenhr. 28, t. ISl (1797) (non Lam.). P. hederacea Cav. Diss. x.
448 (1790) ; Griseh. loc. cit. P. suberosa v. hederacea Mast. loc. cit.
P. lineariloba Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 222 (1847);
Griseh. loc. cit. P. peltata Cav. Diss. x. 447, L 274 (1790);
Mac/. Jam. ii. 152. Clematitis . . . hederaceo &c. Plum. Descr. 70,
/. 84 & Ic. orig. ined. iv. 231 (in Herb. Mus. Brit.). C...
angusto &c. Plum. Descr. 70, /. 85. C . . . niinimo &c. Plum.

Desor. 73, /. 88. C pallido &c. Plum. Descr. 74, t. 89. Flos

passionis minor folio ... prof undius &c. Sloane Cat. 104 <fe
Hist. i. 230. Flos passionis minor folio ... minus &c. Sloane
Cat. 104 & Hist. i. 231. Specimens in Herb. Linn, named
respectively P. suherosa & P. minima by Linnaeus, also one from
Browne named P. polymorpha in hand of an amanuensis.

Sloane Herb. iv. 83, 84! Wright I Swartz ; Bancroft; Macfadyenl
Distinl McNabl Yallahs valley; Brockenhurst ; Purdiel Lane; Wull-
schlaegel ; Ocho Rios ; Moneague ; Prior 1 March ; Liguanea plain, Campbell 1
Lime Gay, Fawcetl 1 Port Antonio ; Porus ; Lucea ; Hitchcock ; Bethlehem,
St. Elizabeth, T. J. Harris I Port Royal Mts. and Blue Mts. 2000-3800 ft. ;
Inverness, Clarendon, 300 ft. ; Hope Gardens ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6920,
6282, 6649, 6377, 12,747.— Bermuda, Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West
Indies, tropical continental America.

Flowers 1-5-3 cm. in diam. Corona at throat, of several filamentose
series, the outermost threads spreading, half as long as the sepals, then

Passifiora PASSIFLORACE^ 239

shorter threads, the innermost being hair-like ; the median membranous,
plicate, fringed at apex. Berry '6-2 cm. 1.

P. coriacea Juss. has been reported both by Grisebach and Masters as
collected in Jamaica by Purdie. His ticket states that he found it in
" woods above Maencha, May, 1844." But Purdie left Jamaica in
April, 1844, and arrived in Santa Marca on 4th May, so that the habitat is
in Colombia. Masters made the same mistake with reference to a specimen
of P. bifiora Lam. (P. lunata Sm.) collected by Purdie in the same place.
Neither of these species has been found in Jamaica.

Macfadyen (ii. 152) cites P. lutea as a doubtful native of Jamaica; it is
a N. American species, not known in Jamaica.

5. P. laneifolia Besv. in Ham. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. 48 (1825) ;
pubescent ; stem angled ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or with
basal lobes short or just indicated, apex acute, mucronulate,
pubescent beneath or glabrescent, papery or somewhat leathery;
petioles pubescent, with 2 stalked glands about 1 mm. from leaf ;
stipules linear-awl-shaped, 7-lU mm. 1. ; peduncles generally
twin, slender, much longer than the petiole ; flowers scarlet ;
sepals lanceolate-linear ; petals svanting ; filaments long, flattened-
linear ; berry globose, black. — Mast. turn. cit. 558.

Liguanea plain, Broughtonl Macfadyenl Purdiel St. David, Wilsonl
between Newcastle and Greenwich, J.P. 1440, Hart ! Silver Hill, 350J ft.,
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6536.

Leaves 5-7-5 cm. 1., 2-5 cm. br. at base; petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Peduncles
2-5 cm. 1. Corona: below the throat, in thread-like divisions much
shorter than the sepals, decurrent; median membranous, fringed above,
bent inwards, decurrent in whitish raised, lines to near the base of the
receptacle. Berry about 1 cm. in diam.

6. P. regalis Macf. Jam. ii. 151 (1850); pubescent; stem
angled ; leaves 3-lobed, median lobe elliptical-oblong, lateral
lobes elliptical, half as long as median, apex rounded or retuse,
very shortly mucronulate, pubescent beneath, glabrescent on
upper surface, papery ; petioles more or le.ss pubescent, with 2
shortly stalked glands at a distance of 2-3*5 mm. from leaf;
stipules linear-awl-shaped, about 5 mm. 1. ; peduncles generally
twin, slender, much longer than the petiole ; flowers scarlet ;
calyx-tube (receptacle) wider at base ; sepals linear ; petals
wanting; filaments long, flattened-linear ; berry not known. —
Griseb. op. cit. 292.

Between Lucky Valley and Drummond Castle, Port Royal Mts.,
Macfadyen 1

Leaves 3-3-5 cm. 1.; petiole 5-12 mm. 1. Peduncles to 2 cm. 1.
Corona : at the throat, of thread-like divisions very much shorter than
calyx ; median very short, near the base of the tube, membranous, fringed ;
basal a narrow ridge.

7. P. rubra L. Sp. PI. 956 (1753) ; pubescent; leaves cordate
or subcordate, 2-lobed, sometimes with a third small lobe at apex,
lobes triangular, spreading upwards with a broad bay between,

240 FLOEA OF JAMAICA Passiflora

without glands, membranous ; petioles without glands ; stipules
bristle-like, minute ; peduncles solitary or twin, each with one
greenish-white flower ; receptacle saucer-shaped ; petals about
half as long as sepals ; fruit ellipsoidal, reddish, hispid. — Jacq.
Ic. Bar. {. t. 186 ; Cav. Diss. x. 445, t. 268 ; Sw. Ohs. 336 ; Bot.
Beg. t. 95 ; Griseb. op. cit. 292 ; Most. torn. cit. 589 ; TJrh. Symh.
Ant. iv. 426 & viii. 453 ; Britt. d: Millsp. Bah. Fl. 288. P. foliis
tenuioribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 328. P. erubescens Macf.
Jam. a. 154 (1850). Clematitis indica flore clavato &c. Plum.
Descr. 68, t. 83 «fe Ic. orig. ined. t. 230. Flos passionis folii media
&c. Shane Cat. 104 & Hist. i. 229. Specimen from Browne in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus and identified with Br. Hist. 328^
no. 12. Specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Bull Hoof, Dutchman's Laudanum.

Rio Cobre ; St. Jago do la Vega ; Sloane Herb. iv. 80, 81 1 Browne f
Broughtonl Bancroft \ Dlstinl St. Mary, Piirdiel Moneague, Priori
March ! near Gordon Town, Ball ! Liguanea plain, J.P. 1072, Hart I near
Castleton, 400 ft., Thompson ! Bog Walk ; Blue Mts. ; Port Antonio ;
Lucea ; Porus ; Hitchcock ; Mount Diablo, Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7981. —
Bahamas, West Indies, tropical continental America.

Leaves 2-10 cm. 1. along the midrib, 4-10 cm. br. between the apex of
the lobes, 3-nerved. Flowers 3-4 cm. in diam. Calyx about 2 cm. 1.
Corona ; at the throat, cut nearly to the base into reddish strap-like
divisions, as long as the petals ; within this is a very short series, mem-
branous at the base, more or less filamentose above. Berry about 2*5 cm. 1.,
marked with 6 longitudinal lines, resembling in size and appearance the
common red English gooseberry (Macfadyen).

P. capsularis L. appears to be similar, but the fruit has an acuminate
apex as figured in Plum. Amer. (Burm.) t. 138, f. 2.

8. P. penduliflora Bcrtero ex DC. Prodr. Hi. 326 (1828);
glabrous ; stem angled ; leaves somewhat leathery ; irregularly
semi-elliptical, broader at the apex ; shallowly 3-lobed at apex
only, glands in two rows beneath, two large ones at base, base
obtuse or rounded ; petioles without glands, • 5-2 cm. 1. ; peduncles
longer than the leaf, pendulous, solitary or twin, each with one
greenish- yellow bell-shaped flower ; calyx-tube longitudinally
lobed ; gonophore longer than petals ; fruit purple, globular-
ellipsoidal. — Macf. Jam. ii. 155; Bot. Mag. t. 4565; Griseb. op.
cit. 294 ; Mast. torn. cit. 554. P. lutea L. Amocn. v. 382 (non
Sp. PI. 958). P. rotundifolia L. Herb. ; Sw. Ohs. 337 (non L. Sp.
PL 957). P. foliis trinerviis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 328. Speci-
men in Herb. Linn, from Browne named in Solander's hand
P. rotundifolia.

Browne ! Wright ! Macfadyen ! Distin 1 St. Mary, McNab I also Purdie \
Wilson ! Phoenix Park, Moneague, Prior ! J.P. 956, 1262, Morris ! near
Troy, 2000 ft.; Peters Vale, Westmoreland, 700 ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam.
9414, 9941.

Leaves 2'5-6*5 cm. 1. along midrib, 2-7 cm. br. at the apex of the lobes.
Peduncles 7-14 cm. 1. Flowers 2-3*5 cm, 1. Corona : at the throat, of one

Passiflora PASSIFLORACEiE 241

series filamentose, the threads broader at apex, half as long as the petals,
of a deep orange colour, median wanting. Berry 2-2*5 cm. 1.

A favourite withe for tying fences.

P. rotundifolia L. SiJ. PI- 957 and P. Swartzii Mast. torn. cit. 556 are
allied species. P. rotundifolia has leaves pubescent beneath, and peduncles
short and not pendulous. It is a native of Guadeloupe and islands further
south and of northern S. America. P. Swartzii differs in the leaves being
broader than long, glabrous, mostly 2-lobed, the peduncles much shortex
and not pendulous, the calyx-tube subglobose, sepals and petals white,
narrower. It is a native of Dominica.

9. P. sexflora Jim. in Ann. Mus. Par. vi. 1 10, f. 37,/. 1 (1805) ;
pulierulous and soft to the touch ; leaves subcordate, 3-nerved,
3-2-lobed, lateral lobes triangular, spreading, the middle smaller
or very much reduced, without glands ; petiole without glands ;
peduncles twin, each with 3 or more flowers ; receptacle saucer-
shaped ; berry globose, densely puberulous, purple. — Mac/. Jam.
li. 148 ; Griseb. op. cit. 292 ; Mast. torn. cit. 548. P. triflora Macf.
Jam. ii. 149 (1850). P. foliis trilobis medio &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 328 ?

Macfadyen ! St, Mary, Purdie ! Wullschlaegel ; Moneague, Prior I
Cinchona, 5000 ft., J.P. 6G9, 1171 ; Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 969 ;
Hart ! Cinchona, Fawcett ! Blue Mts., Hitchcock ; Moneague, Lady Blake !
Whitfield Hall, 3000 ft., Harris I PI. Jam. 7707.

Leaves variable in size and form, measuring 2-8 cm. along the midrib,
and 5-14 cm. from tip to tip of lateral lobes. Flowers l'5-2 cm. in dia,m.
Corona : at the throat, outer filaments variegated-purple, as long as the
petals, the inner much shorter, erect, the median cup-shaped, with the
margin bent inwards. Berry 6-8 mm. in diam.

10. P. triflora Macf. Jam. ii. 149 (1850); stem pubescent,
compressed ; leaves glabrescent, 3-lobed, lateral lobes acute,
diverging, median lobe indistinct, base subcordate, with glands
beneath ; petioles without glands ; peduncles twin, each with
3 flowers ; sepals longer than the white petals ; corona in 3 series ;
outer threads purple tipped with white. — Griseb. op. cit. 293.

" Between Bath and Maroon Town, Portland," Macfadyen.

Leaves 7-8 cm. 1. along the midrib, about 14 cm. br. Bracteoles small,
awl-shaped, sometimes 3-clefD. Sepals greenish. Petals like the sepals,
but shorter and narrower.

We have not seen any specimen of this species.

11. P. pspfoliata X. Sp. PI. 956 (1753); leaves somewhat
leathery, 2-lobed with a much reduced lobe at apex (sometimes .
wanting), cordate at base with the rounded auricles clasping the
stem, lateral lobes diverging, oblong, glabrous, glandular beneath ;
petiole very short without glands ; peduncle solitary, shorter
than transverse diameter of leaf ; bracteoles thread-like ; flowers
tubular-campanulate, crimson to reddish-purple ; sepals linear,
acuminate ; petals longer and broader than sepals, oblong- lanceo-
late ; berry globose, fleshy, bluish. — Sw. Obs. 334 ; Bot. Beg. t.

V. R

242 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Passi[ffora

78; Mac/. Jam. ii. 153; Griseh. op. cit. 295; Mast. torn. cit. 557.
P. foliis trilobis, cruribus oblongis obtusis interraedio fere obsoleto
et setula terminato Brotcne Hist. Jam. 328. P. divaricata
L. Mant. 491 (1771). Flos passionis perfoliatus &c. Shane Cat.
104 <fe Hist. i. 230, /. 142, /. 3, 4. Specimen from l^rowne in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnjeus, and identified with ]>i'.
Hist. 328, no. 10.

iSioanc Herb. iv. 82 ! Houstoim\ Browne \ Wriglttl Broughtonl Massonl
Waters \ Macfaclyenl uear Cocoa Walk, St. David ; near Carlton, St. Mary ;
McNabl Port Royal Mts., Purdiel Blue Mts. ; Ligiianea hills; Hojio
Estate; Priori near Gordon Town, Balll Lignanoa plaiu, J.P. 1311:
Mavis Bank, J.P. 2128; Hartl Mavis Bank, Faircettl Hock Fort, Ca7)t2>-
belll Windward road, near Kingston; between Malvern and Mountain
Side, 1200 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6291, 9516, 9918 ; Halberstadt, Norman !

Leaves : lobe's to 6 cm. 1., to 3"6 cm. br., H-nerved. Floivers 3-4 cm. 1.
Corona : at the throat, of strap-shaped fleshy threads bending inwards, the
inner membranous, divided at apex. Berry 1-5-2 cm. in diam.

Var. normalis var. nov. ; leaves with oblong to linear-oblonj>
lobes, to 8 '5 cm. 1., 1 cm. br., base cordate to I'etuse or rounded,
auricles not overlapping each other. — P. foliis trilobis cruribus
angustis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 328. P. normalis L. Si/st. cd. 10,
1248 (1759); Macf. Jam. ii. 149; Urh. Si/mh. Ant. vi. 109.
P. perfoliata Jacq. Hort. Schoenhr. ii. 28, /. 182 (non L.). Speci-
men (type) from Browne named by Linna-us, and identified with
Br. Hist. 328, no. 11.

Houstoun (Herl). Sloane iv. 84*) I Broivtic ! Wright !

12. P. taesonioides Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Lul. 295 (1860) :
glabrous ; stem, bark, and flower-structure of P. ohlonrjata ;
leaves broader than long, subtruncate or slightly 3-lobed,
3-mucronulate, base broadly rounded or truncate, with glands
beneath ; petioles 1 • 6-1 • 2 cm. 1., without glands ; peduncles jointed
about the middle, twin or solitary, twice as long as the petiole.

Huntley, Manchester, Wullschlaegel.

Leaves 4-2-5 cm. 1. along the midrib, 5-7 '5 cm. br. Fediindes 2 "5-3
cm. 1. Sepals 2 "5-3 cm. 1. Petals 1"6 cm. 1.
We have seen no specimens.

13. P. Oblongata Sw. Prodr. 97 (1788) & Fl. Ltd. Occ. 1135 ;
glabrous ; stem shrubby, cortex of older stems corky with longi-
tudinal furrows; leaves 3-nerved, longer than broad, oblong to
elliptical, with 2 or 3 short erect lobes at apex, lobes acute,
mucronulate, base rounded or obtuse, with glands beneath,
leathery, lateral lobes sometimes long and acuminate (P. hjrsefolia
Tussac), the leaves on the flowering branches much reduced in
size; petioles 2 cm. 1. and more, without glands; stipules rigid,
linear-awl-shaped ; flowering branch axillary, sometimes growing
from old wood, like a leafy raceme, with numerous flowers, some-

Paasiflora PASSIFLORACE.E 243

times crowded; peduncles 2 in eacli axil, 1* 7-2*1 cm. 1., jointed
below the middle ; flowers long, bell-shaped, crimson ; sepals
linear-oblong ; petals linear, smaller than the sepals ; fruit globose-
ellipsoidal. — Griseb. op. cit. 295 (inch var.) ; Mast. torn. cit. 557.
P. oblonga DO. Prodr. Hi. 326 ; Mac/. Jam. it. 156, P. lyrsefolia
Tussac Fl. Ant. i. 70, t. 4 (1808).

Wright \ Broughtonl Dancer] mts. St. George, Tussac; Bancroft I
McNab ; woods near Mandeville ; St. Ann ; Purdie 1 Moneague, Prior I
March; Jenmanl Cedar Valley, J.P. 1239, Morris I Portland, Faiuccttl
Lacovia, Tomlinsonl St. George, 2400 il., Harris I Fl. Jam. 5758; Bath>
Norman !

Leaves on stems 6-18 cm. 1., those on flowering branches 1*2-5 cm. L
Calyx-tube about 1 cm. 1. Sepals 2 '3-2 '4 cm. 1. Petals l*7-2cm. L
Corona: at the throat filamentose, threads 2-5 mm. 1.; median mem-
branous, bent downwards, 5-6 mm. 1. reaching to base of gonophore.
Qonophore about 2 cm. 1. in fl., about 3 cm. in fruit. Berry l"8-3 cm. 1.

14. P. Murueuja L. Sp. PI. 957 (1753) ; leaves membranous,
3(5)-nerved, 2-lobed, base obtuse or truncate, lobes oblong,
diverging, glabrous, glandular beneath ; petiole short, without
glands ; peduncles twin or solitary, 2 or 3 times as long as the
petiole ; bracteoles thread-like ; flowers crimson ; petals shorter
and narrower than the sepals ; receptacle divided at the base by
10 parallel partitions into as many cells; fruit ellipsoidal. — Cav.
Diss. X. 456, t. 287 ; Sw. Obs. 336; Bot. Beg. t. 574; Descourt.
Fl. Ant. i. 265, t. 62 ; Griseb. op. cit. 295 ; Mast. torn. cit. 557 ;
Vrb. Sijmb. Ant. viii. 454. Murucuia ocellata Pers. Si/n. ii. 222
(1806); Tussac FL Ant. ii. 24, t. 7; Mac/. Jam. ii. 160(excl.
syn. Browne). Clematitis Indica flore puniceo &c. Plum. Descr.
72, t 87. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus. Speci-
mens from Swartz collected in Hispaniola in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Tussac; Bancroft (fide Grisebach) ; rare, east end, Macfadyen. — Cuba
(fide Grisebach), Hispaniola.

Leaves variable in size, length of midrib 8-16 mm. 1., breadth between
apex of lobes 3-5 cm. Calyx-tube 4-6 mm. 1., lobes 2-5-3 cm. 1. Corona :
tubular, entire, nearly half as long as calyx. Qonophore exserted. Berrii
l-5-2-5cm. 1.

Flos passionis major pontaphyllus Sloanc Cat. 104 & Hist. i. 229 with
the specimen in Herb. SI. iv. 78, is not a species of Passiflora, but is
Cionosicys pomiformis Griseb. {Cucurhitacex).

Passiflora foliis quinquelobis profundo divisis, lobis oblongig Browne
Hist. Jam. 328 is identified by Browne with P. coiriilca L., and he speaks
of it as a " native of the cooler woods." P. ccvrulea is not a native and is
not cultivated, so far as we know, in Jamaica. Browne's plant is
probably also Cionosicys pomiformis.

Family LXXIX. CARICACE^ (PAPAYACE^).

Trees or shrubs, erect, trunk usually unbranched, thick,
spongy, with a terminal crown of leaves, with milky juice.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, subpeltately palmate or digitately

R 2

244 FLORA OF JAMAICA Carica

5-1 2-f oliolate. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence axillary. Flow6rs
white, yellow, or greenish, unisexual, or a few in the inflorescence
hermaphrodite. Perianth of male and female unlike. Male
flowers in a cymose-racetnose panicle : calyx very small, 5-lobed.
Corolla with a long slender tube and a flat limb ; lobes valvate
or twisted in bud. Stamens 10, inserted in the corolla-tube ;
anther-cells opening inwards, with the connective often produced
beyond the cells. Female flowers solitary, or crowded in a few-
flowered cymose panicle : calyx as in the male flower. Petals 5,
soon falling. Staminodes wanting. Ovary free, sessile, 1-celled,
or with false divisions 5-celled ; style wanting or short, with
3-5 stigmas, dilated or linear, simple or lobed ; ovules indefinite,
rarely few, attached to 5 placentas. Berry fleshy, furrowed or
angular, with indefinite seeds.

Species 40, native of tropical America,

CARICA L.

Leaves spreading, subpeltately palmate, sometimes digitately
7-9-foliolate, rarely oblong. Racemes often with long peduncles.
Corolla-lobes of male flower oblong or linear. Stamens 10,
inserted in the throat of the corolla, 5 alternating with the lobes
of the corolla with short filaments, 5 opposite the lobes, sessile ;
anthers adnate to the filament. Rudiment of the ovary awl-
shaped. Petals of the female flower linear-oblong. Style
wanting or very short ; stigmas 5, dilated or linear, simple or
lobed. Berry pulpy within, not opening.

Species 35, natives of tropical America.

1. C. Papaya L. Sp. PI. 1036 (1753) & Amoen. ?;. 383 ; Sw.
Ohs. 378 ; WrUjld Mem. 305 ; Bot. Beg. t. 459 ; Bot. Mag. U.
2898, 2899 ; Lunan Hort. Jam. ii. 36 ; Grisch. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
290; Solma-Lauhach in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 3, 188, t. 49; Koehler
Med. Pflanz. 33, 34, «. 1, 2 ; Watt Bid. Econ. Pr. Ind. ; Engl. &
Prantl Pflanzen/am. Hi. G a, 95-98, fig. 33-36; Urh. Symh. Ant.
iv. 428 & viii. 456; Agric. News xix. 246; Briit. Fl. Berm. 250;
Britt. & Milhp. Bah. Fl. 289. C. fronde &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
360. Papaya major flore et fructu minoribus ttc. Sloane Cat.
203 & Hist. ii. 166. P. major flore et fructu majoribus &,c.
Sloane Cat. 202 & Hist. ii. 164. Papaya Hughes, Barbados, 181,
tt. 14, 15 ; Trew PL Select, t. 7. P. sativa Tassac Fl. Ant. Hi. 45,
tt. 10, 11 (1824); Bescourt. Fl. Ant. i. 215, tt. 47, 48. Papaw
Hec. J. Lindsay Ic. d Ms. ined. ; A. Bohinson Ic. d: Ms. ined.
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linuteus. (Fig. 94.)

Papaw Tree.

Sloane Herb. vii. back of 88 ! Houstoun ! Distin ! Moneaguo, Prior ! —

Carica

CARICACEiE

245

Fig. 9i.—Carka Papaya L.

A, Female tree, much reduced.

B, Diagram of hermaphiodite flow-er; s,

sepal ; p, petal ; at, stamen ; o, ovary.

C, Male flower cut open, enlarged.

V, Hermaphrodite flower cut open, en-
larged.
E, Female flower, somewhat enlarged.

P, Young fruit cut open, showing seeds.
O, Seed cut lengthwise ; e, endosperm ;
enlarged.

(A, B, F after Fl. Bra«. ; C, D, E after
Koehler Med. Pflanz. ; G after Eugler
& Praiitl Pflanienfamilien.)

246 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Carica

Cultivated and subspontaneoiis in S. Florida, Bahamas, and West Indies.
Native country unknown, cultivated throughout the tropics.

Tree, 6-20 ft. high ; trunk hollow, soft, 4-24 inches in diam., marked
with the scars of the fallen leaves ; dioecious or polygamous. Leaves
l'5-3*5 dm. 1., deeply cut into 5-7 segments; segments usually more or
less lobed ; petiole very long. Inflorescence : male and polygamous pen-
dulous, with long peduncle, cymose-paniculate, i)anicle more or less ample ;
female very short, generally cj'mose-3-flowered. Flotcers : corolla twisted
in bud; male2-3"5cm. 1., elongate-tubulose, yellowish, odorous; female
4-5 cm. 1., with corolla cut almost to base. Ovary 1-celled ; stigma
5-rayed, each ray with several flattened lobes. Fruit shortly stalked,
pendulous, varying in colour when ripe, from green or yellow with or
without rod markings, to purple; form ovoid, roundish, pear-shaped, or
ellipsoidal; varj-ing in size from a few ounces to 25 pounds weight; fiesh
a shade of yellow, sometimes reddish ; cavity ample or small, with many
seeds, or few, or none. Seeds ellipsoidal, rough, angular, 6-7 ram. 1.,
enclosed in a membranous aril and in pulp.

The juice of the papaw fruit and leaves contains an enzyme (papain)
which has an energetic digestive action on proteins, and like pepsin curdles
inilk. Papain is a commercial product and is used medicinally. In the
tropics, in order to make meat tender, it is washed in water containing
some of the papaw juice, or it is wrapped in the leaves of the papaw for a
few hours. The fruit varies very greatly in size and quality, sometimes
it is large and sweet, sometimes coarse and hardly edible. The better
qualities arc wholesome and are eaten with sugar and lime juice, or
with pepper and salt. (See G. Watt's Commercial Products of India,
269, 270.)

2. C. jamaicensls Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 20. C. sylvestris
minor, lobis rninus divisis, caule spinis inermibus opposite
Browne Hist. Jam. 360. C. posoposa L. Amonn. v. 383 «k Sp.
PI. cd. 2, 1466 (1763) (only with reference to syn. Browne)
(non L. Sp. PI. 1036). C. prosoposa (sic) Lun. Hort. Jam. ii. 38
(1814)? Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 290? Papaya minor, flore
eb fructu minoribus, pecliculis curtis (fern.) et longis (masc.)
insidentibus Sloane Cat. 203 & Hist. ii. 166. Wild Papaw
A. Bohinson Ic.

Wild Papaw.

Sloane Herb. vii. 89! Schwallenburg, St. Ann; Glasgow, near Troy,
2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7020, 10,673.

Tree to 15 ft. high, but also said to flower and fruit when 4 or 5 ft.
high. Leaves of female plant to 6 dm. 1., with a deep bay at base, with
7 lobes palmately cut to two-thirds or more of their length, lobes shortly
acuminate, the lower 2 entire, the rest with 5-7 lobes pinnately cut to
three-fourths of their length; of male plant the leaves 1-2 "5 dm. 1., the
terminal lobe with 5 lobules not deeply cut, the rest entire, or with only
one or two short lobules. Male inflorescence like that of C. Papaya, also
the flowers though somewhat smaller. Female fruiting inflorescence :
peduncle to 5 mm. 1., bearing 1 to 6 fruits closely crowded ; pedicels
almost none or to 5 mm. 1. Fruit globulose or ovate-globose, apiculate
or shortly acuminate, on specimen 2-3 cm. 1., 2 cm. thick, 1-celled, filled
with the seeds; placentas (as in C. Papaya).

A. Robinson in Ic. ined. figures the female flower of " Wild Papaw "
about 4 cm. 1., the pistil about 3 cm. 1., stigmas with 3-5 small lobes;
fruit 5-7 cm. 1.

Mentnelia LOASAGE^E 247

■ Family LXXX. LOASACE^.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, erect or twining, branching in
a forked manner, generally with barbed hairs, barbs in whorls,
sometimes stinging. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire, lobed,
pinnately cut, or 2-3-pinnatifid. Stipules wanting. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite, solitary, or generally cymose ; peduncles
often opposite the leaves. Calyx : lobes 5 (4-7), slightly over-
Japping or generally open, persistent. Petals equal in number
to sepals. Staminodes none or present, alternating with the
petals. Stamens generally indefinite, inserted with the petals ;
tilauients free or often in clusters opposite the petals. Anthers
opening laterally or inwards. Ovary usually inferior, 1-celled.
Style entire or 2-3-cleft ; stigma a point, or capitate, or marked
with 3-5 stria'. Ovules one or more, attached at the apex of
the ovary or to placentas on the walls of the ovary, pendulous,
anatropous. Fruit usually a capsule, 1(2, 3)-celled, 3-7-valved
at the apex or longitudinally, valves alternating with the
placentas. Seeds 1 or more, varied in form and size ; endosperm
wanting or generally present, fleshy. Embryo straight or curved,
linear, oblong, or cylindrical ; cotyledons plano-convex, leafy or
hemispherical.

Species over 220, almost all natives of America, three in the
West Indies, one in south and east Africa and Arabia.

MENTZELIA L.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, rough with hairs (not stinging).
Leaves alternate or rarely opposite. Inflorescence terminal,
cymose. Flowers often large, golden-yellow or white. Calyx-
lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5, overlapping in bud. Stamens
indefinite, equal or the exterior petal oid-dilated. Ovary 1-celled ;
style thread-like, long, with more or less indistinct longitudinal
stigmatic striae ; ovules indefinite, inserted on 3-5 placentas on
the ovary-walls. Capsule top-shaped, club-shaped, or cylindrical,
w ith few or many seeds ; apex 3-7-valved. Seeds angular,
flattened, or winged, smooth or roughish ; endosperm not large,
or scanty, or wanting. Embryo straight ; cotyledons flat, oblong ;
radicle cylindrical.

Species about 60, natives of America, mainly tropical and
subtropical, especially in the west.

M. aspera L. Sp. PI. 516 (1753) & Amoen. v. 379 ; Mac/. Jam.
li 162; Griseh. Fl Br. W. Ind. 298; Urh. in Nov. Act. Leop.-
Curol. Akad. Nafurf. Jxxvi. 43, t. 2, /. 17-19, Symh. Ant. iv. 428

248

FLOIIA OF JAMAICA

Mentzelia

& viii. 457. M. setis tfec. Browne Hist. Jam. 249. M. folils ttc.
Plum. Gen. 41, t. 6. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn,
named in Solander's hand.

Among bushes in savannas about Kingston, Braivitc I WrigJU 1 hedges
round Kingston, Broughlon I dry thickets on southside, Macfadyen ;
Liguanea plain, McNab\ Kingston, Prior \ also Hitchcock. — Cuba, His-
paniola, Porto Rico, St. Lucia, Bonaire, Cura<,'ao, Aruba, warmer regions
of continental America.

An annual kerb, 1-4 ft. high. Stem erect, usually densely covered with
barbed hairs, barbs in whorls (Fig. 95, g) and with spine-like hairs (Fig. 95, h).

Fig. 95. — Mentzelia aspera L.

A) l^ortion of flowering branch, uat. size.
6, Diagram of flower of M. aurea Baill.

C, Flower cut lengthwise of M. hupida

Willd. , oat. size.

D, Fruit opening at ai)ex of if. Mgpida

XIJ.

E, Seed seen from the flat side X (>.

F, Ditto seen from the narrow side, cut

lengthwise, x 6.

G, Hair from stem and fruit, liighly

magnifled.
H, Hairs from stem, highly magnified.

(B after Eichler.)

Leaves, the lowest to 15 cm. 1., becoming gradually smaller upwards, alter-
nate, triangular-ovate, or ovate to lanceolate, acute or shortly acuminate,
serrate or deeply cut to semi-S-lobed, rough with hairs on both sides, hairs
spine-like and sometimes with whorls of barbs ; petiole '2-5 cm. 1. Calyx-
lobes 5-9 mm. 1., erect and persistent in fruit, retain united at the base
with the stamens into a ring, longer than the calyx-lobes, yellow. Stamens
20-30, the outer filaments flattened, all fertile. Capsidc cylindrical narrowing
slightly downwards, sessile, about 2 cm. 1., very rough with barbed hairs
(Pig. 95, q), erect, somewhat papery in texture. Seeds 6-9, not winged.

Begonia BEGONIACEiE 249

Family LXXXI. BEGONIACE^.

Herbs or shrubs, usually perennial in W. Indian species,
with woody stem or sometimes succulent ; stem erect, simple or
branching, sometimes tall or reduced to a tuberous rhizome,
rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, very rarely somewhat whorled,
entire,' lobed, or digitately parted, with unequal sides, toothed,
sometimes peltate. Stipules 2, free, often persistent. Peduncles
axillary, divided into unisexual or bisexual cymes ; bracts and
bracteoles generally opposite. Flowers monoecious, usually not
symmetrical. Male flowers : Pei'ianth-segments (in Begonia) free,
2 or 4 j outer generally 2, opposite, valvate ; inner usually 2 or
wanting. Stamens (in Begonia) indefinite, inserted on the
receptacle ; filaments free or united. Female flowers : Perianth
segments (in Begonia) 2-5, rarely more, free, overlapping. Ovary
inferior (in Begonia), usually 3-celled, and 3-winged or 3-cornered,
more rai'ely 2-celled, exceptionally more ; placentas usually on
the axis of the ovai'y, projecting into the cell, rarely on the walls,
simple or divided, rarely branching. Styles usually as many as
cells of ovary, free or united at base, usually 2-cleft. Ovules
very numerous, anatropous. Fruit a capsule usually 3-cornered
or unequally 3-winged, opening loculicidally below the perianth-
limb (in Begonia), rarely fleshy and berry-like, bursting irregularly.
Seeds very numerous, minute ; coat net- veined ; endosperm thin
or wanting. Cotyledons very short ; radicle cylindrical.

Species about 600, natives of tropical America, Asia, and
Africa, also of subtropical S. Africa, rare in the islands of the
Pacific Ocean ; with the exception of a few, all included in the
genus Begonia.

w ^ c 1 BEGONIA L,

Wood Sorrel.

Plants climbing. Stigmas papillose on all sides.

Placenta entire 1. B. glabra.

Plants not climbing. Stigmas papillose on a spiral band.
Leaves fleshy. Placenta divided. Perennials.

Stamens 30-50 2. B. minor.

Stamens 8-22.

Bracteoles of female fi. dentate-serrate, ciliate.
Capsule with the smaller wings broadest
above, their upper margin straight, level

with that of larger wing 3. B. (icutifolia.

Bracteoles of female fl. entire. Capsule with
the smaller wings much narrower, rounded,

generally crescentic 4. B.jnirpurca.

Leaves membranous. Placentas divided or entire.

Plants without a distinct stem. Perennial 5. B. Purdieana.

Plants with stem. Annual 6. B. humilis.

250

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

lir<ivnia

1. B. glabra Aubl PL Guian. it. 916, /. 349 (1775); stem
climbing; leaves broadly ovate to roundish, shortly acuminate,
base rounded or obtuse, irregularly toothed or crenate ; stamens

Fig. 90.-

A, Portion of inflorescence of li. glabra

Aubl., showing a central'male flower,
a female flower, and a male flower-
bud, X 6.

B, Ovary cut across, enlarged.

-liegonia.

C, Ovary of B. acutifolia Jacq., enlarsed.

D, Plan of an ultimate branch of the in-

florescence of D. acutifolia Jacq.
(stamens too many).

(D after Eichler.)

10-17; capsule: largest wing broader above, obtuse or acute or
broader in middle, the other wings very narrow. — 0. E. Schuh hi
Symh. Ant. vii. 4. B, obliqua L. Amain, v. 383 (with reference to
Browne Hist. 203). B. scandens Sw. Prodr. 86 (1788), FI. Ind.

Bc(jonla 15EG0^;iACEA'', 251

Occ. 992, k Ic. ined. t.li; Dryander in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 168 ;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 305; A. DC. Prodr. xv. pt. I, 362.
Kumex sylvestris scandens &c. Broime Hist. Jam. 203 (excl. syn.).
Specimen from Aublet in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 96, A, B.)

Sloanc Herb. iii. 121 (in part)! Wnf]lit\ Broughton\ SJiakespcarl
Swartz ; Wiles ! Hopewell, St. Ann, McNah ! Distin ! Purdic ! Ocho Rios
ravine, Priori Blue Mts., J. P. 971, Hart\ Ramble, Claremont, 1700 ft.,
Fawcett tC- Harris ! Holly i\Iount, 2600 ft. ; Lapland, Gatadupa, 1400 ft. ;
Walderston, Manchester, 2G00 ft. ; Harris ! above Gordon Town, Miss li.
Capper I Cockpit Country, Norman] Fl. Jam. 7011, 8880, 9171, 12,860.—
Cuba, Dominica, Trinidad, Central America, tropical S. America (except
Brazil).

Stc7ii climbing on mossy trees and rocks, rooting at the nodes. Leaves
5-14 cm. 1. ; petioles 3- 5-1 cm. 1. ; stipules oblong-ovate, 2-1 cm. 1., persistent.
Bracteolcs under the female Howcr lanceolate, 1-5-2 mm. 1. Flowers white.
Male flowers : Perianth-segments : outer 2, 3 5-4 mm. 1.. inner 2, 3 -3 • 5 mm. 1.
Female flowers : Perianth-segments 5, 3-5 mm. 1. Capsule 7-11 mm. 1.,
4-6 mm. br., the largest wing 8-14 mm. br.

2. B, minor Jacq. Collect, i. 126 (1786) (excl. .syn. Plum.) &,
L: PI. Par. iii. IS, t. 618; leaves obliquely ovate, cordate, or
kidney-shaped, apex acute or shortly acuminate, subentire-wavy,
glabrous ; stamens 30-50 ; capsule, the largest wing broader
above, obtuse, the other wings much narrower, broader towards
the middle. — O..E.'Scluilz torn. elf. 9. B. obliqua L'Herit. Stirp.
Nov. 95, t. 46 (1788) (excl. syn.). B. nitida Alt. Hort. Kew. iii. 352
(1789) (excl. svn. Sic); Dryander torn. cit. 159 (excl. syn. Sw.) ;
Sw. Fl. Ind. ba: 996; Descourt. Fl. Ant. v. 153, <. 344; Bot.
Ma<j. /. 4046 ; Griseh. op. cit. 304.

Wright ! Broughton ! McNah ! in mts., March; Metcalfe ! Morris J.P. 896!
Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock; Cinchona, G. E. Nichols \

Stems woody, to 3 or 4 ft. high, spreading from the base, glabrous,
reddish-brown. Leaves 15-S(-20) cm. 1., glossy, nerves about 8; petioles
4-l'5(-7) cm. 1.; stipules 2'5-l"5 cm. 1.; ovate-lauceolate, mucronate,
very soon falling. Bracteolcs under the female flower broadly elliptical,
5 mm. 1. Male fliowers : Perianth-segments : outer 2, suborbicular, base
cordate, 15-13 mm. 1., pink ; inner 2, oblon?, obovate, white or pink.
Female flowers : Perianth -segments 5, obovate, 7-5-13 mm. 1., white.
Capsule 15-18 mm. 1., 9 mm. br., the largest wing 17-20 mm. br.

3. B. acutifolia Jaeq. Collect, i. 128 (1786) (excl. syn. Plum.) ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptical, acuminate, ba.se
half-cordate, nuirgin ciliate, unequally toothed, teeth at end of
nerves much larger and mostly pointing upwards, hairy on
nerves beneath; stamens 12-17; capsule, largest wing broadest
above, obtuse, the others narrower, broader above, the upper
margins of all on the same level. — Drijnndcr torn. cit. IQ5 ;
O. E. Scliulz torn. cit. 13. B. obliqua L. Sp. PI. 1056 (1753) (so
far as it refers to syn. Sloan.) ; B. acuminata Dryander torn.
,;t. 166, /. 14,/. 5, 6 (1791) ; Bot. Ben. '• 364 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4025 ;
Griseh. op. cit. 301. Aceris fructu herba anomala tlore tetrapelalo

262 FLORA OF JAMAICA Begonia

albo Sloanc Cat. 83 & Hist. i. 199 (in part) /. 127, /. 1, 2.
(Fig. 96, c, D.) Di-yander's type of B. acttminata in Herb.
Mus. Brit,

Woods by Hope R., and Rio Cobre, Sloane Herb. iii. 121 (in part) !
Wright I Massonl Swartz ; von liohrl Bancroft \ McNabl March \ Mt.
Diablo, Priori Cinchona, 5000 ft., J.P. 1353, Morris] also Harris \ also
Glutei Brandon Hill road, near Castleton, Thonipsonl Fl. Jam. 8095,
9148 ; Blue Mt. Peak ; Bog Walk ; Hitchcock ; Clyde River, below Cinchona,
4000 ft., O. Nichols !

Stems woody, to 2 ft. high, glabrous, purplish-brown. Leaves 10-5 cm. 1. ;
petioles 2*5-1 cm. 1., hairy or glabrescent ; stipules ovate-lanceolate,
mucronate, 8-10 mm. 1., persistent. Bracteolc under the female flower
elliptical, serrate, ciliate, 5 mm. 1. Male flowers: Perianth-segments:
outer 2, roundish-ovate, 12-17 mm. 1., pink; inner 2, much narrower,
oblong-obovate, 10-14 mm. 1., white. Female flowers : Periantlt-segments 5,
narrowly elliptical, unequal, 8-15 mm. 1., white or pink. Capsule
8-14 mm. 1., 1-2 cm. br.

4. B. purpurea Sw. Prodr. 86 (1788) (excl. syn.) ; leaves
oblong-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, usually acuminate, base
half-cordate or ii'regularly cordate, irregularly serrulate, some-
times subentire, usually glabrous ; stamens 8-10 ; capsule, largest
wing broadest above, obtuse-angled, the other wings much
narrower, rounded, generally crescentic. — 0. E. Schulz torn. cit. 16.
B. acutifolia Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 994 (1800) (excl. all syn. except
B. purpurea) ; Griseb. lot: cit. (excl. hab. Porto Rico) (noii Jacq.).
B. jamaicensLs A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xi. 124 (1859) it
Prodr. xv.pt. 1, 297.

Wood- sorrel.

On limestone rocks ; Sicartz ; Bancroft ; Fairfield, Wullschlaegel ; j\It.
Diablo, Pricrrl Holly Mount, 2600 ft.; Walderston, 2000 ft.; Tyre, near
Troy, 2200 ft.; Lapland, near Catadupa, 1900 ft.; Peckham, Clarendon,
2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6690, 8308, 9083, 9157, 12,813.

Stems woody, 2-4 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 5-11 cm. 1. ; petioles
1-2 cm. 1. ; stipules oblong, mucronate, 9-8 mm. 1., soon falling. Bractcoles
under the female flower oblong-elliptical, 9 mm. 1., red. Male flowers :
Perianth-segments : outer 2, ovate, pink or purple, 7-11 mm. 1. ; inner
elliptical, white, narrower. Female floioers : Perianth-segments 5, 6-9 mm. 1.,
outer red, inner white or pink. Capsule 8-12 mm. 1. ; largest wing
13-25 mm. br.

5. B. Purdleana A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. set. 4, xi. 124 (18r)9>
& Prodr. XV. pi. 1 , 297 ; stemless ; leaves membranous, obliquely
ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, cordate, irregularly crenate,
with scattered hairs on both .sides ; petioles sparsely hairy ;
stamens 8 or more ; capsule, largest wing broader above, sub-
acute-angled, the other wings narrower, broadest above. — Oriseh.
op. cit. 305 ; O. E. Schulz torn. cit. 24. Type (unique .specimen)
in Herb. Kew.

In fl. and fr. Jan. ; Hanover, Pitrdiel

Stemless herb. Stock about i inch long, covered with roots and
stipules. Leaves 8"5-9'5 cm. 1., 5 cm. br. ; petioles 2-6 cm. 1.; stipules

Begonia BEGONIACEiE 253

oblong-lanceolate, about 1 cm. 1. Scapes 11-18 cm. 1., with 6-7 flowers at
apex. Flowers white. Male flowers : Periayith-segvients : outer 2, ellip-
tical, 6 mm. 1. ; inner 2, obovate, scarcely shorter. Female flotvers :
Perianth-segments 5, obovate, 3-5 mm. 1. Capsule 8 mm. 1. ; largest wing
12-15 mm. br., other wings about 4 mm. br.

6. B. humilis Dryander in Ait. Sort. Kew. Hi. 353 (1789);
annual 1 herbaceous ; stem and branches glabrous ; leaves
obliquely ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, base slightly cordate,
margin ciliate, unequally crenate-serrulate ; stamens 8-15(-20) ;
capsule, the largest wing rounded, broadest above, the others
rounded, only half as broad, broadest above or towards the
middle. — Dryander torn. cit. IQQ, t. 15; Hook. Exot. Fl. i. t. 17;
Griseh. op. cit. 304 ; 0. E. ScJmlz torn. cit. 26.

Jamaica (without locality) McNab 1 in Herb. E. Bot. Gard. Edin-
burgh.— Tobago, Trinidad.

Herb, possibly an annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 11-3 cm. 1., hairy on
upper surface with flattish hairs, 1 mm. 1. ; petioles 4-1 cm. 1., hairy only
at apex ; stipules oblong-ovate, more or less serrulate and ciliate, with
a long hair-like tip, 7-5 mm. 1. Bracteoles under the female flower
1-1*5 mm. 1., often remote from the ovary. Flowers white. Male floioers :
Perianth-segments : outer 2, roundish or transversely oval, 4 mm. 1. ; inner 2,
very narrow, sublinear, 3 mm. 1., sometimes wanting. Female flowers :
Perianth-segments 5, oblong-obovate, 2-4 mm. 1. Capsule 6-10 mm. 1.

We consider that its occurrence in Jamaica requires confirmation.

B. hirtella Link, a native of tropical S. America, Guadeloupe, and
^Martinique, is quoted doubtfully from Jamaica on a garden specimen from
Hort. Soc. Lond. in Lindley's Herbarium, but there is no direct evidence
of its occurrence in Jamaica.

B. peponifolla Visiani, a plant cultivated in various botanic gardens,
has been ascribed to Jamaica, but we have no evidence of its occurrence.

Family LXXXII. CUCURBITACE^.

Herbs or undershrubs, annual or with a perennial root, rarely
shrubs ; stems climbing or prostrate. Leaves alternate, simple,
palmately-lobed or -partite, or pedate, usually cordate and mem-
branous. Tendrils, v/hen present, lateral, next the flower-stalks.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious, usually regular, racemose,
paniculate, or solitary. Calyx-tube (receptacle) bell-shaped or
tubular ; limb with 5 (3 or 6) overlapping lobes. Petals 5
(3 or 6), free or united. Stamens free or variously united,
usually 3, of which one has a 1-celled anther, the others 2-celled
anthers. Anthers free, cohering, or confluent into a head ; cells
flexuose (bent ' upwards and downwards), or (in Melothria)
straight or curved, or (in Fevilleo) oblong. Ovary inferior, or
with the apex free (in SecJiium), usually of 3 carpels, 3-celled,
rarely 1-2 or apparently 4-6-celled ; placentas usually meeting
in the axis of the ovary. Ovules generally horizontal in West
Indian species, but erect in Cayaponia, pendulous in Sechium and

254 FLOIIA OF JAMAICA Melothria

Fevillea, usually on the sides of the pljiceutas next to the wall of
the ovary and immersed in pulp. Fruit usually berry-like, fleshy
or corky, not opening, but in Momonlica opening by valves, iti
Luff a by a lid ; 1 -celled through the partitions or placentas
dissolving into pulp, but Luffa 3-celled and fibrous inside.
Seeds indefinite in number or few or only one (in Secliium),
without endosperm. Cotyledons foliaceous. (rermination takes
place on the surface of the ground.

Species 800, natives of the warmer regions, especially of
the tropics.

Petiole 2-glandulai' where it joius leaf-hlade. Fruit

woody outside, with spongy flesh [^Lagcnaria.]

Petiole not glandular.

Flowers : male racemose, female solitary.
Leaves entire, angled, or shortly 3-5-lobed.

Tendrils simple. Fruit small, berry-like 1. MeloUnia.

Tendrils branched. Fruit large, fleshy, not open-
ing, seed protruding 2. Scdiiuin.

Leaves 5-7-lobcd.

Tendrils simple. Fruit fleshy, orange-coloured ... [MoDwrdlca.]
Tendrils 3-bran(;hed. Fruit dry, cylindrical, fibrous

inside, opening by a lid [Lnffa.']

Flowers : male clustered, rarely solitary, female soli-
tary ; leaves deeply 5-lobed, lobes obovate ; tendrils

simple. Fruit fleshy, not opening, prickly 3. Cucumh.

Flowers all solitary (rarely clustered).
Leaves deeply 8-lobed, lobes lobulate ; tendrils 2-
branched. Fruit oblong or globose, fleshy, not

opening [Citriillus.]

Leaves entire or 3-lobed ; tendrils simple, tips dilated.
Fruit globose, not opening, size of an orange,

perianth thin L Cionosicijs.

Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, lobes acuminate; tendrils

3-branched, tips dilated. Fruit as in No. 4 5. Sicana.

Flowers in panicles. Leaves entire or more or less
.3-5-angled or -lobed.
Jlale and female flowers on same panicle. Tendrils

2-l'-branched. Fruit small, berry-like G. Caijaponia.

Male and female flowers in panicles on separate
plants. Tendrils 2-branched at apex. Fruit
large, woody outside, marked with the scar of

the fallen calyx 7. Fcvillen.

This key applies only to species found in Jamaica.

1. MELOTHRIA L.

Herbs climhiug or prostrate, slender, annual or with a
perennial rootstock. Leaves entire or more or less lobed.
Tendrils slender, usually simple. Flowers small, yellow' or
white, monoecious (in Jamaican species) or dioecious. Male fls.
racemose, very rarely .solitary. Calyx-tube bell-shaped. Sepals 5,
tooth-like. Corolla deeply 5 parted. Stamens 3 (5), inserted on
the calyx-tube; anthers, one 1-celled, the re.st 2-celled, sometimes

Melothria

CUCURBITACE.E

255

all 2-celled ; cells usually straight. Rudiment of ovary globose
or ring-like. Female fls. solitary or clustered (in W. Indian
.species), usually with a long slender stalk. Calyx and corolla as
in male. Staminodes 3 or wanting. Ovary constricted below
the flower, with 3 placentas ; style surrounded at base by a ring-
like disk, with 3 stigmas ; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit
•small, berry-like. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually compressed.
Species 85, natives of tropical and subtropical regions.

Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., base with a roundish bay 1. If. guadalupensis.

Loaves 4-5 cm.l., base with a narrow bay 2. M. fluminensis.

1. M. guadalupensis Gogn. in DC. Monogr. Hi. 580 (1881)
it in Engl. Pftanzenr. Cucurh.-FeviU. 83 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 610 <fe

Fig. 97. — Melothria guadalupensix Cogu.

A, Portion of I)rancli \vith leaves, flowers, C, female flower of ditto cut lengthwise

and fruit, y. I. X 3.

J{, Male flower of M. cucumis Veil., cut D, ^te<i oi M. guadalupensis Cogn. x 4.

lengthwise, one stamen removed, X 0.

via. 694; Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl. 426. M, scandens &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 124. M. foliis cordatis &c. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.)
55, t. 66, /. 2. (excl. syn.) & Ic. Original inecl. iv. 205. M. pendula

256 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Melothria

L. Sp. PI. 35 (1753) (with regard to syn. Sloan. &, hab. Jamaica),
Syst. ed. 10, 861 & Amoen. v. 375 ; iS'to. Ohs. 27. M. pervaga Oriseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 289 (1860). Bryonia guadalupensis Sj^reng.
Syst. in. 15 (1826). Landersia pervaga Mac/. Jam. it. 142
(1650). Cucumis minima &,c. Sloane Cat. 103 & Hist. i. 227,
t. 142, /. 1. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.
(Fig. 97.)

Sloane Herb. iv. 76 ! Macfadyen ; Distin 1 Waters I Panicll I Broken-
hurst, Manchester, Piirdie I Wilson ; Wullschlafigel ; Moneague, Prior !
also Lady Blake I Liguanea plain, J. P. 1047, Hart I Cinchona, Fawcett !
Port Royal Mts. (Groen Valley and Robertsfield, 2000 ft.) Harris I Fl. Jfim.
6912, 7796; Port Morant; Lucea ; Hitchcock; Bog Walk, Ilidleyl—
Bahamas, W. Indies, Central America, northern S. America.

Stem climbing or creeping, much branched, sometimes 6 ft. 1. Leaves
5-10 cm. 1., ovate-cordate or triangular-subsagittate, entire or 3-5-lobed,
apex acute or shortly acuminate, base cordate with a somewhat roundish
bay, margin wavy or with a few small teeth, on upper surface very rough,
beneath somewhat rough ; petiole 2-4 cm. 1. Flowers minute. Male
racemes about as long as the petiole. Calyx 2-5mm.l. Female peduncles
longer than the petiole, 3-6 cm. 1. Fruit 1*5 cm. 1., 1 cm. thick, ellipsoidal
or subglobose, rounded at both ends, at first green, marked with 6 pale
lines, at length red, finally purple-black. Seed winged, 4 mm. 1.

2. M. flumlnensis Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bat. i. 173
(1842); Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Hi. 583 & in Engl. Pjlanzenr. iv.
275, i. 85; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 611. Specimens from Gardner
in Herb. Mus. Brit, and Kew.

Oersted; Bog Walk, Hitchcock. — West Indies, tropical continental
America.

Stem climbing, branched. Leaves 4-5 cm. 1., broadly ovate-cordate,
entire, 6-angled, or slightly 3-5-lobed, apex usually acute or shortly
acuminate, base with a narrow bay, on upper surface rough, beneath more
or less pubescent-roughish ; petiole 2-4 cm. 1. Flowers minute. Male
racemes shorter than the leaf. Calyx 1*5-2 mm. 1., narrowly bell-shaped.
Female peduncles a little shorter than the leaf, 3-4 cm. 1. Fruit 9-13 mm. 1.,
6-9 mm. thick, subglobose, colour the same all over.

2. SECHIUM Juss.

Annual herb, hairy, high climbing. Leaves membranous,
angled or lobed, base deeply cordate. Tendrils with 3 (2-5)
branches. Flowers greenish, or cream-coloured, or white,
monoecious. Male fls. racemose, sometimes in clusters on a
long peduncle. Calyx-tube hemispherical. Sepals 5. Corolla
rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 3, inserted at the bottom
of the receptacle, the short filaments united into a column ;
anthers free, flexuose, one 1 -celled, the rest 2-celled. Female
fls. solitary or twin in the same axil as the male fls.
Calyx and corolla as in the male fls. Style rising from a
spreading toothed disk. Ovary 1-celled ; stigma with 5 or 6
recurved lobes; ovule one, hanging from apex of cell. Fruit

Sechium

CUCURBITACE^

257

fleshy, furrowed. Seed one, with very large fleshy cotyledons,
often germinating in the fruit.

Speeies 1, spontaneous and cultivated in the Bahamas, "West
Indies, tropical continental America, introduced into tropics of
Old World.

S. edule Sic Fl. Ind. Occ. 1150 (1800); Macf. Jam. ii. 141 ;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 286; Cogn. in Fl. Bras. vi. pt. 4, 111,

Fig. 98. — Sechium edule Sw.
A, Leaf, tendril, and iuiiorescence witli C, Ditto opened out.

female flower and buds of male D, Female flower cut lengthwise X 4 ;

flowers, X s.
B, Male flower-bud X 15.

s, disk.
E, Fruit cut lengthwise X i.

(A after Fl. Bras. ; B, C, E after Baillon.)

t. 35 & in DO. Monogr. Hi. 901 ; Baill. Hist. PI. viii. 383-385,
figs. 228-233 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 616 & viii. 698 ; Bot. Mag. t.
8738 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 376 (cult.). S. foliis cordato-angulatis &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 355. Sicyos edules Jacq. Enum. 32 (1760), &

v..

258 FLO II A OF JAMAICA Sechium

SeL Sttrp. Ainer. 258, /. 163; Sw. Prodr. 116. Chayota edulis
Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. cd. pict. t. 245. Concombre cristophiae
Descourt. Fl. Ant. v. 94, /. 328. (Fig. 98.)

Cho-cho.

Distin ! Moneague, Prior !— Spontaneous and cultivated in West Indies
and tropical continental America. Introduced into tropics and subtropics
of Old World.

Stem climbing to a height of several feet ; the root of the mature plant
large and fleshy, resembling the yam in appearance, and weighing from
10 to 20 pounds. Leaves 1-2 "5 dm. 1., cordate at base, 3-5-angled or -lobed,
Te>idrils 5-6 cm. 1., usually 3-branched. Peduncle 1-3 dm. 1. Frtiit
generally about 10 cm. 1., light green or white, usually with small
herbaceous prickles. Seed ovate, compressed, protruding from the cleft
apex of the ripe fruit, and emitting several rootlets.

Fruit very wholesome, usually used as a vegetable like the vegetable-
marrow; sometimes with the addition of lime-juice and sugar it supplies
an ingredient for tarts. The root when cooked is wholesome and palatable,
much like a yam. (Macfadycn.)

• [MOMORDICA L.

Herbs climbing or prostrate, annual or with perennial
rhizome. Leaves lobed (in Jamaican species) or entire, or with
3 to 7 leaflets. Tendrils simple (in Jamaican species) or
2-branched. Flower-stalk sometimes with a large bract. Flowers
mostly yellow, monoecious (in Jamaican species) or dioecious.
Male fl. solitary, racemose, or corymbose. Calyx tube very short,
closed by 2 or 3 oblong incurved scales. Sepals 5. Corolla
rotate or bell-shaped, usually 5-cleft to base ; segments obovate,
ribbed. Stamens generally 3, attached at the mouth of the
tube ; anthers at tirst cohering, at length free, one 1 -celled,
the rest 2-celled, usually flexuose, protruding beyond receptacle.
Female fl. solitary. Calyx and corolla as in male. Stami nodes
wanting or 3 glands surrounding base of style. Ovary with
3 placentas ; stigmas 3 ; ovules numeious, horizontal. Fruit
oblong, spindle-shaped, or cylindrical, berry-like, not opening or
with 3 valves.

Species nearly 50, most of them African, a few dispersed
through all tropical regions.

Bract of male flower entire, above the base or about
the middle of peduncle. Apex of leaf-lobules blunt,
mucronate 1. M. Charantia.

Bract of male flower toothed, near apex of peduncle.

Leaf-lobules deeply cut, acute 2. M. Balsamina.

1. M. Charantia L. Sp. PI 1009 (1753), Amoen. v. 383 &■
Hort. Cliff. 451 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2455. Wrigld Mem. 301 ; Macf.
Jam. ii.'liO; Wight Ic. t. 504; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 287;
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Hi. 436 : Wait Econ. Prod. Ind. ; Oard.
Chron. ser. 3, Hi. 473 with col. plate; Small FL S.E. U.S. 1136;
Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 612 & viii. 696 ; Britt. (i Millsp. Bah. Fl. 425.

Momordica

CUCUKBITACE^

259

M. subhirsut<'i etc. Broione Hist. Jam. 353. Cucumis africauus
Bot. Reg. t. 980. Momordique Descourf. Fl. Ant. Hi. 62, t. 164.

Fig. 9d.—3[omor<Uca.

A, Male flower of M. Ilalsainina L., nat. C, Ditto fully ripe, open, showiug the

size. seeds, x S-

B, Fruit of 3f. Charantia L. X g. D, Seed x 2.

(A after Baillou ; B, C after Gard. Cliron.)

Cerasee Rev. J. Lindsay Ic. d Ms. ined. Specimen in Herb. Linn,
named by Linnaeus. Specimen in Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus.
Brit. (Fig. 99, b-d.)

Cerasee.

Distin ! Wullschlaegcl ; Moneague, Prior I J. P. 2103, Hart ! Hope
grounds, 700 ft., Harris ! Annotto Bay, Thompson ! Windward road,
Faivcettl Fl. Jam. 6779, 6934, 7922, 824G, 8460. Lucca; Porus ; Hitchcock.
— Tropics and subtropics of Old World, introduced into America and
West Indies.

Stem climbing, puberulous or tomentose especially at apex, 3-6 ft. 1.
Leaves 4-12 cm. in diam., cut to the middle or almost to the base into
5-7 lobes, much narrower at the base, toothed or lobulate, apex of each
usually blunt, mucronate, pubescent on both sides, especially on nerves
beneath, or glabrescent. Peduncle of male fl. 5-15 cm. 1., with a kidney

S 2

260 FLORA OF JAMAICA Momordica

shaped or roundish-cordate entire bract at or below the middle, 5-15 mm. br.;
of female fl. 5-10 cm. 1., with bract generally near base. Corolla yellow,
segments 1-5-2 cm. 1. Fiuit 8-15 cm. 1. and more, orange-yellow, oblong-
ellipsoidal, narrowed to both ends ; tuberculato, when ripe 3-valvod from
apex. Seeds 10-16 mm. 1., slightly 3-lobed at each end, corrugate on
margin, covered with pulp of a rich crimson colour.

A^ar. abbreviata Ser. ex DC, Prodr. Hi. 311; plant much
smaller, lobes of leaves usually narrower ; fruit shorter, ovate-
mucronate ; seeds smaller, generally smooth. — Cogn. torn. cit. 437 ;
Urh. lac. cit. M. zeylanica Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Smaller
Cerasee Rev. J. Lindsay Ic. & Ms. ined.

Kingston ; Constant Spring ; Port Morant ; Hitchcock.

The fruits of species and variety are eaten cooked in curries, or sliced
and fried. It is necessary to soak them in hot water or salt and water
before cooking to remove some of the bitterness. [Sliced and dried, they
will keep for months, if kept in an airy place.

2. M. Balsamina L. Sp. PI. 1009 (1753), Amoen. v. 383 &
Hurt. Cliff. 450 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 138 ; Griseh. loc. cit. ; Cogn. torn.
cit. 439; Watt Econ. Prod. Ltd. ; Small loc. cit.; Urh. Symb.
Ant. iv. 612. M. glabra «kc. Browne loc. cit. Cucumis puniceus
Shane Hist. i. 228. Momordique Descourt. Fl. An(. viii. 355,
/. 594. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnseus. Specimens
in Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 99, a.)

Cerasee.

Houston in Sloane Herb. iv. 76 * I Macfadyen ; Wilson I trailing along
the sand on sea-beach, Alligator Pond, Harris\ Fl. Jam. 6415. — Distribu-
tion of preceding species.

Stem low-growing, subglabrous, 2-4 ft. 1. Leaves 4-7 cm. in diam., cut
to the middle in 3-5 rhomboid lobes, which are deeply and acutely lobulate.
Peduncle of male fl. 3-7 cm. 1., with a roundish-cordate toothed bract at
the apex; of female fl. '5-1 "5 cm. 1., without a bract or with one at base.
Corolla orange-ycUow, about 1-5 cm. 1. Fruit 3-6 cm. 1., orange-red,
broadly ovoid, crested-tuberculato, " bursting irregularly and laterally from
the base" (Macfadyen). Seeds 10-11 mm. 1., margin subentire.

The young green fruit is used as a pickle ; when ripe it is eaten as a
vegetable in stews, &c.]

[LUFFA Cav.

Annual herbs, glabrous, rough, or pubescent. Leaves usually
5-7-lobed. Tendrils with 2 or more branches (3 in Jamaican
species). Flowers monoecious, large, usually yellow, some-
times white. Male flowers racemose. Calyx-tube bell- or
top-shaped ; lobes 5, triangular or lanceolate. Petals free,
spreading, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 3 (4 or 5) ; filaments
free or 2 united ; anthers, when 3, 1-celled, the rest 2-celled,
cells linear, flexuose. Female flowers solitary. Calyx-tube
(receptacle) prolonged above the ovary ; lobes and corolla as in
the male fls. Ovary long, with 3 placentas ; stigma 3-lobed ;
ovules indefinite, horizontal. Fruit dry, oblong or cylindrical,
fibrose inside, 3-celled, with style persistent, opening by the

Luff a ■■ . CUCUEBITACE^ 261

dropping off of the lid-like apex. Seeds indefinite, oblong,
compressed.

Species 7 or 8, of which one is tropical American, the rest
natives of tropics of Old World, but cultivated or subspontaneous
in tropics of New World.

Fruit not ribbed. Seeds smooth, winged. Leaves

5-lobed 1. L . cylindrica.

Fruit 10-ribbed. Seeds rough, not winged. Leaves

5-angled or sublobed 2. L. acutangula.

1. L. eyllndriea M. Eoem. Syn. Pepon. ii. 63 (1846); Cogn.
in DC. Monogr. Hi. 456 ; Urb. Symh. Ant. iv. 613 & viii. 697.
L. segyptiaca Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 136. Momor-
dica cylindrica L. Sp. PL 1009 (1753). Strainer Bev. J.Lindsay
Ic. & Ms. ined. Specimen in Hei'b. Linn, named by Linnseus.

Strainer Vine.

Distinl Guava Ridge, IZarm !— Native of tropics of Old World.
Cultivated and subspontaneous in tropics and subtropics of New World.

Stem climbing, 10-20 ft. 1. and more, 5-angled, glabrous, rough at
angles. Leaves 15-20 cm. in diam., cordate at base, palmately 5-lobed,
lobes acute or acuminate, rough on both sides. Tendrils usually with
3 branches. Male and female floioers in same axil. Calyx-tuho not
angled, segments not keeled. Petals oblong-wedge-shaped, rounded at
apex or scarcely emarginate, 3-5-nerved, 2-3 cm. 1., 1-1"5 cm. br.
Stamens 3, one 1-celled, two 2-celled, or 5 1-celled ; filaments 6-8 mm. 1.
Fruit 15-30 cm. ]., 6-10 cm. br., cylindrical or obscurely 3-cornered, not
ribbed but with 10 dark longitudinal lines. Seeds smooth, surrounded by
a short wing, 12 mm. 1., 8-9 mm. br., 2-2-5 mm. thick.

2. L. acutangula Boxh. Hort. Beng. 70 (1814) & Fl. lad. Hi.
713; Macf. Jam. ii. 136 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 288 ; Cogn. in
DC. Monogr. Hi. 459 ; Watt Econ. Prod. Ind. ; Urh. Symh. Ant.
iv. 613 ; Guppy Plants. . . W. Indies <f:c. 223. L. foetida Cav. Ic.
i. 7, tt. 9, 10 (1791) ; Bot. Mag. t. 1638. Cucumis acutangulus
L. Sp. PI. 1011 (1753); Jacq. Hort. Vindob. Hi. 40, tt. 73, 74.
Specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit.

East Indian Ochra.

March. — Native of tropical Asia'and tropical Africa. Cultivated and
subspontaneous in all tropical countries.

Description as in L. cylindrica, except in the following points : —
Leaves cordate-roundish, palmately 5-7-angled or sub-lobed. Calyx-tuhe
5-angled, segments keeled. Petals obcordiform, emarginate at apex,
mucronulate, slightly veined, 2 cm. 1., 2-2-5 cm. br. Stamens 3 ; filaments
3-4 mm. 1. Fruit club-shaped, apex obtuse or shortly acute, acutely
10-ribbed. Seeds rough, not winged, slightly 2-lobed at base.

The fruit of both species while still young, and not more than 4 inches
long, is an excellent vegetable. It is peeled, boiled, and served dressed
with butter, pepper, and salt, or is used as an ingredient in curries. The
fibrous coat is used in baths as a flesh-brush.]

3. CUCUMIS L.

Annual herbs, or with perennial rootstock ; stem trailing
along the ground or climbing over shrubs ; hispid or roughish.

•

262

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Cucumis

Leaves deeply cut or angular, toothed or paluiately 3-7-lobed.
Tendrils simple. Flowers yellow, monaxnous or rarely dioecious.
Male flowers clustered or rarely solitary. Calyx-tube bell-shaped
or top-shaped ; limb 5-lobed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped,
S-parted. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the calyx-tube ; anthers,
one 1-celled, rest 2-celled, cells linear, tiexuose or curved, rarely
straight, the connection prolonged above into a papillose
appendage. Ovary represented by a gland. Female flowers
solitary. Calyx and corolla as in male fls. Staminodes 3. Ovary
with 3-5 placentas ; stigmas 3-5 ; ovules numerous, horizontal.
Fruit of various shapes, usually not opening, with many seeds.

Species about 40, mostly natives of tropical Asia and Africa,
very few of America and Australia.

C. Angupia L. Sj>. PL 1011 (1753) .t .Uuoeu. v. 383; Macf.
Jam. a. 133; Gri^eb. Fl. lir. W. Ind. 288; Bot. May. t. 5817 ;
Cogn. in Fl. Bras. ti. p/. 4, 16, /. 2 tt in DC. Monogr. Hi. 501 ;
Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 1137. C. sy host ris <kc. Plul: Phyl. M 70, /. 3 .

Fig. 100.—Ciier()iiUA»()uria L.
A, Poition of liranch with leaf, tendril, C, Stanuu much eulaigcil.

and male and female lloweis, x
B, Male flower X 3.

(B-E after Bot. Mag.)

1>, Fruit X 'i-

E, Ditto cut across X

Cucumis ' CUCUKBITACEiE 263

C. angurise kc. Sloane Cat. 103 k Hist, i 227, C. subhirsutus &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 353. C. jamaicensis Gandoger in Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. Ixv. 28 (1918). Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by
Linnaeus. Specimen from Plnkenet in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Hb.
Sloane xcv. 200). (Fig. 100.)

Wild Cucumber, West Indian Gherkin.

Sloane Herb. iv. 74, 75! Brouahton\ Macfadyen; Kingston, Prior \
Hope grounds, 700 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6650, 6820, 6967, 9043.— West
Indies, tropical and subtropical continental America from Texas and Florida.

Annual herb. Stem 3-6 ft. 1., angled, rough, hispid, with long white
hairs. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., 3-lobed with the side lobes divided again,
margin wavy, with small teeth, base cordate, lobes obtuse, somewhat
obovate, sometimes lobulate. Flowers small, yellow. Mak flowers :
Peduncle 1-2 cm. 1. Calyx 5-7 -mm. 1. Anthers : appendage deeply 2-lobed,
lobes lobulate. Female flowers : Peduncle 5-10 cm. 1. Frtoit the size and
shape of a hen's egg, pale yellow, more or less covered with prickles, not
opening.

" This fruit is eaten very greedily by sheep and all manner of cattle,
and they are thought to thrive extremely by feeding on them. The fruit
is likewise eat in lieu of our European cucumbers, are very cooling, and
equal, if not exceed, them in everything." (Sloane.) This is a very
wholesome vegetable, dressed plain, or in stews or soups. It is also
esteemed as a pickle. (Macfadyen.)

C. Melo L. Sp. PI. 1011 (1753) & Amcen. v. 383, the M e 1 o u, is cultivated.
Annual ; leaves 8-15 cm. 1., 5-angled or 3-7-lobed, base cordate, hairy on
both sides; ovary densely and smoothly villose; fruit of many forms,
smooth, pubescent or glabrate. — Macf. Jam. ii. 132 ; Cogn. tom. cit. 482.
Melo fructu &c. Broione Hist. Jam. 353. C. jamaicensis Bert, ex Spi-eng.
Sijst. Hi. 46 (1826).

C. sativus L. Sp. PI. 1012 (1753) & Amcen. v. 383, the Cucumber, is
cultivated. Annual ; leaves 12-18 cm. 1., palmately 3-5-lobed, loljes
triangular, toothed, acute and acuminate, hairy on both sides ; fruit
mostly oblong, 3-cornered or cylindrical, sparsely tuberculate, when ripe
sometimes almost or quite smooth.— Mac/. Jam. ii. 133 ; Cogn. tom. cit. 498.
C. sativus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 353.

[CITRULLUS Schrad.

Annual or perennial herbs, musky or fetid, trailing along the
ground. Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, lobes lobulate. Tendrils
2-branched. Flowers rather large, yellow, monoecious, all generally
solitary. Male fl. : Calyx-tube broadly bell-shaped, limb 5-lobecl.
Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 3 ;
anthers, one 1 -celled, rest 2-celled, cells linear, flexuose, connective
not prolonged. Ovary represented by a gland. Female fl. :
Calyx and corolla as in male fl. Staminodes 3. Ovary with
3 placentas ; stigmas 3 ; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit
globose or oblong, not opening.

Species 2, natives of the eastern Mediterx-anean region,
tropical Africa, and West Asia ; cultivated in all tropical and
subtropical regions.

264 FLORA OF JAMAICA Citrulliis

C. vulgaris Schrad. in Linnaea xii. 412 (1838); Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. Hi. 508. Anguria prima Citrullus dicta Sloane Cat. 101
& Hist. i. 226. Cucurbita Citrullus L. Sp. PI. 1010 (1753);
Descomt. Fl. Ant. v. 4, /. 305. Cucumis trilobus L. Amoen. v. 383.
C. Citrullus Ser. ex DC. Prodr. Hi. 301 ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 134.
C. foliis multipartitis Browne Hist. Jam. 353. Specimen in Herb.
Linn, named by Linna?us.

Water Melon.

Sloane Herb. iv. 73 !— Native of tropical and south Africa ; cultivated
and subspontaneous in all tropical and subtropical regions.

Annual. Stem hairy. J/cares 8-20 cm. 1., deeply cut into 3 segments,
segments pinnately or bipinnately cut, lobes with wavy margin or more
or less lobulate, on both sides somewhat rough. Ovary woolly. Fruit
subglobose or ellipsoidal, flesh sweet and edible, sometimes bitter at the
bottom. Seeds generally marginate.

The pulp is of a red colour with the cells filled with watery fluid, so
that it dissolves nearly entirely in the mouth, whence the name Water
Melon. It is given with advantage in fever. It is slightly laxative.
(Macfadyen.)

This species is nearly allied to C. Cohcynthis Schrad., the Colocynth
plant.]

4. CIONOSICYS Griseb.

Glabrous herbs, high climbing. Leaves membranous, cordate
or subcordate at bas«», bi'oadly ovate, acuminate, entire or 3-lobed.
Tendrils simple, dilated tovv'ards apex. Flowers large, long-
stalked with a joint below the flower, all solitary, mona'cious.
Male fl. : Calyx-tube top-shaped or funnel-shaped. Sepals 5,
rather large, leathery, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate. Corolla
funnel-shaped-rotate, 5-parted, segments ample, obovate, ribbed.
Stamens 3-5; filaments free, hirsute, inserted into the base of
the corolla ; anthers all united in a cylindrical column, which
is shortly exceeded by 5 connectival lobes, cells conduplicate.
Female fl. : Calyx-tube cup-shaped. Corolla as in the male.
Ovary with 3 placentas ; stigmas 3, bent back, leafy ; ovules
numerous, horizontal. Fruit roundish-ovoid, fleshy, yellowish,
glabrous. Seeds numerous.
Species 1 , native of Jamaica.

C. pomiformis Griaeh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 288 (1860); Cogn. in
DC. Monogr. Hi. 516. Trichosanthes foliis denticulatis Sic.
Browne Hist. Jam. 354 ; A. Robinson Ic. & Ms. ined. T. pomi-
formis Mac/. Jam. ii. 144 (1850). Climbing Melon Bev. J.
Lindsay Ic. d- Ms. ined. (Fig. 101.)

Wild Melon.

In fl. Oct.-May; Browne; Wright \ Broiightonl Shakespearl Mac-
fadyen; Distinl St. Mary, McNabl Wilson] Wullschlaegel ; Moneague,
Prior 1 Cinchona, J.P. 638, Morris I also Fawcctt ! road from Orchard to
Mocha, Port Royal Mts., 2500 ft. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Hardware Gap,

Cionosicys

CUCURBITACE^

265

4000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5862, 8534, 10,130 ; foot of John Crow (Blake)
Mts., Norman 1 — Isle of Pines.

Stem slender, angular, glabrou3. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., 3-nerved with
lateral nerves 2-branched, remptely and minutely toothed. Peduncles of
male fl. 4-5 cm. 1., of female fl. about 1-5 cm. 1. Flowers greenish-white.

Fig. 101. — Cionosicys pomiformis Griseb.

A, Portion of branch, with leaf, tendril, D, Fruit cut across X §.

and female flower, x n- E, Seed with part of the coat removed,

B, Male flower cut lengthwise X g. nat. size.

C, Pollen grain x 75. (U after A. Robinson.)

Male flowers : Calyx-tuho narrowed to base, 10-12 mm. 1. ; sepals 12
mm. 1., acute. Corolla about 4 cm. 1., tomentose. Female flowers :
Peduncle shorter than male. Calyx-tnhe 1 cm. 1. ; sepals 5 mm. 1., lanceo-
late. Corolla 3 "5-4 cm. 1., outside papillose, inside hairy. Fruit the
size of an orange, "yellow (when ripe), 3-celled ; cells 9-seeded. Seeds
imbedded in pulp " (Macfadyen), about 12 mm. 1.

[LAGENARIA Ser.

Annual herb.s, high climbing, softly pubescent, smelling of
musk. Leaves roundish-cordate, toothed ; petiole with 2 glands
next the leaf. Tendrils 2-branched. Flowers large, white,
monoecious, all solitary, long-stalked. Fruit not opening, of
various shapes and sizes, woody, with a spongy flesh. Seeds
numerous, compressed, margined.

Species 1, native of tropical Asia and Africa, cultivated
everywhere in warm climates.

266 " FLORA OF JAMAICA Lagenaria

L. vulgaris Scr. in Mem. Soc. Genhe, in. pt. 1, 29, t. 2 (1825) ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 131 ;. Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 288; Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. Phan. Hi. 417; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 614. Lagenaria
lagenaria CocJcer. in Bull Torr. Club xix. 95 (1892) ; Small Fl.
S.E. U.S. 1137. Cucurbita lagenaria L. Sp. PL 1010 (1753) &
Amoen. v. 383 ; Wright Mem. 300 ; Britt. Fl. Bervi. 376. Cucur-
bita &c. Shane Cat. 100, 101 & Hist. i. 225, 226. C. villosa &c.
«k C. fructu maximo &c. Broicnc Hist. Jam 354 : Desconrt. Fl.
Ant. V. 85, /. 325.

Specimen in Herb. Liun. named by Linnjeus.

Bottle Gourd.

Sloane Herb. iv. 70 (seeds only) ! llarable, Claremont, Faiccdt dt
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7034. — Tropical Africa and Asia. Cultivated and sub-
spontaneous througbout tbe tropics.

Leaves 14 dm. br. ; petiole sbortcr than the limb. Peduncle of male
lis. longer than the petiole, of the female fls. as long or shorter. Mt^le fls.:
Calyx 1 •5-2*5 cm. 1. Petals 3-4 cm. l.J

5. SICANA ^^lud.

Annual climbing herbs. Leaves palmately deeply 3-5-lobed.
Tendrils with 3—5 branches. Flowers large, yellow, monaTious,
all solitary. Calyx-tube bell-shaped ; lobes 5. Corolla broadly
bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Male fl. : Stamens 3 ; anthers united in
Jamaican species, cells twisted forming a head. Female fl. :
Staminodes reduced to bristles or wanting. Ovary with 3
])lacentas ; stigmas 3 ; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit large,
fleshy, not opening. Seeds flattened, nai'roA\ ly winged or incon-
spicuously margined.

Species 2, one a native of Jamaica, the other of tropical
S. America.

S. sphepiea Hool: f. in Bot. Mag. t. 7109 (1890); drawings
by J. H. Hart ined. in Herb. Kew. Type in Herb. Kew.
(Fig. 102.)

Latimer Cinchona plantations, Blue Jits., £000 ft., Morris 1 also
Faiixett !

Branchlets puberulous. Leaves 8-12 cm. in dinm., glabrous or dotted,
base cordate with a deep rounded bay, deeply 3-5-lobed, lobes ovate, long
acuminate, entire or with small teeth. Tendrils 3-branched, tips dilated.
Peduncles solitary. Calyx pubescent or tomentoso ; lobes ovate, spreading.
Ccrrolla 7-8 cm. 1., pubescent outside, tomcntose inside. Male floxvers :
Filaments free, very short, glabrous; anthers in a subglobose head. Female
flotoers : Ovary cylindrical. Fruit globose, about the size of a small
orange, glabrous. Seeds narrowly winged.

Coccinia grandis lioem. Syn. Monocjr, fuse. 2, 93 (1846). C. cordifolia
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Hi. 529 (1881), a native of the East Indies, has
been found naturalized near Kingston, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,533. Leaves
ovate-cordate, 5-angled or -lobed. Flowers all solitary, large, bell-shaped,
white. Fruit 5 cm. 1., rounded-ellipsoidal, red with reddish pulp.

Sic ana

CUCUEBITACEiE

267

Fifj. 102. — Sicana spherica Hook. f.

A, Leaf with tendril and female flower x J. B, Stamens of male flower, enlarged.!
(B after Hooker fll.)

6. CAYAPONIA Manso.

Herbs climbing or very rarely prostrate, with a perennial root-
stock. Leaves palmately 3-7-Iobed (upper entire in C racc-
mosa), occasionally with 3-5 leaflets, very rarely all entire.
Tendrils generally with 2-5 branches. Flowers usually small,
monoecious or very rarely dioecious, usually in panicles or racemes.
Male tls, : Calyx-tube bell-shaped ; limb 5-toothed or deeply
5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped or rotate, 5-parted, segments ovate
or oblong. Stamens 3, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers
usually cohering in a cylindrical column, one 1-celled, the rest
2-celled, cells flexuose. Female fls. : Calyx and corolla as in

268

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Cayaponia

male fls. Staminodes 3, minute. Ovary usually 3-cellecl ; style
inserted in a basilar disk ; stigmas 3, dilated ; ovules 1-4 in the
cells, ascending from the base. Fruit ellipsoidal or globose, not
opening, with 3 (1-12) seeds. Seeds erect, with a hard coat.

Species 70, natives chielly of tropical S. America, also of
West Indies, Central America, subtropical N. America and
W. Africa.

C. racemosa Gogn. in DC. Monoyr. Hi. 768 (1881) ; Urb. Sy^nh.
Ant. iv. 614 4k viii. 697 ; Britt. d- Millsp. Bah. FI. 427. Bryonia

Fig. lOS.— Cayaponia racemosa Cogn.

A, Leaf with infloresceDce and tendi il x q. D, Female flower ; s, staioinodes ; <J, disk ;

B, Male flower x 2. X 4.

C, Male flower cut open. E, Fruit cut lengthwise X 2 ; ^, hard coat

of seed.

Cayaponia- , ,^, CUCURBITACEiE 269

racemosa foliis ticulneis Plum. Descr. 83, f. 97. Bi raceinosa
Mill. Diet. ed. 8; Sw. Prodr. 116 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 1148; Mac/.
Jam. ii. 137. B. foliis hirtis &c. Broicne Hist. Jam. 355, Bryone
d'Amerique Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. 281, t. 136. Cionandra race-
mosa Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 286 (1860).

Wild C&rasee, Mountain Bryony,

Wright ! Macfadyen ! Distin ! Purdie ! March ! Prior ! Montego Bay,
McCatty I Liguanea plain, Campbell ! Ramble, Claremont, Faiocett &
Harris ! Giddy Hall, Fawcett ! Halls Delight, St. Andrew, 1200 ft., Harris !
Fl. Jam. 10,076, 10,107. (Fig. 103.)— Cuba to Tortola, Tobago, Trinidad,
Central America, Guiana, Venezuela.

Stem somewhat woody, often high-climbing, to 20 ft. 1. Leaves very
variable, 6-13 cm. 1., upper entire or nearly so, lower more or less 3-5-lobed,
rough on upper surface, puberulous or glabrescent beneath, running into
the patiole and more or less glandular beneath at base ; petioles 2-7 cm. 1.
Tendrils with 2 or 3 branches. Flowers yellowish-green, male and female
on the same panicle (often leafy). Male flowers : Calyx-txihe 3 mm. 1.,
teeth about 1 mm. 1. Corolla about -5 cm. 1. Female flowers : Calyx:
tube 1-5 mm. 1., teeth '5 mm. 1. Corolla 3 mm. 1. Fruit 1-1*5 cm. 1.,
ellipsoidal, reddish-orange when ripe.

All parts of the plant are intensely bitter.

7. FEVILLEA L.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves cordate, palmately lobed or angled,
membranous. Tendrils lateral, 2 -branched at apex. Peduncles
collateral with tendrils and leaves. Flowers small, in hanging
panicles, yellow or greenish, dioecious. Male fls. : Calyx-tube
short, bell-shaped or cup-like ; sepals 5. Petals 5, clawed,
spreading, with an erect longitudinal tongue along the midrib,
Staminodes 5, minute, between the jaetals, united to the
sepals. Stamens 5, in the centre of the receptacle ; anthers
1-celled opening by a longitudinal slit, connective broad.
Female fls, : Calyx as in male fls. Petals 5, clawed, spreading,
Staminodes 5 or more ; 20 very small glands at base of petals.
Ovary 3-celled, sometimes free at apex ; styles 3 ; stigmas
2-lobed ; ovules 6 or fewer in each cell, hanging from the
margins of the carpels. Fruit large, ringed above the middle
with the scar of the fallen calyx-limb, 3-celled below, marked
with 3 radiating lines at the apex. Seeds indefinite, large,
hanging from the margins of the placentas in the upper part of
the cell, overlapping, compressed, roundish in outline ; cotyledons
large, round in outline.

Species 7, natives of West Indies and tropical continental
America.

F. eordifolia L. Sp. PI. 1013 (1753) & Amoen. v. 383; Sw.
Obs. 377; Mac/. Jam. ii. 129; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 289;
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Hi. 941 & in Engler's Pjizr. Cucurhitacese —
Fevillesel; Baill. Hist. PI. viii. 378, 379, Jigs. 212-217; Urb.
Symh. Ant. iv. 610 & viii. 693 ; Guppy Plants . . .W. Indies &c.

270

FLOKA 01' JAMAICA

Fevillea

124. F. trilobata L. Sp. PI. 1014 (1753) (so far as regards syn.
Sloan. & hab. Jamaica). F. scandens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1457 (1763)
& var. /3 (so far as regards syn. Sloan.); WrigJd Mem. 211.

Tifi. l(\4.—Fev!llea cordifoUa L.

A, Portion of liiaiich wir)i leaf ami flowers

X J.

B, Leaf from anothei- part of braiicli X 5.
(', Male flower x 'i.
D, Stamen from back Bhowlng connective

and one of the walls of the lipe
anther-cell bent back, enlarged.

E, Staiien : antliei-cell about to open
alon^ median line, enlarged.

¥, J'eniale flower of /<'. trilobata cut length-
wise ; 8, stamlnode ; x 2.

G, Fruit cut open along the scar of fallen
calyx, showing seeds inside, x J.

H, Seed x i.

I, Ditto cut lengthwise X }.
[(F, I after Baillon.)

F. foliis «tc. Browne Hist. Jam. 374 ; Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.)
203, /. 209 A- Ic. orig. ined. in Herb. Mus. Brit. Hi. tt. 155, 156.
Ghandiroba vel Nhandiroba Sloane Cat. 85 k Hist. i. 200.

FevilUa . CUCURBITACE.^ 271

Nhaiidiroba scandens tkc. Plum. Nov. Gen. 20, /. 27. Nan-
dhirobe ifec. Descourt. Fl. Ant. Hi. 216, t. 198. Antidote cocoon
Bev. J. Lindsay, Ic. & Ms. ined. (Fig. 101.)

Antidote Cocoon.

Wiles] Macfadyenl Cave R., St. Ann, Piirdiel St. Thomas in Vale,
Priori Lancaster; Hope Gardens; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 5600,8381,8382.—
West Indies, tropical continental America.

Ste7ti perennial, climbing over tops of trees. Leaves cordate at base,,
early leaves undivided, ovate, those towards the ends of branches 5-angled
or more or less lobed, glabrous, 7-17 cm. 1. ; petioles 3-7 cm. 1. Tendrils
very long. Male common peduncle puberulous, many-flovsfcred, 20-60 cm. 1.
Sepals 2 mm. 1. Petals dusky orange, ovate-roundish, 4 mm. 1. Fruit
globose, russet, hard, 10-12 cm. in diam. Seeds 10-12, yellowish-grey,
smooth, margin acute or shortly winged, 5 "5-6 cm. br., 2 cm. thick.

The seeds abound in oil, burn freely when ignited, and put on skewers
have been used instead of candles ; the expressed oil gives a clear light
when burnt in lamps. (Macfadyen.)

Family LXXXIII. CACTACE^.

Herbs, slirub.s, or trees, usually succulent, with distinct spine-
bearing areas (" ai'eoles "). Stem elongate, branching, or reduced
to a cone, globe, or column, rounded, angular, ribbed, or bearing
tubercles (shortened branches), fleshy inside, with a cylinder
composed of a network of woody fibres running through, and
with a very wide pith ; the ribs and tubercles dotted with small
woolly cushions (areoles) scattered or in a .series and bearing
sharp points or spines. Spines of many forms, smooth or trans-
versely ribbed, straight or hooked, sometimes covered with a
loose epidermis, some barbed at the apex in Opuntia and Nopalea.
Leaves usually minute, scale-like, soon falling, arising in the
small cushions, large only in PeresJcia. Stipules wanting.
Flowers hermaphrodite, usually regular, solitary (except in
Pereskia), sessile, axillary, terminal, or inserted on the ribs or
in the notches of a crenate stem, usually showy. Calyx-tube
short or prolonged beyond the ovary ; lobes indefinite, often
numerous and in many series, scale-like, leafy or petaloid, over-
lapping. Petals indefinite in number, generally numerous and
in many series, the outer not distinct from the calyx-lobes, free
or united into a short tube, erect or spreading, overlapping.
Stamens very numerous and in many series, inserted at the
throat of the calyx, free or adherent to the base of the petals ;
filaments thi-ead-like, free or the outer adherent to the calyx-
tube on one side or all round, of equal length or the outer longer.
Ovary sunk in the stem or free, smooth or with scale-like bracts
on the outside, or areolate, 1-celled. Style elongate, terminal,
simple ; stigma with 2 or more rays, rays usually spreading,
linear, tuberculate on the surface. Ovules very many, on
indefinite placentas on the ovary-walls, horizontal, anatropous.

272 FLOKA OF JAMAICA PcresMa

Berry pulpy, smooth, scaly, with or without areoles, apex
depressed or crowned with the withered perianth, 1-celled,
placentas pulpy, with indefinite seeds. Seeds hard and brittle or
bony ; endosperm present or wanting. Embryo bent or straight.
Cotyledons leaf-like or scarcely differentiated.

Species about 1500, growing in great plenty in tropical and
subtropical America, a few also in Chile ; one or more species of
Bhijisalis native in tropical Africa, Mauritius, and Ceylon ; a
few species of Opuntia and Nopalea introduced into the Old
World, and now widely spread.

Leaves broad, flat. Flowers stalked. Plants woody 1. Pcreskia.

Leaves not broad, usually small and soon dropping off, or

wanting. Flowers without stalks. Plants fleshy.

With many branches and joints, without ribs ; joints

flattened ; areoles spine-bearing. Flowers without

a tube.

Sepals and petals erect. Stamens much longer than

the petals 2. Nopalca.

Sepals and petals rotate. Stamens shorter than the petals 3. Opnntia.
With few branches and joints, ribbed or angled ; areoles
spine-bearing. Flowers funnel- or salver-shaped,
tubular, or bell-shaped ; segments several or many.
Frect, with several long joints. Flowers and spines

borne at the same areoles 4. Ccrcus.

Short, without joints. Flowers and spines borne at
different areoles ; flowering areoles forming a

central terminal bead 5. Melocactus.

With many branches and joints, hanging from trees or

rocks; spineless. Flowers with few perianth-segments 6. Rhipsalis.

1. PERESKIA Miller.

Woody shrubs, or clambering vines, or trees, with rounded
leafy branches. Leaves alternate, broad, flat, somewhat fleshy.
Areoles in the axils, bearing spines in pairs or in clusters, neither
sheathed nor barbed. Flowers stalked, solitary, corymbose, or
paniculate, terminal or lateral, rotate. Calyx : tube not prolonged
beyond the ovary ; lobes numerous, leafy, often persistent.
Petals numerous, in indefinite series, spreading. Stamens
numerous. Style slender. Berry pear-shaped or ovoid, depressed
at the apex, scaly or bearing little cushions. Cotyledons large,
leafy. Seedlings without spines.

Species 19, natives of West Indies and tropical America.

P. aculeata Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768); Descourt. Fl.
Ant. iv. 289, t. 294; Bot. Beg. t. 1928; Macf. Jam. it. 181;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. hid. 303; Bot. Mag. t. 7 147; Urh. Symh.
Ant. viii. 468. P. Pereskia Karsten Deutsch. i^/. 888 ( 1 882) ; Britt.
& Bose Cact. i. 10, t. 2, P. aculeata flore &c. Pima. Gen. 35, t. 26 ;
Cactus Pereskia L. Sp. PI. 469 (1753) & Amoen. v. 379.

PercsJda

CACTACE.E

273

C. sarmeutosus kc. Broione Hist. Jam. 237. Grossularias fructu
majore &c. Sloane Gat. 165 & Hist. it. 86. Specimen, in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus. (Fig. 105.)

West Indian Gooseberry.

Sloane Herb. vi. 98*1 ! Oracabessa, A. Bancroft ! Hope Gardens, Harris ! —
West Indies, tropical continental America.

Pereskia aculeata Miller.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and B, Flower about to open X 2.
WoweriDg shout X v C, Fruit, nat. size.

(A, C after Brittou & Rose.)

Shrub : branches trailing and climbing .over bushes, &c., often 10 to
30 ft. 1. Spines : long, slender, and straight, in clusters on the stem, but
solitary or only 2 or 3 together on the lower part ; in pairs (or 8) recurved,
short, in the axils of leaves. Leaves 3-7(-]0) cm. 1.; elliptical or ovate;
petioles very short. Cymes paniculate, many-flowered. Galyx-tvihe spiny.
Petals about 2 cm. 1., oblong-elliptical, white, pale yellow, or piniiish.
Berry 1-1-5 cm. in diam., globose, bearing the leafy sepals at apex. Seeds
few, black, 4 or 5 mm. in diam.

Often cultivated for its fruit.

Lunan (Hort. Jam. ii. 236) and Macfadyen (lac. cit.) state that P. portu-
lacifolia was cultivated in Jamaica. Macfadyen describes it as a tree with
V. T

274 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pereslcia

the trunk armed with clusters of long spines; flowers solitary; fruit
without remnants of sepals. Sloane describes the specimen seen by him
as a tree with " the face of a Rhamnus " about 15 ft. high and well spread.
It grew near the old monastery ruins by the town of St. Jago de la Vega.
It is possible that this is the same species as the P. jxyrtulacifolia quoted
by Lunan and Macfadyon. The specimen in Herb. Sloane appears to bo
r..aculcata.

2. NOPALEA Salm-Dyck.

Fleshy shrubs with cylindrical trunks ; branches jointed,
joints very much flattened, ob©vate or oblong, with scattered
areoles bearing white wool, with small barbed spines, and often
long spines. Leaves small, scale-like, soon falling. Flowers
solitiiry from the areole, at or near the edges of the joints.
Calyx-tube inserted in the depression at top of ovary ; lobes 6-8,
erect. Petals red or pinkish, 12-18, erect, closely adpressed
against the numerous protruding stamens. Ovary with a deep
depression at aj)e.\, not sunk in joint ; surface tuberculate, each
tuberculate portion slightly swollen, with an areole near its apex ;
style as long as or longer than the stamens ; stigmas with 5-7
erect rays. Berry red, juicy, pear-shfiped, edible, usually spineless.
Seeds numerous, flat, with a thick bony raphe.

Species 7, natives of West Indies, Mexico, and tropical
S. America ; one widely cultivated in subtropical regions of the
Old World.

N. coehenilUfep Salm-Dyck Ccict. Hort. Di/ck, 1849, G4 (1850)
(as coccinellifera) ; K. Schum in' Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 2, 301, t. 60 &
Monogr. 750 ; Urh. Stjmb. Ant. iv. 433 & vlii. 467. Jirilt. d Base
Cad. i. 34, t. 4,/. 1. Cactus cochenillifer L. Sp. PI. 468 (1753) ;
Descourt. Fl. Ant. vii. 273, t. 516; Bot. Mag. tt. 2741, 2742.
C. brachiatus et articulatus subinermis kc. Broivne Hist. Jam. 237.
Opuntia maxima folio oblongo (kc. Sloane Cat. 194 & Hist. ii. 152,
/. 8,/. 1, 2, /. 9. O. cochinelifera Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 179; Griseh. op. cit. 302. Tuna mitior &c. Dill.
Elth. 399, t. 297. Upright Prickly Pear Bev. J. Lindsay le. & Ms.
(Fig. 106.)

Wullschlacgel ; Harris I Bog Walk ; Lucea ; Hitchcock 1 Fl. Jam. 5614. —
Cultivated and spontaneous in West Indies and tropical continental
America ; introduced into many parts of the Old World ; original habitat
unknown.

Tall plants, often 9 to 12 ft. high, trunks to 8 in. thick ; branches of
ascending or spreading obovate-oblong joints, sometimes 1^ ft. 1. Areoles
very distant, small, roundish. Spines wanting, or a few small ones at
first on the older joints ; small barbed spines numerous, soon falling.
Flmoers crimson, several appearing usually near the top of the joint
especially at the edges, from base of ovary to tip of style 5*5-7 cm. 1.
Ovary semi-ellipsoidal, about 3 cm. 1. Fruit red, about 5 cm. 1.

The specific name was given because it is the chief species of cactus on
which the cochineal insect was grown. The Spaniards found the cochineal
industry established when they conquered Mexico in 1518. The plantations

Nopalea

C ACT ACE .^

275

of the cactus plants were called nopalries, after the Mexican name for the
plant, Nopal ; one is figured in Sloane Hist. ii. t. 9. Browne states that
this cactus plant is "more rare than any of the rest."

Fig. 106. — Nopalea cochenUlifer Salm-Dyck.

A, Flower removed from ovary, nat. size.

B, Ditto cut lengthwise and style re-

moved, nat. size.

C, Ovary with base of style, nat. size.

D, Ditto cut lengthwise, nat. size.

3. OPUNTIA Miller.

Sometimes tree-like, the stem branching in older plants from
a cylindrical base, more often much branched from the ground,
branches jointed, flat, globose to subcylindrical ; areoles bearing
leaves, spines, very short barbed bristles, hairs, and flowers.
Leaves scale-like, soon falling. Flowers usually one at an areole,
yellow, red, or purple. Calyx : lobes numerous, outer scale-like
or leaf-like, adherent to the ovary, inner short, flat. Petals
united at the base, spreading. Stamens : filaments shorter than
the petals, free or combined. Ovary not sunk in tissue of joint,
glabrous, with areoles ; style cylindrical, scarcely overtopping the

T 2

276

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Opuntia

stamens, thicker below, hollow above, with 2-7 thick erect
stigmatic rays. Berry pear-shaped, depressed at apex, with
areoles, with or without spines. Seeds compressed ; coat bony ;
endosperm little or much ; cotyledons leafy.

Species about 250, natives of the West Indies and tropical
and subtropical America, one or two very widely spread through
the Old World.

Areoles with long spines.

Joints obovate to elliptical. Plants 2-5 ft. high.
Joints obovate-elliptical. Spines yellow, to 35cm.l. 1. O. Tuna.
Joints obovate with long tapering Iwise. Spines

white, to 2-5 cm. 1 2. O. jamaicensis.

Joints narrowly oblong. Plant to 16 ft. high, with

spiny trunk 3. 0. spiiwsissima.

Areoles without long spines (rarely with small solitary

spines) 4. O. Fictis-indica.

1. 0. Tuna Miller Gard. Did. cd. 8 (1768); bushy, much
branched, erect ; joints obovate or elliptical ; areoles with 3-5 (2-6)

I'ig. 107.— Opuntia Tuna Miller.

A, Shoot with flower-bud, flower, and

fruit, X ;.

B, Areole with long spines cut, nat. size.

C, A small spine Ix-om B, much enlarged.

D, Flower cut lengthwise, nat. size.

E, Fruit cut lengthwise X J.J,

F, Seed X 3.

G, Ditto cut lengthwise.

Opuntia CACTACE^i; 277

slender needle-shaped spines, yellow (at least when young) ; flowers
yellow; ovary 1*5-2 cm. 1.; fruit red. — Mac/. Jam. ii. 178;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 302 (excl. hab. Antigua) ; Britt. & Bose
Cad. i. 113, figs. 141, 142. Cactus Tuna L. Sp. PL 468 (1753).
C. brachiatus et articulatus articulis ovatis &c. Browne Hist.
Jam. 237. C. polyanthos Bot. Mag. t. 2691. Prickly Pear
Bev. J. Lindsay Ic. d: Ms. (Fig. 107.)

Prickly Pear (a name applied to this and allied species).

" Confined to Jamaica lowlands on southern side " (Britton & Rose I.e.) ;
near Kingston; Old Hope road, 400 ft ; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 6J47, 11,632,

Plants 2-3 ft. high. Joints 10-20 cm. 1. Arcoles large. Spines:
longest 2 ■ 5-3 • 5 cm. 1. Flowers about 5 cm. br. Sepals roundish, yellowish
with a purple stripe along the centre. Petals light yellow slightly tinged
with red, 2-2 5 cm. 1. Fruit red, obovoid, about 3 cm. 1.

This species, in the early part of the nineteenth century, was renamed
O. humilis and also O. polyantha. The name O. Tuna was transferred to
O. Dillenii, one of the most common species, both wild and cultivated
(Britton & Rose l.c ). In O. Dillenii the spines are 1-4 (to 10 on areoles of
first year's joints) to 7 cm. 1. Petals 4-5 cm. 1. Fruit 5-7 cm. 1.

A whitewash is prepared by slicing the joints of a Prickly Pear,
macerating them in water for 24 hours, and to this solution of creamy
consistence lime is added and well mixed in. When the mixture is applied
to any surface, be it wood, iron, or other material, a beautiful pearly
white appearance is produced which endures through rain for many years.
(Agricultural News xvi. 204.) For a study of Prickly Pears as a pest in
Agriculture see J. H. Maiden in Agric, Gaz. of N.S. Wales ix. 979 (1899).

2. 0. jamaicensis Britt. <£• Harr. Torreya xi. 130 (1911);
shrubby, erect ; branches several, ascending ; joints obovate with
a long tapering base; spines 2-3(1-5), slender, needle-shaped,
white with yellowish-green tips ; flowers yellow ; ovary 2 cm, 1. ;
fruit red.—Britt. d- Bose Cact. i. 113, /. 18,/. 4, 5, t. 19.

Roadside plains near Salt Ponds, St. Catherine, Harris d Britton !
Fl. Jam. 10,887.

Plant 3 ft. high. Joints 7-13 cm. 1. Arcoles about 2-5 cm. apart.
/Spines 2 '5 cm. 1. or less ; short spines barbed. i^/owc7-s 4 cm. br. Petals
light lemon-yellow with a reddish-brown streak at the middle, 2-5 cm. 1.
i^rwii pear-shaped, 3-5-4 cm. 1.

3. 0. splnosissima Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768); erect,
trunk cylindrical, not jointed, densely spiny, giving off pendulous
branches 4-5 ft. from the ground ; joints narrowly oblong ;
spines in aeroles of joints 3 or 4(1-4), needle-shaped, straw-
coloured or whitish, minute barbed spines brown, densely
covering the areoles ; flowers at first yellow, then turning
reddish-orange; fruit red. — Macf. Jam. ii. 177; Griseh. he. cit. ;
Britt. d; Bose Cact. i. 204, fi:g. 258, t. 36. O. major spinosa
caulescens foliis atrovirentibus longis et angustis pendulis flore
rubro Sloane Cat. 195 & Hist. ii. 154, /. 224, /. 2. Cactus
brachiatus et articulatus articulis oblongo-ovatis &c. Bron-ne Hixt.
Jam. 237. Prickly Pear Tree Bev. J. Lindsay Ic. d Ms.

278 FLORA OF JAMAICA Opuntia

Southern coast ; Sloanc Herb. vii. 83 ! Mac/adycn.

Plants to 16 ft. high, trunk often as thick as a man's thigh with spines
5 cm. 1. and more, joints 1-5-3 dm. 1., 5-7 cm. br., their areoles 1 to 2 cm.
apart. T'^/wcers 2-5-3 cm. br. Pc^ais about 1 cm. 1. Ovary 5-6 (8-8) cm. 1.,
narrowing to a stalk-like base.

0. Dlllenil Haworth Siippl. PI. Sitcc. 79 (1819) ; joints olx)vate, 13-20
(7-40) ; areoles with l-4(-10) stout spines yellow and somewhat mottled
with brown, commonly flattened, longest usually 3 cm. 1., sometimes to
7 cm. 1. ; petals yellow tinged with red, 4-5 cm. 1. ; fruit red-purplish,
5-7-5 cm. l.—Britt. Fl. Bervi. 256 ; Britt. d Millsp. Bah. Fl. 296 ; Britt. d
Rose Cact. i. 162, /. 201, t. 28, /. 2, /. 29, /. 2. Tuna major &c. Dill.
Elth. a. 398, t. 296. Cactus Dillenii Kcr-Gairl Bot. Beg. t. 255 (1818).
Cactier en Raquette Dcscourt. Fl. Ant. vii. 262, t. 613 (1829).

Prickly Pear.

Possibly occurring in Jamaica. — Coasts of S. Carolina, Florida, Ber-
muda, West Indies, east coast of Mexico, northern S. America.

Bushy-branched, lJ-5 ft. high. Aicoles somewhat elevated. Fiiiif
pear-shaped, edible.

4. 0. Ficus-indiea Milkr Gard. Did. cd. 8 (1768); large
plants, bushy or tree-Iiko ; stems hard and woody with age ;
joints elliptical, oblong, or obovate, thick ; spineless, or areoles
rarely with one .spine ; flowers yellow ; ovary 4-5 cm. 1. ; fruit
red, sometimes white or yellow, edible. — Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind.
302; Briit. d.Rose Cact. i. 177,/. 217, 218. O. pseudo-tuna
Salm-Dtfclc ex Macf. Jam. ii. 180 (1850). Cactus Ficus-indica
L. Sp. PI. 468 (1753).

Indian Fig.

Macfadycn ; King's House grounds, J. P. 1308, Hart ! Hitchcocli. —
Native country not known, but now found cultivated or as an escape
throughout the tropics and subtropics.

Plants 5 to 15 ft. high. Joints usually 3-5 dm. 1. Leaves awl-sbaped,
green, 3 mm. 1. Areoles small. Flowers 7-10 cm. br. Fruit obovoid,
with reddish pulp, 5-9 cm. 1., with a shallow depression at the apex.

4. CEREUS Miller.

Stem short or elongate, erect or climbing or creeping, ribbed
or angular, continuous or jointed, simple or branched, bearing
areoles. Flowers lateral, usually opening at night. Calyx-tube
bearing tomentose cushions ; lobes numerous, in indefinite series,
the outer scale-like, inner elongate, overlapping spirally. Petals
indefinite, in indefinite series, recurved-spreading. Stamens :
filaments attached to the calyx-tube, included or protruding.
Ovary not sunk in the stem, more or less scaly ; style thread-
like. Berry scaly or tuberculate, bearing areoles. Seeds
generally without endosperm ; cotyledons parallel to the sides of
the seed, generally hooked, short or leafy.

Species about 230, natives of the West Indies, tropical and
subtropical America.

Cereus ' CACTACE^ 279

Erect columnar plants.

Stem and branches stout. Flowers short-funnel-
shaped 1. C. peruvianas.

Stem and branches slender. Flowers long- tubular-
funnel-shaped 2. C. gracilis.

Climbing plants with aerial roots.

Stem 3-angled. Flowers white 3. C. triangularis.

Stem 7-angled. Flowers white 4. C. grandifiorus.

Stem cylindrical, slightly 10-ribbed. Flowers

crimson 5. C. flagelliforinis.

1. C. pepuvianus Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768); Mac/.
Jam. a. 174. C. crassissimus fructu intus et extus rubro Sloane
Cat. 196 & Hist. ii. 157. C. Swartzii Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
301 (1860) ; Gard. Chron. n.s., x. 185, Jig. 37. Cactus peruvianus
L. Sp. PL 467 (1753); Sw. Obs. 199. C. cylindraceus erectus
sulcatus major summitate obtusus &c. Browne Hii^t. Jam. 238.
Cephalocereus Swartzii Britt. & Bose Contr. U.S. Nat. Herh. xii.
420 (1909) & Cad. ii. 46. Lemaireocereus bystrix Britt. & Bose
Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. xii. 425 (1909) & Cact. ii. SQ,fi(js. 126-128.
Large erect Indian Fig or Dildo Bev. J. Lindsay Ic. dt Ms. incd.

Dildo.

Dry parts of Jamaica on southern side. — Cuba, Hispaniola, and small
islands near Porto Eico.

Plant tall, erect, stout, simple or with erect branches, 16-20(-40) ft.
high; trunk short, 2 ft. or more 1., 5 inches to 1 ft. in diam., smooth,
brownish-yellow ; branches 7-10 cm. in diam., ribbed, spiny. Itibs 10 (8-12).
Areoles rather large, felted. Spines gray with brown- tips, stout needle-
shaped, radials about 10, central spines usually 3, one often longer than
the others 2"5(4) cm. 1. Flowers short-funnel-shaped, 8-9 cm. 1. (incl.
ovary) ; tube 5 cm. 1., dark green to purplish above, bearing few short
broad scales ; inner perianth-segments pinkish or white, spreading or
recurved ; the perianth withering and at length falling away from the
ripening fruit. Ovary tuberculate, bearing usually small ovate scales.
Fruit 5-6 cm. 1., globose, red, covered with clusters of spines which soon
fall, bursting when quite ripe, showing the dark red edible pulp and tho
numerous black seeds.

Cereus peruvianus of Britton & Rose (Cact. ii. 11) is quite a different
plant, a native of the south-eastern coast of S. America. We keep the
specific name for the Jamaican species, as we believe it to bo tho one
named by Linnseus. The plant referred to in Hortus Upsaliensis, 120, is
said to be a native of Jamaica. Linnaeus gives as a synonym Cereus
peruanus k&c. Bauh. pin. 458, and apparently concludes that the species
is a native of both Jamaica and Peru. In AmcEn. v. 379, he identifies
Cactus peruviamis with Browne's Cactus No. 8 (Hist. Jam. 238).

We are unable to follow Britton & Rose (Cact, ii. 46) in regard to
G. Swartzii Griseb. as a distinct species characterized by the want of
scales on the ovary. Sloane, Swartz, and Macfadyen (also Grisebach)
distinguished only the one species. The presence of scales and spines on
the ovary and fruit would seem from the description to be a variable
character.

2. C. graeills Miller Gard. Did. ed. 8 (1768). C. altissimus
gracilior fructu extus luteo intus niveo &c. Sloane Cat. 197 it
Hist. ii. 158. C. altissimus ifec. Treio PI. Seled. 1. 14. C. repandu=>

280 FLORA OF JAMAICA Ccretis

Haworth Syn. PI. Succ. 183 (1812); Bot. Reg. i. 336 (under
Cactus); Macf. Jam. ii. 174; Griseh. he. cit. (noii L.). Cactus
erectus. . .tenuior &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 238. Harrisia gracilis
Britf. Bull Ton: Chtb .r.T.rr. 563 (1908) ; Briit. <0 Bast Cacf. ii. 151,
Jig. 221, 222, /. 20, /. 1. H. undata Briff. torn.' cit. 564 (1908).
Dildo Pear Tree or Small erect Indian Fig Ber. J. Lindsay
Ic. & Ms. ined.

Torch-wood.

Plant much branched, to 20 ft. high, dark green, llibs U-11, rounded ;
depressions shallow. Arcoles 1-5-2 cm. apart, with 9-1 G needle-like spines
(sometimes fewer), the longer 2-2-5 cm. 1. Corolla 20 cm. 1.; scales of
tube greenish brown, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 cm. 1. ;
subtending a few hairs. Peiianth-scgmcnts : outer pale brown, inner
white, denticulate. Fruit depressed-globose, yellow, about 5 cm. 1., with
flattened tubercles, each of which has a green scale in the middle with or
without wool in the axis.

The woody centre of the stems after the decay of all the soft parts " is
used for a torch by the Indians to catch fish in the night time ; they hold
it out of the ends of their canoes lighted, and, the fish leaping at it, strike
them with their instruments, and groat plenty of them are caught so."
(Sloane.) The fruit is sometimes served up at table with other fruit.
(Browne.)

C. eriophorus Herb. Dcrol. ex Pfciffcr Enunl. 94 (1837) ; Pfciffer d Olio
Cact. t. 22, according to Grisobach, occurs in Jamaica. It is very similar
to the previous eiJccies, but the flowers are rather smaller, and the
inner perianth-segments are entire. Griseh. loc. cit. ; Harrisia eriophora
Britten Bull. Twr. Club xxxv. 5C2 (1908) ; Britt. ili Bosc Cact. ii. 149,
fig. 215, /. 18,

3. C. triangularis Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 180 (1812); Mac/.
Jam. ii. 175 ; Griseh. loc. cit. Ficus indica folio triangulari «fcc.
Sloane Cat. 19G k Hist. ii. 155. Cactus triangularis L. Sp. PL
468 (17o3). C. debilis <fec. Browne Hist. Jam. 238. Hylocereus
triangularis Britt. d- Rose Contrih. U.S. Nat. Hcrh.xii. 429 (1909)
«fe Cact. ii. 192, /. 269. Strawberry Pear Bev. J. Lindsay Ic. <(•
Ms. ined. (Fig* 108, c.)

Prickly Withe, God Ochra.

On trees in Savanna woods near St. Jago de la Vega Sloane (specimen
in Herb. vii. 83* from Philip Miller, Chelsea Garden) ! Wrigltt ! On rocks,
stone-walls, &c. Macfadyen; Westphalia road, near Cinchona, J. P. 1380,
Morris !

High-climbing or creeping plants, sharply 3-angled, 3-4 cm. br. ; giving
off numerous long aerial roots. Areoles about 2 cm. apart, with a few
short spines, 6-8 together. Floiccrs 20 cm. 1. or more, opening at night,
white. Perianth-segments: outer to 10 cm. 1., linear; inner shorter and
broader. Scales on the ovary and tube linear from a broad base, green,
2-5 cm. 1. Fruit crimson, with large persistent scales, edible, 10 cm. 1.

Withes are made from the stems. Fruit used as a substitute for ochras,
and even served up at table with other fruit. (Browne.)

4. C. grandinorus Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768) & Ic. t. 90,
Bot. Mag. t. 3381 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 175 ; Griseb. loc. cit. C. gracilis

Cercu8

CACTACE.'E

281

scandens etc. Trew PL Ehrcf. tt. 31, 32. Cactus grandifloius
L. Sp. PL 467 (1753) ; Desc. FL Ant. L 277, L 65. Selenicereus
grandiflorus BriU. & Bose Contrih. U.S. NaL Herh. mi. 430 (1909)
& Cad. a. 197, /. 32, f. 3, t. 33. Climbing Indian Fig Bev.

Fig. lOS.—Cereus Jlagetlifcnmis 'MiWer.

A, Ppi'tiou ot stem with flower X i. C, P'ruit of C. triangularis Haw.

B, Flower cut lengtliwise X 3. D, Seed of C. grandiJioi-us Haw.

(A, B after Trew ; C after Scliumann ; D after Schleiden.)

J. Lindsay Ic. cD Ms. ined. Sp>3cimen in Herb. Linn, grown in
Hort. Upsal. and named by Linnseus. Specimen in Hort. Cliff,
in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 108, d.)

Night-bloomingCereus.

Walls, rocks, and tree-trunks ; Wright ! Macfadyen ; Port Eoyal Mts.,
■Johnson ! Arcadia, Trelawny, Fawcett ! Port Antonio ; Lucea : Hitch-
cock.— Cuba.

Stems climbing up trunks of trees, then branching freely, with pendulous
bunches of branches 1*5-2 '5 cm. in diam., ribbed, giving off long aerial

282 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cereus

roots. Ribs 7 (5-8), with rounded furrows between. Areoles small, bearing
5-12 spines, 5-7(-10) mm. 1., intermixed with longer hairs. Flowers
18-21 cm. 1., opening at night, fragrant ; tube 12-13 cm. 1. ; scales of tube
and ovary strap-shaped, light yellow, 5-14 mm. 1., with long brownish
hairs in axils. Perianth-segments : outer narrow, salmon-coloured, inner
much broader and shorter, white. Fniit roundish-ovoid, 5(-8) cm. l.»
orange-coloured or yellow, covered with scales and clusters of spines and
hairs which soon drop off.

This plant, and especially the flowers, is gaid to be a remedy in
functional heart disease ; see Phatm. Journ. lix. (4th ser., v.) 1G5 (1897).

5. C. flagelliformis Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768); Griseh.
lor. cit. C. minima serpens it c. Shane Cat. 197 it Hixt. ii. 158.
C. minimus scandens <kc. Ehret Plantse, t. 2, /. 3 & Trcio PL
Select, t. 30. Cactus flagelliformis L. Sp. PI. 467 (1753); Sw.
Ohs. Bot. 200; Tiiasac Fl. Ant. ii. 106, t. 28. C. cylindraceus,
sulcatus, pusillus «tc. Broicne Hist. Jam. 238. Aporocactus
flagelliformis iemam'J//HWr. Hort. vii., Misc. 68 (1860); Britt. d-
Bose Cact. ii. 218, /. 11, /, 2. Specimen in Herb. Linn, grown
in Hort. Upsal. and namud by Linnjeus, (Fig. 108, A, B.)

Stem G-10 mm. in diam., whitish or glaucous green, climbing up the
trunks of trees and over rocks and walls; ribs 10-12, not prominent nor
acute in living specimens, but often acute in shrunken herbarium
specimens. Areoles 4-G(-8) mm. apart on the ribs; spines lO-ic, bristly
rather than spiny, 2 or 3 in the centre stouter, often longer than the rest.
Flowers 7-8 cm. 1., crimson ; outer perianth-segments narrow, more or
less reflexed; inner perianth-segments broad, only slightly spreading.
Fruit globose, 10-12 mm. in diam., red, bristly.

Red Hills on road to Guanaboa, Sloane Herb. vii. 83**, 85 (from
P. Miller, Chelsea) ! On trees near the sea, Swcirtz. — Tropical continental
America (cultivated),

5. MELOCACTUS Link Si Otto.

Stem cone-like or subglobose, fleshy, flat at the base, ribbed,
when mature crowned by a narrower head densely woolly,
bearing the flowers , ribs vertical, 9-20, bearing clusters of
spines. Head a compact mass of slender stiff adpressed bristles
or spines, dark reddish-orange (in M. communis), embedded in
white wool. Flowei's arising out of the top of the head, small,
rose-coloured. Calyx-tube cylindrical, wider at the base, pro-
longed beyond the ovary ; lobes to 24, small, attached to the
tube in a series or subspirally, overlapping. Petals in 2 or 3
series, combined at the base into a tube, outer narrower.
Stamens inserted on the calyx-tube, enclosed. Ovary enclosed,
smooth, ovoid, flat at the apex ; style thread-like, with 5 or more
stigmatic rays. Berry at length protruding, smooth, crowned
with the withered corolla. Seeds black, without endosperm ;
embryo subglobose, on germination 2-cleft at the apex.

Species 18, natives of West Indies, Central America, Brazil,
Colombia, Peru.

Melocactus

CACTACE.E

285

M. communis Linic & Otto Verh. Beford. Gartenh. Hi. 417^
^ 11 (1827); 3Iacf. Jam. n. 112 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 300
(so far as the Jamaica habitat is concerned). Cactus Melocactus

Fig. IQQ.—Melocactug communis Link & Otto.

X , Plant, reduced.

B, Cushion of spines, I nat. size.

C, flower cut lengthwise, nat. size.

D, Fruit, J nat. size.

L. Sp. PI. 466 (1753) ; Lunan Hort. Jam. i. 503 ; Tuasac Fl. Ant.
ii. 104, /. 27 ; Britt. it Bose Cact. tit. 224. C. humihs &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 238. Echinomelocactos Sloane Cat. 198 & Hist. ii. 159.
(Fig. 109.)

Turk's Head, Turk's Cap, Pope's Head, Melon Thistle.

Savanna near Port Henderson ; near Rock Fort ; Macfadyen ; Port
Royal, Hitchcock; Healthshiro Hills, south of Spanish Town, Britton &
Harris.

Stem, a succulent mass, at first roundish, at length becoming elongated,
1-3 ft. high, 10-12 ins. in diam. ; ribs 10-14, 2-3 cm. deep. Spines 10-12,
2-5 cm. 1. Head 2-6 ins. high or more, 3-4J ins. in diam., at first flat,

584 FLOUA OF JAMAICA Mclocactiis

then elongating to become oylindrical. Flou'ets imbedded in the head, of
a rich crimson colour, 8-4 cm. 1. Frfdt club-shaped, 5-6 cm. 1., 12 mm.
br. above, rose-pink.

Fruit of an agreeable acid taste. "In times of drought cattle have
been observed to rip open these plants with their horns, and devour the
llesby moist part." (Lunan.)

Mammillaria s'implex Haw. Grisebach Fl. Br. W. Ind. 300, cites this
from Jamaica on the authority of Patrick Browne, who, however, has no
reference to this plant. There is no evidence that it occurs in Jamaica.

6. RHIPSALIS Gaeitii.

Shrubs growinfj on tr^s or rocks, fleshy, with a woody axis;
branche.s alternate or in wliorls, jointed, subrooting, elongate,
cylindrical or flattened, leaf-like and crenate, Ki)inoless. Areoles
minute, above scales (modified leaves), with short hairs and
sometimes with bristles. Flowers usually solitary or twin,
arising from the areoles of the upper joints, rather small.
Sepals 2, 3, or more, very short, scale-like. Petals (')-10, unequal,
free or united at the base into a short tube. Stamens indefinite,
usually few, inserted near the base of the petals. Ovary exserted
or not, usually glabrous, sometimes bearing several scales ; style
with 2-5 stigmatic rays. Berry crowned sometimes with the
withered sepals or petals. Seeds usually without eiidosperin ;
cotyledons thick ; radicle conical.

Species 69, natives of West Indies and tropical continental
America, one or more in tropical Africa, Mauritius, and Ceylon.

Branches cylindrical, slender 1. li. CassutJia.

Branches flat, foliaceous.
Branches 1-^2-5 cm. br. Flowers G-S mm. 1. Berry

subglobose '1. 11. jamuiccnsis.

Branches 4-6 cm. br. Flowers 15 mm. 1. Berry

oblong 3. 11. alata.

1. R. Cassutha Gxrtn. Frud. i. 137, /. 28 (1788) ; Hook.
Kiot. Fl. i. t. 2 ; Bot. Mag. t 3080 ; Mac/. Jam. ii 182 ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 302 ; Britt. in Torrcya ix. 155 ; Urh. Symh. Ant.
rili. 465 : Britt. d- Bose Cad. iv. 225. 11. parasiticus Haw. Syn.
PI. Sua: 187 (1812). Cactus parasiticus inermis ttc. Broivne
Hist. Jam. 238. C. parasiticus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1054 (1759)
(excl. syn. Sloan.), Ama;n. v. 379 &. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 668. C. inermis
A'c. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) 190, /. 197, /'. 2. C. pendulus Sw.
Prod. 77 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 876; Tumac Fl. Ant. Hi. 81,
t. 22. Cassytha filiformis Mill. Did. cd. 8 (1768) (non L.).
Bev. J. Lindsay Ic. ined. Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn,
named by Linn?eus Cadus parasiticus, with the letter A under-
neath, which is a reference to the name in the Systema. In
Sp. Plant, ed. 2, 668, Linnseus substitutes the reference to

RJiipsalis

CACTACEJi;

285

Browne (Hist. Jam. 238) for the reference to Sloane. Specimen
in Herb. Mus. Brit, from Swartz.

Mistletoe, CurrantCactus.

Sloane Herb. vi. 110 (in part) ! Houstoiml Bmionel Wright I Brough-
tonl Sioarts\ neir Cinchona; Belvedere, Hanover; Harnsl Fl. Jam,

rig. llO.-^Jihipsalis Cassutha Gaertii.

A, Portion of branching stem with C, Flower cut lengthAvise x 4.

fruits X Ji. D, Fruit X 4.

B, Flower X 2. E, Seed cut lengthwise x 16.

7408, 7646 ; Blue Mts. ; Port Antonio ; Hitchcock. — West Indies, tropica}
continental America, tropical Africa, Ceylon.

Stem cylindrical, jointed, pendulous, epiphytic on trunks of trees and
on rocks, 2-forked or branches whorled, 4-8 cm. 1. or more, 2-3 mm. in
diam. Areoles '5 mm. in diam. \Yith very minute hairs, and a small
deciduous bristle longer than the triangular scale, those on the younger
joints with several hair-like bristles. Flowers solitary. Sepals 2-4.
Petals 4-6, longest 2-4 mm. 1. Stamens 9-12. Berry 4-6 mm, 1., ovoid-

286 FLOKA OF JAMAICA ' Bhipsalis

globose, crowned with the remains of sepals and petals, fleshy with viscous
juice, white (sometimes tinged with red), transparent. Seeds several,
black, about 1 mm. 1.

2. R. jamaicensis Briit. & Harris in Torreya ix. loO, Jig. 3
(1909) ; Britt. ci Bose Cad. iv. 242, t. 22, f. 4. R. Swartzicana
Griseb. loc. cit. (non Pfeiff.) (in part, so far as regards Wull-
schlaegel's specimen, fide Urban). R. sp. TJrh. Symb. Ant. vi. 109.
Opuntia nou spinosa itc. Shane Cat. 216 & Hist. it. 159. Cactus
mitis (to. Broione Hist. Jam. 237. C. Phyllanthus L. Amcen. v.
379 (1760) (only as regards Browne's plant).

Sloane Herb. vii. 84 I Wright I Wullschlaegel (fide Urban) ; Claverty
Cottage, northern slope of Blue Mts., J. P. 1352, Hart ! llamble, Clare-
mont. Fawcett & Harris ! Lancaster, 8300 ft. ; Troy, 2200 ft. ; Harris I
near Troy, 1000 ft., Harris d Britton I Fl. Jam. 6516, 7354, 8562 ; Troy ;
Bath to Cuna-Cuna Gap ; Britton ; near Troy, Maxon ; near Montpelier,
Mrs. Britton.

Plant hanging from rocks and branches of large trees, 1-4 ft. 1.
Stem cylindrical, sometimes angular, branching ; branches flattened,
foliaceous, narrowly elongate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, below
decurrent into a stalk-like base, dull green, indistinctly notched or slightly
crenato, 1-3 (4) dm. 1., 1-2-5 cm, br. Flowers solitary, yellowish-green,
about 6 mm. 1. Petals about 7, oblong to oblanceolate, apex blunt.
Stamens 20-30, varying in length from § to § as long as the petals. Ovary
oblong, bearing a few scales. Style much longer than the 3 oblong
stigmas. Berry globose, white, 6-8 mm. in diam. ; scales 3 mm. br.

3. R. alata K. Schum. in FL Bras, iv.pt. 2, 288 (1890) (in
part, so far as regards the Jamaican plant) ; Britt. in Torreya ix.
\b^, fig. 2. R. Swartziana Pfeiff. Enum. 131 (1837); Griseb.
loc. cit. (in part). R. Harrisii Giirke Monats. Kakt. xviii. 180
(1908). Cactus alatus Sw. Prorh. 77 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 878
(excl. syn.). Cereus alatus DC. Prodr. Hi. 470 (1828); Macf.
Jam. a. 176. Pseudorhipsalis alata Britt. <£• Bose Cact. iv. 213,
/. 217, 218, t. 22, f. 5 (1923). Specimen from Swartz in Herb.
*Mus. Brit.

Swartz ! Belvedere, Hanover, 500 ft. ; Woodstock, 1400 ft. ; Harris I
Fl. Jam. 7619, 9995.

Plant hanging from rocks and branches of large trees, 6-16 ft. 1. Stem
below cylindrical, woody, branching ; branches elongate-lanceolate, below
decurrent into a stalk-like base, bright green, indistinctly notched or
broadly crenate, 2-4 dm. 1., 3-6 cm. br. Flowers yellowish-white, 15 mm. 1.
Tube 4 mm. 1. Perianth-segments 8-10 mm. 1., lanceolate, 10 in 2 series.
Stamens numerous, about half as long as the perianth. Style about
3 times as long as the 5 linear stigmas or longer. Berry ovoid, yellowish-
green ("black," Macf.), 1 cm. 1.

Family LXXXIV. THYMEL^ACE^.

Trees or shrubs with a strong inner bark (bast) which is
filamentous or net-like. Leaves usually alternate, entire ; stipules
wanting. Flowers usually in heads, racemes, or spikes, herm-

Lagetta THYMEL^ACEiE 287

aphrodite or unisexual, regular. Perianth inferior, tubular,
sometimes constricted below the throat (receptacle) ; perianth-
lobes 4 or 5, overlapping in bud. Stamens as many or twice as
many as the lobes, attached above the middle of the tube or at
the throat, those opposite the lobes usually higher. Disk under
the ovary, ring-like or cup-like, or represented by 4 or 5 scales
usually higher up, or wanting. Ovary l(2)-celled ; ovule solitary
in ovary (or in each cell), attached near the apex on orle side,
anatropous. Fruit not opening. Seed with endosperm wanting,
sparse, or rarely copious. Embryo straight ; cotyledons fleshy ;
radicle short, superior.

Species nearly 500, numerous in temperate regions of Old
World, especially S. Africa and Australia, fewer in the tropics ;
many in the New World.

Flowers in a spike 1. Lagetta.

Flowers in umbels or heads 2. Daphnopsis.

1. LAGETTA Juss.

Trees with a network of inner bark (bast fibres). Leaves
alternate. Flowers in loose terminal spikes or racemes, sessile or
shortly stalked, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth-tube
(receptacle), slightly constricted at the throat. Perianth-lobes 4,
short. Stamens 8, 4 at the base of the lobes, 4 lower down near
the throat. Scales 4, short, at the constriction of the tube below
the stamens, bending over the stigma, nearly closing the tube.
Ovary 1-celled ; stigma large, capitate, prominent above the
throat. Fruit dry, enclosed by the persistent perianth. Endo-
sperm sparse ; cotyledons thick, fleshy.

Species 3, natives of Jamaica, Cuba, and Hispaniola.

L. lagetto Nash in Journ. N. York Bot. Gard. ix. 117,
figs. 14-16 (1908). L. lintearia Lam. Encyc. in. 376 & 440
(1789) & III. t. 289 ; Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. t. 4 (1850) ; Bot. Mag.
t. 4502 ; Meisn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 526 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
279 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. viii. 469. Daphne Lagetto Wright Med.
PI. Jam. in Lond. Med. Journ. viii. 250 (1787) & Mem. 207, 266;
Sio. Prodr. 63 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 680. Laurifolia arbor &c. Shane
Cat. 137 & Hist. ii. 22, t. 168, /. 1, 2, 3; t. 169, /. 1. Frutex
foliis majoribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 371, t. 31,/. 5. (Fig. 1 1 1.)

Lace-bark, Lagetto.

Luidas, Sloane Herb. v. 82! Wright \ above Christiania, Purdiel
Wilson ! Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2600 ft. ; near Troy, 2200 ft.; Peckham
woods, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6611, 8692, 8762,
10,972, 11,027, 11,179.— Cuba, Hispaniola.

Tree 15-30(-40) ft. high. Leaves 4-15 cm. 1., elliptical to roundish-
elliptical or ovate, shortly and abruptly acuminate. Spikes 4-10 cm. 1.,
erect, with 10-23 hermaphrodite flowers. Fruit 5 mm. 1.

288

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Lagetta

Fig. 111. — Layctta lagetto Nnsli.

A, Apex of branch with leaf and flower-

spike X ;.

B. Flower cut lengthwise X 3i.

C, Fruit enclosed in persistent recep-

tacle X 3i.

D, Fibres from inner hai It.

2. DAPHNOPSIS Mart. & Zucc.

Trees or shrubs. Leave.s alternate. Flowers dia'cious, some-
times apparently monoecious, in umbels, heads or subracemose,
peduncles sometimes branched at the ends of branches, sometimes,
simple axillary. Male flower : Perianth-tube (receptacle) slender.
Perianth-lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 8, the' 4 upper on or
opposite the lobes, the 4 lower alternate ; anthers sessile. Scales
under the ovary 2 or 4, small. Ovary undeveloped. Female
flowers : Perianth-tube (receptacle) smaller than in the male.
Staminodes minute or wanting. Ovary oblong, sessile, 1-celled ;
style short, thick ; stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid or subglobose.
Seeds without endosperm ; cotyledons thick, fleshy ; radicle very
short. Burn-nose Bark.

Daphnopsis THYMELiEACE^ 289

Species 33, natives of the West Indies and tropical America,
from Mexico to Peru and Brazil.

Peduncles simple. Perianth-lobes acute 1. D. occidentalis.

Peduncles branched dichotomously. Perianth-
lobe's obtuse 2. D. tinifolia.

1. D. oecidentalis Kr. & Urb. in Engl. Bot. Jahrh. xv. 349
(1892). D. Swartzii Meisn. in DG. Prodr. xiv. b'2'2 (1857);
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 278. Daphne occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 63

U

Fig. 112. — Daphnopsis occidentalis Kr. & Urb.

A, J!*ortion of branch with leaves and in- C, Female flower cut lengthwise X 4.

florescence X ^. 1>, Fruit cut lengthwise x 3.

B, Male flower cut lengthwise X 4.

<k Fl. Ind. Occ. 685. Arbor cortice &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 372
(in part). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig- 112.)

In fl. July-Dec; in fr. Aug.-Dec. ; Swartz \ Moneague, Priori

Liguanea hills, 1800 ft. ; near Christiana, 3000 ft. ; near Troy, 2500 ft. ;

Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2500-2700 ft. ; Hopeton, Westmoreland, 1300 ft. ;

Iron Pace, Chester Vale, 3000 ft, ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Crofts

V. u

290 FLORA. OF JAMAICA Daphnopsia

Mt., Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5821, 8269, 8793, 8966, 8967,
9002, 9394, 9764, 10,023, 11,185, 11,218.

Shrub 3-4 ft., or tree 15-30 ft. Leaves 6-14 cm. 1., lanceolate, apex acumi-
nate to rounded, of a lighter colour beneath, papery, puberulous beneath
especially on midrib. Pedujicle 1-6 cm. 1., not branched. Flowers some-
times apparently monoecious, white, greenish-white or yellpwish-white,
shortly stalked or subsessile, in a head. Perianth-tube : male narrowly
funnel-shaped, about 8 mm. 1. ; female stalk-like below, bell-shaped above,
4 mm. 1. Perianth-lobes: male 4 mm. 1., female 2-2-5 mm. 1., acute.
Fniit ellipsoidal, 1-4-1 '8 cm. 1., yellowish -white or milky white.

Browne probably includes both species under " Arbor cortice &o." He
says the bark makes very good ropes ; it is fine, and spreads something
like lace-bark ; the seeds have a sharp biting taste.

2. D. tinifolia Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 278 (1860). D. tinifolia
V. Cumingii Metsn. in DC. Prodr. xiv. 523 (1856). D. americana
Urb. in Arhiv for Botan. xvii. no. 7, 44 (1921); Fawc. d; Rendle
in Jotirn. Bot. Ixiii. 51 (1925). Daphne tinifolia Sw. Prodr. 63
(1788) Jc Fl. Ind. Occ. 683. Arbor cortice itc. Browne Hist.
Jam. 372 (in part). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mas. Brit.
Specimen in Herb. Kew. named by Grisebach.

In fl. May-Nov. ; in fr. Sept.-Oct. ; Wright 1 highest mountains,
Swartz 1 Macfadyen I Cuming ; Great Valley, Manchester, Purdie !
Moneague, Prior ! March ! Jenman I Cinchona, J. P. 1281, Morris I Whit-
field Hall, Blue Mts., 2500 ft.; Round Hill, S. Cruz Mts., 2000 ft.;
Peckham, Clarendon, 2300 ft. ; Worthy Park, St. Catherine, 1200 ft. ;
Harrisl Fl. Jam. 6478, 9700, 11,084, 11,231.— Hispaniola.

Tree, 15-30 ft. high. Leaves 6-12 cm. 1., oblong-lanceolate, elliptical,
or roundish-elliptical, glabrous : petioles 5-10 mm. 1. Peduncles 1-3-timcs
forked, silky-puberulous or glabrescent. Flowers greenish-yellow or
yellowish-white. Male flowers: sessile. Pmon<fe-<Mi!)c to 9 mm. 1., stalk-
like below, becoming wider above, perianth-lobes to 2-6 mm. 1., recurved.
Female flowers : Perianth-tube 4-5 mm. 1., stalk-like below, bell-shaped
above ; lobes 1 mm. 1., spreading. Fruit 11-13 mm. 1., ovoid, apex pointed,
crowned with the persistent style and stigma, shortly stalked.

D. caribsea Griseb. (loc. cit.) differs in the flowers being smaller : male
perianth-tube 7 mm. 1., lobes 2 mm. 1. ; female perianth-tube 2 mm. 1.
(stalk-like part very short or wanting), lobes 1 mm. 1. ; fruit about half as
large. It is a native of the Lesser Antilles, and Margarita.

Family LXXXV. LYTHRACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with twigs often 4-angled. Leaves
generally decussate, sometimes whorled or alternate, entire.
Stipules minute or wanting. Flowers usually hermaphrodite
and regular (irregular in Cuphea), usually solitary or cymose,
rarely paniculate. Calyx usually free, persistent, generally
tubular or bell-shaped, with 3-12 valvate, primary teeth or
lobes, sometimes with as many accessory teeth or lobes. Petals
as many as the primary teeth or lobes of the calyx, rarely fewer
or none, clawed, membranous and wavy, equal or in a few very
unequal, overlapping. Disk wanting or ring-like, situated at

Cuphea LYTHEACE^ 291

the base or throat of the calyx-tube. Stamens very variable in
number, inserted at various heights in the calyx-tube, in one or
more series, equal or some smaller or imperfect, of 2 forms in
some genera. Ovary free, 2-6-celled, sometimes becoming
1 -celled through the disappearance of the partitions or the non-
development of the other cell. Style simple or none. Ovules
indefinite, usually on the axis or the base of the cells, anatropous.
Capsule more or less enclosed by the calyx, with 2 or more cells
or 1- celled, as in ovary, opening in various ways or not opening;
with many seeds. Seeds usually ascending ; endosperm wanting.
Embryo straight ; cotyledons usually flat.

Species 450, mostly natives of the tropics, chiefly of America,
a few widely dispersed through the temperate regions.

Flowers irregular 1. Cuphea.

Flowers regular.

Flowers in clusters. Capsule bursting irregularly 2. Ammannia.

Flowers solitary. Capsule loculicidally 3-G-valved 3. Ileimia.

1. CUPHEA Adans.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually decussate, occasionally
whorled, entire. Flowers solitary or in racemes simple or
compound with alternate branches, often leafy. Bracteoles 2,
wanting in C. ciliata. Flowers irregular, parts in sixes. Calyx :
tube long, ribbed, base gibbous or spurred, with oblique mouth,
usually coloured. Petals usually 6 (2), wanting in C. platycentra.
Stamens unequal, usually 11, ventral 9, dorsal 2 shorter.
Ovary usually sessile, with a dorsal disk (rarely cup-like) at the
base, unequally 2-celled, one cell smaller and often empty, the
partition gradually disappearing ; style with a 2-lobed capitate
stigma ; ovules 2 or more inserted on a thread-like placenta
adherent to the middle of the partition. Capsule enclosed by
the persistent calyx, very thinly membranous, 1 -celled, opening
on the side and sometimes protruding through the split side of
the calyx ; the columnar placenta fi'ee, with few or many seeds.
Seeds somewhat flattened-lens-shaped ; coat smooth, leathery ;
cotyledons roundish, radicle short.

Species about 230, natives of West Indies and tropical and
subtropical continental America.

Calyx 2-2 "5 cm. 1., with subglobose spur. Petals

wanting 1. C . platycentra.

Calyx usually less tban 1 cm. 1., gibbous at base or with
short spur. Petals present.

. Calyx not exceeding 6 mm. Annual herbs 2. C. Parsonsia.

Calyx exceeding 6 mm.

Flowers solitary, alternate. Herbs.

Perennial, smelling of onions 3. C. Melanium.

Annual, viscous 4. C. petiolata.

Flowers opposite in a terminal raceme. Small shrub 5. C. ciliata.

U 2

292

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Cuphea

1. C. platy centra Lemaire Fl. des Serves ii. t. 180 (1846)
(non Benth.); shrub ; pedicels 5-12(-23) mm. 1. ; flowers solitary,
axillary ; calyx 2-2 • 5 cm. 1., spur subglobose, contracted at base. —
Paxton Mag. xiii. 267 (1847); Koeline in Engl. PJlanzenreich iv.
216, 167. C. ignea A. DC. in Fl. des Serves v. miscell. n. 248
(1849). Parsonsia micropetala Hitchc. in Bep. Miss. Bot. Gard.
iv. 87 (1893)?

Newcastle, 4000 ft., and higher, Lehmann I also Eggers 1 Clute ! and
Harris \ Cinchona, J. P. 1373, Hart\ and Morris \ also O. E. Nichols \
Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock. Fl. Jam. 9143, 11,935.— Mexico.

Shrub, 1-3 ft. high when growing in open, but amongst shrubs reaching
a height of 6 ft. Leaves 2-4(-8) cm. 1., lanceolate to oblong, stalked or
sessile. Cahjx bright carmine red, dark violet at apex, mouth and
marginal cilia white. Petals wanting. Disk dorsal, defiexed. Stamens
11, 5 protruding from calyx. Style also protruding. Ovules 14-20.
Capsule 8-9 mm. 1. Seeds not winged.

2. C. Parsonsia B. Br. ex Sieud. Nom. 245 (1821)* ; annual
herbs generally pro.strate ; flowers when solitary alternate, 2 or 3
together on lateral shoots ; calyx 4-6 mm. 1., in fruit bladder-

B » O ^^

Fig. lis.— Ciiphea Parsonsia R. Br.

A, Portion of branch in flower X 3. B, Fruit with part of the calyx cut away

B, Short floweriug brunch X 2. X 5.

C, Diagram of flower. F, Seed x 5.

D, Calyx split open, ovary cut length- G, Embryo X 10.

wise, and petals cut across, X 5. (C after Eichler.)

like, base gibbous. — Mac/. Jam. ii. 36 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
269; KoeJine in Engl. Pjianzenreich iv. 216, 122, Jig. \()A, p. 119.
Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 436 & viii. 472, C. radicans Mac/. Jam. ii. 37.

* See R. Br. in Mem. Soc. Wern. i. 65 (1811),

Cuphea LYTHKACE^ . 293

Parsonsia herbacea &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 199, t. 21, /. 2.
P. Parsonsia Britt. d Millsp. Bah. Fl. 300. P. radicans Hitchc.
in Bep. Miss. Bot. Gard. iv. 87 (1893). Ly thrum Parsonsia
L. Syst. ed. 10, 1045 (1759) and Amoen. v. 379; Siv. Obs. 193.
Specimen (type) from Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnseus.
(Fig. 113.)

Browne 1 Wright ! Shakespear ! Masson ! Bancroft ! Macfadyen 1 Distin !
Pedro district, St. Ann, Purdiel March [ Moneague, Priori Ramble,
Claremont, 1700 ft., Faiocett d Harris ! Port Morant, Hitchcock ; Port
Antonio ; Mandeville, 2200 ft. ; Tyre, near Troy, 2000 ft. ; near Spanish
Town ; Harris\ Knowsley Park, Devon, Miss H. A. Wood\ Fl. Jam. 5980,
6223, 7019, 9085, 12,054.— Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Mexico.

Stems 1-3*5 dm. L, branching. Leaves -5-2 "5 cm. 1., ovate to oblong.
Petals equal, pale purple. Statnens 6 (4-9). Ovules 4-5(-ll). Style less
than half as long as ovary, enclosed. Capsule 3-4 mm.l. Seeds narrowly
winged.

3. C. Melanium B. Br. ex Steud. Nom. 245 (1821) ; perennial
herb smelling of onions ; flowers near the ends of the branches,
subsolitary, alternate ; calyx 8-9 mm. 1., gibbous at base, with
12 (or fewer) conspicuous striae and teeth. — Macf. Jam. ii. 36 ;
Koehne torn. cit. 117 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. viii. 471.. Melanium
herbaceum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 215. M. alliaceum Spreng.
Syst. ii. 454 (1825). Ly thrum Melanium L. Syst. ed. 10, 1045
(1859) ife Amoen. v. 379 ; Sio. Obs. 193.

Wright ! Browne ; Swartz ; Macfadyen. — Lesser Antilles.

Stems 1 ft. or more long, prostrate and ascending, branching, puberulous
on young stems. Leaves 1*5-3 '5 cm. 1., ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
base acute, scabrous. Petals 4-5 mm. 1., purple, subequal. Stamens 8-10.
Seeds 8-4.

4. C. petiolata Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. ii. 173 (1881) &
in Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. 216, 152 ; annual herb ; flowers solitary ;
calyx about 1 cm. 1., spur very short, blunt. — C. viscosissima
Jacq. Eort. Vindob. ii. 83, t. 177 (1772); Macf. Jam. ii. 36;
Griseb. loc. cit. (excl. syn, L. Melanium L.). Ly thrum petiolatum
L. Sp. PL 446 (1753). Parsonsia petiolata Bushy Mem. Torr.
Club V. 231 (1894) ; Britt. & Br. El. Fl. ii. 473.

" This is not uncommon in the neighbourhood of the Bath Garden, as
well as of that in St. Andrew " [East's Garden, Gordon Town], Mac-
fadyen.— Eastern United States.

Herb, very viscous and densely pubescent. Leaves 2-5 cm. 1., ovate-
lanceolate to lanceolate. Calyx viscous-hispid, purplish or violet, often
with purple hairs. Petals rose or purple, 2 dorsal obovato, larger than the
ventral. Stamens 11, alternately unequal. Style enclosed.

5. C. eiliata Koehne in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. i. 454 (1881) & in
Engl. Pflanzenreich iv. 216, 1Q9, Jig. 14, p on p. 103 (non Buiz &
Pavon) ; small shrub ; flowers opposite in terminal racemes,
pedicels 2-5 mm. 1. ; calyx about 8 mm. 1., base gibbous. —

294 FLORA OF JAMAICA Cuphea

C. decandia B. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, m/151 (1811);
Spreng. Sysf. ii. 455 (1825) ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 38 ; Griseb. op. cit.
270; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 471. C. racemoSa Spreiig. loc. cit. (as
regards hab. Jamaica). Lythrum ciliatum Sw. Prodr. 76 (1788)
& Fl. Ind. Occ. 868. Specimen from Swartz from Jamaica in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

In fl. during year; mountains, Swartz \ Macfadyen; St. George,
McNab ! Purdie ! Harttveg ! Prior ! Afarch ; Castleton, J. P. 721, Jenman !
Grove and Gordon Town ; Falls river, 2500 ft. ; Cane river valley, 400 ft. ;
coastal thickets between Portland Point and Ilocky Point ; Harris 1
Fl. Jam. 6594, 6833, 9640, 10,192.— Cuba (ex Koehne), Hispaniola, Mexico,
Colombia.

Shrub, 1-2 ft. high, much branched ; branches hirtellous and occasion-
ally somewhat glandular. Leaves 1-4 cm. 1., obovate or obovate-clliptical,
base wedge-shaped or gradually narrowing, margin and nerves beneath
more or less ciliate. Calyx strongly ribbed, glandulose-hirtellous, teeth
subequal. Petals purple, obovate- roundish, ventral about 4 mm. 1., the
two dorsal smaller than the rest. Stamens 10-11, the nine ventral
alternately unequal. Style at length protruding from calyx by 1-5-2 mm.
Capsule about 5 mm. 1.

2. AMMANNIA L.

Annual herbs, found in swampy places, glabrous (calyx
sometimes hirtellous) ; stem and branches more or less 4-angIed.
Leaves decussate, rarely subalternate, sessile, entire. Flowers
small, axillary, in 2-forked cymes or reduced to clusters ; flower-
parts in fours in Jamaican species. Calyx 8-nerved, after
flowering subglobose ; primary teeth or lobes usually 4, accessory
as many or wanting. Petals none or 4, inserted in the throat of
the calyx, generally dropping off very soon. Stamens 4-8 (2),
inserted about the middle of the tube of the calyx. Ovary
sessile, incompletely 1-5 celled ; style wanting or exserted ;
stigma capitate ; ovules numerous on placentas projecting from
the axis or attached to the partitions. Capsule very thinly
membranous, bursting irregularly, enclosed by the calyx or
protruding fi'om it, 1-5-celled. Seeds numerous, very small,
with leathery coat.

Species 20, growing in marshes and wet places in tropical
and subtropical regions of the whole world, mostly in Africa.

Petals wanting. Style not exserted 1. A. latifolia.

Petals pink. Style long exserted 2. A. coccinea.

I. A. latifolia L. Sp. PI. 119 (1753), Amoen. v. 376 & Hort.
Cliff. 35 ; Beliq. Houst. 4, <. 5 «k Ic. orig. ined. in Herb. Mus. Brit. ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 34 ; Griaeb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 270 (in part) ; Koehne
in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 2, 206, /. 40, /. 2 &, in Engl. Pjianzenreich iv.
216, 50, fig. 5, e ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 435 & viii. 470; Small Fl.
S.E. U.S. ed. 2, 827 ; Britt. d- Millsp. Bah. Fl. 299. Aparines
folio &c. Sloane Hist. i. 44, t. 7,/. 4. Isnardia? folio &c. Browne

Ammannia

LYTHKACE^

295

Hist. Jam. 148. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.
Specimen in Hort. Cliff, in Herb. Mus. Brit. Specimen from
Sloane in Herb. ii. 125 from " Barbadoes or one of the Caribes."
(Fig. 114.)

Houstoun ! Ferry, Browne ; Shakespear 1 McNab I sea-coast, St. James,
Purdie 1 Castleton, Morris 1 Ferry, Campbell I sea-coast, Green Island ;
Harris \ Fl. Jam. 6170, 10,337; Port Antonio; Lucea; Hitchcock. —
Florida and Keys, Bahamas, West Indies, tropical continental America.

Plant glabrous. Stem simple in its first year, branched in second year.
Leaves 2-8 cm. 1., decussate, lanceolate-linear or linear, auriculate-cordate

A, Portion of branch in flower and fruit

X l

B, Two flowers from axil of leaf X 4.

C, Mower cut lengthwise and spread out

X 4.

Fig. 114. — Armnanniu latifolia L.

D, Fruit enclosed in the globose calyx
X 4.

E, Ditto cut across ; c, calyx ; p, placenta,
the seeds removed ; x 4.

F, Seed X 30.

at base. Flowers clustered, 5-1, sessile. Calyx 4 mm. 1., bell-shaped
narrowing at mouth, globose in fruit ; lobes indistinct, accessory lobes 4,
spreading. Petals wanting. Stamens 4(-8), enclosed within the calyx.
Style very short. Capsule completely enclosed by calyx.

2. A. eoeeinea Bottb. PI. Hort. Univ. (Havn.) Programm.
Dcscr. 7 (1773) (non Pers.) ; Koehne in Engl. PJlanzenreicJi torn,
cit. 49 ; JJrh. Symb. Ant. iv. 435 & viii. 470 ; Small loc. cit.
A. sanguinolenta Sw. Prodr. 33 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 272;
Mac/. Jam. ii. 35. A. latifolia Griseb. loc. cit. (in part).

296

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Ammannia

Specimens from Swartz collected in Jamaica and Hispaniola in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

Swartz \ cane-fields, St. Thomas in Vale; Yallahs River; Priori Salem,
Llandovery, St. Ann, Harns ! Fl. Jam. 10,377.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Antigua, Martinique, Curasao, subtropical
and tropical continental America, Sandwich, Marianne and Philippine Is.

Stem simple or branched. Leaves 2-10 cm. 1., decussate, lanceolate or
linear, auriculate-cordate at base. Flowers clustered, l-3(-5), sessile or
subsessile. Calyx 3-5 mm. 1., bell-shaped narrowing at mouth, subglobose
in fruit ; lobes distinct but short, accessory lobes 4, often subequalling the
lobes. Petals 4, pink. Stajnens 4-8(-ll), very shortly exserted. Style
nearly as long as the ovary. Capsule completely enclosed by calyx.

3. HEIMIA Link.

Shrubs, sometimes arborescent, branches stiff and upright.
Leaves decussate or 3 in a whorl, rarely alternate, mostly sessile,
entire. Flowers solitary, axillary ; parts of flowers in fives, sixes,

Fig. 115. — Heimia salicifoUa Link.

A, Portion of branch with buds, flowers, C, Fruit enclosed in the persistent

and fruits, x \. calyx x 4.

B, Flower cut lengthwise x 2S. D, Section through C ; c, calyx ; x 4.

E, Seeds x 10.

or sevens ; pedicels very short or none. Calyx bell-shaped or
semiglobose ; primary teeth 6 (5-7), accessory as many, narrower.
Petals 6 (5-7), inserted in the calyx-throat, yellow. Stamens

Heimia LYTHRACE^ 297

12 (10-18), inserted below the middle of the tube. Ovary
3-6-celled ; style overtopping the stamens ; stigma capitate ;
ovules indefinite on placentas projecting from the central angle of
the cells. Capsule enclosed by the calyx, subglobose, 3-6-celled,
locuUcidally 3-6-valved ; valves bearing the partitions. Seeds
obconical.

Species 2 or possibly only 1, natives of tropical continental
America, one in Jamaica.

H. salieifolia Linh Enum. Hort. Berol. it. 3 (1822); Link d-
Otto PI. Select. Hort. Berol. 63, t. 28 (1820-8) ; Sweet Brit. Flow.
Gard. Hi. t. 281 ; Koehne in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 2, 202, t. 39, f. 5 ik
in Engl. Pjlanzenreich iv. 216, 241 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 271 ;
Hoolc. Ic. PI. vi. t. 554 (1843), with H. grandiflora. H. salieifolia
»v. grandiflora Lindl. in Bot. Beg. xxvii. t. 60 (1841). Nessea
saHcifolia H. B. d; K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. vi. 192 (1823). (Fig. 115.)

Marchl Gastleton district; Mavis Bank, Blue Mts., 3300 ft.; Harris\
Fl. Jam. 11,882, 11,972. — Central America and warmer parts of S. America.

Low shrub; branches 4-angled. Leaves l'5-7 cm. 1., linear or sub-
lanceolate, usually opposite. Calyx 5-7 mm. 1., lobes bending in over the
ripe capsule. Petals 12-17 mm. 1., yellow.

Lawsonia inermis L. (in an enlarged sense) (L. alba Lam.) is an
introduced shrub, now naturalized, 6-20 ft. high ; flowers smelling like
mignonette, parts in fours, well known under its common name Henna.
It is indigenous probably in north and east Africa, and west and south
Asia, now cultivated or naturalized throughout the tropics.

Lagrerstroemia speciosa Pers. (L. Flos-lleginm Retz.), the Queen's
Flower Tree, is a native of east Asia, Philippines, Moluccas, north-
east Australia. It is a tree 20-60 ft. high with showy flowers, cultivated
in many tropical countries; parts of flowers in sixes, petals purple-lilac,
sometimes white. It is found naturalized in pastures, an escape from
gardens.

Family LXXX7I. LECYTHIDAGE^.

Trees usually of large size. Leaves alternate, generally in
bunches at ends of twigs ; without stipules. Flowers generally
in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles, sometimes solitary or
in clusters on the trunks. Sepals 4-6 (2), generally free, over-
lapping in bud. Petals 4-6, overlapping, springing from a ring-
like disk round the top of the ovary. Stamens more or less
united at the base borne on the disk above the petals, numerous,
in several whorls, often partly sterile, bent inwards in the bud ;
anthers generally basifixed, usually short, and opening at the
sides. Ovary generally inferior, occasionally semisuperior,
2-6-celled ; ovules ascending, hanging, or horizontal ; style
generally simple. Fruit fleshy or capsular. Seeds generally
large, one to indefinite. Endosperm wanting. Embryo often
undifferentiated

Species 140, natives of the tropics.

298

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Qrias.

GRIAS L.

High trees, growing in streams or moist places ; branches
falling off below, leaving the trunk bare, with only the apex
bearing branches. Leaves alternate, crowded at the ends of
branches, often very long, pinnate-veined, entire or obscurely
sinuate-toothed. Flowers in clusters on the trunk and branches,
with very short stalks. Calyx : tube top-shaped ; limb cup-
shaped, at first subentire, at length bursting irregularly into
2-4 persistent lobes. Petals 4, rarely 5, spreading. Stamens
indefinite, inserted in indefinite series on a thick cup-like disk ;
filaments thick angular, bending towards the centre and forming
a globular ma.ss ; anthers small, cells distinct, opening longitu-
dinally. Ovary inferior, 4-celled ; style wanting or shortly
conical, stigmas 4, cruciform ; ovules 2-4 in each cell, hanging."
Fruit at first fleshy, becoming woody-fibrous, ovoid, crowned by
the calyx-limb. Seed generally one, hanging, coat thick.

Species 4, one a native of Jamaica, the rest natives of tropical
S. America.

G. eauliflopa L. Si/st. ed. 10, 1075 (1759) & Sp. PI. ed. 2,
732 ; Sw. Ohs. 215 ; Mac/. Jam. it. 127 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
243 ; Miera in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 299 ; Gvppy Plants dc. in

Fig. iW.—Orias eauUfiora L.

A, Buds on a piece of bark X IJ.

B, Bud cut lengthwise X 2.

C, Flower, upper part, cut in two, x IJ.

D, Fruit X S.

W. Indies 211. Palmis affinis &c. Shane Cat. 179 tfe Hist. ii. 122,
tt. 216, 217. Calophyllum? foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 245;
A. Bohinson Ic. & Ms. ined. The genus and species are founded

Grias LECYTHIDACE^ 299

on Sloane's plates and description. Specimen from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 116.)

AnchovyPear.

Sloane Herb. vii. 56, 57 1 Swartz \ White E., Priori Cult. Hope
Gardens, Harris\ — Ecuador ? (Guppy torn. cit. 212).

Tree, 20-50 ft. high, tapering upwards. Leaves 2 dm. to 1 m. 1. and
more, 5-23 cm. br., hanging, oblong-oblanceolate to oblong-elliptical.
Flowers fragrant, springing from the trunk or branches below the leaves.
Calyx about 3 mm. 1. Petals oblong-elliptical, 1-5-2 cm. 1. Fruit 7-9
cm. 1., elliptical, 8-ribbed. Seed 3-5-5 cm. 1., fleshy, tough.

Family LXXXVII. RHIZOPHORACE^.

Trees- and shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite and
stipulate, rarely alternate and without stipules, stalked, thick-
leathery, mostly entire. Stipules between the petioles united
in pairs, falling very soon. Flowers usually hermaphrodite,
axillary ; inflorescences of various forms, generally cymose, rarely
solitary. Calyx hypogynous to epigynous. Sepals 3-14, valvate,
persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, generally concave or
involute, embracing the stamens, often clawed, limb usually
lobed or fringed, folded inwards in the bud. Stamens generally
numerous, often opposite to the petals in pairs, inserted on a
lobed perigynous or epigynous disk, sometimes sterile. Ovary
inferior in Bhizophora, free in Cassipourea, 2-5(6)-celled, or the
partitions disappearing and 1-celled. Style simple. Ovules
usually 2 in each cell, hanging side by side from the axis above
the middle. Fruit leathery or somewhat fleshy, crowned by the
calyx, not opening or opening at length septicidally by valves,
1-celled, with 1 seed, or 2-5-celled, with 1 seed in each cell.
Seeds hanging; endosperm fleshy or wanting; aril sometimes
present.

Species 60, natives of tropics.

Flowers on forked peduncles. Bracteoles united in form
of a cup. Ovary inferior. Embryo without endosperm,
radicle perforating apex of fruit persisting on tree 1. Bhizophora.

Flowers solitary or clustered. Bracteoles absent. Embryo

immersed in fleshy endosperm 2. Cassipourea.

\
1. RHIZOPHORA L,

Trees ; branches thick, with short stem supported by prop-
roots and aerial-roots growing down from the upper branches,
marked with the scars of fallen leaves. Leaves elliptical, entire,
glabrous. Peduncles 2- or 3-forked, few-flowered. Flowers
rather large, leathery. Calyx surrounded by 2 bracteoles united
at the base into a cup ; sepals 4, lanceolate, thick and leathery.

300

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Rhizophora

Petals 4, inserted at the base of a fleshy disk, entire. Stamens
8-12, inserted with the petals, filaments very short ; anthers
with numerous round pollen-sacs, at length 2-valved, long,
acuminate. Ovary half -inferior, 2-celled, prolonged above the
calyx into a fleshy cone ; style awl-shaped, with a 2-toothed

Fig. in.—JViizuphora Mangle L.

A, Portion ol branch with leaves, flowers,

and germinating fruits, reduced.

B, Diagram of flower.

C, Flower cut lengthwise X iJ.

D, Petal with two stamens X 3.

E, Stamen x 4.

V, Stamen cut across, enlarged.
G, Fruit beginning to germinate, some-
what reduced.

n, Fruit cut lengthwise of B. conjugataL.,
showing the abortive cell on left ;
c, cotyledon surrounded by endo-
sperm ; /), hypoeotyl which has grown
out into the cavity of the fruit ; nat.
size.

I, Later stage of ditto in germination ;
s, sheath of cotyledon from which the
hypoeotyl, h, bearing the plumule, p,
has separated.
(A, B, C, G after Baillon ; F after Fl. Bras. ; II, I after Kerner.)

BMzophora EHIZOPHOEACEiE 301

stigma. Fruit leathery, surrounded above the base by the
reflexed sepals, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo without endosperm ;
cotyledons doubled up together ; radicle long and club-shaped,
perforating the apex of the fruit while still on the tree, descending
towards the mud. Mangrove.

Species 3-5. Common on muddy tropical sea-shores.

R. Mangle L. Sjy. PL 443 (1753) & Amcen. v. 379 ; Jacq. Sel.
Stirp. Amer. 141, t. 89 & Ed. pict. t. 132; Wright Mem. 273;
Mac/. Jam. ii. 22 ; Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 274 ; Ungl. in Fl.
Bras, xii.pt. 2, 426, i. 90; Small FL S.E. U.S. 834; Urb. Symh.
Ant. iv. 437 & viii. 474 ; Guppy Plants. . . W. Indies &c. 96 ; Britt.
FL Berm. 265 ; Britt. & Millnp. Bah. Fl. 308. R. utrinque kc.
Browne Hist. Jam. 211 ; A. Robinson Ic. ined. Mangle pyri (fee.
Sloane Cat. 155 & Hist. it. 63. Candela americana &c. Catesby
Car. ii. t. 63. Mangrove Gosse Nat. Sojourn Jam. 245.

Specimen in Herb; Linn, named by Linnaeus. (Fig- 117.)

Sloane Herb. vi. G2 ! Houstoun ! Shakespear t Ferry River, Liguanea
plain, Campbell \ also Harris \ Falmouth, Miss A. Moulton- Barrett I Port
Morant, Hitchcock. — Muddy sea-shores and estuaries in West Indies,
tropical continental America, West Africa, and islands in Pacific.

Tree, 10-50 ft. high; roots shooting out above the base, curving out-
wards and downwards into the mud in the form more or less of the
quadrant of a circle. Leaves 7-15 cm. 1. and more, shining green ; stipules
2-5-4: cm. 1. Calyx about 1 cm. 1. Petals yellow, 7-8 mm. 1., villose on
inside chiefly below apex. Stamens 8, about 5 mm. 1. Fruit 2 • 5-3 • 5 cm. 1.
Seeds usually one, occasionally 2 or 3 seeds are developed.

The wood is hard and makes good posts, lasting for many years sunk
into the earth; it has also been used for piles. The bark is used for
tanning leather, especially sole-leather.

2. CASSIPOUREA Aubl.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves entire or sinuate- crenate,
pinnate-nerved, stipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered, white,
shortly stalked ; pedicels with very small ovate densely pilose
bracteoles at the base. Calyx perigynous, free, bell-shaped,
4-5-lobed, in Jamaican species outside glabrous, inside densely
covered with silky adpressed hairs. Petals 4-5, inserted at the
bottom of the calyx at the base of a cup-shaped crenulate disk,
clawed, spathulate, fringed above. Stamens 10-40, inserted on
the margin of the disk. Ovary densely silky-pilose, 3-4-celled,
sometimes l-celled. Style simple, with stigma 3-4-lobed. Fruit
ovoid, somewhat fleshy, 3-4-celled, at length opening septicidally.
Seeds with an aril, angled, coat leathery ; endosperm fleshy ;
embryo straight with flat cotyledons.

Species 63, natives of the West Indies and tropical S. America
irom Panama to northern Brazil,

302

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Casaipourea

Flowers distinctly stalked.

Pedicels about 5 mm. 1. Leaves brightly shining,

base wedge-shaped 1. C. clliptica.

Pedicels about 3 mm. 1. Leaves, base obtuse 2. C. Brittoniana.

Flowers sessile or subsessile.

Leaves elliptical, base obtuse 3. C. subsessilis.

Leaves ovate, base subcordate or emarginate 4. C. subcordata.

1. C. eUiptiea Poir. Encyc. Suppl. il. 131 (1811); Macf.
Jam. a 24 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 274 (excl. vars, /8, y) ; Engl,
in Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 2, 430 (in part, with reference to the

Fig. 118. — Casnpourea elliptica Poir.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and C, Flower cut lengthwise x 2.

flowers X J. D, Fruit cut lengthwise X about 3.

B, Flower, somewhat enlarged.

Jamaican plant) ; Britt. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxxv. 339, 340.
Legnotis elliptica Sw. Prodr. 84 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 969, t. 17.
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 118.)

In fl. March-Sept. ; Wright 1 Sioartz ! rocky woods, St. Ann, Purdie I
Kempshot, 1100-1600 ft. ; Fraywoods, St. James, 1650-1800 ft. ; Kellits,
Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,380, 10,340, 11,158 ; Kempshot,
Britton, 2397, 2423.

Tree, 10-30 ft. high. Leaves 5*5-8 cm. 1., elliptical, acuminate, some-
times shortly and abruptly, sometimes with long narrow tip, base wedge-
shaped, brilliantly shining ; petioles 4-5 mm. 1. ; stipules 5-6 mm. 1.,
oblong-linear, glabrous. Flowers in threes (to fives) ; pedicels about
5 mm. 1., as long as or longer than the globose buds. Calyx : tube
3-3 "5 mm. 1.; lobes 2-2-5 mm. 1. Petals white, half as long again

Cassipourea KIIIZOPHOKACE^ 303

as the calyx, fringe flesh-coloured (Swartz), villose with white hairs.
Stamens slightly longer than the calyx. Style lengthening sometimes in
fruit to twice as long as calyx. Capsule ovoid, 3-cornered, 3-valved.

2. C. Brittoniana Fawc. & JRendle in Journ. Bot. Ixiv. 14 (1926).

Coco-plum of Troy.

Woods, Tyre, near Troy, 2000 ft., Harris ! FI. Jam. 10,670.

Tree to 30 ft. high. Leaves 4-6 cm. 1., elliptical, shortly acuminate,
base obtuse; petioles 3-4 mm. 1.; stipules 4 mm. L, lanceolate-oblong,
glabrous. Flowers 1-3 together, greenish ; pedicels 3 mm. 1. Calyx :
tube 2"5 mm. 1. ; lobes 3' 5 mm. 1. Petals : fringe villose with white hairs.
Stamens longer than the calyx.

3. C. subsessilis Britt. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cluh xxxv. 340 (1908).

Near Dolphin Head, 1300 ft. ; Britton 2316 ; also Harris 1 Fl. Jam.
10,307.

Tree, about 25 ft. high. Leaves 6-9 cm. 1., elliptical or elliptical-
lanceolate, acuminate, base obtuse ; petioles 4-7 mm. 1. ; stipules 5 mm. 1.,
lanceolate-oblong, puberulous with adpressed hairs. Flowers 1 or 2
together, nearly or quite sessile. Calyx : tube about 3 mm. 1., lobes
3-3*5 mm. 1. Stamens about as long as calyx. Capsule 1'3 cm. 1.,
oblong-conical, glabrescent (apparently ripe).

4. C. subeopdata Britt. in Bull. Torr. Cluh xxxv. 340 (1908).

Marshy ground, Troy, 1600 ft.; Britton, 488; also Harris [ Fl. Jam.
9466.

Shrub or tree, 12 ft. high. Leaves 3 • 5-7 cm. 1., ovate, shortly acuminate,
base rounded, subcordate or emarginate ; petioles 2-3 mm. 1. ; stipules
8-9 mm. 1., ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, glabrous above. Flowers white,
1-3 together, subsessile. Calyx: tube 2-2-5 mm, 1., lobes 2-5-3 mm. 1.
Stamens about as long as calyx. Capsule as in C. subsessilis.

Family LXXXVIII. COMBRETACE^.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves opposite, alternate,
or rarely wliorled, usually simple, stalked, entire, without
stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes polygamo-dioecious
or unisexual, usually in spikes, racemes or heads, rarely
paniculate. Calyx more or less deeply divided into 5 or 4 (6-8)
lobes; lobes usually valvate. Petals wanting, or 4-o, small.
Stamens 4-5, or 8, or 10, inserted usually on the calyx, inflexed
in bud ; anthers attached at the middle. Ovary inferior,
1-celled ; style and stigma simple, but stigma 4-lobed in
Laguncularia. Ovules usually 2-6, hanging from the apex of
the cell by slender stalks (stalk wanting in Laguncularia).
Fruit leathery or drupe-like, angled or winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded,
usually not opening, endosperm wanting. Cotyledons often
fleshy and oily ; radicle small, superior.

Species, more than 500, natives of the tropics of the whole

304 FLORA OF JAMAICA Terminalia

world, less frequent in the warmer temperate parts of India and
South Africa.

Petals wanting. Leaves alternate.
Flowers in spikes.

Calyx cut to middle with 5 or 4 lobes, soon falling... 1. Terminalia.

Calyx toothed, persisting. Anthers versatile 2. Bucida.

Calyx toothed, soon falling. Anthers not versatile.

Ovary narrowed into a long neck 3. Buchenavia.

Flowers in dense heads 4. Conocarpus.

Petals present. Leaves opposite.

Calyx persistent. Fruit angled 6. Lagunculaiia.

Calyx soon falling. Fruit winged 6. Combretum.

1. TERMINALIA L.

Erect shrubs or trees, without spines. Leaves alternate,
often crowded at the ends of the branches, often with glands at
base beneath. Flowers hermaphrodite or male, small, usually
green or white, in spikes or subcapitate. Calyx bell-shaped,
usually cut to the middle with 4 or 5 lobes, soon falling. Petals
wanting. Stamens 10 or 8 in 2 series, the 5 lower opposite
the lobes of the calyx, the 5 upper alternating ; anthers versatile.
Disk epigynous, hairy. Ovary lanceolate-cylindrical or sub-
ovoid, somewhat constricted under the calyx. Ovules 2 (3).
Fruit flattened-ellipsoidal, margins acute or 2-5-winged, some-
times samara-like, 1 -seeded, with thin flesh or none outside ;
stone leathery or bony. Cotyledons convolute.

Species about 120, natives of the tropics.

Large trees. Leaves usually more than 14 cm. 1.

Leaves tapering into petioles. Fruit with acute

margins 1- T. latifolia;

Leaves auriculate at base, not or rarely tapering into
petioles. Fruit distinctly but very narrowly

winged IT. Catappa.]

Shrub. Leaves not more than 8 cm. 1 2. T. arbuscula.

1. T. latifolia Sw. Prodr, 68 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 747 ;
trees; leaves 14-24 cm. 1., tapering into the petiole, often with
glands or hair-tufts in the nerve-axils beneath ; fruit with
margins more or less acute. — Macf. Jam. ii. 17 ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 276. Arbor maxima forte &c. Sloane Cat. 184 & Hist,
ii. 130. Tetracera 1 foliis <kc. Browne Hist. Jam. 255 ; A. Bobinson
Ic. ined. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 1 19.)

Broad Leaf Tree.

In fl. Feb.-May ; common in woods ; Wright 1 Swartz 1 Distin I St. Mary,
McNab ! Purdie I Prior ! Shafston, 500 ft., Harris 1 Cockpit country, N. of
Appleton, in wet forest, Norman I

Tree of 100 ft. or more; branches spreading horizontally, whorled.
Leaves becoming glabrous on both sides, obovate or oblanceolate, apex
rounded or sometimes broadly and shortly acuminate ; petioles 2-3 cm. 1.

Terminalia

COMBRETACEiE

305

Spikes axillary, closely rusty-tomentose when young, male flowers above,
hermaphrodite below. Drupe ovoid-ellipsoidal with one side flattened,

Fig. 119.— Terminalia lailfolia Sw.

A, End of branch with leaves and inflor- C, Portion of calyx with anthers and disk

of T. Catappa, much enlarged.

escence x
B, Flower, much enlarged.

D, Fruit X s-

3-5 cm. 1., 2 cm. br. ; pericarp pulpy or fleshy, greenish-red. Seed, kernel
white, with taste of sweet almond.

Affords a valuable timber, and splits readily into shingles. Kernel of
seed edible.

[T. Catappa L. Mant. 519 (1771) ; trees ; 2-3 dm. 1., auriculate
at base, rarely tapering into petiole, usually with a gland on
each side of the midrib at the base ; fruit rounded at apex or
acuminate, with the margins more or less distinctly winged. —
Wight Ic. 1.112.; Bot. Mag. t. 3004; Macf. Jam. ii. 16; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 276; Eichl. in Fl. Bros. x'iv. pt. 2, 83, t. 33,/. 1 ;
Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 438 ; & viii. 475 ; Guppy Plants dc. in the
West Indies, UQ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 260; Britt. & Millsp. Bah.
Fl. 302. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Indian Almond.

Introduced and naturalized in the West Indies and tropical continental
America ; a native of the tropics of the Old World.

V. X

306 FLORA. OF JAMAICA Terminalia

Tree to 80 ft., with whorled horizontal branches. Leaves shortly
stalked, obovate or obovate-oblong, apex rounded, sometimes apicular,
glabrous above, pubescent with brown hairs or glabrescent beneath;
petioles 1 cm. 1. Spikes axillary ; male flowers crowded at apex, herm-
aphrodite few, subdistant at base. Calyx tomentose without, densely hairy
within ; lobes triangular, 2 mm. 1. Ovary tomentose, becoming glabrous.
Drupe compressed-ellipsoidal, 4-6 cm. 1., about 3 cm. br. ; pericarp with a
thick layer of cork-like buoyant tissue.

Bark and leaves are astringent and contain tannin. The natives of
India make Indian ink by mixing them with iron salts. The kernels are
eaten like ahnonds ; they yield by pressure a valuable oil like almond oil ;
and the residual cake is a good food for pigs.]

2. T. apbuscula Sw. Prodr. 68 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 750;
shrub ; leaves small, acute at the base, petiolate, without glands ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 16. Chuncoa arbuscula Oriseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
275 (1860) (in part).

On the hills in the north : Swariz !

Shrub, 6 ft. high ; stem ntiuch branched, erect, smooth. Leaves
4*5-7 cm. 1., at the ends of the branches and in the forks, oblong or
lanceolate-oblong, acute at base, puberulous when young, becoming
glabrous ; petiole about 1 cm. 1. Spikes terminal, many-flowered, equalling
the length of the leaves. Calyx 5-lobed, glabrous without, densely hairy
within. Ovary puberulous.

Fruit and male flowers unknown. (Swartz.)

This plant is only known from Swartz's specimens ; one in Stockholm
and one in Herb. Mus. Brit., the latter without flowers. Although the
flowers are very young, and no fruit has been seen, there seems no doubt
that the plant is a Terminalia.

2. BUCIDA L.

Tree ; branchlets often with 2 or 3 spines at the apex.
Leaves alternate, crowded at the end of branches, without
glands. Flowers hermaphrodite or male irregularly mixed on
the same rhachis, in axillary spikes. Calyx bowl-shaped,
shallowly 5-toothe(l, persisting. Petals wanting. Stamens 10
in two series, tl:e 5 lower opposite the calyx-teeth ; anthers
versatile. Ovary subovoid, constricted under the calyx. Ovules
2 or 3. Disk (pigynous, of 5 fleshy glands round the base of
the style, shortly hispidulous. Fruit fleshy-leathery, obtusely
5-angled, drawn up into a neck crowned by the persistent calyx.
Cotyledons convolute.

Species 1 or 2, natives of West Indies, Florida Keys,
Bahamas, less frequent in tropical continental America.

B. bueeras L. Sifst. ed. 10, 1025 (1759); Sw. Ohs. 180;
Macf. Jam. ii. 13; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 276; Eichl. in Fl.
Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 94, /. 35, /. 1 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 830 ; Cook dc
Coll. in Contrih. U.S. Nat'. Hb. viii. 96, t. 20; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv.
439 & viii. 476 ; M. T. Cool in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxxv. 305 ;
Britt. dt MiUsjf. Bah. Fl. 300. Cucurbita arbor forte foliis sub-

Bucida

COMBRETACE^

307

rotundis &c. Sloane Gat. 208 & Hist. ii. 176, t. 228,/. 3. C

obloagis. . . nascentibus >S^oane Cat. 208 &, Hist. ii. 176, t. 169,/. 3.
Mangle julifera foliis subrotundis (fee. Sloane Cat. 156 & Hist.
ii. 67, t. 189, f. 3. Buceras ramulis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 221,

Fig. 120.— Bucida buceras L.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and in- C, Fruit cut lengthwise, enlarged.

florescences x i- D. Embryo cut across to show the convo-

B, Flower cut lengthwise ; d, disk ; x 8. lute cotyledons, enlarged.

(A, C, D after Sargent.)

t. 23, f. 1. Terminalia Buceras Wright in Sauvalle Fl. Cub. 38
(1868); Sarg. Silva viii. 21, t. 201. Specimen (type) from
Browne in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus. (Fig. 120.)

Olive Bark Tree, Black Olive.

In salt marshes on the sea-coast ; Barham Herb. Sloane clxii. 257 !
Sloane Herb. vii. 4, 110 ! Houstoun ! Browne ! Wright 1 Ferry river,
Broughton 1 Shakespear ! Cupiing ! McNab 1 Purdie ! Prior 1 Ferry, Spanish
Town road, 100 ft., CampbelU near Falmouth; Great Morass, Negril;
Grant's Pen near Albion Estate; Harrisl Fl. Jam. 5847, 7170, 10,244,
10,816. — Distribution of genus.

Tree, 30-60 ft. high, much branched, the leaf-bearing portions of the
branches thickened and showing leaf -scars. Leaves to 9 cm. 1., obovate or
oblanceolate, tapering to the base, apex rounded or broadly pointed, some-
times emarginate, when young finely silky hairy on both sides, or
glabrescent ; petioles to 2 cm. 1. Inflorescence tawny-tomentose. Calyx

X 2

308 FLORA OF JAMAICA Bucida

glabrous within. Style with tuft of hairs at base. Drupe about 6 mm. 1.,
ovate-conical, oblique.

Owing to a mite, Eriophyes sp., the ovary sometimes develops into a
long linear gall, often 16 cm. 1. ; hence the name buceras — bull's horn.

An excellent timber tree, though with narrow trunk ; wood, used by
cabinet-makers, is grained, light yellow-brown, sometimes slightly streaked
with orange, the thick sapwood being clear pale yellow. Bark was formerly
used to tan leather.

3. BUCHENAVIA Eichl.

Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves alternate or crowded at the
end of branches, often 2-glandular at base. Flowers hermaphro-
dite or male, irregularly mixed on the same rhachis in spikes or
heads, axillary or arising out of scales covering buds, shooting at
the same time as the leaves. Ovary lanceolate-cylindrical,
narrowed into a long neck. Calyx broadly cup-shap6d, su ben tire
or very slightly 5-toothed, soon falHng. Petals wanting.
Stamens 10, in 2 series, the five lower opposite the calyx-teeth ;
anthers fixed at the enlarged apex of the filaments. Disk
epigynous, r>-lobed, villose. Ovules 2 or 3. Fruit a drupe,
acute or acuminate ; stone bony. Cotyledons convolute.

Species about 8, natives of the West Indies and tropical
S. America.

B. capitata Eichl. in Flora xlix. 165 (1866) k in Fl. Bras.
xiv. jjt. 2, 96 ; Urb. Syittb. Ant. iv. 439 A viii. 475. Bucida capitata
Vald Eclog. Amer. i. 50, t. 8 (1796); Gaertn. Fruct. Hi. 208
/. 217; Macf. Jam. ii. 14; Griaeh. Fl. Br. W. Tnd. 277
Hudsonia arborea A. Bobinson ex Ltin. Hort. Jam. ii. 310 (1814)
Cucurbita arbor foite. . .lanugine ferruginea etc. Shane Cat
208 k Hist. ii. 176, /. 228,/. 4. Specimen from Ryan, Mont
serrat, in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Yellow Sanders, Mountain Wild Olive.

On limestone hills ; Shane Herb. vii. iii I Purdie 1 Prior I J.P. 2100,
Morris ! Ayton, 3000 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6404; steep bank of Shooting
river, Port Royal Mts., Nomian, 1971 — Distribution of genus.

Tree, 20-60 ft. high ; young branches and leaves rusty, silky-tomentose,
the leaf-margins ciliate with silky hairs, becoming more or less glabrous ;
leaf-bearing portions of the branches thickened and bearing leaf-scars.
Leaves 4-6-5(-8) cm. 1., obovate, tapering into the petiole, at length
leathery, more or less shining; apex rounded, sometimes emarginate ;
•petiole to 1'5 cm. 1. Inflorescence: rhachis and ovary rusty- tomentose ;
flowers in somewhat oblong or globose heads. Calyx glabrous without,
style-base with a tuft of hairs. Drupe glabrous, pointed, 2 cm. 1.

Wood of light yellow colour, takes a good polish, with satiny grain,
durable, used to make bedsteads and other furniture, and in-cabinet work.

4. CONOCARPUS L.

Small trees or shrubs, erect or procumbent. Leaves alternate,
entire, with tw^o glands on the margins at the base of the leaves,

Conocarpus

COMBRETACE/E

309

sometimes With glands in the axils of the nerves beneath.
Flowers hermaphrodite and male, minute, densely crowded in
heads paniculate at the ends of the branches. Calyx cup-like,
5-cleft to the middle, falling after a time. Petals wanting.
Stamens 10-5. Disk epigynous, formed of 5 fleshy villose
glands surrounding base of style. Ovary compressed, constricted
under the calyx, villose. Ovules 2 (3). Fruits scale-like, winged,
curved outwards and downwards, overlapping, not opening,
1-seeded, the flower-head* becoming a cone-like fruiting head.
Cotyledons convolute.

Species 1 or 2 in West Indies, Florida and Keys, Bahamas,
tropical continental- America, and west tropical Africa.

C. ereeta L. Sp. PL 176 (1753) & Amoen. v. 377 ; Jacq. Sel.
Stir}?. Amer. 78, t. 52, /". 1 & Ed. pict. t. 78 ; Gaertn. Fruct. ii.
470, /. 177 ; Sw. Ohs.' 79 ; Bescourt. Fl. Ant. vi. 68, t. 399 ;

Kig. 121. — Conocarpus ereeta L,

A, Portion of branch with leaf and flower

heads x 3.
C, Head of fruits X 11.

B, Flower cut above the calyx-tube ; d,

the lobed disk ; X 8.
D, Single fruit X 2.

Wriglit Mem. 255; Macf. Jam. ii. 18; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
277 ; Eiclil. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 101, /. 35, f. 2 ; Sarg. Silva v.
24, t. 202 ; Cook d- Coll. in Contrib. U.S. N. Hh. viii. 124; Guppy
Plants.. . W. Indies (&c. 201 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 260 ; Britt. d- Millsp.
Bah. Fl. 302. C. foliis oblongis (fee. Broicne Hist. Jam. 159 ;
Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) 135, t. 144,/. 2 & Ic. ined. t. 36. Alni
fructu laurifolia <fec. Sloane Cat. 135 & Hist. ii. 18, t. 161, /. 2.
Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named in Solander's
hand. (Fig. 121.)

310 FLORA OF JAMAICA Conocarjms

Button Tree, Button Mangrove, Button Wood.

Mangrove swamps, also sandy and rocky shores ; Sloanc Herb. v. G3 !
Houstoun 1 Brotvne 1 Wright 1 Broughton ! Shakespcar 1 Masson ! near
Kingston, McNabl Priori Ferry; Lime Key; Drunken Man Key;
Campbell ! Port Antonio, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6049, G177 ; Kingston ; Lucea ;
Hitchcock. — Distribution of genus.

Tree or shrub, 10-20 ft. high, erect or prostrate and trailing over rocks ;
very variable. Leaves 4-7(-9) cm. 1., lanceolate to elliptical, acute,
narrowed into petiole, often decurrent, glabrescent or glabrous. Calyx
5-cleft to one-third, about 1 mm. 1. Fruit 7 mm. across the wings ;
exocarp thin, impervious ; endocarp of spotgy air-bearing tissue outside
with a hard layer inside.

Wood very hard, heavy, strong and close-grained, dark, yellow-brown,
with thin lighter coloured sapwood ; a cubic foot of dry wood weighs
nearly 62 lbs. ; it burns slowly like charcoal, and is highly valued for fuel.
Bark bitter and astringent, used for tanning, and in medicine as an
astringent and tonic (Sargent). Used in building boats and barges, also
for shelving, being very durable when grown on dry ground ; it is also
used to make charcoal for forges (Cook and Collins).

Var. serlcea Griseb. loc. cit. leaves larger (to 10 cm. 1.),
lanceolate, covered with silky tomentuni. — Mangle foliis . . .
holosericea &c. Sloane Hist. ii. 67, t. 187,/. 2.

Old Harbour Sloanc Herb. vi. 64 ! Pedro BluB ; coast between Portland
Point and Rocky Point ; Hams I Fl. Jam. 9814.

5. LAGUNCULARIA Gaertn. f.

Shrub or tree. Leaves opposite, thick and leathery, oblong,
ovate-oblong, or elliptical, obtuse, faintly veined, with minute
glands on both sides near the margin and 2 glands at apex of
petiole. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, a few male intermixed
sometimes, small, distant from one another on axillary spikes
and on a terminal panicle usually of 3 spikes, tlie central one
sometimes 3-branched ; inflorescence tomentose. Bracteoles 2,
scale-like, below the calyx. Calyx cup like, 5-cleft to the middle,
persistent. Petals 5, roundish, soon falling. Stamens 10 in 2
series ; anthers cordate, versatile. Ovary crowned by the disk ;
stigma obscurely 2-lobed Ovules 2. Fruit crowned by the
calyx, elongate-obovoid, unequally ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs
produced into narrow wings, 1-seeded ; exocarp leathery outside,
corky inwards ; endocarp thin and brittle. Seed oblong ; coty-
ledons green, convolute.

Species 1, native of the shores of the West Indies, eastern
tropical America, and tropical W. Africa.

L. raeemosa Gaertn. f. Fruct. Hi. 209, t. 217 (1805); Macf.
Jam. ii. 19 : Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 276 ; Field, in Fl. Bras. xiv.
pt. 2, 102, f. 35, f. 3; Sarg. Silva v. 29, t. 203; Small Fl.
S.F. U.S. ed. 2, 831 ; Cook (t Coll. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Hb. viii.
173, t. 43 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 440 & viii. 477 ; Guppj Plants. . .

Laguncularia

COMBKETACE.^

311

W. Indies dx. 221; Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl. 301. Mangle
julifera foliis ellipfeicis &c. SJoane Hist. ii. 66. Conocarpus foliis
elliptico-ovatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 159. C. racemosa L. Syst.

Fig. 122. — Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and B, Flower cut lengthwise ;/,', bracteole ;
flowers X §. X <5.

O, Fruit cut lengthwise ; w, wing ; x IJ.

ed. 10, 930 (1759); Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 80, t. 53 k Ed. pict.
t. 79 ; Sic. Obs. 79. C. procumbens L. Ammn. v. 377 (non Syst.).
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus. (Fig. 122.)

White Mangrove.

In marshy places on the sea-coast ; Sloane Herb. vii. 3 ! Wright I
Broughton ! Lane ! Ferry, Campbell ! Port Morant ; Port Antonio ; Hitch-
cock ; Lime Key ; Ferry ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5852, 8275, 8276.— Distribution
of genus.

Shrubby small tree, but sometimes reaching 60 ft. in height. Leaves
5-11 cm. 1., glabrous; petioles -5-2 cm. 1. Calyx 2 mm. 1. Petals not
longer than the calyx, roundish, scarcely clawed. Fruit 1*5-2 cm. 1.

" This plant is as a rule merely semi-viviparous ; only in rare instances
does one find the radicle protruding from the fruit on the tree. Generally
the dark-green embryo does not effect more on the plant than the rupture
of the thin seed-coats, the protrusion of the hypocotyl taking place shortly
after the fruit has dropped on the mud or into the water." (Guppy.)

Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark yellow-brown with
lighter coloured sapwood ; a cubic foot of dry wood weighs 45 lbs. Bark
contains a large amount of tannic acid, and is sometimes used in tanning
leather, and as an astringent and tonic. (Sargent.)

312 FLORA OF JAMAICA Combretum

6. COMBRETUM L.

Trees or shrubs, usually climbing. Leaves usually opposite,
rarely 3 or 4 in a whorl, stalked, usually membranous, entire.
Flowers hermaphrodite or male irregularly mixed, in spikes or
racemes, sometimes on one side only of the rhachis, the spikes or
racemes often paniculate. Calyx bell-shaped, 4(-5)-cleft or
toothed, soon falling. Petals 4 (5), small, inserted between the
lobes of the calyx, and falling away with it. Stamens 8 or 10, in
2 series. Ovary ovoid or oblong, 4-5-angled, constricted under
the calyx. Ovules 2-6. Fruit leathery or somewhat .spongy,
not opening, 4-6-angled or 4-6-winged, wings usually mem-
branous, 1 -seeded. Cotyledons angled, folded, twisted and
folded, or deeply furrowed.

Species about 350, from tropical and subtropical regions,
excluding Australia and Polynesia.

Leaves 12-25 cm. 1., 9-11 cm. br., elliptical, shortly and
abruptly acuminate, base auriculate, auricles over-
lapping petiole 1. C. Robitisonii.

Leaves 8-12 cm. 1., 2 -2-3 '8 cm. br., oblong or lanceolate,

apex obtuse, mucronate, narrowed to the obtuse base 2. C. Marchii.

1. C. Robinsonii Faicc. d Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ixiii. 115
(1925). Combretum A. Robinson Mss. d Ic. ined. C. laxum
Sw. Obs. 143 (1791) (non Jaeq.) t ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 20. C. Jacquini
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Lul 275 (1860) (only with reference to
Macf. Jamaica). (Fig. 123, d.)

Red Withe.

Banks of river to windward of Lucea and in morass near Pauls Island,
Westmoreland, Robinson ; thickets at west end of island, Macfadyen ;
banks of Black river, near Lacovia (leaves and fruit only) Harris I

Shnib, stem climbing to a height of 30-50 ft. over trees, 2 inches in
diam., bark reddish-brown. Leaves 12-25 cm. 1., 9-11 cm. br., elliptical,
shortly and abruptly acuminate, base auriculate, auricles overlapping the
short (-5 cm.) tomentose petiole. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-toothed, villose
within. Petals 4, transversely elliptical, clawed, whitish-yellow, nearly as
long as the calyx-tube. Stainens 8, of varying lengths, as long as, or
slightly exceeding, the petals. Style as long as the stamens, with acute
apex. Fruit 4-winged, 3-4 cm. 1., shortly pedicellate. Seed 4-furrowed,
surface rough.

Flowers not seen ; the description is taken partly from that of Robinson
and Macfadyen, and partly from Robinson's drawing.

2. C. Mapchll Faioc. <t Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ixiii. 115 (1925).
Type in Herb. Kew. (Fig. 123, a-c.)

Locality in Jamaica not stated, March 1863 !

Shrub ; branchlets, when young, rhachis and branches of inflorescence,
and petioles, pubescent-tomentose with brownish hairs. Leaves 8-12 cm. 1.,
2 '2-3 '8 cm. br., oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse, mucronate, narrowed to
the obtuse base; petioles 4-6 mm. 1. Flowers densely spicate on the
spreading branches of a terminal panicle, 8-15 cm. 1. ; spikes cylindrical,

Combretuni

COMBRETACEiE

313

2-3 cm. 1. Calyx bowl -shaped, with 4 shallow lobes, villose within,
sparsely puberulous outside, about 1 mm. 1. Petals transversely elliptical ;
limbs -S-'G mm. 1., •7-l"2 mm. br. ; claws •2--3 mm. 1. Stamens about

Fig. 12S.^Coml>retum Marchii Fawc. & Hendle.

A, Portion of flowering brancli with C, Ditto cut lengthwise X 11.

leaves and inflorescence X §. 1), Fruit of C. Robinsonii X j.

B, Flower x SJ.

3 mm. 1. Style as long as the stamens. Ovary 1'7 mm. 1., densely
ferrugineo-tomentose. Fruit not known.

Quisqualis indica L.,a. native of Malaya and northern India, is common
in gardens and on adjoining fences. It is remarkable for the very long
calyx-tube (1J-2J inches long). The 5 petals are rose or scarlet; seed-
vessel about 1 inch with very sharp angles, scarcely winged.

Family LXXXIX. MYRTACE^.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, usually entire, opposite (in
W. Indian species), rarely alternate, with resinous or pellucid
glandular dots, sometimes small with one or more nerves,
sometimes larger, pinnate-nerved. Stipules usually wanting.

314 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psidium

Inflorescence simple, racemose, or racemose-paniculate, rarel}'
cymose, axillary or subterminal when the terminal bud is not
developed. Bracts solitary at the base of the peduncles, or
overlapping when the lower flowers are not developed. Bracteoles
2 opposite, often quickly dropping, rarely wanting. Flowers
generally regular or subregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous.
Calyx : tube (receptacle) adherent to the ovary at the base or
even to the insertion of the stamens ; limb generally equally
divided into 4-5 lobes or segments, overlapping in bud, some-
times subentire and truncate, or undivided in bud and splitting
valvately in the flower. Petals 4-5 (6), or fewer, or wanting,
inserted at the margin of a disk, in the bud generally broadly
overlapping, and forming a globe, the outer often wholly
enclosing the inner, sometimes more or less united, or doubled
together like a aip, which drops off" during flowering. Disk
clothing the calyx-tube, the margin bearing the stamens forming
a thin ring or broad and thick almost closing the mouth of the
calyx. Stamens generally indefinite, inflexed or involute in bud,
variously inserted in one or more series on the disk. Anther :
connective with a small globular gland, or sometimes prolonged.
Ovary inferior, or sometimes half-inferior, sometimes 1 -celled,
more often with 2 or more cells, with the placentas attached to
the axis. Style simple with small terminal capitate stigma.
Ovules 2 or more on each placenta. Fruit sometimes inferior or
more or .less superior, sometimes a loculicidal capsule, (in
W. Indian species) a berry or drupe. Seeds one or more ;
endosperm usually none.

Species about 2750, mostly in the tropics and Australia, a
few in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in
extra-tropical Africa.

Calyx-limb in bud undivided, during flowering splitting

irregularly or down to the disk 1. Psidium.

Calyx-limb in bud undivided, during flowering falling

off like a lid 2. Calyptranthcs.

Calx-limb in bud with 4 or 5 lobes, during flowering
not splitting deeper.
Calyx-lobes 4. Petals 4.

Stigma peltate, thicker than style. Ovule 1 in

each cell, hanging from apex 3. Pimenta.

Stigma small. Ovules few to numerous in each

cell, attached to the partition-wall 6. Eugenia.

Calyx-lobes 5. Petals 5. Stigma small.

Ovules 6-7 in each cell, attached to margin of

placenta at top of partition-wall 4. Amomis.

Ovules 2 in each cell, side by side 5. Myrcia.

1. PSIDIUM L.

Trees, shrubs, or rarely undershrubs. Flowers generally
somewhat large, usually 1-3, cymose, on axillary peduncles.

Psidium MYRTACE^ 315

Calyx-lobes wanting or 4 or 5 ; undivided in bud in Jamaican
species ; during flowering usually splitting valvately to the disk.
Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens numerous, usually in indefinite
series on a broad disk, free. Ovary 4-5(2-7)-celled ; stigma
peltate or capitate ; ovules indefinite in each cell, attached to a
central placenta, often 2-cleft. Berry crowned, or not, by the
calyx. Seeds somewhat kidney-shaped, with a hard coat;
embryo curved, horseshoe-shaped, or almost a ring, with a very
long radicle and small cotyledons.

Species about 120, natives of the West Indies and sub-
tropical and tropical America, one cultivated in the tropics of
the whole world.

Leaves elliptical, elliptical-oblong, or elliptical-
lanceolate.
Leaves (beneath), inflorescence and young branches
pubescent or velvety. Buds constricted under
calyx.
Lateral leaf-nerves many (more than 10) ; midrib

and veins impressed on upper surface 1. P. Gtiajava.

Lateral nerves usually less than 10 ; midrib and

veins scarcely impressed on upper surface .... [P. guineense.'}
Leaves and inflorescence glabrous. Buds not con-
stricted under calyx 2. P. mmitanum.

Leaves roundish.

Leaves petiolate. Ovary 4-5-celled 3. P. albescens.

Leaves sessile. Ovary 2-celled 4. P. Harrisianum.

1. P. Guajava L. Sp. PI. 470 (1753) & Amoen. v. 379 ; Urh. in
Engl. Jahrh. xix. 565, Symb. Ant. iv. 441 & viti. 478 ; CooJc <i Coll.
in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Hb. viii. 224 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 262 ; Britt. &
Millsp. Bah. Fl. 307. P. pyriferum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 672 (1762) ;
Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 350 ; Wright Mem. 278 ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii.
20, t. 72 ; Bot. Beg. t. 1079 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 106. P. pomiferum
L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 672 (1762); Tussac Fl. Ant. ii. 92, t. 22.
P. Guava Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 241 (1860). P. fruticosum &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 238. P. fragrans Macf. Jam. ii. 108 (1850).
Malo punicse (fee. Sloane Cat. 198, 199, 200, & Hist. ii. 161, 163.
(Fig. 124.)

Sloane Herb. vii. 87 1 Wright ! Cuming ! McNah 1 Parnell I Prior !
Constant Spring ; Bog Walk ; Port Morant ; Hitclicoclc ; Green Valley ;
Hope ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5117. — West Indies, tropical continental America ;
cultivated in Bermuda, Florida, and Old World.

Shrtib or tree, 15(-20) ft. high; young branches 4-cornered, these and
under side of leaves, peduncles and buds, more or less silky with adpressed
hairs or velvety. Leaves 5-12 cm. 1., elliptical to oblong, apex acute or
obtuse, generally apiculate, base rounded or obtuse, papery, with numerous
minute glandular dots, pellucid in very young leaves, on upper surface
glabrous or minutely puberulous ; midrib and nerves impressed on upper
surface, very prominent beneath, nerves numerous; petiole 3-5 mm. 1.
Flowers solitary or 8 together; pedicels 1-2-5 cm. 1. Buds constricted
under the calyx. Calyx at length cleft irregularly; lobes 1-1-5 cm. 1.

316

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Psidium

Petals 1-5-2 cm. 1., white, with little smell. Fruit pear-shaped or globose,
3-6 cm. in diam., yellow, with red or yellow pulp.

A form with narrow oblong leaves is P. Guajava v. Cujavillum Kr.
& Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 566 (P. pjimiliim Vahl, P. fragrans IMacf.).

Fruit usually stewed with sugar and served with milk, or used to make
the famous jelly. Bark useful for tanning leather. A decoction of the

Fig. 124.— Pwrftwrn Guajava L.
A.IPortion of »)ranch with leaf, bud, and C, Ovary cut across x C

flower, X ij. n, Fruit x s-

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 1^ E, Seed cut to show the embryo X 7.

bark, young leaves and unripe fruit, being astringent, has been given as a
remedy in diarrhoea and dysentery. Wood small, but of a compact
texture, very hard and tough, used for cattle yokes and agricultural
implements where strength and elasticity are needed.

[P. guineense Sw. Prodr. 77 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 881 ;
Urh. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 567, Symh. Ant. viii. 478, <fe ix. 82.
P. polycarpum A. Anders, ex Lamb, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 231,
/. 17 (1815); Berg in Fl. Bras, xw.pt. 1, 398; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 241. Specimen from Swartz (cultivated in Hispaniola)
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Cultivated or subspontaneous ; J.P. 898 Hart \ Davids Hill, Campbell \
Resource; Hope grounds, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6871, 6919;— also in W. Indies,
considered indigenous in Cuba, Trinidad, and tropical continental America.

Shrub, 4 ft. high ; branches straggling horizontally, young cylindrical
or compressed, these, and leaves, especially on the under side, petioles,
peduncles and buds, densely pubescent or velvety. Leaves 6-13 cm. 1.,
elliptical to oblong-elliptical, apex obtuse, or rounded, often apiculate,
base wedge-shaped to rounded, leathery to papery, with numerous minute

Psidium MYKTACE^. 317

glandular dots more or less pellucid, on upper surface puberulous ; midrib
impressed on upper surface, very prominent beneath ; nerves fewer than
in P. Guajava, flat or slightly prominent on upper surface, very prominent
beneath ; veins forming a flexuose line midway between the nerves ;
petioles 6-13 mm. 1. Peduncles solitary or twin, 1-3- or more-flowered.
Buds constricted under the calyx, not divided. Calyx at length cleft-
irregularly. Fruit obovoid-globose, ovoid, or subglobose, about 2 cm. in
diam., yellow.

Fruit edible, tastes much like a strawberry.]

2. P. montanum Sw. Prodr. 77 (1788) & Fl. Lid.' Occ. 879 ;
Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 351 ; Macf, Jam. ii. 108; Griseh. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 242 ; Urh. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 567. P. arboreum (fee. Browne
Hist. Jam. 239. P. Wrightii Herh. Lambert ex Wright Mem. 278
(1828).

Wright ! Macfadycn 1 St. Mary, McNab ! Wilson 1 Moneague, Prior !
Liguanea plain, J.P. 1278, M'orris ! Chester Vale, Waltl Tweedside, Green
river ; near Cinchona ; Chester Vale ; Whitfield Hall (about 4000 ft.) ; near
Troy, 2000 ft. ; Cato, Chester Vale, 3000 ft. ; near Guy's Hill, St. Ann,
180U ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5026, 5122, 5156, 5201, 5333, 5408, 8769, 9406,
10,016, 12,036.

Tree, 30-50(-100) ft. high; young branchlets 4-cornered, glabrous or
sometimes glabrescent. Leaves 3-9 cm. 1., elliptical, oblong-elliptical, or
elliptical-lanceolate, apex acuminate, sometimes obtuse, . base obtuse, or
wedge-shaped, sometimes rounded, upper surface shining, papery or some-
what leathery, with numerous minute glandular dots more or less pellucid,
glabrous, on upper surface, midrib impressed, nerves flat or impressed,
veins indistinct, beneath midrib very prominent, nerves slightly pro-
minent, veins few, somewhat indistinct ; petiole 3-6 mm. 1. Flowers with
fragrance of bitter almonds, solitary, sometimes forming a false raceme,
the leaves having dropped, or remaining small ; pedicels 1-3 cm. 1. Buds
glabrous, not constricted under the calyx, not divided. Calyx at length
cleft irregularly into 2 or 3 lobes ; lobes 4-5 mm. 1., white-villose within.
Petals white, about 1 cm. 1. Fruit subglobose, green, about 2 cm. in diam.
Wood hard, tough, variegated, useful for gun-stocks, &c., not durable in
earth. Fruit edible, very fragrant, and is considered by some to have a
more delicate flavour than the common Guava. " When ripe, it perfumes
the air for a considerable distance " (Harris).

P. cordatum Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 242 (non Sims) (so far as regards
the Jamaican specimen). P.? pulverulentum Kr. d Urb. in Engl. Jahrb.
xix. 567, is Pisonia obtusata Jacg. fide Urban in Symb. Ant. v. 442, 06s. 2.

3. P. albescens Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 441 (1908).

In fl. June, July ; in fr. Nov. ; Long Mt., south side, road to Wareka,
600 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9583, 9998.

Bushy tree, 15-20 ft. high ; young branchlets glabrous, whitish, with
small brownish glands. Leaves 3-5 cm. 1., roundish, obovate-roundish to
obovate, leathery, margin slightly recurved, midrib broadly prominulous
below, narrowly upwards, lateral nerves proceeding from the midrib at a
very acute angle, on both sides prominulous, marked on both sides with
numerous minute glandular dots more or less pellucid, upper surface
shining, lower opaque and somewhat paler ; petiole 3-8 mm. 1. Inflorescences
axillary and apparently terminal; peduncle 1-5 mm. 1., I~0-flowered;
pedicels 10-4 mm. 1. Bttds globulose, not divided, apex rounded. Calyx
glandular-granulate ; limb 6 mm. 1., bursting irregularly into 2 or 3 lobes
down to the disk. Petals 5, white, soon falling. Ovary 4-5-celled.

318 FLORA OF JAMAICA Psidium

4. P. Haprlsianum Urh. Symh. Ant. vii. 294 (1912).

In fl. July ; Peckham woods, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam.
11,000,

Shrub, 9 ft. high ; branches glabrous, grey, with longitudinal chinks.
Leaves 3'5-8 cm. 1., sessile, roundish, ovate, or obovate, apex rounded or
subtruncate, base rounded, subtruncate, or subcordate, midrib on upper
surface slightly impressed near base, becoming prominent above, lateral
nerves spreading, leathery, margin recurved, covered densely on both sides
with dots more or less pellucid, glabrous, shining. Inflorescence terminal,
racemose, 4-6 flowers in decussating pairs (in the single specimen seen) ;
pedicels about 3 mm. 1. Biids globulose, not divided, with rounded apex.
Calyx outside densely glandulose-granulate ; limb bursting irregularly to
the disk in 2 or 3 irregular lobes, 2-5-3 mm. 1. Petals 4, leathery,
glandular-dotted, soon falling. Ovary 2-celled.

P. Cattleianum Sabine, Purple Guava, a native of Brazil, a small
tree with obovate-elliptical leaves, is planted for its fruit.

2. CALYPTRANTHES Sw.

Trees or shrubs. Flowers small ; peduncles axillary and
subterminal, cymose or paniculate, primary and secondary
branches of the panicles usually racemose, the ultimate cymose.
Calyx -tube (receptacle) prolonged above the ovary. Calyx-limb
undivided in bud, during flowering separating like a lid, but
remaining attached at one point. Petals 2-5, very small, or
wanting. Stamens indefinite, free. Ovary inferior, 2-3-celled ;
ovules 2, side by side, attached to the inner angle of each cell.
Berry crowned by the receptacle. Seeds generally 1 or 2,
subglobose ; radicle somewhat long, incurved ; cotyledons some-
what large, twisted and folded.

Species about 70, natives of West Indies and tropical
America.

Leaves small, 1-8-5 cm. I. Twigs of first year
2-keeled or 2-winged. Inflorescence glabrous
(but peduncles of C. Maxofiii tomentose).
Leaves more or less acuminate. Petioles 2-5 mm. h
Twigs 2-keeled.

Peduncles solitary, with 3-1 flowers 1. C.rigida.

Peduncles about 4 together, with 15-30 flowers... 2. C. Fawcettii.
Leaf-apex obtuse or roundish. Petioles very short
or none. Twigs 2-winged

Leaves elliptical, base acute 3. C. Wilsonii.

Leaves ovate-roundish, base subcordate 4. C. Maxonii.

Leaves of moderate size, 2-5-7 cm I. Twigs of first
year compressed (2-edged, sometimes slightly
tomentose in C. pallens).
Apex of leaves obtuse, sometimes shortly acumin-
ate. Inflorescence not tomentose nor velvety.

Midrib prominent on upper surface 5. C. Zuzygium.

Midrib impressed in lower half of upper surface ;

peduncles keeled 6. C. umbelliformis.

Calyptranthes MYRTACE^ 319

Midrib impressed on upper surface; peduncles

compressed 7. C.im;pressa.

Apex long acuminate.

Inflorescence glabrous 8. G. acutissima.

Inflorescence with reddish velvety indumentum 9. C. pallens.
Leaves somewhat large, 5-15 cm. 1., apex usually
long acuminate. Twigs of first year compressed
or subcylindrical. Inflorescence usually reddish
velvety.
Inflorescence usually longer than leaf. Leaves

4-9 cm. 1 10. C. chytraculia.

Inflorescence shorter than leaf.

Leaves beneath at base and on midrib, also

petioles, tomentose, to 10 cm. 1 11. C. Urbanii.

Leaves and petioles glabrous.

Petioles 5-7 mm. 1. Leaves to 15 cm. 1., long

acuminate 12. C. nodosa.

Petioles 15-20 mm. 1. Leaves to 10 cm. 1.,

shortly acuminate 13. C. Tussaceana.

Leaves very large, 2G-37 cm. 1., apex long acuminate,

base cordate 14. G. discolor.

1. C. rigida Sw. Prodr. 80 (1788) k FL Ind. Occ. 923;
Griseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 233, & Cat. Cub. 86 ; Urh. in Engl.
Jahrh. xix. 603. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Catherine Peak, St. Andrew, Sivartz ! — Cuba.

Tree, 12-15 ft. high, glabrous ; youngest branchlets 2-keeled. Leaves
2-2'5 cm. 1., ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptical, apex acutely or obtusely
acuminate, base obtuse to wedge-shaped ; midrib on upper surface slightly
impressed, prominent beneath, nerves on upper surface not evident or
slightly impressed, beneath not evident or slightly prominent, veins not
evident ; with minute dots on both sides but scarcely evident, not pellucid,
leathery, margin slightly recurved ; petiole 2-5 mm. 1. Peduncles solitary,
axillary, usually about as long as the leaves or somewhat shorter, erect,
3{l)-flowered ; pedicels as long as the flower. Buds globulose, subglabrous.
Floioers yrhite, small. Galyx subglobose, minutely mucronate, 2 mm. in
diam. Petals wanting. Berry subglobose, minute, 1-seeded.

2. C. Faweettii Kr. & TJrh. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 600 (1895).

In fl. Sept., in fr. Feb., March; near Newhaven Gap, Blue Mts.,
Sullivan ! also Harris ! John Crow (Blake) Mts., 1500 ft. Harris d
Brittonl Crofts Mt., Clarendon, 2500 ft.; John Crow Peak, Blue Mts.,
{3000 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 5036, 5213, 5358, 10,775, 12,901.

Shrub or tree, 7-30 ft. high, glabrous ; branchlets of last and this year
2-keel6d. Leaves 8-5 cm. 1., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, apex more or less
acuminate with blunt tip, base acute or somewhat wedge-shaped ; midrib
on upper surface impressed, prominent beneath, nerves on upper surface
slightly impressed or not evident, beneath slightly prominent, veins not
evident, with numerous minute dots on upper surface, not pellucid,
leathery, margin recurved ; petiole 3-5 mm. 1. Inflorescences paniculate,
with 15-30 flowers, as long as the leaves or slightly overtopping them,
peduncles about 4 together, often with two vegetative branchlets, umbel-like,
at the ends of branches. Flowers at the apex of the branchlets, in threes,
sessile, the lateral flowers rarely shortly stalked. Buds obovoid, 8 mm. 1.
Berry globose, 5-6 mm. in diam., dark red.

320 FLORA OF JAMAICA Calijptranthcs

3. C. Wilsonii Griaeh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 233 (1860). Urh. torn.
c'lt. 603. Specimen named by Grisebach in Herb. Kew.

" Eastern peak of John Crow Hill, near Bath, 3000 ft." Wilson ! eastern
slope of south end of John Crow (Blake) M ts., ifams cC Britton\ FL
Jam. 10,747.

Small tree or shrub, 10 ft. high, glabrous ; youngest branchlets flat,
2-edged, with longitudinal wings, with a gland at base between the petioles.
Leaves 2-3 cm. L, 1-5-1 cm. br., elliptical, apex obtuse, base acute, veins
not evident, papery, pellucid-dotted ; petioles very short. Pedicels
16-8 mm. L, much longer than the flower, very slender, 2 together or
solitary in the axils. Calyx 3 mm. L, scarcely 1 mm. in diam., ellipsoidal-
linear, acuminate. Petals wanting.

4. C. Maxonii Britton d- Urh. Symh. Ant. vii. 296 (1912).

In fl. June; near Troy, Maxon 2896.

Branches of last year glabrous, 2-winged, 2-forked. Leaves 1 • 8-2 • 3 cm. 1.
& br., sessile, ovate- roundish, apex roundish, base subcordate; midrib on
upper surface impressed, nerves (and veins) on upper surface slightly
prominent or scarcely evident, beneath prominent, not pollucid-dottcd,
leathery, margin more or less recurved. Inflorescences 2-3, terminal :
peduncles about 2 cm. 1., browniah-toraentose, bearing 3 heads of (to 12)
sessile flowers, the 2 lateral heads more or less stalked. Buds narrowly
obovate, with brownish hairs, scarcely 2-5 mm. 1.

We have not seen Maxon's specimen.

5. C. Zuzyglum Sw. Prodr. 79 (1788) & FI. Ind. Occ. 919,
t. o,fig. a-f, I. (sub G. Syzygio) ; Mac/. Jam. ii 111 ; Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 232 (sub C. Syzygio) ; Urh. in Engl. JaJirh. xix. 595,
& Symh. Ant. viii. 480 (sub C. syzygio) ; Britt. d- Milhp. Bah. Fl.
307. C. rigida Macf. Jam. ii. 110 (1850) (non Sw.). Myrtus
Zuzygium L. Syst. ed. 10, 1056 (1759) & Amoen. v. 398, 379.
Suzygium fruticosum &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 240, t. 7, f. -.
Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by LinnjBUS Myrttis Syzyginni.
(Fig. 125.)

In fl. June-Aug. ; Wright I Macfadyen I Moneague, Prior 1 Port Royal
Mts. (Silver Hill, near Guava Ridge, Tweedside, Chester Vale, near
Bryans Hill, road to Sheldon); Harrisl Upper Liguanea plain (Norwood,
600 ft. ; Cherry Garden, COO ft. ; Mona woodland, 1000 ft.) ; Campbell I also
Harris I Hope Mines, 750 ft. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. and 2500 ft. ; Potsdam,
Santa Cruz Mts., 2600 ft. ; Potsdam Hill, 2200 ft. ; Chester Vale, Port
Royal Mts., 3000 ft.; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft.; between Constant
Spring and Bardowie, 800 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5027-5029, 5040, 5073-
5075, 5178, 5324, 5338, 5549, 5735, 5766, 6541, 8366, 8550, 8718, 9752, 9804,
10,022, 11,056, 12,103.— Florida (fide Britton), Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola.

Shrub 8-10 ft. or tree 15-25 ft. high, glabrous ; twigs of first year
2-edged, of previous year usually cylindrical. Leaves2'b-5 cm. L, elliptical,
sometimes somewhat obovate or ovate, usually shortly and abruptly
acuminate, with blunt tip, base running down into the very short petiole ;
midrib and nerves flat or slightly prominent on both sides, veins scarcely
evident, with numerous minute dots on both sides, not pellucid, leathery,
margin more or less recurved ; petioles 2-4 mm. 1. Inflorescences longer
(sometimes shorter) than the leaf, with numerous white flowers ; peduncles
l'5-4"5 cm. L, rising 3 4 together umbel-like from a ternainal node with
two vegetative branches, forming a raceme or panicle, with stalked flowers

Calyptranthes

MYRTACE^

321

Fig. 125. — Calijptranthes Zuzygium Sw.

A, Portion of branch with leaves, flower- C, Flower cut lengthwise x 4.

buds, and flowers, x j. D, Fruit with the persistent calyx-linili

B, Flower-bud X 4. X 2.

at ends of branches; pedicels 4-8 mm. 1. Buds obovoid-globose, with
rounded apex or very shortly mucronate. Calyx-tube 2-2 '5 mm. I.
Petals wanting. Berry globose, 7-9 mm. in diam., with 3 or 4 seeds, but
only one becoming mature.

6. C. umbelliformis Kr. d- Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 596
(1895).

Vinegar Hill, Blue Mts, ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5300, 5998.

Shrub or tree, 10-20 ft. high, glabrous ; branchlets of first year com-
pressed, not keeled. Leaves 4-5 cm. 1., broadly rhombeo-oval, oval, or the
highest oval-oblong, apex very shortly and obtusely acuminate, base wedge-
shaped and prolonged into the petiole ; midrib on the upper surface flat or
slightly impressed towards the base, nerves on both sides flat or slightly
prominent, veins on the upper surface only evident, reticulate ; with
numerous minute dots on both sides, not pellucid, somewhat leathery,
margin recurved ; petiole 4-6 mm. 1. Inflorescences many-flowered (15-27),
overtopping the leaf ; peduncles 3-5 cm. 1., keeled on edges, crowded several
together (4-15), umbel-like at the ends of branches, once or twice 3-forked
with 3 sessile flowers at apex. Calyx-tnhe top-shaped, 2 '5-3 mm. 1.
Buds narrowly obovate, apiculate, 3*5-4 mm. 1. Berry depressed-globose,
5-6 mm. in diam.

7. C. impressa Urb. Symh. Ant. v. 442 (1908).

In fl. Aug. ; Mabess river, Harris I Fl. Jam. 7701.

Tree, 26 ft. high, glabrous; branchlets of this year somewhat com-
pressed, not keeled. Leaves 4-5 '5 cm. 1., variable on the same branch,
shortly obovate, subrhomboid to ovate-elliptical, apex rounded or obtusely
V. y

322 FLORA OF JAMAICA Calyptranthes

acuminate, running down as a margin to the petiole ; midrib on upper
surface impressed, prominent beneath, nerves on both sides slightly
prominent, veiias on upper surface very slightly prominent, not evident
beneath ; with numerous minute dots, not pellucid, leathery, margin
recurved; petiole 8-5 mm. 1. Inflorescences few-flowered, overtopping the
leaf ; peduncles 1 or 2, 4-7 cm. 1., with 1 or 2 vegetative branches whorled
at end of branches, twice 3-forked, the extreme branchlets bearing
3-flowered cymules. Floiccrs sessile or very shortly stalked (1"5 mm. 1.).
Calyx-tuhe top-shaped, 3 mm. 1.

8. C. acutissima Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 22 (1909).

In fr. March; Dolphin Head, 1800 ft., Harris Fl. Jam. 10,270.

Tree, 20 ft., glabrous ; branchlets of this year slightly compressed, not
keeled. Leaves 5-6" 5 cm. 1., oblong-lanceolate to elliptical-oblong,
acuminate with long and narrow tip, base obtuse or rounded contracted
into the petiole and forming a margin to it above ; midrib on upper surface
slightly impressed, nerves on upper surface not evident, scarcely so beneath,
not pellucid-dotted, leathery ; petioles 5-G mm. 1. Inflorescence (in fruit)
equalling the leaf, apparently few-flowered ; peduncle 2 '5-5 cm. 1. Berry
globose, dotted, 7-'J mm. 1., 8-10 mm. br., apparently sessile or with very
short pedicel, the branchlot simulating a pedicel 7 mm. 1.

9. C. pallens Grheh. (Veg. Ear.) in Goett. Ahh. vii. 67 (1857)
& Fl Br. W. Ind. 233 ; Urb. torn. cit. 598 ct Symh. Ant. viii. 480 ;
Britt. <C- Milhp. Bah. Fl 307. C. chytraculia Nutt. Sylv. i. 117,
/. 26; Sarrj. Silv. v. 36, /. 205 (nou Sw.). Eugenia pallens Poir.
in Lam. Encyc. Sn^pl Hi. 122 (1813). Nuttall's specimen in
Herb. Mus. Brit.

In fl. April-July; Wrig}it\ Masson\ St. Mary, McNabl near mouth of
Yallahs R., Priori March\ road to Wareka, Long Mt., Campbell I north
side of Long Mt. ; N.E. of Dolphin Head ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5693, 8943,
10,313, 11,216.— Florida and Keys, Cuba, Cayman Is., St. Thomas, St. Croix,
Guadeloupe.

Shrub 12 ft. or tire 25 ft. high ; branches slightly 2-edged, when young
usually more or less slightly reddish-tomentose. Leaves 3-7 "5 cm. 1.,
lanceolate to elliptical, acuminate, base wedge-shaped, with very short
tomentum on young leaves especially beneath and petioles, later glabrate,
ashy-grey colour beneath; midrib on upper surface impressed, nerves and
veins flat or scarcely prominent on upper surface, slightly prominent
beneath, with dots scarcely any pellucid, thick papery, margin slightly
recurved ; petioles 4-8 mm. 1. Irifloresccnces with reddish velvety tomentum,
much longer than the leaf, with numerous flowers ; peduncles 2*5-4 cm. 1.,
rising 2-5 together umbel-like from a terminal node or from axils,
occasionally accompanied by a vegetative branch, forming a panicle with
clusters at ends of branchlets of sessile or shortly stalked flowers ; branches
of panicle erect-diverging. Buds obovoid with rounded apex, velvety-tomen-
tose. CaZj/x-tube 2 mm. 1. Petals wanting. Beri'y globose-depressed,
4 (or more) mm. in diam., dark red.

10. C. ehytpaeulia Sw. Prodr. 79 (1788) & Fl Ind. Occ. 921 ;
Macf. Jam. ii. Ill; Griseh. torn. cit. 232; Urb. torn. cit. 597.
Myrtus Chytraculia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1056 (excl. syn. Pluk.) &
Arruen. v. 398, 379. Chytraculia arborea <fec. Browne Hist. Jam.
239, /. 37, /. 2. Chytraculia Chj^traculia Millsp. Field Mus.

Calyptranthes ■ MYRTACE^ 323

PuM. Bot. ser. ii. 80 (1900); Small FL S.E. U.S. 833. Specimen
in Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Bastard Green Heart.

Wright ! Macfadyen 1 March 1 Prior ! Silver Hill ; Stoneleigh ; Harris !
Cokely, Junction Road, Campbelll Farm Hill, Blue Mts., 3500 ft.,
Cradivickl Whitfield Hall; Chester Vale; Tyre near Troy, 1500 ft.;
Peckham, Clarendon, 2300 ft. ; near Guys Hill, St. Ann, 1800 ft., Harris !
between Bath and Cuna-Cuna Pass, Harris d- Britton 1 Fl. Jam. 5031-5035,
5037, 5082, 5085, 5100, 6276, 8654, 8678, 10,557, 11,069, 12,042.— Florida and
Keys, Cozumel, Cuba.

Tree or shrub, 10-20 ft. high ; branchlets of this year compressed,
tomentose with long reddish-brown hairs, later cylindrical, glabrous.
Leaves 4 "5-9 cm. 1., ovate to elliptical, apex acuminate with a rather long
and narrow tip, base obtuse, base of this year's leaf usually puberulous
beneath at base and midrib, later glabrous on both sides, light green
beneath ; midrib on upper surface impressed, nerves and veins scarcely
prominent on upper surface, slightly prominent beneath, with numerous
minute dots seldom evident on either surface, pellucid or not, thick papery,
margin fiat or slightly recurved; petioles 4-7 mm. 1., of this year's leaves
tomentose, later glabrescent or glabrate. Inflorescences with reddish
velvety tomentum, about as long as or shorter than the leaf and broader
than long, with numerous white flowers; peduncles 2-4(-6) cm. 1., rising
2-5 together umbel-like from a terminal node or from axils, occasionally
accompanied by a vegetative branch, forming a panicle with clusters at
ends of branchlets of flowers, sessile or very shortly stalked ; branches of
panicle diverging more or less horizontally. Buds obovoid, mucronate,
tomentose-viUose, becoming glabrescent above. Calyx-tnbe 2 mm. 1.
Petals wanting. Berry globose, 5 mm, in diam.

Wood hard and heavy.

n. C. Upbanii Fawc. A Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ixv. 14 (1926).

In fr. Sept. ; on banks of Black river between Lacovia and Elam,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9846 (in fruit only).

Tree, 30 ft. high ; branches of last year glabrous, of this year tomentose,
of both years cylindrical or somewhat compressed. Leaves 9-10 cm. 1.,
oval-elliptical, acuminate, base obtuse, tomentose beneath near base and
along the midrib; midrib impressed on upper surface, prominent beneath,
nerves and veins on upper surface flat or scarcely prominent, slightly
prominent beneath, with numerous minute dots scarcely evident, not
pellucid except in young leaves ; papery or subleathery, margin flat ;
petioles 6-7 mm. 1., tomentose. Inflorescence reddish-tomentose, shorter
than the leaf, with few flowers; peduncles 3 '5-5 cm. 1., rising 3 together
(vegetative branches wanting) from a terminal node, apparently witli
trichotomous branching, sometimes thrice repeated, with 3 pedicellate
flowers at apex; pedicels 5-12 mm. 1., tomentose. Berry 8 mm. in diam.,
black.

12. C. nodosa Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 444 (1908).

II 0 d w o o d.

In fl. June, in fr. July, Aug. ; Crown lands near Troy ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
8711, also berries collected from same tree in July of same year.

Tree, 30 ft. high, branches of last year glabrous, subcylindrical, of this
year not developed at time of flowering; nodes near apex swollen,
2-5-forked. Leaves 7-15 cm. 1., oval-elliptical to elliptical-oblong, apex
acuminate, often with the tip long and narrow, generally narrowed at
base and running down into the petiole ; midrib on upper surface, chiefly
X Y 2

324 FLORA OF JAMAICA Calyptranthea

near the base, impressed, nerves and veins slightly prominent on both
sides, midrib prominent beneath, nerves forming a continuous marginal
nerve, with very numerous minute dots, not pellucid, leathery, margin
slightly recurved or flat ; petioles 7-5 mm. 1., glabrous. Inflorescences
reddish-tomentose, much shorter than the leaf, with several flowers;
peduncles 2 -5-3 "5 cm. 1., rising 3-7 together umbel-like from the terminal
nodes without accompanying vegetative branches, 2-3-forkcd, each branch
bearing at apex a cluster of sessile flowers. Buds obovate, reddish-
tomentose below, glabrescent above. Calyx-ixihe 3 mm. 1. Berry depressed-
globose, deformed by insect attack.

13. C. Tussaceana .Ber<7 in Linnsea xxvU. 25 (1854); Griseb.
torn. cit. 233 ; TJrh. torn. cit. 597, & Symh. Ant. v. 444 in obs.
C. rigida Tuss. Fl. Ant. Hi. 91, /. 26 (1824) (non Sto.).

In fl. Aug. ; mountains, St. Ann, Tussac.

Tree, 15 ft. high. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1., ovate or ovate-oblong, narrowed
to both ends, glabrous, veins not evident, rigid; petioles 2-1 cm. 1.
Inflorescences shorter than the leaves ; peduncles 1 or 2 in axils of leaves,
branching trichotomously or racemosely, with 3-G sessile flowers at apex
of branchlets. Buds top-shaped, 6 mm. 1. Petals wanting. Fruit
globose.

We have not seen any specimen to correspond with Tussac's description
and figure.

14. C. discolor Urh. Symh. Ant. v. 443 (1908).

Mountain Bay.

In fl. Mar.-May ; slopes of Dolphin Head Mt., Harris I 9264, 10,279.

Shrub, 12-20 ft. high; branchlets of this year glabrous, 2- furrowed in
the upper part of the internode. Leaves (about 1 ft. 1.) 26-37 cm. 1.,
7-10 cm. br., elliptical-oblong, narrowing upwards and long acuminate,
apex obtuse, base cordate; midrib on upper surface flat or subimpressed
below, slightly prominent upwards, nerves and veins prominent on both
sides, nerves forming a prominent marginal nerve ; with minute pellucid
dots, glabrous on upper surface, with very minute reddish or brownish
hairs beneath esp. on midrib, papery, margin flat; petiole 6-10 mm. 1.
Inflorescences 9-10 cm. 1. (No. 10,279) to 3 cm. 1. (No. 9264), paniculate,
puberulous with reddish hairs; peduncles 2 opposite, cacla 1-1*5 cm.
above the leaf-axil and subtended by oblong-lanceolate bracts about
1-5 cm. 1., 20 cm. 1. (No. 10,279), or solitary and apparently terminal,
13 cm. 1. (No. 9264). Flowers white, numerous, sessile, in clusters at apex
of branchlets and below. Calyx-tuhe bell-shaped, 1"5 mm. 1.

3. PIMENTA Lindley.

Tree, very fragrant. Leaves papery, glandular dots on both
sides. Flowers in many-flowered cymes, branching in threes, in
the upper axils. Calyx-tube (receptacle) shortly prolonged above
the ovary ; limb with 4 spreading, persistent lobes. Petals 4,
spreading. Stamens indefinite, free. Stigma peltate-convex,
much thicker than the style. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 1 in each
cell (very rarely 2), hanging from the apex of the inner angle.
Berry crowned by the calyx, shortly globose to globose-pear-
shaped, with 2 (rarely 1) seeds. Embryo involuto-spiral in two

Pimenta

MYKTACE.^

325

coils or two and a half ; cotyledons very short, radicle thick,
very long.

Species one, native of Jamaica, Cuba, and Central America,
cultivated in the East Indies.

P. ofilcinalis Lindl. Coll. in text to t. 19 (1821) ; Berg Handh.
Pharm. Bot. in. 339 (excl. var. cumanensis) (1855) & in Linnsea
xxvii. 422; Bentl. <& Trim. Med. PI. t. Ill ; Niedenzu in Engl, d

Fig. 126. — Pimenta oficinalis Liudl.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and

fruit X S.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 7.
B', Ovary cut at right angles to B X 7.

C & C, Similar figures of Amomis caryo-
phyllata Kr. & Urb. x 7.

D, Berry of Pimenta cut lengthwise,
showing section of embryo and an
undeveloped cell, enlarged.
(D after Engler.)

Prantl Pflfam. Hi. pt. 7, 71, fig. f-h ; Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix.
571. P. vulgaris Lindl. in Lond. Encycl. PI. 418 (1829) ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 240. P. Pimenta Cockerell in Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club xix. 95 (1892) ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 263 ; Britt. & Millsp. Bah.

326 FLORA OF JAMAICA Pimenta

Fl. 305. Myrtus arborea etc. Sloane Cat. 161 tfe Hist. ii. 76,
t. 191, /. 1 ; Hugh. Barh. 145, t. 10*. M. Piraenta L. Sp. PI
472 (1753) & Amoen. v. 379 ; Wright Mem. 227 ; Sw. Obs. 202 ;
Liin. Hori. Jam. ii. 66 ; Tussac Fl. Ant. iv. 32, /. 12. Caryo-
phyllus aromaticus, Americanus folio &c. & Caryophyllus
aromaticus, Americanus Lauri ttc. Pluk. Phyt. t. 155, jf. 2, 4.
C foliis . . . alternis itc. Browne Hist. Jam. 247. C, Pimento
Mill Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Eugenia Pimenta DC. Prodr. Hi. 285
(1828); Mayc. Barb. 212; Macf. Jam. ii. 125. Pimento Gosse
Nat. Sojourn 64. (Fig. 126.)

Pimento, All-spice tree.

Sloane Herb. vi. 77* & 78! Wright \ Shakespearl Bancroft \ Distinl
St. Mary, McNab I Parnell I Portland, Purdie 1 Wilsoii 1 Prior ! (also a
form with small flowers near Moneague) ; BoUevue, 4500 ft., Eggcrs, 3771 !
Port Royal Mts., Cradtoick 1 also Harris I also Miss J. Ii. Perkins ! near
Falmouth, Ewen ! Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, Harris ! Lucea, Hitchcock.
Fl. Jam. 5041, 5042, 5934, 5937, 7254, 7929, 8502, 10,507. Form with
small leaf (4-5 -5 cm. 1.), Hagley Gap, Faiccett I — Distribution of genus.

Tree, 80-40 ft. high. Leaves 6-14 cm. 1., elliptical, elliptical-oblong,
apex blunt, usually subemarginate ; midrib impressed on upper surface,
prominent beneath, nerves and veins only slightly prominent with dots on
both sides. Caij/x-lobes rounded at apex. Petals white. Ovary outside
powdery-white or shortly silky. Berry 4-G mm. 1., 4-6'5 mm. in diam.,
black, pulpy, sweet, almost tasteless. Seeds 2 (1), hot to taste.

Wood, flowers, fruit, leaves are aromatic. Berries while still green and
unripe are gathered and dried for export, chiefly used as a condiment in
cookery ; they have a warm spicy taste like cloves, and an aromatic odour
resembling a mixture of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs, hence called
allspice ; they are used medicinally for their aromatic, carminative, and
stimulant properties. Wood is tough and close-grained, used for cart
shafts; saplings are made into walking-sticks. For insect posts and injury
by picking, see Annual Report on Dept. Agric. 30 (1917).

4. AMOMIS Berg.

Shrub or tree, very fragrant. Leaves leathery, glandular
dots beneath. Flowers in many-flowered cymes, branching in
threes, in the upper axils or terminal. Calyx-tube (receptacle)
prolonged above the ovary ; limb 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5,
roundish, soon falling. Stamens numerous. Stigma minute,
not thicker than the upper part of style. Ovary 2-celled.
Ovules 6-7 in each cell, attached at the margin to the peltate
placenta projecting from the upper part of the partition. Berry
ovoid or obovoid-globose, crowned by the calyx, 1-2-celled, with
2-8 seeds. Embryo involuto-spiral, the spire scarcely more than
one coil ; cotyledons very short, radicle very long.

Species 1, native of the West Indies, Venezuela, Guiana,
cultivated in Bahamas, Bermuda, and the East Indies.

A. earyophyllata Kr. & TJrb. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 573 (1895) ;
Cook (fc Coll. in Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. 74 ; Britt. Fl. Berm.

Amomia MYRTACE^ 327

263. A. acris, A. Pimento (incl. var. jamaicensis), A, pimen-
toides, A. oblongata Berg Handh. Pharm. Bot. in. 339, 340
(1855) & in Linneea xxvii. 417-421. A. jamaicensis Britt. <0
Harris in Journ. N. Yorh Bot, Gard. xxi. 38 (1920); Annual
Report for 1918-19, Dept. of Agric. Jamaica. Myrtus caryo-
phyllata Jacq. Obs. ii. 1 (1767) (non L.). M. acris Sw. Prodr. 79
(1788) (excl. var. b.) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 909; Lun. Hart. Jam. i. 75.
Caryophyllus aromaticus Ind. Occident, foliis &c. PluJc. Phyt.
t. 155, /. 3. 0. foliis . . . oppositis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 247.
C. racenipsus Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Myrcia acris DC. Prodr.
Hi. 243 (1828); Mayc. Barb. 209; Macf Jam. ii. 109 (cells
wrongly described as 1-ovuled) ; Bot. Mag. t. 3153. Pimenta
acris Kostel. Allg. Med. Pharm. Fl. iv. 1526 (1835); Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 241; Bentl. & Trim. Med. PI. t. 110; Bull. Bot.
Dept. Jamaica, No. 26, 8 (1891) ; TF. Ind. Bull. iv. 126-128, 189-
194 (1904); Kew Bull. (1918) 158; Agric. News xx. 340, 356,
372 (1921) ; Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind. xl. 9, 491 (1921). P. Pimento
Griseb. loc. cit. (1860). (Fig. 126, c, c'.)

Wild Cinnamon, Wild Clove, Bay Rum Tree, Bay Berry
Tree.

iSZoaneHerb. vi. 791 Browne; Swartz; Macfadyen; Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 12,788, 12,876.— Distribution of genus.

Shrub or tree, 30-50 ft. Leaves 4-12 cm. 1., variable in form and size,
obovate-oval, elliptical, or elliptical-oblong, apex obtuse or emarginate,
sometimes shortly acuminate, midrib impressed on upper surface, pro-
minent beneath, nerves and network of veins equally prominent on
both sides ; petioles 4-12 mm. 1. CaZj/a^-lobes very broadly triangular.
Petals white, tinged pink. Ovary glabrous outside (but densely white-
tomentose in var. grisea). Berry 8-10 mm. 1., 5-7 in diam., blackish
when ripe.

Wood somewhat hard and heavy, strong and durable, fine and compact
in texture, taking a high polish ; heart-wood brownish-red or almost black,
sap-wood very light with darker lines ; suitable for carpenters and cabinet-
work. The leaves distilled yield an essential oil, "oil of bay," the most
important ingredient of bay-rum; information on economics will be
found in literature quoted above.

5. MYRCIA DO.

Trees or shrubs. Flowers generally small ; peduncles
axillary and subterminal, primary or secondary branches oi. the
panicles generally racemose, ultimate branches cymose. Calyx :
tube not, or more or less, prolonged above the ovary, segments
or lobes of the limb usually 5. Petals usually 5, spreading.
Stamens indefinite, free. Ovary 2(3-4)-celled ; ovules 2, side by
side, in each cell. Berry crowned by the remains of the calyx-
limb. Seeds generally 1 or 2, subglobose ; radicle rather long,
incurved ; cotyledons large, twisted and folded.

Species about 500, natives of subtropical and tropical America
(incl. W. Indies).

328 FLOEA OF JAMAICA Myrcia

Anthers 2-celled. Leaves not tomentose.
Inflorescence, calyx-tube, and young branchlets silky-

puberulous or pubescent 1. M. splendens.

Plant glabrous 2. M. leptoclada.

Anthers 4-celled. Under surface of leaves brown-tomen-

tose 3. M. Femliana.

1. M. splendens DC. Prodr. in. 244 (1828) (excl. var.) ; Griseh.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 234 (in part) ; Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 583 ;
Symh. Ant. iv. 443 & viii. 479. Myrtus splendens Sw. Prodr. 79

Fig. Ii7,— Myrcia splendens DC.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and C, Stamen x 20.

inflorescences x i. D, Fruit cut lengthwise x 4.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X 7. E, Stamen of M. Femliana X 20.

(1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 907. M. foliis ovato-lanceolatis Plum. PL
Amer. (Burm.) 202, t. 208, /. 1. Eugenia periplocifolia Jacq.
Coll. 108, t. 4 (1788). (Fig. 127, a-d.)

Wright ! — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad.

Shrub 10-20 ft. high or tree 30 ft. high; youngest branchlets pubes-
cent. Leaves 3-8 cm. 1., ovate to narrowly lanceolate, more or less long
acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, occasionally acute, network of nerves
and veins slightly prominent on both sides, papery, with pellucid dots ;
petioles 2-4 nun. 1. Inflorescence and calyx-tube siJky-puberulous. Flowers
white (or pink). Calyx not prolonged cup-like above the ovary.

2. M. leptoelada DC. Prodr. Hi. 244 (1828) ; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 711; Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 582, Symb. Ant. iv. 443

Myrcia MYRTACE/E 329

*fe via. 479. Aulomyrcia leptoclada Berg in Linnsea xxvii. 40
(1854) (excl. sya. Poir.).

Wright (Hb. Kew.) I — Hispaniola, Porto Rico. Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Martinique, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad.

Shrub 6-12 ft. high, or tree 15-30 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 5-9 cm. 1.,
elliptical-oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, network of nerves and veins
prominent beneath, not so evident on upper surface, papery-leathery, not
or obscurely pellucid-dotted ; petioles 2-4 mm. 1. Flowers white, fragrant.
Calyx prolonged cup-like above the ovary.

The occurrence of the preceding two species in Jamaica rests only on
specimens collected by Dr. Wm. Wright and labelled as from Jamaica.
The geographical distribution in the West Indies is not opposed to this,
and Wright collected several species in Jamaica, not found, or rarely, by
other botanists.

3. M. Fenzliana Berg in Linnsea xxvii. 121 (1855) (nomen)
& in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 1, 196 (1857). Gomidesia Lindeniana
Berg in Linnsea xxix. 208 (1857); Griseh. in Mem. Amer.
Acad. N.S. viii. 180 (1861) <k Cat. Cuh. 85; Urh. in Engl. Jalirh.
xix. 605, Symh. Ant. iv. 445 & viii. 481. (Fig. 127, e.)

In fi. May, in fr. Sept. ; below Vinegar Hill, St. George, Blue Mts.,
3000 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6282,6348,6589, 7348.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, St. Kitts, Montserrat, tropical South America.

Shrub or small t7-ee, 10-15 ft. ; young branchlets, inflorescence, nerves
and veins of under surface of leaves covered wiih yellowish-brown
tomentum. Leaves 8-16 cm. 1., 4-8 cm. br., elliptical, narrowed to both
ends, acuminate with long narrow tip ; upper surface somewhat pubescent,
with midrib and nerves slightly impressed and veins not evident, beneath
midrib, nerves and veins prominent and tomentose with rather long hairs,
leathery, not pellucid-dotted at any rate in the older leaves ; petioles
6-8 mm. 1, Panicles one or two in axils and subterminal, many-flowered.
Buds 4 mm. 1. Flowers fragrant. Sepals broadly deltoid, acute, 1 • 5 mm. 1.
Petals roundish, tomentose on back, otherwise glabrous, white, margin
membranous. Berry globose, puberulous, with 2-4 seeds.

6. EUGENIA L.

Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence sometimes centripetal, the
1-flowered pedicels opposite, axillary, solitary, clustered, or in a
short raceme (a leafless branch), rarely centrifugal, with the
cymes terminal, dense, or in terminal or lateral panicles
branching by threes. Calyx : tube more or less prolonged
beyond the ovary or not prolonged ; segments of limb 4 (5),
distinct, sometimes ample, overlapping, sometimes short or
scarcely prominent on a truncate margin. Petals 4 (5 or more,
or none), spreading and distinct, or converging and more or less
united to form a lid. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 2(3)-celled ;
ovules indefinite in each cell, attached to a placenta not or
slightly prominent on the partition. Berry generally sub-
drupaceous or pulpy. Seeds generally 1-4; embryo thick and
fleshy, radicle short, cotyledons thick, generally more or less
indistinguishable from one another.

330 FLOEA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

Species more than 600, growing in great abundance in the
West Indies and subtropical and tropical America, and in
tropical Asia, fewer in Australia and Africa.

A. Inflorescences centripetal.
a. Sepals 4-5 mm. 1.

Flowers solitary in axils of leaves. Leaves

1-5-3 cm. 1 1. E. heterochroa.

Flowers solitary in axils of narrow bracts,
usually several close together. Leaves
2-5-5 cm. 1.
Leaves lanceolate- oblong to oval-elliptical,

apex obtuse 2. E. ligustrina.

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate 3. E.unifiora.

Flowers shortly racemose ; fruiting pedicels
3-3-5 cm. 1. ; rhachis 5-8 mm. 1. Leaves

5-7 cm. 1., ovate or shortly ovate 4, E. mandevillensis.

Flowers in clusters at nodes (usually leafless)

or on trunks, pedicels 5-13 mm. 1. Leaves

4-30 cm. 1, ; petioles long.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oval, apex

obtuse, base rounded to acute. Sepals

ovate 6. E. Marchiana.

Leaves elliptical or oval-elliptical, apex
shortly or obtusely acuminate, base ob-
tuse or roundish. Sepals roundish 6. E. aynjpli folia.

Leaves elliptical or ovate-elliptical, narrowed
to obtuse apex, base cordate or sub-
cordate. Sepals roundish 1. E, lamprophylla.

b. Sepals less than 4 mm. 1.
a. Inflorescence : flowers solitary in axils.

Leaves -5-1-5 cm. 1., ovate, leathery 8. E. alpina.

Leaves 1-1-5 cm. 1., linear, membranous*... 9. E. Macnabiana.
/3. Inflorescences racemose, rhachis more than
1 cm. 1. (sometimes less).
a'. Inflorescences puberulous or tomentose.
t Infl. 2-5(-7) cm. 1. Pedicels 3-12(-15)
mm. 1.
Petioles 9-14 mm. 1.
Leaves elliptical to oblong-elliptical,
scarcely or shortly and obtusely
acuminate, nerves slightly pro-
minent above, more so beneath.

Sepals 3 mm. 1 10. E. Fadyenii.

Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptical,
broadly acuminate, nerves impressed

above. Sepals 1 - 5 mm. 1 11. E. sulcivenia.

Petioles 3-8 mm. 1.

Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptical to
lanceolate, long and narrowly acu-
minate, 3-5-8 cm. 1., 1-5-3 cm. br.,
nerves usually impressed above. 12. E. biflora.
Sepals 1-5-2 mm. 1 var. virgtiltosa.

* The position of E. Macnabiana is uncertain, as the flowers are
unknown.

Eugenia MYRTACE^ 331

Leaves lanceolate to ovate-elliptical

or elliptical, more or less obtusely

acuminate, 3-7 cm. 1., 1-5-3 cm.br.,

nerves scarcely evident or slightly

prominent on both sides. Sepals

1-8-2 -5 mm. 1., to 3 mm. 1. in fruit 12. E. biflora.
Leaves elliptical or roundish-elliptical,

generally moderately acuminate,

4-6-5 cm. 1., 2-3-5 cm. br., nerves

slightly prominent or flat, rarely

slightly impressed above. Sepals

1-5-2 mm. 1 12. E. biflora.

var. hidibunda..
Petioles 2-4 mm. 1.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate

with a long tip, 3-6 cm. 1., -7-1-5

cm. br., nerves not evident nor im-
pressed above. Sepals 1-1 - 2 mm. 1. 12. E. biflora.

var. Wallenii.
tt Infl. 1-2 cm. 1. Pedicels 3-7 mm. 1.

Leaves elliptical to ovate-lanceolate,

acuminate with acute tip, 5-7 cm. 1.,

midrib furrowed-impressed, nerves

scarcely or not evident, dots not

evident on surface but subpellucid . 13. E. brachythrix.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acu-
minate with obtuse tip, 6-9 cm. 1.,
midrib slightly impressed, nerves
slightly prominent, dots dense, not
evident on upper surface, slightly
prominent beneath, pellucid 14. E . jamaicensis.

Leaves oval-oblong or oblong, acu-
minate with tip acute or sometimes
apiculate and obtuse, 8-5{-ll) cm.
1., midrib canaliculate-impressed,
nerves very slightly prominent or
subimpressed, densely tuberculate-
dotted 15. E. Alexandria

Leaves ovate- or oblong-elliptical,
more or less acuminate, tip acute or
mucronate, 6-9 cm. 1., midrib im-
pressed, nerves and veins slightly
prominent or impressed, dots pellu-
cid, not numerous, not conspicuous
on upper surface except in young
leaves, very few evident beneath .... 16. E. disticha.

b'. Inflorescences glabrous. Rhachis 3*5-1
cm. 1. Leaves acuminate.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, tip
obtuse. Inflorescence conspicuously
glandular 17. E. Harrisii.

Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong,

tip rounded, pedicel 12-6 mm. 1. ... 18. E. crenata.

Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ellip-
tical, tip obtuse, pedicels 4-6 mm. 1. 19. E. Nicholsii.

Leaves ovate, tip acute or mucronate , 20. E, Bendlei.

332

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Eugenia

y. Inflorescences shortened racemose, rhachis
less than 1 cm. 1.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate. Pedicels

0--5 mm. 1. Sepals -5-1 mm. 1 21. E. buxifolia.

Leaves more or less ovate to lanceolate or
elliptical.
Leaves moderately acuminate.
Sepals 1 • 5 mm. 1.
Pedicels 1-3 mm. 1.
Leaves 5-7*5 cm. 1., ovate to ob-
long-lanceolate, glabrous, mid-
rib furrowed-impressed. Brac-

teoles triangular 22. E. abbreviata.

Leaves 3 "5-7 cm. 1., ovate-ellip-
tical to elliptical, with obtuse
tip, glabrous but puberulous on
midrib, midrib broad, flat, very
slightly impressed near base,
slightly prominent near apex.
Bracteoles triangular-roundish. 23. E. Schulziana.
Leaves 6-9 cm. 1., ovate- or ob-
long-elliptical, puberulous or
glabrescent, midrib impressed.

Bracteoles ovate, acute 16. E. disticJia.

Pedicels 4-8 mm. 1. Leaves 3-5
cm. 1., lanceolate or elliptical-
lanceolate, tip acute, mucronate. 24. E. Wilsonella.
Sepals 1-1-2 mm. 1. Leaves 3*5-8
cm. 1., elliptical, elliptical-oblong, or
ovate, glabrous, midrib deeply im-
pressed. Bracteoles semicircular.

Berry oblong 25. E. glabrata.

Sepals -8 mm. 1. Leaves 4-8(-ll)
cm. 1., elliptical or broadly ovate to
oblong, glabrous, midrib impressed.
Bracteoles rounded. Bhachis rarely

11 mm. 1. Berry roundish 26. E. axillaris.

Leaves shortly or scarcely acuminate.

Pedicels 1-7 mm. 1. Sepals 1-2 mm. 1.

Leaves with obtuse tip.

Midrib deeply impressed. Pedicels

4-7 mm. 1. Leaves 6-9 cm. 1.,

elliptical to ovate-elliptical, dots

dense, prominent 27. E, isosticta.

Midrib impressed in lower half.
Pedicels 5-7 mm. 1. Leaves
3-4*5 cm. 1., elliptical, narrowed
to both ends, dots numerous,
prominent esp. in first year ... 28. E. Sloanei.
Midrib not impressed (or rarely im-
pressed). Pedicels 1-5 mm 1.
Leaves 1*5-8 cm. 1., ovate to

narrowly lanceolate 29. E. monticola.

Pedicels 10-15 mm. 1. Sepals 3 -5-2 -3

mm. 1 30. E.polypora.

Leaves acuminate with long linear-
lanceolate tip. Pedicels 8-16 mm. 1.
Sepals 1 * 5-2 mm. 1 31. E. confusa.

Eugenia MYKTACE^ 333

5. Inflorescences umbelliform, rhachis wanting.
Midrib of leaf not, or only slightly,
impressed towards base.
Leaves 2*5-6 cm. 1. Pedicels 5-17 mm. 1.
Petioles 3-6 mm. 1. Sepals 2 • 8-1 • 5 mm. 1.
Leaves 2*5-6 cm. 1., ovate to lanceo-
late, ovate-elliptical, or rhomboid.

Pedicels 5-15 mm. 1 32. E. rhombea.

Leaves 2*5-4 cm. 1., elliptical-lanceo-
late to lanceolate. Pedicels 10-17

mm. 1 33. E. clareiidonensis.

Petioles 2-3 mm. 1. Sepals 1 mm. 1.
Leaves 2 • 5-4 cm. 1., ovate, elliptical,
or subrhomboid, rarely roundish.

Pedicels 12-16 mm. 1 34. E. Brownei.

Leaves 5-10 cm. 1. Pedicels 0-2*5 mm. 1.
Leaves 5-7 cm. 1., ovate-elliptical to
elliptical-lanceolate. Pedicels 0-1
mm. 1. Calyx-tube prolonged be-
yond ovary. Sepals 1 mm, 1. 35. E. pycnoneura.

Leaves 7-10 cm. 1., elliptical or ellip-
tical-oblong. Pedicel 1 * 5-2 • 5 mm. 1.
Sepals 2-1 mm. 1 36. E. eperforata.

B. Inflorescences centrifugal.

Calyx-tube subglobose, not prolonged beyond

ovary. Flowers small 37. E.fragrans.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, produced beyond
ovary. Flowers large.
Flowers crimson. Leaves elliptical or ellip-
tical-oblong [E. 77ialaccensis.]

Flowers white. Leaves lanceolate [E. Jambos.']

1. E. heteroehroa Urh. Symb. Ant. vii. 299 (1912); glabrous;
leaves 1*5-3 cm. 1., elliptical or elliptical-oblong, occasionally
obovate, apex rounded or subtruncate, sometimes slightly emar-
ginate, base obtuse, midrib * deeply impressed, nerves on upper
surface more or less slightly prominent, not evident beneath,
veins not evident, with dots pellucid in leaves of the first year,
thick and leathery ; petioles 2-3 mm. 1. ; flowers solitary, axillary,
occurring 1-4 together, umbel-like at the apex or just below the
apex of the branches ; pedicels 7-10 mm. 1. ; sepals 4, very
unequal, the larger semi-oval, 5 mm. 1., the smaller half -roundish,
3 mm, 1. ; ovules several in each cell ; berries globose, 10-12 mm.
in diam.

In fl. July ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 10,989,
11,017, 12,807.

Sliruh, 10 ft. high; branchlets of the first year glandular-granulate,
when older densely tuberculate-granulate. Pedicels glandular-granulate.

* The description of the midrib here and later refers to the upper
surface.

334 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

Bracteoles ovate, somewhat obtuse, 1-1 "5 mm. 1. Petals white. Ovary
glabrous.

2. E. ligustPina Willd. S}). PL ii. 962 (1800); branchlets
puberulous, glabrescent; leaves 2*5-5 cm. 1., 1-2 em. br.,
lanceolate-oblong or oval-elliptical to oblanceolate or obovate,
apex obtuse, base acute, midrib usually impressed, nerves and
veins sligbtly evident, leathery ; petioles 1-5 mm. 1. ; pedicels
1-4 cm. 1., solitary on the lower part of branchlets of the first
vear from the axils of the upper lanceolate-linear or narrowly
spathulate scales 5-10 mm. 1. (the lowest scales are shorter and
more crowded) ; sepals 4-5 mm. 1., recurved, oblong-lanceolate ;
ovules in each cell 10-14; berry 6-8 mm. in diam., globose,
glandular-dotted,' otherwise smooth. — Marjc. Barh. 210 ; Macf.
Jam. ii. 112; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 239; Urh. in Engl. Jahrh.
xix. 618, Symh. Ant. iv. 446 & viii. 484. Myrtus ligustrina Sw.
Prodr. 78 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 885. Stenocalyx ligustrinus
Berg In FL Bras. xiv. pt. 1, 343 (1857).

In fr. June-Aug. ; WrightX Falls river. Port Royal Mts., 2000 ft.,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5231, 5768, 12,562.— West Indies, Brazil.

Shrub 6-10 ft. high, or tree 20 ft. Petals white, 8-12 mm. 1. Berry
sweet, scarlet. Seeds roundish, 1-3.

Urban identifies with this " Arbor baccifera, myrti folio latiore &c." of
Sloane Cat. 172 & Hist. ii. 107. Sloane, however, says " the fruit stands
on a small, eighth of an inch long foot-stalk, is like black cherries," which
is inconsistent with E. ligustrina. It grew in woods on the Red Hills.
Sloane has no drawing of it, and there is no specimen in his Herbarium.
It seems to us more probable that it should be placed under E. disticha DC,
judging from the length of the pedicel and the description of the fruit.

3. E. uniflora L. Sp. PL 470 (1753) (in part); glabrous;
leaves 3*5-6 cm. 1., ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex usually
shortly acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, sometimes subcordate ;
midrib flat or slightly impressed, nerves and veins evident on
both sides, with numerous pellucid dots, papery, glabrous ;
petioles 1—2 mm. 1. ; pedicels 1 • 5-3 • 5 cm. 1., .solitary or several,
approximate on branchlets of first year from the axils of scales ;
sepals recurved, linear-oblong ; ovules in each cell 8-14; berry
depressed-globose, 8-furrowed or 8-ribbed, up to 2 • 5 or 3 cm. in
diam. — Qriseh. FL Br. W. Ind. 239; Urh. in EngL Jahrh. xix.
620 & Symh. Ant. viii. 484 ; Briit. FL Berm. 262 ; Britt. & Milhp.
Bah. FL 304 ; Bot. Mag. t. 8599. Myrtus brasiliana L. Sp. PL
471 (1753). Philadelphus arborescens foliis myrtineis &c. and
P. arb. foliis ovato-acuminatis &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 240, 241.
Plinia pedunculata Linn. f. SuppL 253 (1781); Bot. Mag. 473.
Stenocalyx Michelii Berg in Linnsea xxvii. 310 (1856) & in FL
Bras. xiv. pt. 1, 337. There is a specimen of this species in
Herb. Linn, named by Linnaeus Myrtus brasiliana.

Eugenia MYETACEiE 335

Surinam Cherry.

In fl. Jan., in fr. March ; Port Royal Mts. March ! Pleasant Hill, Port
Royal Mts. ; cult. Hope Gardens ; Harris 1 PI. Jam. 5080, 10,811. — Guiana,
Brazil, Argentina ; perhaps only naturalized in West Indies, Bermuda, and
Bahamas ; cultivated in tropics of Old World.

Shruh to 13 ft. or tree 15-30 ft. high. Petals white, 8-12 mm. 1.
Berry edible.

Berries used in making preserves and jellies.

4. E. mandevillensis Urh. Symb. Ant. vii. 306 (1912); glabrous;
leaves 5-7 cm. 1., 3*f)-4'5 cm. br., ovate or shortly ovate, shortly
acuminate with an obtuse tip, base rounded or truncate, midrib
slightly or scarcely impressed, nerves on upper surface scarcely
prominent, beneath with the veins a little more evident, with
dots not pellucid, leathery ; petioles 6-8 mm. 1. ; inflorescences
shortly racemose with 3-6 flowers, rhachis 5-8 mm. 1., sometimes
growing on into a leafy twig with flowers below and leaves
above; pedicels in fruit 3-3*5 cm. 1.; sepals 4, very unequal,
the larger roundish or ovate-roundish, 5 mm. 1., the smaller
2 mm. 1. ; berries (unripe) globose, 1 cm. in diam.

With unripe fr. in Sept. ; Marshall's Pen, near Mandeville, Harris d
Briiton ! Fl. Jam. 10,600.

Shrub or tree to 15 ft. high. Berries densely granular-dotted, not
ribbed, glabrous.

5. E. Marehiana Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 238 (1860);
f^labrous; leaves 9-20 cm. 1., 3*5-10 cm. br., ovate, ovate-
oblong, or oval, apex obtuse, rarely emarginate, base rounded,
truncate, or acute and prolonged a little into the petiole, midrib
impressed or towards the apex a little prominent, nerves and
veins on both sides more or less prominent, with dots not pellucid,
in older leaves slightly prominent, leathery or papery-leathery ;
petioles 10-20 mm. 1.; flowers 4-20 in a cluster at nodes from
which the leaves have usually dropped ; pedicels 5—12 mm. 1. ;
sepals 4, the longer ovate, 4-5 mm. 1., the shorter crescent-
shaped or semicircular - triangular 1 ■ 5-3 • 5 mm. 1. ; ovary
2(3)-celled; ovules numerous in each cell. — Vrb. in Engl. Jahrb.
xix. 652.

Manchester, Purdie ! March 1 above Cinchona, J.P. 1091, Hart ! also
C. Nicholls ! Vinegar Hill, Blue Mts., Cradwich 1 between Morse's Gap
and Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., C. Nicholls d Harris ! Whitfield Hall
fields ; Portland Gap, 5650 ft. ; Mabess river, Blue Mts. ; near Troy ;
Harris 1 wooded slope on S.E. of John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris &
Briiton 1 Fl. Jam. 5001, 5002, 5037, 5071, 5072, 5258, 7698, 8551, 10,693.

Shruh 10 ft. or tree 20 ft. high ; branches sometimes fistulose.
Bractcoles roundish or broadly triangular, apex rounded or obtuse, united
at the base, 1*5-3 mm. 1. Petals 7 mm. 1., about 5 mm. br. Berries
ellipsoidal or globose, 17 mm. 1., 9 mm. thick.

It is possible that more than one species is included here, but, as Urban
indicates, study of a series of specimens in the field is necessary.

336 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

6. E. amplifolia Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 445 (1908); glabrous;
branchlets fistulose ; leaves 13-30 cm. 1., 9-12 cm. br., elliptical
or oval-elliptical, apex obtuse or shortly and very obtusely
acuminate, base obtuse or roundish, midrib impressed towards
the base, less so or not at all towards the apex, nerves and veins
on both sides prominent, with dots not pellucid in older leaves,
papery- leathery ; petioles 15-20 mm. 1.; flowers in clusters on
trunk and at nodes of old branches ; pedicels 7-10 mm. 1. ;
sepals 4, the larger roundish, 5 mm. 1., the smaller semicircular,
3 mm. 1. ; ovules several in each cell ; berries ellipsoidal,
12-15 mm. 1., 7-9 mm. thick.

In fl. Sept., in fr. Feb.-March ; Hopeton, Westmoreland, 1000 ft. ; near
Troy, 1400 ft. ; Harris ! eastern slopes of south end of John Crow (Blake)
Mts., Harris d Brittonl Fl. Jam. 7050, 9476, 10,750.

Tree, 15-20 ft. high. Dots of leaves prominent beneath. Bracteoles
shortly ovate-cordate, united at base, 1*5 mm. 1. ZJerries densely granular-
dotted, not ribbed, red, glabrous, 1-seeded.

7. E. lamprophylla Urb. Symb. Ant. vii 308 (1912) ; glabrous ;
leaves 9-18 cm. 1., 3 '5-9 -5 cm. br., elliptical or ovate-elliptical,
usually narrowed towards the obtuse apex, base rounded emar-
ginate in young leaves, cordate in old leaves, midrib impressed
from base to apex, nerves in young leaves on upper surface a
little impressed or scarcely prominent, beneath with the veins
slightly prominent, in old leaves nerves and veins prominent on
both sides, with more or less pellucid dots, on both sides slightly
prominent, leathery, shining; petioles 10-15 mm. 1.; flowers
several at the nodes of the old wood, umbel-like ; pedicels
7-13 mm. 1. ; sepals 4, very unequal, the larger roundish, 5 mm. 1.,
the smaller semilunate, 3 mm. 1. ; ovules many in each cell.

In fl. July-Sept. ; Peckham, Clarendon, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,955, 11,175.

Tree, 25 to 40 ft. high. Young leaves bronze on upper surface, rose-
coloured beneath. Bracteoles united at base, shortly ovate, obtuse, 2 mm. 1.
Petals pale rose colour, 7-8 mm. 1., 6 mm. br., roundish-elliptical, ciliate.
Stamens pale rose colour.

8. E. alpina Willd. Sp. PL ii. 961 (1800) ; young branchlets
more or less pubescent or puberulous with brownish hairs ; leaves
•5-1 "5 cm. 1., 3-4(-2) in a whorl, elliptical to lanceolate, midrib
impressed, nerves and veins not evident, dots on upper surface
impressed, opaque, leathery, rigid, glabrous ; petioles 1-2 • 5 mm. 1. ;
peduncles pseudo-terminal and axillary, solitary, 1 ' 5-3 mm. L,
tomentose ; sepals 4, 3 mm. 1., broadly ovate, somewhat acumin-
ate ; ovules several in each cell ; berry 6-8 mm. 1. — Macf. Jam.
ii. 113; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 236; Urban in Engl. Jahrb. xix.
608. Myrtus alpina Sw. Prodr. 77 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 883.
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

In fl. May-Sept.; Blue Mt. Peak, Sioartz\ McNabl Blue Mt. Peak,
Purdie ! also Prior ! J.P. 877, Monkey Hill, Blue Mts., Morris ! and John

Eugenia MYRTACE^ 337

Crow Peak, Hart I Blue lit. Peak ; Monkey Hill ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5004-
5006, 5648 ; Sir John Peak, Mrs. E. G. Britton, 3862 1

Shrub or tree, 6-20 ft. Bracteoles ovate, acuminate, tomentose, 3 mm. 1,
Petals 4, white, longer than sepals.

9. E. Maenabiana TJrh. Symh. Ant. vi. 104 (1909); branchlets
"with minute straight hairs; leaves 1-1*5 cm. 1., 2*5-3 mm. br.,
linear, apex rounded, not apiculate, narrowed to the base, midrib
on upper surface not evident or slightly prominent, nerves
beneath slender, evident, joined together along the margin, with
pellucid dots, membranous. — E. oligandra var. Maenabiana Kr. &
Urh. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 613 (1895). E. rigidifolia Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 711 (1864) (non Bich.).

McNab (specimen not seen).

10. E. Fadyenii Kr. cD Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 622 (1895);
branchlets of the first year more or less brownish-tomentose or
glabrescent; leaves 6-13 cm. 1., elliptical or oblong-elliptical, apex
scarcely or shortly and obtusely acuminate, base wedge-shaped
or acute and slightly prolonged into the petiole, midrib impressed,
nerves and veins on upper surface slightly prominent, beneath
more so, with densely crowded pellucid dots, papery, glabrous ;
petioles 6-14 mm. 1. ; inflorescence racemose, brown-tomentose,
or glabrate, 7-11-flowered, 2-5 cm. 1., rarely paniculate; pedicels
3-12 mm. 1.; sepals 4, somewhat roundish, larger 3 mm. 1.;
ovules 10-14 in each cell. — E. chrysophylloides Macf. Jam. ii. 124
(1850) (non DC); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 238 (1860) (under
E. Gregii DC). Myrto affinis arbor &c. Sloane Cat. 162 <fe Hist,
ii. 80, t. 193,/. 2.

In fl. July-Sept., in fr. Sept.-Dec. ; near Spanish Town, Sloane Herb,
vi. 77! Salt Hill, Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen ; Hopewell, St. Mary,
McNab 1 Prior I Mavis Bank, C. Nicholls I Port Royal Mts. (Ginger Piece,
Falls river) ; Four Paths ; Cornwall, St. Elizabeth ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam.
5008, 5009, 5039, 5251, 5453, 10,630, 10,638, 12,097.— Cuba.

Shrub or tree, 10-25 ft. Bracteoles lanceolate, not united at base.
Petals white.

E. aeruginea DC. has been cited by Grisebach as occurring in Jamaica,
but we have not seen a specimen. It is a native of the W. Indian Isla,nds
from Cuba to Trinidad. It differs from E. Fadyenii especially in the
roundish bracteoles united at base.

11. E. suleivenia Kr. & Urh. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 632 (1895);
branchlets of the first year at the apex puberulous with very
short spreading hairs, later glabrescent ; leaves 7-10 cm. 1.,
3-5 cm, br., ovate or ovate-elliptical, apex long but somewhat
broadly acuminate with rounded or obtuse tip, base rounded or
rather narrow, subacute, midrib strongly impressed, nerves on
upper surface impressed, beneath slightly prominent, veins
scarcely or not evident, with frequent pellucid dots, on the upper
V. z

338 FLOEA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

surface subimpressed, leathery, glabrous; petioles 10-12 mm. 1. ;
inflorescences 2-5 cm. 1., with 10-16 flowers, puberulous; bracts
broadly triangular or ovat«-triangular, obtuse or acute, 'S-l'S
mm. 1. ; pedicels 3-6 mm. 1. ; sepals : the longer 1 '5 mm. 1., apex
subtruncate, the shorter slightly apiculate ; ovary semiglobose or
semiovoid; ovules 17-22 in each cell; berry obliquely globulose,
5 mm. in diam.

In fl. and fr. Aug. ; near Newcastle, 5049, Hart I

Bractcoles triangular, somewhat obtuse, about "8 mm. 1., scarcely united
at base. Berries glandular-granulate.

12. E. biflora DC. Prodr. Hi. 276 (1828) ; young branchlets
puberulous with very short spreading hairs or somewhat silky ;
leaves 3-7 cm. 1., 1 • 2-3 cm. br., lanceolate to ovate-elliptical or
elliptical, more or less acuminate with tip generally rounded or
obtuse (rarely, 5057, acute), base wedge-shaped, midrib impressed,
nerves and veins very slightly prominent or scarcely evident on
both sides, with few dots more or less pellucid, on upper surface
impressed or not evident or slightly prominent, beneath generally
slightly prominent often brownish, glabrous on both sides or
hairy on the midrib ; petioles 3-8 mm. 1. ; inflorescences race-
mose, axillary or pseudo- terminal, 2-4- even to 10-flowered,
shortly pubescent or tomentose, 1-7 cm. 1. ; pedicels 5-15 mm. 1. ;
sepals 1*8-2 '5 mm. 1., in fr. 3 mm. 1. ; berries 6-10 mm. in
diam. — E. biflora v. pallens Kr. & Urh. in Engl. Jahrb. xix, 629
(1895). E. pallens DC. Prodr. Hi. 284 (1828); Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 237 (in part). E. dumosa Macf. Jam. ii. 123 (1850)
(non DC). Myrtus biflora L. Syst. ed. 10, 1056 (1759) & Amcen.
V. 398, 379 ; Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 537. Caryophyllus fruticosus &c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 248, t. 25, /. 3. C. fruticosus Mill. Gard.
Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Type from Browne in Herb. Linn. ; specimen
from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Rod wood.

Browne ! Swartz ! Maefadyen 1 Purdie ! March I J.P. 904, Kings House
grounds ; J.P. 1419 (in part) near Cinchona, Hart 1 Blue Mts. ; Port Royal
Mts. ; near Hope, 750-1000 ft. ; Great Goat Is. ; Harris 1 between Four
Paths and Clarendon Park, Harris d Britton I Fl. Jam. 5012, 5018, 5019,
5057, 5232, 5270, 5741, 5746, 5771, 5793, 5863, 5953, 8369, 8951, 9322,
10,631, 10,632.

Shrub 8-10 ft. high, or tree 15 ft. high. Leaves papery-leathery. Petals
4-5 mm. 1. Ovary on outside white-silky. Berries obliquely obovate-
globulose, with 1 or 2 seeds.

The specimen from McNab (in Herb. Hort. Reg. Bot. Edin.) cited by
Grisebach {op. cit. 239) as E. florihunda West, is probably to be referred
to E. biflora ; it consists only of leafy shoots.

•

Var. virgultosa Kr. & Urh. torn. cit. 628 ; leaves 3-5-8 cm. L,

l"5-3 cm. br., ovate, ovate-elliptical, to lanceolate, acuminate,

with long or very long and narrow tip, acute or somewhat obtuse,

on both sides somewhat pubescent with adpressed hairs, at

Eugenia MYETACE^ 339

length especially on upper surface glabrescent, on upper surface
impressed distinctly or slightly, beneath prominent, with pellucid
dots impressed on upper surface, usually not evident beneath,
papery-leathery; petioles 3-7 mm. L ; inflorescences with 8-10
flowers, puberulous or more or less pubescent with adpressed
hairs; pedicels 3-10 mm. 1.; sepals: the longer 1*5-2 mm. 1.;
ovules 9-13 in each cell. — E. virgultosa DC. Prodr. Hi. 280
(1828) (in part) ; Macf. Jam. ii. 122 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 237
(in part). E. acutiloba DC. Prodr. Hi. 281 (1828); Macf. Jam.
ii. 123. E. virgata Mac/. Jam. ii. 121 (1850)? My rtus " virgul-
tosa Sw. Prodr. 79 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 905 (excl. syn. Plum.).

Ro dwood.

Wright \ Swartz ; Blue Mts., Tussac (in Hb. DC); Port Royal Mts. ;
Rock Fort ; Portland Gap ; Purdie ! Blue Mts. and Port Royal Mts.
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 5014, 5015, 5022, 5044, 5079, 5084, 5185, 5200, 5240-5242
(approaching var. hidibunda), 5243, 5248, 5268, 5289, 5291, 5301, 5336,5349,
5365, 5368, 5418, 5469 ; Morses Gap, O. E. Nichols !— Northern Brazil.

Var. ludibunda A>. d Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 630 (1895);
leaves 4—6*5 cm. 1., 2-3*5 cm.br., elliptical, roundish-oval, or
obovate, generally moderately acuminate with obtuse tip, nerves
6-10, on the upper surface slightly prominent or flat, rarely
slightly impressed, beneath with the veins more or less prominent,
with dots pellucid, on upper surface slightly prominent or not
evident, beneath prominent or scarcely evident; petioles 3-7(-12)
mm. 1.; inflorescences with 6-12 flowers; pedicels 3-12 mm. 1. ;
bracteoles roundish-ovate, 1-1*2 mm, 1. ; sepals : the longer
1 * 5-2 mm. 1., roundish or semi-oval. — E. ludibimda Bertero ms. ex
DC. Prodr. Hi. 280 (1828). Myrtus arborea inodora, foliis latis
subrotundis, flore albo fructu monopyreno Sloane Cat. 162 &
Hist. ii. 78.

Near Spanish Town, Sloane Herb. vi. 73 1 Wright 1 Shakespear !
Macfadyen ! Corby, Santa Cruz Mts., Fawcett ! Gordon Town road, 800 ft. ;
coastal thickets, Bluefields ; Harris \ Fl. Jam. 8591, 9687, 10,196. The
specimen from Corby, Fl. Jam. 9687 (with narrower leaves), and that
from Bluefields, Fl. Jam. 10,196 (with larger leaves up to 10 cm. 1. and
3' 5 cm. br.), are regarded by Urban as forms of this variety. — Hispaniola,
Porto Rico, St. Cruz, Antigua.

Yar. Wallenii Kr. & Urb. torn. cit. 629 ; leaves 3-6 cm. 1.,
•7-1*5 cm. br., narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate
with a very long drawn out tip somewhat obtuse or acute, nerves
on the upper surface not evident nor impressed, beneath a little
prominent or slightly evident, on both sides sparingly hairy or
glabrescent, with pellucid dots, on upper surface impressed,
beneath not evident ; petioles 2-4 mm. 1. ; inflorescences with
7 (5-11) flowers, often with a terminal flower ; pedicels 3-7 mm. 1. ;
sepals : the longer 1-1 • 2 mm. 1., roundish. — E. Wallenii Macf.
Jam. ii. 118 (1850). E. modesta v. jamaicensis Berg in Fl.

z 2

340 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

Bras. xiv. pi. I, Sli (1857). E. Hartii Kiaersk. in Bot. Tidsskr.
xvii. 271, f. 6, t. 9b (1888).

In fl. June-Dec; Cold Spring; Walleuford ; Macfadyen\ Purdiel
J.P. 1048, high mountain thickets, Hart ! Blue Mts. and Port Royal Mts. ;
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 5043, 5045-5047, 5077, 5078, 5081, 5083, 5129, 5222, 52G9,
6287, 5288, 5290, 5299, 5857, 5364, 5868, 5483, 5485, 5524, 5608, 5651, 5719.

13. E. braehythrix Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 23 (1909); branchlets
of first year densely covered with very short, spreading, simple
hairs; leaves 5—7 cm. 1., elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
with tip long and rather narrow, more or less narrowed at base
into the petiole, midrib on upper surface narrowly furrowed-
impressed, nerves on upper surface scarcely or not evident,
beneath nerves and veins slightly prominent, marginal vein
1 or 2 mm. from margin, dots few, not evident on surface but
pellucid, glabrescent or glabrate, papery or somewhat leathery ;
petioles 2 • 5-4 mm. 1. ; inflorescences axillary and terminal,
racemose, with 4-10 flowers, 1*5-2 cm. 1., with very short,
adpressed hairs ; bracts acute ; pedicels 4-7 mm. 1. ; calyx with
short and adpressed white hairs ; larger lobes 2 ram. 1.,
1*5 mm. br., roundish, apex rounded, smaller half-roundish;
ovules in each cell few ; berries unripe, obovoid, densely
glandular-granulate.

In fl. and fr. Aug., in fr. to Dec. ; Spanish River, Blue Mts., Harris 1
Fl. Jam. 5306, 5307, 5440.

Inflorescences generally solitary from the axils, at the apex of the
branches several, shortly or very shortly pedunculate; bracts persistent,
ovate or triangular, -7-1 "4 mm. 1. Bracteolcs ovate-triangular, acute,
slightly united at base. Calyx-lohes glandular-granulate with short
white hairs.

14. E. jamaicensis Berg in Linnsea xxvii. 237 (1856); young
branchlets puberulous with adpressed white hairs ; leaves 6-9
cm. 1., ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate with obtuse tip, often
apiculate, base acute, midrib slightly impressed, nerves on upper
surface slightly prominent, nerves and veins beneath prominent,
with very dense pellucid dots not conspicuous on upper surface,
very slightly prominent beneath, submembranous, glabrous ;
petioles 5-7 mm. 1. ; inflorescences with 6-10 flowers, 1-1*5
cm. 1. ; puberulous with very short adpressed hairs ; pedicels
4-7 mm. 1. ; sepals subequal, ovate ; ovules in each cell few. —
Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 625.

Wright 1 ? Scot 1 Cuming ; hill north of ]Montego Bay, Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 10,320.

15. E. AlexandPi Kr. & Urh. in Engl. Jalirh. xix. 626 (1895);
young branchlets puberulous at apex with very short adpressed
hairs; leaves 8-5(-ll) cm. 1., oval-oblong or oblong, acuminate
with tip acute or sometimes obtuse and apiculate, base subacute,

Eugenia MYKTACEiE 341

obtuse, or rounded, midrib canaliculate-impressed, nerves on
upper surface scarcely prominent or subimpressed, beneath
prominent, veins beneath slightly or scarcely evident, with very
dense tuberculate dots on both sides especially beneath, pellucid,
unequal, puberulous with very short hairs on upper surface,
subglabrous beneath, submembranous or papery, margin minutely
crenate ; inflorescences axillary, subsessile, with 6-8 flowers,
1-2 cm. 1., puberulous with very short and adpressed hairs ;
pedicels 3-7 mm. 1. ; sepals : the larger 2-2*3 mm. 1., roundish
or semioval, apex rounded or subtruncate ; ovules in each cell
numerous ; berry globose, 12—13 mm. in diam. — E. disticha
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 237 (1860) (in part) (non DC). Myrtus
disticha Bot. Mag. t. 867 (non Sw.). Type in Herb. Kew,

In fl. Jan.-July; Moneague, Prior !

Shrub. Bracteoles shortly triangular-half-roundish, slightly united.
Petals 5-6 mm. 1. Berry 3-seeded.

16. E. disticha DC. Proclr. Hi. 274 (1828); branchlets of
first year puberulous above with very short hairs or silky ;
leaves 6-9 cm 1., ovate-elliptical or oblong-elliptical, more or less
acuminate, with tip acute or mucronate, base rounded, midrib
impressed, nerves on upper surface very slightly prominent or im-
pressed, beneath with veins slightly prominent, with pellucid dots
not numerous, not conspicuous on upper surface except in young
leaves, very few evident beneath, puberulous on both sides at
first, glabrescent later, papery ; petioles 2-4 mm. 1. ; inflores-
cences axillary, 1-2 cm. 1., or shorter, with 4-9 flowers, puberu-
lous with very short adpressed hairs ; bracteoles ovate, acuminate ;
pedicels generally l"5-3 mm. I.; sepals: the larger 1*5 mm. 1,,
roundish with rounded apex ; ovules about 15 in each cell ; berry
ovate or obovate. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 237 (excl. reference
to Jacq.) ; Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 627. Myrtus disticha Sw.
Prodr. 78 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 894; Lindl. Coll. t. 19.
M. horizontalis Vent. Malm. t. 60 (1803).

R6 d wood.

In fl. and fr. Feb.-May ; Wright ! Shakespear ! Moneague, Prior 1
March 1 Ugly river, Jenman ! Kentucky Hill, Bluefields Mt., 2000-2500 ft. ;
Harris I PL Jam. 10,206 ; near Moneague, Britton 2675 1

Specimens from Dolphin Head, Fl. Jam. 9256 and 9259, are distin-
guished by stouter and slightly longer petioles ; the young foliage is
described as " brilliant crimson."

Shrub, 4-8 ft. high. Berry red to purplish-brown, with 2-4(-8) seeds.

17. E. Harrisii Kr. d Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 632 (1895) ;
branchlets of the first year glabrous ; leaves 5-8 • 5 cm. 1. (3 • 5),
1-5-4 cm. br., ovate or ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apex
obtusely acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, sometimes acute,
midrib impressed, nerves on the upper surface slightly impressed,

342 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

beneath slightly or scarcely prominent, veins not or scarcely
evident, with usually numerous impressed dots on upper surface,
pellucid dots few, leathery, glabrous ; petioles 6-12 mm. 1.;
inflorescences 1-3 * 5 cm. 1., with 7-1 1 flowers, glabrous, axillary,
solitary, racemose, sometimes branched from the base and sub-
paniculate, somewhat rarely two, one above the other, generally
with a subsessile terminal flower, conspicuously glandular ;
peduncle 0-15 mm. 1.; bracts triangular, obtuse, '5-1 mm. 1.;
pedicels 5-12 mm. 1 ; sepals : the longer roundish, rounded at the
apex, 1 • 5-1 • 8 mm. 1. ; the shorter sometimes somewhat pointed ;
ovary glabrous on outside, shortly obovoid ; ovules in each cell
9-14 (tide Urban) ; berry ovoid or obovoid, 2-7-seeded. — E. dis-
ticha Macf. Jam. it. 114 (1850) (non DC.) may be conspecific, but
we have not seen a specimen.

In fl. throughout year, chiefly June-Sept. ; Purdie ; J.P. 1150, Morris 1
J.P. 1419, Hart 1 Latimer road, near Cinchona, Fawcett ! Blue Mts. ;
Port Royal Mts. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5010, 5017, 5020, 5021, 5056, 5058,
6182, 5211, 5239, 5256, 5282, 5283, 5297, 6305, 5311, 5353, 5366, 5367, 5634,
6732, 5739, 7258.

Shrub, 5-16 ft. high. Bracteolcs triangular, acute or shortly acuminate,
•5-1 mm. 1. Petals rose or sometimes white, 2 •5-3 mm. 1. Berries
8-10 mm. 1.

Var. gnt^ndifolia Kr. & TJrh. I.e.; leaves 10-12 cm. 1.; petiole
12-16 mm. 1. ; bracts triangular, acute to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 1-2 mm. 1.; pedicels '5 mm. thick; flowers larger;
sepals 2 •5-3 mm. 1.

In fl. and fr. Sept. ; Egnor Gap, Harris I Fl. Jam. 5048.

18. E. crenata Berg in Linnsea xxvii. 226 (1856) ; glabrous;
branchlets of the flrst year glabrous except the young tips
puberulous ; leaves 4-6 cm. 1., narrowly ovate or ovate-oblong,
narrowly acuminate with a rounded tip, base acute (or obtuse),
midrib usually impressed, nerves on the upper surface scarcely
evident, beneath slightly prominent, dots very frequent, pellucid,
on both sides prominent, blackish (in old leaves becoming
impressed above), papery becoming leathery, margin crenate ;
petiole 4-5(-13) mm. 1.; inflorescences l-2(-4) cm. 1., racemose,
with 5—20 flowers, glandular, glabrous or with a few hairs ;
bracts triangular, obtuse, '5- "8 mm. 1.; pedicels 12-6 mm. 1. ;
sepals : the longer 1 "5-1 •S mm.l. ; petals about 3 mm. 1. ; ovules
few in each cell. — Urb. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 633. E. pallens
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 237 (1860) (in part) (non DC).

Near Portland Gap, Blue Mts., Purdie ! near Fairfield, Wull-
schlacgel, 836.

Type specimen from WuUschlaegel not seen.

19. E. Nicholsii Fawc. & Bendle in Joiirn. Bot. Ixiv. 14 (1926) ;
young branchlets puberulous; leaves 5*5-3 cm. 1., 1 '5-2 cm. br.,
lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, acuminate, tip long, obtuse, base

Eugenia MYKTACE^ - 343

rounded or blunt, midrib impressed, nerves and veins scarcely
evident on upper surface, slightly prominent beneath, with dots
scarcely pellucid, impressed on upper surface, conspicuous beneath
in younger leaves, glabrous, leathery ; petioles 5-6 mm. 1. ;
inflorescences terminal and axillary, 3-10-flowered, racemulose,
rhachis of terminal 1-3-5 cm. 1., of axillary 4-10 mm. L,
glabrous, glandular ; pedicels 4-6 mm. 1. ; sepals 2-1 • 5 mm. 1.,
semicircular to roundish, ciliate ; ovary 2-celled, ovules several
(about 12) in each cell; berry 6 mm. 1., ellipsoidal, 4-seeded.
Type in Herb. Kew.

Morses Gap, 5000 ft., Blue Mts., G. E. Nichols, 23 !

Bracteoles 1"2 mm. L, ovate, ciliate. Petals 3 "5-4 mm. 1., elliptical.

20. E. Rendlei Urb. Symb. Ant. vil 302 (1912); branchlets
of the first year glabrous; leaves 7—11 cm. 1., ovate, acuminate
with an acute or mucronate tip, base rounded, midrib on upper
surface deeply impressed, nerves on both sides not or scarcely
evident, with numerous pellucid dots, leathery, glabrous, margin
entire ; petioles 5-10 mm. 1. ; inflorescences axillary, sessile or
shortly stalked, racemose with 4 flowers, 1-2 • 5 cm. 1. ; pedicels
5-9 mm. 1. ; sepals : the longer narrowly ovate, 2 mm. L, the
shorter half-roundish, 1 mm. 1. ; petals 4 mm. 1. ; ovules few in
each cell.

In fl. Mar. ; John Crow (Blake) Mts., 1700 ft., Harris & Britton 1 Fl.
Jam. 10,768.

Tree, 20 ft. high. Peduncle almost none to 6 mm. 1., glandular-granu-
late, as also the pedicels. Se;pals, apex rounded. Petals white. Stamens
white. Ovary glabrous.

21. E. buxifolia Willd. Sp. PL ii. 960 (1800) ; branchlets of
the first year with short or very minute spreading hairs, some-
times subglabrous or glabrous ; leaves 2 • 5-4 • 5 cm. 1. (rarely
more), obovate to oblanceolate, apex rounded or at least less
narrowed than at the base, base more or less wedge-shaped,
rarely oval with obtuse base, midrib not impressed, but some-
times from about the middle narrowly furrowed, nerves and
veins slightly prominent above, more so beneath, the lowest sub-
parallel to margin, with dots not pellucid, glabrous, leathery;
petioles 1-4 mm. 1. ; inflorescences 1-4 in the leaf axils, or at
nodes where leaves have fallen, very short racemes, 2 mm. 1., or
flowers in clusters, rarely loosely-flowered ; pedicels 0-'5 mm. 1. ;
sepals : the longer • 6-1 mm. 1., semicircular to shortly ovate ;
ovules in each cell generally few ; berries globose, 4—6 mm. in
diam. — Macf. Jam. ii. 116 ; Nutt. Sylva i. 108, t. 29 ; Sarg. Silva
V. 43, t. 206 ; Urb. in Engl. JaJirh. xix. 637 ; Symb. Ant. iv. 448
& via. 486 ; Small Fl. S.R U.S. ed. 2, 832 ; Britt. & Millsp. Bah.
Fl. 303. E. lateriflora Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 236 (1860) (excl.
hab. S. Croix) (non Willd.). Myrto aflinis buxi foliis &c. Sloane
Cat. 162 & Hist. ii. 79, t. 192, /. 6. Myrtus buxifolia Sw. Prodr.

344

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Eugenia

78 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 899. Specimens from Swartz from
Hispaniola and Jamaica in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 128.)

Rodwood.

In fl. June-Aug. ; Shane Herb. y\. 76 1 Wright 1 Masson ! Swartz I
Macfadyenl Green Valley, Port Royal Mts., J.P. 903, Morris \ Liguanea
plain, J.P. 903, Hart ! Port Royal Mts. ; Grove, above Hope, 800 ft. ;

A, Portion of branch with leaves and

flowers X «.

B, Flower cut lengthwise with most of

the stamens removed x 7.

Fig. 128.— Eugenia Inixifolia Willd.

C, Berry cut lengthwise, showing the
undeveloped cell, c, and the seed,
X 4.

D, Embryo X 2.

Long Mt., 700-800 ft. ; between Portland Point and Rocky Point; Harris !
base of Long Mt., Campbelll Fl. Jam. 5025, 5063-5065, 5770, 6526, 8869,
8641, 9018, 10,017, 10,181.— Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz.

Shrub 4-16 ft. or tree 15-25 ft. high. Petals 1-5-2 -5 mm. 1., white or
pink. Berries when ripe red, afterwards black. Seed 1 (2).

Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, but of small size.

22. E. abbreviata Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 24 (1909); branchlets
of first year glabrous ; leaves 5-7 • 5 cm. 1., ovate or elliptical to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate with obtuse tip, base rounded or
gradually narrowing, midrib furrowed-impressed, nerves on upper
surface scarcely prominent, more so beneath, veins beneath
slightly prominent, with numerous dots somewhat pellucid, above
slightly impressed, beneath not or scarely prominent, stiffly
papery or leathery, glabrous ; petioles -3-4 mm. 1. ; inflorescences
axillary, with 2-4 flowers, much shortened, 3-7 mm. 1., sparingly

Eugenia MYETACE^ 345

puberulous, with peduncle 2 mm. 1. or none ; pedicels 1-2 mm. 1.,
in fruit 4 mm. 1. ; sepals : the larger 1 "5 mm. L, roundish, trun-
cate at apex ; ovules few in each cell ; berry globulose, to 8 mm.
in diam.

In fl. and fr. Feb., March; Distin\ Manchester, Purdie\ near Grand-
vale, 480 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 7101.

Bracteoles triangular, slightly united at base. Calyx-tuhe puberulous
with minute adpressed white hairs. Petals 3 mm. 1. Beiry glabrate,
densely granulate.

23. E. Sehulziana Urh. Symh. Ant. v'li. 304 (1912) ; branchlets
of first year with very minute spreading hairs (seen under a
strong lens); leaves 3 '5-7 cm. 1., oval-elliptical or elliptical,
acuminate with obtuse tip, narrowed to the base, midrib broad,
flat, very slightly impressed towards the base, slightly prominent
towards the apex, nerves on upper surface slightly prominent,
beneath nerves and veins more prominent, joined together
2-3 mm. from margin, with dots not or scarcely pellucid, a little
prominent or on upper surface not evident, glabrous except on
the midrib which is very minutely puberulous, papery ; petioles
2 mm. 1. ; inflorescences racemosely 4-6-flowered, much shortened,
rhachis 3-5 mm. 1., densely puberulous with very minute hairs;
pedicels 3-1 "5 mm. 1.; sepals: the larger roundish, 1*5 mm. 1.,
2 mm. br. ; ovules few in each cell.

In fl. Sept.; near Hopeton, Westmoreland, 1350 ft., Harris\ Fl. Jam.
9765.

Tree, 30 ft. high. Inflorescences, axillary 1 or 2, with one above the
other, the lower less developed, pseudoterminal, peduncle 1-2 mm. 1.
Bracteoles triangular-roundish, close together at base, but not united.
Calyx-tvJoe very minutely puberulous.

24. E. Wilsonella Fawc. & Bendle in Journ. Bat. Ixiv. 15
(1926); glabrate, but very young branchlets puberulous; leaves
3-5 cm. 1., 10-17 mm. br., lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate,
acuminate, tip acute, base acute to obtuse, midrib impressed,
nerves and veins scarcely evident on upper surface, slightly
prominent beneath, with dots pellucid, slightly prominent (when
young) or impressed or not evident on upper surface, slightly
prominent or not evident beneath, puberulous on upper surface
especially on midrib, at length glabrate, papery ; petioles 3 mm. 1. ;
inflorescences axillary, with 4-6 flowers, racemulose or sub-
clustered, much shortened, rhachis 2-0 mm. 1., minutely
puberulous or glabrate ; pedicels 4-8 mm. 1. ; sepals 1 • 5-1 • 1
mm. 1., roundish, ciliate, apex mucronate ; ovules few (2-7) in
each cell. Type in Herb. Kew.

Wilson !

Inflorescence eometimes grows on into a leafy shoot. Bracteoles !• 5
mm. 1., triangular, acute, united below. Cali/x-tuho minutely warty.
Petals 3-3 '5 mm. 1., glandular.

346 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

25. E. glabrata DC. Prodr. Hi. 274 (1828) ; young branchlets
with very minute hairs (glabrous in Jamaican specimens) ; leaves
3 '5-8 cm. 1., elliptical, elliptical-oblong, or ovate, acuminate
with obtuse tip, base rounded or acute, midrib deeply impressed,
nerves on upper surface slightly or scarcely prominent, beneath
more so, veins scarcely evident on both sides, with dots not
pellucid, glabrous, papery ; petioles 5-7 mm. 1. ; inflorescences
short racemes, 1-4, clustered, 4-11 mm. 1., with minute hairs;
pedicels 1-1*5 mm. 1.; bracteoles minute, semicircular; sepals:
the longer semipval, 1-1*2 mm. 1., obtuse or rounded; ovary
minutely puberulous ; ovules in each cell few ; berries oblong,
10-13 mm. 1. — Vrh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 642 & Symh. Ant. vii. 487.
Myrtus glabrata Sic. Prodr. 78 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 903.
Specimen from Swartz from Hispaniola in Herb. Mus. Brit, •

In fr. Jan.-July; Mcyrris, J.P. 10171 Port Royal Mts. (near Chester
Vale; near Woodcutters' Gap ; Silver Hill Gap, 3600 ft.) ; Peck ham Woods,
Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft. ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 5069, 5557, 5609, 5725, 5784,
10,867.— Cuba, Hispaniola.

The Jamaican specimens are in fruit only. Urban places them under
E. glabrata provisionally, and thinks that possibly they may be only a
variety of E. axillaris Willd.

Shrub 4-5 ft. or tree (in Jamaica) 15-30 ft. high. Petals 3 mm. 1,
Berries black.

26. E. axillaris Willd. Sp. PI. ii. 960 (1800) ; young branchlets
glabrous ; leaves 4-8 cm. 1., 1*5-5*5 cm. br., elliptical or broadly
ovate to oblong, apex obtuse or generally obtusely acuminate,
base acute, prolonged into the petiole, rarely rounded, midrib
deeply impressed, nerves and veins scarcely prominent on upper
surface, beneath slightly prominent, with dots not pellucid,
glabrous, papery-leathery ; petioles 5-8 mm. 1. ; inflorescences
1-3, clustered in axils, very short racemes, 2-4 mm. 1., rarely
longer (-11 mm. 1.), glabrous; pedicels 1-1*5 mm. 1. ; bracteoles
minute, rounded, united below or nearly to apex ; sepals : the
longer *6-*8 mm. 1., semicircular or semioval ; ovules few in
each cell; berries globose, 7-10 mm. in diam. — Macf. Jam. ii.
115 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 236 ; Vrh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 639,
Symh. Ant. iv. 448 & viii. 486 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 2, 832 ;
Britt. Fl. Perm. 261 ; Britt. d; Milhp. Bah. Fl. 303. E. baruensis
Jacq. Coll. Hi. 183 (1789) & Ic. Bar. Hi. 6, t. 486. E. monticola
Griseh. loc. cit. (excl. syn. E. fostida) ; Sarg. Silva v. 45, t. 207
(non DC). Myrtus axillaris Sic. Prodr. 78 (1788) & Fl. Ind.
Occ. 901.

Rodwood, Brown Leaf Rodwood,

In fl. June-Nov.; Sloane Herb, vi. 75 (in part)! Wright I Port Royal
Mts., Macfadyenl March\ Ewarton, Priori Liguanea plain, J.P, 1083,
Hart I near Cinchona, J.P. 1451, Hart\ Port Royal Mts,, Blue Mts.,
Peckham woods, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Middlesex, St. Ann, 1600 ft. ; Dolphin
Head, 1800 ft, ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 5013, 5052, 5054, 5060, 5066, 5070, 5076,

Eugenia MYRTACEJi 347

5086, 5087, 5118, 5284, 5285, 5303, 5322, 5323, 5403, 5405, 5896, 10,268,
11,172, 12,031 ; near Moneague, Britton, 2674, 2766 !— Bermuda, Keys Is.,
Florida, Baharaas, Cuba, Cayman, Hispaniola, Mona, Porto Rico, St. Cruz,
St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustache, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante Is.,
Baru near Cartbagena.

Shrub 8-15 ft. or tree 15-40 ft. high. Petals white, strongly scented,
l-8-2(-3) mm. 1. 0«or?/ glabrous. Berries black, 1-seeded.

Wood is heavy, hard, strong, and very close-grained, brown often tinged
with red ; a cubic foot weighs about 57 lbs. (Sargent.)

27. E. isostieta Urh. Symb. Ant. vii. 305 (1912); young
branchlets glabrous; leaves 6-9 cm. ]., 2 "5-3 '5 cm. br., ovate-
elliptical or elliptical, more or less acuminate with a broad and
very obtuse tip, base gradually narrowed into the stalk, midrib
on the upper surface deeply impressed, nerves on the upper
surface slightly prominent, beneath together with the veins
prominent, dots very dense on both sides, pellucid, glabrous,
papery-leathery or leatheiy ; petioles 7-10 mm. 1. ; inflorescences
axillary, very abbreviated, shortly racemose, with few flowers ;
peduncle scarcely any, rhachis 1-7 mm. 1., glabrous; pedicels
4-7 mm. 1. ; sepals ovate, apex obtuse, the larger 2 mm. 1., the
smaller 1 • 5 mm. 1. ; berries (unripe) globose, glabrous, 6 mm.
in diam., one-seeded.

In fr. (unripe), Sept. ; hills between Browns Town and Porus,
Manchester, Britton, 3280.
No specimen seen by us.

28. E. Sloanei Urh. in Fedde's Bepertorium xiv. 338 (1916);
shrub 8-10 ft. high; branchlets verruculose, young branchlets
brown, with minute spreading hairs, older ash-coloured ; leaves
3-5 (6) cm. 1., broadest about the middle or a little below the
middle, 1-2*8 cm. br., elliptical or elliptical-oblong, apex very
obtusely acuminate, gradually narrowing into the petiole, midrib
impressed in lower half, nerves and veins slightly prominent on
both sides, leathery, with densely crowded dots evident on both
sides, moi-e or less pellucid, glabrous ; petioles 2-3 mm. 1. ;
inflorescences axillary, sessile, very shortly racemose, rhachis 2-5
mm. 1., apparently with 6-12 flowers ; pedicels of fruit 5-8 mm. 1.,
glabrous; sepals (in fruit) : the longer semioval, 1"2 mm. 1., the
shorter broadly triangular ; berries spheroidal (when 1-seeded),
4*5-5 mm. in diam., sometimes 2-seeded and then transversely
shortly oval, 5*5-6 mm. in diam., very densely glandular-dotted.

Rod wood.

In fr. July-Sept. ; March ! Falls river. Port Royal Mts., 2500 ft. ; below
Flamstead, St. Andrew, 3000 ft. ; near Lacovia ; Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 5244, 12,561, 12,779, 12,896.

29. E. montieola BC. Prodr. Hi. 275 (1828) ; branchlets of
first year puberulous ; leaves variable in size and form, 1 • 5-4
cm. 1., *5-2 cm. br., ovate to narrowly lanceolate, or elliptical,
apex scarcely acuminate, obtuse, rarely with long and narrow

348 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

tip, base wedge-shaped, midrib on upper surface not or rarely
impressed, nerves and veins on upper surface slightly prominent
or scarcely evident, beneath slightly prominent, papery -leathery,
dots not or somewhat pellucid, glabrous ; petioles 3 mm. 1. ;
inflorescences shortly racemose to somewhat clustered, glabrous,
3-15 mm. 1. ; pedicels 1-5 mm. 1. ; bracteoles minute, rounded
or generally triangular, obtuse, generally free ; sepals : the
longer 1-1 "3 mm. 1., semicircular; ovules few in each cell;
berries globose, 4-6 mm. in diam. — Mac/. Jam. ii. 117; Urh.
in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 635, Symh. Ant. iv. 448 & viii. 485.
E. buxifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 236 (1860) (excl. s)fn.)
(non Willd.). Myrtus monticola Stc. Prodr. 78 (1788) & Fl. Ind.
Occ. u. 898.

Specimen from Swartz from Jamaica in Herb. Mus. Brit.

In fl. July-Dec; high mts., Swartz] Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen [
Waters] Hagley Gap, Blue Mts., Purdie] Yallahs Valley, Prior 1 March \
J.P. 1194, 1203, Morris ! Port Royal Mts. ; Blue Mts. ; Red Hills ; Stony
Hill; Potsdam; Harris] Fl. Jam. 5053, 5055, 5059, 50G1, 5062, 5250, 5260,
5302, 5304, 5309, 5313, 5329, 5380, 5397, 5462, 5531, 6128, 6882, 9751, 9802,
11,138 ; near Cinchona, Miss J. R. Perkins 1 — West Indies.

Shrub 6-15 ft. or tree 15-35 ft. high. Bracteoles minute, generally
free. Petals white, 2 mm. 1. Berries at length black.

Var. latifolla Kr. d- Urh. torn. cit. 636 (1895) ; leaves 4-8
cm. 1., l'5-4'5 cm. br. E. glabrata Macf. Jam. ii. 118 (1850)
(non DC).

Masson] Swartz] St. Mary, McNah] Moneague, Prior] Port Royal
•Mts.; Blue Mts.; Crofts Mt., Clarendon; Peckham woods, Clarendon;
Harris I neighbourhood of Castleton, Thompson 1 Fl. Jam. 5051, 5103, 6747,
8014, 9108, 11,226, 12,767.— W. Indies, Mexico.

30. E. polypora Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 24 (1909); glabrous;
leaves 6-8 cm. 1., 3-5 cm. br., ovate or narrowly ovate, apex
very shortly acuminate with obtuse tip, base rounded or sub-
truncate, prolonged a little into the petiole, midrib prominent,
nerves and veins on both sides slightly prominent, with dots
very dense, pellucid, papery-leathery ; petioles 7-10 mm. 1. ;
flowers several, axillary in an umbel-like raceme, rhachis
4 mm. 1. ; fruiting pedicels 10-15 mm. 1. ; sepals 4, the larger
roundish, 3*5 mm. 1. in fr., the smaller 2 -3 mm. 1. ; berries
globose, 12-15 mm, in diam.

In fr. March; Dolphin Head, 1800 it.; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,271.

Tree to 60 ft. high, with a trunk to 1 ft. in diam. Bracteoles not united,
•5 mm. 1. Berries densely and minutely granulate-dotted, not ribbed,
glabrous, 1-seeded.

31. E. eonfusa DC. Prodr. HI. 279 (1828) ; young branchlets
glabrous ; leaves 4-6 • 5 cm. 1., very variable in form, elliptical,
ovate, but lanceolate to linear-lanceolate in the Port Royal Mts.
form (E. filiformis), long and narrowly acuminate with acute or

Eugenia MYKTACE.E 349-

obtuse tip, base obtuse to wedge-shaped, midrib impressed,
nerves and veins distinct and prominent on upper surface, less so
beneath, with numerous dots, a few pellucid, shining on upper
surface, leathery, glabrous ; petioles 4-8 mm. 1. ; inflorescences
axillary, racemose-umbelliform, rhachis 7-0 mm. 1. ; pedicels
slender, 8-16 mm. 1. ; sepals l'5-2 mm. 1., broadly ovate;
berries subglobose, 5-6 mm. in diam. — Urb. in Engl. Jahrh. xix.
643 & Symb. Ant. iv. 449 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 2, 832 ; Britt.
&Millsp. Ball. Fl. 304. E. filiformis Macf. Jam. ii. 116 (1850).
E. Garberi Sarg. in Gard. & For. ii. 28, /. 87 (1889) and Silva
V. 49, t. 209.

In fl. Apr. to Sept. ; below Trafalgar, Port Royal Mts., Macfadycn I
Prior 1 Silver Hill, Port Royal Mts. ; near Troy, 1500 ft. ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam.
5525, 5675, 8684, 8740.— Florida, Bahamas, Porto Rico to Dominica.

Shrub 8-10 ft. or tree to 20 ft. high. Bracteoles nearly 1 mm. 1.,
narrowly lanceolate. Petals about twice as long as sepals, white. Berries
scarlet, 1-seeded.

32. E. rhombea Kr. d- Urh. in Engl. Jahrh. xix. 644 (1895) ;
young branchlets glabrous; leaves 2*5-6 cm. 1., l'2-3 cm. br.,
ovate to lanceolate, ovate-elliptical, ovate-oblong or rhomboid,
more or less acuminate, with a very obtuse, broad, and rounded
tip, base rounded to acute, midrib slightly or scarcely prominent
in upper half, slightly furrowed towards the base, nerves on
upper surface scarcely prominent, beneath with a few veins
slightly prominent, with more or less pellucid dots, papery-
leathery ; petioles 3-6 mm. 1. ; inflorescences axillary, umbelli-
form, 1-3, with 2-8 flowers; pedicels 2-15 mm. 1,, glabrous;
the longer sepals roundish, about 2 • 5 mm. 1. ; ovary glabrous ;
ovules many in each cell ; berries globose or obliquely globose,
6-7 mm. 1., 8-9 mm. thick, or even larger, orange, scarlet, or
black.— >S'7na/Z Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 2, 832 ; Britt. d Millsp. Bali. Fl.
304 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. ix. 106. E. procera Nutt. Sylva i. 106,
t. 28 (1842) ; Sarg. Silva v. 47, t. 208 (non Poir.).

In fl. July, in fr. Nov.; Long Mt., behind Mona, 800 ft.; Long Mt.,
south side, 300 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8849, 9618.— Florida, Bahamas, Cuba
to Guadeloupe.

Shrub 10 to 12 ft. or tree 15 to 25 ft. high.

Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown. (Sargent.)

33. E. elarendonensis Urh. Symh. Ant. vii. 305 (1912);
glabrous ; leaves 2*5-4 cm. 1., 1*1-5 cm. br., elliptical-lanceolate
to lanceolate, gradually narrowed towards the obtuse apex, base
obtuse or rounded, midrib impressed towards the base, nerves on
both sides little prominent or scarcely evident, veins not evident,
with numerous dots but not pellucid in older leaves, leathery,
shining on upper surface ; petioles 3-6 mm. 1. ; flowers in the
axils of leaves, 1-4 or as many as 8, umbelliform at the end of
branches; pedicels 10-17 mm. 1.; sepals 4, very unequal, the

350 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

larger ovate-roundish, 2 '5-2 "8 mm. 1., the smaller 1 "5-2 mm. 1. ;
ovules many in each cell.

In fl. July; Peckham woods, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam.
10,967, 10,974 (type).

Shrub, 10 ft. high. Petals 4 mm. 1. Anthers rose-coloured.

34. E. Brownei Urh. in Fedde's Bepertorium xviii. 368 (1922) ;
young branchlets with very minute hairs; leaves 2*5-4 cm. 1.,
1 • 2-2 • 5 cm. br., ovate, elHptical, or subrhoraboid, rarely
roundish or round, apex narrowed or acuminate with very obtuse
tip, base acute, narrowed into the petiole, midrib impressed to
beyond the middle, sHghtly prominent towards the apex, nerves
and veins somewhat prominent on both sides, a continuous
arch l-l'5mm. from the margin, with very numerous pellucid
dots, glabrous, papery ; petioles 2-3 mm. 1. ; inflorescences
axillary, with 2-4 flowers umbelliform ; pedicels 12-16 mm. 1.;
sepals : the larger 1 mm. 1., 1 • 8 mm. br. ; ovules very few in
each cell.

In fl. Sept. ; banks of Black river between Lacovia and Elam Wharf,
Harris I Fl. Jam. 9848.

H.igh shrtib. Pefais white, 3"5 mm. in diam. Ot;ar?/ glabrous.

35. E. pycnoneupa Urh. Symh. Ant. vi 25 (1909); branchlets
glabrous; leaves 5-7 cm. 1., 1*8-2 '5 cm. br., ovate-elliptical to
elliptical-lanceolate, apex generally long and very narrowly
acuminate, tip obtuse or acute, midrib flattish and a little
prominent, nerves 15-20 on each side, slightly prominent on both
sides, veins scarcely evident, with dots few, pellucid, papery or
papery-leathery ; petioles 6-7 mm. 1. ; flowers 1-3, axillary, sub-
sessile or with pedicels to 1 mm. 1. ; tube of calyx glabrous, bell-
shaped, long-prolonged above the ovary, 1 • 5 mm. 1. ; ovules few
in each cell. — E. polyneura Urb. Symh. Ant. v. 446 (1908) (non
Koord. & Val).

In fl. Oct. ; Vinegar Hill, Blue Mts., 3500 ft. ; Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7448.

Tree, 25 ft. high. Leaves glabrous; petioles puberulous or glabrate.
Bracteoles united into a short cup, glabrous. Calyx : tube persistent after
flowering, overtopping the ovary by many times ; lobes roundish, a little
shorter than the tube, 1 mm. 1., falling away after flowering with the
petals and stamens. Petals roundish, 1"3 mm. 1., densely ciliate on the
margin.

Wood very hard. (Harris.)

36. E. eperfopata Urh. Symh. Ant. vi. 25 (1909); glabrous;
leaves 7-11 cm. 1., 2-5-5 cm. br., elliptical or elliptical-oblong,
apex shortly acuminate with obtuse tip, base acute or obtuse, a
little prolonged into the petiole, midrib flat or scarcely impressed,
nerves on upper surface scarcely prominent, beneath slightly
prominent and veins scarcely evident, with dots not pellucid,
papery ; petioles 5-7 mm. I. ; flowers at nodes with and without
leaves, and also near the apex of abortive branches, umbelliform

Eugenia MYKTACE^ 351

or on a very short rhachis (3-5 mm. 1.), with 1-6 flowers ;
pedicels 1 ' 5-2 • 5 mm. 1. ; calyx glabrous, tho larger sepals
roundish-semicircular, 2 mm. 1., apex rounded, the smaller
scarcely more than 1 mm. 1, ; ovules numerous in each cell.
Type in Herb. Kew,

In fl. July ; Green Park, St. Ann, Prioi- !

Bracts round the base of the pedicels several, minute, '5 mm. 1.
Peduncle wanting. Bracteoles roundish, very shortly apiculate, not
united, 1" 2-1 -4 mm. 1. PetoZs 4 mm. 1.

37. E. fpagpans Willd. Sp. PL ii. 964 (1800) (excl. syn.
Jacq. & Auhl.) ; young branchlets of first year puberulous ; leaves
1*5-7 cm. 1., variable in form and size, roundish, elliptical,
obovate to obovate-roundish, apex rounded or obtuse, base wedge-
shaped or obtuse, often prolonged into the petiole, midrib im-
pressed from base to apex, nerves and veins on upper surface
more or less slightly prominent^ beneath more prominent, some-
times not evident on both sides, with dots pellucid but opaque in
thick leathery leaves, papery to leathery, puberulous on younger
leaves especially on upper surface along the midrib, afterwards
glabrate ; petioles puberulous or glabrate, 3-5(-8) mm. 1.*;
inflorescences cymose, cymes usually of 3 flowers on a long
peduncle which sometimes branches, forming a panicle ; peduncle
2-7 cm. 1.; pedicels 2-10 mm. 1., the central flower sessile;
ovules many in each cell. — Bot. Mag. t. 1242 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 121 ;
Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 663, Symh. Ant. iv. 451 & viii. 489.
E. balsamica Jacq. Fragm. 40, t. 45, /. 2 (about 1805) ; Macf.
Jam. ii. 113 (inflorescences 1-flowered). E. ? dichotoma DC. Prodr.
Hi. 278(1828); Macf. Jam. ii. 119; Nutt. Sylva i. 103, t. 27.
E. emarginata Macf. Jam. ii. 113 (1850) (non DC) (inflorescence
scarcely an inch long, 1-flowered). E. rotundifolia Macf. Jam. ii.
114 (1850) (form with subsessile roundish leaves, base sometimes
subcordate, obscurely crenulate, inflorescence 1-2-flowered).
E. bracteata Macf. Jam. ii. 120 (1850). Myrtus fragrans Sw.
Prodr. 79 (1788) (excl. syn. Auhl.) k Fl. Ind. Occ. 914. Ana-
momis fragrans Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 240 (1860) ; Britt. Fl.
Berm. 263. A. punctata Griseh. loc. cit. A. dichotoma Sarg.
Silva V. 32, t. 204 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 2, 833. A. grandis
Britt. in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxvii. 355 (1910) (form with
obovate leaves and divergent pedicels).

In fl. nearly all the year; Swartz ; Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen ;
St. Ann, Purdie ; Moneague and near Mt. Diablo, Prior ! Greenwich,
Port Royal Mts., J.P. 1450, Hart 1 Port Royal Mts. ; Blue Mts. ; Great
Goat Is. ; Peckham woods, Clarendon ; Albion Pen, St. Ann • Harris 1
Fl. Jam. 5023, 5101, 5111, 5197, 5220, 5337, 5895, 5411, 6484, 9307, 11,086,
12,008. — Florida, Cuba, Mona, Hispaniola, St. Cruz, St. Jan, Tortolaj
St. Martin, Saba, St. Bartholomew, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe.

Shrub 10 ft. or tree 15-50 ft. ; bark reddish-yellow, aromatic. Flowers
white, very fragrant.

352 FLORA OF JAMAICA Eugenia

[E. malaeeensis L. S_p. PI. 470 (1753); leaves 1-5-3 dm. 1.,
elliptical or elliptical-oblong, acuminate or obtuse, papery-leathery ;
petioles about 1 cm. 1. ; inflorescences in short clusters at nodes
which have dropped their leaves, flowers jointed to very short
pedicels ; calyx : tube obconical, produced beyond the OA'ary ;
petals and stamens crimson ; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, about
7 cm. 1., 2 • 5-5 cm. thick, pink or white. — Lunan Hort. Jam. it.
127 ; Tussac Fl. Ant. Hi. 89, t. 25 ; Urh. in Engl Jalirh. xix. 666.
Jambosa malaeeensis DC. Prodr. Hi. 286 (1828) ; Bot. Mag.
t. 4408 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 235. J. purpurascens DC. he.
cit; Mac/. Jam. ii. 105.

Otaheite Apple.

Priori Harris \ Fl. Jam. 11,900. Naturalized, introduced from Otaheite
by His Majesty's ship " Providence " in 1793. Said to be a native of
Malaya, but apparently only found now cultivated ; cult, throughout
tropics.

Tree, 25-60 ft. high. Wood soft, a cubic ft. weighs 38 lbs. Fruit eaten
raw, cooked, or preserved in syrup.]

[E. Jambos L. Sjk PL 470 (1753); leaves 1-2-5 dm. 1.,
Lanceolate-acuminate, papery-leathery ; petioles 5-8 mm. 1. ;
inflorescence a terminal corymb of 4 or 5 flowers, rhachis 2 • 5-0
cm. 1., flowers large, jointed to pedicels (5-15 mm. 1.); calyx:
tube obconical ; petals white ; stamens yellowish- white ; fruit
subglobose, about 3 cm. in diam. — Bot. Mag. t. 1696; Descourt.
Fl. Ant. V. 49, t. 315 ; Ui-b. in Engl. Jahrb. xix, 666. Jambosa
vulgaris DC. Prodr. Hi. 286 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3356 ; Macf. Jam. ii.
105 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 235. Type in Herb. Hermann ii. 20
in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Rose Apple.

Naturalized; Wright\ March] Priori and others; native and cultivated
in S.E. Asia to Australia ; cult, throughout tropics.

Shrub to 12 or 14 ft. or small tree. Fruit with flavour of rose-water,
sometimes made into a preserve.]

Syzyglum Jambolanum DC. Prodr. Hi. 259 (1828) ; Macf. Jam. ii. 105 ;
Giiscb. Fl. Br. W. hid. 235; Urb. in Engl. Jahrb. xix. 669. Eugenia
Jambolana Lam. Encycl. Hi. 198 (1789) ; Duthie in Hook.f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii.
499 & in Watt Diet. Econ. Prod. Ind. The Jambolan or Damson
tree, has elliptical, leathery leaves, 7-10 cm. 1. ; the flowers clustered on
lateral 3-forked cymes; caljTC prolonged above the ovary, entire or with
only a slight indication of lobes ; petals cohering and falling away like a
lid; berry in cultivated plants often as large as a pigeon's egg, purple-
black, edible, somewhat astringent.

In fl. Jan.-April, in fr. May ; Lane 1 Westmoreland, Purdie I Distin I
between Kingston and Salt Ponds, Fawcettl Mona, 700 ft., Harris I FL
Jam. 8146, 8931. Native of East Indies and Australia. Naturalized in
West Indies, usually cultivated.

Wood is reddish-grey, close-grained, and durable. Bark affords brown
dyes, and a kind of gum kino ; it is astringent, used in dysentery, and also
in tanning. Fruit is said to be improved in taste by being pricked,
rubbed with salt, and allowed to stand an hour.

MELASTOMACE^ 353

Family XC. MELASTOMACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, erect, a few (e.g. Adelobotrys)
climbing, branches opposite. Leaves opposite, very rarely
whorled, with 3-9 nerves, the lateral curving from base to apex,
or 3-plinerved, &c., when springing from above the base (one-
nerved in Mouriria), with parallel transverse nerves or veins
more or less at right angles to them (very numerous and close
together in BlaJcea), entire, serrulate, or crenulate, sometimes
unequal-sided, the pairs often unequal ; stipules wanting.
Inflorescences spicate, paniculate, or corymbose ; in a few the
flowers are solitary or clustered. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite.
Calyx-tube (receptacle) free or adherent to the ovary by longi-
tudinal partitions, or partly or wholly adherent ; limb truncate,
lobed, or lid-like, lobes usually overlapping. Petals as many as
the calyx-lobes, inserted in the mouth of the tube, overlapping.
Stamens usually twice as many as the petals and inserted with
them, sometimes as many, alternate stamens are occasionally
smaller or rudimentary, inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled,
usually with a pore (rarely 2 or 4) at the apex ; connective often
with appendages of various shapes. Ovary with 2 or more cells.
Ovules usually indefinite, anatropous, attached at the inner angle
of the cell. Fruit enclosed by the calyx-tube, capsular or berry-
like, bursting irregularly or opening loculicidally by valves.
Seeds without endosperm, minute, but large in Mouriria.
Embryo very small, rounded, but large in Mouriria.

Species nearly 3000, natives of the tropics, very many in
S. America, many in the West Indies, fewer in Asia, rare in
Africa and Polynesia.

Leaves with 3 or more nerves.

Ovary usually free from calyx. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds several to many, minute.
Flowers small, usually solitary, terminal and axil-
lary. Herbs, sometimes shrubby. Leaves small 1. Acisanthera.
Flowers small, numerous in a terminal panicle.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby. Leaves small 2. Nepsera.

Flowers large, terminal, few. Herbs straggling to

12 ft 3. Arthrostcma.

Flowers small, numerous in a terminal panicle.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves large 4. Adelohotrys.

Flowers large, terminal and axillary. Trees or

large shrubs. Leaves large 5. Meriania.

Ovary adherent more or less to the calyx. Fruit
berry-like, soft, or somewhat hard and breaking
up irregularly. Seeds several to many, minute.
Inflorescences terminal.

Calyx-limb falling ofE like a lid when bud opens 6. Conostegia.
V. 2 A

354 FLORA OF JAMAICA Acisanthera

Calyx-limb not lid-like.
Calyx-limb without long thread-like processes.
Calyx-limb not spreading.

Petals forming a bell-shaped corolla 7. Charianthns.

Petals spreading or reflexed 8. Miconia.

Calyx-limb spreading in fruit 9. Tetrazygia.

Calyx-limb with long thread-like processes.

Calyx with scarcely any hairs 10. Calycogonium.

Calyx hairy 11. HctcrotricJmm.

Inflorescences axillary or lateral (rarely terminal in
Osscpo).
Bracteoles below flowers small or none.
Petals obtuse or notched.

Connective not prolonged below anther-cells,
or rarely shortly.
Anthers long, with 1 minute pore at apex... 12. Clidemia.
Anthers somewhat thick, apex with long

curved beak and 1 small pore 13. Henriettea.

Connective prolonged below cells, and jointed
with filament. Anther-cells short, with

1 or 2 gaping pores 14. Mecranium,

Petals with acute or tapering tip.

Flowers solitary or in clusters 15. Hcnriettella.

Flowers in cymes or panicles 16. Osscna.

Bracteoles 4-6, large, opposite in pairs 17. Blakea.

Leaves with one nerve. Ovary adherent more or less

to calyx. Fruit a berry. Seeds 1-4, large 18. Mouriria.

1. ACISANTHERA P. Browne.

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves generally small, shortly
stalked or sessile, entire or serrulate. Flowers terminal and
axillary, solitary or in short panicles. Calyx : tube bell-shaped ;
lobes 4-5, acute, nearly as long as the tube. Petals 4-5,
obovate or roundish. Stamens 8-10, unequal, the larger
alternating with the petals, the smaller often imperfect ; anthers
with 1 pore at apex, connective prolonged below the cells and
forming at the insertion of the filament a 2-lobed appendage.
Ovary free, 3(2-4)-celled. Capsule 2-4-valved. Seeds some-
what ellipsoidal or shell-shaped, covered with minute pits. The
Jamaican species are annual herbs, growing in damp situations.

Species about 35, natives of tropical S. America and the
West Indies.

A. quadrata Juss. ex Poir. Encyc. Siippl. i. Ill (1810);
Macf. Jam. ii. 38 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 269 ; Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. vii. 130 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. iv. 453 & viii. 490. A. erecta&c.
Browne Hist. Jam. 217, t. 22, f. 1. A. recurva Griseb. loc. cit.
(so far as the Jamaican specimens are concerned). Rhexia

Acisanthera

MELASTOMACE^

355

Acisanthera L. Amoen. v. 396, 378. Specimen in Herb. Linn,
with name in Solander's hand. (Fig. 129.) Specimens from
Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit. & Herb. Stockholm.

In fl. June-Sept. ; in fr. July-Dec. ; Browne I Wright ! Masson 1
Swartz I Macfadyen ; Guys Hill ; St. Thomas in Vale ; St. Ann ; McNab I
Guys Hill; St. Mary, Purdiel Wullschlaegel ; Moneague and James
Hill Savanna, Prior 1 Troy, 1600-2200 ft. ; Cornwall, Lacovia, 300 ft. ;

Fig. 129. — Acisanthera quadrata Juss.
A, Portion of brancli with leaves, flowers, C, Stamens of two kinds X 7.

and fruits, X
riower X 4.

D, Fruit with part of calyx removed X 2j.

E, Seed X 30.

HoUis Savanna, Clarendon, 2400 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 8825, 9460, 9758,
12,094, 12,233, 12,840.— Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Central
America, Peru.

A much-branched annual herb, 9-16 in. high ; stem and branches
acutely 4-angled, glabrous or hairy especially at nodes, sometimes glandu-
lar. Leaves 1*5-1 cm. 1., ovate-elliptical to lanceolate, membranous,
serrulate, 3-nerved, glabrous ; petiole 2-5 mm. 1. Pedicels solitary,
1-2 mm. 1. Calyx : tube bell-shaped, narrower at mouth, 2 '5-3 mm. 1. ;
lobes 2-3 mm. 1. Petals 6 mm. 1., apex subretuse, rosy- or purplish-mauve,
soon falling. Larger anthers oblong-truncate. Spur-like lobes of the
connective acute, nearly as long as the anthers. The smaller stamens
with connective below very shortly 2-lobed. Ovary 3-oelled. Capsule
3-valved. Seeds somewhat kidney-shaped.

2. NEPSERA Naud.

Herb or small slender shrub, erect, branching. Leaves
ovate, minutely serrulate. Panicles forking with branches in

2 A 2

356

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Nepsera

threes. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 4, as long as the tube,
persistent. Petals 4, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Stamens 8,
unequal ; anthers unlike, connective prolonged below the cells,
and produced inwards at the insertion of the lilament into a
2-lobed appendage. Ovary free, 3-celled. Capsule 3-valved.
Seeds short, shell-like, covered with large shallow pits.

Species 1, native of the West Indies, Colombia, Guiana,
Brazil, in wet places.

N. aquatica Nmid. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xiii. 28 (1849) &
xii. t. 14, /. 1 ; Qriseh. Fl. Br. W. Lid. 268 ; Cogn. in Fl. Bras,
xiv. pt. 3, 231, /. 53 & in DC. Monogr. vii. 146 ; JJrh. Sijmh. Ant. iv.

Fig. 130.— Nepsera aquatica Naud.

A, End of floral branch with leaves, buds,

and flowers, x g.

B, Flower with part of perianth and

stamens removed X 4.

C, A longer stamen seen front and side-

ways X 7.

D, Fruit enclosed by calyx x 4.

E, Seed X 24.

453 & via. 490. Melastoma aquatica Auhl. Guian. i. 430, t. 169.
(1775); Sw. Prodr. 73. Rhexia aquatica Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 650
(1798). Spennera aquatica Mart, ex DC. Prodr. Hi. 116 (1828);
Mac/. Jam. ii. 43. Specimen from Aublet in. Herb. Mus. Brit.
(Fig. 130.) ' -

In fl. aU the year; Wright I hedges in Clarendon Mts., Broughtonl
Stvartz ! Purdie I Portland, March 1 Moneague, Prior ! Claverty Cottage,

Nepsera

MELASTOMACE^

357

Blue Mts., J.P. 978, Hart ! Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; Hollis Savanna,
Clarendon, 2400 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 12,248 ; banks on roadside between
Port Antonio and Moore Town, Norman ! — West Indies, trop. S. America.
Plant, 1-4 ft. bigh ; young stem more or less glandular-bairy. Leaves
2-5-5(6) cm. 1., membranous; 3 -nerved witb a marginal and an outer
obscure nerve, neither reaching apex. Panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. 1.
Calyx : tube 2-3 mm. 1., lobes as long. Petals white, 6-8 mm. 1. Pistil and
stamens rosy-violet. Capsule globose, 3 mm. in diam.

3. ARTHROSTEMA Ruiz & Pav.

Herbs, sometimes shrubby at base. Leaves stalked, mem-
branous, serrulate, 5-7-nerved. Flowers cymose at the ends of
branches or scorpioid, rose or purple, parts of the flower in fours.
Calyx glabrous ; tube oblong or narrowly bell-shaped ; lobes

Fig. 131. — Artltrodema fragile Lindl.
A, Portion of branch with leaves, flowers, C, Fruit opening with calyx partly re-

and fruit, X 'i
B, Stamens of two kinds X 4,

moved x
D, Seed X 16.

triangular, much shorter than the tube, persistent. Petals
obovate, very soon falling. Stamens 8, more or less unequal ;
filaments glabrous ; anthers wavy, curved, of 2 kinds, the
connective of the larger produced below the cells, and at the
insertion on the filament prolonged inwards into a slender
appendage thicker at apex with 3 small teeth ; the appendage of
the smaller anthers forming 2 spur-like lobes. Ovary free or

358 FLORA OF JAMAICA Arthrostema

more or less adherent, 4-celled, glabrous. Capsule covered with
the calyx-tube, 4-valved. Seeds shell-like, deeply striate.

Species 10, natives of Jamaica, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela
Colombia, Peru.

A. fragile Lindl. in Jonrn. JTort. Soc. in. 74 djig. p. 75 (1848) ;
Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 35, t. 2,/. 21,6; Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. vii. 140. Heteronoma diversifolium Link <& Otto, Ic.
PI. Bar. f. 37 (non DC. nee Benth.). (Fig. 131.)

In fl. and fr. during the year; Lapland near Catadupa, 1200 ft.;
between New Market and Darliston ; Masons River, 2500 ft. ; near Guys
Hill, St. Ann, 1800 ft. ; Hollis Savanna, Clarendon, 2400 ft. ; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2000 ft. ; Fl. Jam. 9193, 9930, 11,232, 12,037, 12,271, 12,827 ;
Bower Hill, near Luoea, Nonnan 1 — Cuba, Central America.

Stem weak, with long straggling branches trailing over bushes or along
the ground, sometimes to a length of 12 ft. ; branches 4-keeled, sparsely
covered with long hairs thicker at glandular apex, and occasionally with
short prickles. Leaves 4-8 cm. 1., ovate-oblong, acuminate, base rounded
or subtruncate, occasionally subcordato, 5-nerved with a marginal pair not
reaching apex and an outer obscure nerve at base, margin ciliate-serrulate.
Flowers few, long-stalked. Calyx 7-9 mm. 1., glabrous. Petals 2-2*5 cm. 1.,
rosy-pink. Siemens slightly unequal. Capsule 1-1' 5 era. 1.

4. ADELOBOTRYS DC.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves ovate-oblong, large, 3-5-nerved,
entire or serrulate. Flowers in many-flowered terminal panicles.
Calyx : tube bell-shaped, narrower at mouth, limb spreading,
with uneven margin below which are 5 minute teeth. Petals 5,
obovate, cohering between themselves and with the stamens at
their base. Stamens 10, equal ; anthers beaked, with 1 pore,
connective not prolonged below the cells, produced outwards at
the insertion of the iilament into an erect appendage. Ovary
free, 5-celled. Capsule as long as the calyx, oblong, 5-valved.
Seed-coat prolonged at both ends.

Species 12, natives of tropical continental America, and one
of Jamaica.

A. adscendens Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 67, t. 5,
/. 56 (1871); Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 419. A. scandens Macf.
Jam. ii. 99 (1850) (non DC). Melastoma scandens Sw. Prodr.
69 (non Aubl). M. adscendens Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 772 (1798).
Miconia scandens Buiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. iv. t. 395 (ined.).
Davya guyanensis DC. Mem. Melast. 18, i. 3 (1828). D. adscendens
Griseb Fl. Br. W. Ind. 265 (1860). Specimens from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit. & Herb. Stockholm. (Fig. 132.)

Infl. Feb.-April, in fr. March, April; Swartz] Wullschlaegel ; mountain
woods on north side, Macfadycn ! Wilson ! Unity Vale, near Moneague,
Priori John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris & Britten \ Fl. Jam. 10,729.—-
Central America, Guiana, Bolivia, Peru.

Adelobotrys

MELASTOMACEiE

359

Sfem emitting roots, so attaching itself to trunks of trees and climbing
to 20 or 30 ft., sparingly branched. Leaves 10-15 cm. 1. (-30 cm. 1. in
lower leaves), elliptical or ovate-elliptical, shortly acuminate, base rounded
to obtuse, 5-nerved with a marginal pair, often hidden by the margin

Fig. 132. — Adelobotrys adscendens Triaiia.

A, Leaf X i

B, Flower with two petals removed

X 4.

C, Fruit enclosed in calyx cut length-

wise X 4.

D, Seed X 24.

recurved, ciliate with reddish hairs, and with minute teeth ; petioles
1-5-3 cm. 1., reddish-pubescent. Panicles 2-3 dm. 1. ; pedicels 4-7 mm. 1.
Calyx 5 mm. 1., increasing to 6 or 7 mm. in fruit, at first hairy, later
glabrate, at length 10-keeled. Petals 6-7 mm. 1., white tinged with pink.

5. MERIANIA Sw.

Trees and erect shrubs. Leaves usually long-stalked, 3-5-
nerved. Flowers rather large, in short panicles or cymes, or
solitary, terminal and lateral ; parts in fives. Bracts 2 at apex
of peduncle. Bracteoles 2, sometimes wanting. Calyx persistent ;
limb double, outer lobes long and narrow (in Jamaican species).
Stamens 10 ; anthers beaked, opening by one pore, connective
not elongated below the cells, produced outwards at the insertion
of the filament into a minute or long appendage. Ovary free,

360

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Meriania

3-5-celled. Capsule subglobose, as long as the leathery bell-
shaped tube of the calyx, 3-5-valved. Seeds narrowly oblong-
pyramidal.

Species 41, natives of the AVest Indies and tropical America.

Leaves 8-16 cm. 1. Bracteoles wanting or very

soon falling 1. M, Iciicantha.

Leaves 3-6 cm. 1., with 2 swellings at base
between the nerves on upper surface.
Bracteoles persistent 2. M. purpurea.

1. M. leueantha Sw. FL Ind. Occ 826, /. 15,/. a. (1798);
Mac/. Jam. ii. 40 ; Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. ococviii. 65, t. 5, /.
556 ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 423. M. rosea Tussac FL Ant.

Fig. 133.— J/eria ma leueantha Sw.

A, Part of brauch with leaves, buds,

flowers, and fruit, X f .

B, Flower-bud cut lengthwise, petals re-

moved, with anthers still bent down,
one cell of ovary showing surface

with

view of ovules, the other
placenta cut lengthwise, X 2^.

C, Stamen after opening of flower X ^.

D, Fruit wilh two valves removed, and

persistent placentas, X 2g.

E, Ovules X 30.

i. 78, t. 6 (1808) ; Descourt. Fl. Ant. iv. 326, t 303 ; Griaeh. FL
Br, W. Ind. 264 (so far as description refers to M. leueantha).
M. purpurea Macf. Jam. ii. 42 (1850) (non Sw.). Khexia
leueantha Sw. Prodr. 61 (1788). Specimen from Swartz named

Meriania MELASTOMACE^ 361

by him in Herb. Mus. Brit, and one in Herb. Stockholm.
(Fig. 133.)

In fl. throughout the year; Wright ! Swartz ! Wiles ! St. Ann, McNab !
Portland, Purdiel Wilson I March I Priori J. P. 1088, Motrisl Morse's
Gap, G. Nicholls ! Clydesdale, 3500-4000 ft., Harris ! near Cinchona,
Fawcett ! The small form (var. nana Naud.) occurs on Bull Head, Fawcett !
Fl. Jam. 3500, 6350, 7002, 8472.— Cuba (the small form).

Shrub, 10-12 ft. high ; young branches obtuse-angled or more or less
4-sided. Leaves 8-16 cm. 1., oblong-elliptical or elliptical, apex obtuse or
rarely acute, somewhat rigid, 3-n6rved with a marginal pair on lower
surface, minutely serrulate or entire, veins beneath very numierous,
transverse, more or less parallel ; petioles 1-3 cm. 1. Peduncles solitary in
the upper axils. Bracts 2 at the apex of the peduncle, oblong or broadly
spathulate, usually 3-nerved, toothed or subontire, 1 • 6-3 cm. 1. Bracteoles
wanting or occasionally present, falling very soon, 12 mm. 1., narrowly
spathulate, 1-nerved. Calyx : tube 7-10 mm. 1. ; lobes shallowly rounded,
the dorsal processes awl-shaped, 5-8 mm. 1. Petals 2*5-3 cm. 1., white
tinged with red at base, or rosy.

2. M. purpurea Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 829, t. 15,/. b-i. (1798);
Tussac Fl. Ant. i. 82, i. 7 ; Triana loc. cit. t. 5, /. 55a; Cogn.
loc. cit. M. rosea Macf. Jam. ii. 41 (1850) (non Tussac).
M. bullifera Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 265 (1860). Rhexia
purpurea Sw. Prodr. 61 (1788). Specimen from Swartz in
Herb. Stockholm.

In fl. throughout the year ; Wright ! Catherine Peak, Broughto^i 1
Shakespear ! Masson ! Swartz 1 Bancroft ! Macfadyen ! McNab 1 Portland
Gap, Purdie \ Port Royal Mts., March ! Maroon wood, St. George, Mocn-e !
near Woodcutters' Gap, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 0287. — Colombia.

Shrub or tree to 20 ft. high; young branches terete. Leaves 2*5-
5"5(-8) cm. 1., narrowly elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, with an
outer obscure nerve, and with 2 swellings on the upper surface between
the nerves at the base, minutely serrulate or entire, veins beneath very
numerous, transverse, more or less parallel; petioles -5-1 -5 cm. 1.
Peduncles 2 or 3, solitary in the upper axils. Bracts 2, at the apex of the
peduncle, oblong or spathulate, 1-3-nervcd, 1*5-2 cm. 1. Bracteoles 2,
more or less persistent, linear-spathulate, 1-nerved. Calyx : tube
4-6 mm. 1. ; lobes broadly triangular, the dorsal processes slender,
6-7 mm. 1. Petals 2-3 cm. 1., crimson-purple.

6. CONOSTEGIA Don.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves large, stalked, 3-5-nerved.
Flowers in terminal panicles, branches opposite, cymose. Calyx
glabrous, tube bell-shaped or hemispherical, limb closed, dropping
oflf from its base like a lid when the flower opens. Petals 5-10,
obovate, obcordate, or oblong-obovate. Stamens 10-25, equal ;
anthers with one pore, connective not elongated, without appen-
dage. Ovary adherent or the apex free, 5-15-celled. Berry
with numerous seeds. Seeds obovoid, smooth.

Species 44, natives of the West Indies, Central and tropical
S. America.

362 FLORA OF JAMAICA Conostegia

Panicles simply branched.

Flower-buds large, 12-17 mm. 1.

Buds 12-16 mm. 1., spindle-shaped, usually with

acute base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate 1. C. pioccra.

Buds 14-17 mm. 1., somewhat ovoid with obtuse or

rounded base. Leaves elliptical 2. C. Balbisiana.

Flower-buds medium, 8-10 mm. 1.

Buds 10 mm. 1., lid convex, rounded. Plant

glabrous 3. C. Qrisebachii.

Buds 8-9 mm. 1., lid convex, rounded, often with

mucro. Plant hirsute 4. C. subhirsiita.

Buds 8-10 mm. 1., lid conical, obtuse. Plant with

bran-like hairs 5. C. rtifescens.

Panicles much branched.

Flower-buds small, 6-8 mm. 1.

Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, base acute.

Plant with minute stellate hairs 6. C. mcntana.

Leaves ovate, base rounded. Plant subglabrous 7. C. svperba.

1. C. proeera D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. 317 (1823);
DC. Prodr. Hi. 174 (1828); glabrous, but young branchlets
sometimes brown-tomentose ; leaves 3-nerved or sometime.s
3-pliuerved, usually with an outer obscure nerve, entire or
obscurely and minutely toothed ; inflorescences : branches slender,
ascending; buds 12-15 mm. 1., spindle-shaped, lid conical, acu-
minate ; petals 6(-5), rosy or white tinged with crimson,
10-12 mm. 1. and br, — Mac/. Jam. ii. 69; Griseh. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 253 ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 699, excl. syn. C. Balbisiana
Ser. C. gloriosa Mac/. Jam. ii. 68? Melastoma proeera Sw.
Prodr. 68 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 764; Bonpland Melast. 118,
/. 51. Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit., and also in
Herb. Stockholm.

In fl. June-Aug. ; high mountains, Swartzl Dancer, Cuming ; between
Farm Hill and Eadnor, Macfadyen I Cuna-Cuna Pass, Purdic 1 St. Thomas
in East, 1000 ft., Wilson 1 Maich 1 Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 1402,
Hart\

Shrub 8 ft. or tree 20-50 ft. high. Leaves 6-12 cm. 1., 4-5-5(-6) cm. br.,
narrowly elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, base subacute,
papery, entire or sparingly wavy-toothed, often bearded between the axils
of nerves at base, the larger cross-veins sloping slightly upwards, small
veins numerous, forming a network ; petioles l"5-3 cm. 1. Panicles about
1 dm. 1., with several flowers ; lateral pedicels jointed at the middle.
Calyx-tuhe 5 mm. br. at truncate apex. Petals broadly obovate-cordato.
Anthers about 18 (10-20), 3 mm. 1. Style about 6 mm. 1. Ovary usually
6-5-celled.

2. C. Balbisiana <S'er, ex DC. Prodr. Hi. 174 (1828) ; glabrous ;
young branchlets usually with enlarged nodes ; leaves 3-plinerved
or 3-nerved with a marginal pair ; inflorescences : branches
.stout, spreading; buds 14-17 mm. 1., ovoid, lid broadly conical,
acute or apiculate but not acuminate ; petals of a rose or rosy-
lilac colour, 17-22 mm. 1. and br. C. proeera var. Balbisiana
Griseh. loc. cit.

Conosiegia

MELASTOMACEiE

363

In fl. during the year ; Bertero (fide DC) ; St. Ann, McNab ! Guj's
Hill and Union Hill, near Moneague, Prior ! between Claremont and
Moneague, Fawcett I Holly Mount, near Ewarton, 2500-3000 ft. ; Soho,
St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Harris 1 eastern slopes of south end of John Crow
(Blake) Mts., Harris <& Briiton ! Fl. Jam. 6452, 8403, 8984, 8998, 10,730,
12,024.

Tree, 12-35 ft. high. Leaves 8-16 cm. 1., 6-8-5 cm. br., generally-broadly
elliptical, very shortly and abruptly acuminate, base rounded, parchment-

Fig. 134. — Conostegia Balbisiana Ser.

A, leaf X h

B, Flower-bud with the calyx-limb re-

moved, nat. size.

C, Calyx limb removed from B, nat. size.

D, Flower, nat. size.

E, Petal, nat. size.

F, Stamen X 3J-

G, Beny enclosed in the persistent

calyx X 2.
H, Cross-section of ditto X 2.
I, Seed X 30.

like, entire or sparingly wavy-toothed, often bearded between the axils of
nerves at base, larger cross-veins almost horizontal, small veins not
numerous, forming a network of somewhat large square spaces ; petioles
l"5-3-5 cm. 1. Panicles 1-1*5 dm. 1., with several flowers ; lateral pedicels
jointed at the middle. Cahjx-iMhe 6 mm. br. at truncate apex.

3, C. Grisebaehii Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 700 (1891) ;
glabrous ; leaves 3 -nerved vv^ith an outer obscure nerve ; buds
10 mm. 1., 6 mm. br., ellipsoidal, lid convex, apex obtuse, sub-
rounded ; petals 5, 10-12 mm. 1.

March 598 ! (in Herb. Griseb. & in Herb. Kew.).

Branchlets 4-cornered. Leaves 7-11 cm. 1., 4-6*5 cm. br., elliptical.

364 FLORA OF JAMAICA Conostegia

apex abruptly, very shortly, and obtusely acuminate, base rounded, rigid,
nerses beneath prominent. Panicles subcorymbiform, few-flowered, about
1 dm. 1. ; pedicels 5-10 mm. 1., lateral jointed at the middle. Anthers
oblong, 3 mm. 1. Style stout, 6-7 mm. 1., narro\ving to apex.

4. C. subhirsuta DC. Prodr. Hi. 174 (1828); young branchlets,
petioles, nerves on under surface of leaves, and panicle-branches
hirsute ; leaves 3-plinerved besides a marginal pair and an outer
<il)scure nerve ; buds 8-9 mm. 1., lid convex, rounded, usually
with a short bhint mucro ; petals 8-10, white, 7-8 mm. 1. —
Mac/. Jam. it. 67 ; Naud. in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xvi. 106 & xviii.
t. 3,/. 5 ; Griseb. torn. cit. 253 ; Cogn. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 4, 211,
/. 46 «fe in DC. Monogr. vii. 706 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. viii. 760.

In fl. March-Oct.; Wiles; Portland, Macfadyen ; Waters \ Guys Hill,
St. Thomas in Vale, McNab 1 March I eastern slope of south end John
Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris <t Britton I Fl. Jam. 10,721.— Cuba, Hispaniola,
Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada,
Trinidad, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay.

Shrub or tree, 10-18 ft. high ; young branchlets somewhat stout,
i-comered. Leaves 12-20 cm. 1., 5-y cm. br., elliptical or oblong-elliptical,
apex narrowly acuminate, base narrowed or somewhat rounded, entire or
with small wavy teeth, glabrous except nerves beneath, nerves beneath
prominent ; leaves of a pair sometimes unequal ; petioles 2-4 cm. 1.
Panicles "5-1 dm. 1., branches corymbiform, 3-10-flowered. Buds 6-7
mm. br., obovoid or subglobose, at length glabrous. Petals obcordiform.
Anthers 16-25, oblong, 2 mm. 1. Ovary 12-15(-20)-celled. Style thick,
3-4 mm. 1. ; stigma peltate.

5. C. rufeseens Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xvi. 108 (1851) ;
young branchlets, petioles, under surface of leaves, and inflores-
cences with buds with rusty mealy hairs ; leaves 3-nerved or
3-plinerved with ti marginal pair and occasionally an obscure
outer nerve ; buds 8-10 mm. 1., 5 mm. br., lid conical, somewhat
obtuse ; petals 6, about 10 mm. 1., white. — Griseb. torn. cit. 253 ;
Cogn. torn. cit. 704. C. formosa Macf. Jam. ii. 70 (1850).

Infl. March-Sept. ; Wright ! mts., Sivariz I woods, St Mary, Macfadyenl
Guys Hill, St. Thomas in Vale, McNab ! Cuming 1 Portland, Purdie 1
March ! — Colombia.

Sltrub, 10-12 ft. high ; younger branchlets 4-cornered. Leaves 8-12
cm. 1., 4-6 cm. br., ovate-elliptical, oblong-elliptical, or somewhat obovate-
elliptical, shortly acuminate, base subacute or obtuse, entire or with wavy
small teeth, nerves beneath prominent, leaves of a pair unequal; petioles
1-4 cm. 1. Panicle : branches with 3-7 flowers ; pedicels shorter than the
flowers, not jointed. Petals obliquely obovate, truncate above. Anthers
15-18, narrow, 3 mm. 1. Ovary G-8-celled. Style somewhat thick,
6 mm. 1. ; stigma subpeltate.

6. C. montana D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. 317 (1823); DC.
Prodr, Hi. 175 (1828) ; young branchlets, petioles, nerves of
leaves beneath, and panicle-branches with minute stellate hairs,
later glabrate ; leaves 3-plinerved besides a marginal pair and an
outer obscure nerve ; buds 6-8 mm. 1., 3-4 mm. br., lid conical,

Gonostegia MELASTOMACE^ 365

bluntly acute ; petals 5-6, white, 5-6 mm. 1. — Macf. Jam. ii. 70 ;
Naud. torn. cit. 109; Griseb. torn. cit. 254; Gogn. torn. cit. 701.
C. alpina Macf. Jam. ii. 72 (1850). Melastoma montana Sw.
Prodr. 69 (1788) &, Fl. Ind. Occ. 766. Specimen from Swartz in
Herb. Mus, Brit, and one in Herb Stockholm.

In fl. June-Sept. ; Wright ! Sivartz ! Wiles ! Catherine's Peak ; woods,
St. George; Macfadyen ; March \ Blue Mts., J.P. 1438, Morris \ also New-
castle, Hart\ J.P. 2110, Hart\ below Vinegar Hill, St. George, 3500 ft.,
Harris ! below Morse's Gap, Portland, Miss J. B. Perkins 1

Shrub, 6-16 ft. high ; young branchlets bluntly 4-cornered. Leaves 7-10
cm 1., oblong-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, shortly abruptly and obtusely
acuminate, base subacute to rounded, subentire, leaves of one pair often
unequal, nerves prominent beneath; petioles l"5-3 cm. 1. Panicles 4-8
cm. 1., secondary branches somewhat corymbiform with 3-5 pedicels,
much shorter than the flowers. BtuJs : lid somewhat swelling over
the semiglobose calyx-tube. Petals obovate, retuse. Anthers 14-
15(10-16), 2 mm. 1. Ovary 5-6-celled. Style 3 mm. 1., slender; stigma
capitellate.

7. C. superba Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sir. 3, xvi. 108 (1851)
(Bonpland's specimen seen by Naudin) ; subglabrous ; leaves
large, 3-plinerved with a marginal nerve and an obscure outer
nerve; buds 6-7 mm. 1., 4*5-5 mm. br., lid conical, acute to
subacute; petals 5-6, white, 5-6 mm. 1. — Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
253; Cogn. torn. cit. 701. C. glabra? & C. alternifolia ? Macf.
Jam. ii. 71 (1850). C. macrophylla Naud. torn. cit. 112 (fide
Cogn.). Melastoma superba Bonpl. ined. ex Don in Miew. Wern.
Soc. 317 (1823).

Cuna-Cuna road, near Cornwall Barracks ; St. George ; woods on road
from Morse's Gap ; Macfadyen ! near Petersfield, St. Mary, McNab 1
Wilson 1 March ; north side of Cuna-Cuna Pass, Portland, Harris &
Briitonl Fl. Jam. 10,562. — Central America.

Shrub, 12-16 ft. high; younger branchlets 4-cornered. Leaves 1"5-
3 dm. 1., 1-1 "5 dm. br., elliptical to ovate-elliptical, shortly and abruptly
acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, subentire or with a few blunt, wavy
teeth, parchment-like, nerves and transverse veins very prominent beneath,
leaves of a pair usually unequal; petioles 3-5 cm. 1. Panicles 1-1*5
dm. 1., many-flowered ; ultimate branches with several flowers umbelli-
form ; pedicels 3-4 mm. 1. Petals triangular-obovate, retuse. Anthers
15-16(-10), 3 mm. 1. Ovary 5-celled. Style slender, 4 mm. 1. Stigma
subcapitellate.

7. CHARIANTHUS Don.

Shrubs, generally glabrous. Leaves leathery, entire, 3-5-
nerved. Flowers in terminal paniculate or corymbose cymes ;
parts in fours. Calyx-limb persistent, obscurely lobed. Petals
free but forming a bell-shaped corolla, broadening upwards.
Stamens 8, equal, much longer than the petals ; anthers opening
by a longitudinal chink or by a pore, connective not elongated
and without any appendage. Ovary not free, 2-4-celled, with
glabrous apex ; style very long with blunt stigma. Berry
crowned by the limb of the calyx. Seeds pyramidal.

366

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Charianthua

Species 8, natives of the mountains in the West Indies and
also found in British Guiana.

Leaves elliptical to ovate, apex blunt. Anthers with one

pore at apex. Ovary 2-celled 1. C. Fadyenii.

Leaves narrowly ovate, shortly and obtusely acuminate.

Anthers with longitudinal chinks. Ovary 4-celled. . . 2. C. tinifolius.

1. C. Fadyenii Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 264 (1860) ; Cogn. in
DC. Monogr. vii. 717. Tetrazygia Fadyeni Hook. Journ. Bot. i.
379, t. 12 (1849); Mac/. Jam. it. 57. (Fig. 135.)

Fig. 135.— C/taiianUius Fadyenii Griseb.

A, Portion of branch with leaves and B, Flower cut lengthwise with petals ,
inflorescence x jj ; a, small portion stamens, and style cut off, X 7.

of lower surface of leaf, enlarged. C, Berry X 2.

E, Seed X H. D, Ditto cut across X 2.

In fl. Feb.-Sept. ; road from Lluidas to St. Thomas in the Vale,
Macfadyen ! Mount Diablo, McNab I Pedro district, St. Ann, Purdie t
Marchl Albion Pen and Friendship, St. Ann, Priori Holly Mount near
Ewarton, 2600 ft. ; Dolphin Head, 1500 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ;
rocky woodland, Mulgrave, St. Elizabeth, 1300 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6512,
6513, 8883, 8994, 9254, 10,997, 11,181, 11,190, 12,373.

Shrub or tree, 6-80 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 3-8 cm. 1., elliptical to
ovate, apex blunt, base rounded to acute, 3-plinerved besides an outer
obscure nerve, with very minute black dots beneath ; petioles 8-12 mm. 1.

Charianthus MELASTOMACE^ 367

Panicles 5-10 cm. 1. ; pedicels 8-12 mm. 1., jointed below the apex. Calyx
5 mm. 1., obscurely lobed. Petals 4, crimson or purple, narrowly oblong,
broadening upwards, with rounded apex, 8-10 mm. 1., 2 '5-3 mm. br.
Stamens 8, 11-12 mm. 1.; anthers 4-5-5 mm. 1., with one pore at apex.
Ovary 2-celled. Style 2 cm. 1. Berry subglobose, 5 mm. thick, 2-celled.

" This is the most beautiful plant I have seen in Jamaica." (Purdie in
note on sheet in Hb. Kew.)

" One of the most beautiful flowering shrubs that I have ever met
with in my travels, but very difficult to cultivate." (Prior in note on
sheet in Hb. Kew.)

2. C. tinifolius D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. 329 (1823);
Cogn. torn. cit. 715.

McNab. — St. Vincent (?) {Anderson in Herb. Deless.).

Leaves 5-7 cm. 1., 2* 5-3' 5 cm. br., narrowly ovate, shortly and obtusely
acuminate, base subacute, 3-5-nerved. Cymes 3-4 cm. 1., few-flowered ;
pedicels 4-6 mm. 1., purple. Calyx 5 mm. 1., lobes broadly rounded,
apex minutely apiculate. Petals crimson-purple, 12 mm. 1. Anther-cells
opening by longitudinal chinks. Ovary 4-celled. Style 16-18 mm. 1.

We have not seen a specimen.

8. MICONIA Ruiz & Pav.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite. Flowers generally
in terminal panicles or corymbs ; hermaphrodite (dicecious in
M. ruhens) ; flower-parts usually in fives (sixes in M. macrophylla
and M. dodecandra, fours in M. tetrandra). Calyx-limb truncate
or lobed, sometimes bursting irregularly, usually persistent, lobes
short. Petals obovate or oblong with obtuse or notched tip
(ovate in M. racemosa), spreading or reflexed. Stamens twice as
many as the petals, but only 4 in M. tetrandra ; anthers usually
with one minute pore at apex, but with a chink in M. dirysophylla,
broadly 2-4-pored in § 5, or with one very large pore in § G ;
connective not or scarcely prolonged at base, 2-auriculate or
2-tubex'culate. Ovary generally adherent, 2-5 celled; ovules
numerous. Berry 1-5-celled, with one or more seeds in each
cell. Seeds not curved.

Species about 600, natives of the West Indies and tropical
America.

Leaves 5-7-nerved, sometimes with 3 or 5 nerves
united above the base (3-plinerved or 5-
plinerved) with the addition of one or two
pairs of nerves from the base.*
Leaves with hairy or powdery covering beneath.
Calyx 5-7 mm. 1. Petals 6-8 mm. 1.

Leaf-base emarginate or subcordate 1. M. macrophylla.

Leaf-base rounded to acute 2. M. dodecandra.

* The marginal pair of nerves is evenly curved, sometimes indistinct,
and occasionally does not reach the apex. The outer nerve or vein
bounding the network of veins, usually a succession of arches, is obscure
and sometimes coincides with the margin.

The marginal pair which does not reach more than half-way towards the
leaf-apex, and the outer obscure nerve or vein are not counted in the Key.

368 FLORA OF JAMAICA Miconia

Calyx 1-5-3 mm. 1. Petals 1-3 mm. 1.

Leaves sessile or subsessile. Leaf-base sub-
auriculate. Panicle-branches simple,

spike-like 6. M. impetiolaris.

Leaves stalked.
Leaf-base emarginate-cordate. Panicle
with flowers on one side only of

branches 7. M. albicans.

Leaf-base narrowed. Panicle with flowers

crowded on branches 14. M. elata.

Iieaves hairy or powdery only on nerves and
veins beneath, or glabrous.
Inflorescence hairy or powdery.

Calyx 6-7 mm. 1. Petals 5 mm. 1 3. M. furfuracea.

Calyx 1 • 5-3 mm. 1. Petals 1-4 mm. 1.
Flowers sessile or subsessile.

Stem-branchlets powdery or stellate-
hairy.
Leaves 5nerved Style G-7 mm. 1.,

apex thicker, truncate 9. M. lavigata.

Leaves 3-plinerved with a marginal
pair. Style 4 mm. 1. ; stigma

peltate 10. M. splendens.

Stem-branchlets slightly puberulous or
glabrate. Leaves 3-plinervod with
a marginal pair. Style 5-0 mm. 1. ;

stigma subpeltate 11. M. ;prasina.

Inflorescence glabrous or glabrate.
Flowers sessile or subsessile.

Flowers more or less on one side or

clustered on reduced branches.

Calyx 2 mm. 1. Petals 2-2-5 mm. 1. 13. M. ciliata.

Flowers on all sides of spreading

branches. Calyx 2-5-3-6 mm. 1.

Petals 2-3 mm. 1 11. M. prasina.

Flowers shortly stalked. (Marginal pair
of nerves rather indistinct.) Calyx
1-5 mm, 1. Petals 1-1-5 mm. 1 17. M. theazans.

Leaves 3-nerved or 3-plinerved.
Flowers sessile or subsessile.
Flower-clusters on main axis of inflorescence 4. M. triplinervis.
Flower-clusters on short reduced branches of

inflorescence 5. M. multispicata.

Panicle-branches once 2-forked 8. M. trinervia.

Panicle-branches not 2-forked.
Leaves coppery-coloured, scaly-pitted be-
neath 12. M. chrysophylla.

Leaves not scaly-pitted beneath.
Calyx 1-5-2 mm. 1.
Flower-parts in 4's or 5's. Style 1 • 5-2
mm. 1. ; stigma peltate, wider than
style. Berry2mm.br 15. M. rubena.

Miconia MELASTOMACEJi 369

Flower-parts in 4's. Style 4 mm. 1. ;

stigma acute. Berry 4 mm. br. ... 16. M. tetraiidra.
Mower-parts in 5's, Style 5-6 mm. 1.

Berry4mm.br ll.M.prasina

Calyx 2-3 mm. 1. Flower-parts in 5's. var. attenuata.

Style 4 mm. 1. ; apex truncate. Berry

4-5mm.br 18. M. quadrangularis.

Flowers with pedicels 8-12 mm. 1. Calyx5mm.l, 19. M. rigida.

§ 1. Flower-parts usually in sixes. Calyx 5-7 mm. 1., at
length narrower below the shortly lobed limb. Petals
obovate-oblong, 6-8 mm. 1. Stamens about double the
number of petals ; anthers long, awl-shaped, curved,
with one minute pore at apex ; connective not or
scarcely prolonged below the cells, at base without
appendage or in front sometimes 2-auriculate, at back
usually gibbous. (Species 1—3.)

1. M. macrophylla Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 103
(1871) ; Cogn. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 4, 239, t. 49 & in DC. Monogr.
vii. 734 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 455 &, viii. 493. Chitonia macro-
phylla D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. 319 (1823) (Melastoma
macrophylla Pavon ms.). Diplochita serrulata DC. Prodr. Hi.
177 (1828); Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 252 (in part).

Masson 1 Wiles 1 Moneague, Prior I March ! Claverty Cottage, Blue
Mts., J.P. 982, Hartl Brandon Hill road, 800 ft., Thompson\ near
Castleton, 600 ft. ; Darliston, 1400 ft. ; HoUis' savanna, Clarendon, 2400 ft. ;
Harris] Fl. Jam. 7639, 8043, 9827, 12,276.— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Bico,
St. Thomas, S. Cruz, Trinidad, Mexico, tropical S. America.

Shrub or tree, 8-40 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles and panicle-
branches densely tomentose. Leaves 1-5-3 dm. 1., base emarginate or
subcordate, sub-7-plinerved with an outer obscure nerve, puberulous on
upper surface at length glabrate, beneath densely and very shortly stellate-
velvety, margin distinctly crenulate-serrate ; petioles 3-7 cm. 1. Bracteoles
6-7 mm. 1,, very soon falling, white tomentose. Flowers sessile. Calyx
stellate-tomentose. Petals whitish, pale yellow, or pink. Filaments
hirtellous. Style hairy below, 11-13 mm. 1. Berry subglobose, 6 mm.
in diam.

2. M. dodeeandpa Cogn. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 4, 243 (1887)
& in DC. Mon.ogr. vii. 7i0; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 4=93. Melastoma
dodecandra Desr. in Lam. Encyc. iv. 46 (1797-98). M. Tamonea
Sw. Prodr. 70 (1788) & FL Ind. Occ. 783 (excl. syn.). M. Swartz-
iana Rich, in Bonpl. Melast. 74, t. 33 (1811). Diplochita
Swartziana DC. Prodr. Hi. 177 (1828); Macf. Jam. ii. 73.
D. Fothergilla Macf. Jam. ii. 74; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 251
(as regards specimen from Prior) (non DC). D. rosea Macf. loc.
cit. Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm named by him.

Wright ! Liguanea, Broughton 1 Swartz ! Port Eoyal and St. Andrew
Mts. ; banks of Rio Grande ; Macfadyen 1 Morse's Gap, Blue Mts., Purdie !
V. 2 b

370 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Miconia

Clifton Mount, St. Andrew, 4000 ft., Wilson] Mt. Diablo; Monoague ;
Priori near Cinchona. J.P. 1075, Morris \ Shingle Heap, St. George,
2400 ft. ; near Vinegar Hill, St. George, 4200 ft. ; near Woodcutters' Gap,
4000ft.; Olive river, Christiana district, 2500 ft.; Peckham, Clarendon;
Harris I below Hardware Gap, north side, Harris d Britton ! Fl. Jam.
6358, 6360, 6442, 8241, 10,533, 11,095; below Vinegar Hill, Blue Mts.,
Miss J. R. Perkinsl — Cuba, Hispauiola, Martinique, trop. cont. America.

Shrub or tree, 10-60 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles, and panicle-
branches densely tomentose. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1., base subrounded,
5-nerved with an indistinct marginal pair, upper surface glabrous, beneath
densely and very shortly stellate-velvety, margin entire or sometimes
slightly crenulate ; petioles 2-6 cm. 1. Pedicels 4-10 mm. 1. Bracteoles
6-7 mm. 1., white tomentose, soon falling. Calyx white tomentose.
Petals white veined with crimson, yellowish-white, orange, or scarlet.
Filaments glabrous. Style 10-12 mm. 1. ; stigma peltate. Berry sub-
globose, 5 mm. in diam.

3. M. fupfupacea Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 257 (1860) ; Triana
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvlii. 104 ; Gogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 736.
Melastoma furfuraceum Valil Eclog. Am. iii. 13 d Ic. t. 22
(1807).

Masson ! Wiles I— Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia,
Venezuela.

Shrub or tree ? ; young branchlets, petioles, and panicle-branches
covered with rusty bran-like hairs. Leaves 1-3 dm. 1., elliptical, very
shortly acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, margin entire, wavy, or with
small teeth, glabrous but nerves beneath with brown bran-like hairs,
3-plinerved with a marginal pair, two of a pair unequal ; petioles 2-4 cm. 1.
Panicle vfith short branches; flowers lateral with short (3 mm.l.) pedicels,
terminal sessile. Calyx : tube slightly furrowed, glabrescent with minute
stellate hairs. Petals oblong, obliquely retuse, 5 mm. 1.

§ 2. Flower-parts usually in. fives, small or minute. Calyx
shortly bell-shaped or sometimes hemispherical. Petals
obovate, usually obliquely retuse at apex, at length
spreading or reflexed. Anthers somewhat short, linear,
slightly curved, usually slightly narrowed upwards, at
apex minutely l(2)-pored, connective not or scarcely
prolonged below the cells, at the base 2-auriculate or
2-appendaged. (Spp. 4-11.)

A. Panicles contracted ; flowers sessile, in clusters, either on
the main axis or on the much contracted primary
branches. (Spp. 4, 5.)

4. M. triplinervis Ruiz tC Pav. Syst. i. 105 (1798); Cogn. in
DC. Monogr. vii. 767. M. trinervis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 257
(1860) (excl. syn. Sw.). Cremanium trinerve 3Iac/. Jam. ii. 94
(1850).

St. Mary, McNab 1 Mt. Stewart, Westmoreland ; Woodside, St. Mary ;
Purdie ! Wilson 1 Prior ! Toms Cave Wood, Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Mabess
valley, Portland, 4000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,850, 12,877.— Mexico, Peru.

Miconia MELASTOMACE^ 371

Shrub, 3-5 ft. high; glabrous; young branchlets 4-cornered and narrowly
2-6-winged, these with nerves of leaves beneath and inflorescence covered
more or less with minute stellate hairs. Leaves 1*5-2 -5 dm. 1., elliptical-
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, base running into petiole, 3-nerved with
an outer obscure nerve; pettole '5-1 cm. 1. Panicle 1-1 '5 dm. 1. ; clusters
on main axis. Calyx 2-5-3 mm. 1. Petals 2 mm. 1., white. Berry
globose, 3-4 mm. in diam.

5. M. multispieata Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi. 131 (1851);
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 257 ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 770.
Cremanium integrifolium Macf. Jam. ii. 93 (1850).

Lapland, St. James, Piirdiel Pleasant Valley, Moneaguc, Priori
Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., Harris ! Tweedside, below Moody's Gap, Blue
Mts. ; south-eastern slopes of John Crow (Blake) Alts. ; Harris d Britton !
Fl. Jam. 6333, 10,540, 10,722 ; St. George, Blue Mts., Miss J. B. Perkins !—
Trinidad.

Bushy tree, 18-25 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles, panicle-branches,
and calyx densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves 1-1-5 dm. 1., elliptical to
oblanceolate, shortly acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, subtriplinerved
with an outer obscure nerve, stellate-tomentose on nerves beneath, other-
wise glabrous; petiole 1-2 cm. 1. Panicle -5-1 dm. 1.; clusters on very
short, reduced branches. Calyx 3-3-5 mm. 1. Petals broadly obovate,
2-3 mm. 1. Berry black, broadly subglobose, 5-7 mm. in diam.

B. Panicles with long spreading branches ; branches
interruptedly spike-like with clusters of sessile flowers.
Leaves sessile or subsessile, subamplexicaul, auriculate.

6. M. impetiolaris D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. 316 (1823) ;
Macf. Jam. ii. 83 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 256 ; Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. vii. 775 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 457 & viii. 493. M. macro-
phylla Macf. Jam. ii. 84 (1850) (non Triana). Melastoma
impetiolaris Sic. Prodr. 70 (1788) Sz Fl. Ind. Occ. 788; VaJil
Eclog. Hi. 22, Ic. t. 25 ; Bich. in Bonpl. Mclast. 64, /. 29.
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Stock-
holm.

Browne 1 (specimen from Linnaeus in Herb. Stockholm), Wright I
Broughton I Swartz ! Bath ; Port Royal Mts. ; Macfadyen ! St. Mary ;
Moneague; McNah\ Distin\ Soaford Town, Westmoreland, Purdiel
St. Thomas in Vale, Prior I March I Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P.
2020, Hart\ near Troy, 1500 ft.; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Harris \
Fl. Jam. 8558, 11,09G.— Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico,
St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. Eustacbe, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
trop. cont. America.

Shruh or tree, 8-25 ft. high ; young branchlets, panicle-branches,
under surface of leaves, and calyx densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves
l-5-3(-5) dm. 1., long and narrowly elliptical, shortly and acutely
acuminate, margin entire or wavy with minute teeth, 3-plinerved with
union of nerves close to base, and with 1 or 2 marginal pairs, on upper
surface glabrous or occasionally with a few hairs at base of midrib.
Panicles pyrainidal, 1-5-2-5 dm. 1. Calyx shortly lobed, 2-5-3 mm. 1.
Petals white, 2-3 mm. 1. Style 5-6 mm. 1. Berry globose, 4-5 mm. in
diam., at first scarlet, at length blue.

2 B 2

372 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Miconia

C Panicles pyramidal, primary branches twice or thrice
forked, branchlets with the flowers on one side.
(Spp. 7, 8.)

7. M. albicans Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 116(1 871);
Cogn. zn DC. Monogr. vii. 785. M. holosericea DC. Prodr. in.
181 (1828); Mac/. Jam. ii. 79; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 256.
M. rufescens Macf. Jam. ii. 80 (1850) (non DC). Melastoma
albicans Sw. Prodr. 70 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 786. M. holosericea
Vahl Eclog. i. 42 (1796) ; Bonpl. Melast. 52, 53, tt. 23, 24 (non L.
nee Sw.). Specimens named by Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and
Herb. Stockholm.

Masson \ Swartz I St. Thomas in Vale, Macfadycn 1 St. Elizabeth,
McNab ! Purdie I Wullschlaegel ; Moneague ; Linstead ; Prior 1 Marsh 1
Bull Head, J.P. 1515, Hart ! also Fawcett ! also Harris I Prospect Hill,
near Castleton, 2000 ft., Thompson I Cinchona, Watt 1 Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft., Harris ! PI. Jam. 7952, 8464, 10,073, 11,205, 12,269.— West Indie«,
trop. cont. America.

Shrub, 6-15 ft. ; young branchlets, petioles, under surface of leaves,
panicle-branches, and calyx densely covered with a white tomentum of
minute stellate hairs and long white adpressed hairs. Leaves 6-14 cm. 1.,
ovate-elliptical or oblong-elliptical, apex a short pointed tip, base emar-
ginate-cordate, upper surface of young leaves covered with stellate hairs,
at length glabrate and dark-coloured, beneath white or grey, tomentose,
3-plinerved with a marginal pair, parchmenty; petioles '5-1 '5 cm. 1.
Panicles about 1 dm. 1., terminal and also sometimes axillary. Flowers
sessile. Calyx 2-5-3 mm. 1., 5-toothed. Petals 2*5 mm. 1., white
or yellowish. Strjle 4-5 mm. 1. ; stigma funnel-shaped. Berry 4-5 mm.
in diam., blue.

M. eriodonta DC. Prodr. Hi. 186 (1828) is cited by Cogniaux in Fl.
Bras. xiv. pt. 4, 300 and in DC. Monogr. vii. 793 as occurring in Jamaica
collected by do Tassac.

We have not seen any specimen from Jamaica, nor does the species
occur in any of the West Indian Islands, being known only from Guiana,
New Grenada, and Bolivia.

The leaves are 3-nerved, 1-3 dm. 1., at length glabrous on both sides.
The flowers are crowded on one side of the panicle-branches. The
branchlets are terete, stellate-tomentose.

8. M. trinervia D. Don ex Loud. Hort. Brit. 174 (1830) ;
Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 106 (1871) (non Griseb. nee
Cogn.) ; Fawc. d Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ixiv. 104. M. scorpioides
Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xvi. 243 (1851) ; Cogn. in Fl. Bras,
xiv. pt. 4, 283 & DC. Monogr. vii. 782. M. anceps Naud. torn,
cit. 150 (1851). Melastoma trinervia Sw. Prodr. 69 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. 774. M. ? scorpioides Schlecht. & Cham, in Linnaea
V. 564 (1830). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm.

Mountains, Swartz I Troy, 2000 ft., Harris I — Trop. cont. America.

Shrub or tree, about 15 ft. high ; youngest branchlets alternately very
compressed and 2-edged, densely covered together with petioles and
inflorescence with stellate or scaly hairs. Leaves 1*5-2 5 dm. 1., oblong-
elliptical or obovate-elliptical, shortly and acutely acuminate, base decurrent,

Miconia

MELASTOMACEiE

37J

3-plinerved, lateral nerves near margin, without an outer obscure nerve,
on upper surface glabrous, beneath with minute stellate or scaly hairs,
membranous; petioles laterally compressed, 1-2 cm. 1. Panicles i'5-2'5
dm. 1., branches short, once 2-forked, flowers in 2 series on one side of the
branch, sessile. Calyx covered with stellate hairs, 2 mm. 1., limb 5-toothed.
Petali 2" 5 mm. 1. Style 6 mm. 1., slightly thickened at apex. Berry sub-
globose, 5 mm. in diam.

D. Panicles pyramidal, occasionally subcorymbiform.
Flowers not wholly on one side of panicle-branchlets.
(Spp. 9-11.)

9. M. laevigata DC. Prodr. Hi. 188 (1828) ; Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 257 (in part) ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 798 ; Urh. Symh.

Fig. 136. — Miconia Icevigata DC
A, Portion of branch with leaf and C, Stamens x 8.

inflorescence X f
B, Flower X 4.

D, Calyx and ovary cut lengthwise X 0.

E, Fruit cut across X 6.

374 FLORA OF JAMAICA Miconia

Ant. iv. 457 & viii. 494. Melastoma laevigata Linn. Syst. 1022
(1759)* (& Sp. PI. ed. 2, 559. M. foliis . . . ramulis purpuras-
centibus Browne Hist. Jam. 219; Sic. Ohs. 176; Bot. Reg. t. 363.
M. grossularioides Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). M. peudulifolia
Bonpl. Melast. 79, /. 35 (1811). M. pyramidalis Desr. in Lam.
Encyc. iv. 53 (1797-8); Bonpl. Melast. 48, <. 21. Grossularia
fructu non spinosa, malabathri foliis oblongis, floribus herbaceis
racemosis, fructu nigro Sloane Cat. 165 & Hist. i. 39. Type from
Browne in Herb. Linn, named M. Isevigata by Linnaeus, another
specimen of the same species from Browne named M. discolor by
Linnaeus. (Fig. 136.)

Sloane Herb. vi. 97 I Houstoun ! Wright I Braughton 1 Shakespcar I
Browne I Swartz ! Distin 1 St. Thomas in Vale ; St. Mary ; McNab I
Macfadyen 1 Waters ! Purdie I Gosse I Wilson ! Moneague, Prior I March I
J.P. 959, 1389, Morris 1 near Gordon Town, Ball 1 Newcastle, J.P. 1435,
Eartl Prospect Hill, near Castleton, 2000 ft., Thompson I Farm Hill, Blue
Mts., 3500 ft. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2600 ft. ;
Peckham, Clarendon, 2300 ft. ; Harris ! PI. Jam. 6275, 7949, 8781, 8902,
9364, 11,078; Morse's Gap; Content road. Blue Mts., 1026; Mtss J. E.
Perkins \

Shrtib, 6-10 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles, panicle-branches, and
calyx with minute stellate hairs or powdery scales. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1.,
ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, long acuminate, base rounded to sub-
acute, glabrous except nerves and veins beneath powdery, 5-nerved often
with an obscure nerve, margin entire or sometimes with minute teeth,
membranous; petioles 1-3 cm. 1. Panicle "5-1 '5 dm 1. Flowers usually
sessile, somewhat crowded. Calyx 3-2 mm. 1. Petals 4-3 mm. 1., white
or pale pink. Style 6-7 mm. 1., thickened and truncate at apex. Berry
globose, blue or black, slightly 10-ribbed, 3 mm. in diam. Seed obovoid,
light brown, • 7 mm. 1.

10. M. splendens Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 256 (1860) ; Triana
in Trans. Linn. Sac. xxviii. 107 ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 800.
M. elliptica Mac/. Jam. ii. 88 (1850). M. obovalis Naud. in
Ann. Sc. Nat. an. 183 (1851); Cngn. torn. cit. 803. Melastoma
foliis ovato-acuminatis «fec. Plum. PL Amer. (Burm.) 130, /. 140.
M. splendens Sw. Prodr. 70 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 789. Specimen
from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm named by him.

Massonl Swartz \ Macfadyen \ Ginger Hill, Pwrdie I Moneague, Prior 1
March I Hopeton, Westmoreland, 1000 ft., Harris ! Castleton, Thompson 1
Fl. Jam. 7267. — Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

Shrub, 6-10 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles, panicle-branches and
calyx powdery or with minute stellate hairs. Leaves 2-3 dm. 1.,
9-12(-16) cm. br., elongate-elliptical tapering to both ends, apiculate, base
acute running down into the petiole, generally 3-nerved or 3-plinerved
with a marginal pair evident or obscure which scarcely reaches the apex,
glabrous except that the nerves beneath are more or less powdery ; margin
entire or wavy with minute teeth, papery ; petioles 1-5-5 cm. 1. Panicles
pyramidal, 1-2 dm. 1. Flowers sessile or subsessile, clustered, parts in

♦ Sloane's fig. cited as a synonym refers to a specimen of Zizyphus
ChloroxyUm Oliv. (see p. 64).

Miconia MELASTOMACEiE 375

fives. Calyx 2-3 mm. 1., shortly lobed, limb not persistent. Petals
2-3 mm. 1. Style 4 mm. 1. ; stigma peltate. Berry subglobose, 3 mm.
in diam.

Swartz describes the leaf as being " 5-nerved, not counting the marginal
pair " ; the leaves of his specimen are of the usual type near the inflores-
cence, 3-nerved or 3-plinerved with 1 marginal pair.

11. M. prasina DC. Prodr. Hi. 188 (1828) ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 86 ;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 257 ; Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii.
109 ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 805 ; Urb. Symh. Ant. iv. 458 &
via. 495. Melastoma prasina Sio. Prodr. 69 & Fl. Ind. Occ. 777.
M. laevigata Aubl. PL Guian. i. 412, l. 159 (1775) (non Linn.).
Specimens from Swartz from Hispaniola in Herb. Mus. Brit, and
from Jamaica in Herb. Stockholm.

Swartz ! Wiles I Marsh near Grosmond, St. Elizabeth, McNab 1 Potosi,
near Bath ; Moortown ; Macfadycn I Wilson I near Moneague, Prior I
March ! Spring Hill, Portland, 2200 ft. ; Olive river, Christiana district,
2600 ft. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Harris ! Prospect Hill, near Castleton,
2000 ft. ; Golden Spring, 800 ft. ; Thompson 1 Fl. Jam. 6653, 7953, 7955,
8036, 8243, 9363.— Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Tortola,
Grenada, Trinidad, Margarita, trop. cont. America.

Shrub or tree, 8-20 ft. high ; young branchlets slightly puberulous or
glabrate. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1., 4-7 cm. br., narrowly elliptical to lanceolate,
acute or somewhat acuminate, narrowed to an acute base, subentire,
glabrous, 3-plinerved with a marginal pair, transverse veins prominent ;
petiole usually somewhat 2-winged, •5-1*5 cm. 1. Panicle more or less
powdery, pyramidal, -S-l'S dm. 1., many-flowered. Calyx: limb-margin
wavy or shallowly toothed, 3-3 • 5 mm. 1. Petals obovate, white or yellowish-
white, or pinkish, rarely pale pink, 2-3 mm. 1. Style 5-6 mm. 1. ; stigma
subpeltate. Berry black-purple, 10-ribbed, to 4 mm. thick.

Var. attenuata Cogn. torn. cit. 806 ; leaves 8-15 cm. 1.,
3—5 cm. br., somewhat rigid, scarcely acuminate, entire, 3-plinerved
occasionally with an outer obscure nerve, petiole • 5-1 cm. 1. ;
calyx densely powdery. — M. attenuata DC. Prodr. Hi. 186 (1828).
M. palustris Macf. Jam. ii. 89.

Manchester, Ptirdie 1 St. Elizabeth, McNab ! Moneague, Prior ! near
Troy, 2000 ft. ; Savannah, Upper Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; Kellits, Clarendon,
2000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 8703, 9405, 11,107, 11,155 ; between Grange
Hill and Glasgow, Mrs. E. G. Britton, 2884 1 near Troy, 2O0O ft..
Miss J. Pi,. Perkins, 1412 !

§ 3. Flower-parts in fives; flowers minute, sessile. Calyx bell-
shaped ; limb truncate or obscurely 5-toothed. Petals
obovate, rounded at apex. Anthers rather short, linear,
straightish, with 1 chink, connective shortly prolonged
below the cells, without an appendage at base.

12. M. ehpysophylla Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 459 (1910) (only as
regards the synonyms, not the Porto Rico plant) viii. 760 & in
Fedde Bep. xvii. 406 (1921). Miconia fulva DC. Prodr. Hi.
180 (1828) ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 857 (for the most part).

376 FLORA OF JAMAICA Miconia

M. discolor Macf. Jam. ii. 85 (1850). Melastoma chrysophylla
L. 0. Bich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris i. 109 (1792). M. fulva
L. a Bich. in Bonpl. Melast. 23, t. 11 (1807). Eurycha?nia
punctata Oriseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 259 (1860).

Near Moneague, Prior I — Trinidad, Guiaca, Bolivia, Brazil,
Shrub, 6-16 ft. high ; young branchlets acutely 3-4-cornered or some-
times somewhat 2-edged, not winged. Leaves 1-2-5 dm. 1., 2-5 cm. br.,
the upper usually 3 or 4 together in a whorl, elsewhere opposite, narrowly
elliptical to oblanceolate or lanceolate, narrowly acimiinate, narrowing to
base, usually coppery-coloured, beneath covered with minute glassy stellate
scales attached at the depressed centre giving the appearance of a pitted
surface, 3-plinerved or 3-nerved with an outer obscure nerve, midrib on
upper surface narrowly impressed, transverse nerves beneath flat, margin
wavy-crenate ; petioles '5-1 cm. 1. Panicles 10-13 cm. 1., branches oppo-
site or whorled. Calyx 2 mm. l. Pc/aZs 1-8-2 mm. 1., yellowish. Ovary
3-celled. Styleimva.!. i?<?rrj/ 2-5-3 mm. in diam.

M. punctata D. Don is reported from Jamaica on the authority of the
specimen of M. chrysophylla Urb. from Prior cited above and named on
the sheet in Herb. Kew. by Grisebach EurycJiania punctata Griseb., and
the identification by Grisebach of M. discolor Macf. as a synonym. How-
ever, M. punctata is easily distinguished from M. chrysophylla Urb. by
the anthers opening by pores, leaves entire, the midrib on upper surface
somewhat prominent in a shallow furrow, the transverse nerves beneath
usually prominent,, and petals larger, 2-5-3 ram. 1. It is known from
Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto liico, Guatemala, Bolivia.

§ 4. Flower-parts in fives ; flowers small, sessile. Calyx bell-
shaped, limb truncate or obscurely lobed. Petals
obovate, apex obliquely retuse. Anthers shorty thickish,
oblong, straight or slightly curved, apex obtuse and with
one minute pore, connective not produced below the
cells, without appendage.

13. M. eiliata DO. Prodr. Hi. 179 (1828); Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. vii. 867. M. racemosa Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi. 153
(1851) (in part). M. racemosa var. eiliata Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
258. M. racemosa var. Urbaniana Cogn. in Urb. Symh. Ant.
V. 448 (1908). Melastoma octandria 3Iill. Diet. (1768) (non
M. octandra L.). M. eiliata L. C. Bich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Paris 1792, 109 & in Bonpl. Melast. 62, t. 28 (excl. syn.).

Purdie I Guys Hill, Moneague, Prior 1 3Iarch 1 J.P. 2102, Morris 1
Prospect HiU, near Castleton, 2000 ft., Thompsonl near Cinchona, Wattl
Kellits, Clarendon, 2000 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7954, 10,074, 11,154.

Shrtib, 9-16 ft. high ; young branches more or less 4-furrowed, glabrous.
Leaves 1-2-5 dm. 1., narrowly elliptical, oblong-elliptical, or ovate to
lanceolate, narrowed to apex or acuminate, base blunt to rounded, 5-nerved
with an obscure marginal pair, glabrous on both sides, margin with minute
teeth and ciliate, papery ; petioles 1-4 cm. 1. Panicles 5-12 cm. 1. ;
branches opposite, 2- or 3-forked ; flowers more or less on one side,
or clustered on reduced branches; bracteoles minute, persistent. Calyx
2 mm. 1. Petals pink, 2-2-5 mm. 1. Style 2 mm. 1. Berry 3-4 mm.
in diam.

Miconia MELASTOMACE.E 377

§ 5. Flower-parts in fives, in M. tetrandra in fours ; flowers
small or minute. Calyx 1-2 mm. 1., bell-shaped, trun-
cate or very shortly lobed, lobes outside very often
minutely toothed or tuberculate. Petals obovate or
oblong, apex rounded or slightly notched. Anthers
short, usually somewhat wedge-shaped, straight, apex
truncate, with 2 pores (4 in Jlf. ihesezans), connective
more or less prolonged below the cells, base without
appendage or with 2 tubercles. (Spp. 14-17.)

14. M. elata DC. Prodr. in. 182 (1828) ; Macf. Jam. il 81 ;
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 903. M. eurychaenioides Griseh. in
Mem. Am. Acad. N.S. viii. 185 & Cat. Cub. 99 (in part), Gros-
sulariae . . . folio maximo &c. Sloane Cat. 164 & Hist. ii. 84,
t. 196,/. 1. Melastoma elata Sio. Prodr. 70 (1788) & Fl. Ind.
Occ. 781.

Sloane Herb. vi. 90 1 Wright 1 — Cuba.

Tree, 30-40 ft. bigb ; young branchlets 4-cornered and 4-f urrowed,
together with petioles, panicles, and calyx densely covered with minute
rusty scales or stellate hairs. Leaves 1-3 dm. 1., elliptical to oblong-
elliptical, abruptly and shortly acuminate, narrowed to base, margin wavy
with small teeth, beneath stellate-tomentose, 5-nerved with an obscure
marginal pair, nerves and veins very prominent beneath ; petioles 2-4 cm. 1.
Panicles 1-1-5 dm. 1., pyramidal; flowers sessile crowded; parts in fives.
Calyx 2 mm. 1., obscurely toothed. Petals about 1-5 mm. 1. Style 2, at
length 4 mm. 1. Berry 10-ribbed, globose, 4-5 mm. in diam.

15. M. rubens Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi. 169 (1851); Cogn.
in DC. Monogr. vii. 921. M. microbotrya Naud. torn. cit. 195
(1851). Melastoma rubens Sw. Prodr. 71 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ.
797. Cremanium rubens DC. Prodr. Hi: 191 (1828) ; Macf. Jam.
ii. 91 ; Griaeh. torn. cit. 261 (in part). Types in Herb. Mus. Brit,
and Herb. Stockholm.

Wright ! Sioartz I Wiles ! Bancroft 1 Macfadyen ! McNab ! near Radnor,
Purdiel 4000 ft., Wilson, 841! March, 694! Albion, St. Ann, Priori
Catherine Peak, 4500 ft., Eggers, 3622 (in part) I above Portland Gap,
5800 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 6340; Blue Mt. Peak, G. E. Nichols, 108!—
Venezuela.

Shrub, 5-10 ft., glabrous; branclilets 4-cornered, furrowed, reddish.
Leaves 6-9 cm. 1., elliptical, apex acuminate with a short narrow tip, base
acute, 3-nervcd or 3-plinerved with an outer obscure nerve, veins pellucid,
submembranous, network of veins with comparatively few meshes, margin
minutely toothed; petioles 1-1*5 cm. 1. Panicle pyramidal, 4-7 cm. 1.
Flowers dioecious, subsessile ; parts in fours or fives. Calyx 1-5-2 mm. L,
drying black in herbarium specimens. Petals white, '7 mm. 1., obovate-
roundish. Style 1-5-2 mm. 1.; stigma peltate, much wider than style.
Berry globose, 2 mm. in diam.

16. M. tetrandra D. Don in Loud. Sort. Brit. 174 (1830);
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 922 ; TJrh. Sytnb. Ant. iv. 460. Mela-
stoma tetrandra Sw. Prodr. 72 (1788); Fl. Ind. Occ. 795 & Ic.
t. 13. Tetrazygia tetrandra DC. Prodr. Hi. 172 (1828); Macf.

378 FLORA OF JAMAICA Micorda

Jam. ii. 56. Cremanium tetrandrum Oriseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 262
(1860). Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and in
Herb. Stockholm.

Peaks of Blue Mts., Swartz I Vinegar Hill, on main ridge of Blue Mts.,
4300 ft., also below on north side, 3500 ft., Harris I Fl. Jam. 6408;
Trafalgar, Blue Mts., Miss J. B. Perkins ! — Cuba, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe,
Dominica, Grenada, Trinidad.

Tiee 20-50 ft., or sometimes a shrub 4-J3 ft. high; panicle-branches
and calyx with rusty-brown powdery covering. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1.,
elliptical or ovate or narrowly ovate-elliptical, shortly acuminate, base
usually rounded, often emarginate, 3-pliuerved with an obscure nerve
hidden by the revolute entire margin, nerves beneath with minute scaly
hairs with stellate margin, glabrate on the upper surface, somewhat
leathery; petioles 2-3 cm. 1. Panicle pyramidal, 1-1*5 dm. 1. Floioers
sessile or subsessile; parts in fours. Calyx 1*5-2 mm. 1., slightly con-
stricted below the toothed or subtruncate limb. Petals white, 1-8 mm. 1.
Stamens 4(-5). Style 4 mm. 1. ; stigma acute. Berry black, globose,
4 mm. in diam.

17. M. thesBzans Cogn. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 4, 419 (1888),
and in DC. Monogr. vii. 923 (and p. 914 under M. vulcanica
Natid. so far as the Jamaican .specimen is concerned) ; Urh.
Symh. Ant. vi. 106. M. milleflora Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi.
237 (1851); Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 130. Melastoma
thesezans Bonpl. Melast. 17, /. 9 (1807). Cremanium theezans
DC. Prodr. Hi. 194 (1828). C. rubens Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind.
261 (1860) (in part, non DC).

Macfadyenl Purdiel Cinchona, 6000 ft., J.P. 650, Morris \ also SarH
also Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 9137 ; Cinchona, 5000 ft., G. E. Nichols, 134 I Clyde
road, near Cinchona, Miss J. B. Perkins, 1217 I — Tropical S. America.

Shrub, 4-16 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 6-12 cm. 1., narrowly elliptical,
acuminate, base acute, 3-nerved or sub-3-plinerved with a marginal
pair rather indistinct and an outer obscure nerve sometimes coinciding
with the margin, veins usually pellucid but the transverse parallel veins
usually not pellucid, papery, network of veins with comparatively
numerous meshes, margin sometimes minutely toothed ; petioles 1-2 cm. 1.
Panicle pyramidal, 6-6 cm. 1. ; pedicels short or almost wanting. Flower-
parts in fives. Calyx 5-lobed, 1'2-1'5 mm. 1., usually drying yellow in
herbariiun specimens. Petals yellowish-white, obovate-roundish, 1-15
mm. 1. Anthers with 4 pores. Style 2 "6-3 mm. 1., apex thick. Berry
globose, blue, 2-2*5 mm. in diam.

This species is the food-plant, in the Blue Mts., of the very beautiful
moth Urania sloanei, at any rate near Cinchona, where it was formerly
very abundant. Gosso mentions the Avocado Pear as the food-plant in
the neighbourhood of Bluefields.

§ 6. Flower-parts in fives. Calyx 2-5 mm. 1. Petals obovate,
2-5 mm. 1. Stamens twice as many as petals. Anthers
short, obovoid or wedge-shaped, with one very large
pore prolonged downwards as a chink. Berry sub-
globose, 4-5 mm. in diam. (Spp. 18, 19.)

18. M. quadrangularis Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi. 197
(1851); Cogn. in DC. Prodr. vii. 933. Melastoma quadrangulare

Miconia MELASTOMACE^ 379*

Sw. Prod. 69 (1788) k Fl. Ind. Occ. 770. Chsenopleura quadran-
gularis. Mac/. Jam. ii. 96 (1850). Pleurochsjenia quadrangularis
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 260 (1860). Specimen from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit. &, in Herb. Stockholm.

In fl. Feb.-May ; Blue Mts. ; Swartz I Wiles I Blue Mts. range,
Macfadyen 1 McNab 1 Portland Gap, Purdie 1 Wilson I March ! Blue Mt.
Peak, Priori Cinchona, 5000 ft.. J.P. 651, Morris \ also Hartl near
Vinegar Hill, 4000 ft. ; near Woodcutters' Gap, 4000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam.
6357, 6434; Catherine Peak, 4000 ft., Eggers, 86001 Clyde stream,.
Miss J. R. Perkins I

Shrub or tree, 12-20 ft. high ; branchlets acutely 4-cornered, glabrous.
Leaves 6-15 cm. 1., oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, base sub-
acute, 3-nerved with an outer obscure nerve, somewhat rigid ; petioles
1-2 cm. 1. Panicles glabrous, pyramidal, 5-8 cm. 1. ; branches close-
together, ascending ; pedicels wanting. Mower-parts in fives. Calyx 2-3
mm. 1. Petals white with a yellowish tinge, 2-3 mm. 1. Style 4 mm. 1. ;
stigma thick, truncate. Berry glabrous, 4-5 mm. in. diam., purple.

19. M. Pigida Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 130 (1871);.
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 929 ; Urb. Symh. Ant. viii 497. Mela-
stoma rigida Sw. Prodr. 69 (1788) ; Fl. Ind. Occ. 768 & Ic. ined.
t. 67. Cremanium rigidum Mac/. Jam. ii. 93 (1850). Pleuro-
chsenia rigida Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 260 (1860). Specimens-
named by Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stockholm.

Blue Mts. ; Wright I Masson ! Swartz 1 Macfadyen 1 McNab 1 John
Grant Peak, Blue Mts., J.P. 1085, Hart ! Blue Mt. Peak, Morrisl also at
7000 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6337.— Hispaniola.

Shrub, 6-12 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles, panicle-branches, and
calyx covered with powdery scales or hairs, associated on inflorescence and
calyx with glandular hairs. Leaves 8-12 cm. 1., elliptical to ovate-
elliptical, base rounded or emarginate, 3-nerved with an outer obscure
nerve, powdery-scaly on the nerves and veins, otherwise glabrous, margin
with very minute teeth, rigid; petioles 1-5-3 cm. 1. PanicZc pyramidal,
1-2 dm. 1. ; pedicels 8-12 mm. 1. Calyx at length constricted below limb,,
about 5 mm. 1. Petals white, 4-5 mm. 1. Style 4 mm. 1. Berry brown,,
scaly, hairy, 5 mm. in diam.

9. TETRAZYGIA L. C. Rich.

Shrubs or small trees, usually scurfy with soft scales..
Leaves stalked, 3-5-nerved. Flowers small, many, in terminal
panicles or corymbs, white or tinged with purple. Calyx : tube
constricted above the ovary, limb spreading, 4-5-lobed. Petals
4-5, obovate, obtuse. Stamens twice as many as the petals,,
equal ; anthers with one pore, connective not prolonged below
the cells. Ovary half -adherent, 3-6-celled ; style narrowing to
a stigmatic point. Berry crowned by the limb of the calyx.
Seeds numerous, minute.

Species 18, natives of the "West Indies, one also occurring in
British Guiana.

380 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tetrazygia

Parts of flowers in fives.
Leaves elliptical to elliptical-lanceolate, 3-plinervecl... 1. T. pallens.

Leaves ovate, 3-nerved 2. T. ovata.

Parts of flowers in fours.

Plant hirsute 3. T. hispida.

Plant not hirsute.

Leaves ovate 4. T. albicans.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate 5. T. angustifolia.

1. T. pallens Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 724 (1891). T. else-
agnoides HooTc. in Bot. Mag. t. 4383(1 848) (non DC). T. angusti-
flora Griseh. torn. cit. 254 (I860) (in part). Melastoma pallens

Fig. 1S7.— Tetrazygia pallens Cogn

A, Leaf X §.

B, Flower and bud x \\.

C, Anther X 4.

D, Fruit cut lengthwise X 23.

E, Fruit cut across x 2J.

F, Seed X 10.

Spreng. Syat. ii. 296 (1822). Diplochita? angustiflora Benth.
PI. Harlw. 263 (1846). Harrera gerascanthoides Macf. Jam.
a. 61 (1850). H. trinervis Macf. Jam. ii. 63 (1850).
(Fig. 137.)

In fl. May-Nov. ; Masson ! Port Koyal Mts. (Salt Hill ; Green Valley)
Macfadyenl Waters \ McNab ; St. Thomas in Vale; Golden Valley,
St. Andrew ; Purdie ! near Stony Hill, Hartweg, 1539 ! Wilson ; WuU-
schlaegel; Marchl near Moneague, Priori Cherry Garden, Liguanea,

Tetrazygia MELASTOMACEiE 381

E. Campbell I Stony Hill, Jenman ! also Fawcelt <& Harris ! Halls Delight,.
Port Royal Mts. ; near Troy, 2000 ft. ; N.B. of Dolphin Head ; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2500 ft. ; between Constant Spring and Bardowie, 800 ft. ;
Harris ! Montego Bay, McCatty ! Fl. Jam. 5512, 7462, 8744, 10,316, 10,961,
11,176, 12,089.— Cuba, Dominica.

Tree, 20-60 ft. high; younger branchlets, under surface of leaves,
petioles, inflorescence with calyx grey tomentose with minute stellate or
scaly hairs. Leaves 6-15 cm. 1., 3-6*5 cm. br., elliptical to elliptical-
lanceolate, shortly or long acuminate, base acute to subrounded, 3-plinerved
with an outer obscure nerve, papery, petioles 1-3 cm. 1. Panicles many-
flowered, 10-15 cm. 1. ; pedicels 3-6 mm. 1., lateral jointed. Galyoc-
6-7 mm, 1., limb spreading, with 5 very short obtuse lobes. Petals 5,
white or pink, narrowly obovate, apex obliquely subtruncate, 6-8 mm. L
Anthers 5-6 mm. 1. Style 12-15 mm. 1. Berry subglobose, 6-7 mm. thick.

2. T. ovata Cogn. in Urh. Symb. Ant. v. 447 (1908).

In fl. Aug.; Holly Mount, near Ewarton, 2600 ft., Harris [ Fl.
Jam. 6450.

Tree, 25 ft. high ; younger branchlets, under surface of leaves, petioles,,
inflorescence with calyx tomentose with minute stellate hairs. Leaver
9-13 cm. 1., ovate, shortly acuminate, base rounded, 3-nerved with an
outer obscure nerve ; petioles 2 • 5-4 cm. 1, Panicle pyramidal, 15-17 cm. 1. ;
pedicels very short. Calyx 6-7 mm, 1., limb spreading, truncate or
obscurely 5-lobed, Petals 5, white, obliquely obovate, 7-8 mm, 1, Anthers-
5-6 mm. 1. Style 14-15 mm. 1.

3. T. hispida Mac/. Jam. ii. 58 (1850); Cogn. torn. cit. 723.
Melastoma hispida Sw. Prodr. 72 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 82L
M. glandulosa Sw. FL Ind. Occ. 799 (1798). Heterotrichum
hispidum Griseb. torn. cit. 251 (1860), H, octandrum Mac/.
Jam. ii. 66 (1850) (fide GrLsebach). Specimen from Swartz in
Herb. Stockholm, with name Melastoma glandulosa Sw. There
is also a leaf and a portion of inflorescence with name M. hispida
written by Swartz, but it is evidently Clidemia strigillosa DC.

In fl. May, June ; Masson I Swartz ! Waters ! McNab 1 Wilson I
Wullschlaegel ; March \ Goshen, Moneague, Priori Blue Mt. Peak,
Hitchcock; near Troy, 2000 ft.; Albion Pen, St. Ann, 2000 ft.; HarrisX
Fl. Jam. 8735, 12,010,

Shrub or tree, 12-25 ft. high ; younger branchlets, under surface of
leaves, petioles, inflorescence with calyx densely hispid with short hairs.
Leaves 6-12 cm. 1., ovate-elliptical, shortly acuminate, base rounded or
subcordate, entire, 3-nerved with a marginal pair of nerves, upper surface
with short bristly hairs, beneath bearded in axils of transverse nerves ;
petioles 1*5-4 cm. 1. Panicle 6-12 cm. 1., loosely pyramidal, many-
flowered; pedicels 2-4 mm. 1. Calyx: tube 4 mm. 1., lobes 4, 2 mm. I.
Petals 4, obovate, apex obliquely subtruncate, rosy or white, 6 mm. L
Anthers oblong, 2*5 mm. 1. Style 1 cm. 1.

Wullschlaegel's specimen, less hairy, is Grisebach's var. Icevius.

4. T. albicans Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 100 (1871) ;
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 718. Chitonia albicans Don ex Naud.
in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xv. 339 (1851) & xvi. t. 25, /. 2.

Wiles (in Herb. Deless.).

Small tree; younger branchlets densely covered with bran-like hairs.

382 FLORA OF JAMAICA Tetrazygia

Leaves 6-8 cm. 1., 3-5'6 cm. br., ovate, apex somewhat acute, base rounded,
5-plinerTed, beneath nerves prominent and surface hoary-tomentose.
Panicles : branchlets thick, compressed, diverging, at apex 3-flowered.
Flowers sassile, spreading. Calyx tomentose virith bran-like hairs ; tube
7-8 mm. 1. ; lobes 4, 3-4 mm. 1., triangular, acuminate. Petals 4. Ovary
6-ceUed. Style 1 cm. 1.

We have not seen a specimen.

5. T. angustifolia DC. Prodr. iit. 172 (1828); Cogn. in DC.
Momgr. vii. 720 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 454. Melastoma angusti-
folia Stv. Prodr. 71 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 796; Vahl Eclog. Hi.
25 & Ic. Amer. t. 26 ; Bich. in Bonpl. Melast. 20, /. 10. Miconia
angustifolia Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 258 (1860). Specimen from
Swartz from Jamaica in Herb. Stockholm. Specimens from
de Ponthieu and Ryan, cited by Swartz, in Herb. Mus. Brit.

iStt-ar/a !— Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Cruz, St. John, Tortola,
Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Trinidad. Swartz gives
habitat in Prodromus as \Yest Indies, in Flora Ind. Occ. as " in Jamaica,
in Insulis Caribaeis (de Ponthieu) Ins. St. Johannis (Ryan)."

Shrub or small tree. Leaves 4-6 cm. 1., 4-8 mm. br., narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, veins transverse, ladder-like, nerves and
veins beneath prominent, grey-tomentose beneath with minute stellate
hairs; petioles -6-1 cm. 1. Panicles 2-6 cm. 1., branches corymbiform,
covered together with calyx with minute bran-like hairs. Flowers many,
small, crowded, stalked. Calyx: tube 1'5 mm. 1., lobes 4, -8-1 mm. 1.
Petals 4, yellowish or rosy, 2 mm. 1. Anthers 2 mm. 1. Style 4 mm. 1.

10. CALYCOGONIUM DC.

Shrubs, generally velvety -tomentose, sometimes glabrous.
Leaves somewhat small, oblong or lanceolate, leathery, entire,
obscui-ely 3-5-nerved, nerves evident beneath (3-plinerved in
Jamaican species). Flowers small, solitary or a few clustered,
axillary or terminal. Calyx : limb truncate, processes 4 (5, 6),
•thread-like, inserted below the margin of the limb. Petals 4 (5. 6),
obovate. Stamens equal, twice as many as petals; anthers
with 1 pore, connective not elongated and without any appendage.
Ovary adherent, 3-4-celled. Berry globose. Seeds pyramidal.

Species 22, natives of the West Indies.

Leaves 4-8 cm. 1., bearded at base of nerves beneath.

Pedicels 1-2 cm. 1 1. C. glahratiom.

Xicaves 2-4 cm. 1., usually glandular at base of nerves

beneath. Pedicels very short or wanting 2. C. rhamnoideum.

1. C. glabratum DC. Prodr. Hi. 168 (1828); Naud. in Ann.
Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xvi. 84 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 245 ; Cogn. in
DC. Monogr. vii. 940. Melastoma glabrata Sw. Prodr. 71 (1788),
Fl. Ind. Occ. 806, & Ic. ined. t. 39. Specimens from Swartz in
Herb. Mus. Brit, and in Herb. Stockholm.

Calycogonium

MELASTOMACEiE

S8:

In fl. during the year ; Swartz 1 Port Royal Mts., Purdie I Wilson 1
Chesterfield, 3200 ft. ; Silver Hill, 3500 ft. ; Harris I Fl. Jam. 5791, 6208,
6289.— Cuba:

Shrub, 4-10 ft. high. Leaves 4-8 cm. 1., 2-3 cm. br., elliptical to
lanceolate, obscurely 3-plinerved beneath with an outer nerve, usually
bearded at base of nerves beneath, otherwise glabrous ; petioles 5-10 mm. 1.
Pedicels 1-2 cm. 1. ; solitary. Calyx : tube 5 mm. 1., processes 4, 6-8 mm. 1.
Petals 4, obovate, minutely apiculate, 5 mm. 1. Ovary 4-celled.

2. C. phamnoideum Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xvi. 85
(1851) ; Griseh. loc. cit. ; Cogn. torn. cit. 941. C. glabratum Macf.
Jam. a. 46 (1850) (non DC). (Fig. 138.)

Rodwood.

In fl. during the year ; Port Royal Mts. ; Halberstadt ; near Dunrobin
Castle, Macfadyen 1 Purdie ! March ! Clifton Mount, Port Royal Mts.,
Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 6207 ; Halberstadt, Norman 1 — Cuba.

Fig. 138. — Calycogonium'rhamrwideum Naud.

A, End of branch with leaves and

flower X h

B, Flower X 2^

C, Stamen X 6.

D, Fruit cut across below x 3.

E, Fruit cut lengthwise X 6.

F, Seed X 20.

Shrub, 2-6 ft. high. Leaves 2-4 cm. 1., 1-2-5 cm. br., elliptical-oblong
narrowed to base, obscurely 3-plinerved beneath, usually glandular at base
of nerves beneath, glabrous ; petioles 2-6 mm. 1. Flowers sessile or sub-
sessile, solitary. Calyx : tube 4-5 mm. 1., processes 4 or 5, 4-5 mm. 1.
Petals 4 or 5, obovate, acute, 3-4 mm. I., white. Ovary 4-celled.

384

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Heterotrichum

11. HETEROTRICHUM DC.

Shrubs, usually hispid or glandular. Leaves large, stalked,
3-5-nerved. Flowers usually in terminal panicles. Calyx : tube
usually constricted at mouth, lobes 5-9, very short, processes
thread-like, usually long. Petals 5-9, obovate, obtuse, large,
spreading. Stamens twice as many as petals, equal ; anthers
with one pore, connective not elongated and without appendages.
Ovary 6-12-celled, more or less adhering to the calyx-tube, or
nearly free. Berry leathery or fleshy, crowned by the calyx-
limb. Seeds minute, ovoid.

Species 1 2, natives" of the West Indies, Colombia, and Guiana.

Hairs glandular. Flower-parts in sixes. Calyx pro-
cesses 5 mm. 1 1. H. umhellatum^

Hairs longer, seldom glandular. Flower-parts in eights.

Calyx processes 2-3 mm. 1 2. H. octonum.

1 . H. umbellatum TJrh. in Fedde Bep. art;. 1 4 (1 91 7). H. patens
DC. Prodr. Hi. 173 (1828); Mac/. Jam. ii. 64; Cogn. in DC.
Monogr. vii. 956. H. niveum DC. loc. cit. ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind.

Fig. 139.— Heterotiichum umbellatum Urb.
A Leaf X |. *-'> Flower cut lengthwise X 2g

B* Terminal branchlet of inflorescence, D, Ovary cut across x 4.
' showing flower and buds, X 2. E, Seed X 50.

Heterotrichum MELASTOMACE^ 385

251. Melastoma umbellata Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (17G8). M. patena
Sw. Prodr. 68 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 791. M. nivea Desr. in
Lam. Encyc. iv. 42 (1797); Bonpl. Melast. 102, t. 44. Miller's
type from Houstoun in Herb. Mus. Brit. Specimen from
Browne from Jamaica " ex herbario Linnsei" in Herb. Stockholm.
Specimens from Swartz from Jamaica and Hispaniola in Herb.
Stockholm. (Fig. 139.)

American Gooseberry.

In fl. during the year; Houstounl Bwughtonl Dancer; Blue Mts.,
Masson 1 higher rata., Siuartz 1 Wiles ! common in mts., Macfadjjen ; McNab 1
St. Thomas in Vale ; near Port Antonio; Purdiel A. W. Lmiel Wilsonl Abbey
Green, Blue Mts. ; Bath ; Worthy Park ; Prior ! March ! J.P. 945, 1390,
Morris I Port Antonio, Hitchcock ; above Abbey Green, 4500 ft. ; Silver
Hill Gap, H500 ft. ; above Gordon Town ; Tyre near Troy, 1500 ft. ; Harris I
near Castleton (Providence, 700 ft. ; Prospect Hill, 2u00 ft. ; Brandon Hill
road, «00 ft.) Thompson\ Fl. Jam. 6371, 6437, 7912, 7951, 8056, 8092, 8377,
8652 ; near Troy, Miss J. B. Perkins 1 Cockpit country, north of Appleton,
Normanl — Cuba, Hispaniola.

Shrub, 6-12 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence incl.
calyx tomentose with minute stellate hairs and densely covered with
glandular long coarse hairs. Leaves 6-16 cm. 1., 4-ll(-13) cm. br., ovate
to ovate-elliptical, acuminate, cordate or subcordate, 5-nerved with a
marginal nerve and sometimes an extra incomplete one, beneath densely
tomentose with minute v?hite stellate hairs and a few long simple hairs
on upper surface with a few long simple hairs, two of a pair subequal ;
petioles 2-5 cm. 1. Cymes paniculate, terminal, 5-11 cm. 1., with several
flowers ; pedicels usually long. Flowers : parts in fives or sixes. Calyx :
tube 6-8 mm. 1. ; lobes scarcely distinct, processes flexuose, 5-6 mm. 1.
Petals white or rosy white, 10-15 mm. 1. Anthers about 4 mm. 1. Berry
globose, black, edible, 1 cm. (or more) in diam.

2. H. octonum DC. Prodr. Hi. 173 (1828) ; Cogn. torn. cit.
954. Melastoma octona Bonpl. Melast. 7, t. 4 (1806). Staphidium
octonum Nuud. in Ann. Sc. Nut. ser. 3, xvii. 306 (1852) & op. cit.
xviii. t. 4, /. 2. The specimen from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm
is named Melastoma strigillosa by him.

In fl. May; Swartz \ near Troy, 2000 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 8566.—
Cuba, trop. cont. America.

Shrub, 6-10 ft. high ; young branchlets, petioles, inflorescence with
calyx with stellate tomentum and long red spreading hairs (about 8 mm. 1.)
rarely glandular. Leaves 6-15(-2u) cm. 1., 4-9(-15) cm. br., broadly ovate,
cordate, 5-nerved with a marginal pair in the lower part, on upper surface
with long red adpressed simple hairs with minute stellate-tomentose hairs
more or less on midrib and lateral nerves, beneath densely covered with
white stellate hairs, leaves of a pair often unequal; petioles 2-4 (-1U) cm. 1.
Panicle with several flowers. Flowers : parts in eights. Calyx : tube
bell-shaped, 4-5 mm. 1.; lobes, inner very short, obtuse, processes 2-3
mm. 1. Petals white, 8-9 mm. 1. Anthers about 4 mm. 1. Berry ovoid,
7-8 mm. 1.

12. CLIDEMIA D. Don.

Shrubs hairy or tomentose, occasionally glabrous. Leaves
rather large, .stalked, occasionally sessile, usually ovate or oblong,
3-7-nerved, entire, crenulate, or small toothed. Flowers small
V. 2 c

386 FLORA OF JAMAICA Clidemia

or minute, in panicles, racemes, or clusters, or solitary, axillary,
very rarely subterminal, sometimes crowded into a head, white,
pink, or purple ; parts in fours or fives, i-arely sixes. Calyx : tube
more or less bell-shaped, limb usually prolonged beyond the
ovary, shortly lobed or sometimes truncate, processes often long.
Petals usually obovato or oblong. Stamens usually equal, twice
as many as petals ; anthers linear or awl-shaped, with one
minute pore at apex ; connective usually not prolonged below
the cells and without appendages, or with 2 small tubercles at
base. Ovary more or less adherent to calyx-tube, usually with
3, 4, or 5 cells ; style slender ; stigma a point or truncate or
sometimes somewhat capitate. Beny often hairy, crowned with
calyx-limb. Seeds usually small, not curved.

Species 105, natives of West Indies and tropical continental
America.

Flower-parts in 5's or 6's. Loaves with more than
3 nerves.

Leaves with hairs not swollen at base 1. C. hirta.

Leaves with hairs on upper surface swollen at base.

Inflorescence paniculate 2. C. strigillosa.

Inflorescence spicate 3. C. spicata.

Flower-parts in 4's.

Leaves with more than 3 nerves.

Leaves 3-plinervcd with another pair scarcely
reaching apex.

Leaves ovate. Calyx-tube 3-4 mm. 1 4. C.plumosa.

Leaves elliptical. Calyx-tube 1"5 mm. 1 5. C. pilosa.

Leaves 5-plinerved with 1 or 2 pairs of marginal

nerves in lower part G. C. septuplinervis.

Leaves 3-plinerved, narrowly elliptical 7. C. Grisebachii,

Leaves 3-nerved.

Leaves narrowly elliptical 8. C. crossosepala.

Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate 9. C. capillaris,

(The outer obscure nerve is not counted above.)

1. C. hirta D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. 309 (1823) ; Mac/,
Jam. it. 44 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. TV. Ind. 246 ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr.
vii. 986 ; Milhp. in Field Col. Mus. Bot. ii. 80 ; Urh. Stjmh.
Ant. iv. 463 & viii. 501. C. erythropogon DC. Prodr. Hi. 157
(1828) ; Cogn. torn. cit. 989. Arbuscula jamaicensis quinquenervis
&c. Pluk. Phyt. t. 264, /. 1, Aim. 40. Melastoma hirta L. Sp.
PI. 390(1753) (excl. syn. Plum.)', Sw. Obs. 175; Bot. Mag. t.
1971. M. crenata Vald Eclog. i. 41, (1796) Hi. 21, Ic. Hi. t. 24.
M. sessiliflorum Spreng. Syst. ii. 304 (1825) (non Vahl).
Staphidium Wilsonii Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xvii. 311
(1852). Specimen from Browne in Herb. Linn, named by
Linnaeus. Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm.
Specimen in Herb. Pluk. in Herb. Sloane xcix. 115. (Fig. 140.)
Browne I Wright 1 Masson I Swartz 1 Cuming, 27 1 St. Mary, McNab I
Port Royal Mts., Purdie 1 Wilson ! near Moneague, Prior I March I near

Clidemia

MELASTOMACEiE

387

Castleton, Mmrisl Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., J.P. 1067, Hart\ Port
Antonio, Hitchcock; also Millspaugh ; Brandon Hill, near Castleton,
1000 ft., Thompson ! near Spring Hill, Portland, 2000 ft. ; Tyre, near Troy,
1500 ft.; between New Market and Darliston, 1100 ft.; Stony Hill,
1100 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6654, 8053, 8096, 8653, 9887, 11,128 ; Thomson
Gap, Blue Mts., Miss J. B. Perkins 1 — West Indies, trop. cont. America.

Shrub, 4-12 ft. high ; younger branchlets, petioles, peduncles, and calyx
hirsute with long reddish hairs and often also minute stellate hairs..
Leaves 4-16 cm. L, 2-7 cm. br., ovate-elliptical, ovate, or lanceolate,.
acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, often emarginate, often oblique.

Fig. 140. — Clidemia hirta D. Don.

A, Portion of branch with leaves

and flowers X |.

B, Flower cut lengthwise x 3.

C, Stamens x 4.

D, Fruit cut across x 2.

E, Seed X 20.

subentire or minutely crenulate, 5-nerved with a marginal pair in the
lower part, or 3-plinerved with an additional pair of nerves below and an
obscure marginal pair, hirsute on both sides (hairs not swollen at base),
more sparsely on mature leaves, two leaves of a pair more or less unequal ;
petioles -5-2 cm. 1. Cyines few-flowered, 1-3 cm. 1., or almost reduced to
a cluster, axillary and terminal. Flowers subsessile, or pedicels 3-6 mm. 1. ;
parts in fives (or sixes). Calyx : tube to 5 mm. 1. ; lobes about 1*5 mm. 1. •
processes to 5 mm. 1. Petals white, often with a tinge of pink, 7-10 mm. l!
Anthers to 5 mm. 1., lanceolate ; connective very shortly prolonged below
the cells, with 2 small tubercles at base. Ovary 5-cellod. Berry hirsute
blue, 6-7 mm. 1., ovoid, 5-celled,

2 c 2

388 FLORA OF JAMAICA Clidemia

Yar. elegans Griseh. loc. cit. ; large ovate or oroadly ovate
cordate leaves with very evident cvenatures. Melastoma elegans
Auhl. PI. Gulan. i. 427, t. 167 (1775). Clidemia elegans D. Don
loc. cit.

J3rojighto7i ! Prior ; near Guys Hill, St. Ann, 1800 ft. ; Peckham,
Clarendon, 2000 ft.; Harris I Fl. Jam. 12,038, 12,824.— Distribution of
species.

2. C. strigillosa DC. Prodr. Hi. 159 (1828) ; Mac/. Jam. it. 44;
Cogn. in FI. Bras. xiv. pt. 4, 484 &, in DC. Monogr. vii. 995 ;
Urb. Si/mh. Ant. iv. 464 «t viii. 501 ; Faicc. d- Rendlc in Journ.
Dot. hit. 104. C. agrestis Mac/. Jam. ii. 99 (1850). Arbuscula
jamaicensis pentaneuros «.tc. Pluk. Phyi. t. 264, f. 3. Melastoma
strigillosa Sw. Prodr. 71 (1788), Fl. Ind. Occ. 793 <fe Ic. ined. 68.
Heterotrichum viscosum <k H. dubium Marf. Jam. ii. 65 (1850).
C. spicata var. strigillosa Griscb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 247 (I860).
Specimens from Wright and Masson in Herb. Banks in Herb.
Mus. Brit, named by Swartz. Specimen in Plukenet's Herb, in
Herb. Sloane xcix. 118 !

In fl. throughout year; Wright \ Massoul Sioartzl Wiles \ Wullschlaegel;
A. W. Land St. Thomas in Vale; Moncague, St. Ann; Priori March [
Mt. Airy, 3000-3500 ft., Harris ! Bull Head, Fatvcctt I Fl. Jam. 7-i58, 7564,
8477._Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Ilico, Guiana, Peru.

Shrub, 3 ft. high, younger branchlcts, petioles, and peduncles thickly
covered with stellate-tomentose hairs, and with hairs more or loss glandu-
lar. Leaves 6-10 cm. 1., ovate, acuminate, base rounded and slightly
cmarginate-subcordate, margin with unequal small teeth, ciliate, 5-nerved
with a marginal pair in the lower part, two leaves of a pair subequal, hispid
on upper surface with long hairs swollen at base, densely tomeutose with
short stellate hairs beneath ; petioles 7-14 mm. 1. Panicles crowded with
many flowers, 3-5 cm. 1., axillary or subterminal. Flower-^aita in fives (or
sixes). Calyx minutely stellate-tomentose with short hairs sometimes
glandular, tube 3-5-5 mm. 1., lobes narrowly ovate with rounded apex,
2-3 mm. 1., processes a little longer than tube. Petals 5-4 mm. 1., greenish
or white, purplish when dry. Antlicrs 2*5 mm. 1., oblong, connective
scarcely produced, without appendages ; filaments 3-5 mm. 1. Berry
black, 5-lVceUed.

3. C. spicata DC. Prodr. Hi. 159 (1828) (non Dow) ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 247 (in part) ; Cogn. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 4, 485
it in DC. Monogr. vii. 996. Melastoma spicata Aubl. PI. Guian.
i. 423, t. 165 (1775). Specimen from Aublet in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Wnllschlaegel (fide Cogniaux).— Cuba, St. Thomas, Trinidad, trop.
cont. America.

Shrub, 1-3 ft. high ; younger branchlets, petioles, peduncles, and calyx
shortly and densely tomentose with stellate hairs and hirsute with long
stiff hairs usually not glandular. Leaves 6-10 cm. 1., 4-5 cm. br., ovate or
ovate-elliptical, shortly and acutely acuminate, base rounded, margin
minutely toothed, 5-nerved with an obscure marginal pair in lower part,
two leaves of a pair more or less unequal, hispid on upper surface with long
hairs swollen at base, densely tomentose with short stellate hairs beneath ;
petioles 2-10 mm. 1. Panicles axillary, usually contracted into a spike,
4-7 cm. 1. Flowers sessile or subsessilo ; parts in fives or sixes. Calyx :

Clidemia MELASTOMACE/E 389

tube 3 mm. 1. ; lobes obovate-roundish, 1-5-2 mm. 1. ; processes 3-4 mm. 1.
Petals white, rose, or sometimes purplish, 4 mm. 1. Berry blue-black,
subgloboee, 5 mm. thick.

We have not seen a specimen from Jamaica.

4. C. plumosa DC. Prodr. Hi. 159 (1828) ; Co^jn. in DC.
Monogr. vii. 1019. C. Berterii Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 247
(1860). Melastoma plumosa Desr. in Lam. Enn/c. iv. 31 (1797-98).
Sagrsea Berterii DC. Prodr. Hi. 171 (1828); Macf. Jam. ii. 53.

In fl. during the year; Wiles \ Bcrtero ; Cuna-Cuna pass, 3000 ft.,
Wilson \ Petersfield, St. Mary, McNab \ Purdie\ Mansfield, 800 ft. ; near
Mabess river, 3000 ft. ; Harris ! between Mansfield and Devil's river ; John
Crow (Blake) Mts., 1700 ft. ; Harris & Britten ! Fl. Jam. 5965, 7470, 9127,
10,572, 10,762 ; Miss J. R. Perkins 1— Venezuela.

Shrzib, 5-9 ft. high ; younger branchlets, petioles, peduncles, and calyx
densely villose-hirsute. Leaves 1-2-5 dm. 1., 7-14 cm.br., ovate, acuminate
with a long slender tip, base rounded to truncate, margin with small
teeth, 3-plinerved with a pair scarcely reaching the apex, and an obscure
marginal pair, two leaves of a pair somewhat unequal, hirsute on both
sides with adpressed hairs ; petioles 3-8 cm. 1. Panicles 1 or 2 together,
with several flowers, usually about as long as the petiole. Flotver-T^a.rts in
fours. Calyx: tube 3-4 mm. 1.; lobes very short, about "5 mm. 1.;
processes scarcely 8 mm. 1. Petals 2*5-4 mm. 1., greenish-yellow. Berry
edible.

C. umbrosa Cogn. is reported by Cogniaux to have been collected in
Jamaica by Ryan, but the locality on Ryan's specimen in Herb. Mus. Brit,
is " insula; caribseae," i.e. one of the smaller W. Indian Islands — Montserrat
in Vahl Eclog. iii. 27. It is found in the islands from Guadeloupe to
Trinidad. It is at once distinguished from C. plumosa (which it resembles)
in the processes of calyx being only '5 mm. 1.

5. C. pilosa Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1023 (1891). C. Swartzii
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 248 (in part), Melastoma pilosa
Sio. Prodr. 72 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Dec. 819. Sagrsea pilosa DC.
Prodr. Hi. 171 (1828); Macf. Jam. ii. 54. Specimens from
Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stockholm.

Mountain woods, Swartz I Guys Hill, St. Thomas in Vale, McNab
also Purdie 1

Shrub or small tree ; young branchlets, petioles, peduncles, and calyx
hirsute. Leaves 10-17 cm. 1., 4*5-7"5 cm. br., elliptical, acuminate, base
rounded, entire, 3-plinerved with marginal pair scarcely reaching the apex,
and an obscure marginal pair, two leaves of a pair unequal, on upper surface
sparsely hirsute or glabrate, hirsute beneath especially on the nerves ;
petioles 1-2-5 cm. 1. Panicles 2-3 cm. 1. .FZower-parts in fours. Calyx :
tube 1-5 mm. 1., shallowiy lobed. Petals small, somewhat roundish, white
with a red spot at base. Filaments red ; anthers white. Berry sub-
globose, hairy, 4-celled, 4 mm. in diam.

6. C. septuplinervia Cogn. in Fl. Bras, xiv.pt 4, 506 (1888)
& in DC. Monogr. vii. 1008, C, crossosepala Griseh. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 248 (1860) (in part). Specimen from Wilson named by
Orisebach in Herb. Kew.

In fr, Dec. ; locality not stated, Wilson 1— Colombia, Peru.

Younger branchlets, petioles, under side of leaves, and calyx rusty-

390 FLORA OF JAMAICA Clidemia

powdery. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1., elliptical to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed to base and somewhat decurrent on the petiole, entire, 5(3)-plinerved
with 1 or 2 pairs of marginal nerves in lower part, glabrous T)n upper
surface, two of a pair unequal; petiole '5-2 cm. 1. Flowers closely
clustered on a much shortened axillary raceme or panicle ; parts in fours ;
pedicels -5-1 (-4) mm. 1. Calyx: tube about 3 mm. 1.; lobes triangular,
scarcely 1 mm. 1. ; processes from below the apex of lobes l"5-2 mm. 1.,
with long glandular-capitate hairs. Petals white. Berry subglobose, 4-5
mm. 1., indigo-blue.

7. C. Grisebaehii Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1009 (1891).
C. cros.sosepala Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 248 (1860) (in partj.
Sagrsea Grisebaehii Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 139 (1871).
Specimen from Wilson in Herb. Kew.

In fl. March ; Manchioneal, Wilson, 476 I

Shrub, 8-10 ft. high ; branchlets acutely 4-cornered, young branchlets
and petioles hairy. Leat^es 4-11 cm. 1., narrowly elliptical, acuminate at
both ends, 3-plinerved with an obscure marginal pair, usually puberulous
on midrib on upper surface, sometimes pubescent on nerves beneath, two
of a pair unequal ; petioles G-9 mm. 1. Flowers minute, solitary or in
clusters; flower-parts in fours; pedicels very short or to 3 mm. 1. Calyx
1*5-2 mm. 1. Berry subglobose. (The single specimen now bears flowers
in bud only.)

8. C. crossosepala Griscb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 248 (1860) (in
part) ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1010 (1891) (under C. crosso-
petala). Sagraea crossopetala Triana loc. cit. (1871). Specimen
from Wilson in Herb. Kew.

Mansfield, near Bath, Wilson, 472 I

Shrub ; young branchlets with a few scattered hairs, petioles, peduncles,
and calyx with minute bran-like scales. Leaves 7-12 cm. 1., narrowly
elliptical, acuminate, base wedge-shaped, entire, 3-nerved with an obscure
marginal pair, glabrous or sometimes very sparsely pubescent beneath,
two of a pair generally very unequal; petioles -5-1 '5 cm. 1., slightly
furrowed and hirsute on upper side. Floivers in inconspicuous clusters ;
flower-parts in fours; pedicels 1-2 mm. 1. Calyx: tube cylindrical, 1-6
mm. 1.; lobes wanting; processes about -5 mm. 1. Petals with a short
bristle at apex.

9. C. capillapis Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 249 (1860) (non
Don); Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1024, C. capillaris v. leiocalyx
Cogn. in tlrh. Si/mh. Ant. v. 451 (1908). Melastoma capillaris
Sw. Prodr. 71 (1788), Fl. Ind. Occ. 808 & Ic. ined. t. 38. Sagrsea
capillaris DC. Prodr. Hi. 170 ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 51. Specimens
from Swart^ in Herb. Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stockholm.

Hills above hot springs, Bath, Sivartz 1 Bertero ; road to Raymond
Hall, Port Royal Mts., St. Andrew, Macfadyenl Mansfield, 1200 ft.,
Wilson 1 March ! St. Thomas in Vale ; near Moneague ; Prior ! near Troy,
1500 ft. ; Resource, near Holly Mount, 2000 ft. ; Albion Pen, St. Ann,
2000 ft. ; Harris I valley of Sulphur river, Bath, Harris d Britton ! Fl. Jam.
8543, 8S95, 10,587, 12,007.— Cuba.

Shrub, 3 to 10 ft. high, without hairs except on calyx and fruit ;
branchlets slender, with somewhat enlarged nodes. Leaves 5-10 cm. 1.,

Clidemia

MELASTOMACE^

;9i

1-2 cm. br., lanceolate, long acuminate, entire, 3-nerved, two of a pair
often unequal ; petioles 3-10 mm. 1. Racemes usually clustered, 2-4
cm. 1., 1-5-flowered. Peduncles and pedicels capillary, sometimes with a
few scattered glandular hairs. i''Zoii;er-parts in fours. Calyx: tube oblong,
with a few glandular-capitate hairs 3-3 "5 mm. 1.; processes -5 mm. 1.
Petals scarcely 1 mm. 1., white. Berry 7-8 mm. 1., deep violet-blue, some-
times with a few glandular-capitate hairs.

13. HENRIETTEA DC.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves stalked, large, oblong or lanceolate,
entire, 3-5-nerved. Flowers in clusters at leafless nodes in
Jamaican species, or solitary or in panicles ; parts in fives (or

Fig. 141. — Ilenriettea ramiflora DC. and Hen/ietlella aessilifolia Triana.

A, Portion of branch with flowers of Ilen-

riettea ramitlora X 3.

B, Bud of ditto X 2.

C, Flower cut lengthwise of ditto, petals

having fallen, x 2.

D, Bud of Henriettella sessilifolia X 2.

E, Flower of ditto X 2.

F, Fruit of ditto cut across X 2.

G, Seed of ditto with epidermal out-

growths protruded after moistening
X 20.

sixes). Calyx : tube thick, leathery ; limb spreading, lobed, with
a minute sharp tooth outside beneath apex of each lobe. Petals
oblong or obovate, clawed, apex usually obtuse or rounded.
Stamens twice as many as petals ; anthers (in H. ramiflora) some-
what thick, apex with curved beak, with one pore ; connective

392 FLOllA OF JAMAICA Henriettea

not prolonged below the cells, not appendaged at the base, or
occasionally spurred on the back. Ovary 5(6)-celled, altogether
adherent to the calyx-tube. Style thicker towards apex ; stigma
truncate. Berry leathery-fleshy. Seeds oblong-pyramidal.
Species 14, natives of Jamaica, Colombia, Guiana, Brazil.

H. ramiflora DC. Prodr. Hi. 178 (1828) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 246 (excl. syn. H. cfrandifnlia) ; Cogn. in Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 4,
531 ife in DC. Monogr. vii. 1036 (excl. //. grandi folia). Melastoma
ramiflora Sto. Pndr. 69 (1788) & Fl Ind. Occ. 775. Type in
Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 141, a-c.)

Swampy places in St. Thomas in the Vale, Masson ! also Prior ; March 1
— Trinidad, Surinam.

A tree-like shrub or tree, 20-30 ft. high, trunk 5-6 inches in diam. ;
young branchlets, petioles, and calyx with adpressed bristle-like hairs.
Leaves 10-15(-20) cm. 1., elliptical or narrowly-elliptical, apex shortly and
acutely acuminate, narrowing to an acuminate or obtuse base, 3-plinerved
with an obscure marginal pair, on upper surface at first with a few
adpressed bristle-like hairs at length glabrescont, beneath covered with
brownish-yellow tomentum of stellate hairs and bristle-like hairs ; petioles
about 1 cm. 1. Peduncles 2-3 mm. 1., 1-flowered 10-15 in a cluster at
leafless nodes. Floiver-Tpaxts in fives. Calyx: tube 7 mm. 1., becoming
constticted above in fruit; lobes roundish-ovate, about 2 mm. 1. Petals
pink, unequal-sided, one side with a minute appendage, S-10 mm. 1
Anthers 7-8 mm. 1. Style lC-i2 mm. 1.

14. MECRANIUM Hook. f.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves stalked, 3-plinerved,
network of veins fine-meshed. Flowei's small or minute, in short
branching panicles, axillary or at leafless nodes ; pedicels
minutely bracteolate ; parts in fours or fives. Calyx : tube boll-
shaped or hemispherical ; limb short, obtusely lobed. Petals
obovate. Stamens twice as many as petals ; anther-cells short,
gaping with 1 or 2 large pores, connective prolonged below the
cells, jointed with the filament, without appendage. Ovary
adherent, 3-5-celled. Berry bmall, globose. Seeds minute, ovoid,
somewhat shell shaped, minutely granulate.

Species 9, natives of the West Indies.

Calyx-tube, base obtuse, 1*5-2 mm. 1. Leaves

ovate, ovate-oblong, oblocg-lanceolate,

elliptical-lanceolate, or oblong-elliptical... 1. M. amygdalinum.
Calyx-tube, base acute, 3 mm. 1. Leaves

lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly

elliptical 2. M. virgatum.

Calyx-tube, base obtuse, 2-5 mm. 1. Leaves

obovate-elliptical to elliptical 8. M. piirptirascens.

1. M. amygdalinum Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 139
(1871) ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 981 (incl. vars.), & in Urh. Symb.

Mecranium

MELASTOMACE^

393

Ant. iv. 463 <fe viii. 500. M. amygdalinum v. Urbanianum Cogn.
in Urb. Symh. Ant. vi. 27 (1909). M. integrifolium Triana loc.
cit. Meiastoma amygdalinum Desr. in Lam. Encyc. iv. 35
(1795-6) ; Bich. in Bonpl. Melast. 82, t. 36. Cremanium axillare
Macf. Jam. ii. 92 (1850). C. amygdalinum Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 261 (1860). Ossa^a brachystachya Naud. in Ann. Sc,
Nat. xvii. 337 (1852). O. integrifolia Naud. loc. cit. (Fig. 142.)

Fig. 142. — Mecranimn amyijdalinian Triana.
A, Portion of branch with leaves and C, D, Stamens, different views, X 21.

inflorescence x
B, Flower X 11.

E, Seed x 30.

Massonl Sivartz\ Moneague, St. Ann, Macfadym\ Hanover, PurdicX
Betty's Hope, 2500 ft. above Manchioneal, Wilson ! March ! Prior ! Silver
Hill Gap, Port Royal Mts., 3500 ft. ; wooded hill N.E. of Dolphin Head;
Peckham, Clarendon, 25C0 ft. ; Harris ! south end of John Crow (Blake)
Mts., Harris d Brittonl Fl. Jam. 6436, 10,315, 10,735, 11,041.— Cuba,
Hispaniola, Porto Ilico.

Shrub or bushy tree, 5-18 ft. high ; branches often enlarged at nodes.
Leaves 5-10 ciu. 1., 1-5-4 cm.hr., ovate, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate,
elliptical-lanceolate, or oblong-elliptical, acuminate, base obtuse to acute,
sometimes decurrent into the petiole, 3-plinerved with an obscure marginal
nerve, the lateral nerves prominent beneath, base blunt or acute, decurrent
sometimes on the midrib, axils of nerves sometimes bearded, transverse
veins at right angles, fine-meshed, margin usually entire or sometimes
obscurely crenulate, membranous; petioles -5-2 cm. 1. Panicles 1-3 cm. 1.
Calyx 1-5-2 mm. 1., hell-shaped, ovoid, or subhemispherical, base obtuse,

394 FLORA OF JAMAICA Mecranium

minutely 4-lobed. Petals 4, 1-1-5 mm. 1., apex obtuse or notched, white
or yellowish-green. Stamens 8; filaments about 1 mm. 1.; anther with
connective about 1 mm. 1. Style 2 mm. 1 , stieima capitate. Fruit about
3-5 mm. in diam., black, globose, skin thin with seeds showing through.
Seeds '6 mm. 1.

The Jamaican specimens recede somewhat from Desrousseaux's original
description of tho specimen from Hispaniola, but the species appears to be
very variable, Cogniaux having noted several varieties.

2. M. vipgatum Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 140 (1871) ;
<Jogn. torn. cit. 983. Melastoma virgata Stc. Prodr. 72 (1788) &
Fl. Ind. Occ. 816. Cremanium virgatum Griseh. op. cit. 261.
Osswa purpurascens Mac/. Jam. ii. 49 (1850) (non DC.). Sagrsea
virgata Macf. Jam. ii. 52 (1850)? Henriettea racemosa ilfac/.
Jam. ii. 76 (1850). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm.

In mountain woods, Swartz ; Catherine Peak, Macfadycn ! Purdie I
Mllsonl March \ Castleton, Morris \ Bellevue, 4500 ft., Eggers, 37761
Abbey Green, Blue Mts., 4000 ft., Harris I Brandon Hill, lOOC ft., near
Castleton, Thojyijysonl south-eastern foothills of John Crow /Blake) Mts.,
Harris dt Britton I Fl. Jam. G274, 8061, 10,684 ; Water Works glen. Port
Antonio, Norman\ — Specimen from Shakespear labelled from South
America, possibly a mistake for Jamaica.

Shrub or tree, 12-20 ft. high ; branchlets enlarged at nodes. Leaves
7-17 cm. 1., 2*5-5 cm. br., lanceolate to ovate-lancoolate, or narrowly
elliptical, acuminate, base acute, margin entire or slightly wavy, 3-plinorved
with an obscure marginal pair, nerves beneath prominent, transverse veins
somewhat close together, inclined very slightly upwards, network fine-
meshed, papery ; petioles 1-2 cm. 1. Panicles numerous, 2-4 cm. 1.,
usually at leafless nodes, longer than the petiole. Calyx-tnhe narrowly
bell-shaped, base acute, very minutely 4-toothed or irregularly truncate,
3 mm. 1., 2 mm. br. Petals white, apex obtuse, 2 mm. 1. Stamens 8.
Style 5-7 mm. 1. Berry ovoid with truncate apex, 4*5 mm. 1. Seed
*6 mm. 1., ovoid, shell-like, coat rough.

3. M. purpurascens Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 139
(1871) ; Cogn. torn. cit. 982. Melastoma purpurascens ^Sj/?. Prodr.
71 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 804 (non Aiihl.) ; Griseh. op. cit. 261.
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm.

Masson\ Swartz 1 Wiles ; near Cinchona, Blue Mts., J.P. 1255, Morris
Shrub or small tree ; branchlets enlarged at nodes. Leaves 4-3 cm. 1.,
2*5-3 cm. br., obovate elliptical to elliptical, apex mostly apiculate on
flowering branches to shortly acuminate on branches without flowers,
base subacute, entire, 8-plinerved with an obscure marginal nerve, trans-
verse veins somewhat close together, tending slightly upwards, intermediate
network of veins with very fine mesh, usually coloured, papery ; petioles
5-8(-12) mm. 1. Panicles much longer than the petioles, 3-4 cm. 1.
Calyx-t\xhQ bell-shaped, base obtuse, minutely 4-lobed, about 2*5 mm. 1.,
2 mm. br. Petals minute, roundish, white. Style 5 mm. 1.

15. HENRIETTELLA Naud.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves somewhat leathery, elliptical,
oblong, or lanceolate, 3-5-nerved. Flowers in clusters at leafless

Henriettella MELASTOMACEiE 395

nodes of one-year-old branches, stalked or subsessile. Flower-
parts in fives. Calyx : tube bell-shaped ; limb truncate or
shortly lobed. Petals ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, usually acute
or acuminate. Stamens 10 ; anthers, apex obtuse, with 1 pore,
not beaked, connective not prolonged and without appendage at
base. Ovary adhering by almost its whole surface, 4-5-celled.
Berry 4-5-celled. Seeds in pulp, irregularly obovate-angled.

Species 22, natives of tropical America, including the West
Indies.

Base of leaves sessile or subsessile, auriculate 1. H. scssilifolia.

Base acute or acuminate.

Leaves glabrous 2. H. Macfadijenii.

Leaves hispid 3. H. fascicularis.

1. H. sessilifolia Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 143
(1871) ; Coijn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1039. Melastoma foliis
amplioribus &c. Browne Hist. Jam. 219, t. 24:, f. 1, 2 (excl. syn.).
M. sessilifolia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1022 «fe Amoen. v. 378. Loreya
trinitensis Crueg. in Linnsea xx. 108 (1847) ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 245. L. fasciculiflora Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xviii.
110 (1852). Henriettea grandifolia 3Iacf. Jam. ii 76 (1850).
Type from Browne in Herb. Linn. (Fig. 141, d-g.)

Browne \ Jobs Hill, St. Mary, McNabl above Fort Stewart, Purdiel
Wilson ! south-eastern foothills of John Crow (Blake) Mts., Harris <&
Britton ! Fl. Jam. 10,678.— -Trinidad, Venezuela.

Shrtib, 10-20 ft. high. Leaves 2-3'5 dm. 1., elliptical, subsessile, apex
obtuse, mucronate, base long, narrow, usually ending in auricles, 3-pli-
nerved with union of nerves 3-4*5 cm. above base, with a marginal pair
and an obscure nerve, usually entire, glabrous, but at base of leaves
beneath and along midrib and nerves with short adpressed hairs swollen
below. Pedicels usually 3-7, "5-1 • 5 cm. 1. Flowcr-^&rts in fives. Calyx
4 mm. 1., truncate. Petals 8-10 mm. 1., white, roundish or irregularly
oblong, apiculate or somewhat obtuse. Anthers 4 mm. 1. Stigma conical,
.5-ridged. Berry pulpy, subglobose, 5-G mm. in diam. Seed -8 mm. 1.,
somewhat helmet-shaped, the base like an inverted dish bearing numerous
short flat epidermal outgrowths which protrude when wetted.

2. H. Maefadyenii Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 143
(1871); Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1040; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 465.

Locality in Jamaica not given, Macfadycn 1 — Porto Rico.

Tree, 25-60 ft. high; branchlets acutely 4-cornered. Leaves 8-14 cm. 1.,
narrowly elliptical, apex shortly acuminate, base acute, 3-plinerved with
an obscure marginal pair, glabrous, papery ; petioles 1-2 cm. 1. Pedicels
5-8 mm. 1. J^/oiwr-parts in fours or fives. Calyx subhemispherical,
2 mm. 1. ; the narrow limb spreading.

3. H. fascicularis Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 143
(1871) ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1042. Melastoma fascicularis
Sw. Prodr. 71 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 801. Henriettea ramiflora .
Mac/. Jam. ii. 75 (non DC). Osssea fascicularis Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Lid. 246 (1860). Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Stockholm.

396 FLORA OF JAMAICA Henriettella

Wright ! Masfon I Sicartz ! Guys hill, St. Thomas in Vale, McNab I
Kew Park, Purdie ! Moneague, Prior ! Hopeton, Westmoreland ; Troy,
1500 ft.; Crofts Mt., Clarendon, 2500 ft.; Harris] Fl. Jam. 7091, 8679,
11,230. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico.

Tree, 15-45 ft. high; young branchleta and petioles densely covered
with bristle-liko hairs. Leaves 8-16 cm. 1., elliptical, shortly acuminate
at both ends, -S-plinervcd with a marginal pair, entire, hispid on both sides
especially on the midrib and nerves, papery; petioles '7-1 "5 cm. 1. Pedicels
3-6 mm. 1. F/ojper-parts in fours. Calyx 2*5-3 mm. 1., bell-shaped,
obscurely 4-toothed. Petals white, 4 mm. 1., triangular-lanceolate, long-
acuminate. AntJiers 2-5 mm. 1. Style 5-0 mm. 1. ; stigma scarcely
thicker than style. Berry subglobose, black, 0-7 mm. 1. Seeds 1*5 mm. 1. ,
ovoid, granulate.

16. OSSiEA DC.

Slirubs or undershrubs. Leaves stalked or rarely 3 in a
whorl, 3-pliaerved in Jamaican species, but 3-nerved in O. hirtclla.
Flowers usually small, in cymes or panicles which are often
clustered,- axillary or rarely terminal, few-flowered. Flower-
parts in fours in Jamaican species, except 0. asperifolia — in fives.
Ualyx-limb usually prolonged, with mouth truncate or lobed.
Petals ovate-acuminate, lanceolate, or awl-shaped, generally
cohering in bud into a cone. Stamens twice aa many as petals ;
anthers usually lineai-, sometimes oblong, with one pore : con-
nective not or very shortly prolonged below the cells, without
appendage or obscurely spurred or tuberculate. Ovary adhering
almos'. altogether, 4(3-5)-celled. Berry globose, 4(3-5)-celled,
usually fleshy. Seeds angular, pyramidal, or obovoid.

Species 50, natives of the West Indies and tropical continental
America.

Flowers not in clusters.

Leaves 3 cm. 1. or less 1. O. microphyUa.

Leaves more than 3 cm. 1.

Leaves 3-nerved with an obscure marginal pair.

Pedicels very short 2. O.hirtella.

Leaves 3-plinerved with a marginal pair.
Lieaves membranous to papery.

Leaves on both sides and young branchlets
with long slender hairs. Lateral pedicels

2 cm. 1 ; 3. O. hirsuta.

Leaves beneath and young branches minutely

scurfy. Fruit 8-ribbed 4. O. micrantha.

Leaves leathery, with pyramidal tubercles on
upper surface, minute globose tubercles

beneath 5. O. aspcrifolia.

Flowers sessile or subsessile, in clusters.
Leaves 3-plinerved, usually with one marginal pair.

Calyx shaggy with long bristle-like hairs 6. O. glomerata.

Leaves 3-plinerved, usually with two marginal pairs.
Calyx with short hairs, themselves covered with
very minute hairs 7. O. tcabrosa.

Ossixa MELASTOMACE^ 397

1. 0. mierophylla Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 146
(1871); Cot/n. torn. cit. 1059. O. pratensis Macf. Jam. ii. 48
(1850). Melastoma mierophylla Sa\ Prodr. 72 (1788) & Fl. Lid.
Occ. 813. Sagriea mierophylla DC. Prodr. Hi. 171 (1828);
Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xviii. 95 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 54.
Clidemia mierophylla Griseb. Fl. Br. ]\ . Lnd. 248. Type (from
Masson) in Herb. Mus. Brit.

In fl. May and Nov. ; Masson ! Bertero ; St. Thomas in Vale, Mac-
fadyen; Purdiel March I Dove Hall, St. Thomas in Vale, Priori near
Troy, 2000 ft. ; road to Dolphin Head, 1200 ft. ; near Guys Hill, St. Ann,
1800 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9090, 9247, 12,039.— Cuba.

Shrub, 2-5 ft. high, with trailing branches, young branchlets and
petioles densely hirtellous with short brown hairs. Leaves 1-3 cm. 1.,
elliptical or ovate, 3-plinerved with an obscure marginal pair, on upper
surface with short adpressed bristle-like hairs, beneath tomentose, nerves
and cross-veins hirtellous ; petioles 2-3 mm. 1. Flowers solitary, or 2 or 3
together, or forming a cyme 1-2 cm. 1., usually with 8 flowers, terminal
one sessile, lateral pedicelled, pedicels hirtellous,' about 1 cm. 1., thread-
like. Calyx hirtellous; tune 2 mm. 1., lobes linear-awl-shaped, from a
broad base, bent outwards, scarcely 1 mm. 1. Petals oblong, acutely
acummate, 4 mm. 1. Style oblong, apex awl-shaped, 2"5 mm. 1. Berry
about 5 mm. 1., blue-black, hirtellous. Seeds smooth, shining, yellow,
pyramidal, about 1 mm. 1.

2. 0. hirtella Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 146 (1871);
Cogn. in DC. M<mogr. vii. 1057. Melastoma hirtella Sw. Prodr.
72 (^1788) & Fl. lnd. Occ. 810. Sagn^a hirtella DC. Prodr. Hi.
171 (1828) ; Macf. Jam. ii. 51. Clidemia hirtella Griseh. Fl. Br.
W. lnd. 249 (1860) (non Griseb. Cat. Cub. 97). Specimens from
8wartz in Herb. Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stockholm.

In fl. May-Oct. ; higher mts.. Wiles \ Swartzl near Bath; Cima-Cuna
Pass, 3000 ft. ; Wilson !

Shrub, 3-6 ft. high, " with wand-like branch<>s " (Wiles) ; young
branchlets and petioles hirsute. Leaves 4-8 cm. 1., lanceolate, acuminate,
sparsely ciliate with briftle-like hairs, on upper surface glabrous, beneath
sparsely hirsute, 3-nerved with an obscure marginal pair, under side much
lighter than upper; petioles -b-l cm. 1. Inflorescence '5-1 cm. 1., flowers
solitary, or 2-3, cymose; pedicels about 1 mm. 1. Calyx 1'5 mm. 1.,
shortly toothed. Petals ovate to lanceolati^, acuminate, 1 mm. 1. Berry
2*5 mm. 1., globose, hairy, deep purple, 4-celled.

3. 0. hirsuta Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 146 (1871);
Cogn. torn. cit. 1058. Melastoma hirsuta Sw. Prodr. 72 (1788),
Fl. lnd. Occ. 811 & Ic. ined. t. 40. Sagra.^a hirsuta DO. Prodr.
Hi. -71 (1828); Macf. Jam. ii. 55. Clidemia hirsuta Griseb. Fl.
Br. W. lnd. 248. Specimens from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit,
and Herb. Stockholm.

In fl. Nov.-Jan. ; hills above hot springs, Bath, Swartz \ near Bath,
Macfadyenl Port Royal Mts., Purdiel Wilonl between Bath and Cuna-
Cuna Pass, Harris d Britton 1 PI Jam. 10,548.

Shrub, 2-4 ft. high, with straggling branches ; young branchlets,
petioles, and peduncles hirsute with long slender purplish hairs. Leaves

398 FLORA OF JAMAICA Osscea

5-9 cm. 1., lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded, often oblique, 3-plinerved
with a marginal pair which does not reach the apex, on both sides with
long slender hairs (not tuberculate), beneath especially on nerves and
veins, subentire; petioles 'S-l'S cm. 1. Cymes 1-3 cm. 1., few-flowered,
terminal flower subsessile, with 2 long-pedicelled lateral flowers or with
2 branches springing from just below it, each with 1 or 3 flowers. Calyx
very hirsute ; tube ovoid, about 3 mm. 1. ; lobes linear-awl-shaped, about
5 mm. 1. Petals white. Berry hairy, black-purple.

4. 0. micpantha Mac/. Jam. it. 49 (1850); Cogn. torn. cit.
1066. Melastoma micrantha Stc. Prodr. 71 (1788) <fe FL Ind.
Occ. 803. Octopleura micrantha Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 260
(1860); Triana torn. cit. 146. Specimens from Swartz in Herb.
Mus. Brit, and Herb. Stockholm

Swartz ! Wiles ; Ginger Hill, St. Elizabeth ; St. George ; Ptirdie I
Manchioneal, 2000 ft., Wilson \ Prior; between Bath and Cuna-Cuna
Pass; John Crow (Blake) Mts., slope below big level ; Harris db Britten \
Fl. Jam. 10,556, 10,695.— Central America, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru.

Shrub 6-10 ft. high, or tree 15 ft. ; young branchlets, petioles, peduncles,
and calyx slightly scurfy. Leaves •5-l'5(-2) dm. 1., elliptical or narrowly
elliptical, shortly and obtusely acuminate, base usually acute, membranous,
margin wavy or subentire, sometimes with minute teeth, 3-plinervod with
a marginal pair, glabrous above, slightly scurfy on nerves and veins
beneath; petioles -5-3 5 cm. 1. Panicles 3-5 cm. 1., branches spreading;
pedicels 3-4 mm. 1. Calyx bell-shaped, 2 mm. 1., 4-toothed. Petals white
with a crimson spot at base, lanceolate, 3-4*5 mm. 1. Berry flattened-
subglobose, 4 mm. thick, 8-ribbed, "when ripe snow-white, pellucid"
(Macfadyen).

5. 0. asperifolia Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 147
(1871) (excl. syn. Griseb. & hab. Cuba). O. Eggersiana Urb. in
Fcdde itep. xvii. 406 (1921). Clidemia asperifoHa Naud. op. cit.
xvii. 342 (1852). C. hirsuta Mac/. Jam. ii. 45 (1850). C. lima
Griseb. FL Br. W. Ind. 249 (1860) (non DC). Leandra Eggersiana
Cogn. in DC. Monogr. viL 641 (1891). (Fig. 143.)

High mountains. Wiles I Macfadyen I Ptirdie 1 Quashi Hill, about
5000 ft., Eggers ; Silver Hill Gap, 3500 ft., Harris ! south-eastern foothills
of John Cirow (Blake) Mts., Harris d Brittonl Fl. Jam. 6292, 10,682,
10,773 ; Trafalgar, Portland, Miss J. li. Perkins !— Cuba.

Shi-i(b 4-8 ft. or tree 15-25 ft. high ; young branchlets, nerves of leaves
beneath, petioles, and peduncles densely covered with adpressed brown
bristle-like hairs, thickened below, usually not tuberculate. Leaves 4-8
cm. 1., elliptical, shortly acuminate, base subacute, with minute teeth,
3-plinerved with a marginal pair, on upper surface with pyramidal tubercles,
sometimes sharp-pointed, beneath with minute globose tubercles, some-
times pointed, network of veins very prominent; petioles •5-l-5(-2) cm. 1,
Cymes paniculate, terminal, and axillary to the uppermost pair of leaves,
3-4 cm. 1., with clusters of 3 or more subsessile flowers at end of
branches of inflorescence. Flower-]p&rts in fives. Calyx: tube 3-3*5
mm. 1., covered with sharp-pointed tubercles; lobes 5, blunt, about 1 mm. 1.
Petals ovate, acuminate, 3-4 mm. 1. Anthers : connective at base shortly
spurred. Ovary 5-celled.

O. lima Triana has been reported from Jamaica ; it was first described
from a specimen from Hispaniola. It also occurs in Cuba, but we have

Oascea

MELASTOMACE^

39^

Fig. 143. — Osscea asperifolia Triana.

A, Portion of flowering branch with C, Stamen x 11.

leaves and inflorescence X j- I*i Fi'"it cut lengthwise x 11.

B, Flower x 4. E, Seed x 24.

not seen any specimen from Jamaica. The under side of the leaves differs
from 0. asperifolia Tr. in not having the minute globose tubercles, but
is grey -scaly with a very prominent network of veins.

6. 0. glomerata Triana in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 146
(1871) ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii. 1059. Sagraea glomerata Naud,
in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xviii. 96 (1852), S. scabrosa Naud. torn,
cit. 97 (excl. syn.). Clidemia scabrosa Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind,
248 (1860) (in part).

In fl. Sept.-Dec. ; Wiles 1 Port Royal and St. David, mts., Macfadycn f
near Dove Hall, St. Thomas in Vale, Prior \ Old England, Blue Mts.,
3500 ft. ; Iron Face, Chester Vale, 3000 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6470,
10,028.

Slender shrub, 4-10 ft. high ; young branchlets and petioles with long,
purplish, thickish hairs. Leaves 4-10 cm. 1., ovate or ovate-oblong, apex
acute or blunt, base blunt or subrounded, 3-plinerved with 1 or 2
marginal pairs, obscurely crenulate, on upper surface with short tuber-
culate bristle-like hairs, beneath more or less densely hirtellous, tomentose,
two of a pair sometimes somewhat unequal; petioles -5-1 -5 cm. 1.
Flowers sessile or subsessile, several forming a globose cluster. Calyx
shaggy with long bristle-like hairs minutely tuberculate at base ; tube
2-2*5 nam. 1. ; lobes linear-awl-shaped, 2-2-5 mm. 1. Petals white, ovate
or lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 mm. 1. Style 8 mm. 1.

400 FLOIJA OF JAMAICA Ossota

7. 0. seabposa DC. Prodr. Hi. 169 (1828) ; Mac/. Jam. ii. 47 ;
Cogn. torn. cit. 1060. Melastoma subhirsuta &c. Broicne Hist.
Jam. 219, t. 24, /. 3. M. scabrosa L. Syst. 1022 (1759) &
Amoen. v. 378; Sto. Obs. 174. Sagiwa Lindeniana Naud. torn,
cit. 96 (1852). Clideiuia scabrosa Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 248
(1860) (in pai-t). Type from Browne in Herb. Linn.

In fl. Nov., Dec; Browne \ Sti'a7tz\ Sulphur river, Bath, Macfadycn\
Wilson ! between Bath and the hot springs, Harris d Britton 1 Fl. Jam.
10,570.— Cuba.

Shrub, 3-12 ft. high; young branchlets and petioles densely covered
with long thickish hairs, themselves bearing very minute hairs. Leaves
4-13 cm. 1., ovate, somewhat acuminate with blunt apex, base rounded
or cmarginate, 3-plinerved with 2 pairs of nerves below, not reaching
apex, crenulate, on upper surface with short tuberculato bristle-like hairs,
beneath pitted, hirtellous on nerves and veins, two of a pair often very
unequal; petioles 2-G cm. 1. Flowers sessile, 6-10, closely clustered in
axils, sometimes at nodes that have dropped their leaves. Calyx with
similar hairs to stem, purplish ; tube 2 mm. 1. ; lobes triangular at base,
1-1*5 mm. 1. Petals lanceolate, acuminate, 2 mm. 1., white tinged with
purple. Style crimson, 3 mm. 1. Berry globose, hirsute, 4-celled.

17. BLAKEA L.

Shrubs erect or climbing. Leaves subsessile or stalked, large,
somewhat leathery, elliptical or oblong, acuminate, subentire, 3-7-
ncrved, the transverse veins very numerous and close together.
Flowers rather large, axillary, solitary or clustered ; bracteoles
4-6, opposite in pairs, forming an involucre. Calyx, limb
6-lobed. Petals 6. Stamens 12 ; anthers with 2 pores, con-
nective very thick, prolonged into a spur. Ovary adhering to
the base of the calyx, 4-6-celled. Ovules numerous in the cells,
on thick placentas fixed at the interior angle of the cell. Berry
fleshy. Seeds ovoid-pyramidal.

Species 38, natives of the West Indies, Venezuela, Colombia,
and Peru.

Leaves 5-14 cm. 1., elliptical to roundish-elliptical.

Flowers rosy, crimson, or purple; 4-8 cm. across... 1. B. trinervia.
Loaves 10-19 cm. 1., ovate to broadly elliptical. Flowers

white, 6-8 cm. across 2. J5. Urbaniana.

1. B. tPlnepvia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1044 (1759), Amoen. v. 379 &
Sp. Fl. ed. 2, 635 (1762); Sio. Obs. 188; A. Bobinaon Ic. ined. ;
Bot. Mag. t. 451 ; Tiissac Fl. Ant. Hi. 86, t. 24 {t. 24 is a copy of
Browne's drawing, badly coloured) ; Macf. Jam. ii. 95 ; Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 263 (as B. irinervis) ; Cogn. in DC. Monogr. vii.
1071. B. fruticosa &c. Broicne Hist. Jam. 323, t. 35. Specimen
in Herb. Linn., name in Solander's hand.

Jamaica Bose.

In 11. throughout the year ; Wright 1 Ma&son ! Bertero ; St. Mary ;
St. Georges Gap, Blue Mts. ; McNab\ Moneague, Prior \ J.P. 656, Morris

Blakea

MELASTOMACE^

401

between Claremount and Moneague, Fawcett 1 near Woodcutters' Gap,
4000 ft. ; near Troy, 1500-2000 ft. ; Amity Hall, St. Ann, 1400 ft. ; Harris 1
Fl. Jam. 6435, 8535, 8648, 12,029; Hardware Gap, 4000 ft., G. E. Niclwls 1
near Troy, Miss J. B. Perkins 1

Shruh climbing on trees ; young branchlets, petioles, nerves of leaves
beneath, and peduncles with thick brown hairs or minute scales. Leaves

A, Portion of Ijranch with leaves and
flowers X ?.

Fig. lH.~Blakea trinervia L.

B, Flower cut lengthwise with petals
and bracteoles removed x IJ.

C, Stamens, various views, X IJ.

5-10 cm. 1., 8-5 cm. br., narrowly elliptical or elliptical, shortly and
abruptly acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, 3-plinerved or 3-nerved with
a marginal pair, glabrous on both sides except nerves beneath ; petioles
1-3 cm. 1. Flowers solitary ; peduncles 3-6 cm. 1, Bracteoles roundish,
with powdery-stellate scales, puberulous, or glabrate, margin above the
middle tomentose, with many longitudinal nerves, rigid, 1-5-2 cm. 1.
V. 2d

402 FLORA OF JAMAICA Blakea

Calyx crimson, lobes tomentose near apex, 2-4 mm. 1., obtuse. Petals
2 • 5-3 "5 cm. 1., of a brigbt crimson. Fila7ni'nts crimson; anthers yellow.
Style !• 5 cm. I., crimson.

Yar. Norman ii Fawc. <fc Bendle in Jotirn. Bot. Jxiv. 105
(1926); leaves 10-14 cm. 1., 5-5-8"5 cm. br., elliptical to
roundish-elliptical ; petals smaller, about 2 cm.' 1., purple.
Mcv. J. Waters ! Mandeville, Norman !

2. B. Upbanlana Cogn. in Urb. Sijmh. Ant. vi. 27 (1909),

Between Askenish and Dolphin Head, 900-2000 ii.,Ha>ris\ Fl. Jam.
9244, 10,274.

Shnib climbing on trees; young branches, petioles, and peduncles with
brown powdery scales or short slender hairs. Leaves 10-19 cm. 1.,
5-9 cm. br., ovate to ovate-elliptical, somewhat abruptly and shortly
acuminate, base rounded, 3-plinervod or 3-Derved with a marginal pair, on
both sides glabrous or beneath at base very slightly puberulous ;
petioles 2-4 cm. 1. Fiou-ws solitary; peduncles 1-8 cm. 1. i?;flc^s broadly
olliptical-ovate, outside sparsely powdery-stellate-puberulous or glabrate,
with many longitudinal nerves, rigid, l'5-2 cm. ). Calyx broadly
hemispherical, 1"5 cm. br.,limb wavy-lobcd, lobes apiculate. Petals white,
ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 cm. 1. Style 2 cm. 1.

18. MOURIRIA Juss.

Shrubs or small trees, glabrous. Leaves sessile or shortly
stalked, entire, one-nerved or somewhat pinnate-nerved, very
rarely subtrinerved. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers small,
parts usually in fives. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, lobed or truncate.
Petals, apex acute or acuminate. Stamens twice as many as the
petals, usually exserted ; anther-cells with 2 pores or chinks,
connective moi'e or less prolonged below the cells, thickened and
laterally compressed and forming a spur, with a gland at the
middle of the back. Ovary inferior, usually 2-5-celled ; ovules
2 or more in each cell, inserted side by side at the inner angle.
Berry globose, drupe-like, with 1-4 seeds, often crowned by the
calyx-limb. Seeds i-oundish, coat often adhering to the cell;
cotyledons thick, plano-convex, radicle small.

Species 51, natives of tropical continental America and of
the West Indies, one only in Jamaica.

M. myrtilloides Poir. in Did. Sc. Nat. xxxiii. 163 (1824);
Mac/. Jam. ii. 11; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 243; Cogn. in DC.
Mvtwgr. vii. 1125 ; Urb. Symb. Ant. viii. 501. Myrti folio arbor
cortice ic. Sloane Cat. 162 & Bi><t. ii. 78, t. 187, /. 3. Arbor
foliis cordatis myrtineis Ac. Browne Hist. Jam. 370? Petaloma
myrtilloides Sw. Prodr. 73 (1788) & FL Ind. Occ. 833, t. 14.
Specimens from Swartz from Hispaniola in Herb. Mus. Brit,
and Herb. Stockholm. (Fig. 145.)

Sloane Herb. vi. G9! Weight I Lindsay [ Wilsonl March; Moneague,
Prior I between Four Paths and Clarendon Park, Harris & Brition I

Mouriria

MELASTOMACEiE

403

Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harrisl Fl. Jam. 10,629, 11,037.— Cuba,
Hispaniola.

Tree or shruh, 12-25 ft. high, with slender branches. Leaves 3-5 cm. 1.,
lanceolate, apex acute, base rounded or subcordate, somewhat oblique,
one-nerved, subsessile or sessile. Flowers usually solitary, about 8 mm. 1. ;

Vi'i. 115. — Movriria ^nyrtilloides Poir.
A Portion of branch with leaves and B, Flower cut lengthwise X SJ.
' flowers X ji- ^< Stamens, side view and baclc view, x 7.

pedicels 2-4 mm. 1., with 2 bracteoles at the middle. Calyx yellow, bell-
shaped ; lobes ovate, acute, spreading-reflexed, persistent. Petals white.
Stamens yellow ; anther-cells as long as the spur. Style exserted. Berry
globose, l-(2)-seeded.

Melastoma malabathricum L., an escape from Castleton Garden, is a
native of India. It is a spreading shrub, 6 ft. high ; the 5-nerved leaves
5-12 cm. 1., with hairs on both sides, the flower-buds enclosed by large
elliptical bracts, and the large flowers with mauve-purple petals 2-3-5
cm. 1., sufficiently distinguish it from native plants belonging to this
family.

Family XCI. ONAGRACE^.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or alternate ;
stipules very small or wanting. Flowers usually hermaphrodite
and regular, axillary and solitary or spicate or racemose towards
the ends of the flowering branches, paniculate in a few. Calyx-
tube prolonged beyond the ovary and deeply cleft above into
2-4 (5-6) valvate lobes. Petals generally 2-4 (sometimes wanting
in Ludwigia), inserted at the base of the disk (when present),
twisted in bud, soon falling. Stamens usually 1-8, inserted with
the petals, in 1 or 2 series, the second series sometimes without
anthers. Anthers opening towards the centre. Disk epigynous.

2 D 2

404 FLORA OF JAMAICA Justicua

Ovary inferior, usually 4-celled (3-6-celled in Ludwigta). Ovules
numerous in the cells, sometimes solitary. Fruit a capsule, a
berry in Fuchsia, or nut-like, septicidally or loculicidally 4-valved,
valves separating from the axis to which the seeds are attached.
Seeds numerous (few or solitary), usually small ; endosperm
wanting or a very thin layer. Embryo usually obovoid, cotyle-
dons compressed, plano-convex, radicle small, short, straight.

Species about 470, dispersed everywhere through the tem-
perate regions of the whole world, rarer in the tropics.

Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond tbe ovary.
Capsule septicidal.

Stamens twice the number of petals 1. Jiissieua.

Stamens the same number as petals 2. Ltidwigia.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary. Stamens twice the
number of petals.

Capsule loculicldal 3. (Enotliera.

Berry pulpy 4. FucJisia,

1. JUSSIEUA L.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, very rarely small trees ; usually growing
in wet places, sometimes floating. Leaves alternate, membranous,
entire (serrate in J. sedoides) ; stipules 2, very small. Flowers
yellow or white, axillary, solitary ; peduncle with 2 bracteoles
at the apex, which are usually small or represented by glands,
conspicuous or somewhat leafy in J. peruviana. Calyx-tube
not prolonged beyond the ovary ; lobes 4-6, acute, persistent.
Petals 4-6, inserted under the margin of an epigynous disk,
spreading. Disk 4-5-lobed, lobes hairy. Stamens twice as
many as the petals, inserted with them. Ovary 4-5(6)-celled ;
style simple ; stigma 4-6-lobed ; ovules indefinite, inserted at the
interior angle of the cells, placentas often prominent. Capsule
terete or with 4-12 angles or ribs, 4-6-celled, crowned by the
calyx-lobes and disk, loculicidally and septicidally 4-5-valved,
valves decaying and leaving 8-10 persistent ribs. Seeds usually
numerous, affixed to the margins of the valves or to placentas
separating from the valves ; cotyledons obtuse ; radicle short.

Species 40, natives of the tropics, especially in America.

§ 1. Capsule obconical. Seeds very numerous, in
several series, horizontal, narrowly ellipsoidal, with
a slightly or scarcely prominent raphe.

Plant shrubby, erect 1. J. peruviana.

Plant floating 2. J. sedoides.

§ 2. Capsule prismatic, 4-cornered. Seeds as above .... 3. J. erecta.
§ 3. Capsule subcylindrical or obscurely 5-cornored.
Seeds in one series in the cells, narrowly ellipsoidal,
surrounded by thick corky endocarp.

Plant herbaceous or somewhat woody, erect 4. J. leptocarpa.

Plant creeping or floating 5. J. repens.

Jtissieua ONAGRACEiE 40S-

§ 4. Capsule cylindrical. Seeds in several series, with .
a very large raphe simulating an empty cell attached
to the seed, the whole externally flattened-sub-
spherical with a groove 6. J. suffriiticosa.

(Seeds should be perfectly ripe, especially in No. 6, when used in
the Key.)

§ 1. Capsule obconical. Seeds very numerous in the cells, in
several series, narrowly ellipsoidal, slightly curved, with
a slightly or scarcely prominent raphe.

1. J. peruviana L. Sjp. PI. 388 (1753); Mich, in Fl. Bras,
xiii. pt. 2, 151 ; MiJlsp. in Field Columb. Mus. Bot. ii. 81 ; Urb.
Symh. Ant. iv. 466 & viii. 505 ; Fawc. in Journ. Bot. Ixiv. 13
(1926). J. hirta Sw. Obs. 143 (1791) ; Vahl Eclog. ii. 31 ; Macf.
Jam. ii. 30 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 273. J. grandiflora Buiz d-
Pav. Ic. t. 382. J. macrocarpa HBK. Nov. Gen. <& Sp. vi. 102,
t. 533 (1824). J. speciosa Bidl. in Journ. Bot. lix. 259 (1921)
(excl. syn. Thwaites). Lysimachia. . .major &g. Sloane Cat. 85 &
Hist. i. 201, t. 127, /. 3. Onagra laurifolia Arc. Feuillee Journ.
Obs. ii. 716, t. 9 (1714). (Enothera assurgens hirsuta &c. Browne
Hist. Jam. 208. (E. hirsuta <^c. Plum. PI. Amer. (Burm.) t. 174,
/. 2. CE. hirta L. Syst. ed. 10, 998 (1759) & Amcen. v. 378.
Jussie herissee Descourt. Fl. Ant. vi. 28, t. 388.

Sloane Herb. Hi. 125 1 Wright ! Wag Water, McNab ! Hodges, St.
Elizabeth, Purdie ! Ocho Rios ; Moueague ; Prior ! Port Antonio, Hitch-
cock ; also Millspaugh ; Charlton ; Mollis savanna, 2400 ft. ; Harris ! Fl.
Jam. 8514, 12,252 ; near Falmouth, Miss Moulton Barrett ! near Troy,
2000 ft.. Miss J. R. Perkins \ JNIillbank, Portland, Norman\ — Florida,
Cuba, Is. of Pines, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Trinidad, trop. cont. Amer.

Shruh, 5-10 ft. high, erect, hairy. Leaves 6-10 cm. 1., broadly lanceo-
late, entire, acute at both ends ; petioles 1-4 mm. 1. Pedicel about
1 cm. 1. in fl. Bracteoles 8-13 mm. 1., sometimes somewhat leafy. Flowers
bright yellow, large ; parts in fours, occasionally in fives. CaZyx-lobes
triangular-ovate, acuminate, 9-12 mm. 1., later to 16 mm. 1. Petals about
twice longer than the calyx-lobes, roundish, emarginate, with a short
claw. Caps«Zc 2-2-5 cm. 1. Seeds •(!>-■ 8 ra.va..\.

2. J. sedoides Hiimb. & Bonpl. PI. Equin. «. 13, t. 3, a (1805) ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 272 ; Mich, in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 2, 158.

Ponds, St. Elizabeth, Purdie ! Lacovia ; between New Market and Dar-
liston, 800 ft. ; Shettlewood, 500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7243, 9872, 11,646.—
Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Paraguay.

Herb growing in ponds, floating, with long slender roots at the nodes.
Leaves becoming crowded at the top of the stem ; limb 7-14 mm. 1. &
br., rhomboidal, toothed on upper edges, entire below ; petioles 2-6 cm. 1.
Flowers yellow; parts in fours; peduncle 12-25 mm. 1.; erect while in
flower, afterwards spreading or reflexed. Calyx-lobes 6-7 mm. 1., ovate.
Petals about twice as long as calyx-lobes, roundish-obovate. Capsule 12-
18 mm. 1., obconical. Seeds -6 mm. 1.

406 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Jussieua

§ 2. Capsule prismatic, 4-cornered. Seeds as in § 1.

3. J. erecta L. Sp. PL 388 (1753) & Amoeii. v. 378; Gaerin.
Frucf. {. 159, /. 31; Lam. Encyc. 332, III t. 280,/. 2; Mac/.
Jam. a. 28 ; Mich, in FI. Bra8. xiii. pt. 2, 160 ; Small Fl. S.E.
U.S. ed. 2, 839 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 467 & vili. 505 ; Fatcc. in
Joum. Bot. Ixiv. 11 (1926). J. Onagra Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768).
J. acuminata Stc. Fl. Ind. Occ. 745 (1798) ? ; Mac/, ii. 28 ? ; Grisch.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 272 (in part) ; Mich. torn. cit. 163 (in note to
/. linifolia). (Fig. 146, f.)

Wright ! St. Mary, McNab ! St. Thomas in East ; Westmoreland ;
Purdie I Wag Water valley, 400-6C0 ft. ; Tliompson ! also Hams ! Spanish
Town; Johns Hall, Clarendon, 2200 ft.; IIaMs\ Fl. Jam. 6193, 7989,
11,874, 12,836. — Florida, West Indies, trop. cont. America and Africa,
MadagaEcar.

Sten^ up to 4 ft. high, much branched, angled obscurely by the decur-
rent petioles, erect, glabrous. Leaves 5-8 cm. 1., 8-12(-2'l) mm. br.,
narrowly lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, those
on the blanches sometimes almost linear, roughish on the margin and
sometimes on tho nerves above ; petiole 2-5 mm. 1. Flowers small, sub-
sessile or sessile ; parts in fours. Cahjx-lohes lanceolate-ovate, 4-5 mm. 1.
Petals obovate-elliptical, as long as or a little longer than the calyx-lobes.
Capstile about 1*5 cm. 1., about 3 mm. br. Seeds •4--5 mm. 1.

Micheli (torn. cit. 163) includes J. acnminata Sw. as he has seen a
specimen from Swartz " in herbario CandoUeano " ; Urban does so also,
as he has seen a specimen from Swartz in Hb. Holm, which appears to
him to be only a juvenile form. Swartz describes the species as with
stem 6 inches high, not branched, leaves broadly lanceolate, petals ovate,
acuminate, capsule base acuminate, seeds roundish. Macfadyeu gives a
similar description, but we have not seen any specimen to correspond.
J. acuminata of Benth. in Hook. Jn. Bot. ii. 316 (1840), of Oliv. Fl. Tr.
Africa ii. 489, of C. Wright in Joum. Linn. Soc. x. 478, also of Griseb.
(I.e. in part) are J. linifoliaY&hl.

§ 3. Capsule subcylindrical or obscurely 5-cornered. Seeds
in one series in the cells, narrowly ellipsoidal, surrounded
by thick corky endocarp.

4. J. leptocarpa Nuit. Gen. Amer. i. 279 (May, 1818);
a Wright in Joum. Linn. Soc. x. 477 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 2,
838; Urh. Symh. Ant. iv. 467 & viii. 505. J. variabilis Mey.
Prim. Fl. Esseq. 174 (Sept. 1818); Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 272.
J. pilosa H. B. (i- K. Nov. Gen. d' Sp. vi. 101, tt. 632 a & h
(1823) ; Mich, in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 2, 164. (Fig. 146, h.)

Distin; Wullschlacgel ; March; Moneague, Priori Port Antonio,
Hitchcock. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, IMartinique, Guadeloupe,
Grenada, Trinidad, trop. and temp. cont. America, trop. Africa, Mada-
gascar.

Plant somewhat shrubby, pubescent or glabrous, 2-6 ft. high ; branches
spreading, angled. Leaves on stem 6-15 cm. 1., on branches often as short
as 2-5 cm. 1., lanceolate, tapering towards the subsessile base. Flowers
shortly stalked; parts in fives (4-6). Calyx-lohes 4-6 mm. 1., ovate-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate. Petals about as long as calyx-lobes.

A

Jussieua ONAGKACE.^<: 40T

obovate. Stamens unequal, those opposite the petals shorter. Capsule
2 "5-4 cm. 1., endocarp corky, enclosing the seed, forming a horseshoe-
shaped cell round each, but leaving it free and exposed above and below.
Seeds • 7 mm. 1.

5. J. repens L. Sp. PL 388 (1753); Sw. Obs. 172; Buiz tC-
Pav. Ic. ined. iv. t. 382, fig. h. ; Hook. Bot. Misc. in. Sup'pl. t. 40 ;
Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 272; Mich, in Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 2, 166,
t. 34, /. 2 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. iv. 468 & viii. 506 ; Fawc. in Journ.
Bot. Ixio. 12 (1926). J. Swartziana DC. Prodr. Hi. 54 (1828);
Mac/. Jam. ii. 27. Lysimachia minor &c. Shane Cat. 85 &
Hist. i. 201, t. 128,/. 2, 3. (Enothera herbacea repens Browne
Hist. Jam. 208? (Fig. 146, g.)

Sloane Herb. iii. 127 ! Broughton ! Stvartz 1 McNab ! Orange Bay,
Hanover, Purdie ! March ! Moneague, Prior 1 Port Morant, Hitchcock ;
Passage Fort, CamjpbcUl Castleton, T/towpsoit!— Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto
llico, tropics.

Stem creeping in mud, or floating by means of tufts of white spongy
bodies at nodes, with ascending branches, rooting at the nodes. Leaves
l-4(-5) cm. 1., obovate, spathulate or oblanceolate, entire ; petiole shorter
than limb. Floioers yellow, solitary, axillary ; parts in fives ; pedicels
5-8 mm. 1., increasing in fruit. CaZyx-Iobes narrowly lanceolate or
sublinear, 4-5(-7) mm. 1. Petals obovate, about twice as long as calyx-
lobes. CopSitZc 1 • 5-2(-3) cm. 1., cylindrical, usually 10-ribbed ; endocarp
thick, hard, surrounding the seeds and united with them. Seeds 2-3 mm. 1.

§ 4. Capsule cylindrical. Seeds in several series, with a
very large raphe simulating an empty cell attached to
the ripe seed, the whole externally tlattened-spherical
with a groove.

6. J. sutfrutieosa L. Sp. PI 388 (1753) (excl. syn.); Griseb.
Fl. Br. W. Ind. 273 ; Mich, in Fl. Bras, xiii.pt. 2, 169 ; Britt. (£
Millsp. Bah. Fl. 310; Fawc. in Journ. Bot. Ixiv. 12 (1926).
J. pubescens L. Sp. PI. cd. 2, 555 (1762) (excl. syn. Sloane) ;
Mill. Diet. ed. 8 (1768); Faioc. torn. cit. 13. J. erecta Mill. loc.
cit. (non L.). J. hirsuta Mill. loc. cit. J. angustifolia Lam.
Encyc. iii. 331 k III. t. 280, /. 3 (1789); Griseb. loc. cit.
J. villosa Lam. loc. cit. J. octonervia Lam. torn. cit. 332 &
m. t. 280,/. 1 (1789); Macf. Jam. ii. 29 ; Mich. torn. cit. 170,
t. 35. J. octovalvis Sw. Obs. 142 (1791); Millsp. in Field
Columh. Mus. Bot. ii. 81. J. erecta Sw. Obs. 173 (1791) ? (non L.).
J. palustris Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 173 (1818)?; Griseb. Fl. Br.
W. Ind. 272. J. octofila DC. Prodr. iii. 57 (1828); Macf.
Jam. ii. 30. Lysimachia . . . foliis glabris tfec. Sloane Cat. 85 &
Hist. i. 37, f. 11, /. 1, CEnothera assurgens glabra kc. Browne
Hist. Jam. 208? CE. octovalvis Jacq. Se'l. Stirp. Amer. 102, t. 70
(1763). (Fig. 146, A-E.)

Houstoun 1 Wright 1 Cumitig 1 Distill ! St. Mary, McNab 1 IMoneague,
Priori March \ near Gordon Town, JBalll Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts.,

408

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Jnssieua

J.P. 970, Hart ! Yallahs valley, 1800 ft. ; Hope, GOO ft. ; Hams 1 Mona,
Liguanea plain, 600 ft., Campbell I Halfway Tree, Miss Wood ! Golden
Spring, 800 ft. ; Wards Rock, 700 ft. ; Thomps&ii 1 Port Morant ; Port
Aiitonio ; Hitchcock ; near Port Antonio, Norman 1 Fl. Jam. 5785, 5807,
5869, 763G, 7984, 8021.— Bahamas, West Indies, warmer regions of the
whole world.

Plant herbaceous, often woody at base, villous-pubescent, puberulous,
or glabrous; stem 3-4 ft., erect, branching; branchlets angled. Leaves

Fig. li<j.—Jt(3gieua svff'ruticosa L.

A, Portion of braucli witli leaves, IIowit,

and young capsule, x j.

B, Leaf aud ripe capsule >r!th part of

pericarp removed X j.

C, Style, enlarged.

D, Ovary cut across, enlar};ed.

B, Seed ; <•, enibi^o ; r, the hollow en-
larged raphe ; X 20.

F, Seed of J. erecta L. ; r, inconspicuous

raphe ; X 20.
fi. Seed of J. rej)ens L. surrounded by e,

endocarp, X 20.
II, Seed of J. leptocarpa Nutt. lying loose

in e, endocarp, x 20.

(<•, D after Fl. Bras.)

3-10 cm. 1., narrowly lanceolate to elliptical-ovate, narrowed at both ends,
acute, membranous ; petiole short, 3 mm. 1. to about 1 cm. 1. Flowers
shortly stalked, parts in fours. Calyx hirsute or puberulous with adpressed
hairs, or glabrous, or only ciliate at base ; lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute or shortly acuminate, 5-7-nerved, 5-12 mm. 1., 3-8 mm. br. Petals
obovate-wedge-shaped, emarginate, sessile, generally half as long again or
twice as long as calyx-lobes. Capsule 3-4-5 cm. 1., cylindrical, 8-ribbed;
pedicels '5-1 cm. 1. Seeds with raphe attached -7 mm. in diam.

2. LUDWIGIA L.

Annual or perennial herbs, aquatic in Jamaican species.
Leaves opposite or alternate, usually lanceolate, entire. Flowers

Ludwigia ONAGRACE^ 409

generally axillary, solitary, and sessile or shortly stalked.
Calyx : tube not produced above the ovary ; lobes 4 (3-5), acute.
Petals 4 (3-5) or wanting, inserted under the margin of a disk.
Stamens 4 (3-5), inserted with the petals. Ovary 4 (5)-celled ;
ovules inserted in indefinite series on placentas prominent from
the interior angle of the cells. Capsule crowned by the
epigynous disk and the calyx-lobes, rounded or with 4-5 ribs,
angles, or wings, opening loculicidally by 4 valves (in Jamaican
species). Seeds very numerous, minute.

;, Species about 30, mostly North American (3 in Jamaica), a
few in the Old World.

Leaves alternate 1. L. microcardia.

Leaves opposite.

Capsule 5-7 mm. 1., tapering at base 2. L. repens.

Capsule 3-4 mm. 1., rounded at base 3. L, pahistris.

1. L. mieroearpa Mich. Fl.Bor. Am. i. 88 (1803) ; Small FI.
S.E. U.S. cd. 2, 836 ; Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Ft. 310. Isnardia
mieroearpa Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. in. 188 (1813); Griscb.
Fl.Br. W.Ind. 271.

Moneague, Prior ; Marsh near Black River, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 9935. —
S. U. States, Bahamas, Cuba.

Perennial herb, glabrous ; stems simple or branched, ascending or
trailing, often stoloniferous, becoming woody, j'oung shoots 8-angled.
Leaves 8-15 mm. 1., alternate, spathulate or obovate-spathulate. Flowers
sessile. Sepals triangular, acute, about 1 mm. 1. Petals wanting.
Capsule obconical, about 2 mm. 1.

2. L. repens Sic. Prodr. 33 (1788), Fl. Ind. Occ. 273, &:
Icon. t. 8 ; Urh. Symh. Ant. viii. 507 ; Britt. & Milhp. Bah. Fl.
309. Isnardia repens DC. Prodr. Hi. 60 (1828); Macf. Jam. ii.
31 ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 271 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 267. " I. natans
Small Fl. S.E. U.S. 835 (1903). Oldenlandia aquatica &c.
Broivne Hist. Jam. 146. Specimen from Browne in Herb.
Linn., the sheet pinned to the sheet of the European Isnardia
pahistris L. (Fig. 147.)

Broiune ! Shakespear ! Masson ! Ferry, Purdie ! between Porus and
Clarendon Park, Harris & Brittonl Fl. Jam. 10,627. — Bahamas, Cuba,
Hispaniola, ]\Iexico, Bermuda, southern U.S. (Carolina to Florida and
California).

Herb, 1-G dm. 1., creeping or floating, glabrous, rooting at the nodes,
simple or sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, elliptical, long-tapering at
base to a short petiole, about 3 cm. 1. including the petiole, 1-1 "5 cm. br.
Flowers greenish-yellow. CaZ?/a;-lobes 4 or 5, about 2 mm. 1. to 3 mm. in
fruit, ovate-triangular, acute. Petals shorter than the calyx-lobes, incon-
spicuous. Capstile oblong, tapering slightly at base, more or less 4-angled,
5-7 mm. 1.

410

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Ludwigia

-Ludwigia repeiit Sw.

A, Portiou of gteni with roots, leaves, B, Flower (stamens and style drawn from
flower-buds, and flowers, X j. a bud) x 4.

C, Fruit cut lengthwise X 2. D, Fruit cut across x 2,

3. L. palustris Ell. Sketch i. 211 (1817); Urb. Symh. Ant.
viii. 506. Isnardia palustris L. Sj). PL 120 (1753); Griscb. Fl.
Br. W. Ind. 271 ; Reichb. Ic. Germ, xxiii. t. 22; Small Fl. S.E.
U.S. ed. 2, 835 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 266.

Moneague, Prior. — Cuba, Hispaniola, N. America, Bermuda, Mexico,
Peru, west and south Europe, trop. and south Africa.

Herb, 1-5 dm. 1., creeping or floating, glabrous. Leaves opposite,
elliptical, tapering into a long slender petiole, 1-5-4 cm. 1. including the
petiole, '4-2 cm. br. Flowers axillary, sessile. Calyx-lobes triangular,
acute. Petals small, reddish, or usually wanting. Capsule 4-sided,
slightly longer than broad, rounded at base, 3-4 mm. 1.

3. (ENOTHERA L.

Herbs, rarely small shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers
axillary, solitary, racemose, or crowded into a head. Calyx-tube

CEnothera

ONAGRA-CEiE

411

long, narrow ; sepals 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Ovary
4-celled ; ovules inserted at the interior angle of the cell, hori-
zontal or ascending. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; valves with the
partition in the middle separating from the axis which carries
the seeds. Seeds indefinite, attached to the axis or the partitions.
Species between 70 and 100, natives of North and South
America beyond the tropics, rarer within the tropics, one species
native of Tasmania ; a few aliens from America in warm regions
of the Old World.

§ 1. Capsule obovoid-club-shaped with a stalk-like
base, angles winged, faces ridged, valves obovate.
Petals pink or purplish, 10-13 mm. 1. Body of

capsule 5-10 mm. 1 CE. rosea.

Petals white, turning reddish, 2-3 cm. 1., obcor-

date. Body of capsule 15-17 mm. 1 [CE. tetra]ptera.~\

§ 2. Capsule oblong, cylindrical-4-cornered, sessile,
valves linear. Petals yellow, turning reddish.
Petals roundish-obcordate. Calyx-tube above

ovary 6-7 cm. 1 [CE. longiflora.']

Petals roundish-obovate. Calyx-tube above ovary

3-4 cm. 1 [CE. Drimimondii.']

CE. rosea is probably native. CE. loncjiflm-a was introduced before
Macfadyen's time, and was said by him to be common in mts, of St. Andrew.
The others were introduced by Morris in 1884.

(E. rosea Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 3 (1789) ; Bot. Mag.
t. 347 ; Macf. Jam. ii. 26 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 273 & Cat

Fig. 148. — CEnothera rosea Soland.

A, Portion of branch with leaves, flower- C, Fruit X IJ.

buds, and flowers, X 3. D, Seed x 22.

B, Flower cut lengthwise X IJ.

412

FLORA OF JAMAICA

(Enothera

Cub. 108. (E. rubra Cav. Icon. iv. 68, t. 400 (1797). Hart-
mannia rosea G. Don in Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 3, 236 (1839) ;
Small Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 2, 843 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 269. Type in
Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 148.)

Bancroft ; river courses of Yallahs and Hope ; mts. of St. Andrew, Port
Royal and St. David ; Macfadyen ; Purdie ; Clydesdale road, J. P. 1026,
1334, Mon-is ! Cinchona, Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,340. — Cuba, south central
United States, Central America, northern South America and Peru ;
naturalized in India and other countries,

A branched erect plant, 8 inches to 2 ft. high, •woody at the base,
young parts puberulous. Leaves entire or toothed, upper generally lanceo-
late, lower lyrate, 3-4 cm. 1. Sepals 7-9 mm. 1., tube above the ovary
5-6 mm. 1. Petals 8(-13) mm. 1., broadly obovate, pink or purple, entire.
Stignia 4-lobed. Capsule 5-10 mm. I., obovoid-club-shaped with a stalls-
like base, angles winged, faces ridged, valves obovate.

4. FUCHSIA L.

Shrubs, undershrubs, or small trees. Leaves opposite (or
alternate), sometimes whorled ; stipules very small. Flowers

lid.— Fucltfiia hoUdana Carr.

A, Portion of branch with leaves, flower- B, Flower cut lengthwise, witli the ovary
buds, and flowers, X j- removed, slightly less than nat. size.

C, Fruit cut lengthwise X IJ.

Fuchsia ONAGKACE/E 413

axillary, long-stalked, nodding or pendulous, solitary or clustered,
or rarely racemose or paniculate at apex of branches. Calyx-tube
prolonged far beyond the ovary into a 4-lobed limb. Petals 4.
Stamens 8. Ovary 4-celled ; ovules attached to the inner angle.
Berry 4-celled. Seeds angular or kidney-shaped. Embryo with-
out endosperm.

Species about 90, natives of Central and S. America, and of
Jamaica and Hispaniola.

F. boliviana Carr. in Bev. Hortic. xlviii. 150, t. (1876).
F. boliviana var. luxurians Johnston in Contrib. Gray Herb. Ixxv.
38 (1925). F. cuspidata Faioc. d; Bendic in Journ. Bot. Ixiv. 105
(1926). (Fig. 149.)

Near Woodcutters' Gap, 4000 ft. ; Harris ! Cinchona Garden (cult.) ;
Ilarrisl also Doi07iesl Fl. Jam. 5825, 7605; near St. Helens Gap, Cinchona,
4900 ft., Maxon £ Killip, 571. — Bolivia, Guatemala.

Shrub, 18-20 ft. ; stem, branches, petioles, under side of leaves,
peduncles and ovary densely covered with short soft Iiairs. Leaves 7-18 cm. 1.,
opposite or 3-whorled, elliptical to oblong-elliptical, tapering to apex, base
blunt, often oblique and unequal-sided, entire, with inconspicuous minute
blunt teeth, sparsely puberulous on upper surface, nerves 14-24 on each
side ; petioles l-4(-6) cm. 1. Flowers pendulous, solitary in axils of much
reduced leaves at ends of branches forming a terminal corymbiform raceme
or panicle; peduncles 1-1*5 cm. 1. Buds mucronate at apex with cusps
of calyx-lobes. Calyx dark red, outside sparsely puberulous; lobes 1-7-
2-1 cm. 1., 4 mm. br. at base, lanceolate, apex acuminate, cuspidate; tube
4 "5-6 "5 cm. 1., increasing in diam. evenly to 7 mm. br. at apex, puberulous
inside over whole length. Petals 1*5 cm. 1., oblong, acute, light red.
Stamens, the longer 1*4 cm. 1.; filaments light red; anthers creamy
white. StTjle with stigma ultimately as long as the calyx-lobes. Ovary
8-13 mm. 1. Berry linear-oblong, 1"8 cm. 1., 4 mm. br.

[F. eoeeinea Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 8 (1789).

Naturalized ; road to Greenhill, 4000 ft., Blue Mts. ; near Cinchona,
4500 ft. ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 5824, 9130.— Chili.

Shrub, l-3(-10) ft. high, glabrous. Leaves 3-4 cm. 1., opposite or 3-
whorled, lanceolate, acute, with a few niinute sharp teeth, shortly petioled.
Flowers solitary, pendulous, on long thread-like peduncles. Calyx crimson ;
lobes oblong, acute, 1 • 5-2 cm. 1. ; tube, free part shorter than lobes.
Petals obovate, convolute, dark purple, about half as long as the calyx-
lobes. Style usually longer than the long exserted stamens ; stigma
undivided.]

Family XCII. ARALIACE^.

Trees or shrubs, veiy rarely herbs, sometimes high climbing,
generally tomentose with stellate hairs, or sometimes hairy or
bristly with simple hairs, sometimes spiny. Leaves usually
alternate, simple, entire, toothed, or divided palmately or pin-
nately, or compound digitately or pinnately {Sciadophyllum) or
decompound. Stipules adnate to the petiole, sometimes not
distinct from the dilated base of the petiole embracing the stem,
sometimes united within the petiole and produced into a blade.

414 FLORA OF JAMAICA Sciadophyllum

sometimes wanting. The heads, umbellules, spikes, or racemules
of flowers racemose, paniculate, or umbellate. Flowers herm-
aphrodite, polygamous or rarely dicecious ; in polygamo-dioecious
plants the fertile flowers sometimes occur in terminal umbels,
the sterile in lateral umbels. Calyx reduced to a ring-like or
broadly and shortly cup-like limb. Petals free, 3 to indefinite,
generally 5, usually valvate and then with a thickened apex
hook-like or bent inwards, and easily cohering especially in the
perfect flowers, sometimes slightly imbricate. Stamens usually
as many as the petals, and inserted with them within the margin
of the calyx around the epigynous disk. Ovary inferior, with
1 or more cells. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary.
Ovules solitary in each cell, hanging from the top of the cell,
anatropous. Fruit generally drupe-like, sometimes berry-like,
endocarp divided into 1 or more distinct pyrenes. Seeds solitary
in the pyrenes, hanging ; endosperm copious, sometimes ruminate.
Embryo next the hilum, very small ; cotyledons ovate or oblong.
Species about 700, most of them flourishing within the
tropics, a few in temperate regions.

Leaves digitately compound 1. Sciadophyllum.

Leaves simple.

Flowers in heads 2. Oreopanax,

Flowers in umbels 3. Oilibcrtia.

1. SCIADOPHYLLUM P. Br. (Sciodaphyllum).

Trees or shrubs. Leaves digitately compound, leaflets entire ;
stipules within the petiole, often elongated. Branchlets of
inflorescence (in Jamaican species) forming a simple raceme, each
branchlet with an umbel or head of flowers at apex. Bracts at
base of branchlets and of umbels. Flowers hermaphrodite or
polygamous. Calyx-margin truncate or wavy-toothed. Petals
5 (4), valvate, united into a lid which soon falls. Stamens as
many iis the petals. Disk flattened. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles
distinct, at length recurved, or sometimes united beyond the
middle into a column. Fruit subglobose, generally angular in
drying, at flrst fleshy outside. Seeds with endosperm not
ruminate.

Species 25, natives of tropical America and the West Indies.

Flowers distinctly pedicellate. Inflorescence pube-
rulous or glabrate ; umbel bearing branchlets

to 12 mm. 1. Calyx truncate 1. S. Brownei.

Flowers sessile or subsessile.

Inflorescence white powdery tomentose ; umbel-
bearing branchlets to 3 mra. 1. Calyx-teeth

minute 2. S. prcctennissum.

Inflorescence densely white hairy tomentose;
umbel-bearing branchlets to 7 mm. 1. Calyx-
teeth prominent 3, S. troyanum.

Sciadophyllum

AIlkUACEJE

415

1, S. Bpownei Spreng. Syst. i. 953 (1825) ; Macf. Jam. ii. 191;
Griseb. FL Br. W. Lid. 306; Seem, in Journ. Bat. Hi. 2G5; TJrh.
Symb. Ant. i. 196. Sciodapbyllum foliis &c. Browne Hist. Jam.
190, t. 19,/. 1, 2. S. heptaphyllum Hifchc. in Miss. Bot. Gard.
Bep. iv. 91 (1893) (excl. syn. L.). Aralia Sciodaphyllum Sw.

Fig. 150. — Sciadophyllum Browtui Spreug.

A, Compound digitate leaf and iulior- dropping off, and another from which

escence X J. the corolla has fallen, x 4.

B, Umbel-bearing branchlet with twb C, Open flower cut lengthwise x 7.

flower-buds, a flower with the corolla I), Fruit X 4.

E, Fi-uit cut across, showing five seeds, X 7.

Prodr. 55 (1788). Hedera Sciodaphyllum Sm. Fl. Lid. Occ. 519
(1797). Schefflera Sciadophyllum Harms in Engl.-Prantl Pjfan-
zenfam. Hi. 8, 37 (1894). (Fig. 150.)

Masson ! mts., St. Andrew, Purdic ! Blue Mt3., Linden 1686 ! Union
Hill, Moneague, Prior ! March ! Blue Mt. Peak, Hitchcock ; Catherine
Peak, 4000 ft., Eggers, 3664 ! Wallingford, Moore I Morse's Gap, 5000 ft. ;

41(3 FLORA OF JAMAICA Sciadophyllum

Hollymount, 3000 ft. ; Harris ! PI. Jam. 7560, 9010 ; below Thomson Gap,
Portland, Blue Mts., Miss J. R. Perkins, 1223 !

Shrub or tree to 20 ft. high ; stems several or solitary, 2-4 ins. in diam.
Leaflets 7-13, 1-3 dm. 1., 3-11 cm. br. ; very shortly and abruptly acuminate,
base rounded to subcordate, glabrous ; petiole of leaflets 2-8 cm. 1. ;
petiole of leaf 1-5-3 -5 dm. 1., clasping the stem at base and united to the
stipules. Inflorescences 3-6 dm. 1., puberulous or glabrate, axillary near
summit of stem or terminal; branchlets numerous, 3-12 mm.l., bearing at
apex 4-8 pedicellate flowers ; pedicels 2-4 mm. 1. ; buds about 3 mm. 1.
Calyx-limh very short, wavy or with an occasional very short tooth.
Corolla about 1-4 mm. 1. Styles 5, free, about 1 mm. 1. Fruit 5-angled,
5-celled, about 4 mm. 1.

2. S. prsBtepmissum Norm, in Journ. But. Ixlv. 159 (1926).

J. P. 884, Monis ! ^Morse's Gap, 5000 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 6997.

Tree to 20 ft. high. Leaves as in the preceding species, but perhaps
not attaining to the largest measurements. Inflorescences 3*5 -4 "5 dm. 1. ;
rhacbis and branchlets white-tomentose, powdery or with minute hairs ;
branchlets numerous, 2-3 mm. 1., bearing at apex 9-12 subsessile flowers ;
buds about 2 mm. 1. Btids : Calyx glabrate or sparsely white-tomentose ;
teeth about "4 mm. 1. Corolla 1-3 mm. 1., bell-shaped, glabrous. Ovary
2-8 mm 1. Styles 5, -i mm. I.

3. S. troyanum Urb. Si/mh. Ant. v. 451 (1908).

Near Troy, 2000 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft. ; Harris 1
Fl. Jam. 9369, 10,876, 11,052.

Tree, 10-20 ft. high. Leaflets 9-12, 1-3 dm. 1., 5-9 cm. br., elliptical-
oblong, very shortly and abruptly acuminate, base cordate to rctuse, upper
surface glabrous, with network of veins usually impressed, puberulous with
dust-like hairs beneath ; petioles of leaflets 1*5-12 cm. 1. ; petioles of leaf
l'5-4 dm. 1. Inflorescences 2*5 to 5*5 dm. 1.; rhachis and branchlets
tomentose with minute white hairs; branchlets numerous, 5-8 mm. 1.,
bearing at apex 5-15 subsessile flowers ; buds 5 mm. 1., 3 mm. br. Calyx
densely white-tomentose; tube 4 mm. 1.; lobes 1 mm: 1., triangular.
Corolla 2*5-3 mm. 1., conical, white-tomentose. Styles 5, free, 2 mm. 1.

2. OREOPANAX Decne. & Planch.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, entire (in 0. capitatum), or
variously divided. Stipules united into one small intra-axillary
stipule, more or less united to petiole. Branchlets of inflorescence
paniculate (in 0. capitatum) or racemose. Bracts one under each
peduncle ; bracteoles scale-like, 3 under each flower. Flowers
polygamo-dioecious, sessile. Calyx-linrb truncate, with minute
distant teeth. Petals 5 (4-7), valvate. Stamens as many as the
petals. Disk evident, not thick. Ovary 3-5(6-1 2)-celled ;
styles free or more or less united. Fruit globose, berry-like.
Seed compressed, somewhat 3-angled. Endosperm ruminate, or
sometimes (in 0. capitatum) not or scarcely ruminate.

Species 80, natives of the West Indies and tropical con-
tinental America, chiefly in the Andes.

0. capitatum Decne. <C Planch, in Bev. Hortic. ser. 4, Hi. 108
(1854) ; Seein. in Journ. Bat. Hi. 270 (1865) ; March, in Fl. Bras.

Oreopanax

ARALIACE^

417

xi. p*. 1, 253 ; Urh. Symb. Ant. i. 198 & viii. 508. Aralia capitata
Jacq. Eimm. 18 (1760), Sel. Stirp. Amer. 89, t. 61 & Ed. pict. 46,
t. 91 ; Sw. Prodr. 55. IFedera capitata Smith Ic. pict. rar. 4, t. 4

Fig. Iriy.—Oreopanax capitatum Decne. & Planch.

A, rortion of branch with leaf and lowest C, Female (lower cut leii!,'thwisj ; s,

branch of intlorescence X j. of calyx ; b, bracteoles ; X 7.

B, Male flower ; b, bracteoles ; x 7. D, Head of very young fruit X 4.

E, Fruit cut lengthwise X 4.

(1790); Sw. FI. Ind. Occ. 516; 3Iac/. Jam. ii. 193. Sciadc

phyllum capitatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 306 (1800).
(Fig. 151.)

V. 2 E

418 FLORA OF JAMAICA Oreopanax

Woman Wood, Three fingered Jack, Growing Stick.

Wright ! Broughtaii 1 Masson ! Bromfield ! Wilson ! March 1 ^Moneague ;
Luidas Vale; Priori J. P. 878, Eartl Blue Mts., Hitchcock; Plato road,
3000 ft., Harris\ Fl. Jam. 7684; Robertsfield, Blue Mts.; near Troy,
2000 ft., Miss J. R. Peikinsl — Hispaniola, Antigua, Montserrat, Guade-
loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, trop. cont.
America.

Tree to 60 ft. high, or shrub 15 ft., sometimes epiphytic on other trees.
Leaves on flowering shoots 1-2 dm. 1., simple, entire, glabrous, elliptical
or ovate, sharply acuminate, base 5-nerved, rounded or wedge-shaped ;
petioles 5-12{-15) cm. 1. Inflorescences, small heads borne on a terminal
panicle, 1-2 dm. 1., more or less puberulous in all its parts except the
petals. Heads 5-6 mm. in diam., to 12 mm. \n fruit. Petals white, about
1"5 mm. 1. Styles 2 in male fl., free, 5-12, free and recurved in female
and hermaphrodite fls. Berry 3-5 mm. in diam., globe se, 5-celled, with
5-12 seeds.

3. GILIBERTIA Ruiz &, Pav.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves simple and entire (iu
Jamaican species), rarely 3-5-lobed, usually clustered at end of
branches ; stipules very small, within the petiole, or wanting,
Inllorescences terminal, composed of umbels either solitary or
arranged in a short raceme, rarely ending in a compound umbel.
Peduncles striate or angled, at apex usually dilated into a
receptacle for the insertion of the pedicels, liracteoles scale-like,
crowded in the receptacle and sometimes forming an involucre
externally. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx sub-
entire or minutely toothed. Petals 5-8, valvate, with incurved
apex. Stamens as many as the petals. Disk continued in the
middle into a stylar column. Styles united above the middle or
throughout their length, very rarely almost free. Fruit globose
or ovoid.

Species about 50, nati\es of the West Indies, tropical America
and Asia, China and Japan.

Inflorescence a raceme of simple umbels with a com-

poimd imabel at apex 1. O. arborca.

Inflorescence a simple umbel.
Leaves broadest at or below the middle. Umbel with
more than 40 fls.
Leaves ovate-oblong or narrowly elliptical, obtuse at

both ends, leathery, nerves and veins indistinct . 2. G. pendula.
Leaves lanceolate, apex acute or blunt, base running

into the petiole, papery 3. G. Swartzii.

Leaves lanceolate, apex acute, base obtuse, leathery . 4. Gr. elongata.
Leaves oval-elliptical, breadth a little more than half
the length, acute or shortly acuminate, base

rounded, emarginate, or subcordato 5. G. ovalifolia.

Leaves broadly ovate, breadth two-thirds length,
apex obtuse or shortly acuminate, base cordate

or subcordate 6. G.cordifolia.

Leaves broadly elliptical, shortly subacuminate at
both ends, veins distinct beneath, papery-
leathery.' Peduncle nodding, 5-7 cm. 1 7. G. nutans.

Gilihertia

ARALIICE^

419

Leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends, papery, dense

network of veins prominent on both sides.

Umbel with 20-50 fls. Peduncle erect, 3-4 cm. 1. 8. G. grandis.

Leaves broadest above the middle. Umbel with less

than 20 fls.

Calyx and ovary 7-8 mm. 1. Leaves obovate,

leathery 9. G. grandiflora.

Calyx and ovary less than 3 mm. 1.

Leaves obovate-elliptical to elliptical, leathery.

Calyx with ovary 2-5 mm. 1 10. G. hlakeana.

Leaves oblong-elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate,

papery. Calyx with ovary 1-3-1 -5 mm. 1.... 11. G. filipes.

1. G. apborea March, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxx. 281 (1891) ;
Urh. Sijmb. Ant. i. 201, iv. 469 & viii. 508. Aralia arborea foliis

Fig. 152.— Gilibertia arhm-ea March.

A, Portion of brauch with leaves C, Flower x 7.

and inflorescence X J. II, Fruit X 2.

B, Umbellule X 3. E, Ditto cut across X 2.

<fcc. Browne Hist. Jam. 189. A. arborea L. Syst. x. 967 (1759) k
Amoen. v. 396, 377 ; Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Amer. 89 *fe Hort. ScJioenhr.

2 E 2

420 FLOKA OF JAMAICA Gilihcrtia

t. 51 ; Sir. Oos. 119. A. foliis ovatis &c. Plum. PL Amer. (Burin.)
139, t. 148. Hedera arborea Sto. Fl. Ind. Oec. 518 (1797);
Mac/. Jam. ti. 192. Sciadophyllum Jacquini Griseh. Fl. Br. W.
Ind. 306 (1860). Dendropanax arboreiim Decne. d Planch, in
Rev. Hortic. ser. 4, in. 107 (1854); Seem, in Journ. Bot. ii. 301
(excl. Hedera alaris «fe Dendropanax alare) ; Briit. in Bull. Torr.
Bot. CI. xxxix. 1. (Fig. 152.)

Galipee, Angelica Tree.

Foot of Red Hills, Brmcne ; 'Wright\ Broughtonl Massonl Swartzl
Macfadyen I Purdie ! Hartwcg ! Wilson 1 Moneague, Prior 1 March !
Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts., Morris ! King's House ; ^lavis Bank ; J. P. 976,
1079, 1092, Hartl Latimer, near Cinchona; Wallenford, 5i500 ft.; near
Troy, 2200 ft. ; Holly Mount, Mt. Diablo, 2500 ft. ; Peckham, Clarendon,
2500 ft. ; Stony Hill, 1100 ft. ; Harris ! Castleton Hill, 1000 ft., Thompson 1
Fl. Jam. 7610, 8031, 8708, 897G, 10,950, 11,051, 11,055, 11,144; Port
Antonio, Hitchcock. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto llico, St. Thomas, St.
Vincent, Grenada, Margarita, trop. cont. America.

Tree, 15-40(-60) ft. high, or sJirub. Leaves l-l-5(-2) dm. 1., elliptical
to ovate-elliptical, or obovate-olliptical, acuminate, base wedge-shaped to
rounded; nerves and network of veins prominent on both sides ; petioles
1-8 cm. 1. Inflorescences a terminal raceme of a few simple umbels on
ascending peduncles, ending with a compound umbel of about 4-G rays ;
peduncle l'5-8 cm. 1. ; pedicels 6-8 mm. 1. Calyx truncate or with 4 to 6
short sharp teeth. Petals 4-G, acute, greenish-white. Frtcit 5-6-angled,
5-7 mm. 1.

2. G. pendula March, ex Urb. Symh. Ant. i. 200 (1899).
Hedera pendula Sw. Prodr. 51 (1788), Icon. t. 9(?) & Fl. Ind. Occ. i.
512; Mac/. Jam. ii. 192; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 306 (in part)
(excl. reference to Wihon). Dendropanax pendulum Decne. d'
Planch, in Bev. Hortic. ser. 4, Hi. 107 (1854); Seem. torn. cit. 300.
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Swartz I

Tree or shrub, 10-12 ft. high. Leaves 10-5 "5 cm. 1., ovate-lanceolate,
apex obtuse, base obtuse, nerves indistinct, scarcely prominent en both
sides, veins very few, leathery; petioles to G cm. 1. Peduncle to 3 dm. 1.
and more, pendulous, jointed ; receptacle 7-8 mm. br., cushion-like.
Umbel with 40-70 fls. ; pedicels about 15 mm. 1. Calyx 2-5 mm. 1. (in
bud), subentire. Petals oblong, acute. Filaments shorter than corolla.
Style simple. Berry with 6 seeds.

3. G. Swartzil Fawc. d Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ixiv. 158 (1896).
Hedera pendula Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 306 (1860) (in part).

Swartz (with label attached inscribed Hedera nutans) 1 Wilson (speci-
men in Herb. Kew. named by Grisebach Hedera pendula) t Newhaven Gap,
Blue Mts., J. P. 983, Hart ! also Harris 1 Claverty Cottage, Blue Mts.,
J.P. 983, Hart !

Leaves 7-14 cm. 1., lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly elliptical,
apex acute, sometimes blunt, base acute, running into the petiole, nerves
together with network of veins flat or slightly prominent on upper surface,
slightly prominent beneath, papery ; petioles to 4 cm. 1. Peduncle 23-10
cm. 1., jointed; receptacle somewhat cushion-like, concave below, 5-7
mm. br. Umbel simple with 50-70 fls.; pedicels 15-18 mm. 1. Petals

Gilihcrtia AIIALIACEJI'] 421

5 mm. 1., ovate-elliptical. Filaments 7 mm. 1. Ovary turbinate, about
3 mm. 1. Shjle simple, conical, 2-5 mm. 1. Fruit about 6 mm. 1.,
ellipsoidal, 5-angled.

4. G. elongata comb. nov. Dendropanax elongatum Britt. in
Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxix. 3 (1912).

Peckham, Clarendon, 2500-2800 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 10,874.

Slender tree, 25 ft. high. Leaves 1-2 dm. 1., 2 5-6 cm. br. (6-8 cm. 1.
at base of peduncle), leathery, lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, apex acute,
base obtuse ; nerves fiat or slightly prominent on upper surface, together
with veins prominent beneath; petioles •5-8-5 cm. 1. Inflorescence vevj
young. Peduncle 12 cm. 1., jointed ; receptacle cushion-like, concave
beneath. TJmhel with about 40 fls. (small buds).

5. G. ovalifolia Fawc. & Bendle in Journ. Bot. Ixiv. 158 (1926).
Dendropanax pendulum Britt. in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xx.vix. 2
(1912).

Lapland, near Catadupa, 2000 ft. ; Mulgrave, St. Elizabeth, 1300 ft. ;
Harris I Fl. Jam. 9188, 12,378.

SJirub 12 ft. high, or tree 25 ft. Leaves to 13 cm. 1., about half as
broad as long, or a little more, oval-elliptical, very shortly acuminate,
acute or rarely obtuse, base rounded, emarginate, or subcordate, nerves
together with veins flat or slightly prominent on the upper surface, more
so beneath, papery; petioles to 8 cm. 1. Peduncle 26-20 cm. 1., jointed;
receptacle somewhat capitate, less than 1 cm. br. Umbel with 55-90 fls. ;
pedicels 15-18 mm. 1. Calyx subentire. Petals 4 mm. 1., greenish,
triangular, acute. Filaments 6 mm. 1. Style simple, 2 mm. 1.

6. G. eordifolia comb. nov. Dendropanax cordifolium Britt.
in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxix. 4 (1912).

Woodlands, summit of Dolphin Head, about 1800 ft., Britton &
Hollick, 2856 !

2Vee, about 20 ft. high. Leaves 20 cm. 1. or less, about two-thirds as
broad as long, broadly ovate, apex obtuse or shortly acuminate, base
cordate or subcordate, nerves prominent, papery; petioles atout, about
1 dm. 1. or shorter. Umbel many-flowered. Peduncle inclined, stout,
12-15 cm. 1., not jointed, with bracts at and very near the base. Pedicels
rather slender, 2'5 cm. 1. Calyx subentire; tube 4-5 mm. br. Petals
white, about 5 mm. 1. Filaments slightly longer than the petals. Style
of young fruit very broadly conical, 2 mm. 1. or less.

We are indebted to Dr. Britton for a specimen.

7. G. nutans March, ex Urb. Si/mb. Ant. i. 201 (1899). Hedera
nutans Sw. Prodr. 51 (1788) & Fl. Ind. Occ. 514; Mac/. Jam.
a. 193; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 306 (excl. syn. Al). Dendro-
panax nutans Decne. li Planch, loc. cit. ; Seem. torn. cit. 300.
Specimen from Swartz in Herb. Mus. Brit.

Blue Mt. Peak, 7400 ft., Swartz \ Macfadijcnl McNabl J.P. 933 (in
part), If orris ! Harris I

Tree, 10-15 ft. high. Leaves 5-14 cm. 1., broadly elliptical, shortly
subacuminate at both ends, nerves slightly prominent on both sides, veins
distinct beneath, papery-leathery ; petioles to 6 cm. 1. Peduncle 5-7

422 Fl.OlfA OF JAMAICA Gilihertia

cm. 1. ; receptacle 8-10 mm. br., cushion-like, convex above, concave belov/.
Umbel with 40-80 fls. ; pedicels 15-20 cm. 1. Petals 45 mm. 1., ovate.
Stajnctis 4'5 mm. 1. Ovory turbinate, about 3 mm. 1. Style conical,

2 mm. I.

8. G. grandis comh. nov. Dendropanax grande Britt. in Bidl.
Torr. Bot. CI. a-xxix. 4(1912). Type in Herb. Kew.

In the forest on the road to Grier Park, Moneague, Prior !

Tree, 40 to 50 ft. high. Leaves to 15 cm. 1., elliptical, apex obtuse, base
obtupc, nerves about 8 on each side, the two lowest keeping more or less
at .same distance from margin, together with dense network of veins with
small meshes slightly prominent on both sides, papery ; petioles stout, to
12 cm. 1. Peduncles erect, stout, 3-4 cm. 1. ; receptacle cushion-like, about
10 mm. br. Umbel with 20-50 fls. ; pedicels rather stout, 2 cm. 1. Petals
4 "5 mm. 1., lanceolate-triangular. Filaments 5 mm. 1. Ovary about

3 mm. 1., subhemispherical.

Cited by Grisebach op. cit. 306 and Urban op. cit. £01 under the
previous species.

9. G. grandiflora anuh. noc. Dendropanax grandiflorum
Britt. in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxix. 3 (1912).

Pcckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Hanisl Fl. Jam. 10,994, 11,011, 11,028,
12,791.

Tree, 15-30 ft. high. Leaves G-12 cm. 1., 3-7 cm. br., obovate, apex
rounded or sometimes bluntly pointed, base wedge-shaped, leathery ;
petioles 1*3 cm. 1. or less. Pedunelc 2-5 cm. 1.; receptacle 5-G mm. br.,
flat. Umbel solitary, or sometimes another in axil of uppermost reduced
leaf, with 5-11 fls.; pedicels 1-5-2 cm. 1. Calyx with ovary 7-8 mm. 1.,

10 mm. 1. in fr. ; calyx truncate. Petals 7 mm. 1., oblong, greenish-yellow.
Style 4'5 mm. 1., increasing to 5 or G mm, in fr. Fruit ellipsoidal,
10-12 mm. 1.

10. G. blakeana comh. nov. Dendropanax blakeanum Britt.
in Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. xxxix. 4 (19U>).

John Crow (Blake) Mts., 1700 ft., Harris <t Brittonl Fl. Jam. 10,7G1.

Slender tree, 25 ft. high. Leaves 4-10 cm. 1., 2-4-3 cm. br., obovate-
elliptical to elliptical, apex acute or very shortly Eubacuminate, base
wedge-shaped, leathery; petioles 3 mm. 1.— 3 cm. 1. Peduncle about

11 cm. 1. ; receptacle about 6 mm. br. Ufnbel with about 18 fls. ; pedicels
15-18 mm. 1. to 20 mm. in fr. Floivcr-huds just before opening 3 mm. 1.
Calyx with ovary about 2*5 mm. 1. ; calyx truncate or wavy with rounded
lobes. Fruit (fide Britton) subglobose, 5 mm. in diam., the persistent
style 2*5 mm. 1.

11. G. flUpes comh. nov. Dendropanax filipes Britt. in Bull.
Torr. Bot. CI. xli. 9 (1914).

Peckham, Clarendon, 2500 ft., Harris ! Fl. Jam. 11,057.

Slender straggling shrub to 10 ft. high. Leaves 7-12 cm. 1., 2-3-5
cm. br., oblong-elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, apex rounded to acute,
base obtuse, upper surface shining, papery; petioles 4-6--5 cm. 1.
Peduncle slender, 7-11 cm. 1.; receptacle 3 mm. br. Umbel with 10-13
fls.; pedicels slender, 14-19 mm. 1. Calyx with ovary 1-3-1-5 mm. 1. ;
calyx truncate, wavy or toothed. Petals 1-5-2 mm. 1., oblong-lanceolate.

Hydrocotyle UMBELLIFER.^il 423

FAMiLi- XCIir. UMBELLIFER^.

Herbs often reaching a considerable size ; stem hollow.
Leaves alternate or occasionally opposite under the forks of the
stem, the petiole usually dilated at the base into a sheath,
entire, generally very variously palmately or pinnately divided.
Flowers small, umbellate or sometimes in heads ; umbels simple
or more often compound, terminal or lateral, solitary or very
many in a panicle. Bracts under the outer rays of the umbel
and on the pedicels of the umbellules form an involucre and
involucels, or rarely are wanting. Flowers hermaphrodite (in
Jamaican species) or polygamo-diojcious, rarely dioecious, regular,
or subirregular with the outer petals enlarged forming a ray.
Calyx of small teeth round the upper edge of the ovary, or
wanting. Petals 5, equal or the outer sometimes larger.
Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, crowned by a conspicuous
disk. Styles 2, distinct. Ovules solitary in each cell, hanging
from the apex, anatropous. Fruit inferior, dry, generally
crowned by the disk and the styles, marked by longitudinal ribs,
between which are the canals (vittse) containing essential oil,
separating septicidall}^ into 2 carpels (mericarps), not opening,
1-seeded, the inner face (commissure) flat, usually leaving the
persistent carpophore free from the carpels from the base to the
apex, the carpels at length hanging from the apex of the
branches of the carpophore. Seed adherent to the pericarp ;
endosperm cartilaginous. Embryo small, near the hilum ; radicle
superior ; cotyledons short.

Species about 2700, numerous in the temperate regions, in
the tropics chiefly on the mountains.

Umbels simple. Leaves undivided, peltate ou cordate 1. Hydrocotyle.

Umbels compound. Leaves much divided 3. Ainum.

Flowers in a dense head. Plant spiny 2. Eryncjium.

1. HYDROCOTYLE L.

Herbs, sometimes perennial, prostrate or rooting at the
nodes, sometimes annual and erect, often very small. Leaves
entire, palminerved or cut palmately. Stipules small, scarious.
Umbels usually simple or the flowers also in distant whorls
Ijelow the terminal umbel. Bracts of the involucre few cr none.
Flowers white or rarely purplish, sometimes unisexual. Teeth
of the calyx minute or wanting. Petals entire, valvate or
imbricate. Disk evident. Fruit compressed from the side, with
narrow commissure ; mericarps compressed from the side ;
primary ridges nerve-like ; vitta3 wanting or very slender. Seed
compressed from the side. Penny- wort.

^24 FLOEA OF JAMAICA Hydrocotyle

Species about 75, mostly living in moist or swampy ground,
very widely dispersed through the warmer and temperate regions
of the world.

Leaves peltate.

Inflorescence a simple terminal umbel.

Flowers many, pedicillate 1. H. umhcllata.

Flowers few, subsessile 2. H.pusilla.

Inflorescence in whorls 3. H. vcrticUlata.

Leaves not peltate, base cordate 4. H. asiatica.

1. H. umbellata L. Sp. PI. 234 (1753); leaves peltate,
roundish, somewhat kidney-shaped, crenate, to 5 cm. across ;
flowers many, with long pedicels, usually in a simple terminal
umbel; petals valvate. — Sw. Ohs. Ill; Macf. Jam. ii. 185;
Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Inch 307 ; Urh. in Fl. Bras. xl. j)t. 1, 269,
/. 72, /. 1; Si/mh. Ant. iv. 471 it viii. 510; Coult. ((• Hose in
Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. vii. 25 ; Small Fl. S.E. U.S. cd. 2, 858.
H. foliis orbiculatis peltatis itc. Browne Hist. Jam. 185. Coty-
ledon aquatica Sloane Cat. 93 tt Hist. i. 212. Specimen in Herb.
Linn, named by Linnaeus.

Caymanas and banks of Eio Cobre, Sloane Herb, i v. 35 1 Broughtonl
St. Mary, Purdie 1 March ! swamp near Unity Vale, iloneague, Prior !
Temple Hall, 800 ft., Harris ! Ferry, Campbell ! Fl. Jam. 5901, G168; near
Kingston, Hitchcock. — West Indies, N. and S. America, Galapagos Is.,
S. Africa, Madagascar, and Bourbon.

A creeping herb, glabrous. Petioles to 25 cm. 1. or more. Peduncles
equalling the petioles. Bracts of the involucre rather numerous, very
small, broadly ovate; pedicels 4-12 mm. 1. Fruit about 2 mm. 1., about
3 mm. br., notched at base and apex; primary dorsal ridges prominent,
obtuse.

2 H. pusilla A. Bieh in Ann. gener. Set. Phys. ic. 167, t. 52,
/. 2 (1820); leaves peltate, roundish, not emargiiiate, crenate,
scarcely reaching 1 '5 cm. across ; flowers few, sessile or subsessile
in a simple terminal umbel. — Urb. in Fl. Bras. xi. pt. 1, 272, t. 72,
/. 2, Symb. Ant. iv. 471 & viii. 510.

Macfadyen I Mt. Moses, J. P. 2092, Hart ! Tweedside, below Moody's
Gap, Harris d Britton I Fl. Jam. 10,542. — Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Peru,
Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay.

A small slender creeping herb, glabrous, or with a few hairs on the
under side of the leaves. Petioles 1-3-5 cm. 1. Peduncles hair-like, vary-
ing in length like the petioles ; pedicels to 1 mm. 1. or almost wanting.
Bracts of involucre minute, linear. Petals valvate, "4- '6 mm. 1. Fruit
•G-*8 mm. 1., 1-2-1 '4 mm. thick, often punctate, ridges rather indistinct.

3. H. vertieillata Thunb. Diss. Hydroc. 5, with fig. (1798);
leaves peltate, roundish, crenate, 1 "5-5 cm. across ; inflorescence
of several few-flowered whorls. Urb. in Fl. Bras, xi.pt. 1, 268,
Symb. Ant. iv. 471 & viii. 509 ; Coulter & Pose, torn. a't. 27 ;
Small he. cit. ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 273 ; Britt. & Millsp. Bah
Fl 312.

Hydrocoiyle

UMI^ELLIFER/E

425

In marshy places ; Wright\ Sivartzl Grandvale, Westmoreland, 500 ft.;
between Llandovery and Runaway Bay ; Harris ! Fl. Jam. 7094, 10,373. —
Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, cont.
America, S. Africa, Sandwich Is.

A creeping glabrous herb. Petioles 8 to nearly 20 cm. 1. Peduncles
generally somewhat shorter than the petioles, bearing about 6 (or less) few-
flowered distant whorls ; pedicels 0-2 mm. 1. Bracts of the involucre very
small, ovate. Petals valvate. Fruit 1-5-2 mm. 1., 8-3-5 mm. br., ridges
prominent.

4. H. asiatiea L. Sj). PI. 234 (1753); leaves not peltate,
ovate-roundish, base heart-shaped, more or less deeply cut ;
Griseh. Fl Br. W. Ind. 307 ; C. B. Clarke in Hooh. f. Fl. Brit.

riy:. \hZ.—llydrocotijle asiatiea L.

A, Portion of plant bearing flowers and

fruit, nat. size.

B, YouDg inflorescence, the central flower-

l)ud only is seen emerging from the
involucre of two bracts, x 2J.

C, Inflores ence in which lateral flowers

have also developed X U.

D, Flower X 4.

E, Fruit X 4.

F, Fruit cut across ; c, cotyledons ; x ".

Ind. a. 669. H. brevipes BC. Prod. iv. 63 ; 3Iacf. Jam. ii. 186.
H. humilior foliis semi-ellipticis &c. Broicne Jam. 185. H. repanda
Pers. S)jn. i. 302 (1805). Centella asiatiea TJrh. in Fl. Bras. sci.
pt. 1, 287, t. 78,/. 1 ; Britt. Fl. Berm. 273. C. repanda Small
Fl. S.E. U.S. 859. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linna?us.
(Fig. 153.)

In marshy places ; Masson ! Broughton ! Bertero ; St. Mary, Purdie !
March ! St. Anns Bay ; Tiddenham, St. Ann ; Prior ! Bull Head, J. P. 1522,
Hart I Prospect Hill, near Castleton, 20C0 ft., 21iom2)SGn\ near Troy,
1500 ft., Harris 1 Fl. Jam. 7956, 8557.— Warmer regions of the world.

426

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Hydrocotyle

A creeping herb, rooting at nodes. Leaves to 4 cm. 1., 4 cm. br. (or
more), coarsely toothed, hairy when young, or becoming glabrate ;.
petioles 2-10 cm. 1., hairy or glabrous. Inflorescence a simple umbel in
the leaf-axils, either subsessile or on peduncles which are usually shorter
than the petioles. Bracts of the involucre roundish or ovate, rather large,
2-4 mm. 1., embracing the flowers. Petals imbricate. Fruit roundish-
kidney -shaped, dark brown ; ridges pronainent, branching, forming a net-
work, the pericarp much thickened, 2-5-3 mm. 1., 4-5 mm. br.

2. ERYNGIUM L.

Herbs mostly perennial. Leaves usually with spiny teeth,
undivided or lobed or deeply cut. Flowers sessile in heads or

Fig. IH.—Eryngium foetidum L.
A, Eud of flowering shoot, nat. size. D, Flower exit lengthwise, tlie petals

B, Radical leaf, slightly reduced.

C, Head of flowers X 2!.

having dropped, X IC.
E, Fruit X 10.

dense spikes, each flower with a bract, the exterior bracts
forming an involucre, hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth stiff, sharp.
Petals with inflexed point. Disk with a thick margin. Fruit

Eryngium UMBELLIFEK^ 427

only slightly compressed, with a broad commissure ; primary
ribs equal, scarcely or very slightly prominent — neither ribs nor
vittfe evident in West Indian species. Carpophore wanting.

Species 220, dispersed throughout temperate and warmer
regions, but in, Africa only met with in the Mediterraneaa
region.

E. foetidum L. Sp. PI. 232 (1753); Sw. Ohs. 110; Macf.
Jam. a. 187 ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 308 ; Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr.
in. 6 ; Urh. in Fl. Bras, xi.pt. 1, 301, t. 79, /. 2, Symh. Ant. iv.
472 (fe viil. 511; Wolff in Engl. Pfianzenreich Umhellif.-
Saniculoid. 203; Eendle Class!/. Fl. PL ii. 415, Jig. 205.
E. foliis angustis serratis <fcc. Sloane Cat. 127 & Hist. i. 264,
t. 156, f. 3 ct 4. Specimen in Herb. Linn, named by Linnjeus.
(Fig. 1'54.)

Spirit Weed, Fit Weed.

Sloane Herb. v. 47, 48! Hou?.toun\ Brcnightonl Shakespear\ Bancroft \
St. Mary, McNabl Phoenix Park, Moneague, Prioi-l Golden Valley,
Tho7npso7i\ Hope Grounds, 700 ft., Harris \ Fl. Jam. 8042, 11,888;
Hardware Gap, G. E. Nichols, 105 ! — West Indies, trop. cont. America.

Biennial herb, 1-2 ft. high, with 2-forked branching. Leaves : radical
to 25 cm. 1., l"5-2"5(-4) cm. br., lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex obtuse,
clasping the stem at the base, coarsely toothed, teeth mucronate ; lower
stem-leaf like the radical leaves but smaller and more deeply toothed,
the rest smaller still and with the apex 3-5-cleft. Flower-heads cylindrical,
to 1'5 cm 1. Bracts of the involucre 5-6, leaf-like, to 3 cm. 1., unequal,
lanceolate, acute, the margins entire or with a few spiny teeth. Sepals
•5-1 mm. 1. Petals •G-"7 mm. 1. Frjiit covered with scales, to 2 mm. 1.

3. APIUM L.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous. Leaves thrice-pinnate
(or pinnate). Umbels compound, opposite the leaves in Jamaican
species. Involuci^ and involucel wanting in Jamaican species.
Flowers white. Calyx-teeth wanting. Petals ovate. Fruit
laterally compressed. Mericarps with 5 ribs, and single vittse
between the ribs.

Species about 30, dispersed throughout almost the whole
woi'ld.

A. leptophyllum F. v. Muell. ex Bcnth. Fl. Ausir. Hi. 372
(1866); Sprague in Joiirn. Bot. Ixi. 129. A. ammi Urb. in Fl.
Bras. xi. pt. 1, 341, t. 91 (1879) (non Crantz) tt Symh. Ant. viii.
512 ; Coult. dc Bose in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. vii. 86 ; Small Fl.
S.E.' U.S. ed. 2, 866. Sison ammi Jacq. Hort. Vindoh. ii. 95, t. 200
(1772) (non L.). Helosciadium leptophyllum DC. Prodr. iv.
105 (1830); Macf. Jam. ii. 188; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 308.
H. Ammi Britt. Fl. Berm. 279 (1918) ; Britt. & Millsp. Bah. Fl.
314. Specimen from Jacquin in Herb. Mus. Brit. (Fig. 155.)

428

FLOK.V OF JAMAICA

Apt It m

Coffee -pieces, Port Royal Mts., Macfadyen[ roadsides, Hope; Cokely,
near Castleton, GOO ft ; Walderstou, 2G00 ft.; Hanisl Fl. Jam. 8G15,
ll,89i, 12,759; near Pleasant Hill, 3660 ft.. Miss J. R. PerJcins, 1471!—
Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Barbados,
trop. cont. America, Australia.

Au erect or spreading slender glabrous annual. Leaves tlirice-ternately
divided into numerous linear or thread-like segments, the lower with

Fig. 155. — Apiumlej)tophyllum F. v. Miiell.

A, Brancli with leaves and flowers X J.

B, Imbellule X 12.

r, Flower cut lengthwiss x 34.
1>, Fruit X 17.

rather long petioles, the upper petioles shorter, a sheath at the base of
the petioles. Umbels usually sessile, sometimes with peduncle (1-2 cm. 1.),
opposite the leaves, of 1-3 rays (8-12 mm. 1.) ; unibellule bearing 8-15
flowers ; pedicels 2-7 mm. 1., central flower sometimes sessile. Fruit
1-5-2-5 mm. 1., ovoid, slightly laterally flattened; meiiearps with 5 pro-
minent ribs, one vitta in each narrow furrow ; carpophore shortly
2-forked at apex.

The following species are escapes fi-om cultivation : —

Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft in Jamaic. Journ. iv. 18
(1826) (ex Ind. Kcic. i. 193). A. esculenta BG. Prodr. iv. 244
(1830); Bot. Mag. 3092; Macf. Jam. ii. 189; CooTc d Collins in

Ajnum UMBELLIFEK^ 429

Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. viii. 84. Coniuin arracacha HooJc. Exot.
Fl. ii. 152 (1825). Arracacha. Native of northern S.
America.

Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Gen. Umh. 177 (1814); DC.
Prodr. iv. 102 (1830). Apium Petroselinum L. Sp. PI. 2G4
(1753). Parsley. Native of S. Europe.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8 (1768). Fennel.
Native in Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia to India.

Pastinaca sativa L. Sp. PI. 262 (1753). Parsnip. Native
in Europe and Siberia.

Daucus Carota L. Sp. PI. 242 (1753). Carrot. Native
in Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia, W. Asia to India.

Family IIIa. GARRYACE^.

(Omitted from Vol. iii.)

Tree or shrubs, with 4-angled twigs. Leaves opposite, entire
or with undulate margin, pinnately nerved ; petioles united at
their base by a ridge. Inflorescences : spikes, sometimes branched,
of unisexual flowers, deciduous when function complete, terminal
and axillary. Flowers small, without petals, dioecious, sohtary or
3 together, within decussate connate bracts. Male inflorescence
more or less pendulous, falling when pollen is shed ; flowers
more or less long-pedicelled ; calyx 4-parted, segments valvate,
cohering at the top ; stamens 4, alternate with the sepals,
opening longitudinally. Female inflorescence erect, falling on
ripening of fruit ; flowers sessile or subsessile ; calyx wanting ;
ovaiy 1-celled, styles 2, ovules 2, hanging side by side from apex
of cell. Berry ovoid, crowned by the persistent styles, with one
or two seeds. Seeds with copious fleshy endosperm ; embryo
cylindrical, minute, in the upper part of the endosperm ; coty-
ledons oblong.

Species 15, natives of south-western United States and Mexico,
with one species in Jamaica and Cuba.

GARRYA Dougl.
Characters as in the family.

G. Fadyenii Hook. Ic. PI. t. 333 (1841); BentJt. Fl. Hartweg.
266 ; DC. Prodr. xvi. pt. 1, 488; Wangerin in Engl. Pjianzenreich,
Garryacese, 14. Fadyenia Hookeri Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. 38
(1847) ; Griseh. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 286 & PI. Wright, in Mem. Am.
Acad. U.S. viii. 189. (Fig. 156.)

430

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Garrya

Macfadyen ; McNab 42 1 Piirdic ; Flamsted and Trafalgar, Port Royal
Mts., Harhccg, 15701 March; J.P. 1097, 1206, 2117, Hart\ Flamsted Hill,
3000ft.; near Bellevue, 4500 ft.; Eggcrs, 37731 near Cinchona, 4800 ft.,
Harris ! Fl. Jam. 12,414. — Cuba, Hispaniola.

A shrub or slender tree to 25 ft. high ; young twigs pubescent. Leaves
leathery, narrowly elliptical, apex more or less obtuse and mucronulate,

Fig. IHd.— Garrya Fadyenii Hook.

A, Branch of male iufloreaceiice x J. E, Female flower cut lengthwise x 7.

B, Male flower x 7. F, Fruit X 2.

C, Ditto with sepals Beparatcd to show G, Seed cut lengthwise, showing embryo

stamens X 7. X 4.

D, Portion o( branch with female inflor-

escence X J.

S-7 cm. 1., to 3 cm. br., glabrous, shining above, thinly covered with
curved hairs beneath when young, becoming glabrous; petiole 1-1-5 cm. 1.
Inflorescences densely tomentose throughout; male 2-3 cm. 1., branching;
female to 5 cm. 1., with lanceolate bracts. Fruit drying black, globose,
glabrate, 5-7 mm. in diam.

INDEX

(Synonyms in italics)

PAGE

Ahelmoschus esculentus Moench 143

moschatus Medic. . . . 142

Abutilon Gaertn 97

ahutiluidcs K. Schttm. . 101
affinis dx. Sloane . . .166

aliud vesicariuni &c. Plum. 99

aroericanum Sweet. . . 101

arboreum dc. Sloane . . 166

crispum Medic, (fig. 42) . 98

datum Griseb 102

fruticosumfoliisdc. Sloane 164

giganteum Sweet . . . 102
herbaceum proctimbcns dc.

Sloane 165

hirtum Sweet .... 98

indicunx Sweet .... 100

Jacqtiinii G. Don . . . 101

leiospermum Griseb. . . 100

lignosuni G. Don . , . 101

lucianum Sweet ... 96

pauciflorum St. Hil. . . 102

pedunculare Griseb. . . 102

periplocifolium Sweet . . 95

permolle Sweet . . . 101

repens dc. Dill. . . . 103

striatum Dicks. . . . 103

umbellatLim Sweet . . 97
vesicariuni crispum dc.

Dill 99

Aceri vel Paliuro affinis

angusto dc. Sloane ... 59

Aceris fructu dc. Sloane . . 251

Achania Malvaviscus Sw. . . 133

pilosa Sw 138

ACISANTHEEA P. Br. . . . 354

crecta dc. Brotvne . . . 354
quadrata Juss.(Fig. 129) 354, 355

recurva Griseb. . . . 354

Adelobotrys DC 358

adscendens Triana (Fig.

132) 358, 359

scandens Macf. .... 358

Akea solitaria Stokes ... 57

Akee 57

Akecsia africana Tussac . . 57

Alcea acetosa dc. Sloane . . 136

cibaria dc. Pluk. ... 87

fruticosa aqtcatica dc.

Sloane 132

PAGE

A Icea — continued.

liirsuta dc. Sloane . . . 142

indica dc. Pluk. . . . 127
maxima . . . fructu peuta-

gono dc. ; and ,, ,,

decagono dc. Sloane . 143

moschata dc. Pluk. . . 142
populi folio incano dc.

Sloane . . .95, 96, 121
populi folio villoso dc.

Sloane 120

Allophylus L 49

Cominia Sw 50

jamaicensis Radlk. . . 51

pachyphyllus Radlk. . . 51

All-spicetree. . . . 326
Alni fructu lauri folia dc.

Sloane 309

fructu, morifolia dc.

Sloane 157

Althma americana incana dc.

Pluk 166

coromandeliana angustis

dc. Pluk 119

corymbosa Sw 131

flore lutco Sloans . . . 117
jamaicensis arborea dc.

Pluk 133

madcraspatana &c. Pluk. 116

maritima dc. Browne . . 140

orientalis bidens dc. Pluk. 116

racemosa Sw 132

Scammonii dc. Pluk. . . 95
spicata beionicx folio

villoso sjnca breviori d

laxiori Sloane . . . 110
spicata ... flore luteo dc.

Sloane 106

spicata . . . villosissimo

Sloane 165

tiliginosa frutesccns dc.

Browne 132

virginiana dc. Pluk, . . Ill

American Gooseberry. 385

Ammannia L 294

coccinea Eottb. . . . 295

latifolia Griseb. . . . 295
latifolia L. (fig. 114) . 294, 295

sanguinolenta Siv. . . 295

432

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Amomis Berg ....

acris Berg ....

caryophyllata Ki-. & Urb
(tig. 126, c, c') . .325

jarnaiccnsis Britt. £ Hai

oblongata Berg

Pimento Berg .

pinientoides Berg .
AMPELIDACEiE . . .
Ampelocisscs Plan.h.

Alexaadri Urb.

liobinsonii Plamh.
Amyris balsamifera L.

Hypelate L. . . .

Fhilippiea A. Bobinson

Bobinsonii DC.
ANACAHDIACE^ . .
Anacardi sj). RJiecde
Anacardium L

frttctu itc. Browne

occidentalo L. (fig. 2)
Anaviomis dichotovia 6arg.

fragrans Griseb. .

gra7tdis Britt. .

punctata Qriscb. .
Anchovy Pear .
AiigelicaTree.
Angaria prima Citrullus etc

Sloane

Annatto

AsoDA Cav

acenfolia DC. .

hastata Schlecht. .
Antidote Cocoon.
Aparincs folio <tc. Sloane .
Apium L

arnvii Urb

leptophyllum F. v. Muell
(fig. 155) . . . .427

Petroselinum L. .
Aporocactus flagclUformis Le

maire

AQUIFOLIACE^. . .
Aralia arborea L. . . .

arborea foliis dc. Browne

capitata Jacq. .

foliis ovatis do. Plum.

Sciodaphyllum Siv. .
ARALIACE/E ....
Arbor altissima dx. Broicnc

laccifira foliis dc. Sloane

bacctfcra, laurifolia, aro
matica dc. Sloane .

baccifera, myrti folio
latiorc dc. Sloane .

coftice dc. Broivne . 289

foliis cordatis viyrtineis
dc. Browne .

I'AtJK

326
327

,326

327

327

327

327

73

75

76

76

141

60

60

4

5

4

6

5

351

351

351

351

2'J9

420

264

206
106
107
107
271
294
427
427

, 423
429

282
19
419
419
417
420
415
413
200
214

207

334

290

402

PAGE

Arbor — continued.

maxima forte dc. Sloaiie . 304
mi7ior diffusa, obscure

vircns dc. Browne . . 183

Arbuscula jamaiccnsis pcnta-

netiros dc. Pluk 388

jamaiccnsis quinqitcncrvis

dc. Pluk 386

Arracacha 429

Arracacia esculenta DC. . . 428

xanthorrhiza Bancroft . 428

Arthuostema Ruiz & Pav. . 357
fragile Lindl. (fig. 131) 357, 358

AscYRUM L 202

crux-Andrcse L 203

foliis oblongis dc. Plum. . 203

fruticosum dc. Browne . 203
hypericoides L. (fig. 79)

202, 203

AuERODENDRON Urb. . . . xii

jamaicense Urb. . . . xii

Anlomyrcia leptoclada Berg . 329

Ayenia L 160, 161

Irevigata Sw 102

magna L. (fig. 61, d, e) . 160

pusilla L. (fig. 61, a-c) . 161

Baccifera indica dc. Sloane . 50

Balsa Wood 153

Banisteria lupuloidcs L. . . 72

Bartramia indica L. . . . 82

Lajypago Gacrin. ... 82

BastardBryony. . . 77

Cedar 157, 168

Green Heart . . . 323

Lignum Vitre. . . 67

M a h o e . . . . 170

Mahogany. . . . 56

Bastardia II. B. & K. . . 120
bivalvis 11. B. & K. (fig.

47, B,c) 121

parvifolia H. B. d K. . . IvjO

spinifex Tr. d Planch. . 121
viscosa H. B. & K. (fig.

47, a) 120

BayBerryTree . . . 327

Bay Rum Tree . . . . 327

Beet Wood 18

Begonia L 249

acuminata Dryand. . . 251
acutifolia Jacq. (fig. 96)250,251

aciitifolia Stv 252

glabra Aubl. (fig. 96) . . 250

hirtella Link .... 253

humilis Dryand. . . . 253

jamaiccnsis A. DC. . . 252

minor Jacq 251

7iilida Ait 251

INDEX

433

Begonia — continued.

obliqiia L 250, 251

obliqua L'Herit. . . . 251

peponifolia Vis. . . . 253

Purdieana A. DC. ... 252

purpurea Sw 252

scandens Sio 250

BEGONIACE^ .... 249
Bctonica arborcscens foliis dc.

Pluk 168

arborescens Maderaspa-

tana dc. Pluk. . . . 168

Bichy 170

BixA L 205

foliis dc. Browne . . . 205
Orellana L. (fig. 81) . 205, 205

BIXACE.^ 205

BlacklronWood . . 65

Olive 307

Velvet 68

Blakea L 400

fruticosa dc. Browne . . 400

trinervia L. (fig. 144) 400, 401

Urbaniana Cogn. . . . 402

Blighia Koenig .... 57

sapida Koen 57

Blood Wood. . . . 18, 189

Boar Tree 9

Bohadschia humifusa Frcsl . 230

BOMBACACE^ .... 149

Bombast Mahoe . . . 153

Bombax actileatum L. . . . 150

ceiba Lun 150

foliis digitalis, brachiis

erecto-patentibus Broivne 150

inernie L 150

occidentale Spreng. . . 150
orientale Spreng. . . . 150
pcntandrum L. . , . 150
porrectis Browne . . . 150
pyramidalc Cav. . . . 153
Bottle Gourd . . . . 266
Bradleia A. Bobinson . . . 228
Break-axe Tree. . . . 90
BroadLeafTree. . . 304
Broom Weed. . . . 85,108
Broom Weed, Broad-
leafed 112

Brown Leaf Rod-wood. 346

Bryone d'Amerigue Descourt . 269
Bryonia alba geniculata dc.

Sloane 77

alba triphylla geniculata,
foliis crassis acidis

Sloane 78

alba triphylla maxima

Sloane 78

foliis hirtis dc. Browne . 269
V.

Bryonia — continued.

guadalupensis Spreng.

racemosa Mill. .

racemosa dc. Plum.
Bryonoides trifoliatum indi-

cum dc. Pluk.
Buceras ranmlis dc. Broxone
Buchenavia Eichl.

capitata Eichl.
BUCIDA L

buceras L. (fig. 120) . 306,

capitata Vahl .
Bull Hoof ....

Bur-bush

B u r-w e e d

Burn-nose Bark
Burn Wood.
Button ]\Iangrove .
ButtonTree
Button Wood .
BUXACE^ ....
Buxi folio majore dc. Sloane
Buxus L

bahamensis Baker

laevigata Spreng. (fig. 1)

macrophylla Fawc.
Rendle ...

pulchella Baill.

Purdiana Baill. .

Vahlii Baill. . . ,

&

256
269
268

78

307

303

308

300

307

303

240

81

81

288

9

310

310

310

1

32

1

3

2

3
2
2
3

Cabbage Bark ....

Cacao

Cacao Sloane

C. minus Gaertn

G. guianensis Aubl.

C. Theobroma Tussac .

CACTACE^

Cactier en Baguette Descourt.

Cactus alatus Sw

bracMalus d articulatis
articulis oblongo-ovatis
dc. Browne ....

176
160
160
160
160
160
271
278
280

277

brachiatus d articulatus

articulis ovatis dc.

Broivne

brachiatus d articulatus

subinerniis dc. Broione
cochenillifer L. . . .
cylindracens dc. Browne .
cylindracens . . . pusilhis

dc. Browne ....
debilis dc. Broivne
Dillenii Ker-Gawl.
erectus . . . tenuior

Broione 280

Ficus-indica L. . . . 278

dc.

277

274
274
279

232
280
273

43i

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Cadns — continued.

fiagclliformis L. . . .

282

grandiflorus L. . . .

281

humilis itc. Broicnc .

283

inermis dc. Plum.

284

Mclocactui L

283

mitis ifc. Broicne .

2S6

parasiticus L

284

parasiticus ineiviis dc.

Browne

284

pcndulus Sw

284

Percskia L

272

pci-uvia7ius L

279

Phijllanthus L. . . .

286

polyanthos Bot. Mag. .

277

sartncntosti.t <fc. Browne .

273

triangularis L. (fig. 108, c)

280

Tuna L

270

Calaba dc. Plum

200

Calophyllum L

199

brasilicnse Cavib. .

200

Burmanni Wight .

200

Calaba Jacq

200

foliis itc. Browne .

298

Jacquioii Fawc. & Rcudle

(fig. 77) ... . 199

,200

longifolium Willd.

200

Calycogonicm DC. . . .

382

glabratum DC.

382

glabratum Macf. .

383

rhamnoidcum Naud. (fig.

ISS)

383

Calyptraxthes Sw. .

318

acutissima Urb. .

322

chytraculia Nii't. .

322

chytraculia Sw.

322

discolor Urb

324

Fawcettii Kr. & Urb.

319

impressa Urb

321

Maxonii Britt. & Urb.

320

nodosa Urb

323

pallens Griseb.

322

rigida Macf. ....

320

rigida Sw

319

rigida Tuss

324

Syzygium Sic

320

Tussaceana Berg .

324

umbelliformis Kr. & Urb.

321

Urbanii Fawc. & Kendle .

323

Wilsonii Griseb. .

320

Zuzygium Sw. (fig. VlS) 320, 321

Camellia sinensis Kuntzc .

189

Thea Link

189

viridis Link ....

189

Candela amcricana Catcsby .

301

Casella Sw

207

alba Murr

207

Canella — continued.

foliis d'c. Browne . . . 207
Winterana Gaertn. (fig. 82)

207, 208

CANELLACE^ . .

207

Cabdiospermum L.

^

46

corindum L. .

48

grandiflorum Sw. (fig.

21)

47

halicacabum L.

48

lialicacabum L. Ama-n. .

49

halicacabum L. Herb.

48

loxense Kunth .

,

49

microcarpum If. B. &

K.

48

molle Kunth

49

scandcns dc. Broicnc

48

villosuni dc. Brouiic

48, 49

villosinn Macf.

.

49

Caeica L

944

frondc dc. Broicnc

244

jamaicensis Urb. .

,

246

Papaya L. (fig. 94)

244

245

jwsojMsa L. . .

.

246

]yroso2)osa Lnn.

246

sylccstris minor lobis m

inns

dc. Browne .

246

CARICACE^ . . .

243

Carrot.

4W

Caryophyllus aromaticus

hid.

Occ. foliis dc. Pluk. .

,

327

folio dc. Pluk. . .

.

326

foliis. . .alternisdc. Broicnc

326

foliis. . .oppositis dc. Br

oionc

327

fruticosus dc. Browne

338

fruticosus Mill.

338

Lauri dc. Pink. .

326

Pimento Mill. .

326

raccmosus Mill.

,

327

C a 8 h e w T r c e

,

6

Casearia Jacq.

,

212

aculeata Jacq. .

215

arborea Urb. .

213

contractu Urb. .

221

guianensis Urb.

214

hirsuta Sw.

,

216

hirta Griseb.

,

216

liirta Sw. . . .

915

mollis H. B. d K. .

216

nitida Jacq. (fig. 81)

. 212

213

odorata Macf. .

215

parviflora Macf.

214

ramiflora Vahi

. 215

216

scrrata Macf. .

213

scrrulata Griseb. .

.

213

S2:)i7iosa Willd. .

215

stipularis Vent.

.

213

sylvestris Sw. .

.

214

C a s s a d a NV o o d .

38

index;

435

Cassia Cinamomea s. Cinamo-
miim sylvcstri Barhaden-

sium dc. Pluk 207

Cassipourea Aabl. . . . 301
Brittoniana Fawc. &

Ren die 303

elliptica Poir. (fig. 118) . 302

subcordata Britt. . . . 303

subsessilis Britt. . . . 303

Cassuvium pomiferum Lam. . 6

Cassuvium Rumpli. ... 5

Cassytha filiformis Mill. . . 284

Cayaponia Manso .... 267

racemosa Cogn. (fig. 103) . 268

CeanolJius asiaticus L. . . 70

Chloroxylon Nees . . . G4

colubrinus Macf. ... 68

ferreus DC 65

reclinatus L'Hirit. . . 68

Sarcomphalus DC. . . 66

sphiBrocarpus DC. . . 71

Cedar, Bastard . .157,158

Ceiba 150

Ceiba Gaertn 150

casearia Medic. . . . 150

pentandra Gaertn. (fig. 56) 150

Ccnchramidea dtc. Pluk. . . 192
jamaiccnsis morifolia dx.

Pluk 157

Centella asiaiica Urb. . . . 425

repanda Small .... 425
Ccplialocerezis Sioartzii Britt.

d Hose 279

Cerasee 259, 260

Cerasee, Smaller. . . 260
Ceratonia affinis siliq;uosa dc.

Sloane 170

Cereus Miller 278

alatus DC 236

aUissimus dc. Trcw . . 279
altissimiLS gracilior dc.

Sloane 279

crassissimus dc. Sloane . 279

eriophorus Herb. Berol. . 280
flagelliformis Miller (fig.

108, A, B) 282

gracilis Miller .... 279

gracilis scandens dc. Treio 280
grandiflorus Miller (fig.

103, d) 280

minimus scandens dc.

Ehrct 232

minima serpens dc. Sloane 282

IDeruvianus Britt. & liose 279

peruvianus Miller . . . 279

rcpandus Haivorih . . 279

Sivartzii Griseb. . . . 279

triangularis Haw. . . . 280

PAGE

CJixiiopleicra quadrangularis

Macf. 379-

Chammcistus caule liirsuto dc.

Sloane 230

urticx folio dc . Sloane . 229
Changeable Rose or

Hibiscus 139

Charianthus Don. . . . 365

Padyenii Griseb. (fig. 135) 366

tinifolius D. Don ... 367

ChawStick 72

Chayota edulis Jacg. . . . 258

Chew Stick 72

Chitonia albicans Don . . 381

viacrophylla D. Don . . 369

Chloroxylum foliis dc. Browne 64

Cho-cho 258

Chocolate Tree . . . 160
Chytraculia arborea dc.

Broione 322

Chytraculia Millsp. . . 322

CiNNAMODENDRON Endl. . . 208

corticosum Miers (fig. 83) 209

Cionandra racemosa Griseb. . 269

CioNOSiCYS Griseb. . . . 264

pomiformis Griseb. (fig.

101) . . . 243, 264, 265

Cissus L 76

acida L 78

alatus Jacd 78

cucurbitacea Britt. . . 79

microcarpa Vahl (fig. 36) 78

quadrangularis L. . . 79

rugosa DC 76

sicyoides L 77

trifoliata L. . . . 77, 78

Cistus urticx folio dc. Sloane 229

CiTRULLUS Schrad. . . . 263

vulgaris Schrad. . . . 264

Clematitis. . .angusto dc. Plum. 238

hederaceo dc. Pkmi. . . 238

indica flore clavafo dc.

Plum 240

indica flore punicco &c.

Plum 243

indica fructu citriformi

dc. Plum 236

indica hirsuta fcetida

Plum 237

indica latifolia Ac. Plum. 236

minima dc. Plum. . . 238

pallido dc. Plum. . . . 233

Cleyera Choisy .... 184

theoides Choisy . . . 185

Clidemia D. Don .... 385

agrestis Macf. .... 388

asperifolia Naud. . . . 398

Berterii Griseb. . . . 389

2 F 2

436

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

Clidemia — con tijincd.

capillaris Griseb. . . . 390

crossopetala Cogn. . . . 390
crossosepala Griseb . 389, 390

erythropogon DC. . . . 386

Griesbachii Cogn.. . . 390

hirsuta Griseb 397

hirsuta Macf. .... 398
hirta D. Don (fig. 140) 38G, 387

hirtella Griseb 397

lima Griseb 398

microphylla Griseb. . . 397

pilosa Cogn 389

plumosaDC 389

scabrosa Griseb. . . 399, 400

septuplinervia Cogn. . . 389

spicata DC 388

strigillosa DC 388

Su-artzii Griseb. . . , 389

umbrosa Cogn. . . . 889

Climbing Melon . . . 264

ClovenBcrries . . . 216

Clusia L 191

arborca do. Brvwnc . . 193

clarendoneusis Britton . 195

flava Jacq 193

Jlore rosco do. Plum. . . 192

havetioides Planch. & Tr. 194

major L 192, 193

rosea Jacq. (fig. 74) . 192, 193

silvicola Britton . . . 192

stenocarpa Urb. . . . 194

Co by 56

Coccinia cordifolia Cogn. . . 266

grandis Roem 266

Cockspur 216

Cocoa 160

Cogwood 04

Cola 171

Cola Schott 170

acuminata Schott & Endl. 170

Colocynth 204

CoLUBRiNA L. C. Rich. . . 67

asiatica Brongn. ... 69

Colubrina Millsp. ... 68

ferruginosa Brongn. . . 68

recliuata Brongn. (fig. 32) 68

COMBRETACEiE. ... 303

COJIBRETUM L 312

Jacquinii Griseb. . . . 312

laxum Sw 312

Marchii Fawc. & Rendle

(fig. 123, A-c) . . 312, 313
Robinsonii Fawc. & Rendle

(fig. 112, D) , . . 312, 313

Cominia arborea do. Browne . 60

COMOCLADIA L 10

catidice £c. Browne . . 11

PACK

CoMOCLADiA — continued.

cordata Britt 13

grandidentata Britt. . . 14
Hollickii Britt. ... 14
intcgrifolia Jacq. ... 11
jiimaicensis Britt. ... 14
parvifoliola Britt. ... 13

pilosa Britt 12

pinnatifolia L. (fig. 6) . 11
2'ropinqna Griseb. ... 13
pubescens Engl. ... 11
troyensis Fawc. & Rendle 14

velutina Britt 13

Concombre cristophir^e Desc. . 258
Condalia fcrrca Griseb. . . 65
Congo I\I a hoc . . . . 139
Conium arracacha Hook. . . 429

COKOCARPUS L 308

erecta L. (fig. 121) ... 309
foliis elliptico-ovatis do,

Browne 311

foliis oblongis do. Broicne 309

pirocumbeus L 311

racemosa L 311

CoNOSTKGiA Don .... 361
alpina Macf. .... 365
altcrnifolia Macf. . . . 365
Balbisiana Ser. (Fig. 134)

302, 363
formosa Macf. .... 364
glabra Macf. .... 365
gloriosa Macf. .... 362
Grisebachii Cogn.. . . 363
macrophylla Naucl. . . 365
montana D. Don . . . 364
procera D. Don . . . 362
rufcscena Naud. . . . 364
subhirsuta DC. ... 364
superba Naud. . . . 365
Corchoro nffinis chamxdryos

dc. Sloanc 85

COECHORLS L 85

acutangulus Lam. .
aestuans L..
campestris Macf. .
capsularis L. .
coreta Elmgren .
hirsutus L..
hirtus var. K. Schum
lamiginosus Macf.
linearis Mill. .
olitorius L.
orinocensis H. B. &

(fig. 38) . .
2)ilobolus auct. .
siliquosus L. .
Coreta foliis minorihus dc
Browne

87
86
87
85

87,88

86
86
85

85

INDEX

437

PAGE

Cork Wood 153

Cotton 147

Boiirbon . . . . 149
Chain or Kidney . 147
S. A m e r i c a n . . . 149
Sea Island and

LongStaple . . 149
Short Staple . . . 148

Stainer 152

Cotyledon aquatica Sloane . 424
Crantzia Itv.vigata Siv. ... 2
Crenianium amygdalinum

Griseb 393

axillare Macf. .... 893
infegrifolium Macf. . . 371
riq'ulum Macf. .... 379
riihcns DC. . . . 377, 878
tctraiulruni Griseb. . . 878

theezans DC 378

trinerve Macf. .... 370
virgatunt Griseb. . . . 394

Cromanty 56

Crossopctalum fruticulosum

dc. Browne 28

pallens Kuntzc ... 28
Bhacoma Crantz ... 28

Cuba Bark 141

Cucumber 263

CucuMis L 261

acutangulus L. ... 261
africanus Bat. Beg. . . 259
Anguria L. (fig. 100) . . 262
angurioe &c. Sloane . . 263

Citrullus Ser 264

Colocynthis Schrad. . , 264
foliis multipartitis Brotvnc 264
jamaicensis Bert. . . . 263
jamaicensis Gaud. . . 263

Melo L 263

minima dc. Sloane . . 256
puniceus Sloane . . . 260
sativus dc. Broxcnc . , 263

sativus L 263

S7ibhirsutus dc. Browne . 263
sylvestris dc. Pluk. . . 262

trilobus L 264

Cucurbita dc. Sloane . . . 266
arbor forte foliis subro-

tundis dc. Sloane . . 806
arbor forte .... lanugine
ferrugineo &c. Sloane . 308

Citrullus L 264

fructu maxima dc . Bro wne 266

lagenaria L 266

oblongis .... nascentibus

Sloane 807

villosadc. Broivne. . . 266
CUCURBITACE^ ... 253

Cuffey Wood .

CUPANIA L

Cupania Plum. .

americana Gaertn.

americana L. .

apetala Macf.

arborea dc. Broivne
glabra Sw. (fig. 21)
vmltijnga BicJi.
oppositifolia Bich.
saponarioides Sw.
tomentosa Siv. .

CuPHEA Adans. .
ciliata Koehne
decandra B. Br.
ignea A. DC. .
Melanium R. Br. ,
Parsonsia R. Br. (fi
petiolata Koehne .
platycentra Lemaire
racemosa Spreng. .
radicans Macf.
viscosissima J acq.

Currant Cactus .

Cyrilla L

antillana Michx. .
racemiflora L. (fig. 8)

CYRILLACE^ . .

Cytisus arborcus foliis
Sloane

113)

Damson Tree .
Daphne Lageito Wright

occidentalis Sw.

tinifolia Stu.
Daphnopsis Mart. & Zucc

americana TJrb.

caribsea Griseb.

occidentalis Kr. &
(fig. 112) . . .

Swartzii Meisn.

tinifolia Griseb.
Daucus Carota L. .
Davilla Vand. .

brasiliana DC.

ciliata A. Bich.

rugosa Poir. (fig. 65,

Sagr.i'ana A. Bich.
Davya adscendens Griseb

guyanensis DC.
D'Ayenia pusilla Mill.
Dendropanax arboreum Dc
d Planch. .

blakeanum Britt.

corclifolium Britt

elongatum Britt.

filipes Britt.

grande Britt. .

PAGK

217

53

55

55

55

56

55

54

55

56

52,55

55

291

293

294

292

298

292

293

292

294

292

293

285

18

18

18

18

dc.

Urb.

-c)

59

352
287
289
290
288
290
290

289
289
290
429
171
172
172
172
172
858
358
161

420
422
421
421

422
422

438

FLORA OF JAMAICA

Dcndropanax — continued.

grandiflorum Britt. .

ynitans Decne. d Planch

jycndidum Britt. .

jKttdjilum Dccnc. d Planch

Dildo

DILLENIACE^ . . .
Diplochita ? angtistiflora Bcnth

Fothagilla Macf. .

rosea Macf.

serrttlata DC. .

Stcartziana DC. .
DoctorTree
DODON.EA L

angustifolia Lhin.f. .

Burmanniana DC.

jamaiccnsis DC. .

viscosa Jacq. (6g. 2G) .
Down Tree .
DGtchman's Laudanum

422

421

421

4£0

279

171

380

369

369

369

369

9

57

59

59

69

58

153

240

East Indian Ochra .

.

261

Echinomelocactus Sloanc .

^

283

EL.tODEXDROX Jacq. f.

33

attcnuatuni Griscb.

33

dioecum Griseb. (fig. 15) .

83

glaucum Pcrs. .

35

xijlocarptim DC. .

38

Erioflcndron av fract uosuin

DC.

150

Eroteum Kw

184

liirsutnm Maza

187

thcaeoides Sw, (fig. 70)

185

undulatum Sic.

187

Eryxgium L

426

fatidum L. (fig. 154) .

426

427

foliis angustis serratis

dc.

Sloanc ....

427

Eugenia L

329

abbreviata Urb.

344

acutiloba DC. .

339

a?ruginea DC. .

337

Alexandri Kr. & Urb..

340

alpina Willd. .

336

amplifolia Urb.

336

axillaris Willd.

346

hcdsamica Jacq.

351

bariicnsis Jac-j.

346

biflora DC

838

brachytbrix Urb. .

340

bracteataMacf. .

351

Brownei Urb. .

350

buxifolia G7iseb. .

348

buxifolia Willd. (fig.

L28J

343

,344

chrysophylloides Macf.

337

clarendonensis Urb. .

349

confusa DC.

.

348

EuG ENi A — con tinned.

crenata Berg .

dichotoma DC.

disticha DC.

disficha Griscb.

disticha Macf. .

dumosa Macf. .

cmarginata Macf. .

eperforata Urb.

Fadyenii Kr. & Uib

filiformis Macf.

Honbnnda West

fragrans Willd.

glabra ta DC.

alabrata Macf. .

Gregii DC. . . .

Harrisii Kr. & Urb.

Hartii Kiacrsk.

lietcrochroa Urb. .

isosticta Urb. .

jamaiccnsis Berg .

Jambolana Lain. .

Jambos L. . . .

larapropbylla Urb.

lateriflora Griseb. .

ligustrina Willd. .

ludibimda Bert.

Jlacnabiana Urb. .

malaccensis L.

mandcvillensis Urb

Marchiana Griseb.

viodesta DC.

mcnticola DC. .

monticola Griseb. .

Nicholsii Fawc. & Rendlo

oligandra Kr. d Urb.

pallens DC.

pallens Griseb.

pallens Poir.

periplocifolia Jacq.

Pimenta DC. .

polyneura Urb.

polypora Urb. .

pirocera Nutt. .

pyenoneura Urb. .

Rendlei Urb. . .

rhcmbea Kr. & Urb.

rigidifolia Griscb.

rotundifolia Macf.

Schulziana Urb. .

Sloanei Urb.

sulcivenia Kr. & Urb.

uniflora L. . .

virgata Macf. .

virgultosa DC.

Vi^allenii Macf.

Wilsonella Fawc.& Rendle
Eurychsunia punctata Griseb. .

PAGE

342
351
341
341
342
338
351
350
337
849
338
351
346
348
337
341
340
333
347
340
352
352
336
343
334
339
337
352
335
335
339
347
346
342
337
338
342
322
328
326
350
348
349
350
343
349
337
351
345
347
337
334
339
339
339
345
376

INDEX

439

PAGE

ExoTHEA Ma'if 61

oblovgifolia Macf. . . 61
paniculata Radlk. (f:g. 28) 61

Fadyenia Hookeri Endl. . . 429

Fennel 429

Fevillea L 209

cordifolia L. (fig. 104) 269, 270
foliis dx. Browne . . . 270

scandens L 270

trilobata L 270

Ficus indica folio triangiilari

dx. Sloa7ie 280

Fit Weed 427

FLACOURTIACE.E ... 211
Flos passionis folio ... fattido

Shane 237

,, folii media dc.

Sloane .
,, major pcntaphyllus

Sloane .
„ minor folio. ..minus

Sloane .
„ minor folio . . .
jyrofundius dc.
Sloane .
„ perfoliatiis dx.
Sloane .
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. .
Frangula sphwrocarpa Griseh.
FEEziERA(Sw.)Choi8y (emend.) 186
dioica Macf. .... 34
Griesbachii Kr. & Urb.

(fig. 71) 187

hirsuta Sm 187

thcoides Sw 185

undulata Sw 187

Frutex baccifcr folio dx. Sloane 216
foliis majoribus dc. Broivne 287

Fuchsia L 412

boliviana Carr. (fig. 149)

412, 413

coccinea Ait 413

cuspidata Fawc. d Ecndle 413

240

243
238

238

242

429

71

Galipee 420

Gareya Dougl 429

• Fadyenii Hook. (fig. 156)

429, 430

GARRYACEiE .... 429

Gayoidcs crispum Small . . 99

GenipTree 53

Ghandiroba dc. Sloane . . 270

Gilibertia Ruiz & Pav. . . 418

arborea IMarch. . . . 419

blakeana Fawc. & Rendle 422

Gilibertia — continued.

cordifolia Fawc. & Rendle 421

elongata Fawc. & Rendle 421

filipes Fawc. & Rendle . 422

grandiflora Fawc. & Rendle 422

grandis Fawc. & Rendle . 422

nutans March. . . . 421

ovalifolia Fawc. & Rendle 421

pendula March. . . . 420

Swartzii Fawc. & Rendle 420

Glass Wood 217

GodOchra 280

GoldenApple. . . . 236

Gomidesia Lindeniana Berg . 329

Gomphia guianensis Griseb. . 176

jamaicensis J. E. Planch. 176

laurifolia Sic 174

nitida Vahl .... 176

Gordonia hsematoxylon Sw. . 189

villosa Macf. .... 188

Gossijyium arboreum dc. Sloane 150

GossYPiuM L 146

ac^iminatum Roxb. . . 147

arboreum L 148

barbadense var. a Griseb. 147

barbadense L. (fig. 55) . 149

brasiliense Macf. . . . 147
frutcsccns . . . barbadense

Pluk 149

frutesccns . . . Providcntiai

Pluk 149

herbaceinn dc. Pluk. . . 148

hirsutum L 148

jamaicense Macf. , . . 148

lapideum Tussac . . . 147

maritijnum Tod. . . . 149

neglcctum Tod. . . . 148

oligospermum Macf. . . 148

peruvianum Cav. . . . 148

procerius dc. Broivne . . 148

punctatum Schum. . . 148

purpurascens Poir. . . 149

religiosum L 148

religiosu7n Pari. . . . 147

tricusjyidaticin Lam. . . 148

GouANiA Jacq 72

donmigensis L. ... 72

glabra Jacq 72

iupuloides Urb. (fig. 34) . 72

Granadilla 235

Granaditta 230

Greenheart. . . . 64, 68

Geias L 298

cauliflora L. (fig. 116) . 298
Grossularia . . . fructu 7iigro

Sloane 374

Grossularix.. .folio maxima dc.

Sloane 377

440

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Gross2(lari.r — cciitinucd.

fructu arbor 7i07i sinncsa

dc. Sloanc .... 64

fructu vtajcre i(c. Sloane 273

Growing Stick ... 418

GuAZUMA Adans 157

btihroma Titss. . . . 157

Guozuma Cockerell . . 157

fom^ntosa H. B. d: K. . 157

iilmifolia Lam. (fig. 59) . 157

Guidonio cic. Browne . . . 221

GUTTIFER/B 190

Gyminda Sarg 29

Griescbachii Sarg. . . 29

latifolia Urb. (fig. 12) . 29

Hxmocharis Choisi/ . . . 188

lixmatoxylon Choisy . . 188

Harrera gcrascanthoidcs Macf. 380

trincrvis Macf. . . . 380

Harrisia criophora Britt. . . 280

gracilis Britt 280

nndata Britt 280

Hartmannia rosea G. Don . 412

Heart-pea 47

Hearts-ease .... 211

Hcdera arborca Sir. . . . 420

capitata Smith. . . . 417

pendula Griscb. . . . 420

pendula Sw 420

Sciodaphyllum Sic. . . 415

Heimia Link & Otto ... 296

grandif^ora Hook. . . . 297
salicifolia Ijnk (fig. 115)

296, 297

Helicteres L 155

apctala J acq 169

arbor ind. Occident, dc.

Pluk 155

barbadensis Jacq. . . . 155

brevior Mill 156

Isora var. B L. ... 155

jamaicensis Jacq. (fig. 58) 155

sjyiralis Xcnthrop . . . 156

villosa dc. Browne. . . 165

Helosciadium Amvii Britt. . 427

Icptophyllum DC. . . . 421

Hemp, Deccan or Ambari 135

Henna 297

Henbiettea DC 891

grandifolia Macf. . . . 395

racemosa Macf. . . . 394
ramiflora DC. (fig. 141,

A-c) 391, 392

ramiflora Macf. . . . 395

Henriettella Naud. . . . 394

fascicular is Triana . . 395

PAGE

Henriettella— co«/iHiit'(7.

Macfadyenii Triana . . 395
sessilifolia Triana (fig. 141,

D-G) 395

Hcieronoma di vers ifoli um Lin k

d Otto 358

Heterotrichim DC. . . . 384

ditbinm Macf. .... 388

hispidum Griseb. . . . 381

niicum DC 384

octandrum Macf. . . . 381

octonum DC 385

patens DC 384

nmbellatum Urb. (fig. 139) 384

viscosum Macf. . . . 388

Hibiscus L 134

Abelmoschus L. . . . 142

aqiuiticus Tussac . . . 139

arboresccns dc. Browne . 153

arboreus Desv 140

arboreus dc. Browne . . 141

Bancroft ianiis Macf. . . 138

bifurcatus Cav. . . . 135

brasilicnsis L 136

cannabinus L 135

clypeatus L 139

dcnninnensis Jacq. . . . 189

elatus Sw 141

esciilcntus L 142

foliis cordatis dc. Plum. . 129
foliis cordato-angiilatis dc.

Plum 189

foliis cordato - ovatis dc.

Plum 137

foliis trilobis dc. Plum. . 139

frutescens dc. Broicne . 183
fruticosus diffusus dc.

Browne 139

liisjndtis &c. Browne . . 142

lavateroides !Moric. . . 136

lunarifolius Willd. . . 138

malvaviscus L. . . . 133

moscheutos Wright . . 142

mutabilis L 139

pentaspermiis Bertero. . 143

phceniceiis Jacq. . . . 136
pilosus Fawc. & Rsndle

(fig. 52) 137

populneiis L 145

radiatus Cav 136

ramosus dc. Broicne . . 142

Rosa-sinensis L. . . . 138

rufescens dc. Browne . . 136

Sabdarifla L 186

spinifcx L 129

spiralis Cav 137

tampicensis Marie. . . 143

tiliaceus L 140

INDEX

441

PAGE

Hibiscus — continued.

tomentosns Mill. . . . 139

trilobus Aubl 138

Trionum L 140

truncatus Rich. . . . 133

unilateralis Cav. . . . 136

vitifolius L 140

HiPPOCRATEA L 36

lancifolia Wilson ... 37

malplghixfolia Grisch. . 37

oblongata Solander (fig. 16) 36

ovata { Macf. .... 36

HIPPOCEATEACE^ . . 35

Hisingera nitida Hellenius . 226

Hog Gum Tree. . . .9,198

Hog Plum 16

HoMALiuM Jacq 223

integrifolium Britton. . 224

racemosum Jacq. (fig, 89) 223

Hoop Withe 70

Hiidsonia arbor ea A. Robinson 308

Hydrocotyle L 423

asiatica L 425

brevipes DC 425

foliis orbicidatis pcltatis

&c. Browne .... 424
humilior foliis semi-cllip-

ticis dx. Browne . . . 425

pusilla A. llich .... 424

rcpanda Pcrs 425

umbellata L 424

verticillata Thunb. . . 424

Hrjlenxa jatnaiccnsis Miers . 37
Hylocereus triangularis Britt.

d Rose 260

Hypelata paniculata Camb. . 61

Hypelate Sw 59

fruticosa dc. Broionc . . 59

trifoliata Sw. (fig. 27) . . 59

HYPERICACE^ .... 202

Icacina dubia Macf. ... 39

ICACINACEiE .... 39

Ilex L 20

cuneifolia Hook. ... 21

dioica Griseb 22

florifera Fawc. & Rendle . 24

Harrisii Loes 22

montana Griseb. ... 20

nitida Maxim, (fig. 9) . 22

obcordata Sw 21

occidentalis Macf. . . 21

sideroxyloides Griseb. . 22

subtriflora Griseb. . . 21

uniflora Fawc. & Rendle. 23

vaccinoides Loes. ... 24

ILICINE^ 19

IndianAlmond . . . 305

I'AGE

Indian Fig 278

Iron herbaccus dc. Browne . 177
Iron Wood . .38,90,189,349

Ironcana gtcianensis Aubl. . 215

Irsiola scandens dc. Browne . 77
scandens foliis &c. A.

Robinson .... 76
triphylla scandens ct clavi-

cuiata dc. Brownie . . 78

triphylla scandens, foliis

dc. Browne .... 78

Isnardia ? folio dc. Browne . 294

microcarpa Poir. . . . 409

natans Small .... 409

palustris Ell 410

repens DC 409

Isora. . . .crassiori Plum. , . 156

Ilea Cyrilla Sw. ..... 18

JamaicaRose. . . . 400

JamaicaSumach. . . 9

Jambolan 352

Jambosa malaccensis DC. . . 352

purpurascens DC. . . 352

vulgaris DC 352

Jews Mallow . . . . 87

John Bull Tree . . . 145

Jussie herissic Dcscourt. . . 405

JUSBIEUA L 404

acuminctta Stv. . . . 406

angustifolia Lam. . . 407

erecta L. (fig. 146, f) . 406, 408

erecta Mill 407

erecta Sw 407

grandiflora Ruiz d Pav. . 405

hirsuta Mill 407

hirta Sto. 405

leptocarpa Nutt. (fig.

146, H ) . . . . 406, 408

linifolia Vahl . . . 400

macrocarpa H. B. d K. . 405

ocionervia Lam. . . . 407

octovalvis Sw 407

Onagra Mill 406

palustris Mcy 407

peruviana L 405

pilosa H. B. d K. . . . 406

fubesccns L 407

repens L. (fig. 146, g) 407, 408

sedoides Humb. & Bonpl. 405

speciosa Ridl 405

suffruticosa L. (fig. 140.

a-e) 407,408

variabilis Mey. . . . 406

villosa Lam 407

Kapok 152

442

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

Kola 171

KosTELETZKVA Presl . . . 143

hispida Prcsl .... Ii3

pentaspermn, Gritcb. (fig.

53) 143

sagittata Prcsl .... 143

Krugiodendbon Urb.. . . G4

ferreum Urb. (fig. SO). , 65

LaceBark 287

Laetia Loefl 220

amcricana L 221

Guidcniia Sw 217

longifolia A. Rich. . . 217

Thamnia L. (fig. 87) . . 221

Lagesaria Ser 2G5

lagcnaria Cocker. , . . 2GG

vulgaris Ser 2GG

Lagerstramia Flos - Reginm

lietz 2D7

speciosa Pers 2'J7

Lag ETTA Juss 2S7

lagetto Nash (fig. Ill) 287, 283

lintcaria Lam 287

Lagetto 287

Laguxculabia Gaertn. f. . . 310

raceruosa Gaertn. f. (fig.

122) 310, 311

Landersia pcrvaga Mac/. . . 256

Laplacea H. B. & K. . . . 187

hoematoxylon G. Don (fig.

72) ISS

villosa Griseb 1S3

Lappula Benghalcnsis do.

Fliik 82

Bermudensis dc. Pluk. . 83

Laurifolia arbor dc. Sloane . 237

Lajirus Chloroxyloji L. . . G4

Winterana L 207

Lavatera alba Lam. . . . 297

amcricana L 101

Lawsonia inermis L. . . . 207

Leandra Eggersiana Cogn. . 30S

LECYTHIDACE^ ... 297

Leea sambucina Willd. . . 80

Legnotis elliptica Stv. . . . 302
Lcmaircoccrcus hystrix Britt.

d Rose ..'.... 279

Lignumdurum . . . SO

Lindleya mollis H. B. d K. . 21G

LOASACE^ 247

Loblolly Tree .... 55

Lorcya fasciculiflo^a Naud. . 395

trinitensis Crtieg. . . . 395
Loti arboris folio angnsliorc dc.

Sloane 90

LoveinaMist , . . 237

) . 409

Ludwigia L.

microcarpa Mich.

palustris Ell. .

repcns Sw. (fig. 14'
Lvffa Cav. .

acutangula Roxb.

ivgyptiaca Mill.

cylindrica M. Roei

fcctida Cav.
Lukania Hook. .

polydactyla Urb

racemosa Hook. (fig. 83)
Litpxdus sylvcstris dc. I'htk.
Lysiinachia . . .foliis glabris dc
Sloane

major dc. Sloane .

minor dc. Sloane .

ncn liajyposa dc. FUiJi
LYTHR.^CE.E . .
Lytltrum ciliatum Sic.

Melanittm L. .

Parsonsia L. .

pctiolntiim L. .

Maboe, Bastard

Blue or Moun

Bombast

Hose

Sea -side .

Smaller .
Maiden Plum .
Malachc scabra B. CI:.

troyana Britt. .
Malachra L.

alcesefolia Jacq.

capitata Cav. .

capitata Griseh.

capitata L. (fig. 48)

capitata Macf. .

capitata Wrigld

ciliata Poir.

fasciata Jacq. .

humilis Benth.

mcxicana Sclirad.

pahnata Moench

rndiata Griscb.

radiata L. .

rotuyidifolia Schrank

urens Poit. .
Mali 2-)f'i<^<*^ Mamc\

Sloane ....
Malo punicx Sloane
Mains Persica maxima

Sloane ....
Malva amcricana L

amcricana abutili
Sloane

'ogd

141

dc.

dc.

dc.

PAOK

408
409
410
410
260
£61
2G1
£61
£61
221
222
222
"72

407
405
407
88
290
£94
£93
293
293

170
141
153
133
, 145
132
11
132
132
122
124
124
124
123
124
126
125
125
125
123
123
125
125
124
124

200
315

201
106

168

INDEX

443

Malva — continued.

arhorca Ac. Sloane

arbor ca folio d-c. Sloane .

arborea maritiryia dx.
Sloane

arborea. ..vcluto dc. Sloane

aspera major dc. Sloane .

assiirgens subvillosa dc.
Broione

assurgens villosa dc.
Browne

hicornis dc. Dill. .

caroliniana L

corchorifolia Desr.

coromandeliayium L. .

erccta minor carpinifolio
dc. Sloane ....

humilior foliis dc. Browne

humilior subvillosa dc.
Browne

^minima sitplna dc. Browne

viinor...coccinco dc. Sloane

minor erecta betonicw folio
dc. Sloane

prostrata Cav. .

rotundifolia L.

scoparia Jacq^. .

spicata L

tricuspidata Ait. .

vel alcea fruticosa ribcsii
dc. Sloayie
MALVACE^ ....
Malvastrum a. Gr.

americanum Torr.

corchorifolium Britton

coromandelianum Garcke
(fig. 44) ....

Bngelii S. Wats. .

spicatum A. Gr.

tricuspidaticm A. Gr. .
Malvaviscus Dill. . . .

arboreus IJcsc. .

pilosus DC.

pilosus Macf. .

populneus Gaertn.

Sagrseanus Rich. (fig. 51)
Malvinda bicornis dc. Dill.

unicornis dc. Dill.
Mammea L

americana L. (fig. 78) .

foliis dc. Broione .

humilis VaJd .

maxima dc. Broivne .

Mammee

Mammillaria simplex Haw.
Mangifera L. . . . • .

domeslica Gaertn. .

indica L, (fig. 3) .

141
133

140
139
124

lOG

110
116
103
105
104

119
104

104
116
116

111
103
106
106
106
104

126
92
104
104
105

104

105
106
104
132
133
138
133
145
133
114
118
200
201
201
196
201
202
284
6
7
6

I'AGE

Mangle foliis .. .holosericea dc.

Sloane 310

julifera foliis ellipticis dc.

Sloane 811

julifera foliis subrotundis

dc. Sloane .... 307

pyri dc. Sloane . . . 301

]\I a n g o 7

Mangrove 301

Mappia Jacq 39

ajfmis Miers .... 39

racemosa Jacq. (fig. 18) . 39

Marcgrafia Sw ISO

Marcgravia L 173

brachysepala Urb. . . 180

BrowneiKr.&Urb.(flg.68) 179

scandens dc. Broiune . . 180

umbellata Griscb. . . . 180

umbellata L 180

MARCGRAVIACE^ ... 178

Matayba Aubl 55

apetala Radlk. (fig. 25) . 55

Maytknus Molina .... 25

brachycarpa Kr. d Urb. . 25

clarendonensis Britton . 27

crassipes Urb 27

Harrisii Kr. & Urb. . . 27
jamaicenKis Kr. & Urb.

(fig. 10) 25

microcarpa Fawc. &

Rendle 26

virens Urb 27

Mecranium Hook. f. . . . 392
amygdalinum Triana (fig.

142) 392,393

intcgrifolium Triana . . 393

purpurascens Triana . . 394

virgatum Triana . . . 394

Mclanitun alliaccum Sprcng. . 293

hcrbaccum dc. Browne . 293

Malastoma adsccndcns Siv. . 353

albicans Siv 372

amygdalinuvi Desr. . . 393

angustifolia Siv. . . . 382

capillaris Sw 390

chrysopliylla L. C. Rich. 376

ciliata L. C. Rich. . . 376

crenata Vahl .... 386

dodecandra Desr. . . . 369

elata Sw 377

fascicularis Sw. . . . 395
foliis amplioribus dc.

Browne 395

foliis ovato-acuminatis dc.

Plum 374

foliis . . . ramulis purpura-

scentibus Browne . . 374

fuUa L. C. Rich. . . . 376

444

FLOKA OF JAMAICA

Melasfoina— continued.

furfuraccum Vahl

glabrata Sw. .

gland niosa Sw.

grossttlarioidcs Mill.

hirsuta Sw.

hirta L. ...

hirtella Stv.

hispida Sw.

holoscricea VaJil

impctiolaris Sw.

Lrvigata Aubl. .

Ixvigata L.

macrophylla Pav. .

malabathricum L.

inicrantha Sw.

viicrophijUa Sw. .

montana Sw. .

nivea Dcsr.

octandria Mill.

octona Bonpl. .

pollens Sprcng.

pateyis Sw. .

poidulifolia Bonpl.

plumosa Desr. .

plutnosa Sw.

prasina Sio.

procera Sw.

pnrpiirascens Sw. .

pijramidalis Desr.

quadrangulare Sw.

rami flora Sw. .

rigida Sw. .

rtibens Sw. .

scabrosa L. . .

scandens Stv. .

scorpioides Schlecht
Cham.

scsbiliflonim Sprcng.

scssilifolia L. .

spicata Aubl. .

splendens Sw. .

strigillosa Sw. .

siibhirsuta dc. Browne

superba Bonpl.

Sivartziana Rich. .

Tamonea Sw. .

tetrandra Sw. .

thexzans Bonpl. .

trinervia Sw. .

umbellata Mill.

virgata Sw.
MELASTOMACE^ .
Melicocca L. . . ,

bijuga L. . . .

paniculata Juss. .
Mclicocciis bijugatus Jacq

foliis dc. Browne .

d

370
382
3S1
374
397
38G
3J7
381
372
371
375
374
3G9
403
398
397
3G5
385
376
385
380
385
374
389
389
375
302
394
374
378
392
379
377
400
358

372
38G
xiii, 395
388
374
385, 388
400
365
369
369
377
378
372
385
394
353
53
53
Gl
53
53

Melo fructii dc. Broione
Melocactcs Link & Otto

communis Link & Otto
Melocuia L

crenata Vahl .

dcprcssa Mill. .

dominjcnsis Jacq.

fnitescens dc. Browne

herbacca dc. Browne .

Itirsnta Cav.

lupulina Sw. (fig. 62, a-c

nodiflora Sw. .

pilosa Fawc. & Rendle

pyramidata L.

serrata St. Hil.

tomentosa L. . . .

Tnrpiniana II. B. d K.

vcnusa Sw.

villosa Fawc. & Rendlo

^I e 1 o n

M e 1 o n T h i s 1 1 e . . .
Melothria L

fluminensis Gardn.

fuliis cordatis dc. Plum.

guadalupensis Cogn. (fig
97) ... .

jycndula L. .

pervaga Griseb.

scandens dc. Broionc
Mentzelia L. .

aspera L. (fig. 95) .

foliis dc. Plum.

setis dc. Broione .
Meriania Sw. .

buUifera Griseb. .

leucantha Sw. (fig. 133)

purpurea Macf.

purpurea Sw. .

rosea Macf.

rosea Tussac
MicoNiA Ruiz & Pav. .

albicans Triana

anceps Naiid. .

angustifolia Griseb

attenuata DC.

chrysophylla Urb.

ciliata DC. .

discolor Macf. .

dodecandra Cogn. .

data DC. .

elliptica Macf. .

eriodonta DC. .

eurychienioides Griseb

fnlva DC. . . .

furfuracea Griseb.

holoscricea DC.

impetiolaris D. Don

laevigata DC. (fig. 136)

247

PAOK

263
282
283
1G2
166
143
165
166-
165
1G5
163
164
164
165
165
166
166
164
165
263
283
254
256
255

255
255
256
255
247
248
248
248
359
361
360
360
361
361
360
367
372
372
382
375
375
376
376
369
377
374
372
377
375
370
372
371
373

INDEX

445

IMicoNiA — continued.

macrophijlla Macf.

macrophylla Triana .

microhotrya Naiid.

viillcflora Naud. .

multispicata Naud. .

obovalis Naud.

palustris Macf.

prasina DC

punctata D. Don .

quadrangularis Naud.

racemosa Naud.

rigida Triana ....

rubens Naud

rufcscens Macf.

scandens Ruiz d Pa v.

scorpiaides Naud. .

splendens Griseb. .

tetranda D. Don .

thcsezans Cogn.

trinervia D. Don .

trinervis Griseb.

triplinervis Ruiz & Pav. .

Mistletoe

MODIOLA Moench ....

caroliniana (fig. 43) G. Don

viultifida Moejich .
Molnchia pyraniidata Britton .

tomcntosa Britton .

MOMOBDICA L

Balsamina L

Charantia L. (fig. 99) . 258

cijlindrica L

glabra dc. Broivne .

suhhirsuta dc. Broivne .

zeylanica Mill..
Momordique Descouri.
IMorassBark
Moronobea coccinea Aubl. .
Moschoxylon A. Robinson.
JMosquito Wood .
Mgsquitoxylum Kr. & Urb

jamaicense (fig. 5) Kr,

Urb

Mougeotia hirsuta H. B. & K.

injiata H. B. d K. . .

nodiflora H. B. d K. .

polystachya II. B. d K. .
MountainBay. . . 205

Bryony .

Cinnamon .

E bony

Sweet Cup .

Supple Jack

Wild Olive.

MOUEIHIA JUSS.

myrtilloides Poir. (fig. 145)
402,

259

&

371
369
377
378
371
374
375
375
376
378
376
379
377
372
358
372
374
377
378
372
370
370
285
103
103
103
165
166
258
260
259
261
260
259
260
,260
133
198
55
9
9

9

165
163
164
164
324
269
209

68
234

44
308
402

403

PAQK

MUNTINGIA L 88

Calabura L. (fig. 39) . . 89

fruticosa dc. Browne . . 90

pedunculis unifloris L. . 90

rosea Karst 90

Miirucuia occllata Pers. . . 243

M u s k 0 c h r a 142

Seed 142

Mutton Wood . . . . 38

Myginda latifolia Sio. ... 29

pallens Banks .... 29

Rhacoma Sw 28

uragoga Rich 29

Myrcia DC 327

acri^ DC 327

Fenzliana Berg . . . 329

leptoclada DC. ... 328
splendens DC. (fig. 127,

a-d) 328

Myrobalamis folio dc. Shane. 15

minor dc. Sloana ... 17

Myroxylon nitidum Kuntze . 226

schxfferioides Kr. d Urb.. 227

MYRTACEJil 313

Myrti folio arbor corticc dc.

Sloane 402

Myrto affinis arbor dc. Sloane 337

affinis biixifoliis dc. Sloana 343

Myrtus acris Sio 327

alpina Sw 336

arborca dc. Sloane . . 326
arborea inodora . . . mono-

pyreno Sloane . . . 339

axillaris Siv 346

biflora L 338

brasiliana L 334

buxifolia Sw 343

caryophyllata Jacq. . . 327

Chytraculia L. . . . 322

disticha Bot. Mag. . . 341

disticha Sw 341

foliis ovato - layiceolatis

Plum 328

fragrans Sio 351

glabrata Siu 346

liorizontalis Vent. . . . 341

ligustrina Sw 334

monticola Sw 348

Pimcnta L 326

splendens Sw 328

virgultoaa Sw 339

Zuzygium L 320

Nepsera Naud 355

aquatica Naud. (fig. 130). 356

Nesfija salicifolia H. B. d K. . 297

Nhandiroba &c. Plum. . . 271

Night-blooming C ereus 281

44G

FLORA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

NoPALEA Salm-Dyck . . . 274
ccchenillifer Salm-Dyck
(fig. 106) .... 274, 275

OCHNACEiE

Ochna nitida Sw

Ochra

Ochra, ^Musk, or Wild .
OCHROMA Sw

Lagopus Stc

pyramidale Urb (fig. 57).

tomcntosa Willd. .
OctopUura nucrantha Griseb. .
ffiSOTHKRA L

assurgcna
Broicnc

gkibra dc.
hirsuta tfc.

173
176
143
142
152
152
152
153
398
410

407

assurgcns

Broicne

Drummondii .... 411

hcrbacca repens Browne . 407

hirsuta dc. Phim. . . . 405

hirta L 405

longiflora 411

octovalvis Jaco. . . . 407

rosea Soland 411

rubra Cav 412

tetraptera 411

Oldcnlandia aquaiica dc.

Browne 409

OliveBarkTrce. . . 307

Onagra lanrifolia dc. FcuilUe 405

ONAGHACP:^ .... 403

Oi'USTiA Miller 275

cochinelifera Mill. . . 274

Dillenii Hiworth . . 277, 278'

Ficus-indica Miller . . 278

humilis Haw 277

jamaiccnsis Britt. & Harr. 277
major spinosa dc. caules-

cens iiloane . . . . 277

maxima folio dc. Sloane . 274

nan sjnnosa dc. Sloane . 286

polyantha Haw. . . . 277

pseudo-tuna Salm-Dyck , 278

spinosissima ^Tiller . . 277

Tuna Jliller (fig. 107) . . 276

Obeopanax Decne. & Planch. 416
capitatum Decne. &

Planch, (fig. 151) . 416, 417

Orleana dc. Pluk. . . 205

OssjeaDC 396

asperifclia Triana (fig. 143)

398, 399

brachystachya Naud. . . 393

Egger&iana Urb. . . . 393

fascicularis Grircb. . . 395

glomerata Triara . . . 399

hirsuta Triana . . . 397

PAGB

Oss.t:a — continued.

hirtella Triana . . . 39T

intcgrifolia Naud. . . 393

lima Triana .... 398

micrantha Macf. . . . 398-

microphylla Triana . . 397

2>ratensis Macf. . . . 397

pnirimrasccns Macf. . . 894

Fcabrosa DC 400

OtaheiteApple . . . 352

Plum IT

OUBATEA Aul)l 174

elegans Urb 175

guianensis Engl. . . . 176'

jamaiconsis Urb. . . . 176

laurifolia Engl. (fig. 66) . 174

nitida Engl 175

Palmis affinis dc. Sloane . . 298

Pansy 211

Papa w Tree 244

Papaya Hughes .... 244
niajoi- Jlure ct fructu

majoribus dc. Sloane . 244
major flore ct fructu

minoribus dc. Sloane . 244

minor dc. Sloane . . . 246

sativa 2\iss 244

Parsnip 429

Paritium datum G. Don . . 141

tiliaccum A. Juss. . . 140

Paroquet Bur. ... 82

Parsley 429

Parsonsia hcrbacca dc. Browne 293

micropctala, Hitchc. . . 292

Parsonsia Britt. d M'dlsp. 293

petiolata Busby . . . 293

radicans Hitchc. . . , 293

Passiflora L 232

angustifolia Sw. . . . 238

arborca Pluk 236

biflora Lam 239

capsularis L 240

ciliata Ait 237

ciliata Jacq 237

ccerulea L 243

coriacea Juss 239

divaricata L 242

edulis Sims (fig. 93) . 233, 234

erubescens Macf. . . . 240

foetida L 286

foliis amplioribus dc.

Browne 235

foliis coi'datis dc. Brotvne 236

foliis nitidis dc. Browne . 238

foliis ovatis dc. Browne . 235
foliis quinqxielobis pro-

funde dc. Browne . . 243

INDEX

447

d-c

238

Passiflora — conti n iied.

foliis tcnitioribus
Browne .

foliis trilohis cruribus
angustis dx. Browne

foliis trilohis cruribus oh
longis dc. Broivne

foliis trilohis mjclio
Browne .

foliis trinerviisdx. Bro

(jossypifolia Desv. .

hederacca Cav.

heterophylla Jacq.

liexangularis Wright

incarnata $ Bot. lieg

lancifolia Desv.

laui'ifolia L.

ligularis Juss. .

lineariloba Hook. f.

longifolia Lam.

lunata Sm.

lutea L. ...

lutea L. ...

lyrii'folia Tuss.

vicicrocarpa Mist. .

maliformis L. .

oninima L. . . .

Murucuja L.

normalis L. . .

oblonga DC.

oblongata S\v. .

pallida L. .

parviflora Sw. .

peltata Cav.

penduliflora Bertero.

perfoliata Jacj.

perfoliata L.

quadrangularis L.

regalis Macf.

rigidula Jacq. .

rotundifolia L.

rotundifolia L. Herb.

rubra L. . . .

sexflora Juss. .

suberosa L.

Swartzii ilast.

tacsonioides Griseb.

tritlora Maci. .

vesicaria L.

vesicaria dc. PluJc.

villosa Macf.
PASSIFLORACE/-E .
Pastinaca sativa L.
Paullinia L. . . .

barbadensis Jacr[. (fig

caribxa Jacq. .

citrassavica Jacq. .

divaricata Sw.

20)

240
2-12

242

241
240
237
238
238
235
234
239
235
233
238
238
239
239
240
243
235
236
238
243
242
243
242
238
238
238
240
242
241
235
239
234
241
240
239
241
238
241
242
241
237
237
238
231
429
44
44
43
46
43

I'AGK

Paullinia — continued.

jamaicensis Macf. ... 46
msxicana L. . . 42, 45, 46

pijinata L 45

sarmentosa dc. Browne . 46

seriana Gaertn. ... 45

Pavonia Cav 128

aristata Cav 129

communis St. Hll. . . 129

corymbosa Willd. . . . 131

fruticosa Fawc. & Rendle 130

paniculata Cav. . , . 131
pseudo-typhalaea Planch.

&Lind 131

racemosa Sw 132

rosea Schlecht. . . . 130

scabra Presl .... 131

spicata Cav 132

spinifex Cav. (fig. 50) . . 128

troyana Urb 132

iyphalxa Cav 130

typlialm% Macf. . . .130

typhalcoides II. B. d K. . 130

Penny Wort . . . . 423

Pkreskia Miller .... 272
aculeata Miller (fig. 105)

272, 278

aculeata flora dc. Plum. . 272

Pereskia Karsten . . . 272

portulacifolia Haw. . . 273

Petaloma myrtilloides Sw. . 402

Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. 429

Philadelphus arborcscens foliis

myrtineis dc. Browne . . 334
arb. foliis ovato-acumina-

tis dc. Browne . . . 334

Phyllitidi scandenti affinis
major folio crasso subrotundo

Sloane 180

scandenti .... minima dc.

Sloane 180

scandenti . . . minor dc.

Sloane ISO

PiMENTA Lindl 324

acris Kostel 327

officinalis Lindl. (fig. 126,

A, B, b\ d) . . . . 325

Pimcnta Cockercll . . 325

Pimento Griseb. . . . 327

vulgaris Li.idl. . , . 325

Pimento 326

PiRIQUETA Aubl 230

cistoides Griseb. (fig. 92)

230, 231

Pisum cordatum non vcsi-
carium Sloane. . . . 45, 48
decimum dc. Sloane . 45, 48

Pisonia obtusata Ja;q.. , . 317

448

FLOEA OF JAMAICA

PAGE

Planta fniticosa scandcns ex
ciijus caule scijnoncs dr.

Sloane 4G

Plcurochivnia (luadrangularis

Griseb 379

rigiila Griseb 379

Flinia iKcLnnculata Linn. f. . 334

Poison Cherry . . . 29

Pom if era sen potius etc. Sloane 5

Pomme d'Or .... 236

Pope's Head . . . . 283

Prickly Pear . . . 277, 278

Prickly Withe ... 280

I'rinos lanccolatus Macf. . . 20

Macfudijcnii IFo/p. . . 20

vionta7iiis Sic 20

nitidus Vahl .... 22

Pristimcra granulosa Miers . 37

oblongata Miers ... 37

Prunifcra raceinosa dc. Sloatic 52

sell Nuciprnnifera dc.

Pink 52

Primus aituricana Merian . 15
americana, ossiculo dc.

Pink. In

brasiliensis dc. Shane . 15
raceinosa caudicc dc.

Sloane 12

Pscndurhipsalis alata Britt. d

Pose 286

PsiDiuM L 314

albescens Urb 317

arborcum dc. Braivne. . 317

Cattleianum Sabine . . 318

cordatum Griseb. . . . 317

fragrans Macf. . . 315, 316

fruticosum dc. Broxunc . 315

Guajava L. (fig. 124) . 315, 316

Guava Grisrb 315

guineense S\v 316

Harrisianum Urb. . . 318

montanum S\v. . . . 317

polycarpiim A. Anderson . 316

pomiferxim L 315

piilverulentum Kr. d Urb. 317

pumilum Yahl . . . . 316

pyriferum L 315

Wrightii Herb. Lambert . 317

Ptelca viscosa L 59

Ptimilea minima dc. Browne . 229

subhirsuta dc. Broionc . 230

Queen's Flower Tree , 297

QuiiNA Aubl 204

jamaicensis Giiseb. (fig. 80)

204, 205

QUIINACE.^ . .
Quisqualis indica L.

11)

72
56

209
55

312
56
28
28
62

,71
72
65
xii, 71
70
68
68
68

33)

Eadix fniticosa dc. Sloaiie
Batonia apetala Griseb.
RodCanella.

Musk Wood

Withe . . .

Wood . . . .
Rhacoma L. ...

Crossopetalum L. (fig
RHAMNACE^ . .
Rhamnidium Reissek .

dictyophyMuni Urb.

ferrcum Sarg. .

jamaicensc Urb.
Rhamnis L. . . .

arborcscc7is dc. Broicne

arboreus Ac. Brotcne

colubrina Jacq.

domingcnsis Jacq. .

ellipticiis Sic. .

ferrcus Vahl

foliis dc. Browne .

obsciiriis Schraiik .

Sarco7nphalus L. .

saimcntosits dc. Brotcne

sphserosporma Sw. (fig,
Rhp:edia L. . .

lateriflora L. .

pcndula Urb. .

sessiliflora Planch, (fig
Bhcxia Acisanthera L.

lencantha Sic. .

inirpurea Sw. .
Rhipsalis Gaortn. .

alata K. Schum,

Cassutha Gajrtn. (fig. 110)

284, 285

Harrisii Gilrke ... 286

jamaicensis Britt.& Harris 286

2>arasitiais Haw. . . . 284

Sicarfziana Griseb.

Sicartziana Pfciff.
Rhizophora L.

Mangle L. (fig. 117)

utrinque dc. Broicne
RHIZOPHORACE^ .
Rhus L

Cominia L.

Met opium L. (fig. 4)
Pdedlcia crenata DC. .

injlata DC 163

jamaicensis DC. . . . 164

nodiflora DC 164

serrata Vent 165

virgultosa Macf. . . . 164
Rock Wood 27

75)

PAOS

203

313

68

65

67

68

66,67

72

71

195

196

197

we

354
360
361

284
286

. 286
. 286
. 299
300, 301
. 301
. 299

8
. 50

9
. 166

IXDEX

449

PAGK

Rod wood 323,338,339,341,344,
346, 383
Romualdea lancifoUa Tr. it

Planch 37

Rose Apple 352

Rumcx sylvestris scandens &c.

Browne 251

&c.

Sadymia villosa Griseb.
Sagriea, Bcrterii DC. .

capillaris DC. .

crossopetala Triana

glomerata Naud. .

Grisebachii Triana

liirsiita DC.

hirlella DC.

Lindeniana Naud.

viicrophylla DC. .

pilosa DC. .

scabrosa Naud.

virgata Macf. .
Samyda L

acuminata Urb.

arborea L. Rich. .

foliis ovatis cum acumin
Sc. Browne .

foliis ovatis villosis
Broivne .

fruticosa dc. Broivne

glabrata Sw.

Guidonia L.

icosandra Sw. .

Major dc. A. Robinson

multiflora Cav.

nitida L. . . .

parviflora L. .

pubescens L. (fig. 86)

rosea Sims .

serrulata Andr.

spinosa L. . . .

spinosa foliis dx. Plum.

tomentosa Sw. .

villosa Sw. .
Santa ]\I aria
SAPINDACE^ .
Sapindus L.

foliis dc. Browne

inxqicalis DC. .

Melicoccus L. .

rigidns Mill. .

Saponaria L. .
Sarcompiialus Griseb.

foliis dc. Browne

laurinus Griseb. (fig. 31)

retusus Raf.
Sauvagesia L. .

Brownei Planch, (fig. 67)
V.

220
389
390
390
399
390
397
397
400
397
339
399
394
218
213
214

214

21G

213

218

216

217

217

215

213

214

219

219

219

215

215

215

219

200

40

51

51

51

53

51

51

66

66

66

67

176

177

150)

dc.

Sauvagesia — continued.

erecta L. . . .

erecta Macf.
Scarlet Seed

SCH.EFFERIA Jacq. .

completa Stv. .

frutescens Jacq. (fig. 14)

Marcliii Griseb.

obovata Urb. .
Schefflera Sciadophyllum

Harms ....
Schinus ? Melicoccus L.
Schmidclia Cominia Sw.

glabrata Griseb.
Sciadophyllum P. Br.

Brownei Spreng. (fig.

capitatum Griseb. .

foliis dc. Broivne .

heptaphylluni Hitchc.

Jacquini Griseb. .

praetermissum Norm.

troyanum Urb.
ScrewTree .
Scutia ferrea Brongn.
Sechium Juss. .

edule Sw. (fig. 98)

foliis cordato-angulatii
Broivne .
Selenicereus grandiflorus Britt.

d Rose ....
Serjania Plum.

aagustifolia Willd.

divaricata Griseb.

divaricata Schum.

equestris IMacf.

laevigata Radlk. .

mexicana Willd. (fig.

paniculata Griseb.

spectabilis Schum.
Shoe-black .
SiCANA Naud. .

spherica Hook. f. (fig. 102)
266,
Sicyos edulis (errore cdules)
Jacq

trifoliata L.
SiDA L

abutifolia Mill.

abutiloides Jacq.

accrifolia Zucc. (fig. 45)

acuta Burm.

aggregata Presl

alba L. . . .

alnifolia Presl

althxsefolia Siv.

americana L. .

angustifolia Lam.

angustifolia Mill. .

2 G

19)

PAGE

178
177
182
31
32
32
33
33

415

53

50

51

414

415

417

415

415

4:':0

416

416

156

65

256

257

257

2S1
41
44
44
42
43
43
42
44
42
138
266

267

257
78
107
112
101
107
119
110
114
112
117
101
111
114

450

FLORA OF JAMAICA

SioA— continued.

angustissima R. E. Fries 117

arguta Sic 113

atrosangtdn^a Jacn. . . 115

Balbisiana DC. ... 119

bivalvis Car 121

capillaris Cov. . . . 115

capitata L 124

carpini folia Linn. f. . . 119

ciliaris L 115

conferta Link .... 116

contract a Link . . . 96

cordifolia L 116

crassifolia I/Hrrit. . . 101

crispa L 99

divcrgens Griscb. ... 96

dumosa Sw 115

data Macf. .... 102

crecta Macf. .... 117

erccta glabra dc. Broicne 95
erecta sitbvillosa dc.

Broicne 99

floribunda H. B. d K. . 115

ftoium capitiili.i dc. L. . 124

foliis cordatis dc. Plum. . 114
foliis cordatoacrcminatis

scnatis dc. Browne . 115
foliis cordato-ovatis dc. L.

Ill, 116

foliis palmatis dc. Plum. 126

fragrans UH(^rit. . . . 121

fruticosa Mill 130

frnticulosa dc. Browne . 120

gigantea Jacq 102

glabra Mill 113

glomerata Cav. . . . 109

glutinosa Commcrs. . . 113

liastata Sims .... 107

hederisfolia Cav. . . . 113

hernandioides L'Ht'r. . 95

hirsutissima Mill. . . 119

hirta Lam 98

liirta assurgens dc. Browne 124

hirta urticata dc. Browne 110

huviilior foliis dc. Browne 112
humilior ramosa dc.

Browne 115

indica L 100

jamaicensis L. ... Ill

jamaicensis Mill. . . 104

lignosa Cav 101

linifolia Jusf 119

Lxiciana DC 96

minor Macf. . . . . Ill

nervosa DC 113

ovata Cav 112

paniculata L 114

peduncularis Macf. . . 102

SiDX— continued.

periplocifolia L. . . .

95

pcriplocifolia Macf.

96

pcrinollis Willd. .

101

picta Bot. Mag.

103

pilosa Cav

112

}nlosa Mill

164

pimpinellifolia Mill. .

111

procumbcns Sw. .

112

pyramidafca Desportes

115

radiata L

126

rhombifolia L. (fig. 46) .

117

ruderata Macf.

118

salviffifolia Presl

117

savannarnm K. Sell nut. .

110

scricea Mill

112

spinosa L 11

1,114

siipulata Car. .

119

stipina L'HcrH.

112

trivialis Macf. .

119

troyana Urb. .

120

nhnifolia Car. .

113

tilmifolia Mill.

119

umbcUata L. .

93

urens L

no

villosa Mill.

165

viscosa I J

121

viscosa Macf.

121

Silk Cotton Tree 140, If

)0, 152

Silver Wood.

217

Sison ammi Jacj. .

427

Sloana Plum

90

Sloanea L

90

emarginata L. .

90

foliis dc. Browne .

90

jamaicensis Hook. (fig. 40

) 90

SnakeWitho .

77

Snake Wood

08

Soap Berry Tree.

52

Sorrel Vine.

78

Spanish Plum .

17

Spirt Weed ....

427

Sl'ONDIAS L

15

cirouclla Tustac .

17

cytherea Sonner. .

17

diffusa dc. Brounc

17

dulcis Forst. f.

17

foliis paucioribus dc

Browne ....

15

foliis plurimis dc. Brown

} 15

gravcolens Macf. .

15

lutca L

15

lutea Macf. ....

17

macrocarpa Engl. .

17

Monbin L

15, 17

Myrobalanus L. .

15, 17

pseudomirobalanus Tussoi

; 15

purpurea L. (fig. 7)

16

INDEX

451

PAGE

Spondylantha aphylla Presl 77, 78

Spur Bur 129

Staphidium ocfonum Naud. . 385

Wilsonii Naud. . . . 386

Staphylca ? corymbosa DC. . 38

occidcntalis Sw. ... 38

STAPHYLEACE^ ... 37

Staphylodendron &c. Plum. . 59

Slcnocalyx ligustrinus Berg . 334

Michclii Berg .... S34

Sterculia L. . . : . . 168

acuminata Beauv. . . 170

apetala Karst. (fig. 64, e) 169

caribsea R. Br. (fig. 64, a-d) 170

carthaginensis Cav. . . 169

Helictcres Pers. . . . 169

Tvira Stv 170

STERCULIACEiE ... 154

S t r a i D e r V i n e . . . 261

SugarBark 133

Supplejack . . . 41,46

Surinam Cherry . . . 335
Siizygium fruticosum dc.

Browne 320

Sweet Cup 236

Symphonia Linn. f. . . . 197
globulifera Linn, f . (fig. 76)

9, 198

Syzygium Jambolanum DC. . 852

Tea

189

Tcrchmthus folio singulari dc.

Sloane

193

Terminalia L

304

arbuscula Sw

306

Buccras Wiight

307

Catappa L

305

latifolia Sw. (fig. 119) 304

, 305

Ternstrcemia Linn. f.

181

calycina Fawc. & Rendle

184

granulata Kr. & Urb.

(fig. 69)

182

Hartii Kr. & Urb.. . .

183

meridionalis ? Sw.

184

obovalis Griseh.

182

rostrata Kr. & Urb. .

184

TERNSTRCEMIACE^ . .

181

Tetracera L

173

?foliis dc. Brownie.

304

jamaicensis DC. (fig. 65,

d-f)

173

volubilis Oriseb. .

173

Tetrasiphon Urb

30

jamaicensis Urb. (fig. 13) .

31

Tetrazygia L. C. Rich. . .

379

albicans Triana

381

angustiflora Griseb. .

380

54)

Tetrazygia — continued

angustifolia DC. .

elxagnoides Hook..

Fadyeni Hook. .

bispida Macf. .

ovata Cogn.

pallens Cogn. (fig. 137

tetranda DC. .
Tliamnia foliis dc. Broivne

Sxoartzii Hitchc. .
Thea L

Bohea L. .

sinensis L. . . .

viridis L. .
THEACE^. . . .
Theobroma L. . . .

Cacao L. (fig. 60) .

foliis dc. Broicne .

foliis serratis Plum

Guazuma L.
Thespesia Solander .

populnea Solander (fig
Thiodia laetioides Griseb.
Three fingered Jack
THYMEL^ACE^
TILIACE^. . .
Torch Wood.
Tovomita Jiavetioides Gi'iseb
Toxicodendron arboreum Mill
Tree Cotton.
Triads microphylla Griseb.
Tricera bahamcnsis B^-itton

fasciculata Griseb.

lievigata Stv. .

macrophylla Britton .

Vahlii Britton .
Trichosanthes foliis denticula
lis dc. Browne . . ,

pomiformis Macf. .
Triopteris erecta dc. Broivne
Triumfetta L

Bartramia L. (fig. 37)

fructu &.C. Plum. .

heteropliylla Lam.

hispida A. Ricli. .

indica Lam.

Lappula Hcmsl. .

Lappula L

Pluniieri Gaertn. .

rhombeafolia Sw. .

rJiombifolia Stv.

rhomboidea J acq. .

semitriloba Jacq. .

Sloanei Fawc. & Rendle

subvillosa dc. Browne

villosa dc. Browne
Tuna major dc. Dill. .

mitio9- dc. Dill.

I'AGE

382
380
366
.381
331
380
377
221
221
189
189
189
189
181
158
160
157
157
157
144
144
217
418
286
80
280
194
50
143
230
3
3
2
4
3

264

264

59

80

81
84
84
83
81
83
84
84
81
81
81
82
83
88
81
273
274

452

FLORA OF JAMAICA.

I'AGK

Turk's Cap 283

Turk's Head .... 283

TCRNERA L 227

acuta Sprcng 229

angustifolia Mill. . . . 221)

cistoides L 230

diffusa Wil Id 230

c petioloflon ns »fc. Brown?. 229

fnttescens ulmi/oliaPlum. 229

hisindadc. Pluvi.. . . 230

niicrophtjlla Desv. . . . 230

Pumilea L 229

triglandulosa Millsp. . . 229

iilmifolia L. (fig. 91) . . 228

TURNERACE^ .... 227

TtRPiNiA Vent 87

occidentalis G. Don (fig.

17) 38

UMBELLIFER.^. ... 428

Uresa L 126

aculcata Mill 127

americana Linn. f. . . 12G

foliis itc. Browre . . . 126

fruticitlosa dc. Browne . 130

lobata L. (fig. 49) . . . 126

reticulata Macf. , , . 126

sinuata L 127

sintiata Sw 126

Stcartzii Macf. . . . 127

Typhalatfi L 130

viminea Cav 126

Urticte folio anomala etc.

Sloane 161

Urucii Sloani: 206

VanrJicedia Pliivi 196

VelvetSoeds . . . . 205

Viola L 210

Patrinii DC 211

primulifolia L. ... 211

tricolor L 211

YIOLACEiE 210

VITACE^ 73

ViTis L 74

Abutili folio lie. Blum. . 74

cariba'a DC 74

foliis tcrnatis &c. Plum. . 78

fruetu minore dc. Sloane. 74

indica Sw 74

labrusca Ij 74

sicyoides Morales ... 77

sylvestris dc. Brotvnc . . 74
tilisefolia Humb. & Bonpl.

(fig. 35) 74

trifolia minor dc. Plum. . 78

trifoliaia Bak 78

ViTis — continued.

i:i7iifera sylvestris
Pluk

dc

Waltheria L 167

americana L. (fig. GS) . 167

angustifolia L. ... 168

calcicola Urb 168

foliis augustis dc. Broicnc 168
foliis suirotundis dc.

Browne 168

fniticosa dc. Browne . . . 108

indica L 168

Wanika 56

Warmingia pauciflora Engl. . 17

WaterLemon . . . . 236

Water ISIclon . . . . 264

Water Withe . . . . 74

Wattle Wood .... 221

West Indian Gherkin . 263

West Indian Gooseberry 273

White Cinnamon. . . 208

WhiteLogwood . . . 224

W hi t e M an g ro vc . . . 311

White Santa Maria. . 2G0

Whitewood Bark ... 208

WildCassada. . . . 38

Wild Ceraseo .... 269
Wild Cinnamon . .208,327

Wild Clovo 327

WildCucumber . . . 263

Wild Damson . . . . 185

W i 1 d E b o n y . . . . 68

W i 1 d G i n e p 62

Wild Grape 74

Wild Lime 197

W i 1 d I^I a m m e e . . . 196, 200

Wild M a m m e c— S a p o t a 182

Wild Melon '^64

Wild Ochra 122

Wild Papaw .... 210

Wild Sijpple Jack . . 48

Wild Yam 77

Winter Berry .... 20

Winterana Canella L. . . 207

WissADULA Medic 93

amplissim,a R. E. Fries . 95

contracta R. E. Fries . 95

divcrgcns E. G. Bah. . . 96
Fadyenii Plancli. . . 95, 96

hernandioides and. . . 96

hernandioides Garcke . 95

periplocifolia Presl (fig. 41) 94

rostrata auct 96

zeylanica Medic. ... 95

Woman Wood .... 418

Wood Sorrel .... 249

Wormia Burbidgei Hook. f. . 173

INDEX

453;

PAGE

Xylosma Forst. .... 225

Fawcettii Urb. ... 226

nitidum A. Gr. (fig. 90) . 226

schsefferioides A. Gr. . . 226

Yaws Bush .
Yellow Sanders

77
308

PAGE

ZlZYPHUS Juss 63

chloroxylon Oliv. (fig. 29) 64

emarghiatus Sic. ... 65

Jujuba Lam 64

ZuELANiA A. Rich. . . . 216
Guidonia Britt. & Millsp.

(fig. 85) 217

laetioides A. Rich. . . 217

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