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^ ^ J NEW YOI

" BOTANIC

,^ GARDEI

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■; Lake Quinsigamond 'which is situated near Worcester is one of
the largest lakes in Massachusetts, and is about six miles long,
hardly exceeding one half mile in width, although in many places it
-^ I is from fifty to one hundred feet or more in depth. It runs in a
Jl^ northernly and southernly direction along the edge of one of the
*^ geological dividing lines of the State which separates the central
■::;t;^ highlands from the less elevated areas of our seaboard. The imme-
diate surroundings of the lake consists geologically of sand and
— gravel and probably the greater part of the basin itself is made up of
vi this material, over which there is spread a considerable mass of
^ decomposed matter the results of centuries of vegetable and animal
~^ decay.
7^ While a considerable portion of the basin of the lake is too deep
to give rise to much vegetable life there are vast areas of shallow
.74- water which are especially adapted to a profusion of vegetable forms,
thus making it one of the best collecting grounds in Massachusetts.
^ Our observations on the flora of Lake Quinsigamond have covered,
a period of some years. During the summer of 1890 and under the
auspices of the Worcester Natural History Society we gave the lake
a constant and careful study for about six months and the list pre-
^1^ sented here is largely the result of this study. The list is we believe
^~~ nearly complete so far as the Spermaphytes, Pteridophytes, Bryo-
' phytes, and Characeae are concerned, and with the exception of the
Desmids of which only 150 species and varieties are given, and the
— Diatoms, which are not listed at all, the Algae are tolerably well
represented.

The Bacteria and Saprolegnieae have not been listed, and only
those Desmids are recorded which were casually observed in con-
nection with other plant material under observation. A thorough
C.;_ study of the Desmids and Diatoms of Lake Quinsigamond would
- undoubtedly reveal many new species, or at least many new forms,
which have not heretofore been observed in North America, as is
<:. evident from the researches of Dr. G. Lagerheim made in connection
"~ with species of Utricularia collected at Tewkesbury by B. D. Green
^j and preserved in Swedish herbaria, from which he described several
new species and varieties of Desmids found attached to these plants.

O
en

.^ r

The list contains 450 species and varieties and with the exception
of those marked with an asterisk they were allfound in Lake Quin-
sigamond. By adding these all of the aquatic plants in the County
so far as known are represented. The arrangement of species fol-
lows that of Gray's Manual, 6th edition, for the higher plants ; that
of Allen for the Characeae ; Lesquereau and James for the mosses,
and Wolle for the Algae.

Some of the species recorded here appear to be common to Lake
Quinsigamond alone although the greater majority of them have
been observed by us in many other ponds in Massachusetts. So far,
however, as I am aware no list of fresh water Algae possessing any
degree of completeness has been published in Massachusetts and for
this reason a list of these it is hoped will be of some interest as well
as value to botanists. In short, amateur botanists as a rule neglect
all forms of water plants, as can be seen by consulting our local
floras. It would appear that the Algae have received more attention
of late years by the bacteriologists connected with our State Board
of Health, inasmuch as the presence of these organisms is now
believed to possess some economic importance.

The Flora of Middlesex County appears to be the only one that
has included any of the fresh water Algae peculiar to our Massa-
chusetts lakes and streams.

In this work issued by Dame and Collins there is given a total of
204 species and varieties, some 50 of which are either salt water
species or common to salt water marshes thus bringing the purely
fresh water species down to about 150. With the exception of the
desmids in this list, of which there are about 80 species representing
those determined by Dr. Lagerheim, all of the fresh water Algae
were taken from Dr. Farlow's herbarium. In the absence of exten-
sive studies of our fresh water Algae throughout Massachusetts it is
not possible therefore to make comparisons of the algal flora of the
different regions. That characteristic differences exist in the flora
of our ponds and streams is evident to those who have paid some
attention to collecting. We have similar environmental factors to
deal with in considering an aquatic flora as we have in a land
flora. The nature of the soil which constitutes the lake or pond
bottom is variable both in its mechanical and chemical composition,
and the chemical composition of the water is by no means the same
for different localities. Chemical analysis has shown that the

amount of chlorine in Berkshire county is .06 or .08 in parts per
100,000, while that in the vicinity of Boston ranges from about .35
to .65 and on Cape Cod it reaches as high as 2.62. The differences
in the amount of chlorine undoubtedly influence to a considerable
extent the character of a flora. Then again the clearness of the
water, temperature, presence of currents, amount of sewerage, etc.
are factors which exert an intluence upon the distribution of aquatic
plants. Of the plants which require especial notice may be men-
tioned the following : Elodea Canadensis which fruits abundantly
every two or three years in Lake Quinsigamond is confined entirely
in central Massachusetts to this body of water and its adjacent
streams. Hypnum aduncum, hamatum, Chara hydropitys, Reich,
C. crinita Wallr, C. sejuncta, A. Br., as well as many of the Algae
have not been observed elsewhere in this region. Among the rare
Algae may be mentioned Craterospermum laetevirens, A Br. which
we have observed only in Lake Quinsigamond, and here in certain
localities it is found abundantly in all stages of development.

Wolle remarks " That the only specimens recognized as possibly
belonging to this genus were collected July 1880 in Green pond,
N. J. The conjugation was complete, but the spores were imper-
fectly developed, hence my hesitancy in calling it a pronounced spe-
cies of this genus." Abundance of the mature fruiting forms have
been observed in Lake Quinsigamond.

Pleurocarpus mirabilis, A Br. an alga common everywhere,
although most always sterile, was obtained from a small brackish pool
abundantly in fruit in the summer of 1893. Wolle remarked that he
observed this form for eight years without ever finding it in fruit
and in 1883 he reports it as having been found fruiting in four dif-
ferent places by as many observers.

It would be of some interest to ascertain whether such species are
subject to a definite periodicity in their fructification or whether they
are dependent entirely upon ecological factors. It is quite evident
from our own cultures of Algae that variations in the environment
have a considerable bearing upon their fructification. Our obser-
vations during 1890 extended throughout the whole season and we
were therefore able to pay some attention to the seasonal distribution
of forms.

There are two such marked periods which may be termed the

maximum periods ; one occurring in the spring and the other in the
autumn.

One of the most important factors which determine the occur-
renc of species is the height of the water. An increase of one or
two feet in the height of the water during the spring and summer
months over that of a normal season will completely shut out for
that season many forms of aquatic plants. During seasons of
abnormally high water we have looked in vain for certain species of
Nitella and Algae, although they were abundant both before and
after such seasons. The high water changes the light conditions
which are so essential to certain species that they are incapable of
developing.

Most of the species of filamentaceous Algae in this list have been
preserved upon microscopic slides. The most satisfactory preserv-
ing fluid for this purpose we have found to be one made up as
follows :

Glycerine, i part

Water, 2 parts

Alcohol, 3 parts

The specimens to be mounted are placed in small amounts of this
solution contained in a watch glass where they are left until the
water and alcohol has evaporated. After this has taken place they
are laid on a slide and ringed and sealed. When this process is
carried through rapidly, that is in three or four hours, and the speci-
mens kept in the dark, they will hold most of their color and form
tolerably well for many years.

G. E. STONE.
Mass. Agricultural College., July i, i8gg.

Spermaphytes.

Ranunculus.

aquatilis, var. trichophyllus, Gray.

multifidus, Pursh.
Brasenia peltata, Pursh.
Nymphea.

odorata, Ait.

odorata, var. minor, Sims.
Nuphar.

advena, Ait.

*Kalmianum, Ait.
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.
Elatine Americana, Arn.
Myriophyllum.

spicatum, L.

verticillatum, L.

ambiguum, Nutt.

tenellum, Bigelow.
Proserpinaca palustris, L.
Callitriche.

verna, L.

*heterophylla, Pursh.
Decodon verticillatus, Ell.
Ludwigia palustris, EII.
Sium Carsonii, Durand.
Bidens Beckii, Torr.
Lobelia Dortmanna, L.
Limnanthemum lacunosum, Grisebach.
Utricularia.

int^ata, Walt.

*clandestina, Nutt.

vulgaris, L.
« minor, L.

gibba, L.

intermedia, Hayne. ,

purpurea, Walt.

*resupinata, B. D. Greene.

cornuta, Michx.
Polygonum amphibium, L.
Ceratophyllum.

demersum, L.

demersum, var. echinatum. Gray.
Elodea Canadensis, Michx.
*Vallisneria spiralis, L.
Pontederia cordata, L.
Juncus militaris, Bigel.

Typha latifolia, L.
Sparganium.

eurycarpum, Engelm.

simplex, Hnds.

simplex, var.angustifolium, Engelm.

simplex, var. androcladium, Engelm.

minimum. Fries.
Peltandra undulata, Raf.
Spirodela polyrrhiza, Schleid.
Lemna.

*minor, L.

*trisulca, L.
Alisma Plantago, L.
Sagittaria.

variabilis, Engelm.

vartabilis, var. augustifolia.

variabilis, var. obtusa.

variabilis, var. gracilis.

graminea, Michx.
*Scheuchzeria palustris, L.
Potamogeton.

natans, L.

natans, var. prolixus, Koch.

Oakesianus, Robbins.

Pennsylvanicus, Cham.

Vaseyi, Robbins.

Spirillus, Tuckerm.

hybridus, Michx.

fluitans, Roth.

pulcher, Tuckerm.

amplifolius, Tuckerm.

heterophyllus, Schreb.

heterophyllus, var. myriophyllus,
Robbins.

perfoliatus, L.

obtusifolius, Mer. & Koch.

pauciflorus, Pursh.

pusillus, L.

pusillus, var. tenuissimus, Koch.

pusillus, var. polyphyllus, Morong.

germniparus, Robbins.

Tuckermani, Robbins.

Robbinsii, Oakes.
Naias.

flexilis, Ros. & Schm.

Naias.

Indica, van gracillima, A. Br.
Eriocaulon septangulare. Withering.
Eleocharis.

Robbinsii, Oakes.

palustris, R. Br.
Scirpus.

subterminalis, Torr.

Scirpus.

pungens, Vahl.

Torreyi, Olney.

lasustris, L.

sylvaticus, L.
Spartina cynosuroides, Willd.
*Zizania aquatica, L.

Pteridophytes.

Equisetum limosum, L.
Isoetes.

lacustris, L.

Isoetes.

echinospora, var. Braunii, Engelm.
riparia, Engelm.

Bryophytes.

Sphagnum.

cuspidatum, Ehrh.

cymbifolium, Ehrh.
Fontinalis.

antipyretica, var. gigantea, Sulliv.

Dalecarlica, Br. & Sch.

Novae-Angliae. Sulliv.

Lescurii, var. gracilescens, Sulliv.
Dichelyma capillaceum, Br. & Sch.
Hypnum.

acutum, Mitt.

Hypnum.

aduncum, var. hamatum.

riparium, L.
Porella pinata, L. Rivulets.
Plagiochila.

porelloides, L. Rivulets.

asplenoides, Rumort. Rivulets.
Riccia.

fluitans, L. Rare.

natans, L. Rare.

Thallophytes.

LICHENES.
Endocarpon miniatum, var. aquaticum.

Nitella.

flexilis, Ag.
glomerulifera, A. Br.
mucronata, A. Br.
tenuissima, Deso.
megacarpa, Allen.

Batrachospermum.
moniliforme, var.
Bory.

CHARACEAE.

Chara.

coronata, var. Schweinitzii, A. Br.

hydropitys, Reich. Rare.

crinita, Wallr. Rare.

fragilis. Deso.

fragilis, forma tenuifolia, Dew.

sejuncta, A. Br.

ALGAE.

Florideae.

Batrachospermum.
pulcherrimum, vagum, var. keratophytum. Bory.

Confer!

Coleochaete.

soluta, Pringsh.

scutata, Breb.

orbicularis. Pringsh.
CEdogonium.

cryptoporum. var. vulgare, Wittr.

fragile, Wittr.

obsoletum, Wittr.

plusiosporum, Wittr.

concatenatum, (Hass.), Wittr.

echinospermum, A. Br.

capilliforme, Kg.

Boscii. (Le. CI.), Wittr.

moniliforme, Wittr.

hexagonum, Kg.

longatum. Kg.
Bulbochaete.

intermedia, D. By.

crenulata, Pringsh.

gigantea, Pringsh.

mirabilis, Wittr.
Cylindrocapsa Amoena, Wolle.
Draparnaldia.

glomerata, Ag.

plumosa, Ag.
Stigeoclonium.

tenue, Kg.

tenue, var. irregulare, Rab.

nanum, (Dillvv.), Kg.

protensum, (Dilhv.), Kg.

amoenum, Kg.

radians, Kg.

oideae.

Chaetophora.

pisiformis, (Roth.), Ag.

elegans, Ag,

endiviaefolia, Ag.

tuberculosa, (Roth.), Ag.

longipila, Kg.
Alicrothamnion Kuetzingianum, Naeg.
Aphanochaete globosa. (Nord), Wolle.
Chroolepus aureus, (Linn.), Kg.
Cladophora.

fracta. Kg.

crispata. Kg.

glomerata. Kg.

Aegagropila, (Linn.), Kg.
Ulothrix.

zonata, (W. & AL), Aresch.

aequalis, Kg.

tenuis, Kg.

rivularis, Kg.

flaccida, Kg.

nitens, Menegh.

varia, Kg.

parietina, (Vauch), Kg.
Conferva.

amoena. Kg.

floccosa, Ag.

affinis, Kg.

vulgaris, Rab.

punctalis, Dilhv.
Rhizoclonium stagnale, Wolle.

Vaucheria.

aversa, Hass.

sessilis, (Vauch.), D. C.

geminata, (Vauch.), D. C.

Siphoneac.

Vaucheria.

terrestris, Lyngb.
Botrydium granulatum, L.

Volvox globator, Linn.
Pandorina morum, Bory,
Euglena viridis, Ehrb.
Gonium pectorale, Mueller.

Protococcoidea e.

Chlamydococcus pluvialis, A. Br.
Pediastrum.

simplex, Meyen.

forcipatum, (Corda.), A. Br.

8

Pediastrum.

Boryanum. (Turpin.), Menegh.

pertusum, Kg.

Ehrenbergii, (Corda.). A. Br.

Ehrenbergii, var. cuspidatum, A.Br.

tetras, Ehrb.
Coelastrum microporum, Naeg.
Sorastrum spinulosum, Kg.
Scenedesmus.

caudatus, Corda.

dimorphus, Kg.

acutus, Meyen.
Ophiocytium.

cochleare, A. Br.

capitatum, Wolle.
Characium.

Pringsheimii, A. Br.

ambiguum, Herm.

Naegelii, A. Br.
Protococcus

viridis, Ag.

viridis, var. gigas, Kg.

viridis, var. Wimmeri.
Polyedrium.

trigonum, Naeg.

trigonnm, var. tetragonum, Rab.

gigas, Wittr.
Dictyosphaerium reniforme, Bulnh.
Hydrurus.

foetidus, var. penicillatus, Ag.

H ydrurus.

foetidus, var. irregularis. Kg.
Tetraspora.

cylindrica, Ag.

lubrica, (Roth), Ag.

lubrica, var. lacunosa, Chaud.
Schizochlamys.

gelatinosa, A. Br.

decorticans.
Palmella.

mucosa, Kg.

hyalina, Breb.

uvaeformis, Kg.
Porpliyridium cruentum, Naeg.
Gloeocystis.

ampla, Kg.

vesiculosa, Naeg.

rufescens, A. Br.

rupestris, Rab.
Nephrocytium.

Agardhianum, Naeg.

Naegelii, A. Br.
Raphidium.

polymorphum, Fres.

polymorphum, var. falcatum (Cor-
da), Rab.

Braunii, Naeg.

convolutum, (Corda), Rab.
Dimorphococcus cordatus, Wolle.
Eremosphaera viridis, D. By.

Spirogyra.

tenuissima, (Hass.), Kg.
inflata, (Vauch.), Rab.
quadrata, (Hass.), Petit.
Weberi, Kg.
Grevilleana, (Hass.), Kg.
calospora, Cleve.
Hassallii, (Jenn.), Petit,
quinina, (Ag.), Kg.
communis, (Hass.), Kg.
Jurgensii, Kg.
longata, (Vauch.), Kg.
nitida, (Dill), Link,
bellis, (Hass.), Cleve.

Zygosporeae.

Spirogyra.

orthospira, (Naeg.), Kg.
crassa. Kg.
jugalis, (Dill), Kg.
dubia, Kg.
adnata, Kg.
rivularis, Rab.
majuscula. Kg.
Zygnema.

leiospermum, D. By.
insigne. Kg.
stellium, Ag.
anomalum, (Hass.), Kg.

Mesocarpus.

scalaris. (Hass.), D. By.
robustus, D. By.
nummuloides, Hass.

Pleurocarpus mirabilis, A. Br.
Staurospermum, capucinum, Kg.
Craterospermum, laetevirens, A. Br.

Hyalotheca.

disilliens, (Smith), Breb.

mucosa, (Mert.), Rolfs.
Bambusina Brebissonii, Kg.
Desmidium.

Baileyi, Wolle.

quadratum, Nord.

cylindricum, Grev.

aptogonium, Breb.
Sphaerozosma.

pulchrum, Bailey.

pulchellum, (Arch.), Rab.

filiforme, Rab.
Mesotaenium.

Braunii, D. By.

micrococcum, Kg.

Endlicherianum, Naeg.
Penium.

Digitus, (Ehrb.), Breb.

margaritaceum, Breb.

interruptum, Breb.
Closterium.

juncidum, Ralfs.

Lunula, var. striatum, Wolle.

acerosum, (Schrank), Ehrb.

striolatum, Ehrb.

costatum, Corda.

Dianae, Ehrb.

Jenneri, Ralfs.

parvulnm, Naeg.

Ehrenbergii, Menegh.
Docidium.

crenulatum, (Ehrb.), Rab.

Baculum, (Breb.), D. By.

coronatum, Rab.

nodosum. Bail.

minutum, Ralfs.
Calocylindrus connatus, (Breb.) Ki
Cosmarium.

ovale, Ralfs.

Desmidieae.

Cosmarium.

constrictum' Delp.

De Baryi, Archer.

granatum, Breb.

globosum, Bulnli.

bioculatum, Breb.

nitidulum, DeNot.

crenatum, Ralfs.

pyramidatum, Breb.

pachydermum, Lund.

dentatum, Wolle.

amoenum, var. tumidum, Wolle.

Phaseolus, Breb.

SchHephackeanum, Grun.

subcrenatum, Hantzsch.

Broomei, Thwaites.

commisurale, Breb.

speciosum, Lund.
Tetmemorus.

Brebissonii, (Mengh.), Ralfs.

granulatus, Ralfs.

laevis, (Kg.), Ralfs.
Xanthidium rectocornutum, Wolle.
Arthrodesmus.

convergens (Ehrb.), Ralfs.

ovalis, Wolle.

orbicularis. Wolle.

Incus, (Ehrb.), Hass.

octocornis, Ehrb.
Euastrum.

crassum, (Breb.), Kg.

ornatum. Wood.

oblongum, (Grev.), Ralfs.

verrucosum, (Ehrb.), Ralfs.

ampullaceum, Ralfs.

didelta, (Turp.), Ralfs.

circulare, (Hass.), Ralfs.
rch. gemmatum, Breb.

insigne, Hass.

Pokornyanum, Grun.

Euastrum.

inerme, Lund.

Nordstedtianum, Wolle.

elegans, Kg.

spinosum, Ralfs.

simplex, Wolle.
Micrasterias.

Torreyi, (Bailey), Ralfs.

Pseudotorreyi, Wolle.

radiosa, (Ag.), Ralfs.

papillifera, Breb.

rotata, (Grev.), Ralfs.

iimbriata, Ralfs.

furcata, (Ag.), Ralfs.

pseudofurcata, Wollc/

dichotoma, Wolle.

Crux-.Melitensis. Ehrb.

Americana, (Ehrb.), Kg.

Mahabuleshwarensis, Hobson.

truncata, (Corda.), Ralfs.

conferta, var. hamata, Wolle.

laticeps, Nord.

oscitans, Ralfs.

pinnatifida, (Kg.), Ralfs.

Kitchelii, Wolle.

arcuata, Bailey.

expansa, Bailey.

Baileyi, Ralfs.

foliacea, Bailey.

muricata, Bailey.

Rabenhorstii, Kirch.
Staurastrum.

multicum, Breb.

multicum, var. minor.

multicum, var. ellipticum.

orbiculare, (Ehrb.). Ralfs.

grande, Bulnh.

majusculum, Wolle.

dejectum, var. convergens, Wolle.

brevispina, Breb.

Dickiei, Ralfs.

aristiferum, Ralfs.

cuspidatum, Breb.

Staurastrum.

trihedrale, Wolle.

trifidum, Nord.

Avicula, Breb.

commutatum, Kg.

Bieneanum, Rab.

margaritaceum, Ehrb.

striolatum, Naeg.

polymorphum, Breb.

crenulatum, Naeg., (Delp.).

muricatum, Breb.

asperum, Breb.

punctulatum, Breb.

pygmaeum. Breb.

alternans, Breb.

dilatatum, Ehrb.

cyrtocerum, Breb.

cyrtocerum. var. major. Wolle.

cyrtocerum, var.pentacladum, Wolle.

paradoxum, Meyen.

arachne, Ralfs.

comptum, Wolle.

elongatum. Barker.

pusillum, Wolle. «

cerastes, Lund.

gracile, Ralfs.

Ophiura, Lund.

macrocerum, Wolie.

odontatum, Wolle.

pentacladum, Wolle.

leptocladum, Nord.

Ankyroides, var. hexacerum, Wolle.

nanum, Wolle.

vestitum, Ralfs.

Sebaldi, Reinsch.

Pseudosebaldi, Wille.

anatinum, Cooke and Wille.

teliferum, Ralfs.

echinatum, Breb.

tridentiferum, Wolle.

furcigerum, Breb.

eustephanum, (Ehrb.), Ralfs.

enorme, Ralfs.

Schizosporeae.

Calothrix Hosfordii, WoUe.
Isactis caespitosa. (Kg.), Wolle.
Gloeotrichia natans, Thur.
Rivularia dura. Kg.
Scytonema.

tolypotrichoides, Kg.

cortex, forma saxicola, Green.
Tolypothrix.

distorta, Kg.

muscicola, Kg.

pulchra. Kg.
Sirosiphon ocellatus, Kg.
Hapalosiphon.

Braunii, Kg.

Brebissonii, Kg.

fuscescens, Kg.

tenuissimus, Grun.
Nostoc.

commune, Vauch.

rupestre. Kg.

pruniforme, Ag.

verrucosum, Vauch.
Anabaena.

variabilis, Kg.

Anabaena.

oscillarioides, Bory.
Cylindrospermum, limnicola. Kg.
Lyngbya papyrina, (Kg.), Kirch.
Oscillaria.

subtilissima, Kg.

tenerrima. Kg.

antliaria, Juerg.

gracillima, Kg.

leptotricha, Kg.

aerugineo-coerulea, Kg.

tenuis, Ag.

limosa, Ag.

natans, Kg.

anguina, Bory.

Froelichii, Kg.

princeps, Vauch.
Leptothrix.

tenax, Wolle.

rigidula, Ag.

laminosa. Kg.
Coelosphaerium Kuetzingianum, Naeg
Clathrocystis aeruginosa, Henfr.

SUMMARY.

Spermaphytes 88

Pteridophytes 4

Bryophytes 15

^ Lichenes i

Characeae 11

Algae

Florideae 2

Confervoideae 53

Siphoneae 5

Protococcoideae 52

Zygosporeae 30

Thallophytes -{

Desmidieae
Schizosporeae

•39

Total,

450

'M!:':'':''M

■ *

QK 1/D So i^Uu L,,^

Stone, George Edwar/Flora of Lake Quinsi

3 5185 00126 8547

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